py yy ig LL ie ee COE: SR eS IIe ti ~ : = . re cotta tidal tts ite ditetalashihen dita dete tilt Cid alte tilt Mita eda adit hdthnal hati dbp h bed dadiiatcd tt tktTLLSELELLLEE RESELL EEER ALD EEAAEALERDEDEEDOEREETEE EA GLEE jeans LB % 4 7 E bigs s 4 eis ES z y h a oe y LL Sie The tak, SIS, Z Z Vip E a % tj, Yee Yy Logg Le tf “eps Yes Y; Y os hddddststdddddtidsashidhthddd dat iddddhbsbiitdltisdiaiddcicwtiiddiasiddddishdddd hhdhadihadddtdtdddbsssts ds Y y Ye yy : : { \ 5 14 SBS 1\ y WN g \F ‘ q (NA POGA\SEUM INAT: hy, j “A — ja Ee) 2 bg peranTMer Py dy oF co) Fomor . ADVERTISEMENTS. ‘oo11d 4609 yadveyo szt ysurede yes oq OF seq yoy esejUBApesIp Ajuo oyg st sIG} 4DG ,0990AIG ,, ALY oan ey} uy} voy Surfap soz y003I10d ssoy AOATZRIOA ST (0990118 - ae ayy qoadsea siy3 Ul pus {peooawyo IO ©3909 ULOIy souINy Gy poyeuseadur sre Weg} 89} UL AMoavp ioug v seonpoid ary oang 40y 384 pereprsu0o Ayyeroued st aT - ‘OT 4]Inq sjzod-are poe voe[d-e14 oYy I0¥ sfayiy moat ogismbex ogy QITs ., 155, Fenchurch St ; W. M. Wrtts, 151, Cannon Street, London E. O.— Manchester: Picktes & BrowNk, 25, Cathedral Yard, —Liverpool: Ouas. Bircwatr. 32, Castle Street.—Glasyow: ANDREW Porson & Co.; W. & R. Macpuun.— Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Jounston.— Dundee: Tue ADVERTISER OFFICE ;—Aberdeen: W. Wrstianp, 53, Nicholas Street.— Paris: AGEnck Havas.—WVarseilles : Mr. ©. A. LutENAN; J/adras; ApvpDISON & 00.—Nilgiri and Wynaad Districts: A. Prrrose, Mercara, Coorg.—Caleutta: THacker. Spink & Oo.— Bombay: THACKER & Co., Lp.—Rangoon: Watson & SKREN—Pinany: Brace’, ReweEn & Co.—Singapore: J. Livtte & Oo. and the Sincapore & Srraits Printinc Orricy.—#atavia: Joun Pryce & Co., and G. Kober & Co.—Surahaya: THos. C, Winson & Co.—Samarang: Manvat & Co.—Saigon: Fiera & LAPpvace.— Hongkong ; Kerry & Co.— Shanghai: Cutsa AND JAPAN Trapinc Oompany.—NVatal: Ropinson & Vausr, Dursan.— Mauritius: C. W. Hath, Port Louis.—MWelhourne, Sydney and Brishane: Gorvon & Gorern.—Sydrey: Wm. Mappvock.—Ade- laide: Drummonp Bros.—Northern Queensland: W. Horxtns, Rockhampton.—Perth, W. Australia: Srir- tina & Sons.—.Vew South Wales and Queensland: James Incus & Oo.—New Zealand: Corontan News Agency, Napier.—/iji: Arthur STEPHENS.—West Jndies: W. SABonaprere, Blue Mountains, Jamaica; und ©. H. Canprron, St Thomas.—4ritish Guiana: “ Royan Gazerre” Orrice.—Sracil, Rio de Janeiro: LomnaErts & Co,, 7, Rua dos Ourives; A. J. LAmMoureux, “Rio News” Oftice.—Central America; James Boyp Panama.—United States: S. M.Prrrincizi & Oo., 263, Broadway. MDCOCLXXXIX. PRINTED AT THE ‘‘ CEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS: COLOMBO, CEYLON: 1889. —_ —_~-* —<<_-" TO OUR READERS. In closing the Eighth Volume ofthe *‘ Tropical Agriculturist,” we would once more direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded, and to the great variety of topics treated in our pages. From month to month, we have endeavoured to embody in our pages the latest results of practical experience and scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture; and our ambition has been to make this periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business men and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human knowledge, beside being the basis of personal and communal wealth. While directing our attention chiefly to the products piomimently men- tioned on our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor inc ustries likely to fit in with sub-tropical conditions; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the pages before them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available information both trom the West and East, the samc Lein: examined in the light of the teachings of commonsense as well as of ,rolonged irepica' experience in this, the leading Crown and Planting Colony oi the British bij» « The official Reports on the Royal Botanic and Economic Gardens in Ceylon are republished in full in the present volume, and throughout our pages will be found reviews of, and extracts from, the Reports of other Lotanic Gardens situated in or near the tropics. We are ready to give copious extracts from, if not to reprint 7 extenso, the Reports of all other sub-tropical Public Botanic Gardens which may reach us. Most of these Reports we already receive and utilize as abovementioned for the benefit of our planting readers. A full and accurate index affords the means of ready reference to every subject treated in this, the eighth volume, which we now place in our subscribers’ hands, in full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least equal to that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors. We are convinced that no more suitable or useful gift can be made to the tropical planter or agriculiurist, whether he be about to enter on his career or with many years of experience behind him, than the eight volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of informa- tion bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of sub-tropical industry. In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval ; for then, indeed, must the “* Tropical Agriculturist ” continue to do well. A. M. & J. FERGUSON. CoLoMBo, CEYLON: Ist June 1889, + 7 f T3 i) f 4 ‘ i Petit i! : ne : awh Gg % ae rrr} ; 4 t \ ore | iy i e 5 Aen ‘ ry ; : Visa ; . eye 1 ~ 4 ~ ‘ t ' : 1 5 y . ; ’ ‘ * ’ Y soy ‘ 4 be : : , a i . ie Ue 4329 a yi ‘ : ie ey won ih Pee | B a | ; * ek ‘ 1 ite , , | ’ ST or ks A : if y me nee f hers Ba PA RAPES dip Gaede mar ere tan b *' p pad eee eee ir FORGO ; SP Te AT ated LG Rash iid i i 4 7 . ’ « f \ y i f ' LT yi belie Ss Aly ty. JA fi af ) : £ 4 a. ok ryt aerse) by ao VOT ‘ e ey f hi ft ) . ’ ent j i , 135 te , ¢, 4 ¢ . i t } = * ae ; A ¥ + exif f yd Ser ro ' of} ‘ 4 2 a ¥ or n Pa Y ats ee” $ i ; “a0 SONY we t * i fe ; y , ‘ i SA v - INDEX. —_—_—+ A. PAGE, 852 248, 384, 401, 856 [See Botanic Gardens | See Coffee | Aberdeenshire, Tobacco Cultivation in Acacias as Adelaide Botanic Gardens Adulteration of Coffee... ————— of Oocoa 437 —— ———— of Citronella Oil 766, 805 — — of Produce ace Ae 325 —————— of Spices ane 329 —_—_——_—— of Tea [See Tea] Adulterants, Adulteration of the . on 827 Africa, A Journey Across ay —--—, Oentral, Planting in 159 —--, ’ Coffee Cultivation in [See Core —-~-—, Bast = SOU, Planting i in a7 African Tobacco o00 "0 599 Agencies for Oeylon Tea 175, 695, 753, 755 Agricultural and Horticultural Societies 99, 658 and Planting Industries of Ceylon [See Oeylon | —— —--——. Chemisiry See Chemiasey) —— —--—— Companies Pa 672 ——..—— Department, Madrae 601 ——_— ---— Literature 622, 750, 867 —-~-—-.—— Professors, Lady 481 aoa Returns, British 586 --_— Show in Jamaica 577 Agriculture and Insects 168 —-—-——.,, Exveriments in 414, 526, 563 —— —-—— in Africa ... 159, 582, 867 —- in America 4 176, 179, 430 — -—-—— in Australia or [See Australia | ——-— in Borneo ... 19, 36 ———-——— In Burma... [Se ee Burma, Planting in| —-—-—— in Ceylon ... 177, 838, 404, 410, 563, 618 — —-—— in Ohina 296 —— —— —- in Ooorg [ See Coorg, Planting in] —— —-—— in Europe ... 97, 98, 698 —-—— in Fiji {See Fiji, Planting in} ——-——— in Goa 614 ———-—— in Hainan... 565 —— -——— in India 169, 239, 249, 294, 414, 459, 518, 601, 7 50, 755 ———--—— in Japan 102 ——-—— in Java [See Java | ———-—— in Malacca 409 ——-——— in Mauritius Al =—-—--—— in Mexico . are 448 —-— in Netherlands India [See Netherlands India | —- -——— in Newfoundland ve 489 | ———-—— in Straits Settlements [See Straits Settle- ments, Planting in] | ——-——— in Travancore {See Travancore | Ayriculturist, Tropical [See Tropical Agviculturist Agri- Horticultural Association, Matale 111 —_—-—- Pxhibitions in Ceylon 303 —— ——-————. Shows, Hints on be 37 Alluvial Soils rei aes [See Soils} Aloe Cultivation ie "915, 719, 730, 744 PAGE. Aloes, Market Rates for 72,144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 [See Agriculture] | See Cinchona| [See Ooca} [See Coffee [See lndiarcbber| America, Agriculture in ——_——,, Cinchona Cultivation in America, Ooca Oultivation in ——, Coffee in ————, Indiarubber in ————, Pushing Oeylon Tea in. . [See Tea} ——— —, Quinine in 450, 488, 493, 516, 639, 670 —-——, South, Liberian Oofiee in oD 615 American Fruit Evaporator 9 —- Markets 450, 488, 493, 516, 639, 670 Amluckie Tea Company 727 Ammoniacum, Gum, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Amsterdam Cinchona Auctions 261, 367, 445, 500, 597, 699, 782 Analysis of Produce .. ee 484 Andaman Islands 600, 657 Andropogon Oitratus ... 267 Anglo-Dutch Tobacco Oompany, Ltd. 606 Animi, Gum, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 438, 504, 648, 794, 868 70, 126, 204, 217, 256, 284, 334, 367, 422, 449, 487, 499, 670, 677, 698, 699, 726, 810 Avnatto, Market Rates for -- in Burma 631 Authelia ., cn ate 7127 Antipyrine rae eee 259 Anthracite Coal aoc 660 Ants, Remedies for 50 See Insecticides ] ——, White See White Ants } Anuradhapura Gardens, Ceylon +. ([Sup.] Aquatic Plants 502 Arabic, Gum, Market Rates for 72, 1: i, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, ea, 794, 868 Arabian Coffee ate ate 856 — Horses nee ads 2: Bil Arboriculture a 56, pO Areultipore Tea Company ae Oc 727 Arecanut Oultivation 217 Arrowroot, Market Rates for "72, 144, 216, 288, 360 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Arsenic in Agriculture and Destroying Insects (See Insecticides | Artificial Coffee 691, 844 — Manures [See Manures] Teeth ae ; 736 Arundo Donax con os 137 Asbestos ae Si 160 Ashes as a Fertilizer “eC [ See Manures | | Assafeetida, Market Rates for “ae 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, see 504, 6 a 794, 868 Assam, Planting in 233 , Tea Company re ev» 123, 756 -— Cultivation in .- [See Tea] — Planters on Oeylon Associations, Planting Asphalte Pavements Australia, Agriculture in ——-, Ceylon Products in -, Hucalyptus in ave 39 57k > ar Pavements] 184, [See T ais 8 ) [See Eucalyptus | FAGH. Australia, Life in “ers ENN aie a0 221 ——-——,, Pear] Fishing in 40, 376 —-——,, Planting in ree 6 737 —-—., Ring-barking in O65 50 133 ————., Sheep Raising in ee ee 624 —--— South, Garnets in 00 “HG 58 ——-—_ , Planting in 167 ——-—, Sugar Cultivation in [See Sugar] ——-—, Teain op [See Tea} ——-—,, Trout Breeding in 55 228 ——-——, Western Onn 206 ———_-, Wire Netting Fence in 50 624 Auctralian Blue Gums_ see an “fs — Coast, Oysters on the — Timber oo [See Timber} Austria, Tea in 50 one [See "tol Avenue Trees ea) Aviculture se con 272, 347, 45h Avocado Pear Sct 60 oe 255, B. Babul Trees : an 248 Badulla Botanic Gardens, Ceylon [Sup. | Bael Fruit, Market Rates for cp |) Bae. 334, 578, 783 Bahamas Islands, Cultivation in the 254 Bali Islands, Ooftee in O00 22 Bamboos 40 o6 134, 248, 860 Banana Disease 30 119 - Cultivation «85, 255, 409, 486, 510 Bandakai ; [See Hibiscus Bsculentus] Bankers’ Advances, Produce as Security for .. 548 Bannockburn Tea Company 727 Barbados ni 254 Bark 555 [See Cinchona Basie Slag, Export of Be 836 Bats’ Dung [See Manure] Beach, Absence of, in Ceylon Mw 262 Beans, Calabar, Alkaloids from tel 455 ——--, Flavouring, Trade in ae 942 Beer, ‘Kurakkan 562 Beeswax, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 456, 504, 648 794, 868 | Beetles as Hnemies of Coconuts .. [See Coconuts | Beetroot Sugar in Netherlands India oe 679 Benefactors of Ceylon Tea Interest 695, 753, 755 Beri-beri, Remedy for ... a ys 668 Birdsnests, Edible os ae 305 Blue Gum ... can .. [See Eucalyptus | Bolivia, Oinchona in oo [See Cinchona | Bombay, Mill Industry in 467, 480 Bonedust as Manure [See Manures) Books, Preservation of, from Insects ae 22 Boots and Shoes, Old, as Manure ny 544 Borers toe — oA0 71 Borneo, British, Company wa . 107, 710 —--, German, Company 198 -, North, Planting and Life in 19, 36, 103, 164, 196, 221, 260, 298, 314, 344, 408, 429, 475, 488, 508, 580, 620, Til, 809 ——-, ——--, Timber in a [See Timber] —-—-, Pearl Fishery ... Ae8 348 ———-, Tobaccoin .. ase [See Tobaceo] Borokai Tea Company ... a5 756 Bosnia, Plum Culture in fi aes 852 Botanic Gardens, Adelaide Lis ae 185 ~ , Bangalore aoe = —, Oaleutta —- ———__, Ceylon 301, 677, 692, 737, Bae —_—- ——_——,, Kew 253 —_—- —~-——, Lagos 603 — —- —— , Nilgiris 292, 693 ——- —-_—, Saharanpur 374 —- ———, Trinidad AD 215, 299 Botanical Specimens in Ceylon ... «. 637, 639 Bourboa Cotton 714 Brazil, Abolition of Slavery hale 61, 89, 205, 431 ——--, Cacao Oultivation in i; [See Cacao. —_--, Oinchona Cultivation in [See Oinchona ~——--, Coffee Cultivation in : [Bee Cette ‘ —, Labor in soe tee see PAGE Brazil, Planting in oie an - 175, 298 ——--, Progress in ... a 618 ——--, Rubber ia +5 | [See Indiarubber| Breadfruit ... +) nae awa Brinjal ose 8 British Agricultural Returns [See Agricultural) - Guiana, Minor Industries in soe — —- Indian Tea Company an 165, 189, 758 ———- Protectorates in the Pacific Ps 389 Bug co +. [See Coffee Bug | Burma, Planting in 270, 466, 470, 631, 776, 823, 858 , Ruby Mining in = 845 » Rice Oultivation in [See Rice Cultivation] ——, > Timbersin ... tee {See Timbers | — —, Upper, Indiarubber Trade of oo 293 ——, ——--, Progress in ay: aoe 408 C. Cabbages, Growing of .. “7 56 Cacao Oultivation in British Guiana 835 —. ———— in Cachar 557 —_—_—_+— in Ceylon 25, “94, 191, 208, 238 251, 271, 305, 420, 522, 548, 633, 634, 646, 666, 724 a in Columbia... 637 —--, Enemies of aes 133, 271, 54g » Shade for a ne ose 54g —, "Trade [See Cocoa Cachar, Tea Cultivation in , Cacao Cultivation in Caffeine [See Tea Oultivation {See Cacao] 119, 189, 252, 458 Calcutta Botanic Gardens a 693 California ... ae 252, 660, 849 Oalumba Root, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 285° 288, 360, 432 504, 578, 648, 794, 68 Camellia Thea “55 ae ae 267 Oanada, Colonisation of bse ne 608 Candle Manufacture ... 5 oe 272 Canes and Sticks ae one ee sp AA il Canton Tea Trade ze 265, 284, 369 Caoutchouc ... 355 ' [See Indiarubber] —- ~, Indian ... aaa = 213 Caracecas, Horticulture in on -. 680, 836 Oaraway ‘Seed Market .. 261 Carbolic Soap as an Insecticide... Carbonado or Black Diamond Cardamom Qultivation .. 208, 249, 270, 488, 492, 575, . [See Insecticides] 260 633, 646 ———-—— Exports... ot 20 290 —— Market 126, 256, 389, 422, 449, 487, 543, 578, 670, 677, 699, 726, 782 Cardamoms, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Carludovica Palmata ... one 100 Carthagena Bark oe oo . 300, 391 Oascarilla ... ve Ae Rae 726 Cassava Oultivation 365, 540 Castor Oil, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 — Seeds, Heyer of Be 103 Oasuarina ... 85 .. 102, 424 Caterpillars .. Sa 0 343 Cattle Food, Analygce of of od ae 704 —.-., Indian ie a5 169 Oauliffower .. ae ee 85 Cedrela Toone oy Bn [See Toon | Celluloid, Uses of ue = 39: 192 Cement 3 608 22, 58, 96, 538 Central Africa, Planting i in 50 | Seo "Africa ——-— Cachar Tea ee a ose ee 359 Ceylindo Tea 50 : 820 Ceylon, Agriculture i in -. [See Agriculture] ——-— American Tea Association 594, 1 a ue 5 and Japan, Interchange of Plants between 385 at the Glasgow Hxhibition 210 at the Melbourne Exhibition 204, 278, 428, 433 at the Paris Exhibition ... Se 789 Botanie Gardens [See Botanic Gardens) Cacao Cultivationin ... [See Cacao ——-, Cinchona Cultivation in ,. [See Oinchona ——., Oinnamom Cultivation in [See Uinnamon | ——-, Cultivation of Economic Plants i in INDEX. ee ———————_>——=—=—=_—_>E=L_==E=E_ Ss PAGE, Oeylon, Coal in se eee [See Coal rete Coffee Cultivationin .. [See Coffee —-—, Cotton Cultivation in pee Cotton ——- Orops, Estimate of 534 “ [See Eco- nomic Plants | —-—, Drought in [See Drought | ——-, Estate Oompanies for .. -. 124,153 orts, Distribution of [See Exports] ——-, = ante dd [See Fish] ——, } Forest Conservancy i in [See Forests] ———-, Gems in toe ... 837, 845 ——., Gold in o 00 17, 117, 129, 272 ———- Handbook and Directory 218, 734 —-—, Irrigation in ... 5 [See Irrigation] —.-—, Labourin .. bee [See Labour] ——., Leaf-Fungus in di ite 136 ——-, Materia Medica of coo etic 439 ———-, Mineralsin ... [See Minerals) ———., Native Industries in 315, 4, 425,426, 449,545,732 —.- Pearl Fishery... Lie 348 —.-— Planters, Products for... ah 426 —-—, Planting and Agricultural Industries of 641, 734, 820 ——, Planting in ... .. 22, 24, 37, 38, 73, 94, 109, is, 116, 133, 161, 209, 217, 218, 229, 243, 257, 305, 339, 340, 362, 365, 372, 376, 381, 382 383, 401, 403, 427, 465, 475, 522, 510, 609, 612, 633, 637, 666, 698, 724, 734, 774, 779, 805, 840 —-, Planting Products of, and their Position and Prospects wed 109, 612 —-—, Potato Oultivationin ... [See Potato ] —-— Produce in London 500 ——-, Rainfallin ... ”'38, 121, 383, 534, 657 ——., Sericulture in.. “ [See Sericulture] ———.- Spinning and Weaving Company 847, 853 —-—., Staple Products of 463 ——- Tea Companies “TSeo Tea Companies | ——-, —-- Cultivation in re ..[See Tea] ———--— —-- Growers’ Association Me) 39, 575 —-— —-- Plantations Oo,, Ld ... 517, 806, 839 ———. —-- Seasons ... ne [See Tea] —-— Timbers cco ae [See Timbers] - Tobacco Cultivation in [See Tobacco ] Chandipore Toa Company eee cor 727 Ohomist’s Tea Trade ... oto eee 696 Ohemistry, Agricultural fee con Chl GBH ee of Ten 200 «- 78, 183, 259, 299 Chicory... 26 Chillies, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 863 China, Agriculture in ... ues [See Agriculture] ——-- Olay... eee 56 [See Kaolin] ——-- Grass cco ve [See Rhea] ae ae ee ct 148 ——--, Tarin aoe 730 —--, Tea Oultivation in a [See Tea] - —--Exports ... Ay 180 Chocolate ... ses re 100 Choomsali Tea Company 2g 160, 600 Cholera, Oauses of ce ae ace 488 Christmas Island ot ee 858 Cinchona Cultivation in Bolivia ., 1, 147, 188 - ae —— in Colombia 17 ——-—— ————— in Veylon 190, 201, 271, 383, 633, 634, 646 ~————— in India 14, 180, 191, 327, 744 —-— ——-——-in Japan... 444 —-._ —_. in Jamaica 125, 472, 486 —— in Java 14, 16, 22, 28, 41, 42 57, 197, 323, 524, 680, 682, 720, 751, 866 in Netherlands India ... 323 ——-- Alkaloids .-- 300, 392 ——-—— Bark and Bark Analyses 47, 300, 391, "392, 406, 416, 524, 534, 628, 58) 711, 843 —_—-— , British "Trade in .. 241 —_————. Orops ... ‘4 28 oo Ouring Experiments a 9 ———- from South America nis 12 ——— ———— from the Nilgiris ... a! 560 ——-——, Cankerin ... 522, 619, 642 -—_-_— "Entorprize 114,180,201, 20: 4,241 ,296,306,587,682 PAGE. Cinchona Exports 188, 241, 285, 290, 334, 493, 499, 598, 628, 632° 669, 678 ——--——,, Green Bug on ak 575 Cinchona, Harvestiug of 352. 684, 853 -—, Hybridization of 300, 392, 601 —<—$— ae Market and Market Rates for 70, 75,95, 1 21; 141, 188, 204, 241, 256, 261, 285, "322, 334, 342, 367, 373, 383, § 390, 404, 405, 422, 434, 438, 445, 449, 450, 455, 470, 483, 488, 493, 499, 500, 516, 524, 531, 537, 543 , 579, 597, 631, 638, 670, 677, 678, 691, 712, 726, 741, 742, 9, 715, 782, 810, 818 NOLES ON... ass 145 ——-—— Planters, Hints to ste ae 335 ——-— Plantations in Java, Government .. 684 - ————— ou the Nilgiris, Government 859 ——-—— Prospects... oy ——— - Statistics al; 190, 201, 438, 493, 516, 628, 686 ——.— Trade [See Cinchona Market] Oinchonidine Suiphate 70 Cinnamon Oultivation 116, 277, 321, 362, 365, 381, 406, ell 594, 610, 628, 821 ———-——,, Enemies of ... os 285 ——-—, Exports of ... é0 292 Market : cer 70, 261, 712, 860 —-——, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 860, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 ——-—— Oil, Market Rates for 72, 144, "216, "238, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Citric Acid in Oranberry ie 85 Citrus Se [See Orange | Citronella Oil, Adulteration of .. 766, 805 — Oil, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 30, 432. od 648, 720, 792, 868 751, 793 Clay Soil oa [See Soils] —— Dressings for Light SOUSH i vce 836 Climate, Influence of Forests on . [See Rainfall | Clover 102 Cloves, Market Bates for 72, 144, 360, 432, 450, 504, 612, 648, 794, 864 Ooal and Coke Industry, Russian .. ses 488 ——., Anthracite mae es nee 660 — in Australia sae tee wes 737 —— in Ceylon See cos 17 ——,, Indian Kos as aie 246 — ‘in North Borneo ., aes 580 — ., Petroleum as a Substitute for cs 1 Oochin China Vine Pee “60 ses 54 — ——, Planting in 640 Ooca ccc 349, 375, 560, 659, 712, 732 sedL, HB —— Oultivation in India —— Leaves 7, 446, 450, 499, 519, 597, 679, 782, 810 Cocaine ccc 712, 732 — -Making in Ceylon 543 -, Market Rates for 405, ‘493, 499, 516, 818, 319 Cocanada, Salt Factory at Or oe 6038 Cocheela Tea Company O6 chs 727 Cocoa Adulteration ... oct: ‘ 437 Cultivation eae 9 [See Cacao} ——- Exports toe ae aes 290 ——- Market ect oo “or 141 -—-, Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 -, Substitutes for ... ace «a0 1 21 Coconut as a Vermifuge 276 Cultivation 368, 759, 787, 789, 791, 816, 828, 838 in Ceylon 18, 69, 103, 116, 177, 188, 198, 220, 270, 277, 321. 362° 365, 381, 410, 451, 505, 514. 594, 611, 654, 693, 716, 722, 729, 734 a in Fiji 5c ae 518 — --— ——~——-inHainan ... ae 566 —_— — in the West Indies « 474, 476 —- Desiccated ... vis ae 518 ———— Disease re ts Planting 3 . 91 —-- ——- —— Competition 592 ——., Preparation of . .. 9, 53, 614, 615, ne —-, ’ Prices for “04 fae ——-- Prospects ae So ery 5i7, 518, ne ——-- Pruning —-- Sales 761 ——-., Shade for 642, 724, 815, 820, 824, 7en —— —, Substitutes for. . 0 —— iene 7 Sle 538, 299, ma Coffea Bengalensis 389 ea Coimbatore, Silk Culture in ops ioe ven 454 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 548, 794, 868 691 (oe for Soldier’s Bedding , Market Rates for n ? genet ai) Ooix ;, Lachryma ee oe On PAGE. Ooke as Fuel as [See Tea, Fuel for Cola Nut [See Kola Nae, Colombo Oommercial Ose Lays 5 668 a ROOF [See Oalumba) Colombia, Cacao Cultiv tion in —— Cinchona Cultivation in Colonial Fruit {See Fruits | Companies, state for "Oeylon (See Estate} Competition, Bitterness of Fi) ove 697 Concrete, Securing Wood to Oonsular ‘I'rade Reports {See Cacao | [See Oiuchona] ee 560 369, 455, 481 Coolies ae ose [See Labour] Cooly Baffler ap 696 Commercial Law, An ‘Important Ruling j in. ey Congo, Exports from .. Cooly Emigration [See Tabor] Coorg, Coffee Crops in. 58 ep 336 Copper in Ceylon on oy) ose 17 ——- in Perak 0 ae 1-9 734 ——-, Sulphate of 535 ; 660 Copra, Cochin versus Ceylon... An 654 Trade ae At 58 249 Coral Industry one ‘be 363 ——- or Petrified Tree oy aes 600 Cork Industry in Spee “ 568, 587 Corks 645 Corsican Wine Market : 431 Costa Rica, Planting in 7 490 Coto Bark ae 126 Cotton, Bourbon pal 4. Cultivation in Ceylon Wf, 39, 73, 93, 209, 252, 269, 285, 351, 352, 365, 366, 381, "382, 387, 410, 414, 608, 609, 617, 630, 646, 692, 697, 698, 700, 703, 716, 732, 736, 740, 846, 851, 854, 860 Cultivation in India 295 — — — Japan ae 802 ——— — — Manila Bae 369 —— ———_-— — Queensland 55 328 , Egyptian aoe i Bp 73 ——., Hnemies of a Jae 610 —-- Gins et fe SS 720 ——— Industry 435, 762 — Mills in Bombay 467, 480 Plants, Fibres from ie 544, 598 Pulp on wes 608 Seed = “ag 704 SS = Industry .. fs 329, 525 ———,, Silk ; oe [See Kapok] —— Spinning in Golombo 874 ——— ——-—— Industry ‘n ‘er 542 SSS in Travancore ... aa 10 Cranberry, Oitric Acid in a6 esi 85 Crocodiles ... 362 Croton Seed, Market Rates for 390, 422, 499, 579, 670, 699, 782 Crudonia Tribola ae Bene ¢ 672 Oryptomeria Japonica .. oe " 334 Cuba, Emancipation in See 5 6l Tobacco in [See Tobacco] Cubebs, Market Rates for 204, 261, 405, 434, 450, 470, 498, 597, 726, 742, 782 Cuca 300 “5 [See Coca | Cush-Cush Yams i cor a 675 Cutch Manufacture and, Dieaiae a pes dS 302 Cuttlefish Bone, Market Rates , for. ie ce 699 +L £ toad or SS = = =i S60 1S ss iu ———a Daffodils... Nase ile alba eR 9. 5 / abhieneas 214 Dairy Farming wae Sao branees 260, 358, 636 “Damping off” of Seediifige- cor 296 Darjiling, Fuel in ES ieee 5 oe, ——-——., Planting in... fee es ="168, 2 Date Palm Cultivation a0 . a5 Deccan, Farming in ... Bice ont 459 Deer, Finest, in the World "0 ~~... 826 Dehra Doon Forestry Scliool ... 60 639 Dejas Tex Company, Ltd. 74 Deli, Planting in 20, 68, 79, 116, 133, 196, 28, 328, 369, 4, 668, 784 INDEX, PAGE, Demarara, Industries in cep oe Deodar as fa aes tes Deterioration of Tea . 506 [See Tea Dew, Adaptation of Plants TO rads ace 400 Dhunsiri Tea Company an 0 727 Diamond, Black pas 6 260 ———— Fields of Madras 65 «- 67, 749 Diamonds, Oape mes oA “< 62 Dinde Tree co hos 101 Visinfectants ua 8, 456 Disinfection, Hints on ve : 904 Diversified Farming... tes coo 621 Dividivi, Uses of ce on on 397 Dog Skins .. ae tes : 486 Dooars Tea Company, Ltd. r ae 74 Western, Planting in ... PB 5OL Dosing Trees with Medicine ob +» 598, 604 Drainage ... oo na 481 Drink and ‘'ropical Products ... co 826 Drinks, Strong, and Tea as ee 149 Drought... 606 270, 821, 410, 734 Drug Statistics 544 Drug Market 70, 75, 95, 126, 904, 256, 261, 284, 322, 334, B42, 367, 373, 3889, 404, ” 422, 434, 449, 470, 487, 492, 499, 516, 537, 543, 544, 579, 597, 638, 670, 677, 699, 712, 726, 741, 775, 782, 818, 852 Dung, Bats’ [See Guano] Dutch East Indies, Planting inv 202 —— Guiana, Liberian Coffee in.. 615 ——— Market 70, 75, 127, 261, 373, 405, 445, 493, 537, 678, 749 Dysentery, A Cure for a 287 ES Eastern Oolonial Policy «» 5645, 567 ——--— Produce and Estates Company, oe 841 Barth, Burnt 168 Rarthon Floors for Stables i 329 Ebony, Indian «or 248 , Madagascar... cot a5 55 Economic Plants fo «» 100, ne 167, Be Edible Birds’ Nests ... 00 Educating Consumers .. 636 FHducation, ‘Agricultural [See Agricultural ‘Education Eel Worms.. oe 568 Eggs, Average Production of «4. 56 624, —-, Preserving of ... ae ono 532 Blectrie Lighting : oC eB: 952 Electricity and Valuable Metals... c0 371 ——_———.,, F’xtracting Gold by .. nae 455 ——— —,, Felling Trees by 680, 836 Emancipation in Brazil 89, 125, 205, 431 —-———— _ in Cuba we 61 Bngland, Agriculture in [See Agriculture | , Fig Cultivation in cis 619 Engineering School for Ceylon 263 Dnsilage ... 0 ccf 344, 355, 546 Erythrinas .. .. ee one 548 Erythroxylon Coca qa ies [See Coca] Essential Oils [See Oils} Estate Companies for “Ceylon oa 124 Estates, Sale of ose 754 Eucalyptus Oultivation ‘at Whittingham aes 104 —_ ——in Australia at 564 oe ————— in Ceylon .. 384, 401. ee — iin Madras... 103, 134 oe Globulus .... EF s00187):206 oS , Varieties of tee 884 Earops, Agriculture in . [See Agriculture} Excavating Machinery «.. oe 19 Exhibition, Brussola — ... ie 267 ——-— , Glasgow 25, 210,215, 265 5, 267, 454 —-, Molbourne ... seo 204;'247, 278, 428 ——-, Paris a 205 Exotics in Madras; Experiments with wee 134 Experimental Gardens, Cawnpore.. Sob 414 Experiments in Agriculture ; 134, 414, 526,563 soe 9 ——-++ ees in Drying Produce PAGE. Export Trade of British North Borneo See 581 Exports,Ceylon 71, 143, 215, 287, 289, 359, 431, 502,576, 647, 720, 752, 793, 867 from Congo ... Eye with a Cinder in it, How to Treat an to ae Ee Farming — «. we [See Agricult ————,, Diversifled ... af ee "esi Fertilizers . [See Manures, ] Fibre from ‘the Cotton Plant iB —- Machinery 6 598 208, 510, 6 —- Preparation ... 1 08 460 ——-, Hibiscus Esculentus tee 608 728 —-, Pita... see e. [See Pita Fibre] ——-, Mexican bop ac ane 587 —- Refuse tes a: aD 220 Fibres 128, 215, 276, 352, 460, 510, 615 Ficus Sct don Are 566 —-- Roxburghii nee ove 566 Fig Cultivation aes 616 Fiji and its Industries... 0 369 —--, Ooffee Oultivation in —.., Fibres in ees ase —--, Planting in O00 —--, Sensitive Plant in [See Ooffee1 46] 252, 269, 361, 492, 580 525 —---, Tea Cultivation in ‘(Bee Tea Cultivation; J —--, ; Vanilla Oultivation in 522 94, 123, 138, 188, 211, 249, 335, 415, 487, 494, 2200; 507, 538, 613, 820 Fish 300 sae oct 259, 513 Fish-Curing... Gob ApS ; Finance, Notes on —, Destruction of — > Rearing cop [See Pisciculture Florida, Lemon-growing in [See Lemon - Orange Cultivation in [see Orange Cultivation] Flowers in Paris Sie, oss 119 ———-, Preservation of ate 2: 93 Flower Shows, Use and Abuse of Ne 607 Fodder coo occ ap 128 - Plant, Millet as a 599 Food Grains and their Treatment as 725 ——- Stuffs es ms w» 607, 642 Foochow Tea Guild... oat ane 327 Forests and Floods .. aa ore 151 -and Rainfall eee +» 249, 623 ——- in Ceylon 23, 28, 33, 384, 548, 811 - in Germany see 265 - in India fe eo. 62, 249, 260, 563, 635 - in Netherlands India 195 -of Uruguay... oe os 481 - in South Australia 812 Forest Produce oo 639 —— Trees | [See Timber trees | Forestry .. 260, 219; 639, 660 — of the Andamans Be 286 Fourcroya 50 . 134 Fowls, Raising of cc ies 272, 347, 457 Fruit, Colonial = 253 ——.-, Cultivation 0 16, 358 3, 552, 586 -—- ——-—— — in Ceylon : =a 209 ——- —$— — in Fi tee ac 492 ——.- Driers 5 9 ——- Evaporating and. Preserving Company 71 ——- Exports, Experimental 187 —- Trees 16, 81, 101, 328, 609 -_—- —,; Abandoned, in Straits Settlements 357 —- - at Saharanpur 472 -—.- —-, Firm Soil for AoC Ae 56 —,T ropical a mee we 422; 374 —. Without Seeds re -- 160 Fruits in Vera Cruz a. at 276 , Natal m 0 aw 83 French Vanilla Trade - ah 619 Freights, Rates of aoe “s 219 Fuel for Tea wee as [See Tea) - Combustion of ... ar 852 ——- Compressed 390 ——, Notes on sC 103, 246 INDEX, PAGE, Fuel, Oak Trees for «. ong te 700 — Petroleumas ... ; [See Petroleum] — Supoly | of Darjiling ooo 879 Fungi on 136, 336, 814 —— G. 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432 Galls, Market Rates for 504, 648, 794, 868 Gambier Cultivation bo -. 671, 675 Market tee Pn 516 ——,, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Garden Labels on on [See Labels | - Pests .» [See Insect Pests] Garnets, South Australian 509 aa 58 Gems 7 58, 62 Geological Discoveries 620 -— Knowledge a Desideratum for Planters 819 Geology of Australia [See Australia] Germany, Forestsin ... i 265 Ginger, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 222, 288, 360, 482, 504, 648, 794, 868 Gingelly Oil be 558 Glasgow Exhibition "25, 210, ‘15, 265, 267, 305, ao ————.,, Indian Teas in n00 227 St Pea for x a [See Tea | Glass and its Uses tor ab 64 Gold in Ceylon [See Core — Digging in Australia —— =-- in Mysore 8 tee 136 — Mine Returns, Indian 500 aco 819 Gram Ao coo oss a4 643 Granada 20 don ese ooo 141 Grape Cultivation be [See Vine] Grain Oultivation tee ox 528 | Graphite... non 00 [See Plumbago| Grass, Fodder ans 500 128 Green Bug on Coffee ... ve. [See Coffee Bug} - - Manuring obs [See Manures] Groundnut Cultivation B00 566, 585 ——-- Trade B00 208 hte 276 Grub, Cure for a Sp 500 552 Guano, Bats’ [SeeManure] Guarana, a Rival to Tea and Coffee Aa 542 Guatemala, Planting in 29 ob 67 Guava Oultivation 000 eco x0 255 Guiana, British Fp me, -.. 255, 414 —-——, Netherlands ... co 200 414 Guineaworm, Remedy for one 500 567 Gum Arabic oo me 728, 761 ——-, Blue [See epee -—— Copal nee 5AL —_——- Trees and White Ants 000 ... 675, 700 Gums 20 on aa oo 518 — .-, East Indian ose 183 an Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 248, 360, 432; 504, 648, 794, 868 Guttapercha... eve coo eee 357, 527 —_— ~ Leaves a8 Roof Tiles we 455 , Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 439, 504, 648, 794, 868 ew H. Hainan, Agriculture in 200 565 Hakgala Botanic Gardens ont 591, 737, Rone Hamburg Market 200 bp0 599 Haritaki Nut +» [See Myrobalan) Havana, Economic Plants i in eee 167 Hawaii, Planting in... sop on 364 Height Measurer 1) foo ae 135 Hellriegel’s Theory on Nitrates ... 858 Helopeltis Antonii [See Cacao Blight and Tea Bug) Hemidesmus Root ... 12 Hemileia Vastatrix (See Coffee Leaf Picea Hemp, Manila «we 96, 135 Henaratgoda Botinic Gardens... ts ‘[Sup. J Hibiscus Esculentus ... a He 7128 Hides," Trade in ovo ioe 684 HiogofTrade at "SE... ove 324 Holta Tea Company .. ooo oe 727 PAGE, Hop Culture, A Treatise on BF vs 576 Horses, Arabian 0 231 Horticultural and Agricultural Societies ss 99, 658 Horticultural Instructions aan or - 660 Horticulture in Caracas ber don 680 -——- in Oeylon eae tes 105 ————-- in Japan .. a) Hh 105 Human Life, Economy ‘on 7 soe 260 Hybridization of Oinchonas ae 892, 601 Hydrungea Thunbergi .. 6 267 |. Tlex Cassine ann o> on 267 —— Paraguensis one « 267 Immigration in North Borneo oe 580 India, Agricultvre in ... cer See Agriculture] —-—, Cardamoms in... -.. [See Cardamoms -——, Cinchona Cultivationin .,, {See Cinch ——- ” Coal i in A [See Coal —-—, ’ Coffee Cultivation in Bes [See Coffee | —-—, Oultivated Area in ay sso 491 -——,, Ensilage in _ ... aes se. 355, 546 ——, ” Forests in Sed bee [See Forests] -_-, , Industries Th ees aa 68, 178, 403 ——,, Labour in [See Labour] ———, Planting in 345 239, 543 —-, Rainfall in “er oe 252 -—,, Silk Culture in ... +» [See Silk Cultures} —-——, Tea Cultivation in “0 -.[See Tea | Indian Corn Cultivation oan Bo 732 Gold Mines ae op “5 819 — Mangoes a eb sas 567 Tea Associations na --.[See Tea ] Tea Bazaars Oo., Ld. ... a 429 Tea Companies... ap 74, 165, 166 Tea in America.... faa . See Tea] Tea Notes oe no [See Ten Notes! Tea, Pushing of .. ane ..[See Tea ] Timbers HF: [See ae Trade 400 100, 135, 192, 213, 512, 559, 570, 692 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 439, 504, 648, 794, 868 Indiarubber Cultivation —-————., Market Rates fer —- Pavement... a6 592, 728 —-——— Trade ie x6 293 Indigo Cultivation ach ooo os 566 Inga Dulcis 101 22, 17, ‘3%, 464, 521, 539, 54R, 552, 731, 752, 784, 786, 793 24, 179, 206, 416, 743, 835 Insecticides Insect Pests : or Insects and Agriculture ioe 168, 680 , Apparatus Required for the Collection of 377 Investment, Prospects of, in Pegler ont 596 Ipecacuanha 57, 184, 810 Irrigation and Coffee Cultivation . a ou 745 —in Australia ae 191 -——in Ceylon ... we [See Agriculture] -in India ©... See Agriculture | Tron Bark Trees ec Ans oo 564 — Ore .. oe 375 — Smelting i in Former Days i in ‘Ceylon eve 384 Italy, Gum Treesin ... oo we 518 Ivy on Trees soo on «ee 80, 104 J. Jail Diet... ceed ese pe 607 Jak Trees and their Value one Bes 609 _Jalap = 810 Jamaica, Oinchona Cultivation in.. [See Cinchona ] --,Clinat( in... ee wee 124, 125 ——~, Coffee Cultivation in [Bee Coffee] —--, * Fruit Oultivation in aL 253 ——--, Life Generally in b0 30 ——-.-, Planting in 30, 172, 441, 577 ——--, Plantains in .. 189, 253 --, Prospects for Investors i in. 125 Japan and Ceylon, Interchange of Plants between 385 | ——-— Bamboos ey 1sitde,« [See Bamboos | —-- Clover Neer 102 —--, Cotton Cultivation in joes [See Cotton] INDEX. PAGE, Japan Tea... a0 Ap [See Tea] Japanese Tea Boxes .. a See, Tea Boxes] Jarrah Trees cd . 564 Jat 2 [See Tea] Java,. Cinchona Cultivation Inept [See Cinchona | ——., Coffee Cultivation in (See Coffee | ——., Exports from... 0G 598 ——, Government Oinchona Enterprise DW iene 682 —, Planting in 128, 287, 376, 678, 866 —, Pp: rospects in éc0 128 —., Tea Cultivation in C00 [See Tea] —, Tobacco Cultivation in axe [See Tobacco] —, Trade and Commerce of .. An 678 Jerusalem as a ‘Trade Centre axe a0 328 Job’s Tears oo cco eae 601 Johore, Tin Mining in BO 782 Jokai Assam ‘Tea Oompany, Ltd. 74, 95 Jute Cultivation oro “128, 265, 287, 331, 598 —— Exports nor 331 — Trade ... on oes see 324 Kangra Valley, Tea in Aes 805, 812 Kaolin ars cio one tex 121 Kekuna Poonac ese 548 Kelani Valley Tea Association, Ltd. vw» 467, 571 Kerosine ... co 71, 236, 259, 622, 548, 509 Kegari Dal ci 333 Kew Gardens Kigilia Pinnata Kingston... See Fasieel Kino Gum, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432 504, 648, 794, 868 Kola Ohocalate (Kolatina) 102 — Nut... oon 70, 73, 95, 191, 579, 728, 810 736 253, 422, ‘567, 570, 601, 659, oo ite Gold Field Kornafuli Tea Association eee BAS 727 Krakatau Island oce 264 Kurakkan 0 "515, 529, 552, 558, 642 -, Beer 567 Kurseong. and Darjiling Tea Company wae 272 lee Labor in Australia nc 737 —-- in Ceylon 25, 133, 45809, 376, "385, 403, 522, 571, 724 ——-- in Fiji int 492 ——--in India ie 103, 259, 485, 565 —--in Netherlands India ase 429 ——-- in North Borneo sactry LOS: 434, 620, 711 ——-- in Perak coh aa aes 802 ——-- in Sumatra co FH a6 152 ——-- Laws of Oeylon oro oe 321 Lagos, Botanic Gardens at “LC ae 603 Lanucewood Cer rLOL, Lod Land Grants and Syndicates “Ch fr 548 ——- Measure, Netherlands Indian ine 95 ——- Mortgage Bank of India 74, 165, 766 Lanka Plantations Company, Ltd aa 497 Lantana Bushes Killed by Kerosene ay 599 -— in Peylon orf fee 633 Lard oo es a 511 Leaf Disease, in C feylon 3 136 — — —-Ooffee... ce [See Coffee } Lebong Tea Company, Ltd. ne 125 Lemon Cultivation abe “y 672 Liberian Ooffee Cultivation 5, ‘22, 103, 9; Bl. 298, 569 575, 609, 615, 646, 680, 692, 724, 851 857 ——- - Exports 291 Lightning, Protection from ve cc 155 Lilies ; ... 264, 693 Lime as a Manure [See Manures’ Lime Cultivation 290 Liquid Fuel... et “[See Fuel] Liquorice ( ultivation ... or 160 ——.-— Root é 431 Literature on Agriculture 622, 862 Loanda, Oil Palm in te 110 London Docks and Ceylon T ea ..[ See ‘Tea] - Purple , 48, 658, ae qis Loquats 121, 634 Tiekiin pore Tea Company of Asean, Ltd, 125 i. PAGE, Mace, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Machinery, libre [Sce Fibre] — , Lea : :.[See Tex] Madagascar, Ebony in . [See Ebony | —-——, Planting Prospe cts in 192 —-——, Teain... vee [See Tea] Madras Agricultural Department... nee 601 - Agri-Horticultural Societ: se» 99, 658 ——- Diamond Fields (See Diatecna] ——-~—, Hucalyptus Oultivation i in one 103 -, Paddy Cultivation in oO 356 es OEE Planting in... nae OLA 797, 819, 825 -,Rainfallat ... 10 99 Madura, Orops in oa on cee 518 Mahogany ... ee om a1 134, 375 Maipak Seed or he ae 135 Maize Oultivation n66 294 Malabar Coast, Export Trade of the fee 386 Malacca, Planting i ines. « 409, 742 Malaria and Plantain Trees om bot 160 Malayan States. Planting in ot ay 569 Maachurian Sikkworms exe .. 411, 583 Manganese ... eve odo dass LT, 509 Mangoes... ro a ... 255, 567 Mangolds ... “or ase tee 518 Mangosteens see Ne jee Sup. Mania Hemp 96, 135 ———, Planting in 196, 369 Manures and Manuring- 8, 60, 63, ‘91, 208, 220, 272, 321, 344, 362, 451, 4577, 544, 600, 649, 652, 655, 668, 681, 693, 715, 725, 759, 776 Market Rates for Old and New Products ... 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Markets, New, for Tea... [See Tea Markets | * Matale Agri-Herticultural Association af, 111 Se eS Exhibition ... 303, 805 Hast, A Trip from, through Upper and Lower Dumbara ... 337 ——- ——- and Laggala, A Trip through 209, 217, 229, 243, 257 Match Industry of Japan ae noe 857 Mate Tea, Market Rates for aes 3 579 Materia Medica of Ocylon ae 700 439 M:uritins, Agriculture in [See Agriculture | ——-—-—, Pianting in... re 41, 744, 818 ——-——, Sugar Cultivationin ... 818 Mazaw attee Tea company 200 vee 116 Mealy Bug .. es 40 731 Medical Hints as ass 225 Medicine, Dosing Trees With ob 30: 598 Medicines, Proseribed .. tee ie 736 Melbourne Exhibition ... Cer ... 204, 24/ Melons co eae 2 464 Merchandise Marks Act cot 137 Metals in Ceylon [See oun Mexican Fibre Mexico, Vanilla Culture i in ls 36 Mica 152, 272; 801 Mildew and its Treatment Se ot 763 Milk, Cow, Analyses of se ae 86 ——, ——, Ceylon Upcountry ... oF 752 Mill ‘Industry i in Bombay tee ... 467, 480 Millet as a Fodder Plant cee ae 599 Mimosa Bark 500 es 856 Mincing Lane Sale- Room nice 588 —-—-— , Vegetable Pr oducts from a8 6 Minerals... on oh se 17 Mining : Seg Gems] Mohurgong Tea Company ves * 600 Moors, Utilization of ... eer oe 61 Morocco, Tea in . ‘(Seo Tea} Moringa ... “ot “ce Ae LOO Mosquitoes ... wep we 298, 299 Mothola ‘tea Company. co rad 727 Moths oe ee eon Lid Motors, Electric, for Tea Machinery See Tea] Mozambique Pe arl Vishery 4 ey. 202 ——————.,, Products of ee ; 512 Mulberry Cultivation ... ve pag 2 LRT dk INDEX. PAGE. Mulching ... 900 aae 81, 220 Museum, Colombo as 345, 783 Mushrooms... adn 200 on 255 Mustard as Manure 272 Myrrh, Market Ratesfor 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 481 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Myrobalans as a Masticatory —, Market Rates for Myrtus Acmenoides ... one 267 Mysore, Gold Digging in car sue 736 ——-—, Planting in ... a0 5¢0 6 | N. Nagasaki, Tea in 00 see [See Tea] Natal Fruits 500 aes aD 83 —--—, Labor in 200) on ase 771 ——--, Oranges in coc a0 Ae 160 —--—, Planting in 2. me we 677, 773 —--—, Prospectsin ... ae Fas 181 Native Industry in Ceylon re [See Ceylon] Natives, Cultures for ... ww. [See Besieatea | Natural History Specimens in Ceylon eae Netherlands India, Planting in 68, 95, 102, 119, Ae 195, 227,.323, 429, 434, ae 668, 672, 762, 851 New Guinea, Oultivation in 369, —— Products, Market Rates for "72, 144, 216, 288 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 364 —— York, Spice Trade of 66 717 Newfoundland, Agriculture in ... 489 Newspapers in America 278 Nicaragua, Banana Cultivation in 409 Nilgiris Botanic Garden [See Botanic Gardens | ——., Forests and Rainfallin .. 562 -, Government tanchons Plantaiions in 560 - , Planting on 364, 4p) 450, eee Nitrogen in Vegetable Soil 50 Nitrates ... a0 ad 858 Noakacharee Tea Company 490 165 Norfolk Island =o a 680 Northern Territory of Australia [See Australia] Nutmeg Cultivation «- _ 213, 258, 425, 840 72, 144, 216, "O88, "360, "432, 504, 648, 794, a Nux Vomica ins ie. 70 -——, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288 360, 432, 504, 579, 648 794, 868 —— Nutmegs, Market Rates for -, Poisoning by O. Oak Silk Industry .. 300 -. 411, 583 — Trees for Fuel ., D0 we 700 Ocular Notes ae on os 455 Oil as a Fuel 200 50 [See Fuel] —, Coconut 0 [See Cocen im Eucalyptus 390 > Palm ... 325, 390, 455, 600 — Seeds .. 20 63 —- Works in Khattan 40 Oils, Essential "0 Pe 81, 136, 461 —.--, -—_. —, Dried Plants for sie 446 ; Market Rates for 72, 126, 144, 204, 216, 367, 288, 499, 360, 432, 579, 597, 504, 670, 712, 726, 648, 794, 868 Olea Europea 200 135 Old and New Products, Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Opium ves ont ao 105, 512, 778, 783 Orange Oultivation 160, 255, 328, 472, 484, 609, 825 3 - Pest in America 457 - Trees, Scab on 624 Orohards of Kurope 693 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432 Orchilla, Market Rates for 504, 648, 794, 868 Ouvah Coffee Company, Ld. 163 Oriental Bank Estates Oo., Ld. . 124, 153, 785 Ostrich Feathers 310 : 900 Oxygen, Storing of a 560 Oysters on the Australian Coast on 19 P. PAGE. Pacific, British Protectorates in the ae 389 Paddy Cultivation a ove [See Rice] Palm Oil... ee .. [See Oil] Palms, African Oil 110, 421 , Areca Hs oes [See ‘Arecanut | , Coconut "3 pe [See Ooconut | , Date ce ee.) Date Palm | Palmyra Oultivation ... oe my 365 — Timber Bo Sy 5 694 Pan Leaf ... 5 [See Betel] Papaya as a Remedy for Guiveaw orm ae Papaw Juice 35 oa ee Paper from Sugarcane ae a9 744 Manufacture .. ap 7 353 -——, Materials for .. AP ». 128, 358 —-. Mills, Travancore om 95 792 ——-, Parchment .. op “5 76 , Roofing Se 07 Parafiin, New iipes for ite 491 Paraguay Tea 55 [See “Mate Tea] Para Rubber, Imports. of new 700 Paris Exhibition, ees at the 202, 554, 559 ——- Green [See London Parple Paritium Hlatum aD An ese Paving, Tarred 6 ney : 7 173 Peaches... ae eae Bs 596 Pear] Fisheries 252, 348, 372 ——- Oysters vss “5 508 Pearls and Pearl Shells me a 103 of Australia... 555 “oe 376 ——— of Ceylon ne oo px: 348 Peat as Manure con Aa 09 63 Peermaad, Planting in +a 84, 215 Peltophorum Ferrugineum see mae 135 Penang, Sugar Cultivation in ak au 430 Pepper, Adulteration of ie «-- 110,329 —-— Cultivation ... .) 164, 722 - .---— = in Ceylon 198, 199, 270, 343, 425, 519, 520, 528, 529, 539, 548, 560, 570, 582, 600, 617, 633, 634, 692, 724, 803 ee dain) |. “en (22 eA Sa in Malabar 304 tote ose ae SI ATT 184 pic ee pa in Straits Settlements 212 ——~-— ————— in Wynaad 208 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 —— .-—, Market Rates for ——-— Trade we Kost ee a Peppermint as a Disinfectant bas 5 ———_-— Cultivation fea 494 Peradeniya Gardens ... aes 301, 677, Sup. ; Perak, Life in 200 mee 96 ——.--, Planting in tee 75, 357, 523, 528 ——.-, Tin and Oopper in ae = 734 Perfumes ... sine «. 256, 446 Persian Insect Powder... sen 793 ~ Silk... ae a 8 Peru, Exports of Saltpetre from ... sg 22 ——-, Yams from ob6 280 675 Pests, Insect ee ... [See Insect Pests] Petroleum, American ... om wo» 236; 259 — — and its Products 152 —, Annual Production of.,. fe 2389 ——— —— as Fuel 1, 247, 489 ~——-— , Crude, Experiments i in. 152 ——— ——, Formation of ee va ———— in the Punjab ———, Russian 71, 236, 259, 491 — Trade aco 5 TL, 236, 494 —,Usesof ... coe 5 369, 424 —— Vapour Engine a 297 Pharmaceutical Society of Paris ... 376 Pheenmx Lea Company .. 20 727 Phylloxera ... 209 «. [See Vine Disease] _ Pimento, Ouring of ... He 10 Pineapple Cultivation ... 3, 255, 641 —~—-— Monstrosity... ath 446 -—, Products of the nee ee 454 Pioneer Colenists of pease ue «. 598, 6 Pisciculture.,. n 509 vee 228, 29; Pita Fibre ,., “a Ree Ans 279 7 | : INDEX, 5; PAGE. Pitheoolobium Saman ... 2 se 185 Plantain Trees and Malaria acc 160 Plantains 189, 255, 365, 494, Planters and Machinists 403 -—’ and Traders’ Association, Lad. ne 828 — --’ Association of Ceylon .., nae 627 --’ Association, 'ravancore... ace 699 --, Wrinkles for... ine 856 Planting, A Pessimist’s Opinion on 855 — Companies ... coo eS 399, 497, 575 [ Seo Agriculture | —— Enterprize es .[See Agricultural Exper Apents 733 — Hxperiments.. Weather ... won Plants , Adaptation of, to Rain and Dew 400 , Aquatic Ac6 A} 502 , Diseases of oe 200 eee 665 ——_, , Dried, for Essential Oils ... nce 446 , Economic [See Economic Plants } ’ Interchange of, between lial and seule 885 ——, Life of ane 308 , Living a 665 ——, ” Preservation of es 560, 672 Ploughs a6 Ae oD 844 Plum Oulture in Bosnia ata ies 852 Plumbagy as a Lubricant ae 108 ——--——, Market Rates for 72, “144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Poetry a5 oF ie 373, 811 Poisons and Antidotes ., 00 Roe 354 Pomegranate Monstrosity cod 190 Poonae Trade with the Straits Settlements ae 446 Potash, Sulphide of .. cas o0Ks 405 Potato Cultivation ace on8 60, 208 624 IS ae in Ceylon on 177 Fungus cer wat 104, 352, 637 Poultry te ee [See Fowls] Bewwei Costof Transmission of... 184 Precious Stones nes ae 796 Prices, Fall in, Mr. Giffen on ‘10 500 524 Produce, Analyses of ... aan owe 484. —--—, Colonial, Theft of as +» 940, 341 94, 123, 138, 188, 211, 249, 335, 415, 487, 494, 500, 507, 538, 613 Productive Industries in United States, Loss to 252 Products, Market Rates for Oldand New 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 {ERE Notes on Prophylactic, Salt as a... é 614 Prospects of the Ceylon Planting Products 500 612 Pruning ae to 109, 383 Pulque Pty te bon 10 Pulverizing Machines .. a) an 141 Punkabaree Tea Company 606 Purple, London eee 521, 539, 548, 558, 680, 713 Quails Q co 00) 59 Queensland, Banana Disease in... nee 119 ———--—, Planting in aco ase 328 Quinine, Cheap es 728, 762 - Doses ese 405 ——- Factory, Auerbach 752 —_— Industry as 22; 76, 241, 359, 53, 628, 812 —— inCholeraand Fever... on 405 -——- in England ... Ne COC 2d ——-, Manufacture of OD ove 14 ——- Market 22, 75, 76, 141, 256, 261, 285, 322, 350, 367, 373, 390, 405, 422, 434, 450,470, 483, 488, 493, 499, 510, 516, 543, 544, 579, 597, 628, 631, 638, 689, 670, 712, 726, 742, 819 376, 454, 483 Prospects , Sulphate of ... 15, 70, 297, 350, 852, 629 Rabbits bis di B cS cc 624 Rails, Old... Et oe 820 Railway, Lartigue, for Ceylon we BT, 837 — Sleepers . oe 401, 520, 564 Railways in Australia ... a 737 ——-—inCeylon ws ah ts, 365, ———+ in Deli ids do ——-— in India ale “cr ae 656 PAGE, Railways in Netherlands India... nb 151 -—, Light or Road Aa aE 299 Rainfall and Forests Bae ... 249, 623 -- in Ceylon [See Oey jon | ——-—- in India to [See India | —-—-in Nilgiris... oss at 563 Rain, Adaptation of Plants to ... : 400 Ramie aie foe [See Rhea Reafforestation oF [See F a Recipes, Various or O06 22, Red Gum [See Eucalyptus] — Wood, Market Rates for : 12, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432 , 504, 648, 794, 864 Rhea Cultivation and Preparation ” 189, 557, 602, 750 Rhododendron Trees... 00 aoe 637 Rice as an Article of Mood 329 —— Cultivation 177, 258, 294, 312, BEES 356, 371, 382, 390, 454, 470, 580, 614 725, 787, 802, 829, 858 — Industry se 325, 431, 472, 526, 678, 750 —— Insects in Ceylons an [See Insects Pests] Ring-Barking oc AO oe 133 Rocks and Sails nO As Fe 620 Roots 000 on ab 518 ——-, Secretions from .. co hb 400 Rose Trees xx RE ob 176 Rothamsted, Gardening i in O00 568 Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch) . 815,417 Rubber ox «» [See Indiarubber] Rubies, Artificial 006 ob ves 744 Ruby Mines of Burma ... och one 845 Russia, Tea in den = eet AY 598 Russian Tea Trade oon cor) we 20,25'8 S: Saccharine ... 272 Saffower, Markets Rates ‘for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 72, 144, 216, ‘288, 360, 432, 504, 64, 794, 868 Sago, Market Rates for Saidapet Farm, Water ilts IN) | se : 320 St. Helena .. ay ass 512 Salo of Estates wee eee 754 Salt asa Fertilizer ... cD [Bee eae — as a Prophylactic ... nto . 614 —— Factory at Cocanada 608 —— in the Madras Presidency and in in Ceylon .. 705, 708 Saltpetre, Exports of .., a0 22 Salwood ... see ocr oD 248 Samoa, Plantingin .. ino ore 825 Samdang Tea Company, ‘Ltd. aoe soe 74 Sandalwood 5 118 "72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 -——, Market Retes for Sapanwood, Market Rates for Sapphires in Tasmania... an Ti7 Sawdust as Manure .. See me 321 Saxifraga Crassifalic ... oct dos 267 Scab on Orange Trees eee 624 Scale Insects eee on 474, 476, 533 Science in Agriculture 20 Scottish Assam Tea Company, Ld. -- Trust and Loan Company of Ceylon, La. 389 [See Chemist i yd Seawater, Portland Cement as affected by . 96 Sea Sand for Cement and Concrete ane 22,58 —- Weed .. oo aan 176 Second Mutual Tea Oompany 205 Bip 727 Seeds, Preservation of.. “or ee 560 Senna Market Rates for 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Sensitive Plants in Fiji oe 528 Sericulture ... wes [See Silk Culture ] Sesamum Cultivation ... «. 066, 585 Seychelles Islands Notes from the 826 Shade Trees Se {See Trees} Shellac, Market Rates for sec 810 Shell Dust . oon ar i 568 Sheep Raising ove +i: tee 624 Shishan Wood «n> ote wea 248 Shooting inCeylon ..,, abe ve 8 Siam, Rice Industry of... 826, 871, 424, 431 PAGE. Sierra Leone; Kola-nuts from nee et 728 Sikkim Cinchona Plantations a3 w. 14, 692 ——-—, A Visit to the Rani of ... anc 631 —- , Labour in 200 “9 mee 108 Silage 600 Abo eae ... 69, 240 Silk, China ... 59 ans 148 [See Kapok j —— Ootton orn ive ... 111, 182, 386, 411, 509, 583, 762 —— Culture —— from Cocoons .. 5c 351 —— Industry 6 333, 353 ——, Persian cae m0 8 —— Production A a ane 732 Silkworms, Manchurian * 411, 585 Silkworm Plants “ ae ep 670 Simal Wood 290 “on oc0 565 Singapore, Dairy Farming in 05 as 260 ————- Drug Exports ine rs 455 —_—_—.-, Tea Cultivation in... [See Tea] Singtom Tea Company ae es 606 Slavery in Brazil ses 2 [See Brazil] Sleeping-bags on0 noc aoe 67 Smallpox in Turkeys ... 200 509 92 Snake Poison, Antidote for doo nD 354 Snakes, Popular Errors about... “pts 193 Snipe in Ceylon eee ci aie 3 Soap Manufacture... ann pon 222 Soapstone ... 008 coe see 211. - Socotra, Botany of ... 00 ies 215 Soils an =A 200 321, 836, 568 South America, Cinchona Bark from ‘ies 12 Spain, Cork Industry in 080 ..- 668, 587 Spathodea Campanulata ie an 696 Spice Trade of New York ee fi 717 Spices, Adulteration of 900 10 329 — .-, Literatureon .. 2 704 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 405, ——--, Market Rates for 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Spinning and Weaving Co., Ceylon .. 847, 853 Sponges ee es oe 672, 828 Spring Valley Coffee Company, Ld. ve 161 Stable Manure 000 a [See Manures | Steam Engine Boilers see «a 508, 786 ——— Plovghs bes cou 690 844 Sticks and Canes avo «. 393, S11 Stones, Nodular eas hos 500 263 Strawberry Cultivation rca ae 222 Straits Settlements, Coffee Cultivation in [See Coffee | ——_—_——,, Planting in ... we 122, 212 a . Poonac Trade with the... 446 —— , Vegetakle Products at the 212 Tobaeco Planters on Ceylon ais 97 Sucker-fish, Employment in Turtle-fishing ... 632 Sugar, Cultivation in Australia ... wae 737 ples - in Deli ies cee A94 i Se es “a5 ae 492 _ in Java ae 435, 440, 547 See ee ee in Netherlands India 528, 668, 679 2 a enane) =. a5 430 ___— Estates, Electric Lighting on 60 252 —— Exports ss a0) oe 678 ——— from Beetroot ... 000 a00 * 679 Manufacture ... on -e 184, 206 , Manures for [See Mannres] Sugarcane, Paper from 29 “on 744 ——, Seedlings of 508 eee 587 Sugar Sales roe 607 ta . 761 ——— Sorghums, Cultivation of ... 504 294 Sumatra, Labour in [See Labor ] [See Netherlands India] [See Tobacco] 60 —— , Planting in.. ———, Tobacco Cultivation in ... Sun, Power of the w. | moe ie Sungei Ujong, Planting in ee wae 122 Sunlight, Influence of, On Trees 60 448 Sylhet Oranges cee ose «- 472, 825 Syndicates, Tea ont 804 we 578, 628 Ti Talgaswela Tea Oompany 571, 628 Talmage, Dr., on Tea .. 743, 751 Tamarinds, Market Rates for 72, ‘144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 604, 648, 794, 868 PAGE. a af 397 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Tanning nee or) Tapioca, Market Rates for Tarred Pavements AD FP ae 173 Tar in China nt rn 5 731 Tasmania 7 oi nt 277, 375 ——-——, Sapphires in pee aA 7717 [See Burma] Tavey, Planting in 437, 462, 489 Tea, Adulteration of —- and Dr. Talmage an . 743, 751 — and Domesticity ... “ee is 614 — and Powdered Milk au _ 663 —- and Teeth a ae rs 21 —-, Ambrosial Be ae a 822 —- Analyses aes ie eas 79 —, A Rival to ie ae 3 542 — as a Cordial oi ie Fi 533 —- Association, Indian 31 — at Nuwara Eliya and Mr. J.G. Lear... 721 —-, Black ... Pe ae 5 691 —- Blending As es ... 136, 820 —— Boxes 104, 164, 191, 440, 565, 610, 631, 815, 816, 817, 819, 823, 843, 853, 854, 855, 857, 860 . — Boxes, Timber for : ... 631, 674 —- Breaks ... a ie Be 590 ===, BMC os a ea Bs 631 => Buiking of 589, 616, 770, 843, 844, 856 —, Caterpillars on ... Ashiar es oD 343 — Geylon 16, 37, 59, 65, 66, 78, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 113, 115, 119, 137, 139, 181, 214, 220, 227, 247, 256, 299, 350, 352, 406, 427, 465, 518, 554, 583, 590, 614, 617, 656, 695, 703, 742, 750, 761, 768, 788; 812, 813, 854 —, , Agencies for "3 175, 695, 753, 759 —, , and Copying of Estates’ Names 388 —-, , and the London Docks 351, 448, 514, 616, 791, 843 —, , at the Brussels Exhibition »- 561, 626 —-, , at the Exhibitions .. v.65, 579 —-, -——~-, at the Glasgow Exhibition 215, 454, 561, 625 —-, , at the Melbourne Exhibition 471, 473, 571, 625, 676 554, 626, 789, ——, at the Paris Exhibition ... 90, 91, 92 , Deterioration of ——., for Persia oan f 761 , in America 31, 76, 104, 114, 120, 140, 142, 143, 175, 191, 207, 208, 267, 278, 349, 473, 477, 509, 522, 550, 579, 600, 617, 625, 626, 673, 744, 779, 791, 846, 849 in Australia 63, 252, 282, 323, 324, 428° 447, 512, 517, 518, 701, 733, 736, 813, 817 —, ———, in China ... ond ae 375 b Se ———, in Germany 5 + 776 —-, ———, in New Zealand ... a 2 —-, - —~, in the Argentine Republic ... 627 —-, ———, in the United Kingdom 135, 247, 349, 480, 592 == , Losses on a 642 , Pushing of 31, 63, 65, 76, 104, 114, 120, 140, 142, 143, 175, 191, 207, 208, 267, 278, 349, 427, 454, 456, 473, 477, 496, 522, 550, 579, 614, 701, 713, 733, 747, 754, 11, 815 , Quality of ase Paes 85.00 ——-, Russia as a Market for Fe 776 , versus China ia a, 227, 821 Chemistry of a 78, 183, 259, 299 —- Chests 2 131, 133, 344, 590, 700 _-, China _13, 18, 20, 21, 63, 105, 122, 130, 138, 148, 149, 168, 225, 227, 260, 266, 273, 282, 284, 323, 350, 372, 376, 384, 388, 583, 618, 662, 676, 749, 761, 780 —-, Commercial Samples of we oui 514 —~ Companies 62, 74, 94, 115, 123, 125, 189, 165, 166, 189, 272, 359, 399, 429, 446, 467, 496, 497, 517, 570, 573, 600, 606, 628, 666, 714, 727, 756, 757, 786, 806 562, 590, 605, 656, 670, 698, 748, 752, 760, 787, 841 584, 662, 837 232, 346, 456 —-, Consumption of —- Crops... 900 —- Qultiyation in Assain te INDEX. ~ PAGE. PAGE. Tea Cultivation in Bengal an 773 | Toa, Natal (See Tea Cultivation) nse in Bone oh ise ” 631, 674, 749 ris, Ze age 94, 109, 127, 267, 568, 608, 633, 822, 820, —— —- in Ceylon 39, 94, 209, 272, 304, | —__ 56 337, 338, 339, 343, 346, 359, 370, 383, 406, 4077 | ——~> Outturn of, from Green Leaf -. 121,199 415, 475, 487, 507, B19, 584, 575, 612, 633, 634, | —— ‘Packing +4354, 897, 643, 657, 770 46, 666, 724, 1 ae is - =, ne "330, om ie —— Plucking 283, 397, 631, 790, 792, 811, 841, 356, ae ea Fi 252, 269, 499, 754 | —— Preparation 9,25, 59, 60,73, 75, 78, 265, 273, 284, Seas a adie 575,67, 165, 168, 272" 3109, 330, 39, 400, 606, 673, 736, 750, 761, 805° 812, 822, 825, 838, 867 —-- ——- in Japan oP ue 259, 333, 481, 844 ——_ —_—-- in Java 68, 780 —— —— — in Johore ‘00 265 ——_ —-- in Madagascar ... net 305 —-- —- in Natal a cco 677 —_— —- in Perak fee «.. (5238, 598 I hy ISLE OS : 750 = -—in the Andamans DO 657 —--, Culture and Preparation 822, 824 840, 851, 861 ae "Dealers, Women as bp 753 —.., Discussion on 306, 436 ——, Economy in 860 ——, Tower ... acc 661 —— Demand and Supply oe 666, 682 —., Digestive ASG oe 475 = ’ Driers 9, 59, 78, 403, 495, 546, 552, 579, 609, 631 —— Drinking Ss 149, 259, 644, 818 —— Duty — cn 148 ——, Enemies of 447, 474, 480 -—— Enterprize 28, 119, 139, 570 —— Estates, Opening ——., Essential Oil in . 136, 519 ted “Exhibitions 475, 553, 801 —— Exports 80, 89, 266, 289, 291, 376, 388, 396, ‘406, 534, 557, 591, 598, 662, 669, 695, 801, 810, 837, 838 340, 446 —— Factories nes 75, 305, 348 —— Factory, Ceylon, A Day ina 281 —— Firing oD 78, 463, 465 — Flavour 383 —— for Canada ‘ [See America} —— for Glasgow nO 693 774 ——, Fuel for 1,57, 93, 246, 338, 698 —— Fund A 450, 522, 553, 626, 854 —— Gardens for Sale ot ; 390 ——, Green ore 691, 792 — Growers’ Association 139, 575 —., Highgrown nce zee 383 ——, History of Sa ve 519, 740 — - in England 122, 682 —— in America 221, 257, ee 583, 589, 635, 742 — in Australia 389 — in Austria 269, 349 —— Indian 20, 23, 31, 79, ‘168, 180, 227, 265, 284, 364, 106, 445, 583, 589, 662, 742, 812, 837, 839 ——,, Indian, in "America ... L80, 200, 555, 581, 666 — Indian, Pushing of ee . 982 —— Indigenous or “ 192 —— Industry [See Enterprize] —— in France on 554, 626, 789 —-, Infusion of 5 644, 792, 841 = ‘in Germany Cc ase 472 —— in Ireland cco she 252 —— in Morocco we - 70, 75, 95 —_ in Russia en ont 598 —— in South Sea Islands 408 —— in the Lowcountry 609 —— in Travancore ‘51, 340, 404 —— interest, Ceylon, Benefactors. of 753) 7 755 — in1784 cc 299 —— Jit oor 37, 192 ——, Japan “104, 152, 388, 548, 820 ——, Java ss -- 768,778 ——,, Keeping Properties of 179, 349, 465, 631 — Leaf Pest “| 616 —— Leaves 37, 846 ——- Literature «» 6438, 641 —— Machinery 25, 59 "189, 552, 579, 609, 762 —— Maker, Song of the er He 373 -——, Manures for ‘ 272, 681 —, Marking of 770 —— "Markets 87, 76, 88, 89,90,135, 139, 142, 474, 589 661,662 328, 372, 568, 582, 609, 618, 769, 792, 817, 822 ——, Prices for 37, 39, 75, 78, 88, 89, 135, 252, 351, 364, 398, 805, 810, 840 ——, Production of 487, 548, 739, 503 — ’ Property Investment 28 —— Prospects 816, 59, 258, 350, ‘475, 512, 569, 588, 605, 633, 748, 749, 769, 786, 795, 813, 841 petit Pruning 109, 383 — : Quality and Quantity re 57, 256, 855 ——, Random Thoughts about BA 644 — "Refuse ao ele 259 —— Rollers and Rolling 383, 387. 484, 631, 853 —— Sales : pel 591, 613, 636, 784 moe 0 - Fraudulent. ; 197, 627 —— Samples 20 f 221 —— Seasons 23, 589, 605 —— Seed . 259. 349, 376, 403 —— Shipments . [See Tea Exports] —— Soils, Analyses of 86, 545 ——, Sorting AD be 589 —— Statistics ee» 80,97, 587, 589, 661 ——,, Storage of, in Bond Bc vee =—596, 621 —— Snhbstitutes ia ob 542 —— Syndicates coo «» 578, 628 —- Tasting oct “0p 37 — ., Thibetan 631 —— Trade 182, 225, 265, 284, 304, 323, 369, 444, 456, 474, 500, 536, 5638, 583, 588, 589, 615, 661, 665, 676, 695, 696, 768, 774, 788, 324, 840, 854 ——, Transplanting of 387 —— Trust, Proposed 560 —— vs. Coffee a 521,599 ——, Weighing of 89, 354, 589, 616, 642, 770, 812 —— Withering 539, 558, 568, 579, 844, 849 ——, Yield of 616 Teas, Ceylon, How to Keep 127, 351, 614, 644 — —, Indian vs. Ceylon we 819, , Nilgiri woo 364, 445, 458 Teak es ; 248 Teff or Thaf 102 Textile Industry, Indian .. [See Fibre Industry] Teeth, Artificial 736 Theft of Colonial Produce at the London Wharves 340 341, 616 “ Thirst-Land,” How Water was obtained in 582 Timber NDisease oe ft 296 - in North Borneo ie th 580 ——-, Palmyra a ses 694 -———-, Seasoning ce0 aoe 827 ——- Trees are nae er Olg oko Timbers, Australian... con ve. 22, 064 --, Ceylon cco coo ane 335 -- in Burma cee ee «. 631, 674 ——-., Indian con “ss 248 ——--, ” Netherlands Indian oS 195 Tin in Perak an aC 6 734 —- Mining in Johore .., “oc ae 782 Tobacco, Advantages of aca dnc 408 ————, African tee ae ac 599 -———.-, Oeylon +20 035.113 ——--- Companies "552, 574, 599, 606, 639, 746, 749, 751, 850, 85 ——--- Ciitivation 223, 224, 295, 531, 549, 582 —__—-— —-— in Aberdeenshire ae 852 ——_—_—_—__- —— in Africa te ate 599 -—— -— — in America 223, 578 —-——— .- in Australia ... 26 —-——— —- —— in Borneo 232, 269, 376, 137, 454, 494, 512, 525, 531, 552,586, 668, 691, 850 —-——_ —— — —__ in Oeylon 25, 94, 209, 297, 305, 338, 382, 414, 465, 479, 542, 612, 633, 646, 657, 666, 673, G91, 692, 698, 703, 716, 724, 733, 740, 802, 814, 849, 866 INDEX, a ———EEEEE—————EEEEE - PAGH Tobacco Oultivation in Cuba rok on 167 ———_-— in Japan on 195 -——_—— in Netherlands India 103, 115, 119, 124, 202, 932, 249, 284, 338, 435, 445, 454, 494, 507, 531, 586, 668, 679, 749, 767, 866 = - in United Kingdom _... 925 ~ Oultivation in Vera Oruz... aa 215 ——,Ouring of .. 700 see 328, 338 —-—-, English oD mae os 62, 136 —— Hxports On is B09 678 —— in Mauritius .., ove 200 744 -—— Industry 006 066 232, 338, 531 ——— Market a soe Six 875 —-—-, Sumatra eee ney 103, 116, 531 Toddy, Analysisof .. 900 on 595 Tomato, Tree 200 we 100, 953 Tongking, Planting in. on map a0 ey Tools and Tapleenie 624 Toon Trees . con "906, 248, 2 264, 270, 271, 884, 890 Trade Ttems _ 500 so. 252, 260 Mark Law ae See af 661 Tramways in India ase a0 noc 639 Transplanting, ses oc0 aoe 548 Travancore, Oinchona in on0 aes 191 — —~——.,, Cotton Spinning in ... ae 10 ———-— Paper Mills “0 792, ——— -——- Planterw’ Association... 699 ———_., Planting in a. 84, 215, 249, 340, 640 ——_——, Progress-in | ae nee 249 i [See Tes] Tree, Measuring a Seenang acm 135 see Ants on 206 “TSee Ants] , Avenue, in India ve Bee Avenue Trees] —-—, Dosing of, with Medicine . 598 —--— ; Felling of 690 459 +» 647, 680 —-—, Forests ee [See Forest] ——-, Influence of Sunlight OD we op: 448 ——=, Oil ass a Sie 480 Trinidad, Planting i in .. O00 +. 58, 298 Tropical Agriculturist . ee tee 113 Tropical Fruits 500 «. 422, 472 ——— Products and Drink 090 ped 826 Troutiu Australia ; ‘ 228 Tuamotu Islands, Pearl Oysters in the or 553 Tunis, Cork Forests in . ono te 646 -——-, Oultivationin ... 200 645 ‘Tunisian Dates 299 eee a0 645 Tunnel, Discovery of a soe : 260 Turkeys, Bronze Ao so coo 258 -, Smallpox in 92, 121 "719, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 648, 794, 868 Turmeric, Mieke Rates for Turtle Fishiug * oo to 632 Tutucorin Pearl Fishery y 200 ays 348 Typhoia Fever oe cas ee 488 U. PAGE Ullucus Tuberosus a alee oon 675 United States, Ceylon Tea in 673 —— --, Loss to Productive Industries in 252 Upper Assam Tea Company or + 165 Uruguay, Forests of ... 481 Useful Plants [See Economic Plants} Vanilla Cultivation ... —, Market Rates for 61, 136, 276, 480, 528 367, "422, "543, 579, "670, 699, 712, 744, 819 ——— Trade 70, 5, 435, 619 vee Cultivation . a6 oon aa 338 ———-—- Products... 35 och 6 ———- ——— Commission ms 826 ———- — — in Australasia ve, 167; 331 ———- —— in Central Africa ay 159 ————- Monstrosity FA --. 190, 446 Vegetables, Medical Valueof .... ase 828 Vegetation and Drainage a «as 481 Ventilating Company, Ld. an 5 376 Vera Oruz, Planting in aa oo 275 Vermifuge, Coconut as a ee 276 Veterinary Notes 761 Victoria Regia x 102 Vine Oultivation S30 431, 457, 472, 592 —— Disease 605 me 431, 731 Vinegar aa 50 oe 176 Vineyards, French 431 W. Water Lifts ... a6 a ie 330 Weather Plant “0 “rh a5 567 Weeds and their Destruction si Benue eh a of59 West Indies, Coconut Palm Disease in ie 81 ‘Wheat awe 184 White Ants... 0 665, 675, 681, 700, 734 Wintergreen Oil O59 = 319 Whitewash, a Recipe for = as 22 Women as Dealers in Tea oo 753 Wood Ashes and their Uses 00 56 ——-, Preservation of ... : [see Per ——--, Soft versus Hard Wooden Blocks 30 Woods 25) Wynaad, Planting in 03 [See Timber | 60, 62, 95, 180, 429, 448, 547, 587, 593, 647, 734, 761 Y. Yams no: .. 636, 675 Yatideriya Tea Company, has sr. ape 666 Yatiyantota Tea Company Ld. ... «. 570,573 a ae = i oD} ci AGRICUL Py MONTHLY. LS Vol. VIII} POU SINA DE | iasainnantts oe aa URSTION IN CONNECTION On our railways, therefore, an ‘i THE FUE Q ought at once to be instituted, tre yeteit ke THA CULTURE: PROGRESS IN THE USE OF PETROLEUM. The following paragraph appears in the London Globe of May 4th:— ‘* PprRoLHUM AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR Coan.—The sittings of the ordinary general meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers were re- gumed this afternoon at the Institute of Civil Engi- neers, 25, Great George-street, Westminster, Mr. Bdward H. Carbut, president, occupying the chair. —A paper was read by Mr. Thomas Urquhart, locomotive superintendent of the Grazi and Tsaritsin Railway, South-Hastern Russia, on ‘The Use of Petroleum Refuse as Fuel in Locomotive Engines.’ He stated that since November, 1684, the 143 locomotives under his superintendence had been fired with petroleum refuge, besides 50 stationary boilers, two brass melting and other furnaces. Petroleum was, in fact, the fuel used for all steam- generating purposes to the complete exclusion of all solid fuel except a very small quantity of wood for starting the fires in horizontal boilers of pumping engines. For all metallurgical operations also at the central works petroleum was used as fuel except for the smiths’ fires and the foundry cupolas and it avas thought that the present difficulties in its application to these two remaining exceptions would be overcome. With a locomotive in first- class order and in the hands of @ skilful driver 50 tons of petroleum refuse were equal to 100 tons of first-class coal, while in special trains this ratio had even been exceeded. Now that petroleum seemed destined to occupy prominent place in India, as well as in many other parts of the world, its value as a lubricant, as well as its use as fuel, was of especial interest to engineers.—A discussion followed.” The information thus conveyed is interesting to us, becauso while it is not very likely that petroleum fuel could ever be prepared so as to render it suitable for use in tea factories, yet if if comes to be employed on our railways, inthe brewery and in the projected cotton factory, that would help tea planters greatly by lessening the pressure on the limited available supply of wood fuel. The cost of bringing petroleum fuel to Colombo might scem a strong objection, but from the fact stated by Mr. Urquhart that the refuse from the Baku wells yields double the force derived from coal, and, therefore, probably twice that given by wood fuel’ With anxious to see the paper in detail, and i we may glance at afew points ina, ga discussed at a meeting of the Society of Engineers in November 1886. It was prepared by Mr. Perey F. Tarbutt, who had, in the estimation of the able President, Mr. Perry F. Nursey, been largely suc- cessful in adapting marine steam engines and furnaces for the use of liquid fuel. That is scarcely the term to employ, however, for our readers will be interested to learn that the Russian petroleum wells which are now supplying Colombo so largely with oil for lighting purposes, differ essentially from those in America, by yielding 75 per cent of thick residual stutt suitable for fuel against 25 per cent in the case of the North American borings. Mr. Tarbutt renee sours of his paper, said :— é The quality of the crude oil in di iti varies greatly ; the Pennsylvania Peotone ets about 75 per cent. of lamp oil and 25 per oat of heavy oil suitable for fuel, whilst at Baku, on ‘the Caspian, the proportions are reversed only’ 25 per cent. being obtainable as lamp oil, and 75 per Agnt as residue. The petroleum now being worked at Sibi in Beloochistan, contains scarcely any lamp oil and is suitable only for fuel. The second source of lic uid fuel is derived from the distillation of coal Reain the gasworks of the United Kingdom alone there is now an annual production of tar amounting to about 115,000,000 gallons, and this is increasing at the rate of from 5 to 7 per cent. per annum. The emplo ment of tar and its products in the arts has Boek decreasing for some years, and unless some new commercial products in it, or applications of it, are discovered, there seems every prospeetof its continue- ing to decrease. Tar and the green oils and creosotes obtained from the refineries are not substances which can be stored with ease or without expense, and con- sequently any profitable method of utilising the surplus production is of importance, even in countries where coal is cheap and plentiful, as is the case in England. Other sources of present supply of liquid fuelare coke ovens, shale oil works, and blast-furnaces in which the adoption of systems for abtaining the bye-products (including creosote oil) is increasing The author has not yethad any opportunity of studying the question of the supply which will be obtainable from theimmense shale deposits of the south of England; but according to Admiral Selwyn, who has given A ag to this subject, a practically x su CG) i 7 i this cource Han te se eg ee ee Admiral Selwyn, above referred to, took an active part in the discussion which followed the reading of Mr, Tarbutt’s paper, and indicated his belief in the use of oil fuel even in war ships, but he natu- rally objected to the British navy being depen- dent on foreign nations for a supply of such fuel and advocated the use instead of the products 3 7 “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jury 2, 1888. Ra ae E E STRTS TTEY NO REET SIN A at BLES ES LP RATES APE AE CITI E PMT EO a of the shales which are so plentiful in many parts of Britain. Whether it be natural oil from wells bored in the earth, or oil distilled from shales which is used, anything which will lessen the run on coal and wood fuel will be in favour of the tea planters of Ceylon. Here in Ceylon we are not so favoured as some of our brethren and eompetitors in India and China are. In both countries constant discoveries _ are being made of coal, a mineral which, it is about as certain as anything can be, does not exist in Ceylon. I1t seems from the paper read by Mr. Tarbutt that over and over again machinery for consuming oil fuel, tar and _ other residual matter was invented and employed, but laid aside with much loss to its projectors, in consequence of an immediate and large increase in the price of the oils, tar, &c., the moment a demand for them set in. But apart from tar and the product of shales, the discoveries of natural oil of various qualities in America, Batoum, Burma, India, and many other places have been so numerous and the supplies on so large a scale, that we are not surprised to hear of great progress made in the use of petroleum oil or its residuum for furnaces on shore and afloat, in lieu of coal. This wonderful mineral has merits of its own which will secure its being largely used, but what we desire to see is, so large a use of substitutes as will prevent a rise in the price of coal and not merely avert increased cost in the case of wood fuel but the danger of the exhaustion of supplies within easy reach of our tea factories. While on this subject we may ask if anthyacite coal would not be a good fuel for tea factories if it could ba laid down cheaply enough? Itis largely a natural coke. At the opposite extreme is the lignite we recently mentioned as likely to reach us from Siam and about which we. hope soon to _ hear further. The cost of transport to any great distance is the great difficulty, and if, as we were told, it may be possible to lay down from Siam at Colombo good quality lignite, fit for use in tea factories at R5 per ton, our fuel difficulties will very largely disappear. Meantime we cannot but watch with interest the enormous stores of liquid fuel, ready as distilled by natural action, which this old globe of oursis constantly revealing for the supply of light and warmth and force, as well as the progress of inventions whereby liquid fuel is used instead of solid blocks of coal or pieces of wood. In the United States there are already 9,000 miles of ‘' oleoducts” (pipes for conveying petroleum), and a pipe is to be laid down between the oil wells on the Caspian and the Black Sea, which-is to be 600 miles long (from Baku to Poti or Batoum), the estimated cost being two millions sterling. Our readers may be surprised to hear how much of the effect of coal is lost each time a furnace is charged with cold material, and how great the superiority of petroleum oil is in this respect and others of importance. The case was thus stated in Mr. Tarbutt’s paper: — ** Turning from the sources of supply to the relative values of liquid fuelas compared with coal, we find in studying their theoretical evaporative values that the heat-producing constituents of different oils vary almost as much as those of different descriptions of coals, and it is therefore oaly possible (without go- ing into a labyrinth of figures) to take a standard in either case, which shall approximate as nearly as possible to the average composition of the two fuels. The average composition of English, Welsh and Scotch coal is then about 80 per cent. carbon, 5 per cent. hydrogen, 8 per cent. oxygen, the remaining 7 per cent. being nitrogen, sulphur, and ash, which for the purposes of this comparison may be dis- regarded, The average of the liquid hydrocarbons available as fuel may be taken at 87 per cent. carbon, 12 per cent. hydrogen, and 1 percent. oxygen. The total quantity of heat evolved by the combustion of fuel is of course equal to the sum of the heating powers of its elements, except that when oxygen is present a deduction must be made for the equivalent consti- tuent of hydrogen neutralised by it. The heat evolved by the combustion of 1 lb. of carbon is 14,500 English units, and by i lb, of hydrogen 62,000 English units, or about 44 times as much. “Now in the case of coal a great partof the hydrogen is neutralised by the oxygen, being in fact present in the fuel in the form of water, whereas in liquid fuel nearly the wholeof the hydrogen is uncombined with oxygen, and is therefore available for combustion ; and it is to this fact that its higher theoretical evapor- ative value is mainly due. The value of the two fuels is then as follows :— Lb. of water evaporated English Uaits. per lb. of fuel at and from 212 degrees Fahr. Average coal ... 14,000 ie 14°48 Average liquid fuel 20,000 sis 20°7 In practice, however, other circumstances in con- nection with the methods of combustion of the two fuels considerably increase the theoretical difference between them. ‘The hydrocarbons in coal, being in the solid state absorb a considerable amount of heat in volatilising, and, in the ordinary method of hand stoking, each time fresh coal is required a large ex- cess of air must necessarily be admitted to the fur- nace, which has the effect of cooling it down at the very moment when the greatest heat is required. Mr. D. K. Clark gives the following description of what occurs in the furnace when freshly stoked :— “A charge of fresh coal thrown on the furnace in an active state, so far from augmenting the general temperature, becomes at once an absorbent of it, and the source of the volatilisation of the bituminous portion of the coal—in a word, of the generation of the gas. Now, volatilisation is the most cooling process of nature, by reason of the quantity of heat which is directly converted from the sensible to the latent state. So long as any of the bituminous con- stituents remain to be evolved from any atom or division of the coal, its solid or carbonaceous part remains black, at a comparatively low temperature, and utterly inoperative as a heating body. In other words, the carbonaceous part has to wait its turn for that heat which is essential to ils own com- bustion, and in its own particular way. If its bitu- minous part be not consumed and turned to account it would have been better had it not existed in the coal, as such heat would in that case have been saved and become available for the business of fur- nace. To this circumstance may be attributed the alleged comparatively greater heating properties of coke or anthracite over bituminous coal.” “In an ordinary coal furnace the temperature is subject2d to frequent and extreme variations. The generation of gas is greatest when the furnace is first charged, and therefore at its lowest tempera- ture, and the quantity of air required for the perfect combustion of the fuel (which is constantly varying as the conditions of the charge vary) is not practic- ally ascertainable, noris if under control. The con- sequence is that one of two evils is constantly at work--either too much air is being admitted, caus- ing smoke and carrying off both fuel and heat up the chimney, or else there is not enough air pas- sing through the charge to convert the carbon into carbonic acid, resulting in the production of large volumes of carbonic oxide, which escape unconsumed producing only 4,325 units of heat per lb. of carbon instead of 14,500 units, which would be obtained were the combustion of the carbon completed. A proof of the wasteful manner in which coal is gene- rally consumed by steam users was obtained dur- ing the imvestigations made by the corporation of Birmingham about two years ago, when a proposi- tion’was before them for laying power mains through their streets. Non-condensing engines of good type work with 2% lb. of coal per gross horse-power per hour, but it was found on indicating six engines of this class in Birmingham, taken incidentally, and Jury 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3 ranging from 5 horse-power to 30 horse-power, that the average consumption was 18'1 lb. per horse-power per hour, the highest being 27°5 lb. and the lowest9‘6lb, “Now, in firing with liquid fuel, the supply of fuel to the furnace being constant, and the fuel itself being homogeneous—that ig to say, not consisting of volatile and non-volatile portions, as is the case with coal—the supply of air required is constant also, and the right amount is readily ascertainable by observing the chimney and so regulating the air inlets as to allow a thin transparent smoke to be evolved. If there is no smoke, too much air may be passing, and carbonic oxide may be escaping ; if, on the other hand, there is not enough air, the thick yolumes of smoke given off indicate the fact in an unmistakable manner. With these advant- ages, it is not surprising to find that when properly consumed liquid fuel yields in practice a higher pro- portion of its theoretical value than coal. The author has carried out a great number of trials with various classes of liquid fuels in different kinds of furnaces during the last two years, and has now some fifty furnaces working on his system in this country. The system has been successfully applied to marine, locomotive, Cornish, Lancashire, and vertical boilers, with and without cross tubes, and to vertical boilers with Field tubes, to gas retorts, tar stills, steam superbeaters, and brass meltin furnaces, the average duty performed by the liqui fuel employed being from one aud a half to two and a half times that of coal.” No wonder if the President and others, in view of such facts, predicted a great future for oil fuel. From the very comprehensive and interesting observations of Admiral Selwyn we must give an extract :— “He believed that the first person to use jets of any kind for liquid fuel was a certain Major Schapooski in | Russia; but his patent was simply a table apparatus, and he had never carried out the operation on a large scale. The first persons, according to his knowledge, who had used the jet in a form in which it was really a success were Messrs, Wise, Field, and Aydon. He believed that the next person wasa Mr. Orow. Mr. Crow used one pipe over the other, one carrying steam and the other carrying oil. This apparatus had been in use ever since 1871, at the establishment of Messrs, Johnson and Matthey, the great metallurgists in Hat- ton Garden. By means of it they were able to melt p'atinum like lead. The next person who made an im- provement was Mr. Donald, of the firm of Donald and Miller, chemical manufacturers, of Glasgow. This firm introduced the fire-brick furnace which was an absolute necessity for the thorough burning of the hydrogen of the steam, which required a temperature of 4,000° Fabr. The question of the production of oil in the country wus of the greatest importance. Shale existed in this country in greater quantities than coal bad ever been found. It existed right across England in beds 650 feet thick, and in some cases 1,100 feet thick, and it lay close to the surface. The development of a sufficient supply of oil to take the place of coal for the commer- cial marine would, however, be a slow affair. He proposed to turn his whole attention to the obtaining of English oil, so that everybody might rely upon being able to obtain a sufficient quantity, and until this was dene he would not allow his apparatus to be used.” Admiral Selwyn takes the patriotic view of the question, but commerce is cosmopolitan, and will not reject foreign oil while the distillation of our home supplies is delayed. Again :— “Admiral Selwyn said that there had been an experi- ence of twenty years of the use of oil in every kind of boiler, and in no case had any damage been done to tle boilers. The matter was one of constant experi- ence, and not at all one of theory. For ten years the Russians had been running their ships acros; the Caspian and Black Sea, with oil fuel, and they all said that they would never go back again to coal. They used a much lighter class of oil than we had in Eng- land, and the results showed that the oil fuel was only one-fourth the cost of coal, when space and weight saved, as well as other minor consequences, were taken into account, “Mr. Mackie said that for about two years past he had seen the experiments which were carried out in London by Admiral Selwyn, and he could confirm what had been said as to the perfect combustion which had been ob- tained. Rock oil and other liquid fuels required a philosophical mode of stoking. The rough method of throwing on the fuel, which was common in the case of coal, was not suitable for oil. There was no doubt that there wasa quantity of shale in this country which would yield rock oil. There was no reason to doubt, either on account of the supply of oil, the perfection of the combustion, or the results obtained, that liquid fuel would be the fuel of the future.” Mr. Tarbutt, in his reply, said :— “Steam was certainly the most handy way of diffusing oil into the furnace in the state of spray ; but unfortu- nately in the case of sea-going vessels, in which salt water had to be used to replace the steam so employed, there would be a danger of salting up the boilers, It was for that reason that he preferred the use of heated compressed air. He had been delighted with Admiral Selwyn’s remarks as to the amount of oil which could be produced from the shale deposits in England. He was sure that Admiral Selwyn must be right in what he stated, as he had given much study to the subject, and that the oil would become available when it was re- quired. He had had some experience in the use of tar for firing gas retorts. At some works the tar could not be sold for more than 3s a ton, and as it would do double the work of the same weight of coal, that would be equivalent to getting voal at 1s 6d a ton, which, he thought, was a desideratum. “No doubt England owed her greatness to the fact of her iron deposits and her coal deposits being near to one another ; but if liquid fuel was coming to the front it was of no usefor Englishmen to bury their eyes in the sand, and say that oil was of no use because they had got coal. If shipownerscould not run their ships at remucerative rates with coal, engineers must look be- yond the selfish question, and see whether they could not make both ends meet by means of liquid fuel.” The President, in closing the discussion, dwelt on the importance of the large supplies of oil and residual matters becoming available in our own and other countries, but he evidently believes that coal has not yet shown all it can do, for he said :— “Science was progressive, and means would doubtless be found for using coal to increasingly greater advant- age. In the Hugert boiler the coal was being used under a new set of conditious. So, he took it, it would be with liquid fuel, just as indeed it had been with gas. The more scientifically perfect the conditions the better would be the result, and although theoretically a fuel might only have a given value, yet practically by ex- traneous aidsit might be made to give a higher result than that for which theory would be responsible-’’ Whether more oil is used or less coal is re- quired for the production of the vast amount of force needful for the world’s work, we who use wood fuel until we can get lignite or coal at prices which we can afford must benefit as science progresses io the direction indicated by Mr. Nursey. We submit that it is the duty of the Ceylon authorities, now that petroleum is abundant in the co- lony, to institute experiments with reference to the use of this substance instead of coal and wood in the furnaces of the railway and the Government Factory. The Gas Company might also find it worth while to try expcriments with petroleum refuse, eee SNIPE SHOOTING IN CEYLON. (Baily’s Magazine for April.) If the question were put to a meeting of Ceylon sportsmen—‘* What do you consider to be the best shooting inthe island? ’’ the answer would be almost unanimously, ‘ Snipe.” Not the most dangerous, certainly, nor perhaps the most exciting, but taken all round, undoubtedly the best. 4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jury 2, 1888. —— EEE es An universal favorite, his arrival in September or October creates at the clubs, in the mess-rooms —everywhere, the greatest delight. ‘“ Snipe are in; Brown got four couple yesterday,”’ some one says; then follows a lot of eager, questioning as to the how and the where of Brown’s luck, on which points it is not wholly improbable that Brown, with an eye toanother quiet morning to himself, on the same ground, will give evasive, ifnot mislead- ing, replies. What a thoroughbred, game-looking little rascal the snipe is! The smooth round little head, the bead of an eye, the graceful shape and elegant mark- ings on the back and wings, all stamp him a little aristocrat among birds. Good to look at ; good to shoot at, and good to eat! he has all these ex- cellent qualities, and deserves from all sportsmen the highest commendation. : He comes in to the island in small numbers about the middle of September, and is“ well in” about the end of November, and is to be found up to the end of April. On one occasion I made a fine bag of twenty-two couple of snipe on the 4th of May, but this was exceptionally late for them to remain with us. Snipe are ubiquitous in the island; occasionally some pretty shooting may be had quite close to Colombo: and the sea-side railway running down south will quickly convey the shooter to some ex- cellent snipe-grounds; so that, when the thrilling cry “Snipe are in!” is raised, there is everywhere a great demand for No. 8 shot, and all sorts and conditions of sportsmen go for them at once. Even the German element among the Colombo merchants finds, in the pursuit of the snipe, a means of banish- ing the melancholy engendered of too regretful thoughts of the Vaterland. The question is often asked if Ceylon snipe are more or less difficult to shoot than Hnglish ones. They do not, as a rule, go off with the dash of the home bird, it is true, but that is no doubt owing to the heat, and to the heavy feeding they get. But I have no doubt that, if a large number of shots at the Oeylon snipe were compared witha similar number at the home bird, the hits and misses would be found to be about equal in both cases. The walking in Ceylon is often very bad—far worse than anything we get. at home. You usually have to ‘‘ totter” along the thin ridges which separate the beds of the paddy- fields—most precarious footholds—or else to plough your way through heavy mud; this, combined with the heat, counter-balances any advantage which may be obtained from the bird’s easier flight. In the early morning of a cloudy day, when the ground is very wet, and the shooter has to go “splash, splash,’ through the fields after his game, snipe are very wild and give most difficult shots, getting up at thirty or thiry-five tyards every time, with a scream and a dash equal to anything donein that way by the home birds; and a man who, without picking his chances, can account for five out of every tweive shots, must be a long way beyond the average shot to be found in the island. On the other hand, if snipe can be driven into good holding cover, such as rushes, or better still, young paddy, about a foot high and not too wet, andif thesun is hot, they lie well and get up easily, and then a good shot will bag his seven or eight birds for every dozen cartridges. Most people, who do not care to make a labour of sport, are content with two or three hours in the cool ofthe morning, or the last two hours befvr sunset, but the most deadly time to bag snipe is, undoubtedly, the middle of the day. If the sunis not too hot, and one gets toa ground full of snipe in strong cover, the shooting is really glorious, and a noble bag may be compiled between noon and sunset. A very pretty and profitable way of working snipe is by driving them, Often owing to the rottenness of the ground, or the heat or other cause, walking is objectionable. The plan then is to send a lot of men and boys by a circuitous route to the bit of ground you want to drive, and make them walk in line towards you, Beautiful shots may be had in this way; the birds having been flushed near the beaters, steady in their flight before they get to the gun, although they come ata rattling pace, and it is very pretty to see them cut over in their flight overhead. By the time the drive is over, seven or eight birds will probably be lying round each gun. There is no difficulty about getting beaters ; unfor- tunately they are too common. No sooner docs the firing begin in the fields, than native men and boys will be seen pouring out of their gardens and houses to see the fun. They enjoy it thoroughly and, if allowed to act of their own sweet will, will have a floundering race for every bird thatis dropped. Itis most intensely annoying to find oneself the head of a mighty procession of native villagers, and, owing to this crowd of chatterers, to see bird after bird going away out of shot, It is a very difficult thing to get rid of them. If you happen to be a big-wig of the district, such as Magistrate or Assist- ant Government Agent, you may, by virtue of your “ pride of place,’’ persuade them to leave youin peace; otherwise itis not an easy thing toaccomplish. It is no use tolose your temper with them. The best plan ig to enlist on your side two or three of the leading barbarians and by promise of a fee to get them to drive back tke others. Another great nuisance of shooting in populous districts is the danger of hitting some unseen indivi- dual, perhaps gathering rushes or standing behinda bush. One cannot be too careful. In my experience I have known numerous cases of natives being hotly peppered with No.8; and although as a rule, little damageis done, and a few well-timed words, accom- panied with a douwceur, set matters all right, yet I have known instances where the peppered one and ‘his friends have cut up uncommonly rusty, and have refused to hear the voiceof the charmer, and have given an immense amount of trouble before affairs could be brought to a favorable adjustment. So much for snipe-shooting in populous districts. The finest sport, however, is to be met within the wild parts of the island. ‘ Some four years ago, I was with a friend on an elephant-shooting trip of a week’s duration. One day, as we were coming back to camp, we came toa very large grass-field—about eighty acres, I should think ; the ground wassoft, and there were little pools of water all over it. e It was full of snipe. We at oncesent a man to camp to bring @ supply of shot cartridges, and rested in the shade till he returned. Never before or since have I seen finer snipe-shooting. The birds had probably never been fired at, and lay well. The walking was delightful, the moist grass scarcely soiled our boots, and the birds were as thick as peas. We tooka beat through a field, and at the end of it had bagged thirty couple. The snipe were wheeling round and round in the air, making their shrill “ skeep,” and pitching in all parts of the field. “Shall we cut it through again ?” I said. ‘ No,’ said H——. “ What is theuse ; besides, we have not got too many shot- cartri dges.” This was true, for, whenafter big game, itis never advisable to have a very large number of shot-cartridges, as they weigh so heavy. I remember we sent off some twenty-five couple of fine fat snipe to some coffee-planting friends, living about thirty miles from where we were, and were very pleased to learn afterwards that they arrived all right, and were much appreciated. Snipe are most commonly sought for on paddy land. The shooting in the wet stubbles about Jan. and Feb. is often excellent. Very good sport may also be had in what are known as “ deviyas,”” or waste lands, and round the edges of tanks. Mingled snipe and wild fowl shooting on tanks is perhaps the finest sport which the colony afforis. ‘ Although ubiquitous, snipe are far more plentiful in some parts of the island than in others. Tamble- gam, in the Hastern Province, is a celebrated ground. There is a well-known piacein the Central Province known as “ Bintenne,” from which very large bags have been obtained, From this ground the largest oe Oe Juty 2, 1888.3 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 5 aie area Hoe ee et er ara an aie i ee i ae a ai ek Ee Da bag to one gun of which 1 have heard, in my seven- teen years’ experience of the Island, was made by a well-known sportsman in the Civil Service, who got 110 couple to his own guninaday. This was some seven or eight years ago, The whole of the Western Pro- vince is very good. On the sea side and all the way down to Galle are many first-rate snipe grounds; and in the Saffragam district of the Western Province the shooting is perfect, The snipe-shooting in the Jaffna Peninsula is per- haps the worst in the island. Some ten years ago I was stationed there with two other brother civilians, and we used to be very energetic in pursuit of snipe and partridge. We thought three brace of partridges and perhaps two and-a-half couple of snipe a capital day’s sport; and, if to this very modest little bag a hare was added, we were really proud of our day’s work. The par- tridges were found in bushes, very thorny and difficult to push through, so much so that we inaugurated the wearing of leggings after the English pattern, as well as we could get a native shoemaker to turo them out for us. In going through these bushes, the ground being as hard and dry as a hot brick, an occasional snipe Would spring up, We used to wonder what the birds could be doing there, in a place where there was not a vestige of feeding ground, and still more we marvelled that they were always iu first-rate condition. We need not have looked far for the cause, though at the time none of us hitupon it. The snipe, no doubt, feed on the ooze of the lagoons all night, and took refuge in the bushes from the sun’s rays during the day. We frequently shot afew couple of snipe out of the bushes growing on the ooze itself, aod on one occasion a friend and I came upon several jack snipe, and we bagged four. This was avery remarkable thing for Ceylon. There had long been a doubt among naturalists whether the veritable jack was to be found in the island. Cap- tain Legge, the well-known ornithologist, who had seen many spurious specimens of so called jacks which had seen sent to him, was of opinion that there was no such bird in Ceylon, However, the question was put at rest by our sending our jacks both to Captain Legge and to a professional naturalist, by whom the birds were clearly identified. These are the only jacks I have seen in seventeen years’ shooting in the island, and I have never met with any one else who has ever seen one, except my friend above referred to. Painted snipe are very common in many parts of Ceylon, They are very handsome birds, but owing to their lazy flight and poor flavour when brought to table are not held in great estimation; indeed, where the real snipe are plentiful, a “painter” is often allowed to go away whithout a shot. There are two birds known as painted snipe, which are nearly always met with together, and which differ very much in appearance. One, the larger—a bird weighing between 6 and 7 ozs.—is most beautiful. It has a large, round, dark eye, exactly like a woodcock’s and a fine chocolate-coloured head ; a broad white collar round the neck, its back and wings are ofa magnificent green colour, of different shades, while the pen feathers of the wing are marked with round spots of gold. The smaller bird is marked all over the back and wings with round golden spots. It iscommonly supposed that these two are cock and hen, the bigger bird being the cock ; but last season I found an egg in thelarger bird, clearly proving its sex. It may be that the two birds are entirely different Species ; this a question for a naturalist. The weight of the ordinary snipe is very much the Same as that of the home bird. They get very fat towards the end of thes .son, about April; and I have known them to weigh a full 6 ozs., but from 4 to 4} ozs. is the usual weight of a bird in good condition. Tnat snipe visit Oeylon in less plentiful numbers every suc- ceeding season has been constantly remarked, and is undoubedly true. Grounds which, twelve years ago, would in December yield any quantity of birds are now considéred scarcely worth beating. The large bags which were made in the old days, even with the muzzle- loader, are very seldom reached nowadays. It is almost impossible now to find a ground where, in a fair day’s shooting, a good and quick shot can fire a hundred cartridges at suipe, to say nothing of bagging a hundred birds. Thirty couple is a very good bag now for one gun, and he who can make it, must be far and away beyond the average shot, unless, indeed, he has the luck to find some entirely undisturbed ground where the birds are very plentiful. But twelve years ago thirty couple would have been thought nothing more than moderate sport. No doubt this decrease year by year is owing to the improvements in guns and ammunition, and the increas- ing number of shooters all over the world; but it is consoling to reflect that the snipe supply is still so abundant that there is no danger, at any rate in our time, of our failing to have annually a large number of these much appreciated birds in the fields oe oPyon —_——_ > LIBERIAN COFFEE. Mr. F, O. Maxwell writes to the Sarawak Gazette under date Kuching, 25th April :— As the planting of Liberian Coffee is spreading rapidly in this district, I have requested the Manager of the Matang Ooffee Estate to give me some information as to the precautions to be taken in planting out young seedlings, aud so enable me to assist the many native gardeners here with advice. This cultivation is not confined to Kuching but is spreading at the outstations, and I therefore enclose you the Manager’s letter aud would ask you to insert it in your paper for the infor- mation of Officers there. The rules to be observed are few and simple, but such as they are, they are of vital importance, and neglect of them means failure:— After burning off the clearing, run a few small roads through the place, if practicable 3’ wide with aback drain of 1’, Lining.—Insert in a strong rope about 100 yards long a piece of colored cloth at intervals of 8 feet. When lining put a man at each end and a few men with small pegs about 2’ long along the rope, to stick a peg in the ground exactly at each piece of cloth. When one line is pegged out, the men at each end measure 8’ with a stick, and the line is again stretched for a new row and so on until the place is all pegged out at a distance of 8’by 8’. Holing.—It is not necessary to cut holes, [but preferable, as the plants thereby get a start; holes 1’ square and 1’ deep are ample, and any larger size is a waste of money. In soil free from stones a man should cut 80 in a day. Holes should be cut an inch or two below (or above) the pegs, so that there will be no need tomove the pegs and perhaps get them out of line in replacing them. Filling in.—Keep the holes open as long as pos- sible, and if filled in by wash from rains all the better, but if not, men should fill them up (slightly heaped) with the top soil around the holes and not put back the soil from the hole, which they generally try to do; small pieces of charcoal mixed with the soil put into the hole is a good thing; a mau should fill in about 150 carefully. Planting.—lf the plant is about the thickness of a pencil, cut off the top of it, leaving about 4 inches of stem above the top lateral root. In 18 months’ time they will have overtaken a plant putin with- out cutting, and have muci strincer roots. All the roots should be carefully trimmed with a sharp knife, leaving the lateral roots about 1 inch long and the tap root about 4” to 8” according to the size of the root; it is of the utmost importance to plant the tap root straight down and not bead it, and also to be sure that itis completely surrounded by soil, and no space left at the end of the root, where water can lodge. Be careful that the plant is not planted too deep; the top lateral root sbould be about 4 an inch under the soil, and if eventually exposed, in this climate it will bea good thing, but a too deeply planted tree is no use and will be sickly. 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Juny 2, 1888. Sanne ct Seca Earth should never be heaped around the stem at any age of the tree, Only allow one siem to the tree; all other shoots (from the stem) should be broken off; this work requires constant attention, as Liberian coffee is always throwing out suckers (shoots) all the way up the stem. = Topping.—Out off the top of the tree when about 7 feet high to 5 feet. Weeding.—Weed oncea month from the time of burning, but if the weeds have got a good hold of the place, a space of about 2/ in circumference around each tree should be kept clear and the other portions cut down about once a quarter or as often as cir- cumstances will permit; if kept clean from the first a few small boys should be kept going over the place regularly once a month, carrying away all weeds. Supplying.— Replace any sickly looking plants by good strong plants, and if any die off, try and find the cause and supply the vacancy. —____@___—_ COFFHE AND ITS OULTURE IN MYSORE. All the coffee consumed in the Evropean and American world was originally derived from Arabia. The plant, however, is not a native of Arabia, but of Abyssinia, and was not introduced into the for- mer country until A.D, 1454, and, consequently; not until eight centuries after the time of Mahomet. The Arabians found coffee to be stimulating and agreeable, and, substituting it for forbidden wine, called it kawah, of which the Huropean name coffee is a corruption through the Turkish—the world in Arabic meaning wine. Thereupon the Mahomedan doctors fell to disputing about the legality of the potation. Ooffee is not narcotic, but the contrary; the Arabian theologians, however, occupied them- selves with the name not the thing. In the end, the wholesome and agreeable beverage beat the doc- tors, and for nearly four c2nturies the use of coffee has been orthodox and extensive in Arabia. Dr. G. V. Poore, in a lecture upon coffee and tea, delivered recently st the Parkes Museum, said:—“I firmly believe that if a man, under the influence of mental or physical exhaustion, were offered a glass of gin, or a cup of real coffee, he would unhesitatingly choose the latter if he were aware of the marvel- lously stimulating effect which real coffee has.” About the middle of the fifteeth century coffee was introduced from Arabia into Egypt, and from thence it spread over the rest of the Turkish Empire. A Turkish merchant took the first bag of coffee to England in 1650, and in the same year his Greek servant made the first cup of English coffee. About the same period it was introduced into France. In sixty years’ time it was. familiarly known in England, as we find from Pope’s well-known lines in the “Rape of the Lock.” “Coffee, which makes the politician wise, And see through all things with his half shut eyes.” For at least half a century Arabia yielded the whole supply. In the year 1690 a certain Dutch Governor-General of India, one Jan Oamphius, sent as a curiosity to Hollanda single coffee plant which he had raised by seed at Jeddah, in Arabia, The plant in question was carefully reared in a hot- house at the Hague, and bore fruit. Some berries from it were sent to Surinam, and these berries are the progenitors of the whole coffee plantations of America and its islands. There is, however, another version of the West Indian supply. It is said to have been due to a distinguished French botanist. Two plants were, under bis care, taken to the West Indies from the Botanic Gardens at Paris, but on the voyage the supply of water became nearly exhausted, when this person was so anxious to preserve the plants that he deprived himself of his own allowance in order to water the coffee plants. From these two, it is added, all the coffee grown in West Indies has sprung, The first coffee plant known in Brazil was cultivated by a Franciscan monk of the name of Vellosa, in the garden of the Convent of St. Antonio, The monk presented its fruit to the Viceroy, the Marquis of Laurado, who judiciously distributed it to the planters, This was in 1774, The date when the coffee-plant was first introduced into Oeylon has, we are told, never been definitely ascertained. It is generally supposed to have been brought from Arabia during the time of the Dutch occupation of Oeylon. The origin of coffee in Mysore is due to a Mahomedan Saint, named Baba Buden. About two hundred years ago, this person proceeded on pilgrimage to Mecea, and, on his return, brought some coffee seeds in his cdlabash, and, settling down on the hills, which are called after his name, planted the berries near his cave, But local tradition also associates its intro- duction with one Rid Jamal Alla Magarabi, who was one of the successors of Baba Bude. Over a cen- tury had elapsed before other gardens were raised, and about half a century more before Brilish capital and enterprise were employed upon its cultivation. The pioneers of the industry in Mysore were Mr. Cannon, “who formed an estate oa the high range immediately to the south of the Baba Budengiri where the original coffee plants are still in existence, flourishing under the shade of the primeval forests;”’ and Mr. Green, who, in 1843, raised a plantation near Aigur, in South Munzerabad. The fact that Oannon’s coffee trees are still extant proves that planters who have good soil and carefully cultivated and manured estates, need not fear their dying out at an early age. The elevation at which coffee is produced varies from 2,200 to 4,200 feet above sea- level, and it is known that the plant refuses to grow a mile distant from the coffee zone. The coffee of Mysore is known by three or more descriptions namely, ‘‘Old Mysore,” the “ Coorg Kind” and the “Cannon” brand, the letter being of the best description and most in favor in the London markets. The produce from the plantations in the Koppa Taluk is a successful rival of its neighbours. Ta the Kadur District, where the coffee cultivation of Southern India is said to have had its origin, the results of the industry for 1887-88 are encourag- ing, and its further devolopment is expected. The number of acres assigned to coffee is 86,908, of which mature plants occupy 49,162, immature 18,717, and the unplanted area is 19,029. The total area is divided into 11,531 plantations, Huropeans owning 334 and Natives 11,187, covering, respectively, 27,428 and 59,480 acres, against 11,303 plantations (English 320 with 2,506 acres, and Native 10,983 with 59,875 acres) in the year previous. Mudgeri and Koppa have the largest number of English estates, 176, and 79 respect- lively. Within the last decade upwards of thirty estates have been opened out by Huropeans in the latter Taluk, Of native estates Chikmagalur is credited with the greatest number, viz, 6,492, while the Europeans possess 49, The approximate yield was, under Euro- pean management, 2,914,588 lb., and under Native, 2,780,780 lb., total out-turn 5,695,368 lb. In the year 1886-87 it was, 2,857,496 and 1,305,020 Ib. respec- tively, total 4,162,516 lb. The average produce of a full-bearing acre was 120 to 360 lb. under English management, and from 28 to 239 under native.—WVadras Mail. — ee SOME VEGETABLE PRODUCTS FROM MINCING LANE. To those acquainted with vegetable economic products, but who at the same time have no com- mercial training, it is interesting to watch the reports from the principal centres of commerce, showing, as they do, the fluctuations to which certain products are liable. The reports of the London drug sales are peculiarly striking in this respect; for though, like other trade reports they are clothed in the usual technical language, they give a pretty good idea of the value of some regular actcles of trade which in the course of the year make up a considerable total. Under the head of Essential Oils, for instance, we find, perhaps, the widest range of prices, from oil of Sweet Almonds, at 1s. 6d. per pound, to Mitcham Jury 2, 1888.1 THRE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i A ATED PST AT ET EE TTT Peppermint oil, at 32s. per pound, and oil of Cubebs, at 58s. per pound, or Ylang-Ylang, at 20s, per ounce, besides many at intermediate prices, all of which however, are liable to considerable fluctuation according to the supply and demand. Thus, at the close of last year it was stated that the ship- ments of Citronella oil from Oeylon were the largest in record, having amounted, from October 1 to November 17, to 1,657,752 ounces against 313,632 ounces in the previous year. This oil always fetches to low price here, being quoted at the present time at about 2d. an ounce. It is largely used in per- fumery. This forms a striking contrast to another perfume oil, Patchouly, which ranges from 2s. 3d, to 3s, per ounce. Amongst other well known products that have attracted much attention of late may be mentioned Ooca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), Kola nuts, the seeds of Cola acuminata, and Ipecacuanha. Of Coca leaves if was reported in December as follows :—‘‘ Of forty-eight bales of Huanoco leaves, mostly rather dark, five bales, the best of the lot, good greenish, of new import, sold at 1s. 4d. per pound, one penny more than was recently paid; fourteen bags of low brown, badly sea-damaged, 1 cwt. each, were offered at 2s. 6¢. for half the lot, but could not find a buyer. A commission which was appointed some time ago to report upon a scheme for assist- ing the development of minor planting industries in Guadeloupe, has recommended the introduction of Coca cultivation into the island, and suggests that loans upon easy terms of repayment be granted to planters embarking in this industry. It is suggested that 400 franes per hectare (equal to about £7 per acre) should be the maximum amount lent.” The latest quotation for fiir Huanoco was ls. 4d, per pound. Regarding Kola nuts, very large quantities of freshly gathered seeds have recently found their way into the market, realising 9/7. per pound for very fine quality, 44/7. to 5d. per pound for good, and 24d. to 34d. for ordinary mouldy, Some time since four bales—in all about 400 pounds— of a root imported from Bombay as ‘ Medicine Root,” appeared at Mincing Lane, and was sold for Ipecacuanha at from ls. 1ld. to 2s. per pound. Tt was soon found, however, not to be Ipecacuanha. The root occurs in pieces about an inch long, and an eighth of an inch in diameter. It is not so regularly anulated as Ipecacuanha, and _ is apparently more branching, or with stronger root fibres; internally it is nearly white, with a very pale ring, and apparently very starchy. It has very litcle taste when first chewed, but shortly reveals an acrid and biting taste. The root has been proved to contain neither emetine nor any other alkaloid, and its botanical affinity cannot, at present, be determined, This false Ipecacuanha has created a good deal of interest amongst pharmacists, and all those interested in the purity of drugs. The Tpecacuanha supply has been exclusively brought from Brazil until a short time since, when a sample of very good quality found its way to the London market from Singapore, where it had been cultivated. It having thus been established that the drug can be grown in the Hast, no doubt led the buyers to believe that this new root was Indian grown [pecacuanha. Speaking of adulteration, we may refer to the fact that Cubebs are now so frequently mixed with various other berries having so similar an appearance externally, that it is difficult to ensure the purchase of the genuine fruit. Quite recently it was reported that the supply of genuine berries is very small, and that as much as £29 has been privately paid for them. Regarding Vanilla, it was stated during December that the cultivation of the plant in Madagascar was progressing, and that a splendid crop had been secured during the past season on two new planta- tions in the island, one of which is owned by an Englishman, and the other by a Frenchman. The former is laying out plantations on a very large soale, and it may now be considered certain that, under favourable circumstances, Madagascar Vanilla will ere long be placed on the Huropean markets in considerable quantities. The beans cured last year are said to be by far the best ever produced in Madagascar, In connection with the spread of Vanilla culture, we learn from Zanzibar that it his been successfully tried at one of the Hast African German settlements, and that 55 lb. of Vanilla from the Knigaru (Usaubara) settlement are ready for shipment to Germany by the first steamer. Some time since a good deal of interest was ex- cited by the statement that 537 packages, amount- ing to about 50 tons, of gum of the Arabic cha- racter, had been received in London from Para, under the name of Brazilian Gum Arabic. We now learn that only an overland sample has been received, and that the bulk is shortly expected. Referring to this gum, The Chemist and Druggist said :—* Since the great advance took place in values of gims generally, certain varieties of gums found io Brazil hive received considerable attention at the hands of merchants in that country, who recognised in the product an article well worth collection and ex- portation. Accordingly, during the past two years, regular supplies of gum have been received at Liverpool from various Brazilian ports—Muranham, Paranhybu, and Para. These imports at first realised as much as 85s. per cwt., but it was found on trial of the quality that this was too high a value compared with other descriptions of gum, and as the imports increased, the price declined to 6s, per cwt. for good quality; at which figure the article sold very readily, until latterly the supply has some-what exceeded the demand, and stocks have accumulated to about 95 tons, the market value of good quality being thereby reduced to 55s. or d7s. 6d. per ewt. Hitherto the Brazilian gum has been chiefly bought up by export druggists, but recently consumers in this country have turned their attention to it, and employed it successfully for various purposes. The tree yielding Brazilian Gum Arabic is called ‘ Angico’ by the natives of that country. ” The writer of the foregoing in The Chemist and Druggist suggests the source of the gum as Bowdichia major, but the Angico tree is referred to Acacia angico, Martius—Piptadenia rigida, Benth., which is described as yielding a gum very similar to Gum Arabic.—JoHn R. Jackson, Museum, Kew.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. ———— ~~ NOTES ON COCA LEAVES, We announced a few weeks ago that Dr. H. H. Rusby, of New York, bad been lecturing at the Philadelphia Collega of Pharmacy on South Amz2rican drugs and remedies, as investigated by himself during a recent journey through parts of Brazil and some of the adjoining republics. When describing coca the doctor showed specimens of the two principal commercial varieties, viz., Bolivian and Peruvian coca, and explained the difference in their appearance. The specimen of Peruvian coca Dr. Rusby gatherel at the confluence of two rivers, one coming from Cuzco, in Peru, and the other from Ia Paz, in Bolivia; but unfortunately the names of these rivers are not given, nor are there, so far as we are aware, any rivers originating near Ouzco and La Paz which meet at all on Peruvian or Bolivian territory, Judging, however, from the doctor’s subsequent remarks, the River Purus, which divides the two countries, is meant, All the way down this river, coming from Bolivia, continued the lecturer, we find the wild coca. It is of the Bolivian form, but soon as we strike the other river we find the larger leaves, the Peruvian form. There isalso a form of diseased coca, called Taja, It is probably a fungus which produces this peculiar condition. We know the disease can be produced in the leaf by simply picking them carelessly so that the twigs are wounded. Then when the new leaves are produced they present this appearance. This is a sufficient comment upon the idea which has Jately been advanced by a writer, to the effect that some 8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Juty 2, £888. Sas of the coca leaves which reach the market are beaten off from the plants with poles, an opinion which is evidently erroneous. If an attempt were made to beat the leaves from the plants with poles, the owner would never get another crop. Two other forms of coca, or rather erythroxylon, grow throughout the eastern part of Bolivia and even through Brazil. The two main varieties of coca, the Bolivian and Peruvian, are so different that one Bolivian writer has described the Bolivian form under the namo of Erythroxylon Bolivianum. The name, however, is not correct; both are Erythroxylon coca. Two varieties are distinguished not only bythe leaves but by the fruits,which are larger in the Bolivian species, while the leaves are larger inthe Peruvian species. The Bolivian variety is much esteemed by the Peruvians, they saving enough from their scanty earnings to purchase one-third of the Bolivian product, although you can obtain the native article at a much lower price. Dr. Rusby then entered into the question of the chemical composition of the leaves, and spoke about the two methods of estimating the cocaine which the coca leaves contain. The first is to extract it in the pure form and weigh it, This method, the lecturer said, was impossible for me; I was therefore obliged to resort to the test by titration, and this test is as follows:—We obtain the cocaine in an aqueous acid solution, about two drachms of the solution representing two and one-half grazames of leaves. This can now be tested with Mayer’s reagent. As the precipitate is formed this precipitate is filtered, and the reagent again added. When no more pre- cipitation occurs we assume that the right amount of reagent has been used, and for every cubic centimetre so used we have eight milligrammes of cocaine in the leaves, Now, estimating by this test in this country the leaves will yield from about one-half to three-quaters of one per cent. of cocaine. AsI estimated them in their own country, the leaves being fresh or recently dried, taking an equal weight of fresh leaves, drying them, and then assaying them, I obtained from two to four per cent. of cocaine. I took specimens of the same leaves which I had thus assayed and sent them to the United States, where they were assayed, and they yielded the same amount which they are said to yield in this country, namely, from one-half to three-fourths of one per cent. It was evident that I had made a mistake in my process, or that the composition of the leaves was very different in their own home. On my return to La Plaz for the second time I made a very elaborate series of experiments, looking towards the assaying of the different parts of the plants. I took the best methods I could, collecting and drying at the proper time of the year, taking into account the age of the leaves, and I found my former results con- firmed. But I also found on this occasion that on rendering my solution slightly alkaline and washing it with ether, the ether carried away only the cocaine, which was found to be about three-fourths of one per cent asin this country. This is, then, one of the means of accounting for the difference—an entirely different substance from the cocaine, but producing the same reaction with Mayer’s reagent, being left behind in the alkaline aqueous solution, seeming to prove that the composition of the leaves is different in their own home from what it is after they are exported.— Chemist and Druggist. SSS PEPPERMINT AS A DISINFECTANT. It is a fashion with some people to treat with contempt the traditions handed down by our fore- ‘fathers. Before, however, we discard valuable drugs which have been used for generations past, it is always well to search for any new properties which can perhaps be added to their past history. Many of your readers may not be fortunate enough to have copies of the Lancet or British Medi- cal Journal, or would care to wade through their contents, I therefore wish to chronicle in your wilely read journal the results lately arrived at in favour of Peppermint Menthol. It hae been found, after laborious research, that of all substances and chemicals yet discovered there ig nothing known more fatal to bacterial germs of diseases, &c,, than Peppermint (Mentha piperita). It is found that one three-hundred-thousandth-part of Menthol is sufficient to destroy the bacterial germs. It must be known to many of your readers, by the letter from Mr. HE. M. Holmes, F. L. S., of the Pharmaceutical Society, that after a long search the home of the true Menthol plant was discovered to be in Japan. This plant I have discovered largely throughout Europe and America. Mr, J. W. Colcord, of the Pharmaceutical Society of Massachusetts, U. S. A., writes me that Pepper- mint has withstoood 10° lelow zero of frost; this will prove that the plant is a hardy one. Some correspondents write to tell me they tried the Menthol by pouring hot water upon the foliage, and drinking the infusion in the hottest weather. They experienced great relief to their fatigue, and it was as refreshing as Tea, and they thought it more stimulating. I have had letters asking me if I could supply any of the foliage, so that experi- ments might be tried by boiling it, and bringing the infusion into a sick-room for its perfume and antiseptic properties, but on looking over my large beds of roots I found none sufficiently advanced to cut. I have no plants being forced, and regret that these experiments must be deferred until later in the spring. One experiment made with the Menthol erystals, which can now be bought of any chemist at a few pence per ounce, will show how preferable is its perfume to the objectionable smell of carbolic acid when exposed in the usual manner in an open vessel. Medical men, when they come to ponder over these facts, will weleome the results of the experi- ments showing that Menthol can now be safely relied upon as yielding better results than carbolic acid,—THomas Curisty.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. ee Persian Sitxk.—After China, Persia was believed to have been the first place where silk was grown, but whilst the Chinese silk was white cocoons, those of Persia were yellow. Among savants who have studied the question of silk itis believed that Persian silk was different from Chinese, Persian silk is very little known, and has been little studiedin Europe. At the request of M. Natalis Rondot, the Minister of Foreign Affairs desired the French representative at Teberan to make inquiries on the subject. The Persian Govern- ment informed him that the original kind of yellow Persian cocoons had not been preserved pure except ia one locality, namely, Schezevar. M. de Balloy, the French Minister at Teheran, has procured 737 gram- mes that M. Natalis Rondot has placed at the disposition of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons, who will pro- ceed to make experiments at certain points in France and Italy.—London and China Express. ManureEs.—M. Deherain, professor at the ‘‘ Conser- vatoire des Arts et Metiers”’ made a report, at yester- day’s meeting of the ‘‘Académie des Sciences,” on his researches upon farm manures. It follows from this report, that the black matter which impregnates dung, and forms and colours liquid manure, is the result of the dissolution of the alkaline carbonates formed by urines:—1° from the vascular deterioration of the straw: 2° the azotic matters arising from the straw itself, from the solid excrements of animals and from the transformation of the ammonic into azotized mat- ter, vital activity of the ferments, being the causa of this metamorphiosis M: Deherain concludes that in consequence of these reactions it would be advisable: 1° Never toadd to manure any substance likely to decompose tke alkaline carbonates: consequently the use of sulfates of iron or lime must be prescribed, and above all, acids, often employed to avoid the evapor- ation of ammonia ;—2° To frequently water with liquid manure, which dissolves the carbonic acids abounding in the confined atmosphere of the dung—heap retain- ing the anmonia, accelerates by this dissolution, the diminution of the interior pressure allows the air to penetrate the heap, and facilitates fermentation thus transforming the anmonia into azotized matter, the principal result to beobtained in the preparation of manure,— Universal Press Association, Juty 2, 1888,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 9 — AMERICAN FRUIT EVAPORATOR. From the Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. Oorree.—Mr. John MacLean, Oold Spring, and Mr. Marshall, Ohester Vale, imported one of these Machines (N°0), for the purpose of testing its value in drying Ooffee. They cured a certain amount with this small machine in a single day, but were of the opinion that the berries were ‘‘over cured,” on account of the temperature being kept too high. A small sample of this Coffee was sent to Fngland just as it was, without picking or sizing, and the following Report was sent back by the Brokers :— ‘We have carefully examined the sample of Jamaica Ooffee cured by the hot air, and report that the size of the berries is good, but that the Coffee appears soft and watery in character. ‘he colour is dull, approaching that known in Central America as cloudy, and it is mixed with pale bleached berries which detract from the value. It would be more easy to say how far the process is answerable for these defects, if we knew the Estate's marks so as_ to compare it with Coffee cured on the Barbecues. The market value to-day is 92/ to 93/ per cwt.” Mr. Mac- Lean mentions that the same Coffee, sun-dried, realised 123/, but that the machine-dried Coffee sent was not 4 fair sample, as it had not been picked. He says, “there can be no doubt about the curing of Coffee, for what we did, being over-cured proves thw success beyond a doubt.” Mr. James Francis, Oedar Valley, has tried this same Machine, und has sent the following report of his experience ;— ‘©The O machine with its eight tray capacity, will only hold a quarter of a tub of parchment Coffee. Coffee from the washing tank, which has been drained upon a barbacue, will, with a temperature of 140° to 180% F. dry coffee sufficieutly in six hours to place it out of danger, another six hours will almost cure the berries; two hours longer, and the Coffee will be cured as for shipment. It can be readily understood that asit would take 160 days, of 14 hours each, to cure one tierce of Ooffee, 1 had to confine myself to limited experiments, and though I would be rendering greater service to the Coffee growing community, if I cured a certain quantity in the first stage only by the Machine, completing the process in the sun and testing the market with it. ‘The silver skin comes away more readily from machine-cured Coffee than from sun- cured ; this is an advantage, ‘The colour is changed, and it may prove not so pleasing to the eye as sun- cured. Ooffee cured in the Machine yields, or goes back, much more quickly than sun-cured; this defect would, I think, be obviated by allowing a certain time between each of the three or four stages of curing. Curing in the Machine needs constant and careful attention, or one set of trays will give Ooffee cured irregularly, andin the last stage, much might be spoiled for the market, by over-curing; the Coffee then takes on the appearance of semi-parched ber- ries, The question will naturally be asked, is the Machine good for anything ? Yes. I consider it a valuable addition to any Ooffee works, particularly in districts where there is rain during the early pick- ing of Ooffee. With a Machine of sufficient oapacity, Coffee could be put out of danger, bagged in coarse bags, and piled up so as to Jet air pass through. Tts use in this way would save many Coffoe growers from much loss. I would willingly, and with much interest, have carried on further experiments, had the Machine been larger. I have tasted really good Coffee from berries cured in the Machine.” ““Tra—The evaporator has been tried in the manu- facture of Tea at Cinchona. Three samples were sent to Kew with the view of testing whether the Machine- dried Tea was superior to that cured on iron over a fire. A sample of the latter was labelled No. 1, the samples of the machine Tea were called Nos. 2 & 3. These samples were sent to England, unfortu- nately, in mustard tins, which impaired their value considerably, and this is what the Brolcers refer A in their letter and report subjoined -— A. @G@. Sranron, Hs@., to Royat Garpens, Knw 8, Rood Lane, London, EH. C., 21st December, 1887. Dar Mr. Mornris,—l duly received your letter of the 29th instant, together with the three samples of Jamacia ‘l'ea, two being marked Nos. 1 and 2% and the third having no number; this letter I have called No. 3. As I have given in the enclosed Re- porta pretty full statement of the various character- istics of the samples, i will only here add that the liquors of all are very serviceable for the Tondon market; the samples are all slightly impaired, No. 1 being especially so. I shall always be happy to report upon any samples and to do wh tever I may be able in the way of assisting intending Planters with any information or suggestions which they may require.—Believe me, &c., (Signed) THE MANUFACTURE OF QUININE AT THE BRITISH SIKKIM CINCHONA GARDENS : WHY NOT IN CEYLON? FULL PARTICULARS OF MR, GAMMIE’S SYSTEM ; NOTHING DIFFICULT ABOUT IT; A NEW LOCAL INDUSTRY WHICH MESSRS. SYMONS & COCHRAN OUGHT AT ONCEH-TO START. We havea very interesting letter from our good friend, Mr. J. Gammie, the superintendent of the Moungpoo (Darjeeling) Cinchona Gardens. In res- ponding to our congratulations on his discovery of a cheap and effective mode of manufacturing quinine, Mr. Gammie writes :—‘‘ We have undoubtedly hit at last on an almost perfect plan both for the manu- facture of quinine and febrifuge. The plan can readily be worked on a small scale in bottles. We have only made about 500 lb. of sulphate of quinine as yet, but hope soon to be making it ona largish scale. Machinery for it is now being rigged up. The professional reports on our quinine have all been most favourable. The only objection to it as yet has been that itis too good, and that a slightly inferior product would pay better. The oil plan appears to bring out the alkaloids from the bark in a pure and highly crystallizable state, and, best of all, perfectly exhausts the bark. It costs us about R12-8* to work 100 Ib. of dry bark. We may yet find out how to lessen our loss of oil, but I hardly think we can reduce the cost by very much, the carriage of fusel, &c. being so very expensive. It appears to benearly as expensive to bring the oils &c. to the bark as to send the bark to the oil &. I hope cinchona matters are to look up soon! At present prices there can be very little profit going for either grower or manufacturer. “Tam very glad to hear that your tea is doing so well, 6001b, per acre is just about double what the best Darjeeling hill gardens produce, and the most of them pay well. It appears to me that for steady profits the high up tea gardens are much more to be relied on than those low down: No doubt the lower gardens at times give enormous profits, but they are more subject to blight, &c. Helopeltis was very bad on many of the Terai gardens last year, and on some of the lower hill gardens. In consequence scarcely any the Terai gardens paid * R12'50 Ceylon currency,—Hp, O, O, Jury 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 15 ee a OE KB RES oe PEE Be a es er ee ee ee their expenses, and many of them made a loss on the year’s working.”’ Mr. Gammie wrote again giving full directions : How to Mann SvunpHare or QUININE. 17th May 1888. As promised a day or two ago, I have drawn up fuller directions for making quinine by the cold oil process which we have adopted here. I am sure you will admire both the simplicity and efficiency of the process, To me it appears to be nearly as perfect as any process can be. I may trouble you with a few more details by-and-bye. Take 1,000 grains finely powdered yellow bark, 8 caustic soda, ” ” ” 114 0z. water, sy 16 oz. kerosine, 4 oz. fusel. ” Put the bark in a bottle of about 50 fluid oz. capacity. Dissolve thoroughly the caustic soda in the water, and mix the solution with the bark in the bottle. Then mix and add the oils, and shake the bottle well for three or four hours. Then lst the bottle stand quietly until the oil has become quite clear. The oil has now taken up the greater part of the quinine that was in the bark. Then draw off the oil and put it in another bottle along with 24 0z. water, in which has been mixed about 25 drops of strong sulphuric acid, shake well up for five or six minutes. Should crystals form in the mixture, dissolve them, by adding afew drops more sulphuric acid, previously diluted, allow to stand quietly for the two liquors to thoroughly separate. Draw off the acidulated liquor, and again wash the oil with 14 oz. water mixed with 5 or 6 drops sulphuric acid, which, in its turn, draw off, and put the oil back in the bottle containing the bark, taking great care that none of the acidulated liquor is put back with it: shake again for an hour or two, draw off the oil as before, and wash it with the 14 oz. acidulated liquor already used, allow to separate and draw off. To make sure of exhausting the bark, it may be shaken up with the oil a third or a fourth time, but usually twice will be found sufficient. Now mix the two acid solutions (which contain the quinine), heat to near boiling in a porcelain glass, orenamelled dish, until the smell of fusel has mostly gone off, and neutralize by adding drop by drop, and steadily stirring, a very weak solution of caustic soda, say one part of soda to a hundred of water, until the liquor shows neutral to test paper, when, if the solution be rich the crystals will immediately form out, but, if poor, not till the liquor cools.* To purify the quinine :—Allow the dish, in which the crystals have been formed, to stand over night, and in the morning separate the crystals from their mother-liquor by throwing them into a filter made of blotting paper. Dry the crystals and dissolve them in about fifty times their weight of boiling water. Then add a pinch of animal char- coal, say as much as can be held between the finger and thumb, and keep stirred for a few minutes: should many crystals form on the top, add alittle more quite boiling water. Then filt r through blotting paper, having previously made both filter and funnel quite hot, returning to the filter the first liquor to pass through, as it usually contains a fey spec’s of charcoal. It is better to make the stream trom the filter fall against the side of the catching vessel, which will prevent agitation and consequent smashing up of the ©Shonld an excess of caustic soda solution be acci- dentally given, add sulphuric acid, drop by drop, till neutral. crystals, also have the catching vessel quite hot. Everything in purifying should be as hot as possible, else there will be loss by the crystals forming in the filter paper. The filter paper should be washed with a little boiling water to take up any crystals that may have formed in it. When quite cold, transfer to a blotting paper filter as before, and after the mother-liquor hag dvained away, put the filter containing the crystals in a warm place to dry. As soon as the crystals can be: easily teased asunder with forks, they are sufficiently dry. Both the oil mixture and acidulated liquor can be readily drawn off with a glass syphon. But the best thing for separating the acidulated liquor from the oi] is a separating funnel. This is a cylindrical shaped glass vessel with a narrow tube with tap fixed in it at the bottom. But, if this is not at hand, a clear glass bottle with a hole bored close to the bottom would answer. In the game way the oil can be readily separated from the bark mixture by a hole bored in the bottle just above the meeting of the oil with the water. And other ways will readily suggest themselves. The mother-liquors, both from the crude and purified quinine, contain more or less of the alka- loids. To recover the most of what is crystallizable from the first mother-liquor, i.e., from the crude quinine, heat it up with a pinch of animal char- coal stirred into it, filter, and then evaporate the filtrate to one-half or less, cool and separate the crystals as before. The liquor will now contain what is uncrystallizable. To get that add an excess of caustic soda solution, when it will be precipitated. The quinine in the mother-liquor of the purified quinine can be recovered by evaporation in the game way, or can be precipitated. The animal charcoal we use is what is known as bone or ivory black. The caustic soda is Gaskell, Deacon & Co.’s white, of 60 per cent. Much of the success depends on the quality of the soda. Fusel is miscible in water to a small extent, hence there is a greater proportionate loss of it than of kerosine. So in working repeated batches of bark with the same oil mixture it is necessary to add a little fresh fusel from time to time, It the fusel fall very much below the proportion given, the oil mixture loses its efficiency to a consider- able degree, and becomes difficult of separation from the other ingredients. The fusel which has united with the soda solution and exhausted bark may be mostly recovered by distillation. J. Gamaie. The above was intended for the guidance of the proprietors of a particular estate, with the hope that an experiment would be tried by them, with their own bark. But we feel bound to ayail our- selves of the discretion kindly allowed us, by making the details public. Added to the ofticial instructions issued by the Government of India, (which are reprinted in the Z'ropical Agriculturist), they ought to be sufficient to encourage what has long been projected and discussed, the establish- ment of a Quinine Manufactory at Colombo, where the large quantities of bark still in Ceylon could be worked up, so as to find, or wait, a remunerative market. The only objection is the very low price to which quinine has already fallen, but increased demand, the result of this cheapness, is sure to lead to improvement ere long. Quinine ought to be much more largely used in vceylon than it is at present, not merely asa cure for fevers concracted, but as a prophylactic. For instance, if the Kelgni Valley planters gave their coolies a dose contain- ng a few grains of dissolyed quinine each mora- 16 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Jury 2, 1888. ini a ea a SCS ~~ ~~ Rr me ee en, ing at muster, during the fever period, we cannot doubt that a much larger proportion of their labour force would continue to be available steadily and constantly for estate work, than has been the case recently and in past years. Paludal and jungle fevers periodically claim their holocausts of victims in Ceylon, and as for India, of the eight millions or thereabouts of human beings who die within its bounds every year, the vast majority are killed by fevers,‘‘malarial’’ or ‘‘typhoid” (enteric), Cholera, dreadful as its ravages often are (in retribution for allowing water to get foul and the neglect of sanitary laws generally), but for the terrible symptoms of the disease and its awfully sudden termination in death, would not deserve to be mentioned as a cause of mortality in connection with the Indian death-roll. It is a question worthy of consideration whether a judi- cious use of quinine might not ward off, modify and even cure attacks of cholera. But no one doubts that for fevers (uncomplicated with Serious internal disease er lesion of the vital organs) it is as much of aspecific as any ma- - terial substance can be. There is room for a large increase in the consumption of quinine in Ceylon, and for an enormous expansion of the demand for this valuable medicine in India and in China: in the latter country not only as a remedy for the prevalent paludal fevers, but asacure for excessive indulgence in opium. So in all marshy countries, such as a large portion of the United States, Russia, parts of every country on the face of the globe, in truth. If quinine can be manufactured cheaply in Ceylon by Mr. Gammie’s method, and we can see no possible obstacle which cannot be overcome, we think our leading planters and merchants ought to lose no time in establishing a factory, or in the encourage- ment of a chemist, or firm of chemists, to embark in the enterprise. Whether cinchona trees con- tinue to be planted in our island or not, it is certain that the quantity still growing on estates would afford supplies for a local manufactory for many years to come, yielding, we should say, a moderate profit to the owners of the raw product, and also to the manufacturers of the alkaloids, ————EE— CINCHONA IN JAVA. A good deal of information on this subject has just reached our hands. The Quarterly Report of the Director of the Java Government Cin- chona Gardens is, as usual, succinct and business- like without any colouring of exaggeration or of great expectations. It will be seen from the document (specially translated for our Z'ropical Agriculturist that the total crop of bark for 1887 was only 703,313 half kilograms, or under 800,000 1b.! After all we bave heard of what the Java Gardens as well as Private Enterprise were going to do with the market, this result is certainly reassuring. But there is more behind: the crop of bark for 1888 is not at all promising, unfavourable weather has retarded the yvrowth of trees, and altogether we infer that Mr. Yon Romunde does not anticipate to ship as much bark (800,000 lb.) up to February 1889 as he did in the twelve months ending Feb. last. So far we have some comfort for the much-tried Ceylon cinchona planter; but the other side of the shield is presented with a vengeance in the letter of a Java proprietor writing to us from Amsterdam. We certainly do not feel that M. Van Son, however good his intentions, has presented us with a reli- able picture of the enterprise in Java. We have no hesitation in denouncing any writing about qualities of bark reaching to 10, 13 and 18 per cent as averages, as great exaggerations. No bark at an Amsterdam sale yet has averaged above 4 to 5 per cent. Neither can we bring ourselves to believe in cinchona estates of large area as being fully planted and aggregating so many millions of trees. This statement altogether is in wonderful contrast with the moderate one last re- ceived from a Java correspondent, and we suspect the latter is more reliable. That Java bark again be harvested, dried, packed and trensported “ f, 0.b.’’, all for a penny per lb., is at direct vari- ance with every report we have ever read before. A penny per lb. is the very lowest at which this can be done under the most fav. urable circumstances in Ceylon, while the avcrage is probably nearer 2d, and the Java average was given some time ago in an Amsterdam or London commercial report at 4d per lb. All this varying and in some cases, highly. coloured information; only makes us the more re- gret that a well-informed Ceylon planter cannot go to Java to visit, inspect carefully and report on the centres of cinchona culture there. No doubt Java (and Uva in Ceylon) wili ultimately become the two great sources of supply for good bark in the world ; but Java planters are evidently not in a hurry even with the trees they have fit to harvest, and there will be no rush from that quarter, so far as we can judge for some years to come, _- > __— THE POSITION OF CEYLON TEA AND ITS FUTURE. Far too much we consider is made of the re- cent fall in Ceylon tea. It is distinctly stated by one London Broking authority that apprehensions as to future large supplies had to do with the fall. Now, apart from the possibility this year—as last—that the fall may be temporary, and that poor quality teas are also now given as a cause, we have all along had to face the fact that the superior position obtained by Ceylon over Indian teas in price could scarcely be permanent, save for our best qualities. A fall to the Indian standard for Ceylon common teas should scarcely take us by surprise. Below the Indian average we are not likely to fall, and if China teas are year by year superseded, we shall share in the benefit ; while should a special taste for Ceylon teas be developed in America, Australia, &c., the superior position in prices may once again be won. We are reminded also that an average price for a whole sale—as telegraphed to our contemporary —is scarcely a safe test for purposes of comparison. An unusual proportion of poor (or very good) teas may affect one sale abnormally, as compared with its predecessor or successor. We are arranging for a weekly tele,ram from Mincing Lane, which shall give a quotation for a recognised standard quality in Ceylon teas, week by week. This message we hope shortly to receive, and to be continued weekly, and we think it will offer a safe index for purposes of comparison of the exact state of the Ceylon market. Messrs. Stenning, Inskipp & Co. in a report dated 7th May, express the belief that the full crops estimated from India and Ceylon for the year May 1888 to May 1889,—‘‘ at the present large and increasing rate of consumption of Indian and Ceylon kinds, this quantity (118 million lb.)—should be readily dealt with.” —— Cunrivation or Frurr Trees.—The Quetta authorities ave on a fair road to make that pro- mising place one of the best cantonments in India. They have now turned their attention to the culti- vation of fruit tree; and the Ranikhet and Simla nurseries have recently been indented upon for a large number of English fruit trees.—Indian Agriculturist, April 21st. Jury 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 17 Fee COTTON CULTIVATION IN JAFINA. Mr. Charles Morrison, our well-known bank agent at Jaffna, has proved himself well worthy of the grati- tude of the Jaffna people. He is alsoready to do anything in his power for the welfare of the people. He called a meeting of the leading men oi the community, on the 8rd May, to nominate and appoint a committee to consider and take the necessary steps to form acom- pany for encouraging the cotton cultivation in the Northern Province. The chairman, Mr, Oharles Morri- son, explained in a lucid speech the object of the meeting and the bright prospect before the people. He concluded his speech by saying, “the ball isset at the foot of the Jaffna man and it is now for him to roll it.”’?’ Yea! weshall rollit, was the silent response. Mr, Vitianata Chetty Curryappa Chetty addressed the meeting, at some length, giving a detailed account of the different species of cotton, the mode of culti- vation, and of his own experience of the industry. Hitherto, cotton, has been cultivated, hore and there, in the district in small extents, but finding no proper market, the cultivation has been discouraged. Now that the Spinning and Weaving Oompany having been organized at the capital of the Island, is ready to buy any quantity for ready cash, the bank would be ready to advance money on cash credit system to the culti- vator whenever and whatever required. Unlike the tobacco or paddy cultivation, very little labor is re- quired and no manure is needed. If it be sown in August, the first crop,it is said, can be reaped in the following month of January.—within about six months. The plants are kept up for years together, yielding a harvest every six months. Very extensive acreage is available for this industry in the Pachilaipalle district, the Islands and the Wanny. Itis hoped that the Government may heip the new company by giv- ing lands now lying waste or overgrown with jungle, on easy terms, for utilizing them with the industry. Thus, we see the required land isavailable. Again, the labor is very cheap. Thereare hundreds of people in eyery division of the district thrown out of, or wanting, work to do. They can be easily enrolled for the required work. All things considered, the prospect is bright and we may predict that good days are instore for Jaffna.—Com., ‘ Morning Star,” —_—_—_ —>_———_- BOLIVIAN CULTIVATED OINCHONA. South Americans allowed the planters of the Old World a good start in the cultivation of cinchona before they thought fit to repair the waste and the rayages in their native forests by rearing the bark- yielding trees in a systematic manner. It is perhaps a tribute to Spanish indifference to progress that a commencement in the cultivation of cinchona was first made in Bolivia ten years ago by German planters, one of the most successful being Mr. Otto Richter, of Cochabamba. Plantations exist at Mapire Longa, Yungas, and Mapire, north and east of La Paz, and in those localities over six million plants were first placed in cultivation. For some time the Bolivian cultivated calisaya, sent to our market in quill form, has been a standing feature in the London bark auctions; but quite recently one of tho principal cul- tivators has made a bold attempt to provide us with a cultivated substitute for the so-called flat Bolivian calisnya, which is a bark much sought after on the Continent, and for which prices are paid greatly in excess Of its mere alkaloidal value. A sample of this cultivated flat bark, recently submitted to us by the importers, shows it to have been carefully harvested. It is quite dry and powders readily, leay- ing little fibrous material. An assay of the bark showed us that it contains 3 et cent. of total alka- loids, a percentage considerably under the standard of the British Pharmacopmia, but comparing favour- ont with the quality of many samples of natural yellow cinchona. Unfortunately the appearance of the bark under notice is somewhat against it. Of course the trees on Mr. Richter’s plantation nre still young, and do not, therefore, yield such stout bark as the wild cinchonas which provide the ordi- nary flat bark of commerce, The pieces, in fact, are merely, if they may so be called, flattened quills, one- eighth of an inch in thickness, and which in the or- diuary process of drying would have curled up into quills, but were artificially prevented from so doing. The colour is partly a deep orange, partly streaked and spotted with rusty brown, which gives the bark a queer look, Druggists, therefore, who merely appreciate appearance shun it; but we understand thaton the Continent the bark is beginning to find a ready sale, and it might be worth the while of our own export druggists to devote some attention to this new variety before it gravitates, as too many other drugs are already doing, towards rival markets.—Chemist and Dyuggist. Rie le GOLD AND COAL (?) IN CEYLON: COPPER AND, MANGANESE. Is Mr. Judd (see his letter elsewhere) sure of his date, in stating that he helped to dig for gold at Nuwara Eliyain 1851 ? We suspect it must have been in 1854, because he says that ‘soon after this,” that is, the digging by himself and his friends, the Australian diggers came to Nuwara Eliya. We know that some of the Australian diggers, when driven by fever and paucity of appreciable gold from the Maha- oya, in 1854, went to Nuwara Eliya and dug pretty deeply under the auspices of Sir Samuel Baker, who, with his late brother, was then settled in Nuwara Hliya. If experiments were made in 1851, we think they would have been mentioned by the press of the day and by Sir Samuel Baker in his book. But, we well remember, that it was the advent of the Australian or Californian diggers in 1854 and their operations in the Mahaoya, near Ambepussa, which first drew attention to the matter, and led us then and subsequently to publish the in. formation which appears in a collected form in “ All about Gold, Gems, and Pearls,” respecting the notices in ancient records of the existence of gold in Ceylon. Those records and the action of the diggers, with Mr. Power’s exploration of the auriferous stream to its sources in the mountains of Dolosbage, and the information of a miscellaneous nature which poured in upon us, once we commenced the inquiry, proved that the eminent geolo- gist, .Dr. Davy, had grievously erred in denying the existence of gold in Cey- lon, ‘The geological and mineralogical struc- ture and constituents of our Ceylon rocks so closely resemble those of Southern India, except that our quartz is not reddened so deeply by pyrites, that, gold existing in the one, if was only natural to infer that the metal would ex- tend into the other. We haye now abundant and conclusive evidence, not only that gold ex- ists in Ceylon, but that it is about as widely distributed, if not more so than the precious min- erals (rubies, sapphires, ‘‘catseyes,’’ and the ubiquitous and yaricoloured tourmaline) for which the island had been celebrated for ages before Arab imagination gave the world the sensational tales of Aladdin (Allah-ad-deen), and Sindbad, whom Miss Jewsbery, in her imagination, saw, the one in the cave while she followed the other onthe shore. But thera is no proof that in. the days of old, although gold was collected and coined in Ceylon, the metal was found in quantity to remunerate the collec- tors. ‘This work, like others, was a species of Rajakariya: men collected gold dust from the river sands when the king or any. potent chief gaye the order, What was gathered was 18 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Juty 2, 1888. nn... eee chiefly minute dust, and such isthe case as a rule still, the dust being so minute and so much resembling ‘‘a grain of wheat in a bushel of chaff,” that the question in regard to gold searching—* Willit pay ?”’—has not yet been solved in the affirmative. We shall know more when the weather permits wider and deeper search in the alluvials of the Morawak Korale. Even there, however, the men who are represented as finding nuggets regarded the gold as merely a subsidiary find in the main pursuit, which was for gems. In California and Australia it was the gems which were reckoned subsidiary and, until recently in Australia, of very secondary consequence to the gold. If really appreciable nuggets were found near the surface, then it would seem by all analogy to follow, that still heavier masses of the metal will be found farther down in the alluvial until the bed rockis reached. This expectation is founded on the well-known principal that the heavier the specific gravity ofa substance, the greater is its tendency to sink through decomposed and yielding rock. But the experience of 1854 renders us, if not sceptical, at least very cautious as to nuggets alleged to be found by natives. When Mr Armitage, in the course of the operations which he will resume, whenthe violenceof themonsoon is abated, finds as we trust he may, plenty of nuggets and describes their composition and character we shall feel on safer ground. Meantime, the history of other gold-bearing formations in other countries seems to favour the probability of rich finds of appreci- ableagglomerations of the precious metal, if they exist at all, rather in the lower than in the higher formations of our mountain system. The alluvial swamps and flats in the latter, however,—the ‘‘Moonstone Plain” in Nuwara Eliya and similar formations, stretching along the great elevated tableland, to Uva, have been more or less dug for gems, and in some of them the slight colour of gold has been recently, as well as in 1854, seen. Small nuggets, too, have been found, leading to hopes being cherished of further and richer finds in the direction of the matrix which have never been realized. We have heard so much of “ the matrix’ in Ceylon, from the time of Gygax, with reference to precious stones, until now in regard to gold, while we have seenor heard so little of the identification of any such mother-rock, that we begin to suspect that in our Ceylon minera- logy ‘“‘ matrix ’ and ‘‘ myth ” must be synonymous. Sir Samuel Baker, on arrival in Ceylon, on the occasion of his latest visit, told us that one of his main objects he had in view was to search up to the heads of certain streams in which during his previous residence he had seen abun- dant fragments of precious stones. But, although the great traveller lost jewels at Nuwara Hliya, he said nothing of having found the matrix of the rubies, any more than he found the matrix of the minute gold specks which showed in his Nuwara Eliya diggings of 1854. Then, as now, it was asked why Government do not directly aid the settlement of the question whether paying gold deposits exist in Ceylon. We have frequently urged a regular geological survey, and we would now strongly recommend the intro- duction of an expert with a diamond drill from Australia. What is specially needed is that our lower quartz reefs should be tested, It is, however, sig- nificant enough that in all the digging of planta- tions in Ceylon and all the cuttings for the railway, even in the mountains, we should have heard nothing of finds of gold. But such diggings and cuttings are, after all, not much more than superficial. The only quartz reef of any importance out through in the line to Nanuoya was thaton St. Andrew’s estate, Dimbula. But much of the section to Haputale will run through quartz formations, which ought, simultaneously with the blasting, cutting and tunnelling operations, to be thoroughly examined by experts and diggers for gold. Recently a small nugget was found in one of the streams running down from the side of Totapala, and also some copper pyrites and black oxide of manganese. But it is the usual tale of only small quantities found and futile searches for more. Still gold may be found on the bed rock below the marshes on the railway line near Patupola, none of which Mr. Waring found to exceed 9 feet in depth. The black oxide of manganese suggested to its finder the idea of coal, and we took it for peaty matter mixed with the magnetic iron sand in which gold is 60 often found. Experts, however, decided that the stuff which had blackened the quartz was manganese, the substance which gives colour to our “ rose quartz” and our purple amethysts. There is no great.market for it at pre- sent, but mines of manganese as well as of copper would be welcome additions to our resources. As for Mr. Judd’s coal, it was of course BEn- glish in every case. We only wish coal could be discovered in Ceylon; it would be more valuable to us than gold. But, while Dr. Davy’s case teaches caution, we feel that it is about as cer- tain as anything can be that coal in Ceylon is more of a myth than even the long-sought-for but never found matrices, teeming with brilliant gems and coloured richly by auriferous metal. > — CHINA TEHA-IN 1887. No article of the exports of China during 1887 attracted more notice and engaged more attention than tea. Opinion seemed to point toit asa waning business. The total quantity exported from the treaty ports was 2,096,097 piculs in 1887, against 2,217,295 piculs in 1886. Judging by quantity, 120,000 piculs, Say 5 per cent., less left China in the later of these two years, the earlier of the two being an unprece- dented year. But as between the two years, there is a vast difference in the values. Thus, the assessed value of the export of 1886 referred to was Hk. Ts. 33,504,820, and that of the export of 1887 referred to was Hk. Tis, 29,379,838, the difference being Hk. Tis. 4,124,982, a fall of over 12 per cent. on a dim- inished export of 5 per cent. It is therefore to the depreciation in value, with its likely effect in bring- ing about a diminished production in years to come, that we must attribute the apprehensions enter- tained for the prosperity of this vast industry.— Hongkong Daily Press. ph THA PLANTING IN JAVA. An upcountry correspondent fayours us with the following extracts from the letter of a well-known Java resident :— Parakansalak, 15th May.--I duly received your favour of the 5th March, and thank yon for the Observer you send. Unhappily, I am not in the Opportunity of sending you tobacco seed. I haye done my best, and wrote to different people at Deli (Sumatra), but all refused to les me have the seed, and plainly wrote that they will give seeds to nobody, even if there is more than they want for their own to- bacco fields, and better destroy it, but to help swamp- ing the market with tobacco just as the tea does now. I am also interested in a large tobacco com- pany at Brit. North Borneo, and wonder how the manager, who was former employed in Deli, will be able to secure seed; the next monsoon they must commence planting. Tea planting in Java is not so bad as many people in Oeylon would believe: I for instance, made clear £8,000 in 1887 out of Parakan- salak, The smallest dividend paid by a tea company Juty 2, 1888,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 19 a a a a a a a a a was 6 per cent, others paid 84,10, and 12 per cent, and this is on account of our cheap labour, water- power for machinery, and boxes which do not cost more than 46 cents for 80 lb. chests. My expenses in full in 1887 did not exceed 27 cents per half kilo; TI wonder what expenses are in Ceylon free on board, a NORTH BORNEO NEWS: PLANTING ITEMS, (From the British North Borneo Herald, May 1st.) We are glad to learn that Mr. T. O. Bogaardt of Singapore is a partner in the 30,000 acres of land secured by Mr. van der Hoeven. Mr. Bogaardt’s name is a guarantee of the soundness of any enterprise and will have much weight with planters when jenquiring about tobacco planting in ‘British North Borneo. We are glad to be able to say that offers have been made by a large Shipping Firm in Singapore to run a steamer from Singapore to Hongkong, calling at Sandakan and Kudat both going and returning. The terms offered are low and we hope they will be acceptable to the Government. The number of coolies brought down from Hongkong by the S. §. ‘“ Afghan,” 287, is an earnest of the passenger freight obtainable and Count Geloes tells us that over 1,000 coolies will be required by the tobacco planters at the end of this year. This means $10,060. We also hope to see some other estates opened this year for next year’s planting. The facilities atforded by Rivers for transport and the probability of finding large areas of flat land adjoining neces- sarily makes them the leading point of search. We cannot do better than mention that Mr. van- der Hoeven informed us that he found better land a little further back from the River (Labuk) with better water, The drainage, if requisite, of lands on the tidal limit is not easy but above the tidal limit it becomes simple and inexpensive and there is little doubt that the upper waters of our big rivers will shortly be visited by planters. A correspondent from the West Coast writes informing us of the arrival of the S. 8. “Afghan” at Kudat with over four hundred Chinese coolies, most of them on their own account. Count Geloes d’Elsloo has returned with 100 coolies and we are pleased to inform our readers that 80 far from sharing Mr. Abrahamson’s views, he Says any amount of coolies can be procured at a moderate rate, provided means of communication be secured. The Count received valuable assistance from the Hongkong Government and his visit to China has practically solved the difficult problem of labour. ‘his is of vast importance to the country as it was the only possible stumbling block in the way of the success of the tobacco enterprise. With cheap labour, cheep land, and no taxes, British North Borneo should become a keen com- petitor with Deli, with many advantages in her favour. We hear that the Ranow yield last year was over ten piculs per field and that, if the price which it is expected to command in Amster- dam be realized, the Company will pay a good dividend the first year. his has not been excelled even in Deli, and we may expect a “rush” in the latter part of the year. Selectors of land from Holland and Java con- tinue to arrive and whilst we do not begrudge them the profits which their concessions of land will surely bring we cannot but regret that British investors are not more enterprising. Perhaps when the facts are clearly demonstrated by the balance sheet of the Ranow Company the lithargic British may be prepared to share the confidence in the Country and in the Company, which has already been so abundantly shewn by the capitalists of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp. Mr. R. Doorn has also taken up land on the Sugut for tobacco planting, We learn that the lands conceded to Mr. Jan. C. Teves are to be worked by a Company under the style of the Borneo Tabak My. Sugut. Messrs, A. van Citters, Tromp and H. Sampson left Sandakan for Kudat on the 19th April in the ‘‘ Kimanis” to visit the Tobacco estates in Marudu Bay. Mr, van Citterg proposed to go on to Singapore by the following ‘“ Paknam,” The Commissioner of lands visited the Kinaba. tangan river in April and finished the road-trace to the Suanlamba the distance from Messrs. H. E, Abrahamson & Co.'s Timber depot to Bilit being 12 miles through easy country. The River Tenne. gang was twice visited and on the second occasion Mr. Walker took the ‘ Thistle ’’ about seven miles up that stream. From Bilit Mr. Walker expects to carry his trace to the Segama without much difficulty. Mr. H. Sampson, a brother of our former Su- perintendent of Public Works, arrived here on the 1st April in the 8S. 8. “Spaniel.” Mr. Sampson is a tobacco planter from Langkat who ig in search of land suitable tor tobacco planting, has visited Assahan, Siak and Palembang aid is now looking at the lands of British North Bor:.co. My. Samp- son has seen the lower K «i abangan and has gone toKudat to visit the v,, + Bongon Lands. Mr. Sampson represents large Shanghai interests but apart from our desire that he should select lands in British North Borneo we shall be glad to welcome, as a resident, the brother of an old Government Officer, aa OYSTERS ON THE AUSTRALIAN COAST, The official report of Mr. A. Wilson, engineer in charge of ports and harbours, in reference to his recent efforts to ascertain whether oyster beds exist along the Ninety-mile Beach, in the vicinity of the Gippsland Lakes entrance, has been placed before the Commissioner of Trade and Customs. Mr. Wilson states that a dredge was put down two miles to the eastward of the entrance and a course was continued at the slowest possible speed to the westward, keeping in about five fathoms of water. The ground tested extended over 20 miles, the dredge being lifted and examined at short in- tervals, with the result that there was no indication of oysters in any form. Mr. Wilson, however, does not think that this test can be taken as sufficient evidence that there are no oyster beds along the Ninety-mile Beach, inasmuch as the fishermen at the lakes state that after a southerly gale they have gathered basketsfull from the beach, about 16 miles to the westward of the Lakes Entrance, and although a portion of the ground was tried, the space covered was very limited. It is suggested, there- fore, that if the question is of sufficient importance, opportunity be taken, when the Government steamer “Lady Loch’' is available, to make a more ex- haustive examination of the ground, extending over 20 miies on each side of the Lakes Entrance, —Australasian, May 5th. ——_—___—_—__. ANEW EXCAVATOR. {Is there any chance of applying this machine to Irrigation Work in India and Ceylon ?—Eb.} Messrs. Chant and Pateman, blacksmiths, of Young, are the inventors of a new excavator, and the first trial of their machine took place at Brunswick, on April 27th, in the presence of a considerable number of city men and two or three representative squatters of Victoria and New South Wales. ‘he machine is very simple. A wheel 20 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Juny 2, 1888, eee EE EE ee boxed right in on the outer, and over half of the inner side, runs down.in the furrow or on the floor of the cutting. Iron plates are fixed at regular intervals all around the inner surface, which act as carriers for the soil. An ordinary plough- coulter and share run beside the wheel, and turn the furrow into it. It is raised then on the steps through the completely enclosed portion, and dropped into a truck or hopper fixed above the axle. The outer wheel is small, similar to that of a reaping machine, and the hopper takes a position similar to that of the machine board. The larger wheel is about Sft. in diameter, and the hopper or truck is constructed to hold about a yard of earth. The discharging process is very simple. The whole machine is dragged out to the spot where it is desired to deposit the earth, and then a couple of turns of a screw lets the bottom fall, and the load is discharged instantly. The trial yesterday was with a couple of good horses on hard ground, and was very successful. Some slight modifications were Suggested, and more power would be required for Continuous work, but there is little doubt that the machine has been produced here for which Aus- tralia has long waited, and will gladly welcome. Working steadily it is estimated to cut and take outa yard of earth per minute, requiring only two men to attend it. Indeed it is quite possible that a skilful driver with a well educated team could manage it alone.—Australasian, ae DELI NEWS. (Translated for the Straits Times.) The Deli Courant of the 28th March takes note of the starting of a compauy in London for mining enterprise on the Hast Coast of Sumatra. The company will be conducted under the style of the Siak Tin and Planting Company.” The capital has been fixed at two hundred thousand pounds sterling. The Oompany has been started for buying and work- ing a concession which had been granted by the Sultan of Siak to one ofthe directors, under sanction of the Netherlands India Government, It takes in in area estimated at three quarters of a million of acres, A German geologist, Dr. Seelhorst, bas reported from personal examination, that the company’s se« lection abounds with tin, which may be put out at less expense than is incurred in Banka and Billiton, the chief seats of mining for that metal in this part of the world. In his opinion the Company may rest assured of realising handsome profits from this branch of enterprise at no distant date. He is confident that all will go well with the Company, and has offered to enter its serviceasmanager. The Company also is hopeful of making a good thing out of tobacco cultivation, owing to the land it has secured being admirably adapted for that purpose. The Company is domiciled at Amsterdam, but has the ight to establish a branch office in London. A map of the tobacco districts from Siak to Langkat on the east coast of Sumatra, has seen the light at Amsterdam. The explanatory memoir attached shows that there are no Jess than 193 tobacco estates in the tract mapped out, the area taken up being estimated at 600,000 acres. The yield from them in 1886 reached thirty two millions of guilders in value. There is now a great demand for “old hands”’ from Deli to open up tobacco estates in other neighbour- ing tobacco growing colonies. Planters in Deli seem mostly to be unmindful of the detrimental effect on their own interests, of this emigration of old hends. The local Cowrant urges them to retain the ser- vices of these experienced assistants, by allowing the latter a share in the estate profits. This course is held advisable, on the ground that mere increase in salary would hardly benefit the employees. At present, owing to the expensive style of living indulged in, only a few of them live within their means, So that they ore not satisfied with their lot, and readily cast about for situations abroad. ‘To fill up vacancies arising from resignations, the planters have ae to rely on new hands who have every thing to learn. i ae a Pe ee THE RUSSIAN TEA TRADE. As regards the Russian tea trade from Tientsin the Commissioner at that port notes that a British firm has entered it, that the “ trade was conducted in the usual way and by the customary means. Oamels were plentiful, and Ohinese and Mongols carried off the million of taels which the transportation of tea over- land yields nearly every year to the people engaged in it. How long this source of revenue is going to bene- fit them depends on the progress which the construc- tion of railways in Siberia will make. Itis reported that the ground for laying rails between Vladivostock and Stretensk on the Amoor has been surveyed already, and that before the end of 1888 the construction of the road will be commenced. Another danger to the Transit trade of the portis the growing consumption of Indian teas in Russia. These teas are imported into Russia from Londonand direct by way of Odessa, and are mixed by retailers with Ohinese teas. Already the leading Russian firm at Tientsin in auticipation of the further deterioration of Clinese teas and the tendency to improve the same by mixing them with Assam or Ceylon tea, has despatched an agent to India to par- ticipate in the purchases of the commodity for which Russia affords, next to Hagiand, the greatest market.” It isobvious that if Russian taste in tea drinking is turning to Indian teas, another and a very serious danger threatens our trade.—JV.-C. Herald, May 18th. See INDIAN VERSUS CHINESE THA. We have received in the printed documents upon the decline of the Ohina tea trade issued by the Foochow Ohamber of Oommerce, a comprehensive, clear, and conclusive series of reports that throw full light upon questioas whose issues threaten the virtual extinction of the Ohinese export trade in tea at no distant date. In a letter of 38rd November, 1887, Mr. Wood, Chairman of the Ohamber, addressed to Mr. Hannen, Commissioner of Imperial Customs at Foochow, one of the principal hindrances to any improvement in the now waning trade is dealt with. The average value of tea exported during that season from Foochow was estimated as Tls. 14 per picul. But the tea had to pay out of this price Tls. 2°76 for export duty, and for likin and various taxes Tls. 1°75, or in all Tis. 4:50, equal to 382 per cent. on the value. This levy is now intolerable, since Chinese teas have to compete with Indian teas that are exempt from all local, provin- cial, or Imperial taxes, and, besides, pay no export duty whatever. About twelve years ago the competition of the strong and well-flavoured Indian teas began to press heavily upon the inferior and ill-cured teas from China, and the Foochow Ohamber of Com- merce, foreseeing the inevitable consequences of the gradual deterioration of quality, the avoidance of scientific processes of manuring the plants, the refusal to adopt mechanical and chemical improve- ments in the preparation of tea for shipment, and the excessive admixture of dust, stalks, and siftings for adulteration, endeavoured to move the Ohinese authori- ties to consider the matter, andin 1876 a full report was laid before the proviucial officials pointing out the degradation of the trade and the right measures that should be taken to reform it. But to this report no attention was paid; on the contrary, tea has since been burdened with additional levies of taxation; in consequence of which the trade has fallen away, and seems likely in a few years to become insigni- ficant, if not to cease altogether. In former years, certainly up to 1866, the Foo chow teas were of fine quality. The plants were well manured with fresh grass, the trees were des Juty 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a1 a SS a a troyed, a8 worn out when eight years old,* fresh shrubs were planted in their place, and only three crops or pickings were taken in one year, Now the plantations are neglected, there is neither treaching, manuring, nor pruning, four or five crops are taken in one season, and the old trees are not destroyed and replaced, In former times cured tea would keep for at least a year without perceptible deterioration, in fact many kinds were rather mellowed and improved by a year’s storage, whereas, at present, owing to the inferiority of the leaf and the imper- fections of the curing ,processes tea commences to deteriorate in from three or four months from the date of packing it for export. The Foochow teamen, once a very creditable class ~€f traders, have also deteriorated, and false packing, fictitious samples, and various dishonest and fraudu- lent practices have become common, so that, as is now the case in Tientsin, the native dealers are doing all they can to destroy what might even yet, under honest auspices, be a flourishing trade, The Foochow Chamber of Oommerce has made its report very com- plete by appending tables of the deliveries in London of Indian and Ohina tea from 1879 to 1887, with statistics of values, details of the average percentage of dust admixed, &c., and in a letter addressed to the resideut Oonsuls on Ist September, 1876, it is shown that although the demand for Oolong tea ex- ists, the trade—for reasons of inferiority, dust. bad packing, &c.,—has now left Foochow. In 1871 the supply of Oolongs sent to Foochow for ex- port was 213,600 half-chests; in 1876 the demand had fallen off so much that the supply would not ex- ceed 40,000 half-chests. Weare afraid that as far as Foochow and Hankow are concerned the tea trade must be regarded as in rapid decay and almost past recovery. The Ohinese Governmeut is too short-sighted to grant any reduc- tion of duty, much less the total abolition of the export dues that now help to crusha very important native industry, and the provincial authorities will not con- sent to abate the levy of likin. No lessons of the re- sults of fiscal follies have so far had any effect upon the Ohinese authorities, as is shown in the way by which the most valuable and growing trade in fruit between Foochow and Shanghai, and the Yangtze and North- ern ports, has been completely destroyed by the gra- dual increase of taxes, which at last became so great that the farmer got nothing for his produce. é As an appendix, the Foochow Chamber reprints a very lively, interesting, and valuable lecture delivered by Mr, J. Berry White before the Indian section of the Society of Arts in London, upnn the Jubilee of Indian tea. The Indian tea industry, which now rivals in importance and promises to surpassor even extinguish that of Ohina, dates from 1834, and the history of the investigation revealed the fact that the tea plant was indigenous in Assam, in the Vea Assamiensis, a tree twenty-five to thirty-five feet high, with leaves six times larger than the China variety, and giving a yield per acre double that of the Chinese plants. The lecture also records the first serious mistake made in Assam, by importing seed and cuttings from the inferior Ohinese plants instead of utilising the fine, hardy,f and productive indigenous trees. The introduction of Ohinese seed and cuttings led to the growth of a hybrid variety, which appears to have been almost as mischievous to Assam as the introduction of rabbits into Australia. The native trees became hybridized and lost their fine distinctive ee, aud now the most strenuous exertions are eing made to root out all Chimese and hybrid plants, 80 that in a few years all the fields will be plauted with pure native trees. * Worn out ateight years old! On the higher estates in Ueylon the plants only come into full bear- ing at this age, and it seems certain they will not be worn out in five times eight years.—Ip, ft It seoms beyond doubt that the indigenous plant is not hardy, wnu that a good hybrid has this quality added to the other superior characteristics of indi- genous,—Ep, Every year improvement is being made both in India and Oeylon. The plantations are carefully manured, as suitable manure not only almost doubles the yield of the plants, but also improves the strength and flavour of the leaf. Besides, the most ingenious mechanical methods are employed for drying, curing, rolling and packing the leaf, which is now, except in picking from the plants, not touched by hand. These mechanica] processes make the tea uniform in appearance, The curing is thorough and the methods used are also very much cheaper than coolie labour would cost. In consequence, the yield of Indian tea, which this year will not be much under 95,000,000 Jb., and of Ceylon tea, which will reach and may exceed 12,000,000 lb., will displace Ohina tea, which is now of marked inferiority of quality. As the Ohinese Government and provincial authorities will not abolish, and probably will refuse to reduce taxation, and the Chinese farmer has no means of providing proper manure for his fields, or of purchasing machinery for the preparation of the leaf, we are disposed to agree with Mr. White that China must, in her tea growing industry, give way in the near future at a more rapid pace than hitherto, and the world will ere long be supplied almost wholly from Java, Ceylon and British India, although the United States may continue to draw its supplies of special kinds from Japan and Formosa, and Russian con- sumers adhere to their liking for the finest Ohina Congous.— Chinese Times, May 5th, ——_<__———- Cuina Tra.—The Shunpao says that in Kiukiang, on the 9th instant, Messrs. R, Anderson & Co. purchased three chops of Keemen teas, consisting of upward of 100 half chests, at Tis 40, Tls 41, and Tls 40.50. On the 10th instant, Messrs. R. Anderson & Co. and Butterfield & Swire and Mr. A. Campbell pur- chased two chops of Keemen, consisting of 200 half chests, at Tls. 39 and Tls 37. On the 1ith there were over 200 chests of Keemen, for which the foreign hongs offered Tls. 34, but the teamen would not sell at that price, and shipped it to Hankow by the 8S. S. ‘Shanghai.’ There being very few teamen this year, only small quantities of tea are placed on the market at Kiukiang, and only from 100 to 200 chests of tea arrive there daily.—China Mail. Tra AND ‘TrEeTH.—A correspondent of the British Medical Journal (Surgeon W. T. Black) makes the fcllowing interesting remarks on the injurious effect of tea on the teeth:—Some years since, when on duty at recruiting stations in the North of England, I took observation on the great amount of disease and loss of the teeth existing amongst the class of men offering themselves. It became a cause of rejection of itself in great numbers. As far as my inquiries went I was led to trace it to the excessive tea-drinking indulged in by the working classes in the manufacturing towns, and this went on all through the day, whether with food or not. In fact, instead of five o’clock tea being the invention of the upper classes, it was found to exist to an injurious ex- tent in the working classes long before that time, Tea seems to have a peculiar tendency to cause hyperemia in the tooth sacs, leading to inflam- mation and, eventually, abscess of the fang, with, of course, dentralgia at every stage. Whether this special tendency was due to theine or tannin having an elective affinity for dentine it is not possible for me to say. It would be curious to know if medical men, practising in such manufactur- ing districts, had observed t)) (deterioration of teeth to be coincident with teu diiuking, We can scarcely accept this view: how about the greatest of European tea-drinkers, the Russians ?—we never heard of their having bad teeth, nor the Chinese and Japanese,— at least unless directly traceable to other well-knoya causes,—-Hp, } 22 THE TROPICAL Peru: Export or Sautprrre rrom Iqurqur.—In 1887, there were exported from! Iquique 619,000 tons of saltpetre to Hurope, and 75,110 tons to the United States, together, 694,110 tons, 431,500 tons in 1886. In December alone the export amounted to 96,000 tons.—Chamber of Commerce Journal. PRESERVATION or Books From Insucrs.—In certain parts of China, the British Consul at Swatow observes, books are extremely liable to be attacked by insects. They first destroy the glue used in the backs of books, and gradually perforate the whole volume. Oockroaches, too, entirely disfigure the covers by eating away patches of the galzing. The remedy for both these nuisances is easy. The late Dr, Hance, who had a large library, used the follwing recipe :— Corrosive sublimate ... «.. oe Oreosote toe vee oo Pate drops Rectified spirit ... 000 aay. pad 9924 Los This mixture, a violent poison, he applied with a brush in the joint of the book between every six or seven pages, and as a preventive of the ravages of cockroaches, he varnished the cover of the book with o thin clear spirit-varnish. In binding books, it would be only necessary to add a small quantity of the above mixture to the glue used, and to give a coating of spirit-varnish to the cover, to secure com- plete protection from the attacks of insects of all kinds.—Chemist and Druggist. CincHona Cunturr in Java.—The Amsterdam correspondent of the London and China Hxpress, writing on April 25th, says :— The West Java Kina Cultuur Maatschappy held its annual meeting on the 23rd inst., when inform- ation was given regarding the condition of the nodertaking, which was considered satisfactory. The cultivation is gradually extending, and the number of trees is about 3,285,000, of which 3,160,000 Ledger- tana and 125,000 Succirubra. According to the profit and loss account the total profit amounts to fi114,273, from which an expenditure of £156,794 has to be deducted, the net profit being thus :—fl57,479, of which the shareholders will receive a dividend of 54 per cent, or f155 per share. The cinchona crop of the estates is estimated at about 93,000 kilos, and taking into consideration that the average price made for the last crop was c. 93 per kilo, while the cul tivation in Ceylon is further decreasing, the directors express as their opinion that the prospects for the company are favourable, 5 drachms AvstRauIAN Timpers.—Mr. J. Laurie is on his way to the old country in the S. 8. ‘‘ Oceana,” with a view to the introduction of Australian timbers to the markets of Great Britain. He is sending a sample cargo in the 8.8. ‘ Rosetta,” consisting of - some 12,000f. of hardwood, including blue-gum, ironbark, tallow wood, black butt, &o. He proposes to visit the leading timber merchants, and explain to them the qualities of the various specimens, and the uses they are specially fit for. He will also take’ a number of samples of wooden blocks, for street paving, among which are some that have been in actual use in the Sydney streets, to show how they are affected by the street traffic. These have been supplied to him by the Government, Mr. Laurie takes with him letters of introduction from the Mayor of Sydney, His object is to give such informa- tion to the parties interested at home as may, it is hoped, lead to a large trade in colonial timbers; for although specimens of our timber have before been sent home they have attracted little or no attention, in consequence of there not being any practical man there to point out their advantages. Mr, Laurie ex- pects to be away from the colony about five months. —Sydney Mail. AGRICULTURIST. (JuLy 2, 1888, Lizertan Corree seems still to be a popular product with planters in the Hastern Archipelago. Mr. F. O. Maxwell writes to the Sarawak Gazett-, under date ‘‘ Kuching, 25th April,” that, as the planting of Liberian coffee is spreading rapidly in that district, he bas got the Manager of Matang coffee estate (Mr. Loyalty Peake, we believe) to draw up a paper of instructions to guide planters and officers of Government all over the Settle- ment. We shall give the paper—a brief one— in our Tropical Agriculturist. Puantina Hints From Hapuraue.—Has any one thought of the plan suggested by our Haputale correspondent of using the ‘Victoria Drier’ as a Witherer; and if tried, with what result? Ag our planting friend says :—‘‘My idea of the Via- toria being used as a Witherer may not be new to those who have them in use ag a drier; but if it has not been tried, I think someone should give it atrial, The threeweekly weeding arrangement is certainly preferable to once a month, as others as well as myself can testify.” A Recir—E ror A WHITEWASH wHIcH Dogs Nor Eastny Roz Orr.—l maund clean white or shell lime, slaked thoroughly with hot water in a covered vessel. Add 5 seers saJt dissolved in hot water; 8 seers coarse rice pounded or boiled to a thick paste; half a seer of glue cleaned by dissolving in hot water, the dirty refuse being rejected. The ingredients to be well mixed and brought to the required consistency by the addition of hot water, then allowed to simmer over a fire for a few hours, strained and laid on hot.—IJndian Engineer. Tue Quintns Works or THE World,—Says Burgoyne, Burbidges & Co.’s Monthly Circular :— ‘“ Bixcluding the Government factories (and planta- tions) in India, where the mixed ‘ bark alkaloids’ are prepared, to some extent, for local use, and also leaving the experimental Russian works out of the calculation, there are some eighteen quinine factories in the world, of which the total yearly output is about four and a half million ounces, The number comprises one establishment in Hol- land, two each in Hngland and Italy, three in France, four in the United States, and no less than six in Germany.” . SrA-sAND FoR CxrmentT.—It will be remem- bered how the Chief Resident Hngineer (Mr. A. W. Burnett) poohpoohed the suggestion that it was important to wash or prepare sea-sand—to free it from salt—before using with cement. It is very striking to note in Mr, Kyle’s paper on the Colombo Harbour Works, how carefully he had the sand prepared for his cement concrete pur- poses; and not only so, but in erecting his “cement shed,” being close to the sea, he had it ‘ walled in on three sides and roofed without ventilation- so as to exclude the sea air from the cement.” Would that the engineers and workers at Maliga- kanda had been as careful. Baw coffee figures so prominently in our market reports that the prospects of the produce article in question will arouse close attention in commer- cial circles. By last advices, the coffee erop on that island promises to be unusually abundant. The port of Buleling through which most of the coffee trade of the island passes, will thrive still more in consequence. Buleling is expected to increase considerably in commercial importance when it comes into telegraphic communication with the outside world. Preparations are actively going on there in building a telegra ph office Within a few months, a cable will be laid be- tween Java and Macassar with Buleling as inter- mediate station,—Straits Times, Jury 2, 1888.] INDIAN TEA SEASON 1888-89. Lonpon, 7th May, 1888. In view of the approaching Season, we beg to sub- mit the following remarks for your guidance :— Present Posirton.—The very poor quality of the great bulk of the past Scason’s Crop of China Tea has directed more attention to Indian and Ceylon growths, resulting in a largely increased Consumption, so mauch so, that the supply, until the arrival of the New Orop, will only be about equal to requirements. Counsr oF Marker, 1887-88.—The decline, which began in August, continued until the close of the year, but was most marked during November, when rices ruled very low, quotations for medium Teas eing then about as follows: Pekoes, 9d to 94d; Broken Pekoes, 11d; Pekoe Souchong, 74; Souchong, - 64d; and Broken Tea, 6d. A slight rise took place in January, but this was lost again by the end of the month. With the beginning of March com- menced a decided upward movement, which has since been well maintained, and resulted in an advance from the lowest point of about 2d per 1b. on Sou- chongs, Pekoe Souchongs, and Broken Teas, and fully 3d per Ib. on finest classes. Medium to fine Pekoes and Broken Pekoes, however, have not appreciably shared in this advance, and are relatively very cheap, with a slow enquiry. Imporr AND Dutivery 1887-88.—1st June to 31st May (May being estimated), are as follows, viz.:— Import. Delivery. Ib. lb. Indian «» 86,500,000 ee 86,000,000 Ceylon +» 14,250,000 .. 12,750,000 Java a0 3,000,000 ae 2,900,000 China +. 118,000,000 «+ 116,500,000 Total .. 221,750,000 +» 218,150,000 Deduct China Tea for Export .. 30,000,000 Home Consumption .. ite 188,150,000 PROBABLE Supply, SHAson 1888-89.—ist June to 31st May, may be estimated as follows :— lb. Tndian te ‘te +» 93,000,000 Ceylon ate is . 25,000,000 Java 6 ce 8 3,000,000 China +e ee +» 100,000,000 221,000,000 Deduct China Tea for Export .. 30,000,000 Total -available for Home Con- sumption .. A «. 191,000,000 Atthe present large and increasing rate of consump- tion of Indian and Ceylon kinds, this quantity should be readily dealt with; but it must not be lost sight of that improved and rapid transit from the Gardens throws an undue proportion of the Crop on the London Market during four or five months of the Season—say, from the beginning of September to the end of Janu- ary, thus causing avery moderate range of prices to prevail during that period. The quantity that will be exported from Ohina dur- ing the ensuing season can only be roughly conjectu- red, but may not amount to more than 100,000,000 lb. or a further reduction of about 25,000,000 lb. The falling off in the past season was due to the continued inferiority of the teas, and it remains to be seen whether growers in Ohina are able, or are determined 80 materially to improve the quality in future as to meet the requirements of the present day, and thus enable them to hold their ground. The production in Indian and Ceylon having now attained such large dimensions, the future of the China trade will natur- ally be followed with much interest. Garden managers are advised to watch the course of the market as should the China supply shew a further large falling off and be of the same poor quality as hitherto, it may lead to an expanded demand for souchongs, pekoe souchongs, and leafy brokens; but itis of the utmost Ses that these be of good quality in oup, On the other hand the enquiry for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 23 the higher priced teas would appear to be ona dim- inishing scalé, and hence it may some day become a question whether, in order to meet the altered con- ditions of the trade, due to the gradual displacement of China tea, some modification of the present system of sorting the leaf may not be advisable. A well made leaf should be combined with a good liquor, if pos- sible; but less attention is, perhaps yearly paid to mere appearance, provided the leaf be free from any special defect, such as dust, or other common admixture. The character of the liquor, on the other hand, is all important, because what buyers require is a bright deep red coloured infusion, possessing both strength and flavour, Dull, weak and characterless teas can no longer be depended upon to bring a paying price. Greenish, pale coloured liquors should in all cases be avoided; there is a small but rather uncertain en- quiry for lightly fermented teas throwing a pungent liquor, but only when the flavour is distinctly fine. STENNING, Insgipp & Oo, —_— HH COL, CLARKEH’S FOREST REPORT. Meantime our able Surveyor-General is doing good service in triangulating and mapping out our terra firma, and suggesting the best means, moderate and practical, of turn- ing what sylvan resource are left to the colony to the best account, and advising measures for adding to those resources by encouraging natural reproduction, or by active artificial culti- vation of trees, the most useful for timber and fuel purposes; the cultivation of tea in the island as well as the existence and extension of railways, giving fresh importance to plants suit- able for the latter purpose. While in doubt whether we were at liberty to publish Col. Clarke’s report, we re-read with reference to it the very able and marvellously comprehensive review of the forests and timber resources, actual and possible, of Ceylon, which Mr. Vincent, of the great and successful Indian Forest Department, framed and presented (with a number of illustrative maps), just five years ago. Many of his recommendations, which were within the scope of the means of the colony, have been adopted, entire or with necessary modifications, while his report * remains a mine of information on our forest flora generally and especially with regard to such individuals in that flora as are of economic value, more or less ; or which can be made valuable, either for supplying cabinetwood or building timber, or for firewood. We can understand a man of one idea like Mr. Vincent being shocked and horrified at the barbarous destruction of our forests, during long ages by the wasteful system of chena cultivation,— the best-grown and most valuable trees, the accumu- lated growth perhaps of several generations, being sacrificed to secure one or two temporary crops,— and in the past half-century by timber specu- lators and contractors, who were permitted to discount for their own selfish purposes, resources which, properly husbanded and brought to market, ought to haye been a steady and permanent source of revenue to the Government,—which means wealth to the community. We make allow- ance, therefore, for much of the denunciatory and pessimistic tone of Mr. Vincent’s report. But we rejoice that Col. Clarke feels justified in speaking much more cheerfully, at any rate, of the powers of natural reproduction of our superior timbers, such as ebony, satinwood, halmilla, palé, &c., than Mr. Vincent did in his report. Although all the statements of so long a report, dealing with so many topics, could not, in the nature of * Reprinted, with the large and elaborate illustrative map, shewing the climate zones of the island, in the Lrpical Agriculturist of May 1883, a4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1888. ee things, bé perfectly consistent with each other, yet the yeneral impression created by Mr. Vincent’s utterances was, thatin the struggle between forest seedlings, re- sulting in ‘‘ the survival of the fittest,” the victory was likely, most frequently, torest with the least use- ful forms of vegetation, the most valuable being smothered out of existence in the process, The mode in which we saw satinwood and_hal- milla plants asserting themselves in the forests of the North-Central Province, especially in the neighbourhood of the great Kalawewa tank, give us impressions much more akin to Col. Clarke’s cheerful and hopeful vaticinations, than at all in accord with Mr. Vincent’s des- pondent views. All that is wanted, in such fine forests as we have referred to, is, that felling and thinning should be so carefully and judiciously carried out that sufficient light and sunshine (without too much of the latter) should be admitted to the young plants and seedlings on the floor of the forest, inferior kinds being occasionally weeded away. Then, apart from artificial planting in suitable localities (the bunds of tanks presenting most favour- able conditions for nurseries), our natural forest vegetation would get fair play and give grateful returns in proportion, We are also glad to find Ool, Clarke (in this case supporting Mr. Vincent’s views) pleading for fair play to our native hard woods as material for railway sleepers capable of holding iron spikes immovable, in lieu of the soft and short-lived Nor- way pine, almost exclusively used. Whatis wanted is that our native woods should be properly selected and well seasoned. ‘The tree mosi com- monly known as ironwood (Mesua ferrea, the Na of the Sinhalese) is, evidently, better suited for telegraph posts than for railway sleepers, and Mz (Bassia ongifoia) seems unsuitable for sleepers,—unless further experiments should be more successful than those already made. But Col. Clarke strongly follows up Mr. Vincent’s recommendation of one of our most common woods, the pate’ or PALAI of the Tamils, Mimusops indica of the botanists. In the northern forests this tree especially abounds,and the only cause of regret for the disappearance of many thousands for conversion into railway sleepers, would arise from the fact that thenatives of the northern and some of the eastern portions of the island would be thus deprived of a considerable, pleasant and nutritious food resource. For, as the blacks of Queensland, once in three years, flock to fatten on the cone seeds of Arau- caria bidwilli, so the natives of the Ceylon palé region resort to those trees when the fruits are ripe, to eat them fresh and to preserve thesurplus. Instead of climbing the trees to gather the fruits, however , the natives lazily and mischievously pursue a method which, as being very injurious to the valuable timber trees, ought to be stopped: they chop off the branches to obtain the fruits. The result is considerable injury to many of the trees, but it seems certain that excellent sleepers at a moderate cost could be obtained from the species of ‘‘ ironwood” known as palé (Mimusops indica). But we are specially pleased to find Col. Clarke go beyond Mr. Vincent and demand that the wood of one of our most common and most remarkable trees; a tree always found where water exists, on the banks of rivers and the borders of tanks,—the Kumpux (Zerminalia gabra),—should also receive a fair trial by the railway department, as a material for sleepers. Our visit to the North- Central Province has left on our mind the feeling, that, beautiful as are the foliage of the Tammana whence Tammana kadu and probably Taprobane) and the blossom of the satinwood, the very king of the Ceylon forests {if the grand ‘ talipot ’ palm is kept out of view) is the mighty Kumsux. Often vast in size,so that its trunk reminds the spectator of tbe baobab, it combines the magnificent and the grotesquely picturesque. Hollows of the size of caves in very old trees are lined curiously on the edges with layers of young wood and bark which are constantly reproduced. The foliage is vari-coloured and the blossom beautiful and sweetly odorous. The abnormally thick bark, which is also vari-coloured and polished, is rich in lime and we cannot doubt that the timber will be found exceedingly useful, and also cheap, for the tree is ubiquitous. The wood, which is handsomely coloured, makes excellent fuel and charcoal. Although on sentimental grounds we should regret the disappearance of large numbers of these truly noble trees, yet for the sake of the colony we trust many thousands of them will be utilized and yield from six to ten good sleepers each.—But here our introductory notice of Col. Clarke’s valuable Report must close. On the whole question of our forests, their resources and their influence, there is much further to say. ee Insect Pests: THE GRAIN WEEyIL.—We are glad to hear that one of the results of the recent Delhi Conference has been the confederation of the Provincial Departments of Agriculture with the Calcutta Museum for the comprehensive and con- tinuous inyestigation of insect pests injurious to agriculture. The Trustees of the Museum had, as we have previously intimated, already committed this work to Mr. EH. C. Cotes, one of their staff; and we understand that in pursuance of the re- commendations of the Conference that officer is now placed in direct communication with the Directors of the Departments, with whose assistance and that of planters and agriculturists interested in the matter the facts and circumstances sur- rounding the subject will be gradually collected. Already Mr. Coates has issued a preliminary paper on the life history of the weevil, an insignific- ant little animal which eats up about one million of rupees worth of the exported wheatevery year. He indi- cates that the grain-dealers of the large trading centres cultivate this destroyer in breeding houses almost as a nurseryman rears a stock of plants for seed. The wheat merchant of Cawnpore, Agra or Delhi is ignorant of the fact that every perfect female insect lays an egg in each one about 150 grains, and accordingly during the winter allows a large brood of weevils to enjoy the protection of the warmth and shelter of his then empty godowns, and in the spring provides them with a plentiful supply of fresh juicy wheat on which the offspring grubs may eventually fattened. A few days after the commencement of the rains 150,000 of the perfect insects emerge as the descendents of the 1,000 parents carefully fostered during the winter by the grain-dealer. So free however, until the moment of birth, is the shell of the wheat grain from any sign of the inconvenient tenant that the incurious owner of the grain believes that the swarm of weevils was sent like locusts by the interference of an unkind but irresistible Providence from—he does not know and does not care where. He attributes to the voracious appetite of the newly- born animals the tunnels bored through the affected grains by the patient and long-continued gnawing of the unsuspected grubs. Might it not be useful if the Educational Department were to teach a little elementary natural history in our schools ?—Pioncer, Juty 2, 1888,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 28 Cink Rae CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT: NEW TEA sIPTER—TOBACCO—CACAO—COOLIES. Central Province, 28th May 1888. Mr. Barrer’s New sirrer is the coming machine. That gentleman has already made his mark in regard to tea manufacture, and has gained such an honourable position therein, that the best marks in the market have found it hard to keep up with him, and harder still to beat him. Now his new sifter ig about to be offered tothe planting public, and those who are going in for sifting machinery will act wisely to see it, betore they buy any other maker’s. I had heard of the merits of the machine in question, and, being desirous to secit at work, with Mr. Barber’s kind permission I visited Blackstone. he account of the combination of qualities which the sifter was said to possess, and which was sent me by its inventor, read like a romance, He put it thus ;—“ Quantity of outturn;—Equal to the wants of any Ceylon garden. Quality :—Leaf unbroken, bloom preserved, no dust. Power:—One cooly to work and feed. Highest merit:—Resolved on selling it at a fourth or fifth of the price asked for any of the fashionable monsters of the day, needing motors to move them,” ‘The note sounded above is pretty strong, and it has a sweetness in its ‘highest merit,” which, if ever known here before, has all but died out of the land ; certainly never heard in these days of big sterling prices ; and becomes all the more welcome to the planter’s ear from its extreme rarity. Tho machine is not a very imposing thing, takes up little room, and when working makes hardly any noise. I won’t describe its construction or principle, as Mr. Barber’s patent papers are not yet completed, I believe. What I have to do with is the work it turns out, and its quality. It was proposed to put through 501b., and complete it in half-an-hour. This was done by one cooly who fedand worked the machine at the same time, and with several minutes tospare. Indeed an old woman or a boy would have found it easy work. Working ten hours at that rate would put through 1,000 lb., which I fancy fairly covers the first advantage claimed, “equal to the wants of any Ceylon garden,” As to the quality of work, it was as stated above, “leaf unbroken, bloom preserved,’ but I would qualify the ‘no dust” to “hardly any dust.” There was a very little, which needs only to be noted for the sake of strict accuracy. I fancy very few would trouble to sift it out. The proportions of the 501b, were as follows :— Broken Pekoe .. Aa llpse they: Pekoe “Gg Giguiay mes No. 1 Pekoe Souchong.. olen ere do bd Sook wiry Coarse and red leaf Py Seat 46 lb. The missing 41b. remained in the machine, adher- ing to the sifter, as the brushes which are to keep them perfectly clean weve not fitted on. Had a second 60 1b. been put in, it would have weighed correctly, I doubt not. Indeed, had the four minutes which were to spare in the half-hour al- lotted to the experiment been oceupied in working the sifter, very likely a good deal of the attached leaf would have been detached without any other aid. The 241b. of coarse leaf were all that called for after manipulation by hand: the ved leaf to be picked out, and the balance broken through a No. 7 or 8, I have already spoken of the power. The cooly turned the machine with the one hand, and fed the tea in with the other. It is proposed to have MOpP AE above, big enough to hold say 50 Jb, or more at a time, which will be so regulated as to feed the sifter itself, and when that is done, it will be child’s play for a cooly to put 1,000 lb, through in an ordinary working day. Then as to the ‘‘highest merit,” the price asked is to be R200, I understand. ‘‘I expect an un. parallelled run on it,’ writes Mr. Barber, and I ex- pect he is right. As I said at the beginning, thig new sifter is evidently the coming machine, and while its inventor has doubtless had his own interests in view while spending his thought and labour in the perfecting of it, still we will all benefit by its use, and in offering it at that moderate rate to the public, he puts it within the reach of many, who would think twice before they would buy any of the higher priced sifters. Tur Cunrivation of Topacco is being so warmly taken up, and the desire for accurate and detailed information so general, that it is not to be won- dered at that those who do know should utilize their knowledge, I have seen the MS. of a brochure on the ‘‘cultivation and preparation of tobacco” which may soon see the light, and which should be very welcome to many. SBesides trealing on the best European methods of planting and curing tobacco, information will also be given regarding the most approved native styles of preparation. Cacao is making up now i. the way of blossom: ing, and better still in setting. You hear on all hands of the promise of a good crop. Coors keep flocking in. It is a gight to see them at the railway stations, clustering in the railway carriages like bees, and this thing keeps going on day after day. Whatever rocks are ahead of the tea planter of the high districts, that of want of labour is not likely to be one. P&rPPERCORN. ———_—_—_ THE GLASGOW EXHIBITION. (By ‘ Aberdonensis.”) Glasgow, 17th May 1888, My prar ‘‘Ossmrver,’—I have been four times at the Exhibition and am tired of it, but I am not tired of escorting young friends there. It is a grand success. The glorious weather that in- troduced the first week of the Exhibition was extremely fortunate. At the Ceylon tea-room I met two ‘‘Moses’s.’”’ One ‘‘Moses’’ used to be in Dumbara and dabbled in the fine arts in the way of amateur photography, and is now in a most elastic business in Glasgow. The other ‘Moses’? was one of the boys. At least if he was not pulling my leg his name must be Moses. I spoke to the two boys in their tongue, and they became demonstrative, and I was being reduced to an exhibit of the show instead of a spectator. I told them ‘“‘molla peysa venum” and “sattam podu wanda,” and they were quieter. They seemed happy, but it was funny to see soldiers and others shaking hands with them, I asked if they were taking a white wife out, at which they hugely laughed. The tea-room is a splendid success, judging from appearances. One very familiar face was often to be seen,—the form more portly, but still familiar, I mean the Ceylon representative. I saw Mr. Shand repeatedly I met ‘*W. McK.,” who was well and was on the eve of going off to America. The Ceylon Court is very nicely arranged. The growing Tea Plants are, in my opinion, the best feature. ‘The next best is the choice col- lection of Jewels and Precious Stones. The next is the series of Photos. showing tea planting from the clearing to the steamer. There ought to have been a Sinhalese family engaged In the Indian section some natives The smell of atsome work. were cooking, and crowds were there. 26 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Juty 2, 1888. a a a) ghee did not seem to trouble them. The models of all kinds were grand. A tea planter’s bungalow was being unpacked, and was not quite adjusted. Seeing the planter lyingon his back behind the bungalow, I remonstrated at the bad effect on the crowds of the sight of the helpless planter, but the “man” thought my wit was very poor. When I came round again the Sahib was sitting up and trying to look sober in the back verandah. The Indian Court was very effective. The Machinery section was very grand. One thing would have driven memad if I had Jooked at it long. Beside a revolving disc and apparently rest- ing on nothing was a brass ball which turned round with a brass rod connected with the disc. I cannot describe -it better, but the effect of the ball’s position, when in motion, was that it was suspended in the air. I believe when the machine is at rest that the whole thing is easily understood. ——_—___4—__—— TOBACCO AND CHICORY. By tH: Scour. “Good day. You’vo got that bit of wheat har- vested, I see, off the little ten-acre paddock ?” “ Yes, I’ve got it in, what there is of it, and that’s little enough, too much wet when it went in and not enough afterwards.” ‘‘ What is the yield ?” “‘ Seven bushels, and barely that.’’ ‘« What are they paying at the mill ?” “Three shillings; soll get 21san acre for seed, ploughing, harrowing sowing, stripping, putting into sacks, winnowing into the shed and into the dray, and carting. ”’ «That other 10-acre piece on the flat—the corn, don’t seem to cob well?” “Cob; no, if I get 15 bushels to the acre, it’s more than I expect.” “ Well, if you could get a crop of another sort with a little more trouble off this 10 acres of wheat land; that would bring you quite 20 times as much money, and another crop of different sort again, off that black soil in the flat; that would bring you 20 times what the corn. will with a little more trouble. I suppose you would try something else besides wheat and corn?” “Not I. I’ve always grown wheat and corn, and it ain’t much trouble—the wheat anyway—now we've got the stripper.” “Well, but you’ve plenty of other land—good wheat land and good corn land too—you can grow wheat and corn still, and square 10 to 20 acres for other crops that will pay you better, though they are a bit more trouble.” ‘““No, Ill touch nothing but what I’ve always grown; I’d rather grub along and chance the seasons with wheat and corn than bother about any other crops, though they’d pay me over 20 times as well.” The possibility of such a conversation as this will hardly be believed, and yet there are hundreds who will read this who are acting as though they en- tirely agreed with the farmer, and preferred a return of 21s to one of R20 or £50 per acre. The fact that valuable products other than the ordinary cereals can. be, and are, in some few cases grown in this colony with com- plete success, has been stated in these columns, editorially and by correspondents, over and over again. The agriculturist is proverbially conservative and ayerse to experimenting; yet I have met instances where the desirability of increasing the number of eggs, and multiplying the number of baskets, as suggested, from time to time, inthe Mail, has been recognised as a practical and highly-bene- ficial thing. ‘These instances are, however, few in number at present, and could be multiplied by hun- dreds with benefit to the producers and to the colony. “How is itto be done?” is probably in the mind of the reader. In many ways. I will refer again to two, to which attention was specially directed in this paper about 12 months ago, as well as before and since that time. I will suppose you are in a part of the country but little affected by frost and hail, and that you have, as so many men have, a bit of flat, low-lyiug or river bottom land on your farm. Itis black soil and almost any depth. If it ig not growing corn it is probably producing a magnificent crop of black thistles, which are spread- ing all over the country each season. You are disposed to proceed cautiously at first, though the risk is but slight if you do not suc- ceed. So you fence off a patch of five acres of this black soil; you cut down and burn off the thistles and weeds, and then put the plough in and break it up and harrow it, and it is clean and ready for a crop. In the meantime you have written to your seedsman for his catalogue, and probably to Messrs. Dixon and Sons for their pamphlet on tobacco, and you are ready with your pound or two of tobacco seed. This you sow in a small bed, say in your garden, thickly, as you would cabbage seed, and by the time your patch is fenced in, and the ground ready, the seed is probably up several inches, and ready to trans- plant. It being spring time then and the ground well worked and clean, you put in the young tobacco plants as you would plant out cabbages only you set them in rows 3ft. apart, and each plant 3ft. from its neighbour, so that each plant has a space of 3ft. all around it. Now your crop is in, and your care is to see that the ground is maintained clean, so that the plants derive all the nourishment possible from the soil, and that insects are not encouraged and propa- gated. Your lowlying black deep soil has much moisture in it, and the plants need it, and they require a fair supply of rain. If you are able to supply irrigation in case of need, so much the better. As you go through your crop from time to time you will see that caterpillars are not making free with it, and these you will pick off when they make their appearance. When the flower of the plant appears, you will remove it—that is, cut the flower off, which is termed heading it—and the strength then goes into the leaves, which are the valuable part. While the plants are growing you have prepared your drying or curing shed. If you have not one suitable, you have built an open shed, 9ft. to 12ft. in height, having a roof—bark will do, but not any walls. Across this shed just as the rafters go, you have placed numbers of light saplings a foot or two apart. Now, when the plants have attained their full growth, you cut and carry them to your shed, where, having made a deep cut into the heart of each, you set them by means of that cut, astride of the sapling rafters, until all are thus hung up to dry, which is the sole purpose of the curing shed. The drying of course is de- pendent upon the weather; it may be a matter of weeks, or three or four months. If the sea- son be a very wet one it is usual to dig holes in the floor of the shed and keep slow fires going. In the large tobacco-producing countries, the planters in some cases haying drying-rooms with artificial draught and heat. Ibelieve, however, that natural atmospheric drying produces the best tobacco. What is desirable to be known with refercnce to qualities of tobacco, &c., you will have obtained from the pamphlet to which I haye referred. Your tobacco being now cured and ready to send away, you pack it into bales and send it down to Sydney. Now, what have you got for your trouble? A yield of one jon per acre is a cumparatively small crop, Jury 2, 1888.] THF. TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2] and under ordinarily favourable circumstances a ton and a-half, and for a heavy crop two tons per acre will be obtained, and if the sample be a good one 5d. per lb. is paid by the manufacturer, I will suppose that from the time you put in your plants to the time you sent off your bales bas been nine months, and that, excluding the cost of the fence, which cannot be charged against one crop, you have spent what is equal to £1 worth of labour per week for the nine months, which should be a liberal allowance for a five-acre patch, so that your tobacco crop has cost you £39—say £40—for labour and seed. Now, on the other side, what are you likely to obtain ? Taking the yield atthe low estimate of one ton per acre, you have sent to Sydney five tons of tobacco, for which at 5d. per lb. you receive £46 13s. 4d, per ton, and for your five tons, £233 63. 8d.; or, deducting £40 as cost of working, you haye made a net profit of £193 6s. 8d. on the little five-acre patch of tobacco, which would have been £386 13s. 4d. if the area had been 10 acres instead of five, On the same piece of ground, if you had got 25 bushels to the acre, and 3s. 6d. per bushel for the corn, you would get £21 7s, 6d. gross, Allowing that all does not go well each season—drought, hail, frost, or caterpillar possibly reducing the yield— yet it promises a better return in comparison with other crops for the size of ground and labour ex- pended. Nearly all the labour is light, too, being such as young folks can undertake. The planting- out, weeding, removing caterpillars, heading the plants, cutting them, slitting and placing them in the shed is all light work, anda farmer’s children can in many cases undertake it. With a likelihood of such a return, itis certainly worth the trial; and, again, the work on five acres is not a very serious matter, however it results. So far, you say, then for the black soil; what about the 10-acre piece of wheat land? This, that many a farmer of late years has found growing chicory tide him over a bad harvest, when in some cases he would otherwise have gone to the wall, and what is good in that way in bad seasons is money made and ayailable for other pur- poses in good years. You prepare your land for chicory as for wheat, and fair wheat land will do for it, ‘he seed is supplied by Mr, RK. Harper, of Darling Harbour, who buys the crop, and buys only what is grown from the seeds he supplies, You state how much land you propose to cultivate, and the suitable proportion of seed is sent at, I believe, 3s perlb. It is nearly always sown broadcast, [ think to save trouble and expense in drilling it in, The latter method produces a larger root, and the crop can be kept clear of weeds. The root is like a several times forked parsnip, and the leaves like small dock leaves. Stock greedily eat the tops. In the Blayney district the sowing takes place about September, and the crop is dug up about March or April. The roots are dug with a spade or long hoe, such as Chinamen use, and care should be taken to get all up, as any portion left in the ground grows again, For this reason two conse- cutive crops are not grown on the same ground, as self-sown chicory is not saleable. ‘Three tons per acre is a light crop, and seven tons) which I have several times seen, a heavy one. The average will be from four to fiye tons. When the crop is dug up the tops are wrenched off and the roots put into sacks, which I believe are sent to the farmer by the merchant. They are then taken to where there is water, washea, put back into the sacks, and sent off to Sydney at once—the wetter they are the better. Allowing, therefore, five tons to the acre on your 1Q-acre piece, you have 50 tons, and at £4 per ton a gross return of £20 per acre, or £200 for your 10-aore paddock, as against £11 to £30 for the wheat, Dry weather, of course, makes a poor crop. Even then if the crop be reduced half, a yield approach- ing £100 for 10 acres is good. If 50 farmers wee to cultivate one or other, or botli, of these products in the voming season, they would in all probabilivy receive from £10,000 to £15,000 more than they otherwise would, and the irade of the colony be proportionately benefited. The possible lcss cannot be otherwise than smal:, the profit very good—why not then try it ?—Sydney Mail. —_--—_——__ > ---— THE QUININE SITUATION. The following circular, which was issued recently by Messrs. Roessler & Hasslacher, and which to some extent may be taken as an answer to an editorial article in the Reporter of April 25th, will be read with interest in view of the unsettled condition of the quinine market :— ‘‘ Quinine has declined within the last month 10 cents perounce, our April list quoting 45 cents, where we are able to offer it today at 35 cents. With this considerable decline the trade ig therefore in the favorable position to find quinine cheap at the very beginning of the season’s increasing consumptive demand. ‘The reason for the present decline is found in the increased bark shipments. But as the rapid decline has already brought us pretty near to a price for the barks that does not even cover actual expenses for bringing them to the HKuropean market in merchantable condition, the trade can calculate that while waiting now may save a few cents, it is more than probable that by waiting too long it will find itself confronted with an advancing market, For it must be considered that as true as it is that there is anything but a decline in the world’a crop of cinchona barks, and that the barks may be had in such abundance at Ceylon, Java or Bolivia as to make them worth nothing there, it is equally true that they are not for any length of time available to the Quinine factories of this country and Europe at prices that do not fully cover the expenses for gath. ering, drying, packing, shipping and negotiating the sale of them. This fact was not considered by those who last fall waited for ‘ twenty-five cents quinine,’ and if the large speculative buyers have now made up their mind to go into quinine when the price of 30 cents an ounce is reached, they may find themselves left as badly as those who waited for the 25 cents limit last year. ““\ few words also about the ‘decrease in the consumption of quinine’ on account of the increase of the numerous febrifuges, a reason advanced always when a bearish tendency is desired, How true this statement is you can best prove by your own books. Certainly the demand for the various febrifuges has largely increased with you, but has the demand for quinine decreased? Not'with us and we are sure also not with you. That the increased von- sumption of the new febrifuges does not lessen the demand for quinine, is that none of these are really a substitute of quinine. None of them is a tonic, nor has any of them healing properties. They, one and all, can only effect a reduction of the temperature, and are of great value to the physician whenever he desires to reduce a too high a temperature of his patient. To better explain this we quote the remarks with which we introduced Acetanilid. On authority of a Berlin physician we then stated : ‘““«¢ Phe scientific theory of fevers goes to show that fever heat is in all cases a secondary ap- pearance, brought about in most, or perhaps, in all cases by germs; the struggle of the system against these intruders producing fever heat. In most cases it is of importance to destroy the primary cause of the fever, its germs, suppressing at the same time its secondary effect, the foyey heat, as for 28 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1888, LS SE Se Pe TD SS SL instance, with sulphate of quinine against malaria, which destroys the germs. , But it very often hap- pens that the secondary effect, the fever heat is yore dangerous to the body than its primary cause. Hither the primary cause is not dangerous at all if only the secondary effect, the feyer heat, can be prevented, or the fever heat threatens to grow dangerous to the body before the primary cause, the germ, can be destroyed. In both cases Dr. Seyferth’s Acetanilid is by far the most effective febrifuge that can be used.’ ”—Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. J Bee ig ee THA PROPERTY INVESTMENT. A correspondent writes:—‘‘ Tea property is never likely to attract the ordinary investor. Unless something is known of the garden, and of the inner working of the company, it is not ad- visable to buy tea shares.” This is rather a wild statement. Pray what is known of the property and the ‘inner working” of ninety- nine out of every hundred of the joint stock companies formed except that given in the companies’ reports. One would think that there was some hidden mystery about the pro- duction of tea. Information is obtainable about Indian tea companies, and those responsible for their management are certainly as frank and explicit as the managers of joint stock companies generally ; and we venture to think that this form of investment contrasts very favourably in all re- spects, including ‘‘inner working,” whatever that may mean, with joint stock companies generally. The average investor in mining shares, for in- stance, is in a very hazy position as to ‘ inner working.’ He reads the report of a mining ex- pert full of technical expressions meaning nothing and he has to live on this sort of thing. If he receives a dividend he is extremely fortunate. “Inner workings” in this case are cloudy indeed, and the investor who thirsts for knowledge in this direction is usually sadder and wiser. ‘Tea shares, provided the selection be made with care and judg- ment, are a positive haven of rest and dividends for the investor, as compared with the majority of industrial undertakings. SSS ee Se. JAVA OINCHONA BARK CROPS. IMPORTANT CONTRADICTION. (Copy of letter to one of the leading firms of Brokers in London, dated Java, April 6th, 1888.) Gentlemen,—‘‘ Referring to your fortnightly market report upon cinchona bark dated 15th Feb. past, in which you fixed the attention of parties concerned upon the publishing of a letter headed Amsterdam, and in which a most exaggerated account was given of the quantity of sulphate of quinine Jaya is going to produce in the course of this year and next. we have resolved to act upon the advice you have given to planters on page 3 of said report. Inconsequence we are now drawing up by taxation of planters themselves a statistical survey of the quantity and quality of cinchona bark Java will probably deliver on the market in the course of this year, and we intend in future to do the same at the beginning ofeach new year. As soon as our taxation will be ready we shall be happy to forward a copy of the results to your firm, but in the meantime, while waiting for the exact figures being published, we beg to state ‘ that in our estimation the contents of the letter men- tioned are wholly inexact and utterly untrust- worthy.” FOREST CONSERVATION IN CEYLON, COL, CLARKE’S REPORT FOR 1887, (See pages 33-36.) Our regular readers are aware that we hold modified and moderate views, formed on a long and close observation of facts in Ceylon, as to the climatic influence of forests. That the denudation of forest for planting purposes on our mountain system, —trees averaging forty feet high being re- placed by plants averaging four feet (not to speak of portions of the natural forest reserved and ornamental and useful trees planted on portions of estates),—can affect the absolute rainfall, we deci- dedly disbelieve. In the south-west of Ceylon rises @ mountain system equal to one sixth at least of the whole area of the island. This mountain system stands right in the track of the moisture-laden ocean currents, the offspring of a series of cyclones (‘ long drawn out”) to which we give the name of ‘mon- soons.” As the currents and clouds approach our hills and mountains, their temperature is reduced, and they are compelled to part with their moisture. Hence the existence of our moist zone in Ceylon, embracing not only the mountain system and the outlying hills but a large portion of neighbouring “lowcountry.” All this wet region was once densely covered with forest, produced under the influence of equally perennial heat and moisture. And if our good friend Col. Clarke, quotes the scien- tists and endorses their opinions, as to the good effects on climate of forests and the evil effects of their destruction ; we refer him to the history of the early military operations of the British in the then ‘‘ Kingdom of Kandy,” for proof of the eyil effects of excessive dense and damp forest growth on climate and human health. The Kandyans, whe- ther in the wars at the early period of this cen- tury, the conquest of Kandy (for such it really was) in 1815, or the rebellion of 1817-18, were contemptible as enemies in the field. The real enemy the British had to contend with was a dense covert of forest in which the wily foe lay in treacherous ambush, and the damp, land leeches and malaria of which proved so fatal to our poor fellows, lead- ing Capt. Anderson to say of what is now one of the very finest climates of the world,— ‘“‘ For thou art fatal as thou ’rt fair, As many other beauties are.” What the late Emperor Nicholas of Russia. said of “Generals January and February” as the most formidable enemies of the allies in the Crimea, might have been said of “Generals Damp and Malaria” as the real enemies of the British soldiers in the forest fastnesses of Kandy. The victims of the Kandyans fell to foul treachery and cruel mas- sacre. But they whoso fell were a mere fraction to the victims of the dense, damp, malarious forest, on far-extending and unbroken ramparts of which the Kandyans had always relied as their first, last and complete line of defence from foreign invasion. Take the case recorded in the annals of early British rule in Ceylon, of the British regiment which, within a short period of its return to Colombo from traversing the Kandyan forests and serving amongst them, buried three hundred of its number including the com- manding officer from ‘jungle fever.” We are no advocates of the entire ‘destruction’ of forests, even in our wonderfully recuperative moist climate, but we most strongly hold tha one of the first and chief benefits conferred on the mountain region of Ceylon by the energetic soldier-Governor who pierced it by a grand road and by the European planters whose enterprise that road rendered possible, has been the amelioration of climate which has followed the clearing away of 80 considerable a portion of the damp and dark Juty 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 29 ng NE PI TY BES EE EE SS SS SE forest. That clearing, be it ever remembered, was followed by regular planting; by tillage which enabled the soil to absorb large quantities of the rainfall and by drainage which carried and led off into streams and rivers water which was superfluous and calculated to be injurious if left to collect in hollows and then rush away in tearing floods. We unhesitatingly commit ourselves to the position that the whole of the regular operations of the planting enterprise in Ceylon for the last sixty years or so have been, in a climatal point of view, not only not injurious, but markedly beneficial. After all is said and done, the area cleared in the mountain and hill region, say about 350,000 acres, bears but a small proportion to the yast expanses left untouched, on the higher sum- mits and ridges especially. In consequence of Sir Joseph Hooker’s representations in 1873, founded on reports of the late Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites, C.M.G., the fiat of the Secretary of State has now rendered taboo all the region above 5,000 feet elevation, the region of our upland prairies covered with lemon and other coarse grasses, but also the region of forests which Mr. Vincent care- fully and repeatedly estimated at two-thirds of the whole. With so much forest left and in the best position for cloud-compelling purposes, we may make our minds easy about rainfal!, much of which could, indeed, be dispensed with by estates in the neigh- bourhood of Adam’s Peak, where the annual supply ranges from 150 to 250 inches. The question of so-called ‘‘ denudation’’ for estate purposes becomes one of merely local effect, and Mr. Vincent, with all his prejudices as a forester in the opposite direction, not only admitted the force of the arguments we have adduced, of re-planting, tillage, and drainage, but he dwelt specially on the exceptional mechanical condition of the soil on Ceylon mountain estates,—fertile yet tenacious,— so that, except in periods of exceptional floods, the drainage water runs off clear. The dis- coloured condition of rivers is most frequently referrible to the very different cultivation and soil of the native rice fields. It happens too that in the clearing and burning of hill forest for Buropean planting operations, at any appreciable elevations, the trees destroyed were generally of but little value. Care was taken of Sapu (Michelia nilagirica) and a few other superior kinds, which were utilized by the planters for buildings. No ebony and but very little, if any, satinwood was thus sacrificed, for Mr. Vincent states that what the natives called burutu (wal burutu) was not real satinwood. Col. Clarke’s recommendation, there- fore, that the cultivation of trees should be specially directed to indigenous kinds, must be materially qualified with reference to operations in our higher altitudes, where foreign trees, especially the Austra- lian Bucalypti, Acacias, Grevillea robusta, with the Toon (Cedrela toona), Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus longifolia and several species of Cupressus grow much faster and yield more timber and firewood than any indigenous trees, especially if the latter are brought up from lower zones. We once saw Cassia simea (popularly C. florida, the Wa of the Sinhalese), growing at an elevation of about 4,000 feet ina swamp at the entrance to Dehigama estate, Dimbula, but the position was specially sheltered and warm, On the other hand we may mention & case in our own experience as showing the Superiority of exotic to indigenous trees for cultivation at high altitudes in Ceylon. Dr. Thwaites of Peradeniya, who had advised us to culti- vate, at an elevation of 4,600 to 6,000 feet, indigenous trees in preference to Australian and other foreign Species sent us with Australian plants in 1874, & specimen of one of our most ornamental low- country plants, Peumerya (Liliciwm decipiens). Most of the Australian plants then received are now approaching or above 100 feet in height, and a blue- gum was cut down last year, which was at least 103 feet high and yielded a large amount of timber. This is at an altitude of 4,800 feet, and the effect of the climate onthe Pruimerya is that it is still a dwarfed tree,—little more than a shrub in truth. For timber and for firewood both, therefore, we believe that foreign will be superior to most indigenous trees at altitudes from 4,000 or perhaps 3,500 feet upwards. The sapu, DAMBA, KINA and a few others may be exceptions, as regards quality of timber, but we suspect all will be found slow growers, comparatively.—Coffee plantations, as a rule, were confined to a zone between 2,000 and 5,000 feet altitude, to which zone as a general rule our remarks apply, But the case is very different with tea plantations opened in the lowcountry, where the vast majority of our best timber and firewood trees,—we were going to say abound, but we must use the alter- native of exist. For the destructive chena culti- vator, the ruthless timber contractor, and the reckless timber thieves have in too many cases been before the lowcountry planter of tea, cacao, coconuts, &c. But a few really fine forests wholly untouched, or only partially denuded of really good trees, are scattered at intervals over the low- country (we are speaking of the moist zone, for there are vast expanses of ‘forest primeval” in the dry regions of the north and east of the island where large numbers of the best species of our timber trees still abound), and we quite concede the propriety and even the duty of Government taking measures to preserve and restore to a proper timber-yielding condition suitable reserves, for the sake of the planters themselves as well as for the sake of the generalcommunity. Colombo is very largely dependent for supplies of timber, bamboos and firewood on the new tea districts known by the general term of Kelani Valleyas well as on the Valley of the Kaluganga, which the railway has now reached, to supplement abundant facilities of cheap water carriage. ‘Timber and firewood reserves of some magnitude are, here, therefore, absolutely necessary, but in choosing them, careful and liberal regard must be observed with reference to the legiti- mate demands and aspirations of the class on which the colony is so largely dependent for the revenue which has enabled us even at this eleventh hour in the history of forest devastation to add a Forest Conservancy Department to our other nu- merous establishments. Happily, it would seem (we judge from observation during a visit to the Kelani Valley), that tea seems to flourish where coffee would absolutely refuse to grow, on chenaed cabook (laterite) soil, the prevailing vegetation of which is the small species of bamboo, Baranr (Beesha stridula) ; although, of course, the better the soil, the better the tea. So long as the Forest Department is guided by a gentleman so well-informed and sensible as Col. Clarke, we feel very confident there will be no extreme reaction from former blameable and regrettable neglect of the forest resources of Ceylon, but that the via media will be pursued, between due regard for the rights of the Government (that is, the general community) on the one hand, aud the interests of Huropean capitalists and native cultivators on the other. Aven in measures taken to check the process most inimical to the existence and the production of good timber in Ceylon, that of chena cultivation, caution must be exercised. There have been and are, doubtless, cases where the chena cultivator can ssy ‘I and my family mus¢ live,” and a benevolent 30 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, | (Jury 2, 1888, LES a EL SSS SSS Government is not likely to adopt the language of Napoleon’s Police Dictator by responding : * We do not see the necessity.” In a large pro- portion of cases, however, we believe, that chena- ing is not only adverse to the public interests, but to those of the improvident and lazy culti- vator, who is thus enabled to neglect the duty, while he, his family and the community lose the benefits of systematic cultivation of rice, edible roots and fruit-bearing trees.—Before closing this article, we feel bound to say, that, while adhering to our position that the clearance of the hill and mountain forests, so far as it has gone, has im- proved instead of injuring the climate, many of the planters acted in antagonism to their own future interests and those of their successors, when they made a clean sweep of the forest on their estates and did not plant trees in compensation along roads and paths and on tundus (patches) of their land not suited for ordinary cultivation. This a mistake which, we trust, the tea planters who “open” in forest will not repeat. We also hope that tree planting will receive due attention on estates already opened, and on which timber and firewood haye been or are fast being ex- hausted, While we do not believe in the benefit of large expanses of unbroken natural forest, we have a vivid sense of the value of trees properly cultivated and scattered in lines and groups over the land. We hope to recur to the interesting subject. ———__- -—_—___ a —~ > LETTERS FROM JAMAICA:—No. 23. (Written for the ‘Ceylon Observer,”’) THE WEATHER—STOCK AND CROPS—LEGISLATIVE COUN- CIL—RAILWAY EXTENSIONS—LAW COURTS—JURORS— HOTELS—KINGSTON HARBOUR—JAMAICA PROVERBS, Blue Mountain District, Jamaica, For packet of 25th April 1888. In my last letter I observed that Decem- ber had been an unusually dry month. ‘This fine weather has continued to the present time, insomuch that there has been an actual drought, especially in the southern parishes, where, I learn, on some of the “pens” cattle are dying for want of water. It is strange that, while England and other northern countries have experienced such a severe and prolonged winter, we in the tropics should have had such a long spell of splendid weather, and it is to be hoped it may not be followed by excessive rains and floods when the rain does come. The dry weather has so far been most beneficial for the highest coffee fields in the Blue Mountain district, which often suffer from wind, cold, and damp, and if all the good that bas been done is not undone by untoward weather, it should bear a fine crop next year. As to present crops, the lower and medium elevations have done remark- ably well, and the coffee berries are large and of fine quality. But our friend ‘‘Quashie” is not likely to? do as well this coming crop as he did last, for not only did he get excellent prices for his coffee—(when he was wise enough to sell in the cherry, for those who pulped and kept it were, of course, losers by the sudden fall in the market early in the year),—but had plenty of wet weather, which is now so much needed at the lower elevations. It is doubtful now, if the blossoms can come to much good unless we soon haye sufficient rain: I heard of one lowlying pro- perty which had not gota leaf left upon the trees, yet the owner said, so enduring is coffee, and as the drought acts as a species of wintering, that if rain came in time the trees would blossom and he would geta fair crop; let us hope for his sake as well as for the settlers, rain may nothbe far off, Our Legislative Council has assembled for its short spring session: the Governor was able to announce the revenue had ‘so far” done better than was expected by some £26,000. Seyeral useful measures are to be brought forward, and the question of the extension of the railway to the northside will no doubt be discussed ; the preliminary surveys are completed, the two extensions, one to Port Antonio, the other to Montego Bay, are calculated to cost over one million pounds. It is therefore im- probable that our timorous Legislative Council will embark in such an expensive enterprise, and bor- row such a large sum; but until the country is better opened up, and transport shortened and cheapened, I cannot see how the colony can go farther ahead. Additional taxes would, of course, have to be imposed, to pay interest on the guaranteed loan, but on the other hand the money would, in large measure, be spent locally, and much benefit the labouring classes in the districts through which the iron horse was about to pass, and in some of those parishes the peasantry are very badly off, and have to be content with very low wages. Another item that is coming before the Council is the payment of Supreme Court jurors’ board, lodging and mileage as is done in Ceylon. I re- presented the matter to the Governor, who evi- dently saw the justice of the plea, and sent a mes- sage to the Council on the subject. Lately, by a new law, the Supreme or Circuit Courts, as they are called here, are now held in the principal town of each parish, so the distances to be travelled wil not beso great, nor will the sessions last as many days as when held at Kingston. Still the business man, the planter, the artizan, the cultivator, the shopkeeper, who have nolens volens to serve, are entitled not to be losers by the transaction; they lose enough as it is by the loss of time and proper supervision of their work, and I trust the Council will see it in that light, and grant a fair allowance. I was hauled off to Morant Bay 23 miles distant for the first session of the new Court; there is now no hotel or lodging-house in that town; so, had it not been for the kindness of friends who live near, { might have been in a fix as to quarters. Besides there were only three cases which were got through in one day ; but fancy 32 men having been sum- monsed to accomplish this mighty work, and being put to the inconvenience and loss of leaving their homes at their own expense. It cannot be said I have been selfish in endeavouring to get these allowances, formy age from next year will ex- empt me from again serving my country as a juror. Our new Resident Magistrates law came into operation on the 2nd inst., so that the same Magistrate now holds both Petty Sessions and District Court at the same place one after the other, as there are generally so few cases. The right of a suitor or person sued to have the case tried in which court he preferred is now done away with, so that the chance of being dragged away miles to Hasington by the spite of a vin. dictive person is now at an end; the powerg of Petty Sessions are likewise enlarged. I have heard nothing lately of the Jamaica Hotels Company’s doings, and hope the scheme ig not about to collapse; nothing is more need- ed in Jamaica than a few good hotels, and be- lieve they could be easily worked with assistance from America. The Kingston Municipality continue to disagree, and waste valuable time; nothing has yet been decided upon for the proper drainage of the town, both surface and underground, neither has anything been done towards making Kingston harbour what it should be, viz., building a stone quay along the fore- shore of the business portion of the town, with Tuty 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 31 ec a A SN NE A a a A A a a RR a a ce a a ee ER RE a a rails laid along it, so that ships could lie close to the quay, and receive cargo from the railway trucks, in lieu of the present system of ugly jutting out wharfs which spoil the appearance of our magnificent Kingston harbour, and prevent the public walking along the sea face of the town, as at present it is all divided off into private yards. — We have lately had a visit from the Admiral and fleet, and, though it was Lent, the Kingstoni- ang appear to have done their best to entertain the officers, and the civilities were mutual. To end this somewhat stupid letter and amuse your readers, Tadd a few Jamaica proverbs :— 1, When you sleep wid dog, you catch him flea. 2. When man no done grow, him should nebber cuss long man. 8. When hand full him hab plenty company. 4, Rock-a-tone ribber bottom nebber know sun hot. 5. Ebery dog hab him day, and ebery puss him Sunday. W. P.§.—Since writing the above we have had a tew good showers, which have already much refreshed the country, sate ee ee INDIAN THA IN AMERICA, We copy the followingarticle from the Indian Plant: ers’ Gazette. It will be observed that the ‘“ evolution” argument of the writer amounts just to this, that Indian tea should be at first prepared like Japan Oolongs. But, if it finds acceptance only in that shape, large quantities must be made on the chaoce of a market in America, which, if re- jected there, will not sell elsewhere? Must not the Americans gradually, like the English, recog- nise the superiority of Indian and Ceylon teas, without such teas being highly fired? THH AMERICAN SOHEME. By var “ Perrparntic PLantmr.” The American scheme is still the chief topic of interest. Some people are a trifle disinclined to put their names down for a definite sum of money. Others argue that they would prefer to see some well drawn up plan of action and know whois to be the selected representative sent over to America, before they make up their minds. Whilst, on the other hand, others prefer that these points should be open to discussion ; that they may have a voice in the matter, and so feel reasonably sure that the enterprise is not the bantling of a clique having axes to grind. These, however, are the usual differences of opinion which were to be expected as part of the not to be avoided worry of a start. Only a few leading firms have so far been appealed to, to lead of the list well, with good round sums against their names. and already over £3,000 are down against less than half- a-dozen names. One firm alone is down for £1,000, others are down for £600 and £500 and so forth, and several of the largest companies have the matter still under discussion, such as the Assam Company, the Doom Dooma Oompany, the Darjeeling Company and the Jorehaut Company, &c., &c., &c. Much of course will depend upon support from your side before the £30,000 is guaranteed. Krom advices received from Oaleutta it appears that the idea of consignments of tea is there preferred to cash subscriptions—thanks presumably to the state of exchange. The consignment of tea I fear will be found quite impracticable in this connection, for reasonsI have already given relating to the ex- ceptional circumstances connected with the American market which almost pr: ide the possibility of Indian teas, ¢3 now manutactured, finding immediate favour in America, although, by a process of evolutionary educa- tion, that end must, of course, be the sole object of our educational process. This attempt to prematurely compel Americans to overcome all their taste prejudi- ces at once is surely tantamount to expecting a /niracle to be worked in favour of Indian tea. Has any race ever shown any encouraging symptom of the possibility of such a sudden revolution in # nation’s taste? How was itin Hngland here, where we had all the adventi. tious aid of shareholders in Indian properties and friends innumerable of planters, &c., in India, to lend their friendly aid in advertising Indian tea? Nowith. standing all this in favour of the growth of popularity in England, which Indian tea lacks in America, for how many years wasit that Indian tea only reached the British public as a bolster under the guise of China tea? Not that for one moment do I recommend that any of our blends for America should contain Ohina or Japan tea, far from that. But the lesson is there, and is worth attention. If in England it took many years go to change the taste from Ohina tea to Indian tea, and that, too, by the extreme method of intro- ducing itunder the guise of the then popular Qhina tea, how long would it take to change the Ameri- can taste from the still more markedly different Japan tea, to Indian tea as now manufactured, and that without recourse, too, to the extreme method which favoured Indian tea’s acceptance in England? Has history no lessons for us? If it has then there is none so certain, as, that by evolution alone can you assault national prejudices, particularly in the matter of taste, with any chance of success, Grant that as an axiom, and then the necessity for specially preparing the teas intended for the ex- politation of America will be evident. Grant such special preparation to be a necessary feature, and then what becomes of the suggestion to supply ordinary Indian teas as contributions to the venture ? This is distinctly a case in which the interests of the new enterprise—whilst working in the end, and as its raison détre to benefit the Indian Tea In- dustry—must keep its own interests intact, and the shareholders in it must be prepared to work it asa business undertaking on true business principles un- prejudiced by side issues. Its scope must be free to allow it to work to the best possible advantage in the interests of its own shareholders—and in doing so will lie its power, for good or for evil, over the future of the Indian tea interest generally. Other- wise, it requires no potating out, that if the new enterprise is to be hampered and driven off the track by untimely attachment to outside conditions in India, the addition of this extra and unneceg- sary complication will be fatal to the success in view. There are surely sufficiently difficult problem, to solve and complications enough in America withou quite unnecessarily adding others in India to the rest So much for the trouble apparently awaiting the en terprise on your side. The chief trouble here stilli ‘ to desire torush the venture without taking the fullest precautions to ensure success. Many seem to think 8° lightly of national prejudices and so much of thes? Indian tea, that they chafe at any suggested preliminariy exploration of the ground upon which the battle is tO be fought, and they would risk the shipwreck that await$ their hopes rather than wait one year more whilst in- formation should be collected, plans settled, and tea specially prepared. And yet, a good number of Anglo- Indians at one time and another, have taken their ordinary Indian tea to America to their cost. Here again, [ ask, has history no lessons forus? But I need not repeat again the arguments I have already used upon this point. Suffice it, that if actual owners travel- ling in charge of their own property could find no pro- fitable opening for that property, is it likely that von- owners will exhibita keener sense - nose for scent, in thehuat fora market? Verb. sap. sué. —————__ INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. Among other matters dealt with in the general report of the Indian Tea Association for the year ended 29th February, 1888, the first of importance was the communication of Mr. William Aitchison of OCachar, made to the Cu). il through Messrs. Barry and Co., anent the lise inflicted on him by the Deputy Commissioner for his refusal to submit returns of free labourers. The case was referred to the solicitors of the association, and their opinion, that th) decision of the Deputy Commissioner was richt as the law ands at present and that they could not adyise Mr, Aitch 32 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {JuLy 2, 1888, a a a a SO a a a a mR SR Son to appeal to the High Court, was upheld by the Council. With reference to the scheme of opening a large retail establishment in one of the first cities of America for the sale of Indian teas, the association did not see its way to give it sup- port, but the general committee were of opinion that some good might be done in pushing the sale of Indian tea in Oanada, if some arrange- ment could be made with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The committee, however, disapproved of the proposal of employing the officers of the railway as agents of the association, as such a step would place the railway company in direct antagonism to all other traders in Canada. As to the scheme for opening out the American and Canadian market formulated by Mr, Allies, lately manager of the Teesta Valley Tea Company, a general opinion was expressed that, in order to carry it out successfully, it would be desirable to go direct to the consumer with a supply of suitable blends of pure Indian tea or of such teas as could be drunk without being blended in small packets. The funds of this association, unfortunately, did not admit of direct Support, but the committee were agreed that any well-considered scheme would meet with strong sup- port from all interested. The terms offered by the Steam-ship Liners Conference for the carrying of tea, viz., £2 12s per ton with a rebate of 7s 6d to those who shipped exclusively by their, lines being considered unfair and one-sided, an arrangement was entered into with Messrs. James Hay and Sons, of Glasgow, to carry the tea of all shippers contracting with them for a term of three years ending with the season of 1889. The rate of freight was to be a net vate of £2 per ton tobe fixed for the entire three years irrespective of war or any other contingency arising in the interval; and on all tea landed direct in Butler’s wharf a rebate of 2s 8d per ton was to be allowed by the proprietors of the wharf. It was further provided that these steamers should carry any persons connected with the business from Cal- cutta to London and vice versa (not exceeding eight by any ove vessel, unless otherwise mutually agreed upon), at arate of passage money fifty per cent. less than the British India Company’s rates, with a mini- mum of £30 for each first class passenger. It was part of the conditions of the agreement that’ shippers should make provision for the carriage of, say, for the first season, about 40 or 50 million pounds of tea, whereas in sixteen voyages made by these steamers they carried only 17,116,563 lb. This want of sup- port led to the steamers being withdrawn, so that in the coming season there will be no competition with those of the Steam-ship Conference. | Owing to the unexpected increase of production of Dooars Gardens during the last few months of the season the crop probably exceeded 88 million pounds, as up to theend of March the exports to all places has béen 86,699,876 lb. and the local consumption is estiriated at 1,500,000 lb. The committeé were able to report that there now éxisted a general completion and acceptance of arrangements under which con. tracts had been entered into, both as regards the Assam and Cachar Steamer Services, on terms considerably more favourable to shippers than those previously current. On the notice of Messrs: Begg, Dunlop & Co. a representation was made to the directors of the Darjeeling: Himalayan Railway for a reduction of rates for the carriage of tea by that line, but, in reply, the directors declined to make any further reductions at present. A letter dated Ist April was received from the Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam, bringing to notice a recent decision of the High Court, in which it was held that a contract purporting to be executed under Act 1 of 1882 was invalid, owing to the omission. there- from ofthe words stating the price at which rice was to be sold tothe labourer, and also because having been made under section III. of the Act it had not, within one month from the date of execu- tion, being forwarded in duplicate to the inspector for resignation. Copies of this letter were sent to all honorary secretaries of the association for general information. The suggestion of the general committee to the agents of tea gardens to confine the working of their sirdars to the local agency of Babu Heralall Mookerjee, and the district labour supply, with a view to limit the number of agents and contractors in the labour recruiting districts, did not unfortunately meet with general support. From the answers received from district committees as to what alterationsin the provisions of Act I. of 1882 would be necessary or advigable inthe event of planters being deprived of the protection afforded to them by Act XIII. of 185y, the general opinion appeared to be that Act XIII. should continue to apply to coolies working on a tea garden, and it was unanimously resolved at ameeting of Cachar tea planters, held in May last, to protest against the report of the Act. It was also suggested by an experienced planter of Mungledye to strike out sections III. and 111 and 112 of Act I, of 1882, and the Act made really an Emigration Act, which would enable the advocates of Act XIII. to ask for a Local Labourers’ Act to be applicable to all agricultural industries. The power given to inspectors to examine registers of labourers kept on the gardens, and to muster all labourers and other persons employed was objected to, and the urgent want of a clause dealing sharply with acts of insubordination and refusal to obey lawiul orders was pointedout. In reply to the communication from the Chamber of Commerce asking the views of the general com- mittee as to the proposed relief of the River Steamer Companies from certain liabilities attach- ing to them under the operation of the Carriers’ Act III. of 1865. It was stated that the applica- tion of the steamer companies as to the alteration of the law relating to common carriers was approved, provided the change of law did net come into effect before the end of season. But, as there was reason to believe that certain London representa- tives of téa property did mot insure their teas being river transit and depend for protection on the provisions of the Carriers’ Act, the question of approving the concession asked by the steamer companies would be referred to the Indian Tea Districts’ Association of London in order to ascertain the views of that body. The reply of the London Association was- against the alteration of the existing law. The Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, in addressing the Govérnment of India on the subject, accordingly stated that, in view of the diversity of opinions arising from divergencies of interests, they felt themselves précluded from expressing any definite réconimeddation on the subject. Myr. Hannay, the honorary secretary of the Luckimpur local committee appealed to the Deputy Commissioner against the order of the Income. Tax Collector levying tax on commissions earned by, managers on the profits of tea gardens. The matter was referred to the solicitors of the association, who held that no appeal tothe High Court would lie against the decision of the Deputy Commissioner. They advised the association to address the Go- vernment on the subject of the levying of such tax. This course was taken, but no definite’ reply had been received. The following reply was received from the Chief Commissioner of Assam with respect to the representation of the association and on the draft settlement rules for the province of Assam :— “Ag regards the rights of settlement-holders over Jury 2, 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 33 timber and other forest produce on pottah lands, the new settlement rules introduced no change, as the Government hus always asserted its right over reserved trees, and the clause in the pottah now objected to was prescribed in its present form so far back as 1883. The apprehensions expressed in the Association’s letter were, therefore, groundless, and the Chief Commissioner hoped that endeavours would be made to remove them as far as possible.” At the request of Mr. Williamson, of Messrs. Finlay, Muir and Co,, a special meeting of the general com- mittee was held on the 8th September to consider the question of railway communication between Bengal and Cachar, the result of which was a letter to Government drawing attention to resolution No. 868 R. C., dated 25th August, the decision contained in which the general committee thought most un. fortunate, as an ample supply of labour was required at the tea districts, and to secure this desideratum a railway was what was needed, After pointing out that by the construction of this railway the journey between Cachar and Calcutta would be reduced to two days, and that its importance was incalculable in the matter of the transit of labour and the reduc- tion of mortality, the committee showed by figures the enormous expansion of the Indian tea trade during the last few years, and the important portion of the crop produced in the districts of Sylhet and Cachar. The committee also drew attention to the probable importance of these districts as being on the line of possible communication with Upper Burmah, so that the railway would serve other purposes than those of a purely commercial character. The reply of the Government of India was to the effect that if was unable to re-consider the question of a guarantee on the outlay on any portion of the proposed scheme or to offer any concessions beyond those named in para 12 of the resolution of 25th August, which mean the grant of the land required for the railway free of charge. The question was accordingly referred to the Indian Tea Districts’ Association of London, in order that the scheme might be brought to the notice of the people in England likely to be able to form a public company for the construc- tion of the line on the terms offered by the Govern- ment of India, In respect to hailstorms in India, the opinion of the District Committees that, even if a scheme of insurance were adopted, the difliculty of estimating the damage inflicted on tea gardens by hail would be great, if not insurmountable, was communicated to the Chamber of Commerce with a request to be informed as to how the in- surance against hailstorms was worked in France, Germany, and England, and by what means the amount of damage to crops was ascertained. Upon _@ veply being received from the Chamber after a reference to England, the general committee ordered the issue of their circular of the 12th December giving extracts from the prospectus of the country Hailstorm Insurance Company, containing certain conditions of insurance which appeared applicable to the insurance of Indian tea. It is understood that the insurance would extend to damage done by hail only and not by wind, water, or other causes, and that the risk would be limited to the “flush” actually damaged by hail, and would not cover any subsequent depreciation of crop through injury done to the bushes, so that it is thought the loss can easily be determined. The inspection of the crop would be performed by the company’s local agent. The Cavhar committee, who have considered the above conditions, are of opinion that they are not applicable to tea gardens, but they say that it is possible the word ‘‘flush” is meant to stand for annual ep in which case the proposals would 5° worth while taking into consideration, On the representation of the general committes, the steam companies had together arranged to place a receiving flat at Lohit Mookh to minimise the rick of sending teas across the main river at Luckimpur, in country boats. The Chief Com- missioner of Assam was also addressed on the subject of opening a road from Lohit Mookh to Kalahari, where it would from a junction with the northern trunk road, and become a direct postal road to north Luckimpur. The scheme of Mr. Con- solo to open a market for Indian tea in Italy fell through owing to the little demand for the commo- dity in that country. The Indian Tea Supply Com- pany was formed during the year for the deyelop- ment of the consumption of Indian tea in India, R3,000 was subscribed by the Association out of the balance of the funds of the late Tea Syndicate towards preliminary expenses, and100 shares were taken ata cost of R1,000 out of the same funds, The company commenced working as soon as 10,000 shares of R10 each had been taken up, and is un. derstood tobe making satisfactory progress in sale of tea in packets. The report also referred to the tea sent to the Brussels Exhibition and the grant of R2,500 made by the Government of India to cover expenses at the Belgian end. The association during the year has represented a planted area of 139,4894 acres, being about the same as the previous year, but as the rate of subscription was reduced at the last annual meeting from one anna to half an anna per acre, the year’s subscriptions have amounted to only R4,400-11-3, while the expenditure has been R6,541-6-0, so that the balance at credit of the association on the 29th of February was reduced to R2,174-9-5.—Times of India, - FOREST CONSERVANCY IN OHYLON.* REPORT OF THE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS FOR 1887. The necessity for the conservation of the forests of Oeylon was first brought into prominent notice in 1873 by Doctor (now Sir Joseph) Hooker, who, on the report of Doctor Thwaites, then Director of the Botanic Gar- dens, Peradeniya, addressed the Secretary of State for the Colonies on the subject of the destruction of the forests in Ceylon,and the evil effects resulting there- from upon climate and upon the natural resources of the Oolony in future generations. The Government of Oeylon had been alive to these evils, and toa certain extent had endeavoured to pro- vide against them, but as forest conservation on a suf- ficient scale demands a considerable expenditure at the outset until the revenue derived renders a Forest De- partment self-supporting, it did not feel itself in a position to grant the necessary supplies for the purpose. Notwithstanding this, efforts were made by the Govern- ment in other directions to mitigate the evils attending indiscriminate salesofland. In 1882, Mr. Vincent, of the Indian Forest Service, was, on the application of the Ceylon Government, deputed by the Government of India to report on the forests of Ceylon. His valu- able report was published as a Sessional Paper, No, 43 of 1882. As the result of this report, and of a desire on the part of the Government to carry out forest conser- vation on a satisfactory basis, an Ordinance was passed in the session of 1885, intituled “ The Forest Ordinance.” The object of this Ordinance and of the rules made underit is, in the first place, to select suitable areas of forest lands and to constitute them State reserved for- ests; tobuy off or to commuteby the grant of land any rights whichthe populationin the vicinity may have acquired ip these lands; to mark off on the ground the boundaries in an unmistakable manner: to place these areas under effective protection ; to improve them by sowing and planting wherever necessary; and, ge- nerally, to introduce system where there had been no * See Review of this report on page 28,—Hp, wa) 34 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jury 2, 1888. . system. Astke result of systematic treatment, it is hoped to guarantee a permanent sustained yield of timber, fuel, and minor forest produce, not only for the existing, but for future generations, to improve the climatic conditions, and by judicious restrictions in re- gard to harmful cultivation to meet the wants, and safeguard the interests of all classes of the com- munity. There can be little doubt of the success of these measures, provided they are carried out with intelligence, fairness, and firmnesson the part of the Government officers, together with an appreciation on the part of the people of the general benefit to the community that the Government has in view. Although the object of the State in the execution ofthe important trust committed toit, both in regard to thewelfare of the present and future generations, is strictly conservative, and has higher aims than the mere acquisition of revenue ; still, judging!from the results of forest conservation in India, the revenue to be derived from proper management is far in excess of the cost of establishments and working. Oeylon has in its forests timber and minor produce of not less value, comparatively, than those of India, where the receipts in the year 1883-4 amounted to £1,052,190, and the clear profit to £403,815. Up to avery recent period tnis valuable State property in Oeylon, more particularly the forest produce, has not been disposed of to the best advantage. The Crown forests have been systematically plundered by a gang of native timber thieves, who, often with the connivance of native headmen, gained a rich harvest, thereby depri- ving the people generally of a revenue which should have passed into the Oolonial Exchequer, and should have thereby benefitted the community at large. An orga- nised Forest Department will in the future aid the Government Agents in securing to the country this im- portant branch of the revenue. Not only are our forests worth preserving for the valuable timber, fuel, and minor produce they contain, and for the employment that forest management pro- vides for a certain proportion of the population; but by judicious conservation, their indirect value as affect- ing the climatic conditions, and therefore the wants and interests of the people generally, will be greatly enhanced. There can be little doubt that forests ren- der climate more equable, increase the relative humi- dity of the air, and possibly augment the rainfall. In tropical countries like Oeylon, where the rain falls at certain seasons only, and then falls in heavy showers. a covering of forest protects the soil from being washed away, and thereby mitigates the silting up of rivers and low lands, In this respect Oeylon has in the past suffered much by denudation. Again, forests regulate the water-supply, insure the sustained yield of springs, and render the flow of water in rivers more continuous ; they reduce the velocity of the wind, and afford protection 1o the neighbouring fields. Further, forests afford shelter to cattle and useful birds, and under suitable treatment improve the healthiness and picturesqueness of the country. : Many instances might be cited of the evil effects of forest denudation in almost every country of the world; but some very striking ones were given in evidence in 1885 before the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Forestry, affording a useful warning of what might happen at no distant date in Oeylon, un- less preventive measures are taken. It was given in evidence by the late Political Agent of Jinjira, in Western India, that that native state, about forty miles long and from fifteen to one hundred miles wide, was at one time entirely covered with forest, but owing to the demands of the city of Bombay, three- fourths of the forest, in consequence of indiscrimi- nate felling, disappeared within seven years, aud the remaining fourth was only saved with difficulty. The result to this native state was simply ruinous, and if unchecked would have deprived it of all its re- sources. Another instance was brought before the notice of the Committee. The district of Ratnagiri, Gfty years ago, used to be the great rice-producing district of the west of India, when there were dense forests extending up to the Western Ghats, In the present day, the conntry up to the crests of the hills has been laid bare of forest growth, and the people complain bitterly of the yield of the rice land below, which has been attributed to the destruction of the forest operating to prevent the water from being stored upon the hillsides: it rums away in violent floods instead of flowing gently over the country. There are parts of Ceylon at this moment, in the Southern and North-Western Provinces and in the Province of Uva, where the havoc of the chena cul- tivator threatens to repeat the disasters of Katnagiri. In the middle of 1887, Mr. A. Thompson, of the Indian Forest Department, was deputed from India to advise the Government of Ceylon on the conservation of its forest. That officer, however, speedily lost his health, and in September of thé same year resigned his appointment. Before leaving the Island he expressed the opinion that the most pressing matters to be un- dertaken were the selection, demarcation, survey, and settlement of reserved forests. Mr. Thompson, owing, it is presumed, to want of time, left behind him no scheme of operations for the coming year. On his de- parture in October the Surveyor-General was appointed Acting Conservator of Forests in addition to hisown duties. One of the most important matters that the Acting Conservator had to submit for the instruction of Government was the position of Foresters in relation to the Government Agents and the newly-created appoint- ment of Conservator of Forests. There is much to be said from a technical and departmental point of view in favour of Foresters being entirely under the control of the Conservator of Forests; and, on the other hand, there is a good deal that may be adduced from a political point ot view in favour of placing the Foresters under the Government Agent, From a technical point of view it is of the first necessity that the working of the forests and the cultural operations connected therewith in order to ensure the proper continuity of the work, should be considered solely the business of the Conservator of Forests, subject of course, to the supervision of Government. This reason alone might by many be considered sufficient cause for the Forest Officers to be placed beyond possibility of interference by Go- vernment Agents. On the other hand, from a politi- cal point of view, it might be very properly urged that a Forest Department, working entirely without the knowledge of the Government Agent, might be neglectful of the interest and requirements of the peon's, and be prone to press the provisions of the orest Law too hardly against them. With these chief considerations in view, I submit- ted to Government that a middle course was advis- able, and that the Forester of a Province should carry out the various forest works of demarcation, conser- vation, cultural treatment, &c. (as agreed upon an- nually by the Government Agent and the Oonservator of Forests, and approved by Government) under the authority and protection of the Government Agent, while in administrative matters connected with disci- pline, pay, promotion, transfer, &c., he should be di- rectly under the Oonservator of Forests. By this dual subordination, provided the Government Agent and Conservator of Forests worked harmoniously together and co-operated towards the common end both have in view, I ‘conceived that the interests of both forest conservation and of the people would be met, in that the just demand and requirements of forest conservancy will be attended to under the full authority of the head of the Province, while full control over the Departmental finance and over the organisation and technical part of the work, is reserved to the Conservator of Forests, Government was pleased tc approve of this recomendation. The matter next in importance was to draw up a project of operations for 1888, The Acting Conser- vator of Forests placed himself in communication with the Government Agents, and after learning their views drew up the following plan of operations for — the year 1888 under the respective heading of—(a) Forest Demarcation, (b) Timber and Firewood Supply. (c) Re-afforestation, (d) Extra Establishment, The plan of operations was sanctioned by Government in March, 1888, Jury 2, 1888,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, | 35 nen (4) Demarcation.—This subject is considered to be of primary importance, because, until the forests are selected for reservation, and the rights of the neighbouring poulation judicially inquired into and settled, and the forest boundaries properly defined and marked out on the ground, the law for their protection against encroachment and illicit felling Cannot be satisfacctorily enforced. It was therefore recommended to Government that the surveys re- quired as preliminary to the examination of claims, and for the demarcation of boundaries on the ground should be actively proceeded with so far as the rsources of the Survey Department would allow. It was further represented that the first measures of forest conservation should be directed to the neighbourhood of the large cities and towns, where, owing to the requirements of a dense population, the forest is rapidly disappearing for want of effective protection. At the same time, the firewood supply for the railway, both as it exists at the present and its probable requirements in the future, must not be lost sight of. It was submitted to Government that, speak- ing generally, there is no immediate necessity to de- marcate the forests in the vast tracts which cover the whole face of the Northern, Eastern, and North-Central Provinces, as these are less open to encroachment, but that all available strength should be concentrated for the present on theremaining provinces, In the event of this suggestion meeting with the approval of Gov- ernment it was proposed, in the Western Province, to demarcate the Mitirigala and Kananpella forests, both of them important from their situation near to Colombo on the banks of the Kelani. The survey of the Kelani reserve, which was commenced in 1887, will, it is hoped, be completed in 1888. Nearly the whole of that part of the so-called reserve which lies in the Central Pro- vince is found to be almost non-existent; while that part which lies in the Western Province will only be of value as a climate reserve. The rest has disap- peared before the squatter and chena cultivator. With regard to the large surveys carried out under the Adam’s Peak range in the villages of Gilimale and Bambarabotuwa, the plans of which are now ready, it will be for Government to determine what parts of the forest shonld be reserved for climatic and timber pur- poses, and what should be sold. When this is done, the reserved forest should at once be demarcated and the rights of the natives determined and judicially settlea. In the North-Western Province it is proposed to demarcate important reserves just outside the towns of Puttalam, Kurnnegala, and Chilaw, as a first step. There are other important forests in this Province which must be demarcated at an early date, before they become a ‘prey tothe chena cultivator. In the Centrai Province there is work to be done in the selection and demarcation of forests in the Matale District, while in the Nuwara Eliya District the importance of maintaining the boundaries of Crown forests against encroachment becomes more and more marked. In the Northern Province it is desirable to select aud demarcate several thousand acres as a reserved forest within accessible distance of the town of Jatfna. (6) Timper and Firrwoop Suppty.—By con- sensus of opinion among the Government Agents, the present system of allowing timber to be cut in Orown forests by contractors for the use of the Public Works Department or by private individuals on permit is universally condemned, as little or no check can be exercised, and the revenue fails to get the value of the timber carried away. It is proposed to introduce an entire change in the system, or want of system, and in lieu of it to establish depots at the chief centres where there is a sufficient local demand for timber and firewood to warrant the exponse of their establishment. The trees in demand for timber will then be felled as they arrive at maturity, allowed to season, and be trans- ported to the depot to be sawn to the best advantage. Inecutting out these trees there will be much branch wood which has hitherto been left to decay in the forest, but which will now be brought to depst for sale as firewood. By thus utilising every part of the tree, Waethor cut down for timber, or in thinning out, orin opening out the necessary cart tracks, there is little dowbt that considerable revenue will be derived, Moreover, the firewood supply being undertaken by the Forest Department, traders and their coolies will be kept out of the Crown forests which they have been accustomed to rob wilh impunity. It may be well here to mention that there seems a tendency in some places to fell timber before it arrives at maturity. In_ this green state timber Jacks strength and durability, is more susceptible to dampness and to the attack of white ants, and is especially liable to split while seasoning, Where firewood is sold by weight there is an especial tendency to fel] in the green state, for then the fire. wood is much heavier than when mature, There is a certain age at which a tree reaches its maximum weight; after that it loses in weight but gains in strength and durability until the age of maturity is reached. Further, it is proposed, that instead of, as hereto- fore, the Government Agents felling separately, each for his own Province and without reference to the others, the annual felling should be regulated by the Conservator of Forests in communication with Go- vernment Agents according to the demands for Go- vernment use, the local demands of the publio, and for export, In this way the balance between demand and supply will be better maintained. — It is proposed to have two main depdts, one at Oo- lombo and oneon the east coast. To the former depdt would be consigned all ebony, the best satinwood, and the better classes of cabinet woods, such as find favour for use in the capital or for export to Bombay, Ohina, or England; while at the latter depét would be sald such woods of the better classes as are in demand at Madras, but whose prices would not bear the cost of freight to Colombo. All inferior logs of cabi- net woods and other timber of inferior sorts should be sold locally. The principle of this arrangement may be sum- marised, that all superior classes of timber should be sold at Colombo when competition is rifest, while the inferior classes that would not pay the cost of transport should be disposed of locally, During the year 1888 it is proposed to establish depots at the following places :— F Oolombo Western Province......... Y catutara (later on) North-Western Province } seorinesels Northern Province ont Jaffna ‘ a North-Oentral Province eee ee (Eastern Province) Eastern Province Batticaloa Southern Province .. Galle . Nuwara Eliya, Nanuoya, Central Province } Kandy, Matale Province of Uva «» Badulla, Haputale The question of supplying sleepers to the railway will have serious attention. The woods of Oeylon have not had a fair trial up to the present time, and it is very important that we should, if possible, meet the demand for sleepers from our local resources. Palai (MJimusops indica) and Kumbuk (Terminalia glabra), which are most abundant in this Island, would, it is believed, be excellent woods for sleepers, and there are several others deserving of trial. ; (c) KRk-APFORESTATION AND OONSERVATION.—It is the opinion of experts that questions of re-afforestation may, speaking generally, wait in this country until the more necessary measures of demarcation have made progress. In regard to re-afforestation there seems to be some misapprehension. It appears to be supposed that any kind of tree, whether indigenous or exotic, only requires to be put into the ground in order to grow. No greater mistake could be made, and disap- pointment and waste of money can only result from any such treatment. Some seedlings require sun, others shade; while soil, aspect, climate and altitude hav i l to be taken into account in determining what species will thrive in a given place. Projects of re-afforesta- tion must be very carefully considered, and nothing done with precipitation. One great defect hitherto is, that some of the plantations in this country are neg- cted after they are once started, and for want of the 46 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Juty 2, 1888. Ls SS ee requisite thinnings the young trees have grown up weakly, and are of little value in consequence. This is, of course, due to the want of the necessary es- tablishment to look after the trees until they have became well started; but it is none the less an un- fortunate circumstance, As a rule, it is desirable to take up large areas rather than small for re-afforesta- tion--say, not less than 600 acres—to fence it in properly in proportion asit is planted, and not to spare labour until the young trees are well established. Small areas incapable of extension are costly in su- pervision. Indigenous timbers should be cultivated in preference to exotic, except in special localities. The mainstay of our work for some years should be the planting of the species which are known to thrive and produce good serviceable timber in the localities where they are to be planted. Many of our forests have been overworked, and require rest ; forinstance, in parts of the Hastern Province, it will be the duty of the Forester to make a careful survey of such forests, so as to determine the period of rest, to examine what prospects there are of seedlings of the better species growing up, or, if not, what areas should be replanted, and with what species. I do not quite share the view held by Mr. Vincent that repro- duction is generally bad in this country. On the contrary, I have been much surprised at the way in which satin and halmilla, two of our most important trees, reproduce themselves vigorously in unex- pected places, such as on the borders of chena lands or in places where the leaf canopy has been destroyed, and light accidentally let into the forest: given, of course, that the conditions in other respects are favourable to the growth of these species. In some of the ebony forests, too, the reproduction is satisfactory. All that is required is the establishement necessary to assist the saplings, and by fellings to preserve them from being choked by inferior species. With respect to the conservation and working of the forests, we shall, until the surveys and demarcation are complete, have to limit our cul- tural operations of the system known as that of natural regeneration, whereby the trees are only grad- ually removed as they arrive at maturity, soas to effect the regeneration of the forest by seed inthe natural way, and to afford protection fora time to the young growth. With this cultural treatment we must combine the mode of working by compartments, whereby all the different compartments included in a forest are worked annually in rotationand given complete rest during the remainder of the period, so as to admit of their being properly protected during the years of reproduction. By this arrangement timber-cutters and coolies will be prevented from indis- criminate felling over the whole forest, which has done so much harm in the past. (2) Extra Establishmenis.—As it is most important to check the illicit felling, which goes on unimpeded more or less over the whole Island, itis proposed to augment the present establishment by adding to it river- watchers, forest-rangers, and forest-guards, in order to help in the detection of these malpractices, and to bring them to official notice. F. C. H. OLanxgn, Actg. Conservator of Forests, Office of the Conservator of Forests, Oolombo, April 14th, 1888.

—— AN AGREEABLE DISINFECTANT. To most of our readers the very words ‘“ disin- fectant,”’ ‘“deodorizant,” and “antiseptic” are at once suggestive of some unpleasant, not to say re- pulsive, chemical compound, of a more or Jess caustic, poisonous character, with a “smell about it,” too, of the class best described as repellent. Whatever the practical value of any commercial “ disinfectant ” may be, from a sanitary point of view, its immediate influence upon the noses and the nerves of those exposed to its vapour is often scarcely less objection- able than that of the decomposing organic matter whose evils it is persumably intended to neutralize or counteract. ; How many persons, we wonder, really like “carbolic acid,” or ‘‘coal tar,’ in any form, or can refrain from shuddering when chloride of lime or bleaching-powder is to the fore? Even Lalvarragne’s disinfectant, not quite so coarsely bad-smelling as bleaching-powder, is too much for some people, and it seems really to be generally characteristic of this kind of disinfectants that they should exhale a smell of almost cadaveric nature, which readily blends with the sickening ema- uations arising from the close atmosphere of illness, ox the chamber of death. Ordinary perfumes have but little power to over- come or mask miasmatic smells of this kind,and they were certainly powerless to destroy them, or to para- lyse theiy subtly-dangerous germs of disease In ‘ Bucalyplia,” however—a highly rectified prepa- ration of the essential oil distilled from the leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus—Messrs, Borroughes, Wellcome & Oo,, of Snow Hill Buildings, E. C., have now pro- vided us with a novel and really agreeable disinfectant and antiseptic which, we believe, only needs to be better known to be exceedingly popwar amongst medical men, druggists, and undertakers, as well as with the public generally, during those periods of ill- ness and dissolution which comes to every household in turn, Eucalyptia is a fragrant, refreshing, volatile oil, which, according to the report of a well-known hy- gienic authority—Professor Lascelles-Scott—exerts an antiseptic and anti-zymotic action, which, weight for weight, is nearly four times as powerful as that of crystallized carbolic acid, and, therefore, in common pariance, is from twenty to forty times as strong a disinfectant as the fluid carbolic acid of commerce. Unlike this poisonous, acid, however—the cause of so many accidental deaths and suicides every year—eucalyp- tia’ is not deleterious; it may be taken internally without danger (and, indeed, is frequently so admi- nistered with great benefit); it may be rubbed upon the skin, and no blistering or cauterization takes place, and, consequently, there is no great harm done even if it be “left about,” and “the children get at it.”” A few drops diffused in spray quickly renders the air of a close apartment wholesome and _ respir- able again, and in every case of death a little should be applied upon and around the corpse, which will then retain its colour; form, and freedom from putre- faction for a comparatively long time. Of course, this is a great safeguard to the health of the living inmates of the house. The term “Eucalyptus” has been much abused of late years, and the oil mostly in the market is of a very mixed description, being now often distilled from any and all varieties which happen to be handy. We uuderstand, however, that most of the other kinds are comparatively devoid of Euealyptol—the active principle—but Messrs. Bur- roughes, Wellcome & Co,, have been at much trouble to ensure that their Eucalyptia is prepared from the oil of the Eucalyptus Globulus only.—Indiarubber and Guttapercha Journal. - ee Apvurtizing Cxryton Tzs.—A firm of London brokers sends us a large poster which they acciden- tally came across, but which shows the eagerness with which distributors are buying Ceylon tea be- fore the public. The poster is in flaming red and blue letters, and runs thus :— Qo-operative stores Ceylon tea at 254d unknown in England nine years ago. é Ceylon tea at 2s 4d, 14,000,0001b. sold last year in England. ; Ceylon tea at 2s 4d, is fresh and fragrant at the © stores. : Oeylon tea at 2s 4d, is sold at all the Branches. é Ceylon tea at 28 4d, it is impossible to buy a better at the price. Oeylon tea at 2s 4d, is full in colour, flayour, and — strength. : Ceylon tea at 2s 4d at the Co-operative stores, where the profits are divided with the purchasers. a Assam TRADE means in a very great measure trade in Assam tea, and accordingly it is to the evidence it gives of development in this direction — that we mostly look in the recently issued records — of river-borne trade for the Province. Some yearsago — only 337,000 maunds were exported from the Brahma- — putra Valley, and 196,000 from theValley of the — Surma; whereas last year the total export in the case of the former was 461,000 maunds, and in that of the latter of 313,000. In the Brahmaputra Valley the — prices fell to some extent; but, despite this, both the quantity and the value of the export over the whole of Assam was greater than the outturn of any previous year of which there is a record. — Clearly, the rapid advance which the Ceylon leaf is making in the markets of Europe has not as — yet at any rate had any prejudicial effect on the prospects of the industry in Assam.—Pioneer. [As yet there is evidently room for both, and we trus that demand may increase, so that there always, will be—Ep. 7’. d.] stfe JANUARY 3, 1889.] MANURE FOR GRAPE VINES. On the subject of manuring grape vines a writer in the New York Yribune gives the following infor- mation :—‘‘ Good stable manure thoroughly rotted is the best invigorator for grapes; whetber organic fertilizers are best for health and longevity of the vine is another question. Application of bones to the grape border is of the greatest importance, as careful examination of the roots willprove. Ground or broken bone is preferable to the material in an unbroken condition, as it allows of a more even dis- tribution and hastens disintegration. Vineroots, how- ever, will push a long distance in a straight line to obtain this much-coveted food. Some years since in removing & vine it was found that the reots on one side were much stronger than the others, and curiosity as to the cause instigated a careful search for the extremities or feeding rootlets. After several feet had been uncovered the bones of a dead animal were un- earthed, but they were so completely covered with a perfect network of small fibres as to be almost indistin- guishable. These rootlets had penetrated into very crack or inequality of the bones, which evidently had been of great service as food for the plant. Beyond question iron in the soil is of great benefit for colouring the fruit. Iron filings and turnings answer an excellent purpose, and the effect may be noticeable the first season after application, Above all else the sweepings of a blacksmith’s shop have given excellent results, as we then secure manure in a concentrated form and of a variety of constituents—the horse-droopings, hoof-. parings, iron-fillings, &¢., combine to form a powerful fertilizer. Perhaps no other plant is more quickly benefited by the contents of the washtubs every week. It is a mild solution of potash, and appears to be greedily absorbed at once. A plentiful allowance of wood-ashes forked in the soil in spring pays well in the crop of fruit. It may not destroy mildew on the foliage as some-claim, but it will certainly in- vigorate the plant.—Adelaide Observer. - > - SUCOESSFUL POULTRY RAISING, Mr, Oharles Lyman, a successful raiser of poultry, writes as follows :—‘‘ In raising poultry or stock of many | kind it should-be the aim of every one to keep it healthy and improve it. You can do it very easily by adopting some systematic rule.” These may be summed up in brief as follows :— 1. Construct your house good and warm, so as to avoid damp floors and afford a flood of sunlight. Sun- shine is better than medicine. 2. Provide a dusting and seratching place where on can bury wheatand corn and thus induce the fowls to take the needful exercise. 8. Provide yourself with some good, healthy chickens, none to be over three or four years old, giving one cock to every twelve hens. 4, Give plenty of fresh air at all times, especially in summer. 5. Give plenty of fresh water daily, and never allow the fowls to go thirsty. 6. Feed them systematically two or three times a day; and scatter the food, so they can’t eat too fast or with- out proper exercise. Do not feed more than they will eat up clean, or they will get fired of that kind of feed. ~ 7. Give them a variety of both dry and cooked feed; a mixture of cooked meat and vegetables is an excellent thing for their morning meal. 8. Give soft feed in the morning and the whole grain at night except a little wheat or cracked corn i in the scratching places to give them exercise uring the day. 9. Above all things, keep the house clean and well ventilated. 10. Do not crowd too many in one house; do, look ont for disease, 11. Use carbolic powder occasionally in the dusting bins to distory lice. 12. Wash your roosts and bottom of laying nests, and whitewash once a week in summer and once a if you month in winter. ; 58 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 457 13. Let the old and young have as large a rang as possible—the larger the better. 14. Don’t breed too many kinds of fowls at the same time, unless you are going into the business. Three or four will give you your hands full. 15. Introduce new blood into your stock every year or so, by either buying a cockerel or settings of eggs from some reliable breeder, 16. In buying birds or eggs, go to some reliable breeder who has his reputation at stake. You may have to pay a little more for birds, but you can de- pend on what you get. Culls are not cheap at any price. 17. Save the best birds for next year’s breeding, and send the others to market. In shipping fancy poultry to market send it dressed.—Standard American Poultry Look, oo ee eee THE ORANGE PESTIN AMERIOA: VISIT OF A SPECIALIST TO SOUTH AUSTRALIA. By the last mail arrived in South Australia Mr. Albert Keebele, Assistant Entomologist to the United States Department of Agriculture, deputed by that body to visit Australia and enquire into the history and habits of the Icerya Purchasii and its parasites, as well as to pick up information generally concer- ning all kinds of coccidze and other pests affecting the industrial products of the colonists. Mr. Kcobele is at present living at Botanic House, North-terrace, opposite the Botanic Garden, where he will- be very glad to receive information as to where specimens of Icerya particularly and other coccids (scales, &c.) generally can be seen; or those at a distance who feel willing to help bim in his mission can send specimens. ‘The Icerya Purchasii, it may he remembered, was supposed to have been introduced at the Oape of Good Hope some few years back, and within a very short time it increased s0_ enor- mously that the insects utterly destroyed all the orange-trees in that colony, from which trees prévi- ously the colonists had derived a very considerable revenue. Not only did it attack the orange-trees, but many other plants also, and nothing could be done to resist its ravages. Finally, the Cape Govern- ment interdicted the introduction from Australia of all kinds of acacia and other trees and plants; but the mischief was already completed, and nothing can now be done unless they introduce the parasites which in Australia keep the coccidw somewhat in check, This course was suggested by our Agricultural Editor to Mr. P. van der Byl, a member of the Cape Legislature, who visited this colony, and he expressed an intention of getting this idea carried out, though up to now no steps have been taken in that direction. Since the ruin of the orange orchards of the Cape of Good Hope the Icerya Pur- chasiti has appeared in the Southern States of Cali- fornia, and at Santa Clara, where it firet ap- peared, the trees are in a dreadful state. They are so loaded with the insects as to appear a white mass, visible at a long distance, and all over the States the Icerya is spreading so alarmingly that it is only a question of a very short time when tho trees will be all dead unless the natural enemy of the insect can be introduced, It is due to Mr. Frazer §,. Crawford of this colony that the discovery was made of this parasite, which proved to be a minute two-winged fly, which deposits its eggs within the body of the Icerya. The eggs produce maggots which live upon the juices of their host, ultimately change into chrysalides, and finally emerge as flies, which again attach fresh coccids, Mr. Crawford was unable to successfully introduce the infected Icerya to California, but after several trials he got some specimens of a much larger coccid (named Monophimbus) to California, and from these a number of the parasitic flies were hatched. But it is possible that the parasites of the Monophlwbus are of a different species (or perhaps even genus) to those of the lcerya, because they would not attack the loerya in California, though 458 et a ee eennensinecestieesincienieenneeie ee eee oneal THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JaNuary 1, 1889. 0) placed under all sorts of circumstances considered t_ be favourable. Meantime, the United States Depart_ ment of Agriculture has been most active in en deavouring to find a remedy, and some degree of success was attained when the orchardists employed certain insecticides, applied by means of the cyclone nozzle, which has been found so useful in this colony. But this was found to be very expensive to spray twice at least every season, and the spraying only killed the insects then upon the trees, and, of course, gave the plants no immunity from attack by fresh hordes bred upon other plants and trees. Another, and a most dangerous remedy (even in the hands of experts), was found to be effectual for a time. The tree to be treated was covered with a gas-proof tent; a portion of cyanide of potassium was placed in a vessel, and sulphuric acid poured on it. This produced a highly poisonous gas, or fume, immediately fatal to all animal life, This plan is universally condemned on account of its dangerous nature. The success of Mr. Crawford’s experiment with the giant coccid put it into the minds of the United States Commissioners for Agriculture to send over a special delegate to Australia, as before said, with instructions additionally to endeavour to forward the parasite of the Icerya Purchasii to California. He has already visited New Zealand and New South Wales. In the Jatter colony he found two or three specimens of the Monophlebus, but was not fortunate enough to get the parasite on the Icerya. On Wednesday morning, October 3, however, he was shown some orange-trees owned by Mr. John Trewenack, Kent-ter- race, Norwood, upon which a few Icerya exist, and he was delighted to find no less than nine chrysalides of the fly in the body of the first Icerya examined. Two or three more were dissected, and specimens in all stages were found. Mr. Keebele will at once make arrangements for sending as many specimens to Oalifornia as can be obtained, and will follow up by fresh consignments in order that by some means the parasite may be introduced to the infected Cali- fornia orange orchards. That the enterprise may prove successful will, we are sure, be the earnest wish of all South Australian colonists. —Adeiaide Observer. ———- -- -- - -— THE RISE AND POWER OF CAFFEINE. We have now before us the first fruits of the recent successful application to Government for the right to use “‘ denatured ” tea, duty free, for munufacturing purposes, in the form of a very fine specimen of the alkaloid caffeine, prepared, from the material named, during the present month, under the new conditions, says the British and Colonial Druggist. The compound is superior in appearance to most of the imported brands, and is in the form of pure, white silky acicular crystals, resembling when in bulk, quinine, and possessing like that principle, though in a less degree, a bitter taste. As the subject of the prepar- ation of caffeine in England from damaged tea, and the consequent probable impetus to the therapeutical use of the alkaloid, have attracted considerable attention recently, both in medical, pharmaceutical, and general circles, we propose to follow our sketch of the agitation, with a summary of the present state of our knowledge as regards the chemistry and therapeutics of caffeine itself. The alkaloid caffeine, which is identical, chemically and physiologically with theine and with guaraniue, is remarkable in containing more nitrogen in its molecule than any other known alkaloid except theobromine, being represented empirically by the formula ©,H,,N,0,. Ooncering its constitution —a factor of very considerable theoretical and some practical interest in the case of all such bodies—two theories have been advanced; one by Medicus, in 1875, and the other by Emil Fischer, in 1882. That of the Jatter investigator accords best with the nature of the decomposition products of the principle, and is graphically exhibited as follows Me. N — OH | I OG ONCH, Pe CO | > Me. N — O=N. Caffeine may be prepared from tea by one of at least three processes, viz., (1) by exhausting with boil- ing water, removing tanuin with lead subacetate, and excess of the latter with sul phuretted hydrogen evaporating and crystalizing; (2) by filtering an aqueous decoction, evaporating to a syrup, mixing with slacked lime, and extractiag with chloroform; or (3) by evaporating the filtered decoction with oxide of lead, adding carbonate of potassium to the syrupy product, and extracting with alcohol. The pure alkaloid is only slightly soluble in water (1.35 bart in 100 at 60°F), less in alcohol, and still lessin either (0:044 parts in 100 at 609 F.). It is most soluble in chloroform, a hundred parts of which, at the normal temperature, take up 13 parts of caffeine. With regard to its physiological properties, Dr. Julius Lehmann carried ont a series of experiments and published the results in 1853. He chiefly directed his attention to the influence of the principle upon the functions of the kidneys, which his investigations showed were intensified in a marked degree by the administration of coffee or of cafieine. After 4 number of tabular statements of the effects of coffee drinking upon the quantity of the urine and the pro- portion of its constituents, he says:— The influence upon the organism of daily 4 grain doses caffeine was, save an increased activity of the heart, not observable. Later, therefore, I gave G. M. (one of his provers) 8 grains daily, which induced a more frequent pulse, strong action of the heart, tremors and continual desire to urinate, though only small quantities of urine could be passed. At the same time the imagination was. much excited, and subsequently confusion of thought, visions and especi- ally a peculiar intoxication followed, succeeded by a profound sleep. Lehmann also concluded that caffeine exerted a retarding influence upon tissue change. Gubler, Shapter, Leech and others also proved it to act promptly as a diuretic, simultaneously reducing the pulse rate. Its effects upon this organ are ascribed to a direct action upon the nervous system thereof. — In its physiological influence, caffeine seems to resemble alcohol more than any drug, as it directly — stimulates the whole nervous, muscular and vascular — systems; yet it is a curious phenomenon that it — prevents and moderates alcoholic intoxication, so that — notonly can more wine or spirits, etc., be imbibed, — without symptons of poisoning, if coffee or any liquid containing caffeine be taken with them, but a strong dose of the same alkaloid will entirely avert or moderate an approaching condition of alcoholism. These results are valuable and noteworthy in that they were obtained by observation of the influence of — the principle upon perfectly healthy and robust Organisms, and not upon those more or less abnormal from the touch of disease. But from the clinical — investigations already made, though not in very great — numbers, caffeine would seem destined to play an — important part in the relief of suffering and in the ~ saving of life. It has proved an efficient remedy — in certain dropsical conditions associated with affections of the heart. Milliken, Brakenridge, Huchard and ~ others relate instances in which it has rescued — patients from the jaws of a threatening and imminent — death by its direct stimulant effect upon those won- ~ derful ganglia which act as generating cells of nerve force for the supply of motive power to the heart. In atonic dyspepsia, in melancholia, and in other nervous affections associated with the conditions of — our much belauded nineteenth century civilization, caffeine has proved a useful remedy, and in it the vast increasing army of those who “coin their brains into gold,” often ata rate which the recupe- rative power of nature vainly strives to compensate JANUARY 1, 1889.] [nn will find a source of that mental exaltation and intel- lectual stimnlus which are so often required most, when the overstrained faculties are beginning to re- venge themselves for long years of unrelaxing tension and of inflexible abuse.—O7l, Paint and Drug Reporter. woe eee THE DECCAN VILLAGER AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA. Whoever amongst us here—if we except Sir Ed- ward Buck and his intimate disciples—who wants to learn more than he knows at present about Indian ploughs had better read an essay on the subject by Sir George Birdwood in the Asiatic Review for Oc- tober. One must, at all events, be a great deal in the fields and avery closo observer of native ways to have picked up all the details with which this article is enriched without being overladen, for it is a long, imaginative and picturesque article—very charming withal in its delightful heterodoxy when it touches any economic problem, and it tells the reader a good deal more about the real life of the Deccan peasant than he will be able to glean from statistical ab- stracts or progress reports that calculate out his hap- piness or his misery, as the case may be, to several places of decimals. The essay found an echo at once in the Times which published a leader on the 10th October, perfumed, so to speak, with memories of rural Bengal and eloquent concerning the great Par Indica, which careless newspaper readers were so apt to forget while fretted with telegrams about the Black Mountain or Sikkim—mere frothy disturbances on the fringe of the profound calm within. Sir George Bird- wood has been inspired to sing the idyll of “The Mabratta plough’? by some Pandit of progress who addressed the Hast India Association a few months ago on the subject of agricultural improvement in India. Sir George scornfully ridicules the idea that the Indian agriculturist can be brought into improved relations with the fields he has cherished through im- memorial antiquity by the British manufacturers of steam-digging machinery. He tells the tale of such a piece of machinery brought into one of the Native States in the Bombay Presidency—led out to its work in the black cotton soil wreathed with flowers and scented with attar of roses. It snorted and shrieked and moved forward and sank in the yielding earth and foundered there, so that it could neither move forward nor backward. Ultimately it had to be taken to pieces, and the share was painted red and set up in the village asa /ingamto serve as a symbol of Ma- hadeo. The real plough of the Mahratta peasant is a piece of apparatus he can buy to begin with for five shillings, and carry home with him when his day’s work is done under his arm. Once some native ploughs were photographed for a firm of Hnglish agricultural instrument makers that they might see if they could not reproduce them cheaply an! undersell the native maker. “It was an evil hope,” says Sir George, “and fortunately there is no chance of its ever being ful- filled.” Soothed by the thoroughly Indian atmosphere of this essay, what reader will fail to sympathise with the writer’s feeling, and yet how few of the efforts to improve India by bringing over European manu- factures could oscape the charge on similar principles of being animated by “evil hopes!’ If it is evil to undersell the Indian maker of plonghs, how are we to applaud the underseller of Bombay cottons or Oudh hardware? To undersell your neighbour is the lead- ing commandment of the great gospel of competi- tion; and only when everybody has beaten everybody else out of the field of industry does the improve- ment of the commercial enthusiast culminate in the universal prostration which is apparently identical—in éconon: ¢ philosophy—with universal prosperity. The Mabhratta country is described by Sir George Birdwood with affectionate prolixity in all ita geogra- hical details, but the picture he gives of the peasant’s if is the more truly interesting part of his ossay. The scene is so vividly described one cannot help seciny the fignres of the Deccan village that the writer has imagined so intensely, “The firat sound heard aiter the deep stillness of the night, just before the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 459 dawn, is of the house-father, who having on rising worshipped the family gods, is moving about quietly with his head and shoulders still wrapped in his chaddar, rousing up the bullocks and oxen. Then, having got the cattle out and lit his cigarette of tobacco rolled up in a leaf of the apta and taken up his breakfast of jowari or bajri cakes cooked the night before and tied up with an onion or some pickle overnight by his wife, he strolls off at daybreak with his oxen before him to his fields, . .” And then the women's work at home is described, and how they go out to the men in the fields at midday with a dinner of pulse porridge. “The cultivators within hail of each other generally take this meal together... so from half an hour to an hour is spent,” and then the men lie down and sleep for a while, and then work again and go home at sunset “in long winding lines to- wards their respective villages, walking along leisurely, chatting and laughing, and always keeping their oxen before them. Then, tying up the cattle after bathing and again worshipping the household gods, the hus- band at eight o’clock has his supper of pulse porridge. After this the social life within the village suddenly bursts into its brightest and happiest activity. The temples of the gods are visited, namely, of Mahadeo the great god, meaning Siva, and Bhairava, and incar- nation of Siva, and Hanuman. In Western, Southern and Central India Hanuman is everywhere the favourite local divinity of the lower agricultural classes, whose innocent gaiety of heart, so promptly responsive to all the pleasanter conditions of their life, he precisely personifies.” So the description proceeds, and at greater length than will allow of quotation we are told of the various village festivals, and of the appearance and dresses of the women, and of the temple customs, and of the consultations with the astrologer about the right days for sowing the various crops. It all works up to a most timely and admirable peroration directed in scorn at the intermeddlers who prate about ‘ Un- happy India” and get their meagre stock of false con- ceptions about the country from statistical abstracts and Blue Books. “Unhappy India indeed! I might rather bemoan the unhappiness of England, where faith hag no fixed centre of authority; where political factions rage so furiously that men seem to have lost all sense of personal shame, confusing right with wrong and wrong with right, and excusing the vilest treasons against the State on the plea of party neces- sity.” Bravo! It is rather an unexpected moral to deduce from the study of the Mahratta plough, but good straight hitting none less the less, and further recommended, no doubt, to general consumption by the facility with which everybody in England who reads the passage will applausively apply it to the people on the other side. But on India, exempt from the feverish torments of the steam-plough, competi- tion, and democracy, we need merely graze quietly in artistic appreciation. ‘Happy India! where all men may still possess themselves in natural sufficiency and contentment and freely find their highest joys in the spiritual beliefs, or let it be illusions, which have transformed their trades’ union village organisation into a veritable civitus dei’ Of course there is an element of msthetic extravagauce in all this, and no subject lends itself more readily to the cruel sneers of the cynic than the idyllic life of the Indian ryot. The dissolving view, as we turn from the one line of treatment to the other, mightshow us the dinner, so lately enjoyed by a merry group under the shade of a tree—a mockery of hunger with the spectre of famine lurking in some not distant lair. The pretty domestic picture might be stained by some barbarous customs, and the routine of the house-father’s devo- tions be variegated by sacrifices of rather too sensa- tional an order. We neod not override our conviction that everything which has the sanction of native usage is for the best in the best of all possible Ma- harashtras; and since they dida’t know everything even down io Judee,” so it is unlikely that they have a complete grasp of all that can be known about the resources of agriculture even in the Deccan Steam- ploughs may founder in tho black cotton soil, but, 466 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JANUARY 1, 1889. EN EE SSS on the other hand, a nangar would not do much in some other parts of India to extirpate the deeply-rooted grasses that may devastate agricultural area as fatally as the inroad of the sea. We should not be true to our mission in this country if we did not bring over the steam-plough, always supposing we have the mo- derate commongense to introduce it only to those of the agriculturists of India who have been defeated by the hard conditions of Nature for the want of such anally. It is, in truth, refreshing to Gnd civili- sation abused sometimes and the innocent simplicity of primitive life extolled by an artist admirer like the author of the essay before us; but that is rather because so much sickening twaddle is always pouring forth from the fountains of conventionality in honour of progress and machiuery and competition and free trade, and the other more or less repulsive idols of Western superstition. It is agreeable to hear a totally different note for a change. In their right places civilisation and machinery have their merits, and we should be surprised if even Sir George Birdwood would personally exchange the artificial purlieus of St. James’s Park even for a house-father’s happiness in a Deccan village, with a double allowance of holz festivals and a temple to Hanuman next door. One may most heartily recognise that the Indian ryot is far better off asa human being than the Whitechapel voter—not to speak of his advantages in enjoying a “spiritual faith ’—which is not generally laid on in Whitechapel; but at the same time knowledge comes, though wisdom lingers, and if it has come to us of Great Britian first, we are bound to bring it out—even in the shape of steam-ploughs if necessary—to the Hast, where it is our manifest destiny to do a good deal of ploughing, metaphorically and in all senses of the word. The great blunder that we have to guard against is, of course, the blunder of supposing that ipso fucto we are doing good when we root up some Indian custom without regard to anything but our own usage and plant a European one in its place. For its value against that sort of thing and against the unholy nonsense of the universal competition creed, with which unhappily the policy of Great Britain is but too generally infected, we may cordially welcome such aching as that of Sir George Birdwood’s essay.— Pioneer. —_—————_—__————__—— SOME OF THE FIBRES OF FIJI. TO THE EDITOR OF THE FIJI TIMES. Banana Fisre.—ihe average monthly export of bananas from this Colony has now reached the figure of about 40,000 bunches. As is well known, the trunk of this plant is cut down immediately after the ripe fruit has been gathered; and, up to the present time, no use has been found for it other than a doubtful manure, having a strong tendency to make the soil sour, owing to its moisture-retaining propensities. Added to the 40,000 trunks removed from which marketable bunches have been collected, an additional 3,000 are probably cut down bearing defective and small bunches. Approximately, taking each stem or trunk to produce say three pounds fibrous and cellulose matter, the total paper-making material from this source alone would reach the surprising quantity of 57 tous for the month. I need not dwell upon the benefit the Colony would derive from this article being turned to use, and when it is borne in mind that the cost of production is nil, there appears tome that from this product alone the profits to be derived fromm the fruit-growing industry could be largely supplemented, and that an article, now wasting, could be turned to good account. A process was patented in [ngland by Berry in 1838, and another by Newton, in 1852, for the manufacture of paper from this fibre. The paper was of excellent quality and of good repute, but the raw materials were difficult to obtain. Several methods by which the water can be removed have been suggested, such as even the common mangle; but as the exent of cultivation and the circumstances of the growers will of necessity vary, I will leave this to the experiment of those interested. Ai masi bark, or the bark of e Broussonetia papyrifera, met with particular enquiries. From this bark, the celebrated native cloth, which has attracted much attention to this and adjacent groups, is made; and, in the hands of practical men, the excellency of its fibre is readily discovered. It is said, and with good reason, that its paper mak- ing qualities are better than cotton and perhaps superior to any other material for the manufacture of what is termed vegetable parchment. In fact, even for this purpose it is not used without a mix- ture of inferior substances. Now, Sir, with our languishing industries, a profitable employment of capital aad labor could be found in the growing and exporting of this article; and although I am not at present at liberty to quote the price that may be obtained for it f.0.b. ship in Fiji—suffice it to say that the figure named appeared to me to be remunerative, considering the simple nature of the cultivation of the plant; its rapid growth; its repro- ductiveness and the facility with which the bark can be gathered independent of the seasons and localities of the group. Vau bark, or the bark of the Hibiscus tiliaceus is another valuable article and can be obtained in Jarge quantities at the mere cost of gathering. Its fibres are highly prized, as being useful for textile fabrics ; and it has been manufactured into a high-class paper in other parts of the world, and has supplied the natives of these seas with the material from which their cordage has been made. It grows most luxuriantly on our sea shores as well as in the interior of the islands, and would therefore be accessible to the native population in every district of Fiji. Pine apple leaves, which also form part of the waste of our fruit plantations, should be turned to good accovnt, as the cost of production is nil. The pandanus leaves, and other allied kinds, could be gathered at very little cost and the troublesome weed of the Seda retusa could be dried and exported in its woody condition, As I will require about a ton of dried banana stems, large contributions of this material will be especially acceptable. Lest the question of freight should be adversely ‘considered by some, I may say to the encouragement of the industry, that Mr. R. could see no difficulty in the way of having a mill erected in this colony at a place where a good supply of water could be obtained and with convenient shipping facilities ; but his greatest anxiety was the question as to whether we could supply the quantity of the raw material, In oder to give an insight into the enormous consumption of paper in Australasia, I may mention that Victoria alone imported, in 1886, 7,238 tens, of which 717 tons was classed as writing paper; and this for one colony only! Oan we doubt the extent of a market after this? The manufacturer is ready to meet us and to do his utmost to pay even more than a maximum market price for the material in order to encourage and develop an industry here. Are we to let the chance slip out of our reach? 4 It behoves my fellow colonists to avail themselves of this opportunity to secure.a market for our fibres; remembering that, great ends have always small beginnings. Let them put themselves individually to no more trouble than I have done and I venture con- fidently to say that success will attend our endeavours. —I am &z,, W. Korsen. N. B.—To those interested I may say that, for the purpose of comparison, a sample of imported manila fibre ean be seen at my office. —W. K. Suva, 19th Sept, 1888. TO THE EDITOR OF THE FIJI TIMES, Sir,—For years past the attention of several of our more energetic planters has been turned towards the — practical utlisation of the fibre-producing plants o the Colony. In a recent issue of your jou’nal the subject is a referred to by Mr, Kopsen whose promised information ~ : January Wy 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 461 eee ee and suggestions will be anticipated with interest, more especially those which will touch upon “the mere cost of collection.” Up to the present date the most persevering and carefully conducted experiments have unquestionably been made by Mr. Peate of Udu Point, to whom all praise is due. Mr. Robertson, M.Uu.C.,,/also deserves the thanks of those interested in the increase of our products whether in the natural state, or partly prepared, for having imported one of the latest of Death & Bllwood’s fibre machines. It is, however worth while considering whether the economical and successful treatment of fibre-producing material will not be found to lie in chemical rather than in mechanical processes. To this end the following information may be interesting. Messrs. Ohristy & Co., of 165 Fenchurch-street, London, B.0., would, upon application, furnish the fullest details upon the subject.—I am &c., L. 8. Suva, 24th Sept., 1888. eee NEW PROCESS FOR OBTAINING FIBRES, The process consists in heating the plants or fibrous substances under pressure, with a solution of Thio- lyite. The operation may be performed in an iron boiler of any convenient construction, by simply pass- ag live steam direct from the steam generator. he pressure necessary for obtaining good results depending so much on the nature of the material to be treated and the quality of the product required, it is difficult to give precise information on this point. For the preparation of fibres for textile purposes from fresh green plants, x pressure of from 15. to 80 Ib. per square inch will generally be sufficient ; whereas if the plant has been allowed to matnre, or has become dried, it may be necessary to increase the pressure from 50 to 70 1b., or even in some cases to 80 lb: For the production of pulp for the manu- facture of paper, a higher pressure will as a general rule, be required. The boiling process should conti- nue for from 5 to 15, hours, for green plants, accord- ing to circumtances, care being taken that the max- imum pressure is gradually attained in treating dry vegetable substances. The strength of the solution also depends very largely on the nature of the raw material, and on the amount of substance it may be necessary to dissolve. It should contain from 25 to 33 1b, of Thiolyte per 100 gallons. When such plant substances as Ohina grass or jate have been boiled, with a view of obtaining fibres suitable for textile purposes, they should, after being washed, be soaked for about half an houc in a di. lute acid (one gallon commercial muriatie acid to 100 gallons of water). This operation must be performed in @ vessel constructed of stone or wood, or of some “material capable of withstanding the action of the acid. Since all plant substances either contain bodies of an acid nature or readily yield such on decomposition, itis necessary to prevent the solution from becoming acid during the boiling operation, and Thiolyte bas been - fear prepared to this end, thus avoiding the necess- of adding another chemical, such as an allcaline or earthy carbonate. The following detailed accounts of actual operations will render the principles of the process more clear :— Onna Grass:—b5 lb. of decorticated rhea stems such as is obtained by the “Death Ellwood’? machine, were boiled with a solution containing I} lb. of Thiolyte (equal to 24 lb of ersytallized sulphate) in 10 gallons of water, at 60 1b. for 5 hours, The fibre was obtained ina condition adapted to the combing process, Flax and Hemp may be treated When youngit yields the find soft fibre so mach desired by spiuners. If allowed to harden in the stem itis harsh, and sometimes brittle. StraAw.—One ton chopped straw was boiled for 8 Ours at & pressure of 70 to 75 1b. per square inch. Steam was blown in through a perforated pipe, the boiler being a rotary one. About 630 galionsof water were used, coutaining S cewt. crystallized sulphite, together With 40 1b, sodium carbonate (equal to 24 owt. of Thiolyte), The straw was perfectly pulped, the fibre remaining long. q at any age, Woov.—The wood should be chopped in pieces of about one half-inch cube, and should if possible be crushed or cutinsuch a manner as to open out the fibre. Wood (white pine) thus prepared was heated for 12 hours at 150 lb. pressure, with a solution containing 84 per cent. of the Thiolyte. JUTE, nrc.—Jute can be prepared for textile pur- poses by heating for 10 hours at 50 to 60 Jb. with a solution containing 24 per cent. of the Thiolyte. For obtaining pulp suitable for making paper, the pressure should be increased to about 100 Ib. ADANSONIA can be very readily pulped at 85 Jb. pressure; the other conditions being the same as for jute, Thiolyte is found to be very advantageous in the treatment of plants and substances yielding fibre, for it can be used in an iron boiler, or convertor, into which steam may be blown directly. There is, therefore, no change of plant necessary in paper works, andthe resultis a pulp with a long and soft fibre ata much less cost. By a simple contrivanee, the liquor may be recovered and much of it used over again.— Fiji Times. es NOTES ON ESSENTIAI, OILS FROM MESSRS. SCHIMMEL’S REPORT. Angelica Oil.—A parcel of angelica root has been received from Japan, though too recently to allow of a report upon the essential oil distilled from it. Hight species of Angelica are known to occur in Japan, but the exact botanical origin of the present consignment is uot yet ascertained. Arnica Flowers Oi! —It is stated that 100 kilos of fresh arnica flowers yield only about 40 grams of essential oil, _ Arnica Root Oil.—lo order to afford pharmacists an opportunity of examining this oil more closely, Messrs, Schimmel have distilled a quantity of fresh arnica root aud bave at their disposal abouta kilogram of the pure essential oil, which they are willing to supply at cost price for the purposa of scientific investigation, Gay Oll.—In respect to this oil, the demand for which is said to be still increasing, Messrs, Schimmel confirm from tbeir experience the Statements made recently a3 to the incorrectness of the description of its specific gravity and solubitity, as given in the United States Pharmacopcia, Oil distilledin their New York factory from imported leaves had a Specific gravity of 0.9828 at 15° C. Betel Leaves Oil—Samples of this oil have been gup- plied with a view to experiments being made as to its therapeutic properties, Calamus Oil—A sample parcel of calamus roots has been received from Jap ‘n, the oil distilled from which will be described in the next report. Camphor Oil-—The “light caphor oil,” being the portion of the crude oil boiling at about La? 'C,. is enid to he now in regtilar demand for various technical in- dustrivs. Recently it has found practical use in the s0Ap manufacture, it having the property of covering the penetrating disagreeable odour of Ordinary kinds of fat and tallow, and also the acrid odour of bone fat extracted by means of benzene. For this purpose the light camphor oil may be mixed with the fat before or after saponification, about 2 or 3 kilos being required for 100 kilos of soap. It is also said to be used by varnish makers, sometimes alone and sometimes mixed with turpentine oil, Ina previous report the opinion was expressed that “light camphor oil ” contained ter- pineol, but although this is. stiil thought probable that body has not yet boen isolated ; on the other hand it has been found to contain from 5 to G per cent. of cinsol (euealy ptol). Cananga Oil.—Messrs. Schimmel refer to a second low-priced, Variety of Todian cauangsa oil, as being suitable asa perfume for soaps, but devoid of the fi an frageance that characterizes the prime quality Ip lian caoange oil, andina greater degree, the ylang-ylang oil. eg _ Bucalyptus Oil.—tt will be remembered that in pre- vious reports Messrs, Schimmel bave e ntroverted the oe eucalyptol iu the oi! distilled from Euca- yptus waygdalina, the source of most of the eucalyp- 462 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Janvary 1, 1889 : rr tus oil received from Australia, but that recently Herr Gildemeister reported that by a more delicate reaction he had obtained that body from amygdalina oil (see before, Sept. 1, p. 164). Referring to this subject, Messrs. Schimmel quote from a published statement by Mr. Staiger, the Brisbane chemist, a passage to the effect thatin Australia it frequently happens that in the distillation of eucalyptus oil, the leaves of both species, H. Globulus and E. amygdalina, are placed in the still, from which isinferred the possibility of con- siderable variation in commercial oil of H, amygdalina. Consequently, the opinion is expressed that the question as to the presence of eucalyptol will not have been defi- nitely settled until an examination has been made of a sample of pure oil specially distilled fron #. amygda- lina leaves, and this investigation the firm proposes to undertake. Messrs. Schimmel state that they them- selves have recognized the presence of eucalyptol in commercial amygdalina oil, but that the quantity is too small and the process too difficult to pay for its separation, The ‘ so-called eucalyptol from 2. amygda- lina, which by this time may be looked upon as practi- cally killed,” obtained by fractional distillation over caustic potash, is said to consist principally of phel- landren, Ci0Hig (eucalypten), and} about 20 per cent. of eucalyptol, Oi9HisO. such a preparation has a specific gravity of 0°890, is strongly laevogyre, and does not solidify in a freezing mixture. It can be easily indentified by mixing 1c.c. of the oil with 2 c.c. of glacial acetic acid, and adding to the mixture 1 to 2c. c. of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium nitrite, when a gentle shaking causes almost instant solidification to a crystalline paste of phellandren nitrite. Neither pure eucalyptol nor oil of H. Globulus gives this reaction, both remaining unaltered, or at most becoming somewhat darker in colour. Larger consignments have now been received from Australia of the leaves of Hucalyptus maculata, vay. citriodora, Backhousia citriodora and E. Staigeriana, which have been distilled. The oi! obtained from the leaves of FE. maculata, var. citviodora, is described as corresponding in its characters with the sample mentioned in the April report (see Pharm. Journ. vol. xviii., p. 908). The principal constituent of the oil is a ketone (? aldehyd), which gives with acid sulphites of the alkalies a difficultly soluble compound. It boils under slight decomposition between 205° and 210° C., and is identical with the ketone (aldehyd) occurring in citronelle oil, which according to Kremers has the composition O7H140, though the analyses made by Messrs. S¢éhimmel correspond more closely to C7H120. About a kilogram of this body, which it is proposed to call “‘ citronellon,” is available for investiga- tion. The oil from the leaves of Backhousva citriodora corresponds also with those attributed to it in a pre- vious report (loc. cit-). The aldehyd or ketone-like body there spoken of as its principal constituent has been more closely examined. It has a composition re- presented by the formula 001H160, boils at 220°-2270 O., undergoes decomposition in distillation, and easily resinifies. This body, which has been named “ citral,” possesses an intense lemon odour and has been found also in small quantity in lemon oil and lemon grass oil, while it constitutes 30 per cent. of oil distilled from “ citronelle fruit.” Ginger Oil.—The use of ginger oil is said to show a considerable falling off, the spirituous extract of the rhizome being preferred for liqueurs. The specially prepared ginger from China referred to in 4 previous report (see vol. xviii, p. 888) has also proved unsuit- able and much too dear for the liqueur manufacture. Kesso Root Oil,—A first consignment of Kesso root, or Japanese valerian root ( Patriniascabiosefolia), has been received, and the oil distilled from it is now available. Lavender Oil.—Messrs. §-'mmel eriticize some published descriptions of lavender oil and give the following as the character of what they would consider to be «# genuine sample. Specific gravity: 0895 at 15° C,, 0890 at 20° OU. Solubility: 1 part in 8 parts of alcohol, sp. gr. 0'864. Distillation: Out of 100 c.c. below 160° O. none passes over; from 1850-1900, 6.5 c.c.; from 1900 to 250°, 7&5 c.c.; total below 250° O., 85 c.c. Cochlearia Oil,—Messrs. Shimmel express the opinion that a genuine distillate of scurvy grass (Cochlearia Officinalis) is not to be met with in commerce. and say that it could only be produced at enormous cost, since the fresh herb only contains {-+ per 1000 of essential oil. A mixture of oil of rue with some roustard oil is sold uuder the. name in Germany, which has not the siightest resemblance to the genuine article. Scurvy- grass oil contains as its principal constituent, accord- ing to Hofmann, a fraction boiling at 161°=165° O., sp. gr. 0944, which he has recognized as isobutyl mustard oil and prepared synthetically, Experiments made by Messrs. Schimmel, however, to obtain in this way au artificial scurvy-grass oil have been fruitless, since although the commercial isobutyl sulphocyanate has a certain resemblance to the genuine distillate, it cannot be used as a substitute on account of a highly objectionable odour accompanying it. Sumbul Oil.—Referring to the difficulty in obtaining supplies of sumbul root for the distillation of this oil, the report states that this drug is not now to be met with in Russia. Formerly it was brought by merchants from Buchara, Turkestan, to the fair at Nischnei-Novgorod, but for some years past, on account of the absence of demand for it, the supply there has ceased. . Rosemary Oil—The following are given as the characters of an undoubtedly pure Italian oil of rose- mary, obtained first hand :—Specific gravity: 0°905 at 15° C., 0-900 at 20° O. Solubility: 1 part in 12 ‘parts of alcohol, sp. gr. 0°864, as a maximum, showing already a trace of turbidity. Distillation: Out of 100c. ¢ there passes over up to 170° O., 4:5 c. c.; from 170°-2002 ©O., 84 ¢.¢.: total up to 200° C., 88:5 c. c. Mustard Oil.—In correction of some statements that have been made recently as to the amount of sulvhuretted oil obtainable from certain cruciferous seeds, Messrs. Schimmel say that the maximum quantity of oil yielded by Brassica nigra (Dutch mustard) is 0:90 per cent., and by Sinapis juncea (Russian mustard), 0°52 per cent. Storazx Oil.—The residue after the distillation of the oil from Styraw# liquida is said to be practically odourless. Wintergreen Oil.—Mention is made that recently samples of wintergreen oil from Java have been re- ceived and some doubt is expressed as to its botanical origin. [It may be mentioned that seventeen years ago Dr. Vrij stated in this Journal (vol. il-, p. 503) that probably wintergreen oil could be distilled profit- ably in Java from the leaves of Gaultheria punctata.] Vlang-Ylang Oil.—According to information received from Manila, the differences in quality of the numer- ous varieties of this oil met with in commerce depend principally upon the method of preparation and the selection of blossoms, as these possess the finest aroma when freshly picked. In the distillation the first, most volatile, portion of the oil has an in- comparably fine perfume, whilst that distilling over afterwards gradually manifests a stale odour; the finest oil is therefore sent out by those firms that — distil only the first portion. In practiceif 100 kilos of fresh flowers would yield 1200 grams of oil, the finest aroma would be concentrated in the first 600 grams that passed over. Dilem Leaves Oil.—From Jaya a sample of “dilem leaves” has been received, possessing a very fine perfume and yielding about 1 per cent. of an ethereal oil that in odour is said to resemble patchouli ol, but to smell essentially fresher, finer, and less musty. Jt is a yellowish-green, moderately thick liquid, has a specific gravity of 0:960 and boils between 250° and 300° C. It is considered that if the cost of — producing this oil should prove to be not too great — it might take an important place in perfumery, and steps are therefore being taken to origin of the leaves and obtain a supply. Massoy Bark Oil.—A large supply of massoy bark — haviug been secured through the agency of the Ger- — man New Quinca Oompany, and appeal is made to the patriotism of Germa» pe-fumers and soap makers — to find an application for the first product of this kind from a German colony. The oil is described: determine the ‘g JANUARY 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. having an agreeable aromatic odour resembling cloves and nutmeg, and as being suitable as a perfume for cheap toilet soaps. The plant from whieh the bark is derived was discovered by D’ Albertis in South New Guinea and named by Peccari Massoia aromatica, Gmelin, who attributes the bark to Cinnamomum Kiamis, Nees, gives in his ‘Handbuch’ (iv. 856) the constituents of the oil as follows: (1) an almost colourless thin light oil, with an odour of sasafras; (2) a thick, heavy, less volatile oil, with a weaker odour, but tasting strongly like sassafras; and (3) massoy camphor, a white powder, heavier than water, less soft to the touch than fatty substances, odourless and almost tasteless, allied to laurin and caryophyllin and soluble in hot alcohol and in ether. In preli- minary experiments Messrs. Schimmel have obtained from the bark about 7 per cent. of an oil having a specifie gravity of 1:04, boiling between 200° and 300° 0., and containing about 75 per cent of eugenol. The portion of the oil insoluable in soda liquor boiled between 210° and 245° O., and among other bodies contained safrol. Matsu Ov.—The Japanese oil mentioned under this name in a former report, and supposed to have been a distillate from a birch or beech tar, hasnow been ascertained to have been derived from a tar of either Pinus Massoniana or P. densiflova, both of which trees pass under the name “matsu’”’ in Japan. The former is said to show great similarity to Pinus «ustriaca and the latter to P. sylvestris. Citronelle Fruit Oil.—A larger consignment of the small round barries of the sizoof a pea, designated “citronelle fruit,” has been received from Java, and has yielded about 34 per cent. of essential oil, This oil resembles verbena oil, and is unusually powerful and rich; its specific gravity is 0980 and it boils from 180° to 240° C. It contains a terpene and citral (see under TWucalyptus oi)). In the Indies it is known under the name ‘“ minjak sereh’” and is credited with being a panacea. Bast Indian Oils.—Messrs. Schimmel also report upon fifteen samples of essential oil received trom India, only one of which was found to be a pure distillate. This was described as ‘‘lemon oil” and. had a fine lemon and melissa odour, essentially finer than that of citronelle oil, and at » moderate price would probably prove acceptable. The others were all mixtures having a basis of sandal wood oil, and were all condemned as useless. From St. Domingo samples of oils haye been re- ceived under the following names :— Bergamot Oi!.—A distilled yellow oil with a power- ful and fine aroma, resembling oil of petit grain in odour, but not recalling bergamot oil, Probably the distillate of the leaves and uuripe fruit of some species of Citrus, Lavender Ow.—A witer-clear essential oll, quite different from the European varieties of lavender oil, and rather recalling spike oil in odour. Rosemary Oil.-—\ powerfully armatic oil, approach- ing nearer to European lavander oil in odour, and probably utilizable if the cost allows. Bay or Mountain Laurel Oil.—An_ essential oil with an odour like that of laurel oil.—Pharnaceutical Journal, — > — THE EFFECT OF FIRING ON TEA. Ono hears so many complaints about mistakes made over the firing of tea in Ceylon that anything which may add to the knowledge of your planters as to what should be adopted, and what avoided in respect to the practice, cannot but be useful. It is with the object of extending such knowledge that the following extract from Zhe Vimes is sent you. What is therein stated has caused me per- sonally some surprise. Only a week or so back a sample of Ceylon tea was submitted by me to a first-class London firm. It is claimed for this special brand that it is particularly suited to weak estions, and my own experience with it bears out that claim, But the report made to me was to the effect that the sample had been so highly fired that if was as the fact specially wnsvited to persons who suffer dyspeptically. word of my own?) Now the paragraph extracted says that firing, by decreasing the amount of theine,—‘‘ which is said to be to tea what alcohol is to liquors,—decreases the effects of tea-drinking on the nervous system.” It is generally thought that ‘nerves’ and ‘dyspepsia’ are convertible terms. Therefore, why should our authority de- precate firing as injurious in such cases while the Japanese experts recommend it! ‘‘ When doctors disagree” c&c. It must be left to your local preparers to decide for themselves therefore whether firing is judicious or not. Perhaps it is a question of degree only. As tothe practice of colouring, it is not quite unusual in Ceylon to adopt it? It has never been stated to me that any of your tea exports have passed through such a process :— Tue Errecr or ‘‘Frminc” on 'TreA.—Certaio in- vestigations have lately been made in Japan into the chemical effects on tea of the process called “ firing,” which it always undergoes. This is a kind of roast- ing, the tea being worked by the hands in pans or bowls heated from below. It takes place prior to packing for shipment, and usually under the super- intendence of the foreign tea merchant, and is said to be necessary to preserve the tea on the voyage. ‘he process, according to the investigations referred to, diminishes the capacity of the leaf to absorb moisture, the proportion of theine, and the quantity of tannin in solution when warm water is poured on the leaf. The latter is thus rendered less stringent, and on the whole, “firing,” so far from producing deterioration, is pronounced a beneficial process, as it strengthens the aroma, diminishes the astringent quality of the leaf, and, by decreasing the quantity of theine—which is said to be to tea what alcohol is to liquors—decreases the effects of tea-drinking on the nervous system. The colour is also improved in consequence of the employment during “firing” of certain colouring matter. When the latter is a pre- paration of indigo, it is quite harmless, while Prus- sian blue is deleterious, and is said not to be used now for the purpose, The consumers insist on having tea with a certain colour on the leaf, and it is solely to please them that the colouring matter is employed. The investigators—two chemists—say that tea is very rarely coloured with any fraudulent in- tent, and they quote the remarks attributed to a Chinese Minister in Washivgtonto this effect :— “Our producers will give you tea with all the colours in the rainbow if you wish. But why will you drink coloured tea—what is the use of the colour? Be rea- sonable, like us Chinese; we use uncoloured tea, and we know why.’ Thesuggestion in the last sentence, say the chemists, is not correct. Tea is coloured be- cause the consumers will haye it so, not because it isof any advantage to the merchant or producer. —London Cor. (Is that a coined | ea i aaa Te CEYLON’S STAPLE PRODUCTS. The Ceylon mail received this week brings particulars regarding the exports from the island of its staple products during the commercial year 1887-8, which close on September 30 last. A study of the meaning of these figures reveals some curious facts regard. ing the place occupied by this fertile island among the raisers of tropical produce. Oinnamon, coconut oil, plumbego, tea, and coffee are in bulk the main products of the country, tea being the only one among these which is of recent introduction, Ceylon plumbago was first introduced into commerce in 1829 by Mr. Joseph Dixon, of the American Crucible Qom- pany andthe industry created by this gentleman has been for years a source of considerable profit to the revenue of the island, in the shape of export duty. This tax at one time amounted to 2) per cent. ad valorem, but it bas been gradually reduced to its present rate, which, we belive, is 5re. per tov. But 464 the diminution of the export duty has not been able to save the Oeylon plumbago industry from decay, and during recent years large numbers of plumbago mines have been abandoned, and the value of the mineral has depreciated to such an extent that i5s. per cwt. will now buy a very fine quality. Nevertheless, the shipments of plumbago from Oeylon during the last two seasons have again shown a considerable increase, and in 1887-88 they reached 254,046 cecwts. a total only once exceeded during the last decade. Coffee, once a mainstay of the Ceylon planters, has gone very much out of favour lately, owing, in the first place, to its tremendous fall in price; and from 842,509 cwts. in 1878-9 the shipments have fallen to 186,295 cwts. in 1887-8. The Ceylon people will, no doubt, regret to have participated so slightly in the great speculative movement of the last two years, but still it is scarcely likely that they will again resort to coffee- growing on any inereased scale. Many of them have found salvation in tea, and indeed, the soil of the island is generally so well adapted for the cul- tivation ofall kinds of tropical produce that, if tea were to forsake them, the cultivators would have no great difficulty in wooing the favours of whatever new produce might be in the ascendant. Ten years ago Ceylon tea was scarcely more than a curiosity. In 1878-79 81,5951b, were exported from the island, and since then every succeeding season has out- stripped its predecessor by bounds of from 30 to 70 er cent., until in 1886-7 the shipments exceeded 12,000,000 lb., whence they rose in 1887-8 to 20,755,779 lb., or about 10 per cent. of the whole of the tea imports of the United Kingdom. Nearly all the Ceylon tea is sent to the London market, and its average value last year was, roughly speaking, 1s. per lb., nearly 1,000,0007. having thus gone into the pockets of Ceylon planters from this “‘happy hit.” Cocoa is also a new industry—in fact it is, asa commercial venture, even of more recent date than tea, for none was exported until 1879-80, when 122 cwts. were shipped. From that time the imports have increased to 12,611 cwts. last season, represent- ing a value of,’ say, 50,0007, For this industry there is not solarge a scope as for tea, and it is therefore probable that it will not develop to much larger proportions than it has assumed already, although Ceylon cocoa holds a very high rank among the dif- ferent grades. In connection with these cultivations it may be interesting to state that while the con- sumption of tea in the United Kingdom increased from 1°22 lb. per head in 1840 to 4°95 lb, in 1887, that of cocoarose during the same period from 0:08 Ib. to 0:43 1b., while that of coffee receded from 1:08 to 0'81 lb, The cultivation of cinnamon is advancing more slowly than that of other staples, having grown from 12,192,208 lbs. in 1878-9 to 1,657,424 lb. last season, in the face of constant retrogressions in price, which are now said to have become so acute as to leave scarcely any profit tothe grower. The immense increase of the production of cassia lignea in Ohina and further India and the cheapness of this coarser substitute have prohane crippled beyond recovery the Oeylon cinnamon industry, which is known to have flourished in the island from as early a period as the thirteenth century, and was afterwards most assiduously protected by the Dutch colonists, The fruit of the coconut palm, and the products derived from it—copra, poonac, and coconut oil—are shipped from Oeylon in enormus quantites, 885.758 ewt. of oil. which may have been worth about a8 many sovereigns, and 5,411,572 nuts having been sent abroad last season. Tho Ceylon product of greatest interest to druggists is of course cinchona. The surprising extension of its cultivation caused by visions of immense profits, the ensuing over-production, the rise of new competition father east, and the impending decadence of the shipments have been watched and debated anxiously day by day, and many luckless speculators have been taid low by misplaced confidence in the article, Twelve years ago only 16,842 lb. were exported ; the season of 1879-80 witnessed shipments pass the million line, in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [January 1, 1889, a 1883 4 the ten million mark was exceeded; and two seasons later the exports attained the unique figure of 15,364,953 lb. Since then they have been declining, and in 1887-8, as we were able to inform our readers the day after the close of the season, they were smaller than at any time since the close of the 1883-4 season, viz, 11,704,932 lb. What the coming season will bring it is impossible to say, but it seems quite likely that the production from other centres will be large enough to keep prices low, andin that case Ceylon planters will probably with- draw from its culture more and more. Oardamoms are another article of which the shipments have progressed in an extraording degree, and in value they now rank second among the minor cultures, the shipments of 310,685 lb. in 1887-8 having probably been worth be- tween 20,0007. and 30,000/., while nine years ago they wers so smallas not to be worthy of separate record. Nearly half the Ceylon cardamoms are consumed in India and the Far Hast, the remainder being principally sent to Great Britain, though only a small proportion is actually used in this country. The two other “minor” articles which have risen from unrecorded obscurity since 1880 are oils of cinnamon and citronella. The shipments of both these oils last season are the heaviest on record. Citronella has been exported to the extent of 9,508,157 ozs., worth perhaps 55,000/., against 1,760,677 ozs. in 1880-1, but the price, owing to this superabundant supply, has fallen from about 33d. to 3¢d, per oz. during the same time, and, if value alone is considered, the shipments in 1880-1 will therefore be found to approach last season’s pretty closely. By far the largest part of this citronella oil is consumed in the United States, many of the popular toilet soaps made in that country being scented with it. Of cinnamon oil 144,483 ozs. were shipped from Ceylon last year, mostly to the United Kingdom, but a good deal also to the States. The value of this export cannot very well be determined, as most of the oil is known to consist simply of the low grade dis- tillation product of the leaf, and not of the highly- priced bark oil. Large quantities of cinnamon oilare distilled in Hurope from the cinnamon chips, which ; form a separate Ceylon export article. Among many other notable products of the island are coir and kitool fibres, deer horns, orchella weed, and ebony and Japan woods, but with the exception of the first they : are all of minor importance. We should think that the Oeylon planters may find that in future they are more likely to reap profits from the cultivation of a number of comparatively small articles than from a few staples, and among the cultures to which they will probably turn their attention in the first place are cubebs, black pepper, nutmegs, cloves, annatto, vanilla, and other drugs and spices. As the climate of Ceylon is exceptionally suited for the acclimatisation of new products, and only a fraction (itis said less than one- ninth) of theisland is at present under cultivation, the future of the ancient Taprubane is altogether beyond — calculation. —Chemist and Druggist, Nov. 8. Se Metons —Alphonse Karr owns to a weakness for Melons, but has not yet experienced the fate of Pope Paul, who died one morning after haying eaten two — large Melons for supper the night before. ‘The Emperor Albert of Austria in 1459, according to the same authority, died from eating too freely of Melon. —Gardeners’ Chronicle. Be Insect Pruventives.—I notice that on p, 472 of — your last issue soot, lime, and Hellebore powder are — all recommended for the destruction of caterpillars, but perhaps it is not generally known that gas-tar is a first-rate preventive, which is better than cure. — I have had whole plots of Gooseberry bushes devas- — tated by them, and also Cabbage and Cauliflower Since I commenced to use gas-tar the caterpillars have — not made their appearance, and it is botha safeand ~ a cheap remedy for the Gooseberry caterpillar and ~ all others affecting green crops which are subject to attack.—Joun Mo Inrosu, Glennachan, [Please ‘say how do you apply gas-tar ?—Ep.]—Gardener's’ Chron “ ——— eee January 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 465 —EEEE—————E———————————————————— ee CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT: A VARIETY OF ADVICE ON THE PRESENT KEEPING QUALITIES OF THE TEA AS COMPARED WITH THE PAST —AN INGENIOUS MANAGER—THE SUPERIORITY OF LOCAL CIGAR MAKERS OVER TOBACCO PLANTERS—MANU- FACTURE OF CIGARS IN COLOMBO—TOBACCO PIONDERS WANTING LONG EXPERIENCE TO STUDY THE FERMENTA- TION OF THE LEAF—ON® FOR ‘OLD COLONIST.” 11th Decomber, 1888, I wonder if our teas keep better now than formerly? We have had lots of advice on the matter, and there were those who would have been pleased to have been able to work up a scare on the head of a supposed evanescence of its distinguish- ing features, and nip in the bud the growth of popular favour, which had get in strongly in the direction of our new product. Public and private adyices alike have drawn attention to a non-stay- ing quality; the tea, they tell us, ‘‘ goes off” after a time. Dealers don’t like this, for the public demand, they said was certain to go off too. Somehow or another we have heard nothing of late of this fatal weakness: whether it is that the market is not depressed enough, and the soul of the planter is not in that state of meek preparedness for being ‘sat on,’ which always follows sanctified affliction: or that in the face of the growing deliveries, and other too manifest evidences of a popular liking, to harp on the old string won't do. I don’t for & moment fancy we are now perfect tea-makers, or even the class next to that known in Scot- land as the ‘‘ by-ordiner-extraordiner.”’ Yet some- how in spite of a non-staying quality said to be a speciality of the Ceylon tea, it makes its way. But it was nof to praise our noble selves that I write. I was rather filled with gratitude towards those, who, when every decent attempt was made to give our product a bad name, stepped boldly forward and told us how to cure it. Too rapid firing, you will remember, was the sum and substance of the accumulated wisdom of our home advisers, the brokers. There was that fellow with the scientific bent, who brought the microscope to bear on the prepared leaf, and found out that the cells in the centre were not 80 well cooked as the outside, and after that—well we were ‘‘shut up.’’ We did not feel that we could discuss with a man who had his eye on & miscroscopic lens on any kind of level terms at all, and let us hope we were content with his ruling, accepted his advice, and fired ovr teas well. But it is so difficult to hit the golden mean: brokers and tea tasters alone do it, the planter never. Ifthe latter did, the end of the world would have come for the others, and those words of dignified wisdom, which are to be found written in public circulars and private reports, and to which we all look up, would for ever cease. It is well, therefore, that the planter has been imperfectly fashioned, and will ever remain imperfect. I have a specimen of this imperfection now before me, in the shape of a written howl of indignation against a London broker's report on a late shipment oftea. 1 won’t quote the howl, but when I say that the planter feels that he can only adequately deal With the report in question, after he has had a little time to extend his vocabulary of bad language, he is already » master of Tamil abuse, and knows English Billingspate fairly well, the state of things may be conceived. The cause oi offence is that the teas reported on are all said—better quote the ori- ginal—* Dry liquor, too long fired" !! There is a special note at the end recommending the London house to advise their Ceylon friends not to fire their teas so long!!! The planter wanta to make something out of this— pays rh those tens were specially fired to remedy 9 _king. Aids the great evil of not keeping &c., &c., but that is too like posing, and “piling the agony.” Without any glorification to the planter, or even an acceptance of statement, the thing is complete enough. The rush of leaf showed tooclearly that anew roller must be got, But such machines in these days of sterling quotations mean a lot of rupees, and the estate exchequer could not at the time very well stand the strain. The manager was disheartened ; he did not like to come out with a low average, and was sure to for want of rolling power, so being imaginative, and a man of resource he set his brains aworking, and hit at last onan ingenious plan which was to get him the needed machine, without entrenchment on hisfunds. His suggestion was to advertise in the local papers wanted a ‘little giant’’ for his keep! That fellow is sure to get on. However successful our tobacco planters may yet hope to become, local cigar makers have already made their mark, and it will take a a good deal to beat them. The following is the label on a box of cigars, manu- factured in Colombo by a native firm, and which I bought yesterday. The cigars are good: ** Comparison is the true test of quality : If you want a perfect smoke, try our No. 1 (Patent.) A boquet of roses, a nice leisure hour cigar, mixture of Java, Pondicherry, Dindigal, with Trichy tobacco, dipped in coconut and rose water: fine aroma With the accompanying qualities of real Havanna. Gives the scent of rose after soft smo- in promoting health. Manufactured by &e. &e.” “A, FB.’ writing from Sumatra the other day holds out a cheering prospect for our tobacco pioneers, when he says that the fermentation of the leaf can only be learned by experience; ‘ but an experience requiring the closest study and at- tention of at least four or five years.” Has ‘A, F.” ever heard of the coconut and rose water treatment? I fancy not; it’s a Ceylon dodge. When your correspondent has become what he would call an experienced Sumatra tobacco planter, be will have to trot back to Ceylon for the latest methods, unless he wants to be a learner all his life, he should not wait away too long. Coconut and rose water are not the only things that will be tried here! A man anxious to turn the honest penny has carefully preserved that copy of the Observer in which ‘Old Colonist"’ asks for reports on several estates, as to what they are doing on tea. He is ready to supply the reports in question, but wants to know who is to pay him. He is sure that “Old Colonist,” when a Visiting Agent, did not do much in the estate reporting way without getting an equivalent in coin, and he would beg to say that although much of the old order has changed, reports that are worth anything have still a market value, I need hardly say that the man referred to is a Seot, and comes from Aberdeen, PEPPERCORN. —— TEA IN AMERICA. (From the Zndian Planters’ Gazette, Nov. 27th.) The “ Peripatetic Planter” has kindly sent us the following extracts from a letter from an old ‘*Dooars” Planter :— New York, Oct, 1888. “TI have been now nearly three months here and am able to give you some idea of the ten trade of America more particularly New York, and as you asked me to write you on the subject, [ nuw do myself the pleasure. Through my brother's influence, I have been introduced 466 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (JaNuaRy 1, 1889. Se to, and seen a great number of the tea men here, They, one and ajl,speak highly of the Indian teas as being pure, &c., but confess that the taste of the Americans has been spoilt by Chinas and Japans, and that it would be along and difficult task to get them to take to Indians, though the brokers believe that they will ultimately find a large sale; but in the meantime, a heavy expenditure would be required, to introduce them prominently before the public. A large staff of agents would be wanted, who would be required to sell the tea at very little, or perhaps no, profit till such time as a demand for the teas was wanted, also a lot of money would be wanted for ad- vertising, which is the great outlet of American en- terprise. They also complain that the tea is too strong and pungent for the people’s taste; they prefer a nice flavouring tea; they sacrifice the strength for the flavour; they also go very much for appearance, a whole tippy tea fetching them greatly whereas a broken, let it be ever so good, they will not look at. I saw ina broker’s office the other day a Pekoe from Dhurmsal, very pretty to look at, tippy and wiry—just what they want here; it was had for 93d.—19 cents. here. Another great fault they complain of is the unwieldy boxes we send the teas in; they are chris- tened here the Indian Ooffins; they are in marked contrast to the neat packages, sent from China and Japan. “The people here put a great deal of trust in out- ward appearances, and are muchtakenby the style in which the Japans are presented for sale. Grocers here sell from the original packages, the customer insisting on seeing that the tea is taken from the chest and weighed in her presence; hence when the purchaser “notes the heavy untidy chests that Indians are packed in, as arule, she concludes that the tea can’t be good, otherwise it would have been packed in a better box or chest. containing say 20 1b. or 401b., neatly marked, the box well planedand wrapped in’ gunny or wicker-work, so as to makeit of a size and weight easily handled, but on ‘no account should the present heavy maund chest be sent, they are very bitter about the heavy tare they have to pay railways on them. “6 Tn conclusion, I am of opinion that a nice Oachar Pekoe Souchong or Darjeeling Pekoe Souchong with some style-tippy appearance with flavour, but no strength, packed in neat 20)b. or 40ib. chests should be the tea that ought to be tried first; as the tea gets known, more grades could be introduced. * T am sending you by newspaper post the New York Retord, a most influential wine paper here. In if you will find a notice ve Jas. & Oo., Lonchemi, of which firm my brother is junior partner. He has in- duced me to remain here and I propose going into business in Brooklyn from 1st proximo as wholesale Tea, Coffee, Wine and General Stores. I will be backd up by his firm and have no fear but I wiil get on, as my Store will be the first of the kind in. that district. I have made ar- rangemeuts for Coffces, Fruits (canned), Wines, &c., and write you in the hope that you will be able to give me some assistance in the tea line. Ishould be most happy to push Indian teas as much as I could, and amongst the conneotion that I will have, I should be able to do a large business. Brooklyn especially, where I am located,is principally inhabited by family men, who attend business during the day in New York and return home every evening ; they are a very respectable population, and I feel confident that I would be able to do a good thing, as I would be able to sel] them direct. I propose confining a portion of the Store for tea sampling, that is where a lady can come in and get several grades of tea brewed for her to taste, and whichever she prefers, she can pur- chase right away, This plan, I believe, will answer well for introduce r¢ Indians, as the people here are very fond of noveit,.” ee _ PIONEERING AND PLANTING IN BURMA. I have had rather unforeseen hardships to contend with, viz. in our little Tavoy war. The town was first at_ tacked on the 28th Mareh and saved by the Tavo What is required for this trade, is neat boxes. Volunteersfrom destruction by fireand sword, ete. I am Lieut. in commandof the detachment of the Moulmein Volunteer Rifles here, and had plenty to do, but did my work with efficiency and received the special thanks of the chief Commissioners, Col. Furlong. Ool. Hayter,Col. Plant, and Major Adamson. A few lives were lost on both sides in several encounters with the rebels, and one extra assistant commander killed at Naboola near Tavoy, and a few natives and police and soldiers, Over 45 rebels have been brought in, and 3 have heen hanged and the other 11 sentenced to be hanged arenow in jail in Tavoy. 14 will be strung up before the'end of the month, and some 16 will be transported for life. Some 85 that were caught by the authorities in Siam, near Bangkok, 10 of this number have been identified b Photos sent here, and I fancy the whole number wi be given over to be tried here in duecourse. The hang- man in Tavoy is making more money just now than anyone else. 11 men strung up in one day and all at once at R25 per man is a good day’s pay. Whata time we had until we got reinforcements from Rangoon it would be bard for you to believe. Toseeall the families, women and children, huddled into the Courthouse and the Courthouse protected by afort of sandbags to give the Volunteers some protection, and the little plucky band armed to the teeth, ready for them. Night after night, and week after week, we had been on the alert, and it was rather hard when the then chief authority disregarded the rumours until he had ocular demon- stration, and then he was “ too late,” just like the manny’s dog,—the hare was off. Well, he was sent off himself by the Chief Oommissioner, and we had a good man sent down until matters were settled a lit- tle, and about 250 soldiers and police with Oo]. Hayter and Lieut. Rindal, and they went out and fired boldly and in volleys, and wounded thousands of trees, fired 900 rounds and killed no one; but they put the fear of death into them and scattered the enemies and brought in one dead man shot by a Karen Chief and some 26 live rebels, and amongst them one no- torious phoongee (Burmese priest), armed with guns, swords, dahs, pistols, revolvers, powder, shot. Whata time of anxiety, and your humble servant managed to get one arm broken badly, and the other severely sprained in the beginning of May: thank goodness I am now able to wag my pen again, but this misfortune pulled me Gown with other worries of different sorts, and nothing for it but a good many kicks behind ; cer- tainly not before, for I came off with the thanks in general to Tavoy Volunteers from all the authorities for pluck, efficiency, loyalty, and untiring determina- tion: yes, and we held our own against hundreds. I have no pleasure I canassure in the fighting line, and pray that our weapons of war may be turned into — reaping-hooks, and that we may live in peace with mankind, for this gives to the rich more, and to the poor less. Poor people have been in great want this end of the year, living on wild roots, such as wild potatoes yams, bamboo shoots, sprouts of different trees and shrubs, and fish catching. Rice has been as high as R48-0 per basket—a basket is a little less than a bushel measure. I have “paid R4 myself for a basket: rice has been sent down by the steamers from Rangoon and Moulmein, The paddy crop this season is Al; never saw a better crop nO- where, and the poor people this year will be better off if we have the late rains to help the paddy to fill pro- perly. Sugarcane, and Indian corn, and all greencrops are firstrate, and the fruit trees are loaded: Lhaye — some bending down to mother earth with the weightof crop on the trees; I hope to get a good crop this season ofsorts. I ama paddy planter and have 3 acres of paddy, the ears take me: over the head, Liberian coffee, annatto,. cotton, croton, divi-divi, tea, tea, tea, Fine ~ tea Al. It would make your hair curl to see my ~ fine tea—aye I and my weeds would make some of you swear, and ban Clarendon if he is still to the fore would — be in hiselement, for he would get weeds galore, which — is much against my grain. What can do? Shallie elha dorie; must grin and bear it until returns come to band: Well, I might have gone further and been worse Off. I am to make money, that’s certain, if the old tab nacle hold together, there ’s no donbt about that. - | January 1, 188] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 467 now well pleased with results, and we must trust to 5,750 0 0 Providence and keep turning round the old wheel, I _ Less call unpaid os BeOmO am sorry to bear of so many deaths of good and true Mavurehanttineidcdann tes == 5,748 0 0 friends of mine in Oeylon:a gad blow to me, people that Debentures issued to date 1,800 0 0 had a kind and good encouraging word always for me, To Hills Payable ie 1,500 0 0 James D. Watson, To Sundry Creditors hea 71:11 "6 seb Ae, a Beoiete peas a 200 0 9 THE KELANI VALLEY TEA ASSOCIATION, Amvuot Outsianding,., 282.10 g LIMITED. : £9,652 2 3 Directors:—G, W. Paine, Bet Chairman; Donald Assets, Andrew, Hsq., L. F. Davies, Hsq., and D. A, C, ie £ + 6,d. ET BCE Scott, Hsq. By Degalessa Estate— 2 Balance from last Ac- Report of the Board of Directors, to be presented aaa af 4 5,586 9 6 to the shareholders at their Second Annual Meeting, Interest paid to Vendors : to be held at the Office of the Company, 16, Philpot on purchase money ,,, 89 7 0 eh ee EB. ei on Thursday, the 22nd day of es 20 acres Crown rae ovember, 1888, at 2-30 p.m. ; oh neo ea ieee The Directors haye pleadura in herewith laying before Gah Ge alter oe Ale FCG jay ae the Shareholders their Report with the Accounts and i ee 8,669 9 2 Balance-sheet for the year ending 30th June 1888. By Preliminary Expenses— : The opening-up of the Company’s property is pro- balance Outstanding ,, 9713 9 ceeding satisfactorily, and the tea produced from the | By Cost Advances—* | old clearing has turned out of excellent quahity, Ra Roe ee The small field has produced for the year 3,814 lb. Rupee |... ee 24916 7 of tea, giving an average of 424 Ib. to tho acre. | By Produce Shipments— The gross amount realized wag £183 18s 9d, which Current Season’s Tea may be considered a very satisfactory result. The. realized atier 30th June 8215 11 acreage now under cultivation consists of :— By Bucy Beans ue : 27 14 11 9 acres tea in full bearing. (This field on resurvey | BY Cullis hae Oy eee turned out 9 and not 10 acres as mentioned ere treet on Sc! 29111 6 in last Report) : 5 By Profit and Loss Account 233 0 5 “i eres tea, 21 months old, coming into bearing. “ ———_— —___, i Pe yy, £9,652 2 3 2210) 6 poole Sorgen Pe ; Prorit AND Loss Account, June 307TH 1888, mena vay i) 4s cleared and being planted this year. : ; £ d The weather during the past year has been ab- To General charges, including London Office Bae normally dry, and the growth of the plants on the Expenses, Auditor’s Fee, Stationery, &. .. 140 8 2 last division has been somewhat delayed, but, from | To Preliminary Expenses, Proportion 20 per cent, recent advices, we learn that rains have been abund- written off ©... os op Dae 82 11 2 ant, and that the newly-planted fields are now making ae inierey on Debentures oe ve 41 7 3 Satisfactory progress, To Tacoma tak ent ry a y pie : The Directors authorized the purchase from Go- | 40 Directors’ Fees x , n 200°0 0 yernment of a small block of land (20 acres) adjoin- ue, as ing their Property, which, they were advised by £427 8 0 their Manager, it was in the Interests of the Oom- ee pany to acquire, and this purchase has been By Balance from last Account = ee 32 3 3 effected. In reference to the Accounts, the Directors | By Profit on Salesof Tea ,., te “0 S411 8 pee urbatted yom the very usual ponte in Tea By Fate ese snpplied to coolies we i i 2 ompanies of debiting all charges to the Estate ae te in on : 6 Development ARdogtt until the Taeapes come into | BY Balance carried to Balance Sheet... «208 0) 6 earing, preferring to keep the Oapital expenditure ag¢ Saeeas & on AE S DGG IMARAMRSIS ow 4 Sia iaehaes|s 8 ga y C) . (S) Aa ge lanl 3 7) i=) Bd wowwewonn|[a % SP n ond EES soc One 268 Sebgees (2 3 25 is O° oa oo Rae BESRBSS |S g 34 Hoo de is i, ep 2S ty BISeee |S 8 os DB F3 wmaotesai/E g cc a oon S f Oo we 42S9Scb" |S 2 Be oO) Sq 4 Dg. Ane 7S iol ® go cs] ao <3] ys So Osh 1p OD | des Sionamalo pp A F ae BNnenantia g Ae Hi tse Baegsea |g - ee He Sesceanla* Sh C Bh iis ale z ao a eceoe5g9 so [oy] = esesqoqgeqe/s gell,Soeesss |s qe “i oon > = aa A SRASses |S ga RO AHoooOoa | — Wd 13 2H 6 "2 on m a el steele) 1G) ° AAA44Z4a a or "| oJ Cs) is) =| 4 i= f=Ws) g SeRanee oy ay) Se Re £° a 8 ee Be 45} — . cra a Bs = 45 ~ aad 10 Pp a | ed 5 Bes lB n Bette, 8 ise} q ig 8 Fi ai 4 gear i: z meiia op 3 a 5 ya eI) Pe! Shaw Pir} So n~ Ss Se) Ne Ol pn oO 2ano S28 e He aka'ss 2 3 AOR RAHA a rt GU 00 “HID SO C= A Business men will draw their own conclusions from these several figures. Weare only concerned here in elucidating some of the points requiring explanation. For example, mill No. 1, the Anglo-Indian, charges 10 commission. This mill is an Anglo-Indian concern in reality as well as in name, its capital being partly sub- scribed in England and partly in India, and its accounts are rendered in rupees, as well as in sterling money. Its directorate isin Manchester, andit is managed here by a paid staff; hence no commission, But its ac- counts show the working of a law of compensation. For, whereas its mill and office establishments, including directors’ aud committees’ fees, amount to B1,38,224, a mill of about the same size in the group and with nearly the same capital—the Empress (No. 3)—is managed at a cost of only R1,23,781 in these several items, and has paid besides R12,291 for commission toits agents. We have notgiven the block accountof the several mills in the table, butits total cost for this group, including machinery, buildings, aud land, amounts to. 58 lakhs in round numbers. The difference between this item, and the amount of the paid-up capital, say, 41 lake, is 17 lakhs, so that out of 31 and odd laks of loan capital only, about 14 lakhs represents the working capital. This amount of borrowed capital, together with 6 lakhs of reserve, enabled the mills to earn R9,07,777 of profit, or equal to nearly 23 percent on the paid-up capital, and that after paying interest at 5% per cent. on the borrowed money. No wonder, then, that they find it to their advantage to deal with “ other people’s money,” taking the risk of carrying a heavy lien on their heads. So long as money is cheap and times are smooth, such a course is plain sailing, but when times change the lien is sure to press with a double weight. In this view it is fortunate that the mills, instead of dividing the whole of the profits of over nine lakhs, carry the greater portion to in- crease their reserves, to provide for their wear and tear, and to make other provisions for strengthening their financial position. The earnings of the Connaught Mill (No. 2), it will be seen, are close upon 40 per cent, but its block accountis over ten lakhs against a paid-up capital of only 4 1-5th lakh, so that it is obliged to use over nine lakhs of ‘‘other people’e money.” This is rather a risky position for times of financial pressure, and it is therefore a relief when we find it keeping three-fourths of its earnings as at stand-by, distributing one-fourth amongst the sbareholders. The next group we give is the Parsee group, and it comprises nine mills, of which four (Nos. 3,7, 8, 9). may be described as old concerns. Their accounts, too, are given as on 30th June, 1888, except when otherwise indicated. m3 Pe Au on a aie | SD | SHE SonmANCSHmUM | PIS 8 om a4 ste Leal no a ao & = A Ay z q Seal . 86°43 hina ee ee Po S RenHpobwes (FS 1a P| AHDSOnREE = ae QNSRRATS | Sears a7 nO Poe bo a pw a i=] < - iF) s Be SALSSRESS|2 : 4 2s SHIASESSA|A = FG THOMSY HHT | OS 2” SRSESHEGS 1a a Bo aty a oa eo = D a ¢ rS 5 aos a us B o . 2 Nelina) NAN | ot oo HE BSeaBacarncnlo FS B eq 9 BS 00 002 a Ree AS 's NINDS 190969 4 | ra) re 25.2 12 63 Bee i ~ a <4 FAAS Es oe qa 2 a) 5 10. N10 ~ oo 2 3 Ban SoD DAaI oS = n a ROS cherie | Sr SAA WMomMMNNaTNE |S GF FE Bee AA ANNI | & Hoo a bo I my es moons - o, Snoenssnsg < = LAs! WSS ara area $2 s°SESSES5 15 @ & = mom bon! 3s 4 ? a a = i ~— Mi SSS DSSS j= not aiiwber ASBeSessela gs = es SHAtoadrisco |a ™ =) Sa WPROWWAGSIES |S o (e) oe aacdintsat| 5G BW ov ea S) ie FS ae = 5 capes esasocooo ‘ ica} “38 PASSO S) |S 3 2 SSDS SSBSSOW | © Go Sa moassessee la mt aa SNATHN OS SIs 1S 2 = WO iol mistod | oD = — Loa! & Ay A fa a mI 00 | Fs] HlSCOOOMND 5 = i: SB R= EINES CSN a eS = Zi =. wl Ry E ~ @o n ° Rie) 3 < SSRQESS3SS3 AS ts) SEUSD CD AO NEN NCO rt eC q i=] Ormor - By Ano pees! ; T a) m 2 oh 3 BPiS ie 3 tee 2 = 28H 3 ; qi i 5 : F so." i ra > o a : ‘ B A ore Ries oe iS q oss ie 1098 SI i Spies a Oeieg roa as 3 moO Ag 8 OY A_ao mod 5 OBA ® Pash#tac d Roe geo Sk i) SARKOCKRORO a NM Hin DOG £ eed ae January 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 469 penetra LADD LEAN LALLA DALLA LOTTA Financially this group shows to better advantage than the English group. Its paid-up capital is 1304 lakhs, in round numbers, ayainst a block account of 156 lakbs, but as the mills can fall back upon a reserve of over 23% lakhs they have no lien on them in that respect, as is the case with the Wnglish group. The loan capital of this group is about 43 per cent of its own money, though it has had to pay snterest on the amount at 7} por cent against 5) per centof the English group. Looking to the earning columns, it will be found that, like the English group, those mills which have a larger block account than their capital, and whose borrowings consequently are greater, show a better result than their neighbours. Theso mills are Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, whose earning range { between 18 and 224 per cent. They are all new mills, ___ they have a block account of 43 lakhs against a paid-up capital of only 28 lakhs. No wonder, then, that when they can earn over 20 per cent, with borrowed money, whioh costs them much less, they should like to sail with light ballast, though it is neces- sary to remind them of the prudence of not forget- ting the Ides of March. The item of commission in this aren offers a marked contrast to the same item in the English group. The gross earnings of the mills are comprised in columns 9 and 10 of the respective groups, and we thus find that, while the Englvh mills pay their managers only R64,420, ont of R9,72,197, the mills have paid R65,61,001, out of R23,57,297, being equal to 6% and 22% per cent, re- spectively, oo the gross earnings. The system of ——— It will be seen that this group runs parallel with _ the Parsee group, not only in regard to its paid-up _ capital, but also in respect of its reserve funds. But when wo come to look at the block accounts, then they part company, the Parsee block account being 156 lakhs, against 164 lakhs, recorded in the Hindoo group. In regard to the rate of interest, also the Hindoos enjoy advantage over the Parsees, The latter have paid 7} per cent. for their money, Whereas the Hindoos have been able to get theirs at 5} per cent only. Their earnings, however _ Show only 12:61 per cent, against 16°32 per cent of the Parsees, and the differenco can only be Accounted for by the large number of old mills in this group, as well as by so many of them having ‘®& weaving business, too, which seems to be a drain On the spinning department. It will further be Been that like the Maneckjee Petit in the Parsee “@roup, Morarji Mill (No. 9) is financially in a Strong position, and for the samo reason namely, OWing to ita having built up a good reserve (R7,47,180) which amounts to 65 per cent. of its capital. The dividend paid by this mill (44 per cent) is the highest of any of the old mills in all the groups—though the Indian Manufacturing (No. 6) runs close to it, with its 1d per cont, In the interest of pru- 7 charging commission in our mill management is a threadbare subject of controversy in these parts, and it ig scarcely necessary to say that most of the mills in Bombay allow their managers a quarter anna per lb. upon the yarn sold, which, for rough calculation, may be taken at 34 per cent on the gross proceeds. The English mills, however, allow only 10 per cent on the net earnings, and the newer mills that are now being projected are obliged to conform to that system or to a sliding scale in which the remunera- tion bears some relation to profit. The Jamshed Mill, in the Parsee group, sets a laudable example in the former respect, as ite commission is a_per- centage on the net proceeds only. It will be seen that financially the Maneckjee Petit Mill is the strongest, having a reserve of fully 35 per cent. of its capital, and this tells favourablyon its earnings, which are the highest but one of the old millsin the groups that precede, and that which follows. The group which follows is the Hindoo group, which comprises mostly old mills, only three mills (Nos. 2, 6, and 13) being new concerns. Another speciality of this group is that the mills combine spinning and weaving, whereas the majority of the two previous groups confine themselves to spinning. This is probably owing to the business relations of the managing firms with the interior marts of the country, which enable them to move off their cloth to better advantage than their English or Parsee neighoours. The accounts of this group also are made up for the year ending June, 1888, except when otherwise mentioned III—HINDOO GROUP. Interest Agents’ Percen- Dividend Paid up Loan Reserve on Loan Commis Profit for tage of paid No. Names, Spindles, Looms. Capital. Capital. Fund, Capital. sion the year.Profit on Share- Capital holders. paid up. sey le a Er ee eee ee ros te Per cent, 1 Alliance .,. cit 26,864 Nil 17,91,000 4,382,655 2,01,212 19,796 46,271 1,49. 665 $35 6 ‘J 2 Lukbmidas 33,364 a3 7,82,000 5,18,600 77,000 39,451 61,600 1,68,401 21°52 12 3 Mahaluxmee .,. 24,696 HF 6,50,000 3,64,210 % 28,098 45,095 7 4 4 Bombay United.., 22,136 450 9,00,000 3,47, 751 ie 24,375 o 12°80 i¥ 5 Hindoostan ot +» 84,028 701 12,00,000 35,000 567 60,777 971 1% 6 Indian M’facturing (1887) 20,480 400 6,00,000 62,000 453 33,246 5253 19 14 7 Jivraz Baloo (1887) .,. 36,956 521 11,00,000 6,15,361 5,6 49,287 1.64,421 14°94 10 8 Khatao ..,, “ne 25,360 340 9,95,000 8,15,050 17,357 36,113 76,811 7°70 5e 9 Morarjee ... - ... 37,048 517 —-:11,50,000 713. «7,47,480 18,014 65,733 2,79,484 24°30 14h 10 Gusat Hastern (1887) 38,192 709 15,00,000 342 17,526 32,660 60,586 1,32,227 881 4 11 Svonderdass ta 16,680 201 6,50,000 5,283,208 1,45,600 31,581 23,584 46,515 7715 5k 12 Western India... .... 28,720 502 12,00,000 8,82,425 50,000 48,572 45,510 78,183 6°54 5 if 15 Bombay Cotton Manu- facturing Company .,. 6,716 > 2,98,500 2,33,252 13,750 15,729 27,929 49,914 16 24 9 P a eo» 1,28,16,500 63,69,458 26,27,730 3,418,930 5,73,109 15,37,679 164°03 10150 7 Average percentage of earnings and dividends,.,.,..... — 12°61 803 ¥ 1 Sassoon (1887) 51,956 918 15,00,000 10,33,435 4,839,726 1,03,620 60,495 2,99,208 19°95 10 dent management, however, one could not help wish- ing that the last mentioned concern had looked closely to its reserve, which is only ‘en per cent of its capita), against Gb per cent held by its rival, though in this respect its action is quite justifiable when contrasted with that of one of the English mills. This mill, in order to round off a half-yearly dividend, had to bor- Tow money, and the amount so borrowed appears in its accounts as “loss” on the balf-year’s operations. The last mill on our list is the Sassoon’s, and though moving in an orbit of itsown, it has nothing to learn from its rivals, On the contrary, for an off mill its percentage of earning is the highest of all but one of similar concerns, and instead of dividing the whole earnings, the managers have, with real mercantile in- stinct, taken a moiety to increase their reserve, and otherwise strengthen their position. Taking then all the groups together, tho main | result is that with a capital of three crores and fifteen lakhs, or £3,150,000 conventional sterling, the cotton indastry here bas realized a gross return of R58 lakhs, or £580,000, or over eighteon per cent. Some three years ago it was mentioned in Blackwood's Magazine in an article entitled ‘ Scottish Capital Abroad” that | more than twelve millions of Scotlaud’s money invest- | ed in America and on the continent bad not returned 470 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [JaNuaRY 1, 1889. a cent of profit for many years together. Need we point out, after such an experience as theirs, and in view of the fact vouched for by the figures given above, what home capitalists ought to do? To those disposed to act upon the inference, the in- terior of India offers an almost uncultivated field. What the prospects of that field are, are vouched for by the published accounts of the Oentral India Cotton Manufacturing Company. This mill, working in the very heart of the cotton districts, and with a capital of 18% lakhs, has earned, for the year ending June, 1888, @ gross return of R572,155, equal to 30 per cent., and that after paying over R91,000 for interest no its borrowed capital of 124 lakhs, a result which is hardly approached by any of the mills workng in overcrowded Bombay.—Bombay Gazette. —————————— DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, November 22nd. OincHona.—The fortnightly auctions held on Tues- day were the smallest in extent held for some time, although the average standard of the bark, owing to the large proportion of South American Calisaya quills, was a high one. The catalogues comprised: Packages Packages Ceylon bark con 960, of which 712 were sold Hast Indian bark ... 344 » 224 ii Java bark aay 341 275 A South American bark 1,071 5 551 nf Jamaica bark ose 87 my) 87 oh Total ... 2,803 99 1840; Cs, The auctions commenced with a fairly satisfactory tone, but competition very soon fell off, and dulness reigned supreme until the end of the sale, many holders preferring to buy in the bulk of their supplies rather than to accept the low prices offered. Of two small cataloues not one single lot was sold. It is generally said that the prices show no material alteration on those of the previous auction, but we should be in- clined to place the unit not higher than 2d. The following are the approximate quantities of bark pur- chased by the various buyers at the auctions: Lb. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 86,149 35 the American and French works 79,161 5 the Auerbach works 290 55,391 0 the Brunswick works “00 39,826 es Messrs. Jobst & Zimmer 25,412 Messrs. Howards & Sons Bd 14,315 Mr. Thos. Whiffen 200 er 14,110 Sundry buyers... ae ty 12,350 Total quantity sold ... : 326,714 Bought in or withdrawn aon 171,986 Total offered 498,660 East InpiAN Bark.—Succirubra,: Original quill and chips 84d to 4d; renewed shavings 44d to 9d per lb. Crown : Shavings and chips 4d to 94d per |b. Java Barx.—Ledgeriana: Root 63d to 8d; dusty branch quill 63d to 73d; dusty to fine chips 5d to 10d ; stout fine rich quill 1s 4d; 1 bale fine chips 1s 5d per lb., the highest prices paid at the auctions, Succirubra: Broken dull sea-damaged to thin but very bold long quill 34d to 6d per lb. Jamaica BAkK.—Crown: Low branchy chips 23d to 8d; weak broken quill44d to 5}d per lb. The ship- ments from Ceylon since the opening of the new season on October 1st have reached proportions very much in excess of what had been expected. This is partly owing, no doubt, to the fact that in the latter part of September freights were very scarce at Oolombo, and the arrivals from the plantations accumulated at that port until more ships were available in Oct. Soourm AmERICAN Barx.—More than balf the quantity offered consisted of Bolivian cultivated Calisaya, which sold very freely at comparatively good prices, up to 1s and 1s ld per lb. for fine bold silvery but broken end slightly sep fess bee quill; 103d to 11d for good stout quill (10d for the damages); and 8d to 94d for fairly good ditto. Nearly all the Cuprea bark offered was bought in, a few parcelsselling at 33d to 4d per lb.‘ Two or three of the parcels have just been imported, for one of these 34d is asked, while an- other is held at 334 per |b. for the whole * pile.” Other lots, of old import—1882 and *1883—are held by the importers at the recent auction rates, which were not obtainable yesterday. For two parcels of Soft Colum- bian character, import in 1880-81, very dusty 24d to 3d per lb. was refused. For somehard Pitayo (1882 import) 44d per lb, is named. Cusrss.—Good genuine berries are still quoted at £26 to £27 per ewt., but we do not hear of business. The cultivation of cubebs is to be commenced in British North Borneo by a Java planter, who has asked, for a concession of 4,000 acres on the Bengkoka River for the purpose of cultivating Liberia coffee, Oeard rubber, and ecubebs. QuININH.—Another penny decline on German brands has been an event of the week. ‘The market last Fri- day closed dull at 1s 43d per oz. on the spot, and 1s 5d forward ; but on Tuesday, after the bark auctions, second-hand sales were reported at 1s 4d, and sub- sequently at 1s 34d to 1s 3¢d for second-hand lots on the spot. The market closes weak at the latter prices, though another little spurt of life next week, or even this, would not much surprise us, Makers’ quo- tations remain unchanged.—Chemist and Drugyist. eer BURMAH A RICE GROWING OOUNTRY. There is probably no country in the world where the production of rice for exportation can be carried on so successfully as in Burmah at present. Many other countries in the far east can produce rice in abundance, but where the population is very dense the rice produced is required for iuternal consumption ; and where facilities for cheap transport to the coast do not exist, there is no use in producing any sur- plus rice. In Burma, we have an eminently suitable | soil and climate, and every natural facility for cheap carriage, the population is very far from being so dense as to eat up all the rice produced. On the contrary one of our drawbacks is that our population is not numerous enough to bring the avyailaole land under cultivation. With these advantages there is no imme- diate danger of our losing our rice trade at present; but it would be a mistake to reckon too confidently on retaining our present advantages for any indefinite length of time, or to ignore the efforts other nations are making to get iato the rice trade. Our French neighbours are very anxious to obtain a larger share of the trade than they have now, and they eagerly watch every chance of obtaining this end. Quite recently they have discovered that the transit duty of five cents per picul, which for the last three years has been levied on rice and paddy of Siamese origin descending to Saigon and Oholon by the Mee- kong across Cambodia, has pressed so heavily on the trade that the exportation of this kind of rice has practically ceased. This has been pointed out in a report by M. de Champeanx, Resident General of France in Cambodia and on the strength of this report M, Richaud, the Governer General has published a decree in the Journal Oficial of Oochin-Ohina, sup- pressing the transit duty. At the same time the river “Messageries” have lowered their freights, so that every facility possible is now afforded for the bringing down of Siam grown rice to Saigon and Cholon, and the merchants there are looking forward toa greatly — increased trade. ‘ Rice is an article for which the demand is not at — all likely to decrease in any way. On the contrary it is the staple food of a very large portion of the human race; it is cheap and nutritious, and even as — a food it seems to be coming in a very general use in many countries, It is also used for very many purposes besides food, and apparently there is no limit almost to the quantity which can be absorbed. There is ample room for Saigon to inerease her exports without materially reducing those from the Burmah ports, but if everything possible is done to make the rice exported from Saigon cheap, and if the other JANUARY 1, 1880.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 471 Se ae Tice-growing countries of the world very materially increase their production and exportation during the next few years; there must be a further fall in the value of rice. Should this occur Burmah rice will not bear the heavy land tax and the export duty now put upon it. As competition in the trade becomes eener, the Burmese paddy grower will have to work more economically than he does now, he will find that to make his paddy field support himself and his family he must buckle to work in earnest and not employ coolies so much as he does now; and Govern- ment will also find that it also must reduce its ex- actions on rice, When one comes to think over the matter it is a most marvellous thing that the production of a simple and formerly somewhat despised grain should have done so much for any country as rice has done for Burmah. Thirty-five years ago had any one foretold that the wretched swamps which the Hast India Oompany had been compelled to annex would prove the source of wealth they actually have done both to the people and to the government he would have been regarded as a lunatic. It is not too much to say that free and unfettered rice cultivation has made Burmab. What the country has derived from other sources is altogether insignificant in comparison. But the very facility with which this wealtb has been acquired tends to give both Government, officials and the actual cultivators erroneous impressions of what they can get out of rice. The danger is not very imminent, perhaps, but other nations are becoming alive to the fact that rice fields may be turned into a source of great wealth and they are learning to turn them to account. Burmah was practically first in the field, and has had something approaching to a monopoly of the trade for many years, but sooner or later she must face a more active competition than any she has yet encountered; and it is to be hoped that all concerned will be wise in time and make the necessary reductions in the cost of rice before any check has been put on the export of Burmah rice, by the increasing quantities of cheaper rice from elsewhere thrown on to the great markets of the world.—Rangoon Gazette. ——+ ---~ THE MINERVA FRUIT EVAPORATING AND PRESERVING OUMPANY. Recently, a representative of this journal paid a visit to the Evaporating Factory in Levuka of the Minerva Company, with the object of ascertaining the special merits of the particular type of evaporator in use there and of judging, as far as possible, of its general capability to suit immediate aud probable future requirements in Fiji. It is plain that an in- dustry of very great importance to this colony is being initiated by means of the principle of evapor- ftion or desiccation, and that the use of this principle will make all the difference between highly profitable ‘productions and the reverse. Banana growers have ong felt the want of some means of dealing with the large surplus of their frnit, which, for various reasons, is not avilable for shipment while green, and whieh consequently is wasted in large quantities. In @vaporation they certainly have the remedy at band. Our representative was shown samples of this fruit prepared by the American Evaporator, which is the Machine in use at the Minerva Oo.’s establishment. In taste and appearance nothing is left to desire, and the price (60 per lb.) at which the prepared article is sold wholesale, leaves a very handsome profit in Operation on what would otherwise go to waste, or ierely, at best, to feed cattle, The evaporated banann i# & great jiprovement on the sun dried article, and Ws a dessert fruit is highly appreciated by the Austra- lian public, if any judgment may be formed from the number of orders coming from the neighbourioy Ovlonies; bat, beyond this, in culinary and confectionery Uses it is found scarcely possible to tell it from tho more expensive raisin. Tho Minerva Company at present anas in 7 ack their ban- iy} 121b, tings, hermetically sealed, at a a cost of about 4d per lb., thus securing perfect pre- servation at a low cost for packing. Our represen- tative was shown samples of desiccated coconut and confectioneer’s copra made by the Company; which for whiteness, sweetness and perfect preservation and appearance would be impossible to be beaten. The great advantage of the principle applied is that the heat is utilized direct instead of through any inter- mediate or accessory agency. The fuel burnt gener- »tea the largest possible amount of hot, dry air, which comes into immediate and automatic contact with the substance to be dried, and the machine is so ar- ranged that an enormous drying surface is available for evaporating by this air. The outturn of finish pro- duct is in proportion, while the labor and tue! ree quired ig small. The heat is perfectly under control, and any degree up to 400° Fah. can be quickly ob- tained. With regard to the extension of the uses of this machine and principle, upon other products than those shewn our representative, space forbids our doing more than merely glancing at the wide and profitable variety of its uses in a tropical country. If coffee planting should be revived, it would give a new and greatly increased value to that product, as it has been found to turn out an article in flavour and quality infinitely superior to the crude method of pulping sometimes resorted to here. Similar ad- vantages result in tea and cocoa drying, and the “American” as applied to tea preparation in the Wainunu district is reported a distinct success, and will certainly procure for its user appreciative demand for his growth and make. Another immeiiately prospective use of the machine is in desiccating pineapples. About one cwt. of these, prepared by the “American,” were sent to the colonies last season as a sample; with the result that they elicited the very highest commendation on their merits, by comparison with other makes now getting known in Australia. A further result is the offer of orders thenee st ls. per pound; a price at which a fortune could be made, and which should stimulate the growth of this easily cultivated fruit on a large area in Fiji. We shall be glad to refer again to the subject of evaporating as its uses in various ways become de- veloped or the subject of actual experiment in this colony.—Fijt Times. {We suggested the preservation of plantains in Ceylon by means of the American Evaporator, and we do not see why it should not pay.—Eb.] ——————— a CEYLON TEA AT THE MELBOURNE EXHIBITION, 13th December 1888. The Editor ‘ Ceylon Obseyver.”’ Srr,—I beg to annex extract from the Age Supple- ment, dated 13th November 18338, as it gives some in- teresting information regarding the ‘‘ Ceylon Tea Room ”’ at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition.- Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. (Fatract from the ‘* Age” Supplement.) Mensourne OsnTENNIAL Exareirion. Melbourne, Tuesday, Nov. 13th, 1888. Free Orrertncs.—A visitor from one of the neighbonring colonies observed that the hospitality displayed at the Centennial Exhibition was very re- markable, It was not ax a distinguished guest at the weekly luncheon of the President of the Exe- ecutive Commissioners thit he had come to this con- clusion. A tarn of inspection ronnd the building had resulted in invitations to take two or three cnps of afternoon tea, a citp of Van Honten’s cocoa, a basin of soup, besides offerings of sundry ting of mnatard, condensed soup, samples of tea, and cocoa, kc. These are all, of course, advertising mediams. All the com. moslities offered are of excellent qnality. A cup of Van Honten’a cocoa testifies to the difference existiny between entirelypure articles, and the many inferior qaalities that are to bement with. Mesery, Atchorley 472 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 “aw = Y wre [JANUARY 1, 1889. ———————————————————————————————————————— and Dawson, tea merchants, invite visitors in the most cordial manner to visit their tea sampling and recep- tion rooms in one of the minor courts, where excellent tea is served in the afternoon and evening. The stand erected by the Tea Planters’ Association of Ceylon is unique in its character and the place is thronged all the afternoon with persons anxious to avail themselyes of the open invitation aiNen It is novel to many of the visitors to be waited upon by two natives, one a Sinhalese, the other a Tamil from the southern portion of Hindustan. But the great novelty is in the tea itself. The clear amber fluid dispensed is so different to the highly favoured, mixed and manufactured teas of commerce, that the majority of people at their first visit vote it peculiar rather than attractive in flavour. But there is some fascination about it, for asecond trial he gets a desire for a third and many visitors eventually order cases, protesting that they cannot drink the ordinary tea again. The Oeylon tea resembles a little the Japanese variety which is drunk throughout the United States, but more in colour and freedom from adulteration than in actual aroma, Toa young country like Australia it is highly encouraging to seein how few years comparatively an immense trade can grow up by meansof a staple production. In 1877 the exports of tea from Ceylon were 1775 lb. The estimated crop for 1889 is 32,000,000 lb. Ceylon contains a little over 15,000,000 acres of land altogether. At present only 3,000,000 acres out of, say, 12,000,000 available are under cul- tivation. When we compare the size of Victoria, with its 87,884 square miles of territory, and the Australian Oontinent, which gives a total of 2,944,828 square miles, we can fairly gauge the possibilities of the various industries that are being established throughout the land. Irrigation, combined with scien- tific methods of cultivation and the genial Austra- lian climate, should give results whichat present can scarcely enter into the dreams of the most sanguine. _ |] SyruEet OrANGES.—We had the pleasure of receiving today a very acceptable parcel of Sylhet Oranges from Dr. Stork, grown on his property at Heneratgoda, Comillah estate. They are very like mandarips, but larger and with a distinct favour, and should prove a welcome addition to Oeylon grown fruit,—Local ‘“Hxamiver,’ Dec. Oth. TropicaL FRuITs.—The Divison of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture has published a report of the tropical and semi-tropical fruits grown in the Southern States. The report has been prepared by Mr. H. 8. van Deman, chief of the Pomological Department. The several fruits are enumerated, and details given as to their culture, and the insects and diseases to which they are sub- jected.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Tar Vixz.—A French vigueron, M. Chatin, has just communicated to the Academy of Sciences the result of some very remarkable experiences with the phylloxera. He has a well-known vineyard at Meyzieux Isére, which has been preserved all through these long pbylloxera-visited years of sunny France—like an oasis in a desert—not only from phylloxera, but mildew, black-rot, et hoc genus onme altogether. He ascribes his protection to his particular treatment of the manures for the soils of his vineyard. He has all along treated them to the following manures:—Virst, he has a sys- tematic process of nipping ; then he applies a strong manure, which includes granulated phosphorus and products, with a base of potash, nitrogen, lime, &c. ‘The real facts of the case are that vines are highly-civilized plants. ‘They live freely and yield freely. You can no more hope to get good and perpetually good crops of grapes without feed- ing the plant well, than you could get good speeches from your own Parliament unless the speakers had well dined and—liquored.—Dr. Taylor in the Australasian, ’ CINCHONA Bark FROM JAMAICA,—A somewhat un- usual feature at Tuesday’s cinchona auctions was the sale of 87 bags of cinchona from the Jamaica planta- tions. The bags were rather light (the whole parcel weighed only 5,936 lbs-), and they were the proceeds of the importations from what island during the last : three months, As during the whole of 1887 the ship- . ments of cinchona from Jamaica reached 17,009 Ib., we need not anticipate any alarming competition from that. quarter just yet. In appearance the Jamaica bark sold yesterday was decidedly inferior, the twigs which seemed to belong to the Crown variety, being weak, broken, and apparently the produce of young or sickly trees. The alkaloidal value of the our parcels is given as follows:— | Total alkaloid Quinine sulphate per cent. 39 bags, selling at 53d. per lb. — 2°83 | 4°54 HAE a "DO. ay. = DAT, 3°58 PAS oe 4id. ,, = 3°58 1:97 dyke = 23d. to dd. ,, BE ey 2°12 —Chemist aud Druggist, Nov. 24th. Toe Reram Price or Trea in Gurmany.—The Deutsche Handels-Archiv, the official commercial publication of Germany, in its last issue discusses the reasons for the small consumption of tea in that country, and comes to the conclusion that the enormous retail price is the main cause, It thinks that the spread of tea-drinking in the country is greatly to be desired, but this is im- possible as long as the retail dealers persevere in charging the present excessive prices. It instances the establishments in the West-end of London where the average price for tea of medium quality is 1s, 6d. per pound, including the heavy English duty of 6d. per pound, and the finer sorts may be obtained at 2s.; while in Germany the retail prices begin at 3s, a pound for the poorest qualities, and go up to 9s. For German retail dealers it would seem that the large and universal fali in — the prices of tea in the last twenty years has never existed; yet in England the tea that was 2s. 6d. a pound in 1866 was 2s. 1jd. in 1876, and is now ls. 6d. a pound.—Z. g. C. Hexpress. Tue Rice Trade of India as affected by the export duty is thus dealt with by Lord Cross in a despatch to the Indian Government :— RICE, “3 Quantity Value of Duty { Exported. Exports. Received. Cwt. Rx. Rx. 1881-82 28,888,421 8,308,167 762,268 1882-83 31,258,288 8,476,327 832,312 1883-84 27,040,330 8,363,280 719,068 1884-85 22,051,532 7,192,197 588,394 1885-86 28,222,595 9,247,126 743,849" 1886-87 26,879,272 8,836,827 708,422 ‘Nor can it be assumed that it will be possible to maintain all the existing sources of revenue. The question of the duty now levied on the export of rice ~ will continue to be a subject for discussion. The economical objections to it have always been evident; but it was held that the duty was rendered less injurious by the fact that India and Burma pos- sessed an almost complete monopoly of the supply — of rice to Europe. Mr. O’Conor refers, in the 97th — paragraph of his Review of the Trade of India in © 1886-87, to the stagnation of the rice trade; and, in the 30th paragraph, he remarks that it has ‘much — to contend with since the fall in price of all the other material used for distillation and starch, such as potatoes, ‘rye, barley, maize; even wheat has been~ used for the manufacture of starch, so low has the price fallen.’ There has been no increase in the exports of rice since 1881-82, and in those from Bengal especially there seems to have beena marked reduction; and the amount collected as duty thereon shews a tendency to diminish. This is a sul which will no doubt receive the attention of, your Government,” * Oa a January 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 473 on CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. We call attention to the long and interesting letters (see page 477) addressed to us by Mr. J. li. Shand and Mr. McCombie Murray, to which we have no doubt the Tea Fund Committee especially will give due consideration. Mr. Shand writes forcibly and to the point as he generally does, and Mr. Murray clearly shows that he is maintaining a gallant struggle in the interests of Ceylon tea and that he is deserving of encouragement. But we cannot help expressing our surprise that there is not a word in the whole of his long letter about the pre-eminent importance of carrying his teas to the consumers in that part of America—namely the Central and Western States—where, in our opinion, there is far and away the best chance of creating very rapidly, a steady and ever-growing demand for our Ceylon teas: We know Mr. George W. Childs —at least so far as a very pleasant, interesting interview in his princely editorial sanctum could make us acquainted—and esteem him as perhaps the most notable and high-principled of American journalists, and his paper is undoubtedly a power In every sense, in the fair state of Pennsylvania and also considerably beyond its bounds in the Eastern States, But we very much question whether Mr. Childs himself would not agree that it would be wiser, as a beginning at least, to carry a new product like Ceylon tea—as also its advertising,—“ out West,” to Chicago, to Kansas City, Omaha, Denver and even Salt Lake City, than to begin knocking against the prejudices due to a hun- dred years’ building-up of the Americans in the old and settled Eastern States. We should certainly advise the Ceylon Tea Fund Committee to offer a handsome bonus to the first man who could prove to them that he had opened a store or agency for the sale of Ceylon teas in the rising town of Denyer, the capital of the splendid state of Colorado. There the people are free from many Of the prejudices of their neighbours in the Far Hast—they are a new people. Leadville, & town near Denver, of 14,000 people when we were there in 1884, had all sprung up within 10 years—and many of the people are emigrants from the old country who would gladly drink good tea if they could get it. In that region, we believe, lies by far the best chance for Mr, McCombie Murray. Let him start out West, or send a trustworthy representative, and the day that he can announce the establishment of a Store for the sale of pure Ceylon teas in Denver (and if possible, in Chicago), nothing will be wanting on our part at least, to urge that he should be libe- tally supported by the Ceylon Tea Planters from their Fund, in his then most deserving pioneering enterprise. -- J? OC CEYLON TEA AT THE MELBOURNE EXHIBITION, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, 15th Dec. 1888. The Editor, Ceylon Observer. Sir,—I beg to enclose extract from the Argus Sup- plement, as it gives some interesting information re- qpediog the “Ceylon Tea Room” at the Melbourne entennial Exhibition.— Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. EXrracts rrom THE “ Argus " SUPPLEMENT. Melbourne Centennial Exhibition 1888. Minor Courts. Tra.—“ As the largest consumers of tos in the world, Australians may well take an interest in the tea exhibits on view in that part of the building which Ia cooupied by the Minor Qourts, The annual con- sumption of tea in Australia, according to the latest paares, is 766 lb. per bead as compared. 502 1b, in x» Great Britain, 0°61 lb. in Russia, and 0:03 lb. in coffee drinking France. Of this the largest amount is at present imported from China, whose teas still hold the foremost position in the commercial world. OF late years however, Indian teas, and still more recently, those of Ceylon, have been attracting agreat deal of attention at home, and bid fair at the present rate of increase seriously to threaten the monopoly hitherto enjoyed by Ohina and Japan. The fact, however, seems to be that neither teais likely altogether to drive out the other, and that there is room for both kinds in @ world which can appreciate the good quali- ties of each. Indian tea having more strength and character than most of the China teas, is found ex- tremely useful in blending with the lighter sorts of the latter. For Ceylon tea it is claimed that, while possessing the strength of the Indian herb, it has a delicate aroma of its own, which is quite peculiar to it, and which must make it a more and more popular beverage as it becomes more and more widely known, From this healthy competition among the various tea producing countries the public have naturally derived considerable benefit. instead of having to pay, as in the 16th Oentury, 10 guineas a pound for tea, ur 30s, as was the case at home not very many years ago, tea can now be procured for 3s, and of a quality better, probably, on an average than that for which the higher price was paid. Moreover, the successful cultivation of tea in India and Oeylon has provided opportunities for the profitable investment of immense amounts of British capital, and for the remunerative employment of large numbers of British subjects in those parts of the world.” CryLton.—“ Twenty years ago the island of Oeylon was known as one of the three chief coffee-producing countries in the world, exporting the berry to the value of five millions sterling anoually. About the year 1868, however, leaf-blight attacked the coffee plants, and in a very short time nearly ruined the in- dustry as well as many of those who were engaged in carrying iton. At the present time the value of coffee exported annually from Ceylon is reduced to £800,000. Cinchona, cardamoms, cocoa, and other products were tried with varying success, until about eight years ago the planters in despair turned their attention to tea. The industry is still of such recent date that only a portion of the cultivated area is as yet in full bearing. ‘The area at present under culti- vation for tea is estimated at about 200,000 acres, the great bulk of which has only been planted during the last few years. Notwithstanding this, the amount annually exported has increased from 114,845 lb. in 1880 to 20,755,779 lb. in 1888, and the estimate from October 1st of the present year to September 30th, 1889, is 32,000,000 lb. Between the year 1884 and 1885, and again between 1886 and 1887 the export very nearly doubled itself. In spite of the increase in production, the average price during these years showed an advance, and Ceylon teas still obtain almost top prices in the market. This is due to the fact that they possess a variety which is seldom found in teas grown elsewhere, and combine the richness and strength of the Indian herb with the delicacy and flavour of the Chinese variety. The diversities of flavour are very great, teas grown at high elevations being noted more for delicacy, and those in lower- lying districts for strength. Theclimate of theisland, with its abundant rainfall alternating with bright sunsbine, is particularly suited to the growth of the ten plant, which flourishes where coffee has failed to yield. Labour in abundance is supplied by the Tamil population from the neighbouring coast of India, and is obtained at a cost of about sixpence per head perday. The roads in Ceylon are about the best in the world, and a railway through the centre of the island helps to provide cheap and easy Srsnsporh to the coast. whence the produce oan be conveyed hy sea to every part of the shit Exatnits.—“ In a prettily-arranged but made of bam- boos, hung round with photographs of various Cingalese scenes, the Ceylon Planters’ Association make a good display of the exhibits. Foremost amongst these, of course, are the teas, of which a great many samples 474 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. are shown—some of them (in cases) being fancy tead, and others (contained in bottles) teas known to com- merce. Round the stand in the centre are ranged a number of little tables and chairs at which the repre- sentative of the Company entertains free of charge all who may wish to try a cup of genuine Oeylon tea. The privilege is, as may be imagined, largely made use of, and every afternoon numbers of visitors are to be seen enjoying the refreshments provided for them. The tea is neatly and daintily served, and there must be few persons who do not pronounce it to be excellent. By those who use Ceylon tea one thing must be borne in mind. Though lighter in colour it is a good deal stronger than most China teas in common use, and about two-thirds of the amount required of the latter will be found sufficient to use in the case of the former. Some samples of coffee are also to be noticed, among which the beans of the Liberian giant, a shrub 6 feet high growing wild in Liberia, are shown in the parchment. Cocoa, coconut oil, cinchona bark, cinnamon, and kapok, a gort of natural silk down, are exhibited. Among the contents of the stand attention may also be directed to a new liqueur called a Créme de cocoa,’ delicately flavoured with cocoa, and forming a most delicious drink. © Qlose to this stand may be seen a fine specimen of Oingalese workmanship, exhibited by Mr. Arthur Sinclair, which consists of a massive table of ebony, inlaid with different woods of Oeylon, from the cala- mandar down to the common jak. The design of the table is cleverly executed, and, it is believed, took many years to complete.” ee Se SCALY INSECT ON THE COCONUT PALM IN THE WEST INDIES; AND OUR OWN COFFEE AND TEA INDUSTRIES, Mr. Hart of the Trinidad Botanic Gardens sends ug an interesting communication (see page 476) on a subject which he has seen discussed in our Tropical Agriculturist. Besides affording useful information respecting a pest affecting coconut palms in the West Indies, Mr. Hart enters on the general laws governing the epidemic appearance of insect and other pests, a subject which is of special interest to Ceylon with its coffee leaf fungus and green bug insect troubles. Why it may be asked in this connection has no pest, at least in an epidemic form (for the coconut palm has its enemies here like every other plant) appeared in this island on a palm which has been so widely cultivated not for 40 or 50, butfor 100 to 200 years? It may -be that the narrow area occupied round the coast up to 40 years ago or so was insufficient to induce the condition referred toby Mr. Hart; but still more may be made of the absence of continued droughts such as have affected Jamaica (for three years-‘in one case) and yet again may we not refer to the fact that the latest and best authority (De Can- dolle) concludes that the original home of the coconut palm is not in the far West—not in South America or the contiguous Pacific,—but more probably in our own East Indian Archipelago with very much the same conditions, of climate at least, as Ceylon.—The case was different with our coffee, and the universal planting of this one product over our hillcountry exactly fulfilled the predisposing cause referred to by Mr. Hart. But he and other observers and scientists should help us now to under- stand why—when coffee has dwindled down to isolated fields in each district, only the very best being preserved and well looked after with careful cultivation—this new and dire pest of a green scale insect cannot be driven away. We can show Mr. Hart some of the finest coffee trees in the world in Udapussellawa, Haputale, the Agras and Bogawantealawa—bushes fresh and vigorous-look- [JANUARY 1, 1889. ing, full of vegetation, stems as stout as a man’s thigh, with no appearance of failing in any way, and yet these same bushes cannot shake off this dire scale pest which not only de- stroys the chance of crop, but must gradually yet surely affect the vitality. Experiments with kerosene oil, soap, lime, &c., have been tried, but so far without such success as would afford en- couragement to persevere. And yet if ever we were getting back to the condition most suitable to keep good coffee in isolated fields free of pest, it is now.—How then about tea which is fast taking the position of coffee in ‘the days of old,” by occupying nearly the whole planting country with one product? Well, one bit of consolation offered is that tea, like the coconut palm, is much more at home in Ceylon than ever coffee was, that our climate and soil are much better adapted to a leaf than a fruit crop, that we can fight any fungoid or insect pest on tea (which can be pruned down till not a leaf is left) far better than we ever could on coffee—that in fact a tea garden might be burnt off, so killing all adverse insect or fungoid life, without permanent injury to the tea roots and stems which in a few months would again display a cover of luxuriant green. This is all very good —and yet—and yet—we should like to see, if it were possible, Mr. Hart’s idea of varied cultivation on’ our plantations more widely followed than it is at present in Oeylon. SS SSS TEA! THA! TEA! _ (Sorrowful Facts from a Sorrowful Man.) Tea comes tumbling down ones more with that annual and proverbial regularity which is positively disgusting. I wonder that for very shame the brokers can keep up the old threadbare joke of ‘inferiority,’ ‘“* falling off in quality,’ &c. (See the old gentleman’s last London letter to the local “ Times.”) No, it won’t do. These ‘‘ old man yarns”* may gull the Indian planter away in far off Assam, but we here absolutely refuse to swallow this so regularly dished up viand. Here is a nice little table I have proved by practice :— Good teas, good market, good prices. Good teas, bad market, bad prices. Bad teas, good market, good prices, comparatively ! ! Bad teas, bad market, bad prices. Tea has evidently no evenly fluctuating value, and the price is as unsettled as a breakwater crab (outsider) during a nor’-easter. To revert to our “ wretched fall,” every year we sink lower and lower. Once we flattered ourselves that 10d was our limit, but alasfor vain delusions, we have managed to touch 93d or © 9d; and at the present rate there will be no difficulty this coming season in getting down to those curiously ~ shaped and oft repeated numerals, which are the priacipal representatives of this now rapidly vanishing period of time which is determined by the revolutions — of the earth in its orbit, (See WVwittall, page 749.) Why do tea-roller men try to rival the veracity of a certain well-known Biblical gentleman and his better half? Has anyone a tea-roller that will work — off the prescribed quantity of leaf advertised, but un- fortunately not guaranteed by invertors and patentees P Why does Mr. Davidson continue making Siroccos ? — By his last pamphlet there are 1,900 now in us Many of them must have an easy time of it. I have set them all agoing full speed, and have worked them for eight hours a day for nine months, and dried 90 lb, an hour, and have turned out 369,360,000 Ib. of dry tea. I feel perfectly exhausted and must conclude. * “Old man yarns.”’ No disrespect or allusion to the venerable “J. 0.,” merely an Australian term something to do with kangaroos. A squatter friend has sent me copious notes with full particulars, which I will forward.—s. M. an _ JANUARY 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 475 eT EES “ HOW THINGS ARE DONE IN DIKOYA :” THA ; PROSPECTS OF FLUSHES AND PRICES—HOW TEA 18 TREATED BY LONDON BULKERS; A NICE LITTLE GAME. Dixoya, 17th December. This has been on the whole a very favorable season for tea, and estimates are well forward for the time of the year. Not much was expected from coffee,and that little will in many cases not be realized. ‘l'he weather has lately been rather cold with a hard wind, which will tem- porarily keep back the flush in tea, but itis too early yet for dry weather to set in, and next shower will doubtless bring it on ag lively as ever, Tea prices are disappointing, and much below last season’s at the same time of the year, but I don’t think anyone can lay this at the door of the tea-makers on this occasion ;so far as I can judge the quality is as good as ever it was, ex- ceptin those estates where they are taking in first tippings after pruning. I trust the London branch of the P. A. will not rest until they have settled this matter of ‘‘ Loss in voyage” and ‘* Allowance to buyer.’’ The former I heard very simply accounted for by one who had been some years in a leading tea-broker’s office in the Lane. In describing the bulking process, he said the boxes were opened with a crowbar, the tea chucked out on the floor, the lead often follow- ing; the tea was shoved back anyhow, and in repacking the tea might be put back ix the lead, or alongside of it. The bulking men having shovelled back the tea in the boxes and tramped it down with their hobnailed boots spread a sheet of brown paper over it and knock on the lid. On my sug- gesting that it was impossible to put alf the tea back in that rough manner if it had been carefully packed at this end, he said that of course it was not all put back, only as much as they conve- niently could, and that the rest was ‘Lost in voyage.” He also described with much humour how useful this loss on voyage was to understrappers like him- self, as he could-always buy some good tea for a small price, resell it to his friends, and thereby make avery desirable addition to his pocket money. IT have no doubt there is a good deal in all this that would help to throw light on the subject, if a parcel of tea was carefully followed through the warehouse and the bulking process ; and the sooner it is seen to the better, as, if tea is to go on falling in price, we cannot afford these little per- quisites, however useful they may be to the young men in the Lane, Those who are acduainted with tea and how susceptible it is to damp when ex- posed, will have no difficulty in accounting for the bad keeping qualities of tea subjected to treat- ment of this sort. — > —— Tue Kenant Vaniey Tra Association, Lp. We oall attention to the Report of _ this Company on page 467, and to the evidence of oh progress which it affords, This Com- pany has now 500 acres of virgin forest land planted With tea, with « reserve of 200 acres of forest land. Degalessa, which is the name of their plantation, has the advantage of being close to the Yatiyantota bazaar and to the river and cart road, so that facili‘ies for cheap supplies and transport are ex- Ceptional. if the young tea does as well as the only fieldin bearing, at the same age, it is quite clear that the Company’s property will be a very Valuable one, and we are quite sure that no effort has been wanting in the part of Mr. Porter, the Company's Manager in the island, nor of Mr. Wilkins, Superintendent of Degalessa, to get good Work done in planting and all other estate arrange- ments, , long-infused tea that works mischief in the stomach. Piantina 1N British NortH Borneo.—The last British Consular report from British North Borneo describes the progress which is being made there in tho introduction of new plants. Last year pepper ap- peared for the first time among the exports, and much is expected in future from it. It is a remuneratiye crop, and is rapidly extending in the Bundoo district, where there is such a large infusion of Chinese blood that the people may almost be said to belong to that thriving and industrious race. In the neighbourhood of Sandakan Bay a British company is planting Manila hemp and pineapples for the fibre. ‘lhe same company is also proceeding with the cultivation of Liberian coffee and pepper, and coffee estates are being laid out elsewhere. Itis purposed shortly to give attention to india-rubber and rattans. Both of these plants are indigenous, growing wild in the forests, so that there can be no doubt of the suitability of the country for their production, while, owing to their growing under natural forest shade, their cultivation will not be attended with the expenses incident to the opening and mainten- ance of ordinary estates. During 1887 applications for 278,335 acres of land were received by the Commissioner of Lands, 218,000 by Dutch and about 60,000 acres by English planters or companies.—London Times. Diarstive TEA has been a feature among exhibits at recent home Exhibitions, and there seems to be a large sale to judge, by rival prepa- rations. The best known perhaps is that of the Universal Digestive Tea Company Limited of Man- chester, who publish a long series of medical and other testimonials to the value of their ‘“ digestive tea dried and prepared on a new principle by which the tannin is entirely neutralized and the injurious oils to a great extent extracted.” Another preparation is referred to in a paragraph in the Chemist and Druggist as follows :— Lodge’s ‘‘ Dietetic” Tea.—This article is brought under the notice of chemists by Messrs. Lodge, of Broad Street, Birmingham, as one which is ‘ free from injurious tea. and most suitable for invalids and persons with weak digestion.’ This claim obviously makes the tea a good line for chemists. We have tried it, and find it to be a good liquoring tea, of full body and flavour, and rather under the average degree of astringency. It is attractively put up in tins. We have had the opportunity through the kindness of Mr. Wm. Walker of trying the Manchester Company's tea from a packet about which Mr, Walker writes az follows:— “T have tried the lest quality since I came to Ceylon, and found it not ut all satisfactory. It seemed to leave a consciousness behind it of having taken some- thing that was not digestive, but the reverse, I had the same experience on the voyage, and therefore gave up using it. This was a disappointment, as I had been using it at home, and had got to like it. What we used at home cost 3s per lb; the packet we tried here cost 3s 4d per lb. The Oompany’s Secretary at home wrote to me that their process was applicable to India and Ceylon teas as well as China, and that in the 38s 4d quality there was a good proportion of India and (or?) Ceylon. I am not disposed to hope for much from this process. I think that the right thing for those who suffer from indigestion after taking tea, is to see that they use a fine quality of Caylon tea, and use it after it has been only a few minutes infused. It is the bitter In this | feel certain that you will agree with me.” There can be no question that Mr. Walker is right, that in nine cases out of ten the infusion rather than the tea itself—due regard being had to the smaller quantity of Ceylon or Indian than of China tea required at a time to blame for the objec- tions raised about tannin and indigestion. But contrary to Mr. Walker's experience, our trial of the “digestive tea’? left a favourable impression of a | mild, pleasantly flavoured preparation, though the infusion is by no means equal in its refreshing qua- lities to that of our average Ceylon teas. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. . [JANUARY 1, 1889. SSS , Goryespondence, SS To the L£ditor. THE COCONUT PALM DISHASEHE IN THE WEST INDIES. Botanical Department, Trinidad, Oct. 26th, 1888. Dear Sir,—I note that in the August number of your valuable monthly you quote, from the Bulletin of the Jamaica Botanical Department, Mr. Faweett’s notes on the coconut disease, but the mention of my name as having reported on the matter in Sept. 1886 is somewhat misleading, as the enclosed copy will show. Mr. Morris and myself issued reports on the matter concurrently’ and without the knowledge of each other ; but, as my report was only published in the official organ (Government Gazette), it did not obtain the publicity that his did, and was actually unknown both to himself and Mr. Fawcett untill called their attention to it after the publication of the article which you republish. Mr. Morris’ report is coincidentally confirmed by my own, and the similarity of the conclusions are somewhat remarkable, the only difference of importance (if any) being in the application of a suggested remedy, and the primary cause of the disease. It is admitted by Mr. Morris, Mr. Fawcett, and myself that the scale insect is the ultimate cause of death, but Ido not think they insist so strongly as I do upon the importance of combating the predisposing cause. Personally [ place much reliance upon remedying the primary and pre- disposing cause when endeavouring to counteract the dire effects of the disease, while my respected co-workers appear to lay much stress upon the urgency of removing the insect pest. This, of course, corresponds to the usual difference of opinion which is well-known to exist with regard to the many diseases to which vegetable and human life are unfortunately subject; on which arises the question, whether is it better to find and remedy the predisposing cause, or to stamp out the wltimate cause of death, leaving the predisposing one rampant for all ill ? That the former is the more successful policy to pursue would appear to be evident, for when this is done the ultimate or secondary cause generally disappears, after having attained a certain mortality, without the use of any hard course of opposition, In confirmation of this view I am supported by the opinion; observations and experiments of Pro- fessor Harrison of Barbados, who has deyoted much attention to the subject since the issue of Mr. Morris’ notes on the Barbados trees. For on carrying out the treatment suggested in the 16th para of my report he has been entirely successful where it has been deemed a “hopeless task” to grow them while the ‘‘ disease is present.” Traced to its primary source, it would appear to be fairly apparent that the so-called disease is in the majority of instances caused by a state of semi-starvation, induced either by drought, or by a deficiency of manurial constituents in the soil of the particular district, and that, when these causes do not obtain, it disappears; unless it has become through a continuity of incidents severely epidem‘c, when the distribution of the insect pest by winds or other causes would, by the immensity of their numbers, cause healthy and well-nourished trees to eventually succumb. Although healthy growth, favorable seasons, and a sufficiency of food would probably be in the majority of instances coi.:_ident where the balance of nature is not disturbed, there yet remains the | fact, that the assemblage of large numbers of one particular species of plants or animals (man in- cluded) is conducive to destructive agents in various forms, which would otherwise or under other con- ditions be perfectly harmless, and that when a destructive organism or one that has become de- structive reaches such a practically unlimited field, where the natural balance of nature is unduly des- troyed by the hand of man, it will, and does, work its way, in spite of all the skill that practical experience and scientific effort can suggest, as you must know to your cost in Ceylon with regard to coffee leaf disease, which will probably never be eradicated until the predisposing causes (be they what they may) are removed or disappear. Plant diseases appear to require the same me- thod of treatment as those affecting man. Our physicians of the present day would not rest satis- fied with merely eradicating or staying the ravages of any special disease in the single human body. Where is the doctor of modern education who would be satisfied with stating that ‘such and such’ a disease was the cause of death without trying to fully understand how the disease was caused, its history and progress, and though he might write Phthisis pulmonalis would not understand and treat that disease according to the modern knowledge of its predisposing causes, and would he not also know, how almost worse than useless, were anything but palliative measures in the latter stages of that disease ? } Are not the sanitary scientists of the present day doing more for mankind than all the old con- servative drug doctors of former generations, and why? Because they have searched for and found the predisposing cause of many diseases, and have thus been able to draw up accurate methods of treatment which have enabled them to combat them successfully. In addition to what is given in my report, I would now add that I am much in fayour of mixed planting, z.e., that although each crop should for economy’s sake be planted together, still that it should be done in smaller areas than is now usual, and that alternate areas of other crops should be the rule so as to disturb Nature’s balance as little as possible, especially where the situation is at all unfavourable. My report was founded upon returns received in answer to a circular issued under the authority of the Jamaica Government to some of the largest cultivators in that island, and it has therefore more ~ authority than if issued as the result of my own individual experience. : J.H. HART, ¥. 14\8., Superintendent, Botanical Department, Trinidad. (Hatract from “Jamaica Gazette.) No. 210. 28th June 1886. The Governor directs the publication for general — information, of the following copy of a paper prepared — by Mr. J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Government — Cinchona Plantation, embodying results of inquiries — made on the subject of the disease effecting the coco- nut paim. REPORT ON COCONUT DISHASE. The importance of un inquiry being made into the — disease affecting coconut trees in Jamaica having been — proved by~continued applications to the Botanical Department requesting the suggestion of remedial measures led to the issue of a circular containing — uestions, which, it was thought, would tend to eluci- adie some useful information concerning the nature and extent of the ‘‘disease,” notes were also made on it by D. Morris, Hsq., late Director of the Depart- ment, during visits to some of the districts, and notes have also been made in districts by myself. JANuARY 1, 1889.] 2. In comparing the returns from correspondents, there appears to be a concensus of opinion that “ disease’ has only shown itself to be prevalent since the beginning of the year 1885; but it is recorded by one gentleman as having existed since 1876. 3. There would-appear to be some districts which are somewhat affected by attacks of the beetle men- tioned by Mr. Morris in his annual report for 1881 as being prevalent in the Parish of St. Elizabeth, but the general complaint is of trees affected (1) by an insect known as tho scaly blight, and (2) by a “disease” which spreading from root upwards com- pletely destroys the treo. 4, The well-known fact, that many trees of the palm tribe do not show the effects of the injury for lengthened periods after it has taken place, and the facts gathered from the replies of the correspondence as to the nature and progress of the ‘disease,’ would lead to the conclusion that its origin is owing pyi- marily to the succession of dry seasons experienced apes he last few years. 5. Nearly all correspondents ‘disease’ proceeds from the base of the tree up- wards Oral would tend to show that the injury proceeds from the root. In all indigenous plants the most vigorons part of the tree and that possessing the most vitality is the centre (known in palms as the cabbage) and consequently it would not suffer so s00n as the other portions through which the sap cannot pass so freely. 6. Trees which have suffered from drought or injury of any kind are well-known to be more liable to the attacks of insects than those in a healthy state, and consequently the attacks of the scaly blight may be looked upon as the effect and not the cause or the disease. 7. The ‘scaly blight” is an insect belonging to the order Coccide, many species of which infest plants in all parts of the world. The females are usually shield-like or convex above and concave or flat on their underside, being furnished with minute legs which when the insect is older become part of the body, On the underside of the insect is a sucker which pierces the enticle of plants and extracts their juices. Soon after impregnation the eggs are deposited and the female dies, her body be- coming a shield for the protection of the eggs, their fen to increase being enormous. While young oth sexes are alike, but the male larva produces two winged insects. : 8. The determination of the particular insect which infests the trees has not been decided, but it is pro- bably nearly allied, if not identical, with Aspidiotus nerii or ** oleander scale,” also known as the South Sea Rose. 9. Though the attacks of this insect may be looked upon as a secondary matter, still it does without doubt contribute to the death of the trees, and hence it is necessary to take measures forits removal whenever practicable, or it may become so numerous as to attack and by the multitude of its numbers attack and des- troy healthy trees. 10. The means used to destroy similar insects on cultivated plants in England though probably not ap- plicable generally to trees of such height as the coco- nut may, if made known to planters, lead to the adop- tion of some plan by which the numbers of this inset may be successfully diminished. One method is to apply a mixture which will effectually seal up the insect fora sufficient length of time to kill them: others are the use of an emulsion of kerosene oil or the ap- plication of spirits of turpentine (but it is probable that the nse of th» latter would be precluded bere on the score of expense); another is to brush them off the surface witha hard brusb and -yringe freely afterwards with strong soap suds; while, yet another is to cut up bar soap into pieces and affix it to different parts of the tree, so that it would be distributed through the medium of the rain, The mixture spoken off may be made as follows:—Stiff clay 6 parts; flower of sulphur 1 part; soft soap 1 part; soot or ashes 1 part; quicklime 1 part. Mix with water and then add 1 part in 100 of kerosene oil, and apply to every portionof the urface with a brush in the same manner as paint. agree that the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | ' 11. To young trees probably, some modification of these remedies may be applicable, but in case of old trees where this pest has made great headway, it is doubtful if they can be successfully employed, and the only course would appear to be to fell and burn the tree at once, especially as it appears that no instance of recovery after being once severely affected has yet been observed. 12, {t would be also advisable to cut away as much as possible of the infected portions of young trees and burn them before the application of any remedy, it is however to be mentioned that this precautionary mea- sure has already been adopted by many correspondents. 13. Among the specimens examined were some showing channels made by a small boring coleopterous insect about $ of aninch in length of which I found several perfect specimens and numerous larvee, but as it belongs to a class which is generally found among dead or decayed wood it would not appear to be the cause of any serious injury, but had doubtless merely found a congenial home in the dying leaf, stalks and wood of the coconut tree. Many of the specimens that were received were also made into sections and microscopically examined under a high power to see if any fungoid growth had contributed to the death of the tree. Only those fungi were present which we would naturally expect to find on any decaying vegetable tissus and more of them were found travers- ing the intercellular spaces. Irom one correspondent a portion of the ‘‘ cabbage” sent as a specimen was also covered by numerous acarids or mites and the larva of a dipterous insect was found in the softest part : these also would naturaliy be found on any de- caying vegetable matter, but they are mentioned here to show that due consideration has been given to every particular as given by correspondents. 14. The attacks of the larger bectle which infests the district of St. Elizabeth’s might probably be held in check by destroying them in their channels by the application of bi-sulphide of carbon and then plugging the entrauce and by systematically destroying the insects by hand picking whereever seen, One of the larger beetles attacks the plant in its youngest stage, first entering the ground and then piercing the heart; these should be carefully searched for and may often be destroyed by forcing into the orifice by which they enter a piece of stiff iron wire. ‘ 15. In view of the foregoing the tendency of the enquiry is to show as before stated that the ‘‘ disease” is plainly referable to the past dry seasons, and that no great alarm need be occasioned by its occurrence, aud thatitis probable that withthe return of normal seasons it will entirely disappear. 16. Iwould recommend, however, on a recurrence of drought that the ground around the trees should be well dug for some 8 or 4 yards in diameter and then be covered with a good mulching of stable manure or vegetable refuse about a foot in thickness to conserve and retain as much moisture in the soil as possible during dry periods, and at the same time to afford nutriment to the vree. An application of salt or brine to the roots of trees which are not exposed to saline influences would probably be very beneficial. (Signed) J. H. Harv, Govt. Cinchona Piantations, Jamaica, HOW TO PUSH CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA, ENGLAND, &o. London, E. C., 16th Noy. 1888. Dear Srm,—I enclo v a letter which Mr. Murray has asked me to read and forward with remarks. There is: much in it with which I oyree. If the Tea Fund sees its way togive Mr. Murray 6,000 Ib with no restrict on to gratuitous distribution, but conditional upon his purchasing 12 000 Ib. for the American market, and thus obtaining 18,000 lb. 33 per cent below market rates, I believe it would be a good thing both for the grower and Mr. Murray ; and, if the Tea Fund should see its way to help Mr. Murray in the way of advertising, 1 think it would be « step in the right direction, because in this as 478 direction he is specially handicapped. All dealers in Ceylon tea in the United Kingdom receive a great deal of gratuitous advertisement from the many interested in Ceylon scattered over the Kingdom, but across the Atlantic where advertising is far more necessary this gratuitous assistance is not forthcoming. But while I should be very glad to see Mr. Murray helped, and knowing something of the struggle he is having, I think he is deserving of all help,—I object most strongly to anyone imagining they have a claim upon the Planters’ Association of Ceylon for their championship of Ceylon tea, more especially when that championship is self- constituted. I remember pointing this out at a meeting in Kandy, and now that I have seen something more of business, I hold the view more strongly. The Planters’ Association should have nothing to do with trade, and the mo- ment it takes any special tradesman under its protection, it places itself in a very invidious position : the clamorous receive help which the more modest but perhaps more deserving donot apply for, and instead of keeping the retailer and pro- ducer in harmony, a section of the trade is at once irritated. : I can imagine no case more deserving of, and more directly appealing for aid to the Tea Fund than that of Mr. Horsfall of Bournemouth, who, after having overcome the difficulties inseparable from the establishment of a new business, suffered serious logs, direct and indirect, from his premises being burnt down; but so far as I know he has borne his loss uncomplainingly while others who have ventured on their own account to introduce Ceylon tea into foreign countries and who may have lost in so doing, clamor for assistance. I, likemany others connected with Ceylon, am constantly trying new markets for tea, but I doso as a tea dealer and not as a member of the P. A., with the full responsibility and with the full intention of pocket- ing all profits if any, derived from my ventures. I value the P. A. of Ceylon far too highly to desire to see its field of usefulness impaired, or its name in any way degraded, and I could not but regret lately to see a firm advertizing as a special in- ducement why people should try Ceylon tea from it, ““ That its partners were members of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon.” Of course if buyers knew what this meant they would not attach much value to it, and they would just as soon think of buying their butter from a man because he happened to be a member of an Agricultural Society ; but the buyer, as a rule, does not know what the P. A. of Ceylon, is, and such an advertisement either means: nothing, or conveys the false impression that the P. A. of Ceylon is a tea-trading body; and woe betide the tea planter of Ceylon if that idea once became prevalent. I believe Mr. Murray to be on the right path in not trying to force pure Ceylon tea down American throats. In America as in Burope if prices are to be maintained, the great bulk of Ceylon tea must be used for blending, —Faithfully yours, J. L. SHAND. Philadelphia, 25th Oct. 1888. Dear Sir,—In view of possible business relations being formed between myself and other parties resident in or connected with Oeylon,I would like to express my caudid opinions on certain subjects, at the rick of being considered heterodox, If such is the veruict, I must be content to plead guilty, for my convictions are at lcast honest, being the result ofevery day ex- perience, and a pretty intimate acquaintance with the tastes and habits of American tea-drinkers, « Ceylon teais not appreeiated over here’ is an oft-re- peated sesertion, and sounds like “a chesnut,” as the Americuus term it; but, as you are not armed with “chesnut” bells in Ceylon, £ am courageous enough to, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - (J (ness 1, 1889. repeat myself until you cable me that your columns are forever closed against me. Noone is so tried of hearing this not very encouraging piece of information repeated as I am,and I only stand it because I know it is but too true. Will Ceylon tea ever be appreciated in America 2—In the opinion of Americans who ought to know, it will, in time, be appreciated by a minority of American peo- ple, but never by the majority. In other words, it will never be the popular tea of America. To this a reserva- tion might be added—unless Oeylon and India can successfully compete with the Foochow or Formosa Oolong by producing a tea of similar character. Is the demand for sucha tea as Ceylon now produces sufficient to support or warrant the establishment of a business in that tea to the exclusion of others 2? —No! emphatically no! The ready demand is no- minal if indeed existent at all. Any demand for the tea has to be made by constant advertizing, involving great outlay and indefatigable energy on the part of the pioneers who undertake to introduce it. What is true of an agent undertaking to introduce it in a small way, is applicable to a Oompany of large capital onthe greater undertaking. Money spent in judious advertizing, with plenty of push and energy, will create demand, but not in proportion to the ex- penditure. The question then arises Who ought to bear “the initial loss inseparable to making markets” 2—Why—surely those whom the making of the markets benefits. The pioneer who does the practical work is certainly more or less benefited when the market is made, if he is fortunate enough to pull through, but if unassisted the chances are that the making of the market proves his ruin and the fortune of those who follow. J Who benefit by the making of the market ?—Perhaps the easier way to put this question would beto put it in the negative form, andask ‘“‘Who does not benefit by the making of the market? The whole country is un- doubtedly benefited, and the Government must be looked to as headquarters. The planters are perhaps the most directly interested parties, and they have res- ponded liberally to the suggestions of their leaders. The next point I would touch upon is how best to aid pioneers in their work. Wo private party can be ex- pected to face certain loss and possible ruin, to serve the interests of a whole community. The same applies to a company formed to carry out a commercial enter- prize. If they do so, they have a right to ask the sup- port of those who ultimately benefit by their work. Mr. Shand has suggested one means by which a pioneer can be effectually assisted. If on purchasing 2000 Ib. of tea he received 3,000 lb. he could afiord to put the tea into successful competition with all other teas and at the same time make a large profit. HadI been able to secure tea on these terms last week, I could have placed 12 chests of tea in very good hands. As it was, an Assam took its place at a few cents cheaper than I could afford to tell. I hada talk with Mr. Finley Acker three days ago, and he seems to think he could double his exertions if I sould let him have ~ the tea at about London market rates, which I could ~ do if Icould secure the tea on such terms as Mr. Shand suggests. Another means of assistance occurred to me asreasou- able aud fair. What are the expenses which the pioneer feels the most? Not the rent or fixtures neces- sary to the adornment of his place of business, These are common to all manner of business. Itis the ueces- sary advertising of a new article. It is not the excel- lence of the article itself that makes the market so much as the advertising of the article. The consump- tion of pure Ceylon tea is dependent on the amount of advertising done for it. Advertise for me and 1 will guarantee thesales. Now, if the Ohamber of Oommerce ~ would vote $1,000 to be handed over to Mr.George W. Childs of the Public Ledger, I thiak I could prevail — upon that great philanthropict io give good value for — the same in the “ personal” column, which 99 out of 100 ladies of Philadelphia read every morning with perhaps more regularity and interest than they read their Bible. If there could be iuserted this column of interest, such an advertisement as ‘Have you tasted C.ylon tea? it is absolutely January 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 479 a —————————— pure, the finest flavored of all tea, and very wholesome and economical. Can be tasted free at any time at our office. J. M. M & Co.” &c. I think it would do more to assist me to dispose of Oeylon tea than anything that could be done for me. It would be making mea present of so many hundreds of customers per annum—a welcome present for me and adirect benefit to the donors. What would serve me well would serve others in liko position. Assist them by advertising Ceylon tea on the general interest principle, andlet THEM derive the benefit of the sales. I have enlarged on this subject, because it means the making of my business if I am assisted in this way. I called on Mr, Childs the other day with the view to finding out what he would allow uponhis usual terms for such an advertisement, but found him away from home, I will see him shortly on the subject, and sound him, although I assure you there is no necessity for those who would thus assist me waiting for avy further information. An official note addressed to Mr. Ohilds, asking him to draw upon them for any sum they may grant for this purpose, would be attended to at once va acknowledged by return of mail. How can wunsupported pioncers assist themselves? Personally speaking, I had to assist myse)f, not only by finding money to keep things going, but by taking a sousible augler’s view of my position, and changing my fly, or rather adding a new fly—and I think I may truthfully assert that this step helped me to keep ‘a stiff upper lip’ when my heart was very near failing altogether. There are two ways of winning a battle, It may be won by storm, butitcan also be won by stealth. This was the principle with which the second fly was dressed. ‘‘ What will the Observer say to my using this bait?’ thought I to myself when I gave Messrs. J. H. Catherwood & Oo. an order for afew chestiof Formosa Oolong and young Hyson, a venomous looking article forsooth. Well! I had no choice in the matter. If Frenchmen oat frogs and enjoy snails, they have a right to enjoy them, and so have Americans to prefer the tea they have been used to, to Oeylon which they never tasted or heard of before. I saw a goodly number of people every day, who averred that they would like to deal with me, but that, to be honest, they did not fancy Ceylon tea, or their people didn’t like it. It dawned upon me that, while I accused Americans of prejudice, there might also be a little prejudice in my mind also. I accordingly asked Mr. Reid to furnish me with really good samples of the aforesaid teas, and after a week’s oes came to the conclusion that a very palatable blend of Ceylon, China, and Japan tea was not only a possible thing, but a tea that was calculated to suit almost any taste. I no longer winced under the ill-disguised expressions of displeasure or disap- pointment which mrKA accustomed myself to expect on a customer first tasting the tea I culogized so much. If it did not suit, 1 presented cup No. 2, and if that did not suit, cup No. 3. One of these was sure to please, and they all contained a large por- centage of Ceylon toa. These blends proved uni- versally acceptable in the event of the pure Ceylon not being liked, and, in selling the blend tea, I in. variably gave, as { now do, a 2 oz. sample of the Oa article with a perfect halo of eulogies to enhance ts value. I always give pure Ceylon the first chance, but in the event ofthe person to whom I give it not liking it, I never force a sale, as I have learnt to my cost that it is a mistake to do so, The additional custom thus secured makes the difference between a losing and a self-sustaining business. The only eople I never ask to taste pure Ceylon tea are green a drinkers, as to do so is to encourage wicked thonghts and suppressed bad language. I give them one-third Ceylon with the two-thirds of young Hyson, and they submit. I know that many will think they see in this letter the first tokens of “throwing u the sponge” in the cause of Ceylon tea, but my object in writing is to claim precedence for this system of introducing pure Coylon toa as the most sensible and practical of all systems, aud I think i have tried most and paid well for my experience, I sat down to this letter about three hours age with the determination that I would make a clean breast of every heterodox opinion I suspected my- self of. I have bearded the lion in his den, which am glad to say is 13,000 miles away, and can only hope that not only he, but all his readers, wiil Jook upon me, not as a backslider, but as one who has been persuaded against his will to follow the course of his convictions, and by presenting a palatable blend of Ceylon with Ohina and Japan teas to the American people, demonstrate to them, not that Ceylon tea is improved by the introduction of these teas, but that these teas to which they have been accustomed, 18 improved by the introduction of Ceylon tea, which, I endeavour to persuade them, they will - eventually come to like and appreciate as a pure wholesome, and economical tea. Icannot stop without a little reminder that I am in need of assistance. I never occupied the unenvi- able position of a beggar, but it appears to mo that I am doing justice, not only to myself, but to the cause in which | am engaged, when I claim the as- sistance I really need. My capital has never beenlarge, having buried the greater part of that commodity in the sloping sub- soils of Dolosbage, but I have worked with a will, and pushed Ceylon tea for all it is worth. “It now appears J need thy help,” and I think I can reckon on the echo “ Well, be itso,’ I have been success- ful in establishing quite a business, but consrasnt advertizing is necessary, absolutely necessary, aud (hut ib is that handicaps me, I am not in any way dis- couraged as to the future of Ceylon tea. What con- cerns me most at presentis my own future, forit is a struggle all the time, The fact that it is nearing the presidential election paralyzes business ani makes it all the harder for me, but I keep at it all the same. I send this letter through Mr. J. L. Shand, to whom I am writing, and hemay adda few remarks which will be very acceptable from one of his ex- perience in the pioneering line. I willnow close, as I don’t wish to occupy anentire daily issue —lam, yours very truly. J. McCOMBIB MURRAY. Philadelphia, October 24th, 1888. Mr. J. McCombie Murray, Phila. Dear Sir,—We are in receipt of your inquiry as to our opinion of the Ceylon tea prospects in the United States. In reply would say that our opinion, based upon actual expe- rience, is that Oeylon tea can be sold in this country, provided sufiicient interest is manifested in educating the public to appreciate it, and provided skill and tact are employed in introducing 1t. WVhis Work costa money to the educators, and you need not be surprised at the apparent indifference of the trade so long as there is no ‘moneyed ’ advantage for them to take this trouble. We have spent considerable time and money in pushing and advertising Oeylon tea, aud believe that if we could purchase the tea at lower prices, or receive a rebate with the understanding that 16 is intended for advertising purposes, and to warrant the employment of labour to push it,that we would push it in many sections of the United States. While wo cannot say what this would amount to, we are justified in predicting a very large increase on what we have done up to this time. If you could succeed in getting some rebate of this kind for us, it would stimniate us to do all that we possibly could to pnsh its sale.— Yours very truly, Finney Acker & Co. A CHANCE OF A PRIZE FOR CEYLON TOBACCO GROWERS. Colombo, 14th Dec. 1888. Dean Sm,—Under the above heading a para- graph appeared in last night's Observer stating that the London Chamber of Commerce “ offers a prize for the best specimen of Colonial-grown tobacco weighing not less than 400 Ib."’ Forthe information of Ceylon tobacco growers, permit me to say that a prize of fifty guineas was offered in March last, and the conditions respecting same THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ge ae eee [January 1) 1889. appeared in the ‘Ceylon Advertiser” for April.* The Qolonial tobaccos competing for the prize had to be in a London bonded warehouse by the ist December, but from inquiries I made before leaving London, I do not think a single Ceylon grower sent home a sample.—Yours faithfully, W. H, DAVIES. ‘POOOHIES ” ON TEA. Park, Lunugala, Dec, 14th. Dear Sir,—I send you by today’s post in matchbox some specimens of caterpillars which have attacked my tea busbes. They start ona bush and eat every leaf off until they leave it so many bare sticks, and then they go tothe next bush. Can you tell me what they are, or suggest any way of exterminating them ?— I am, yours faithfully, B. FFANSHAWE. (Mr. A. P. Green reports :—“* Larva of a small moth, which I am unable to identify at pre- sent, the caterpillars having passed into the chrysalis state.” As for prevention, we repeat as follows:— Where numerous, and causing much injury to the trees, the caterpillars may be collected by hand and destroyed, For caterpillar attacks on fruit trees in England, Miss Ormerod (‘ Manual of Injurious Insects and Methods of Prevention’) advises good drenches of soft soap and fish-oil, or soft soap and sulphur thrown powerfully at the foliage. Although remedies of the above nature might be found to have an un- pleasant effect on the tea leaves, caterpillars are very susceptible to injury from wet and cold in their young state and when changing their skins; and strong syringing with cold water where at hand might be tried with good effect if done in the early morning. Cater- pillars being generally night-feeders, soft soap could be used in the evening, to be washed off by a good drenching with pure water the following morning. Ex- cept where the boughs touch, thecaterpillars can only travel to another tree by crawling up the trunk, and where the attack is Severe. the surrounding trees might be protected by placing rings of some deterrent at the lowest part of the trunk, or on the ground round about it. A thick band of hay or straw, soaked in a mixture of tar and oil, that would keep wet and sticky for some time, would effectually prevent the caterpillars crossing it. If the attack is confined to a limited area, surrounding the whole with sand or ashes well sprinkled with paraffin and water would check their further pro- gress. (See Ormerod, ‘ Injurious Insects,’ &c.”—Ep. CEYLON TEA IN ENGLAND. Wattegama, 17th Dec. 1888. Dean Srr,—I wish to call your attention to the harm that is being done to the tea industry by the shipment and sale in London of the lowest qualities *The London Chamber of Commerce are offering a price of fifty guineas for the best specimen of Co- lonial grown tobacco. The sample must weigh 4001», embrace an average of the growth, and not consist alone of leaf picked from a larger quantity than that which is submitted to the jurors. It is neverthe- less desirable that the leaf should be assorted in the usual way, into sizes or colours, separately packed, each sort being Jeftin its natural proportion to the bulk. The Colonial specimens must be in any Lon- don bonded warehouse on or before the 1st Decem- ber next, so that they should be shipped from Oo- lombo not later than the middle of October. We do hope Messrs. Ingleton, Vollar and others will send in samples for competition, If they do not obtain the prize, they will at any rate be advertising Ceylon as a tobacco producing country, and at same timebe obtaining some valuable experience as to the exact requirements of the London trade. We need hardly say we shall be glad to take charge of any exhibits, personally look after them, and obtain all the in- formation we can regarding preparation, etc. We have now procured a supply of the conditions and ne- cessary forms to be signed and senti home by intend- ing exhibitors, They can be obtained on applica tion at our Oolombo office. -atforded ‘reproduce in full. of our leaf. These teas are entirely bought for the packet trade and sold to the public as pure Ceylon teas. Now that we have a certain amount of pro- tection, I trust, under the Merchandize Marks Act, it is simply suicidal to continue shipping rubbishy teas. The price of the lowest qualities is at present remarkably high compared with the better qualities. _This is entirely due to the competition of the packet trade. I saw and tested many samples in England of stuff that could only by courtesy be called tea, all of which Messrs, Gow, Wilson & Stanton assured me went into packets. The harm done by this to the good name of Ceylon is very great, and although I’m aware of the probable impossibility of stopping the shipment of such teas, I think you should direct the public attention to the matter.—Yours faithfully, BERNARD NELSON. ee An Om Tree in Dry Rucions.—Mr. Joseph Thomson in his paper before the Royal Geographi- cal Society, Nov. 26th on ‘ A Journey to the Atlas Mountains ” made the following reference to a tree like our own palmyra that is independent of irri- gation :—With their arrival at Tensift commenced the area of Argan forest, that peculiar and useful oil tree which found sustenance where the more water-loving olive could not live. 2 VANILLA GROWERS’ TROoUBLES.—A correspondence is now proceeding in the Mauritian journals on the serious depredations to which the vanilla plantations on the island are exposed, The fruit-bearing plants, when the pods begin to ripen, are torn off in hundreds by midnight maranders, who recommence their robberies every season, and pursue them apparently unchecked, The theft have increased to such an extent this year that the planters protest that they will have to give up the growing of vanilla and turn their attention to crops less liable to theft unless stringent measures are taken to stop the nuisance; for not only do they lose a proportion of their crop so large as to nearly equal their margin of profit, but the thieves, who have to cure the stolen fruit hurriedly and secretly, are spoiling the reputation of the Mauritian vanilla by throwing quanti- ties of ill-cured and imperfectly ripened beans upon the markets. The planters suggest thatthe Government should prohibit the transport of vanilla beans by night or without a pass, and they say thatin the neighbouring island of Bourbon, where a similar measure was adpoted, the thefts have almost entirely ceased.—Chemist and Druggist Corron Mints in Bompay.—We attract atten- tion to the readable and apparently exhaus- tive review of the Cotton Mill industry in Bombay on page 467 from a correspondent of the Bombay Gazette who is evidently well up in his subject. He gives elaborate tables of the results of fhe working of the mills under English, Parsee and Hindu management, all of which we We need only here repeat a sentence from his summing-up, to the effect that on a total outlay of capital of R31,500,000 the cotton industry in Bombay has made a gross return of R5,800,000 or over 18 per cent, and the writer well contrasts this with Scottish investments to the extent of 12 millions sterling in America and the European Continent which had not, when re- ported three years ago, yielded a cent of profit for many years! How is it that such capitalists do not come forward to supply the capital of the first Cotton Mill in Ceylon (raised mainly through local agency), or of the several Tea Companies which might so advantageously be formed by putting to- gether from six to a dozen of existing tea planta- tions, here and there, all over our planting country ? Lot those intorested send today’s and yesterday’s copy of the Observer home to both Scottish and English capitalists ! : alll . January 1, 1889. | THE HARITAKI NUT. To the Editor “Indian Agricultwist.” Sir,—I remember to have seen some time ago a paragraph in the Statesman relating to the discovery of a certain herb which, when chewed, destroys the taste of every other thing put into the mouth, The discoverer was congratulated upon having conferred a boon upon men. But this is no new discovery. We have a certain nut called havitaki (myrobolan), pieces of which when chewed render everything tasteless. I have myself tasted it and have found that even quinine appears tasteless after it. It grows in the Sonthal Pergunnahs in a wild state and is sold in the bazaar when dried. Our widow ladies are in the habit of chewing ib after their meals. Itis slightly bitter in taste. I think it may well be used as a destroyer of the tastes of bitter medicines, First chew a bit of Aaritaki and then take the medicine. You will not know what you are swallowing. I daresay some medical experts will come forward to test it, and to give their opinion as to the harmlessness of our using it. I beg to enclose herein some bits of havitaki for your inspection. Yor. (Seeing that the myrabolam is used as a_ tanning material, we should think any large use of it as a masticatory would be extremely hazardous,—Ep., | = TEA AND TOBACCO IN JAPAN. British Consvutark TRADE Report roR NAGASAKI FoR 1887. Owing to the primitive and careless methods of cultivation and preparation in the surrounding dis- triots, tea has virtually ceased to be an article of export, except to the North of Ohina, which takes large quantities of very inferior kinds, ranging be- tween 4 dol. and 5 dol. per picul. There were but small purchases at the opening of the year, and, though prices declined, the rise in sterling exchange prevented any advantage being taken of this fall, which was about 2 dol. in medium to fine, and 1 dol. 50 c. for better kinds. In May the new season teas made their first appearance and seomed satisfactory, being apparently up to standard. The unsatisfactory nature of advices by mail, how- ever, stopped business, exporters being unwilling to operate except ata reduction of 2 dol., bringing pri- ces in July down to 7 dol. to 9 dol. for medium to fine, and 10 dol. to 13 dol. for fine to finest. Business continued dull-till October, when concessions on the part of Japanese merchants induced buyers to operate to some extent, though the market romained flat, notwithstanding prices had, if anything, lowered. Stocks at the end of the year consisted of—fine, 600; médium, 2,000; and round leaf, 850 bales. The out-turn of tobacco proved even worse than was expected, and business was therefore specially dull at the commencement of the year; notwithstanding inferior quality, some 3,380 bales were held in February for 6 dol. per picul. Later on concessions led to business, and in April there were only 2,600 bales in stock, of so very Roge and inferior a description as to render it impossible to find buyers. This state of things continued throughout the year, the new crop being unusually small and bare. Stooks on band in December were 2,485 balos, with merely nominal quotations and no inquiry.—Japan Weekly Mail, ———_——-—-_»> —-—- — LADY AGRIOULTURAL PROFESSORS. Our Paris correspondent writes :— Russia has more Ti doctors than any other nation; and soon she will have moro lady professors of agriculture, and more lady directors of modelfarme. In the north of Rassia, model dairies and breeding farms are very numerous, and are superintended by women and worked by their own resources. They send young ladies to Germany, France, Holland, Denmark and Belgium to study speoial features in farming. Madame Grinew has converted her estate at Sasgulinzy into & practical school for teaching peasant girls kitchen gardeniog, the rearing of bees, how to keep poultry, the caro of stock, the management of a dairy, cook- = household managemont, Each pupil must be ,. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fifteen yoars of age, and fully understand what she has come to learn, Hight months is the period of residence, and the school aims not exactly to train the girls, bat to fill their heads with practical notions, and to develop self-reliance and the thinking faculties. The teaching system is original; there are no classes, no lectures, no professors. At five in the evening the girls sit around the directress, and she asks each pupil to relate what work she was engaged in during the day, what she found to be difficult, and what she did not comprehend. Explanations are lucidly given and questionings encourage with references to standard works bearing on the subject in hand. The girls are thus encouraged to love knowledge in seek- ing it themselves. This is the ancient Greek system, the peripatetic, only mistress and pupils sit instead of walkiug about, Then the pupils examine one another, the direotress ‘cutting in’ as required. Women who are pining to have work, and are embarrassed how to employ their surplus wealth, have here a wide field and a noble cause.”—Madras Mail. cence FORESTS OF URUGUAY. Among the best wooded provinces of Uruguay are Cerro, Largo, Paysandu, Salto, Soriano, Maldonado, and Minas, and the trees of native growth are gene- rally those of a temperate climate, The United States Ohargé d’Affaires at Montevideo says that every description of poplars, willows, and alders flourish. Among other trees are the algarobo, from the pods of which the natives distil an inferior kind of beer called chica, The tree is much prized for timber, and it is stated that cattle thrive upon its buds and foliage. The wmuday is w lofty tree whichis said to resist decay in a most remarkable manner, and Mr. Bacon states that he has seen logs of this tree, said to be over two hundred years old, which evinced no signs of rot. It furnishes immense logs, often sixty feet in length and thirty inches wide. The timbo or canoe tree is valuable for making rough canoes, as the trunk which is very large and generally hollow, is scooped out, and the rude and frail bark is ready for the fisherman. The yata is a tree of exceedingly slow growth, taking over 100 years to mature its fruit, which, like that of the carob tree, is excellent for cattle. The carrouday (a large fan palm) is of great use to the poorer native classes, as it makes an excellent roof for their huts, and is easily placed and replaced. The mimosa and cedar grow in great numbers, and this wood is capable of great polish. Among other trees may be enumerated the lapacho; the nanduly; the ombu, resembling a fig tree, but much larger, prized for its shade; the telane; the chanar, a thorny mimosa, aud many others, The absence of the oak, the pine, and the fir is noticeable, and it is stated that many efforts have been made to grow them, but without success. Of the foreign or imported trees, the eucalyptus from Australia is the most flourishing. There are hundreds of groves of this most flourishing tree in the environs of Montevideo. It is said to be a preventative against malaria, and al- though extensively grown, there appears to be one objection to it, namely, that it impoverishes the soil around it for many yards, so that no other tree or shrub can flourish in its neighbourhood; and its roots penetrate to such a depth, and entwine every object within their reach to such an extent as to uproot pavements and tombstones, although consider- ably removed from the trunk of the tree itself— Journal of the Society of Arts. ——— EE DRAINAGE—HOW IT AFFECTS VEGETATION. The Queensland Planter and Farmey says :— If a sample of common soil is examined with a magnifying glass, it is found to be composed of numer- ous fragmonts of mineral of various kinds, humus, muck, and often of undecomposed vegetable or animal matter. These fragments are very irregular in form and sise, and are in contact only at their more prominent corners, Thoy might be compared 482 ‘ THE TROPIGAL AGRICGULTURIST. [January 1, 1889. to a mass of coal of various sizes mixed together, the difference being that the fargments of coal are all of one substance, whereas the soil is composed of various substances. Now we know that if we pour water over a basket of coals, a thin layer of water adheres to each fragment, and the rest passes off through the meshes of the basket. Just so, when a soilis wet by the rain, each tiny fragment is surrounded by a thin film of water, and the rest, if the soil isin a normal condition, filters through and flows away. As the fragments of the soil are very much smaller than those of the coal, while the film of water that adheres to the particles is perhaps just as thick, it follows that the amount of water retained by a given bulk of soil is vastly greater than by an equal bulk of cval. ait ‘Suppose we put thecoalina light pail instead of a basket, and then pour on.water. Of course the water fills the interstices between the fragments and the air is all driven out, except a few bubbles that become entangled. This is precisely what happens when heavy rains falls upon a soil that has an impervious clay subsoil, The spaces between the particles become almost filled with water, and the air, with the oxygen it contains, is mostly driven out. Botanists tell us that the root-hairs, that supply the roots with water and its nourishing substances in solution, cannot live without oxygen. If the oxygen is shut away from roots, therefore, the roots will die. In dying they not only injure the plant to which they belong, but the matter of which they are formed soon undergoes decomposition, and generates gases which are injurious to other healthy root-hairs in the neighborhood. iTo be sure, the rain water, as it falls upon the 80al, is charged with oxygen, but in passing down- wrd a part of this is filtered out; another part unites with organic matter in the soil, so that after th e water remains for a time it becomes deficient in the life-giving oxygen. Hence it is that when a soil is filled with water the roots of land plants cannot live in a healthy condition. When, however, we provide an outlet for the surplus water, it slowly flows away, and in doing so the air forces itself in from the top of the soil, and the roots are abundantly supplied with oxygen. From time to time rains come, and temporarily filling the cavities ofthe soil, drive out the air within them that has given up a part of its oxygen. As this passes off through the drainage fresh air enters again, and thus the roots are kept supplied with oxgen.—Hx.— Southern Planter. > — PLANTING IN TONG-KING. The Revue Francaise contains an elaborate articl® by a French colonist, writing under an Annamite nom de plume, on the agricultural colonisation of Tong-King, in which a glowing account is given of the possibilities of a settlement of European agri- culturists in that country. After describing the climate throughout the year in some detail, in rather favourable terms, the writer states that the views prevailing in France as to its dreadful nature are due wholly to losses of the expeditionary corps from the climate; but this is not a fair criterion, because the difficulties and dangers of these expeditions from the long marches of the troops through un- healthy reigons, with unsuitable food, no proper camps, and the excessive heat would cause a high mor- tality in avy case. With ordinary care and period- ical changes life in Tong-King, he avers, is as healthy ag anywhere else in the tropics, and therefore the climate cannot be regarded as hostile to the suggested enterprise. Next, Tong-King offers the two main elements of fertility, the sun and water; the means of communication, which are all by water, are cheaper than in almost any other country in the globe, labour is on the spot,and to be got at a cheap rate, and the crops that may be cultivated are numerous and varied, But the great danger to pe avoided is in specialising, that is, iu cultivating one thing and one only. This baneful practice prevails amongst European planters all over the Hast; one man will grove tea only, another coffee only, a third pepper, tobacco, cocoa, or what not; and when anything occurs to injure his crop or reduce the price, he has nothing to fall back upon. Specialising is sometimes necessary; as when the sugar-cane planter is far away from markets he must have the machinery at hand for the rapid treatment of the cane, and must give himself up to this altogether. Tong-King further has the enormous advantage of abundant and cheap labour ; immigration is not necessary, and thus one source of heavy expense to the planter is saved. The delta region is not suitable for Huropean planters, on account of its flat and unhealthy character, but the rest of Tong-King is composed of hill and valley, where Europeans can carry on their work all the year round. ‘he writer proposes that France should come to an arrangement with the King of Annam, who is lord of the soil in Tong-King, totake over his rights in regard to the land, and then that it should be sold by public auction, He even sketches out a plan or draft of a law regulating these sales, protecting the rights of all concerned. He is obvi- ously fully possessed with the idea that Tong-King as a planting country can not only vie with Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon, but can beat them all in point of prosperity, inasmuch as it enjoys advantages which they do not possess in abundant labour on the spot, and in a system of the cheapest possible transport by rivers and canals, which would convey their produce rapidly to the ports on the coast, where it could be shipped to Hong Kong and European markets.—Zondon and China Eapress. a MINOR AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. Under this heading a correspondent tothe Demerara Argosy writes as follows with reference to the culti- vation of QOocoa, Indiarubber, &c. As his remarks are likely to be of great interest to our banana culti- vators we give them at considerable length in the belief that if the policy indicated below was pursued by the planters generally in this Colony, a permanent source of income would obtain. We are thoroughly convinced that the future prosperity of tropical countries lies in the carrying out of the undermentioned scheme of cultivation, a cultivation which should go hand in hand with opening up of all the modern means of interna] and external communication : Were there, however, a large permanent demand for export, of either bananas, plantains, ground pro- visions, or the products of any other annual plants, the™ cost of establishing cocoa, or any of thé several permanent economic plants, would ke greatly reduced: as, for the first few years these crops would more than pay working’ expenses; the cocoa, &c. in the meanwhile becoming established on the land. A resident cultivator, having less means, might be con- tent with establishing a small area at first, waiting till the returns from the produce enabled him to extend it- Thus an industrial man, however poor in starting, might, as the majority of settlers do in temperate colonial countries, work his way upward in life to eventually a considerable possession. But ‘to men of little or no capital, situuted like the ma- jority of agricultural colonists who begin life in temperate lands, a fruit orother trade, yielding returus at short intervals, and so enabling them to live and pay their’ way, would be indispensable to their success as cocoa cultivators. ; Now the cultivation of cocoa, coffee, kolanuts, coco- nuts, the various spices, possibly fibres, the numerous small tropical products, and various well-known tropical fruits, to which might be added the breeding and rearing of stock of allkiuds, presents just the opening required by such men. ; Now let me say a word as to the kind of men who should become settlers on our rivers, —the men — who would carzy with them in this new industry a 4 , pe ae id ra bd ay bd =< bl January 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EEE —_____EEEeEeEeEeese and enterprise the probability of success. There is aclass of men inthis colony, almost exclusively of British birth, possessing the necessary training and experience for the successful and economical mange- ment of agricultural property, to whom these smaller industries offer a specially useful and_ successful career, I refer to overseers of sugar estates. But I do not confine recommendations of riverside agriculture to overseers or managers of sugar estates alone, I simply mention these as a class of men specially fitted by training and experience to undertake it, and who require some such oponing in life to make up for the lack of opportunity in the sugar business; any man of energy with aptitude for the calling, prepared to meet alike the difliculties and advantages or pleasures of pioneer life, would no doubt succeed. Besides the culture of the several subjects mentioned, I may describe how the value of riverside property might, by menof foresight, possessing the spire of patience, be in the future greatly enhanced. Many of the native products of the colony such as tonka beans, souari nuts, brazil nuts, crab nuts, indiarubber, guttapercha, balsams, some of the rarer and more valuable woods, barks, medicinal substances, posions, &c. For all of which there is a large permanent demand but a very inadequate supply from the naturul sources from which they are drawn, would be of value could they be procured or produced cheaply; but they are so scat- tered through the depths of the forest, and widely dispersed in the colony, that to procure them ia any quantity a very large expenditure is necessary. Here, on the very outskirts of cultivation, all these things might be gradually established in quantities that in the course of a generation, or a lifetime, would be of appreciablo importance in the income and value of an estate. The new trees could be gradually substituted for the forest found on the ground by planting the seeds beneath it, or by setting the plants, which could be raised systematically for the purpose,—the original trees being taken down gradually as the new ones required the room. Long before an average life had run out, the majority of the trees would be in the full vigour of youthful adolescence, with a long and vigorous existence before them. ‘This is no utopian dream, but a possibility within the realisation of any young man with the necessary means and spirit of self-control, perseverance and industry.—@uatemala Star. -_ Sh CONOERNING QUININE. As our market reports of late have shown, there are indications of a reaction in quinine. The improve- ment, as usual, began in London, and was communi- cated to this market which, however, has so far failed to respond fully, some subtle influences apparently being at work here to prevent any appreciable ad- vanee in prices, That the conditions are favorable to higher prices is generally conceded. ‘The consum- ing demand for quinine has been unprecedented since the advent of warm weather increasing in volume as the summer adyanced,. and up to the present time there has been no abatement in the demand, while there is a good prospect that it will continue as large, if it does not become heavier, until late in the fall. This is but one element tending to improve the position of the alkaloid, other and perhaps more cogent reasons existing, to encourage the advance. Prices, it is now contended, have been too low in comparison with the price of bark to be profitable to the manufacturers, yet the latter are responsible for the low rates that have prevailed since the begin- ning of the year. This condition of depression was artificially produced by the policy pursued by the manufacturers in keeping prices down, until they had Secured adequate supplies of bark at low figures, or 4s some believe for the purpose of curtailing com- petition by freezing out competitors. If either or both of these were the actuating influences in the recent depression, they appear to have failed of their object, Nono of the foreign manufacturers have perma- nettly suspended, and so far as influencing the price of bark, the manufacturers’ tactics have been of no avail, ii The position of bark is a particularly strong one, which was indicated to an extent by the recent auc- tious in London and Amsterdam, and will be, pro- bably, more decisively demonstrated at the approach- ing sales. At any rate these late sales tend to show that there is a bottom to the bark market beyond which it is idle to expect prices to go. It is un- necessay to review the causes which have operated to produce the present conditions controlling the market for Ceylon barks. Suffice it, that, so far as the sta- tistics have been made up, there is a shortage in the shipments from Ceylon, amounting to three million pounds less than the quantity shipped during the corresponding period last season. Meanwhile the ship- ments of Java bark have increased one million pounds over last year. The Jaya being richer in quinine than the bark now coming forward from Oeylon, the increase in the shipments of the former stould more than make up for a corresponding de» crease in the Ceylon shipments, and this would be s0 were it not for the fact that the bulk of the bark sent from Ceylon during the current season has been very inferior in quality and deficient in alka- loidal strength. Hence the actual shortage in the bark supply must be caleulated as fully two million pounds at the least. In the present position of bark, therefore, we have a good reason for an advance in the price of quinine, but a reason that might not have had full weight but for the change of policy on the part of the foreign manufacturers, This is indicated by the recent action of a leading German manufacturer, who has been systematically bearing the quinine market, for the supposed purpose of getting cheap bark, in with- drawing offers to sell for future delivery at former prices. In our own market which has been stagnant for a long time, so far as speculative transactions are concerned, the position is more flattering to holders than it has been at any time for months past, and the inference is plain that prices must advance, un- less there is a radical change in the governing con- ditions, The large consumptive demand above referred to has absorbed so much of the surplus supply, which was estimated at between seven hundred thousand and a million ounces at the beginning of the year, that a liberal calculation places the present available sup- ply at not over two hundred thousand ounces, and this is so held that it could hardly be used to prevent a natural improvement in prices. From this survey of the position an advance in the price of quinine would appear to be inevitable, yet the quinine market is such an uncertain one, and £0 much money has already been lost by speculative ventures in it that a much stronger showing would appear to be requisite to inspire the confidence in the class of investors who have been accustomed to dealing in this commodity, and stimulate a strong upward movement in prices —Oi/, Paint and Drug Jteporter. THE DEPRECIATION OF CUPREA BARK. The enormous reduction in the price of cinohons bark during the last six or seven years is eufficiently notorious, but it is not without interest to parti- cularise the fact by one ortwo graphic illustrations, taken at random from recent public sales of South American bark. There are at present in the London warehouses, and probably also in other trade centres, large accumulations of Cuprea, “Soft Colombian,” Pitayo, and other American barks, which bave been stored there between 1880 and J884. When these barks arrived here, the owners priferred to stock them, the market at that time being in an extremely sensitive condition, and prices generally declining though an early return of the good times was still widely anticipated, especially when it became known that one of the largest importers in London, through whose hands passed nearly all the Cuprea bark (w variety which, though in reality not belonging to the cinchonns at all, may be classed with these 484 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JANUARY 1, 1889. for practical purposes), was maturing a gigantic acheme for “‘cornering’’ the article. At that period the South American barks still gave the tone to the market, forming, in 1880, 58 per cent.; in 1881, 77 per cent.; and in 1882, 72 per cent. of our total imports; and sudden fluctuations in price were greatly assisted by the restless political state of the South American Republics and the small number of great importers on this side. An idea of the importance of the shipments of Cuprea bark may be gathered from the fact that in 1881 over 15,300,000 lb. of this variety were exported from the port of Baranquilla alone, 2 quantity almost equalling that shipped from Ceylon during the season 1885-6, the most productive one on record in the island. And when, in 1884, a large London firm of importers of South American bark came to grief, their stock of Cuprea alone is said to have reached over 5,500,000 of lb. Much of this bark, especially the parcels imported when the first exploited woods became exhausted, isof a rather low average standard; but nevertheless these importations represent an enormous aggregate of alkaloid. For years the owners of these barks seem to have witnessed the depreciation of their stock without being able tocome to the resolu- tion to sell off as best they could, and only within the last few months have they begun to freely place their bark in auction, and thus it becomes easy to estimate with some precision the difference which their policy of waiting for the never-returning tide of prosperity has made in the balance at their bankers. Let us take two typical examples from last Tuesday’a sales, and compare the offers then made with the prices which the parcels might have realised some years ago; for it is notorious that offers from five to ten times as high as are now eagerly accepted for the very same lots were at one time scornfully refused. A parcel of 146 serons of Cuprea bark, imported in April 1882, was sold . this week at 3d. per lb. The average weight of each seron being 140 lb., the owners obtained for their lot, roughly speaking, and not calculating allowances, discounts, &c., 255/. When this bark was landed, six and a half years ago, they might easily have sold the same parcel at 2s. 6d. per lb.—then an average market value of Cuprea bark-—thus realising 2,550/. Add to this 2507. for six and a half years’ loss of capital, warehouse charges, &c— a very moderate allowance—and one can easily imagine the feelings which the original importers (supposing the parcel to be still in his hands) must have experi- enced wpon examining the sale account of the transaction. Another instance is that of a parcel of 116 serons of “Soft Colombian ”’ .bark, imported in March 1883, for which the owners last Tuesday refused to accept 3d. per lb., a decision which they may have reason to regret. When this bark was landed the price of the mark which it bears (horse’s head over B) was from 3s, to 3s. 3d. per lb. and the lot would have approximately cleared 2,400. On Tuesday about 200/. might have been obtained for it—a price which would, perhaps, have defrayed the accumulated charges and the estimated allowance for interest, but very probably may now not again be obtainable. Well might the auctioneer, in offering some of these goods, refer to the ‘‘ dreadful sacrifices ” the owners were making, a remark, by the way, received with unsympathetic merriment. But it cannot be overlooked that the owners had had ample warning of the coming debdcle, and the general verdict will no doubt be that it served them right. In 1879 and 1880 the price of this ‘Soft Colombian” bark attained its zenith from 5s. to 6s. 6d. per lb, being then obtainable for the best qualities ; but even in 1883, when the parcel above referred to was imported, the value was already falling at an ominous rate, and it was then well enough known to those who followed the bark market closely that in another three or four years the reign of South American barks would have altogether passed away. At present all appearances would seem to indicate that the most advisable course for the holders of - various insects, and parasitical the South American barks, the accumulations of which stiJl fill room after room in the gigantic warehouses at our docks,is to liquidate their goods in the promptest possible way, and to accept the inevitable without incurring further risks for the sake of a few pounds.—Chemist and Drruggist. Pe CULTIVATION OF THE ORANGE TREE IN SPAIN. Report spy Consutran AGENT LOWENSTEIN, OF GRAO, ON THE OULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF THE ORANGE TREE IN THF PROVINCH OF VALENCIA. The study of the orange tree has determined by analysis that its ashes give the following result per cent, viz :— COMPOSITION OF THE ASHES OF THH FRUIT. Constituents. vi Oompost. Per cent. Percent. Potash i. oa at a 20.15 15.28 Soda 255 sss ase eae 10,22 12.14 Lime Hp mea “4 ah 80.12 80.24 Magnesia ... “0 a5 ich 9.02 8.10 Phosphoric acid ... Ae aes 20,04 18.24 Sulphuric acid .. ode rep 1.08 4.14 Silicie acid peu a ah 4,50 5.82 Oxide of iron +0 “a5 oan 4.25 4.75 Loss 440 40 ae 0:62 1.29 100.00 100.00 Ashes of the fruit sep per 100 3.57 3.48 COMPOSITION OF THE TRUNK, BRANCHES AND LEAVES. Trunk & Constituents. Beanie Leaves. Per cent. Per cent. Potash ue 2p ee ose 14,15 10.18 Soda ses Bae oe se 10.67 10.82 Lime eae Sex *f0 ies 31.57 41.22 Magnesia ... ose non ve 10.64 6.54 Phosphoric acid ... os . 18.82 19.47 Sulphuric acid... ove 4.89 4.53 Silicie acid a0 Pos “35 2.82 5.48 Iron and loss ... aoe ae 6.44 1.76 100.00 100.00 Azoe of the leaves ... per 100 1.57 1.60 Ashes of the leaves .«. do. 6.32 6.20 The orange trees analysed were from. Alcira (Valencia); some manured with compost and others with mineral manure. The proportional difference noted between the assimilated nutritive principles is not to be wondered at, for, ashas been observed, this varies with the same plant according to the nature of the soil and the manure employed. DisrasEs OF THE ORANGE TREE. : The development of disease in the orange trees is greatly contributed to by atmospherical phenomena, plants, as also the neglect or limited knowledge of the cultivators. The effects of cold, snow, humidity, dews, frosts, hail, wind, burning rust, chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, and withering are as follows :— Corp.—This commences by destroying the tender shoots of the trees, followed by the drying up of the blossom, after which takes place the disorganization of the fruit and afterwards that of the leavas, branches, trunk, and finally roots. Crevicesopen in the branches, which bend and turn black, the leaves wrinkle, roll up, anddie; the flowers becoms blackened | and dis- organized; the fruit loses its _brilliancy, dissipates its odorous principles, loses its juice and becomes bitter, falls off the tree and rots, or if the cold has not been very intense the fruit is half frozen and remains on the tree till the following spring. ‘ 4 JANUARY 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 485 eee Sa Snow.—This injures the trees, both from cold and its weight. Should the storm be heavy and the fall great, this bears down the branches and in many cases breaks some. As regards the cold occasioned by it, this does not ulways do harm, but when it does do so it is very frequently confined to the young shoots. Should the weather be fine both before and after a snow-storm, the cold water produced on thawing produces its effects on the young branches, for which reason no time should be lost in shaking all the snow off them before nightfall, for should it be condensed on them, the harm occasioned would be of much greater importance. Thesystem of placing heaps of damp straw at fixed distances between the trees, so that on setting said heaps on fire inorder to obtain a smoke between the sun’s rays and the trees, has pro- duced a magnificent result. If after snowing the weather continues threatening, or there be heavy clouds floating about, neither the trees nor the fruit will suffer any harm, although the thermometer might be below zero. Homipity, Drews, AND Frosr.—An excess of humidity in the atmosphere during the fecundation of the blossom generally produces bad results, especially in such places where tho ventilation is limited, should the temperature at night decline to any extent. Frost with an east wind occasions a deal of harm, but should the wind be from the north itis not so bad. Little that is economical can be availed of in large orchards, but in reduced ones the harm is lightened at small cost by availing of certain materials for shelter, of little value, which in certain districts are plentiful. Haii.—This causes a deal of damage to the fruit. Should the storm be of short duration and the wounds occasioned by it be of slight profundity, these will soon heal up and everything continue well, but certain black stains will remain which reduce the value of the fruit. Should the storm be heavy, it completely destroys the orange, which quickly enters into a state of putrefaction. Wip.—This exercises its influence on the orange trees in two different ways, viz., by its force and by its temperature, the injury caused being greater or less according to the position in which the orchards may lie. North, north-west and west-northwest winds are the most dangerous in certain places on account of their temperature, foras a rule they dry up the extremes of the branches exposed to their influence, besides which the shoots of certain species become un- sound. Those that cause most harm in the South of Europe, by reason of their impetuosity, are the south, south-southwest, and south-southwest, accord- ing to the position of the valleys. All these winds come with puffs of extraordinary strength, and destory the branches unable to resist them. ‘The only remedy in these important occasions is to cut off everything that has been destroyed and dried up. With the object of partially avoiding these misfortunes, the custom of producing trees of shortened growth has of late years vastly extended. Tur BURNING AND Rust.—The disease known as burn- ing is due in great part to the too abundant dews that fall here, which are ovaporated with an excessive rapidity by a burning sun. To the same cause may be traced the disease vulgarly called “rust,” or a class of mildew on the leaves of the orange trees. This manifests itself on the fruit by a red stain, which, as itincreases, becomes much darkerand finishes by disorganizing the pulp and rotting the fruit. The cleaning and pruning of the trees is the best known miethod against this evil. Oxntorosts.—lhe chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, and also the withering, are generally attributed either to the superabundance of humidity in the soil, to an ex- cessive quantity of branches baving but little ventil- ation, to the want ofiron in the earth, to a species of torpor in the absorption of the mineral matters exist- ing in them, and to the alteration of the roots, if old. The remedy to be employed to combat this evil is dis- tinot accordiog to the cause by which it is produced. —Victorian Farmers’ Gacette. (To be continued.) THE LABOURING CLASSES IN SOUTHERN INDIA. {As so very large a proportion of the labour em- ployed in Oeylon comes from South India, the following details are specially interesting. It will be seen how the influence of Ceylon on Madura is acknowledged. —Hp. 7. A J Tnpir MarentaAn CONDITION. On the 17th August last year the Government of India called for reports on the material condition of the lower classes of the population in India, The Madras Government replied on the 27th May last, In a resolution under date the 19th instant, the Government of India remarks:— The Madras report is preliminary and the enquiry will be continued, The opinions of the district offi- cers are not supported by concrete instances, but in mavy cases they reflect the views of men who have for years observed the conditions of agricultural life in Madras. The conclusion of these officers which is concurred in by the Board of Revenue and by the Madras Government, is that no considerable proportion of the population suffer from a daily insufficiency of food in ordinary years. ; In the Ganjam (area 3,106 sq. m., population 1,603,301) district, though the income of agricultural labourers only just meets thoir expenditure, they have enough to eat. In Vizagapatam (area 3,477 &q. m., population 1,790,468), the Collector says, the agriculturists live miserably, and cannot afford a sufficiency of food. With two and sometimes three meals a day a cloth to cover himself and a hut to live, “the labourer is probably the poorest creature ia the world.” But as pointed out by the Madras Government the Collector admits that the inhabitants are an unusally sturdy and muscular class of men, and this is hardly com- patible with a want of food. Further, it may be added, that two or three meals a day is quite up to the average; that clothes in the Madras climate are super- fluity; and that the hut is the customary and traditional house of the peasant. In Godavari (area 6,525 sq. m., population 1,780,613), there is no deficiency of food among adults. In Kistna, (area 8,471 sq. m., population 1,548,480), prosperity is universal. L In Wellore (area 8,739 sq.m., population 1,220,236), the Oollector denies any insufficiency; but the Civil Surgeon supports the insufficiency dictum on the ground that criminals always increased in weight after they had been in jail some time, and that a large number did not get sufficient food to develop their muscles to their full extent. The Board of Revenue remarks that the Madras jail dietary is the most liberal in India, and that the hard labour of a prisoner in jail is by no means such hard work as that undergone by the labourer in the fields. This question of rise in weight during incarceration is one of same importance and has been noticed in other provinces. Mr. Crook, in the North-Western Provinces, suggest that a newly-admitted prisoner has just passed through the ordeal of arrest, and that he has probably been remanded more than once or marched about the country after a Magistrate in camp. A man like this naturally loses weight in the interval between arrest and conviction. The Indian convict is not in solitary confinement: he is a cultivator, he is free from the labour and anxiety of field watch- ing at night. He is pormptly attended to for the most trifling ailments. Dr, Lethbridge, Inspector-Gen- eral of Jails, Bengal, also considers that the deep anx- iety and often distress which precede conviction causy loss of weight. It may be added that a convict does not indulge in tobacco and opium. Mr. Burditt, a missionary, says, that the lower claasee in Nellore do get enough to eat, and that they save movey. In Cuddappak (area 8,745 sq. m., population 1,121,038), except from the 20th April to 20th June, every oue gets regularly more than enough and even in the slack season there is little demand for work, Great weight is attached by the Board and the Governmentito the opinion of Mr. Nicholson, Col- lector of Anantapur (aren 5,054 sq. m., per ikegs 509,889). He says, that the people are of a strong THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ae i [JANUARY 1, 1889 physique; that the birth rate is high; that in 1885 when relief works were opened few were attracted to them; and that the labouring classes depleted as they were by the famine of 1876-78, always and every- where in ordinary time find a sufficiency of the food to which they are accustomed. In Bellary (area 5,602 sq. m., population 726,275), it is thought the stan!ard of comfort has risen. In Kurnool (area 7,785 sq. m,, population 709,305), Mr. Benson, who is working at an analysis of the district, says that there is no large class of persons pinched for food from year’s end to year’s end, and that there are few beggars or loafers. In Chingaput (area 2,842 sq. m., population 981,381), the Collector thinks the mass of the people live from hand to mouth, and in adverseseasons are seriously hampered. But the Government of Madras helieves that the condition of the people has improved in a marked degree within the last ten years. In South Arcot (area 4,873 sq. m., population 1,814,738), employment is obtainable without difficulty at wages that give the labourer a sufficiency of food. In Tanjore (area 3,654 sq. m., population 2,130,383), there is no sign of widespread poverty. In Trichinopoly (area 3,561 sq. m., population 1,215,033), wages are high, food is cheap and the appearance of the people is most prosperous. , In Malabar (area 5,765 sq. m., population 2,365,035), the people are stout, well grown, well nourished and muscular, “Children swarm and are as plump as partridges.” ' In the Wilgiris (area 957 sq. m., population 91,034), “the proportion of the population who suffer from want of food is extremely small—as small as it is in any part of the British Empire.” In Tinnevelly (area 5,381 sq. m., population 1,699,747), the diet is sufficient to maintain a high degree of physi- cal efficiency. The people are well-fed and have a margin for superfluities as is evidenced by the habitual use of ornaments by men and women of the common cooly caste. In Canara (area 3,902 sq. m., population 959,514), the monsoon has never failed and scarcity is un- known. A In North Arcot (area 7,256 sq. m., population 1,817,814), the Collector in a burst of rhetoric suggests that grinding poverty is the widespread condition of the masses, and two missionaries state that many poor people who though they do not actually starve, go through life on insufficient food. Tn Madura (area 8,401 sq. m., population 2,168,680), the labouring classes are very well off and the con- dition of the district is no doubt good, owing to the large amount of emigration to Ceylon and the Straits Settlements. " In Coimbatore (area 7,842 sq. m., population 1,659,690), no one need starve who can or will work. On the whole it may be said that in ordinary seasons the lower agricultural classes generally get through- out the year a sufficiency of food, that is food enough to maintain them in bodily health and strength and in full efficiency for labour. In Coorg (area 1,583 sq.m. population 178,302), which is so favourably situated from a climatic point of view, there has not been that scope as in other Provinces for an enquiry of the kind indicated by | the Government of India. In this province there are no causes at work which tend directly to bring about a condition of widespread poverty or distress of a chronic character, and the condition of the ryot is, on the whole one of advancing prosperity, which in individual cases can be frustrated only by thriftless aud reckless habits among the people,—Indian Agri- culluriat. J ——. —* —-- + ———-- CINCHONA IN JAMAICA, The Superivtendent of the Jamaica Oinchona Gardens, in his report for 1887, states that some cinehona trees have been dying off that year. On investigation, it was found that the bark at the junction of stem aud root has been injured, and that in eonseguence the mycelium of a fungus had pene- ‘farmer cab trated between the bark and wood. The bark had become loosened on the roots,and decayed away. It is probable that the injury was caused by the wind during the last hurricane. It would be difficult to detect such injury at first, but probably an early application of the remedy prescribed for the orange trees would have saved the trees. Trees which are too far gone to save should be taken up by the roots and barked. The bark may be stored after thorough drying, for mildew does not affect the quantity or quality of the alkaloids when the bark is cured.—Oid/, Paint and Drug Reporter. [The dying off in Jamaicais what we have been s0 familiar with. in Ceylon.—Ep. | ——__—_—__4__ Bananas.—A. young Salvadorian, with the dark eyes and inky hair of his country, talked to a reporter the other day about the Oentral American banana tree. The treeis 24 to 3 feet in circumference at its base. Its tapering fibrous stem, without a branch, is from 10 to 15 feet in height. The fibres, separated by a thin pith, are as long as the body of the tree. These fibres are used in Salvador, just as they are taken from the tree, as shoestrings and as cords for all pur- poses. The natives use them largely for bridle reins and lariats. The raw material costs only transpor- tations to the ropewalks. Each banana tree bears in the twelve months of its existence only one bunch of fruit, but from two to ten trees spring from the roots of: the one that has fallen. In Salvador the bunch of bananas is worth fifteen cents, and the dead tree nothing. A cordage factory or paper mill or coffee sack maker, were not the dead trees numberless, would give for each tree ten times the value of the fruit it has produced, Split, dried and packed, the bodies of the banana, trees might be shipped profitably to the United States, but there is no reason why some enterprising American should not take them in hand.—Guatemala Stuy. TRADE IN Doc Sxrins.—Mr. Edgar, the Commis- sioner of Oustoms at Newchwang, in Manchuria, in the last Ohinese Customs Yellow-book, referring to the trade from that port in robes and mats made of the skins of dogs and goats, says it is generally supposed that dogs are picked up promiscuously wherever they may be found straying, destroyed, and their skins sold to dealers. This, however, is not the case, for although the business may have had its origin in this way, it is now as systematically carried on as sheep-farming. There are thousands of small dog and goat farms dotted over Manchuria and the eastern borders of Mongolia, where from a score to some hundreds of dogs are annually reared on each farm, and where they constitute a regular source of wealth. A bride, for instance, will receive as dowry a number of dogs proportionate fo the means of her father. It is probable, says Mr. Hdgar, that in no other part “of the world are there to be found such splendid dog skins for size, length of hair, and quality, the extreme cold of these latitudes, where the thermometer registers 30° Fahr. below zero, developing a magni- ficent coat. It is difficult to understand how the dog afford with profit. to rear the avimals when the price of the robe is taken into consideration , For one full-sized robe, say 80in. by 86 in., at least eight animals are required. Putting the price realised at 14s,6d. for a robe, this would only allow about is. 10d. per skin, including the selection—for the skins must match in colour and length of liair—and cost of sewing. The animals are generally strangled in mid-winter, but not before they are eight months old, and then the skins taken in a frozen condition principally to Moukden aud Chinchow, where they | are cured, assorted, anl made imto robes, mats, &c. Last year the robes are said to have been decidedly interior iu quality. The reason given isthat orders went forward too late, and the farmers, waiting till they had news of some demand, kept the animals alive until their winter coats began to fall off. The value of tie trade from Newchwang last year was about £40,000, against nearly £60,000 the previous year. The decline was due to depreciation in value and a decreased demand from the United States.—Journal ~ of the Society of Arts, 7 PRODUCTION QI THA IN MATALE HAST ;— CHIEFLY ON OLD COFFER AND CINCHONA LAND. We and our readers are indebted to the planter who has furnished the following figures, which, in the face of most of the land being old and some of the tea of inferior jat, are abundantly encou- raging ;:— ——— Hsrarg, Marsye Bast, Statement of green tea leaf plucked and made tea in lb. per acre from Ist Nov. 1837 to 31st Oct, 1888. Made tea Made tea Fields Acres Acres Greenleaf 25:25 lb. No. weeded, in tea. Ib. percent, per acre. 1 12 12 13,848 8,492 291a 2 28 27 20,852 5,258 194b 8 12 12 6,706 1,691 141e 4 33 33 33,242 8,382 254d 5 41 40 45,395 11,447 286e 6 22 21 14,601 3,682 175f 7 15 15 10,817 2.728 1819 8 34 80 16,853 4,250 142h 9 43 40 39,482 9,955 249% 240 230 201,796 50,885 221 Young Tea 4,104 1,036 ‘Total tea despatched 205,900 51,921 ; ° REMARKS, a New land, all praned witbin the year, poor jat, b Old coffee land, partly pruned, do © 5 e Old cinchona land, all prunedwithin the year, poor 4, d Old coffee land, not pruned, chiefly good i € Do do do yi Do clearly all pruned within tho year, poor ;, g Do all pruned withinthe year, fair ,, h. Do poor jat, not pruned do. i Do all good jat. Nore.—tThe average age of the tea is 3 to 4 years. The weeded acreage includes 10 acres of timber trees planted 5’ by 5’. The above pretty clearly demonstrated the all importauce of good jat. The increase in the yielded in field No. 5 is accounted for by its having all been manured within the last 24 months of the year, When manuring was commenced Nos. 4, 5 and 9 were in lb. per acre, within 3 1b. of each other, No. 5 being the lowest. The aboye figures are very interesting, but it has been remarked to us that the case against poor jat was not quite conclusive, the first cage of poor jat giving the highest return of all. But there is no doubt of the superiority of good jat. Only if people have a lot of inferior jat (over an ap- preciable acreage by itself, and not scattered amongst good), experience shows that wonderful results can be obtained by low pruning, down to 6 and even 4 inches. This and cattle manure haye given splendid flushes from Darjiling China, ————$ NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANOE, (Zt, and C, Mail, Noy. 30th.) A Manchester correspondent of Grocer utters a growl against what he calls the inequitable system Of invoicing Indian teas at average weights, which aco not correct. He says:—I believe the system of invoicing without giving weight of tare allowed has only recently come into force, and therefore the injustice arising therefrom hes not been felt to any great extent, but there certainly will be a great outery erelong if the experience of others is on a par with mine. t week we turned out and weighed the contents of ten chests, referring to three soparate lots invoiced at average weights, and though the gross weight of each package was 1 lb. or moro oyerscribed weight, yet every package con- tained less tea than was charged for, and the total THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | em cn ae ena a he eS SIS A a eg a peer ae 487 amount absolutely short in the ten chests was over 17 lb. Now, there oan be no two opinions as to whether that sort of thing will be submitted to, and it seems to me that the only way to have mutters put on ® more satisfactory footing is for every buyer of Indian tea to have the contents of each package turned out and carefully weighed, and where the weight does not correspond with the quantity charged for, demand redress from those parties by whom the tea is invoiced. I mean, of course, where the packages are received in such good condition that no claim can be made against carriers, It seems to me that most tea buyers are sulisfled if they find gross weight correct, and do not trouble to tare the empty packages; yet that is the very thing they ought to do, unless they are prepared to pay for wood or lead at tea price; and not many in these days will be so disposed. Manufacturers of tea machinery should keep an eye on Natal. The American Oonsul there has taken a great interest in the tea-growing experiment in that Colony, snd he has reported to his Government thereon. As the tea from India and Oeylon is all pure, tests are not necessary, but if any one wishes to try a test on some inferior China tea, a Russian analyst has been kind enough to write to the papers giving the following:—Take a pinch of tea in a glass, pour upon it a little cold water, and well shake if up: pure tea will ouly slightly colour the water, while a strong infusion is quickly got from the adulterated or painted leaf. Now boil both sorts separately, and let them stand till cool, and the difference between them will be most marked, The false tea will become still stronger after long standing, but will remain transparent, whereas the pure tea will become muddy or milky. This last appearance arises from the tannic acid, which is a natural property in pure tea, but which in artificial tea is entirely absent. eter DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, November 29th. When the announcement was first made that the firm of Messrs. Lemaire & Rivers Hicks, the hark importers, was involved in financial difficulties, we announced that a satisfactory settlement was likely to be arrived at. We are now glad to be able to report that Mr. Rivers Hicks, as will be seen from page 748, has emerged from his difficulties in a manner reflecting great credit on his personal character, it being specifically stated that misfortune overtook him through no fault of his own. It also transpired iu the course of the proceedings that Mr. Hicks might have e-caped, or at any rate materially lessened, his dificulies by eelling a number of shar+s held by him in an Indian cinchona estate, but refrained from doing so from the honourable motive, that, as chair- man of thecompany, he would bo injuring it by selling out his own shares, thought the step might have per- sonally benefitted him. ANNATTO,—A small parcel of cake annatto from Oeylon was shown today, but no bids were made for it. Twenty-six baskets old and dry Brazilian roll Were again offered and bought in at 1s to 1s 3d per Ib. CARDAMOMS Were again sparingly represented at the auctions, but the 77 packages shown comprised several of fair and good quality. Holders were not at all anxious to sell their supply, and only a small pro- portion was therefore disposed of, which realisd an advance of fully 3d per lb on good qualities. Ceylon- Malabar, good pale heavy medium round 2s 5d, fair pale plump 2s 4d; medium to bold pale, long and round mixed 2s 38d; brownish and slightly mouldy round 1s 8d; very small warty round 1s 6d per lb. Mysore, very good pale medium to bold 3s; fair medium pale round and rather shiny Ilslls; medium specky yellow 1s 10d; brownish long and plump, mixed 1s 8d; fair small brownish Is 5d; small dark and split 94d per Ib. Good Wild Ceylon were bought in at 1s 8d per lb nominally, Seed, ordinary to good 485 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. re [January 1, 1889, EE eeeeeeeeeEEeEeEeEyEeEeEeEeEeeEeEeEeEe————————S brown, sold at 1s 3d tols 7d per lbs The exports from Oeylon for the month of October have been, in 1888 16,451 lb; 1887, 24,946 lb; 1886, 18,651 lb. OincHONA.—Ten cases fine heavy cultivated Bolivian Calisaya, -in long silvery quills, were bought in at 1s 10d per lb; 1s 6d being suggested as the price. Of 17 packages Guayaquil, a certain portion sold at 1s 8d to 1s 9d per lb for fine O.Z. quills, and at 10d down to 5d per lb tor ordinary qualities of flat Calisaya. Thirty serons, imported via Havre, were mostly bought in, one lot fine bright hard selling at 2s 3d per lb. The exports of cinchona bark from Java, are officially reported as follows :— July 1st to September 30th. 1888 1887 1886 4 kilos. % kilos, kilos, Private Plantations 916,363 864,391 444,692 Government... 148,479 170,295 168,550 Total...1,064,842 1,034,686 613,242 QUININE.—The present week has been one of the quietest on record and in the absence of any trans- actions of importance prices remain virtually un- changed, though the B.S. agents today quote 1s 5d per oz and say that they have reason to expect higher prices. THE AMERICAN MARKETS, New Yor«, November 14th, Quinine.—Though the cable reports of last week’s bark sales were more favourable for the position of quinine, the only effect there was the expression of somewhat steadier views, without, however, material difference in the price. The demand does not increase nor quicken in the least, all speculative interest being suppressed for the time, buyers following the plan of providing only such quantities as absolute wants make necessary. In this way Gold and silver is quoted 33c, Brunswick 34c, and B&S 35c to 36c; the latter, however, is scarce.—Chemist and Druggist. Se eS TYPHOID FnyrR AND CHOLERA.—Brovardel, one of the first authorities on the subject in the world, de- clared that outbreaks of typhoid fever are due, in ninety cases out of a hundred, to drinking water. Also, that the most distinguished experts have come to the conclusion that contagion by the air which we breathe is most rare. Pasteur and his disciples have failed to establish a single case of chicken cholera contagion by the air. M. Chamberlain goes so far as to deny altogether the presence of pathogenic microbes in the air.—Chemical Trade Journal. SuccnssruL CaRDAMom-GRowine.—The best dis- tricts for cardamoms in Ceylon are un- doubtedly to be found on our north-east ranges, and although taking the planting country as a whole, the cultivation of this spice seems to have fallen off of recent years, attention being so gene- rally given to tea, yet we are glad to hear of fresh and prosperous clearings in the favorite quarter referred to. The Mysore variety has proved so well-suited to the climate and soil in one case where clearings of 10 to 15 acres are judiciously opened that at 34 years old, a crop of 500 lb. per acre has been gathered; a year later over 500 Ib.; and this last year, about 600 lb. per acre. ‘The latest shipment was sold at 2s 5d a lb.—a rate which enables cardamoms to beat all but the very best tea fields. Curiously enough, we learn that the boxes of cardamoms are carried in to Kandy for 30 miles on the heads generally of Sinhalese villagers who are fond of the work, because apart from paying them well—three days’ pay for the journey—it is the sort of independent employment that suits them, In this way the cardamoms leavy- ing the estate the morning of one day catch next morning’s train for Colombo and the minimum of risk of injury to the cardamoms, is thus incurred. Toe EHasr Borneo Puantina Company, Lrp,— Ata meeting of shareholders of this Company in Hongkong on the 3rd instant, Hon, B, Layton, Chair- man, it was carried to buy a second block 5,000 acres selected land, making in all 10,000 acres, and the fol- lowing account of the work done was given :-— Mr. Abrahamon-—With regard to the work done, Mr, Chairman,l may state that two large coolie- houses and a godown have been built, and the mana- ger’s house isin course of construction. I may say the managers when they came to the place were far more sanguine of the likely results of the Company’s planting than I was, and fully bore out my idea that the soil was quite equal to, if not better than, what they have been working oa in Deli. The Company have been fortunate enough to secure the services of a capable manager in Mr. Schuit. He is a Dutch planter who has been managing properties that have always paid a very high dividend. Mr. Schuit’s idea is that we 2an produce tobacco in quantities that will pay very well. At the outset we have had a splendid labour force, and, what is more important than any- thing else, the health of the coolies is first-rate. I esti- mate that at an expenditure of from $50,000 to $60,000 we shall reap from 800 to 1,000 piculs tobacco, the value of which may be taken from 80,000 to $100,000. The reports concerning the sale of last shipments of tobacco from the country are also highly satisfactory, although this tobacco did not reach the market in a satisfactory condition owing to its haying been mil- dewed. Itaveraged at the rate of R1.26, Deli tobacco being at the rate of R1.11, and as Deli tobacco pays handsomely at that ours ought to pay much better, es- pecially as the cost of production with us will be 20 to 25 per cent less than at Delhi. Altogether I con- sider our prospects are satisfactory (Applause.)—Over- land China Mail. Corree In HasteRNn Java,—The Soerabaische-cou- rant of 19th Novy. contains a note, dated 16th Noy. which we translate as follows :— “ Malang Ooffee Reports.—A couple of months ago the anticipations for the 1889 crop were very bright. The first blossom, which come out early, set well; the weather was so favorable, that good hopes were cherished for the succeeding blossomings. The too pro- longed drought however did much damage to the plan. tations, and to add to the disaster a couple of severe wind-storms were the unwelcome cause of reducing somewhat the crop estimates on several estates. On the Southern Mountains, the Karviand the Ardjoeno, the first showers of rain fell in the second week of this month, on the meroe and the Tenger mountain somewhat earlier, but still too late to do any good to the existing crop. One cr two secondary blossoms are still expected. In some places the larger part of the blossom has not set to form fruit, in others the greater part of the blossom is withered. The trees which last year produced the most will some of them give very little and others only a moderate outturn. Leaf-dis- ease is more visible in the younger than in the older | gardens, but does not cause anxiety, Supplying and planting will soon be commenced.” Tue Russtan CoAL Anr Coke Inpustray.—The basin of the Don is ready to provide fuel of every kind, whether for industry or domestic purposes. The coal- beds have been worked since 1860, during which year ‘the first railway, thatof Kursk-Oharkow-Azove, was made through the southern basin. The annual produc- tion of the basin of the Donetz amounts to about 100 millions of pounds (36 lb. =1 pound), about eight-tenths of which were forwarded hy railway. In 1888, however there were, it appears, 180 million pouds disposable, without including the quantities which still remain at the pit’s mouth, and those which are intended for con- sumption inthe neighbourhood. The progress in the manufacture of coke is important. In nine of the coal pits of the region, 192 kilns are in working order, and 52 are being built, so that the manufacture of coke will soon occupy 244 kilns. In £887 there were produced 8,470.000 pouds of coke, whilst for the present year it is estimated that the product will exceed 12 million pouds. If we allow that a fixed quantity of coke demands the employment of 50 per cent, more of coal, then this industry absorbed in 1887 about 17 million pouds, and will require in 1888 25 million pouds,—Chemical Trade Journal, x i January 1, 1889.) A FUEL FOR ESTATES. A home correspondent who has on former ocea- sions obliged us with his views as to methods desirable of adoption to meet the growing scarcity of timber fuel in the neighbourhood of estates, hag further written us relative to our recent sugges- tions for the use of petroleum either to supersede or supplement that failing supply. He tells ug that consequent upon reading what we have written on this subject he has made inquiry in quarters likely to bea possessed of experience in the burning of mineral oils, and that he has besides read with care some of the most recently published articles on the subject, especially those which have dealt with the various forms of furnaces designed for their combustion and with the results obtained in ' practice by the steamers which ply around the to rely on the import from foreign countries. shores of the Black Sea. According to him, it is apparent that it is only about those shores that the use of petroleum is preferred to coal as a fuel. The reason for the pre- ference there, is evidently not far to seek. The extensive oil wells at Baku and of the Caspian levels furnish a supply which makes the steamer service of the Black Sea independent of the coal supply for which Southern Russia has always had In the event of hostilities with any other naval power, independence of such a supply must be vital to the utility of the Tsar’s Black Sea fleet. Hence every endeayour has been made by the Russian Government to foster the substitution of petroleum for coal, not only in its ships of war, but also in the large fleet of mercantile steamers which find employment upon the coasts of the southern maritime boundary of that country, But the results of a few years’ working with the new fuel have now been made known, and that knowledge certainly does not seem to recommend the use of mineral oil for fuel except under such peculiar conditions and for the special objects named above. The greatest ingenuity, our correspondent informs us, has been shown by a perfect host of inventors in the endeayow to devise some description of furnace which shall economically burn petroleum, but hitherto without. a result likely to cause it to widely supersede the use of coal. Most of these furnaces are complex in character, and the use of them, our correspondent thinks, would be ab- solutely prohibited on our estates by their liability to get out of order, by the incessant watchful- ness they require, and by the highly skilled labour their repairs necessitate. Even with all the advantages possessed by a great maritime power like Russia, with the aid of highly skilled en- gineers always available, it has been found that the cost of petroleum as a fuel is quite one-third greater than that of coal. The proposition is therefore submitted to us as to whether, assuming first cost in the countries of supply to be about equal in the cases of coal and mineral oils, the difference of bulk for shipment and _ transport upcountry is likely so to affect cost of delivery as to turn the scale economically in favour of the latter fuel. Great doubt is expressed to us that it can do so. Coal admits of transit in bulk, while oil must be carefully packed and its storage and transport must be always subjected to restraints imposed by authority, for both of which reasons coal will probably admit of much cheaper delivery than oil. If, our friend advances, the cost of burning mineral oils eyen in the locality of its production is one-third in excess of that of coal, it scarcely seems likely that there can be any saving to be effected by its use in & country so distant from the source of supply as is Po Our correspondent thinks that coal THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. nr nr eee PETROLEUM AS 489 will, possess the advantage even in cost—as com- pared with oil even if we leave out of considera- tion the simpler methods for its combustion which are ayailable, and it is needless to point ous how desirable, it is that estates should be worked as far as possible by methods which do not demand the constant, service of highly skilled labour. Apart from this matter of cost, our correspondent asks whether we have altogether overlooked the possible effect of the fumes of burnt petroleum on the delicute flavor of a product so liable: to absorb tainting smellsas is tea. He tells us that even the most perfect furnace yet designed for the burning of petroleum or other mineral oil has been found inadequate to preyent disagreeable fumes ex- tending to some distance around... Unless, our estate furnaces'could be situated at some very con- siderable distance from the drying-rooms, it is held to be certain that the uroma of our teas: would become very seriously affected by these fumes, and we should certainly’ say that it would be found almost impossible in practice to have the furnaces for heating and drying air for tea, curing located at any distance from our estate factories, All these reasons our correspondent believes to forbid the hope being reasonably. entertained that, petro- leum can ever be available to meet the defi: ciency that is apprehended in our supply of wood fuel. The latter is the fuel which must always prove best adapted for tea preparation, and he counsels us not to abstain from continual exhortation to the planters to be earnest in their endeavor to meet a possibly short supply of it in the future. a THH AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF NEWFOUNDLAND. A very favourable account of the agricultnral re- sources of Newfoundland is given in the Ontario “Globe” by the Hon. John Macdonald, who has recently visited the Island. The fishing industry hag been at a very low ebb lately, and this led Mv. Mac- donald to make some inquiries as to the desirability: of the people turning their attention to agricultural pur- suits. That there isa large area of very fertile land in Newfoundland appears to be generally admitted, and it appears that the climate, though unpleasant, is less severe in winter,and less hot insummer thanthe greater portion of the Dominion of Oanada. When the last official handbook was published in 1984, there were only 47,000 acres under cultivation, out of 5,000,000 acres said to be snitable. No wheat or barley worth meu- tioning was grown, and only about 5,000 bushels of oats were produced. No doubt there are considerable tracts of land on which oats could be profitably. culti- vated; but the island is more suitable for grass and fodder crops than for cereals. The growth of the former crops is wonderfully lnxuriant. Mr... Mac- donald passed over rich fields on which.clover had beew growing. in abundance for more than thirty years without manure and with no sign of soil- exhaustion. On asking. why great accumulations of manure were left to bo wasted, Mr. Miedonald was assured by a, farmer that the meadows did not need manure, and that if applied to potatoes it would cause them to be smothered with clover.

- —— THE TEA WITHERING PROBLEM SOLVED: The one remaining problem connected with tea manufacture on soientific principles, as distinguished from the primitive Ohinese system, which has so far not received the attention its importance justified, has been that of rendering the planter independent of those meteorological conditions which frequently baflle his best efforts to wither his leaf as it should be withered. Properly withered leaf is so important a factor in the production of good tea, that it may be 340 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. { [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. SS a RR A termed one of the essentials of tea manufacture. Im- perfectly withered leaf can never be made into good tea, and as the production of good tea now-a-days makes all the difference between dividends and no dividends, the importance of being able to ensure perfect withering is obvious. Hitherto, when rain has fallen unceasingly for days—we might say weeks—at a time, the planter has found himself with the Hob- son’s choice of two alternatives before bim—either he must injure his reputation by making unsatisfactory tea, or he must, as has happened frequently, throw away large quantities of leaf, which represent a loss in out-turn, in the Garden’s returns. Under these circumstances, the process of evolution in the per- fecting of machinery &c., to replace old processes in- herited from the Chinese, has been peculiarly slow in the importaut matter of withering as compared with the eminently satisfactory advance made in other departments of manufacture, rolling, drying, and sieving, to wit. We have much pleasure, therefore, in at last being able to proclaim the welcome news that good withering in all weathers has now been brought within the command of all in an extremely simple way. The trouble has been, of course, to re- move the excessive moisture in and upon the leaf, under saturated conditions of atmosphere, without applying artificial heat, to the injury of the leaf. With the external air in a saturated condition, and added to that, so stagnant as to lack all perceptible motion, it has been practically impossible to remove the moisture upon and in the leaf. and in the air of the withering room, in the proper time. If the temperature of the air in the withering room can be raised above that of the outside air of course, its capacity for holding moisture will be increased, and a@ certain amount of evaporation from the wet leaf will take place in the room, which would not occur in the saturated air outside. The natural expansion of the air inside is not found sufficient however, to create a sufficiently rapid change of air by which to carry off the excess moisture and the process is too slow for satisfactory results, hence alarge garden has required more space above the engine and “dryers” than can be supplied in the usual factory. Oonsequently, outside withering-houses have to be used to supplement the space available in the tea-house proper ; and the leaf has to be drawn from these and spread a second time, in the tea house, a8 the space in the latter is emptied, thus involving much lJabour and an amount of handling to the leaf which is prejudicial to the quality of the tea produced. In utilising the waste heat of the en- gine and “dryers” on the ground floor by passing this heat up into the withering floor, and then in rapidly removing the moisture evaporated from the leaf by this heat, has been found the solution of all the difficulties at once, with a consequent control of perfect withering, and a very great reduction of wither- ing accommodation, of labour, and of handling. The Blackman Ventilating Oompany, Limited, has for some time past been giving attention to this matter, and is now provided with the results of actual experience, which will be of so much interest to our readers, as making a new departure in tea manufacture, that wo do not hesitate to quote extracts from a recent letter received by the Blackman Ventilating Company, Li- mited, from Oaptain H. T. Skinner, of Silcoorie. These are as follows:—“I am delighted tobe able to inform you that my fans have turned out entirely successful. 1 am now entirely independent of the weather, for in the very worst weather, viz.—when the leat is brought into the factory soaking wet, and the sunis hidden for days, I am able with the greatest ease, to wither 100 maunds of leaf in three and a half to four hours. In fine weather I can wither more than double that amount in the same time. In all cases the wither is equal to the best cold and natural wither. You will easily understand this when I tell you that the leaf gets withered in a tempera- ture of from 86 deg. to 94 deg. The fans are so placed that I am able to use both aides of them. By utilising the heat generated in the factory by the boiler, and tea driers, in very hot weather, the temperature of the tea-house is reduced by 12 deg. to 14 deg. In the very worst weather the heat so generated is ample for withering purposes. The hot air is withdrawn from the tea house and made to circulate rapidly over and under the leaf. A great number of planters in the district have seen my arrangement of your fans, and all pronounced it a thorough suc- cess. I never now wither in the sun and never use half the withering accommodation I formerly required.” Coming from so capable an authority such testi- mouy as the above speaks sufficiently of itself as to the unqualified success of this system. It only remains to point out a few details con- nected with the method of working the system. The withering floor is filled with withering trays, as is already usual in many districts. It is opened almost right across the building, at the end on the left of the drawing, to allow the heated air to be drawn up to the withering floor, and so as to distribute the supply over almost the whole width of the floor. The tray shelves should run across the building, with gangways down each side, as by this means there will be no Royal road for the air to travel too directly to the fan placed in the middle of the floor, at a distance from the hot-air entry. The air will thus be obliged to find its way through the series of trays, as the flooring of the gangway is carried to the end of the building (thus closing only that part of the floor at the end up which the hot air travels), the current of air can be checked from too free a passage down the gangways- The Blackman fan “thrusts” as well as “sucks” air, so it draws the air through about two-thirds of the trays and forces it through the remaining third. The draught thus occasioned not only assists evaportion, but removes the evaporated moisture from the house. In very wide houses, it may be desirable to have two or three smaller fans abreast of each other in place of one large fan in the centre in order to ensure. an even distribution of the current. The great assistance to be obtained from these fans will be evident by taking, for example, the case of the 48 in. fan. This fan will require 2 horse power to drive it at its maximum. It can, however, move 30,000 cubie feet of air in one minute. This means that if there were no trays to resist. the passage of the air, this fan could move the air contained in a room 125 ft. long by 30ft. wide by 8 ft. high in one minute! The fan can be driven by a rope or belt passed up through the floor below the fan, from a driying drum on the ordinary shaft. Owing to the resistance offered by the trays, two such fans would probably be found necessary in a house of the above dimensions. The fans of this size weigh 3 cwt 1 qr. 24 tb. each, or, packed for shipment, 5 ewt. 3 qr. 20 tb, and in cases measure 5 ft. 5 in. square by 1ft.5in. By the addition of a simple form of stove, these fans can also be applied to outside with- ering houses, if power to drive thencan be obtained. In order to prevent improper draughts entering the tea-house, all windows, &c., can be stopped in a very simple way by oiled thin canvas stretched and tacked on to frames to fit in the windows. These will be found to admit as much light as some forms of glazing, and are much cheaper. Owing to the heat being removed by the fan, these windows will be no longer required for ventilation.—Zndian Tea (lazette. See Eee SWEET CASSAVA: (Jatropha manihot or Aipi.) By H. W. Witty. About the middle of March, this year, I received from Mr. R. H. Burr of Bartow, Fla., a package of cassava roots. These roots reached the department in fine condition, being apparently as fresh as the day they were taken from the soil, After careful sampling and cleaning, a sufficient quantity of the roots was cut into thin slices and thoroughly dried. In a definite weighed portion, sampled as carefully as possible, the precentage of moisture was determined. The dried and powdered roots were preserved for future analysis. Owing to a press of other matter, Fepruary 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 541 ———— OO eeeaeeeaaa===i=ii=i == =*=={=«=*«*«=«=«««*=«*=«*""""===—={_= this analysis was not made until the latter part of July, and the first of August this year. Mr. Burr, in forwarding the roots, sent the following informa- tion concerning them :— “The roots do not last long after digging, drying up or rotting. Since this variety of cassava is not the bitter or poisonous kind, itis generally known in Florida as the sweet cassava. ‘he roots are fed to all kinds of stock in a fresh state, and are greatly rel- ished, It has been sufficiently tasted here to show its great value as a stock food. The yield under favorable conditions is astonishing. Ihave recently dug one plant of one year’s growth, which weighed 50 pounds, being at the rate of more than 1500 bushels to the acre. Hight hundred to 1000 bushels per acre can be confidently reckoned on.” The roots received by us were long and slender and of various sizes;some of them were quite two feet long, and weighed several pounds. The bark, which contains the poisonous principle if any be present, was carefully scraped off and has been preserved for subsequent examination. ‘The analysis of the sample, cal- culated to dry substance, is given in the following table:— Serial No we coe wre vee ane 5547 Ash PME sists) tc) ace) eee (1:94 per ‘cent: Oil (petroleum ether extract) 1:27 3 Ether extract (glucosides, alcaloids, organic acids, etc.) ... ss. we ‘74 "9 Alcohol extract (amids, sugars, resins, etc.,) ... «+» 17°43 3 QOENGGCLOLGr sect ccs oven) ise. Teco 4-03 es Staroby. <0. ses see wee - 71°85 cp Albuminoids (calculated from nitrogen) ... s+ ws. «we 3°47 “r 100:73 4 In regard to the method of analysis, little need be said; it was carried on in accordance with the well- established rules of plant analysis, as laid down by Dragendorff. The first extraction of petroleum ether gave the fat or oil alone, and the subsequent ex- traction with sulphuric ether gave the glucosides, al- caloids and organic acids. That portion of nitrogen existing as amids has been estimated in the alcoholic extract. The total nitrogen was also estimated and entered as albuminoids; a small portion of the nit- rogen has thus been counted twice in the total re- sults which dddup a little over 100. A characteristic feature of the cassava root is shown in the large amount of substance present, soluble in alcohol. The amount of starch also compares fairly well with the best varietios of potatoes. On account of the large quantity of sugars present, the cassava root could be more economically used for the manufacture of glucose than for starch; there is no doubt, however, of the fact that a fine article of starch food can be made from the cassava root growing in this conntry. In addition to the fresh root above noted, two samples of the dried root or cassava meal have also been examined. No. 5,922 was sent to us, described as pulverized manihot root or cassava four. The root is first peeled, chopped into thin slices, dried in the sun two days and pulverized. It was prepared by Prof. W. H. Kern, of Bartow, Fla. No 65,923 was labeled pulverized cassava, with the starch, or a portion of it, and glucose washed out, the remaining pulp dried in the sun, prepared by Prof, Kern. Prof. Kern sont a letter with the samples from which the following extracts are made;— “Allow me to say that owing to the prodigious ield per acre of what we hore know as cassava, and its alleged value as a feed and food plant, and for its yield of starch and glucose, it is attracting a very great deal of attention here now. The plant here grown is different from the manioc root of South and Central America; our root contains no poisonous ele- ments which need to be dissipated by heat. It is customary here for many persons to make their own starch from it. The root, which must remain in the ground until one is ready to use it, ia dug, washed, and its two inner and outer peelings removed; it is then grated and the pulp washed, the water poured off in a vessel and allowed to stand when the pure starch settles in the bottom. The clear water is again drawn off and the starch allowed to dry. The pulp, after having the starch washed out, may be used at once in making puddings by the addition of milk, eggs, etc. Lhis washed pulp may be sun dried and thus kept, forming valuable meal or flour from which nice bread may be made. Necessitated as we are in South Tlorida to buy all our wheat flour, anything which acts as a substitute, either in whole or in part, is of great value to us.” The analyses of two samples of flour are given in the following table:— Serial No. ... vee 0922 5923 Water .. ss « «10.56 per cent. 11.86 per cent. AGHA ose) crsitieat IES 1. Tete Orllanditatircsl, cos ce cl O0, rs 86 . Glucosides, alcaloids andorganicacids, .. .64 Of 43 Amids, sugars, resins... 18.69 ) 4.50 ip Dextrine, gum, etc., by difference ... .. 2.85 ys 5.63 " Crude, fiber ... «.. «0. 2,96 Cf) 4,15 Nitrogenous bodies 1.31 mn 1.31 S Starch . --+ 64.63 Py 70.13 ” From the above analyses it is seen that the cass- ava can never take the place of the flour made from cereals, as a food material, on account of the small portion of nitrogenous matter which it contains. It seems to me, however, that it might very well take the place of potatoes, and its value as a food should not be under estimated. Mr. S. W. Oarson, of Midland, Fla., has made some very valuable contributions to the literature of the native cassava. From a letter of his to the Florida Parmer and Fruit Grower of April 11th, 1888, I make the following qu tations :— “Ag before stated, I regard the rolling pine lands, containing some willow oak, to be the best for cassava, and the southern cointries to be best suited to it. Let the soil be well prepared by plowing and harrowing, rows checked about four feet apart, one piece laid in each hill. I think they should never be closer together than four feet, and five would be better. Oassava has been known to grow for three years in this couutry. It will continue to grow un- til the cold kills it, then by breaking off the stems when they are red, the stubble will sprout up in the spring. As to the seeds of the cassava they will ripeo in about one year. If puddings, custards, etc., are desired, the roots must be peeled and grated; salt, sugar, etc., may be used according to taste. The Spaniards make bread of it simply by grating the root, and adding salt and a little soda. Now there isno doubt in my mind but that thirty tons of cassava root per acre can be produced. When I think of the tapioca, glucose and starch there are in it, and how abundantly it can bo turned into bacon aud lard, milk and butter, mutton and beef, I feel confident that it will pay better than any other plant in the world.” Mr. J. H. Moore, of Keuka, Fla., in a letter to the same paper of November 24, 1887, describes some of the uses of cassava. From his letter I make the following extract:— “Out the stalks about one inch above the ground, just before frost; after cutting, the stalks should be left to dry in a cool place a few weeks, and then placed in a trench and covered until time for plant- ing. Some save the stalks by keeping them in a dry cool place until February and then plant. The roots should be dug as used; they will not keep in good condition out of the ground more than three or four days. It is perhaps the best feed we can raise for hogs; it is also a fine feed for poultry. We often bake it like sweet potatoes, and also slice and fry it like Irish potatoes,” " M. Sacc has addressed a letter to the National Society of Agriculture of France, concerning the cassava which he calls “ Manihot Utilissima.” He is of the opinion that the poisonous varieties are different botanically from the innocent. Manihot is the bread of tropical regions. The innocent variety is cultivated 542 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, J in Bolivia, and the botanists there call it “manihot aipi.” The plant grows from one to two metres in height, with straight and naked stalks, since they only develop leaves at their extremities; the only care given to them in their cultivation is to keep them free from weeds. The roots, to the number of five to nine, are of the size of the closed hand. The following analysis of the roots of the manihot alpi is given:— Water... a0 ot J «70°29 per cent. Starch... on 300 «14°40 Pe Sugar, salts and malic acid... ... oo DILewey 5p Fibrin and yellow coloring matte “fa {03} o Crude fiber... ont too we 16 a Ash... I 10762 i. 3 From the above it is seen that the roots of the tro- pical plant are quite different from those produced in our own country. In regard to the distribution of the two varieties, M. Sacc makes the following observation :—- “In Cuba I have seen only the poisonous variety. The same is true of Brazil, where I have not seen the manihot aipi except in the Swiss colony, Port o Real. As to the product of the two varieties, it is the same; the stalks which are the size of the fin- ger, are from one to two metres in height. I have not been able to analyze the leaves of this interest- ing vegetable, but as they are much sought after by cattle, they are probably very nutritious.” The above quotation from M. Sacc’s paper I have taken from the Revue Agricole, (ii, 6, pp. 81, 82.) pub- lished at Port Louis Maurice. The name cassava should be applied properly only to the purified starch derived from the roots of the plant. The plant is known under the botonical names, Janipha manthot, Manihot utilissima, Jatropha manihot, Manihot aipi and Jatropha Laeflingi; it is also called the mandioc plant. The fleshy root of this plant yields the greatest portion of the daily food of the natives of tropical America, and its starch is known in this country under the name of tapioca. Manihot is a woody or shrubby plant growing from fleshy tuberous roots, the stems being smooth, and the leaves generally long-stalked. The leaves of the poi- sonous variety usually have seven branches palmately divided; the leaves of the sweet variety are usually only five parted. In the ‘Treasury of Botany,” page 718, the following remarks are made concerning these two varieties:— “It is quite clear that while the root of one is bitter, and a virulent poison, that of the other is sweet and wholesome, and is commonly eaten cooked as a vegetable. Both of them, especially the bitter, are most extensively cultivated over the greater part of tropical America, and: yield an abundance of whole- some and nutritious food; the poison of the bitter kind being got rid of during the process of prepara- tion it undergoes. The poisonous expressed juice, if allowed to settle, deposits a large quantity of starch known as Brazilian arrow-root or tapioca meal, from which the tapioca of the shopsis prepared, by simply torrefying the moist starch upon hot plates, the heat: causing the starch grains to swell and burst and become agglutinated together. A sauce called cassareep used for flavoring soups and other dishes, particularly the West Indian dish known as pepper-pot is also prepared from this juice by concentrating and render- ing it harmless by boiling. Another of the products of cassava is an intoxicating beverage called piwarrie, but the manner of preparing it is not calculated to render it tempting to Europeans. It is made by the women who chew cassava cakes and throw the masticated materials into a wooden bowl where it is allowed to ferment for some days, and then boiled. It is said to haye an agreeable taste.” From the above analyses of cassava root, descriptions of its uses, and the amount of it that can be pro- duced per acre, it is evident that it is destined to become a valuable agricultural product of the sub- tropical portions of our country,—U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C., Sep. 5, 1888.—Agri- cultural Science. UPON ROOT EXCRETIONS. (By H. Mouscu: K. K, zoél. bot. Gesell, Wien, 1887.) Roots excrete, as we know, acid substances capa- ble of attacking different mineral bodies, The re- searches of the author embraced to a considerable extent the chemical power of roots; they show in fact that not only some minerals, but also organic bodies are attacked by them, some much more than others, resulting in very great chemical changes. 1st. The product secreted by roots is a reducer and oxidizer. Qnd. Itblues tincture of gayac, oxidizes tannins and humus like substances, and favors in consequence the decomposition of humus. 3rd. It transforms cane sugar in sugar reduction, and acts in a feeble manner like diastase. 4th. Roots corroded an ivory plafe. 5th. They frequently acted like fungiin changing the organic substance in the soil by means of ex- cretions and decomposition. 6th. It has been claimed that excreting substance simply impregnates the cellular membranes, without passing through and from them. It is not so, how- ever, as little drops were seen on the surface of roots. —Agriculiural Science. aus ee A Rivan TO TEA AND Corren.—A_ well-known planter has introduced in the Nilgiris a rival to tea, and coffee in the Brazilian tree which yields the substance known as Guarana. Guarana consists of the seeds of a tree known to Botanists as the Paulinas Scorbutis, which is said to be very abundant in its own habitat. The tree produces a fruit about the size of a walnut, containing five or six seeds, The seeds are roasted, mixed with water and dried. Before being used they require grinding, when they fall into a kind of powder. The active principle is an alkaloid identi- cal with that found in tea and coffee, but there is twice as much of it in Guarana as there is in tea. The effects are similar to those of tea and coffee.— Indian Tea Gazette. [All of which may be largely qualified by the absence of the pleasant flavour of tea in the nut.— Ep. 7. A. Corron Sprnninc In ENGLAND AND OTHER CoUN- mRIES.—The Austrian Handels-Museum gives the following interesting figures respecting the position of British cotton manufacturers as compared with that of the rest of the world. The figures relate to 1887. The number of spindles in England is 42,740,000; in the rest of Hurope, 23,180,000; in America, 13,500,000; in India; 2,420,000; total, 81,840,000. The quantity of cotton consumed is in England 1,514,521,000 lb. weight; in the’ rest of Europe, 1,459,119,000 lb. ; in America, 944,758,000 Ib. ; in India, 300,000,000 1b. Thus England has more than half the spindles in the world, and uses more than half the cotton worked by them, while English spinning is unrivalled in the ex- cellence of its production and in the cheapness of its price.—O. Mail, Dec. 28th. k ‘ Topacco in Cryton.—An enterprising colonist —whose name we had not previously seen men- tioned in connection with this industry—sends us an “ Account Sales”’ to embody in our manual, ‘‘ All about Tobacco,” as practical encouragement to intending Ceylon planters. He writes as follows :— “T see you are publishing ‘All about Tobacco.’ Put enclosed memo accounts sale in. Everything is of use. We are going in for this cultivation in earnest, and I hope you will give us every encouragement and ad- voeate the Ceylon Tobacco Company getting a large grant from Government when they prove their bona- fides.” Most certainly at the proper time, a local Company will deserve official encouragement if the same was extended so readily to, a foreign Syndicate. The Account Sales will find a place in the forthcoming _ volume. [FEBRUARY I, 1889. 4 y, | | | 22... wiew February 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 543 gee ——EeEeE——————————— ee DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, Jan. 3rd. OocAINE-MAKING IN Cryton.—It would seem that there is some ideaof commencing the manufacture of cocaine in Oolombo, Ceylon. At present the matter seems quite inembryo, but Ceylon planters who are in a position to supply leaves are asked to communicate with a gentleman in Colombo, whose object it is to extract the alkaloid. A sample of the parcel of Java leaves of fine appearance, to which we referred some time ago, yielded, when analysed by us, only O'4 per cent. of the alkaloid. Oarpamoms.—From the beginning of the season up to Dec. 6th only 28,970 lb had been shipped from Ceylon, against 52,440 lbin 1887, and 38,757 lb in 1886 during the corresponding periods, O1ncnona.—The shipments from Oeylon in the period between October Istand December 6th have been:— In 1888, 2,377,239 lb; in 1887, 1,506,606 lb ; in 1886, 2,750,858 lbs. ‘The first London public sales to be held on Jan. 15th are likely to be very heavy, though at present only 972 packages Oeylon, 319 Java, 50 Hast Indian, and 3 Fiji bark have been declared. Quintne.—Last week the market closed very weak and without business, ls 34d to 1s 34d per oz. nomi- nally for Germau bulk in second hands. This week some holders have been pressing for salo rathor anxiously, and yesterday the agents for the Brunswick factory are said to have sold 10,000 oz., Feb.-March delivery, at 1s 3rd per oz. Today there are sellers, but no buyers, at 1s 3rd per oz. spot. The other ma- kers are holding aloof. VANILLA.—There are at present 120 tins advertised for sale next Thursday. Advices from Madagascar state that in the Mahanoro district the plants have commenced flowering very early this year, and that to all appearance the crop this season will be twice as large as last year. Mauritius letters speak of a good demand for the new crop inthat island. The estimate for the present crop ranges from 31,000 lb to 36,000 lb. —Chemist and Druggist. em PRODUCE AS SECURITY FOR BANKERS’ ADVANCES. A paper on this subject was read on Wednesday evening, befere the Institute of Bankers, by Mr. G. KR. Gallaher. Speaking as one who had a con- siderable and very satisfactory experience of the practical working of this class of business, Mr. Gallaher deseribed the precautionary steps which should always be taken, in order that a loan on produce might be as safe as if made upon any other class of security. In the term “ produce” he would include tea, coffee, spices, indigo, silk, metals (excepting gold and silver); turpentine, mineral and seed oils, sugar, galls, shellac, foreign corn, Wc, A banker must have a general idea of the « normal ” value of merchandise, or he might be incurring great risk in making an adyance, even with a large margin. It was not sufficient in making an advance on metals, for example that the banker could turn to a price current, and fix the quotations of certain descriptions, but he must have followed the market for some consi- derable time. He would advise them not to grant loans upon any commodity which they were not sure would always be in demand at some price, and instanced lac-dye as a case in which an article, at ono time largely dealt in, was completely super- seded by new discoveries. Besides the special knowledge required by a banker if he made advances to any large extent upon merchandise, one great objection which might be urged against this class of Security Was, that produce was not a “liquid asset’; that it was not readily convertible into money; that in times of uneasiness the money wo advanced was locked up, and, in the event of ® commercial orisis, could only be realised at a considerable sacrifice. Was not this true of hundreds of different kinds of securities, which were now readily taken, while produce was refused ? Where, in a commercial crisis, would they obtain cash for the large bundles of foreign stocks which were to be found in the safes of even the most wisely-con- ducted banking establishment? He did not deny that produce was of the two the more difficult security to realise in ordinary times, but he would ask, whether one thousand pounds worth of tea would not be more easily convertible into money in a time of panic than some Stocks he could mention that might be worth one thousand pounds a few weeks previous to the panic. In his opinion, if a trustworthy customer were to say to his banker, ‘‘I have a thousand pounds worth of goods lying in the docks which I can hypothe- cate to you for an advance,” no security could be safer; and no dishonoured bill would ever yield so large a dividend in the pound, provided ordinary care were taken. ‘They could test the actual value of such goods by asking the applicant to exhibit invoices or contracts, by requiring him to obtain a broker’s valuation, or by actually sampling the goods themselves, and obtaining an independent valuation by a broker or dealer in the article. In making advances upon produce the greatest danger the banker had to guard himself against was the wilful dishonesty of a customer. English law as- sumed aman tobe innocent until he was proved guilty: but the converse rule should be the guide in making advances. They should assume that the applicant was dishonest, unless they were perfectly satisfied that he was honest; they would, conse- quently, look into the security so thoroughly that, whether he was honest or not, the repayment of the loss would be almost without doubt, and, if a loss were made, if would be the banker’s misfortune, and not his fault.—W. & C. Mail, Jan. 4th. ee PLANTING NOTES FROM SOUTHERN INDIA, (From the South of Jndia Observer, Jan. 3rd.) The question of manure to planters is always one of primary importance. We are informed that on some of the estates on the Nilgiris there has been tried for the last year or twoa manure called Mock- ford’s Black Guano, with satisfactory results. Plan- ters are often at their wits’ end to obtain a suitable manure, and the one now under notice appears to deserve a trial, being specially adapted to the cul- tivation of coffee. Upon one estate we know of, the best coffee is cultivated with a manure skilfally adapted to its peculiar wants, and the Nilgiri and Wynaad planter cannot do better than try any and every kind of stuff until he finds the right means to get the heaviest crops off his land. The Nilgiri tea planters are inconvenienced for want of coolies, and they complain that Government officials often take their labourers away. We can hardly believe this. It may be that officions subor- dinates and peons impress coolies unknown to their masters; but that any official would use coercion to obtain labor is wo think improbable. However we give the complaint below as furnished us. _ Our correspondent writes:—‘I believe a ‘sugges- tion’ which some planters have made to Government is the very reasonable one that Government officials should not press the labour of workers in the tea plantations, which, as a rule, with all the maisetries they can got, are scarcely more than half manned, which of itself accounts in a great measure for the low yield of tea per acre on the Nilgiris compared with other hill districts. The other day the Manager of one of the leading tea estates informed me that he had just had fourteen of his coolies withdrawn from his tea bushes to carry the goods and chattels of a Briton who, having little to do at home, was taking o tour through the dis- 544 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Feeruary 1, 1889. = a trict’ with his rifle; the said estate has not one-half of the hands it requires even in this season when hands are most plentiful, so it may be imagined how wel- come the traveller was to the coolies! It is to be hoped that Lord Connemara will give a willing ear to the “suggestion” alluded to, as I fear from all I hear that if this is looked at through the coloured medium which some officials will try to insinuate, the “ sug- gestion”? might as well be left alone.” A planter writes:—“I don’t think you Ootyites are aware of the ravages leaf disease is making in many of the coffee districts. Orops are on the trees no doubt, but are they to ripen? Perhaps a taste may grow among the lovers of chicory for the diseased coffee beans. IfsoIthink Wynaad will be able this year tomeet the demand. Wynaad does not seem to be singular however inhaving floods, Crops damaged by blight and too much rain, cattle epidemics (foot and mouth) are prevalent on the Nilambur side just now. And this when the greater part of India is suffer- ing from a drought which may be serious. Itis strange that we have heard of no practical results from the cultivation of rubber trees by planters of this district and Nilambur, where several flourishing planta- tions exist. It is stated that the belt of land around the globe, five hundred miles south of the equator, abounds in trees producing the gum of the India rubber They can be tapped for twenty successive seasons without injury, and the trees stand so close that one man can gather the sap of eighty ina day, each tree yielding onan average three tablespoonfuls a day. Forty-three thousand of these trees have been counted in a tract of country a mile long by eight wide. There are in America and Europe more than one hundred and fifty manufactories of India rubber articles, employing some five hundred operatives each, and consuming more than 10,000,000 pounds of gum a year, and the business is considered to be still in its infancy. “W ” writes:—“ Rain at the end of November gener- ally causesa great many of the ripe berries to split and after a short time to fall or at any rate dry so much as to be very difficult to pulp. This year, how- ever, we have very little coffee ripe at present in South Wynaad: on many places there will not be very much at any time in this season! Leaf disease is still go- ing on, but it is not doing the trees nearly as much harm as it didlast year. Whata pity it is some of your correspondents don’t give us their ideas as to the best course to pursue with the trees when they are affected —as it seems useless to hope for any prevention. To me it seems neither pruning, nor manuring, nor that leaving alone, make much difference. With regard to the first, perhaps the trees prune themselves enough, and only require handling, at any rate, I should be loth to cut off the little green wood and few leaves they have left after a bad attack, in the hope of stimulating. As to the second, I never knew a a basket of good cattle manure do Labour generally speaking, is very abundant as is usual in bad seasons. A great deal of work is being done on the roads, and some bad hills are being cut down, which will make cart traffic easier. There is rather an unusual amount of sickness about, and we | hear strange and dreadful rumours of dengue having reappeared at Calicut. If the garbling people get it, how shall we get our crops cured and shipped.” —_____<$__ ——_- THE DRUG MARKET IN 1888, (irom a Review by Messrs. Reynolds &§ Sellers, Mincing Lane, E.0.) CascArittA BAarx.—Although the high prices ruling last year have not been maintained, the supplies have not been atall excessive, and generally met a good mar- ket. Fine silvery quill has brought up to 41s., whilst good has found buyers at 32s 6d. to 34; holders lately have been asking more money. Within the last few days fresh arrivals of over 200 packages have come to hand, which will be probably offered early in the new year. Quinint.—Sales and re-sales throughout the year have been on # larger magnitude than ever before any harm. recorded, the principal reason being that the article is now under the canopy of speculators. It would be superfluous to estimate the quantity which has changed hands; continual sales reported ranging from 1,000 to 200,000 oz. The opening price of 2s advanced within the first few days of Jannary to 2s 13d which was the topmost figure of the year. In September 10,000 oz. ‘‘ Auerbach” offered in public sale only realized 1s 3d to 1s 4d although 1d to 14d advance on these prices was paid soon afterwards. Even a letter to daily paper calling the attention of those interested in diamond, gold, silver, copper, and other mines to the favourable position of this article had not the desired effect, and the downward movement so far has not been arrested, the recent sales being about as low as any throughout the year. re LONDON DRUG STATISTICS. The following figures refer to the stocks of drugs, &c., in the London docks and warehouseson Decem- ber 31st, 1888, and to the deliveries and imports into London during the year 1888 as compared with 1887 :— Stocks Imported Delivered Article 1888 1887 1888 1887 1888 1887 Aloeses& pkgs6,989 5,218 7,875 5,070 6,108 4,960 Aloes gourds 2,048 4,679 814 1,651 4,444 903 Cinchona Bark, cks 102 vel aa 5339} 11,333 25,744 30,043 23,295 26,572 », bls. &e. 53,320 48,286 43,726 40,948 48,463 47,132 Cardamoms chts 9576 727 2,656 3,479 2,837 ak: bgs 124 113 (672) 467— «561 um— Ammoniac pkg 125 236 TD) a l2bne elds yg, Animi & Copal pkg 4,885 3,482 446 4,426 8,502 8,106 7,982 8,619 Arabic ,, 19,617 11,245 34,459 20,110 25,997 23,959 Asafotida,, 349 450 452 - 72 553 399 Gamboge ,, 93 65 197 217 210 355 Ipecac. casks & bags 10 158 512 613 724 561 Jalap bls 87 146 182 114 8246 122 Oils— Castor cks 865 846 440 1,391 ~ 751 1,141 er es 7,218 7,515 12,147 11,539 12,654 10,463 Coconut +ns1,490 1,823 4,866 4,936 5,191 4,416 Cutch 4, 3,018 945 5,734 2486 3,670 2,884 ee ee Oup Boots anp SHoEs are now being gathered together. Hitherto they have literally littered the land. But it is found that the leather can be boiled down, or, failing that, ground down. The latter makes capital manure, being rich in nitrogen. So Iam saying up my old boots now instead of giving them away—sometimes with a foot inside.—Dr. Taylor in Australasian. A New Fisre From toy Oorron Puant-—A manu- facturing firm in New Yorkhas sent to the Depart- ment of Agriculture specimens of a new fibre they are waking from the stalk of the cotton plant. The samples received strongly resemble hemp, and seem to be adapted to all the uses that hempis put to. A few fibres of it twisted together in the hand show remarkable tensile strength, although no exact comparative tests with other fibres have yet been made. A collection of the fibres of hemp, flax, jute, ramne, etce,, from all parts of the world is being made by the Department and a new instrument bas been invented by which it is expected that the tensile strength of each will be ascertained with great accuracy. If the cotton plant turns out to furnish as valuable a fibre as now seems possible, an important new source of profit will be afford- ed the cotton planters of the Southern States upon their — crops.—Sevence. Fupruary t, 1889.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 545 aS 7 A he ES TR ANALYSIS OF TEA SOILS. From Messrs. Barry & Co.:—‘ Mr. Aitchison has sup- plied the following information about the samples of Tea plants you have already received. Case No. 4 contains a complete Tea bush, ‘ China.” 5 ;, “Good Hybrid.” ” No. 5 ” ru ” “The soil and bushes have been taken from the same spot. The block of land from which the above have been taken was planted ont in 1864. It has been cul- tivated regularly, and from about 1868 the yield of Tea has been about 6 Mds. per acre yearly. The block was manured once in 1880, when about 30} Mds. (say half Enclosure :— Particulars of Samples of Soil from the Garden of a pound per bush) of locally bought oil cake was put on. The land is flat and slightly undulating.” “We trust the above détails will answer your purpose.” The samples have been handed to Dr. Warden. From Messrs. Davenport & Oo.:—‘‘ We have pleasure today in forwarding you four samples of soil from the above garden, and herewith enclose particulars of same from the Manager, in accordance with our previous correspondence. We havo instructed the General Manager to obtain, and send down to us samples of branches, etc.,and have acquainted them with particu- lars contained in your letter of 13th instant,” the Second Hallodhi Tea Co., Ld., (Darjecling.) i SS SSS SSSEESSSSaaseessseeassennseereed nnn nn a a a Sample Heads. Sample No. 1. ... |Low hybrid , 2 Olass of Plant — ...}China Depth to which taken}2’ 4” Nature of soil below this depth ...| Very stony Conformation of part|Slight slope facing| Nearly flat ...|Red, fairly stiff, loamy No. 2. Sample No, 3. Sample No. 4. .. |Indigenous «| Obina. Colley sen PAY, Same as No. 2 Same as sample No, Same as No. 1, At the foot of the at the foot of Garden from] East, very little} of agood slope, fac- slope of No. 1, and which sample was| wash ...| ing West, slight somewhat lower, taken co wash, about 150 feet Same facing, wash higher than No. 1 very slight. Orop _..| Yield only fair. Quali-|Always attacked by|Healthy growth. Orop| Poorest part of the ty fairly strong, but} blights more than| heavy, strong pun-| garden, both in very flavory .-| any other part of} gent liquors, but} quantity and qual- the garden, First) wanting almost el-| lity having neither piece on which| together in flavor...} strength or flavor, mosquito invariably and soft liquors. starts. Crop poor in quantity and quality. Manufacture ...| Wood, in Sirocco, fin-|Same as No.1 + |Same as No, 2 «| Same as No. 1. ished off over char- coalin chulas WV, B.—Owing to system of pruning adopted, no seed is available. A. Y. M. Jamieson, Manager. These samples will be handed to Dr. Warden together with others which are being collected of the Tea Association.—Proceedings A.-H. Society of India. THE INDUSTRIES OF JAFFNA. The distance of this place from the Metropolis and the inconvenience consequent on the want of easy communication with head quarters have given to Jaffpa such a peculiarity that it has been seriously suggest- ed more than once, if Jaffoa would not be better governed, were it annexed to Southren India instead of remaining a distant and out of the way, and there- fore much neglected portion under the Ceylon Govern- ment. Although the Northern Province has contribut- ed and does continue to contribute, not a little to the general revenue, it cannot be gainsaid that absolately nothing hasbeen done by our Government to develop the resources of the peninsula. The absence of rivers and other reservoirs of water from which any system of irrigation can be organised is the main, if not the only, reason why Jaffna is unable to grow its own food commensurate with its demands so that nothing can be done by Governmentfor Jaffoa in the direction of irrigation. The chief ground upon which the Jaffna Railway Committee base the desirability of connecting the North with Colombo by a line of railway, is that such a line will open up the Vanny Districts and lead to the cultivation of the immense area of the now un- cultivated lands which at one time of our history produced grains sufficient not only for local consump- tion but even for export to Southern India. Itisa well known fact that Jaffoa with its superfluous popula- tion suffers from want of industries to engage their attention. The cultivation of paddy unaided by irrigation, is not ® paying concern and even for such cultivation the available area is very limited, The proverbial apathy attributed rightly or wrongly to our brethren cannot be correctly laid aso charge against the Tamils of the North whose activity is well known. The growing of other produce than cereals cannot, considering the enormous cost, be said to be lucurative, as there is not a sufficient demand. The only possible way whereby the Jaffnese can be made useful is to encourage emigration to the Vanny Districts, especially to Anuradbapura where, thanks to the government, a very large area of fertile lands is offered for cultivation on very advantageous terms. The trade of Jaffna is entirely in the hands of Nattucotta Chetties and Coast moormen and the few Jaffnese who interest themselves in trade by means of borrowed capital, soon find themselves landed on shoals and quicksands formed in the sea of Ohetty speculation. Of Nattucotta Ohetties in their relation to the trade of Jaffna we purpose to speak in a future issue.—Ceylon Patriot, SEE aan EASTERN QOOLONIAL POLICY ; DUTCH AND BRITISH: A CONTRAST. (Translated for the Singapore Free Press.) In many of the islands under the Dutch flag there is but little worth montioning; the Great Hast dozes along, 2s she has done almost, ever since the days of Jobn Company. On several of these lonely islands there are indeed “ post-holders ;’’ but they are some- times quite content it they avoid being killed. From time to time a man of war comes,and burns a village on the shore, and after which she must either go into dock, or be sold. Ifan enterprising man with any 546 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. pluck comes forward, and proposes to the minister for the Oolonies to develop the resources of an island like Ceram, he is told that his plans cannot receive the sanction of the Government, From Bachan little is heard, just as little in fact as of either new plans or the putting into execution of those previously formed for investigations in the Kei and Teniviber islands. It is years since Rozenfain was presented in pamphlets as the gold mine of the future ; but no steps have yet been taken for working it. Run since the departure of the English, is hardly known even by name. New Guinea seems to have a black mark against it, ever since Fort Dubus twice lost half of its garrison from malaria. Several of the missionaries at Geebonik Bay lost their lives in the attempt to form a Settlement; and the men-of-war in those waters, on the rare occasions that they do appear, have half their crews on the sick list. Meanwhile neither Germany nor England have been inactive in their terrritory, They have looked for habitable spots till they found them; they have gone up the rivers in steam-launches, and penetrated far into the interior, they have dug for gold and found it; have imported building-materiais from Hurope and founded Settlements, they have strengthened their posi- tion by other means than signboards and presents of silver-headed walking sticks to the Papuan chiefs; in a word they have taken possession both in New Guinea and North Borneo right under the very nose of the lion of the Netherlands. Borneo seems, indeed, to be the land of the future. A petty frontier-dispute as ‘to whether the Atas or the Sibuku is to form the boundary between what is nomin- ally Dutchbut really English territory will, doubtless, be contrived shortly; with the natural result that the line contended for by England will be accepted. Then it will have to be decided whether tobacco will grow everywhere, and, especially, what sort of tobacco; a vital question indeed for the colony. Yet, although the result may not be as brilliant as optimists of the present day would have us be- lieve, England is far from leaving her colonies, es- pecially young ones, in the lurch. This can be seen, for instance, on the Malay Peninsula, a country by no means fertile compared with Java or Sumatra, Numberless experiments with different sorts of crops have been made; and, with the exception of pepper, gambier and a few others, nearly all have failed. Higher up, however, opposite Penang the resources of Province Wellesley have been developed and con- siderable quantities of sugar are now produced. Assistance has been given to native states, Johore, Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong &c., and they are now thriving. Where tobacco would not grow, sugar was planted, or tin mines opened. Let any one who wants to know more of the resources of these dis- tricts and their rapid rise, read the description given in Dutch newspapers of Deputy Cremer’s journey, and the humiliating parallel drawn by him between the way in which Dutch and, English manage the affairs of their respective territories. ! ——————————__——_—— TEA DRIERS. A practical planter with no interest one way or the other, writes :— j “With reference to the Observer paragraph re Davidson’s Siroccos and Brown’s Desiccator, your correspondent says, ‘it requires less fuel than any machine I know.’ That may be true enough; but, if a steam engine has to be kept working to drive the fanners, bow about the fuel consumed thus. The Siroccos require no motive power. With water power Brown’s Desiccator is all right.” pee ENSILAGE EXPERIMENTS IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY are reported to the Madras Government as having been made on a large scale, but with very varying and in many cases very unfavourabl eresults. Horses,sheep and goats usually refused to eat the silage and sometimes even cows and bullocks would uot touchit. The most successful experiment were conducted on the Nilgiris and at Salem, and are thus nucticed:— Milgiris.—Four silos were made in this district, and were all successful, the silage having been readily eaten by cattle, though the Badagas, who are ex- tremely conservative and very slow to adopt new methods, predicted that it would not be, and after- wards soundly abused their animals for eating what they considered such foul food. The use of silos is, however, well known to planters, and is becoming pretty general on estates. Mr. Lawson, the Govern- ment Botanist, has made many silos and has done much to demonstrate the utility of this method of storing grass to Badagas, Salem.—Nine silos were made in this district, one by the Collector, Mr. McWatters, one by the Sub- Oollector, Mr, Dumergue, and the rest by the Forest Department. The grass used by Mr. McWatters was not good and possessed very little nutritive power. The silage was, however, eaten by cattle and by some horses and ponies, but sheep would not touch it, Mr. Dumergue’s experiment was eminently successful. His silage was so greedily eaten by cattle and by castra- ted ponies under treatment that there were more appheations for the silage than could be complied with. The results of the whole were thus summed up :— Of the 78 silos opened, 32 were either wholly or par- tially successful. This is but a small proportion, but the experiments made in the Kistna district were con- ducted with such inadequate knowledge and those in the Nellore districi were marked by so much want of care that they may be left out of account. If this is done, the result will be that, out of the remaining 53 silos opened, 31 or 58°S per cent. were more or less successful. ; Considering the circumstances in which the experi- ments were conducted in this Presidency, the results may be considered ‘as, on the whole, satisfactory. In the first place, many of the officers, who were en- trusted with the conduct of the experiments, had no special knowledge of the subject, and the instruotioas printed in G. O., No. 593, dated 9th July 1886, do not appear to have been sufficient to enlighten their ignorance. Some of the officers again were not able to superintend the conduct of the experiments throughont, as they had to quit the station on leave or transfer. The experiments also had in some cases to be entrusted to subordinate officers in remote locali- ties, who were either ignorant or had no interest and could not, therefore, conduct the experiments in a satisfactory manner. Those that were conducted by the superior officers were generally satisfactory, but even in these there were failures, as in the experi- ments made by Messrs. H. G. Turner and Wolfe- Murray in Vizagapatam, by Mr. T. M. Horsfall in South Arcot, by Mr. Johnson in Chingleput, and Mr. Goodrich in Bellary. In the case of the experiments conducted in Vizagapatam, Mr. Iawson, the Govern- ment Botanist, and Mr. R. Sewell, ©.S., have ob- ligingly pointed out (Board’s Proceedings, No. 494, dated 8th December 1887) that the probable cause of the failure was the omission to see that the earth sank continuously with the sinking of the silage. Mr. Lawson also suggests that the best form of a silo is a long narrow deep trench, say 30’ length x 8’ width x 12’ depth, .and that it is better to take a longer time in filling the pits than was taken by most of the officers who conducted the experiment in this Presidency, so that the grass may sink of its own weight, and so that through the air not being at once absolutely excluded, the grass may ferment better and yield a sweeter fodder. Mr. Lawson also suggests the use of the ordinary mamoty with the edge sharpen- ed like an axe for removing the silage which should be cut in steps, so as to expose as small a surface as possible to the action of the air and prevent the rest of the silage from getting mouldy. As regards Mr. Horsfall’s failure, Mr. Lawson remarks that, — judging from Mr. Horsfall’s own description of the Frpruary 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 547 YI —————_____ silage produced, the experiment was undoubtedly not a failure buta success. Oattle indeed did not eat it, but Mr. Lawson thinks that they would have eaten it if they had been made to do so. Mr. Lawson also observes that cattle prefer the silage as it is taken out fresh from the pit and that it is better never to dry itin the sun. Wrom some of the reports re- ceived by the Board, however, it appears that cattle refused the silage when taken out fresh from the pit, ‘but after exposure to the sun for a short time they ate it greedily. It 1s perhaps best to offer the silage fresh to cattle, andif they refuse it altogether, then to give it with u small quantity of palmyra jaggery or to expose it to the sun for a few minutes, Much must depend on the tact and resources of the officer conducting the experiment. As regards Mr. Joliason’s experiment, he himself observes that the grass was too ripe when he used it, and this circumstance accounts for his failure. Mr. Lawson thinks that Mr. Goodrich’s silos were not of the propor dimensions, and the lucer.c wiich he used was too succulent to he harvested alone and that it should have been mixed with some more wiry fodder. Grants have been sanctioned by the Government and the Board for repeating the experiments in the current yeur, and the Board hope results will be even more satisfactory than they were last year. In the mean- time the Board would suggest that Mr. Lawson may be requested to draw up a set of simple instructions, based on approved authorities and the results of the experience gained during the past year. These instruc- tions will be translated and published in the District Gazettes and circulated as widely as possible, witha brief account of the experiments now reporte) upon. The Government regarded the results atiavined as, on the whole, very fairly satisfactory, and they added :— The success which attended the experiments tnade by Messrs. Nicholson and Dumergue add one or two other officers shows, in the opinion of Governmcat, that it is quite possible, with~sufficient attention, to turn out silage of good quality which will be readily eaten by domestic animals. The Government are in- clined to think that the want of such attention has, in more than one instance, been the cause of the failures. The Board should take care that further experiments are entrusted only to officers who are likely to carry them out ina ésreful and intelligent manner. It would be interesting if each officer who conducted experiments could give financial results, i,e., the quantity of silage made and the cost of making it. Mr. Lawson will, as suggested by the Board, be requested to draw up a set of simple instructions. eee, a WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Extracts from proceedings of a genoral meeting, Janu- ary 2nd, Mr. Jowitt in the chair :-— Sorran’s Barreny Reseryes.—Mr. O. A. Mackenzie drew attention to the magnificent acreage between the Bramagherries and Sultan’s Battery, which would probably grow as fine coffee as ‘that in South Ooorg, now held as Forest Reserves by Government. Resolved that a committee composed of Messrs. Jowitt, Lamb, C. A. Mackenzie, Walker, and Hono- rary Secretary be appointed to draw up a memorial to Government pointing out that the rainfall and forest operations could not possibly be injured by throwing open these reserves, while a permanent industry would probably be created, which would afford most congenial employment to large members of the overcrowded peasantry of India for whom it is so necessary to find an outlet. 5 Oorrer Fretours,—Read the following lotter from Mevsrs, Andrew & Co. Agents for the British India Steam Navigation Co. which, it was resolved shouldbe printed :— Oorrre Crop 1888-89, aND aLL tTHrovgH Sure— MENTS ‘TO LONDON FOR COMING s¥ASON,—The Hony. a Wynaad Planters’ Association, Vayitri—Dear Sir, © are propared to contract for above at the un. exceptionally rate of 30/ per ton, Bombay tonnage scale, which includes coffee at 14 cwts to the ton, and which is equal to 38/7 per of 18 ewts for coffee, and 37/6 for measurement goods coast scale, but not including tea which is 40/ Bombay scale. The cargo will be transhipped to steamers of the P. &O. S. N. Oo. and the advantages offered are, frequent opportunities of shipment and speedy delivery at London at a cheap rate of freight, thus affording a saving in interest and quick returns, , SUGAR AND COFFEE PLANTING IN JAVA, (From the 4. and O. Express, Jan. 4th.) AMSTERDAM, Jan, 2. According to the annual report of the Colonial Bank for 1887-88, the bank continued its relations with thirty-six agricultural undertakings and granted work- ing capital to twenty-six of them. Of five under- takings the production was received without giving advances. To five undertakings working capital was granted for account of others, and shipments were effected by the bank’s agents. ‘To the first sort of undertaking belong 9 for sugar, 10 for coffee, 2 for cinchona and coffee, 2 for indigo, and 2 for wood cutting; to the second sort belong 2 sugar manu- factories, 1 coffee land, and 2 Indigo undertakings; and to the third sort 1 coffee land, and4 indigo under- takings. With 8 of the 9 sugar manufactories the bank was already in relation in former years, and of the ninth the production was received in the course of this year. The bank has 2-5th share ina sugar manufactory, which appeared in the books for f1.200,000, but tlis amount has been reduced later on by f1.162,545. ‘be result of this undertaking during 1887 were very favourable, 104 piculs of sugar bei harvested per bouw at a cost price of f1.6902 per picul. Uousidcring the quantity of the crops of the eight sugar manufactories, the average cost price was f1.6.77 per picul of sugar, or f1.7.424 for No. 14. The average sale price was f1.8.08t per picul, or fi.8.74 for No. 14, for showing a profit of f1.1.314, making on 311,447 piculs sugar (being the production of eight undertakings) f1.409,502. The interest on the capital debt is not includedin this calculation. In conse- quence of the sereh disease the crops of three of the undertakings were such smaller. Effective measures are practised, and the directors trust that the conse- uences of the disease may be limited in this way, that the result of these manufactories may still be remunerative. The coffee estates produced 5,014 piculs washed coffee, and 8,935 piculs in parchment. On two estates there are 186,000 cinchona trees, Disease of the leayes only appeared to & small ex- tent. The profit on interest, commission, and doubtful debtors is 1,603,410, less expenditure f1.194,505, and writing off on one sugar undertaking 41,162,548, balance f1.246,356. This amount, the directors observe, could be carried to the account for writing off, but this has not been done, as the directors will not allow that the debt is increased by those undertakings which are already under heavy financial burdens, and of which the debt would reach in the books the amount of f1.829,477; being £1.251,167 for sugar and f1.78,310 for coffee. The directors, therefore, have taken £1.83120 from the account for writing off, by which the total amount written off on agricultural undertakings is f1.492,026. The balance of the profit and loss account of the head agency is f1.191,755. Java securities have all shown a considerable im- provement in prices. During the past year some of them, as the Trading Company Handels Vereen Amsterdam paid large dividends, and others did the same, though on a more moderate scale. All of them seem to have favourable prospects, and especially those with which coffee cultivation is the chief buai- ness. Several newly-established companies made an appeal on the Money Market which they found there on behalf of undertekings for coffee and cinchona oultivation. 548 © THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. ee ee ————eEEEEE——————eeeSO_— In tobacco shares the year was less advantageous. Excited by the favourable results obtained in Deli numbers of new concessions were asked in Siak and Borneo, so that there were many companies estab- lished, some of which, in the former place, were obliged afterwards to stop the cultivation, causing thus a great loss to the eager shareholders. . —_—_—__@——__—_—__ “ LONDON PURPLE” AND “ COFFEE BUG”: DR. TRIMEN’S OPINION. In answer to our inquiry the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens writes as follows:— One heard a great deal of “ London Purple” during the “Colorado Beetle’ scare about ten years back; as also of “Paris Green,” both, I think, arsenical com- binations. No doubt such preparations are deadly to insect life, but it appears to be chiefly against the larger exposed kinds such as caterpillars and beetles that they have been found to be so successful. Our coffee ‘‘bugs’’ are small, very numerous and extremely well protected from external influences of all sorts, and I expect that if any progress in destroying them by such means is made, it will only be by copious and repeated applications, rather undesirable with so very poisonous a substance. If a trial be made of the remedy, a very small plot would be sufficient to show how far it affected “ green bug,” and such an experi- mental trial, which would cost a mere trifle, is, I think, worth making. - I hear on good authority that the pest has much lessened quite recently in parts of the Udapussellawa district, and hope this may be the commencement of its practical disappearance which may be expected to occur at any time. An Uva proprietor has already ordered a small quantity of ‘“‘ London Purple” in order to give it a fair trial. _ Dr. Trimen’s word of encouragement in reference to the probable disappearance of the “‘green bug” will be much appreciated by the remaining owners of fields of old King Coffee. May the verification of the worthy Doctor’s expectation soon arrive. SS . PEPPER CUTTINGS. Messrs. J.P. William & Brothers of Henaratgoda write as follows :— “We send you by this post pepper cuttings of the best Malabar variety from imported plants; you will’ find that some leaves are 8 by 6 to 8% by 63. We have already booked several orders for the next monsoon. We find according to our experience the best tree for pepper support is the Kapok for the lowcountry. Nava, Halamba, and E. Indica also answer well for the purpose.” We submitted the above letter to Mr. W. O. Wambeek, who now writes:— “Samples of pepper from William & Bros. duly to hand. The leaves have a fine large healthy ap- pearance, and the pepper is a really good kind. The fruit clusters are large and full. I had 3,000 cuttings of this variety from them in October last which were put out and are doing well.” (oe THA IN JAPAN. In a recent issue we gave statistics showing that the total produce of tea in Japan during the current year was 24,177,587 kwamme, or 199,465,093 lb. Deducting from this an export of 50 million lb. in round numbers about150 millions remained for home consumption, or 4 lb per head of the total population of the empire. ‘These figures were taken directly and without verification from the vernacular press, and they naturally attracted atten- tion, being largely in excess of uny commonly accepted estimate, The latest official statistics pub- lished do.not carry usito adate more recent than 1884, the production of tea for that year being shown as follows :— Fu and Ken. 1884 Fu and Ken, 1884 Kwamme Kwamme Tokyo i 59,270 Yamagata ose 13,304 Kysto «. 470,748 Akita oe 3,146 Osaka -» 918,856 Fukui : 82,541 Kanagawa ... 55,491 Ishikawa «» 64,191 Hyogo «. 271,778 Toyama »» 40,947 Nagasaki = 57,694 Tottori ae 24,579 Niigata e- 154,872 Shimane «» 105,153 Saitama -- 285,977 Okayama « 106,031 Gumma 200 7,063 Hiroshima “5 79,396 Ohiba om 84,045 Yamaguchi... 97,579 Ibaraki «- 170,330 Wakayama ... 114,116 Tochigi "0 13,758 Tokushima ... 119,084 Mie «- 520,520 Hhime Bee 94,839 Aichi «» 136,715 Kéchi we 156,136 Shizuoka v. 122,787 Fukuoka -. 192,680 Yamanashi ... 22,420 Oita aes 64,672 Shiga «» 233,031 Saga we 26,886 Gifu «» 282,824 Kumamoto we 280,417 Nagano ae 2,512 Miyasaki 199,238 Miyagi 27,219 Kagoshima 222,875 Fukushima .. 19,288 —— Iwate 1,473 Total 6,013,982 According to the above table the total production for 1884 was only 50 million lb. in round numbers, The export for that year was 352 millions, so that the quantity remaining for home consumption was only 14% millions, or less than half a pound per head of population. Our oldest information on the subject of tea production does not go farther back than 1878. In that year, according to official statistics, the total quantity grown was 22,782,565 lb. (2,761,523 kwamme), whereas the quantity exported was, as we certainly know from Oustom House returns, 217,579 piculs, or 29 million lb. The official statistics thue make oat that in 1878 Japan sent abroad about 6 million lb. of tea in excess of her total production. It is plain that no reliance can be placed on such figures. If, again, we take the rate of increase in pro- duction, indicated by the official statistics between 1878 and 1884, and apply it to the period 1884-88 the production for 1888 should have been about 70 million lb. instead of 199 millions, as stated by the vernacular press. We trust to be able before long to place more accurate and trustworthy statistics before our readers. At present we confine ourselves to noting the difficulty of basing any accurate conclusion on existing data—Japan Weekly Mail. nee CACAO PLANTING IN CEYLON : A Review* (Continvzp). CACAO PLANTS AND WHITE ANTS—TRANSPLANTING—KE- ROSENE AND PHENYLE AND KEKUNA POONAC FOR ‘* POOCHIES’—sSHADE : PHRMANENT AND TEMPORARY— JAK, ERYTHRINAS—LAND GRANTS AND SYNDICATES— FOREST RESERVES AND THE AUTHORITIES. Those who have had to do with Cacao cultivation alone know how delicate a plant it isin its earlier stages of growth, and how often oneisinclined to throw up the sponge as he sees plant after plant succumb to no as- certainable cause or to the ravages of white-ants. The greatest mortality has to be faced in transplanting. To overcome this the ingenuity of planters has devised many means. Some sow seed in bamboo pots, only pos- sible where bamboos are plentiful, some in little bot- tomless pots or cylinders with which the plants are put out, and which receive a blow tocrack them after the plants are placed in position, so as not to interfere with the development of the stem. When the pots are made of sufficient length to contain the tap-root, these afford the safest means of planting. Mr. Holloway invented a transplanter which was simply a half-cylindrical piece * Cacao Planting in Oeylon; with Hints as to the Best Varieties to be Cultivated. A Lecture Delivered at Ma- tale, on the 30th June 1888, by Mr. J. H. Barber. Ceylon Observer Press, iat FEBRvuARY 1, 1880, | of cast iron with a short handle and treadle. Whenplant- ing out, a drain was cut on the lower side of the nur- sery bed, the transplanter was inserted on the upper side of the lowest plant and driven home. It was then pressed downwards towards tke drain, when a, half-cylindrical piece of spouting received the plant with a ‘ball’ of earth—tin would do as well. The plants were carried prone to the field, put out, and the piece of iron did duty again. Mr. Barber says he found two tiles tied witha piece of rope the safest and the cheapest nursery pot. Cheap- est because the tiles after serving their purpose as pots are utilized for the roofs of buildings; but how about costof carriage ? This however cannot be placed in the balance against the perfect success of the plan, for Mr. Barber says he planted 175 acresin this way “ and not a plant was lost.”’ This success is phenomenal,——I had almost written appocryphal. Has any other single antes in the country beenas successful with his sys- tem 7 To white-ants has been accorded the first place of honor, or rather dishonor, as the most formidable ene- mies of thecacao planter. Many means have been re- sorted to to circumvent them. Amongst these Mr. Barber mentions kerosene. If kerosene has been found a specific against their attacks in the hill country, all I can say is that the species there must be decidedly more amenable than those I have to deal with, but then the place I write from must have been notorious even in days gone by for their ravagesas onthe autho- rity of your senior it derives its name from the vora- cious termite. Phenyle mixed with 100 parts of water, is said to be a reliable and safeapplication at the rate of 30z. to the plant. Mark this well ye coconut planters amongst whose enemies white-ants find a place. One recommendation of phenyle is itsextreme cheapness, for we are told the cost of it and of application is but 50cts: the acre! The premier place amongst remedies is accorded to kekuna poonac. The olfactories of white ants seem tobe peculiarly sensitive to the offensive smell of thissubstance. One great recommendation of kekuna poonac must be that it isa highly fertilizing manurial agentas well. In days gone by I was told that it was the best manure for coffee. The nitrogenous compounds it contains ought to give cacao plants a splendid start. As regards shade Mr. Barber speaks like the thought- ful and observant man that heis. He does not go with the current and plant originally under shade, Those with observation will readily subscribe to what he says that in the earlier period of growth sunlight is essen- tially necessary for the formation of a healthy and ro. bust plant. Plant your shade he says after your clear- ing. The explanation givenas to why plants in the open stood the last drought better than those under the shade of the original jungle trees is hardly con- clusive. That a large amount of moisture is evapora- ted from the surface of growing trees by transpiration is well known, butis not all this moisture especially in dry seasons drawn from the sabsoil ? A distinction must be drawn between permanent and temporary shade. While the former affects the young plant injuriously till it has developed, I think all planters will agree that light temporary shade is essential for the well-being of the plant during dry seasons. Now that cotton is being tried as a shade for tea during the first year of its growth is it not well to plant it with cacao too, if for no other reason than to shade the soil from the effects of the sun which affects its porsity and induces wash? Oscao planters must wait longer than coffee and tea planters for a retarn; what if the interval should be made to yield « return? Jak, the different Hrythrinas and Albizzia mo- (uecana are noticed as the permanent shade trese most in use. Each has its advocate. Mr. Barber gives preference to the Ceylon representative of the Lry- thrinas, the erabadu used for village fences. I noticed a few yenra ago that in a field of coffee where the bushes were all languishing, those under the erabadus, not merely under the shelter of the branches, but growing where the roots seemed to have extended, wore growing luxuriantly. The question I asked my- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 549 self then and which I ask of those competent to ex- press an opinion authoritatively now,is “ Are the roots of the erabadu able to favourably affect the mechanical and chemical condition of the soil?” As far as I am concerned, the chief value I attach to jak as a shade tree is owing to its economic worth, though I do not detract from the value of the mould the soil receives from its fallen leaves. Nothing grows vigorously under it, its roots gain the mastery of every- thing else growing in the neighbourhood. Albizzia moluccana Mr. Barber says is unsuitable, as it takes the entire possession of the field. Whatever returns plantains may yield when used as a shade tree are entirely swallowed up by the exhaustion of the soil that follows its cultivation ad the cost of exterminating it, so it is unceremoniously dismissed from consideration. To justify my complaint that the importance of some of the subjects raised by Mr. Barber in his essay demanded greater local publicity than was accorded them by publication in the Tropical Agriculturist, I have only to instance his weighty remarks on land grants to the German Tobacco Syndicate. Taking for granted that everyone engaged in agriculture with any pretensions to education does read that valuable publication, there is the general public, our legislators and the press as exponents of the opinion of the public that areiuterested in this important question, and before whom it would have been prominently brought if the tecture that contained these remarks had received publicity ina daily publication.* The island is only now recovering from the heavy blow inflicted on it by the fell Hemzleta vastatrix. Un- der the circumstances it is the duty of the Government to do all in its power to foster such permanent industries as will tend towards the development of its permanent resources. Oacao cultivation is as much a permanent in- dustry as coconut cultivation, both by reason of the great age cacao trees are known to attain as by its natural inclination to grow in anything but the deepest and freest soil. The island does not abound in this des- cription of soil. It isto be met with only in the valleys lying at the feet of our lower mountain ranges. The acreage available is limited, and cacao planters naturally watch this ever-decreasing area with a very jealous eye. To trench on these small reserves by granting them to aliens on special terms and for a form of cultivation the reverse of perma- nent is not sound policy. In new colonies where the available supply of Janud is very nigh unlimited no immediate harin can result from the system practised in tobacco cultivation on a large scale, but with us the harm is almost irreparable. To make myself understood it will be briefly describe the system of tobacco on a large scale. A large tract of land is opened and planted with this product, a crop harvested, the plot abandoned, and the adjoining plot opened and planted. This annual planting and abandonment proceeds till all the land in hand is gone over. Tobacco is well known as an exhausting crop and not only is the cream of the soil exhausted in the growth of the crop, but also washed out of it by our heavy mousoon rains. Planters engaged in the eultivation of permanent products devise means to conserve their surface soil, which to them is capital, Tobacco cultivation is no new product and requires no special fostering care to help towards its develop- ment. It hasbeen in the hands of the natives for a long time past. The land available to them being limited, they carry on its cultivation according to the most approved methods of scientific agriculture, /. ¢., as far as they have acqaired that knowledve instine- tively and by ob ervation, They crop their land and well to cultivation they restore the elements of fertility removed by that crop by manuring it with & substance most readily available. In some parts of the island the manurial agent is cattle manure; in other parts goat manure. When the Huroepean pioneers of tobacco cultivation planted the reserves lyingon the banks of the * But only those who ought to see and read the T, A.—that is all interested in local Agriculture—have any concern with Land Grants,—Ep. 55° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feervary 1, 1889. ee a eS ARS SR AERA a AR RR SER Mahaweliganga near its mouth at Trincomalee, I believe the system they employed was to plant coconuts on the land they opened and to plant tobacco as a sub- sidiary product in much the same way cassava sweet potatoes and dry grain are raised on this side of the island. After twocrops of tobacco the adjoining block was opened and planted in the same way. Tt is well worthy of the attention of our legislators to cause the passing of an enactment against the alienation of land for the cultivation of tobacco exclu- sively. I conclude with the remarks of Mr. Barber, put as they are with much force and point, and hope thas our legislators and public men will ive them their best attention :— : “Talking of chena cultivation and the ruin to land, let me pause here to remark en passant that I fear this will be the fate in reserve for the lands taken up extensively for tobacco cultiy- ation ig it is cultivated here as in Sumatra, and if timg;y measures are not adopted by the For- esters nd the: Legislative Council to conserve our forests for more permanent cultivation. The native ’ tobacco planter in Jaffina,* Negombo, and other places, with the aid of heavy manuring, keeps his land always cultivated. But the planter who asks Government for a 1000 acres is likely to take the cream of the land from, say, a 50-acre -block at a time, and pass on to the next block of 50 acres or more, and so on, abandoning the previous clearings and well he may, after paying Government a nominal R10 per acre, and netting the splendid profits that tobacco is said to return. “But while we congratulate the individal who makes the most of his bargain in the shortest space of time, no one can regard such a system of cultiva- tion as an unmixed blessing to the Colony; which has not after all an unlimited extent of land suitable for cultivation. hor “ A system such as this, while it blesses the re- ceiver, who flourishes on the accumulated wealth of the forest, hoarded up for him for centuries past, can hardly be said to bless the giver—the Colony, should acre after acre, tract after tract, and distriet after district be opened up, harvested and abandoned, as the chena cultivators did before. ‘The absence of: that permanence in the cultivation of each and every acre of land in the island that is opened out, which 1s a Condition essential to its continued well- being, cannot fail to tell or its prosperity ultimately. Every such clearing will be a blow at the root and foundation of its agricultural permanence,” ———_____@—__—_— CEYLON THA IN AMERIGA, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, 21st Jan. 1889. The Editor, Ceylon Observer. 0 Srr,—I beg to enclose copy of correspondence with Mr. J. McSombie Murray, Philadelphia, Pa., with reference to Dr. Duke’s scheme for making known Ceylon tea in America.—Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. . Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, 23rd Oct. 1888. To J. MeCombie Murray, Esq., Ocylon Pure Tea and Coffee Oompany, 60 North Thirteenth Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. Dear Sir,—I duly received your letter of the 17th July, which has been published in the newspapers for general information, and was submitted to the Oom- mittee at a recent meeting. The expression of your |) views has been noted ; meantime I annex copy of re- solution passed by the Standing Committee of the “Toa Fund” apon a new scheme proposed by Dr. Valentine Duke of Kandy for making Ceylon tea known in America, and I shall be glad to hear from yowuon the subject assoonas practicable. To enable you to understand matters L enclose copy of Dr. Duke’s letter dated 24th September and editorial comments on the scheme that appeared in the Ceylon Observer and “Tn Jaffna sheep are penned and fed on land culti- vated with tobacco.—Ep, | the better class citizeus. | emphasis on the word illustrated. Americans “ catch “Times of Oeylon.” It is of course now out of the question to give effect to the proposal during the cur- rent year, but as future action will doubtless depend a good deal upon the nature of your report, it will, L feel sure, have your best attention. “I do not think that there is anything I need add at present, but leave you to reply as fully as you can to the inquiries con- veyed in the resolution of the Standing Committee herewith transmitted. am, &c., _ (Signed) A. Purrrp, Secretary. Resolution referred to :—* That Dr. Duke’s proposal be forwarded to Mr. J. McCombie Murray, Philudel- phia, and that he be asked for his suggestions as to the carrying out of the scheme, and what steps he would take to insure the supplying of any demand that probably may arise from the proposed distribu- tion of tea among the editors of the American news- papers; the Committee of the ‘Tea Fund’ of the Association stipulates that all inquirers for Ceylon tea be supplied with pure Ceylon tea and not ‘The Kootie Blend.’ ” Philadelphia, 29th November 1888. Alexander Philip, Esq., Secretary of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy. Dear Sir.—We are in receipt of your esteemed favor of 23rd ultimo and have carefully considered contents. We look upon the idea of presenting the editors of influential newspapers &c. with caddies of Oeylon tea as good in the abstract, but a scheme, which, if carried out, must be worked judiciously. To send small parcels all over ‘the United States, Canada, and Oalifornia,” as pro- posed, droppivg one here and one there without -any attempt to follow the matter up, would be as a few drops of rainina desert land. It must: be borne in mind that not only are editors of influential news- papers busymen and as difficult of access as is the President of the Wuited States, but that space in their columns is worth just 50 much money to them all the way from 25 cents to $2 a line according to circulation, and it must not be taken for granted that these gentlemen are all so philanthropic by nature as to give much valuable space to extracts from a pamphlet on Ceylon tea. But allowing that they all show their appreciation of the gift by inserting a few oxtracts—what of that a week after? What result could reasonably be expected ? Inasmuch as spasmodic advertizing is looked upon here as money thrown away, we do not advocate any scheme which cannot be followed up in some way. There is without doubt a brilliancy about Dr. Duke’s proposal which is very attractive, but we would sug- gest an amendment to the effect that your efforts be confined to a more limited sphere than all America. The shot spreads too much, and to our mind the game is out of range. Take New York city and Philadel- phia, two of the largest cities inthe world. In either of these cities we find business firms spending their millions of dollars in loca) advertizing; would both those ' eities combined prove too limited a field for such a scheme *? Before presenting any tea to editors, the people ought to be prepared forany notice that might be taken of Oeylon tea in the loeal prints. This can best be accomplished by the distribution of a well got up and very attractive illustrated pamphlet mailed to We wish to place particular on” to pictures more than to solid reading matter, which must beshort, to the point, aud expressed in an interesting way. ; Whenever the pemphlets are sent out and the people have had an opportunity of reading them, then we think is the time for’ Dr. Duke’s 5 lb. caddy, and the notices which we would look for in the daily news- papers, medical publications, &c., we. Nor should he stop at merely sending the tea with a circular. Hvery person worthy of such attention ought to be pe? son- ally interviewed. This, as the proposal now stand , is of course impossible, and can only be accomplish d’ by ‘confining attention to one or two cities, but we are very * We should substitute Chicago, Kansas Oity and Denver,—Ep. : ‘Ferrvary 1, 1889.] sure that the gift of one caddy to any influential literary man thus approached would be of more effect than ten caddies sent broadcast over the entire Oon- tinent to editors who ‘ know not Joseph,” who have not the remotest interest in Oeylon or Ceylon tea, or anything to gain by puffing up the enterprize in which we are all so deeply interested. Without previous advertizing by such a medium as we have suggested, the power and effect of newspaper allusions to Ceylon would be to a great extent lost, the more so if there was no local representative to provide an inquiring public with the tea they read about. Be we right or be we wrong, however, we do not mean to dictate in the matter, and if it is the desire of the Association, that 1,200 packages of tea be sent all over America as suggested, we are at their service. We have seen Messrs. N. W. Ayer, pub- lishers of a magnificent Directory of American publi- cations of all kinds, and find that it is quite pos- sible, with deep wading, to select 1,200 suitable edi- tors to whom the tea might be sent with prospects of hearing of it again. We have also seen the manager of Adam’s Express Oompany with reference to the cost of sending the caddies to their destina- tions; and although they can make no contract in the matter we can caleulate onthe average cost of each package at 30 cents, making $360 for expressage alone, Oharges are scheduled at so much per |b. or part of a lb., and economy can be exercised by at- tention to this fact when packing the caddies. If the tea is put up in Oeylon it might be well that a letter from tho Association should be sent to the head of the Oustoms explaining the nature of the con- signment, otherwise the small caddies might be sub- jected to rough treatment by sampling. We would advise packing here, as *we are supplied with small caddies composed of very light wood and in every way suitable for the purpose. A special and very oriental wrapper would be much appreciated. Something out of the way. Very Sin- halese! Each caddy would cost from 15 to 20 cents packed and complete in good style. To cost in all, say §240.——All tea sent to Canada is subject to a duty of 10 per cent. We are now corresponding with agentleman now principal of a bank in Toronto, but about to retire. He is inclined to take an interest in our tea and push it for us if the business can be carried on upon a satisfactory basis. PaMPuLETs=—We look upon an illustrated and de- soriptive pamphlet as above all things a most important consideration, and in compiling the same, reading matter must give place in a great measure to illus- trations. We are well aware that a Britisher is in- clined totake » different view of the case, as we have s0 much substantial evidence of the good qualities of our staple, that we would fain enlarge on the argument rather than indolge in pictures. The fact is, Americans are but poor readers beyond the daily newspapers, and altogether too Iazy too busy to wade through a long treatise on any subject, be it ever so interesting. We therefore suggest that a number of interesting photographs be collected, which, if not found in the photographers’ collections, can be ordered. Wename the following as suitable :— J Review or Tea En resvxize:—Tho tea plant, general view of tea estates, kangani Tamil overseer, group of cooly (Indian) labourers, group of cooly (Sinhalese) labourers, System oF Tea MANurActTURE IN CEYLON:—Tea plan- tation showing coolies, plucking, measuring in the tea leaf interior of tea factory, withering the leaf, rolling, tea under Bpocess of oxidation, firing by sirocco, sifting by machinory, packing for export. Prosprers—-Srecra, Merirs ox Ceryton Tea, How ro Make Tea Property—Guyenat Appear, &c., &o.— Loading bullock carts at the railway station, shipping at Qolombo, photo of planters at the Library, Kandy. To these might be added a page of the shining lights of Geylon asx afrontispiece. Such a pamphlet would be an advertisement after an American's own heart. Ho would appreciate the novelty of the pictures which would at once catch his interest. ‘The first cost might be rather heavy, but cnce in print an electrotype THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | of the whole could be taken and copies ordered as required. The reading matter might be contributed by Messrs. Rutherford, Armstrong, and other ready writers and edited by Mr. John Ferguson. If Dr. Duke’s scheme is carried out, we would suggest that about a dozen of thesé pamphlets be sent with the tea, with the request that they be distributed among personal friends or influential local men; whether this request would be complied with would be a matter ef pure speculation as a matter of course. We have our own and different ideas as to methods for diffusing the knowledge of Ceylon tea by confining our operations to where we can look after the work ourselves and see that it is carried out. The cost of such a pamphlet would be from $30 to $50 per mil according to the style in which it is got up and the number of copies ordered. To stir up New York and Philadelphia, we would require 15,000 for the former and 10,000 for the latter to cost say $40 per thousand or $1,000, and $250 to put them out among the best families. If the num- ber to be put out can be definitely specified, and the distribution guaranteed, the greater part of the cost can be defrayed by soliciting advertisements, but this only if the distribution is local. No advertizer will go into a pamphlet unless there is a certain and reliable guarantee of local distribution, We have gone into figures on the cost of carrying out the scheme proposed by Dr. Duke, and find that if the tea is put up in caddies on this side, anda few pamphlets accompany caddy, the cost will be not less than $1,200 inclusive of all charges. If the distribution is confined to New York and Philadelphia the delivery charges will be reduced to 1-3rd of the cost of delivering all over the country. We, moreover, think that 600 caddies properly looked after and carefully distributed in these two cities would show better results than 1,200 sent to all parts of America. Topack and deliver 600 caddies would cost abont $180, and the recipients would not only be personally interviewed, but inquirers could be supplied with the tea without sending all over America for it. We propose that the 6,000 lb. be sent, but that half only be given away and the balance sold, the value of the tea to be credited of course, 3,000 lb. of tea at 40c. (of a dollar) means $1,200. or sufficient to cover the cost of 25,000 illustrated pamphlets. For the additional sum of $1,000 we calculate we can put ont these pamphlets, pack and deliver 3,000 lb. of tea in 5 1b. caddies and personally interview every person to whom the tea is sent—a work which would extend over two months:— § Freight on 6,000 1b. tea Boiss ane 120 Packing 3,000 lb. of tea in caddie aoe 120 Delivery in N. York and Philadelphia ... 60 Mailing or delivery of pamphlets : Addressing do dan es Expenses attendant upon interviewing, &e. 300 1000 The interviewing of 600 editors or influential people of that nature 1s a work not to be undertaken with- out.due consideration; nevertheless the writer, Mr. Murray, is prepared to go to New York and carry out this scheme there and in Philadelphia, if the Association take into consideration the arduous character of the work and the expenses necessarily incurred. It would take quite two months to get through the business, but we think the time would be well spent, as the writer would be pretty sure of a cordial reception and the goodwill of the person so visited, even if he failed to get an article out of him. All we require to carry out this scheme is the tea and $1,000 cash; we are prepared to accept the arrangement as a contract, or to carry out the work on the Association’s account and send in accounts monthly, In any case, whether it be Dr. Duke's idea or our own that the Association decide upon, money will have to be provided in the shapo of remittance or letter of oredit for $1000. Vouchers will of course be sent in every case, and we think that, by employing separate firms, whose business it is to 552 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fesruary 1, 1889, ————E——E———— ——————— address and deliver packages or circulars, we can furnish vouchers for all moneys spent in carrying out the scheme. Prrsonat Lerrers.—A personal letter from the Association must be sent to each person who receives tea, and'those would have to be sent to whoever acts as agents on this side to address and mail as required. This letter should state that (here the name of the person authorized should be stated) will call and have an interview with him on the subject of the Ceylon tea enterprize with the view to interest him in the matter, and if possible per- suade him to use his influence asa public man &c., &c. We may mention thatit isnot always the editors of newspapers who command the news columns, and that a luncheon well attended by reporters or repre- sentatives of newspapers is productive of good. Had we the money, we would think our time well and profitably spent in preparing a banquet for the reporters of the press both in Philadelphia and in New York, but we can’t afford it. We must now leave our ideas to be criticism of those who read, and leave the Association to act inthe matter as it thinks best. Before closing, we may say that inquirers for Ceylon tea have never yet been served with the Kootee blend, but always pure Oeylon tea. We pre- sume the last clause of the resolution means that the tea about to be distributed should be sent out as merely pure Ceylon tea and not as any particular brand of tea, but we would be glad if you could throw a little more light upon the signification of the clause to which we refer. We could not of course send out any tea under our brand until it became our pro- perty, or by the special authority of the Association. Let everybody be at rest concerning our actions in advancing the cause of Ceylon tea. We long for the day when we can afford to shut our doors on every other kind of tea. Meanwhile, although obliged to handle other teas, we are none the less energetic in striving to get people to use the pure article, and the fact that there is not one grocer of account in Philadelphia, who has not been obliged to call upon us for some Ceylon Kootie tea is significant, inas- much as it shows that our influence is felt here now, and that it only requires time, perseverance, and a little money to fan the spark into the living flames which will require all the efforts of China and Japan to extinguish.—Yours very truly, (Signed) J. M. Murray & Co, Tau Tosacco Company of British North Borneo, which we noticed in our last issue, has been registered by Hollams, Son, and Coward, with a capital of £100,000, in £5 shares. The object of this company is to acquire lands in British North Borneo, and the business of planting and curing and manufacturing tobacco and other produce now carried on by a firm or partnership known as the Darvel Bay Tobacco Company, on a portion of the land proposed ‘to be acquired, and to develop and work the said lands and business. The first subscribers are :— j. A. H. Drought, 2, Montagu-place, W., 1 share ; L. Fraser, 1, Whittington-avenue, ©.c., 1 share; BH, Christie. 1, Whittington-avenue, n.c., 1 share; A. Johnstone, 1, Whittington-avenue, u.c.,1 share; J. ©. Talsen, 41, Keighton road, Clapton, EH, 1 share; J. M. Way, 50, Turner-street, Barking, 1, share; J. Thompson, 2, Milford-terrace, Ashvill yoad, Leytonstone, H., 1share. The first directors shall be Hugene Bunge, of Amsterdam; Frank Shaw, of Surbiton; I’. G. Davidson, 13, Ennismore- Gardens, 8.w.; BE. Brown, Lancaster-gate, s.w. ; L. J. BR. Glass, 1, Whittington-ayenue, z.c.; and J. A. H, Drought, 40, Old Broad-street, u.c. Hach director shall hold at least £250 in the share capital of the company. The remuneration of the directors shall be £150 per annum, and £300 amongst them for every 5 per cent. dividend declared over 15 por cent per annum,—L. and OC. Lupress, Dec, 28th, CurE For WHITE Grus.—W. B. Alwood contributes to Insect life (i, pp. 48-50) the result of an interesting experiment in applying kerosene emulsion to turf as a remedy for white grubs (Allorhina mtida). A plant was treated with emulsion diluted 15 times. The grubs were killed in 2 most satisfactory manner, and the grass was not injured. Where larve were ak first very abundant and destroying the sod, the emulsion application quickly ceased the injury.—Agri- cultural Science. Rice anp Kuraxxan.—Mr. Borron and our readers generally are indebted to Dr. Loos ior the long and interesting letter with which he favours us on the subject (see page 529) of the relative value of food grains, We cannot at all understand the statement made in another quarter as to parangi being prevalent (unless as the result of vice) in a seacoast district south of Bentota. The use of putrid fish and bad water cannot be a necessity to people in a seashore district. There is a case on record of the crew of an English vessel wrecked on an island in the South Pacific, subsisting for five or six months on coconuts, with fish occasionally, and flourishing and gaining weight on this diet. Davspson’s SrRoccos cator.—A planter, whose opinion we asked respecting the new down-draught sirocco, re- plied as follows :—“ Iam rather prejudiced against siroccos, as their internal arrangements burn out so rapidly that they are a constant source of trouble and expense. Moreover, their first cost is extremely high, the new déwn-draught one costing something over R2,000,—and, besides, they, as a rule, require a deal of firewood, which is a matter of some importance. Brown’s desiccator is my favourite drier, as it is most simple and not so very expensive (R1,100), and it requires less fuel than any machine I know. I have seen several at work, and have never heard a single complaint AND Brown’s Dessic- about them.”’ : WomEN anD Fruit-Growinc.—In the course of his article in the Mineteenth Century on ‘The Fruit-Growing Revival,” Mr. Morgan (the editor of the Horticultural Times) makes the following remarks on fruit-growing as a new field for women’s industry :— “ A womanis at home in a garden. The physical work connected with dressmaking, telegraphy, typewriting, and allthe other departments of labour open to women is much heavier than is required for the bulk of horti- cultural operations. In growing flowers, for example, the minute care and attention necessary are by no means unfitedfor women, while in frait-growing the same remark applies to agreatextent, The healthfulness of horticultural occupations is well known, and even work- ing in hothouses does not, with ordinary care, percept- ibly affect gardeners, who are notoriously long-lived men. There is absolutely no reason why the fruit- growing extension movement should not open up an avenue of employment for women; and it is signficant that among the applications for admission to the, Horticultural Oollege at Swanley were several ladies, “In America there are, according to the statement of a Chicago florists’ paper, over 62,000 women engaged in the cultivation of fruit, while some of the most successful ‘orchardists of Oalifornia are of the game sex. From my ownobservation I find that women are more successful infruit-growing than men; they have more of the ‘ divine quality of patience,’ as Jeremy Taylor putsit. The most successful fruit-grow- er I am acquainted with is the wife of a friend; while yet again in bottling and preserving surplus fruit—an important branch of profitable horticulture —women are much more expert than our own sex. There is a great opening for the utilization of female labour in ‘the art that doth mend Nature,’ and I trust that we shall soon see a training class in horti- culture attached to South Kensington and other educatione| contres.’—Pall Mall Budget. ott FuBRUARY 1, 1889,| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 553 THE CEYLON THA FUND AND THE SEVERAL EXHIBITIONS PAST AND TO COME. The correspondence published in another column between the Planters’ Tea Fund Committea and Messrs. Leake and Shand throws some light on several matters which have been puzzling on- lookers both here and in London. For, according to our London Oorrespondent’s Letter of the mail before last, there was a feeling prevalent among the Committee named to represent Ceylon at the Paris Exhibition, that the Planters’ Association were not dealing fairly by Mr. J. L. Shand, and that weall out here did not seem to understand and appreciate the obligation under which that gentleman had cast the local Tea interest by his action more especially in reference to this Paris Exhibition. Our correspondent further went on to say that the Ceylon Tea Committee for Paris were so annoyed at the non-response from this end to the very natural request of Mr. Shand that he—in handing over his Paris Concession to the Association—should be recouped the money he was out of pocket at Liverpool, that matters had come to a deadlock and that the members thought Mr. Shand might even be justified in taking the £500 which he could readily get for the transfer of his concession. These remarks in our London Letter have been the subject, we learn, of severe animadyersions among the members of the ‘Tea Fund Com- mittee, who consider that they involve a grave misrepresentation of the actual state of affairs. In the first place, it is denied at this end that Mr. Shand’s concession for the Paris Exhibition Was a personal rather than a representative one. It is stated that in the correspondenze which took place at the time, Mr. Shand applied for and obtained the concession as _ representing the Ceylon Planters’ Association or Tea In- dustry, and it is considered out here very un- likely that Mr. Shand would have got such a con- cession had he clearly intimated to the official concerned that he wanted it as a personal one to himself, with power to transfer or sell it to whom he chose, and without any reference to Ceylon or its Tea industry at all. At the time this concession was obtained, we remember it was stated that it was likely to be the only one for tea at the Exhibition and consequently that Ceylon would have a good show; while the great Indian industry would be left out in the cold. Since then, however, it has been made clear that the Indian tea planters have got all they want and that they will not be one whit behind in their exposition, This by the way. What is of more practical importance is to meet the charge formulated by our London Correspondent, on be- half either of Mr. Shand, or of the Paris Exhibi- tion Committee who sympathise with him, that the Tea Fund Committee in Ceylon are not be- having fairly in not at once agreeing to increase their grant of R6,000 so as to make up for any loss incurred at Liverpool. Now, it seems to us as the result of the enquiries made at this end, that the first thing to be done is to have a clear business-like statement drawn out as to the 70 any deficiency ? working and results of the Ceylon Courts at the different Exhibitions where Mr. Shand represented the Tea Industry, including Liverpool, Glasgow and Brussels. There is a widespread and growing feeling of dissatisfaction among the planters that fresh calls should be made on the local fund (at present in a state of insolvency pretty well), before they know fully what has been done with the large sums already voted—large sums that is for a strug- gling industry and in the face of the falling prices for the local staple. As our London Correspondent has been instructed to put the matter in the plainest possible terms from the City, or it may be Mr. Shand’s, point of view, it is incumbent on us with the information before us to use equally plain unmistakable language in representing the planters. Granted that there was a- loss incurred by Messrs. Shand and Haldane at the Liverpool Exhibition—and we should be the first, knowing the good work done there, to press for the recouping of such actual deficiency so soon as a statement is formally presented,—what, it is asked, about the ‘‘ great profits”? which have been dinned into our ears for months together of the Glasgow Court? Are they not to go in liquidation of any part of this deficiency, or are they, notwithstanding the weekly and monthly parade of success, to prove a myth? Still more what about the miserable abortion of a Brussels Exhibition and the R6,000 given for a Ceylon Court there equally with one at Glasgow? Surely in view of the letters which reached us at the time of there being nothing to justify much expenditure at the Belgian capital, there has been a saving on this amount of R6,000 for Brussels which could also go to the credit of At any rate the time has come for a thorough businesslike statement to be drawn up and sent out here as to the work- ing of the Ceylon Courts at all three Exhi- bitions: Liverpool, Glasgow, and Brussels,—as the yery best means of removing all misunder- standing and of promoting good relations for the time to come, If the Ceylon Tea Fund Committee can in any way be called on to make good a defi- ciency in one case, they certainly have the right to enquire about surpluses in the other instances ; and in regard to the Paris Exhibition, it will be well that from the outset, everything should be put on a sound business basis so as to prevent any risk of annoyance or misunderstanding in the future, > —-—- THE REPRODUCTION OF PEARL OYSTERS IN THE TUAMOTLU ISLANDS. Under the above heading, the Revue Agricole of Mauritius for December 1888 has a paper, which we translate as follows :— The Messager of Tubiti, published by the adminis- tration of the French establishments in Oceana, gives some interesting information on the mode of reproduc- tion of pearl oysters in those parts. The Tuamotu islands are under French authority, and there might be developed at very little cost the production of a sub- stance that enters daily iuto the requirements of in- dustry. The exhaustion of the sources which produce mother-of-pearl render of extreme interest the artificial multiplication of the pearl oysters which furnish it. The oysters. may be placed in places where there is a current or where there is none. It is preferable to put them in places whore a current exists withont being too violent. A bottom of calcareous saud is fatal to them, A stony bottom is good for them, but their develop- ment there is rather slow, A bottom of coarse gravel is good, but it has the same drawbuck as the preceding. A bottom of branched coral is the best, and it is for 554 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. : this that search must be made; if there is none, it must be created. For this puypose a number of bunches of coral distributed here and there are taken up ; they are. transported, not being allowed to be out of the water for more than an hour, and with them is paved the place that has been chosen, and which ought not to be more than a meter in depth at low-water. The pieces of coral are good ; they take root inthe bottom like cuttings of plants. The site chosen must be enclosed with a wall of dry stone, which will remain under water; and in if must be formed divisions in order to place therein the oysters according to age and facilitate their ex- aminations the walls of the divisions serve for distri- bution round the various bottoms of pieces of coral im- passable for the feet, or for boots. The bottom having been prepared, oysters of the size of a small saucer and under must be looked for (many are to be found in places not very deep). The oysters must be removed without tearing the byssus by which they are attached. If the piece of stone can be taken as well, it mustbe done; otherwise the byssus taust be cut with a knife. The oysters are then placed with the broad end downwards, the mouth upwards, the byssus on the side of the current; they are placed - thus edge to edge, without being crowded, like the books in a library. Twelve months afterwards, the oyster of the size of a saucer will be as large asa plate. From this time it scarcely increases in size, it rather thickens; three years should suffice for obtaining good mother-of-pearl. However, the growth of the oysters varies with the islands: thus, in those that have one or two passages communicating with the sea, the growth is more rapid than in those where the lake is closed. When the oyster discharges its spat and abandons it to the current, this spat is retained by the dry stones of the wall mentioned above, from which later on new specimens can be taken for laying down. The live corals, on the contrary, which are so favourable for the development of the oyster already formed, not only allow the spat to escape, but also destroy it. It is therefore of the greatest importance to have receptories established in the most favourable conditions. If the information in the above translated article can be depended on, an economic problem has been solved in the case of the large mother-of- pearl shells, which, in that of the true pearl oyster, has not as yet passed beyond the stage of discouraging experiment. In attempts at the re- production artificially of the valuable ‘“‘ oyster”? of the Guli of Mannar, the main difficulty seems to have arisen from the fact that this species of bivalve requires a depth of water for its healthy existence, which involves conditions unfavourable to careful culture and watching against the effects of currents, predatory shells and fishes and other adverse influences. In the case of the mother-of-pearl shells of the Pacific, they would seem to flourish in com- paratively shallow water, coming rapidly to maturity. If we can quite depend on the statements made, it is interesting and may turn out to be important, to be told that the coral zoophytes can bear to have ‘‘cuttings”’ taken from them, which will bear transplanting, preserving their vitality and flourish- ing in the new locality to which they are removed. The account given of the artificial culture of the mother-of-pearl shells is so interesting and may have such an important bearing on further exe periments towards the artificial reproduction of the true pearl oyster in Ceylon, that we think our Government ought to ask the authorities in Tahiti for full details. Meantime we would attract the attention of the editor of the Planters’ Monthly published at Honolulu to the subject, with a view to his collecting and publishing any information which may possibly be within his reach in regard to the reproduction of the large nacreous shells for which the demand in the arts of decoration continues so large, while the main deposits have been fished until the yield is often too poor to pay. THE PARIS EXHIBITION AND CEYLON THA. Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, 23rd Jan. 1889. The Editor, Ceylon Observer. S1r,—With reference to the minutes of the pro- ceedings of the meeting of the Standing Committee of the ‘‘Tea Fund” held on the 19th instant, I beg to enclose copy of correspondence regarding the Paris Exhibition.—Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, 21st Jan. 1889. Wu. Martin Leake, Esq., Secretary, Oeylon Asso- ciation in London, 65, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. Dear Sir,—I am directed by the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund” to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 21st ultimo on the subject of the Paris Exhibition, and to confirm my telegram despatched to you on the 12th instant which read “ Paris confirming letters Shand.” .I now enclose copy of my letters to Mr, J. L. Shand of the 20th December and 1s% instant referred to, which appear to leave at present little to add until receipt of further communications from your Oom- mittee. As regards funds the drafts upon the “ Tea Fund” up to 31st December last have been so heavy that a little time will be required to collect further considerable subscriptions, but no time will be lost in calling in as much money as possible due on leaf plucked up to the close of the past year. The Stand- ing Oommittee of the “Tea Fund” did not anticipate that funds for Paris would be required quite so soon in the new year, but no difficulty is anticipated in meeting the views of your Committee by an early date. From Mr. Shand’s semi-official letter to the Ohairman the position seemed to be somewhat ambiguous, es- pecially as the views expressed were afterwards officially confirmed and a difficulty at once arose in ap- proaching Government for a vote towards what might be challenged as a purely private speculation. Your letter undér reply if correctly understood would however indicate a fair and reasonable proposal to. which the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund” cordislly agrees. With regard to increasing the grant from R6,000 to R8,500 steps will at once be taken to ascertain if a grant from Government may be looked for, and, if this is obtained, it would be quite the wish of the Committee to add it to the grant of R6,000 already, promised; but under any circumstances it is Very necessary that the Association should un- derstand in what way it is proposed to ultimately return profits to the “Tea Fund” for the further pro- secution elsewhere of its particular work of making known Oeylon tea throughout the world. The para- mount importance of taking up and pushing Ceylon tea onthe great American Continent cannot possibly be overestimated nor will the subscribers to the “Tea, Fund” here consent to this work being longer delayed or taken up in a halfhearted or poor manner. On these grounds alone your Committee will at once see how very responsible the duties of the ‘‘Tea Fund” Committee are and how extremely advisable it is that such mutual arrangements be entered into as regards Paris Exhibition as will in no respect jeopar- dise the usefulness of the “Fund” nor unduly res- trict or defer operations in new fields.—I am, &c., (Signed) A. PHibip, Secretary. Telegram. London as ae Kandy Leake 500 me Philip Paris confirming letters Shand. (Signed) A. Purine, Jan. 12th, 1889. Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 20th Dec. 1888. J. L. Shand, Esq., 24 Rood Lane, London. Dear Sir,—Your letters of the 28th Sept.and 23rd Nov. with previous correspondence having been con- sidered at a recent meeting of the Standing Committee FEBRUARY 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,. 555 of the “Tea Fund,” I beg to annex copy of resolution assed on the subject of the Planters’ Association Show- ases regarding the disposal of which you asked for further instructions. With reference to the last para- graph of your letter of the 23rd Nov. the Committee resolved :—‘* That the Secretary be instructed to ask Mr. Whittall and Mr. Leake to associate themselves with Mr, Shand in carrying out arrangements for the Tea Room at the Paris Exhibition”; and I have since transmitted a copy of this resolution to Mr. Whittall and to Mr. Leake, asking them if they can kindly consent to act. The native servants, Joseph Francisco, Simon Peter, and Charles Simon, have returned to Ceylon, and have made quitea series of demands by telegrams and letters for wages alleged to be due to them by your Oommittee tor their services at the Exhibitions. I accordingly enclose for your information copy of letters &c. I have addressed to the servants and also to Mr, Arthur S. Reeves which explain the position. By my letter ofthe 24th April last I trans- mitted copy of the original agreements made by Mr, ois on behalf of your Oommittee with the servants, und in the absence of any certified accounts or request from you in the matter I can of course do nothing more, especially as I observe that your Committee had the right in certain events to determine the con- tract of service at once. I shall be glad to have all necessary particulars with information as to how you would wish the accounts to be adjusted. Acknowledging further Mr, Haldano’s letters of the 11th and [8th Oct. and 15th Nov., I am, &c., (Signed) A. Purine, Secretary, ResowutTioN RererreD to.—* That Mr. Shand be informed that the Planters’ Association Show-Oases may now be sold to the best advantage on account of the Association.” 5th December 1888. The Secretary of the Planters’ Association of Oeylon has received the letter signed Joseph Francisco, Glas- pow; Simon Peter, Brussels; Charles Simon, Glasgow; also a telegram from Simon Peter, and has to tell the writers that until he hears from Mr. J. L. Shand, which he has not up to date, he cannot say if any further payment should be made in Oeylon. Simon Peter is further informed that the Secretary, Planters’ Association, has not received a receipt for R20 paid to"his wife Eliza on the 3rd November last; this should be sent at once. The register books &c. will of course be ‘duly returned whenever Mr. Philip knows that all accounts, &,, have been finally settled. (Signed) A, Puirre. From Alexander Philip, Secretary Planters’ Associa- tion, Kandy. To Oolombo, Joseph Francisco. See letter sent by post to Simon Peter. Nothing to add. (Signed) A, Putie. Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, 18th Dec, 1888. Arthur 8S. Reeves, Esq., Sheen. Dear Sir,—I am in receipt of your letter of the 15th instant, and in reply beg to say that up to date I have no ioformation whatever from Mr. J. L. Shand regarding the pay due Charles Simon, or any of the other servants employed at the Glasgow Wxhibition, &c. The vote of R6,000 to the Glasgow Exhibition having been expended in full, I naturally hesitate to pay anything more on that account to Mr. Shand’s debit without having some request or autho- rity from him with statement showing the wages due to the servants, No character belonging to Oharles Simon appears to have been sent to my care, unless indeed the “Simon” referred to in a slip from a Mr. Whitworth, Pooprassie, and from Mr. Shand, Liverpool, are those ailuded to? Iam sorry to appear to keep the servants waiting for any balance of pay dae to them, but think they should have obtained from Mr. Shand an order for payment together with a certificate of the date of their discharge. I will write to Mr. Shand on the subject without delay.— lam, ko,, (Signed) A, Puinir, Seoretary, Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 1st Jan, 1889, J.L. Shand, Esq., 24 Road Lane, London, Doar Sir,—Confirming my letter of the 20th ultimo, avail of outgoing mail today to write at the request of the Chairman to ask you kindly to furnish me for the information of the “Tea Fund” Committee with a memorandum of your requirements as regards native servants, decorations &c., for the Planters’ Association Oeylon Tea-room a_ the forthcoming Paris Univeral Exhibition in 1689. The “Tea Fund ” Committee notes that by your letter dated 12th July 1888 to Mr. H. Trueman Wood it is intimated that you undertake on behalf of the Planters’ Association to pay him as Honorary Secre- tary British Section at the Paris Exhibition 1,200 frances rent for every million visitors in consideration of his handing over the building set aside as a tea room; you add further that if these conditions are conceded, you will see to the equipment of the tea- room in characteristic Ceylon style, and will bring over native servants as waiters. The Standing Committee would desire to know as early as possible in what way you wish assistance rendered here, As regards funds the Committee is prepared in terms of my letter ot the 27th July last to place at your disposal the six thousand rupees (B6,000) voted at whatever dates you may name, and this letter authorizes you to draw upon me at three days’ sight on receipt of this for say £100 sterling pending your further advices on the subject. In your letter of the 13th July you mention that you think the venture will be avery paying one to the Association, and in your letter of the 7th August you again express your confidence that at the end of the Exhibition you will be able. to return to the Association whatever sum it contributes, or at all events part of it. The Tea Fund Committee is accordingly anxious to know under what scheme or arrangement of accounts it is proposed to work, and how the an- ticipated profits would be computed and disposed of. I need not point ont that in approaching Govern. ment and generally in dealing with funds at the disposal of the Standing Oommittee of the “Tea Fund” how very necessary it is that there should be no ambiguity as to the position of the Planters’ Association in the matter. Inthe case of the Liver- pool Exhibition it was of course understood that it was carried through entirely as an enterprising private speculation though undertaken in the interests of eylon tea with the most generons public spirit. With regard to the Paris Exhibition it is distinctly the impression here that it is proposed to work the Ceylon Teaeroom on behalf of the Planters’ Asso. ciation somewhat on the lines of the Glasgow Ex- hibition, and it is felt that yon will readily appre. ciate the desire of the standing Oommittee of the “Tea EFand” for definite and full particulars as to your own representative position in relation to the Planters’ Association, and to the London Oommittee, A clear official expression on the subject will be of much importance as enabling the Committee of the ‘Tea F'und”’ to act effectively, and to avoid any possible misconception or erroneous impression on either side. With all the compliments and good wishes of New Year’s day, I am, &c., (Sigued,) A. Puiu, Secretary. ———__ INDIAN TEA IN AMERIOA, (By Saris.) Your correspondent’s letter on the ‘ American Market” in the /. P. G. of 30th October, induces a few remarks from an old Assam planter who has had over five years’ very successful experience of selling pure Assam teas only in America and Canada to Americans. Your present correspondent need lay no stress on his olaim, fully established as it has been by facta well known to be the originator of a scheme for introducing Indian teas pure, and simple, to the masses in the United States, so far back as 1833. “556 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1880. ee The writer left Assam in 1881 direct for the United States, taking with him a considerable quantity of specially manufactured tea, and determined to see what could be done with it. 1 say “specially,” because, in full knowledge of the Syndicate’s operations and failure with the teas they were attempting to introduce, I manufactured, and sorted it to my own ideas, which were adyerse to all previously set forth. For over seven years I have continued to sell Pure Assam Tea in America, and do so at this present moment at a price which amply pays me, my agents and the purchasers. Thus success has succeeded, During a residence of five years in the States I had every opportunity of gaining ex- perience of the taste of Americans, as also of watching ‘the futile attempts made by the Syndicate to establish Indian teas on their own merits. To any experienced planter on the spot, with his eyesand ears about him, there was no room to doubt the result of such opera- tions, based as they were, upon an entirely wrong system, _ I placed my opinions and convictions in print and re- peatedly urged in a long sories of letters to your con-| temporary, the Z. 7. G., the vital need of other methods ; in fact, just what I practised myself on a small scale in several States where I had agencies working. -I addressed the Calcutta Syndicate, and offered to place my experiences and services at their disposal, and to remain in America to carry out the work fully, and also if needed to come to England tempor- arily and meet any Oommittee and lay my views before them. My opinions received the highest con- firmation and approval, the Syndicate itself being one of those who supported my views on certain points suggested. I received several offers from Indian growers to push their teas, but on terms which did not suit my _views for many reasons. turned to England, and by request of two distinct “representative authorities placed my convictions and . experiences of five years’ success on a limited scale before them for contemplated action, and further fully repeated my conyiction to many others interested in , Indian teas. In two sections at least, my views have been. productive of good results, though not in a way likely to benefit Indian growers as a body. Suftice it )now to say, that being on the spot here, the contem- plated. proceedings, in view of the new start, are per- ,fectly familiar to me in their various stages to date. From all one can hear, the prospects of unity are remote, and; of, raising, the’ funds needed proportionately so, which,is,not to, be wondered at by those conversant with current: events. : | The scheme referred to in your letter as Mr. Allies’ _18,, of course, one of comparatively recent date, and _ doubtless is worthy of due consideration, but he, like others, presumably became weary of wasting ‘his ener- gies on the desert air. Your correspondent’s opinions “P,P.” are worthy of acceptation, as they point td a \foregone conclusion 4.¢, failure so far as the American masses are concerned, though doubtless the trade will) benefit by having some stock of pure In- dian teas to help down the ZJmpure Chinas and Japans “ Invaluable for mixing with China teas” (?) is the way; the former Syndicate’s American adver- tisements used to put it, till your present correspon- dent directed attention to it now just sia years ago. The lines then essayed were wrong, and from your letter under notice also appear to be wrong now; but Nous verrons? Six years ago it was distinctly pointed out that there was but one course open to insure success, and that course at present has not been adopted. No Americans will ever push British interests, particularly when opposed to their own, but they will make a’ “ eat's- paw” of Indian teas's0 long as it suits, as was done before wien the prospective Ohina-Franco war lowered imports, or if it pays better, perhaps buy up the whole stock at a loss to the Indian planters and re-ship to Hogland at a gain to themselves.—India Planters’ Gazette. [fhe meaning of all this we take to be that “Satis”? manufactured India tea so as to resemble Oolongs,—Ep. |] Over two years ago I re-- THE RAILWAY TO TRAVANCORE. A correspondent writes to us from Dikoya, Ceylon, under date the 7th instant :— In looking over an old copy of your paper, that of 29th November, I came across a letter signed “A Native Thinker,” in which the writer warns those concerned as to the cost of a railway into Travan- core via Ariankao, and points out how much cheaper the route via Arambuli would be. Weall know that a Mountain Railway costs more than one across a plain, but I imagine the first question asked about any proposed new railway is: ‘Will it pay?’ Now, even supposing a railway was built via Cape Comorin, what would it carry? The planters’ traffic would still continue to go to Quilon or Colachel, and the native traffic is not one that a railway would develop very much, I have travelled more than once all the way from Tinnevelly to Nagercoil, and I did not see much sign of any traffic. The people of the country on both sides the range produce what they re- quire for themselves, and what they can’t pro- duce they have for the most part to do without, as money is not very plentiful. Salt, salt-fish and cotton goods would be the main items, and they would hardly keep a railway going, or pay a dividend on it, even if the first cost did not exceed half a lakh per mile. A railway via Ariankao, on the other hand, would haye many sources of traffic in addition to what the one by the south route would have. The timber trade is already very considerable, judging by the strings of carts one meets on the road, loaded with teak, angely and other valuable timbers, and with a railway this traffic would certainly be very much increased. The route for 20 miles lies through one vast forest which is allowed by all who know it to be the finest field for tea-planting in Travancore, and certainly better than anything Ceylon can show. The tea in bearing there is already giving 600 to 890 lb. per acre, which means that every acre would give at least 14 tons traffic to a railway’ passing through the district, and if the sircar will part with the land, I have no doubt they could sell the whole of if at a fair price and have per- haps 10,000 acres under tea before the railway was two years at work. Hven that small acreage would mean the expenditure by the planters of two millions of rupees by the time it was into bearing and had machinery set up. The circulation of that amount of money, with the addition of about one million rupees a year ever after, would cer- tainly benefit the natives of the country immensely, and would open out new industries and occupa- tions to them that are not in existence at present. Take again the sawn timber trade. At present only the finest timbers are used, but with cheap trans- port to the sea at Quilon there is no reason why Travancore should not use up all its soft timber in supplying Ceylon with tea boxes, the demand for which is an ever-increasing quantity. At present a large proportion of them come from Japan, and cost in Colombo about one rupee per chest, and 70 to 75 cts. per half chest. Now the current year’s re- quirements here will be for 32 millions of pounds, say 220,000 chests at Rl sie R220,000 and 200,000 half chests at 75 cts, .. », 150,000 k370,000 If Travancore could lay these down in Colombo at 90 cts and 65 cts for chests and half chests res- pectively, they would monopolise the market and give 3 to 4,000 tons trafic in tea boxes to their railway. *: It only wants the newest sawing, planing and box-making machinery anywhere along the railway — Fepruary 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. bi route to do a roaring trade, and the timber re- quired is what, under present circumstances, prac- tically of no value at all. The wild cotton tree, for instance, makes capital boxes, and is not only plentiful but of no value, and of little use for any- thing else.* If Japan can lay them down in Co- lombo at present prices and make it pay, it would be strange if Travancore, with its cheap labour, a railway to Quilon, and cheap dhony freight from there, could not do so at a much lower figure. To encourage this traffic the Government should not charge for soft timber, from which at present they derive no reyenue, and to keep up supply of the more valuable sorts they might sell their forests on the condition that, for every 10 acres felled and planted in tea, at least one should be planted with teak on a portion of the property specially reserved for the purpose. This is a condition that could be easily enforced, and would be no great hardship on the planter. Again, the paper and cotton-spinning mills now being started will require large quantities of the raw material, which has to be carried to themand carried away again in the shape of manufactured goods, I might go on dilatingon the towns and villages that would spring up at every station, and the number of traders it would take to supply such a population with the necessaries of life, but this letter has already run to a considerable length and I shall not trespass on the patience of your readers any further. I hope, however, I have said enough to show that there is more hope of traffic in paying quantities by the Northern route than by the Southern, and I would just point to Ceylon, with a similar country and similar climate and industries, its railway costing two lakhs a mile, and yet paying its 10 per cent, and I have next door to me a railway station on what used to be nothing but a swamp, but is now a thriv- ing and growing village bringing in already some 16,000 a year to the lucky proprietors. Ishould like to see a similar one in the neighbourhood of QOuldoorty.— Madras Times, Jan. 17th. eUMEITSS tint Goon INDIAN TEA EXPORTS. Indian Tea Association, Chamber of Commerce, Calcutta, Jan, 12th, 1889. Dear Sir,—The General Committee have the pleasure to hand yon their usual Monthly Return of shipments of tea from Calcutta, and also a return of exports of Ceylon tea for fonr years upto the 20th December, 1888. Exports of Indian Tea from Calcutta :— 1 1886 lb ee to Great Britain in 11,801,612 10,999,659 10,773,078 ec. sib Exports to Great Britain from Ist May to 3lst Dec, a + 79,340,409 72,927,160 63,805,388 sg cog Australia and New Z din Dee. due 369,355 226,628 9,680 Exportsto Australia and New Zealand from lst May to Slat Dec. ... ode 2,397,100 1,806,884 1,228,718 Exports to America in Deo. sts sas 23,619 16,038 11,240 Exports to America from lst May to Slat Dec, “- 92,644 37,998 78,549 parts to other places in aCe ws one 31,244 98,33 35 Exports to other places ’ “ree ali from Ist May to 3st Dec. in 4° 635,003 563,043 597,942 Total exports from Ist May to Slst Dec. ev» =—-82, 465,156 75,360,084 65,676,598 ne —Yours faithfully, G.M. BARTON, Assistant Secy. * Surely the short fine wool (kapok), now so largel pi for stufling aici aide ke., is of value.—Ep, | Tab TRANSMISSION OF Cacao SEEDS FROM OFYLON To CACHAR, is thus noticed ia the proceedings of A.-H. Society of India:—Cacoa (Theobroma Cacao.) Mr. W. Aitchinson of Oachar sent the following report on 12 pods of cocoa obtained for him from Oeylon, for an experimental plantation he is desirous of makinz in Sylbet :—* The tin with the cocoa pods arrived here on the 22nd instant, and with the exception of 3 pods which looked fresh as if just plucked from the tree, they were all nearly rotten and white with mould. On open the pods, the seed was also white with mould, but very fresh when broken in two. Iu some pods the seed had germinated, the roots being about one inch tong, but had died back leaving about one-eighth inch which looked fresh, so also the seel. I think these will come away again. In some others the seed was just germinating, andin some there was no sign of break- ing away. On the whole I think the seed arrived in very good condition. All were planted on the 23rd and 24thinstant, Willlet you know when above ground how many seedling there are.” The12 pods having left Heneratgoda, Ceylon, on 20th September, “ they were thus one month and two days on the journey.” Raea.—A notice of Khea (Ramie) appears in the Kew Bulletin No. 23 for November last. Mr. Morris’s Report deals with the different machines tried in Paris, viz., the Delandtsheer, the Barbier, and the American fibre Companies, and also the Favier chemical process, and the results are thus summed up :—* That the results are unsatisfactory and disappointing, and fall far short of the estimates of the inventors, there can beno manner of doubt, It is probable that a fresh series of trials will be inaugurated vext year in con- nexion with the Paris Exhibition of 1889; and if the value of the prizes is increased. there will doubtless appear a Jarger and better representation of machines and processes.”” Mr. Morris mentions other machines and processes not brought forward in Paris. Amongst others the following:—‘*In June last year, Mr. C. Maries of Durbhangah, Bengal. forwarded a series of specimens of Ramie fibre in different stages of pre- paration to Kew, and asked for au opinion upon them. It appeared he had invented a machine, worked by two men in the field capable of operating upon two or three hundred stems per hour. This machine simply separated the fibre and bark from the wood, the bark was then operated upon by other processes, and eventually it was deprived of gum and mucilage, and worked into a tolerably fair fibre suitable for mani- pulating by textile manufacturers. This fibre was re- ported by Messrs, Ide and Christie as ‘long, fairly clean Ramie fibre, worth about £28 per ton.’ The parti- cularsof Mr. Maries’ methods have not been made public; but we understand that a well-known firm of merchants in Calcutta has acquired the patent connected with them, and the system is now in course of being practically tested on a large scale.” As fre- quent application are being received for information connected with Rhea, the above extracts from Mr. Morris’s report are given, and the following from the same report may be added as expressing briefly the present position of this product. An eminent firm of brokers recently informed me :—“ There is no doubt that Ramie is exciting great interest in many parts of the world, and many people are experimenting with va- rious processes for extracting the fibre cheaply and quickly. We cannot say that any results submitted to us up to the present time are quite satisfactory. The fibre is either imperfectly freed from gummy matter, or the process breaks down in the matter of cost, or owing to the local conditions under which it must be carried on. We consider that no system of prepartion which cannot produce the clean, uubivached fibre under £30 per ton is likely to succe d in establishing this article firmly in the estimation of English textile manufacturers. This Opinion expresses very briefly and clearly the conclusion at which I have arrived in connexion with the preparation of Ramie fibre. It is quite possible that some machine or process will eventually solve the problem, but at present the exploitation of Ramie, in spite of years of labour and the expenditure of large sums of money upon it, cannot be ssid to have yet emerged from the experimental stage." —Proceedings of A,-H, Society of Tania. ; 558 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. aL A DE EID AI LAS I A CR A I Goryespondence, —_____¢@—____—- To the L£ditor. LONDON PURPLE OR PARIS GREEN: BEWARE OF ITS STRENGTH. Dear S1r,—Dr. Trimen’s letter in your columns regarding the above reminds me to mention that I received a packing case of either of the above com- pounds from Messrs. Sigg, Sulzer & Co. when estab- lished here about 8 or 9 years ago, just at the time when coffee leaf-disease was raging. I wished to try it on a cacao plantation in the Western Province, where all the cacao plants put in were destroyed by whiteants, hundreds of plants being destroyed nightly. I found that the stuff was so powerful that a solution of it sprinkled round the tree killed the plant outright. A few months back having a large creeping rosebush infested with black bug I puta tablespoonful of it into a bucket of water and sprinkled it all over the leaves; within 12 hours the leaves all withered off, showing that the com- position is very powerful. I have still a small quan- tity left, and willbe glad to let anyone have a little to experiment with. I remember algo sprinkling a little of it around a three-year-old breadfruit plant to destroy ants, with the consequence that the fine healthy plant I had died in a short while.—Yours truly, D. [Did our correspondent get no instructions with his supply? Ifhe sends a small quantity to the Observer office, we shall see that an experiment is made.— Ep. ] ARTIFIOIAL THA WITHERING. 13th January 1889. Dear Srr,—The other day Mr. Chas. Lepper gave his ‘views’ in regard to the siroccos new and old of Davidson & Co., and I think it would be well if planters in general would give the public through your columns their experience in new machines for the guidance of those about to purchase. The object of this letter is to bring more pro- minently before the public ‘‘Greig’s” drying machine, which has hardly till now had a fair trial in Ceylon, but working as it has been re- cently on several estates, the public will be in- terested to know the results. For simplicity in construction and ingenuity I think it is far ahead of any other drier capable of doing a large quantity, while the fact that makers of all other recent machines are adopting the forced air draft shows that Mr. Greig had the “right end of the stick” here too. Apart from the question of drying, the machine ap- pears to be about as perfect a witherer as anything is likely to be,and it is the fact that Queenwood teas are, [ believe, entirely or almost entirely artificially withered, and that they have fetched the best prices in last week’s market that has induced me to call attention to it? (Later on Walla Valley teas also realized very high prices.) As a witherer, Mr. Wiggin says:—‘ It can keep pace with three rolling machines with a merely nominal expenditure of firewood,” and, if the teas so withered top or nearly top the Colombo market surely this machine requires better treatment at the hands of the public than it has got; and my belief is that it shall take a high place among the tea driers, and be tue tea witherer of the future. Mr. Dickson of lebanon also wrote: “As a witherer it is a decided success and knowing what a saving of time, space, and trouble it is, [ would not be without it.” And further ‘says: “ The consumption of fuel is very little: I have withered two fills early in the morning before stoking up, simply from the latent heat in the ma- chine from previous night's work.” I know as a matter of fact that the patentee of perhaps the most successful drier of the present day passed ahigh encomium on the machine which is as good a certificate as one could wish for, and think that if Mr. Greig would exhibit it to an unbiassed committee of public men, he would do a good service to the colony at large and himself too I hope.—Yours faithfully, L. D. P. S.—Lately when lecturing Hughes pointed out that tea should be fermented in a warmed room at a regular temperature, and I am inclined to believe that this machine makes good tea greatly, owing to its giving it an equal fermentation during withering at an exactly regulated temperature.—L D. [People have been prejudiced against Mr. Greig’s machines by the unmeasured language in which their maker described their capabilities; but if all that is stated above, especially in regard to withering, can be sustained by public trial, we think that trial ought to take place,—say at the approaching Agri-Horticultural Exhibition at FOOD-STUFFS: KURAKKAN AND GINGELLY OIL: CURIOUS PARTIOQULARS. Kotmale, 21st January 1889. Sir,—Kurahkkan is the staple food of the poorer classes in the Madura district. The vast majority of the coolies who come down from the Zemindary of Ramnad live on kurakkan. It is there known as héppat.* In Jaffna too, the peasants live on kurakkan, but not exclusively. But neither in Madura nor Jaffna is parangt caused by kurakkan. Although itis a nu- tritious and sustaining food for labourers, peasants and hard-working people,it is not wholesome to those who lead easy lives. To the latter, rice is the best food. Itis a sort of biscuit most fit for invalids and the sick. Practically the rice we eat is boiled twice before it is eaten. Raw rice is more sustaining than the double-distilled rice eaten by the people here, In Wynaad the Canarese coolies live on raw rice; but this diet did not agree with the Tamil coolies who went there. Brahmins use raw rice largely. The use of raw rice must be encouraged.t Mr. Borron has with great keenness pointed out the value of sesamum. This is the first timeI saw © a Huropean praising it. No Tamil would use for culi- nary purposes any other oil but gingelly, 1f he can afford it. For growing the hair as well as for polishing and blackening it, I do not know whether there is any other oil in the world which can compete with the modest gingelly. If it be bottled, labelled, puffed up and advertized, it will fetch the same value as the nobler Macassar. A large portion of the Tamils in Jaffna and South India use gingelly oil with rice as butter is used with bread. It 1s considered by some medical men as an efiicient substitute for cod- liver oil. It has for the last 2,000 years supplied the place of turpentine in the Tamil land. In former days Jafinese who trained their boys for feats of strength fed them with sweetened gingelly poonac, the oil not being exposed. The Tamil Matera Medica says of gingelly that it confers youTH, meaning thereby that it is very nutritious or fattening. U/untu or blue gram- is another nutritious foodstuff. : Some Indian gipsies told me that when they travelled through the Wanui they were offered large quantities of buffalo curds and buffalo ghee, which they invari- ably refused. When I asked them the reason, they * This explains the ‘ Keppaikad” of our Travan- core correspondent.—Ep. =a {+ We suppose our correspondent means rice which has not been deprived of the husk by the process of scalding.—Ep, ‘sok, Fepruary 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 559 told me that if they should use buffalo curds, butter and zhee in the Wanni, they are sure to get boils, sores and other cutaneous eruptions, Although buffalo curds, &e., is a kiranti food, the use of it in healthy loca- lities will not be attended with the same consequences asin the Wanny. TIRUNELVELI N. V. CINNATTAMBI. {Our correspondent is much mistaken in suppos- ing that Europeans have not appreciated gingelly and the fine emollient oil yielded by the seeds. Of the latter enormous quantities are exported from India to Europe, and the oil expressed from them is largely used as a substitute for, or an adulterant of, olive oil. Gingelly poonac is largely imported from India into Ceylon as cattle food. Like most oil-yielding plants, gingelly rapidly exhausts the soil in which it is grown.—What our correspondent calls ‘“ uluntu or blue gram” we have always known as ‘*Oolondoo” or green gram. It isa small pea, the soup of which is reckoned by the natives a cure for fever. The idea that foods partaken of in some localities produce bad effects, while similar foods can be eaten with not only impunity but benefit in other places, is curious, and ought to be tested. We have all read of the ‘‘date boils” of Bagdad, and we have heard of ‘‘mango boils” in Ceylon, the climate and particular season probably and not the fruits being at fault.—Ep.] PESSIMISTIC UTTERANCES ABOUT TEA. Jan, 21st, 1889. Dear Stmr,—The note of warning which you sounded in your issueofthe 17th instant, ‘ That tea may not be brought to the disaster which has overtaken cinchona, by excessive production,” comes, it is to be feared, too late; too late, evenindeed, could it have been ever hoped more effectual than if addressed to the man in the moon. In the full face of lessons from the past and in the face of prices falling steadily, year by year, month by month, and week by week, prodigious extensions continue in the north, in the south, in the east, in the west, in good land, in mana grass, upon the topmost hills and at the edges of the paddy-fields, down in the depths ;—until at last the shrubis being contemptuously com- pared with LANTANA. Tt is not happy to contemplate the possible or probable—probable or possible—result of this kind of thing, before two years have elapsed. The “shutting up” of China is entirely pro- blematical ; but even were she shut up, is it to be imagined for one moment that the great con- sumers, the ‘‘ masses,’”’ will not decline, in these days of over-population and poverty, to pay more for their tea, whencesoever it comes, than they have done in the past, because, forsooth, there will always be buyers of fancy Ceylon teas up to about 15,000,000 lb. ? Ceylon is now playing her last card, and that too, with a heavy necklace of debt for railways ; hence, should disaster be brought about by the thoughtless, the remedy will haye to be heroic— such as in the case of plague—no humbugging half measure will sutftice. At all costs (no matter the result) the com- pulsory destruction by axe and fire of many acres will become imperative; mere abandonment would not do. Coffee when abandoned died; but tea lives and thrives as comfortably as a chena bush, and with rising prices the abandoned stuff would once again be rushed to the utter destruction once more of the latter. BE WARNED, Tho very quotation made from our columns by this writer shows that we are by no means ingensi- ble to the danger of over-production causing sup- ply to exceed demand with the inevitable result of lowered prices. Prices indeed have gone down year by year as our crops have increased, until, instead of an average of 1s 3d per lb. which pre- vailed for Ceylon tea a few years ago, it looks as if 1889 would see the descent to 10d or even 9d, This is certainly not the time to discourage the efforts made by our local and home Committees to extend consumption of our staple product. But there is a difference between caution and despair such as our correspondent expresses. In the case of coffee there were constant rebounds from low prices to high, as the result of the increased consumption produced by low prices. Similar results may be expected in the case of Ceylon tea. If prices go down below the remunerative level, of course much of the poor- yielding places will be abandoned, but we cannot ask, we certainly cannot compel, people to cut down and burn their bushes as our correspondent sug- gests. There is the warning, and letit have its due effect, as well as the belief, well founded, we believe, that if peace can be preserved, the con- sumption of tea is destined to a very large increase amongst the nations of the world.—Ep. } Tra.—Elaborate arrangements have been made for bringing tea to the notice of |visitors at the French International Exhibition this year. An ‘* Oriental Palace” designed by Mr. Purdon Clarke, is in course of construction in the exhibition grounds, for the display of Indian articles of manufacture and consumption, and the exclusive right of sale of Indian tea in the building is to be granted to the Indian Tea Districts Association. For this purpose a verandah about 140 feet long by 12 feet wide, and all the central portions of the building, except what is required for officers, will be absolutely at the disposal of the Association. The ‘ palace’ will be an attractive feature of the Exhibition.—Jndian Agriculturist, Jan. 5th. For Inprarusser Pranrers.—When calling on Messrs. Thomas Christy & Oo. lately I saw a number of cases fitted with specially prepared cans for carrying about in the forests for collecting the milk of certain trees and plants. Some of the samples have been lately experimented upon for rubber purposes, and were found to produce some remarkable results, and to exhibit highly valuable properties. Further details will shortly be given in this Journal, Messrs. Christy are also receiving large orders for their ‘‘ Fibrite”’ cans and buckets, which are answering admirably for various pur- poses, as they resist the action of acids, oils, Spirits, &c. I understand that they are shortly to be made in the form of bowls with handles.— Indiarubber Journal. Tue Formation or Perroneum,—The theory is held by Professor Mendeleef that petroleum is produced by water, which penetrates the earth’s crust, and comes in contact with glowing carbides of metals, especially those of iron. The water is decomposed into its constituent gases, the oxygen uniting with the iron, while the hydrogen takes up the carbon, and ascends to a_ higher region, where part of it is condensed into mineral oil, and part remains as natural gas, to escape wher- eyer and whenever it can find an outlet. If this assumption is correct, and a suflicient store of metallic carbides is contained in the earth’s in- terior, petroleum may continue to be formed almost indefinitely and yield a supply of fuel long after coal has become exhausted. Professor Mendeleef supports his views by producing artificial petroleum in & manner similar to that by which he believes the natural product is made,—Jndian Haginecer,Jan. Jad. 560 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. SSS eee Securing Woop to Concrere.—Herr Ludolff, a German Engineer, has patented the following method of securing wood flooring to concrete :— Two or three days after the cement has been laid down, and whilst it is still damp, thick sheets of jute are nailed to the floor with wrought-iron nails, 2 inches long and 4 inches apart. After the floor has completely dried, the parquetting or herring-bone parquetry is fastened down by means of the well-known paste of cheese and lime.—Indian Engineer, Jan, 2nd. Tue First ConsignuEent or Cincuons Bark shipped to Europe for sale from the Nilgiris, and con- sequently from South India, was despatched from the Neddiwuttum plantations in July 1871 when 3,1883 lb, were shipped. In January 1872, 4,146 lb. more were shipped for home; but the first consignment of large bulk placed in the Home Market from the Nilgiris was in 1873, when 25,000 Ib. of bark were despatched to. England. These shipments realised for old mossed Succirubra bark 2s. 3d. per lb. for pharmaceutical preparations and 2s. 7d. per lb. for extract of quinine ; for small mossed bark 2s. 6d. and for unmossed bark 2s, 10d. per lb.—South of India Observer, Jan. 5th. (Prices about three times as high were obtained for some of the first consignments of bark from Ceylon.—Hp. | A Provosep Tra Trust.—The mania for forming monopolies is evidently not at an end, for we under- stand, according to the Calcutta Capital, that several gentlemen of means and standing are endeavouring to form a large tea trust. The stocks of the various tea companies at present quoted on the Hxchange are always considered unsatisfactory as regards variations of price, and yet there are many concerns offering excellent returns to investors who, if they could feel that there was a fair chance of getting their money back should they desire to realise, would doubtless embark money in such; but a study of the recorded transactions shows that many stocks have not been operated in for years, if at all, A tea trust, by spreading its money judiciously over a number of concerns, would get avery good return on the capital invested, and, if the Company floats, a .substantial rise in several low-priced dividend-paying concerns may be expected, although it is to be hoped that we may not be flooded with monopolies, all of which tend to place a heavier burden on the consumer.—Public Opinon. Coca.—At the meeting of the Linnean Society, December 20th, a paper was read by Mr, D. Morris on the characteristics of plants imeluded under Erythroxylon coca, Lamarck, with a description of a new variety, which he proposed to name from its origin F. novo-granatense. He pointed out that the well-known coca plant had been noticed by botanists and travellers for the last three hundred years, and that although Clusius was generally regarded as the earliest writer on it, he had been anticipated by Nicholas Monardes in his ‘Historia Medicinal,’ published at Seville in 1580, and translated by Clusius, who printed it in a condensed form in his ‘Exoticorum Libri Decem’ in 1605. The plant was first described as a species by Lamarck, in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique’ in 1786, from specimens brought by De Jussieu from Peru. Until lately the leaves had been used merely as a nervous stimulant, like opium in China and betel in the Hast Indies, but had latterly come into prominence as the source of cocaine, a valuable alkaloid possessing anasthetic properties in contact with the mucous membrane. There were several climatic forms more or less dis- tinct, and after describing the typical plant Mr. Morris pointed out the characters by which /. novo- granatense might be distinguished.—The paper was ably criticised by Messrs, J, G. Baker, Rolfe, and T, Christy.—Athenewm, ArtiriciaL Correz Brans are on the market. They consist of the roasted meal of various cereals massed with dextrin or some such substance. Two factories are said to exist in Cologne which offer the machinery and plant with formule for 1081, ; the apparatus turos out from 10 cwt. to 12 ewt. of coffee per day at about 1l.a cwt. The factitious “berry” can only be recognised with great difficulty if the artificial coffee is mixed with genuine its detection is believed to be almost impossible.— Chenist and Druygist, Jan. 5th. A Rewsankiste Frencu Patent has been issued for preserving seeds and plants from the action of parasites. The same application is believed to hasten the germination of the seeds. To protect the latter when placed in the ground they are steeped in antiseptic and fertilising liquids. Young plants may advantageously be watered by the same. The best liquid is stated to be composed as follows : —Acetate of aluminium, 15 parts; acetate of lead, 70 parts ; carbonate of lime,15 parts. These are dissolved and mixed in water, and then used as stated above.—Dr. Taylor in Australasian. Tue Storine or OxyeEn.—One of the industries now followed in London isthat of separating and storing oxygen from the atmosphere. The curious industry has an application in the maturing of spirits and the improvement of beer. Thisis far from being the only application of pure oxygen, for which the price is good, but it is notable, and no doubt distillers and bonders will give heed to the discovery. It is said that the oxygen, in contact With spirits, accomplishes in a few days what is done by from three to five years by nature. The oxygen gets rid of the fusel oil quickly, and as this is the most injurious property of spirits, the consumer has an interest in the matter as well as the producer. A maturing effect is also produced on beer by admixture with oxygen, and obviously this gas is of high value for the whole tribe of effervescing mineral waters.—Court Journal. [This may be of use in Ceylon, by-and-bye.—Ep.] Pepper Cunrivation.—Mr. Prior Palmer’s letter (page 529) is interesting as showing that trees of the variety of Hrythrina indica, which the Dutch called dadap, are used in the Hastern Archipelago as supports for pepper vines, a use for which we should take them to be better suited than as shade trees for coffee. The madre de cacao tree, how- ever, which Mr. Fraser of Wariapola obtained from Trinidad and cultivates as shade for his cacao, is a far superior tree in beauty of stem and branches and luxuriance of foliage to the shabby dadap trees we saw in Jaya. Adyerting to Mr, Martin’s letter anent the Malabar pepper cultivated by him, we quote the report by Mr, W. O. Wambeek, of Hilandhu estate, Henaratgoda, on the specimens which Mr. Martin sent us :— “‘The pepper cuttings from Eden estate you sent were received this morning. The case contained about half-a-dozen cuttings withfruit, and I think they were more meant as specimens of the variety than for plant- ing out. Although they are slightly dried up, I witl put them out in a nice shady place close to my bun- galow, and will give them my personal attention. By the leaves I conclude they are the Malabar of a better variety than what I previously procured. Lf have beds ready with water close by, which could be utilized if you order any cuttings of this variety, and if they were planted out now in beds, carefully watered and shaded, they would be fit for transplanting for the — S.-W. rains, and would come up better than putting out simple cuttings at that time as they would then ~ be with root and throwing out new shoots. The largest leaf in the case is 9!’ » 6.” A thousand cuttings have been consequently or- dered, which we trust may turn out well and yield thousands of cuttings in their turn. Fapruary t, 1889.| CEYLON TEA AT GLASGOW AND BRUSSELS EXHIBITIONS. Kandy, 28th January 1889. The Editor, Ceylon Observer. Sir,—With reference to the minutes of proceedings of the meeting of the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund” held at Kandy on19th instant, ! beg to enclese copy of correspondence with Mr. J. L. Shand regarding Glasgow and Brussels Mxhibitions.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. 24 Rood Lane, London, E.0., 14th Dec. 1888. The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy. Dear Sir,—I had hoped to be able to send you final reports before this of the Brussels and Glasgow HEx- hibitions, but delay in closing Exhibition accounts seems inevitable. In Glasgow we have still got the show cuses and the tem house on our hands, and a law suit in appeal, and in Brussels Mr. Lee Bapty has not yet sent me completed accounts. I hope, however, we shall be able to forward you both accounts soon. I have been drawn upon by Messrs. Aitken, Spence & Co, at 3 a/s for £51 9 7. I did not know they had any claim against us. Our expendi- ture in Glasgow has been heavy, and I would ask you to send me by return any balance you may have in hand on the Brussels vote. We shall require all the money we can Jay our hands upon to close accounts, and | am specially desirous pot to call upon the London guarantors. A sum of £200 was agreed to be given to my firm account, Glasgow, for services rendered, but we have drawn nothing except actual ontlay account, Brussels, and I think as the latter voto has vot been exhausted and the former is more than exhausted, it will only be just and right to all concorned to apportion the bonus to my firm between the two Exhibitions. I think all, exhibits about which we have had instructions have been duly and [ hope safely returned to their destinations, and I take this opportunity of informing Mr. F'reuden- berg that his coconut collection was sent off to Leipzig. Unfortunately Messrs.G. A. Dick and J. L. Dewar sent me instructions regarding their exhibits too late to carry them out. As soon as the Pxhibi- tion closed al! unclaimed samples were mixed up and sold for the benefit of the court. I do not think I have yet thanked Messrs. Webb Bros. and Mr. Barber for their kind contributions of tea seed, which both arrived in excellent order. As regards Paris, I am glad to see Mr. Leake has at my request appointed a Committee. It is time to be ap and doing, and my request that your Asso- ciation should appoint a Wanton Committee to confer with me does not seem to have found favour. I have got the very best site in the Exhibition, and I am very anxions that the appearance made should be worthy of Ceylon. A tea-room, and a tea-room only, I think [ have already given you to understand. In the last Ceylon papers to hand a letter written to you by Mr. Haldane from Glasgow appeared, and contiguons to it what is probably an extract from a Glasgow halfpenny evening paper, bat which certainly Appears as if it were actually part of Mr. Haldane’s letter, s0 much so that one of your papers refers to it as such. The connection is evidentiy accidental, bat those who know Mr. Haldane know that he is incapable of writing in such astrain, and I take this Opportunity of informing those who may not know him that the composition was some of his. With all good wishes fora prosperous New Year and sincere hope thatCeylon and Ceylon in London may soon be linked together to mutual advantage, faithfully yours, (Signed) J. L. Suanp. 24 Rood Lane, London, EB. C., 4th Jan, 1889. The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy. Dear Sir,—I had hoped to have been able before this to send pa final accounts from the Glasgow and Brussels Exhibitions,but I am not yetin e position to do so. The tea-house standing at Glasgow has not yet boen sold, and there are small things, which have to be realized before we can close accounts. As regards panels, Monee I have incessantly asked for report THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 561 and accounts, Mr. Bapty writes to me that he is not ye’ in a position to render final accounts, and I now enclose memo, which I have only just been able to get of advances made in Brussels to native servants. If they have not been settled with, the amounts may perhaps be recovered ; but, if as I hope they have long ago been settled, the amount must be debited to Mr. Bapty, whose office staff is responsible for the delay ; of course the result from the Brussels Exhibition directly has been small, but still there has been a result, because we have had several applications from men in business there in connection with Ceylon tea, the worst of it is these applications are so small that they are hardly worth attending to. Mnclosed card shows that attention is being drawn to Ceylon tea in Brussels but the Exhibition so completely failed to attract that the result has certainly been disappointing. There are several charges besides my firm’s charges, such as printing labels, &c., &c., which have to be shared between Brussels and Glasgow, so I hope you will arrange to send us the balance you have in hand of the R12,000, and allow us to use on account Glasgow apy balance we may have on account Brussels. I trust this will commend itself to the Association as being reasonable and fair and that time may not be lost in authorising me to do so. About Paris I am awaiting until I can get others authorised to act with me, though it is high time we were at work, but on this subject you will have heard from your London representative the excelient site I have secured. The great opportuuity and the zeal dis- played by so many in London who so largely contribute to the tea fund in Oeylon prompt me to hope that the Association will see its way to increase the grant, as I suppose it will be the only Exhibition taken up this year. I fully expect to be able in this case to return some of the mouey to the Tea Fund, but of course we cannot becertain of this. Meanwhile I am inundated with all sorts of proposals ot possibilities and impossi- bilities, and I want to be strengthened by the co-opera- tion of a Committee. I waut also to send as soon as possible to Oeylon for tea for Paris, as we shall save considerably by importing directly.—Faithfully yours, (Signed) J. L. Suanp. THe pe CEyLan. Le Thé de Ceylan, qui a aujourd’hui compleéte- ment detroné le the de Ohine, jouit de la grande faveur des vrais amateurs; il est le seul dont fasse usage l’aristocratie anglaise. Se Trouve en Vente chez : G. de Boyére, Patissier, Confiseur, Glacier, 19, rue de Ja Oroix-de-Fer, 19, Bruxelles. Casti ADVANCED To NATIVE SERVANTS, Brussets. Francs, May 22. Simon Peter,.. ase) bad June 1. advanced? .., .. 80 » lS. Simon Peter ... senlO Aug. 17. John a baer} Michael 6% « 40 Fr. 125 Kandy, 28th January 1889. J. I. Shand, Esq., 24, Rood Lane, London. Dear Sir,—I am directed by the Standing Com- mittee of the ‘*Tea Fund” to acknowledge receipt of your lettersof the 14th December and 4th January on the subject of the Glasgow and Brussels Exhibi- tions and to point out that there appears to be some misunderstanding as to the arrangements made for the payment of the expenditure sanctioned on account of Brussels Exhibition, which it is desirable should be removed so as to permit of a final adjust- ment of accounts. The resolution on the subject. forwarded to Mr. Reid on the 18th November 1887 you will remember was as follows :—“ Brussels Exhibition —* That the Glasgow Tea Oommittee be asked to endeavour to organize an Exhibition of Oeylon Tea aot the Brussels Exhibition, tho sum at the disposal of the Committee would be about 86,000.’ ’ 562 ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (FEBRUARY I, 1889. Re Ee 5 op A : —_——— —— IT annex extracts from your letters of the 16th and 24th February giving details ofthe proposals submitted by you and agreed to it was believed by the Commis- sioner General for the British Empire section. These were duly confirmed by my letter of 5th September in the following terms :—“‘ As requested, I enclose a de- mand draft on London in your favour for a further sum of £100 sterling, and I asnex a memo showing the disbursements made here up to date on account of Brussels Exhibition on the basis of your letters of the 27th January, 16th and 24th February.” On that basis the Standing Committee of the ‘‘ Tea Fund” has been working, and while it has no ob- jection whatever to paying over to your goodself the balance of the original vote of R6,000 on account of Brussels Exhibition, it seems to the Committee that the statements made in the extracts of letters alluded to should be reconciled as a matter of busi- ness. From the applications made by the native servants on their return here it seems pro- bable that a considerable sum may still be due to them as wages; accordingly as the available balance is R618°33 a draft for the equivalent of R400 equal to £27 811 sterling at exchange of bs 4d 15-32 per rupee is transmitted to you herewith. After a final settlement with the servants, whatever balance, if any, remains at credit of the Brussels vote shall be remitted later on to your debit. The Committee having now further authorised the sale of the show cases, coffee barrels, &c. the pro- ceeds of these should, it is hoped still further place you in funds on account of the Association. As regards the reference made to Mr. Hal- dane’s letter of the 18th October regarding the Glasgow Exhibition, while I do not think anyone probably thought Mr. Haldane was the author of the newspaper extract alluded to, it is right also to say that the paragraph was forwarded with his letter precisely in the same way as the paragraph attached to his previous report of the 11th October, and that it was sent to the newspapers here in the usual way without comment. The paragraph was doubtless intended to amuse, and it certainly did no harm, Ithink, to any one, one way or the other.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, A. Puiip, Secretary. Extract of Letter from Mr. J. L. Shand dated 6th February. : “The doubt which has weighed with me all along has been whether it was worth while paying a considerable sum to have a tea-house at Brussels; but, now that I have seen something of the pro- bable site of the Exhibition and heard of the con- course of all nations which will flock to Brussels in the summer, I think it will- prove a good invest- ment for Ceylon. The terms which I have proposed to the Oommissioner-General for the British Empire section, who has the whole thing in his hands, and without whom it is impossible for a Britisher to get a footing of any sort in the Exhibition, are that he should set aside a suitable space and fit up, in as far ag possible characteristic style, a Oeylon tea- room in which tea, coffee, cocoa, and chocolate are to be sold in cup and packet under the control of a Oeylon Committee, and supplied by them upon the best wholesale terms and at prices to be fixed by them; that all profit arising from such sales shall be at the disposal of the Commissioner-General, to whom the Association shall vote the sum of £300, part of which, not exceeding £160, is to be expended by the Oommittee upon bringing over, keeping in Brussels, and taking back to Ceylon three native servants; but, should these expenses not reach £160, the Oommissioner shall receive the difference between this sum and the actual expenditure and the balance of the grant, namely, £140, shal] be paid to the Oommis- sioner, £70 onthelst of August, and £70 at the close to the Exhibition. Mr: Reid and also I believe Mr. Oargill approve of this plan, which has the advantage of securing identity of interest hetween the Oommis- sioner and the Association, and which will I hope be attended with good results for both, I have also asked that we may have a small space in which w may exhibit tea, coffee and cacao in various stages Extract of letter from Mr. J. L. Shand, dated 24th February. “J wrote to you last week and received your mes- sage. If cannot sell tea cup, withdraw Brnssels, wire reply,’ to which I replied at once ‘Cup sales Brussels arranged.’ I told you in my last that I had proposed to the Commissioner-General for the British Empire section that the Association should spend a sum not exceeding £160 in bringing over, keeping during the Exhibition, and takimg back to Ceylon three native servants, and that the Commissioner should receive the difference between the sum spent upon native servants and £300, £70 of which will be paid on 1st August, and the balance at the close of the Exhibition, ‘That for this consideration the Com- missioner should fit up a room in which Ceylon tea, coffee, and cacao, and chocolate should be sold at prices to be fixed between him and the Committee both in cup and packet, that all tea, coffee, &c., &., shall be purchased by the Committee upon the best wholesale terms, and that the Committee shall have full control over all the arrangements of the tea- room and that the Commissioner sbould haye all profit arising from such trausactions. To summarize: the Planters’ Association pays £300 for the adver- tisement, 16 being clearly understood that its libility to the Commissioner is limited to this, and from what I saw at Brussels, which has been confirmed by much, I have since heard as to the way France, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Russia, and other uations are coming forward, I think it is an opportunity. You will have to arrange on your side for shipping (3) three native servants, and if you can pick up men with a smattering of French, which most of the servants who have been in Manriltins or in Pondicherry posses, it will be a great advantage. They should be shipped so as to be in Brussels by Ist of May: perhaps they could be got direct to Rotterdam or Antwerp, and if you let me know 10 good time, I will see that ali preparations are made for receiving and housing them.” Se eee THA AND COFFEE CONSUMPTION UNITED KINGDOM. The following table gives a statement of the quanti- ties of tea, cotfee, cocca, and foreign Colonial spirits retained in the United Kingdom for consumption in 1878-79 and 1887-88 respectively, with the average amount consumed of each article per head of the population :— 1878-79. 1887-88. Population, 33,943,773. Population, 37,091,564. Average Average Quantit’s. prhead of Quantit’s. pr head of Populat’n. Populat’n. Tea, lb..... 166,461,307 4:90 184,458,385 4:97 Coffee, lb... 33,334,450 “98 2,9988,995 80 Cocoa, lb... 10,239,965 “30 17,024,744 45 Spirits, gals. 10,332,428 “30 8,131,478 21 —American Grocer, Dec. 91th. [While it issatisfactory to see that the consump- tion of spirits in the decade has largely diminished, from ‘30 gallons per capita to only -21, the increase in non-alcoholic stimulants is not so great as might be ex- pected. Coffee, indeed, has continued to revive, and tea is not yet quite up to the round 5 lb. per capita although very close to it, The increase in cocoa is marked,—from °30 to ‘45 per capita.—E. | IN THE = FORESTS AND RAINFALL IN THE NILGIRIS. It is said that the estate or forest whichis now ‘supplying wood to the Murree Brewery, will only be able to do so for the next eighteen months, but we shudder when we think of the condition the numberless fuel supplying plantations we see around us will assume at the expiration of that time. The Australian trees grow not by the foot, but by the yard per annum, and the lateral branches keep: pac y FEBRUARY 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 563 with the parent stock, The sholas too, the natural forests of the Nilgiris, will have had their own in- creasing and multiplying. One effect will be that the rainfall of Ootacamund will have so vastly in- creased not alone the heavy showers, but the auxi- liary drib, dribs, that the station will become perfectly uninhabitable. Were it possible for the government to compel state railways to take their wood for sleepers from the Nilgiris, there would be the pros- pect of our vegetation being thinned, but that pos- sibility does not even loom in the distince, so that the project will have to be allowed to sleep. This feature of the question resolves itself .into the en- quiry, shall we pamper our wood to the discomfort of residents, and the unpopularity of this splendid retreat to visitors ?—Sowth of India Observer, Jan. 15th, [This is madness on the other side. All the planted trees on the Nilgiris won’t alter the rainfall an inch,—Eb. | ee Ee REVIEW OF THE TEA TRADE, The following review is extracted from the cir- cular of Messrs. Wm. Connal & Co., dated Glasgow, 3lst Dec, 1888, ‘This firm is the biggest broking house in Glasgow and what they say of our staple should be read with interest. Tra.—The history of the teatradefor the past year, is but a continuance on very similar lines, of that of recent years; Ohina growths becoming of less and less, and Indian of more and more importiwnce. The inte- rest which in former days avtached tu the early urri- vals of first crop Chins teas, may almost be said to have passed away. Still, the actual quantity of fine China that is consumed, is by no means unimportant, and if the Chinese would bestir themselves, to supply really good old-fashioned black leaf, at prices more on a par with Indian, it would be greatly to the advant- age of China herself, as well as to the British tea drinker. The first of the new black leaf crop arrived from Hankow on the 23rd June, per the “* Moynne.” The first of the new reds, on the 10th July, per the * Glenogle.” Tn both, the quality proved to have been greatly lowered by the extraordinary floods from which China had suffered so disastrously ; tarry flavour and dull in- fused leaf being widely prevalent; but any chops free from these fauits commanded ready sale, at very re- manerative prices. he total supplies, even including tarry descriptions, proving moderate, were taken by the dealers with satiefactory results to importers, The prices of black leaf have been more than main- tained ; but fine to finest Kaisows have met rather a slow sale, avd in some cases dealers have only been uble to place their parchases at a loss. he quality of common descriptions of Congon, both red and black, has been affected munch as the higher grades, and they have not yielded such good results to the importer, although realising prices, which, as compared to Indians must be considered high. The good profits on the early shipments of fine, hay- ing often, daring the currency of the sason, been more than counterbalanced, by losses on commoner descriptions. Scented teas, especially from Foochow, have been of good quality, aud the early arrivals realised com- paratively high prices. Later demand has rather slackened, and now very useful blending teas are to be obtained on terms, which make them worth special attention. The market has been practically cleared of low old season Congons, such as, early im the year, were sold as low as 33d and 4d per Ib. At present, noth- ing can be laid down from China under 54; a low fignre whenitis understood that 14d of that is for export duty. This class of tea, however, has little interest for the home consumer, ss it practically is all ro-oxported. The production of tea, both in India and Ceylon, Koes on steadily increasing, and consumption as Steadily keeps paco. In November it was at the rate of no less than 125,000,000 lb. per annum, and so long as prices keep at the present very moderate level, demand will continue to keep pace with the supply. Jt is a matter of surprise that these growths find their way so slowly into countries such as Rus- sia, which, where fine tea is appreciated and so largely used, they must ultimately do so, and when the time arrives, the British consumer will have to pay higher prices, just as it happened when Russia came to compete for the finest.sea borne leaf from China, and being willing to pay full prices, the Rus- sian market has now the virtual monopoly. Ceylon growths, although exceedingly good and use- ful additions to supply, are too often deficient in the thorough good well-cured character of the best Indians. They tall off rapidly in flavour, and in this respect are inferior, and must be used with much caution. This, doubtless, is mainly a question of manufac- ture, and with more experience this is likely to be remedied. ; By the Board of Trade returns for the twelve months ending 30th November, the import into tke United Kingdom has been 218,372,028 lb., against 225,550,650 lb. in 1887, and 228,682,077 in 1886. Of these quantities, 110,292,645 lb., against 99,054,214 Ib. in 1887, and 79,583,263 lb. in 1886, have been from British India, The home consumption for the same period, has been 186,848,752 lb., agaist 183,392,4611b. in 1887, and 177,719,013 lb. in 1886. The export has been 38,636,906 lb. against 34,561,7371b. in 1887, and 44,682,204 lb. in 1886. ‘he stock in bond in the United Kingdom on 30th November, was 101,190,030 lb. against 109,259,160 lb. in 1887, and 102,725,041 Ib in 1886. The export from Ohina to the middle of December, by the latest telegraphic advices, was 96,000,000 lb. against 110,000,000 Ib. in 1887. The total import for the season into the United Kingdom from China, is estimated at 99 00,0001b., against 117,000,000 lb.; from India at 92,000,000 lb.; from Ceylon, 25,000,000 to 26,000,000 lb.; and from Java at about 4,000,000 lb. O eseress ABOUT THA, Numerous inquiries reach this office for a work on tea, and this, notwithstanding the fact that the 4 meri- can Grocer has published hundreds of articles covering every imaginable phase of the subject. But we are aware that a new class of subscribers spring up every year, and hence there is a demand for inforraation on all trade topics new to them, but which has previously been published, We desire to meet the wants of the trade regarding practical information in relation to tea, and therefore request every reader of the paper who is interested in the article, to write us and outline the nature of the information that he particularly desires, The character of the tea used in different sections of the country varies, and if subscribers will respond promptly to our request we shall have a great deal of light thrown upon the character and wants of the tea trade and be in a much better position to meet the demands for a popular treatise than we otherwise would, [We hope the above paragraph in the American Grocer will attract the attention of Mr. MacOombie Murray and lead him to state the case for pure and delicate Oeylon tea.—Ep. | er VISIT TO THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM AT AKMIMANA, GALLE. (From a Correspondent.) Jan, 21st, 1889. On Saturday we paid a visit to the agricultural farm at Akmimans, about four miles from Galle. The chief articles cultivated here are paddy, dal, and arrowroot. The fields on which the paddy is raised be- long tothe Kachcheri Mudaliyar (Mr. EB. BR. Gooneratne), and they are situated quite close to a dwelling-house, siso belonging to him, which is quite a historic build- 564 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. NN EE ———————————————————— ing, having been used in the Dutch times as a Oourt- house and a resthouse. It is still called by the native Sinhalese the tanayama. It is like all Dutch build- ings a substantially built house. We passed the paddy- fields on which the experiments in cultivation are being made on our way to the bungalow, and were greatly pleased to see the striking difference between them and the fields surrounding them. In about a fortnight’s time the crop will be ready for reaping. It is thus somewhat late, as the surrounding crops are already being reaped. Both in the fields sown broadcast and in those which were planted out, the plants looked a good deal more hardy and vigorous, and the yield promises to be much greater than in the surrounding fields. We shall look with interest to the report of the teacher (Mr. Samaranayaka), which will doubtless be furnished as soon as the crop is secured, We understand that Mr. Samaranayaka will shortly be removed to another station, the work in this place having been dope. The dal trees appeared to be about twelve or fifteen feet high in only eight months’ time, and were already in bearing, The native name for it is parupu, and we believe it will succeed very well in this Province. About the arrowroot we are not competent to pronounce any Opinion, but from what we saw we think that it too might be grown successfully on good soil. There is another experimental garden much closer to Galle, at Dangedara. This we have not yet seen. Tho teacher, Mr. Hoole, has just been transferred to the Rev. S, Langdon’s Industrial School at Bandarawela. We hail with delight these agricultural experiments. As to their ultimate success in inoculating true ideas into the conservative Sinhalese villager, we have no doubt. We trust all district Mudaliyars will aid the Government in making the people under their charge adopt all such new methods as can be safely-and inexpensively adopted. ~ a ee JARRAH AND IRONBARK TREES: SOME OF THE LEADING TIMBER TREES-OF AUSTRALIA, SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. ‘A correspondent writes as follows :— Kotagala, 25th Jan. 1889. To the Hditor, Dear Siz,—Can you kindly inform me whether tke ‘Tronbark” gum and “ Jarrah” trees of Australia are identical? If not whether there is any essential difference in the value and usefulness of their reg. pective timbers. N. To which we reply that the trees are not identical. The jarrah (H. marginata) stands alone as the acknowledged king of the one hundred and fifty or so species of the Hucalypti. Only one species (which specially abounds in Western Australia*) is ever spoken of as jarrah or Australian maho- fany, whereas the settlers use the term “ ironbark” for several species, distinguished for their rough exteriors protecting stems of specially fine timber. The species of roughest bark and best pretensions to the name of ironbark is Lvcalyptus leucoxylon, common in seyeral of the colonies. But, on a par wilh it as regards excellence of timber is the New South Wales ironbark, Mucalyptus siderophloia. * The jarrah grows among ironstone in Western Australia, so thickly strewn that the country looks as if covered with “slag” from on ironfurnace, While jarrah, for size, beauty and utility of timber is generally ranked first of the Australian trees, ironbark competes with it in many respects and is superior in some. Both are valuable for ship- building, etty piles, cart and carriage builing, for house-building, for nearly every purpose in truth to which good, strong, lasting timber can be put. The two timbers when subjected to breaking strain compared thus:—Jarrah, average breaking weight 726 lb.; average specific strength 1,982. The aver- age weight per cubic foot (seasoned for at least 12 months) was 54°36 lb. In breaking weight the ironbark, species H. leucocylon, proved far superior to jarrah, haying resisted up to 951-67 lb., while its average specific strength was rated at 2,598. A specimen tested by Baron von Mueller, indeed, showed so high an average specific strength as 3,063. Three specimens of the New South Wales ironbark, WH. siderophloia, showed an average breaking weight still higher, up to 1,045‘6 Ib. and an average specific strength of 2,854. The average weight per cubic foot was 71:50 lb. Close up to the very highest figure for the strength of ironbark comes the Australian tree most commonly cultivated in Ceylon, the blue gum, Hucalyptus globulus. Its average specific strength, in the case of two specimens, was found to be 3,036 ; the average breaking weight being 1,112-1 lb. ; and the weight per cubic foot 65:18. It is clear, therefore, that no stronger timber can be used than mature (say 15 to 20 years old) and well seasoned blue gum. Its tendency to crack and warp io seasoning seems to be overcome in Australia and so, it doubtless can be here. Moulmein teak was nowhere when compared in strength and weight with blue gum. The figures for teak were average specific strength 1,946; average breaking weight 7131; weight per cubic foot 37°54. There are other qualities than mere strength and specific gravity, however, which. place jarrah and teak in the forefront of timbers, with oak and mahogany. But ‘‘transverse strength” is a very important factor in the relative value of timbers, and judged by this test we find that the very first place in a careful set of experiments is occupied by the timber of the wattle (acacia) indicated by the Aus- tralians with the contradictory names of ‘black wood” and ‘‘light wood,” the heart wood being really black and almost as dense as ebony. Like all the acacias introduced from Australia to Ceylon, the one in question (A. melanoxylon) sends up shoots from its roots, so that a few trees planted soon become a grove, which can be periodically thinned, the best trees being left for timber, the transverse strength of which is represented by 1,236 lb. That is, the samples in this and all other cases quoted below were 7 feet in length by 1z inches square; the distance between the bear- ings was 6 feet; and the weight was gradually applied in the centre till the samples broke. No wonder if the timber which in this trial resisted up to 1,236 lb. is by the Australians reckoned one of their best, or that the tree is spared when all others are destroyed in converting woodland into pasturage, Blue gum comes next, and is first of all the Eucalypti, having resisted up to 1,2U1 Ib. ‘“‘Tronbark” came third with 1,174 1b. “‘ Gum top stringy bark’’ broke at 876 lb. and jarrah at 829-7 lb. We have given the highest figures in each case, for different specimens gave different results. Blue gum and iron bark are largely used in the con- struction of Australian railway rolling stock, and from experiments made by the Victorian railway authorities so lately as 1887, we are able to quot some interesting facts. Red gum and iron bar sleepers in the ground from 1864 to 1886 an “Box” sleepers 1862 to 1886, were taken out * FEBRUARY 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. first-class order.” With reference, therefore, to the Ceylon railways of the future, rolling stock and suppliee of lasting sleepers, there is, we sub- mit, encouragement for the cultivation of the Aus- tralian timber trees in Ceylon. From the later experiments of the railway authorities it was found that a specimen of red gum, /. rostrata, (pretty common in Ceylon, a more beautiful tree than blue gum, with clean stem and drooping foliage, growing well near water), 8 feet, 6} inches in length, nearly 3 inches in depth and breadth, and weighing 31} lb., resisted breakage until (distance between supports 8 feet) cwt. 12-2-15 were placed on it. But one specimen of blue gum actually bore a strain of cwt. 26-0-22. The length was the same as the red gum specimen, but the depth and breadth, respectively, were 34 and 3 inches. Stringybark, which has been introduced into Cey- lon, and of which very large and handsome specimens exist on Abbotsford, bore a strain of cwt. 17-1-1, same length, but 2% breadth and depth. Still more severe tests were applied to some red gum which weighed 62°60 per cube foot. Speci- mens 11 inches deep, 74 inches thick, and 14 feet 8 inches, between bearings, gave, in one case an ultimate deflection of 2% inches before it gaye way to a weight of tons 9-19-1-14, or not far short of 10 vons; the other 34 inches deflec- tion with a breaking weight of ¢éons 12-18-3-17, or not much below 13 tons. These technical details tell their own tale to those who know anything of carpenter work and building, and it is, besides, absolutely true that some of the best timber trees of Australia, the blueanl red gums, the blackwood (A. ielanoxylon) and Grevillea robusta, for instance, grow much more rapidly and come to maturity at a far earlier period in Ceylon than they do in their native habitat. The blue gum, in favourable positions, yields good timber at 10 years old, improving rapidly up to 15 and being fairly mature at 20.—We may have something to add on this interesting subject. ~-_ THE COOLY DISTRICTS OF SOUTHERN INDIA. It will be interesting to our readers to have before them at one view the extent in square miles and the density of population of the districts in Southern India whence Ceylon mainly derives its supply of cooly labour. We take the figures from the extract on page 485, in which the material condition of the population in the various districts of the Madras Presidency is referred to. That condition is on a scale low enough to render emigration to Ceylon, the Straits and other places where the attrac- tion of rupees in return for labour is held out, certain for many years tocome. ‘The districts and figures are as follows :— Districts, AREA IN sQ. M, POPULATION, Madura 8,401 2,168,000 Tanjore 8,604 2,130,000 Tinnevelly 5,381 1,700,000 Trichinopoly 8,561 1,215,000 Totals 20,947 7,213,000 Population per square mile 844 against 109 in Ceylon. Here on an area nearly a fifth less than that of Ceylon, a population equal to very nearly 2} that of our island is crowded, most part of the people eT far below the standard in most parts of Ceylon. uch improvement as has of late years taken place in the districts indicated, as well as in the native state of Travancore (whence also a considerable contingent of our labour comos), is largely due to the influence of.a profitable labour market in Ceylon SIMAL WOOD IN TEA BOXES. From the Proccedinys of the A.-H. Society of India) Allusion was made at the last meeting to samples of wood supposed to be Simal which had been taken from ‘ea boxes and sent to Mr. Fisher, Officiating Director of the Forest School, Dehra, Mr. Fisher favoured the Society with the following report :—‘ Tf bave to acknowledge receipt of your letters of the 10tb and 13th instant, and of the specimen of wood referred to, and have already telegraphed to you my opinion about it. I have also heard from the Oommissariat, Store and Shipping Officer, Ouleutta, probably on the same subject, namely, whether the wood is suitable for Tea boxes, and what is its species. But the specimens referred to by the latter as sent by rail, have not yet reached me, although certain wood specimens, sent by mistake to my address at Roorki, and without any instructions, have come to hand, I have done my best to identify the wood, by comparison with the specimens in the Forests School Museuin; but these are chiefly the numbered specimens given toward the end of Gamble’s Manual of Indian timbers, and are not, by any means a complete collection of Indian woods. The specimen greatly resembles Simal (Bombaa Malabaricum), but according to Gamble, this wood never has a brownish, heartwood which occurs in your specimen, and none of our Simal wood have such a heartwood. I note that you give the Indian name of the wood as Kaura, but are uncertain whether it comes from Moulmein or Assam. The wood is certainly not that of Holarrhena antidysenterica, locally named Kaura which is largely used in Saharanpore for carving the plates, ornamental brackets, etc., and sold at the Railway Station there. Kaura is therefore, probably, the name of some woodin another vernacular than Hindi. You refer to slightly unpleasaut smell, This had quite disappeared since the wood has become dried from exposure; and I would here suggest that, pro- vided any wood is thoroughly dried, it is not likely to have an injurious effect on the lead lining of Tea boxes,—such injury being generally due to green wood being used containing some acrid juice. I think that the wood is that of some Malvaceous species; and I have published a note on the subject in the ‘‘Indian Forester, as our Museum, if complete, would afford a ready means of identifying any doubtful kind of wood, and would thus be much more useful to the public than it is at present. If Forest Officers and others would kindly send me, from time to time, well authenticated specimens of Indian timbers, not given in Gamble’s numbered list, our Museum might gradually contain a complete collection of Indian woods. I append copy of a note about the wood by a First Student from Oeylon who has been a Tea planter there,” Tn the note appended to Mr. Fisher’s letter, Mr. Fatham (?Tatham.—Ep. JZ, &.) identifies the wood with that of Vaterta widica, a wood known to be bad for build- ing purposes but now in demand for Tea boxes. Mr. Fatham mentions that he is informed that large shipments of this wood have recently been made to Indian ports. If the wood is of a quality to resemble the samples sent to Mr. Fisher, it can hardly be con- sidered fit for Tea boxes. The Society is greatly in- debted to Mr. Fisher for the trouble he has taken; there does not appear to be any other place in India where there are organised arrangements for indentify- ing timbers from samples, and Mr. Fisher's aid is, therefore, of great value, and is enhanced by the courteous and ready attention he gives to the references made to him. Ee THE CULTIVATION OF USEFUL IN HAINAN. A very interesting report on agriculture in Hainan (China) during the year 1887 has recently been issued trom the Foreign Office, The report deals in detail with the principal articles of culture, especially food plants, and iv of a most practical and useful nature, Naturally it commences with a consideration of Rice, PLANTS 566 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889, nnn which is described as being grown in low muddy ground near water, so that the fields can be watered if the rainfall is insufficient. The weeds and stubble of the last crop are ploughed up, and when, after about ten days, these are rotted away, the fields are watered either by rain orby hand. After being made smooth the young plants are planted out. Three months after planting the Rice blossoms, and in four months itis fit for cutting. The mode of sowing is as follows:—*The grain is soaked for several days, and then sown in the finest soil. The first crop is ready for planting out in twenty days, and the se- cond is about a month, when shoots are dug out with a trowel, a handful at a time together with the earth, and planted in the fields about 9 inches apart. In the second crop the shoots, which are allowed to grow much longer than in the first, are cut off at the top when planted out.” The fields are very freely manured just before the blossoming period, and thoroughly irrigated. “Threshing is done in the fields. A large tub is taken, wi:o an ins- trument like a ladder of four rungs inside it, against which the grain is beaten, being taken up in bundles with both hands and threshed against it. Another plan is to take the paddy into the village and beat it-out with fails. About 80 lb. of Rice grain is used for sowing 1 acre, and this yields, on an average, about 4000 lb. on the first crop, and 50001b on the second. In the most favourable years as much as 80001b per acre has been harvested, but this is the limit. In bad years, again, the yield may be next to nothing.” SEsAMUM (SESAMUM INDICUM). This plant is grown best on high dry ground—excess of moisture is very detrimental to it. It does not require watering—the dew alone is sufficient to nour- ish it. In making the beds, therefore, the centres should be higher than the sides, so that the water may runoff. In the first month of every year it is sown broadcast, not in lines, nor does it matter whether thickly or sparingly sown. In about ten days it begins to shoot, and in two and a half months it blooms, and at the expiration of another two and a half months it is ready for harvesting. The entire plants, roots and all, are carefully taken out of the ground, put on a cement floor, and threshed with a flail. Two kinds are knowo—one with black, and the other with white seeds. Sesamum does not generally require manure, but in the poorest soils ashes and ox-manure may be used. Grounp Nuts (ARACHIS HYPOG2A). This plant is best grown in a soil of coarse sand and mud. They should be set deep, and the ground pressed down firmly over them. The ground is ploughed about April, and trenches dug about 10 inches apart, into which ashes, lime, and rubbish are thrown. The seeds are sown about 10 inches apart, and, as each is putin, the sides of the trench are turned overit with the foot, and stamped down firm. About every ten days the ground is weeded, and in’ about two months the plants are sufficiently grown to be sprinkled with liquid manure. In four months they come into flower; the flower-stalk then bends over, and asthe flower falls off, the flower-stalk buries itself im the ground, and produces the pods, which ripen about the end of October, bearing the well- known seeds known as Ground-nuts. The harvest, however, takes place at a later date, when the seeds yield more oil, and a better price can be obtained for it. Ground-nuts are harvested by ploughing them up with an ox-plough, when the stalks and seeds clinging to the plough are gathered into heaps. For the remainder which are still left inthe ground two men lift tie earth with a large Bamboo sieve. The pods are perfectly dried in the sun until the thin skin which covers the seed can be broken by rubbing, when they can be stored. Great care has to be taken to thoroughly dry the seeds to prevent their germination, in which case they are useless. The residue of the seeds after the expression of the oil is made into cakes, which are used for manuring the land. Coconut (Cocos NucIFERA). The Coconut does best near salt water. The ground is ploughed up aud the weeds removed, and Coconuts which have already sprouted are put in several feet apart. Salt is putin with them, but no manure. They bear fruit after ten years. If they do not flourish salt is again put to the roots. For the first few years after planting sweet Potatos are sown onthe ground, but when the trees grow tall and the foliage shades the ground, this cultivation is given up, and cattle are turned out to feed on the ground, Hach tree bears from seventy to eighty nuts per annum. Inpigo. This plant, it is stated, can be grown on the hill- sides and in the poorest soil. It does not appear, however, whether the plant referred to is Indigofera or Polygonum, from which some of the Chinese indigo is prepared. About July or August the plants attain a height of 2 feet, when they are taken up, root and all, and put into the vat, and soaked together with stonelime, Thisis stirred several times a day, aud in ten daysit is drawn off as liquid indigo.—J. R. J.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. eS Ficus Roxsurcuii.—This species of Ficus was named by the late Dr. Wallichin honour of the illustrious Roxburgh, for many years the Superintendent, and to a large extent the founder of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, and the father of Indian botany. Ficus Roxburghii isa native of the lower and outer Him- alayas from Nepal to Bhotan, being found at eley- ations of from 1000 to 3000 feet. It is a tree from 15 to 25 feet in height, and witha wide spreading head. The leaves are large, measuring from 1 to 14 foot in length, and from 12 to 15 mehes in breadth. The most striking feature in the tree is, however, the great abundauce of its handsome russet-red Figs. These Figs in shape and size much resemble Dutch turnips. They are carried in enormous buuches on the stem, especially near its base, and smaller bunches on the main branches. he mass of Figs borne at the collar of the stem on this singular tree at the time when it was photogaphed, weighed, as Dr. King informs us, about a hundredweight. It must, when in’ full perfection, have preseuted a remarkable spec- tacle, and one which would have produced a sen- sation at a fruit show in this country. The fruit, however, although eaten by the unfastidious Indian labourer, is quite unpalatable to a European being insipid and sloppy.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Corren.—The Department of Agriculture, in its last annual report, says it has for nearly « quarter of acentury made yearly distributions of coffee plants, sending them to the warmest localities in the United States, but the returns have not been of a nature to warrant further continuance of the dis- tribution of these plants so far as relates to the object in view of - establishing a profitable industry. It is true that several years ago a smail quantity of ripened berries were produced on the coffee plants rowing near the Manatee River, but it was under- stood that these plants were in a very well-sheltered position, and received additional protection during the severest weather in winter. Subsequently these trees were frozen to the ground by a cold of unusual seve- rity for that locality. Isis quite certain that coffee cannot become a profitable crop at Sanford, Fla, where a lowering of temperature down to or below the point of freezing occurs almost every winter. Al- though the freezing point may not be reached, yet occasional low temperatures in the fall or early win- ter months retards the ripening of the fruit, even when the plant is apparently uninjured. A tropical climate means something more than mere exemption) from frost. Expericnced coffee-growers state that the culture is not commercially profitable in a climate where the thermometer talis below 50 deg. F, atany time during the year. The plant will survive a much lower temperature than the above, bub the above estimate refers to the value of the crop.—American —~ Grocer. ' FEBRUARY 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 567 (ee ee a ee Briviso AND DvurcH GoveRNMENT IN THE Far Basr.—On page 545 will be found an extract affording an instructive contrast on this subject. One of the most striking illustrations of the effects of the different policies, is, that under the «gis of British protection a large body of Dutch planters are developing the resources of North Borneo! “Kew Bucocrriy.’—The November number is occupied with articles concerning Lagos rubber (Ficus Vogelii), Liberian Ooffee (Coffea liberica), various food grains of India, including the husklss Barley of North-west India. It appears that three varieties of huskless Barley are cultivated in Thibet—the white, the dull green, and the dark browa. Respecting Ramie fibre, the Assistant Director reports the re- | sult of recent trials made in Paris of machinery adapted to clean the fibre and free it from gummy matter. Unfortunately the results were not satisfac- tory, and “the exploitation of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), in spite of years of labour and the expenditure of large sums of money upon it, cannot be snid to have yet emerged from the experimental stage.”— Gardeners’ Chronicle, ParayA As A Remepy ror GuinEAwormM.—¥rom the Proceeding of the Indian A.-H. Society we quote as follows:—Read the following extract from a letter from Lt.-Oo!l. H. W. H. Cox, dated Coimbatore, 10th May 1888:—*When I was at Perambalur (Trichinopoly District), last August, the Hospital Assistant (P. Mautukumara Pillai, { think) in charge of the Dispen- sary there told me that he had treated guineaworm (very common in that part of the country) very successfully with the leaves of the Popay, Carica papaya. An ounce of the leaf is pounded in a mortar with 60 grains of opium and 60 grains of common salt, and the paste then formed is applied to the part. Of course the worm has to be wound out in the usual manner, but the Hospital Assistant assured me that it always came out more quickly and easily when treated in this way. From what is known of the qualities of the plant it seems to me probable that he is right.” Fine INpIAw MANGors are thus noticed in the Proceedings of the Madras A.-H. Society:—Read the following letter from G. M. Woodrow, Esq., dated College of Science, 26th May, 1888.—“Can you pay railway carriage for a few littl: known but valuable grafted mango plants. One variety called Pakrin, which is of the highest class for flavor, without fibre, and of a bright golden colour, I think [ have propagated for the first time. The original tree is near Poona. Your correspondents haviog been writing much about ‘mangoes all the year round, I doubt much if that would be desirable. “Variety gives zest!’ is not more trite than true. If desirable I think there would be little difficulty in attaining ripe mangoes throughout the year, but I faney, few people wish for mangoes during damp or cold weather. At present, those who are willing to pay for them have a wide season. We have at Poona a fine variety called ‘Ashadyia’ which ripens in August, and when I visited the Crawford market at Bombay, in November aod in January last, there were fine looking mangoes displayed on the stalls in company with oranges from Malta, apples from Australia, and dates from the Persian Gulf. I hope to be able to get out my book within a few weeks, as the plates prepared from photographs I sent home, have arrived. It is over 600 pages. 1f you can send me a few mangoes, or other fruits to describe in the next edition, I will be grateful.’’ Recorded with many thanks, aud resolved that Mr. Woodrow’s kind offer of a fow graftsof the “Pakria” mango be accepted. Tue Weatuer PLaxr.—We have had so many in- quiries about this, and our friends have sent us so many Hoewspaper cuttings referring to it, that we think it right to state that the plant in question belongs to the same family as the extraordinary Gooseberry and the Blue Rose All plants, to be precise all protoplasm, is sensitive to physical impressions, in tome instances more so than others, That the plant in question should be able to forecast the state of the weather and give presage of earthquakes is no! hing compared to what is narrated in old books as to the sepsitiveness, if we remember right, of some species of Oxalis the, leaves of which closed at the approach of the wicked and vicious, but remained unaffected in the presence of the pure and virtuous. The Weather Plant is no other than the well-known Abrus pre- catorius, sometimes called the Paternoster Pes, the seeds of which are like small beans but of a brilliant scarlet, with a patch of black at one end. They are used for beads and rosaries (whence the name), and also for diamond weights, the weight of the Koh-i-noor having been ascertained by their means. The pinnate leaves of the plant are, no doubt, sensitive to light, heat, electricity, or any other force that would alter the tension of their protoplasm. The statement that an observatory has discarded both averoid and mercurial barometers in favour of the Weather Plant as an indicator of forthcoming weather is one of those statements that we should receive with an open mind, so that what passed into one ear might speedily escape by the other! When we receive information from some other source than newspaper gossip we shall be bound to accord the matter more consideration. —Gardener's’ Chronicle. Kourakkan Brrr.—Amongst the uses made of kurakkan in Ceylon, the idea never seems to have occurred to anyone of fermenting the grain into a substitute for ‘‘toddy” or beer. We obtained our first knowledge of this use of the grain when we visited Darjiling. We there learned that the millet we call kurakkan is knowo in Northern and Eastern India as Murwa. We noticed that the Bhooteas carried a joint of bamboo slung across their shoulders and that they frequently applied this bamboo to their mouths, getting ‘‘jolly”’ as the process was repeated. On inquiry we learned that the bamboo contained home made beer of the simplest manufacture,—merely water poured on crushed Murwa grains and allowed to ferment. In a very interesting notice, in the Pioneer, of ‘* Sikkim as a Pleasure Ground,’ this beer is described as “ Murwa,” in a passage which we quote :— At about 40 miles from Darjeeling a Kotal is crossed, and after a gentle descent of 1,500 feet there bursts upon the-view a tennis-court, a parade-ground, neatly- made huts, watered streets, a band playimg and other marks of a British settlement. This is Pedong, the present head-quarters of the Sikkim Field Force: and a very pretty place it is, with a perfect climate during the winter. During the sammer and rains it may not be quite so pleasant, for terrible accounts are given of the insinuating leech and voracious ‘pipsa’’ that make life a burden; but certainly in December and January Pedong is charming, and a far better place to be quartered in than many an Indian station. Ladies grace it with their presence, and it is easy to have a worse time than sitting in the porch of a house that is a combination of Swiss chalet and an Indian wigwam, drinking “ murwa” and listening to the strains of the ‘ Pioneers ” band. “urwa,” it may be as well to explain, is the national drink of Sikkim, and in the words of the cookery book, ‘Now we will tell you how it ia made.” The seed of a kind of red millet is first carefally cleaned, wetted with some sort of yeast, Spread out and allowed to ferment slightly. When it is ready, a section of green bamboo, cut off at a Joint, about a foot long and four inches in diameter, 18 filled with it, and a thin bamboo “straw” is passed down through the centre. Boiling water is then poured in, and it is drank like a sherry-cobbler through the straw. It is certainly not unpleasant to the taste, and the more you drink the more you like it. Like Epps’ cocoa it is wholesome, nutriti- ous and good for babies, and no Lama ever travels about withont an attendent carrying his bow! of ““murwa.” It ig not intoxicating—at least not in quantities that the ordinary human frame is capable of holding. 568 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (FeBRuaRY 1, 1889. ce a a RorHaMsrED AND its WorK.—The Pall Mall Gazette, under date November 22, has a portrait of Sir J. B. Lawes, Bart, and gives a short reswmé of the work that is being carried on at Rothamsted, and says:— ‘¢ Whoever seeks to learn of the marvellous workings of plant-life in all its forms must look for inspiration and guidance to the world-famous laboratory at the little Hertfordshire town’? (Harpenden),—Gardeners’ Chronicle. j «“ Brackman’s System or Tra Maxine” is evidently coming to the front rapidly. We are reprinting a long paper in the 7ropical Agricultunist on its working on certain Assam estates, and the following paragraphs from a planter’s letter in the Indian Planters’ Gazette are worthy of attention :— The Beheating Estate has ordered the Blackman system of Tea Withering, and many others [hear are considering the advisability of doing so. There can be little doubt that it will become universally .po- pular, as all planters at home who have gone into the matter have been convinced in its favour with out one dissentient. The Blackman authorities mentioned to me that they find it impossible to estimate the size and number of air propellers in several application they have had, owing to managers not sending the length and breath of the withering room in which it is proposed to apply the syssem, together with the proposed height of the tiers of the withering trays, One great advantage of this system, that of utilizing present buildings, renders this information, of course, necessary. Bet Worms.—Much destruction is done to Cucumbers by the lodgment in the roots of minute worms. It is not only the Cucumbers that are affected but many other plants, while the leaves of cereals, of Carna- tions, and even of Orchids, are affected by creatures of this description. Dr, Charlton Bastian some years since published an elaborate treatise on the species and varicties; and certain Dutch naturalists have taken up the work. Dr. J. Ritzema Bosis the latest of these, and he has just published a treatise in French on the ‘‘ Anguillule de la Tige ” (Tytenatris devastatrix), and on the disease it produces. This worm occurs in the stems and leaves of various plants, but neverin the roots. It is curious but satisfactory to read that decomposing organic matter, such as farmyard manure, acts injuriously on the creatures. Alper cent. solution of carbolic acid kills the crea- tures, as also certain other acids and caustic potash, all used at a strength of 1 percent. Dr. Bos treats in succession of the disease in Barley, Onions, and Hyacinths.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Surett Dusr.—What is the chemical difference be- tween shells and bones? The latter are at least classed as amongst our most valuable of manures, and probably give phospates in as great proportion as any material . available for manure production. There is consider- able similarity between shells and bones, but the chief point so far as their respective manurial properties is, what identity is their between them in such relation? I ask this question because of the recent meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society’s committee, that you consider calcined shells or shell-dust so produced to be little better than lime. My estimate of the manurial properties of this substance is based upon the experience of others who, in employing it for ordinary garden crops, but especially for Asparagus, Seakale, Potatoes, &c., have found it to be valuable. The material, if but lime, is certainly far heavier relatively, probably three times as heavy, thus showing that it contains matter other than ordinary lime. The shell-dust was not sent me for sale or in any trading aspect, but solely to show what sort of stuff it was, especially as it enjoyed the reputation of being such excellent artificial manure. I appended a price solely because the sender, in reply to a query put by me, stated that such figure was about the cost of production. The shells have to be gathered from the seashore, and are calcined in a kiln constructed by the manufacturer, who is a sea pilot, and conducts this manufacture for his own and neighbours’ purposes, when his vocation admits of hie I note in your report | being ashore. He is also an enthusiastic gardener. A desirable course would be obtaining a chemical test of the value of the dust as manure, especially when compared with bone-dust.—A. Dgean.—Gardener s’ Chronicle. Tue Cork INDUsTRY IN SpaIn.—The British Consul at Barcelona, in a report just published, states that during the past year there has beea much improve- ment in the cork industry, because there has been an extraordinary-demand for the superior kinds of corks for champagne, The export of corks to England, the Oontinent, and the United States, has been greater than in former years. Gerona is the most important centre of the cork industry in Spain, and an idea of the magnitude of the manufacture may be gathered from the following figures:—In 1885 the export of cork in pieces amounted to 15,883 cwt., while the number of corks exported was 1,137,217,000, re- presenting a total value of about £600,000. In 1886 this increased to 19,635 cwt. of pieces, 16,357 squares, and 1,194,902,000 corks, of a total value of £710,000. The corks are made with diminutive machines of the simplest kind. Hundreds of factories are scattered over the province of Gerona, the town of Palamos alone having forty. In some places the Oork trees have been suffering from the invasion of a pest which threatened to destroy them. A voracious cater- pillar, or worm, appeared by millionsin the Cork forests, and in a very short time stripped the trees of all the leaves from the tips of the branches to the trunks. These worms are now in their turn at- tacked and devoured by another insect, a species of beetle of a dark green colour, and armed with a horn with which it cuts the worms up. Another insect in the form of a crab (eangrejo) pursues the worms and destroys them. Moreover, when the cater- pillar has passed through its metamorphosis, and the butterflies have deposited their eggs, another insect, until now unknown, attacks and pierces the bags containing the new germs, and destroys them. It is hoped that by means of these three agencies the com- plete extinction of the destructive caterpillars may be accomplished.—(Gardeners’ Chronicle. Frem Sort For Fruit Tress.—We have noticed in many of the best fruit districts throughout England (especially Kent, Oxfordshire, and Worcestershire), that in positions where trees had unlimited space to grow (often on farm buildings and houses in streets) the fruit was of much excellence and little pruning was required, But on examination of the roots we found that in every case the soil was almost firm as a rock—had not been disturbed for many years, and in numerous cases there was a gravel path or cartroad over them. We always believe in allowing a root run in proportion to the dimensions of the branches; but at the same time bave many proofs to which we could refer, that large trees can remain healthy for many years and bear excellent crops of fruit, also in limited spaces. The best Jargonelle Pears we ever saw were grown on a tradesman’s house, with an aspect to the west and whieh had- only a few feet outwards for the roots to subsist in—and the traffic to the dwelling-house was over them, The finest Apricots we have ever seen are grown in Oxfordshire, and many of the trees have subsisted. in the pathways to dwelling-houses; and we know where some are doing remarkably well under the causeway of streets. In the West of England (in Bath district) Figs are to be found, year by year, bearing immense crops of the finest fruit ever seen, where the roots are encased in soil which has never been exposed to the light of day during the memory of the oldest inhabitants, and it is firm like concrete. In Essex and Suffolk (a country in which our friend, Mr. Sheppard, has done a deal of grand gardening), we have seen vineries which have been loaded year atter year with bunches of white Grapes outside (chiefly on dwelling-houses), and scarcely a yard of ground in which the roots could extent outwards, and that had been trampled as a path for many years. We have always had strong faith in firm soil for fruit trees.—M, T. N. B.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. > FEBRUARY 1, 1889.| THF TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 569 | Se ee ‘LIBERIAN COFIEE. In answer to the queries of our coirespondint “ Ebor,*”’ who writes from Southern India, we have to say, that, except as qualified by its more limited cultivation, Liberian coffee in Oeylon as bitter a disappointment as the Cinchona enter- prise has proved. One of the qualities which chiefly recommended it to Huropean planters, was being essentially a lowcountry plant, calculated to flourish in a zone where the Arabian spe- cies could not be profitably cultivated, although the latter grew around native cottages and huts where fertilizing matter was abundant. We be- lieve instances were mentioned of specimen bushes being grown at as high an elevation as 2,000 feet in the genial climate of Haputale, but we are not aware that a Liberian coffee plantation was ever attempted above 1,000, or, at the utmost 1,500 feet above soa-level. By far the larger number of the experiments were under 500 feet. We do not, therefore, believe, that the plant could be success- fully cultivated at 3,000 to 4,000? feet, however exceptionally mild the climate might be at such an elevation. In by far the larger portion of Ceylon, —in all the northern districts of the hilleountry,— an altitude of 4,500 feet was the limit beyond which even Coffea arabica did not succeed. ‘The second question of our correspondent ‘ Ebor’’ is answered above. As we do not believe that the plant would flourish at 3,000 to 4,000 feet, it is superfluous to dea! with probable crop. In a suitable climate about 4 or 5 cwt of clean coffee might be expected in the fourth year, but the difficulty and expense of the puping and cleaning processes proved in Ceylon to be very high from the enormous pro- portion of-skin to fruit in the cherries, many of which, too, refused to ripen, and so gaye in- ferior beans. _ There was talk of a Cape Const variety better than the Liberian, but it was never seen here, fo our knowledge. The Liberian, amongst fine trees, always produced a proportion of others with long, elastic stems which were useless. The enterprise, -however,—into which the writer of this article entered enthusiastically, paying R500 for 1,000 plants and large sums for seed,— might have proved a fair success but for the existence in the island of leaf disease. We always cherished and expressed the hope that the large leathery foliage of the Liberian coffee would re- sist the fungus. On the contrary,—and this was the final reason why we extirpated our Liberian bushes and substituted tea,—justin proportion to the enormous size of the leaves was the virulence of the disease. The vegetation was coloured deep orange with the spores of Hemileia vastatrix, and a larger proportion thanever of the berries then failed was its to ripen. A rainfall of 70 inches wel/ distributed would probably suffice, under circumstances otherwise favourable ; but the rainfa)l of the native habitat of the plant is 150 inches, Liberian coffee generally bore the selling rate to Arabian of not more than £70 to £90 in consequence ofits alleged coarser quality. But Mincing Lane fights shy of new products, and prejudice might have been ultimately over- come, had the other objections of disproportion- ate waste of matter, non-ripening berries and viru- lent leat disease not stood in the way of perae- vering effort. * See page 515.—Ep. 72 ———————— pte eet If any trial is made seed ought to be got direct from Liberia or from seme place (neither Ceylon nor Jaya), where the leaf fungus does not pre- vail. In North Borneo and the Straits plantations of Liberian coffee still exist and they are occasionally written about as if they promised to be a good investment. But if, as seems probable, leaf disease in, however, slight a form is present, or will appear we fear disap- pointment such as has occurred in Ceylon is but a question of time. With our light we answer the final query in the negative. it may be interesting to see how the exports of Liberian coftee from Ceylon have fallen off of late years :— Exports Or LIBERIAN COFFEE FROM OEYLON. 1881 242 owt. 1982 1,270, 1883 1,827 * 1884 BW ate 3 1885 5,826 yy 1886 3.954, 1887 SV Ole oe TSSBy bikes aiessanaylsSl9s., a9: From the Perak Government Gazette of Jan. 11th, we make an extract which has a bearing on our subject :— COFFEE CULTIVATION IN THE PROTECTED MALAYAN STATES, The subjoined extract trom page 171 of these reports, on thesubject of Coffee Cultivation in the Native States, will be of local interest :—* Coffee does not appear to be grown in the British Settlements of Singapore, Penang and Malacca, exceptin gardens, and ona very small scale, but in the three Native States of Perak, Sungei Ujong, and Selangor, taken under our protection in 1874, its cultivation has been introduced, and some interest- ing exhibits from Perak testify to the adaptability of the soil and climate for its production. In Perak, where mountain ranges, reaching 7,000 feet, occupy a large portion of a well-watered country, & con- siderable acreage above 1,000 feet elevation is re- ported to be suitable for coffee cultivation, whilst the Liberian sort thrives on the lower slopes and the plains. In Selangor planting has only been intro- duced during the last few years, whilst in Sungei Ujong estates have been established on the slopes of the Berumbun range, which rises to a height of 8,000 to 4,000 feet and the cultivation of Liberian has been introduced on the low lands. Of the fourteen exhibits from Perak, five are from the Experimental Hill Gardens opened by Government; the sample marked Hill (farden is strong and full flavoured, and worth 90s; those marked |Vaterloo and Hermitage have probably suffered somewhat in drying, being coarse and musty in the cup, and worth 70s to 76s. Such kinds, if properly prepared on the spot, or in London, should the necessary appliances not exist at the plantations, and if perfectly sweet and clean, would supply an extremely good quslity, suitable for home consumption as well as export, the coffee being, for size, colour, and general appearance, on & par with good Ceylon plantation. ‘be climate, soil, and rainfall are all that can be wished on the Perak hills, but the great drawback hitherto has been the cost of labour which, however, bas now been arranged satisfactorily, and the difficulty of transpurt. One sample of large pale berries, very smooth, but out of condition and mildewed, weuld be worth 60s. if sound; two of Liberian—viz., Lindum Wstate, in Sungei Ujong, and Waterloo, were very large, and worth 58s. to 55s., and three of ordinary Liberian quality, 48s. to 52s. per cwt.; the remainder consisted of parchment and cherry. “The growth of Liberian is not to be encouraged for the reasons stated above, under the head of Ceylon, “Samples of Bali, Bontbyne, and Philippine coffee exhibited in the division of Straits Settlements, were ona A not British grown, but the produce of some of the Datch islands in the neighbourhood of the Straits,” 57° nar ane THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1885. The difficulties of transport alludedto in the above extract will soon be a thing of the past. Much has already been done in the matter of good metalled roads, and a sum of $631,639 has been taken in the Estimates of the current year for “Roads and Bridges.” The further development of the railway system is also kept in view, and an instalment of 25 miles of the opposed Kinta-Teluk Anson line is now being taken in hand. As further bearing on the subject we append the following extract from the local ‘‘Advertiser” for January (which reaches us this afternoon), although the information has already appeared in another form :— The Liberian coffee, being a native of the com- paratively low hills of West Tropical Africa, is suited to hotter conditions than the Arabian coffee, and it can be successfully cultivated in districts quite unsuited to the latter. In this lies the chief merit of the new coffee. As a commercial article Liberian coffee has not hither- to proved so valuable as was at one time supposed, and the cultivation, though widely distributed, has not become general in any part of the world. There are, doubtless, good reasons for this. It has been found, for instance, that the “cherries ” of Liberian coffee do not become soft and pulpy when ripe, but remain hard and fibrous. Hence it has been found difficult to husk the beans, as the machinery found suitable for prepar- ing Arabian coffee is not applicable to the Liberian coffee. Again, the “parchment” skin in the latter is tough and woody, and the labour and percentage of waste entailed in “ cleaning” is increased, while the actaal market value is less. Probably, also, in the cultivation of Liberian coffee the localities selected for plantations have, in many cases, been subject to pro- longed droughts, whereas the species evidently prefers a warm, moist climate, with abundant rains well dis- tributed through the year. Should the present high price of coffee be maintained it is not unlikely that the cultivation of Liberian coffee will prove sufficiently remunerative to warrant further attention being paid to it. We understand that in Java the Liberian coffee cherries are fermented before they are pulped. It is claimed that this process enables the coffee to be cleaned much more readily, and that the coffee ulti- mately produced is brighter in colour and of better quality. This, if verified, is a fact of some importance to the growers of Liberian coffee. ; We have been led to make the foregoing remarks and review the present position of Liberian coffee owing to a very fine sample of this coffee which lately reached us from Malacca, and upon which is based the following correspondence :— Mr. R. Derry, Forest Department, Malacca, to Roya GARDENS, Krew. Malacca, July 30th 1888.—I am sending you per steamship “ Ajax” (Ocean Steamship Company) a small case containing two samples of Malacca-growx Liberian coffee. Onesample has the parchment cleaned and the other left on. So far, no Malacca coffee can be shipped to Europe. I should be glad to learn, the value of the samples sent, and whether Malacca coffee would be likely to meet with a market at home. Messrs. Lewis AND Prar to RovAL GarpEns, Kuw. 5, Mincing Lane, E. O, September 15th, 1888.— We are favoured with yours of the 12th instant with samples of coffee, which we find as follows :—No. 1, very good, bold,clean Liberian, well prepared and the best we have seen, value about 75s per cwt.; No. 2, in parchment, very hard and apparently overdried, colour and quality of boan very inferior to No. 1, probably owing to being overdried, value about 30s, 358 per cwt., if cleaned 55s, 60s per ewt. This coffee could be cleaned in London by the process described in our letter of the 17th April, but if we doubt if a machine that is used for ordinary coffees such ag East Indian or West Indian would clean such hard coffee as No. 2 sample. We shall be able to give you more information later, as we have just receiveq a@ consignment of similar coffee in the parchment from Johore, and it will have to be cleaned and sold, and we shall have much pleasure in giving you the result. October 5th, 1888. Referring to ours of the 15th ultimo, 7¢ Liberian parchment cotfee, Malacca, we beg to say the London cleaning of the same has not proved nearly so satis- factory in the result as the sample sent to us by you and cleaned abroad, upon which we reported, as ours turned out musty and very rough. We attribute the failure to the fact that the coffee was not properly dried, and that the parchment of this coarse coffee gets very hard and difficult to clean when left long before cleaning. We certainly think if such results can be attained on the other side, as shown by your sample from the Tan Hun Guan estate at Durian Tungal [Malacca] it would be folly to send the coffee home here in parchment. Our shipment consisted of 110 bags in the parchment and weighed 122 cwt. The out-turn after cleaning gave :— 35 bags bold which sold at 68s per cwt. 9 , medium > 60s 3 5 4, peas 5 708 + 2 ,, triage 5 45s ys The loss in weight was 34 cent, which we consider excessive. Lewis & Puar. The large per-centage which the parchment of Liberian coffee bears to the clean beans, a fact which ne Baye already noted, is fully borne outin the above rial. See CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT : THE SATISFACTORY DIVIDEND OF THE YATIYANTOTA TEA COMPANY INDICATIVE OF THE SUCCESS OF THE TEA INDUSTRY—THE ENTERPRISING Y. A.’S—NEWS OF RUBBER—PEPPER AN ADMIRABLE AUXILIARY FOR SHADE ——THE FORTHCOMING MANUAL ON THE SPICES—TAL- GASWELA TEA COMPANY—FEEDING TO PRIESTS—TRY- ING WEATHER AND SICKNESS AMONGST COOLINS IN CONSEQUENCE. 28th Jan. 1889. The dividend which the Yatryanrora TEA Com- PANY intends to pay is very fine, and is the most hopeful thing in regard to our rising industry that we have heard of for a long time. The Company has all along been recognized as one owned and ‘‘run” by V. A.’s principally; and it has been felt that if the accumulated wisdom of these ex- alted souls,—whose presence and company like angels’ visits we enjoy only fora short space ata time; but during that time, what words of wisdom drop from their lips—if they could make tea pay, the founda- tions of the enterprise must be of the broadest and the deepest. I am ashamed to confess it, but there was certainly a feeling in the air, that when the V. A.’s went in on their own account to grow tea, an awful catastrophe was anticipated. But now that they have come out of it so well, whether by luck or good guiding will,I fear, bea divided opinion, we can all rejoice and look forward at the very least for a V. A.’s dividend of 22%. And yet there are some mean cantankerous souls about, who seem to think that we will haye to be content with a great dealless. This idea I unhesitatingly classify as preposterous, and not likely to have any kind of general support from the ruck of planters. Our esprit de corps demands this: not up to the Y.A.’s! Is there a man amongst us who would think so meanly of himself ? Now thatthe V. A.’s have shown what their stuff really is—earning 22 per cent of a dividend to ‘‘ their own cheek ’’—the proprietors of the estates they visit will be looking for the same anyhow ; and if not, then why not? That should be rather ap appalling thought for our fortunate friends ; va Feeruary 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 571 and yet the discoverers of ‘‘ virgin subsoil” will, I fear not, find a way out of it somehow. I don’t think that there is anything in the heavens above, or in the earth beneath, which a Ceylon V. A. would not bo able to explain, or at least attempt to, if he were asked to report thereon. Their resource is infinite. We don’t hear much of Rosser nowadays. It was a shortlived meteor in that sky which has spangled with so many new constellations, and never rose much above the horizon. Perhaps we expected too much—and that too soon— and what we had to do was j\to wait; any- how the early tapping did not lead to anything hopeful, and rubber was quickly voted into the limbo of sells. Butit is not going to remain there always, it would seem ; for a careful experiment on a Pard rubber tree in the lowcountry has resulted in a pound and a half of rubber being secured from the one tree during the course of a year. The rubber of such quality is said to be worth 4s 6d alb. in London. It is anticipated as the trees increase in age, so also there will be an in- crease in outturno, Perper, which is an old acquaintance, is in the running to be a new favourite. When you have the proper tree to grow it on, it does not give much trouble, and is an admirable auxiliary in a cacao garden or anywhere else where shade is needed. I don’t know if R15 a bushel is a big figure or not for such a spice, but I have heard o! a first crop having been disposed of at that figure in the Oentral Province, and the grower is perfectly satisfied. Those who intend to cultivate it, and who think of starting with seed, should know that beginning at that end means five years to wait for returns, whereas by cuttings three years is the time. There is also a great deal in the tree on which it is grown, and those who have a right to speak with authority say, let the treo be deciduous. Nothing better than dadap, which loses much its leaves in the hot weather, and exposes the vine to the tropical winter. Then, when the monsoon rains come in there is a fine rush of blossom, and a good crop. On the jak, pepper does well, but for want of the wintering is too apt to run into leaf.* Like most plants in Ceylon it responds wonder- fully to manure, and repays the outlay thereon in a speedy and handsome way. Keeping the vine down to eight feet, makes the gathering of the spice simple and easy. In the above I may be anticipating in a small way your Spice Manual, but the information may in the meantime be of use to some of your readers, until in the fulness of time another of the stan- dard Planting Manuals is issued. The Vropical Agriculturist is not the periodical you would go to for light reading, yet at times you do fall in with theamusing. An example of this is to be found in the last number, January, in the report of the “Kelani Valley Tea Association, Limited.” This Company, the directors assure the shareholders, is ‘proceeding satisfactorily’; and when you turn to the profit and loss account you have an insight into this satisfactory progression. It shows the profit on rice to be almost equal to the profit on the salesof tea. There is an artlessness about the way, this is put, which is very refreshing. The Taucasweta Tra Company are adding another 200 acres to the acreage already planted. The new land is said to be undulating, and the forest even heavier than what was on the first 500 acres that were felled. ‘The prospects of this Company l hear, are good, and the cheap labour which * Does that apply so much to the lowcountry, as to altitudes varying from 1,000 to 2,500 feet?—lip, abounds in the villages about is giving an im mense haul in the way of cheap working. Passing the other day a new building, with a PANDAL in the front of it, which was emblazoned in a very conspicuous way, with the royal arma, I stopped to inquire what was going on, and if the Lieut.-Governor or the Government Agent were expected; but I was told it was the opening of a new Buddhist temple, and that the gay show was got up in honour of the feeding of the priests, of whom some seventy in number had arrived, and were at that moment being fed. The lion and the unicorn were poor, poor specimens of these noble animals !—ashamed doubtless of this new con- nection with Buddhism. The weather is seasonable, and as yet the cold wind has not been so trying as last season. Rain showers are about, but nothing very satisfying has fallen, and we would willingly take more. There is a good deal of sickness about among coolies—fevers, colds, and such like, which will disappear when the cold wind ceases, PEPPERCORN. —EEE———EeEeee CEYLON TEA AT THE MELBOURNE EXHIBITION, Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 29th Jan. 1889. The Editor, Ceylon Observer. S1r,—In terms of the resolution of the Standing Com. mittee of the “ Tea Fund” passed ata meeting on the 19thinstant, I beg to enclose the correspondence referred to regarding the Ceylon tea-house at the Mel- bourne Oentennial Exhibition. —Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary. The Oeylon Court, Melbourne Exhibition, Nov. 9th, 1888. The Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Oeylon. Dear Sir,—I have this morning received your favour of Ootober 15th, giving me copy of resolutions by Standing Oommittee of the Tea Fund, after consider- ing my letters of 27th August and 7th September. lst Resolution :—‘‘ That the Standing Oommittee of the Tea Fund confirms the Secretary’s letter of the 29th September to Mr. Hugh McKenzie annexing memoran* dum of disbursements made in Ceylon on account of the Melbourne Exhibition, and points out that the total vote granted to Melbourne Exhibition is R6,000 as stated in the Secretary’s letter dated 25th February 1888.’’ for which I thank you. 2nd Resolution :—‘That the Committee does not see its way to authorize Mr. McKenzie to sell the tea consigned to him for free dis- tribution,” and asking me to furnish a statement of dis- bursements. Full particulars of disbursements will be forwarded by the mail of 16th, and in the meantime I enclose an approximate estimate of the financial position to the close of the present month (November). With re- gard to my selling the tea, there seems to be some misunderstanding, arising probably from the vagueness of my letter of 7th September. It probably appears to you that I am disposing of the tea by auction, or other- wise, not arising directly from the privciple of exhibit- ing: as to my authority for selling, if you refer to your letter of 19th November 1887, you will see that you say ‘ Ohiefly by its sale in the cup, and in packets.” Again in your letter of February 25th you say: ‘You desire to leave us complete discretion to carry out the undertaking as we think fit;’and the whole tenor of the last prragraph isto the effect that I should sell if possible; that youwish me to sell is therefore clear, and you say nothing whatever of free distribution ex- cept as adisagreeable alternative. The method pur- sued is this: in the cupof teais given free, as the Commissioners insist uponit, but to any guests who express liking for the tea, and a wish to procure some of it, we sell in packets of 5 1b. and 10 |b. at 2s per lb. For this purpose we have hired astore-room close to the Exhibition, where the tea chests are subdivided as necessary, The enclosed memo, will show you that the sum you have in hand will, as near as possible, meet the deficit on this side to the close of the present month. Should you not have already forwarded the 572 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889. ————oooaeSaeaaoaoaoaoaaaeeeaeooeoeoeeeee———————————— tea for which I have asked, it will be unnecessary todo so, unless you are prepared to spend more than R6,000 over the Exhibition, asthe profit arising from sale will not meet expenses, and the undertaking must be closed at the end of November. Should the tea have already been shipped I will dispose of it to the utmost ad- vantage. There is no doubt that our teas are finding many friends through our efforts here, and it would be a very shortsighted policy to withdraw so early. ; It is for your Committee to decide, and it will be necessary that you acquaint me with your decision by wire before the endof this month. I may add that the expenses here, for superintendence, wages, sugar, gas, milk, &c., amount to about £50 per month.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) H. McKanzin. Melbourne, November 138th. The Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir,—I take advantage of the German mail closing today, to forward you a memo. of disburse- ments, made by me on account of your Committee, in the Ceylon Oourt, to the 10th instant, as desired by the resolution of the Tea Fund Committee, conveyed in your letter of October 15th. You will observe that the total expenditure amounts to $316 5s 4d, and as stated in my letter of the 9th instant, I conclude that the balance in your hands for the Melbourne Exhibition, as shown in your memo. received, will be about sufficient to carry in through here to the end of the present month, at which time I shall be expecting instructions from you by telegraph. With reference to tea sales, conducted as explained to youin my letter of 9th inst., I have to advise that I have sold tea to the value of £84 of which £62 10s has been received and the balance outstanding. The tea now in use inthe tea-room is that bought from the Ceylon Tea Growers’ Association through Mr. Foulker their agent, the remainder of that received from your Oommittee, being reserved for further use, when tea of an equal quality is to hand from you, ‘which I trust will be despatched as soon as possible, after you have received my letter of 9th inst., explain- ing the method adopted in selling, provided the Court fis not to be closed at the end of the month. In any case I wish to be advised as to the disposal of exhibits, photos, &«., 2s to whether they are to be disposed of for the benefit of the fund, or in what way disposed of, as, your having disapproved of my selling the tea. I prefer not taking upon myself the responsibility of winding up without definite instructions, informing you only that according to the regulations neither the kiosk mor exhibits can be removed until the day of closing, at present fixed for January 31st.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) H. McKenzie. | Meme. of disbursements in the Oeylon Court at the Centennial Exhibi‘ion, Melbourne, to the 10th of November 1888 on account of the Planters’ Association. 1888, Es awawels Aug. —T. Gibson, contractor, building Kiosk, office, Tea-room & fittings 128 15 6 Mark Foy for furnishing ... 21 15 6 Architect for plan of Kiosk .., 2 0 0 Greenwade & Co. for sample glasses ba pe a Sept, 20th.—Framing photographs an 9 14 6 27th.—Featon & Sons, tea pots 93 21 Do crockery 41s 64 } Oe Dimond Brothers repairing Show cases ... son 0 4 0 Oct. —Mark Foy’s furnishing 2nd account9 5 1 Native attendants mainten- ance account ... 20 11 6 Do _ wages their private account th Cyaan’) Nov. —Superintendent’s salary for October £15-0-0 Do _ for previous assistance 5-0-0 20 0 Ferguso’ & Mitchell printing invitation cards & sample bags 5 17 Tea sales expenditure ape peel De Binzy for mats ps 0 16 SNS SO Plumbers’ account laying on gas and water ... » 10 16 0 * Paterson & Sons decorations estimated at + foe eae) OO Rocke & Co. Show stands 2 iibo® Oastoms Agents’ charges clear- ing and forwarding ae ppl Ae Duty on tea aoe 4 Il 5 0 Charges on J. Thomas’s exhibit (of Madulkele) sent direct to Commissioners oEP 0 6 6 Petties including milk, sugar, stationery, postage, 5 weeks’ wages Tea-room assistant, gas, &e. ue . 24 19 3 £316 5 47 * This account not yet received. E. & O. E. 13th November 1888, (Signed) H. McKenzin. Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 17th Nov. 1888. Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., Oeylon Oourt, Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, Melbourne. Dear Sir,—Since writing to you on the 15th ultimo, I have the pleasure to advise the shipment of further cases of tea, cardamons, and tea plants forwarded through the courteous good offices of Mr. Hugh Fraser. Messrs. W. L. H. Skeen & Co, have also been good enough to send as exhibits from the Planter’s Asso- ciation two cases of photographs, 12 of which are views of Ceylon, Kandy, Breakwater, &c. &c.; the other 12 are native character subjects. I have to advise a payment of R80 to the wife of J. Migal, native servant at the Exhibition, in terms of agreement on account of his pay to tre debit of the Exhibition vote. There has not been a meeting of the Standing Committee of the ‘“‘Tea Fund” after the receipt of your letter of the 5th October, telegram of the 13th and letter of the 19th October, but the Chairman having taken the responsibility, a further shipment of 500 lb of tea was arranged for as before through Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Oo. to be supplemented by another 5001b of tea in view of your latest writings on the subject, For your information and guidance I beg to quotefas follows from a letter dated 16th Nov- ember received from Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co:— “In reply to your enquiry we have not yet shipped the 500 lb referred to in ours of the Istinstant, though we have made arrangements for purchasing it packed in 20lb boxes. We understand from your letter that your Committee wish us to purchase an additional 5001b and making a total of 1,0001b which will be paid for by the ‘ Tea Fund,’ and we should be obliged if you would confirm this. “As regards the purchase of a still further lot of 1,000 lb, we have already advised Mr. Kelly that if we have to reimburse ourselves for this by drawing on Mr. Mackenzie for invoice cost, we much regret that it will not suit us to effect the purchase, Hitherto we have hardly regarded the purchases made at the request of the Planters’ Association for Melbourne and elsewhere as business transactions, as we have only charged actual disbursement incurred on the understanding that the Association pays our invoices on presentation, and we have been glad to render what assistance we could towards furthering the object the Association has in _ view. Butif Mr. Mackenzie wishes us to ship tea to him on his own account, we must look upon the matter from a purely business point of view, and we could only undertake the business. provided Mr. Mackenzie can furvish us with a confirmed bank credit or make other satisfactroy financial arrangements. As regards what Mr. Mackenzie says about the quality of the first two lots of tea sent to Melbourne, we can only say that they both came from the same estate, were valued here at the same price, and were in fact as nearly as possiblea match. It is of course extremely difficult to buy small lots of tea at different times to match exactly.”—I am, &c., (Signed) A, PHILIP, Secretary. Fesruary 1, 1889.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 573 P.S.—I am to inform you that the vote for Mel- | Melbourne—Mackenzie. ie bourne Exhibizion is now all expended and that on Oentennial—Melbourne. — Kandy—Philip. the Ohairman’s own responsibility the additional 500 lb. “Remitted £100, shipping thousand for sale,”’— of tea has been arranged for. He hopes, however, that as you are selling the tea you will be well in funds. Should you wish a continuance of regular tea shipments, it will of course be necessary now to act on the lines laid down by Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co. (Initialed) A. P. To (station) Kandy. From (station) Melbourne. To (person) Philip, Kandy. Dealers deprecate closing. 29, 11, 26. Kandy, 29th November 1888. Melbourne, December 7th, 1888. The Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir,—Your cablegram of December 1st reached me on 3rd, advising further shipments of tea, and con- cluding that you, before despatching it, were in receipt of my letter of the November 9th, I infer that your Oommittee approve of my selling tea to guests in the Ceylon Court, in the method described, and am con- tinuing to do so; awaiting your further advices by mail. The attendance at the court daily, satisfactorily in- creases, and from what 1 gather outside I have every reason to believe that the result will tend materially to increase the demand for Ceylon teas in the Colonial markets. Since writing the above, yours of November 17th has come to hand, and from its perusal in connection with your telegram of 1st instant, I understand that no Oommittee meeting have been held to consider my letter of November 9th, you were notin a position to advise me further than of the shipment of the tea, and { await their decision by cadle on its cousideration, as requested by me.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) H. McKenzin. Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 11th December 1888, Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., Ceylon Oourt, {Melbourne Exhi- bition, Melbourne. Dear Sir,—I have to acknowledge receipt of your letters of the 9th and 13th November, also telegram of the 29th November, which having bad the considera- tion of the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund,” I now beg to annex for your information and guidance copy of resolution passed on the subject. In terms of this resolution 1 have asked the New Oriental Bank Corporation, Limited, to wire £100 sterling for dis- bursements by you on account of the Melbourne Ex- hibition, and in addition to the 1,000 1b. tea shipped per S. 8. ‘ Massilia "and S. S. “Salier,”’ I bave asked Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Oo. to arrange for the purchase and shipment with as little delay as possible of another 1,000 Ib. tea. At foot I annex eopy of telegrams despatched by me to your address. You will observe that the Standing Oommittee have voted a further sum of £100 sterling towards the Melbourne Exhibition so as to enable you to keep the Ceylon tea-house open until the close of the Exhibition, and that the Oommittee look to you to repay the cost of the extra tea shipped by bankers’ draft, If you will find that more tea is required I understand that you will wire for it arranging at same time through the bank to place in funds to pay for it.—I am, &c., (Signed) A. Putttp, Secretary. RFSOLUTION REFERRED TO. “That in addition to the vote of R6,000 already made 6 turther sum of £100 sterling be granted to the Melbourne Exhibition, and that this sum be re- mitted at once to Mr. H. Mackenzie ; ulso that 2,000 Ib. of Oeylon tea be purchased if necessary, and shipped to him forsale, the value to repaid through Mr. Mackenzie by Bank draft.” Telegrams referred to. Melbourne—Mackenzie. Centennial—Melbourne. Kandy—Philip. 500 pounds tea shipped ; 500 follow next mail.— (Sigued) A. Philip,—lst Deo, 1888. (Signed) A. Philip.—10th Dec. 1888. Melbourne, December 13th, 1888. The Secretary of the Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon, Dear Sir,—Since writing you on 7th instant I am in receipt of your cable of 10th instant, and also have received from the O. B. O. the £100 alluded to. Anticipating that after receipt of my letter of No- vember 9th your Committee would wish me to con- tinue the Court openas before, I have kept it open, on the same conditions since the end of November, and after Monday next propose opening it for an hour every evening, as well as during the afternoon, and to continue to do so during the holidays, and to the end of January should the attendance at that hour prove satisfactory. Awaiting your advices by mail, especially as to the disposal of the exhibits at the closing of the Exhibition, —Iam, &e., (Signed) H. McoKenzir. Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 17th Jan. 1889. Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., Ceylon Court, Melbourne Exhibition, Melbourne. Dear Sir.—Since the receipt of your letters of the 7th and 13th ultimo, there has been no meeting of the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund,” but re- plying to your request for instructions, I write now to ask you to dispose of all exhibits, photographs, &c., sent by the Association to best advantage for credit of the Exhibition account except of course any that may have been only lent. If necessary I will supple- ment my present letter after the next meeting of the Oommittee.—I am, Xc., (Signed) A, Purr, Secretary. Melbourne, January 3rd, 1889. The Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir,—I am in receipt of yours of December 11th covering resolution of the Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund,” after their considering my letters of November 9th and 13th, and confirming your tele- gram already ackvowledged. The"1,000 lb tea alluded to has been received per ‘“Massilia” and “Salier.” and today I hear from Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co, that the remainder ordered by you has also Leen for- warded, and of which I shall take charge in a few days, but cannot help regretting that the two latter shipments were packed in the same sizes as the for- mer, that is in 20 lb, boxes.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) H. McKernziz. ——._____ YATIYANTOTA TEA CO., LIMITED. At the annual ordinary general meeting of this Company held in Colombo on Wednesday, 30th January, the report of the directors and accounts for the past year were submitted and adopted, and a dividend of 22 per cent on the paid up capital was declared. Mr. W. D. Gibbon was re-elected a director, and, it being considered advisable that two directors resident in Colombo should be on the board, Mr. W. H.G. Duncan was also appointed. At theformation of the Company it was arranged that during the years embraced in an estimate ex- tending to 3lst Dec. last, the office-bearers should receive & nominal remuneration. That period having expired, a resolution was brought forward and carried, that the remuneration should be in- creased to R2,0006 a )ear. A vote of thanks to the office-bearers for 1888 and the chairman of the meeting (Mr. C. Young) closed the proceedings. We quote from the report as follows :— The Directors have pleasure in gubmitting to the Shareholders the Accounts of the Gompany for the past year, Whilst the expenditure has been less than Was anticipated, the crop has exceeded the estimate 574 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [FEBRUARY 1, 1889, Se ee er Ra er a ER of 100,000 1b. made Tea by 6,310 lb. All the tea has been sold in the Island at an average net price of 57 cents per lb. After writing off the balance at debit of Profit and Toss account on 3lst December 1837 (R5,995:20) and making ample provisicn tor deprecia- tion of Buildings and Machinery, the sum of R19,920:15 remains available for dividend. The directors pro- pose to apply R19,800 of this amount im paying a dividend of 22 per cent on the paid-up Oapital and to carry forward to next year the balance of R120:15, which it is hoped will. be satisfactory to shareholders. The property owned by the Company comprises 404 acres of Tea in bearing and 363 acres of Forest (in- cluding the Abamalla land), which with Buildings and Machinery stand in the books at R94,838°81. In the original memorandum of the Company it was estima- ted that on an outlay of R75,000,—400 acres would be brought into bearing by Ist January 1889, of which 100 acres were to have been planted in 1887. As com- pared with this Hstimate the actual cost, as mentioned above, is R94,838'81, against which would fall to be deducted the sum of R19,920°15 at credit of Profit and Loss account, leaving R74,918:66, whilst the position of the Company bas been improved by the planting having been completed a year earlier than was anti- cipated and by the addition of 211 acres of land. It is not proposed to open more land this year, but it is estimated that R5,376 will be required for additional Withering accommodation, Machinery, Oooly lines and other “Oapital” Hxpenditure. The estimated crop in 1889 is put down at 140,000 Ib. tea against an estima- ted outlay on the estate of Rd4,624. Batance Ssezt, 3lst DecumBzR 1888. Liabilities. Dr. To Capital— 100 Shares at R900 per share AK is To Debts and Liabilities of the Company— Due to Coolies, Chetties, &c. as per Superintendent’s Balance Sheet oo ren .-- R9,129 47 Directors’ and Secretary’s Fees and Office rent «a. 800 Auditors’ Fee was ms} 50 R90,000 — 11 9,979 47 To Profit and Loss Account— Balance atcredit of this accouut on 19,920 15 R119,899 62 Assets. Cr. By Property (Immoveable) held by the Company, viz :— Polatagama Estate Land “00 ... R68,155 31 Buildings +» R15,499 22 Less 1-10th written off thisyear ... 1,549 92 —_-— 13,949 30 = 977,104 61 Abamalla Land an ae oo 6,686 70 By Property (Moveable) held by the Company, viz :— Polatagama Hstate Machinery “rs «- 138,809. 37 Less 1-5th written off this year’... a3 oeae ¥V2, 0b). OF eae ae 11,047 50 Stock in Trade Value of Tea unsold (since realized) fr) 5,413 78 By Debts due to the Company (considered good) Coast advances 4,169 24 Sundry amounts due to estate for lent labour, &c. as per Superintendent’s Balance Sheet... one «. 1,480 82 — 5,650 06 By Cash and Investments Cash io Bank on Current Ac- count ... ne) te. ©6004 6 Cash Fixed Deposit se» 10,000) — Interest accured to 31st Dec... 1858 on Fixed Deposit on 62 86 SS 13,997 02 — —_—. K119,899 62 Ponatagama Estare Worxkine Account, 1888, Dr. To Expenditure for year as per Superintendent’s Monthly Re- Ports .. ab ... B36,137 75 Less Expenditure on Perma- nent works transferred to debit of Polatagama estate, Viz :— On Buildings R2,295 30 On Machinery 2,842 79 On Field Works 2,205 78 — 17,343 87 ‘ ———_ 28,793 88 To Balance carried down we aoe 31,701 21 R60,495 09 To Amount written off for depreciation viz :— 1-10th Cost of Buildings ... 1,549 92 1-5th Cost of Machinery ... 2,761 87 alighn ag pane 4,311 79 To Balance transferred to credit of Profit and Loss Account rg or AAA 27,389 42 R31,701 21 Cr. By net proceeds of 106,310 lb. te: abe 60,495 09 By Balance brought down te eva 31,701 21 R31,701 21 Profit anD Loss Account FOR THE YEAR ENDING 3lst DrecemBzR 1888. Dr. To Balance brought forward from last account R5,995 20 »» Directors’ and Secretary’s fees and office rent for year = rs tee 1,000 — », Stationery, postages and petties ie 37 40 >, Interest... an a ai * “891 67 », Auditor’s fee oy ee ert 50 — », Balance “a cee 5 19,920 15 4 R27,394 42 Cr. By Transfer fee Bos ie or 5, — », Balance transferred from Working Account 27,389 42 RQ7,394 42 i Tur CryLon Topacco Company LimMiTED.—Since this scheme was first started, it has undergone considerable expansion, and what was once but a modest attempt | at introducing the cultivation of tobacco on a small scale inthe Matale district, has taken the shape of a large limited liability company, with a capital. of R500,000, almost the whole of which is already subsceri- bed. The company do not apparently intend tc confine i 5 oD 3 |. 2 « » 2.2 « 6 2h pe eee aon | Boni Ge (eink SSI ieee fg (4) = SS S % 2 Ee ssa eg Se Hele ot lal es! Qo lo ti re ieee! aM 3 o> 4 & ' +s ' ma Gao cu & q Pease 2s = Sa5 !| & () [2 co are scm ¢ 3rd Oost ed pe = |= Lael 71D - - oO = Be 4 5 3 =O x | ea ee i ey = FS) 22 TV Seniesa See ec 2 oA i, S [oe lof e} mo [<2] a& Gee ee ASS .Aee | S Es z Siiiiina Rarliir m : = a2 ° a ood é ro) Fra) ae) B - co oO o oo S 63 oO = o + 5 oO oD So oe p= eB im iD re oF Pe ae 5 m & = = Slee |b ede cys i = S H ws loner) for} a gi 1 oe a Pee Salis) Ke lcea een te Rated Se ak ete 3 8 | E gia) te eC) ink a ae 3 5 Q i=) z © 5 e 1 2 3tO tet e ete = : So iS) 8 Be GM el eta) Gehan ei) = = 5 = a for) = O> = [2] 9 M6 a SSsese23 8 GEA oO sea.| £)./2° "9598s ce or eemeenee OAS 5 om aE cape! 4900 nN acoso > a Sas xt . 12 OS 4 4 & . | ote Sieeirme Gis Pechiogien vs nN 3 a (SS i 2 tao: 25 Soe s a Biv ee ees ses oooS [= n noo i=) (=) DaDmo> oO S| @./n6B 5S S a) Ss S| gS ESS ch Fece Pm HSeine (=a) oD i yo) 1. = rs a le EE | gs |Riiiiig Scere: Ss Dll | 3 3 oO = = 5 he a 8 Ce lS 3 : Rey 304 ae =: o 5 5 mss ss 8 5 : : 1D 5) HO CO oa [ve] SSeS Se nih a rPwn Oripd (or) fore) ms i=} . ake Nw oOo ANIDOOCS ita} 3 - Nn Oo NN mA aH = Bc load ie Ris “deni, g rin ig | i E = rs) bs 8 ps S A a =) 8 eri [ie 3 3 = = =| of mo oD ce ss 2 © 7 - 2:0 Ps ) ageia Bos Beaks (See fia oO =| eg = x i i] So /1A | : Aaa a) fa Sarss S “S°SR SLE = ~~ Ge) wo sts oO NN 2HONAN nN . (o} Lowel mo - . Loni ite} Boal ay i=] Oo On) > ry Cmaps oO oo ST} o Peers 30 se 8 = 333 2 es \ id Bw it iiG ii: 4 or} 3 = ss - CAN n DQ wae} oD 5 ag [aR SS ~*~ 7 NA Sam Py eso oc aos: 7 N cD oD ao ae =) oD —s for} ag ia a in aise Goss reeo la & i) | 32) , Ss ro) ie EE ee Se Eee ee | % 3 Lal re q g§ 2 F AG CS) Q ¢ a e S| 4 Bat SORES ES sae Mae Q z (isu diath arash Sc mp || n nr Sir o hea Po. ¢ Besaa|s Sheotse shi DB 6 8a.99 By ° Oo BOR Re Pe OSS Hah Ee IM ° Boao gas oeeezega |= On a4 4 Sadpcondamadaadda Z Mm rRRRRR RRR RR RRR RLS THE Ze Moleynnp ics v7 COLOMBO, MARCH. ist, 1889. Pea uNo, LETTERS FROM JAMAICA :—NO. 27. THE BENEPICIAL INPLUENCE OF SCANTY CROPS CONSEQUENT’ ON THE RAINFALL— THE DRY WEATHER EXPERIENCED AND PROMISE Of GOOD YIELD VOR THE CURRENT YEAR—-EXPOSURE OF THE MISTAKE OF THE FRENCH BOTANIST 7¢ THE FUNGUS IN THE COrFEE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD-—SUCCESSFUL AGRICUL- TURAL SHOW IN JAMAICA—THE VICINITY OF KINGSTON AND ITS CHARMING SCENERY—THE APPROACHING DEPARTURE OF SIR HENRY NORMAN ‘TO QUEENSLAND, AND THE JAMAICA, The Editor Ceylon Observer.” CONSEQUENT REGRET FELT THROUGHOUT LAST addressed you in October when we were expect- ing our October rains (or mon- soon), and, as is ever the case, in fear and trembling lest they should be too heavy and cause a lot of damage by wash and landslips. I am thankful to say that the rains have been moderate and genial; they have much benefited the coantry without doing any harm; in fact there may be parts of the island where a larger fall would probably have been desirable. As regards crops, those of the settlers, as I led you to expect, have, as a rule, been short in con- sequence of the very dry weather experienced from the end of November 1887 to the middle of April last, but the higher elevations benefiting from this continuous fine weather, gave very average crops last season, and now promise well for the coming spring crop of 1889. But Blue Mountain coffee proper is neyer more than a few thousand cwt. at any time and does not in any way influence the general market, ever maintaining its high character and consequently its high price. ‘The estates on _ which itis grown might almost be reckoned on the fingers of o man’s hands ;they are under twenty in number, and some of them produce very scanty crops, mostof the coffee having died out from neglect or abandonment. The editor of the St. James’s Budget had not the courtesy to publish my letter to that paper, in which IT exposed the mistake of the French botanist Mr. Raoul, who was stated in that paper to have visited the principal coffee markets of the world, and to have said he had scarcely met with an estate that was.notseriously affected with Henuleia _vastatric and that, in consequence, before very long coffee would be fetching four times its present value. I showed he could not have visited Brazil, Central America, or, the West Indies, or he would not haye made such an alarming statement, as Brazil itself had capabilities of nearly supplying the European and American markets if all con- .tinues well and emancipation does not affect crops to any large extent. Iam of opinion that when a journalist has unwittingly been led into publishing an error in his paper, he should be the very first to acknowledge, and rectify his ‘‘ misinformation.” Thave just returned from the Agricultural Show held yearly on a cattle run, named ‘ Cumberland Pen,’ about 10 miles by road out of Kingston, and six or seven by rail: it is the property of Mr. Verley, partner in the bakery manufactory of Verley & Robinson. During the Jubilee illuminations the letters ‘“V. R.” were very frequently to be met with, and the commen people believed it was meant for Verley & Robinson. Anyhow Mr. Verley very kindly places his pen at the disposal of the Com- mittee, and moreover does the host toa Jarge number of favoured guests. The rail passes through the property and there is a platform for passengers; but hearing of the crush last year, after the Show was over, I elected to drive down; hired a well- horsed double buggy and had the pleasure of escorting two ladies who like myself had never visited such a Show in Jamaica. The first part of the drive out of Kingston is very tame: first, one passesthe May Pen Cemetery ; then after a few miles the scenery changes and one passes through well timbered land and under immense cotton trees of fantastic shapes. Once off the main road to Spanish Town, one enters upon lovely park-like scenery, splendid trees— cotton and tamarind, the logwood, . reminding one strongly of the English hawthorn, bamboos, ferns, etc., ete. A remarkable feature is the drive to Cumberland Pen is the fording of the “Rio Cobre” which, at times of flood is dangerous, and always exciting, fortunately it was not bad this year; still on the return journey we weére glad to avail ourselves of the assistance of a riff- raft lot who had collected on the bank in order to earn an honest penny in “putting their shoulders to the wheel.” Cumberland Pen is very park-like, spread over with large trees which givea pleasant shade and 578 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marci 1, 1889. ne eee A under which the cattle graze. Some parts are culti- vated with guineagrass, irrigated from the Rio Cobre canal: such grass being sent to Kingston for sale. As to the Show itself. There is a very passable grandstand and a small ring for the riding, driving and hurdle competitions. Several very handsome turnouts were exhibited, also some very fine horses and cattle, ponies, mules and other live stock, including sheep, dogs and cats were very well represented. As for the agricultural produce, it was exhibited on a high narrow plat- form. The exhibits were very badly and untidily arranged and could not be viewed to the best advantage. Sugar, annatto, fruits and vegetable were fairly represented. The Show was very well attended; it is always a gala day for Kingston and the island generally: planters and pen-keepers congregated from all parts of the island, as also to be present at the races held goon after. We are about to lose our Governor, Sir Henry. Norman, about one year before his customary time is up: he has been appointed.Governor of Queens- land. At first he prayed to be allowed to remain in Jamaica until his six years were completed, as he was desirous to stay with us. till the newly- elected Council members had been elected and the new Council was at work, for we are shortly to have a general election under the enlarged franchise ; but it having been signified that Her Majesty wished he should go to Queensland he, of course, obeyed and is to quit our shores on the 2nd January. Sir Henry has been a very popular Governor, except perhaps amongst the haut-ton of Half Way Tree (the fashionable suburbs of Kingston), who resented the Governor’s tolerance to the colored members of Jamaica society, and for having them to his house as friends and guests. As a bona fide Governor he has been most popular, and deservedly so, and all the community will regret his having to move to another sphere of usefulness ; probably many a Quashie would say of him, as I heard one of the churchwardens of Olofton Church had said to their pastor who was going away to another parish, ‘‘Oh, parson, you should not leave us; we were hoping that we should bury you.” This, of course, was meant as a high compliment. As my letter is somewhat short I enclose an extract from the local Gleaner. It is an article by one Mrs. Kemp, of Ewings, Cayamans Estate; it is a very correct description of the manners and customs of Mr. and Mrs. Quashie, especially in that part of the Island in which that lady resides. I am sure it will interest and amuse your readers, : W. 5S. eee WHY NOT A THA SYNDICATE: Our last issue contained a highly interesting com- munication from a London tea expert, one not only well acquainted with the trade, but of some experi- ence in regard to the Ceylon article. His remarks on the changes that have come over the tea trade, wholesale and retail, owing to the appearance of large and yearly increasing quantities of British grown leaf, are much to the purpose, and will, no doubt, be read with attention by all interested in the industry. So far as Oeylon growers are concerned, they do not look with disfavour on the large profits realised by the retailers, because the more gain to them the greater their inducements to push the article into consumption, Nor do they question the right of the retail dealer to sell any blend he chooses to offer his customers, but that to which they do object is the selling of blends incorrectly and improperly described on the packet, The writer of the interesting article to which we have alluded thinks the Public Prosecutor should step for- ward and take proceedings in all infringements of the rum, coffee, pimento, cocoa, - Trade Marks Act. The task has already been taken in hand by the Ceylon Association recently formed in London and though the first prosecution callapsed, owing to a break in the chain of evidence, it will undoubtedly be productive of good. We are glad to see the new Association taking up this work, but to our mind a Tea syndicate is re- quired for more extended action than the new body contemplates by its prospectus. There are salt syndi- cates, tallow syndicates, and copper syndicates for mutual help and mutual defence, and why not a tea syndicate? If for no other purpose it would be in- valuable asa means of gradually regulating the bulk of tea to be thrown on the market by public auction, a matter in which there is much need for co-operation. Only brokers, perhaps, are fully sensible of the serious losses often incurrred by “rushing ” new landings of tea, when by a little mutual arrangement the market might be kept more evenly supplied, according to the trade requirements of the Week. We may be told that the project cannot be worked. Perhaps not just now, but we feel confident that the time will come when some plan of this sort will be a necessity, and will be found practicable-— Oeylon Advertiser.” TOBACCO IN AMERICA. One of the important points in the Senate tariff bill is the protection it proposes to the growers of tobacco. Great complaint is made that under the present law Sumatra tobacco grown by the cheapest labor in the world is brought in to compete with the brand of tobacco most largely grown in the North, that used for wrapper. ‘The Senate law proposes a duty on this, if not stemmed, of 75 cents per pound, and if stemmed, a duty of $1 per pound. Quite as important is the provision that if this leaf tobacco is imported mixed with other tobacco is paying a low rate of duty the whole shall pay the higher rate. This will stop what in practice has proved a great abuse. The duty on fillers tobacco is reduced so that Havana tobacco for fillers to cigars may be imported with advantage. This will assist the tobacco grower and the cigar manufacturer.—American Farmer. — > DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, January 10th. Bae. F'rvuit.—Ten cases dried quarters sold at the low rate of 1d per lb; but for another lot of 10 bags of mouldy fragments only $d per Ib could be obtained. - : CaLumBa.—The quantity offered today was restricted to 100 bags of grey, medium to bold, slightly wormy root which was bought in at 25s to 30s per cwt. CarpDaMmoms sold at extreme prices today, the ad- vance being about 3d to 4d on somelots. There were 138 cases offered, including several lots of fine quality, but nearly two-thirds of this supply was withdrawn, although buyers offered high prices for some lots. Ceylon Malabar, grey medium, dull appearance, sound sold at 1s 1ld. Mysores, good pale medium to bold plump 2s 10d to 3s, smaller ditto 2s 5d. For good yellow medium to bold long 2s 6d was refused. Seed brought 1s 11d. Wild Oeylon 1s 7d to 1s 8d per lb. A new feature in this article was introduced by the sale of about 1,2801b. of cardamoms grown in New Zealand, and imported here from Lyttelton, in the central part of that island. These cardamoms were apparently grown from Malabar seed, and of good quality, but badly cured and harvested. They were round, smail to medium size, not very well bleached, badly clipped, and mostly damaged. From Is to 1s 4d per Ib was paid for the better Jots, 8d to 9d for mouldy, thin, and shelly, and 1s 6d for seed. The shipments of cardamoms from Oeylon show a great falling-off this seasop, They have been, in the perjods between October lst and December 13th; 1888, 35,386 lb; 1887, 76,777 Ib; 1886, 39,153 1b, Marcu 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 579 CrncHona.—Flat Oalisaya bark continues to be im- forked here in very heavy quantities, and there seems i ttle doubt that sooner or later the market must de- cline. this variety were shown and only two sold at Is 8d per lb for good bright sound. A few bales damaged “ cultivated flat’? Oalisaya brought 103d perlb, Or- dinary grey Guayaquil realised 5d to 83d per Ib, Lima is partly held at 8d per lb., much beyond the value. Vor other varieties extremely high rates continue to be paid: Lox, good bright fresh mossy to very small broken quill from 23 tols per lb; Huanoco Is 1d to ls 3d per lb. The shipments from Oeylon in the period between October 1st aud December 13th have been :—1888, 3,023,319 lb; 1887, 1,803,726 lb; 1886, 2,954,055 lb. Up to the present the following quan- tities are advertised for sale next Tuesday:—Oeylon bark 2,014; Hast Indian 160; Java 319; South American 355; and Fiji, 3 packages ; total 2,851 packages. Coca Lraves.—The 11 boxes crushed Java leaves of good appearance, of which we published the analysis in a recent report, were today disposed of at 7d per lb; and 3 packages small very badly-cured leaves, also from Java were withdrawn. Of South American leaves 10 bales were shown.* For good bright green Bolivian ls 1d was refused, the price being1s 6d per lb; while a somewhat damaged parcel found abuyer at 1s per |b. Croron Serp.—Five robbins Nast Indian seed of ordi- nary quantity brought 15s per ewt. Kora Nurs.—One box of good Jried West Indian seeds sold dearly at 10d per lb; for a small and wormy lot 8hd per lb is asked. MAre (PAracuay TrA).—An 80-lb cask of very good quality catalogued as ‘‘matico,” is held for 1s per lb. The drug is hardly ever seen in the open marke there. Nox Vomica,—At today’s auctions 216 packages were offered, all of the inferior variety. The price for small, fairly silky seed from Bombay ané Oaleutta is 88. Twenty-seven bags, partly damaged and small seed imported from Saigon (French Indo-China, sold at 6s 8d per ewt. Coconur Orn,—On the spot a moderate business is being done at £27 for good Ceylon in pipes £28 to £29 for good to fine Cochin, and £27 for Mauritius. Patm O1,—Fine Lagos remains exceedingly steady at £28 10s, Kssenriat O1rs.—Citronella dull, at 7d to 15-16ths d. per oz. on thespot, The Ceylon exports are again very large this season. Nutmeg oil, ‘‘Fisher’s,” is quoted at 7d per oz. Quiyine.—Some slight improvement became appa- rent soon after the close of our last report, and sales of German bulk, including B & S at 1s33d to 1s 34d per oz. for January-February and later delivery were re- ported. This business was followed during the present week by further transactions in B &S bulk, spot and Febrnary-April delivery at 1s 34d,and Auerbach, April delivery at 1s 3}d per oz., and Whiffen’s, in second hand, at ls 4d peroz. Today the German makers quote 1s dd per oz., and do not seem anxious to book orders, but we think 1s 84d would still buy in second hand, Vaninta.—The first shipments of new season’s Mauritius beans were offered today, and sold with good competition at an advance of {s 6d to 2s 6d per lb.; fair small chocolate, slightly crystallised 3 to 74 inch 5s Yd to 138; good fresh 74 to 9, 14s to 188 6d; or- dinary brownish 5s to 98; common dry 2s to 4s 6d.— Chemist and Druggist. —————SSEE = BLACKMAN'S TEA WITHERER. In Mr. Armatrong’s paper on, the manufacturé of tea, read before the Maskeliya Planters’ Associa- tion in August 1885, he there Suggested the use of the Blackman's air propeller to draw up the hot air from the driers to the withering loft to aid in withering leaf in wet weather. Ceylon should not lose the credit of haying made the suggestion first.—Cor, At the auction today about 180 packages of MATALE COFFEE. (rom a Correspondent.) Although ‘‘ Matale”’ is a word of only six letters it comprises a very large district, and its weather is about as varied as its products. It is quite a mistake to suppose that a correspondent writing from the town of Matale, or Matale West, can give you a report of the weather experienced at this season of the year, as being that of Matale district, It is perhaps equally uncertain to report on the Matale coffee unless the correspondent has had the advantage of visiting or getting reports from the various divisions of the district. With reference to the weather and its pranks, permit one illustration. Last week two visitors from Matale West were surprised to find we had been having so much rain: they left in the morn- ing during a storm of wind and rain and had gone about two miles only, when they got out of it, and had fine weather for the rest of their journey, while the whole of that day was wet and windy here. In support of the paragraph sent you the other day, in which mention was made that coffee seemed to be regaining strength, &c., allow me to add for the information of ‘Planter,’ that an old Matale planter who knows this portion of the district well, on seeing the coffee, remarked it was astonishing bow well it was looking, full of spike, and only wanted dry weather to bring out and set the blossom. It may be and doubtless is too far gone to ex- pect a revival of the old product, but it is surely not too much to expect to hear the rattle of the pulper as it removes the beans from the cherry gathered in the north end of Matale Hast. = ~~ CEYLON TEA AT THE EXHIBITIONS AND IN AMERICA. (rom a Planting Correspondent.) I think you gave the home people a very proper rub up in your Thursday’s article. It is too absurd of Messrs. Leake and Shand complaining of want of sympathy and information from this side. If there is one thing more than another which our Secretary prides himself on, it is prompt attention to matters requiring explanation &c. Mr. Shand is to blame for not giving details of the expenditure on the home side. We have a large expenditure on Brussels for which we get no return or precious little, and what is unexpended on our vote of R6,000 is required for Glasgow deficiency from which we were led to expect such a lot of benefit, and even profit. Then now Paris: ‘Look sharp,” writes Mr. Shand, ‘‘or I’ll treat with others for my corner of the Paris Exhibition.’ If the Ceylon Tea Fund Committee don’t look sharp they will find themselves in for a big expenditure there. Now all this prevents our dealing with pushing our tea in America where they do drink tea. Let Dr. Duke’s plan be triedinits entirety. Mr, McCombie Murray undertakes to do it exactly as Dr, Duke wants it done for J -. $1,200 including cost of pamphlets. The 6,000 lb. of tea would cost are ... 2,000 Say $3,200 or R8,000. I believe more would come of that than the I'rench and Brussels Exhibitions, which will cost R10,000 at the very least. If, however, we prefer Mr, McCombie Murray’s ela- borate plan of working New York and Philadelphia by interviews, pamphlets, &c., the cost will be $1,000 Cost of 6,000 lb. tea and duty, for I see the freight is included AP ae 2,000 Total.. $3,000 or, say, R7,500. 580 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MARCH f, 1889. You gay Ceylon cannot afford it. We have spent R25,000 quite in pushing tea in Great Britain. R10,000 would not be a large sum to push tea in America. y {We meant both schemes: most certainly Dr. Duke’s proposal has a first claim, provided special attention is given by Mr. Murray to the Central and Western States.—ED.| een PADDY CULTIVATION. Your remarks upon the impolicy of continuing to treat paddy cultivation as if it afforded the most profitable, instead of its being one of the least remune- rative, of any agricultural pursuit in Ceylon have been read with much appreciation. Itis, of course, most difficult to change the customs of a people which have prevailed from time immemorial ; but what you have written is likely, we believe, to awaken the Colonial Office to asense of there being something more than weak in the representations by which it has hitherto been induced to acquiesce in the large expenditure annually incurred to foster the extension of what is, or ought to be, a stationery industry in Ceylon. Except in a few remote districts to which the cost of carriage of coast rice would make its consumption almost prohibitory, there ex- ists no raison d'étre for further endeavor to misdirect the energies of the natives of Ceylon. You lay much stress on the cultivation of the palmyra palm among the industries which you think might be usefully added to that of paddy growing. The chicf difficulty as to the adoption of this cultivation seems to myself—who, for many years, resided among groves of such palms—to be the length of time Tequired for them to come into profitable bearing. The man who plants them must do so for a suc- ceeding generation.* ‘he virtue of self-denial, of thought for those who have to come afterwards, was, it is to be feared, much more inculcated and practised in days gone by than it is likely to be now, when the growth of population and facilities for ready movement to other fields of settlement have broken up the old conservative attachment to locality of birth, But the palmyra palm is a tree of so many useful purposes that it would be a thousand. pities if it were allowed to die out in Ceylon. Your Forest Department might, we think, usefully direct its attention to the planting of wide areas of these trees, and it is certain that the Govern- ment of a future day would reap vast benefits from the adoption of such a course, for it—the Government—‘‘goes on for ever, ever,’ while family ties and associations daily grow less strong and less binding to the soil. “Let posterity take care of itself’’ is now the universal motto, and the tendency now is rather to obtain the price for the palms as timber rather than to preserve them or extend their growth for the benefit of Buccessors.—London Cor. eet NORTH BORNEO NEWS. (From the North Borneo Herald, Jan. Ist.) PLantiING.—The great feature of the year is the wonderful impetus given to tobacco planting in the Territory, and the consequent rush of applications in the Land Department. The whole of the available land in Marudu Bay has been taken * Not atall: where well cultivated, 10 years should sa return; but we spoke of official encouragement. — ED. up by various companies while large acre- ages have been located on the Sugut, Labuk, Kinabatangan and Segama Rivers, as also in the vicinity of Lahad Dato in Darvel Bay. So far, with two exceptions the Tobacco industry is in the hands of Dutch planters attracted to this Colony by the excellence of its climate and soil and the ex- treme facilities for the acqusition of land, facili- ties unknown in the countries administered by the Netherlands India authorities. So far the planting industry is almost entirely confined to ‘S'obacco, with the exception of Mr. Christian’s Liberian Coffee Estate near Kudat; but we understand it is the intention of the Hast Borneo Company to experiment in pepper planting on their estates on the Kinabatangan River. Mr. Mitchelson well known as a pepper planterin Johore is managing for the Company uv the Kinabatangan in conjunction with Mr. Schuit late of the Rotterdam Borneo Company in Marudu Bay. Splendid specimens of leaf are re- ported from Banguey, Ranow, Mr. Stephen’s estate in Darvel Bay and other places. One of the largest Com- panies floated during the year i§ the London Borneo Company inaugurated in London by Count Geloes d’Elsloo which bids fair to be one of the most powerful planting Companies in the Territory. Timper.—Messrs. KE. E. Abrahamson and Company have formed their timber business into a company entitled the China-Borneo Company Limited. Mr. E. EH. Abrahamson will be the resident Manager in Sandakan. The Company was formed in Hongkong with a powerful Directorate and the Shares were most rapidly taken up. An event during the year was the opening of the large Saw Mill and plant belonging to the British Borneo Trading and Plant- ‘ing Company, a full account of which was given in our July number. The Resident Manager is Mr. F. R. Boultbee, M.I.C.H. The Company possess one steam launch for towing purposes. Coat.—Thanks to the energy of Mr. Henry Walker, the Commissioner of Lands, it seems probable we are about to develop a payable Coal seam within two miles of the town of Sandakan. Samples of this coal have been brought to town and com- pared with Muara Coal, the experts unanimously giving the Sandakan specimens the preference. Communicarion.—Facilities for communication with Singapore haye increased wonderfully. Mr. Bogaart on behalf of Messrs. W. Mansfield and Company has contracted with the Company for a coastal service and a through steamer from Singa- pore vid North Borneo ports to Hongkong and back. The large steamer ‘‘ Memnon ”’ is at present running the Hongkong route and the “Mercury ” which is commanded by Captain C. Griffin is running the coast trade. The Hongkong direct route has already proved a great boon to the country and will greatly facilitate the supply of coolies for the tobacco estates. In addition to these steamers we still have the ‘ Paknam,”’ “Hong Ann,” “ Spaniel” and ‘ Royalist ” running while Messrs. Behn Meyer and Company have sent two steamers on occasional trips, the‘ Parana’’ and ‘ Provincia.” Ivmicration.—The number of Immigrants arriv- ing in the Colony was 4,930 against 1,756, during 1887. The number of Departures 1,703 against 1,098, in 1887, Suipping.—The aggregate Tonnage inwards and outwardsfrom Sandakan amounts to 85,398 tons, against 63,987 in 1887. Progress.—The following return of the Revenue and Hxpenditure and Trade of the Tervi- tory since 1883, with an Hstimate for 1889 will wa trust be considered satisfactory by our readers whom in conclusion we wish a Happy and Prosperous New Year ;— ; Lo gy gee Marcu 1, 1889.| Return shewing the Revenue and Expenditure, Imports and Exports and other information referring to British North Borneo for the undermentioned years. Year. Revenue Expenditure. Imports. Exports. (proper 1.*) (proper 2.7) 1883 $50,738 20 $278,862 94 $498,889 48 $159,127 23 1884 82,448 88 196,239 92 481,413 67 262,758 57 1885 110,452 94 208,268 89 648,318 52 ° 401,640 97 1886 127,731 23 195,803. 85 849,115 64 524,724 44 1887 142,687 20 © 186,689 64 959,624 76 535,267 09 1888] 160,000 00 190,000 00 = 1,150,000 00 600,000 00 1889] 180,000 00 178,000 00 — 1,500,000 00 800,000 09 Principal Products,— Beeswax, birdsnests (edible), blachan, brassware, bricks, camphor, coconuts, coffee, dammar, fish salted, fruits, gutta percha, hide, india rubber, ivory, live~ stock, old jars, pepper, rattans, rice and paddy, sago, seed pearls, sesik, tingeling, sharksfins, shells—tortoise und others, tobacco, trepang, billian, cedar and many varieties of other woods. Area in square miles,—31,106. f Population.—160,000. Roughly estimated, 1. * Exclusive ofsums realised by land sales. 2. + Exclusive of sums spent on permanent Public Works, 3. % Estimated. Avex. Coox, Treasurer-General. The Treasury, Sandakan, 1st Jan. 1889. The amount received by the Land office during 1888 is said to be $200,000 and the lands sold during the year amount to 252,000 acres. The price of Land was raised on the 17th July to two Dollars per acre and was again raised on the 12th December to three Dollars’ per acre. We gather from the prospectuses of the many companies that have been formed, that the price obtained for land at second hand has been about five dollars per acre. The number of tobacco Estates, large and small, planted during 1888 was six, and the number to be planted in 1889 is said to be sixteen. Mr. Christian’s Liberian Coffee estate has been added to during the year and Mr. Lennard is now opening a Coffee estate on the Benkoka River above the launch limit and on very fine soil. The Hast Borneo Company are opening a pepper plantation on the Kinabatangan, a INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. An experienced tea planter sends us extracts, given below, from two of his letters, which were written in 1883 from America. He says, “ These extracts will show you that all the time I was in America I opposed the current attempts, and endeavoured to get a change made ere too late. “Your correspondent’s (‘P. P.’) remarks I fully Support, except so far as, in justice to myself, I wish to correct the impression as to who isthe ‘ origi- nator.’ During the Indian and Colonial Exhibition I handed a syllabus of proposed operations to one répresentativo assessor, snd subsequently by request to another. Mors than one year afterwards Mr. Allies comés upon the scene with a similar scheme, bat without any American experiences to . back it. From the way the thing has been gone about heré, in London, there is only one issue ahead, un- loss appearances deceive.” In & previous communication, statements were made and opinions offered by your correspoudent on the subject of the introduction of Indian teas into the United States ond Oanada, and these deductions are the outcome of practical investigation and suc- cess, and not tle ramblings of theoretical or sanguine possibilities, A perusal of pages 285 to 259 of the © Toa Oyclopmdia” will convey an idéa of the opinions offered by brokers and others Atlantic, The pith of those is, “that for [udian teas to become universally popular in America, they must be manufectured to imitate ‘Japans’ or teas of the ‘Oolong”’ class, An opinion to the contrary is, how- over, here advanced, Indian teas are perfectly able to take their own stand as such, and under equal conditions maintain it, when once fairly obtained, THE TROPICAI. on this side of the | AGRICULTURIST. but any intention which will destroy its identity as “‘Tndian tea,” will simply repeat the old story of deception, To avoid “shoddy” imitations of other teas will be the surest means of establishing the reputation of “Indian” teas. I'wo years ago a large quantity of Namuna tea was made “ for the Ameri- can market,” as assimilating to the ‘“ Oolong” teas so much in use in the States. The cost of production of Vamuna teas is in itself a barrier, while no ‘ Oolong’ that your correspon- dent has tasted in this country, could ever be mistaken for Vamunas either in aroma, flavour, or strength. For Indian planters to endeavour to imitate Japan, or other teas, in order to induce the public into a liking for Indian teas, is an absurd anomaly, and can only lead to failure, as the intexests of brokers and merchants in this country are too much centred in Japan and China for them to heartily co-operate in introducing an article whose supe- riority and excellence would eventually drive the product of those countries entirely out of the field, and bring certain ruin to them. Brokers and merchants may assist to introduce Indian teas as an auxiliary towards passing off the rubbish imported from China ard Japan, but they will never assist to cut their own throats by sharpening the knife, or introducing a supplanter. The old familiar trick of mixing pure Indian teas with trash, is as well known here as in England, and more largely prac- tised ; and while merchants here will purchase suffi- cient for “ mixing” purposes, they will never aid in establishing a substitute whose success will prove dis- astrous tothem. It is only by Indian growers and owners combining and determining to establish their products by their own hands, that they will succeed, and to do this they will have to do as others do in this country. If merchants or manufacturers in Europe want to push their goods forward to compete against others, they send their own agents out, choosing re- liable men, whose sole interests are those of their employers, and tea owners will have to adopt a similar course, at least untila taste for Indian teas, pure and unmixed, is firmly imparted into the masses. Once this object isobtained the rest will follow, and merchants who now will buy sufficient for their own purposes, will then be obliged to meet the wants of the public. At present brokers and merchants rule the} public taste, but it is possible and feasible to reverse this in course of time by educating public taste independent of, and unaided by, these gentlemen, entirely on your own merits and by your own means. To illustrate and practically support these tenets, your indulgence is requested to a short account of operations demonstrating the same. Upwards of cighteen months since circumstances inducéd the writer to seek a home in America, and as a private personal enterprise it was determined to venture an attempt to place Indian teas before Americans in a pure, simple state, at first on a small scale. Accordingly arrangements were made to purchase some hundreds of pounds of tea for direct shipment to an American port. [recently received a letter of enquiry from Kumaon (N.-W. P.) asking 1f “ Namoonahs’’ are still in fayour, what is their selling value, and if *‘ Americans still want them, or have they taken to fermented teas?” lor general information I reply—* Namunas still are wanted at American brokers’ prices, not at planters’ valuation though.” If planters are willing to make Namanas at a loss to sell at 32 cents (say 104 annas) per pound to oblige Yaukee grocers and assist thera to put some taste of tea into the rubbish imported from China as such, Namoonahs are still in favour. The Americans have not taken to drinking fermented teaa because they cannot get them, and never will till Indian growers introduce and popularize them by means totally different from anything yet attempted on a mercantile scale in America. I know one ex- Indian tea planter, who supplies no less thiu abort 20 different Agencies here with pure Assam teas. He sonds supplies to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Cali- fornia, Georgia, York State, New Jersy and other places, asking no favoura, giving no inducements but purity, and charging a price for every pound which 582 THE TROPICAL AGRICU LTURIST. [Marcu 1, MMO Ainiediiecime cinco gi | ‘nays the grower, his Agents, and himself handsomely (the grower of course least).”’ What is done, and has been done by him for over two years, could be done by others on a grander scale, for hundreds drink pure Assam daily in certain sections operated in, swear by it, and pay for it, and well too. In one city alone his three Agents and two grocers all sell “ Agsam,” and make a good clear profit. Yet with this I am repeatedly told “Indian teas are so dear that people can’t afford them.” Whereas experience has taught that the poorer and most economical class are the very ones who do buy and appreciate “ Agsams” the most.—/ndian Planters’ Gazette,Jan. 8th. —_—__-—__-- THER PUSHING OF INDIAN THA. (By tHE “ ParipaAtetic PLANTHR.’’) The “Associated Indian Tea Planters, Li- mited,’” held their meeting, at which they were introduced to Mr. McGregor of New York; andit was, I understand, decided to draw up an Agreement with that gentleman for the “ represen- tation” of Indian teas in America. So there are more preliminaries yet, it appears, to be gone through before this vast mountain bringsforth its mouse. Meanwhile, big rats are breeding galore, over there, to eat up this mouse’s portion, ere it arrives. The arrangements already referred to for placing Indian teas at the Paris Hxhibition, have been com- pleted, and the £2,000 have been subscribed. Mr. Walker, the Agent in charge, will start a depOt in Paris simultaneously, for the gale of Indian tea over there. The I.T.D.A., or subscribers to the guarantee fund, bad it proposed to them that Indian coffee should also be represented at their stalls, &c. ; to this, however, the more conservative members objected, and the pro- posal was notaccepted. The subscribers ‘have reserved a right to take over the Paris depotat a valuation here- after, if they so please; it is not however, thought likely that they will exert this power, but that they will be only too pleased if they receive back their £2,000 intact.—Jndian Planters’ Gazette, Jan. 8th. i )_——— COFFEE, TOBACCO AND PEPPER IN CEYLON. Renewed interést in Corrmz and Correr PLANTING is becoming a sign of the times. Our neighbours in Southern India show us a good example, for with the wonderfully steady crops from the Mysore and Coorg coffee plantations under shade, they feel strong encouragement in other districts to go on with old king coffee. From Wynaad even, we have reports of grand appearances ‘in spike” ; while we have also inquiries directed to us by gentlemen who are anxious over the way to try their luck again with “Liberian coffee.” Our answer to the planter who has asked our opinion in respect of this disappointing variety will be found in another column and is very much the same ag Puncl’s advice to those about to marry,—‘‘ Don’t.” There is more to be said for the cultivation of Arabian coffee under shade wherever a soil and climate similar to that of Mysore can be secured, Uva is the district affording these most nearly in Ceylon and in view of the Haputale railway extension now under construction, we are very hopeful of seeing experiments in gardens, and clearings say up to 100 acres, attempted in the forest and chena reserves of that province. Meantime as regards our remaining coffee fields in Uva, Udapussellawa, and parts of Dimbula and Dikoya, there is still great hope that ‘green bug ” may disappear leaving the coffee to do some good yet under careful treatment, From some iit of Uva, we are bound to say that the opinions supplied to us by planters are of a very gloomy, desponding character; but these are counterbalanced by those of other planters who declare that bug has nearly disappeared from their fields and that ae | it looks as if Dr. Trimen’s hope of a sudden col- lapse of this pest would be fulfilled. There is no doubt that everyone owning decent fields of coffee will endeavour to do them justice in view of this prospect, as also of the full assurance of very fine prices for their berries. There is no chance now of coffee being in excess supply, whatever may be said of tea. The cultivation of Topacco, too, is likely to te undertaken energetically, under the auspices of a local Limited Company, mainly supported by pian- ters of tried sagacity and prudence. A capital of R500,000 has been already subscribed, it is under- stood, and with Messrs. Rutherford, Christie, Armstrong and other gentlemen of their stamp on the directorate, successful results are generally looked for. Still more widespread is the interest taken in Prprrr cultivation, since we have agitated for its revival among the natives and for its more general adoption by European colonists. We are are very anxious to see Ceylon export a large and annually increasing quantity of pepper, for which there is certain to be a good market and we have reason to believe that the coming south-west monsoon will See an appreciable area planted with pepper vine cuttings in different districts. There is one great advantage in planting pepper, namely, that it is not likely to be overdone—considering that the demand is in excess of supply—which can hardly be said of tea. ——$—___$$ HOW WATER WAS OBTAINED IN LAND.” At the meeting of the Geographical Society, a paper was read by Mr. F. S. Arnot, entitled “Journey from Natal to Bihe and Benguella, and thence across the central plateau of Africa to the sources of the Zambesi and Congo.” The reader of the paper was led to make his expedition, which was that of a missionary character, from witnessing as a child a distribution of prizes in 1864 by Dr. Livingstone on his return from the Zambesi ex- ploration. Mr. Arnot started from Natal in 1881, and made for the Transvaal with very slender resources. This, it appears, was not an unmixed evil, as he owed escape to that fact from some of the troubles that befall travellers furnished with a large stock of goods. This method of proceeding, however, was accompanied by many inconveniences. The travellers had to traverse the “thirst land” on livingstone’s route, and the only means of obtaining water was that adopted by the wandering bushmen of the Masaroa_ race. How Mr. Arnot obtained water may best be des- cribed in hisown words: ‘‘A few wandering bush- men of the Masaroa race, however, came to our relief, and to their kindness we doubtless owed our lives. Digging pits in the sand, they sank long reeds to the bottom of these, and with an unusual power of suction, acquired by long practice, they slowly drew up the water from the sand, discharging it from their mouths into tortoise shells, and so great was our thirst that we eagerly drank the frothy liquid. Morning and evening we were sustained by a little of this turbid fluid.” Mr. Arnot’s oblique journey across Africa corresponded on the whole with that of Major Serpa Pinto. Mr. Arnot’s object in going to Africa was to establish a healthy missionary station in the interior, and it was accomplished after seven years. Although he travelled without a white, or even a black com-~ panion, he never received any ill-treatment. Guns-- were carried by some of the party, but only for hunting purposes, “THIRST- Marcn 1, 1889.| HE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 583 ANNUAL TEA REPORT FOR 1888, LONDON, Jan. 28rd, 1889, In reviewing the course of the Tea Trade for the past year, the most satisfactory feature to notice is the increased Delivery compared with 1887, the total quantity amounting to 222 million |b.: Home Consumption showing an excess of 34 millions, and the Export 3 millions. Another matter of con- siderable importance is the larger supply of Oeylon Yeas, and the appreciation of the quality by the public, the Import and Consumption having nearly doubled during tbe year. Cuina.—Notwithstanding 24 millions decrease in the Export last season, all common to fair grades continued to decline in value, and, beforethe arrival of thenew crop by the end of June, had reached an extremely low point. The new Teas opened at very full rates, ow- ing to the absence of any good Tea of the previous sea- son remaining on the Market. The quality was pronunced inferior, attributable, perhaps, to the bad weather during the time of plucking. The Rus- sian buyers in China held aloof from purchasing on account of this inferiority, which eventually led to large orders coming direct here, and further stimu- lating prices of Black Leaf Oongous, the morket be- coming almost cleared of all desirable parcels of medium to finest grades, Foochow descriptions did not participate, and although a small portion of the first crop sold at paying rates to Importers, the general result has been unsatisfactory. Common classes have somewhat rallied from the lowest point, but still are selling under cost of production. INDIAN AND CryLoy.—The year has been again marked by a further growth in supply and expan- sion of consumption, the Import of Indian being 7 millions larger, and the deliveries 3} millions heavier than in 1887, while from Ceylon the receipts have increased 9} millions and the deliveries 8 millions, British-grown tea thus furnishing 105 millions towards the 184 millions taken for home consumption in the United Kingdom. An active market in the Spring was followed by dulness in the middle months and a heavy depreciationin the value of all grades over ls. per lb., which lasted until the Autumn trade demand set in, when values for the finest sorts began to recover, toe advance being stimulated by the small proportion of choice tea found in any of the vairous crops. Setting the abundant yield and reduced cost of manufacture against dearer freights, higher warehouse rates, and a slightly lower average sale price,—the Industry con- tinues to occupy a strong position, and promises to yield a good result to growers both in India and Oeylon. Systematic action is now being taken on behalf of producers to bring the merits of British- grown tea more directly under the notice of the important markets of the United States and Canada; and it is anticipated that, as in the Australian Colonies, where consumption is steadily growing, so also in America the improved demand now visible may develop into trade of some dimensions. Jaya.—Imports shew an increase, and improved quality has led to their receiving more attention from the Home Trade, values now standing close to cur- rencies tor Indian. Wm. Jas. & Hy. Tuompson. tae -— TEA IN AMERIOA. At « time when India and Ceylon are making efforts to secure a slice at any rate of the tea trade of the United States, it is interesting to learn a few particulars of that trade. The total receipts of tea into the United States for the season 1886-7 amounted in value to 16,771,802dols., of which 12,368,063dols., or 68,462,2681b. passed through the port of New York, or three-fourths of the whole. Of this 292,786lb., valued at 75,638dol., ont of a total of 407,169dols., or nearly three-fourths of the total of exports, was from New York. The re- ceipts from Japan were 46,493, 000Ib., and three-fourths of the year’s supply came via the Pacific coast, which was an increase over the previous year, The course of trade is increasing in this direction, while the improved steamer service on the Pacific and transcontinental railway facilities are gradually making this the prob- able roule of the future. Japan tea is, in round num- bers, about one-half of the United States tea consump- tion which has risen from 37,843,612lb. in 1868 to 89,831,221 in 1887,* being the lowest and highest years of the twenty. The Japan houses have all agents in New York, and tkese seek out the leading customers in the large cities, and consign to them direct instead of them buying in New York. In this way the direct trade between New York and Japan, especially by sea, is being largely reducedin volume. Of the total Japan trade, which amounted in the above year to 17,114,181 dols.imports, and 3,336,562 dols. exports, only 4,464,315 dols. imports and 1,458,455 dols. exports were entered via New York, being only one-fourth of the whole. There is an article in the current number of the gentleman on the * Russian Tea Trade.” It is signed “7. Brush,” and deals with the subject at some length. In it the writer says:—Although Russia is a long way behind England as a tea-consuming country, still the tea trade is a most important branch of its commerce, and has a history fully as interesting as that of England. There is a great difference between the two countries in the style of tea used and in the method of its use. Indian and Ceylon teas have quite revolutionised the English market, but the character of the Russian tea market has remained almost the same since the commencement of its history. Some few parcels of Indian tea have found their way into Russia, and have been very highly spoken of, Their quality and strength have been so much appreciated that the semi-oflicial Kavkaz says : —‘‘ What hinders us even now obtaining our tea from India, where it is prepared by machinery, and not as in China, by an objectionable use of the feet? Even if we were to conquer India, nobody would give us tea for nothing, and our countrymen would have to pay all the same for this national beverage.” At the present time, however, China tea is alone used in general consumption; and as the taste of the Russian nation has been educated to this style of tea, it will be many years, perhaps never before Indians and Oeylons become important factors in the Russian trade. —H. § O. Mail, Jau. 11th. —-—-——_}— MANCHURIAN SILKWORMS. (Continued from page 411.) Tue Oax-sink Iypustry.—It used to be a travel- ler’s tale that silk grew on trees, and the ancients pictured it to themselves as one of the pretty sights of nature. In reality there is not much to see in an oak shrub laden with cocoons. The genius of the spioner is occupied in great measure with the art of concealment. Sometimes a cocoon will be enclosed between two leaves as large as one’s hands, so thata passer-by has no suspicion of its existence. At other times quite a ball is made of smaller leaves, and the cocoon is equally invisible. The spinner, of course, needs a base of operations, and can spin if it gets one or two convenient tags by which to form an outline in rough; but it glories in abundance and variety. It becomes an interesting study to compare a few bushes, and to see the power of adaptation to circumstances in the formation of the cocoons. Difli- culties arise alike from dearth as from excess of material for extraneous support. On one occasion I saw no less than three twigs bound together by the suspending lines, while quite a group of leaves had to be dexterously manipulated so as not to obstruct the work of the spinner; nay, it was gratifying to notice the touches of instinct, one might say genius, by which hindrances were worked into helps. On another occasion, the cocoon of arival was in the way, and had to be slewed about with silk ropes to see that it maintained its relative position. The suspend- OUR * Britain with little more than one-half the popu- lation consumes more than twice this quantity, but then the great beverage in the United States is ooffee.—Ep. 584 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Maréw 1, 2889, with harder material there is uo occasion for the long lines of the Ailanthus worm. Yet our spinner is not content to begin with the base of the leaf pedicle. The lines being at least one rung of leaves - above the point of suspension, and thus cover the twig over a space of one or two inches, being very slender to being with but thickening towards the lower leaf pedicle, and then presenting the appearance of a stout cord from the leaf pedicle to the cocoon. The next work is with the leaf wrappings, and the formation of a nest as it were for the cocoon. The worm then gets into position and begins the cocoon proper. To follow it into its invisible world, we know that after the cocoon is formed there begins a period of lively commotion, in which the occupant is undergoing another change,—is, we might say, forming the shell in which it lies in its chrysalis state. So vigorous is this movement, especially when the cocoon is held in the warm hand, that an in- experienced native told me one day thatone of the specimens put in his care had a most lively moth in it which was battling to get through; he argued it must be the wings which flapped so against the sides of the cocoon. The fact is this period of com- motion must be past before the moth is formed. It takes from fifteen to twenty days to perfect the change from spinner to moth, though in exceptional circumstances the moth might appear in ten or twelve days. Being in want of specimens this year, I have tested the question whether moths can be got straight- way from the autumn cocoons, regardless of the fact that they ought not to appear till spring. It may be safely said they are not to be got ad lilitumn. In the spring, but more particularly in the midsum- mer season, everything seems to come right to a day —the moths are panting to be out, there is no re- straining them. Of the autumn cocoons it can only be said if you don’t keep them in a cool place some of the moths may appear when you don’t want them; and, if you nurse the cocoons carefully on a warm k’ang, you may be lucky enough to get a few specimens of moths if you desire to force an appearance. There seems to be no certainty in re- gard to autumn moths, save that they prefer to remain in their cocoons. Butthere are ‘‘early birds” strong specimens, which are easily tempted forth, and I have up to date obtained seven such, and have the hopes of more, though it would seem as if the difficulty increased as October advances. To my mind, if it once pass the twenty days, it will want a tropical heat or the first blush of spring to call them to activity. The proper terms for the appear- ance of moths are March and August. About the 20th of March, pains are taken to hasten the eclor- ion. A warm k‘ang and a sunny exposure, or even a charcoal burner in cold seasons, are the only means resorted to. When the moths are too early, or the season exceptionally late, care must be taken with the eggs to see they are kept in a cool place. When immediate hatching is desirable the usual period is from ten to twelve days. The autumn moths should appear with the beginning of the sum- mer heat. Alike in spring and autumn early comers are prized. Generally there is a great rush of first comers, and then @ dropping fire which may last for fifteen or twenty days. But in summer, more parti- cularly, these late comers are not wanted, anything after ten days from the first comer is doubtful, and in good husbandry would be thrown away. In some places there is a. careful inspection of moths with a view to a healthy stock. Thus a long soft body, or belly, which ‘‘ wiggle-waggles” is bad—wanted a firm round body, or, as the Chinaman says, belly, Again, where the excretion is bad the mothis rejected. The fluid should be of a dull whitish colour, but a high ora mixed colour is a sure indication of disease. Another sign of evil omen is when the fundament sbows black, lt is supposed there is an immediate connection between this and the disease which I translated “diarrhea? in last paper. Perhaps a description of some of the moths I have seen may, be of use for purposes of comparison. Not to describe from mem ory I limit myself to a few of the autumn moths above referred to, and which are before me in their original freshness while I write. One, a large, perfect speci- men, a female, said to be the common variety as seen in our parts, appeared without any prompting on the 5th October. The antennze are yellow, half an inch in length, and very slender, The head is yellow with black-brown eyes which show very Jarge, the head itself having a triangular look like some of the an- cient visors one has seen figured in tournament times. The hody is very hairy, especially on the space be- tween the wings. The colour is a dark orange shading into redness under the belly, The greenish rings of the body sometimes shine through. The length of the body is one and a half inches when quite fresh, the girth at thickest being the same as the length; the span of the wings is five inches. The ground col- our of the wings has a dash more of red in it than the body. Red appears also in three distinct groups of characteristic marks, viz., (1) over the Attacus eyes; (2) in certain veinings or bars across the wings: (3) and in a certain wash of colour all over the upper parts of the wings. A transverse bar divides the wings into two unequal parts, the space above the bar being the larger or over two-thirds of the whole. This red, then, scarcely appears in the lower space at all, which is characterised by a uniform colour difficult to des- cribe. It is yellow, but it has that singular suspicion of green shining through it which seems .to give such a peculiar shade to the brown of the Ailanthus worm. If the reddish tint appears in this lower border at all it is only in certain lights, and even then in the upper wing segment only. Looking at the upperand under surface of the wings the ground colour all through would seem to be this shade of yellow, which yet cannot be called yellow unless one be allowed to say it has a dash of green, or, as a friend suggests, olive, shining through it. The Attacus eyes are more distinctly marked in the lower wing segments than in the upper. The oval begins above by a broad red curve which is about one-fourth. of the whole circle, and which is continued in a fine black line for the re- © maining three-fourths. On the right hand side, how- ever, the black line always begins heavy. Inside of -the red the second circle begins above with white, the under segment being continued in bright yellow —this being a very fine line. Inside of this again is a broader band of slightly reddish hue, very light as compared with the outer red segment, which is con- tinued in a band slightly narrow of the same colour as the wing border. Inside of this. last of all is a lively crescent of golden yellow framing the lower half of the transparency. In the upper wing segments - the arrangement and the colours are the same, only the outer one-third segment of red is very fine, as the black line which continues it. The transverse bar which divides the wing as above described, and the sinewy nerve of the upper wings show the same colours, which perhaps are fairly described as darker and lighter shades of lavender. The wing nerve is as if a very light shade of lavender were powdered over a dark lavender ground. The trarsverse bar across the wings consists of an upper line of dark lavender bordered by a line of light lavender shading into white. The most strongly marked red lines are on the upper wing segments, going from the body in a zig-zag to the upper nerve of wing; and in a less distinct but much broader band which goes from the body right across both wing segments in a line with the upper half of the Attacuseyes. These are even more clearly marked on the under surface of the wing, showing there as wavy lines, the upper and narrower one retaining its dark shade of red,and the lower one toning down to a dark orange. The lavender of transverse bar shines clearly through on this side in the shape of small lavender patches, eight to each wing segment. Un- fortunately, I have no male with which to compare this specimen. It may beaccepted as a fact that the male moth always differs from the female in the colour of the transverse bar on the wings. If£I am correct in describing the colour in this instance as lavender, the colour in the male would show rather some shade of red going into crimson. Mr. Fauvel speaks of rose or roveato for the Shantung variety, But rose can. see Marctt 1, 1889.) not possibly describe the shade as we have it here. From what I have seen, the shade of colour on the upper, i.¢., tho darker, line of transverse bar, in the case of males, will always follow the dark crimson shade, which after all is perhaps the proper term for the colour of the outer curve over the Attacus eyes. This specimen is one of four females, which may be said to be for all practicable purposes absolutely alike. If there was any distinction it arose in one specimen, from the appearance of the so-called red colours invading and shining through the lower border of the wing, 7.¢., under the transverse bar, and this in both wing segments, though to a less degree in the under one, Another set of moths, brought out in the same way towards the end of September and beginning of October, seemed to present some strikingly different features, and I was in hopes I had secured the moth of the yellow worm referred to in the preceding paper. From a similar promis- cuous set of cocoons gathered last year over the same district I obtained three distinct varieties, two of which have been pronounced to be new species. One of them was a yellow moth, but I did not keep duplicates, and have no detailed description. The moths I have now to describe are not distin- suished from the above red-tinted ones by the natives, he worm, as far as they know, is the ordinary green worm. Nor does the cocoon at all resemble the large and beautifully formed cocoons spun by the golden yellow worms, which also refuse to give up their moths, though they have been nursed and coaxed to the utmost. All that can be said is that these moths look yellow as compared with the four above described. The red veinings and red wash, so to say, are all the same as in the above, So is the transverse bar on the wings, so is the general appearance of the under surface of the wings. But the first look of the moth always makes one describe it as yellow. The body is quite yellow, and free from any suspicion of darker shading. The general ground colour of the wings is paler, and, save for one patch in each upper wing, is altogether free from that dash of red I have spoken of in the others, but which reminds some of “rust,” of “copper,” of “terra-cotta’’—all of which terms I have heard used and dissented from, terra-cotta being especially objected to as not dark enough. Of this sort I have two males and a female. In the female the transverse bar on the wings seems in- disputably lavender, and differs widely from that of the males, which show that contested colour spring- ing from red as its base, which forms the upper curve over the Attacus eyes, and which, after all, is @ rich shade of crimson. Weather experts will consider these as separate varieties remains to be seen. It is noteworthy that two sets of Walnut Moths seem to be distinguished in the same way as those, the ono being the fac-simile of the other, save for this singular wash of red—which in the Walnut Moth may be accurately described as “rust,” just as one sees it in very old rusty iron.—JoHN * haley Hai-ch‘éng, 11th October, 1888,—Chinese mes, i NEW PRODUCTS IN FUI. Here is something encouraging as well to large and small planters as to the Colony generally, and should at once set at rest any doubt which may exist as to markets being found tor the fibrous material in which Fiji is so rich. By a lite mail, the Governor bas been applied to by the head of a wealthy firm whom his Excellency met in England, but the head quarters of whose business are in Victoria, asking whether the Colony could furnih 5000 tons per annum of paper-making material. We understand that the Governor proposes to take special measures for bring- ing this important question before the Chambers of Oommerce and the Agricultural Association. Now is the time of all others when Suva should bestir iteolf . demonstrate that it bas some commercial THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 585 men in its midst, The Chamber should be resuscita- ted. Plenty work can be found for those of its mem- bers who aspire to ravk above the grade of more huckstering dealers. People should show that they can rise to the level of the position; and that, oppor- tunity offering, they are equal to the demand legiti- mately made upon them to assist in the advancement of the Colony to which they owe their own progress and elavation, We are informed that the Governor hopes to have by the end of the year about eight huncred young cocoa plants ready for distribution to such persons as may desire to begin the cultivation of this product, and who possess suitable soil and situation for that purpose. The varieties are the purest strains from Trinidad, selected by Mr. Prestoe, director of the Botanic Gardens there, by request of Lord Kimberley when Secretary of State for the Colonies. They com- prise ‘‘ Oundamar ;” “ Verdilico;’’ ‘Mixed Forestero;” “Longpointed Forestero;”’ “Fine grooved Prolific Yellow; “Sangre Toro” and ‘Forastero.” A con- siderable quantity of ‘‘Hevea” or Para rubber can also be availed of. In addition to the above, an ex- cellent crop of the celebrated and valuable Delly (Sumatra) Tobacco seed has just been gathered, and his Excellency will be glad to send some to those who may desire to utilize it. Great attention is being given to this variety in Ceylon and elsewhere. All applications for these should be made to the Secretary of the Agricultural and Industrial Association. The cocoa plants will be securely planted in boxes for which applicants will have to pay five shillings each. It will be interesting to learn the number of practical men who will avail themselves of these means of adding to the value of the industries of the Colony. —lijt Times, ———— -~<+--—__ ——- CULTIVATION OF SESAMUM AND GROUND-NUTS IN _ CHINA. Sesamum is best grown on high dry ground, and is most in danger from excess of moisture; it does not require watering, and dew alone is sufficient mois- ture to nourish it, In making beds, therefore, the centres should be higher than the sides, so as to allow the water to run off. In the first month of every year it is sown broadcast, not in lines, and whether thickly or sparsely is immaterial. In about ten days it puts forth shoots, in two months and a half it blooms,and in another two months and a holf it is fit for harvesting. At harvest time the latest seeds sre not yet ripe, but the harvest can. not wait, or the other pods would fall off, and the seeds drop out on the ground. The plants, root and all, are carefully taken out of the ground, put on a cement. floor, and threshed with a flail. There are two kinds, black and white, Sesamum does not require manure generally, but in the worst soil ashes and ox manuremay beused. About 27 ounces sown to anacre yield about 550 tb. Ground-nuts are best grownin a soil of coarse sand and mud. They should be set deep, and the ground pressed down firmly over them. The ground is ploughed about April, and trenches dug about 10 inches apart, into which ashes, lime, and rubbish are thrown. The seeds are sown 10 inches apart, and as each is put in the sides of the trench are turned over it with the foot stamped down firm. Every ten days or so the ground is weeded, and in about two months the sprouts are sufficiently long, and are sprinkled with liquid manure. In four months they comeinto flower; the flower-stalk then bends over, and as the flower falls off, the flower-stalk buries itself in the ground, and produces seeds, ground nuts, which become ripe about the Shuang-chiang festival (October 23), When the harvest, however, takes p'ace after this date more oil can be got, and a better price obtained for it. Ground-nuts are harvested by plough- ing them up with an ox-plough, when the stalks and seeds clinging to the plough are gathered into ao beap, For the remainder which are still left in the ground two men sift the carth with a large bamboo 686 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MarcH 1, 1889, ‘ : sieve. The pods are dried perfectly dry in thesun, until the thin skin which covers the seed can be broken by rubbing, when they can be stored. If they are not quite dry they shoot again, and are useless, Oil is pressed from ground-nuts, and the refuse made into ground-nut cakes; 40lb. sown to an acre yield dbout 666 lb.—Consular Report. —_—___q@——___———_— THE BRITISH AGRICULTURAL RETURNS FOR 1888. Noursrries, Woops, PLantAtions, &c.—In the “ Hdi- torial Summary” it is stated under this head that inland used by nurserymen for the growth of trees, shrubs, &e., the returns show a slight decrease from the acreage of 1887. The land used by nurserymen in England amounts to 10,496 acres compared with 10,669 in 1887; Wales foots up 292 against 277 acres; and Scotland, 1,477 acres against 1,532 last year. Possibly that decrease is only temporary, owing to the rapid development of our larger cities and towns, and the rooting up of old concerns. Next year’s figures will very likely tell a different tale. Of the average of woods and plantations a special return has been ob- tained for this year. The last return was made in 1880, in which certain corrections, due to subsequent inquiries, were made and inserted in the returns published in 1881. Since that date the acreage appears to have increased in Great Britain from 2,458,300 acres to 2,560,700 acres, or nearly 4:2 per cent. In many of the northern counties and in Scotland large additions arerecorded. ‘The increase in England has been nearly 52,300 acres; in Wales, 4,800 acres; and in Scotland 45,400. The total increase in Great Britain has been about 102,400 acres. Sma. Frouir CutturE.—Under this heading we note that the extent of land returned as under the culture of small fruit, such 48 Gooseberries, Ourrants, Strawberries, &c., whether in orchards or in market gardens, amounts this year to 36,700 acres. In many countries the collecting officers report that the practice among farmers of appropriating land to the growth both of fruit and vegetables has fur- ther extended in order to meet the demand for them; and though the additional quantities of land may, as regards individual occupiers, be relatively small, in the aggregate they become considerable, It is stated in a report from the county of Norfolk that from only one small station on the Hastern and Midland Railway nearly 100 tons of fruit are sent weekly to Manchester and other towns in the North of England at certain periods of the year; and this is cited as a single illustration only of what is being done throughout that county. OrcHaRps, MarKET GARDENS, &c.—A decrease is re- corded this year of 3,056 acres in the area of orchards in Great Britian, it being now 199,178 acres; but the smaller extent shown must be considered in connection with the newly ascertained acreage of small fruit, the apparent deficiency having doubtless arisen from part of the © land which should last year have been returned as growing small fruit having then in some eases been placed in the orchard column of the schedule sent out to occupiers, &c. The acreage now returned may, it is confidently believed, be taken to represent more accurately than in any preceding year, the actual area 60 covered; the land under grass, or upon which small fruit is grown, or which is left fallow in orchard, as may happen to be the case, being included under these several heads in the returns.—Guardeners’ Chronicles > TOBACCO CULTURE: DELI AND NORTH BORNEO, (Lachanges to 17th November.) The rising fortunes of British North Borneo, and the rapid advance of tobacco cultivation there, have naturally aroused keen interest in Deli, hitherto so pre- eminent in the supply of that article. The Deli Couratn bas taken up the matter, and has sought to gain information at the fountain from a gentleman who knows both countries well, sand can speak dis- passionately and authoritatively on the merits of the question. He spent several months in British North Borneo, and noted down his obseivation in a journal. The following extracts will give the gist of his experiences. Tue Counrr=. The territory of the B. N. B. Company takes in the north-east portion of Borneo with a coast line from Brunei Bay on the north to Santa Lucia or Sibuko Bay on the east. Its area is estimated at 31,000 square miles, but the boundaries have nowhere been accurately marked out. The Dutch Government lays claim to the 8. E. portion of the dominion in the hands of the Company, and so fac has made it good for ths time being. The whole territory resembles a peninsula. It takes in the north-eastern mountain chain of Borneo with its branches ard spurs, and the alluvial land lying between. The huge mountain mass of Kina Balu rises in the midst, visible to a long distance at sea. These mountains, viewed from the coast, present, for the most part, a gloomy ap- pearance, slender trees with few leaves rise up from the steep, red, sandy hills. Tue Hits. Many hill tops are covered with lallang grass others with scrubby bush, some being quite bare Three to four ridges of hills’stretch out to the north of Kina Balu, The alluvial plains are very few in number. Great trouble was met with in finding ground for half a dozen more or less promising estates in Maruda Bay. Many small rivers fall into the sea in this portion of the coast after a short course. They generally run north, and are almost unknown, but it is believed they run through very narrow valleys liable toheavy floods from the high mountains close by. The mouths of these rivers present difficulties to navigation for the greater part of the year. Tas Hast TERRITORY. The easterly portion of the Company’s territory is flatter, Four ridges of hills separate the valleys of the five principal rivers of the north, namely, the Paitan, Sugut, Labuk, Kinabatangan, and Segameh. AJl these rivers run east. The Paitanand Labuk fall into days bearing the same name. Further south is Sandakan Bay. South of the Segameh river, one comes upon Darvel Bay. The rest of the east coast down to Sibuko river is almost unknown. The Company refuses to grant land in Santa Lucia Bay on the ground of the boundary difficulties with the Dutch Government. Tus TEACHINGS OF EXPERIENCE. Experience gained in a whole range of estates has shown that the land on the Paitan river is too sandy and too liable to overflow for profitable cultivation. The land on the Sugut river is mostly of white clay mixeg with white sand, a kind of soil which had vielded goog results at Maruda Bay. The Sugut tobacco companie have thus a bright prospect before them. The Labuk soil seems to be good, judging from the spevimens available. SANDAKAN Bay. A large portion of the country around Sandakan Bay consists of steep sandstone hills unsuitable for any kind of cultivation. The few alluvial flats are only a few thousands of acres in extent, and have mostly fallen into the hands of planters, timber dealers, or land speculators. The Kinabatangan soil mainly con- sists of soft white clay with a coveringof humus. The same observation applies to the Segamah soil. Of two estates on Darvel Bay, one is said tobe a total failure. Itis asserted that the yield, though of good quality, amounted to only 100 piculs from upwards of 50 fields. The other estate, Lahat Datu by name, presented a promising appearance in September last. Tur RaInraLy. Very little is known about the rainfall and its dis- tribution in B. N. Borneo, owing to the observations not extending over a sufficient number of years to admit of correct generalisation. The usual monsoon theories there did not hold good this year.—Straite — Limes. iva Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 587 Ne a ees Mr. James Lanovcurre, the chairman of the Tambracherry Estates Company, Limited, says bark has been agreat disappointment this year, and if is now selling ata price which no one contem- plated. There igs no certain indication of improve- ment in the next few months, but at present the price pays no one to plant or grow. The quinine value of the cinchona sent home is gradually increasing; the price of coffee is ‘a great disappointment”; and ‘‘mining,’’ the original purpose of the company, there is no prospect of renewing.’—T'imes of India. New Uses ror MexicaN FisrE.—It is stated in the October number of the Brushinaker, that Mexican fibre, or Ixtle, (Agave heteracantha), which has of late been so largely used for scrubbing and _nail- brushes, has, for many years pasts, been also used in the manufacture of corsets, principally in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hssex, especially in the very large factory at Haverhill in Essex. cloth suitable for window-blinds, screens, &c., and in hot climates, when it is used to keep the doors and windows open at night, these blinds would be very useful. Quite recently the fibre has found favour in unexpected quarters, as it is now being very largely used in the manufacture of artifical flowers. Notwithstanding these uses, and others which may yet be found for it, the great demand for it is still for brushmaking—a demand that is increasing both in this country and in every part of Hurope.—Gar- deners’ Chvonicie. TH Propucy or Cork In Sparn.—The Cork trade in Spain seems to be in a flourishing state. The exportation to other parts of the Oontinent, as well as to England and America, was greater last year than it has been for several years past. It is stated that there has been the greatest demand for the superior kinds of corks, such as those for champagne bottles. Gerona is the most important centre in Spain for the production of cork, hundred of cork manufactories being scattered over the province. In the town of Palamos alone there are forty, and the exportation thence is considerable. From St Felin de Guixols (Gerona), it is reported that the Cork trees have been suffering from the attacks of a pest which threatened to destroy them. A voracious caterpillar or worm has, it is reported, been attacking the Cork forests in millions during the past year or two. In a very short space of time it stripped the trees of all their leaves from the tips of the branches to the trunks. ‘These worms are now in their turn said to be attacked and devoured ‘‘by another insect, a species of beetle of a dark green colour, and armed with a horn, with which it cuts the worms up. Another insect, in the form of a crab (Cangrejo), pursues the worms, and destroys them; and thirdly, when the caterpillar has passed through its metamorphosis, and the butterflies have deposited their eggs, another insect, until now un- known, attacks and pierces the bags containing the new genus, and destroys them; all of which will contribute, no doubt, to the complete extinction of these destructive caterpillars.’—Gardeners’ Chronicle, SEEDLINGS ov SuGAR-caNe.—The Sugar-cane has been cultivated for so long a period that its native country is unknown. Bentham states that ‘we have no authentic record of any really wild station for the common Sugar-cane.” Further, according to the Aew Bulletin for December, the Sugar-cane so rarely produces mature seeds that no one appears to have ever seon them. In botunical works the subject is often mentioned, but apparently only to restate the fact that observers in ull countries “have never seen the seed of the Sugar-oane.” The authorities at Kew have been working at this subject for several yours. It was felb that if a Sngar-cane producing ripo seeds could be found, a most interesting and important line of inquiry would be opened for im- proving the saccharine qualities of the Sugar-cane iu tho same way a8 that so successfully adopted with regard tg the Beot, Hitherto tho Sugarcane has It is also said to be woven into been produced under cultivation solely by means of buds and suckers. The improvement of the cane has therefore been restricted to chance variations occurr- ing at wide intervals, and probably escaping alto- gether the observation of the planter. Now all thig is likely to be changed. It appears that at Barbados seedlings of Sugar-canes have been successfully raised by Professor Harrison, and among these seedlings are several different kinds indicating hybridity of a definite sort, such as would be expected to arise from the crossing of different varieties. It is to be hoped this subject will be fully and clearly followed up as a definite field of investigation. In any case the possibility of improving so important and valuable a plant as the Sugar-cane possess general interest.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. Wynaap Nores.—The New Year cannot be said to have opened particularly brightly for those whose interests are connected «ith Coffee or Oinchona. Ou all sides the cry of “short crops” reaches us. The estimates have in almost every case been far above the results, although those estimates were pretty generally much below our usual average; seven or eight tons perhaps off places which might fairly give twenty or thirty. But, as faras I can gather, we, in Wynaad, are really not worse off, if so badly, as some of our Planting brethren. Failure of crop is the rumour from the Hills, the Ouchterlony Valley, and from Coorg, and, as if this disappointment were insufficient to damp our courage, “ leaf” is break- ing out with disastrous vigor in almost every district. Our sole small spark of comfort rests on the present apparently steady tone of the coffee market, and the undoubtedly healthy appearance of the estates wher- ever the leaf disease has not cropped up. There is a really splendid show of wood, and the spike, as far as we can at present judge, promises to be good; of course, it all depends upon the blossoming showers, and we haye a most anxious heart-sickening time before us until our fate is decided. ‘The low market for bark makes it hardly worth the harvesting, but, in spite of this discouragement, great quantities have been shipped from Wynaad this year,—a somewhat painful expedient with which to make up deficiency of coffee crop. Our next most severe trial has been a terrible epidemic amongst our cattle, which has fairly rosisted our most strenuous efforts to treat it. 1t is difficult to say what the disease actually is. But it seems to be a sort of complication ofills. It quite puzzled the Government Cattle Doctor, who took great interest in the matter, and even our own remedy, usually so effective, z.c., liquid from the boiled-down meat of diseased animals, was quite useless. The symptons were those of rinderpest, and also of pleura pneumonia, but the action of the disease was ex- traordinarily rapid. Animals, grazing comfortably in the morning, were dead before night, whilst those apparently well when penned at night would be found lying dead inthe morning. It is supposed that the in- fection has been introduced from Mysore, principally by sheep. But it is, no doubt, mainly due to the utter carelessness of our cattle men, who for the smallest bribe will allow strange cattle to feed on the pasture with the herds in their own charge. The losses, in consequence, have been very severe, and we now hear of cases in which bullocks coming up for crop have been seized, and died on the road. Our coolies are being paid off op all sides much earlier than usual, as the crops are pretty nearly all finish. ed, and strict [economy is the order of the day. I am delighted to hear that sundry coffee thieves have been captured red handed ; If they have been convicted is quite another affair. Probably not, the tender-heartedness of officials over these children of nature with a yearning for coffee berries, is quite phenomenal, and a never-ceasing riddle to those from whom the coffee has been stolen. Possibly there are two sides to the question, and we, on account of our private sufferings, are prone to see forcibly but one of them, Any way it's a sort of comfort to known that the police on these oocasions have not lacked in energy.—Madras Times, Jan, 2Lat, 588 “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MaRcH 1, 1889. EE —eeS]_Saaa=EE__ Ze ee THE BRITISH THA TRADE OF 1888 AND THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE. We call attention to the Annual Report on the Tea Market of Messrs. Stenning, Inskipp & Co., which will be found on our back page. From this and other sources we gather that last year the imports of China tea into Britain were 1054 mil- lions of lb. against 1164 in 1887, a decrease of 11 millions. The import of Indian was 92 millions against 85 millions,.an increase of 7 millions, Ceylon tea was imported to the extent of 204 millions against 11}, an increase of no less than 9} millions. Java Japan, &c., showed 4 millions imports, against 3, an increase of 1 million. The total imports of all kinds reached 222 millions, against 215, an increase of only? millions. Very curiously, the deliveries (for export as well as for homeconsumption,) last year are represented by exactly the same figures as the imports 222 millions, of which 184 were for home consump- tion and 38 for export. The total deliveries were 6 millions more than in 1887, the excess being 34 millions for home consumption and 22 for export. The deliveries of China tea were 113 millions, against 1194, a decrease of 64 millions. The deli- veries of Indian were 87 millions, against 834, an increase of 3% millions, In the case of Ceylon the deliveries were 18 millions, against 10, an in- crease of no less than 8 millions. Java, Japan, &ec., showed 4 millions, against 3. Stocks of tea at the end of the year were 108 millions, against 106, an increase of only 2 millions. Stocks of China had gone down from 623 millions to 593; Indian had increased from 353 to 42; Ceylon had risen to 54 millions from 34; while Java, Japan, &c., showed 1 million, against the same figures for stocks in 1887.—Let us hope that instead of a consump- tion of 184 millions of lb. in 1888, Britain will soon use 200 millions of pounds, the deliveries for exportation rising from 38 millions to 50 millions of pounds. Such an advance will be necessary at an early date to take off the extra supply from Ceylon and India while arresting the downward tendency of prices. The rise in home consumption in 12 years has been from -151 millions in 1877 to 1844 in 1888; but, whereas 123 millions were China and only 28 Indian and Ceylon tea twelve years ago, 1888 showed 105? millions Indian and Ceylon, against only 784 of China. The percentage of India and Ceylon rosé in the 12 years from 18% to 574. China tea is being ousted, but what we desiderate is a largely increased consumption of tea in Britain and in the world generally. Inthe past five years the increase in consumption in Britain hasbeen somewhat under 3 millions of pounds per annum. The increase of 1888 over 1887 was 34 millions, which is so far encouraging, although it ig largely due to lowered prices; but if consumption does not advance at a much more rapid rate in Britain, and if other nations do not become much more largely tea drinkers than they are at present, the out- look will be dark not merely for China, but for India and Ceylon. We hear on all sides, however, that on the Continent of Europe a taste for tea is advancing, especially furthered ag it, is by the adoption of the Mnglish institution of “Afternoon Tea.’—The rate of consumption of tea per caput in Britain is 5ilb. per annum. If. the Continental nations would use only 2 1b. per head, we should have nothing to fear from over-production. Since writing the above, a local authority has gent us his opinion as follows :— “In the present very general pessimist opinion respecting the course of the tea market, it is worth while to inquire whether the statistics warrant it. There is no accounting for temporary fluctuations of the market, owing to the number of causes brought tobear upon it, and planters must in future be content with the year’s averages and not the weekly ones. It will be seen by the following figures that if the deliveries of tea generally in the U. K. do not exceed for the six months ending the 1st of June next, there will be an excess in the supply of just one per cent :— Import of tea into London from 1st June Ib. to 31st December 1888 173,363,388 Deliveries of tea do do 130,943,991 Ib. 43,420,397 Estimated import into London from 1st January to 3lst May 1889 ~ 50,000,000 Total supply to 31st May If the deliveries do not exceed those of last year between the lst January and 31st May 1889, they will be on 93,420,317 91,362,311 Excess on lb. 2,068,086 But as the deliveries for the 6 months ending the 31st Dec. are 4 millions of pounds over those of the preceding year, there is every probability that the excess production of 1 per cent will be converted into a deficiency, because it is almost a certainty that the estimated supply from China, India and Ceylon will not exceed the figures for- merly given. It is probable that stocks may increase and deliveries iall off until the next Budget is introduced in anticipation of a reduction in the duties which the Chancellor of the Exchequer has in a way promised toentertain, if the increased expendi- ture on the national defences does not swallow up all the surplus. I am inclined to think that he will make posterity pay for the national defence by devoting the sinking fund of the National Debt, to provide the necessary expenditure. If he does this, then the tea duty will certainly be reduced to 4d per lb. with other relaxations of taxation, But this will do Indian and Ceylon tea planters little good, as it will reduce protection against low China teas.’’ —————————— A NEW DEPARTURE IN THE SALE ROOM. One of the reforms in the Indian tea trade suggested by “ Negotiator” in the recent correspondence which has appeared in our columns on this subject, was initiated yesterday. Messrs. W. J. & H. Thompson offered for sale 846 packages of Indian tea under new conditions, the catalogue containing the announcement that ‘the ship mark and chest numbers will be given to the buyer only after the auction.” Of course, the meaning of this is obvious. As Mr. Thompson, the selling broker, no doubt inferred in the few words with which he opened the sale, an impression prevails in the trade that the publicity hitherto given to chest and ship marks on tea enables subsequent buyers to trace the first transaction to the detriment of the original buyer. If we may judge by the cheers at the com- mencement and close of the sale, the new idea ‘‘ caught on,’ The sale was @ good one, and apparently the producer lost nothiug by the change. It remains to be seen whether the new form of sale will be generaliy adopted, and how far this departure, which seems popular enough in the sale room, will please the planter and the merchant. We print a letter from a corres- poodent who thinks that the large wholesale dealers will benefit by the change at the expense of the small dealers, and that the producer may possibly suffer in consequence. We trust these fears are chimerical. There does not seem any harm in the new departure at present, and its development will be watched with intorest.—H7, YC. Mail, Jan, 18th. oh iil ll aa Marcu 1, 1889.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 589 _ — 7 REVIEW OF THE CEYLON TEA TRADE FOR 1888. (Stenning, Inskipp § Co.'s Indian § Ceylon Tea Market Review: for 1888.) Lonpon, 9 Great Tower Srreet, Jan. 1889. Present Prices.—Oompared with the position ofa year ago, dusts are 2d and broken teas $d to 1d dearer, but souchone's and pekoe souchongs aro slightly cheaper. medium pekoes and broken pekoes show the greatest variation, pekoes being 1d to 2d and broken pekoes 2d to 3d cheaper, Fine and finest are about 1d to 2d cheaper ; but really choice liquoring parcels are on a level with values ruling at the end of 1887. THs Season.—So far results are disappointing to many owners of gardens, mere especially of those which, from causes probably beyond the control of the manager, do not turn out tea at a sufficiently reduced cost to compensate for the lower prices. On the other hand, a large number of estates more favourably situa- ted, and yielding a larger outturn of fair quality, are still able to work to a good profit, though a diminished one compared with former years. It seems to us that the safest course would be to keep to a moderately fine system of plucking, so as to avoid poor liquors, even at the expense of lessening, somewhat, the production, and thus sim at quality as well as quantity the general leaning now appearing to be too much towards quantity. Growers in India must keep in mind that, as Oeylon is not only likely to largely increase its output for many years to cume, but is producing & good article, and one which is ma- king great way in the estimation of consumers, there shonld be no relaxing of effort in the direction of quality if Indian tea isto maintain its supremacy. The low point to which the average value of Indian tea has now fallen is due to several causes, namely: competition with Ceylon, pressure of supplies, and a falling offin quality. The first and last of these causes have just been referred to. The second point is one which is receiving anxious consideration from all con- cerned, but at present no practical solution of the problem how to more evenly distribute supplies over the season is forthcoming. Resutts or PurcHasrs.—So far, Teas bought in Oalentta have left disappointing results to importers, pipes those-coming under the category of me- dium and fine, but the extent of the heavy and con- tinuous fall here could not have been foreseen. A few invoices of common grades, however, have left a profit. Some of the heaviest losses have been made in Darjeeling descriptions which on arrival have been found wanting in the full characteristic flavour of this district, while really good flavoured teas have covered cost and in same cases left a substantial profit. VALUs CoMPARED witH CuiNa.—A point which has attracted much notice during the year, and more especially in the autumn, when new China Teas were selling at high rates, is the extraordinary difference in value between them and teas of Indian gre: The latter at Sd to 10d being from 3d to id per Ib cheaper than the former. As time goes on any existing prejudice in favour of China will no doubt give way, and should the China imports con- tinue to fall off, both in quantity and quality, a reaction in favour of British grown Tea may be established, But it may be assumed that the Chinese will endeavour to avert this by making a better class of tea than that of recent years. Competition or Ceyton,—Tho largely-increased sup- plies from Cylon have hada very marked and deprecia- ting effect ou values of the medium and fine grades of India growth, Besides addiog greatly to the total weight of tea, the continuous arrivals, more particularly in tho spring and early summer, deprive buyers of that riod of rest from public sales during which, in ormer yoars, they were enabled to substantially re- duce their accumulated stock, and thas clear the Way, #0 to speak, for the next new crop. The rapidl increasing supply from Ceylon must be reckoned with in the future. Sorrio.—Tho increasing demand for Tea for price, and the relatively low rates paid for medium grades of Pekoe and Broken Pekoe, especially the former, would seem to call for some change in the present system of Sorting. The market for a long time past has been over weighted with medium Teas, the Pekoes in the great majority of cases being only Pekoe Souchong in appearance, and sometimes not throwing so good a liquor as the Pekoe Souchong of the same invoice. It is a question for managers to consider whether in order to better meet the requirements of the trade, they should not reduce somewhat the pro- portion ofthese descriptions by sorting a little differ- ently and producing a fair precentage of trwe Pekoe and Broken Pekoe, and also improving the quality of the Pekoe Souchong. Broken Pekoes should be made as leafy as Bar Dee and be quite free from Dust and coarse leaf. Attention should also be given to the pro- duction of a blackish leafy Broken Tea, a class which, if good in liquor, will probably command a large sale in future, owing to the comparative dearness of China Tea; brenks of from 100 to 200 chests would not be too large. The present very large consumption for good Sonchong kinds seems likely to continue. Finest descriptions may be expected to be saleable to a fair extent, but with the keen competition existing amongst retailers to sell cheaply, itis obvious that the demand for high priced Teas can be but limited. On some gardens, we believe, it has been found possible to pluck the fine and coarse leaf separately, and where the labour force is sufficient to admit of this, the system is, no doubt, attended with great advantage. The foregoing remarks do not apply so much to true flavoured Darjeelings. AMERICAN MARKET.—Steps have been taken with a view to more thoroughly introducing Indian ‘Teas, whereby an additional outlet for the increasing pro- duction will be secured. Ficures.—InptAan—Imports in 1888 were 7,000,000 Deliveries ,, 4,000,000 Stocks ,, 5,250,000 rae Ozyton—Imports ,, 9,000,000 Deliveries ,, 8,500,000 Stocks 5, 2,000,000 Obina—I mports 10,500,000 F Deliveries 7 sj 0 LP than Stocks 3, 6,000,000 BoxiktNe in InprA,—This process has been thoroughly done in many quarters but not in others. As we long ago pointed out, bulking should not be under- taken unless it can be so thoroughly done as to insure perfect uniformity of quality ; an equal quantity of tea moreover must be given with each chest; nor would it be worth while to risk loss of quality through binning prior to bulking. The chief advantages of bulking in India are as follows :— lst.—Saving of time in bringing tea to market. 2nd.—Saving of Warehouse charges to the extent of about 1s a chest. 3rd.—Prevention of risk of damage to leaf through bulking here. 4th.—Less liability to loss in weight, test packages only being weighed. 5th.—-The superior condition in which the packages reach the buyer. WerGutna Ner.—This system has made fair progress but there is still a want ofjaccuracy in some quarters, the variations often much exceeding the limit of 2lbs either way, é.c., above or below ; and frequent instances of great irregularity in invoice weights have occurred, 8o much so, that buyers are agitating for a return to the old system of weighing each packages gross and tare. Itis to be hoped that no sach retrograde step will be found nocessury. WEIGHING INDIAN Tea.—The following are the amen- ded regulations which came into force November, 1885, The weight of Indian Tea for duty may, if desired by the Importers, be ascertained under the following regulations :— 1.—The packages on arrival to be weighed to as- certain the gross weight of cach package, 59° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. sss S_ 2.—The importers to give with each entry a state. ment that the teas in each break have been bulked in India, and that the chests of each break contain even net weigbts. 3.—In order to test the accuracy of this statement, 10 per cent of each break to be turned out and weighed net, but in no case are less than three chests to be turned out. 4,—If the variation in weight of the test packages, from each other, be found to exceed 2 lb., the whole parcel is to be tared. For instance, if the test packages weigh net 79,80 and 81 lb respectively, the variations would not exceed two pounds, but if one package be found to weigh 79 lband any other 82 lb or more, then the whole break to be tared: unless the importer and surveyor consider that an average tare can equitably be given, in which case the tarers must not vary more than two pounds, as in the case ofnet weights. 5.—Duty is tobecharged on the average weight of the packages weighed net, provided that, when the average of the packages weighed net amounts to so many pounds and a half or more, the half or more will be charged as a full pound; when the fraction is less thana half, it may be disregarded. 6.—All Indian teas bulked in this country are to be weighed gross, and each chest tared. Loss IN Waicut.—Much dissatisfaction has arisen from time to time on this point. The gross weight ofthe package should always be a few ounces—say four or five, over an even number of pounds. Tke empty package complete, with lead, nails, bands, &c., should be, on the contrary, just below an even number of pounds—say by about four ounces ; in weighing here the gross weight is reduced to the even number of pounds, whilst the tare is increased to an even number of pounds. This method applies to teas not bulked at the garden, also to Oal- cutta bought teas. With regard to garden bulked teas to pass the test for weighing net, as before remarked, it is imperatively necessary to put an equal quantity into each packages of the break, and this quantity should be an ounce or two over the desired weight of contents— viz., if the packages are invoiced to contain 100 Ib tea, each, not less than 100 lb 2 oz, should be weighed in: test packages, proving here a fraction under 100 lb will be reckoned as 99 lb | only, or a loss of 1 lb on each chest of the break. We fear when great pressure prevails at the London warehouses, some laxity as to weighing takes place, but the loss thereby incurred can be but small, compared with what may be caused by neglect of the foregoing precautions at the garden in weighing and filling the packages. WEIGHT oF PAckaGcEs.—When a gross weight of 126 lb is exceeded there is an additional charge of 5d per chest up to 159 Ib the following scale of charges fully explains this and deserves attention :— Management rate per package, subject, to an uni- form discount of 20 per cent:— . 160t0 199 lb 1380 to 159 Ib 90 to 129 lb 60to 79 lb 45 to 591lb 17 to 34 lb Under 16 1b Gross do ..- 80to 891b do ... 8dto 441b 2s 9d 2s 3d 1s 10d 1s 8d Is 5d Is 2d 1s 7d 4d Marxs on Onnsts.—Nothing is wanted, or is of any service here beyond (lst) garden mark, (2nd) description of tea, (3rd) garden numbers, and (4th) bulked (if such be the case). Gross, tare or net, are not of the least use, and should be discontinued. Size ov Breaxs.—We are glad to report a conti- nuance of the improvement in this respect, and hope the increase in their size may be still further exten- ded, and that no relaxation in the efforts to pro- duce large breaks will be allowed by owners of gar- dens, especially as the forthcoming heavy import cannot be readily dealt with unless in large breaks which alone get properly tasted and valued by buyers, HOME CONSUMPTION OF INDIAN, CEYLON AND CHINA. 5 Percen tage aici & China, Total. of Indian & ylon. Ceylon. 1888, .105,763,000.. 78,574,000. .184,337,000.. 574 1887.. 93,054,000... 87,553,000. - 180,607,000. +, DLA 1886.. 74,665,000. .100,000,000..174,665,000.. 422 1885.. 68,894,000. .106,309,000..175,203,000.. 394 1884.. 63,038,000. .106,918,000..169,956,000.. 37 1883.. 59,097,000. .114,953,000..174,050,000.. 34 1882.. 50,497,000. .115,569,000..166,066,000.. 304 1881.. 48,836,000. .112,156,000..160,992,000.. 30% 1880.. 43,807,000. .111,307,000..155,114,000.. 283 1879.. 35,243,000. .125,576,000..160,819,000.. 22 1878.. 36,776,000. .120,192,000..156,968,000.. 234 1877.. 28,013,000. .123,012,000..151,025,000.. 182 Cryton.—The improving enquiry for Indian growths extended to Ceylons at the commencement of the year. The quality was not satisfactory, aud the few fine lots sold at goodrates. During February the imports were still inferior, and the demand became slow, except for a very few fine teas; this continued until the middle of March when larger and better supplies attracted more competition at improved prices. On the resump- tion of business after the Haster holidays in April, com- mon and medium grades; sold at higher rates; the quality, too, was better. In May large arrivals took place, and, being inferior, values became irregular and lower; this position remained unaltered well into June with prices still falling; towards the end of the month the low rates attracted attention, and the market went higher. Broken Pekoes were at very low and uncertain values. Heavy sales took place in July, common were well supported, fine were scarce and became a little dearer. ‘Uhe reduced offer- ings in August consisted of better teas and values rose, but towards the end of the month and early in September auctions were large and prices fell; a little later a better enquiry sprung up which was more marked at the close. With moderate supplies and better quality in October the market further strengthened until the end of the month when a slacker tone prevailed for teas without noticeable quality. Harly in November the dulness prevailing in Indians caused a slight decline, which, however, was arrested for a few days, but on heavy auctions taking place values for medium qualities went lower, especially for Broken Pekoes. During December the selection was not attractive, and business closed for the year with rates lower, except for a few. parcels with good liquors. The quality on the whole cannot be considered satisfactory ; the proportion of really good liquoring in- voices has beer smaller, but the enquiry having been strengthened by the scarcity of medium and fine China tea (the character of which Ceylons more nearly approach than Indians) prevented prices from falling during the greater portion of the year. Complaints are general that Ceylons teas do not “ keep” well, and that after a few weeks they lose much of their freshness and flavour. We trust this may cause planters to seek a remedy, or this matter will be a serious one when supplies become as large as is anticipated. Although the average price has shown a decided fall in the year it is much over that obtained for Indian teas. 1888 303,284 packages, average Os 113d per Ib. 1887 ... 182,955 do do Is 0gd ,, 1886... 101,145 do dot), Lsllidiy wigs 1885 58,921 do do 1s 33d, 1884 ... . 15,701 do do, 1s 29d ,, (ist August to 31st December only). We would direct attention to the remarks on the ~ first and second pages of this review, under the heads of Sorting, Bulking, Weighing remarks, Size of Bredks, and Loss in Weight. Marci 1, 1889,] a a ‘ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sot RNA F NS ENTE OE TEE EI AS I DSTI EP MLS NOMI ATT EE RE 1888 = 1887 packages. packages. January 25,289 aes 9,372 Webruary ... 17,273 11,310 Mareh 19,104 “oD 11,283 April 18,885 on 12,474. May wen) A483 F 10,275 June tee OOLTD 20,258 Suly 33,439 25,359 August 26,562 25,878 September ... 27.478 16,065 October 26,029 13,047 November ... 22,536 18,297 December 23,027 12,950 Total ... 803,284 182,955 Bee esessssse “4 Ssssssesssses BS eeaeeanseaan n IIDC DAD AOS ei et ret a Seosoescs oooco S yG S5528222555% |5 Ge SASSSeasesss | a VS AA oleae SO HH ODCIGT | OL i=) oO . Seecocoesosojc ¢ 835855322253 |2 ry QVSOSAANDANNRTO H pecevonsaasess |= et oD ceocoeosoosessco ug SSSSSssS3555 ° SOMAMOSA2 ONDA De eepeeasasees m SAA AM NA Seriedt 4 ce eSeso0g00 [12 Df Seesesesese5 |= Ose INTIS ASS Gr Hot | oH HRD Anamatismarony [a nA Oo ~ ws coco ooooo S > mg Ssecsesscese (5 © DMntamteeoo =i Beigeeesceoseseses | > o 3) =) eececso bg 288825555558 OPrancoonc a § ShBSeeo85=35 | mninotelsaoralares a tt) S2osoo19 i“ sods if S5sssssseess|& QEEz QOSrahiairw~aca | a was S$oscesaasss |S a ooses = hy Sesess853528 |8 b-| Moon Soames | a mw § BenSeqshease |S Sete wt = f—} [ SO g £822258522S5 CO Foo I OO RQAwNMS PSE EEEEEP ERE CD69 Hod SS is a as : 1222/2 EELEEEEEEEEEIE 2 lanl 6 eS i 00 19 re ga S2eh 2555225 |& 2a HON et et et at 2} 7 | It) g sggggegscezs |: * a SER EEEEEEEETIES § AAtsorowsses | a PSMA Nee Reo 8 Be eiew tas cio ee siak cet Be ap ae Hig a =) “i a% ag Ulta) 5 Am Be2ese PUBLIC SALES. 1886 packages. eae 4,472 ie 5,361 7,789 4,667 i bISp ase 11,264. 11,743 15,884 mae 10,529 Le 6,615 aha 8,689 nae 6,077 + 101,145 y° 1888 13,340,000 12,833,000 1887. 7,721,000 6,859,000 1886. 4,457,000 4,662,000 SEASON 7 MONTHS. 1st JUNE TO 3lst DeEcEMBER onl 1885. 2,642,000 2'350,000 pork ivery Im De 1887—88. 14,705,000 12,578,000 8,060,000 7,744,000 1886—87. June To Slst May. 1885—86. SEASON 12 MONTHS. 5,060,000 3,933,000 Ist Import Delivery THE STORAGE OF TEA IN BOND. In the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of Justice on Monday, the case of Barlow, and Brother v. The Proprietors of the City Bonded Tea Warehouses was concluded, before Mr. Justice Field and a special jury. The plaintiffs, Messrs. Thomas Barlow and Brother, are merchants of Manchester and London, with houses in India and Ohina, and the action was brought to recover £257 for deterioration and damage sustained by a parcel of 261 packages of first arrival 1888 new season’s tea, which was stored with the de- fendants on its arrival in London from Hankow on the 25th of June last. A counterpart parcel of the tea which arrived by the same vessel was alsa warehoused by the defendants, but in a different room to the tea in ques- tion, and sustained no damage. The plaintiffs’ case was that the second parcel of tea was sold to a con- siderable extent on the first day at 1s 6d a pound, and an offer of 1s 54d per lb. for the first parcel was re- fused. The tea remained with the defendants until the 22nd of August, when the selling broker took further samples, and it was discovered the tea hada foreign smell, which was described as a ‘‘ winey ”’ smell, and said by the plaintiffs to be due to impregnation with the fumes of wines or spirits stored in a vault below, and admitted into the tea warehouse through the ventilators. The tea was sold by auction on ac- count of whom it might concern, and the plaintiffs claimed for the difference between the amount realised and the amount they realised for the duplicate parcel of the same tea. The defence was a denial of negli- gence, anda contention that the altered condition of the tea on August 22nd was due to a process going on in the tea ever since ifs despatch from Ohina, caused by bad curing, careless packing, or bad weather at tho time of packing. It was denied that the fumes of wines or spirits could have impregnated the tea, as none were about, and there was three feet of concrete between the tea warehouse and the basement. The ventilators, defendants said, were never opened while the tea was there. A number of the most eminent tea brokers in London were called on both sides. In the result the jury returned a verdict for the defend- ants, and his lordship gave judgment for the defendant with costs.—Z. §- C. Mail, Jan, 18th. Ss EEE THE HAKGALA BOTANICAL GARDENS. (By a Visitor.) With the kindly assistance of Mr. Nock, the Superin- tendent,and Mr. Alwis, his assistant, I was able to make a few notes, when on my visit to the Hakgala Gardens, and they are at your service. That “ globe trotters” have been attracted to the place, is evident from the long list of names in thevisitors’ book. On the sixth of this month the Earl of Antrim and the Hon. J. Scott Montayer, and on the 9th Messrs. Arthur Appleby and G. de Laurister, visited the gardens, and the two renowned botanists, Messrs. Potter of Oam- bridge and Eugene Demarcay. The plants in the gardens represent 130 orders, 800 general, and 2,000 species and varieties. I was shown, in Mr. Nock’s Office room, the Ullucas tuberosa, which was brought from the Andes in South America. During the potato famine in Britain alarge quantity of this tuber was imported into Bngland for the relief of the famine- stricken people. It is a small tuber, witha green leathery pericarp, in shape it tends to be more or less elliptical than rounded as a potato; it is rather waxy when eaten, and so may not prove palatable to Huropeans. Mr. Nock is endeavouring to distri- bute it among the natives, who, if they should take to it, willfind it an excellent substitute for the potato. In the hothouses, as one enters, are seven varieties of English grape vine plants; then the Poehmeria tenanissina, a native of tropical America, the fibre of which is the finest known. I am informed thata reward of £3,000 or £4,000 has been offered to anyone who will invent a machine to manufacture this fibre. The musk tree from Tasmania attracted my curiosity, its leaves when bruised yield the odour of musk, Outside the Echeveria bas a curious history: one plant was brought many years ago by Mr. Tilly, of Dimbula, 592 THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. (Marci 1, 1889. po sakes in a cigar box from some part of the world, and now it has multiplied into thousands. It makes a splendid border for flower beds. Begonias seem to thrive remarkably well at Hakgala. One large leaf measured 26 inches across. The plant that struck me as the greatest curiosity, and at which I wondered most was the Aspidium (Polystichum) anomalum. Itis an ordinary looking fern, but its spores are situated on the upper sur- face of the fronds and not on the under surface, as is the rule with all cryptogams: that was the anomalous thing about it: Another ferm presented a sight worth looking at, andthe Adiantum gracillimumcan boast of being the finest of the maidenhair ferns. The Abyssinian banana* grows very rapidly: a plant 15 months old attains the size of the largest native plantain; its leaves are very broad, and grow to the length of about 7 feet. The fruit is not eaten, but oil, which is used for machinery, is extracted from the seed. The next object was the Japan pine tree, about 30 years old, the wood of which makes good tea-boxes. Mr. Deane, I was told, uaes this wood for his boxes. Another curio- sity was a tree-fern with tree branches. A branched fern is as rare asthe branched coconut trees which are met with in the Negombo and Galle districts. Of the old cinchona trees, there are only a few now left. One was shown me with its moss-grown stem of about 50 to 60 feet in height. Of the roses there are no less than 130 varieties. We were fortunate, nowever, of having a sight of the wedding flower, which flowers in Ceylon, I believe, only at the Hakgala Gardens. Tt is a beautiful white flower, borne upon a branched peduncle ; it contains staminal bracts, and resembles the eucharis lily very much in form and beauty. The orchard, however, made up for all disappointments. The plum trees were in full bearmg. Mr. Nock has successfully experimented in grafting branches of the good plum on to the common, and the result has been a good crop. There were a few pears, but nota single apple. The superintendent is not satisfied with the pre- sent size and condition of his orchard, and a new patch of land is being prepared for a new supply of plants, which he was expecting to arrive on the day of my visit, consisting of 24 varieties of fruit-plants. An improvement has been made in the cultivation of a herbaceous garden, which gives to the gardens a more scientific value. 30 to 40 long beds have been prepared, and these contain between 50 to 58 natural orders, We spent a very pleasant day in the gardens, and I take this opportunity of thanking its kind and able superintendent, and his obliging assistant, for making our short stay both pleasant and instructive. INDIARUBBER PavreMuENT.—The authorities of th® city of Basle intend re-paving their principal through- fares, and are now considering the material best suited for the purpose. In one street a trial was given to wood pavement, but somehow it does not give satisfaction. The decision therefore turns upon asp- halte or Indiarubber. The latter was invented by the German engineer Busse, in Linden, near Hanover, and was first practically used, about fifteen months ago, for paving the roadway over the Goethe bridge in Hanover, which required about 1,000 square metres of material. This first experiment proved s0 suc- cessful, that during the present year another street in Hanover was paved with Indiarubber, to the ex- tent of 1,500 square matres. Berlin is already con- sidering the advisability of availing itself of the same pavement, and has given it a fair trial by laying it down over a considerable distance near the Lutzow bank, which example is being followed by Hamburgh. The Indiarubber pavement is said to combine great elasticity with the hardness of stone, to be completely noiseless and to suffer neither from cold nor hot weather. Moreover, it is uot slippery like asphalte, and is more durable.—Jndiarubber and CGuttapercha Journal. * From actual measurement the plant is as follows:— Height to top of leaves 20 feet, circumference round the bole at base 8 feet. The head contains 21 leaves, and several of these are 15 feet long and 8 feet broad, The plant was only 6 inches high when planted ont 16 months ago.—W, N, Our Corrrsz planters are threatened with further rivalry: California is, it seems, “‘going in” for coffee growing. The country is said to be per- culiarly favourable to the growth of the berry. %& former president of Costa Rica, with a party of his countrymen, have purchased a tract of land near San Rafael, with the intention of forming a colony there: among other employments designed to be followed by the colonists is the cultivation of coffee.—South of India Observer, Jan. 5th. PraecuEs,—An enterprising planter of Coonoor, who has a number of choice Delaware peach trees on his estate, the fruit of which are exceedingly delicious, contemplates sending a consignment to Madras to be sold in the open market. We have no doubt that our brethren, sweltering in the heat of the capital city will be glad to assuage their thirst with the luscious fruit, and that rupees will drop into the pockets of the planter.—South of India Observer, Jan. dth. Vines.—At last there is good news for vignerons. The man who can effectually settle the phylloxera pest is as likely to make a fortune as if he got rid of Australian rabbits. Hndless remedies have been advocated, but none of them can be said to have been effectual. A French chemist, M. Willot, now comes forward with a very simple remedy. He says that the phylloxera are killed by a solution of common salt, even though they are capable of resisting morphine, strychnine, curare, &. It is well worth trying, only the chemist does not tell us whether salt would have an injurious effect upon the vines.—Australasian, Jan. 12th. A Patent FoR Preparinc Tra.—Patent has an Australian interest. You are a people of tea- drinkers. The ‘billy’? can ought to be one of the charges on the national Australian shield in the distant future, when all the colonies are federated, and have arranged to live peaceably and neighbourly together. Tea ought to be an infusion, whereas many people make it a decoction. In other words they cook it. This extracts not only the theine—which is good and exhilarating—but the tannin, which is about as bad a thing as can be taken into the human stomach, particularly if you are partaking of animal food at the time. The patent in question is a new method of preparing tea, so as to avoid the tannin, and the process consists in neutralising the letter by spraying over the tea a solution of a suitable alkalii—Austral- asian, Jan. 12th. [Without a certain proportion of tannin tea would be ‘ fusionless’”; it is the excess of tannin brought out by boiling or long standing of water on the leaves which is injurious.—Ep.] Cryton Tua in Lonpon.—This is how “ Peri- patetic Planter,” writing from London, in December, to the Indian Planters’ Gazette, criticises our Ceylon staple :— The heavy offerings of Oeylons appear to have been too much for the market under present cir- cumstances, and prices have tumbled all along the line, except for lots with the special Ceylon character, which latter seems to be becoming rapidly any- thing but a characteristic of Oeylons, There is a marked weakness among teas between 10d. and Is 3d, even at a penny decline on last week’s rates. Teas for price are $d lower than last week. Though — the finer grades are in small supply, the biddings for these have not been satisfactory. There has seldom been a more marked instance than this week offers, of teas being sacrificed on account of the particular date of the offerings. The general quality of the Oeylons offered was superior, as a rule, tomuch that — has been brought forward of late, and in many cases it was voted “very desirable”; and yet the vision of X’mas ahead was two heavy a weight on buyers’ spirits to tempt them to bid up to value, “ Marcu 1, SMTA I Shia? el lide teehee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 593 COFFEK PIONEERING IN CEYLON: THE BAMBARABOTUWA LANDS. AN OLD COLONIST TO THE FRONT, We had a call today from Mr. John Dent Young of Rosita, Dimbula, and formerly for some 27 years of the P. W. D., and who still retains all his bright intelligence. with a wonderful degree of activity considering all he has passed through. A walk of 30 miles, albeit in the Dimbula climate, in a single day, is no small feat for aman of Mr. Young’s age, considering that nearly all his life has been spent in the tropics, and a great part of it in trying unhealthy divisions of the island. Mr. Young has had to come to Colombo on the present occasion through a fear that the Agent of the new Province and the Forest Department were bent on including the Bambarabotuwa forest-land— which he cutout and purchased on behalf of con- stituents, 45 or more years ago—in the Crown Reserve Forest forming in that division of Adam’s Peak. The Gazette notice seemed, to say the least, ‘vara, suspeechious”’ in its language ; but a visit to the Surveyor-General’s Office showed clearly that the lands purchased by Mr. Young and others in the ‘‘forties’’ are carefully marked on the official plans as private property and cannot be included in any survey as Crown reserve. So far, good. In one case, we believe, a block of land at Gilimale belonging to the late W. G. Forbes, of the Civil Service, is to be taken up by the Crown, his representative to get in exchange an equal area of good land elsewhere. ‘his enables a Crown boundary to be rounded off. There is every chance of the Bambarabotuwa lands being found well suited for tea cultivation. Agar’s Land and Dik Muialane estates show how well the staple succeeds in that neighborhood. Mr. Young’s reminiscences of his promising work in the “Forties” is full of interest to the planters of the present day. How difficult it must be for the fecupants of comfortable bungalows, or railway or even road travellers from Nawalapitiya upwards, to learn of Mr, Young and two other Europeans commencing their exploration for lan! , by starting from the Kandyan headman’s house in Kotmale valley and for ten days to a fortnight afterwards, never being out of forest, save when they climbed & hill or emerged on a patana, nor seeing a sign of life until after wandering through Lower Dimbula, all up Dikoya and Bogawantalawa and back over Horton Plains, they finally emerged at Wilson’s Bungalow! From the top of Kotagala, they looked over the wilderness of the Peak, and one of the company a Rifle Officer and Sur- veyor, exclaimed to Mr. Young, “ You can have as much of this as you please for 5s an acre.’ But although much taken with the Bogawantalawa forest and soil, as Major Rogers said to Mr. Young afterwards at Badulla:—“{ know it well, have often been there, very fine but unapproachable, you might as well think of planting coffee on 80 many acres of the Indian Ocean!’ The Major himself had begun planting on Kahagalla and Haputale estates above Haputale Pass, ar d he directed Mr. Young to look out for land in that neighbor- hood; but for the same reason of distance from roads and labour, as operated in the case of Mr. C. Shand, Mr. Young travelled on until above Balangoda he came on forest valleys that he thought more aoseusitile, Here he cut out bound- aries xan 700 acres, then 2,000 acres ; and with Robert Dawson 2,000 more acres, and all was purchased without competition at 58 an acre. He then be- thought him of getting for himself and principals a big slich over the hills towards Dikoya ; but the Gofeninient just then raised the price to £1 an acre, a his capitelista would not pay that. He began planting ot, Si oe eee and cutting a road which eventually extended over 20 miles and which still exists as a good bridle-path if the wooden bridges were re- paired, (There was no grant-in-aid system in those days.) The coffee yrew apace, but very soon the grub made themselves manifest and to such deadly purpose as Mr. Young has never since seen or heard of in any other district. He fought with the enemy as long as he could, but trees without feeding roots could not bear profit- able crops, even if the prices had not fallen and the bad times which brought widespread disaster arrived. Among his visitors while at work under the shadow of Adam’s Peak range, was the other Sabaragamuwa pioneer, Mr. Charles Shand, who was busy opening his land on the opposite Rak- wana range; and it was while journeying with Mr. Young in the Bambarabotuwa forests, getting wet and hot, and again rashly bathing and sitting, exposed afterwards, that Mr. Shand got his first and last attack of rattling dysentery—such as, we we have heard old medicos’ describe, was common enough in the pioneering days, but is never seen now. Mr. Shand had to be carried in to Ratnapura where—with the aid of a friend’s medicine chest fortunately just arrived fron: home,—he speedily recovered his usual good health. The Bam- barabotuwa forest-land has never been touched since Mr. John Dent Young retired from the coffee experiment on 200 acres about 40 years ago. We had a look at the region in 1872, when ‘‘Old Colonist” pointed out the scene of Young's and Criwell’s early labours, during our famous trip from Galle to Morawak Korale, Kolonia, Rakwana, Balangoda, on round the Uva districts and Dimbula. It is quite possible that erelong Bambarabotuwa may become the scene of active work again. Eo THE GREATEST HEIGHT OF A COCONUT PALM. In our letters on the Bentota Railway Extension we referred to the great height of some of the coconut palms cut down, and mentioning 110 feet and upwards as haying been measured by Mr. Cantrell, we asked if anyone had ever measured a tree of greater length. That challonge has, so far, met with no response, and we infer therefore that there is no authentic case of a taller palm in Ceylon. We have to announce that the record has just been beaten: Mr, Paton Gray, the Assistant Engineer, haying measured a giant of 117 feet. — a OOFFEE IN WYNAAD. We have received the following from a correspon- dent in South Wynasd:—‘Spike is coming on nicely, and the white ants are swarminy, which is a hopeful sign of coming rain. The leat disease has almost disappeared, and, thank goodness! has not done us much harm, You could almost count on your fingers the estates that have really suffered any- thing, and they are all coming round again though when they had borne heavy crops the year before, and so had but little new wood, it was a severe ull on them of course, Although the weather is so hot and dry, the trees, both young and old, keep on growing and putting out new wood and blossom, When we have rain every estate will be white in forty-eight hours after the first shower, There is opening still going on, chiefly in this distriot, but some in North Wynaad also; nearly all the open- ings are by old planters and proprietors, w which is a far more healthy sign than if they were mere speculations, I don’t think the crops this yesr will bo much more than a good average; young coffee seems likely to bear heavily, but the old trees don’t appear inclined to distress themsclyos. Good average crops, at present prices, will pay very nicely, I can assore you; end as stocks seom low 594 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MaRcH 1, 1889. errr ern enerneneenn enero cre yee ar See NRE ET oY SR SEAS A SS TS at Home, and this year’s supply is ashort one, we hope the prices will keep up to next season too. An average of 85s for ordinary kinds, and 77s for triage allows a margin forprofit! Weare not getting much work out of Public Works Department just now, funds are said to be short. I hear that several basketfule of earth have been thrown down at the approach tothe Koonooth bridge, so that a bandy can get on or off it without jumping. Can yet any of your correspondents tell me where, on the hills, good tea seed, of Assam or hybrid trees, be procured? Thereis lots of China tea seed about, but the habit of the plant is not suitable to climate.”—South of India Observer. [Couleur de rose we suspect about coffee.—Ep. 7. A.] ———— THE CEYLON-AMERICAN TEA ASSOCIATION, Mr. Whitham is good enough to send us the original circulars and to write to us in explanation of his tea scheme for America. It seems to bea right movement. Mr. Whitham says :— “As far as my own idea goes, there is no intention of superseding the Tea Fund which might, on the contrary, Lelp the Association or Company very much by acting as its avantcourier to a certain extent. There is a much better chance of getting a good scheme if we leave it for a general meeting to decide what it’s to be. I don’t believe in holding out hepes of a dividend which may possibly not arrive for some years, and, as an investment or speculation, there are many things I would sooner go in for. But we must sell a lot of our tea in America, and check the downward course of prices, orhalf ourfactories will be shut up in a year or two. Tea averaging 9d or even 93d can only be made to pay ina few places.” The circular letters originally written, which it is well to publish for general information, are as follows :— To tHE PLANTERS OF DoLosBaGE. Gentlemen,—Hiveryone seems agreed as to the ne- cessity for some steps to be taken to fully introduce our teas into the markets of the United States and Canada, but no one seems prepared tosay exactly what should be done towards that end. } The idea of aOompany was mooted some time ago, bat has sofarcome to nothing, more, I believe, from individual unwillingness to take the initiative than from general objection to the scheme. It is very clear thatno sufficient impression can be made in America by private and individual enterprise, ven if largely assisted by. grants from the Tea Fund. hat is wanted forthe campaign isa Oompany or As- sociation, which ought to include every tea grower in Ceylon, whether proprietor or superintendent. : It is not my place to say what should be the exact aims and scope of such an Association. These must be settled by the subscribers or shareholders themselves. The scheme.only requires starting, and will develop itself as it goes on from the collective ideas and experience of all who take part in it. Aud, as few districte are at present producing more tea than Dolosbage, it might well be the first to set the ball rolling. I do not ask you tocommit yourselves at present to any actual undertaking. Ifyou will put your names down as supporters of the general idea, and state to what extent you are prepared to take shares in a Com- pany as constituted by yourselves and other subsoribers, | I shall send the list when completeto Mr. Rutherford, with whom I had a long conversation on the subject some weeks ago, who is quite prepared tohelp in the matter, and who too, no doubt, on receipt of a well- filled Dolosbage list, will get some one to start a similar one in syery district inthe island. Myonly suggestion is that the total liability on each sbare should not ex- ceed fifty rupees, in order that noone engaged in plant- ing may be debarred from takingone at least.—I am gentlemen, yours obediently, Harry WHITHAM, Narangalla, Aranayaka, Jap. 8th, 1889. Nuwara Eliya, 10th January 1889. My dear Whitham,—I wiilingly subseribe to your scheme for 4 Oeylon Tea Growers’ Company working in America, and I am quite at one with you in thinking it is about the only way we will introduce our teas into that country. Such a Oompany ought to have the support of every proprietor and superin- tendent in Ceylon. I think it is quite enough for our present purpose simply to get subscribers’ names to the general idea of a Ceylon Tea Growers’ Company for tke purpose of. pushing Celon tea in America. The cetails of working the scheme must be settled by a general meeting of subscribers or by a Board of Directors, The capital should not be less than R300 000. If each of the 600 estates enrolled in the tea fund scheme invested R500 in the undertaking, the money would be found. Please put my name down for R1,000. As I am going home in March, and will be away for about 8 months, I am sorry I will not be here to assist in your deliberations, but it cannot be in better hands than your own, I will be very pleased to do what I can in support of the scheme in Hingland. : If your district meeting takes this matter up I would suggest printed circulars be sent out to each district, with the names of those who have already subscribed printed on the list, s0 as to give a start to the scheme.— Yours truly, H. K. Rurwerrorp. ee COCONUT AND CINNAMON PLANTING IN THE WESTERN PROVINCH, CEYLON. COCONUTS AND CINNAMON : SHORT CROPS—AVFRAGE LIFE OF COCONUT TREES—EFFECT ON THE COCONUT TREE OF TODDY-DRAWING—TAPPING @. FRUIT-YIELDING—IN- TERESTING ANALYSES, Siyane Korale, I very much fear that the drought in the year weare abont to enter on will be a severe one. Except onlowly- ing flats on which coconut trees seem to benefit more than suffer during periods of rainlessness, crops of next year are likely to be short in numbers and in weight, From all I hear cinnamon crops too will be short everywhere this year. Not a very great calamity however, as the balance is likely to be restored in better prices for the spice. There are two marked periods during which the bushes grow, in July-August and in December-January. The bushes are then decked will all the glories of a leaf bud, ranging in color from a light rose pink to a crimson red : * this is the period of the greatest vegetable activity. This year like the last the principal bud in July-August was a comparative failure and the cinnamon bushes have in consequence made very little growth. In the interesting notices on the coconut palms occurring on the Bentotaextension and in its neighbour- hood, you mcidentally ask for reliable information on the average life of coconut trees. This it is not quite possible to obtain, I believe; but was not the seacoast from Galle to Colomho planted with coconuts during the Dutch period ? In the review of agriculture in the ‘Directory asd Handbook ” for 1878 it is said that Governor VanImhoff in 1740 ‘proposed surveying and distributing ” the land bet- ween Kalutara and Colombo in limited blocks to ‘ persons who are inclined to plant these with ceco- nuts and to pay Government duties,” so that the trees on this portion of the coast must be considerably over a century old even if allowance be made for a rea- sonable interval between Imbhoff’s proposal and its fulfilment. Simmonds says on the authority of the “ Agricultural Gazette of India” that trees grow-— ing in fertile soils will live for a century. The natives of Oeylon limit the age of the tree to the same period, I believe. Porter in his ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist ” limits the age of the tree from 80 to 85 years, but on what authority it is not stated. O.A.L. on “The Coconut Tree in the West Coast of India ” says that a coconut tree on attaining the age of 70 years is cut down for its wood, while if it is allowed to grow on it will live for a century: Marshall says that a coconut tree bears fruit till it is 60 years * In some cases the flush varies from purest white to ruby red, and no language can exaggerate the beauty - of an expanse of cinnamon clothed in its spring or summer tints.—Ep. Marci t, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. | 595 am at an RCA Ae LP a a A A A A A A NR le RS Re ae A RS old and dies at from 90 to 100. Inorder that credit may not accrue to me for great research on this subject, I may say that I culled all this information from ‘© All About the Coconut Palm”’ compiled and pub- lished by the Messrs. lerguson. When paying a visit to the late Mr.Charles de Breard about 7 years ago in company with Mr, Prank Foenan- der, he pointed out to usa tree which he said was then 120 years old and was mentioned in tho original title deeds of the property as growing on the boundary of it. His successor, Mr. Hdward de Breard will be able to give information of the age of this tree after consulting the title deeds if it will be of any interest. At the time I saw it, the tree was bearing heavily owing no doubt to its proximity to the stables from which it recvived all the liquid ex- crements of the horses, The fertility of this tree is proof of coconut trees not being affected prejudicially by cultivation as to their longevity, an opinion for which you give credit to a well-known correspondent of yours, but which has not been called in question by anyone as far as I know. What bas been repeatedly urged in your columns is that stimulating young plants into early bearing by the application of phos- phatic manures ia inconsistent with longevity. As to the height of the coconut palm, all the authorities I have quoted above give 100 ft. as an extreme height; thirty nuts per avnum is certainly a high general average of yield for each tree. In your article under uotice you have raised a ques- tion which has puzzled me a good deal, and which I shall be glad to see authoritatively elucidated—the effect on the coconut tree of toddy-drawing. You say “at first sight it might seem that the constant ab- straction of the juice would be the more exhausting process (than fruit-bearing), but we are bound to state that in the dense groves of the special arrack region near Kalutara, although fruits were few and far between, the trees themselves looked fresh and flourishing.” What I cannot understandis why toddy drawing should be a more exhausting process than fruit-bearing? It is well-known that as fruit matures, it requires a greater quantity of mineral matter for its development than in its immatnre state. Coconuts can be no exception to the rule. In the process of toddy-drawing the trees are spared the woes and throes of a prolonged period of growing and maturing fruit, and yield the substances that go to form the fruit without further elaborating them. As faras I'think, toddy-drawing will be more exy hausting than fruit-bearing only if the process stimulates trees to yield more mineral matter in the toddy they yield than in an average fruit crop. This can be decided only by a competent chemist, and I unfortunately am not able to solve it. It is well-known that trees after a period of toddy- yielding bear fruit beavily. Why is this? According to my thinking itis owing to the rest they enjoyed— comparatively of course.* I must confess, however, that the weight of authority is against my opinion. Simmonds is contradictory surely when he says in one paragraph that young trees as soon as they show spathes should be tapped for toddy for one season only, as the process helps the sap to flow freely and makes the fruit bunches more numerous, that toddy drawing form few months issupposed to check the tendency in young trees of dropping their nuts, and that in some places trees are never allowed to bear fruit, but are made to yield toddy always; and in the noxt para- graph ‘‘overdrawing of toddy will cause luxuriant trees todwindle away and acquire sickly habits,’ and that trees that have been tapped for 6 months should have a rest of 5 years before they be made to yield toddy again. If yielding toddy is an exhausting process, surely the first call upon a young tree should not be to yield toddy, and if it is exhausting, how comes it that young trees that have been made to yield toddy are said to bear heavily, and togiveup the bad habit of dropping immature nuts?’ Porter says that “Toddy is drawn during 6 or 8 months of the _* Query ; if it is not due to the shock of drawiug the lifo-blood from the trees, followed by tho instinctive tendency to reserve the species by plentwous frnit- bearing ?—Ep., year, and the tree is allowed to recover its strength. during the dry season.” “O, A. L.” quoted before says: **The first extraction is usually made when the tree is about 8 years old, and the issue, with daily attention, continues regularly 20 to 25 years,” and here follows a contradiction ‘though young trees are only tapped asthe constant bleeding teuds to weaken them after some time.’’ As I said before the weight of authorities is against my opinion, but no reasons are adduced in support of the bare assertion of tbe authorities £ have quoted, and I will be pardoned if I fail to be convinced by them. For the determivation of this question of tapping vs. fruit yielding, [ subjoin analyses of both products, so that you may call in the aid of a competent chemist, say Mr. Oochran, to decide which is the more exhausting. A coconut tree is supposed to yield on an average 258 litres* of toddy per annum. ANALYSIS OF Toppy, Grammest{ Sugar 1°460 Gum ee wet wee “56 Oil O15 a a 04 Albumine .., 12 Chloride of sodium, acetate and sulphate of potash, phosphate of soda and of lime, silex. os ok 26 Water % "3: ase ac 84:42 A Jaffna planter in years gone by reduced M. Lepiue’s figures to lb. troy and tabulated the amount of mineral matter drawn annually by an acre of 75 trees yielding 80 nuts perannum. The yield is excessive _ aS An average and will be nearer the actual average if divided by 3. I however give bis figures and leave the reduction to be made by whoever is going to make the investigation :— hm 0 a is ty Bi ay 1D Op) Ci miso ert piu 16 PEE Oe ee I OS ee a Rae oe rt CN ~~ Clo BF 1 BB, SoS |S on sun isa, CO. Cll ba [eo 6 oS Oo A ber ab ara a | =) =) S Ho Toms oS r=) 2Soumw © any on llbe ml Tet : ert = 2 os st mo aw A 2 Nae AQ Sx ed ACTA Ne Op ACO. aot Pgh ooh Stl ~ 8 op lnenye! Qh >) re = Fie aie COM Ge ke, ; Shain: Pes Siena Bt ee hae | ca S = iy (Bal tp est g Say wales os :|a & 8 8.8.9 A i , SeiTeS = et ae oa ge22 ale hacks sia omens - s | =f goa Ss Sic so O'S Sy hey DiS =i 3S Bry rjo OLa se © | % Aw Bie) TR Dea loses Ss Ses CSE eineOur So a S$¢Sa 8 a CO Ra a Ct Sees 2 Co Sethe Boe iti hs 3 o 2a tyes BS 08 eh [1 ZoBeoS BOS ars 9 © -& mm o@ co )s od eg pn * | 2 a — — a = wo ilago hing og 2 Ss 8 & 3 re” il alst to Hore Beta vik oi M80 ics ao et= AS aT z a Sovddienndo Bond: 8 lin Soh ieee mule SoA mM ee BR *A litre=1700,773 pint, + Gramme10'455 grains troy. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1889. CEYLON FOR THE YOUNGER SON ? .PROSPECTS OF INVESTMENT: “Good-bye John, good-byo ; mak’ money—honestly if ye can—but mak’ it.” Such is the advice attributed to the typical Northerner on sending his hopeful out to seek his fortune. Ideas of investing money vary considerably; but there can be no question that many men prefer investing other people’s money, and calling property their own. normous mischief has been done in Ceylon by work- ing on borrowed money, and there is little or no doubt that many a man was sucked down by interest on mortgages during the coffee crisis, who, had he confined his operations to his own capital, might, and in many cases would, have pulled through, notwithstanding leaf disease, bug and low prices. Twelve years ago a pro- prietor told me that he was confident of the security of his position, because he based all his calculations on crops of 3cwt. per acre, and the price of coffee at 70s per cwt. Ooffee was then at 100s and 3cwt. per acre was considered a low estimate. Leaf disease got stronger, coffee got weaker, seasons were unfavourable; 3 ewt. was never obtained, prices fell, and you might whistle for 70s. Meantime interest on mortgages was accumulating, and the end was grief! This case is only one of a thousand. But, you say, may not the same thing happen in tea? No, sir, no! but before giving reasons for the difference between the two culti- vations, let me give an example or two which have come within my own experience, showing what was con- sidered ‘‘ prosperity ” in the old coffee days. I was condoling with a man on being “ sold up,” 2.e., his mortgagees had foreclosed on him, and were taking over his places, ‘‘ Yes,” he said, “‘ confound them! I did not owe them enough money. 1 only owed £30 an acre, so they can afford to sell me up; but look at my neighbour, he owes between £70 and £80 an acre, and they daren’t take his place‘over. Ah! I was too easy with them when I could borrow money.” Here was & man whose idea was to ‘“carryon” on other people’s money, no matter how big the amount of his indebtecness, As to ever paying off his mortgages and having his property clear, how many old-fashioned coffee proprietors ever dreamt of such a consummation? I trow not many. Yet another case. In company with another planter, I was discussing 1 man who had toiled for many years, and was now living quietly on a nice little property which was absolutely his own, his dreams never disturbed by ‘“ interest on mortgages.” “ Well,” said my friend, ‘‘I never could understand that man; what would I have given for his opportuni- ties! Oredit, sir? He might have had the largest credit of any man in Oeylon, if he had only chosen, but he never would borrow.” This last was said quite mournfully. Now nous avons changé tout cela. Money is still lent and borrowed, but not in the same happy- go-lucky style,and your agent generally looks askance when asked for a block loan, though willing enough to advance money against crops. Now, before going further, let me state why Iso con- fidently affirmed that tea would not suffer as coffee has done. The cultivation of the two plants is en- tirely different. Coffee was dependent for a crop on two, or at most three, months in the year. If, during the blossoming season, the weather was unpropitious, the labour of a whole year was thrown away, the crop was bound to be a short one, and the only thing to be done was to keep your estate in good order, and hope for a better season “next year”; and how often hag “ next year” proved delusive! The tea crop, on the contrary, goes the whole year round; and from the yield of one month a near estimate can be formed for the next, and so on from month to month throughout the year, the expenditure being checked or extended according to circumstances. It will, then, be seen that 4 great proportion of the year’s expenditure on a coffee estate was laid out 7m hope, whereas in tea, we have visible monthly returns to guide us, and money can be drawn against actual instead of prospective crop. Risk of indebtedness is thus avoided, and a man can tell his position any day in the year, instead of having to wait in fear and trembling for his agent’s account which, in cotfee, wag never rendered until long after crop was over. Again, in coffee there were s0 many charges to be paid between the time the produce left the estate and the time it was put on the market, and no means existing for telling within a reasonable margin how much these charges might amount to. In tea, the con- trol of all expenditure is in the hands of the resident proprietor, or manager, as the case may be, and he can foretell toa cent what the charges will be between the estate and the market. But, after all, the main security is that it is a /eaf and not a fruit crop. Coffee ran luxuriantly to leaf long after it had given up yielding fruit. The Indian tea seed crop failed almost entirely a short time ago, but their /eaf crop was not affected ! and—best hope of all—we are in- formed that the best China brands come from their oldest gardens, some of which are reported to be over 100 years old. And in Ceylon, who can foretell our future ? What are ourseasons ? Twosprings and two summers! Who, then, can wonder at the yields we have obtained, and shall continue to obtain ? I will now quote from the best authority on Ceylon, viz., Mr. John Ferguson’s book, ‘‘ Ceylon in the Jubilee Year.’ Mr. Ferguson says :—‘‘ For well-inclined young men of the right stamp, not afraid of hard work, Cey- lon still presents an opening as planters of tea, cin- chona, cacao, etc., provided the indispensable capital is available.” Again, “Nowhere in the whole wide world can young men learn so thoroughly the mysteries of coffee, tea, cinchona planting, ete., or be so well equipped as tropical agriculturists as in Oey- lon”; and, further on, ‘‘ There is a wide extent of forest land well suited for tea, and, when sold by Go- vernment, it may be had for £2 or £3, and sometimes for £1 per acre, crown title freehold.” Here, I think, Mr. Ferguson prices the land too low. ‘The upset price is R10 (nominally £1) per acre; but the enormous increase of our teas, both in quantity and quality, has so stimulated the demand for land that for good blocks at Government land sales the competition is severe, and capitalists ought to be prepared to pay at least £5 per acre. The land having been bought, I will quote from another authority, Mr. Rutherford’s ‘‘Ceylon Tea- planters’ Note-book.” His estimate is that paying R50 per acre for jungle land, after six years’ careful work there should be “ capital R300 per acre, giving a profit, when in bearing, of 20 cents per pound, at 600 1b. per acre—R120 per acre profit, or 40 per cent on capital ac- count, without interest.”* This, although it has been beaten, is in my Opinion too sanguine to be laid down as a return to be generally looked for throughout Ceylon. In the case of well- worked low-country properties, there is no reason why the above result should not be attained; but up- country land cannot be expected to give such large returns, though a residence in the almost, perfect climate of the hills of the Central Province of Ceylon more than compensates for the smaller yield. And now a warning. Do not be in too great a hurry to inyest. Take your time and look about you. Heaps of young fellows in the coffee days were so anxious to be proprietors, that they jumped at whatever was in the market, and regretted their bargain ever after. Learn your work thoroughly, and do it well. I have often heard a youngster grumble because his chief has sent him slaving after the coolies up and down the hills all day, while the chief himself spends a good portion of the day in the bungalow. Doubtless my own as- sistants have said the same of me. The youngster pictures his chief reclining in a long arm-chair, smok- Ing a pipe, and enjoying a novel. Foolish youth! Have you ever seen your boss’s tappal book? Hight, and sometimes twelve or more letters a-day. All these must be answered; your own stupid blunders in the accounts must be corrected; and, worst of all, the expenditure must not exceed the estimate. You know nothing of all this, and day after day your chief is in his office going into figures—a far more wearying thing than working the coolies—and trying how this or that item of expenditure can be reduced so as to “* We have changed £ to R forrupees in this para- graph. The use of the £ made land on which £300 os By igs expended yield £120 per acre p, a.!— v, 1. A, co Marci 1, 1£889.|° show the desired profit at the end of the year. The result of his labours in the office is his orders for your work in the ficld. He uses his head that he may direct your heels ; so never dare to call your boss lazy again! Tho most successful planter I ever knew used to work out his expenditure daily, and as a consequence always worked cheaply. i Perhaps the intending investor in Oeylon is doubt- ful as to the chances of Ceylon tea in the face of competition from India and Ohiva, I think I can satisfy him on that score. The combined competition of India and Ceylon last year caused the China import into England to decrease 25,000,000 lb., as compared with the pervious year; and this year a further de- crease of 20,000,000 lb. is anticipated. In course of time, at this rate, China tea will practically fall out of consumption, and the market will be held by India and Oeylon. We in Ceylon have always the advantage over India, that we can put our produce in the market cheaper than the Indian planters can. Bat, for the comfort of the consumers, it should be mentioned that thereis no prospect of prices rising —first, in consequence of the increased and increasing production, both in India and Ceylon, and secondly, because of the rivalry between the two countries. Both, however, have a grand future before them, while the ladies at home will always be able to rely upon a good cup of Ceylon tea. Cryton ‘nA PLANTER, —land and Water, Dec. 20th. “~~ »~—---— -- DRUG TRADE REPORT. LoNpon, January 17th. Cincuona.—The first bark auctions of the new year were held on Tuesday, a very heavy quantity being cata- logued for the occasion, viz. :— Packages Packages Ceylon bark «» 2,805 of which 2,002 were sold Kast India bark 125 Mp DOr anes Java bark or 246 cp 246 " South American bark 1,487 i" 194 +. Fiji bark fe 3 3 Saas Total 1,616 Sei eae The assortment offered consisted almost entirely of low ani medium class barks, the South American vari- eties especially being a most exclusively made up of old Oupreas and Oarthegenas, which were nearly all bought in. The bulk of the Java bark also was’ of inferior quality. The large quantity of light South American packages accounts tor the fact that, though the number offered was so large, the aggregate weight of the bark was less than at the preceding sales. The auctions opened very flatly, and with a mani- fest reluctance on the part of buyers to operate; gradully some improvement became noticeable, espe- cially when sellers showed a good disposition to realise, but towards the close the interest flagged again. There is a generalagreement that the auctions resulted in a heavy decline, which is variously estimated vt from 10 to 15 per cent, but the smaller figure appears nearest the mark, The unit is now placed at l§d to 1 1l-ld. per |b. The following are the approximate quantities of bark purchased by the paincipal buyers at the auctions ;— Lb. Agents for the Auerbach works 214,645 Pr the Brunswick works ‘ 115,176 id the American, French, &c., works 84,274 Messrs. Howards & Sons F May 53,211 Agents for the Frankfort and Stuttgart works 44,530 Mr, Thomas Whiffen s and 19,071 Agents for the Maunheim& Amsterdam works 5,236 Sundry buyers ... ew ae 32,390 Total quantity sold ... 568,533 ‘Bought in or withdrawn 341,968 -Total quantity catalogued a 910,501 It is, of course, understood that the proportion of bark purchased is no criterion whatever to the amount of quinine represented by it. HE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 597 The following were the prices paid :— Ofyton Bark: Original Officinalis, shavings, da- maged, down to 14d and 14d; sound 25d to 54d; for ordinary to good trom 73d up to 9kd for fine rich ; root 2d toG6d. Succirubra root 2d; dnst 1}d; ordi- nary and dusty chips 2d to 3d; fair 4d’ Hybrid, &c., chips 2d to 54d; shavings 3d to 33d; root 53d per lb. Renewed Officinalis, ordinary to good chips and shay- ings 4d to 7d; a few rich lots 8d to 93d. Succirubra, ordinary to good rich shavings and chips 2d to 7d ; fine up to 9d. Hybrid, &c. 64d to 8d per Jb. East InpiaAn Bark: Crown, small good fair bright shavings aud quilly chips 2d to 44d ; renewed dusty shav— ings 44d to7sd. Ledger, good but dusty shavings 74d; chips 74d to 8d per lb. Java Barkx.—Officinalis, bright chips mixed with quill 5d; bold mixed root 64d. Ledgeriana, good rich root lld; common dust and ground branch {d to }d ; root 13d to 24d ; good quilly mixed branch chips 54d. Sueci- rubra, week to fairly good druggists’ quill, ull more or less damaged 3d to 74 per |b. Sour Amvaican Bark.—Of 172 packages cultivated Bolivian Calisaya, 40 serons sold at 8d to 10d for smal] split to good boldish silvery druggists’ quill, and at ls 2d per lb for an exceptionally fine silvery parcel, Cathagena (imported via Guayaquil), rather bold but partly damaged 3d to43d; foralot of very bold pieces 10d per lb is asked. Forty-six packages Soft Columbia and 34 Hard Pitayo of old import were bought in, while for old Ouprea from 2d to 5d is asked. Fist Bark.—The first bark imported from thisisland was sold yesterday. The consignment consisted of 164 lb only, inthreebags. The bark was of a Oalisaya charac- ter, and brought the following prices:—Good but thin silvery yellow quill said to analyse the equivaleut of 1:78 to 1:75 per cent q.s. at 44d; weak twigs and chips (1°60 per cent q.s.) 3d per lb. A German firm boughtthe bark. Via Lisbon we received this week 75 packages, presumably from San Thomé in Western Africa. Coca Leaves.—Reported cheaper from New York . with a rather heavy stock of light green Truxillo at 9d “c.i.f.”’ for quantities, and 1sper lb for Huanoco. The Hamburg market for coca leaves, which was a very considerable one two or three yeras ago, has Jost much of its importance in1889, as the German cocaine makers now all prefer to buy the South American cocaine direct from the makers there, who have now brought up the standard of their make to 99:25 per cent. Cuness.—During the year 1888 1,095 bales cubebs were imported into Holland, while 200 bales were left in stock from 1887. During the year the deliveries amounted to 1,105, leaving an unsold stock of 190 bales. The reports of shortage of the coming crop are again confirmed. The cultivation does not appear to be prosecuted on any large scalein Java, and the wild berries, owing to the high prices obtainable at present, are gathered before they have sufiiciently ma- tured. The small shrivelled berries are generally pre- ferred on the Dutch market, though some_ buyers will only take the bold fruit, which is entirely rejected by others. EsseNtTIAL O1rcs.—Citronella remains very quiet at 4d to 15th-16ths d. per oz. fornative brands. Qutntye.—There has beens good deal of speculative business this week at Jow prices, some 40,000 oz. being sold on the spot at 1s3d for Zimmer, Jobst, and Fab- brica Lombarda, and ls 3}d to 1s 34d forB &S bulk But this was all done by second-hand holders, the agents forthe manufacturers refusing to quote a price at present. We have seen a statement this week in which the present London stock of quinine is estimated at about 2,000,000 oz., most of which is known to be held by speculators. AMSTERDAM OLNOHONA AUCTIONS. Telegram from our Correspondent. AMSTERDAM, January 17th At today’s auctions, out of 2,974 packages of Java bark offered, 2,519 were sold at fairly steady prices, considering the fall at the London sales thie week, the unit being on the average 10c perhalf-kilo., or 1 4-Sths d. THE 598 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - [Marcu 1, 1889. a a ATT I RTT ELENA FT ETT ED ABA ABE IEE IAL ESE pI it ERO ESE AE EEE EASTER Ash ABS per lb. Druggists’ barks in good bold sivery to small broken quills and chips sold at 12¢ to 110c par half- kilo. (equal to 2d to 1s 8d per |b); druggists’ root bark at 12¢ to 22¢ per half-kilo. (equal to 2d to 4d per lb.) For manufacturing barks of all varieties, good rich qnills, chips, and shavings, the prices ranged from 7c to 79c per half-kilo,, or 14d to Is 23d perlb., and for ma.ufacturers’ root from 14c to 72c per half-kilo’ (equal to 24d to 1s 1d per lb.) The principal buyers were the Brunswick Factory andthe Amsterdam Quinine Works. The auctions held today at Amsterdam contained 2,575 bales and 399 cases Java cinchona, weighing to- gether about 230 tons, of which about 185 tons are manufacturers’ bark and 45 tons druggists’ bark. The average test of the former was 4:3 per cent, and the quantity of sulpbate of quinine in the bark about 315,000 oz. Hight tons contained 1 to 2 per cent sulphate of quinine; 27 tons, 2to38 percent; 51 tons, 3 to 4 po cent; 40 tons, 4 to 5 per cent; 34 tons, 5 to 6 per cent; 6 tons, 6to 7 per cent: 16 tons, 7to 8 per cent; 2% tons, 9 to 10 (938) per cent. The above-named 399 cases and 2,575 bales were divided as follows:—Ledgeriana, quills 4 cases; broken quills and chips 1,622 bales; root 484 bales. Officinalis, broken quills and chips 126 bales ; root 3 bales., Hybrid, bro- ken quills and chips 81 bales: root 1 bale. Succiru- bra, quills 376 cases; broken quills and chips 14 cases and 167 bales; root 82 bales. Schuhkraft, quills 5 eases; broken quills and chips 9 bales.—Chemist and Druggist. a EXPORTS FROM JAVA. (From the Manchester Guardian of 15th Jan. 1889. TEA. 1887-88... oo 3,427,781 kilos. 1886-87 a. 3,329,004 4 1885-86... 2.607.613 _,, 1884-85 ... 2,998,967 ,, CINCHONA BARK, Government. Private. 1887-88 575,986 bales. 2,916,927 bales. 1886-87 660.433 ,, 1;569,842 ,, 1885-86 ... 457,267 ,, 1,673,889 _,, 1884-85 .«. 419,460 ,, 776,510 ,, COFFEE. 1887-88 ... one 514,907 piculs. 1884.85 1,308,480 ,, [I send you particulars of Java exports. Tea export is only 200,000 lb. ahead of Jast year, and only increased one million pounds (1,000,000 lb.) since 1884-85. I think a kilo is about 2lb.: is it not? (2 1-5th lb. avoirdupois.) ; The bark export is @ different pair of boots: 1,400,000 t 1886-87. It is true the Government bark export is 90,000 bales less, but the private plantations seem to be going ahead very fast. Then their bark is so much better than ours. Ooffee.—Poor old coffee in Java just as in Ceylon .. 514,907 piculs 1887-88 against ... 1,308,480 ,, 1884-85 Fall of ... 793,573 piculsin 3 years.—Cor. | or ; TEA IN RUSSIA. In the Consular report for 1887 on the trade of St. Petersburg, Mr. John Michell writes:— There was a greater supply of tea at the Nijni Nov- gorod fair than in 1886. The prices of teas brought overland through Siberia were considerably higher— from 5r. to l0r. for the lower qualities, and from 10r. to15 rv. per box for the higher kinds of sea- borne teas; but Oauton and Hankow teas were not in equal request, and their sale showed a decrease of 10 per cent. as compared with 1886, ‘This is ascribed to the bad qualities of the sea-borne tea, among which, according to Jocal opinion, but there is but: little of the superior kinds so highly esteemed in Russia to be found.—H, and C. Mail, private bales 1887-88 over the quantity in. A New Fisre From THE Corron Puant.—A manu- facturing firm in New York has sent to the Depart- ment of Agriculture specimens of a new fibre they are making from the stalk of the cotton plant. The samples received strongly resemble hemp, and seem to be adapted to ali the uses that hempis put to. A few fibres of it twisted together in the hand show remarkable tensile strength, although no exact comparative tests with other fibres have yet been made. A collection of the fibres of hemp, flax, jute, ramie, ete, from ail parts of the worldis being made by the Department, and a new instrument has been invented by which it isexpect- ‘ed that the tensile strength of each will be ascertained with great accuracy. If the cotton plant turns out to farnish as valuable a fibre as now seems possible, an important new source of profit will be afforded the cotton planters of the Southern States upon their crops—Science. To Sram anp Mazaya In THE Duxe or SuTHER- Lann’s Yacut ‘* Sans Prur” by Mrs. Florence Caddy. (Hurst & Blackett.)—In a review of this work in the Atheneum of 12th Jan. we find the fol- lowing reference :— “In fact, the two moss interesting passages in Mrs. Caddy’s work are those in which the doings of the Italian army at Massowah and Dr. Trimen’s botanical labours in Ceylon are respectively described.” Further on we find that "ai “when describing Johore and the hospitalities enjoyed there the author observes: ‘ By all this it will be seen that Johore under its present Sultan affordsa good field for enterprise to natives as well as Huropeans.’ It must not, however, be supposed that Huropeans of the operative classes are meant—the climate is too hot for them; but there seems certainly some reason to thick that Johore is one of the places where young men of a somewhat higher station, if possessed of industry and a little capital, might find an opening.” We read the statement made on the succeeding page that guttah percha was first brought into use from Johore with surprise. ‘ Percha,’ we had thought, was the Malay name for Sumatra, and guttah Percha we had under- stood to mean the gum from Sumatra, not Johore.’, Dosinc TrREEs Wit Mepicine.—Referring to the pOpular idea that sulphur placed in holes bored in the trunks of trees will be dissolved and carried by the sap to the foliage in such quantities as to render it offensive to insects, a recent Bulletin of the Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station says that it has been found upon cutting down trees which have been plugged with sulphur that the material remains unchanged for many years. It is added that while we are spending so much effort to prevent injury to our trees from borers we certainly ought not to make holes in them many times larger than those made by any known species of in- secet, In order to ascertain whether sulphur in soluble form can be introduced into a treeso as to affect the fungus growths causing rusts, blights, and mildews, some large rose bushes, badly mildewed, were treated with saturated solutions of potassium sulphide, nydrogen sulphide, and ‘ammonium sulphide. The liquid was forced into holes bored into the main stem with a small gimlet, and the orifice was plugged with graft- ing wax. At first a slight improvement in the amount of mildew upon the leaves was noticed, but in September all the bushes but one were dead, presumably from the effect of the holes. Until further trials are made, this experiment indicates that while there may be some promise that antisepties introduced into the sap circulation may prevent the growth of fungi, some safer means of introducing solutions must be found. From the nature of the case it is hardly poss- ible that any substance can be introduced into the circulation in sufficent quantities to affect insect life. - Professor Maynard, who prepard the Bulletin, suggests that an inspection be made next season of the elms in Boston which were bored and filled with chemicals last spring to make the leaves distasteful to beetles. Careful weighing would determine how much of the powder had escaped from the hole, and analysis could detect the presence of any excess of sulphur in the leaves. —Home Paper. ye ¥en Marct 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Tur Hampura Marker is at present regularly supplied with African tobacco, coming from the Cameroons plantations at the West coast, and from Messrs. O’Swald and Co.’s Zanzibar plantations from the Hast coast. The produce of Cameroon is more actively demanded, the Zanzibar tobacco has a bad smell and taste, while the Cameroon's produce burns badly. In spite of this latter fact, the Came- ‘yoon produce has been paid with m.3 per lb., while the Zanzibar tobacco could realise but m.1.20 per lb.—L. & C. Express, Jan. 18th, Corton AND Coan in InpiA are thus noticed in the Indian, Colonial and Foreign Engineer and Builder :— Thirty years ago Indian cotton manufactures were at their lowest ebb; but it was not the manufacture itself, but the mode of conducting it that had become obsolete. The day of the hand-loom of India had passed away, but the industry was to arise in anew form, In 1854 a mill for the manufacture of cotton yarn and cloth was erected in Bombay, and by 1884 there were upwards of one hundred cotton and jute mills working in India, with 22,000 looms, 2,000,000 spindles, employ- ing more than 110,000 people. This enormously rapid developmentis, however, but the commencement of an industry of which the ultimate extentis impossible to forecast. The prosperity of industries consuming great quantities of power must depend largely upon the fuel- producing capacities of the country. In India coal min- ing is now being developed, and the difficulties in ap- plying Indian coal have now been eo far mastered that 95 per cent of the coal usedin Bengal for its railway system and for its steam industries is raistedin the country. It must not be thought that the june and cot- ton industries will alone continue to improve; fresh in- dustries will arise,and other commodities will be put upon the market. With growing improvements in the uses of fuels for obtaining power, and with the in- creasing capital which must follow upon increasing commerce, the actual progress of the next thirty years should be far greater than that of the past thirty. The capabilities of India as a producing country, in the widest sense of the term, may be regarded as im- measurable, their development being only limited by the means of conveyance and distribution available to those by whom her industriesare directed. Lantana Busnes Kirtep ny Krrosenr.—From the Honolulu Planters’ Monthly we quote as follows :— The invasion of the lantana bush has become a matter for very serious consideration, in Kona, Hawaii, on some parts of Mani, in this island and on Kanai, it has grown very largely, and the impervious nature of its dense jungle renders it a formidable foe to both agricnltnrist and grazier. The seeds are spread by varions birds, and take root in the thin- nest soil; many rocky wastes have been covered with it, aodin this respect, conld it be kept within bounds, it might be a plant of some service, as forming soil and giving shade to permit small undergrowth. But as a forcible occupant of arable and grazing land, it is very undesirable. The young seedlings can readily be pulled up if they can be reached, bnt the roots are tough and woody,and ful) of vitality. The only successful planso far, adopted for destroying the roots, other than the costly one of hauling them np, is re- ported by Messrs. Lowrie of Maui, and Gay and Robin- son of Kauai. The latter gentlemen say as follows: “Lantana is destroying a great deal of the pasture land of this island and threatens in time to cover every spot of uncuitivated land. For the last two yours we have kept » gang of Chinamen digging it up by the roots, which costs us at the rate of $2,000 per year. We are in hopes of preventing its inorense; it is not likely that we will be able to thoronghly eradicate it, as it will always b» spread by the birds. We have fonnd that a little kerosene ou pat on a large bush which has been ent will pre- vent ite growing again,” Mr. Lowrie saya: ‘ The emall bashes we pall op, but tho larger onea wo saw off close to the ground and pour the oil onthe atump. The reaultia good; every little reotlet is des- troyed ; and I wish others wonld try this remedy and cloar the country of this pest.” Topacco Companies seem to be all the rage in London at present, and more especially for the cultivation of this product in North Borneo. There are three Companies afloat with large amounts of capital, and there is besides an “Anglo-Dutch” Company started to work in Sumatra with a capital of £100,000. A Propuce or ArricaN AGRICULTURE, Viz., tobacco, has repeatedly been brought to our market, but with different success. The tobacco from the German settlements atthe west coast of Cameroons is of valuable quality, and well adapted for cigar manufacture; last arrivals realised m. 3 per |b.; the tobacco from the plantings at Zanzibar has not found much favour, although its appearance is good; the intrinsic value of that produce being of no importance, while the taste is disagreeable, the future of that product is not said to be favourable, in spite of the care with which the packings are made up.—Z. & C. Vupress, Jan. 11th. Corton CULTIVATION IN THE NortH oF CEYLON.— We learn that His Honor Sir Edward Walker was surprised during his Jaffua trip to learn how great a hold of the people the cotton industry had got. Not only is the shrub grown, but cotton gin3 to separate the seeds seemed to be common. It must be remembered that not only the growing but the spinning and weaving of cotton were quite extensive industries 40 and 50 years ago in the North and Hast of the Island. There were then many thousands of looms in the Northern and BWastern Provinces. and when the senior of this journal was Sub-Collector at Point Pedro he made a report to Mr. Dyke, showing how imported thread was superseding that locally made. From experi- ments made at that time in Jaffna by the Messrs. Whitehouse and Hardy he became very sceptical about cotton growing in Ceylon, but a ready local mar- ket for the crop makes all the difference in the world. Mitier as A Fopprr Prant.—In the report of the Hawaian Planters’ Labor and Supply Com- pany, we find the following notice of a plant which ought to be tried as fodder in Ceylon :— An excellent substitute for imported hay has been found in the grass known under the common name of millet. The botanical name is Panicum Spectabile, called in California ‘‘ Evergreen Millet,’’ known in the Southern States as Johnson Grass, sometimes called *‘Palse Guinea Grass,” which is Panicum Maximum. A book entitled ‘Select Extra Tropical Plants,” by Baron [Ired. Von Mueller, page 246, contains the following:—'' Panicum Spectabile, the Coupim of Angola from West Afaica, transferred to many other tropical countries. A rather succulent, very fattening grass, attaining the height of about four feet. It may be assumed that at present about 300 well defined species of Panicum are known, chiefly tropical and sub- tropical; very few extending naturally to Europe or the United States of North America, Japan or the southern part of Australia. Though mostly from the hot zones, these grasses endure a cooler clime in many instances, and some of them would prove great acquisitions, particularly the perennial species. Numerous Bed kinds occur spontaneously in Queens- land and North Anstralia. Panicum is the genus richest in species among grasses.” Authorities upon the millets say that not less than 400,000,000 of the human race obtain their chief snstenance from the seed of these nutritious grasses. This article (ever- green millet) was introduced n few years since by His Honor Justice McOntly, and bas proved to be well adap'ed to our soil and climate A cutting of millet lately made on the premises of Judge Me. Cully, now occupied by the Woodlawn Dairy and Stock Company, gives abont two and one-half tons to the acre—a growth of two months. Five crops can be taken off in the year. It proves to be au excellent article of feed. No doubt thonsands of tons of this grass might be raised in these islands evory your. 666 THE .TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ([MarcH 1, 1889. ee THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. Colonel T. Cadell, V. C., Ohief Commissioner of the Andaman Islands, delivered a lecture on Jan. 15th on ‘‘ Andamans and Andamanese” to the members of the Royal Scotish Geographical Society in the Freemasons’ Hall, Edinburgh. In the course of his lecture, Colonel Cadell said that it was beyond his ability to describe the lovely scenery through which one passed when sailing among the Andaman Islands, covered as they were with luxuriant vegetation down to the water’s edge. lt was like fairyland ; the water deep and clear as crystal; on either side, within a stone’s throw, magnificent forest trees reaching to a height of 200 feet, the stems of some ‘straight and white, like gigantic silver rods, with umbrella-like tops ; others clothed from foot to summit with creepers in beautiful festoons; palms, rattans, and canes of many varieties interspersed among the forest trees, creating striking contrasts of form and colouring, while beneath the vessel were inconceivably beauti- ful coral gardens. The most gorgeous combination of vegetable and animal life afforded but a poor sub- aérial representation of these submarine gardens. Year after year in his cruises among the islands he saw a perceptible diminution in the number of the people, the principal causes of which were apparently syphilis and pneumonia. Hardly one woman in a dozen bore children, and the mortality was very great among the few children that were born. It was un- dvuubtedly a moribund race, and probably none of them would be found alive some twenty or thirty -years hence, except perhaps in Little Andaman, where the inhabitants had heen kept free from the dire effects of contact with civilisation. They were merry little people, and it was very saddening to live among them and realise that they were so fast dying out. One could not imagine how taking they were. Hvery one who had to do with them fell in love with them. Contact with civilisation had not im- proved the morality of the natives. In their natural state they were truthful and honest, generous and self-denying. He had watched them sitting over their fires cooking their evening meal, and it was quite pleasant to notice the absence of greed and the polite- ness with which they picked off the tit-bits and thrust them into each other’s mouths. The forest and sea abundantly supplied their wants, and it was there- fore not surprising that the attempts to induce them to take to cultivation had been quite unsuccessful, highly though they appreciated the rice and Indian corn which were occasionally supplied to them. All was grist that came to their mill in the shape of food. The forest supplied them with edible roots and fruits. Bats, rats, flying fexes, iguavas, sea suakes, molluscs, wild pig, fish, turtle, and, last though not least, the larvse of beetles, formed welcome additions to their larder. He remembered one morning landing by chance at an encampment of theirs under the shade of a gigan-. tic forest tree. On one fire was the shell of a turtle acting as its own pot, in which was simmering the green fat delicious to more educated palates; on auother its flesh was being boiled together with some splendid fish ; on a third a wild pig was being roasted, its drippings falling on wild yams, and a jar of honey stood close by—all delicacies fit for an alderman’s table. The penal settlement at Port Blair, on the east coast of South Andaman, was probably the Jargest in the world, the number of convicts detained there generally numbering about 12,000. About three-fourths of them were under sentence of transportation for life, and the remainder for terms of seven years and upwards About 65 per cent. were Hindoos, 25 per cent. Mahomedans, and the rest chicfly Buddhists from fnrma. They came from all parts of India and Burma, the refuse of 250 millions of people, and in the di- versities of castes and nationalities and languages umong them lay & grent safeguard, as it preverted any likelihood of combination.—O. Mail, Jan. 18th, Corre: and ‘*Grenn Boua.”’—An old planter advising a friend who also still holds by coffee writes :—‘‘f say manure if you can find the money. The pest will go. Green bug is not so much to be dreaded as Memileia vastatrir which no longer gives me or my cofiee any trouble,” CEYLON Tea iN America.—Mr. McCombie .Murray goes ahead too much altogether, in his proposals, for the purses of the poor Ceylon plan- ters; and though personally: flattered by the part he allots to us in his scheme, we feel we must all ‘‘bide a wee” for an attack so elaborate and costly. A Corsa orn Prrririzp Tree some 6 to 7 feet high and over 10 feet in circumference can be seen under the care of the clerk at Mount Lavinia station. It was brought ashore at Dehiwala ; and with its delicate branches and twigs all glazed over, and root embedded in coral lime with oyster and other shells attached, it is one of the most perfect specimens of the kind we have seen. It ought to be secured for the Colombo Museum. PrereR Cuutivation—We call attention to some very useful practical hints given by our correspondent ‘‘ Peppercorn” in his spicy as well as instructive contribution in another page. We have a couple of Jetters besides, from other planters, on the game subject in type. So far from interfering with our Manual, every such bit of information is wel- come as an additional item worthy of record in the volume. ‘‘In the multitude of counsellors there is safety,” and certainly we want to have the results of a diversity of experience. Tur CHoomsatr Tra Company, Limited, is regis- ‘tered with a capital of £20,000 in £5 shares. The stated object is to acquire and take over as and from January 1st, from the present owners the gardens, plantations, factories, lands, and pro- perty situate in the district of Gauhati, in the province of Assam, and known as Choomsali, Mudgooria, Bosisti, and Benderjan tea gardens, collectively worked as the Choomsali estate, with their dependencies, machinery, implements, utensils, live and dead stock, and all other property of whatever kind thereunto respectively belonging, at the price of £20,000, to be paid to the vendors, £13,335 in cash and the balance in paid up shares. It is provided that the number of directors shall not be less than three nor more than five, and the qualification of a director shall be the holding in his own right of at least £500 in the capital of the company. The remuneration of the directors is to be at the rate of £125 per annum, and whenever the company declare a dividend exceeding 10 per cent the directors are to be entitled to an additional £50 for every one per cent beyond 10 per cent.—London Cor., Times of India. _ Harp ann Sorr Paum O1m.—The staples of trade in the Benin river, in Western Africa, are palm oil and palm kernels. From 1872 to 1881 trade was stopped in kernels. The stoppage, says the 0. P.¢& D. Rep., was associated with the death of an old king of Benin, from which the people were led to believe that if they allowed the kernel trade their ‘‘ big men” would die. The busy season in the trade is from April to July. On the Benin side of the river, that is the right bank, soft oil is the staple; whilst on the left bank, and eastward, hard oil is obtained, the difference of manufacture being that one—the hard oil—is the result of the cold process as regards manufacture, while soft oil is obtained by the boil- ing process. Palm oil is packed in casks holding from 225 to 240 gallons. Hard oil is not acceptable in the German markets; it has to be sold in Hng- land. The soft oil is said to be as good, if not the same, as Lagos oil; yet it rarely commands the same price. Kernels are bought by cask measures of halt a ton each, used for the purpose. Hamburg offers no present sale for Benin hard oil; nor will Benin soft oil, although said to be equal to that of Lagos, fetch as much as the tatter.—Chemist ad Druggist, Jan. 5th, | Marcu 1, 1880.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 602 eee ed THE HYBRIDISATION OF CINOHONAS. To the Editor, “ Pharmaceutical Journal.” Sir,—The paper on the above subject, kindly read for me by Dr. Thresh at the Bath meeting of the Pharmaceutical Oonference, met with some criticism, which requires a brief reply. The object of the pa- pee was to point out, what does not seem to have een done before, that in each of the two species of cinchona, succirubra and officinalis, there is a characteristic arraugement of alkaloids, and that these characteristics are blended in the hybrids. Sach an arrangement cannot be intelligibly represented by quoting the actual analysis of the barks with their varying totals, but only by giving the centesimal com- position of the alkaloids, for whether the totals be high or low, the peculiarity of the arrangement is to a great extent preserved in each species. The fifty crown barks were nearly all taken under the super- vision of the Director or myself from what are known as pukka officinalis trees, growing on the Nilgiris, away from the succirubra ; barks of the richer species, as angustifolia, were purposely omitted, and it must be remembered that mossed and renewed barks are eliminated from the table. I must, therefore, ask Mr. Hodgkin to withdraw his statement that my crown barks were taken from hybird trees, I thought the nomenclature of hybrids was now well under- stood by those who have anything to do with cinchona; since itisnot, I may explain that “volusta”’ is aterm applied in Ceylon to all forms between officinalis and succirubra, while on the Nilgiris two forms are specified as pubescens and magnifolia, and I prefer using these older terms given originally by Mr. Melvor. I cannot answer for the Indian Government, but the Government of Madras has no desire to grow worthless barks. The useless varieties, such as ahudiana, micrantha and nitida, once cultivated so argely, are now exterminated; the whole of Doda- betta plantation, some 300 acres is extent, is under crown bark, a kind Dr. Paul himself recommends, At Naduyatam the succirubra trees are giving way to hybrids raised from anslysed seed of trees giving about 5 per cent. of sulphate of quinine in their bark. The ledger and its hybrid will not grow on the Government plantation, and much time has been wasted attempting its propagation. The hybrid of red and crown species not only gives a large outturn of bark per tree, but it. also stands renewal better than other cinchonas. Withsuch trees in the estates we do not consider the cultivation to have failed in producing barks fit for the manufacture of qninine.—-D, Hooper, Ootacamund. _s SO _-—-————— THE MADRAS AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT is to be the subject of inquiry. In an paper we read His Excollency the Governor in Council thinks it expedient that a comprehensive inquiry should be in- stituted into the constitution and operations of the Agricultural Department with the view of ascertain- ing what practical good it has done and is doing, and what good such a Department might do ander other conditions. He has accordingly resolved to appointa Oommittee consisting of the following official and non- official gentlemen, the latter having signified their willingness to give their services for the investigation :— Official —W. Wilson, Esq., Chairman; J. Grose, Bsq.; F. A. Nicholson, Esq., Secretary. Non-official.—Rajah Sir T. Madhava Row, .0.s.1.; Hon’ble P. Chentsal Row, cas.; J. Adam, Esq. ; Kai Bahadur A. Sabapathi Mudaliar Avargal. The Oommittee’s inquiries should be directed to the following pointa, and the Government trust that th ‘v will be able to submit their report within a period of three months:— 1. What benefit has accrued or is likely to accrue to the cultivating classes from the Agricultural Depart- mont as at present constituted ? 2. What improvement it has offected or is likely to «foot in seeds, implements, breods of cattle, sheep and horses and methods of cultivation throughout the hearse 6 official 3. What inducements does it hold out to ryots to improve their stock and mode of agriculture? 4, Its operations in regard to cattle disease, and the benefits resulting from those operations, 5. The operations in connection with, and the benefits derived from the stock farm administered by the Department—with financial results. 6. Whether the breeding of stock can be properly or economically carried on by Government. 7. The duties of the officers employed under the Department. 8, The best means of inoreasing the efficiency of the Department, having special reference to the benefit of the agricultural community. 9. The course of study pursued at the College of Agriculture. 10. The class of students at the Oollege and the con- ditions under which they come to it. 11. Whether the students engage in agriculture after leaving the Oollege? 12. Whether the Oollege ought to remain under the control of the Director of Public Instruction? 13. Whether the Agricultural Department ought to continue to be administered by the Board of Revenue ? 14. Whether the Agricultural Department ought to be restricted to matters connected with Agriculture? ee ———— ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. (From the Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information.) Jon’s TRARS. (Coie Lachryma, L. var. stenocarpa,) The round shining fruits of a grass widely dis- tributed in tropical countries are familiarly known as Job’s Tears. The fruits when young are supposed to have some resemblance to heavy drops of tears, and hence the fanciful name they bear. The plant, a native of the East Indies and Japan, belongs to the tribe Waydee of the natural order, Gramines. It is a tall growing grass, now commonly found in damp places in the tropics of both hemispheres, In many countries it is regarded as a troublesome weed and a source of annoyance, especially in rice fields. As far a3 we are aware, the fruit possess9s no nut- ritive qualities, and, except in one instauce which has come under the notice of Mr. O. B. Clarke, F.R.S., in the Naga Hills, Assam, it is not cultivated as @ grain nor used in the wild state. The stem is stout, erect and smooth in all its parts. In favourable situations it often attains a height of three to five feet. The leaves are broad and flattish, about a foot long, with a distinct midrib. The flowers are moncecious, male and female in different parts of the same panicle. The female flowers are one or more in number at the bottom of each branch of the panicle. They are enclosed ina hard bottle-shaped or round white or grey involucre, from which the long stigmas protrade. The male flowers are in the upper spikelets, numerous and two-flowered. After flowering, the simple branches of the panicle break away above the female spikelets, so that when the fruit is ripe, the male spikelets have entirely disappeared. The globular Job’s Teare as commonly found in the tropics are used for necklaces, and in various ways as articles of ornamentation. The usual colour is white, but they are sometimes found slightly tinged with pink, and sometimes grey, or almost black. The present variety of Job’s Tears with lony oylindri- cal involucres was brought into notice at the late Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, In the ethnological collections in the Indian Court the cloth- ing of Karens (a semi-aboriginal tribe inhabiting certain districts of Lower Burma) was prettily orna- mevted with these cylindrical involucres, and attracted considerable attention, As these were not represented in the Kew musoums, application was made to the India Office for a small sample, which, at the request of Lord Cross, was lately forwarded to Kew by the Chief Commissioner of irra Tho involucres in this sample vary from five to nine lines in length. 602 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1889. bn _______) They are ‘usually more or less fusiform, tapering at the ends to about one line in diameter. The. mean thickest part is about 14 line in diameter. For her- barium specimens of the plant yielding these fruits, we are indebted to Dr. George Watt, Scientific Assistant to the Director of Agriculture, Calcutta. There is a form with shorter involucres collected at Mergui by Mr. Griffith. In a note attached to pl. 1,764, in the Zcones Plantarum, Vol. VIIL., Professor Oliver states that the Kew Herbarium possesses, in addition to the packet of involucres from the India Office, aletter from Mr. R. Burce, of Balipara, Assam, to Mr. H. C. Read, of the British Museum, saying that the involucres are known to the Assamese and the Meris, and called by them the cowr-monee or crow bead, from the fondness of these birds for the berry.” In an office memorandum, dated Simla, 22nd December 1887, Dr. Watts states, that “the grain (of this variety of Job’s Tears) is not likely to prove of any great economic value as a source of food, but it stands an admirable chance of being largely used in Europe in the construction of arti- fical flowers, laces, bugle trimmings, and other purposes for which glass beads are being used. If capable of being dyed a deep black colour, there might be a very extensive demand, since such beads would be infinitely more durable than glass. During the Hx- hibition, several gentlemen, especially from France. inquired after seeds suitable for the above purposes, The writer was not able at the time to furnish them with samples of the cylindrical form of Coix now under consideration, but showed them the ordinary spherical form. They seemed to think there was some prospect even.of the common spherical form coming into use, but objected toits large size. This led the writer to show them the Karen garments with the cylindrical form of seeds used as decora- tions. This they were highly pleased with. In hopes of still further developing the matter, the writer drew Mr. Thiselton Dyer’s attention to them, with the result that the present inquiry has now been instituted.” We are enabled, by permission of the Bentham Trustees, to add a plate of this variety of Job’s Tears, from the current issue of the cones Plantarum [Vol. VIIL., pt. 3, pl. 1,764.] RaAmiz orn RHEEA. (Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima.) The plant known under the several names of China Grass, Ramie, or Rheea, belongs to the natural order, Urticacee, and hence it is not a grass at all, buta species of nettle,somewhat resembling in appearance and habit of growth: the common nettle of Hurope. The Ohina Grass plant, first known and long eulti- vated by the Chinese under’ the name of Tchou Ma, is the Boehmeria nivea of botanists. The specific name, nivea, was given to it on account of the white appear- ance on the under-side of the leaves. A plant called in Assam, Rheea, and in the Malay Islands, Ramie, was believed by Roxburgh to be distinct from the Tchou Ma of the Ohinese, and it was named by this botanist Boehmeria (Urtica) tenacissima. In this plant there is an absence of the white-felted appearance on the under-side of the leaves, so characteristic of the Ohina Grass plant, but in all other respects the two plants are identical in their botanical characters. For purposes of classification, the Tchou Ma, or China Grass plant, Bochmeria nivea, may be accept- ed as the typical species, and the Rheea or Ramie retained as a geographical variety of it, under the namo of Bochmeia nivea var. tenacissima. This latter is sometimes known as the Green-leaved Ohina Grass, a name which may be conveniently retained for it. The fibre yielded by these plants has been long recognised a8 pre-eminent amongst vegetable fibres for strength, fineness, and lustre. Hence numerous attempts have been made to cultivate them, and to prepare the fibre in large quantities for commercial purposes, The plants are exceedingly easy of culti- vation and thrive in all soils, but preference should be given to those of a light loamy character, It is essential that the climate be moist and stimulating, in order to produce abundant and frequent crops of stems. The plants may be raised from seed, but the more ready method is by root or stem cuttings. The roots being perennial, the stools, become stronger and more vigorous every year, and from these, fresh sets are easily obtained for extending the cultivation. Numerous attempts have been mude during the last 10 years to extract the valuable fibre which exists in this plant. The experimental processes hitherto employed may be briefly classed as either mechanical or chemical, In the first, it has been sought to extract the fibre from the green stems, by means of rapidly revolving beaters: attached to a drum driven by steam power. In some cases, water is used to wash the fibre while under the beaters. The chief difficulty experienced in this method, is the small quantity of fibre cleaned per day. This has enhanced the cost to such anextent, as to render the process practically unremunerative. In the chemical processes, the Ramie stems are treated greeu or dry. The object soughtis to treat the stems either under great pressure with steam or with chemicals, so as to dissolve the gum in which the individual fibres sre immersed. After being thus treated, the fibres are easily detached from the stems by hand or by machinery, are sent to market in the form of ribbons. The question of cost is here also very important, and it is felt, under present circumstances, that China Grass can only be satisfactorily grown and prepared where there is an abundance of cheap labour. . It is a fact universally known, that the fibre of the China Grass is one of the finest and strongest known. If a process could be devised that would extract and clean the fibre at a cheap rate, the results would prove of the greatest possible interest to all our tropical colonies. The Ohina Grass plant can be grown as easily as the sugar cane, butin spite of many years of continuous effort, the problem how to prepare the fibre on a large scale, and place it in the market at remune- rative rates, is apparently still unsolved. * We gather from the numerous applications made to Kew for information, that interest is still maintained in the China Grass or Ramie, and under these cir- cumstances it is felt to be desirable to place on record the latest facts that have been gleaned respecting the present position of the industry. Royat GARDENS, Kew, TO FOREIGN OFFICE. Royal Gardens, Kew, April 16, 1888. Sir,—I am desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to inform you that considerable interest is being taken in British Colonies in the culture of the Ramie plant, known as Rhea and Ohina Grass (Bochmeria mivea). 2. Hitherto the industry has not assumed large pro- portions anywhere, owing to the want of a thoroughly suitable machine to prepare the fibre. 3. In the Foreign Office Report, for the year 1887, on the agriculture of the Barcelona district [No. 275, Annual Series, 1888], Mr. Oonsul Wooldridge states, that in the province of Cataluna, “Machines are already in use, capable of decorticating the [Ramie] fibre on a profitable scale.” 4, Mr. Thiselton Dyer is of opinion that it is very desirable to obtain from Mr. Wooldridge the names of the makers of the machines which appear to have successfully solved the problem of decorticating Ramie stems. Any particulars he could add as regards the cost of the machines, the power necessary to drive them, and the out-turn of clean fibre per day, would prove of the greatest possible interest to planters in our tropical countries. I have, &c. Sir T. Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G. (Signed) D. Morris. Mr. Consul Woorprince to the Marquis of SALISBURY. Barcelona, April 25, 1888. My Lorp Marauvuis,—I have the honour to ack- nowledge the receipt of Sir James Fergusson’s des- * This is true and strangely true, considering the boasted progress of science. Even in the United States we suspect the difficulty has not been over- come,—Ep. 7’, A. , Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 604 ED patch, of the 19th instant, on the subject of the machines used in Oataluna for decorticating the stulks of the Ramie plant; and [am directed to report to your Lordship the names of the makers of the machines, and to give any further particulars which might prove of interest to planters in British tropical colonies. Although the Ramie plant has been cultivated for many years in the north of Cataluna, it is only within the last two years that, through the invention of a decorticating machine by a Monsieur Favier, member of the “Société La Ramie Frangaise,”’ it has been brought bofore the public. M. Favier has a factory, called the ‘‘ Fabrica Favier,” at Torroella de Montgri, in Gerona, in the vicinity of the Ramie plantations, where his decorticating machines are at work, These machines are used to decorticate the stalks in a dry state, after having been cut and exposed to the powerful rays of the sun for 48 hours, as experiments and practice show that the operation on the green Ramie is impracticable. It appears that M. Favier has been the first to solve the problem of decorticating Ramie with success; and, according to Professor Obiols, his machine leaves nothing to be desired; and of this invention the “ Oentralblatt,’ of Berlin, in its number of January 23, 1883, says:—‘‘Although the use of the Ramie, as a textile plant, dates from time immemorial, the separation of the fibre from the stalk has been found hitherto so surrounded with difficulties that no hope existed of any considerable extension in its use; how- ever, sinco M. Favier has discovered a machine for the purpose of separating the fibre, a real revolution has been produced in the industrial world, and the cultivation of the Ramie plant has taken extraordinary proportions.” ‘ Another decorticating machine, similar to the Favier one, has, however, been invented by a Monsieur Billion, of Marseilles, who obtained a patent for it in Spain, but, being considered by M. Favier as a piracy, the latter prosecuted M. Billion, who even- tually came out triumphant; and, although this machine has not been used in Spain, some persons consider it to be superior to the Mavier one. Full descriptions are given of these machines in Professor Obiols’ pamphlet (in Spanish), and can be purchased for a few pesetas. The Billion machine can produce 300 kilogrammes of fibre a day, showing an advantage over the Favier one. The Favier machine is not for sale to the public, the imvyenter preferring to establish factories near the plantations and purchase the produce from the agri- calturists, and decorticate and manufacture threads, &c., bimself, as the “Société La Ramie Francaise ” is doing at Torroella. Neither, I believe is the Billion machine to be acquired for money. There is another machine, known as the “ Agra- madera (flax dresser) Kaulek,” invented by M. Kaulek, of Paris. Its size is a cubic metre, and it requires half a horse-power to put it in motion, and can be worked by the arm, by a windmill, or by steam. It is portable, weighs 350 kilos., and its price is 2,000 fr. (80/,) It has been known to produce 175 kilos. of commercial Ramie, in ribbons, in 10 hours, Another machine has been invented in Barcelona by Don Demetrio Prieto, for extracting fibre from textile plants, and many of bis machines are in use, with success, in Mexico. The inventor is about to introduce certain modifications in this machine, in order to adapt it to the decortication of the Ramie plant. The personnel required to work the Favier machine, and the cost per diem (in Cataluiia), aro as follows :-— Pesetas cc, Two men to separate the ex- tremities of the stalks ... ate 0 75 One man to introduce the stalks... l 50 One man to recoive the fibre ... 1 50 One man to supply the stalks to the introducer ... abe . 0 75 or about 4s. per day for each machine; and for, say, a 1,000 kilos. of dry stalks the proportional out-turn would be as follows:— 50 kilos. of extremities, of the whole weight, 190 kilos. of fibre, or 20 per cent. of the whole weight. 570 kilos. of wood. 100 kilos. of pellicles, and 90 kilos. of loss. Yet the wood, extremities, and pellicles may all be utilised. Taking the working of 20 of Favier’s machines, which would require about 10 horse-power of steam, the expenses and profits result as follows :— Cost of installation, 120,000 pesetas, or francs, each machine costing 6,000 fr., with the necessary capital of 60,000 fr. Actual cost of stalks of Ramie (in Spain), 100 pesetas per 1,000 kilos.; and each machine decorti- cating 216 kilos. per day. or 5 per cent. Expenses. Pesetas Cs 4,320 kilos. of stalks act ao CB 00 Labour oro neg see, 108 00 Incidental expenses che seq, Lae 00 Total oe 662 00 Products. 5 per cent, of extremities O00 10 80 20 per cent. of decorticated stalks, or 864 kilos. of fibre 864 00 57 per cent. of wood eee Sh 61 50 10 per cent, of pellicles ... cp 17 20 9 por cent. of loss. Total 953 50 Total products a ee =: 908 50 Total Expenses wee tse 662 00 Clear profit per day 291 50 or 117,150 pesetas per annum of 300 days of labour, which represent approximately 48 per cent. of the capital. The Favier machine has the advantage of extract- ing the fibre and making the threads clear of gum, for in the raw Ramie which comes from Ohina and India, there is so much gum that it is most difficult to cleanse. These machines, as I said _ before, are not yet within the reach of agriculturists, that of M. Favier being used by the inventor, and that of M. Billion having ceased to work in Spain. I have, &c. (Signed) FRANK WOOLDRIDGE. Borvantcan Srarion at Lagos. In the Kew Bulletin for the months of June and July 1887, there were discussed the details of a scheme of botanical stations for the West India Islands. These botanical stations are intended to supple- ment the operations of the botanic gardens already established in the larger islands, and are simple and inexpensive agencies, chiefly devoted to the work of raising and distributing useful economic plants, and to oultivating experimentally on a small scale such vegetable products as offer the most convenient and suitable means for improving local industries. Botani- cal stations, as distinct from botanical gardens, are intended to be supervised by working gardeners, native or European, who have been specially trained in the details of nursery work in the tropics. Profiting by the experience gained in the West Indies, it has been sought to extend the system of botanic stations to the West African Colonies, which hitherto have been without a local botanical agency of any kind. The prosperity of these colonies has chiefly depen- ded on palm oil, ground nuts, and various forest products, more or less of a precarious character. These are just now in a depressed state, and hence it is felt that some effort should be mado to encourage the growth of coffee, cacao, maize, indigo, rice, cotton, ginger, india-rubber, cocoannts, tobacco, and any other plants suited to the soil and climate. 604 THE TROPICAL AGRICU LTURIST, (Marc 1, 1889. Captain Moloney, O.M.G., the present Governor of the Colony of Lagos, has given considerabie attention to West African products. He has been in corres- pondence with Kew for many years, and contributed numerous specimens to the museums, as well as dried plants for purposes of determination. Recently, Oaptain Moloney has published a work on the forest products and economic plants of West Africa, which is a valuable summary of information relating to the flora of tropical Africa.* The principal West African Oolonies are the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Ooast, and Lagos. The extent of these Colonies may be estimated from the fact that the coast line of the Gold Ooast Colony alone is 350 miles, and that the total area of the British Pro- tectorate is from 24,000 to 30,000 square miles. Tho staple products of this Colony are palm oil and palm kernels, but among other exports are copra (from the coconut palm), guinea grains, gum copal, cam- wood, and beniseed. If once the natives inhabiting magnificent lands in this Colony were taught to cul- tivate economic plants in a systematic manner for purposes of export, the material wealth of the Gold Coast might be enormously increased. Sierra Leone is a settlement with a coast line of about 180 miles, und an area of about 3,000 square miles. Agriculture is generally neglected, and the inhabitants are mainly supported by the trade which passes through the Oolony from the interior. An effort has been made to establish a botanical station and model farm near Freetown in connexion witha botanical society, of which the Hon. 8. Lewis is secretary. The finances of the Oolony appear not to justify direct action being taken by the Government, but it is evident that, without official support, the aid of a skilled gardener, and regular supplies of seeds and plants, the results attained will not have an appreciable effect upon the welfare of the settle- ment. The Gambia is a comparatively small settlement, the total area being about 69 square miles. The chief exports are ground-nuts, rice, maize, palm kernels, and india-rubber. The Oolony and Protectorate of Lagos contains an area of about 1,071 square miles, and an estimated population of 100,000. It was separated from the Gold Coast Government in 1886, and erected into a sepa- rate QOolony with Captain Moloney as the first Governor. Lagos has unrivalled water communication with the interior, and a very extensive trade has therefore grown up, amounting to nearly a million and a quarter sterling annually. The exports are palm oil and kernels, gum copal, cotton and guinea grains. This Colony possessing excellent soil on the mainland, and good communication with the interior, offers every inducement to the extension of native cultures. | The first botanical station on the West Coast of Africa could not be better placed than at Lagos nor entrusted to more sympathetic hands than those of Captain Moloney. On the occasion of the latter’s visit to this country last year, he prepared a memo- randum on the subject for the approval of the Secre- tary of State. This memorandum was _ based on that already adopted for the West Indian Colonies, but modified to suit the special circumstances of West Africa. {Then follows the Memorandum, | At the request of the Secretary of State, the selection of a suitable man to take charge of the botanical station at Lagos was entrusted to Kew. The difficulty as regards the climate of West Africa and ita unsuitability for laborious service on the part of a European gardener was sloved by obtain- ing @ creole gardener trained by the botanical depart- ment of Jamaica, Mr. James MacNair, the man appointed, had been in charge of the Hope Nurseries at Jamaica for seven years, and was highly recom- * Sketch of the Forestry of West Africa, with Particular Reference to its Principal Commercial Pro- ducts, By Alfred Moloney, C. M.G., of the Govern- ment of the Colony of Lagos. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1887). about the place as an experiment. mended for his experience and knowledge of economic plants and the details of tropical agriculture. On his way from Jamaica to West Africa, he spent some time at Kew, and took out with him a Wardian case of plants and numerous packets of seeds with which to start operations at Lagos. In March of this year a further supply of seeds comprising 200 packages, obtained from the botanical gardens of Caleutta, Oeylon, and Jamaica was forwarded from Kew to Laos. As indicating the nature of the duties in which Mr. MacNuair is engaged at Lagos, the following ex- tract from a letter received from him on the 12th January last, will be read with interest:— “JT beg to say thata great many of the seeds from Jamaica and Kew, which I brought over with me, are doing well. I have them potted up in bamboo pots. I shall be very glad to get a further supply of all kinds of fruit and timber trees of the West Indies, such as Mahogany, Oedar, Juniper, &c. I am glad to inform you that I have succeeded in getting a few seeds of the No. 11 Mango and Black Mango, which I took with me from Jamaica to grow, and shall be able soon to propagate plants from them by grafts. I find that the Guinea Grass is very scarce; there are a few roots scattered about the country, but of a coarse kind, like the St. Mary’s Grass of Jamaica, but not known in the country as a fodder for stock. Also the Guinea Oorn is a very poorkind. I would like much to have some good seeds. The plants from Kew, which I have esta- blished in their permanent places, are doing well. They look quite healthy, especially the Logwood, Annatto, Divi-Divi, Theobroma Cacao, &e. I amstill staying in the town of Lagos, the station-house being not yet completed.” Again, on the 6th March last, Mr. MacNair wrote as follows:— “T have been engaged during the last two months making a road from the entrance to the Superin- tendent’s house, seven feet in width, and planted out with a border of Bahama grass, three feet in width, and making up a couple of beds round the house for flowering and ornamental plants, which will give the place a neat appearance. The nursery is well sheltered with large fig trees, and in addition, I have put up a shed covered with palm leaves for protecting the younger plants. Our fence at present is a temporary one, made of palm leaves, but I expect soon to have a good fence put up. I have recommended a barbed-wire fence. My supply of water is no enough for irrigation purposes, and only just enough for watering plants. The river water cannot be used, as it is too salt, exceptin the rainy seasons, when itis fresh. The Governor has supplied me with a large quantity of Liberian coffee seeds, which have grown very nicely, I am now potting them, and except to get over 15,000 plants, which the Governor intends to distribute amongst the prin- cipal native men of the country. I have planted out a few of all the different fruit trees which I have in stock, also a few Liberian coffee and cacao, The plants from Kew are all in good condition, and doing well. The logwood is fully two feet in height, and I am now taking cuttings from it. Our quarterly report is not ready for this mail, and will not be for a couple of weeks......2 have got a good supply of botanical books on hand; also the Kew Bulletin, sent me by the Governor, which I am making use of. The wish of the Government is to encourage the growth of indigenous trees and plants of marketable value, so that they may serve as a visible means of in- struction to the natives of the country,” SS SSS Merpicing ror Trees.—Dosing trees with medicine is the latest novelty. Sulphur is placed in holes bored in the trunks of trees. This is dissolved and carried by the sap to the foliage im such quantities as to render it offensive to insects,—indian Agriculturist, [The statement that the sulphur is réally carried into the circulation of the tree requires proof.—Ep. 7. 4,] Maren 1, 1889.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 605 TEA CONSUMPTION, AND THE PROSPECTS OF PLANTERS : 18 WHE IMPHRIAL DUTY LIKELY TO BE REDUCED To 4D BY MR. GOSCHEN ? A Colombo merchant calls our attention to a remark of Messrs. I. A. Rucker & Beneraft in their Market Report of Jan, 10th to the effect that ‘ some- “times we almost feel we have reached the ““ end of our tether as regards consuming power,’ and thinks that it is important such an opinion should be duly considered in Ceylon. He adds :— there ‘should be no mincing of the position in Ceylon, “unpalatable though it may he.” Most certainly there has been no shutting of our columns against unpalatable facts. We think wo have put every side of the tea question very fully before our readers, and although we by no means accopt the opinion of the Mincing Lane Brokers as correct or final, it is one that ought to be duly weighed especially by capitalists who feel inclined to extend the area now planted with tea, And here, we may notice a remark made by Anglo-In- dian tea-planting authorities, to the effect that Ceylon with 180,000 to 200,000 acres undor tea may, at least be considered to have reached its maximum, as there was no more land ayailable to plant. Never was a greater mistake! The gentlemen who—laying this ‘flattering unction to their souls ’’—would fain extend cultivation in Assam ought to be told that there is Jand in Ceylon sufficient to pousuz the present area of cultivation provided only that the margin of profit can be maintained at a rate to encourage the investment. Assam men _ should also know that large tea concerns in Ceylon now estimate the cost of their crop as low ag 25 cents per lb. laid down at the shipping port, that is 4 annas, or wo suppose at about 64d per lb; in London. This, of course, is exceptionally favourable; but we suppose there are owners of a considerable area planted on virgin soil who are confidently aiming at keeping down outlay and charges to 7d or at most 8d delivered in London, and with large crops of leaf, there is a margin (one penny to twopence per lb.) sufficient, we suspect, to induce & certain area of planting of forestland every season. Unless, therefore, Anglo-Indian capitalists interested in Assam can compete at above rates they had better not plant any more! It is quite true as noticed by a London merchant (‘‘ Mercator’) elsewhere, that hitherto a very large proportion of the tea planted in Ceylon has been on old coffee land, and it is certain that all this will not pay if the average for our teas falls to 9d or below; but in our last Directory we counted that even in private hands there were still as many as 100,000 acres reserve fit for tea. _ Now as to Consumption, we do not see why in the case of the United Kingdom, we should not look for an increase until the same rate per head is attained as has already been reached in the Australian Colonies. This would mean an enormous increase. For Australasia, we have now about 8 Jb, per head per annum of tea con- sumed ; in the United Kingdom, the rate is still under 5 Ib. per head. Why should it not go on oe enraly to 6, 7, and 8 lb. per head ?— especially if coffee is to become a scarce and dear article, and great philanthropic and temperance agencies go on extending the popularity of Tho cups ‘ That cheer but uot inebriate, All this apart from the reasonable hope that in America especially, we ought to see the consumption of tea annually increase while the Indian and Ceylon pure product both there and throughout Australasia, takes the place of the inferior and often adulterated, and ‘‘ faced ’’ China and Japanese article. Returning, however, to the United Kingdom, there is another element to be counted on in considering the question of an increased consump- tion. Jt was referred to by a contributor the other day, and we have had the subject for some time under our attention. We refer to the possibility of a reduction of the imperial Customs tea-duty in March- April from 6d to 4d per lb. It will be remembered that Mr. Picton, the member for Leicester, in the last Budget discussion, moved to leave out “ Clause 2 which imposes a duty of 6d per lb. on tea.” This was a thoroughly radical proposition towards a free breakfast-table. In the debate which followed, after Messrs. Picton, Vincent, Gray, and Illingworth, Sir Geo, Campbell and others had spoken, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in the course of a long reply, distinctly indicated his strong desire to reduce the duty on tea, although be could not consent to its total abolition; and Mr. Gladstone while declining to support Mr. Picton’s amendment—‘the had never given a vote “which would reduce the income of the country “below the expenditure and he never would ’— said that if the proposal were to reduce the duty from 6d to 4d, it would have his ready support. There is therefore a good deal of reason for the anti- cipation that the next imperial budget will provide for such areduction. True, there is a great call for extra expenditure on Defences; but there are other means of providing for such special outlay and Mr Goschen, we feel sure, will be strongly inclined- to fulfil the implied promise in his speech last year. And it should be noted that the anticipa- tion of such a result may possibly have an unsettling effect on the London Tea market during March. It is argued however, that a reduction of the British tea duty would likely benefit the cheap China teas more in proportion, than the dearer produce of India and Ceylon. ‘The higher the duty, the more are the cheaper teas supposed to be handicapped. We cannot accept this view as alto- gether correct, or anticipate that the benefit to China teas would be more than temporary ; for, the cheaper the price of tea generally, becomes, the moro likely the working-classes are to ask fora really good article; and when once the taste for India or Ceylon tea is acquired, the hold of the poor China stuff will be gone for ever, At any rate, there is tho plain inference that a reduction of the duty to 4d per lb. would mean an immense impetus to con- sumption in the United Kingdom, so that the total figures per annum, in place of being 184 million lb. as in1888, would probably soon reach 250 million Ib, We may well look forward therefore with special interest to Mr. Goschen’s next budget in the hope that it may contain good news for all interested in tea. > NEXT SEASON’S THA. The following letter appears in the V.-Q, News :— Lo the Editor of the “North-Ohina Daily News.” Dear Sir,—As there appears to be some danger of over-sanguine views being taken by both foreigners and natives (but especially the latter) as tothe pros- pects for the next crop of Black Teas, I should be glad if you will kindly afford me space to give as concise a report as possible npon the exceptional in- fluences which haye caused the trade to be profitable during the past season. I find that not only natives, but home importers are beginning to believe that Daily 606 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MarcH 1, 1889, $$$ ee the China tea trade is in a healthy state, and en- quiries from home people who have not imported a leaf for some years asto probable prospects, lead me to think that mischief is brewing unless a clear statement of facts is grasped by every one. The abnormal conditions of the past \yfeheles GS First :—The astonishingly small crop of first-crop teas, say 300,000 4 chts. (equalling nearly 19,000,000 1b.) short of the previous season’s yield from the north of China alone, which fact was telegraphed and made the most of by every one interested in the article. Second:—The positive deficit of really fine pure- flavoured Teas in the crop, and consequent demand for them at extreme priceson account of their scarce- ness, Third:—The closure of the Shanghai market for a whole month, which kept back supplies from the consuming markets. Last but not least, the totally unexpected rise in the value of the Russian rouble, which caused a demand for export in London that could not have taken place under any other circum- stances. These points have been used to eminent success by importers during the past season, and resulted in the London quotations being maintained for a long period at fully 2d per lb. higher than they were the pre- vious season, but not one of these favourable cir- cumstances is likely to occur again this year. What we haveto look forward to is the complete reverse of our last season’s experience. Before going further J would point out that although the First crop showed sucha remarkable deficit, the Second and Third crops have been so large as to make the total yield of black tea from the north of China within a very few millions of that of the pre- vious year when the first crop was enormous, This proves conclusively the wonderful elasticity of the trade and the consequent danger of the consuming markets being glutted unless a very decided check to production is given early in the nextseason. I might also mention that since the Russian demand in London has ceased prices there have fallen fully 20 per cent. for all teas under 1/0 per lb., and many Teas costing Tis. 15 a 24 here are losing 3 to5 taels a picul. Deli- veries too have decreased to the lowest point known say 5 million pounds of China congou for the month of December. Preparations are already on foot for making one of the largest first crops on record. In the Keemén districts alone some 20 new curing hongs have been arranged for. In Ningchow there is not a curing hong to be had, and in Kiukiang all available places have been secured some time since. I have no accurate information from the Hankow districts, but the best- informed natives assure me that they will not be behind their Kiukiang competitorsin their efforts. This is suf- . ficently alarming, and results will probably be disastrous unless we can impress upon the natives the absolute necessijty of improving the article. The commonest tea shypped could be and should be much above the p esent standard. That China tea and espe- cially good China tea has still a strong hold upon the t@stes of all consumers is an undoubted fact, but it must be good to hold its own against Cey- lon and India. The perishable nature of the raw leaf prevents foreigners from taking the curing into their own hands at a distance from the producing districts, as silk is done in the lately established fila- tures, but something may be done by continually im- pressing on the native the necessity of improving his season teas. Their aim should be to make small chops, and - make them well, rather than bring to market the gigan- tic quantities of ill-conditioned stuff which now often pass as a chop, and which give dissatisfaction to every one. The climate of China is not so bad, but that careful storage of leaf and proper manipulation would overcome all difficulties. The Ohinese have the finest raw leaf in the world to work on, and it is only their own cupidity and dense- ness that prevents them from making the finest tea in the world. The ordinary profits are so small that a native would sooner make1,000 piculs on the chance of gaining 8 quarter of a tacl a picul on it, than make a small chop and make it as well as itis possible to do. Of course ayear like last year when they made Tls. 7 to Tis. 20 a picul profit on large chops will militate against their making small good chops this season, but we may warn them, however without pro- phesying that ruin stares them in the face unless they make their teas very very good. A large first crop badly made will do more harm to makers and ship- pers of China tea than can be repaired in two or three favourable seasons.—Yours faithfully, pea! UF Shanghai, 22nd January. —_—___@—_____ TEA IN INDIA. Punkabaree Tea Company.—The report of the directors shows that the outturn was 716 maunds against an estimate of 700 maunds and a crop in 1887 of 634 maunds. The average price realised was As. 9% against As. 9-1°79 last year, and the profit is _R8,010. After paying a dividend of 5 per cent in September there is a sum of R1,375 at credit, which is carried forward. Mohurgong Tea Company.—The managing agent’s re- port shows that the outturn was 1,285 maunds against an estimate of 1,200 maunds and a crop in 1887 of 1,183 maunds. The average price realised was As. 7% against As, 8-1 last year. The profit made was R12,219, making with the amount brought forward an available surplus of R12,4384. An ad intervm dividend of 5 per cent has exhausted R8,000, and it is now proposed to pay a final dividend of 25 per cent and to carry R434 forward. The area under tea is 221 acres, Singtom Tea Company.—The director’s report shows a net profit of R14,340, and adding the balance from 1887 a credit of R18,084. An ad mterim dividend of 4 per cent paid in October absorbed R6,000, and a further dividend of 6 per cent is recommended, carrying forward R2,084. The total outturn was 114,777 lb against an estimate of 104,000 lb and’crop in 1887 of 114,372 lb. The average price realised was As. 9-72 per Ib against As. 9-24 last year. The es- timates for the current season are for 1,500 maunds, the area under cultivation is 435 acres.—Pioncer. Feb. 5th. eh TOBACCO COMPANIES. The Anglo-Dutch Tobacco Company (Limited) is a further new tobacco undertaking, with a capital of £100,000 in 100,000 shares of £1 each, of which the first issue is £60,000. Of these 15.750 shares will, it is stated, be allotted to the vendors; 24,250 shares have already been applied for by the directors and their friends, and will be allotted in full upon the terms of the prospectus, and the balance (20,000 shares) are now offered for subscription. The Union Bank of Scotland (Limited) and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation are authorised to receive applications. This company has been formed to purchase the Lobo Pakam and Potoembookan es- tates, of about 26,000 acres, situated in the province of Serdang, Sumatra, and to carry on and extend the cultivation of tobacco upon these estates. Highteen thousand acres are virgin soil. The price to be paid is £15,750 in cash and a like amount in shares (as stated above), but these do not appear to be deferred and the profit on them contingent on the payment of divisions on the other capital. “ The prospectus of another tobacco company in North Borneo has been issued during the week. The Sandakan (British North Borneo) Tobacco Company (Limited) has been formed for the purpose of planting and raising tobacco and pepper on an extensive tract of land situated on the Kinabatangan River, Sanda- kan Bay, North Borneo, 20,000 acres in extent. The capital is £100,000, in 20,000 shares of £5 each. The purchase money is £18,000 in cash and £12,000 in shares. The land has been selected by Mr. W. Flint though the special aptitude of that gentleman, who keeps a store in Sandakan, is not stated, It is esti- Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 607 mated that by planting 500 acres a profit of 25 per cent willbe made in the first year. On an unfounded report that Colonel North of nitrate fame wag in some way connected with the company, the shares were rushed to a premium of about 1} before the application lists were closed. We are somewhat sur- prised at the title given the company, seeing that its land does not about at all on Sandakan Bay. The .prospectus states that the land is on the Kinaba- tangan River, which does not flow into the bay, but finds its outlet to the sea farther to the south-east. In fact, it is separated from the bay by a range of hills which form the watershed for the|streams and rivers dis- charging into Sandakan Bay on the one side, and the Kinabatangan on the other. However, this is a detail which does not deter any one when a rush is on ao at the present moment. The prospectus of the Suanlambah Borneo Tobacco Company, Limited, has been issued. The capital is £100,000 divided into 14,000 ordinary shares of £5 each, 5,990 deferred shares of like amount, and 10 Founder's shares of £5 each. The two latter descrip- tions are given in part payment to the vendor, but the deferred shares receive no dividend unless 10 per cent is paid on the ordinary shares until 400 per cent has been paid, when they rank equally. The founders shares receive no benefit until cumulative divisions of 100 per cent have been paid, but thereafter are en- titled to a quarter of the profits after providing for a reserve fund. The company is formed to take over 14,452 acres of land which are virtually freehold, on a portion of which tobacco has been already grown, and given good results, from the British Borneo Tra-: ding and Planting Company. The price to be paid is £40,000, of which £10,000 is in cash and £30,000 in shares. This is the proper method of payment. Good water facilities are stated to exist—Z. and C. Eapress, Jan. 18th. te STAPLE FOOD AND JAIL DIET. To the Editor, Madras Mail. Sir,—I desire to avail myself of the opportunity afforded by the death of the late Mr. Kunjen Menon and suggest the desirability of a slight change in the food supplied to native inmates of jails. Rice, as is well-known, is the staple food of the vast majority of Hindus, while it is only the lowest classes, and very poor Sudras, and these especially in the Telugu and Oanarese countries, who liveonragi and rye. To the latter rice is a luxury that sutisfieth not; but to the former ragi is a most unsavoury food and a fruitful source of disease. A sudden change of food often tells seriously on even robust constitutions. Some time ago I made a preaching tourina neighbouring Taluq, and with greater valourthan discretion threw myself en- tirely on the bounty of my countrymen. They treated me with the greatest Sitnaan, but on the third of my tour diarrhcea set in, and was fast developing into dysentery when I had to hasten back to Madras. In this case it was not a change from rice to ragi food, but merely from one quality of rice to another, Now in all jails convicts of Muropean extraction are allowed bread, which is very proper, that being their staple food, without any excep- tion. But, as shewn above, both rice and ragi are staple food for distinct classes of the native population, and the ends of justice would be amply met by giving. rice to the rice-eater, and ragi to the ragi-eater. But I believe this isnot done in South Indian jails. All the native inmates from the highest to the lowest, are (except once a week when curry and rice is served) daily treated to ® coarse preparation of ragi, called shut or kali, which, though agreeable to many, must yet be unsafe to others to whom rice has fora whole lifetime been the chief means of subsistence. I once had the pri- Viloge of visiting the Oentral Jail at Vellore, and Witnessed the preparation of this formidable food, rowombling bricks actually cast in wooden monids, and it is simply horrible to think that a man of Kan- on Monon’s habits and ways of life should have mn condemned to dovour these ‘ bricks’ for any length of time. The punitive element in jail life should not be carried to such an extent as a sudden change of staple foods involving serions, and it may be fatal injury to the health of individuals con- demned by the laws of the land. Perambore, 24th Jan. Jno. NAGA. [What is said about rice and ragi (kurakkan) is interesting with reference to the recent dis- cussion here, but the element of depression, and let us hope remorse for his misdeeds, must be taken into account as hastening the death of the ex-judicial native. It is quite characteristic, that even the native Christian preacher writes as if the late sub-judge of Tellicherry was merely “ unfor- tunate.’—Hp, 7. A.] SHOWS AND SHOWS. A planter writes :— I think you might publish the enclosedve flowershows ve Kandy Agri-Horticultural,” Aberdeen—The Use and Abuse of Flower Shows.— At the monthly meeting of the North of Scotland Horticultural Association, held in the Christian Insti- tute on Wednesday, a paper wasread by Mr. William Ogston, Peterhead, on “ The Use and Abuse of Flower Shows.” Mr. James Cocker, president, occupied the chair, and introduced the lecturer. Mr. Ogston said his remarks were to be applicable not so much to such societies as the Royal Horticultural as to those paro- chial societies which recently, with mushroom growth, had sprung up in the north, aud especially in Aber- deenshire. He had no faith in the principle which actuated people to exhibit at these shows solely for the greed of gain. The greatest abuse of flower shows seemed to be the practice of exhibiting plants and flowers which were not lona fide the property of the exhibitor, and the rules at present in force in most assosiations made it difficult fo detect impostors. He thought that Horticultural Associations should extend their operations and encourage more general attention to Horticulture before they embarked in undertakings which were foreign to the ostensible reason for their existence. He had no particular objection to poultry, rabbits, and even darned stockings forming part of a flower show any more than he had to horses, cattle, and pigs, but a pig aud a pansy in competition for public approbation was a somewhat incongruous com- bination. He suggested several ways in which the science of Horticulture might be popularised, one of them being that nurserymen should not parade too much before the untutored mind those five-syllable botanical names, which created the impression that horticulture was such an oceult science that it re- quired a University training to master it. He advo- cates more encouragement being given to scholars in the collection of wild flowers, etc., and suggested that Horticultural Associations should give prizes for the vest kept and most attractive cottage gardens in their district, the inspection to be periodically, in order that their beauty might be kept up during the whole season. Hecould suggest no direct cure for the abuses incident to flower shows, but was of opinion that as only unscrupulous persons would resort to these sin- ister practices, societies should make the possibility of gain less easy, andin this way remove the raison d’ etre. This could be done by substituting largely for prize money a system of merit tickets, and pay- ing the prize-winners asum calculated on the basis of the number of prizes wonrather than on each prize. Societies which were unable in themselves to provide a respectable show—a show where there wss some- thing to see and from which something conld be learned, as against an exhibition ot a few dozen of badly grown plants—should amalgamate fir show purposes with adjoining district societies and hold annual shows on the rotatory principle having in these combination shows parish competitions if need be. He also advocated making the subject of horti culture an allthe year round pastime, by societies holding stated meetings through the winter for the discussion of horticultural snbjects. Some discussions followed, the suggestions in the paper being gone- 608 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March 1, 1889. oe ——TT——X—XE>=E>E>ES=E=E=E>EEE|eE\"y)yo——— —_—_——— Ss rally approved of, and the Papen was commended to the earnest consideration of all horticultural socie- ties. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Ogston. Afterwards Mr. James Grant, Orimonmogate, who has within the last few years made himself a name as a successful grower of chrysanthemums, and has taken some of the leading prizes at the Dundee show read a paper on the cultivation of that valuable flower. Mr. Grant was cordially thanked for the information he imparted, and it was agreed to print both papers in the Society’s “* Transactions.” —Aberdeen Hree Press, Jan. 13th, 1889. ———_—__ _<—_—_--——_—— COTTON IN CEYLON. Having received a parcel of some Tinnevelly seed from the Hon. Mr. Mitchell, I dibbled it in rows towards the end of June 1888 in a piece of good average chena that had lately been cleared. The seeds were sown about a foot apart and the rows were about nine feet distant. There were a few light showers after planting and then a three months’ drought set in, during which the cotton was roughly weeded twice. The plants came up well and began to show signs of blossom in about two months. During the wet north-east monsoon they went on fruiting freely, but because of the wet, and the smallness of the bolls and having other work to do, I only gathered a little and neglected the rest. It turned out very fair cotton but had a heavy percentage of seed. Theplants attained a height of about three feet and under, and unless supporting one another by growing very close together, they had a tendency to fall over. When growing very close the bushes did not seem to suffer, but were very troublesome to pick; in that way, however, they kept down weeds. Field rats were much addicted to eating the seed. In December I cut down the bushes close to the ground. Since then they have grown suckers freely, and which now about the middle of February are beginning to blossom. A few seeds got washed down on the hard dry road, but they grew nearly as freely as the others. A few seeds were also thrown out with other rubbish on to a corner of the barbacue, and though nothing has ever been done to them they now forma fine clump, about four feet high, and haye and are still fruiting freely. There ig no doubt this is a very, hardy, quick, heavybearing kind, needing little rain or cultivation, and should be closely planted, but it is troublesome to pick and to clean. From Messrs. Law & Co. I received a little Sea Island cotton seed, which, in November, I planted out about ten feet by ten feet at stake in an average chena clearing. The succeeding two months were very showery. The plants are growing more slowly and are evidently more delicate, and have suffered a little by being eaten off by grubs. This kind would need more careful weeding for at least the first half-year. Now in the middle of February on a few of the well- grown plants I have seen the beginnings of a blossom. From experience I can give no further informa- tion regarding this kind of cotton. The cotton found growing locally about Matale, Colombo, and elsewhere, seems to be a variety of the Sea Island. When full-grown it appears to be a very large bush, hardy and bearing well while the cotton ig easily picked and cleaned, and of good quality. It bears during the greater part of the year. As a field for the encouragement of native cotton cultivation probably no more suitable locality could be found than the vast tract of land stretching northwards from Matale to Jaffna and Mannar. In this region there is an immense extent of waste land with a suitable climate and a soilif anything rather above the average of the lowcountry. The railway has its present terminus at Matale, but a cheap extension northward must come some day. Meanwhile there is the great north road having its connections with Trincomalee, Jafina, Mannar and Puttalam, and many district roads if not quite fit for tavalams could easily and cheaply be made so, I believe Government is willing to do all it can for the encouragement of the cultivation in this part of the country and its nearness to India makes it very suitable for a vast Indian immigra. tion. Coolies could go and settle down there to their cotton fields in thousands, and from thence surplus labour could be obtained for our tea estates whenever required. The local rice demands of the population that would thus spring up would stimulate rice extension and find a use for our large irrigation works. For the present I would recommend :— 1st.—That Government should address Madras authorities on the subject. 2nd.—That chena lands should be leased out ata nominal rental. 3rd.—That principal district roads should be converted into gravel cart road and minor ones be made suitable for tavalams. 4th.—That new products be carried at third class railway rates, A. G. K. Borron. eee Satt Factory at Coconapa.—Government has sanctioned the application of Messrs Hall Wilson & Co., for the opening of a Salt Factory at Coco- nada, for the manufacture and export of salt to Calcutta, to compete with Liverpool salt. The lease of the waste land required for the works is to run for twenty years, renewable on the termination of the lease.—M. Mail, Feb. Ist. Canapa.—A telegram from Winnipeg states that 600,000 acres of land were conveyed to 4,000 actual settlers in Manitoba last year, the population being thus increased by 17,000 souls. There are pros- pects of a larger growth of the population this year. The Evangelical Alliance, of Canada have for- warded to Ottawa along petition addressed to the Governor-General in Council, praying his Excellency to disallow the Jesuit Estates Act, passed by the Quebec Legislature last season.—O, Mail, Jan. 18th. Inp1an TEA Nores.—The weather has been cold in Oachar. Durrung has experienced fine weather. Charaji, 21st January.—Weather dry, cold and windy. Rain much wanted for murseries. Ranchi 24th January—We had a sort of summer shower today—hardly enough tolay the dust. Dehra, Dun, 22nd Jan.—Rain is wanted badly. The days are much warmerthanthey were last week. Season- able weather is the news from Sylhet, Goalpara, Kam- roop, Nowgong, Sibsaugor and Luckimpore. Darjeeling, 25th Jan.—First rainfall for the year on the 24th, 0:27. Temperature much lower. Uptill now having been above normal. Pruning well advanced throughout the district.— Planters’ Gazette. OGorron Punp.—According to the Scientific Ame- rican several samples of pulp made from the hulls and stalks on the cotton plant have lately been on view at Atlanta, Georgia. The pulp is a white as snow, and it is said it can be converted — into the finest writing paper. The ligneous sub- — stances of the hulls and stalks are removed by a new process. Fifty per cent of the fibres are ex- tracted from the hull, which has hitherto been used either for fuel in the mills or for fertilising © purposes, and 38 per cent is obtained from the stalks,which are generally allowed to rot in the fields. © If the process proves successful, the value of these ~ comparatively useless products will be increased ten-— fold,—/iji Times, Dec. dth, ts LR . the y se. r » Ne Marcu 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 609 PLANTING IN THE LOWCOUNTRY OF OCHYLON. SOHNERY FROM TH RAILWAY—NATIVE WEATHER PRO- PHETS—VARIOUS NEW PRODUCTS AND THEIR ENEMIES —VALUE OF THE JAK PREE—ORANGE AND OTHER FRUIL TRELS—COLTTON AND ILS FOES—sIROCCO vs, CHULAS—PEPPER—HAL TEA BOXES. That heading to my notice of the shadows of the monarch Peak and his myrmidon mountains might lead readers to suppose that the sunrise and shadow phenomena were witnessed where my post-card was deposited. Such was not the case. Starting from the main (Colombo) station at 6 a.m. on Friday last, the sun was so far up the horizon by the time the train reached Hena- ratgoda, that only the ordinary terrestrial shadows of objects were possible, It was only a few minutes past 6 and when the train was a little be- yond the Maradana junction that the semi-circle of shadows projected on the upper atmosphere was witnessed. Like many other things of beauty it was an evanescent joy. The ascending sun, to use popular language, would soon dissipate the shadows, in ordinary course, but the railway, as is the per- verse fashion of railways, whisked us away beyond view of what we admired so much while there was only an interval of rosy dawn between the mountains and their shadows on the upper haze. What increased the beauty andimpressiveness of the striking sight was the fact that while the pyramidal shadow of the Peak stood up perpendicularly in the centre, the shadows of the flanking hills on both sides went off, apparently, at descending angles until some of them appeared to stretch out almost horizontally. The idea of a whole system of volcanoes in action was due to the resem- blance to reflected flame of the red light of dawn, while the shadows projected on the haze suggested volumes of smoke. ‘‘ What a picture the wonderful scene would make,’ was our reflection, but we mentally added, what would be true ofa representation of this sky effect as of others, “No one would believe the picture; they would charge the artist with exaggeration.” But truth, even in meteorology, is often stranger than fiction, The morning was crisply cool, but as the day advanced the temperature became hotter and hotter, until, by the time we looked out on the moun- tain system from the red granite rocks of Bilandhu, we saw its features of sharp peaks, massive moun- tains and rocky ridges only through a veil of diffused and shimmering haze. As a contrast to the distinctly pencilled dark-blue of the mountains against the sky in other conditions of the atmos- phere, Friday's misty view, suggestive of mystery in the higher regions of the earth’s surface, was interest- ing and impressive. After a heavy plump of rain at the commencement of the year a spell of hot, dry weather has prevailed, which has raised apprehensions of another season of drought, third in succession if it really occurs. But rain cannot be long delayed, for on TF'riday afternoon the sky clouded over and the cobalt blue colour which indicates saturation with mois- ture of the atmosphere became apparent. I was told that the natives predicted rain in twenty days, —one day short of three weeks. I was irreverent enough to scoff at this style of prediction as little better than the reply toa question so often put by English employers of native servants: ‘‘ Appu, do you think it will rain to day?’ ‘ Sometimes it will; sometimes it won't.’’ I believe it will rain long before the three weeks are rounded off, al- though certainly the leading characteristic of the climate in this region, from ten to thirty miles cima pam Colombo, is the length of the periods during which moisture remains suspended in the atmosphere, refusing to visit the thirsty earth. ‘he actual rainfall is ample, from 110 to 120 inches, but it too often falls in torrents for a weck, between intervals of drought prolonged to weeks and sometimes months. ‘This it is which makes planting with supplying and re-supplying so much more difficult in the low country than in the high, while fever often adds to the troubles of the planter and his labourers. The white-ants, too, are ubiquitous and sometimes destructive. The tea plants suffer not so much from direct attacks on them as from the eating up of the ferns used to shade young seedlings and supplies. But young coconut plants, or rather the nuts from which they spring and, up to a certain staye derive their sustenance, are objects of direct and _perti- nacious attack. One of the best remedies seems to be ashes, and this substance taken from the furnaces of the tea factory not only circumvents the ter- mites but has a most marked fertilizing effect on the coconut plants. HadI known what Inow know, prudence would have dictated a commencement with coconuts instead of putting them in amongst the tea after that plant had become a fair success; unlike its predecessors, Liberian coffee, cacao, cassava, and indiarubber. But as a, publicist I recognized the duty of initiating experiments and recording the results, which I haye faithfully done, and, like Beau Brummel and the cravats, I can say of the plants named, “These are our failures.” Liberian coffee was a victim to Hvemileia vastatrix beside giving only the equivalent of a pennyworth of bread (beans) to an_ intolerable quantity of sack (external covering) ; cacao was blown and eaten out of existence by wind and insects (little beetles breeding in the pods); cassava roots would not sell at a price to pay carriage to Colombo; and indiarubber trees here, as elsewhere, did not yield gum enough to pay for the gathering.* By the way, some large survivors of the rubber groves near the bungalow showed in a curious manner the operations of the white-ants. At certain seasons these trees, which are deciduous, become rayged in the surface bark. This rough outer bark the white-ants had disposed of, leaving the trees with the inner bark showing in patches light-coloured and polished. In like manner, felled trees of hard wood may be seen on the ground occasionally, white and polished like prepared Specimens of bone, the white ants having eaten away all bark and decayed matter. Besides tea, which isan assured success now—300 to 400 lb, per acre in the face of failures from drought of plants and supplies—pepper has been added to the category of the survival of the fittest, and we hope ul- timately to have our numerous and fantastic rocks in ‘the Necropolis,” ‘‘the Castle,” “ the Fort,” &e., covered with this product, although shade is in the first stages as necessary for pepper plants as for tea. We have to calculate on the dying off from prolonged hot weather of a con- siderable proportion of the cuttings, and the same fate will probably follow seedlings when we have them fit for “planting out.” A good many seedlings are upin the nurseries, and I hope they will survive, so as to prove that growing pepper from seed, though a slow method of cultivation, is a fairly sure one. It is this element of slowness in giving returns which has deterred so many Europeans especially from enga- ging in the coconut enterprise. ‘The same reason, no doubt,accounts for the absence of experiments in grow- ing forest trees for timber and firewood. But, looking * Not old enough ?—En, 610 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {MarcH 1, 1889. mes 2 at the wonderful growth in six to ten years of jak trees scattered over Hilandhu, I believe, that better even than coconuts as an inheritance for my family would have been 100 acres of jak trees, planted when I began clearing about 8x8. This valuable tree yields not only fruit but forage for animals, while for general purposes of house- and boat-building and furniture it produces our most useful timber,—timber which is becoming scarce and dear; for the natives, naturally enough, object to cutting down a jak tree until it is beyond the fruit-bearing stage. Any young man, able and willing to wait ten to fifteen years for returns, would, I believe, do well, with a couple of hundreds of acres of jak, wa and lunumidella trees in the lowcountry and a similar or larger extent of Australian eucalypts, acacias and grevilleas in the higher mountain altitudes. Our danger now from tea is the very rapidity with which it yields re- turns. The region I visited yesterday, although it grows many products, from the mighty talipot palm to the minute-grained amu of the millet field, is, par excellence, the region of coconuts; and my neighbour of “ Comillah ’’ (a reminiscence of Hastern Bengal, near where the head-hunting aborigines are now giving trouble) is the happy possessor of some hundreds of acres rapidly advancing to the age of full bearing. But we were naturally more interested in his plants and trees imported from India. A very fine mahogany which flourishes in the bungalow grounds proves that the climate and soil are suitable for this prince of timber-yielding trees. Our readers know that Sylhet oranges have been here a great success, although Dr. Stork has discovered that the success would have been more pronounced -had the holes for the plants been deeper and wider. Ground for orange orchards indeed should be trenched 4 feet deep. Lichee plants flourish exceedingly, but do not fruit. The loquats and lichees are indeed not successes generally in Ceylon. Experiments were being tried with half-a-dozen varieties of cotton. The poorest wool is the short-stapled Tinnevelly kind; New Orleans is good, but the best of all, in Dr. Stork’s experience, is what he introduced from India as Fiji cotton. It looks like what we used to call Pernambuco cotton in Jaffna, where we reckoned Bourbon cotton the best. One great point seems to be to hit on the proper seasons for sowing the seed. The difficulty in Jaffna about 47 years ago was that the boles ripened, so that the cotton was battered by ‘the rains of the north-east monsoon. The yield per acre, too, was small. JI sincerely trust the experiments now making will be more successful than those of the Messrs. Whitehouse and Hardy were in 1842-43. There was an insect enemy in the shape of a little reddish beetle. There was then no local de- mand, except for the native looms, which were largely supplied with imported thread. The success of cotton cultivation on a large scale in Ceylon would have the subsidiary advan- tage of securing a plentiful supply of good cattle feed in the shape of the seed. Some of the cotton wool produced and prepared at Comillah was utilized in an unexpected manner by a “‘ tailor bird,”’ which had sewn (actually stitched) large croton leaves to- gether, putting the cotton wool inside for a soft warm nest in which an egg had been laid. We made closer acquaintance with a weaver bird, one of those that build long pendulous nests which they enter from below. One of these birds which had been caught young was amongst the numerous pets of the household, hopping about the drawing- room table with the utmost confidence and instinctively attempting to abstract pieces of thread and cloth from a lady’s workbasket. Still tamer and more confident were several dear little “paddy birds” which stood fearlessly on the outstretched fingers even of the stranger guests. This beautiful sight (the tameness of the birds was not shocking to me as it was to Alexander Selkirk) was the more pleasant, because on my own place war had been declared against and death, by means of a shot gun, dealt amongst some of “the tribes on our frontier” in the shape of crows and squirrels. Their crime was a raid on our fine large pineapples growing on plants the progeny of some originally introduced by Dr. Stork. The crows peck at the pineapples as they do at everything else, and although Corvus impudens is a good scavenger, we did not mourn so much over his kind as over the dead specimens of the lively “little mime and thief’ immortalized by Miss Jewsberry. This long- tailed, active, vocal, arboreal rodent is, we know, omnivorous, for we saw specimens eating white-ants with gusto. That fact did not prejudice us against them. But what could we say when it was proved tous by the marks of their claws that they had scooped out and eaten the interiors of some of our best pineapples, leaying only the deceptive shell in- tact? We did not, in view of scooped out pineapples, intercede for the squirrels any more than we did for the crows, but that animal nature should be as depraved as human(men thieves have carried off pineapples bodily) ‘‘ gave us pause.’ Of this I will take advantage to close these discursive notes, after bearing a tribute to the little bullock hack- eries which convey us seven miles from the station to Eilandhu in two hours, and expressing the hope that if there is a new railway time-table it will embrace the stopping of the express train at Henaratgoda. There are many coconut estates in the neighbourhood, but above all there are the Tropical Gardens of Government, which many would like to visit if railway arrangements permitted. The change in Hilandhu factory by the sub- stitution of a handsome sirocco for chulas was pleasant to the eye as well as to the sense of feeling. The heat previously was almost unbear- able. The two sets of trays were doing good work, the coolies being on a level with the top part of the machinery, which was sunk in a well- made pit. The thermometer attached to the sirocco indicated 230 degrees, which anexperienced com- panion said was, in his opinion, too high by 10 degrees. This planter had appreciated Brown’s Desiccator by supplying his own factory with one. “But,” he said, ‘‘it needs power to work the fan, and the reason why so much fuel is burnt in the sirocco and the internal parts destroyed is, that planters heat it up to 270. The proper figure is 220 degrees.” I think it right to record this opinion. N. B.—Offers for pepper in store (a few bushels) have gone up from R7 to Ri2% per bushel. Surely even this latter figure is lowfor a condi- ment so useful and so generally used? 2nd WV. B.— That native carpenters are at work near the Henaratgoda station turning out hal tea boxes at prices lower than those sold in Ool- ombo, whether locally made or imported. It will be curious if Sinhalese carpenters, with hand saws, chisels and adzes, are able successfully to compete with American machinery applied to the forests of Japan, The circumstances must be favourable to enable them to doso, KF, Sh CINNAMON CROPS IN THE NEGOMBO DISTRICT. Kaprrana,' 8th Feb.—Very dry here: no rain since the 8th of last month. The “ bud” with blossom, which began to show about the middle of Marcu 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ed last month, stopped all peeling, and there is nothing doing but pruning’ and weeding. Owing to very unsatisfactory seasons for the last two years I anticipate a short crop of both cinnamon and coconuts this year, and arise in the price of the latter ; as for the former I despair of any marked improvement in prices, I am glad to observe by the Customs returns that the quantity of chips exported this year to date is only about half what it was atthe same time last year. I wonder what can be the cause of this. Is it that the months of May and June last year were so favour- able for peeling, that coarse wood, which in other years would have gone to swoll the chips, was made into quill cinnamon? The health of the people is better than it was during December and January, when dysentery in many villages and fever in all prevailed to a serious extent. Colds and coughs are common, and a few cases of fever. A little rain would be welcome, as pastures are look- ing brown. ——$$—$ A PIONEER OCOLONIST;: COFFEE AND COCONUTS IN THE EARLY DAYS. We take to ourselves blame for not referring in our Overland Summary to the departure from our shores by the P. & O. 8. S. “Rosetta” of one of the pioneers of coffee (and coconut) plant- ing and the founder of a mercantile house in Colombo, Mr, Andrew Nicol. Mr. Nicol’s career has been as varied and as racy of our planting soil as any one of his compeers in the “forties ”’ and “fifties.” His favorite district was Rangala, where he owned, or shared in, at one time, the majority of the coffee plantations in the district, and rich and most productive of the fragrant berry they were in his early days—the days of the “Knuckles bricks,” but also of virgin crops and quick as well as big returns for capital in- vested. Need we say that Mr. Nicol revisited Rangala to find scarcely a coffee plant remaining, fit any rate to see a crop which he could carry away in his pockets; while tea and cardamoms— unthought of in the days of old—had given new life to the district. Mr. Nicol in conjunction with his manager and partner, poor Sangster Martin, introduced some of the hardest-headed and most practical Scots, Banff and Aberdeen Shires ever sent to Ceylon; and a curious fact which we were the first to remind them of, as both pioneers met in our presence lately, was, that these Scots after giving a certain term to Mr: Nicol’s estates north of Kandy, gradually but surely moved south (after true Scottish fashion) to take service under the then only laird in Rakwana, Mr. O, Shand, and eventually to carve out clearings and fortunes of their own in the forests of the Kolonna Korale. It had never struck Nicol during all these thirty years that he hada claim for ‘“ crimping” against his brother planter and merchant! Matale very early shared the attention of Mr. Nicol, along with Rangala. In the once famous Balakaduwa pro- perty he had an extensive interest with worthy Ned Mortimer (still to the fore), and to oblige a constituent friend who wanted urgently to sell, he took over Cabroosa Ella estate in Matale Hast—the estate on which * Young Scotchman’’—afterwards * Old Colonist "'"—was said (by his Jriends) to have distinguished himself by cutting off all the pri- maries as his idea of pruning! When we lately questioned Mr, Nicol about this yarn, his character- istic answer was “All I koowis that I got off the place—-perhaps as the result of this pruning !— enough of crop in the one season to leave a profit equal to the total cost of the place!" Mr. Nicol had many interesting experiences to relate of the early days and his trips into the lowcountry. One memorable ride through a region then unopened, via Northern Matale East, Laggala and away round by the back of the Knuckles and Nitre Cave, was in the company of Mr. George Christian of Messrs. Murray Robertson & Co., and hard work they had of it, being nearly famished before they got to food and rest. Mr. Nicol as a young man was one of the hardiest and strongest among our proprietary planters, and having engaged in coconut planting in the Batticaloa district, the trip across from Medamahanuwara through the Bintenna and Vedda country—then little traversed by Kuropeans—became quite a com- mon thing with him. At length he got tired of waiting for the returns from his palms and induced Mr. O’Grady—his manager—to buy the coconut plantations for R35,000 we believe; with the result that they now or of late years, have yielded nearly this amount in annual income. Mr. Nicol founded in Colombo the firm of Nicol, Cargill & Co—Mr. 8. T. Richmond coming down from Bombay where Mr. Nicol had close connections with the great house of Wm. Nicol & Co., as well as with the corresponding Liverpool House of which Mr. Dyce Nicol, M. P., was the head. Mr. A. C. White became another partner in the Colombo firm, which assumed a leading estate agency position. We need scarcely relate how Mr. Nicol after this became a big Dimbula proprietor—as did also Mr. White, in taking overand dividing between them the properties on which the notorious Francis Hudson (then of Hudson & Chandler) had got advances. Here Mr. John Martin (following Mr. James Wright) took charge at a time when the estates in Dimbula did not count a dozen all told: half being grouped together below the Gap, and the others below Great Wes- tern approachable from Nuwara Eliya, When Mr. Nicol went home in the early ‘sixties,’ Mr. J. C. Fowlie—who following after Messrs. Shand, Darley and Alexander Gibson had made a fortune in Tinnevelly cotton, through the American blockade, —took his place and the firm became Fowlie, Richmond & Co., to which house in due season there came in succession as young enterprising Assistants, now quite old residents in our midst, Messrs. W. Law, R. L. M. Brown and Wm. Somerville. That after being away for some fifteen or more years, Mr. Nicol should return and ‘ renew his youth”’ in watching the development of an entirely new planting enterprise in tea, adds to the romance of our history as a Colony. No young planter fresh to the island could take more interest in his tea fields and factory than did Mr. Nicol in everything appertaining to his fine Glassaugh pro- perty ; and he used to tell with great gusto the story of his sending three samples of his tea to a leading London authority, and adding a fourth from the same tea to make his packet square, and getting a report back very favourable to the three samples, but that the tea in the fourth was burnt! Mr. Nicol was for a long time the subject of attack on account of a Rangala Church Subscription of which he had been Treasurer, but about which, it was maintained, no account could be got, after the proposal to build was given up. Of lettere innumerable, Mr. Nicol characteristically took no heed; but before leaving the isJand this time, he voluntarily gave satisfactory explanations of how the subscriptions had been returned chiefly to the representatives of men now dead. Latterly Mr. Nicol has suffered in health a good deal, being for some months under the care of Dr, Moir at Mount Lavinia, the winter preventing 612 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |MarcH 1, 1889. EE TS SS SS his going home. Returning upcountry in December however, he regained better health, adding to his weight, and now goes to seek a thorough cure at a continental watering place.—Mr. J. R. Hughes (son-in-law of Mr. Nicol) from Galbodde takes charge of Glassaugh, and ,;we are glad to learn that a further bond with the island is likely to be established for the old and enterprising Colonist who is the subject of our reminiscences, in the marriage of another daughter erelong, to a well- known Dimbula planter. ee NOTES FROM UVA. Haporanz, 11th February. Many estates down the Pass are suffering from a virulent ‘attack of green bug and the coffee bushes look woefully bare, the nakedness being increased by a new. style of pruning tea which I had not seen before, that of cutting downthe bushes to within a few inches of the ground and stripping the stumps of every leaf remaining on the decapitated tea bushes. Referring to green bug, I noticed that mainly those lowlying estates that were hacked and cut to pieces by ‘patent pruners” afew years ago into such shapes ag ¢art-wheels and parrot-sticks were the first estates to give in or knock under to the disastrous effects of leaf-disease and green bug; weakened no doubt by cropping in every sense of the word. I still main- tain that notwitstanding all these calamities of leaf- disease, green bug, and “ patent pruners,” that coffee is not on its last legs, and that above the Pass and on the Namunakula range there are estates such as Kabragalla, Old Hapootella in this district, and Old Nahavilla and Gowerakelle on the Badulla side, which are living evidence of what JI assert. They are among the oldest estates in Uva, planted early in the “Torties’’ before Major Rogers, the then proprietor of Kahagalla and Hapootella, met with his lamentable end of being struck by lightning at the Pass in 1845; so part of these two estates are over 44 years old, and this old coffee is still to the fore bearing very good and remunerative crops and seem to have very goodlife in them yet, which, if nourished and well-looked. after, will still pay better than tea. —_—— OO TOBACCO AND TEA IN CHYLON. Mr. Hugh Leward, who so recently wrote from Rome in a fashion so depreciatory of Ceylon, has again appeared in print with reference ‘to the tobacco and tea industries of your colony. The following letter from him was published by Colonies and India during the week:— ToBAcco AND TRA IN CEYLON. To the Editor of The Colonies and India. Sir,—In reference to the operatious and ill-success of the German Tobacco Gompany in Ceylon, and the further trial about to be made in the southern district it appears tome they would have had success in either the extreme north of the island (whence I shipped on one occasion 70,000r, worth) or in Dumbara, in the Central Province. But the two best localities for the growth of tobacco are in Sumatra (and North Borneo) and South Florida. Still, I would recommend the company not to abandon the matter in Ceylon until they have tried the two districts T have named—Jaffna Peninsula and Dumbara—since they are there. While on the subject of Oeylon, I would givea word of warn- ing to tea planters to sell the rubdish to the natives and export only the decent tea, else the charm Ceylon tea has will be lost irretrievably, and the industry shattered, ‘ Quality” must be kept up or “ quantity” will bea delusion and snare.—I am, &c., Rome, Jan, 18. Hueu LeDWwarp, We should gay that Mr. Ledward’s recommenda- tions to your German colonists to try the districts he has named for the growth of tobacco might well be given weight to; but it ig well-known that the red soil of the Jaffua peninsula only produces a very coarse tobacco, The late Mr. Dyke himself told me that he had tried the seeds of the finest | acres varieties he could procure, but that the resultant growth was always of a coarse character, the finer attributes of the tobaccos being wholly sacrificed. Mr. Ledward’s reference to ‘‘ rubbish” in the shape of tea being exported from Ceylon is in no degree eupported by experts here, for Mr. Roberts has assnred me that any disparaging term applied to Ceylon tea could only be relative, as, to his judgment, all Ceylon tea was good. Surely Mr. Ledward’s experience with Ceylon tea for trading purposes must have been exceptionally unfortunate ! oA CEYLON PLANTING PRODUCTS : THEIR POSITION AND PHEOSPECTS. We have often thought that it would be a good thing for the Government—and for the Colony at large,—if a report were officially called for once a year from the Inspectors of Kstates—known generally as Visiting Agents—on the position and prospects of the several products and branches of agriculture which are the subjects of their attention. Of course these gentlemen could not be expected to draw up such annual Reports for the public benefit, without remuneration; but the fee in each case would, we are convinced, be revenue well invested : | and probably few more valuable or suggestive papers would be found in the official yvolume—if they were included therein—than those which the gentlemen referred to, could send in if so inclined and invited. So far as it is possible for him and his staff, the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens tries to supply a felt requirement, in the very valuable and interesting portion of his Administration Report, dealing with ‘‘ Economic Products.” But it is impossible for Dr. Trimen to. gather the same amount of experience of planting products as the gentlemen who are constantly on the move from one end of the country to the other, inspecting, comparing, reporting, estimating,advising, and, as far as is possible, locking into the future of our plantations and their industries. The subject introduced by ‘‘Mercator” and continued today by a couple of Planting Correspon- dents in our columns, is one we should like to see handled by Inspectors of {states. They have the means of bringing the greatest yariety of experience to bear upon such topics. The rates at which, for instance, tea in the different districts can be produced, or rather delivered in Colombo; the prospects of growth in the old and new districts; and — means of inducing a coalition of forces between three or four neighbouring proprietors so as to make one factory serve all, and the most econ- omic fittings for a well-equipped factory, are all subjects on which from a multitude of experienced counselors we ought to gather safety. One such counsellor recently favoured us with the Opinion—a disinterested one—that there was perhaps no finer sheet of tea on an old coffee property in the island than was to be seen over Rothschild, once the farfamed coffee garden of Pussellawa. He con- sidered that such tea was bound to yield well and give satisfactory returns. For cheap working on an old estate he considered a Maskeliya property—ot between 200 and 300 acres—which last year sent its tea (200 lb. an acre) to Colombo at 35 cents per Ib., covering all expenditure including salaries, as a fairly good model, with the prospect of further ‘* ecouomies ” in working and larger crops, inducing an cven lower rate. One of the most difficult tasks of Visiting Agents at present is to bring intending purchasers and would-be sellers of estates to the same mind: we haye heard of an Inspector indeed who has valued as many as ten plantations for a capitalist without a sale resulting in any one case. Not only has the proprietor of 200 to 300 of tea, too exalted views of his property Marcu 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 613 sometimes, but when he is reasonable, it may be there is an wunaccommodating mortgagee behind to prevent business. As for stopping the planting of tea in Ceylon at this stage of the Colony’s existence, most Visiting Agents, we believe, are inclined to liken the attempt to limit the area cultivated—thus far shalt thou go and no farther—to Dame Partington trying to sweep back the Atlantic ! As for the chance of another pest sweeping through Ceylon, this time on tea, we are either reminded that tea takes more naturally to our soil and climate, its own native habitat being near to us or that the means of fighting a persistent insect or a fungoid enemy on tes, by a thorough pruning, was never available in the case of coffee. As to Coffee, there are Visiting Agents—old hands even—who do sincerely believe that ‘‘ green bug’’ is on the wane, that there is a chance for a revival of prosperity with an old staple in certain quarters still. One cynical friend says he cannot help believing this if for no other reason than that the doom of coffee under ‘‘green bug” has been absolutely and publicly pronounced by a cock-sure ex-merchant and a resident Nuwara Eliya planter, “for,” said he, ‘ during the last twenty or thirty ‘years I never yet found either of them right in ‘their assertions or predictions.” On the other hand, we cannot disguise an admission made to us in a few instances, namely, that when -coffee-bug appears to wane the fungus Hemileia vastatrix appears to revive. Is this a common experience ? Dikoya cofiee is, we believe, now free of bug; but how about lenaf-disease? Upper Haputale and Kandapols, and sone Badulla estates’ cotlee in its present state affords much cause for encourage- ment, while lower Uva estates are suffering. The fine Wariapola estate near Matale gave 4.700 bushels last year and thousands of bushels are still gathered on nota few other properties in the higher and Uva distriets—so that we may be sure such fields will be cherished and cultivated with the utmost care considering the splendid market prospects. But what acreage of coffee may we expect to show in Ceylon five years hence ?—that is unless we have new shade clearings opened with Coorg seed and enltivated Mysore fashion throughout Uva. Why not? Mysore coffee crops go on increasing even on old estates under shade, and there is Railway Bxtension to make Uva very accessible. ‘What about Oinchona?’’ We have for an anawer that ‘‘ the man who may own any appre- ciable area under cinchona iy Ceylon four years henee, will have a fortune.’’ We have further a distinct challenge to the effect that no new cinchona haa been grown, worth looking at, during the past six years, North of Nuwara Eliya or out of Uva! One Inspector says he will gladly travel 50 miles to see any clearing which may prove the excep- tion tothisrule. Further he denies that any such can be found in the region referred to. Seed from Java, the Nilgiris and Jamaica has all been tried, but in vain: the day for growing Cinchona in the Kandy districts is over. Even seed from Bolivia sold at the rate of R400 for ounce has proveda dead failure. On Ragalla, the proprietor says he plants out 100,900 plants every year; but that is within the Uva climate and soil, though even in Uva cinchona clearings do not now equal their original vigour. The more that expeiience and liberal expenditure and care and attention have been brought to bear on cinchona clearings, the greater has been the failure. The history of the Ramboda cinchona gardens opened by Mr. Traill vividly jllustrates this proposition. There are other Products to notice in connection with the views of Estate Inspectors, but we must stop for today. A TEA SALE. Gentle reader in India and Ceylon, you who take such infinite pains to make that delicate-flavoure! Pekoe, have you ever been into the Oummercial Sal Rooms, in Mineing Lane, where your tea ig sold? Lf not, it is worth while visiting that hallowed spot on the first opportunity. Lf a Papuan savage were co visit the Commercial Sale Koom while saje is in progress, he would probably return from civilisation to the dark paths of caunibalism with eagerness and a very bad beud- ache. The process of selling teaisasbort one. The tea from your particular garden, trieud, is disposed of in very quick time ; but the sale of somebody’s tea gues oneach day from, say, 12 until 3 p.m., aud broker atter broker occupies the pulpit, and buyers come upsmiling. The Tower of Babel, there is reason to believe, was not a quiet place. An auction sale of old clothes in Petticoat Lane is not without its murmur of gentle voices waited o’er Houndsditch; but the noise of a Mincing Lane sale-room is hard to beat. It would give a deat mute a new sensa- tion, aud cause a man with ‘“ nerves,” who had been brought up in a quiet aud well-regulated family, to become a maniac in the shortest time on record, The modus operandiis simple. A catalogue is printed, aud the selling broker and the buyer meet in a room not unlike a church vestry or school room, in which there is a pulpit and several desks. The broker as- cends the pulpit, the buyers are on the gui vive and the fun begins. A stranger, who had strayed into the place by accident, if such a thing were possible, would probably come to one of three conclusions. He might take the place for a chapel of ease, where the parson was not orthodox in the matter of his garb, and the c ngregation were given to vigorous disputes with him on points of doctrine ; he might think he was in a lunatic asylum; or, if he were very imaginative, it would probably suggest itself to his mind that he was present at the opening meeting of a new society, whose object was the propagation and development of apoplexy. Yo suddenly discover a cloud of gesticulating gentlemen shouting in unison at another amiable gentleman, who appeers to have been guilty of no greater crime than speaking quickly and _ writing hurriedly, is a perplexing sight to the uninitiated, aud requires explanation. These are earnest and enthusiastic members of the tea trade in various stages of commercial emotion. A few of them, appa- rently, madly anxious to secure certain parcels of tea, though they should perish in the attempt. This although alarming to the stranger, is merely the normal state of things. ‘These widely excited gentlemen are only going through the dvy’s round of hardy toil engendered of life in Mincing Lane; and they have no desire to break a blood vessel—they merely want to have their bids revoguised by the selling broker in advance of their contemporaries. ‘hey are remarkably good-tempered people, and accept the dictum of the selling broker as to the actual purchaser ofa much-desired parcel with urbanity. When not engaged in shouting at the top of their voices, they conduct themselves like other citizens, They are not given specially to riotons living nor rowdy bebaviour. As there is no unanimity of opinion as to the necessity for any reform in the manner of bidding for teas, it may be presomed that the present method is the oily fer- sible one yet discovered; but it would be interest- ing to learn the average length of life of those at- tending these sales, wud whether there is such a thing as sale-room svre throat. One can readily un- derstand that life is not all “ beer anid skittles ” to men whose custom it is to attend the sale-room; and a spectaior is inclined to think that those who grow the produce havea better chance of a healthy life even in the wilds of Assam than those who seil it or buy it in Mincing Lane.—AH. § C. Mail, NOTES ON PRODUUE AND FINANCE. The Government finds tea the source of a very large and increasing revenue. The amount of daty de- rived from toa during 1888S wag £4,698,905, ing the 614 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1889. largest return ever made in a single year; and, as com- pared with what was raised in 1883, the gain is indica- tive of an extraordinary degree of activity and success in the hometrade. Ooffee is still a rather poor contri- butor to the national revenue, having furnished only £194,578, as compared with £187,869 in 1887, when the total duty payments were exceedingly light ; and there does not seem to be much prospect of any material re- covery in the future. The Japanese tea crops show a considerable in- crease in this season, a wider area having been de- voted to the plant, and the growth having been good. Generally, the weather last year was more favourable than in 1887, though in some districts the crops were damaged. In certain localities tea cultivation has given way to sericiculture. The total production of Japan for 1888 is estimated at 193,420,696 lb , showing an increase of about 30,000,000 lb. against 1887. The prices obtained this season have not been so good as jn the previous season.—H. & C. Mail. TENE _ce COFFEE AND—COFFEE, It is often said by captious critics that English people do not know how to make coffee, but according to a recently issued report from the British Council at St. Petersburg we are not only eclipsed by Continental rivals in the art of preparing the fragrant drink, but also in the art of adulterating the raw material. Here we are familiar enough, or rather much too familiar, with chicory as a substitute for coffee, and doubtless most of us have heard of the inventive American who brought outa machine for compressing chicory into the form of coffee berries. In Russia the wary purchaser has tobe onthe look out for other adulterants, such as burnt beans, roasted barley, and the like. The British Consul tells a story of an Odessa grocer who boldly offered a reward to any one who should dis- cover chicory in the coffee he supplied. As a matter of fact a careful analysis did prove that the so-called coffee contained no chicory; but it proved more, namely, that all produce of the coffee plant was equally con- spicuous by itsabsence. The stuff was really nothing more nor less than roast barley. In a similar way tea, which is usually supposed to beso good in Russia, is very often made the means of fraud. A common trick is to mix the good tea with other leaves which have been once used and then dried, a practice which has obvious advantages to those dealers who would thereby feel themselves at liberty to say that the mix- ture coutained nothing but tea. But the most usual adulterant is the leaves of the common willow herb, which after drying, strongly resemble the true produce of China and India.—Daily News. ee ee Saur as A PropHyiatio.—F'rom careful observations and experiments conducted it has been found that the free use of common salt with animal food is'an excellent prophylactic against the cattle plague, especially when given in rice gruel. Cattle thus fed stand a very good chance of recovery, if attacked, while those which are only allowed to graze succumb fo the disease in the large majority of cases.— Indian Agriculturist. THE Pappy Crop is nearly ripe for harvesting. It has proved to be neither the success our earlier hopes, nor the failure our later fears had led us to expect. There has been hardly any rain since the b- winning of the year; but the crop is not quite the failure if was feared to be. Wherever practicable, the farmers have irrigated their fields. Irrigation in Jaffna is # most costly and troublesome process. Water does uot flow from the tanks which are of a lower level than the surrounding fields. It has to be raised by the most laborious and primitive of methods; and it is on the crop which has cost so much in Jabor and money that the local husbandman has to pay @ tax equally with those in more favored loca- lities where an unlimited water supply is provided. The crop, we are glad to say, is almost everywhere better than was expected, that of Poonaryn, which generally suffers from floods, being about the best, —'' Oeylon Patriot,” Feb, 8th. Att the foreigners (English and American) who had some few years back leased extensive lands at Goa for agricultural purposes have abandoned their estates owing to the unsuitability of the soil for the cultivation of coffee, opium, cinchona, &c., and the high rate of taxes demanded by the Portu- guese Government and refusal to make roads in the interior, as had been originally promised to the planters.—Pioncer, Feb. 8th. Cryvton TgeA AND THEIR KeEPIne QUALITIES.— After some months devoted to watching Ceylon teas at home and calling on a large number of the big retail houses for their opinions, Mr. Gordon Grinlinton has come to the conclusion that the great matter in order to secure a good keeping quality for Ceylon teas lies in the final firing before packing, and in the bulking with great care on the plantations, in place of allowing teas to be exposed while being bulked in the London warehouses. THE SEASON IN Mapras.—The weekly summary of the provincial reportson the weather and prospects of the crops is as follows :—Madras.—For week ending 26th January.—No rain. More rain wanted in Ganjam, Tinnevelly, Coimbatore, and Salem. Standing crops generally good, but withering in Ooimbstore and parts of Bellary, and suffering from want of water in parts of Ganjam, Vizagapa tam, Ouddapah, Ohingleput, and from disease in South Arcot. Pasture generally suffici- ent except in parts of Salemand Ooimbatore. Agricul- tural operations progressing. Prices rising in nine districts, including five northern, falling in six, and s\a- tionary elsewhere. General prospect favourable except in Ganjam and Ooimbatore.— Pioneer. “ Tra ”? and Domesticiry.—There is a taking air of ‘domesticity’ about the very name of ‘tea’? which seems to make it the right thing that every tea planter should be a married man! Could anything be so attractive to mothers and daughters in England as to learn from the young wooer in answer to a needful enquiry:— ‘Oh, I’m in tea.” It will not do for all and sundry after reading this to pack up and rush home ‘to see then mothers.” Let each do a good spell of hard work first and get the ‘‘ wattie’’ and factory—not forgetting the bungalow—into thorough order; and thus arrange for a well-earned holiday westward, if indeed it be necessary to go so far! How to Maxe Crynon Tra Known.—A Colombo merchant well says that every planter and resident interested in our staple industry should lay himself out, when travelling beyond the island by whatever line of steamers, to endeavour to make the virtues of Ceylon tea practically known. He says :— When I went home in the “ Bayern” I took two packets of Galboda tea and made it carefully every afternoon for the commander and officers. The commander said he had no idea there was such a lot to know about the way tea should be made. He and other German passengers greatly praised my infusions, and I was glad to see some months later a record that owing to some influence or other the North German Lloyd’s steamers were all taking Ceyion tea for their tables. Moreover after showing the Chef, a rather swell Commissarie, how to make tea J made him a present of a packet (in lead) of Gal- boda on the promise that he would gather his — friends together when in Germany and give them a taste of Ceylon tea. In this way Ceylon people pass- ing away home in foreign steamers could do a vast amount of good if they liked to take the trouble. We trust that all Ceylon men going to Europe, India or Australia will take the hint and as true patriots provide themselves with a few packets of an approved brand of Ceylon tea, to help to promote the good name and prosperity of the colony! — ies dled Tattle tia te a eal anal Marci 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 615 eee Goyyespondence, ——_———._____—_- To the Editor. LIBERIAN COFFEE IN DUTCH GUIANA, SOUTH AMERICA. Voorburg Estate, Surinam, Dutch Guiana, 28th Dec. 1888. (Lo the Lditors of the Tropical Agriculturist.) GrnrTLemEN,—Being one of the subscribers of your valuable journal, 1 take the liberty of putting before you a few questions on Liberian coffee machinery. At present we are planting owt on a very large scale the said colfee, which grows in the low impoldered lands of Surinam as luxurious as pos- sible; samples of this coffee grown here have been declared in Holland and Germany as being valuably surpassing in strength and aroma the said coffee from other countries. You are well aware that the Liberian coffee is much more difficult to clean or to hull than the coffee Arabica, and we are at present rather puzzled which machinery will answer the best to take off the fleshy part, and also the second or so-called parchment husk. In Semler’s work we find recom- mended La Victoria and other machinery but Semler does not say if this kind of machinery will do the work for the Liberian coffee. If I am not mistaken you have Liberian coffee also in Ceylon, and kindly put before you the following questions :— 1. What machinery is used in Ceylon to clean and to husk Liberian coffee ? 2, Is Semler’s machine La Victoria which does all the work, cleaning husking, polishing, ete., in Ceylon, at work ? And will this machine do for the Liberian coffee ? 8. What method of preparing is followed? the dry or the W. T. process for the Liberian coffee 2? or What is your advice in this matter? 4. Is the coffee dried artificially or naturally ? And how are the drogery for the former constructed ? I know that Ceylon isadvanced in coffee machi- nery perhaps more than any other country in the world, and hope you will give me full imformation with your well-known energy and liberty on such an important a subject as this, and hoping I am not intruding on your kindiness ana time.—I remain gentlemen, faithfully yours, F. C. GEFKEN, [Mr. Gefken will find our latest deliverance on Liberian Coffee in a current 7. A. We are ashamed to say we have never heard of Semler, but we know that Messrs. John Walker & Co. of Colombo and Kandy are the foremost manufacturers of coffee-cleaning machinery in the world, On our referring this letter to them they write as below,—Ip. } } 18th Feb. Dear Sirs,—In reply to Mr. Gefken’s lettor we have pleasure in handing you copy of our circular regarding * Liberian Coffee Pulpers.’ We send a considerable number of these machines to the Straits Settlements where this description of coffee is cultivated to a large extent. The machine most in demand is the double dise with sieve at £50 stg.; and we intend sending Mr. Gefken a photograph of the same. It can be worked either by hand or power. There is very little Liberian coffee grown in Oeylon now, but what ix grown is cured by our machinery. We never heard of tho “La Victoria” pulper, A separate machine for peeling, or * polishing” the coffee after it has been pulped, will be required, and we propose to send your corre- spondent particulars of the most suitable peeler. banking you for drawing our atteation to this matter. Joun Wa.xzr & Co, The cultivation of Liberian coffee, both in Ceylon and other Colonies, has led us to devote considerable time and expense in carrying out exhaustive experiments with a view to satisfy the want for a machine that will satisfactorily pulp this coffee. We are therefore desirous to bring to your notice the fact that we have succeeded in making a pulper which we confidently predict will do for Liberian coffee what our other machines have so successfully done for Arabian coffee. The following are a few of the advantages secured by our Liberian coffee pulpers :— lst.—They are simple andall the working parts are easily got at. : 2nd.—They are substantial ; and are not likely to get out of order and can be driven either by hand or by power. J 3rd,—They do their work thoroughly and without damage to good coffee, i ; ’ These pulpers are made in the following sizes to suit re- quirements ;— 1st.—Single machine to pulp about 10 bushels per hour. This pulper'is suitable for a young estate. Price £18 sterling. 2nd,—Double machine to be driven by hand or power, fitted with sieve. When driven by hand this pulper will do about 20 bushels per hour ; and by power about 30 bushels. Price £50 sterling. 3rd.—Same as No. 2 machine but fitted in adjdition with buckets for throwing back the skin from the service. Price £62°10 sterling. 4th.—Large machine for power only, to pulp from about 60 to 80 bushels per hour. Price £130 sterling. THE TEA TRADE AND A LEAF FROM THE PAST. The Scottish Trust & Loan Company of Ceylon, Limited, Ingram House, 165, Fenchurch Street, London, 11th January 1889. Dear Sir,—I forward you a pamphlet on some suggested reforms in the tea trade, and you will perhaps look through it and give us the benefit of your opinion through your editorial remarks, and thus call forth the various opinions of the planters of Oeylon. It is a subject which the Ceylon Association in London may well take in hand, and I shall bring it before them, and at tho same time the Planters’ Association might give its views, as the two iustitu- tions should work for one purpose. I beg to tender you my best wishes for the New Year. It is over forty years since I first wrote in the Observer in the days of my old friend and neighbour, the late Dr. Elliott, then editor of the Odserver, who shook his head at my venturing to commence estates in the Wilderness of the Peak, by opening up the Dunbar estate and others, atter holding for self and others many thousand acres of what is now Dikoya at 5s to 7s 6d an acre. Through those then pathless woods of Dimbula and Dikoya have I gone to hunt the elk on the great upland plains which lay beyond, with companions, mighty hunters—gone to their rest—Criiwell, “Mookum” Rose, Colonel Hood, Andrew Hunter, and others; and J killed my first elk, I think, in the stream near where Mr. Rollo has now his fine estate of Ohapclton.—I am, yours faithfully, THOMAS DIOKSON. {|The pamphlet will receive our attention. Long may Mr. Dickson and other pioneers flourish to recall the “ Days of Old.’’—Bp.} CEYLON FIBRES WANTED. The Brantford Cordage Company, Limited, Brantford, Canada, 11th January 1889. Dear Sre,—In conyersation with Mr. Biggar, publisher ‘Canadian Journal I’abrics'’ Montreal, Canada, he mentioned the fact of a “new jibre’’ for cordage_and twine purposes were being grown in your country, and if I wrote you, inquiring the name or names of those cultivating it, you would no doubt be able to supply them, Any information will be thankfully received, or request samples sent to our address at our expense. FRED. CHALCRAFT, Brantford, Canada. [Can Mr. Chaleraft refer to coir yarn? At any rate wo best meet his wishes by publishing his letter, leaving some enterprising trader to send on samples of Ceylon fibres available.—Ep.)} 616 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marci 1, 1889, THE YIELD OF ORDINARY TEA ON OLD COFFEE ESTATES IN CHYLON, London, 18th Jan, 1889, Dear §1p,—Ceylon publications deal very fully with the cost of bringing tea gardens into culti- vation when planted in forest land, and the returns to be expected at 200, 300, 500, and 550 lb. made tea per acre. As three-fourths of the tea estates in Ceylon were formerly coffee plantations with very varying soils, and in the case of the greater portion of which returns of 550, 500, or even 350 lb. tea per acre will be found unobtain- able, and, as the figures of authentication referred to do not bear exactly on tea cultivation under these latter conditions, I write this letter in the hope of drawing forth expressions of opinion in your columns with regard to this matter. : IT do not wish to show as a pessimist, or write anything to discourage capital from the colony ; but a word of warning as to the extent to which tea is being planted in the island and the pro- fit to be expected, will not be out of place. I am afraid that, given 200 1b. to 300 lb. tea per acre from former cofiee land, and an average of 9d to 10d per lb .(which seems to be what we are coming to) sold in London, the profit is not such as to induce a capitalist to invest his money in a tro- pical cultivation like tea, with its vicissitudes, wear and tear of mind as wellas wear and tear of factory machinery, You will doubtless have letters from fortunate planters owning exceptionally favoured gardens ; but I would like to have the opinion of one or two good visiting agents giving their ideas of what they think will be the average yield per acre over all the tea gardens—once coffee estates—when the whole lot are say, 5 years old, and what the ex- pense should be of putting free on board (not including freight or insurance) tea at a yield of 200, 300, or 350 1b. per acre from an estate with a factory and with no extraneous charges for young tea fields, and with an exchange calculated at 1s 5d per rupee ? Factory charges, I suppose, are pretty well known, and taking all items from delivery of leaf to f.o.b., Colombo, and including tea-makers’ salary, cooly labour in factory, cost of chests, lead, solder, hoop-iron, &¢., how many factories can do it under 8 cents per lb, and is not the average nearer 10 cents? ‘ The cost of the factory and machinery should at least yield 10 per cent over and above the profit that should come from growing the leaf, but it seems to me that there is little margin left to those who buy leaf at 10 cents to sell the tea made from it at 9d to 10d per Jb. in London, and with the quantity coming from India, Ceylon and Java, to say nothing of China, I doubt if a higher price can be calculated on for ‘tea for price” in the future, than the figures I have named. The buyer of green leaf at 8, 9 or 10 cents per 1b. must work out his own salvation, but let the planter inform us what profit he calculates on obtaining when he sells his leaf at 8, 9 or 10 cents from an average tea estate (formerly coffee) yielding 200 lb. to 350 lb. per acre. de Some recent Indian Tea Company dividends have been announced :—Luckimpore 2% per cent, Moa- bund 24 per cent, Dooars 4 per cent, although the crop of the latter for season 1888 was 1,038, 400 lb. against 745,200 lb. for 1887.—I am, yours faith- fully, MERCATOR. (It is well to look at all sides of a cage, and we should readily publish responses to the ques- tions thus raised.—Hp.]) TEA-BULKING AND LOSS IN WEIGHT iN LONDON WAREHOUSES :—A PROTEST AGAINST STATEMENTS BY PLAN- TERS AND OTHERS. London, 25th January 1889. Sir,—Our clients, the representatives in London of several tea planters, called our attention to your paper of the 18th December, with reference to a letter from one of your correspondents on the subject of ‘‘ tea bulking” and loss in weight be- tween Ceylon and London, in which he states from information received that teas are plundered in the bonded warehouses. We think, before allowing such a statement to be made in your paper, some better authority should have been given than ‘a boy from a broker’s office in the Lane.” After many years’ practical experience in the working of teas, we can safely say that the statement made is false, and further can show that it is impossible to plunder importers’ tea. On arrival of the ships in the docks the packages are landed and conveyed either by lighter or covered vans under Customs lock. When received in the warehouse (before the lids are removed) they are weighed gross by the Customs officer and the gross weight inscribed on each package, and the teas are not allowed in any case to be bulked, before the gross weights are taken, which at once secures the merchants’ tea from being plundered; after being inspected by the broker, if found necessary to do so, they are bulked, the empty packages tared and refilled. After refilling they are again brought to the scale, regulated and made up to the full gross weight in the presence of the Customs Officer. In’ the case of netting they are likewise weighed gross before being netted. With regard to the other operations of taking off lids, turning out, &c., great care is taken and the tea immediately returned to the packages, papered (not with brown paper) care- fully, and the lead drawn over the paper and then nailed down. Mention is made about opening the packages with a crowbar: that is not the case, they are opened with a mallet and chisel, and your correspondent will admit that some force must be used to open the packages,* which are securely nailed down in Ceylon. With regard to the loss in weight, which is accounted for by the Customs regulations, who weigk only to the pound, andif the packages are made up in Ceylon to meet the Customs regulations, there would not be any difference between Ceylon and London weights, except the pound draft allowed to the trade, over which we have no control. We enclose name and address, and shall be pleased to furnish any gentleman connected with estates information on the making up of the packages to meet the regulations of the Customs. — —Yours faithfully. BONDED WAREHOUSE-KEEPERS. [One obvious criticism on the above narrative is —why are the tin boxes when refilled not soldered down again? Again, walked on the tea with dirty, heavy, hobnailed boots. Just as we are writing, a Colombo merchant sends us a report ofacase (in the Grocer’s Gazette) where damages ‘were claimed for negligent storage of China tea—so that the Bonded Tea Warehouses ~ are by no means immaculate—Ep. | THA LEAF PEST. Jan, 31st, 1889. Dear S1z,—I enclose a few tea leaves affected with some disease, and shall be glad of your opinion on them. I have observed the disease for some time, and should like to know what it is. It is sufficiently serious we believe a well-known oq Ceylon planter saw a crowbar very unnecessarily | used in the London warehouses, while the men Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 614 a in its effects to deserve attention, asthe bushes affected Jose all their Jeaves, and are a long time in recovering. I have sent specimens to Dr. Trimen for his opinion. PRO BONO PUBLICO. [We shall be glad to learn what Dr. Trimen has to say to our correspondent; we are unable to report on the leaves here, though probably the attack is & mere passing one.—Tip, | COTTON CULTIVATION IN DOLOSBAGE DISTRICT. Dear Sir,—Returning from a trip to Dolosbage, T have visited ‘‘Jack Tree Hill” estate, the property of Mr, Blackett, on which may be seen successfully grown several varieties of the cotton bush of commerce (separately planted in fields), parts of which are now bearing ripe pods, Cotton planting here is beyond the experimen- tal stage and presents a pleasing sight: some bushes are between seven and eight~ feet in height, and the cotton lint gathered therefrom silky and long in staple as well as strong and good in quality for upcountry-grown cotton. I[ will not send you a sample, just now, ag Mr. Blackett informed me it is his intention to forward about a hundredweight to Colombo, and he is testing the bushes by counting the number of pods or bolls, with a view to estimating whether cotton will pay to cullivate on a larger scale than at present. The conductor told mehe had picked 130 (one hundred and thirty) pods or bolls off one bush, Mr. Blackett will probably write you further, on this interesting subject of cotton growing in Ceylon. H. COTTAM. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. February 9th. Sm,—Under date of 7th January 1889, Mr. May writes:—‘‘I could hardly be expected to do any- thing more in regard to references than I did when you were in New York, and as the Association would not take your word I concluded to drop the whole matter of tea for the present.” In a cirenlar that came with his letter I find & notice as follows:—‘‘Owing to the large and rapid growth of our business we were obliged to remove our factory to ® more commodious build- ing containing forty rooms which we happened to own in Nyack, and as we shall occupy the entire building we feel confident we can give your orders prompt attention.” I venture to remark that a man who can afford to pay rent of offices at 68, 60 and 62 Broadway, who has also a warehouse at 53 Cedar Street and a huge factory in Nyack, might be a good one to push Ceylon tea in America.—I am, &e., R. E, PINEO. PEPPER CUTTINGS V. SEED. Dean Str,—In re pepper cuttings v. pepper seed- lings, I cannot be content with Mr. Martin’s Opinion, which is evidently founded on theory rather than practice. I don't want to know what “must be,”’ but what is. However, Ceylon has learned too little from India and taught it too much to greatly appreciate what ‘friends on the Coast” say. So far as my limited experience goes I have found that when the climate is not of the best for planting, that seedlings age for pe are more certain than cuttings, while I have read that though the seedling takes longer to come into boaring, yet when it does begin, it continues to bear much longer than will a cutting, 17 have also rend that seedlings are extensively planted in Borneo and other lands thereabouts. 73 Surely Dr. Trimen at Peradeniya could settle the B point.—Yours truly, Trimen ought certainly to be able to (Dr. give valuable information from the experience gained at Henaratgoda and elsewhere. Meantime we believe that the practice in the Straits, Java and Sumatra ag well as on the Malabar Coast is to grow the pepper vine from cuttings.—Ep. TEA GROWING IN CEYLON ON OLD COFFEE ESTATES. North of Kandy, 12th Feb. 1889. Sir,—‘‘ Mercator’s’’ letterin yours of 9th instant only describes what is constantly in the thought of every proprietor in and out of the island. Hvery- one is asking his neighbour (1) “Is tea going to pay to cultivate?” (2) ‘Are we again to pass through hard times, which we vainly thought were gone for ever?” (3) ‘Are all our hopes and labours to be brought to nought ?” These questions it will be found difficult to answer favourably to ourselves, for no one really knows what a day may bring forth. In spite of favourable statistics the market persistently declines, and decline it will still further, while our margin of profit grows smaller every day, and everyone continues to madly open up more land and plant, plant, plant, as if there were no great hereafter. An Assam Co.’s director told me the other day that hig company alone had sold enough seed within the last 25 years to reduce the average price of tea to 6d per lb. How much more emphasized his remarks will now be when the sale of the Assam Co.’s seed crop must be covered hundreds of times over by the sale from other gardens in India and Ceylon. I believe myself.that long before Ceylon reaches her maximum output, say in 1894-95, the price of tea will be reduced to 5d. or 6d. per Ib. all- round average in London. Then will follow a rigorous selection of the fittest, the weakest going wo the wall, 7%. e. the Bankruptcy Court, and the survivors remaining to find that they can eventually make some money owing to the cheapness of tea having brought it within reach of the teeming millions of poor in all countries, a tremendous increase in consump- tion being the consequence. (1) What is your yield per acre and acreage? (2) What is your average price ? (3) What does your tea cost you to make ? The above 3 simple questions if answered will tell at once what an estate is doing, and no other need be asked. /nre factory expenditure from time leaf enters the door to f.o,b., ‘‘Mercator’’ wants to know ‘“‘how many factories can do it under 8 cents per lb., and is not the average nearer 10 cents ? It must be a poor and far distant factory that can’t put its tea f, o.b. for less than 10 cents. I put last year’s crop of nearly 200,000 lb. tea f. 0. b. from factory door for less than five cents, and can do it again, and as long as my firewood lasts. Let us take whatever comfort we can get and rest assured that, on a well-managed estate witha good factory and yield of 300 lb. per acre, teas need not cost more than thirty cents per lb. f.0, b., and at this figure Ceylon will take a lot of beating. India will have to look well to her expenditure if she desire to make ends meet satisfactorily. Her old days of palatial bungalows, huge es- tablishments of horses and elephants, overpaid managers and assistants must be curtailed, or else her poorer and despised opponent, Ceylon, will give her the lead, not certainly in quantity, but most probably as to profit. Sepon has passed through the fire of adversity and bas learned to t hor cont to suit her cloth before this. Sho can do 618) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - (March 1, 1889. ERT TRE A TERRE EY PERE AMS BE REPT E OE EE IE RE IE ET EA aN pre i mR ea mise So again, with a sigh doubtless, but without an effort India has got to learn all this by bitter experience and, in doing so, Ceylon can gain much and lose nothing.. Let everyone make up their minds to a desperate battle with the giant, low prices, born of over-production. Let us not go into battle with a faint heart, but gird on the “buckler of determination,” take up the “shield of careful management,” and grasp the ‘‘sword of economy.” May He who watches over our destinies grant us favourable weather during the next decade, and stay the bloody Huropean war with which we are now threatened and Ceylon planters can take “heart of grace.” D. No. 2.—ECONOMIES IN PREPAuING THA. 14th Feb. 1889. Dear S1r,—‘‘ Mercator” in your issue of 9th in putting the average factory charges at nearer 10 than 8 cents per lb. tea brings up the larger question of economies in tea manufacture, which does not always receive the consideration it demands, and which, in many cases, represents a difference of 2 to 3 cents per lb. in the cost of production. Rolling and firing machines are to be seen in most factories with any pretension to the name, but there are green roll breakers, green roll sifters, tea sifters and tea cutters, all which tend to reduce to some extent the cost of manufacture, and I might hint to those of an inventive turn of mind — that there is still room for additions to the machinery which simplify and cheapen the process of tea-making. A factory fully equipped with all the newest labour-saving appliances will put the tea outside the building at a cost of from 4 to 5 cents per lb., including teamaker’s pay, chests, lead, factory sundries &c. On the other hand a factory starting on a small scale will require from 7 to 8 cents for the same items: the wonder is that so many planters still deny themselves these necessary ad- juncis to the factory—when—with the present low prices, every cent saved on the cost of producing the pound of tea is of vital importance. of the table on page 51 of Rutherford’s Notebook opens one’s eyes to the fact that with tea selling in London at 9d, exchange at 1s 5d, and cost. of production at 35 cents, the profit to the grower is only 7 cents per lb. I have taken cost ‘of pro- duction at 35 cents, but how many estates are there, at the present time putting their teas f.0.b. at that figure? and how many sales lately have shown figures under 94? There is indeed great need for strict economy in factory and field especially on estates composed of old coffee land. OLD HAND AT TEA. AGRICULTURAL WORK AT NIKAWERATIYA. Office of the D,P.I., Colombo, 14th Feb. 1889, Sim,—I am directed to forward for publication the enclosed copy of a report on the work ofthe Agyi- cultural Instructor at Nikaworatiya,—I am, &c. H. W. GREEN, Director. Result of paddy cultivation by the Agricultural instructor at Nikaweratiya. Sir,—I have the honor to report that the following are the results of the cultivation of paddy for the recent harvest by the Agricultural Instructor at Nikae weratiya in the North Western Province :— (1) Sow1ne Broapcasr.—l} acres were sowed with 2 2-7 bushels of paddy, but without manure, and realised a crop of 80 bushels after using the improved plough. This is equivalent to rather over 53 bushels per acre (or, reckouing by folds) to 35 fold, The neighbours cultivating 2 acres in the native style realised a crop of 6 5-7 bushels per acre. The only difference in the mode of the cultivation was in the use of the improved plough by the Agricultural Instructor, and in its not being used by the natives, no manure was used in either case, A study | (2) Pxantine ovur.—By “ planting out ” after using the improved plough, 3 lieddas amounting te 14 perches planted with one-fourth of a seer gave 26-7 bushels, about 33 bushels to the acre, which is about 364 fold. By “planting out” without using the improved plough the same amount transplanted on 12 1-13 perches gave only 2-7 of a bushel, or 3 5-7 bushels per acre. (3) The Government Agent reports that the In- structor’s cotton is looking very well, but it is not yet cropped.—I am, &c., (Signed) H. W. Green, Tue Cumna Tra market unfortunately has fallen into much duller times. Though the majority of operators during the season now drawing toa close have—as we pointed out a few weeks since—done better than for the previous few seasons, the position has fallen away again somewhat. Soomoo seems to have given way considerably, and teas of this class have been sold during the week at public auction at 4d per lb. reduction on the rate prevailing last August. Hitherto teas of this description were noted for their make, but, like several other Foochow chops during this season, they have not been up to the usual mark, and dealers who got them from im- porters are said to have had much trouble in getting them off their hands.—L. & C. Hupress. Procress In Braziu.—The Heonomiste Francais publishes some very interesting figures showing that since the abolition of slavery, there has been a marked increase in the number of immigrants arriving in Brazil, and also points out several facts, such as the increase in the number of banks, which show that the financial condition of the Empire is rapidly im- proving. In the year 1887, previous to the abolition of slavery, the number of emigrants who landed in Southern Brazil—thatis to say, in the temperate zone of the Empire, was 55,986, as against only 25,741 in 1886; but the total for last year at the two ports of Rio de Janeiro and Santos alone was 130,056. These immigrants all found immediate occupation upon the fazendas in the provinces of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo, Minas Geraes, Parana, Santo Catharina, and Rio Grande, where the coffee plant, the sugar cane, and tobacco plant are grown, and where there is a great abundance of live stock. It may be added that M. de Grelle, the Belgian Minister in Director. Brazil, has addressed a very favourable report to the Belgian Foreign Office as to the condition of his com- patriots who have emigrated of late years to Brazil, this report being to the effect that ‘the Bel- gians whom I have met with in the great colonial centres assure me that they have no complaint to make as regards their material condition. They dispose of sufficient resources for their subsistence and for the maintenance of their families. They have, moreover, the prospect before them of be- coming in a few years’ time owners of not less than 25 acres of land and of making a small fortune by the subsequent profits of the ground they till.” The Hconomiste Frangais goes on to point out that in the three coffee-growing pro- vinces of Brazil—Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo, and Minas Geraes—there are 19 banks, two of which are English and one German, with a subscribed capital of nearly £15,000,000, and that one of these banks last year paid a dividend of 15 per cent., another of 12 per cent., six more of 10 per cent., two of 9 per cent., four of 8 per cent., and three of 6 per cent. Moreover, the paper money, which six months ago was much below par, is now at a premium as compared with gold, and it is anticipated that the new law as to banks of issue, which came into force at the end of last year, will lead to the calling in of paper money and to the establishment of a fixed monetary standard. —London Jimes, Jan, 22nd, : March 1, 1889.) THE CANKER OF THE CINCHONA. In a communication to the Botanical Society of Hamburg, Dr. O. Warburg describes the nature of the disease known as cancer, which attacks the cin- chona plantations of Java. There are two kinds of cancer, one infesting the root, the other the stem. The former is found beneath the bark, immediately be- low the ground in the form of a white flocculent fungus mycelium, from whence it extends to both stem and root, causing cracking of the bark. ‘he fungus appears to be a rhizomorph, very similar to that of Agaricus melleus. The cancer of the stem makes its appearance higher up in the trunk and branches. It is caused by a parasitic fungus, propagated by means of spores, resembling that which causes the cancer of the bark. The diseased trees were also found to be attacked by Peziza Willkonnaii, but it was not evident that this fungus was the cause of disease. The only efficacions remedy suggested by the author is to cut out the diseased parts; also to choose those varieties which seem least liable to the disease. He states that Cinchona succirubra shows itself in this respect a more desirable variety than C, Ledyeriana. —Pharmaceutical Journal. —_—_—————>___———- THE FRENCH VANILLA TRADE. Bordeaux, which is one of the principal centres of the Vanilla trade, imports, it is stated, over 50,000 lb. annually. Most ofthe Vanilla imported comes from the French colony of Réunion, where the culture is of comparatively recent date. The annual exports from that island previous to 1845 amounted to only 6 or 8 kilos per annum, while the total exports from the French colonies of Réunion, Mayotti, Tahiti, St. Marie, Madagascar, and Cuadaloupe for 1880 were 78,243 kilos, and in 1886,180,671 kilos. By the local dealers Vanilla is classified into four qualities; the pods of the first or primiera measure from 7 to 9 inches long; they possess the characteristic perfume in a greater degree than the other sorts. The Vanilla vine, it is stated, is at times covered with efflorescence of a silvery brilliance, producing a crystallisation similar to that found in the pod, and which in good Oa le covers the outside of the pod. ‘This is called avilla vine, and-is in great demand in the Bordeaux market, Two different methods prevail for preparing the pods for market, which are described as follows:— The first consists of harvesting the capsules after they have lost their green tint. Woollen sheets are spread upon the ground, and when thoroughly heated by the sun the pods are spread upon the sheets and exposed to the sun for a certain period; they are then put into boxes, covered by a cloth and exposed to the sun. The fruit should assume a coffee colour in twelve or fifteen hours after this last exposure. If this colour is not obtained, the Vanilla is again submitted to the heat of the sun. This process occupies about two months, at the ex- piration of which the Vanilla is packed in tin boxes eontaining about fifty pods each, and securely packed. The second process consists of tying together about a thousand pods and plunging them into boiling- water to bleach them, after which they are exposed to the sun for several hours and then coated with oil or wrapped in oiled cotton to prevent the pod from bursting. During the drying the pod exudes a sticky liquid, the flow of which is promoted by gen- tle pressure of the pods two or three times a day. In the course of preparation for market the capsule loses about one quarter its original size. Regarding the trade in Vanilla in the London market for the week ending November 3 last, it is stated that the latest mail reports from Mauritius ostimate that the outturn of the coming crop in that island will be a small one, and will probably not exceed 94,000 lb, The present market prico in London for Vanilla is very good, ranging from 8s. per pound for common, to 238, for fine sorts.—Gardeners' Chronicle. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 619 FIGS IN THE OPEN AIR IN THE EAST OF ENGLAND, Some of the finest flavoured Figs and the most fruitful Fig trees that I have ever met with in the open air have been in Hast Anglia. The dry and frequently semi-arid climate, and probably also the saline constituents of the atmosphere, seem to suit the Fig. In regard to the latter, it does not seem to be generally known that the Fig is one of the limited number of trees that thrive well by the sea. Only last summer, cool a summer as it was, very good Figs were ripened within touch of the sea-spray on the east coast, alike on standards, walls, and fences, The chief conditions of success in Fig culture in the open are a dry base, firm soil, and natural treat- ment. Without a dry bottom success in the open air is almost impossible; and this is the rock upon which not a few of those only or chiefly conversant with the culture of the Fig under glass, split. With abun- dance of heat at command, the Fig during its growing and fruiting stages may almost be treated as a semi- aquatic. Its rapid growth, and its spreading and copiously perspiring or elaborating leaves, enable it to utilise or dissipate enormous quantities of water; but in the open air there is little or no fire—that is, heat or motive, or water-using power in the grate, so that as the atmosphere is full of moisture, the plant and its workshop or food warehouse gets water-logged. Nor is this all. Any excess of water still further lowers the temperature, chills the activity, and paralyses the functions of life and growth. A dry base means a warm one, and for such a gross-growing plant as the Fig drought and heat are the two essential con- ditions of healthy growth and full fertility. The next essential is poor calcareous soil. Poverty is the first point, though chalk seems also important. But better, poor sand, hungry gravel, mere brickbats, mortar rubbish, or hard roadway, than root-runs of fat black vegetable mould orjjbrown loam, enriched with further additions of stable-yard or other stimulat- ing manure. These may force Fig shoots like walking- sticks or fisbing-rods, but not those firm short branches from 3 to 9 inches long, studded with from three to seven embryo figlets apiece. No; such fruitful form can only be forced home on our Figs in the open air in England under the constant threat of starva- tion. Like many another amongst us, the Fig in the open air has to lose to win; it loses full meals of food, to be clothed with fertility; and the latter, under this starving vegimen, may be trusted to re- produce itself. That is, however, if the Fig has its own way, or, in other words, is subjected to natural treatment. The genius has not arisen who could do justice in thrilling poetry or telling prose to the miseries of the Fig tree in the open air in our climate, and the tortures it has been subjected to in our frantic efforts to cram, cut, and coddle it into health and fertility. The first two are correlative, if not absolutely cause and effect, The more freely they were crammed, the more savagely they were cut— and so on, and on for ever. And the coddling also became the more inoperative, as the product of cramming and cutting was tenderness, such as could by no possibility face our cold without covering. And so these threefold processes repeated themselves with cast-iron fregularity, the only thing always lacking being edible or luscious Figs. At last aridity of base and sterility of root-run were called in to arrest grossness of growth, and the praning-knives were left to sleep in their cases, There was so little wood made that it seemed a folly to prune off any. Still the coddling and cover- ing went on, with the result of so weakening the embryo fruit and the wood that the fruit too often dropped, and the wood got hardly hit by the late spring frost, when the covering was at last removed. Finally the coddling system was abandoned, and now that the natural system of producing only sufficient wood for fruit-growing purposes, and seeing to it that such wood is sufficiently matured to bear our ordinary winters with, impunity, have been adopted, luscious 620 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Marcu 1, 1889. Fa Figs in the open air in Hast Anglia, and in other favourable localities in the open air, are almost as common or—as our climate has run of late years— are even more constant than Peaches.—D. 12. Fisu. =Gardeners’ Chronicle. we A DELI PLANTER IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. The planter whose experiences in the territories of the British North Borneo Company, as set forth in the Deli Cowrant, have been noticed in our columns, thus sums up his verdict on the evidence before him, so far as it bears upon cultivation there. THE Soil. The soil generally consists of white clay with an intermixture of humus in a thin layer above. On the shores of Maruda Bay and on the Banks of the Sugut river, the soil is somewhat sandy and has need of irrigation. The planters on the spot deem that the rainfall will meet requirements in ordinary years. The Deli planters who have seen the country for themselves generally think highly of the soil. The ground is less heavily timbered than in Deli. Build- ing materials abound on all sides. Where timber fit for posts happens to be scarce, the “Nibong” may be had in any quantity. Nipa for thatch is every- where avilable. Criimatic ADVANTAGES. Notwithstanding the fact that, on many estates, the mortality has been enormously high, the climate is af healthy as in Deli, if not more so. The to- bacco grown, which, so far, has been brought to market only in small quantities, seems to suit ad- mirably the wants of customers in Hurope. ‘This is said to be especially the case with the Suan Lamba tobacco. The only uncertain element to be reckoned with in planting adventure arises from the little knowledge of how the monsoons set, and how it stands with the rainfall. Lasour. Another element of difficulty lies quostion. Chinese labour may easily be counted upon. Insecuring it from China or Singapore, the difficulties are hardly any greater than those met with in Deli. There is, however, greater risk of Singapore coolies absconding, especially at Labuan. The greatest hindrances lie in the way of finding suitable native coolies. It is well known what bad characters Singapore Javanese and Malays usually turn out to be. Owing to direct coolie immigra- tion from Jaya being impracticable under existing conditions, the refuse of Ohina and the Straits will long find a ready market for their labour in Borneo. The Kadyans, a tribe from Brunei territory, and some Brunei Malaye settled in Labuan, are preferable to them in every way. The latter seldom enter into contracts for more than 6 or 8 months in duration. They get 8 to 9 dollars per month, and work some- times only eight hours a day. Years will have to pass away before the native population of North Borneo will feel any inclination to labour on the estates. What has been done in this respect by the Acting Resident on the West Ooast calls for the warmest thanks of the planters. The sudden exten- sion of planting enterprise has resulted in a heavy demand for coolies, who prove hard to get, even with the utmost efforts to secure success. There are not even men in the land able to make thatch from the nipa palm, which abounds in the country. As may readily be imagined, the position of the pioneer planters has been greatly affected for the worse by these difficulties, and by the great distances to be traversed at sea, &c. CorrEr. We will now glance at the prospects of coffee cultivation. The hills suitable for oultivating are not high enough, and have too hot a climate to agree with Java coffee. Even, however, if coffee did grow luxuriantly there are no men to gathor in the crop. In the eastern districts, the country has hardly any inhabitants. The people on the in the coolie north coast are either too shy or too hostile towards Huropeans to be at all helpful in the next few years. The other planters cannot naturally spare their own coolies, not for a day even. The chances are that most of the coffee crop will remain un- plucked. It is only on Maruda Bay that the co- operation of the people may in some degree be reckoned upon. OTHER ARTICLES, Sugar and pepper have been experimented with, but no sensible planter will as yet begin with them as mainstay. These articles cannot at present be grown there on a scale to pay expenses. Gambier hemp, and other produce articles have not come into prominence, and have been subjects of experiment only, Success in planting there depends upon pru- dence and foresight carried out with sound judg- ment and on intelligent principles.—Straits Times. SSS ee ROCKS AND SOILS. Rocks and Soils: their Origin, Composition, and Cha- racteristics. By Horace Edward, Stockbridge, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and Geology in the Imperial Oollege of Agriculture, Sapporo, Japan; Chemist to the Hokkaido Cho. (New York: John Wiley and Sons. London: Trubner, 1888.) Chemist to the Hokkaido Cho! It is not the least striking feature of our time that there should be an Imperial Oollege of Agriculture at Sapporo whose Pro- fessors publish researches in New York and London. This is not exactly a novel experience, for events crowd upon us thick and fast in these days; but those of us who can look back forty years must be struck when confronted with the Ohemist of the Hokkaido Cho. Dr. Stockbridge is not, be it under- stood, the alchemist to an Hastern potentate, nor yet one of the astrologers, Chaldzans, or soothsayers of a modern Belshazzar, butan agricultural chemist and geologist discoursing upon rocks and soils, nitrates and microbes, and suggesting processes by which atmos- pheric nitrogen is fixed in the soil by the action of living organisms. The great Mikado, “ virtuous man,” has, we know, transplanted full-grown and fully- equipped knowledge from the West to his remote dominions; and so successfully, that i¢ has rooted, and now is become an article for exportation—as wit- ness the volume before us. To some of our readers it may appear unnecessary to dilate upon a fact which springs naturally out of the most recent developments ot civilization. We need not now despair of openings for aspiring young chemists under the protection and pay of the King of Dahomey or of Ashantee, or of an Imperial Institute at Khartoum or some other part of the Dark Continent; and truly the missionaries of science are in a fair way to rival those of religion in their ubiquity. The volume before us is of attractive appearance. It is, however, hard upon the reader who takes it up in order to learn something about rocks and soils to be carried through the entire history of the planet on which his lot is cast. Deeply interesting as are the cosmic questions bearing upon the original nebulous mist, “in glowing gaseous condition,” they scarcely affect even scientific agriculture. Besides, it is open to doubt whether an agricultural chemist and geologist is within his province in explaining the differences between white stars, red stars, and habitable planets which have gone through phases thus indicated. Such information belongs to the domain of the astronomer and the physicist, and fhe agricultural study of rocks and soils should be taken up at a later date of the earth’s history. Itis not our object to criticize Dr. Srockbridge’s book severely, but it appears to us that if he had cut out 100 pages at the beginning, and added 100 pages at the end in harmony with his concluding sections, his work would have been more useful. The two features of this book which seem to us the most important are, first, Dr. Stockbridge’s views as to the “fixation of atmospheric nitrogen independent of ammoniacal condensation and of nitrification,” Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SC SY EE SL EN SE LN A SE SS SRR ML SIRES SEES TSS TIIN SETAE LEE ETE The compounds thus formed in the soil are, we are told, complex insoluble amides resembling those existing in living organisms, and must have resulted through the vital activity of the micro-organisms present in the soil. If soils have the power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen through the action of living organisms, they possessa means of recruiting fertility independent of plantaction, and of so fundamental a nature that, supposing such action to take place, the question of the source of nitrogen and the supply of nitrogen in soils would be set at rest. Another novel view is that propounded with reference to dew-for- mation, Here, we have a subject which is not very clearly related to that of rocks and soils, So faras the soil isa vehicle of plant nutrition, its conditions as related fo moisture are of course important, and itis in this connection that the theory of dew as propounded by Dr. Stockbridge finds a place in his work. It is not necessary here to explain Dr. Wells’s explanation of the fall of dew. It is sufficient to state that it is unsatisfactory to our author, who holds that dew on the leaves of plants is (we presume he means oceasionally and not universally) derived from the plantitself rather than from condensation from the atmosphere. Dew on growing vegetables is produced by the condensation of the transpired moisture from the plant on its own leaves. This explanation is proved by direet experiment, and we are not disposed to deny its truth. Itis probable, and, in fact, more than probable, that plants which are giving off large quantities of water into a cold or overcharged atmos- phere should have a portion of their own moisture thrown back upon them. This fact is asserted in Marshall Ward’s translation of Sachs’s “ Physiology of Plants,’ when he says, ‘Much of the water we find early in the morning on the margin of the leaves of many field and garden plants in the form of large drops, aud which are generally taken for drops of dew, is really water excreted from the plants themselves.” That the air is really the cooling medium by which the moisture rising from the warm soil or the growing plant is condensed is no doubt often true. The mist which stretches over the meadows at sundown is moisture condensed in the cool air, and thus becomes precipitated upon vegetation, and not only on vegetation, but upon everything else. Where we think Dr. Stockbridge has overstated his ease is when he writes in italics, “ he declaration tx herve made that dew is the condensed exhalation of the plant.’ Thestatementis too general, and the assertion hs too much of the character of a supposed new dis- covery on the part of the author. The real facts of the case are, that dew is produced in some cases from condensed exhalations from the plant, or from con- densed moisture rising from the soil; but also from the precipitation of moisture from higher sections of the air during the night; especially when the sky is clear. The collection of water in the form of hoar frost upon leafless trees or lawns must be derived jrom the condensation of atmospheric moisture upon the tree, or upon the grass, cooled by radiation; and wehaveno doubt that grass radiates heat on a moon- light uight more rapidly than does bare ground. Dr. Stockbridge lays too much stress on the fact that the earth is warmer than the air when dew is falling. This he asks us to believe is fatal to the theory that the earth condenses or can condense atmospheric moisture, ‘The radiating power of the earth is very great, and exceeds that of the air, which, in fact, absorbs and retains much heat which otherwise would be immediately lost in space. Dr. Stockbridge argues that the surface of the earth is invariably warmer than the air at the dew point, but this is not likely to be the case. liven the temperature of grass land is affirmed to be always warmer than the air, and hence it ix contended that in no instance can the earth or vegetation be the condenser. We are disposed to think that observation will throw more light on this point than such experiments as are quoted or were made by Dr. Stockbridge, It is vrai that dew may be precipitated at times by a colder iron a warmer surface, aud utother times by @ cold soil or cold expanse of leaf from 4 warm atmo. sphere. Whether the leaf of a grass or the air above it acts the partof ‘ the cold pitcher” is not always to be predicated, but in either case dew would be the result. We may point out that, while Dr. Stockbridge is disposed to assert that the soil is always warmer than the air, other authorities are of opinion that the surface, especially of grass, is colder by many degrees than the air. A thermometer laid upon grass would, we believe, recede further and record a lower minimum than one suspended 2 feet above the grass, The freezing of dew on grass during summer nights, which is always »n unpleasant sight to gardeners and farmers, appears to be accounted for by radiation of heat from the grass surface, while the substance of the grass cuts off radiated heat from below. The absence of dew under shade also is apparently due to radiation from the earth being checked, and the cool- ing process of the surface of the earth or its vegetable covering being prevented. Dr. Stockbridge’s book suffers from careless reading of the proofs. This work, the author tells us, he was compelled to depute to others. In one place (p. 183) the word “soil” is evidently used instead of air, thereby reversing the author’s obvious meaning, and the word “not” is interpolated, which further confuses the sentence hopelessly. Names of authors quoted are mis-spelt in several cases. The book, especially in the earlier pages, is somewhat bombastic and pro- vincial in its style, and, as we have before stated, many of the earlier pages might have been omitted with advantage. The tone of the writing becomes more modest, precise, and student-like as the author approaches the tovics which we are informed upon the title-page he professes,—JoHn Wricurson.—Wature. a ty DIVERSIFIED FARMING. This phrase hasbeen used so much and printed so often that it often causes a smile calling up disappoint- ments similar to those that succeeded the era of “mineral resources” soon after the war. The truth is, our people will have to get out of the old ruts, for what now goes by the plain name of trucking receives commendation and makes money has been severely ridiculed by the old plantersand farmers. In the days of ridicule down South they cailed it “dude farming,” and we make an extract from a humorous speech of Col. W. H, Dudley, of Mississippi, on the subject. About four years ago I was doing well as a cotton planter. I was raising cotton that cost me ten cents a pound, and was selling it for nine cents. I was getting rich so fast that I concluded I would retire and make way for those who were more needy. About this time I read of a man down at Crystal Springs, Miss., who had sold $1,000 worth, gross, from an acre planted in tomatoes. My ambition was fired. What one man could do another could, Whynot plant 200 acres in tomatoes, malse $200,000 and retire? TI was not greedy. I did not want so much money. I thought $5,000 would be about enough for one year’s work. So I settled on five acres as the amount of ground I would plant in tomatoes. I knew I should be near the depot, soI rented my land and moved into Canton, Miss., on the Illinois Central Railroad. As it was a new business, of course it became the town talk. Everybody discovered suddenly that it was a big thing, and promised fortunes to those who went into it. There was soon a tomato craze inthe town. Before I planted a seed I found out that everybody was going to plant tomatoos. Some wild man proposed to organize a society. Bvery- body jumped at the idea. The society was formed with a great burst of enthusiasm. ‘There was high old scuffing and log-rolling for positions. By much man covering IT sailedin as secretary and raised the dust with an extempore speech of thanks for the unexpected honor conferred upon me. I had worked for it like a ward bummer, Our meetings were frequent and very interesting. Every man was told what he knew and a great deal more. One man told about a vine in a rich spot in his garden which grew up over his kitchen, on up over his two-story residence to the top of an oak tree, but ho did not get avy tomatoes. It 622 THE TROPICAL AGRICGULTURIST. ; [MakcH 1, 1889. was voted by the society that rich land would not do for tomatoes. Another man told about a little vine on a poor red spot in his garden from which he had gathered a peck of nice red ones. He did not tell about having buried a dead cow on that spot a year before. It was voted by the society that poor, red ground, the redder the better, to give a fine color, was the kindof soil for tomatoes. Of course there were many skeptical cusses in our town who snickered at our enterprise and laughed at our society. One old negro politician, in a speech, went so far as to use this language: ‘ What’sall dis I hear bout raisin vegetables to sell? Now dat will do for dese ha’r-pin-legged dudes ’bout town to be carryin’ on dis dude farmin’, raisin’ Tom Thum peas and permattuses, but it won’t dofor de genewine farmer.”’ It was too good a thing for the boys to miss, so they dubbed us dude farmers and it stuck. But I was not intimidated by jeers or ridicule. IL pushed along with my work, built extensive hot-houses, covered my land with cold-frames until it looked like a Bulgarian army was camped upon it. I thought I had better study up a little on gardening, so I got a quantity of books. I had not read more than half through before I learned that I would have to know a great many things. In fact, I would have to becomea scientist. I found out I would have to study botany and learn the functions-of the stamens and pistils—I supposed to keep the pistils from going off and hurting something ; that I would have to study etymology and become personally acquainted with bugs and worms, though I could never see what the Lord made them for, except in the case of crickets and redworms for fish bait. I found out I would have to study biology to know what to buy, cronology to know how to keep the crows off, astrology to know when the moon was in the right place forthe seed,geology to know how to guide a mule, and pathology to know how to make the business pay, I crammed like a sophomore trying to grease through a commencement examination. During the time I was going through these scientific researches I notized every day a poor man passing my place, driving a dump cart, hauling manure. He was going to “ truck-farm,” as he vulgarly called it. I was sorry for that man. He was very poor, with a large family—sixteen children, all boys, but fifteen. I thought it would be au act of Ohristian charity in me to disuade him. So one day I stopped him and said: “John, isit not rather a hazardous business for you, with your large family, to undertake a scientific occupation like this? Why, my dear fellow, you do, not know the difference between a rhynchopores (curculio imperialis) and a trilobite of the early zoic era.” Hesaid: ‘‘ No, Idon’t. But I tell you what I does know. If you puts plenty of manure on the ground and works it right, it always brings truck.” Of course, I reasoned no longer with such gross ignorance, : Well, time flew on. I had a world of beautiful plants. April came at last. I got a regiment of negroes and put them in the field, and such a field. It was a lovely, red, stiff clay, that might have sprouted a peaif the pea had not first opened its eye to see what kind of soilit wasin. Toward the last of April I saw a little yellow, sickly bloom. I struck a stick up by it and walked round and round it every day, putting in my botany. Would even go out at night to see if the ‘‘ sweet influence of the Pleiades ” was doing it any good. About the fourth night a remorseless worm came up out of the earth and it was no more. But the amount of entomological satis- faction I had in dissecting that worm fully repaid me. A drouth came on in May. The plants got sick. SodidI. By themiddle of July I was through with the crop, or rather it was through with me. For my six months’ labor I realized the magnificent sum $1.60. In that day of tribulation I found out there was the one ology I had not studied, but which I needed more than any—that was theology. If my wife had not been a Methodist I would have “cussed.” T heard that many did “cuss,” but it was mostly me, for all had followed my advice and example. There was one map who did not known the difference between a rhynchopores (curculio im erialis) and a trilobite of the early zoic era. e made money. But I had one year's experience. I made this entry in my memorandum book: “Tomatoes need rich ground and plenty of water.” I determined to try again. The next year I put a ton of cotton-seed mealto the acre, harrowed the ground flat and dam- med up every place where the water could be held. I then waited for the rains. They came in the greatest abundance. It was the spring when the people of Cincinnati took to the tree tops to get out of the way of the Ohio River. I was happy. I waded out to see my plants swim. They looked nice for about five days, but when the waters subsided and the sun came out hot they got sick. So did I. When I gathered and shipped the crop I balanced my book and found Thad lost $200. But I had another year’s experience. I was getting alittle shaky, but I determined to try again. I darednot quit. I stood appalled before the storm of ridicule which 1 saw gathering in the eyes of the ungodly jesters. If I failed againI would have more time to prepare to skip the town. I made another entry in my memorandum. It was this: ‘“‘Make a garden of your land; drain well; treat as you would a garden and plant many things.” The third year 1 moved as cautiously as a kitten in paper shoes. I put one acre in tomatoes, about the same in cucumbers, a smaller area in beans, cantaloupes, Irish potatoes, radishes, spinach, ete. I succeeded beyond my expectations. I found money in every crop. The cucumbers brought about $150 to the acre; the cantaloupes at the rate of $250; the beans about $130, and from the one acre in tomatoes I sold over $900 gross. They were shipped mostly to Chicago and Minneapolis. I was satisfied now. I need not fly to the frontiers an exile, I had saved my reputation and demonstrated the fact that there was money in dude farming.—Southern Planter. [We reprint the above as an amusing caricature of pretended science in farming. But we add a Paper which shews what books and newspapers have done for farmers——Ep. 7. A.] ; AGRICULTURAL READING. Many of our practical farmers think that time spent in reading newspapers is lost. Hven papers devoted to the special work of the farmer are con- sidered of little avail. ‘'Book-farming,”’ if not as much decried as formerly, is still neglected, and many men still think that it takes little education and intelligence to make a farmer. A successful farmer cannot be made by the education of the schools alone but it will also take a long time and much crude thinking to make a successful farmer without education, reading and books. To make a thoroughly well-informed, skillful, successful farmer, requires as much brains and study as the most technical trade or highest profession. The world is full of ignorant, slipshod actors in all occupations, from the pulpit to the field, and each has its share of pretenders and sbysters. When, from want of ability or oppor- tunity to get early and systematicagricultural train- ing, the farmer feels, as he ought, his deficiency, the newspaper, and especially the agricultural paper, offers the cheapest and most successful means of securing sufficient agricultural information for a sen- sible farmer to secure fair success in his business. Continual and careful reading of current agricultural literature and sound thinking and thorough examina- tion of what is read, will enable a reasonably intelli- gent farmer to gather much of the scientific and practical relating to his farm and crops. The editors of agricultural papers will collect, examine and pre- pare for their less educated readers all that is ab- solutely necessary to understand about the land crops and stock of the section where they circulate. In this way, the intelligent, but uneducated farmer may arm himself against deception, and at the same time take advantage of the knowledge gained by others in years of study, prepared by the editor to be received understandingly, and acted upon in his fields and on his crops. We know an unlettered man who was Marcu 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 623 TS lamenting the destruction of a fine cabbage crop, by the early caterpillar, when the village newspaper had been publishing for six months a remedy that saved the crop of his more distant neighbors. He did not take the paper, or readit, though it cost but a dollar. The world moves swiftly now; everybody must read or be left, and the farmer must read more than most men, if he would keep up with his occu- pation in all its branches. ‘ We copy an article on this subject, prepared by Hon. J. W. Lang, member of the Maine Board of Agriculture in 1873, telling what the newspapers had done for the farmers. If the newspapers will take proper intrest in this great industry, it will be as true here to-day as it was in Maine then: War tHe NEWSPAPER HAS DONE FOR THE FARMER. It needs but a glance over the past to see the advance that has been made in farming. Improve- ments of all sorts meet us wherever we turn. And perhaps in no class of the wide community is the improvement so manifest as in the agricultural masses of the country. As a promoter of knowledge, the newspaper holds no secondary rank. Its weekly visits ever bring something new—some fact in science, some better method of doing things, some experiment or ex- perience teeming with usefulness; and, further than this, its language, its tone, and its spirit, inducing a habit of reading and inquiry, acts beneficially upon the thousands who read and come under itsinflunce. Go back thirty years and see the state of the country when agricultural papers were almost unknown; the status of the rural population,and general information among them. We find the farmer without very many of the comforts he now enjoys, pursuing the time- honored practices of his ancestors, without ambition to excel that now actuates the farmer of to-day. We see him following superstitions that are now ex- ploded, firm in his limited acquivements as the rocks about him, plodding on in old beaten ruts without using efforts to get out of them, content to let “well enough” alone. He was satisfied if bis children _ got little education, enough to read and write and * cipher’ respectably, seeing no use for those higher branches he did not understand, and supposed bad no use for. All this was perhaps well enough for their day and generation, when muscle was called for to subdue the wilderness and break down the stubborn soil, They served well the purpose of their day. Now, progress, resistless Yankee energy, has urged the former state of things out of the way, and inaugurated a new programme. The newspaper has been greatly instrumental in this work. There is in human nature a groping for better things. With knowledge of their existence comes a desire to possess, and efforts for possession. So with knowledge of improved methods in farming came their application to practice. Improved breeds of cattle were heralded by the press, their points discussed, and farmers enlightened as to their merits; this led to their introduction. We see no slab-sided, long-eared rail-splitter in the farmer’s hog-pen. They have become obsolete through knowledge and posses- sion of better breods. They do not pay, hence are not kept. The farmer of the present is a snug cal- culator. He has learned from his paper that farm accounts are beneficial, and has adopted them. They help systematize his business, and from system and fees arises thrift. The old “native” breed of cattle have nearly all disappeared, their places been filled with thoroughbreds and grades of the same, The good and bad points of the various breeds have been so thoroughly discussed through the papers that almost every farmer is well posted in regard to them, It has come to such a pass that every paper maintains ita agricultural column, even our religious sheets, made, perhaps, more especially for sabbath reading, This general inclination toward farming and farmers, shows the tendencies of the times, and speaks volumes for agricultural progress. Most farmers have some idea of the mineral construction and clements of the soil, the elements contained in plants and ferti- lizers, which were almost wholly unknown thirty years ago. They are becoming somewhat acquainted with agricultural chemistry, and better understand how to adapt fertilizers to soils and crops. The newspaper has discussed these topics, and the farmer has learned them and been led thereby to seek other sources of information. Instead of or- chards with fruit fitted for little else than cider, we find now the choicest kinds, Small fruits are cultivated where before unknown, unless they grew wild and uncared for- The better varieties have taken the places of the old, and the garden presents an attraction hitherto uuknown. The home has been adorned by shade trees, shrubbery and flowers out- side, while inside books and pictures lend their charms, There is something deeper, pleasanter, and better in that family circle at the farmer’s fireside than before. The newspaper, especially the agricultural news- paper, has left the impress of refinement and pro- gress in many a household, and yet its mission is just begun. The foture is a broad field in which it will move on to new triumphs, new heights, and new usefulness. We all poorly realize what we owe the newspaper and public journal for the advance- ment science, agriculture and civilization have made. Take them away—blot them out, and we retrograde more rapidly than we have ever advanced. Let them be well supported, and they will turn in and support us.— Maine Agricultural Report. ee FORESTS, RAINFALL AND OLIMATE. The continued cutting down of the forests in this section of the country, and the unusual rainfall of the present season, suggests a few thoughts on the subject of forest influence on rainfall and climate. Surely grave responsibilities rest upon those pretend- ed scientists who can regulate the rainfall, the flow of the rivers and the temperature of the climate by cutting down or setting out trees, as the case may be. Here in New Hampshire, where, in spite of the fear- ful warnings and the positive predictions of terrible droughts through the speeches and writings of weather experts, we have cut down and destroyed much timber and wood, yet in September, 188%, we had 1097 inches of rain, and in October it also poured down upon us in immense quantities. At the West, however, strange as it may appear to these scientists and weather regulators, where there has been more forests planted, according to statistics, than there has ever been on any other part of the globe, we have advices of terrible droughts prevailing throughout the Summer of 1888. Last year the West suffered greatly for want of rain, and in September of the same year we people of New England had but ‘80 of an inch of rainfall. I have been over the State of New Hampshire to a considerable extent, yet I am ignorant as to whom the guilt should be charged for setting out such &@ number of trees since September, 1887, as to increase our rainfall in 1888, from the ‘82 of an inch last year to 10-97 inches this year, or 7‘51 inches above the annual average of a term of years. The pspers inform us that it is relatively as wet and cold this year in old England as in New Hogland, while it is unusually hot and dry in the South and dry in the West, Ben Jonson wrote something as follows: Of all the ills which human life endures, How few are they which kings can cause or cure? Far ofherwise is it in the case of our friends, the tree theorists and weather regulators; to judge by their publications and orations, most of the ills to whieh human life is beir lies within their jurisdic- tion. If any one doubts this statement let him turn to the North American Review of recent date, and learn from one of these scientists how much of the earth has already been made a desert, and see how soon at the present rate of forest destruction the whole earth will be one vast Sahara. The picture is one of the most appalling desolation, and one which, according to the scientists, may be entirely avoided by growing forest trees. 624 In theory it seems true that one may shake the solar system by stamping upon the earth. Man may to a greater degree modify the climate and possibly affect the rainfall by his operations in agriculture and forestry, yet I fail to find proof of such supremacy over the subject as many theor- ists claim. Let us look at a few sound practical facts with a historical backing. Plymouth Oolony, Mass., was settled on the easterly side of what I take to be the largest forest on the globle at the time, and again, by the Atlantic Ocean. According to modern theory, how it should have rained upon the poorly housed heads of our Pilgrim fathers and mothers! What were the facts? The first fast which was recorded in Plymouth Colony was held to pray for rain. Let us quote again from history, to see what effect this vast forest had upon the rainfall in Plymouth Colony. I give a list herewith of the droughts the colony | endured, also a list of the subsequent droughts in the same section of the country, as published in the early records and subsequent papers. Recorded ag above, I find the number of successive days without rain in the year 1621 to have been 24; in the Summer of 1630 there were 41 successive days without rain; the Summer of 1657, 75 days; in 1692, 80 days; 1674, 45 days; in 1680, 81 days; in 1694, 62 days; 1705, 40 days; in 1715, 45 days; in 1728, 61 days; 1730, 92 days; in 1741, 72 days; in 1749, 108 days; 1755, 42 days; all successive days without rain, In the Summer of 1762 we have a remarkable re- cord of 123 successive days without rain; in fact, there was no rain from the first of May to the first of September, and many were obliged to send to Eng- land to import from that country their supplies of hay and grain to sustain life. In the Summer of 1801 there were 32 successive days without rain; in 1802, 23 days; in 1812, 28 days; in 1856, 24 days; in 1875, 26 days, and in the Summer of 1876 we have a record of 27 successive days without rain. These facts are certainly very suggestive, and are perhaps as reliable as the fanciful theories evolved in the brains of weather and forestry scientists.— Joun D. Lyman, Exeter, N.H., in American Cultivator. [There are good reasons for objecting to the reck- less destruction of forest and for planting trees, apart from the pseudo-scientific nonsense about the cutting down of forest diminishing rainfall.—Ep, 7. 4.] eee AUSTRALIA is building a fence of wire netting 8,000 miles long to keep jack rabbits out of Queensland. —Southern Planter. Ir SHBEP-RAISING in Queensland, Australia, will justify buying the wire and stretching 8,000 miles of fencing to keep out the jack rabbits, why willit not payin Virginia, where we only have to deal with the dogs? —Thid. [Of course the marmot-like creature called “the prairie dog” must be meant.—Hp. 7. 4.] Tare in the tools. Don’t leave your hoes in the trees and your plough by the side of the road. This carelessness with tools is one of the little leaks that makes it necessary to mortagage the farm.—//id. PorAto OvutTuRE.—The potato will grow on a great variety of soils, but \will ‘give the best results as regards quantity and quality if planted ina rich, warm, sandy soil. The ground should »be/ naturally rich, and if a large crop is wanted’ old stable manure should be used at the rate of ten or fifteen tons to the acre. The method we practised: some twelve or fifteen years agoin planting and cultivating the potato has always been successful and is quite simple. We selected a sandy soil, strongly inclining to clay, naturally rich, Old manure was hauled to the lot in winter, at the rate of twenty loads to the acre, and spread evenly over the surface. As soon as the soil could be worked we started the ploagh, turning the soi) to a depth of eight inches and. pulverizing it as much as possible, The furrows were set up on edge and not turned top side down, The surface was made fine with an old fashioned harrow, and. the’ potatoes planted in the shallow drills some three foot apart in in in in in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MarcH 1, 1889, and the tubers eight inches apart in the rows. The seed was covered two to three inches deep with fine soil. After planting we spread a half inch coat of ashes over the rows, raking the surface thoroughly with a fine steel rake and mixing the ashes with the surface soil. As soon as the plants begin to show here and there we spread a coating of rotten straw over the rows to the depth of an inch and covering the entire row with a stripe of straw about eighteen inches wide. We put a single shovel plough to work, running once only between the rows and throwing the soil as far over the straw as possible. With a long shovel, some eight inches wide, and sunk to a good depth, the soil would be thrown over the entire surface, covering and holding the straw in place. The coat of straw will keep down the weeds, and nothing more need be done until the plants are well up. We then run through the rows again with the single shovel sunk as deep as possible, and con- tinued to cultivate near the plants with a small three shovel plough, Oare was taken not to disturb the straw and rake it out from the potato plants. Late in the season only the surface soil was stirred, aod in a careful manner, so as not to break the roots. From long experience we find that the potato requires a good deal of sunshine and alsoa good deal of moisture, A cold, wet season will not suit them, and for the bset results we always pre- fer a warm and rather dry Summer. To get the proper amount of moisture we use the straw mulch. It is quite important to get astrong, healthy growth early in the season.—Farm, Herd and Home. Eces.—The WV. Y. World gives the average produc- tion and weight of eggs from’ some of the most im- portant varieties of domestic fowls, as follows:—Light brahmas lay from 80 to 100 eggs per annum averag- ing about seven to the pound; dark brahmas, about 70 per annum, eight to the pound; Plymouth rocks, 100, eight to the pound; Honduras and black Spanish, 150 per annum, the eggs of the former running eight and of the latter seven to the pound; leghorns, from 150 to 200 per annum, nine to the pound; turkeys lay from 30 to 60 eggs perannum, weighing about six to the pound; and ducks’ eggs vary from five to six the pound; according to the species.—WVatal Mercury. ScaB on Orance TreEES.—In the Cape Oolony Agricultural Journal Professor MacOwen writes as follows, with reference to scab on orange trees:— “Now for this plague there is nothing to be done but cleaning down with alkaline and soapy syring- ing. A powerful syringe, or rather force pump, with a portable reservoir, is used to swish every part of the foliage from the inside. After the soap lye has been on the tree for 24 hours in dry, or say 36 hours in cool damp weather, the syringing is repeated with plain water to get rid of both soap and the dead scale insects. If the water is as hot as the hand can bear, say 95 2—100 °,it will be all the better. By this means, perseveringly kept up, Mr. W. W. Dickson, of Ceres Road, starting with a plantation of neg- lected trees covered with scale, soon got them all as clean as the palm of my hand, and good growth followed straight away. Now as to the wash. For a first application, supposing scale to be badly develop- ed take 4ib soft soap and a full quart of paraffin oil rub into the soap, little by little, a gallon of. hot water, and when emulsionized into a uniform oily mags, add the oil the same way. Dilute’ this down for .use with 9. gallons of warm.water, ‘and “kee thoroughly mixed while using with the forcé pump, Mr. Dickson used the soapy liquor of the wool-wash. and thus utilised an otherwise useless lye-product, For a subsequent application, the lye may be some- what weaker. A good force pump mounted on a barrel to hold lye, or the subsequent wash-water, may cost £3 or £4, andis worth every penny of the money. ‘I'he delivery hose should be mounted ona tube 34 or 4 ft. long, and the labourer, dressed ina sack with holes for head and armes, gets up inside the spread of the tree, if it be large, and with the pump going swishes the back of the leaves, 7 ¢,— take: the enemy in the rear, It is next to: useless to spray the tree from the outside.—WVatal Mereury, March 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 625 I ——————————————————————————————————————————————— TEA IN AMERICA: THE FIRST ANGLO- INDIAN COMPANY. The prospectus is issued of the Associated Tea Planters, Limited, which has been registered by Sanderson, Holland, and Adkin, with a capital of £50,000 in shares of £1 each. The object is to establish markets inthe United States of America and elsewhere for the sale of tea grown on plantations in the Hast Indies or elsewhere, and to promote the demand for such tea in those places. ‘The first subscribers are:—R. Lyell, 138, Leadenhall-street, W.C.,1 share; J. B. Boyson, 4, Hast India-avenue, H.C.,1; J. B. White, Waltham Abbey, 1; W. L. Watson, 34, Leadenhall- street, E.C., 1; W. Roberts, 138, Leadenhall-street, H.C,, 1; R.B. Magor, 138, Leadenhall-street, H.C., 1; A, Thompson, 88, Mincing-lane, 1. The num- ber of directors shall not be less that three nor more than fiye, and the qualification shall be the holding of at least £100 in the capital of the company. The remuneration of the directors for their services shall be £300 per annum.—L. & C. Hupress. The Home and Colonial Mail says :— The prospectus of the Associated Tea Planters, Limited, an extract from which, together with the names of the directors, we published six weeks since, is now formally issued,and the project for pushing Indian tea in America is fairly before the public, The prospectus states that ‘I'he directors have entered into an agreement with Mr. W. Macgregor, a gentle- man extensively connected with the tea trade in New York, who has for some time been engaged in specially introducing Indian teas to the public there. He is, therefore, thoroughly qualified to become the agent and representative of this associa- tion, and he is so satisfied that, with systematic sup- port from this side, the trade can be rapily developed, that he is prepared to accept a scale of remuneration based upon the results of the undertaking. Under Such #u arrangement as this, the Association will begin its operations on the foundation of a going business, with a connection already formed. Special teas, suitable for the trade which it is intended to open out, will be selected on the London market, according to advices received from the agent of the Association; and it is believed that, with an adeqnste amount of working capital, and by eventually promo'ing 4 retail trade through shops or agents, or in any other way that may seem desirable, a large and remunerative business will result.” As some of the most energetic among the London representatives of the Indian tea industry are connected with the pro- ject, it commends itself to all those who wish well to Anglo-Indian enterprise. The prospectus of the com- pany appears on page vii. + —=—— ——- -- - THE CEYLON TEA FUND. The following report of the Standing Committee of The Ceylon Tea Fund was presented at the annual general meeting of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon on Saturday last :— Members will remember that at the beginning of the year the Oeylon Chamber of Commerce, who, joimtly with the Association, had conferred and arranged for the organization and development of the “Tea Fund” (launched in November 1887). inti- mated that the Chamber desired to leave the matter entirely io the hands of the Association, but would be lad to know from time to time what was being done. n terms of this decision, at the annual general meeting held at Nuwara Eliya on the 17th lebruary 1858 you ap- pointed a Standiug Committee to manage the “ Fund’ consisting of the Chairmen avd Secretaries of the several district Associations, the members of Committee for Kandy, and your Obsirman and Secretary, a few other names being subsequently added during the year. Your Standing Committee now begs to submit a short report of progress, Kight meetings have been hold. A good deal of the businoss transacted has bad refer- ence to the arrangements for the representation and advertixemont of Ceylon tea at Glasgow Later- er Exhibition 1885, Molbourne Centennial International Exhibition 1888, Brussels International Exhibition 1888, and Paris Universal Hxhibition 1889. It may be convenient to offer a tew remarks regarding each, GLASGOW INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1888, By resolution passed on the 15th November 1887 the sum of rupees six thousand was voted towards the ixbibition. This grant of R6,000 has been paid in full to your Glasgow Exhibition Com- mittee, and your Standing Committee was gratified to find that, through the exertions of Messrs. Reid Cargill, and Shand, several of the leading London firms and companies, interested in Ceylon, subscribed to form a Glasgow Exhibition Guarantee Fund, which by March had reached the sum of £740 sterling. The result of the exertions made was the formation of a very creditable and successful “ Oeylon Court” as well as the erection and equipment of a ‘‘ Oeylon Tea House,” at which, from the month of May to Nov. 1888, 134,512 cups of Ceylon tea were sold. A small handbook descriptive of Ceylon and its industries with Special reference to tea was also distributed gratuitously, and undoubtedly a good opportunity was availed of. as no fewer than 4,570,229 persons had been admitted to the Exhibition up to 10th October. Ceylon, the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, and the Glasgow Oommittee were honoured by the visit of Her Majesty the Queen, in the Jubilee year of her reign, to your unoflicial *Oeylon Court,’ while it is worthy of special record that the Queen’s interest in the Oeylon tea planting enterprise was personally shown by her gracious acceptance of acup of Ceylon tea courteously offered and by subsequent inquiries regarding it. It will doubtless be matter for your con- sideration in what way you may yet commemorate your appreciation of the circumstance in connection with your permanent memorial of the Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Victoria still to be erected. Pending receipt of a detailed report from Mr, J. L. Shand with connected statements of accounts, your Standing Committee feels it cannot usefully add anything to his own words respecting the success of your efforts at the Glasgow International Exhibition. He wrote: “JT can only say that, if the Planters’ Association and the Tea Fund, and the Oeylon public had spent twenty times the money in Glasgow they might be congratulated on having made a splendid advertise- ment.” Memo. showing payments made in Oeylon on account of the Glasgow International Exhibition 1888, 6,000. MELBOURNE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 1888, A sum of rupees six thousand was voted for the representation of Ceylon tea at the Melbourne Exhi- bition, as it was felt that it presented a great oppor- tunity of bringing Ceylon tea within the knowledge and appreciation of Australians and the vast numbers of visitors of all nationalities that would be drawn together at the time. The greatest difficulty un- fortunately was experienced in making preliminary arrangements, as with the exception of Mr. H. Mackenzie none of the gentlemen asked to form themselves into a Melbourne Oommittee were able to act, andit was not until the end of June that space was secured in the minor Courts for the erection of a Ceylon tea- house. No time was, however, lost in the construction of a suitable kiosk, the building being completed and furnished shortly after the official opening of the Exhibition. The decorations of the Ceylon Court and tea-house cousisted chiefly of a large, varied and very fine collection of Ceylon photographs framed in sets of nine fitted into suitable positions in the building. These alone have been a source of great attraction and have been much admired. Mr. Hugh Mackenzie deserves, as he will doubtless receive, your very cordial thanks for his share in making your represen- tation of Ceylon tea at Melbourne Exhibition a suc- cess, You will, it is expected, ere long be in posses- sion of his report with statements of expenditure, &c., &c.; meantime it may be mentioned that the disbursements made on this side at date aggregate RS,617'44. The notice in such leading Australian newspapers as the Argus and the Age demonstrate that your efforts and those of your representatives bave hh = 626 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [MARCH 1, 1889. a a been appreciated, and have created interest as well as attention. Ounesentence from the articlesin the Argus and Aye may be noted. The Argus states that the invitation of your Oommittee totry a cup of genuine Ceylon tea free of charge ‘‘is a privilege,’ as may be imagined, “largely made use of, and every afternoon hiimbers of visitors are to be seen enjoying the re- freshments provided for them.’ The Age remarks that your ‘‘Oeylon Tea House” is “unique in character, and the place is thronged all the afternoon with persons anxious to avail themselves of the open invitation given. It is novel to many visitors to be waited upon by two natives, one a Sinhalese, the other a Tamil from the Southern portion of Hindustan,” add- ing that the great novelty is in the tea itself, that ‘there is some fascination about it for a second trial begets a desire fora third and many visi- tors eventually order cases protesting that they can- not drink the ordinary tea again.” Altogether your Standing Committee sent down for use or sale at the Melbourne Exhibition 2,880 1b. of fine Ceylon pekoe tea of its high character and quality; there is no doubt your best thanks are due to Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Oo., of Colombo, for much courteous attention to your interests in this important matter as regards selection and shipment, From the Exhibition ‘‘ Jury Awards” as published in the Argus of Tuesday, the 15th January 1889, your Oommittee extracts the follow- ing :— F CEYLON TEAS, First—Oeylon Planters’ Association, Oeylon: and special mention for having the finest collection of teas that the jury have seen. GREEN OOFFEE. ‘ PARCHMEN'. First—J. K. Burnett, Mooloolah, Queensland ; C. F. Chubb, Ipswich, Queensland. Second—Ceylon Planters’ Association, Ceylon. Third—D. Hart, Mosman River, Queensland. PEABERRY. First—Oeylon Planters’ Association, Ceylon. GREEN COFFEE. First—Ceylon Planters’ Association, Oeylon. Memo. showing payments made in Ceylon on account of the Melbourne Oentennia! Exhibition 1888, R8,617°44. BRUSSELS EXHIBITION. The arrangements as regards this Exhibition were somewhat different from those of Glasgow and Melbourne, and members are referred to the recent correspondence published for full particulars. Up to date the actual disbursements made amount to R5,781:67. Briefly stated, a Oeylon tea-house was fitted up opening out on each side to gardens where tables and chairs were provided, a little pampbiet in French was distributed gratuitously giving a skort ac- count of Ceylon and its tea industry. Three native servants were sent as attendants, and your thanks are due to Sir Graeme H. D. Elphinstone for the kind trouble he took in connectian with them and for his report dated 25th May 1888, which will be printed with the proceedings. Both Mr. Shand and Mr. Haldane also gave interesting accounts of their visit to the Exhibition, but until final reports with accounts are re- ceived, it is difficult for your Standing Oommittee to say much as to the results achieved looked at as a special opportunity and medium for pushing the sale of and making kvown Ceylon tea on the Continent of Europe, Memo. showing payments made in Ceylon on ac- count of the Brussels International Exhibition 1888, K5,240°42. Memo, showing payments made in Ceylon on account of Mr. J. L. Shand, suspense account, R541:25. PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1889. It is the hope of the Standing Oommittee that an un- precedently good opportunity will be afforded by the forthcoming Paris Ixhibition for successfully drawing attention to Ceylon tea and making it known not merely throughout the Continent of Hurope but in a sense to the whole world, if, as is expected, the Exhibi- bition attracts an enormous concourse of visitors from all quarters ofthe globe. Deeply impressed with the importance of having Ceylon tea efficiently represented on this great occasion at Paris, your Standing Com- mittee at once responded to the overtures made through the good offices of Mr. J. L. Shand, and unani- mously agreed to a vote of R6,000 from the “ Tea Fund” for the purposes and on the conditions indi- cated. Writing on 7th August last, Mr. J. L. Shand thus mentions the terms of agreement concluded (vide letter), and, aS regards the site of the Ceylon tea- house, remarks: ‘‘ We have got the very best site in the whole Exhibition.” For further information your Standing Oommittee invites attention to the corre- spondence that has taken place and reproduces for your information a tracing of the space allotted at Paris, Sometime ago a resolution was passed by your Committee inviting Mr. Whittall and Mr. Leake to associate themselves with Mr. Shand in carrying out arrangements for the tea-room at the Paris Exhi- bition. Both gentlemen have kindly taken active steps in the matter, and have formed an influential Gom- mittee including Sir W. H. Gregory, Sir Roper Leth- bridge, Mr. Smither, and themselves, to safeguard the interests represented and to facilitate active prepara- pone in ences with the undertaking. emo. showing papmwents made in Ceylon of the Paris EhAgEood R90°96. ae ca aee “Aap j g fz] S) os eile ” ne oh Ll, a z |e Mie, Ho i £5 iS] (e) Bl 4H aa) i a |< n isa) C4 i>) = os |B ) a 2 |2 ra < ks a Sjgie & ont, Be rf ay Z, =) eZ, fae | (@) = ica] h (S) — wy |Z Oo aia 2 1A a 1S 5 |B 1, =) DM ei FI —9T/6-11 2é——|- 8S II—-|-$4 AI— a4 ab NE 2 INVANVISad Ca ay f CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA, Suipmenr or Ony.on Tea To Mr. J. McCompiz Murray, PuitApDELPHIA.—In accordance with re- solution, through the good offices of Messrs. JM. Robertson & Oo, a shipment of 2,8401b. of Cey- 3 at Eg EL- 22 FS wc w pepe —e SB Marcu 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a lon pekoe tea costing K1,871'54 was made to Mr. Murray, Philadelphia, for free distribution in America in 2 oz. packets on condition that he should report to the Planters’ Assocation how and where the tea was distributed. Your Standing Committee gathered from Mr. Murray’s letter to the Association that he proposed to commeuce by issuing invitations to people in Philadelphia to accept samples of Oeylon tea, and to taste it in the cup. Your Committee ap- pears so far to have received no formal report as to the result of these efforts to make known Ceylon tea, but from later correspondence Mr. Murray indicates having established agencies for the sale of Ceylon tea at New York, with five special agencies in New York State, one in Wisconsin, and two in Oalifornia. Through thesesome 12,000 samples had been given away, which, it is to be presumed, led to further business. Mr. Pixgo’s Scupmn.—'Lhe next scheme for pushing Ceylon tea in America, that engaged the attention of your Oommittee was brought under notice by Mr. R. E. Pineo, and gave rise to considerable discussion. Briefly stated Mr. Pineo informed the Association on behalf of his principal, Mr. S. Elwood May, mer- chant and manufacturer of New York City, that he, Mr. May, had decided to take up and push the sale of Oeylon tea in America on condition that he was permitted to announce himself asthe accredited repre- sentative agent of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, and that the Association madehim a grant of 6,000 lb. of tea for free distribution in a few of the principal cities of the United States. Your Committee was very desirons of opening up satisfactory relations in America, and unanimously resolved that Mr. Pineo’s scheme should receive the immediate support of the “ Yea Fund” to the extent of giving him on account of Mr. May 6,000 lb. of tea for free distribution in America on condition that he shipped for sale in America simultaneously with the grant 12,000 lb. of Oeylon tea. Much to the surprise of your Standing Committee, who had madethenecssary arrangements to carry ont their part of the scheme, Mr. May de- clined to accept this Jiberal offer on the alleged ground that a purchase of tea by him would be premature, ‘The next move was again on Mr. May’s part, who, in a letter dated22nd June, said: “I have again looked over this tea question most thoroughly. The main thing to get from the Tea Planters’ Association is the ac- credited agency for the United States,” adding that with that he “eould readily enlist the largest capi- taliste,” and take “the American public by storm so to speak.” Onthis renewed assurance your Standing Committee transmitted the following resolution through Mr. Pineo to Mr.May: “That, on receiving satisfactory references, the Standing Oommittee of the ‘Ceylon Tea Wand’ do report to a general meeting of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon in favour of Mr. 8. Elwood May obtaining from the Association their accredited agency for pushing the sale of Ceylon tea in the United States of America,” and bad hoped for a reply. It appears, however, that though duly communicated with by Mr. Pineo no notice whatever has been taken of the matter by Mr. May; your Committee feels sure that though some natural dis- appointment was felt at thetime that the unanimous opinion is that the coution exercised by your Standing Committee has been fully justified, De. Duke's Scurme.—Next in order and in im- portance is Dr. Duke's sclieme submitted for the first time at the end of September, and which at once secured general attention. Your Standing Committee gave the matter its careful consideration, having in view the interests with which the Committee is charged and resolved that the proposal should be forwarded to Mr. J. McCombie Murray, Philadelphia, for his suggestions as to the carrying out of the scheme and What steps he would take to supply any demand that might arise from the proposed distribution of Ceylon tea among editors of the American newspapers. This was done, aud a letter in reply received from Mr, McCombio Murray has been received. It was read at mocting of your Standing Oommitteo held last month, and has since been published for general in- formation. The great importance of devising suitable means for pushing tho sale of Ceylon tea in America is still urgent, and will continue $0 receive the earnost attention of your Committee. Memo. showing payments madein Ceylon on account of shipment of Oeylon tea to Mr. J. MecCombie Murray, Philadelphia, U. S. A., R1,871°54. CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND. Mr. J. Fenton Wingate,a well- know: Oeylon planter, having intimated hig intention of proceeding ts New Zealand for a few months, and having offered to take the opportunity to push any samples of Ueylon tea en- becetad to him for distribution. Your Standing Oom- mittee arranged for the purchase shipment, packing, &c., of 600 lb. of tea costing R495-94 for the purposes indicated. A copy of the resolution passed was trang- mitted to Mr. Wingate, who in acknowleding it stated that he hoped in due course to give « satisfactory report of his three montis in New Zealand. Your Oommittee has no doubt that ere long you will be placed in possession of Mr, Wingate’s views and the results of his mission. In addition to the above several other applications have been considered by your Standing Oommittee. At the request of Mr. Geo. D. Jamieson, who has shipped large quantities of Ceylon tea to New Zealand, the Committee of the Association gave him 500 copies of the “Tea Pamphlet” (prepared in connection with Colonial and Indian Exhibition) for circulation along with the pure Ceylon tea shipped through him. The money value of the pamphlets may be put at about R60, but as an efficient means of in- viting attention to, and making known ‘“ Ceylon Tea,’ its importance is of course out of all position. Memo. showing payinents made in Ceylon on account of shipment of Ceylon tea to Mr. J, Fenton Wingate, New Zealand, R495°94, GRANT OF TEA FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION AS SAMPLES IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. On the application of Mr. T.0. Anderson of Maskeliya who established a good claim by having personally, before the institution of tke ‘Tea Fund,’’ circulated Oeylon tea in small packets to a considerable extent in Montevideo with good results, your Standing Committee resolved to accede to the proposal made and arranged also through the good offices of Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co., Colombo, for the pur- chase and shipment on Mr. Anderson’s account of 160 lb. of Ceylon tea costing R261'86 for free distrilu- ‘ion as samples on the usual conditions as to special reports to tbe Standing Committee of the “Tea Fund” in reference to the progress and result of his efforts. Your Standing Committee awaits a report from Mr. Anderson, which will doubtless be of con- siderable value and interest, Memo, showing payments made in Oeylon on account of shipment of Oeylon tea per Mr. I. C. Anderson to the Argentine Republic R261°86. PROSECUTIONS IN LONDON BY MR. WW. MARTIN LEAKE UNDER THE MERCHANDISE MARKS ACT 1887. You will recollect that in May last Mr. Leake directed your attention to certain fraudulent practices in regard to the sale of “ Oeylon Tea” in London, and your Com- mittee authorised him to prosecute the tea dealers referred in his letter dated 18th May and from time to time to take whatever steps might in his opinion be necessary in any similar cases, A sum not exceeding £50 sterling was placed at his disposal, and, as requested by him, £25 sterling has been remitted to Mr. Leake, From the annexed account just received from Mr. Leake it would appear that subject to a probable refund of £7 7s the law expenses incurred amount to £34 ls 5d doubtless chiefly if not wholly incurred in connection with the case Regina v. Ellin, the proceedings in which were fully published in the newspapers lately. It will be matter for future consideration whether you desire to take further action in the same direction. PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON IN ACCOUNT WITH Mu. Wa. Martin Leake. 1888 Dr. ana April 27—To printing scoount x PTO To paid Colonies and India and Oeylon Advertisers 510 0 Dec, 31—To Postages 218 9 To Stationery + 05 0 To Samples of Tea... whe o 9 0 To Law costs a nie OM ko #ull 2 1889 Jany. 1—To Balance 4411 2 1888 Cr, Ls di Dec. 31—By Balance ee By AID E2 Jan. 11,1889—By Draft remitted an | a 1) 19) (Signed) Wm. Martin Leaxe. E. & O. E. Londos, 17th January 1889. Memo. showing payments made in Ceylon on account of Mr. Wm. Martin Leake, London. 1888, Dec. 20.— To paid cost of demand draft on London for £25 ster- ling at exchange of 1/4 11-32 being remittance in con- nection with Merchandize Marks Act prosecutions— R2867‘11. CEYLON TEA SYNDICATE. When the accounts of the ‘‘ Colonial and Indian Exhibition” (videp. LXXX. selected correspondence, book of proceedings for the year ending 17th Feb. 1888) were made up, a sum of R1,923:43 was paid over to the ‘‘Oeylon Tea Syndicate,” whose operations, though small, did good work at the time in extending the knowledgeof Ceylon tea. By resolution of your Committee it was decided to close the ‘‘ Tea Syndi- cate” and to devote the working capital sum above re- ferred to as liquidated towards the expenses of adver- ‘tising Oeylon tea at the Glasgow International Hxhibi- tion. Inthe meantime the large ‘‘ Tea Fund” was launched, and your Standing Committee is glad to report that it has received up to 3lst December 1888 the whole sum of R1,923'43 from the “‘ Syndicate.” There are stilla few packets of ‘‘ Syndicate” tea to be dis- posed of, and against them some charges to be re- covered, but it is possible that a small further contri- bution may yet be made tothe “Tea Fund.” In any case itis satisfactory to report that no money loss whatever has attended the “ Oeylon Tea Syndicate,” aud that it has merely been absorbed in the large and more comprehensive “‘Oeylon Tea Fund” scheme. It should be noted that the “ Syndicate” tea wrappers supplied in England were taken over by the ‘Tea Fund” at cost price, viz. R277-66,and will, it is ex- pected, be utilized to advantage hereafter. Memo. showing payments made in Ceylon on ac- count of “ Tea Wrappers”—R277 66. SUMMARY. The principal items of expenditure having been given in the memos. annexed, it remainsonly to mention that the subscriptions, Government grants, and ‘ Ceylon Tea Syndicate” working capital received up to 31st December 1888 0n account of the “Tea Fund,” have aggregated with interest R25,074:96. Since that date tke sumof R4,653 has been collected on account of leaf plucked during the six months ended 31st Dec. 1888, but it must be kept in view that a considerable number of large subscriptions having been paid in ad- vance last year, the amount still to come in for the preceding six months will notbe so large, as it would otherwise appear that it should be. Some estates have, your Standing Committee much repret to say,withdrawn their subscriptions when they are particularly wanted, and when many important engagements have to be ful- filled. Your Oommittee ventures to urge on all sucha consideration of the motto of your Association, Unitas salus nostra, and trusts that increased support will be accorded in every possible way to “Tho Ceylon Tea. Fund” by allin any way interested in or connected with the industry. —_—_———-—@_--—_—_—_ THE TALGASWELLA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. At the annual general meeting of this Company this afternoon, the following report of the directors was submitted :— Report FoR THE YEAR 1888. The directors have pleasure in placing before the shareholders thir annual report accompanied by duly audited account of expenditure, and a financial state- ment of the above Oompany’s position as on 1st Janu- ary 1889. Out of a total of 2,017. 2r. 6p. five hundred and ten acres (510) have been opened and successfully planted THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |Marcu 1, 1889. with tea during the past year, and from the Visiting Agents Reports we are pleased to state that the growth of the tea is most satisfactory. The early planted bushes, it is proposed to top in July so that some tea manufacture may be looked for in October, November, and December of this year, The raingauge returns for 1888 show 17820 in. as having fallen on 164 days; this promises well for the production of leaf. A further addition (200 two hundred acres of very fine land) is now being opened for tea, which will bring the total under cultivation of this product up to seven hundred and ten (710) acres. After completing the supplies of the large clearings in October it was found that a very large number of plants were left in the nurseries, which had been unusually successful, and it was also found that work of all kinds had been and could be done in the locality for far less than was at first supposed. Under these circumstanees your Directors felt that they could safely add a further 200 acres this year to the area under tea, without any increase in the capital to be subscribed by the shareholders, and they trust that this increase of the cultivated acreage will give satis- faction to all interested, and materially strengthen the position of the Company. An estimate for the current year has been framed for opening the 200 acres already alluded to, as also for erecting a permanent superintendent’s bungalow, and carrying on the necessary works on 510 acre, opened in 1888. Afier making a liberal allowance for these items, there will bea large available balance for the putting up of factory and other buildings, after the last call of R30 per share is made in 1890. Yours Directors congratulate the shareholders on having in prospect 710 instead of 500 acres under tea, which it wasoriginally proposed tv open, as they con- sider the large area more calculated to give paying returns, It is to be regretted that the railway authorities are not in a position ‘to purchase timber from Talgaswela, which could be supplied in large quantities. It is however hoped that later on communication with Ben- totte will be established, when a sale may be expected for casks, staves, &c. Your Directors are now considering the question of a factory which will be needed towards the end of this year. A plan has been decided on and timber is now being cut for it. Before deciding on the future site, your Directors arranged for a visit from Messrs. Walker’s engineer, the result of that visit showed that though the water supply at the old mill house site would probably not suffice for all requirements when the 700 acres, or a larger area are in full bear- ing ; stillit appeared that for some time it might be expected to yield all the power required, and this how- ever can be supplanted at a future period when necessary by steam in the dry months. Messrs. Ross and Rollo, retire from the Directorate and offer themselves for re-election. pe Ss CINCHONA OR QUININE BARK: REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1888. Lonpon, 22nd Jan, 1889. Our supplies of Bark in the year juet terminated did not greatly vary from those oi the year that preceded it. Importations of cultivated Calisaya were again a little larger: as were also our total receipts from the East, mainly Ceylon and Java: The importations of Central American Quinine Bark (other than Calisaya) have practically ceased for some time. It was long since demonstrated that it could not be cut, gathered, packed, sent to the coast and shipped to the consuming countries at any such price as 13d or 2d the unit. Our total stock (in pounds) on the 3lst December shows a slight accession on the year. But in reference to the great question of supply, it is most import to bear im mind a very novel and material fact. The enormous quantity of German Sulphate of Quinine which has accumulated in second hands, to an extent beyond all precedent, is probably equal to from one third to one half of our total annual supplies of the Bark from i Marcu 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. which that Sulphate of Quinine is produced! It is true that so far the bulk of this exceptional quantity has been held with absolute firmness. Never in the whole course of the year did the value of Bark exceed 24d per unit per lb.. very rarely indeed 24d, and the general range was only 1jd a 2}d. At the close of the year it was 1jd a zd per unit. Nevertheless, bark was brought upon the market with more or less abundance throughout the year, always in quantities fully equal to requirements, and the auctions in London were con- stantly supplemented by sale of Java bark, mostly of rich yield, in Holland, where ten sales were held during the year. From time to time parcels of soft Columbian, Cuprea, and such like varieties, of old im- port, were offered at auction, but only to be with- drawn, or forced off at disastrous prices; sellers being always ready to accept the terms current for Ceylon. The following is a brief monthly record :— January.—Market dull with excessive supplies; unit abont 24d. February.—Very flat at the beginning of the month —some improvement towards the close of it; unit still about 24d. Mareh.—An advance of 6 per cent, in the Eastern varieties; the market at the close of the month not quite so firm as at its opening. April.—All the improvement lost. to 2d all round. May.—Tone better: demand equal to supply, and unit up to 2}d. June.—Less favourable market: unit back to 2d. July.—Little: the end of the month better than the beginning. August.—Large trade: the unit of 2d fully main- tained. September.—Again a good extent of business, and prices the turn higher; unit may be quoted 2d a 24d. October.—Scarcely so firm or active as the previous month, November.—Market firm, and previous currency fully maintained, with a fair volume of trade. December.—This month opened with firmuess, but because dull towards the close, and the unit receded to 1gd @ 2d. As regards the supplies of last year, it will be observed that from Ceylon there has been again a falling of in The unit back reduced demand; the “ season’s ’’ shipments of nearly 2,700,000 lb. (We estimate the percentage of Quinine was about 24 per cent). The shipments being 11,705,000 lb. in 1887-8 Against 14,440,004 ,, in 1886-7 Do. ww» 15,865,000 ,, in 1885-6 Do. «.. 11,678,360 ,, in 1884-5 Do. « =11,500,000 ,, in 1883.4 Do, 7,000,000 ,, in 1882-3 Do. «. 98,100,000 ,, in 1881-2 The payin of Java Bark on the other hand again shew ao increase upon the receipts of the previous season, present increase being 1,120,700 lb. (We estimate the percentage of Quinine was about 4 per cent). In 1882—1888 they were «785,381 Ib. 1883—1884 » aire 989,158 ,, 1884—1885 a 1,321,569 ,, 1885—1886 » 1886—1887 __,, -». - 3,651,719" ,, 1887—1588 ii 8,772,451 ,, The following are the imports of the last seven years :— 1,771,420 ,, South Ceylon American, and India. Total. 1882s packages =, 9410 21,630 117,570 1883 9 53,780 31,830 85,110 1854 % 21,075 87,800 58,875 13855 i 5,290 50,410 55 700 1886 a4 10,500 59,700 70,200 1837 ” 9,270 60,600 OO STO 1888 9,040 61,400 70,500 ” Last your our deliveries again exceeded our receipts My more than 2,000 packages. The official Cock and Wharf returns of all medicinal barks actually warehoused botweon tho Lat January and the 3lst December render the following -— Landed Delivered kgs, 1885 P5343 74,094 18,751 more delivered than ; imported 1886 70,195 68,986 1,209 less delivered than imported 1887 69,782 72,614 2,832 more do do 1888 70,509 72,758 2,249 do do do The said docks and wharves return the stock of all sorts of medicinal bark, at the end of each of the last three vears, as follows:— 1885 nas oon 62,117 packages 1886 (stock corrected) 62,350 9 1887 ms 59,232 ~—y, 1888 56,754 99 We commenced the past year with the following ex- traordinary low and unremunerative prices for fine qualities, viz. :— per lb. Oalisaya Quill (say 5 per cent Barkjy 1s Od Ouprea ie ce ses 08' 6d Oeylon : «» Os 23d per unit. We closed the year at the still further reduced quota- tions for fine qualities: — per |b. Oalisaya Quill (say 5 per cent Bark) Us 10d Cuprea aes Beis Os 5d Oeylon ao 2 .. O3 2d per unit, SULPHATE OF QuinINE.—At the commencement of the past year the following were the manufacturers, prices, viz.: English, Howards’ 2s 4d; French 2s 2d; German ls 1Ud; Italian 1s lldper oz. Low as were the rates of 1887, they were destined to fall still lower in 1888. They fell 2d per oz. in the first two months of the year: Howards’ price down to 2s 2d; German in second hands selling as low as Is 8d per oz. From this point there wasa slight and brief recovery. March was weak; and by the end of April prices (after some slight fluctuations) went further back, and German was sold as low as 1s 4d per oz. In May Howards’ price was put down to Js 10d, but the German market became a little stronger. June was very flat with slightly receding prices, and by the end of the month the quotation for German was only 1s 3kd! In lJuy a large business was done in German and prices har- dened a little, but by the end of August the im- provement was lost and the price of German again fell to ls 33d. Howards’ price was reduced to ls 8d and it remained at ls 7d a 1s 8d to the end of the year. In September there was some specu- lation; German was dealt in largely and prices re- covered to 1s 7d, but by the end of the month had again gone back to Is 43d. In October large transactions in German took place, but the price fell to ls 3d (the lowest price of the year, and mdeed of any former period) and then speculative demand caused a rally tols 5d per oz. In November German touched 1s 6d, but afterwards gradually, but surely, fell back to 1s 34d, which price continued to rule through December, the year closing heavily. Fluctuations in manufactnrer’s prices were as follows :— Highest. Lowest. English...2s 4d per oz, in bulk. 1s 7d per oz. in bulk. French’...282d_ ,, “y 1s 8d A - German...ls 104d ,, - ls 34d _,, “ Italian ...1s lld ,, aN ls 4d ie a The following table shews the fluctuations in manu- facturers prices for the month—in bulk; 2d per oz. more in botles :— ENGLIsn. FRENCH. January ...2s 4d per 0z...28s 2d per oz. Februry ...2s 2d Samet Vr st March. .... 25 2d Werte bak * April —_...2s 2d yy) «lB 10d a 2s 24, ay «ls 10d 4 Is Ild > ww l88dala lod ,, June «ls 10d » «ls Sdals loi ,, July ...ls Uda ls 10d 5» «w-Le Od w Is LOd August «18 8d a Is Jd yy «eels Sd w 1s 10d September 1s 7d a Is 8d » ela Sd a ls 10d October ...1s 7d a@ Is 8d » «ela Sd pe Novomber...1s 7d a 1s 8d » +e Sd = December...ls Td a ls 8d ro ola Sd » | 630 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1889. GERMAN. ITALIAN, Ae imports for the past seven years were thus 18 11d . | Made up— January ...1s a ae per oz ails per 0z 1888 1887 1866 1885 February ...1s 9d a 1s 103 39 ose ” Calisaya .. -» 7,790 7,200 4,000 2,600 a March ...1s 83dals10id ,, ...1s1ld Pr Soft Columbian April ...1s 7d a 1s 94d » -ls74dais93d ,, New Granadian } 1,250 2,070 6,500 2,690 d | Me 1s 4d als 54d -1s 58 & Hard Pitayo , : ; : ay as Bre oh Carthagena sa) Sead nil nil nil b June -.1s 34dals 44d ,, ...ls4dals43d ,, Ceylon + and Hast July ...1s 5d 7 «Ls 5d » Indian .. ota rahe ees Le 50,410 ¢ 4 883 1882 1881 August ...ls4daIsid » «l84dais5d ,, f 188 : September deMdladayd sys sleds Ne Gd ae Calisaya .. -. 2,600 2,770 6,310 7,020 a October ...ls44dals6d ,, ...Is5dals6d_ ,, New Granadian Soft Columbian } 16,960 49,830* 84,150 87,200 J 1s 5d a 1s 53d ...185d a 1s 54d & Hard Pitayo Na elaa aa 4 aaa a2 taney na % Carthagena :. 1,510 1,180 5,470 5,790 d December ..1s 44 » ii 44dals5d ,, Caylon add Heck 23 Sa as SS Indian .. .» 37,300 31,330 21,630 15,400 c Os g % — oO 2 a Serons and cases. 4 Serons and bales. ¢ Packages. CY Pe ; ee imports from Geviee oo a as in 1885 and 884 contain many very large packages. ao 2g 19 10 mS Od * These totals for 1885, 1884, 1883, 1882, and 1881 eo bean BS S 16 So also include Cuprea, the imports of which were, in alse ee ar aa 1885 about 440 packages against in 1854 about 11,600 p 8 a packages against in 1883 about 40,000 packeaens against Code} in 1882, about 67,000 packages, and in 1881, about BS = Sw = = OS, 60,000 packages. The 2,070 packages imports in 1887 ce S| 338 a a ca were almost exclusively Cuprea. : BY a ei The direct shipments to America continue to be yery oS Oo unimportang, as is shown in following figures :— Ba SF aS Ss iS 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1983 eo 8 SR ao BS Packages.. 2,701 4,872 2,700 3,900 8,150 11,25 = Fe ee iy 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 cots] Packages. .28,000 31,400 32,800 46,700 41,000 23,400 QAO 5 = Ss Ea The American stocks at the end of the last six years ane a5 3 8 Rais) were as follows :— a area ES 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 ror Pkgs. 276 2878 930 1500 2600 6200 mo g Sa Sek ie Imports into France continue to besmall; they were, er § S65 oe 3 ackages. at os oS CoE 9 CO Pp 2. Fr Last year, ofall sorts, 5,368 gyn ts Ee ee Against in 1887 ... re, we $s eS 2 © do 86 ....2;272 © Mes & R= 3 i a8 do 85... 2,417 ian aa a do 84 ... < yd et a apr do 83 99,660 at 2S 8 n Fs ky SS a alisaya, pkg. Sse Seu» love, Su. See Serta weet do 82 ...10,680 & about 28,977*) . as OP titi alie Asinge MERA TORE wbEOs ae aie do 81... 9915 4» 16,550 | ga ban ideaalef) = rg do 80 ... 8,590 eS gay S- MPake seta uab wR eS, do 79 .. 8,030. ., 7,960 [a~ i no Ss 9 CS BB 2 2.2 2 BES DO iat icy Pry te ded) kbs a sued ie mee do 78... 7,120 4829 |2E¢ lira Sm © = tapraree is do {Zone 000. wane 8,200 ears ma 4 ~a a F es hl *Of these imports about 12,000 were Ouprea. OSes 2S es Le Oo See ow & The stocks in France on the 31st December were as a2 S Sq 8S 6 BBs zed | follows:— rd ge RRR a? Le se Me 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 — @ eS Qn @ Fert pkg. pkg. pkg. pkg. pkg. pkg. pkg. sleaze ee 3 seo 6 os ==8 . | 9,843 7,537 7,408 8,967 | 11,200 18,260 15,780 oo 3 ma ips : EWIS EAT, Brokers, — s Q @ sos 2S iF) ooo ord Pars MA a Seu s = Sse aaa Bens Tue Corron-crowine Enterrrise.—Mr, Blackett TEs nance re) 2a S452 | has brought his first samples to Colombo today aa ae of the American, , Herr F me S@ii : : 8 %~ | cotton grown in his Dolosbage fields. e first- ne, 2 a EH ste named, the specimens shown are as fine as could S85 gre moat 203° | be desired and have been valued by practical men zS- aS wos eo 5S | as high as 1s per lb.; the Egyptian is not so Bae fac 5 2 2S op— | good; and the Tinnevelly is much inferior, though 4a mite Sawn Bogs very little of the last has grown, the seed being a a0 q 8 Biv Sri | failure, Altogether, these samples are extremely Oirneece ea 3 A 2 & | interesting as indicating the beginning of a new 2.20 “g m2 3 23 | a 7a 8 enterprise which is of much importance to the BE ere 739 3 @ @ | people over a considerable area. Mr. Blackett 4 A 4 “ao aes - B'S deserves the thanks for leading the way as a pioneer O .32 3 a @-a*' | in cultivation. Mr. Henry Lee, late M. P. for igo & 5a = Oa 8, | Southampton, saw the cotton Ceylon is growing 25 pF Dre Reg Sod today, and pronounced it of spleadid quality, and easa a a ewe Baa @ his opinion is that the Cotton Spinning and Aa LAW meg reg See A Weaving Company will be a great success and Lee 3 aoe 2g hy — | must pay well. He is a cotton spinner and aoe ‘ad © aa 2 4 manufacturer himself, : ont oO oo Ooo ‘+ Marcu 1, 1889.} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 631 , as PLANTING IN BURMA. (By an ex Ceylon Planter.) OLD FRIENDS 10 TAE ¥RONT—TEA-DRIERS CONDEMNED BY AN OLD TEA TASTER FOR WANT OF THE KEEPING QUALITIUS OF TEA CURED BY THEM ; AND TEA-ROLLERS RE- COMMENDED —PLENTIFUL SUPPLY OF SPLENDID TEA BOXES IN BURMA OF DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS AND TIMBER OF VARIOUS DESCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SHIPMENT RY BRITISH INDIA STEAMERS—A SUCCESSFUL CROP OF ANNATTO READY VOR PICKING. Tavoy, Burma, 28th Jan. 1889. I was much interested in the budget of 7. A.’s. you sent moe just in time at the New Year. T am glad to find some of my old friends to the front, viz. Thomas Mackie, RK. B. Lawrance, James H. Barber, and many others, but not a word about the Laird of Logie. I had an old tea planter here and also a tea taster, a man that knows his work and the wants of tea quali- ties at home. He was down very much on your great tea driers; said they were a delusion and a snare to Ceylon men, and that they did not dry the tea thoroughly, and tea cured by them did not keep, except it was dried over again at home. Tea rollers, he said, were perfection, and sifters best; your expensive driers he would cer- tainly break down and pitch out of the tea-house, as lca ougbt to be dried to the very letter and those driers did not meet the desired end, and he recommended the old plan for a thorough good standing keeping tea. Take this for what it is worth and go on and prosper. Ceylon menare keen enough to find out this them- selves, and I wish them every success. I see you want tea boxes by the thousand: that is a good sign for Burma. I have got thirty thousand ready seasoned for the last five months, inside measurement 23” by 20” by 18”. The wood is perfect for tea-boxes, same kind taken and recommended by Calcutta agents, and the timber out and allowance made for seasoning, so that the boxes are perfect when made up, and the timber is the only thing required for the trade. I am prepared to supply fifty thousand more bexes within five months at the rate of ten thousand per month. Sizes as follows :— Pes. 6 24 by 6 by } 66 boxes to a ton. Inside 6 24 by 7 by \ measurement 23 in. by 4 18 by 10 by 2in. by 18. No. 1. 16 2 24 by 5 by 4 Inside measurement 23 in. 6 24 by 6 by 4 by 19 in. by 17. 71 4 24 by 7 by 4 boxes to a ton. 4 17 by 9% by §$ No. 2. 16 6 17 by 44 by 4) Inside measurement. 16 in. 2 17 by 5 by k by 16 in. by 13}. 117 4 17 by 6 by 4 boxes to a ton, 4 17 by Gf by 34 th . Free on board, packed with hoop iron, British India steamers going direct to Colombo. I wish inquiring friends to let me know by letter what rate they could pay for each size, namely :— 23" by 20” by 18”, 23°" by 19’ by 17, 16" by 16l’ by 134%. Ishall be glad to hear from any of the firms in Colombo and also Mr. Edmund Wood- house and Messrs. D, Edwards & Co., Hatton, and anyone requiring good, sound and well-seasoned tea-boxes. To save time telegraph me direct to Tavoy, and I shall make arrangements to prepare any amount.* Mills in Moulmein and Tavoy, and * All this is a regular advertisement, and yot “J.D. W." delays his recognition of, and remittanc for, the printer --Bo. ee ’ a com B. I. 8. N. steamers going direct for Colombo weekly, can also supply other timber for buildings and sleepers for railways: the very best ironwood (Burmese pingodoo, Sinhalese nagas, Tamil erembu maram):* samples of different kinds of timber can be sent for inspection. I have a greatcrop of annatfo now on the trees nearly ready for picking, and have got about a ton of produce of sorts ready for London. I am shipping on to Thomas Christy, London, direct this year ; sent on my last shipping to W. Martin Leake ; he sold my little crop of coffee very well and took great trouble with such a small lot, and my only reason for changing this year is because I am sending on several drugs of sorts, which is scarcely in an old planter’s line of business. Daag, We sae ee A VISIT TO THE RANI OF SIKKIM: SUCH TEA! The Calcutta Englishman prints » Jetter from a millitary correspondent who relates the incidents of a visit to the Raji and Rani of Sikkim. * * * After bowing to one another, it was the Rani who asked us tosit down ; in fact, it is she who seems to do everything and who is, I fancy, quite the most import: ant personagein that household. Tea was then brought —such tea! May Heaven defend me from ever drink- ing itagain! Thibetan teais made out of the coarsest tea-leaves, which are partly fermented and then made into bricks. This is boiled with alot of butter, salt, and some very pungent spices. I tried to get out of drink- ing the tea by talking hard, hoping that the Rani would not notice that Il was not drinking it; but not a bit of it; she was far too sharp to be taken in like that, and politely suggested that I was not drinking my tea. So, rather than offend her, I went at it like a man and took a good gulp! The worst medicine was a joke to that mouthful! Icould not resist it, and made an awful face that fetched themboth. The Raja roared, and I thought would never stop laughing. The Raja seemed toappreciate the tea very highly, and simply pouredit down. The Rani hardly touched hers, but still would not allow that she did not like it. After this they brought in a plate of salad, everything chop- ped up very fine; thencame adish of maccaroni with highly spiced mincemeat on the top. This was evi- dently the Raja’s favourite dish, for he had several help- ings of it.—L. § C. Lepress, Jan. 25th. > THE MARKET FOR OINCHONA BARK AND QUININE IN 1888. We take the following extracts from the Price List, January 1889 of C. F. Boehringer & Sohne, Waldhof near Mannheim :— Quinine.—The year 1888 has been remarkable for an exceptionally large consumption of Sulphate of Quinine, in fact we do not remember the demand for actual consumption in the U. S. A. ever being so great and so well sustained as during lastsummerand autumn. In addition to this, speculation interested itself repeatedly in the article and secured large quantities, with the result that important transactions took place, and we were extremely busy throughout the year. Prices, however, have been very unsatisfactory. The rise in the value of Bark and Quinine which occurred in November and December 1887 induced holders to offer the unusually large quantity of 7,704 packages of bark at the first public auction last year, at which lower prices were established. Quinine dropped from 2s ld to 1s 8d in the course of January, but warlike rumours on the Continent caused an advance of 2d about the middle of February, and when at the auction of Bark on the 28th of that month higher prices were reslized, manufacturers raised their quotation to 2s, During the whole of March, “* Tronwood has been tried in Ceylon and found wanting,—Ep. 632 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SS ES DS Ss i A SRE DS DOT EE SD AS ST BERT ERIE A te CT I a Quinine was dull except near the end of the month, when some large sales were made at 1s 9d. From this period a decided downward turn was given to the market by the increased exports from Oeylon. In April prices dropped from 1s 8d to 1s 6d, at which figure business to some extent was done, and gradually declined to Is 5d tols 4d. From May to December prices have varied but little, ranging from 1s 4d to 1s 6d, with a few sales of second-hand lots at 1s 33d and 1s 3d. Daring the first days of the new year a somewhat better tone prevailed, and there are now buyers at ls 33d in the market but no sellers. The Oeylon ex- ports from Ist October to 3lst December which were feared to exceed those of 1887, have remained within the same limits. Last year has taught again the old lesson that an increase in the exports of Cinchona bark is invariably followed by a decrease in its value. If in the face of this established fact planters continue to send over more bark than is required, they must not wonder at bad returns. Extraordinary evantualities, such as war etc. excepted, the quinine market will be chiefly ruled for some time to come by the exports of bark from Veylon and Java. Export FROM JAvA during the season, viz. from Ist July to 30th June:— 1887-88 ... .. 3,492,913 Amsterdam lb. 1886-87... «.. 2,230,275 : 1885-86 1,531,156 i 1884-85 a. 1,195,976 A 1883-84 1. 1,104,534 Z 1882-83... 420,668 re Exports rrom THE Matasar Coast during the sea- son, viz. from ist July to 30th June:— 1887-88 ... ... 1,070,160 Ib. 1886-87 «. =. | 272,048 5) 1885-86 ... .. 1,070,160 ,, On account of its bigh standard Jaya Bark is gain- ing more and more importance. The efforts made by some London merchants and brokers to draw thither a greater part of the shipments from Java have not been successful so far, the quantity offered at,the London sales during last year being 900 packages less than in 1887. The foregoing figures show :—1. An increase in the shipments from Java (though same did not turn out quite as large as anticipated). 2. A decrease in the exports from Ceylon, and in the London stocks, In order to form as clear an idea as possible about the course Quinine is likely to pursue in future, one must take into consideration that a great number of trees in Oeylon has been andis being cut down to make room for tea, and that the consumption of Sul- phate of Quinine is steadily growing. Onthe other hand it, ought to be remembered that Java and Bolivia send over increasing quantities of bark, and that large stocks of Quinine are in the hands of speculators in London. O* late there has been some talk again about shilling (25 cents) Quinine. Speaking for our- selves, we fail to see how bark and quinine can be produced at such a price; we are however, always ready to bow before superior knowledge, and if the promoters of this idea will be good enough ‘to show us the way to carry it out we shall feel much obliged. In their calculations these prophets must bear in mind that planters of bark would have to accept fully forty per centless than they are getting now, in order to enable manufacturers to sell at 1s, without losing money. Cixcttona Drucaist’s BArK,—Genuine flat Oalisaya continues scarce and dear at 28 to 2s 6d. Other varieties were offered more freely at 188d to 1s 10d. Some trial shipments of cultivated flat Bolivian Oalisaya which came to Hamburg, did not find fayour with druggists, though they containedabout 4 per cent Sulphate of Quinine, the strips being too thin and badly shaped. —Of Succirupra (Red bark), there was always plenty of good to fine quills on hand, and especially at the Amsterdam sales. Loxs and Huanoco which are nearly out of use in Germany, are still much) sought after by French buyers and command good prices. Friar yeLLow Bark Maracaiso and Punrto CasniLo obtainable in spring 1887 at 5d has since gone up to 8d to 85d, and up to the present has maintained this high price which is utterly out of proportion to its intrinsic value. Hamburg is the principal market, and every parcel onarrival found ready buyers, some- times even before being landed. —_——_—_—\_@—________ Tea Nores rrom Inpra.—Tea pruning is pro- gressing in, Durrung. The weather has been cold in Cachar and Sibsaugor. Seasonable weather is reported from Sylhet, Goalpara, Kamroop, Dur- rung, Nowgong, and Luckimpore. DrHRA Don, 29th Jan.—Since I wrote last we have had 1-14 rain- fall, and it is still raining. Rain was much wanted both for the tea and crops. DARJEELING, 2nd Feb.—Heavy fall of rain on to 830th—2°20 in. Very bene- ficial for nurseries, very cold—Jndian Planters’ Gazette. Tue Empitoyment or Sucker Fish 1 Tortir- FisHING.—Professor A. C, Haddon from Thursday Island, Torres Straits, has been sending some interesting notes to Nature. One series of observa- tions had reference to a vremarkable fish which largely respires by means of its caudal fin rather than its gills.—But of most general interest is an account of the employment of the sucker-fish in turtle-fishing as follows:— In the Straits there are two periods of turtle-fishing, the one during October and November, which is the pairing season, and when turtle are easily speared owing to their floating on the surface of the water the other, during the remaining months of the year when the turtle frequent the deeper water and the channels between the reefs. It is then that the sucker-fish—or, as the natives term it, ‘‘Gapu,”—is utilized. I have, at present, no means of determining the species of Hcheneis common in the Straits. I believe it to be L. maucrata, as the species here attains a greater length than #. remora, When going out turtle-fishing, a Gapu is caught, and the more ex- perienced natives have no great difficulty in procuring one when it is required. A hole is made at the base of the caudal fin by means of a turtle-bone, and the end of a very long picce of string is inserted in the hole and made fast. The end of a second, quite short, piece of string, is passed through the mouth and out by the gills. By means of these two strings the fish is retained, while slung over the sides of the canoe, in the water. When a turtle is sighted deep down in the water, the front piece of string is with- drawn, plenty of slack being allowed for the hind string. The Gapu on perceiving the turtle immediately swims towards it, and attaches itself to the reptile’s carapace. A man, with a long rope attached to an upper arm, dives into the water andis guided to the turtle by the line fastened to the Gapu’s tail. On reaching the turtle, the man gets on its back, and passes his arms behind and below the fore-flapp-rs, and his legs in front and below the hind-flappers. The man is then rapidly drawn up to the surface of the water bearing the turtle with him. On the arrival of the diver the Gapu usually shifts its position from the carapace to the plastron of the turtle. At the end of the day’s fishing the Gapu is eaten. The natives have a great respect for the Gapu, and firmly believe the fish possesses supernatural powers. For example, when there is something the matter with the bow of the canoe, the Gapu is said to attach itself to the neck or the nuchal plate of the turtle; when the lashings of the outrigger to the thwart poles are insecure, the Gapu is believed not to stick fast to the turtle, but to continually shift its position; if the strengthening ties in the centre of the hold of the canoe are faulty, the Gapu is stated to attach itself to the turtle, and then immediately to swim away. More than once I was told, ‘‘Gapu savvy all the same as man; I think him half devil.’ The sucker-fish is not used to haul in the large green turtle. I was repeatedly told that it would be pulled off, as the turtle was too heavy. The above information was gathered from several sources, and checked by means of much questioning. ee ~ae Can anyone say if a similar practice is followed by any of the Ceylon fishermen ? [March 1, 1889. MARrcH 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 633 eT IS PROSPECTS AND CONDITIONS OF TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, CACAO AND OTHER PRODUCTS. We row resume our notes on this subject, and first we give prominence to the following comments on our editorial on page 612, as full of interest :— “The tea estate referred to in Maskeliya is 250 acres all more or less in bearing. Estimate of crop this year 50,000 1b., expenditure will be R17,500, or say 35 cents per lb. in Oolombo, Kindly note that these figures refer to the present season, not last. “Dikoya coffee is now very free of bug, but not perfectly so. It was the year before last that Warriapolla did so well, not last year, but it is again to the front this season with a yield of 2,600 bushels of all sorts. he crop the year before last was 4,900 of all sorts not 4,700. e “The observations about cinchona applied to new land, but it may be safely asserted that nowhere on the Kandy side of the country is it possible to grow the fine cinchona we did 10 and 15 years ago. Deterioration of stock is the explanation generally given and accepted, but the fact that imported seed does no better than that of local growth is one which rather upsets this theory. “T think the Bolivian seed referred to cost R60 per ounce, but I am not quite sure of this; nor am I certain that it all failed.” As yvegards Cinchona on new and old land, we learn that even in Uva it is scarcely possible to get cinchona trees to flourish a second time on the same land, so that we suppose planting up the same clearing a second time is unheard of north of Kandy? Before passing away from TrA we may refer to the revival it has afforded at least in one case of | a planting district that was supposed to have | disappeared finally from the roll long before *Ichabod”’ had been written generally on coffee in the Kandy districts. Werefer to Kadugannawa. “Why has Kadugannawa been struck out of the Association roll?” asked Forrest Harper at the first Planters’ meeting after his return. ‘It has not been struck out—it has gone out!” was the reply. Alas then for poor old Kadugannawa, where Harper worked for years ,on Franklands, at the time that the present Acting District Judge of Colombo was the happy proprietor of Roslin, For many years, the word | abandoned has been the distinctive mark in the Directory opposite most Kadugannawa properties. But tea has brought a change. We have, for example the well-known extensive Gona Adika property which under Mr. Wm, Maocgregor's management, gives promise of becoming a very fine tea estate for the *Gona Adika Tea Oo. Limited.” So with Mr. A. H. Thomas's good work on Mr. Harper's old diggings, Franklands, where there are now 100 acres of fine tea; again Mr. Shelton Agar is re- viving the glory of Alpitty Kandy—where Donald Macgregor lived and laboured s0 long—and he is trying not only tea but cacao, arecanuts aad coco- | nuts. Again Kakunagalla, a property of 300 acres, has just been purchased by Messrs. Nicol of Dimbula lane Haputale, who are sure to turn it to good use, )while we need scarcely refer to the well-known revival of Sinnapitia, Mercantile, Kirinda, and other \properties. There is encouragement to tea planters in Kadugannawa, it seems, from the favourable re- ports given of tue teas as yielding a specially strong liquor due to the srernlaiiin of ironstone in the soil. So much for old Kadugannawa redivivus. In disoussing the future of “ tea’ there can be no doubt that the planter who has least capital outlay per acre for avoruge-yielding estates, can stan a battle of competition lovjest. A profit aw of a penny a pound is equal to a return of 10 per cent for, we suppose, the majority of Ceylon tea plantations, while the capital outlay on Assam properties being, it is said, over, rather than hundred R500 per acre, the percentage of profit would be much less from the same penny. Cacao cultivation is described by Visiting Agents as a whole, judging by their Ceylon experience, as about the most uncertain of any of our new products. But is this not generalising from rather too limited an experience. The Dutch writer on Cacao in Dutch Guiana agrees exactly with the above experience up to the tenth year of the tree: he says in effect, nothing can be more unsatisfactory or troublesome to the planter than a ‘Cacao Walk’’ up to ten years of age, but then from that point on to a hundred years, few products give less trouble or more regular crops. We trust yet to see the ‘‘ Cacao Walks” in our own Dumbara, Matale and Uva valleys verify this experience. So far, there haye been some woeful disappointments about crops: we hear of one case where after the pods were fully set, indeed well on growing, 1000 cwt. was considered a very safe estimate, but the actual result only gave 290 cwt.! A curious circumstance is mentioned to us in con- neetion with an experiment in Pepper vine cultiva- tion on Wariapolla estate, Matale, The crop in many cases was a disappointment, but there was no chance of picking what did mature, for the birds effectually disposed of the berries !—Fortunately, or unfortunately, few places are so highly-favoured with ‘‘songsters of the grove” as Warriapola. We now turn to CArpamoms, and it is the opinion of more than one expert—that is, experienced es- tate inspector—that this spice has in many cases given a handsomer return than any other tropical product touched during the past ten years. We are assured of 15 acres giving 660 1b. each, or a total crop of 10,600 lb. of cardamoms (worth from 2s to 2s 6d per 1b.) and again of 50 acres giving 28,600 1b. The famous Kandanewera crop ex- cited much attention one year when even the pleasant-spoken pessimist of the North was dis- appointed, in returns beyond his belief, in prices also above his expectation, although finally he found consolation in the anticipation that after so big a crop, short ones must follow! Now-a-days, however, cardamoms clearings do mot come on quite so well as some years ago and the Malabar variety is almost entirely discarded in favour of the Mysore kind. As regards Toxacco, the question is started as to whether the finer varieties will succeed as freely in Ceylon as is expected. There can be no ques- tion of the ready growth of the coarse country variety, but plants from seed from Havana, Virginia &o. are not so easilyraised. The Tobacco Company Limited are, it is understood, to employ & practical man of special experience in tobacco in Sumatra or some equally well-known tobacco grow- ing country. Meantime with other exotics—for reference to the fear that even the «aoconut palm is not reckoned indigenous!—are going out we are assured that lantana is not what it was: in many places it seems dying out in place of flourishing and running over fresh waste ground; then Spanish needle, in many dis- triots such a pest for long years, is almost a thing of the past; and, we suppose, ‘ white weed ’’ is not what it was! All this reminds us of the story told by Dr. Donald Fraser when here the other day; we were reminding him of his ministry in Inverness where we often heard him preach a generation ago, and he referred to an old elder of the High Church there, who was always be- 634 moaning ‘the good old times.” When leaving for London, the reverend Doctor ventured at last to tackle his elder insisting on knowing wherein the difference lay: ‘“‘ Weel,” was the reply, ‘the Gaelic preaching is no what it was, and the whuskie is no what it was!” And so if it comes to the degradation of lantana and ageratum, we do not feel that there is much cause for grief ! —<>—_————— NEW PRODUCTS. (From the Annual Report of the Badulla Planters’ Association, held 13th Feb. 1889.) Oorrer.—Crops of coffee on most estates during the past year have been very short, and your Com- mittee are not hopeful of the future of this pro- duct. The green scale bug continues its ravages, and some of the poor coffee has succumbed to its re- peated attacks. CincHona.—This product unlike coffee is suffering from excess of crop throughout the island, the latter causing a glut of bark in the home market and a con- sequent depression in prices. Your Committee are firmly ccnvinced that the stocks of bark in the coun- try generally are being rapidly exhausted, and even in the Uva districts the output of bark is decreasing year by year. Your Committee are therefore hopeful that exports of this product will very soon show more moderate dimensionsand that a reaction in prices will occur. Your Oommittee would strongly urge upon all the advantage of curtailing the harvesting of bark as far as possible, until the home markets are in a more healthy state. TraA.—Another year’s valuable experience has been gained in the cultivation of this product which now occupies so large and rapidly increasing a proportion of our acres, and we are now in a position to lay before you ideas which are the outcome of a more matured experience anda wider range of observation, that your Oommittee had the opportunity of bringing to bear upon the subject, when called opon to frame their last reports. A more severely trying season than that which comprised the twelve months ending 30th June last, there is not on record; for out of a total rainfall of 120 inches registered in some parts of the district repre- sented by your Association, more than half that quantity appears against December. Were such seasons the rule, instead of the exception, the cultivation of tea would by no means form a tempting investment for capital ; but fortunately we have before us a long re- cord of seasons which will bear the strictest scrutiny and whose analysis will work out a vote in favor of tea in Uva, wherever the other conditions of soil &c. are suitable. Notwithstanding the unfavorable season, your Oommittee are happy in being able to report that tea has successfully passed this most severe of ordeals, in a manner which is alike surprizing and gratifying, furnishing evidence that Uva is likely at no distant date, to occupy that pre-eminence with regard to tea which she has held with coffee in the past. Your Oommittee has further the pleasure to report that the only prejudicial effect of the unfavor- able season, so far as we are able to judge, was that a shorter crop was realized than would otherwise have been the case, but this may be by no means an un- qualified evil, for it is highly probable that the strength of the young bushes was very materially conserved, and that they will yield compensatory results later on. Indeed this would seem to be the case, judging by the manner in which pruned andunpruned teas are now flushing. Some very large estimates of made tea for the current year give every promise of being fully realized. A great amount of useful knowledge with regard to the field and factory treatment of tea hoes been gained and is being disseminated in that characteristically generous spirit for which the Ceylon planter has so justly earned a title. Of tho quality of our produce little needs to be said. The ‘London reports testify to“our being able to produce teas second to none in the market. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Marcu 1, 1889. Altogether your Committee congratulate you on the success of tea, and think they are fully justified in predicting that this cultivation will restore a measure of prosperity to Uva, surpassing even that which she enjoyed in the best days of the coffee industry. Cacao.—It is satisfactory to note that the appear- ance of this product continue healthy, and that the teas have been entirely free from helopeltis and other pests. The crop gathered has fallen short of that of the preceding year, due mainly to the ab- normal season and the continuous drought of January, February and March, but the December blossoms have set successfully and a fair crop is confidently looked for on all estates. Oarpamoms have generally given fair returns. The high prices ruling during the year have induced cultivators to increase their average. —$————— ee LOQUATS AND PEPPER. A Matale East planter writes:—‘‘By the way, the senior (in ‘Notes from MHenaratgoda’) is mistaken about loquats, In Ceylon, at an elevation of about 3,000, they bear splendidly, but fail below 1,500. [In Dimbula, the late Mr. Heelis got a fine crop once at 4,600 feet above the sea, but that was a rare exception,—a crop once in seven years being about the rule with him.—Ep, 7. 4.] As re- gards pepper, I once hada rock most magnificently covered with a fine bearing vine, but the dry season two years ago quite killed it out, while those on trees escaped. There is nothing like a dead tree for pepper to secure vigorous growth and crop; but, of course, it does not last. Growing on the ground without support I found the vines had a reluctance to bear.” SSS DANGER OF THE HIDE TRADE OF INDIA (AND CEYLON ?) BEING RUINED. (Madras Official Paper.) Read—the following letter from Messrs. W. J. Eales ana Oo., to the Chief Secretary to Government. — We have the honer to report, for information of His Excellency the Governor in Council, that it has recently come to our knowledge that many tanners, both of skins as well as hides, have resorted to the means of weighting their produce by the artificial employment of sugar and of jaggery. As you fully know the leather trade is one of the main industries, and certainly the chief staple exports of this Pre- sidency, and it is with a view of endeavouring to prevent its ruination (which will in all probability happen should - this sugar process continue), that we venture to address Government. a We do not for a moment imagine that it is com- petent for Government to legislate as to how 4 man should prepare or tan his raw produce, but see- ing how much actually depends upon a straighfor- — ward use of those customary materials only neces-— sary for tanning, we would respectfully submit that | His Excellency in Council might causesome ¢xpres- — sion of dissatisfaction to be communicated to the — various mofussil tanners through the Collectors of — the different districts. The districts in which we — have and still find sugar being used to a very | large extent are the North and South Arcot districts, | but we have also noticed that it is beimg commenced in Bangalore. For the information of Government | we annex two certificates from the Ohemical Examiner — —that marked Ais an analysis ofa skiu fromthe Ambur | or North Arcot district, and B, from askin tanned in — Bangalore, We haveno doubt that many other tanuers — in Trichinopoly, Dindigul, Madura, Salem or other dis- — tricts are also using the like, as we received by last mail — information from one of the largest German mianu- facturers that a parcel of Salem skins received con- tained on analysis 20:25 per cent of oil and sugar. |§ Marcu 1, 1889. | FH TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 635 We earnestly request Government to take speedy action so that the trade may not become paralyzed and ruined, which at the moment would really seem to be the case, as foreign manufacturers and dealers will not buy here unless the Natives desist, and that too speedily, from this pernicious and unnatural means of manufacture. We have taken the liberty of address- ing you direct as we are not members of the Ohamber of Commerce, and considered, further, that no time should be lost in communicating our knowledge to Go- vernment. Order—dated 18th August 1888. The Government regret that they are unable to render any assistance in the matter, except by way of giving publicity to the practice complained of and warning those con- cerned in the trade of the evil effects hkely to arise therefrom. With this object, the Commissioner of Revenue Settlement aad the Director of Land Records and Agriculture will be requested to draw up a cir- cular for publication in the District Gazettes and tor distribution asa handbill, as was done in the case of the. adulteration of indigo. The Government, however, consider that the most effectual remedy against the evil complained of is for the buyers to refuse skins not properly tanned. When the tanners find that skins weighted with jaggery and oil do not find a ready sale in the market, they will soon be led to give up the practice. 4 ———————E FORESTRY IN THE SOUTHERN CIRCLE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. We have often drawn attention to the importance of Ceylon forest officers in the northern portions of Ceylon paying attention to the reproduction of the valuable leaf, fruit, sugar, and timber yielding pal- myra palms, The following extract shows how these and other trees were objects of attention in Southern India in 1886-87 :— Cultural operations.—The area under cultural operations at the commencement of the year was 2,536 acres and 100 miles of channel banks costing K28,460. The area and cost added during the year were acres 436 and R4,201, respectively, the result at the close of the year being 2,972 acres and 100 miles of channel. banks costing R32,661 in all, 153 acres costing R148 in South Arcot and 114 acres costing R190 in Tinnevelly omitted in the previous year’s returns owing to the charges having been ad- justed under A-VIII (7) are now included in the area and cost added during the year. The actual additions during the year under report therefore consisted of only 38 acres in South Arcot [cost not given but ad- justed under VIII (f)}, 119 acres in Tinnevelly (the cost of the latter, viz., R229, was also debited to VIL (/), but shown in Form No. 60 also) and 32 acres car- damom in Malabar (Wynaad). The cost during the year also includes R1,141 paid on account of cost of Persian date-palms imported and R784 paid to Mr. Ferguson of Calicut for rubber experi- ments as per Board’s Proceedings, dated 22nd April 1886, Forest No. 124, Mis. The 38 acres in South Arcot were ploughed and sown with cashew and babul seeds, but the results were poor owing to the partial failure of north-east monsoon. the Kudiraimalai teri reserved land in which 96 acres were sown with 75,000 palmyra nuts. Several herds of goats were penned in another 23 acres and fed for five or six days upon the full pods of Acacia planifrons, and the reproduction from the seed which passed through the stomach of these animals was, the District Forest-officer says, all that could be desired. Some of the seedlings produced died away owing to the un- usual drought which ensued, but a sufficient number remains to produce a fully-stocked forest. The Palmyra nuts sown have commenced to show their cotyledons above the surface of the soil, The seedlings produced from sowings since 1879 are, on the whole, ina satisfactory condition, but those from sow- be Previous to that yoar are not progressing so favor- bs 18 owing to the unfavorable situation of the sites n. In Tinnevelly the operations were chiefly coufined to | There were small cultural operations in a few other districts also, viz., in Ohingleput about 900 plants of mahogany, nagai, sissu and cork were transplanted and 15,000 palmyra seeds sown along the boundary lines (5 miles) of Tirukalikundram reserve. In North Arcot seeds were sown broadcast in some of the fuel and fodder reserves, and in a few others small pits were made and three or four seeds put in each. In Trichinopoly the gaps along the Coleroon padugais were filled up. In Yanjore about 2,000 pinnai seeds were put down and eighteen jack seedlings and sissu cuttings were planted, besides a few other seedlings of mango, tamarind, &c. In Malabar (Wynaad) 30]b. of Ficus elastica seeds from Assam were sown in the beds in the botanical garden and in tbe nurseries at Kanot. In the latter 1,100 plants were successfully raised and are on an average 3 feet high, The plants are quite healthy and vigorous. 2,000 mabogany seeds were sown in Kanot and 800 plants raised, but only 400 of these were alive at the close of the year. The site is probably too high and exposed. Mr. Morgan, the District Forest-officer, writes “Both in the case of Iicus elastica and mahogany the loss of young plants from insects was very great. Cater- pillars attacked the seedlings of the former when in their earlier stages and mowed them down in thou- sands. These caterpillars were the larve of a small grey moth and nocturnal in their habits, only feed- ing at night and burying themselyos by day. They were searched for and destroyed. In the case of mahogany, the young plants were cut down in the seed beds bya gryllus, and thus no less than 400 of thosé raised were destroyed.” Some Beesha Travan- corica bamboo seedlings we raised from seed and planted in the nursery. A few of themwere destroyed by white-ants and monkeys and the rest are growing vigorously, the plants being over 34 feet bigh. Seven- teen cuttings of giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus Brandisii) were successiully struck and planted out at Kanot, but only eight have survived. One cutting of the golden Burman bamboo planted out is doing well, A considerable area was sown broadcast with teak seeds in Kanottuckles (old clearings). Inthe Periya range about 32 acres were planted up with cardamoms, but only 50 percent of the plants put out are now alive. In Malabar (Nilambur) 1,039 mahogany seedlings were planted in Panangode in addition to those planted with the teak, and 500 seedlings of Burma bamboos (Cephalostachyum Pergracile and Dendrocalamus Longt- spaihus) were planted along the river banks. > EDUCATING CONSUMERS. The character of a retail grocer’s patronage may . be accurately judged by the character of the goods in stock. Cheap goods means a common class of patrons ; fine goods, a class that live well and pay well; an average stock, an average class of cus- tomers. The grocer should always lead his trade, and constantly endeavor to increase the wants of his patrons by tempting them to use a_ greater variety of food products. He can do much to bring consumers to apppreciate distinctions in flavor and quality, and make them willing to pay for the best. How shall we doit ?is the question thousands will ask, and to which no better answer can be given than to show how one of the most successful grocers in Philadelphia makes trade. Here is a sample of how he introduces a new tea to their notice:— THE COMING TEA FOR AMERICANS. The almost universal use oftea in England, and the general preference which is given to that be- verage over coffee, fills many Americans with astonishment. But there is a cause for it. Instead of the ‘ wishy-washy” liquid which the average American has been taught to regard as tea, our English cousins have been treated to a beverage whose richness, strength and fragrance have fur- nished that refreshment and inyigoration which 636 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |MarcH 1, 1889. Americans look for in coffee alone. The nearer Americans approach the English’ in the selection of tea, the greater will be its consumption. Ceylon tea is remarkable for its purity, its strength, its freedom from artificial coloring, its tichness and its fragrance. But it has been demonstrated that plain Ceylon tea does not please the average American. It is too distinctive. Recognizing this fact, we endea- vored to combine the choicest Oeylon flowery pekoe tea with pure and uncolored China and Japan teas in such exact proportions, and of such particular flavors, as would modify the distinctive Cey- lon character, so as to please the American taste. After many careful experiments we succeeded. The tea is known as Blank’s Ceylon Tea. It is richer, heavier and more fragrant than ordinary teas. It has now been thoroughly tested in many localities and the almost universal verdict is, that “it is perfect.”’—American Grocer, Nov. 7th. eee TEA SALES :—THE NEW AND OLD SYSTEM. Tur New System.—To enable our readers at a dis- tance to understand the position of both sides in the arguments pro and con what is called the New System of selling tea, we must as briefly as possible state what are the dealers’ principal objections to the old method. For many years all brokers’ catalogues have been issued with full marks, with the ships’ name and date of import, so that anyone who took the trouble to turn up a file of catalogues, could see for himself, or inform any interested party ex- actly what price was paid for any particular parcel. The dealers have for a long time felt this work to their advantage for various reasons. The advantages of capital, and great experience and judgment in buying teas have, owing to the universal knowledge of the price bid, practically disappeared. The merest tyro in the Lane is able to compete with the best judge of the article, and has not been slow to injure his rival’s sale of teas in the country, by informing the buyers for whose custom he was competing, exactly what so-and-so had given for such-and-such a tea. In this way the tendency towards lower and lower prices has been greatly accelerated. The teas have not been sold on their merits, but on what was paid or bid in the rooms. Customers come in and “claim ”’ from the dealers teas they have just bought, at a nominal profit of 4d to # per lb., and the London dealer has thus drifted into the position of a Banker for the country buyer, never able to benefit by his judgment or experience when teas are cheap, and quite unable to get rid of his teas when they were dear, except at great loss. This is in great measure owing to the fact that the price bid in the rooms “ear-marks’’ a tea. Oonsequently if a dealer or speculator wants to sell his recent purchase by auction, the “ Room ”’ will hardly look at it, and will in all likelihood bid 3d to 6d per lb Jess than it had pre- viously sold for. “Oh” they say, ‘‘Second-hand tea.” Another objection to the old system and this from certain points of view perhaps not so much an objec- tion, is that owing to the public knowledge of cost, and boycotting of second-hand parcels, speculation in tea is almost eliminated from the trade. We are fully aware of the various considerations which lead many to say “so much the better,” but on the other hand spe- culation, or perhaps to soften the term “Buying ahead,” on the part of a large operator, would often come to the rescue of a falling market, if the purchaser knew that in due time he could geta fair market value for his stock on its merits. The advantages of the new system are claimed by its advocates to be as follows :—By printing the mark with- out the ship-name, or the ship-name without the mark, or by printing the teas with both ship and mark left blank, the trade can buy and sell tea on its merits, quite apart from what was bid in the rooms, Its cost cannot he traced in the country. Travellers can then boldly ask a good price for agood tea, and judgment and discretion play their proper partin business. The dealers say thatif they find they can make the con- sumer pay a little more on an average for his tea, they, in turn can afford to pay more in the auction rooms, and that the merchant or importer will thus benefit. They say the old plan worksthus: suppose a country traveller in town for samples tells them that if they can buy a certain pekoe in sale at 1s 1d, he can sell it at 1s 24d orso. The dealer is prepared to go up to 1s ld. The tea may be sold for 1ld—perhaps at a profit to the merchant, perhaps at # loss. Then, the price being thus fixed, the dealer cannot get over 112d for it. Nine out of ten of his customers would be annoyed with him did he hold out for what he considered its value. With this the merchant has nothing to do. But the result is that this particular pekoe, when next offered at auction, is only valued at 10d, and worse still, all other teasof about the same quality suffer to some extent. It is alleged by those who object to the change that it will eliminate a certain amount of competi- tion; that the small and inexperienced buyer will, so to speak, be “‘out of it;” and that the large dealers will have things all their own way; that they will get larger profits, while the importer has to take just the same or less for his teas. In forming an opinion as to the future effect of so great a departure from the old lines, it is most important to keep an open mind. While we endeavour to do so as much as possible, pro- bably many of our friends would like to see the new system get a fair trial. It may be a strengthening of the broker’s hands, enabling him to get his valu- ations for teas instead of having the “value” fixed in the room by a sporting offer from some one who perhaps has scarcely looked at them. The difficulty of getting an advance after sale, when a low price has been bid in the rooms, is too well known to require further remark. The new system would remove that difficulty, for until the tea is actually sold, the ship and numbers do not transpire, and the buyer does not know whether a tea has been offered before or no. He will buy on the merits of the tea without bias. As brokers we conceive it to bea part of our duty to lay these matters fully before our friends for their con- sideration. When we have seen more of the practical working of the New System we shall be able more strongly to express our opinion one way or another. So radical and vast a change cannot be made all at once without opposition from some quarters, nor can we anti- cipate objections which have not arisen in actual practice.—Z. A. Rucker and Bencraft, London, Jan. 24th. et Yams.—We have received from Dr. Stork a sample of ‘kush-kush yams, grown at Comillah,”’ about 10 miles south of Henaratgoda station. These tubers are, we suppose, an introduc tion from India? In any case their quality is superior. They are of the ordinary size, but they have the purplish-pink tint of the famous gigantic Jaffna roots. Well boiled they are tender and nice, and with a little butter, salt and pepper quite tasty. Roots like these come in well, when, as lately good potatoes have been difficult to procure, and, with sweet potatoes and breadfruit, they are ever welcome changes of vegetable diet. Lorp HamppEn’s model diary at Glynde, near Lewes, is undergoing extensive alterations. present the dairy is capable of dealing with 800 gallons of milk per day, but last summer the local farmer were anxious to dispose of a much larger quantity, With the new machinery that is being laid down, the additional utensils with which the dairy is being provided, and the measures that are being taken to improve the water supply, it is expected that 2,000 gallons of milk can be received every day. The rapid growth of his undertaking is the more gratifying to the late Speaker, inasmuch as when it was first started, nearly two years ago, the farmers quite failed to realize its usefulness. —P, M, Budget. ; At | Marcu 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 637 PLANTING REPORTS FROM THE HILL- COUNTRY OF CEYLON : A SOLITARY RHODENDRON TREE—BOTANICAL SPECIMENS —VARIWGALED POLIAGH. Nanvoya, Feb. 15th. The scenery along both routes is grand and beautiful exceedingly, but in some respects that seen from the road which, starts from Nanuoya bears away the palm. At the commencement nearly three miles pass through estates, of which only one mile is woodland, likely to be soon cleared, alas | In one bit of transitional forest, the opening of the service road has revealed the novelty on the western side of the Nuwara Eliya range of a rhododendron tree. It is in a ravine, close to a stream, at an altitude of about 5,400 feet, and seems @ solitary specimen. It was, when discovered, in fine flower, the blossoms being apparently larger andof a darker crimson colour than the flowers of those which so abundantly adorn the grass lands and line the streams on the eastern side of the range. ‘The leaves of our specimen are certainly much longer and more acute than those of the ordinary variety. A specimen of this rhododendron was sent to Dr. Trimen, together with branches in blossom (lovely white and sweet-scented flowers) of that fine-foliaged symplocos, the roots of which when rotting in the ground produce a fungus that poisons numbers of tea bushes to death, generally when such bushes are in their prime. There went to the eminent botanist, in addition, a specimen ofthe large myrtle-like flowers and the peculiar seed-yessels of a very handsome Australian eucalypt, which in shape and colouring of foliage differs much from its congeners. We have failed to identify it with any of the species figured in Yon Mueller’s ‘* Hucalyptographia.”” A conspicuous tree now in full flower in the jungle is one which we popularly distinguish as ‘‘the wild toon.” The foliage resembles that of Cedrela toona, but the timber is said to be poor. Butfar beyond any floral beauties of the mountain forests, striking as some of them tust be pronounced, are the exquisitely rich and varied tints which the leafage is now assuming : ruby red, light pink, orange, yellow, bronze, mauve, shading away to pure white in the case of the “flush” on some trees. The curious feature in our tropical forests is that they choose the spring to put on the livery which the woods of temperate climates wear in autumn. The effect is occasionally 80 rich that even lengthened experience does not prevent a traveller from fancying that a particular tree has clothed itself fully in flowers of blood-red, scarlet or pink. It is, however, the young foliage which after tholapse of some months deepens into green, of lighter or darker shades. The rounded erowns of the keena trees are everywhere conspicuous from their perfectly circular shape, their predomi- nance in height and the colouring of the dense, minute foliage. But no one who has not seen the spring glories of our upland forests can appreciate the wonderful beauty of some special hillsides and ravines. A curious effect is sometimes noticed, the forest on the side ofa hill range appearing to be terraced : ono set of trees rising over another se.. This is no doubt due to subsidence of the soil from the existence of springs or diffused moisture, --— _ +>. COCOA CULTIVATION IN COLOMBIA." Cocoa is one of the most important articles of pro- duction in Colombia, It is in daily use in every house- hold, rich and poor, in every district of the country, * From o Consular Re Jone dition of Gol ows a port on the Agricultural Con to quite as great an extent as tea is in England. The departments of Tolima and Cauca produce the greatest quantity, but it is more or less grown in every part of the hot country. It is mostly planted on newly-disforested land, on the slopes of the moun- tains, at an elevation of from 1000 to 3500 feet, The variety chiefly grown in Colombia is different to that of Venezuela, which produces the Caracas cocoa, the pods being much larger and containing a greater number of beans; out as the number of pods pro- duced by a tree is smaller, it is probable that on the whole the Venezuelan variety is the more pro- ductive of the two. The quality of the Ovolombia cocoa is little, if at all, inferior to that of the Vene- zuelan, but it is little known in commerce, as only an insignificant amount is exported, the supply scarcely satisfying the demand of the country. It is cultivated here in much the same way as in Venezuela, though perhaps less care is generally taken here to keep the plantations in proper order. It is a crop which re- quires constant care and labour to weed and clean the ground, and free the trees from the numerous insects, especially caterpillars, which infest them. A most destructive disease has lately attacked the cocoa trees in the south of the Tolima, which is one of the richest districts of Oolombia. One plantation of 12,000 trees near Ohaparral, produced only 175 pounds of cocoa in 1887, instead of some 18,000 pounds, which at 14 pounds a tree would be a fair average crop, according to the general calculation here. These trees were sixteen years old, and therefore in their prime ; some cocoa trees, if healthy, bear for from sixty to eighty years. No investigations seem to have been made into the nature of this disease, and no remedy has been suggested. Meanwhile, the cocoa industry over a large portion of the most productive district of the country seems to be threatened with entire ruin. The cocoa tree begins to bear in three and a half years in the hottest districts, and in five years at an altitude of 3500 feet. It is carefully shaaed for the first year; plantains, or more rarely sugar cane, being planted for the purpose. ‘T'rees are also planted, which as they grow up give permanent shade to the plantations; a species of Lrythrina is most commonly used for this purpose on account of its rapid growth. Cocoa is one of the most, perhaps the most, paying crop grown in the country when once it is established; but the initial cost of planting it and keeping the plantation in good order for the first four or five years deters many people from growing it. As compared with coffee, a plantation of cocoa of a given number of trees costs nearly twice as much to establish; but once in full bearing, it has the great advantage that no machinery and very little labour is required for preparing the beans for the market, so that the profits are much greater. If Jand, however, were not so cheap as it is in most of the cocoa districts, coffee would have a great advantage, since four times as many coffee trees can be planted to the acre as cocoa trees, and the value of the pro- duce of a given number of cocoa treesis only from two to two and a half times as great as that of the same number of coffee trees; but as the value of land is merely nominal, cocoa is the more profitable crop of the two.—Pharmaceutical Journal, = THE POTATO DISEASE. For many years past the potato disease has curtailed the cultivation of the tuber on the Nilgiris, and there appears little prospect of the complete extirpation of the epidemic. The present custom of storing the seed is at the root of the matter, as far as a general epidemic is concerned. It is well known to fungologists that fungi have their times and seasons as well as other plant growths, and that certain spores exist, which are called “resting spores,’ from their custom of biding their time and coming to maturity when the season for their development is present, remaining uninjured by changes of temperature and by consider- able changes of their physical state, and which are not destroyed unless an actual chemioal chango is 638 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcit 1, 188g. i produced in them. These “resting spores” are pro- duced in abundance in the places in which seed potatoes are ordinarily stored; they bury themselves in the eye of the potato, and are planted with it. These spores will not produce mycelium or spawn unless the proper juices are ready for their develop- ment, and not then unless the physical agencies are also at hand. such as a proper degree of moisture, heat, and the proper kind of exhalations from damp, unventilated ground, with some disturbed magnetic state of the earth and air, The tuber is planted with the “resting spore’? in its eye; it sends up its haulm with the spore in its tissue. Just about the time of flowering the juices in the plant are matured sufficiently for the “resting spore” to de- velope; if then, there should be the conjunction of circumstances we have mentioned viz. moisture, un- drained ground, and electric disturbances, with lux- uriant tops to the plants, the fungus is developed in the most marvellous manner, and millions of spores are wafted over the field, not resting, but immediately growing, sending their mycellium into the stomata, or breathing pores upon the plant, and in a few hours poisoning the whole of the crop by interfering with the proper maturation of the juices. Hvery potato receiving juice from a diseased haulm will suffer. The growth of the fungus arises from its abstracting an important part of the juice of the plant, so that the character of the circulating fluid is quite altered; and a similar result happens as is the case when a human being is deprived of the oxygen re- quired for active respiration, or if some other gas is respired. The blood is altered, and if the alteration continues long enough death results. No doubt highly manured lands and crops dressed with artificial manures beyond measure more easily succumb to the disease, just as is the case with highly fed, richly seasoned human beings: whenever fever gets hold of them they rot most rapidly. So also if plants are infested with insects, such as the Eupteryx picta, they will more easily yield to the disease because they contain less mineral matterin their tissues; but such are not causes for the disease. The cause is the fun- gus Botrytis infestans. Theremedy is to destroy the germ before planting, and soto treat the seed—that no fungoid growth shall be possible while stored away. Care should be taken to pick out the best specimens for seed, middle-sized, underformed, and clear-skinned tubers, which is so often contrary to the general custom. These should then be treated with a dressing of some material which prohibits fungoid growths, such as chloralum, preparations of carbolic acid, or creosote, and then stored in a dry, well-ventilated chamber, where the temperature shall range between 35 degrees and 45 degrees. If they show signs of sprouting they should be immediately planted, for the removal of the early sprouts takes away much of the miueral matter out of the tuber. Common sense will dictate the measures which should be taken for the proper ventilation and drainage of the soil in which they are planted. We write these suggestions in the belief that one law governs the action of disease, whether in plants or in human beings, and that it is easier to destroy the “resting germs” than to stay their effects. It may be urged against this view that the tubers used for seed could be destroyed by the germ in the eye, but it is one of the points in the natural history of the Botrytis infestans that it feeds upon the juices of the growing plant, and the matured potato is not growing, therefore the concurrent cir- cumstances requisite for its fertile development are not present. The “resting spore” continues such until all the circumstances are favourable for its growth, It is carried upwards in the haulm until its proper season arrives. This may not come; it may be too dry, or there may be no magnetic disturbances, or these ebanges may come too late, then no epidemic. We should mention that after the tuber has been infested by the Botrytis, its destruction is completed by another fungus, the Fusisporium Solanii, which changes its form as the work of destruction proceeds, hardening some portion of the tissue of the potato, but changing the major part into a gelatinous, stink- jog mass, by means of which the starch is destroyed, while the gluten and the juices proper appear to be the food upon which the Botrytis flourishes. If, therefore, it is intended to save the starch, it must be done before the Fusisporium is deyeloped.—South of India Observer. a DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, January 3ist. Cincnona.—The number of packages offered at to- day’s auctions was rather smaller than shown at tne first sales of the year, but the deficiency was more apparent than real, being caused exclusively by the ab- sence of the less valuable South American barks. The fourteen catalogues comprised :— Packages Packages Ceylon bark +. 2,560 of which 1,665 were sold Hast India bark ... 505 55 152 South American bark 397 os 178 = Java bark 283 , 283 ey Jamaica bark a0 14 y 14 + African bark ate 39 A 7 vy Total 3,798 99 2,299 98 The sales opened very languidly indeed, and, with the exception of a few parcels which were competed for with some slight flickering of animation, dulness reigned throughout. A very large proportion of the parcels offered was bought in, the figures obtainable falling generally considerably short of the limits placed upon the goods, and some of the brokers withdrew several lots at the time without going through the formality of soliciting bids. It is generally agreed that the prices paid were rather lower than at the previous auctions, the average unit being placed at 1d to 1d perlb. The following are the approximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— Lb Agents for the Mannheim & Amsterdam works 175,992 Agents for the Brunswick works 119,705 Agents for the American, French, &c., makers 101,965 Agents forthe Auerbach works . 8 58,014 Agents for the Frankfort and Stuttgart works 39,965 Mr. Thomas Whiffen 5 Bes 38,705 Messrs. Howards & Sons =36 14,607 Sundry buyers... ea eae 15,013 Total sold hs 55 563,166 Bought in or withdrawn at 276,713 Total quantity catalogued 839,879 It is understood that the mere weight of bark pur- chased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield presented by it, firms who buy a small quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and vice versa. South AmericaAN BARK: ‘The auctions were notice- able for the absence of the heavy parcels of old Cuprea and Pitayo barks, which are generally in- cluded in the catalogues. On this occasion nearly the whole of the supply consisted of cultivated Bolivian Oalisaya quills, of which 144 packages were sold at cheap rates. The following prices were paid: Yellow varieties: Bolivian quill, good strong silvery to thin, rather broken 10d to 63d; a fine parcel from the Cusilluni plantation, Yungas, being held at 11d per lb Red varieties: common damaged pieces 2d to 8d thin colourless quill 2d to 3d; dark druggists’ quill (one bale) 2s 7d per lb. JAMAICA Bark.—Fourteen bags of grey character, mostly dust, root, and broken branch quill, sold at 1d to 24d perlb. The whole lot weighed only 828 Ib. ArricaN Bark.—Thirty-nine packages were offered, imported via Lisbon, and grown in the island of San Thomé. There were altogether 5,547 lb., but only 7 packages were sold, subject to approval, at 2d perlb for long, partly broken, thin, red quill. The rest in cluded some fairly good strong red quill. Quinine.—Early in the week the price of Howards’ brand was reduced 2d per oz by the makers who now quote 1s 8d for bottles, and 1s 6d for bulk in quantities. Whiffens’ is quoted at 1e 5d for bulk. There has been a rather important business (so, at if. 5 March 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 639 cS a least, it is reported) in German brands in bulk, several transaction of 10,000 and 20,000 oz lots cach being talked about. The B & S agents are said to have been the principal sellers, and the quotations accepted by them have declined from 1s 3}d tor May-June deli- very to ls 8d for February, and on Wednesday to 1s 2hd per oz., the lowest offical price on record, at which they are said to have sold 20,000 oz for February- March delivery, another 10,000 oz being reported sold by them today at the same figure. Brunswick is said to have sold for August delivery at 1s 3d, and Auerbach for April-May, also at 1s 3d per oz at the beginning of the week, but the agents will now also take 1s 24d Jobst’s and Zimmer’s brands have sold at 1s 44d lately; these makers do not take part in the speculative moment. Spices.—Oloves have sold privately at 9d per lb for Zanzibar, both on spot and for arrival, but at auction little attention was paid to the small supply offered, Exceptionally fine bold bright selected Ceylon sold at 1s 34d per 1b; ditto Penang at 1s 34d per |b., and fair medium at 11jd. Black pepper has remained quiet, with transactions at 7$d to 74d for grey to good washed Singapore on the spot; Atcheen, slightly dusted, 58d; sifted Penang 53d; bright washed Ceylon 7d per lb, THE AMERICAN MARKETS. New York, January 19th. QUININE has been unsettled, though the tendency of the market has been towards a stronger basis. For the greater portion of the period under review there has beena hesitancy to meet buyers of round lots, but oceasionally sellers wouid relax, and, with assistance of foreign agents, full advantage was taken of the op- portunities as presented, and the result has been a considerable business completed. The transactions aggregate 75,000 oz. German in large bulk, brands including ‘‘ Gold and Silver,” Brunswick, and B& §S for which 294¢ to 3le was paid. A moderate portion of this quality consisted of storestock, but the larger percentage was contractedfor during January, Febru- ary, and March. The market closed with the feeling decidedly stronger. P & W have shown a disposition to lower their ideas toa point nearer the market, and have revised quotations so that they now stand 38c for large bulk 40c for 5-0z. tins and 45¢ for vials. —Chemist and Druggist. Boranicau.—With reference to specimens referred to in the communication on page 688, Dr. Trimen writes:—‘'The rhododendron is interesting as being from a new and isolated spot, and in differing slightly from the type of the higher regions. The plant you think a eucalyptus* does not belong to that genus of myrtacea, but to an allied one called from its combined head of fruit syncarpia. Its full name is Syncarpia laurifolia. I remember it at Abbotsford on my only visit there at the time of the gum-tree blight. It is, of course, Australian (Queensland and N. $8, Wales), but I am not aware that it possesses any valuable proper- ties but ornamental ones.’’ And most ornamental it is in leafage and flower. But that is not all. Von Mueller, quoting Hartmann and MacDowall, States that ‘‘the wood is very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet-making, as it takes & high polish (Harumann); extremely durable, of excellent qualities ’’ (A. MacDowall). ‘lhe vernacular name is turpentine tree (why, we fail to gee, for the scent of the leaves is delicate) ; it attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great thickness, to 30 feet in girth; rather of quick growth; well adapted to shade roadsides. The seed which is now being freely produced on Abbotsford will, therefore, be valuable. Alternated with grevilless, casuarinas and some of the handsome eucalypti, this tree would help to make a beautiful avenue. Criptomeria Japonica and Cedrela foona would add to the effect of such an avenue. * We indicated our doubt by a?’—the combined fruithead as well as the leaves, which are silvery on the underside, having puzzled us, Aanas, 20th Feb.—We have a fine blossom in spike on some of the estates in this district, where the trees are healthy and especially where culti- vation has been kept up and the green bug kept down. We want a few light “ blossom showers ” after all this hot sultry weather. If not much it will do the coffee good, and simply make the tea jump again. A good many cinchonas have died out the last month or two, but it seems to make very little difference on some places, and the estimate for next yearis as good as ever. Tur Dara Doon Forestry ScHoon is thus noticed in the Indian Forester :—“ In India itself a very important improvement was introduced in the system of instruction at the Dehra Doon School in 1885, The course originally consisted of only two terms held in two successive years from Ist July to 31st October, the interval of eight months being spent by the students in various divisions where they either learnt a little administration or were employed in counting trees in enumeration surveys, Now that interval and also the five month succeed- ing the second Rainy Season term are passed in camp with the Deputy Director of the School and other Instructors who carry on a course of com- bined indoor and outdoor work thus making the teaching as practical as possible.” Tue Crynon Toracco Company—whose pros- pectus has just been advertised—is already so well supported, there being quite a rush for shares, that it scarcely requires any further words from us, unless the Directors are prepared to double their capital! A meeting of the Directors is to take place in Kandy on Saturday next when we haye no doubt everything will be found ready to warrant a comrinencement of business. In our last notice of the Company, when we mentioned the names of Mr. Rutherford, Christie, Armstrong, aud Hill as inspiring confidence, we omitted the name of the gentleman who is the very heart of the en- terprise, the Managjng Director and Secretary Mr. Hugh Fraser. The only suggestion we would venture to make to the Directors, is whether apart from growing the finer, but more delicate, tobaccos chiefly in request in the European market, they should not devote some acreage to the coarser but more easily grown tobaccos for local and Indian use. One enthusiast declares there is 400 per cent to be made by supplying tobacco leaf to the Ceylon and Indian bazaars. Verb. sap. Forest Propuce anp Movanne Tramways.— There is abundance of good timber trees still in the forests of Ceylon, but they are often unavail- able at anything like ordinary cost in consequence of remoteness from consuming centres and absence of proper means of carriage. The following extract from a review in the Indian Forester of operations during Lord Dufferin’s period of Government is suggesive of a remedy:—‘‘ The quantity of produce exported from the forests has increased very con- siderably. This is due to the opening out of new forest tracts, but is also, to a great extent, the result of improved means’ of transport. Ia this latter connection it is interesting to note that Lord Dufferin has urged the advisability of employing moveable tramways, which would be available in time of war or famine. The realisation of this project is on'y awaiting a further extension of the general railway system and its nearer approach to some of the more important forest areas The increase in the exports of forest produce is alsoa consequence of the growing prosperity of the coun- try, which is clearly indicated by the use, in many localities, of sawn soantlings in place of the rough unwrought poles that were formerly put into buildings.” 640 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ~ [Marcu 1, 1889. a A TRIP THROUGH COCHIN AND TRAVANCORE. By Davin Hoopsr, F.C.S,, Quinologist to the Madras Government. Leaving the Madras Railway at Shoranur station, a ride of twenty miles takes the traveller to Trichoor, a convenient place to engage a boat for a journey down the back-water of the western coast. The ride is accomplished in a country bullock-cart or in a vehicle called a ‘‘tonga.” The latter was chosen as being more expeditious, but to be in something like a large packing-case placed on four wheels without springs, carried along by two rat-tailed ponies going at their fastest pace, is not, even on the best of roads, a comfortable mode of transport. The whole distance we passed under an avenue of Ficus and Portia trees : (Thespesia populnea), from which hung festoong of ipomceas with their blue flowers, and creepers of Trichosanthes palmata with their scarlet fruits, Hedges of jatropha, occasionally relieved by the attractive inflorescence of curcumas and wild ginger, lined the way and bordered the small gardens of the natives. Beyond these the broad fields of freshly-transplanted paddy, bright and green in the mid-day sun, told of the industry of the agriculturist in preparing the new sea- son’s crop of staple food. Trichoor is a town in Cochin territory noted for its large Hindu temple. The surrounding country is well cultivated, and the green lanes leading to neighbouring villages recall many a picture of Hnglish scenery. From this town a succession of lagoons or backwaters, connected by artificial canals, extend southwards to the principal ports of Travancore. A cabin-boat with ten oarsmen and a marakan, or captain, had been sent to the landing-stage to meet me, and I embarked late in the afternoon for the town of Oochin, forty- five miles off. The boat was soon inthe middle of a wide channel, and banks of vegetation fringed the rippling sheet of water as it reflected the rich, ruddy hues thrown on the western sky by the setting sun; the horizon was defined by a long row of coconut palms, to which divers birds betook themselves to rest; the darkness hastened over the eastern heavens, but its progress was arrested by the evening star, shortly followed by a four days’ moon, taking up their position to guard the first watch of the night. Cochin, a quaint little town, a relic of Portuguese and Duteh history, was reached next morning at daybreak, and here I enjoyed the hospitality of Mr. A.F.Sealy, the Director of Public Instruction to the State. The town is remarkable from an industrial point of view for its coconut produce. The fibre from the husk is being sorted, pressed, and baled, and merchants’ yards are stored with coir matting, twine, rop¢, and cables. The copra, or dried fleshy portion of the nut, is pressed for its oil, the residue, if fresh, is food for animals and the poorer class of natives; if stale, it is used for manure. Barrels of oil were waiting for shipment. On account of the temperature the oil is always in a liquid state, colourless and trans- parent, different tothe white fat usually met with in England. Cochin is known by druggists all over the world for its large exports of nux vomica. The firm of Messrs. Volkart Bros.are the principal dealers in the seed, and I was interested in visiting their premises, especially this month (October), when the season for collecting was at its height. The tree grows in the dry deciduous forests at the foot of the hills and somtimes at 2,000 feet elevation. The wood is hard, close grained, and bitter, and is not attacked by white ants, It is not, however, adapted for timber, as it warps and cracks, The root is used by the natives as a febrifuge. The nux vomica is sold by the collectors at a low price to small native dealers, who send it in to the merchants. A large quantity of seed is brought round from the eastern coast of the Madras Presidency to mix with the better kind obtained from the Travancore and Oochin forests. This is known as Cocanada nux vomica, and is much smaller than the Cochin. From whatever source they come, the seeds are throughly washed with water, to remove the mud and other impurities, and are laid in the sun todry for a few hours; they are then sorted by women into bagsof about a ewt. each, the larger nuts being separated from the small Oocanada variety. The exports of nux vomica from Cochin are generally sent direct to Europe and New York, but in 1885-6—an unusually heavy season—out of 10,787 cwt., 2,498 cwt, were sent to Bombay, Burma, and Arabia. Itis probable that the small nux vomica from Oocanada forms the bulk of the Madras seed, as the latter is not only inferior in appearance, but also gives a lower yield of alkaloids than other commercial samples of Indian seeds. There is such a sharp distinction be- tween those from the eastern and these from the western coasts that it is still an open question whether they are yielded by different species or varieties of strychnos, Ginger is dealt in under the names of white and black. White ginger is the rhizome, scraped, dried, and bleached in sulphur vapour. Black ginger is that collected in the monsoon when the sun is not ayail- able for drying purposes, and dried artificially in hot ashes; this kind shows a charring on the surface which slightly diminishes its value in the trade. Turmeric is an important article of commerce on the coast, and a considerable portion is exported from Cochin. The finger turmeric is richer in aromatic and colouring matters than the sliced roots, or bulb turmeric, asit is called, and commands a higher price in the market. Thetrade in turmeric is somewhat declining on the western coast. Of the shipments from Cochin only about half reach European ports, owing to the large consumption in Asiatic countries. An arrowroot made in the country from one or more specier of curcuma is used by the Malayalums, and occasionally sent to Bombay. A large trade is carried on in verbena or lemon-grass oil, distilled from Andropogon citratus. The oil is obtained in a rough-and-ready way by means of small portable stills which are car- ried out to the lower slopes of the hills where the grass is abundant. The oil is sent outin flat square boxes containing a dozen bottles, each guaranteed to contain at least 23 oz. The trade in lemon-grags oil is decidely onthe increase, as is shown by com- paring the exports ef the past four years:—In 1884-5, 228 cases of 1-doz. bottles; in 1885-6, 497 cases; in 1886-7, 1,158 cases, and in 1887-8, 1,756 cases. London and New York received nearly the whole of these shipments. This oil is not very liable to adulter- ation. Coconut oil is occasionally mixed with it, but this is detected by the smell. Fixed oils, asa rule, interfere with its brightness, a defect which cannot be remedied by filtration. Among the domestic medicines used by the inhabi- tants of Cochin are the sliced roots of Kemferza rotunda, a favourite aromatic stimulant, called Kutcholum in the bazaars. This little plant is offen seen in the gardens, throwing up a delicate spray of pink flowers, which dies down, and is followed by the appearance of large radical heart-shaped leaves. The roots of Curculigo orchioides are used both in a fresh and dried state as adiureticand demulcent, under the name of nelapanna. The Samadera indica is a fine tree, the wood of which is made into sandals; the bark is bitter and tonic. It belongs to the same natural order as the quassia, and the bitter principle is similar to quassin. The oil of the seedsis used for rheumatism, The herb Anisomeles malabarica makes a tea for patients suffer- ing from fever ; it is called Carintumba Vyambu, a fragrant species of acorns, keeps off fleas and other small insects when placed in clothes. I left Cochin by ca!in-boat in the afternoon of Oct. 12 for a row of 30 miles to Alleppy, the chief port of Travancore. During the night the “ochin-Travancore boundary was passed, and the custom-house officer waded out to the boat to ascetain if any contraband goods were on board; but his suspicions were at once removed on seeing a sleepy sahib the sole occupant of the cabin. The boat reached the ghdts of the Alleppy canal early next morning, and in making a my way tothe public bungalow found all the town was en féte, This happened to be a very important day in the Duesera festival, and was kept religiously | by all Hindus. Offices were closed, trade was suspence] a Marci 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 641 | _______d tom-toms were beating, and the people were dressed in their best attire. From the Alleppy lighthouse, 85 feet high, a good yiew was obtained, Looking out towards the sca, ships could be secn passing down the coast, and nearer land a few fishermen in their small canoes were diligently playing their trade. The custom-house and port-oflices were the chief buildings on the sea-front, and near then were the cardamom and galt stores, kept under a _ military guard, The canal ran into the town at right angles to the shore, stopping short by about two hundred yards, and forming a cul de sac. Along the canal for two miles lay the town, the seven principal streets crossing it by as many bridges. Forests of coconuts trees stretched north and south as far as the eye could reach. Eastward, the broadest part of the backwater looked like a silver lake, and behind it rose the well-wooded hills of Travancore. Alleppy is the depot for the forest products of the State, and is pre-eminently known for its exports of pepper and cardamoms. The Malabar and neigh- bouring hills are the home of the pepper-vine, and for centuries the commodity has been supplied from this coast to western nations. In January 1793, a peculiar agreement was made between the Rajah of Travancore and the English, by which he was to supply a large quantity of pepper to the Bombay Government in return for arms, ammunition, and European goods; this was known as the pepper con- tract. Pepper is a special department of the Travan- core State, and it is compulsory that all the spice pass out of the ports of Alleppy and Quilon, or by certain routes on the backwater, or by land. The enormous trade done in pepper is seen by the exports, which show, as an average of the past five years, that 3,000 candies—each equal to 500 English lbs.—leave the country, and this brings in to the State an annual sum of about 6 lakhs of rupees, or 60,000/. Cardamoms are a monopoly of the State, and a source of considerable revenue to Travancore. A special forest officer is deputed to superintend the cultivation of the plant and the collection of the spice in the Oardamom Hills. These hills are situated south of the Anamullies, with an elevation of 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea. They are divided roughly into two tracts, known as Margari Alum and Kunni Alum. Both these districts are very malarial, but the latter, influenced by the-sea-breeze, has a better climate. The export of cardamoms is about 60 tons annually, worth about 30,000/. The Government impose an ex- port duty on coconut produce, arecanuts, ginger, galin- gal, tamarinds, arrowroot, turmeric, kutcholum, pepper, laurel nuts, and laurel-nut oil; the duty has been re- duced on lemon-grass oil, and has been abolished on gingelli seed and oil, and on castor seed and oil. The export returns and official books throughout Travan- core are kept according to the chronology of the Malanbr era—for instance, the present year, from August 16, 1888, to August 15, 1889, is represented as M. £.1064. Unless this were explained the uncon- Scious possessor of some of these documents might fancy himself perusing records of Anglo-Saxon times. The port of Alleppy was left the same day in a bont called a “wallum,"’ a kind of large canoe 20 feet long and 6 feet wide, cut out of the wood of Anjell ited ius hirsutus). A gentle wind fayoured a nil for the first part of the voyage, but as it afterwards turned contrary, the boatmen had to take to their bamboo poles and push the craft along at the rate of two miles an hour. Cottayam was reached after sunset, and here I spent two days in one of the prettiest stations of the backwater. The town is seated upon several small hills, and the bungalows of the residents overlook well-watered and fertile valleys. The Peermasd plateau of the Travancore mountains, about fifty miles distant, is devoted to the cultivation of coffee, tea, and cinchona, and beyond are the Cardamom Hills. The latter crop was beginning to come in, and every week a quantity was brought under an escort of native soldiers to Oottayam for transport to Alleppy. Here the bael and wood-apple were in full fruit; the Indian cork- tron (Zignowia s«uberosa) was perfuming the atmos- phere mi its flowers; the pepper-vine was clasping the tree, loaded with its green berries; and /lanregamia alata and Plunbago vosea sheltered themselves under the hedges. A journey in a wallum of two days and one night brought me to the ancient town of Quilon, where I stayed with Mr. Vernede, Oonservator of the For- est Department. Quilon is the Ooilum of Marco Polo, and was once the greatest port on the Mala- bar coast. It was an emporium for pepper, Brazil wood, and ginger, the. best kind of which was known till late in the middle ages as Oolumbino ginger. The canals about here were lined with the graceful Cerbera odalum, with white and fragrant flowers, and rounded green fruits somewhat similar to a mango. The fruits are extremely poisonous, and every year cases of severe illness, and sometimes death, are reported to the medical officers as a consequence of eating them. During the journey from Quilon to Trevandrum I passed the little town of Anjengo, where was born Robert Orme, the historian, and where lived Hliza Draper, the lady of Sterne’s affections. Lemon- grass oil usually bears a label stating that it comes from this town, but I have before mentioned that it is obtained from the lower slopes of the hills. At Trevandrum my host was Mr. Mateer, of the London Miesion, who have interested himself in introducing economic plants into the country, and who has a veritable botanic garden around his house, laid out with great taste, and containing some valuable plants. At Neyoor, a few miles from Cape Comorin, & very important market is held every week, and it appears to be the centre of the laurel-nut trade. The laurel-nut tree, or Alexandrian laurel (Calophyl- lum inophyllum), is extensively grown in this part of Travancore, and hundred-weights of the round green froits were being brought into Neyoor by women. A few hours after collection they shrivel and turn black, when they are cracked open, and the white kernels are driedin the sun. The kernels are pressed in mills, similar to those used for making castor-oil, and yield a thick greenish-yellow vil, having an odour of melilot, and used for rheumatism and for burning. The price of this oil is about half that of coconut oil, and fetches a high price in Burma. Laurel-nut oil, called Puna-Kai, brings in a revenue of about 60,(00 rupees a year to the Travancore Government. After a visit to the head-quarters of the Londou Mission at Nagercoil, I continued my journey to Tinnevelly, then entered the Aramboly pass, and crossed the Travancore frontier into British territory. —Chemist and Druggist. ee Piyn-apeLes.—A correspondent writing of the culti- vation of the above in the West Indies, states that “When grown for fibre the plants should be set in a shady situation insidea wall on the side of a house were the sun cannot get at them. The new growths attains a length of 2 feet in about ten days, when they are cut and soaked in water for several days. They are then spread outon boards and scraped with broken earthenware to remove the skin. If the plants are grown for the sake of their fruits they are plant- ed in the full glare of the sun, when the leaves attain only a few inches in length. Pines bloom about April, and are ready for picking about September.”— Gardeners’ Chronicle. “REVIEW OF THE PLANTING AND AGaicurtTuRAL IN- pusTrigs oF Oryion.”—Mr. John Ferguson has re- printed in the form of asmull octavo volume a series of articles that appeared inthe Tyopical Agricty/turist and in the Ceylon Handhook. The papers refer to the staple products of the Island —Tea, Coffee, Cacao, Cinchona bark, Rubber, and other economic plants. We are pleased to get so much, authentic inform- ation in so handy and accossible a form; and those who, like ourselves, have frequent oceasion to con- sult work on tropical cultivation, will acknowledge that this little volume is a boon to them, It may bo had from Messrs. John Haddon & Co., 3, Bouverio Street, E. O.—Jhid. 642 Goryespondence, <> To the Editor. TREATING LEAF DISEASE AND OTHER EVILS THROUGH THE BARK. Coonoor, 6th February 1889. Dzar Srn,—Has any planter yet tried treatment ofthe bark for the leaf-disease in coffee. I have a few orange trees which 18 months ago com- commenced withering. By the adviee of a frierd (Mr, Nather) I coated the bark with a composi- tion, made up of fresh cow dung, ashes and com- mon salt, and sprinkled the leaves (which were covered with a whitish blight) with a weaker so- lution; in a few weeks the trees began to recover, the bark to grow rapidly, cankered portions scale off, new leaves came out, and the fruit afterwards produced was the finest I have ever seen on these hills. Since then I have tried the solution on tea for red spider, bug and lichen, with splendid results. The solution helps the formation of new bark and enables the bush to throw off its enemies. For lichen tke solution is simply magnificent. Owing to continual hard cutting of tea, and the exposure of the bark, the bark becomes hardened and lichen readily takes root. This lichen con- tinues to grow and defies attempts to rub it off (to say nothing of the cost of rubbing of) till it finally kills the tree. A few applications of the solution cleans the bark quite and causes dead- looking partsto burst out in bud. But tally ho! be patient of results. Don’t expect to conquer in 3 weeks the enemies you have allowed to grow for years, for quarter of a century perhaps ! I gee shade is advocated for coffee leaf-disease; and it has just struck me that this composition is equal to shade, while it adds to and does not take nutriment from the already exhausted soil. Make the composition thick and it will stick on for 12 months, at least it does with a rainfall of 50 inches. I have examined coffee suffering with leaf-dis- ease and find that the barkis almost quite gone. I do not want to say that the dead bark results in leaf-disease, on the contrary the obverse is more likely to be true, hut I think that anything that will cause renewal of the bark will help the tree to throw off its enemies. f am not a chemist nor yet a scientist, so the idea 1 have formed that chlorine gas is liberated from the composition may be wrong, but let some learned planter work itout forus! Chlorine gas ig inimical to animal life and will certainly not agree with the constitution of Mr. Bug or Mr. Spider, Has anyone yet started the idea. of an indurated pam at point of application of manure for years, to the coffee tree ? Such a formation is well-known to the English armer, and the remedy he applies is deep plough- ing. The remedy for the planter would be manure at another point and fork bottom of the pan. N. B.—Composition 4 quart dung, 4 quart ashes, 4 ounce salt, water a sufficient quantity. Apply like lime wash with a brush, [We have very little faith in treatment of coffee trees through the bark, and especially so for leaf- disease; and Dr. Trimen is good enough to give his opinion as follows on the above:—* It is well-known that bark, if injured, renews better under cover, but I never noticed the connection here spoken of between loss of bark and leaf-disease. THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [Marc 1, 1889. An agricultural quack who was in Ceylon some 6 or 7 years ago professed to be able to cure leaf- disease by carbolic acid applied to the stem of the coffee tree, believing that it would be ‘ absorbed ’ by the bark ! ’—Ep.] DEFECTIVE COF¥EE BERRIES. Siddra Bunnoo Estate, Koppa, Mysore, 31st Jan. 1889. Drax S1z,—I should be very much obliged to you if you would give me your opinion on the sample of coffee I am today sending you. The berry, as you will see, has all the appearance of containing well-formed beans, but on opening the same, the inside seems to have rotted. On my estate this year I have a little of this kind of coffee, but only on parts of my tote that got some unusually early blossoming showers (early in February), Estates that early in February got from 1 to 2 inches of rain have a large proportion of this kind of coffee, which, as you will see, is quite worthless. It seems to be owing to the unusually early showers ; but, if so, can you explain how the blossom must have set, the beans began to form, and yet the result be only an outside shell? Information on this subject from perhaps some of your numerous readers would greatly oblige.— Yours faithfully. ROBERT BUCHANAN. [The sample is of a dry withered cherry, which, when opened, proves to have no substance, Debi- lity of bushes, no doubt, is the main cause, but we daresay Mr. Buchanan is right about the early, partial, forcing rains haying to do with the abortive beans. Such coffee has however sometimes been plucked off bushes in Ceylon which have suffered from want of nutrition through soil being washed away, or from extreme drought when the ends of the primaries begin to die and the berries cease to grow, giving only a shell.—Hp.] FOOD-STUFFS: KURAKKAN AND RICE. Kandy, 14th February 1889. Sir,—The relative nutritive powers of kurakkan and vice cannot be fairly judged by the appearance of the consumer-. Whereas rice will make one fat, ku- rakkan or wheat will make one strong and will in- crease his weight. It is no wonder that a change of diet from rice to kurakkan causes dysentery and death. Similar results have followed from Tamil coolies using cooked raw rice in Wynaad. Tamils whoare not used to European ways cannot entirely subsist on wheat. They say that unless they eat rice they are not satisfied. In the Central Province where there are Oanarese coolies there is found kurakkan in the next market. They exchange for oue measure of rice totwo measures of kurakkan. It isto be noted that the Canary coolies consume about two measures or more of legumes every week in the shape of curries, whereas the Tamil coolies evince a strong partiality for dry fish, because their stomachs cannot digest legumes except in very small quantities. Vsragu is oneof the grains cultivated in Jaffna, ranking next to paddy with regard to the quantity produced. Persons who suffer from diabetes are recommended either to live on wheat or varagu.—Yours truly, K.S. K,.M. MURUGASUE. THE CULTIVATION OF COFFEE UNDER SHADE IN CEYLON. Haputale, 14th Feb. 1889. Dear Siz,—Just as Brazil was the immense cloud hanging over coffee planters, so China is the immense cloud hanging over Indian and Ceylon tea planters ; and I think too much attention is not paid to this fact. Weare told China is going, in fact has bequn, to make an effort ; and with her immense resources, climate, and knowledge of the tea-plant she can not only command the world’ MaRCcH 1, 1889.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 643 SR SEES RE oT RETR ET markets but positively swamp them. With this im view we find Ceylon being hurried along on the tea-wave, with most of the coffee cut out, and the remaining fields slowly dying from neglect and dis- ease. A most vital question now arises. Oannot coffee under new conditions, such as shade, change of seed, digging, limited areas under improved treatment—I say cannot coffee still remain an important product ; or is it entirely to aisappear ? With my experience in India and Ceylon I can confidently affirm that coffee, the most lucrative and simple product we know, can be cultivated with advantage and profit. Other countries have tried new methods and conditions and are reaping the re- ward. Coore left the evergreen Ghaut forests and cultivatedin deciduous bamboo country with plan- ted shade. Mysore gave up their exhausted Munjarabad trees and planted Coorg coffee with improved shade. Both those districts are reaping their rewards. I fear on the steep ‘‘ Ghaut’’ estates in Ceylon the soil has been destroyed by weeding contractors and surface drains. It is common to say in Ceylon that surface drains save wash. Yes, but they do not save soil, because where does the soil go to that is taken out of the drains? It is passed down and finds its way to the next drain and the next, and so on. The system was all right so long as coffee paid its way; but now it is different. What is wanted is land on the foot-hills, on the spurs and hollows below the mountains, or on flat land. I mention two estates as examples—Roseberry in Haputale, and Lankabarony in Balangoda. These are but samples. I maintain, that if shade such as Ficus glomerata, Ficus indica, jak, sau tree (Albizia stipulata), and other trees, were planted, and digging and manuring incorporated with weeding, and small acreages thoroughly cultivated, then green-bug and leat-disease could be combated successfully. There are many in Ceylon who feel this to be true; but who among them have first the capital, and second the jaith ? Firgt the means, second the faith, third the knowledge, fourth the perseverance and energy. Some day China will snuff out your decreasing yields and falling market. Lucky will be the man then, who has his eggs in another basket. W. A. TYTLER. {All this is worthy of consideration, although it can yield but small comfort to possessors of old coffee land. We suppose conditions of climate, especially long periods of drought, must account for shade being so great a success in Southern India and so dubious a benefit in Ceylon. It became almost articles of religion amongst Ceylon planters to avoid low positions and shade in coffee culture. Our correspondent, therefore, is correct in deside- tating much faith and gpare capital as prerequi- sites for the experimentshe recommends. At the same time there are the undoubted facts that coffee culture is still a success in Mysore and Coorg, and that in Uva similar conditions ought even now to be found.—Ep.] THE LOSSES ON CEYLON TEA IN LONDON: MR. DEANE’S FIGURES. Kintyre, Maskeliya, 20th Feb. 1889, Sir,—In your report of what I said at the Planters’ Agsuviation meeting, it should read ‘ that he had never averaged a loss of over 2 per cent,” the amount of tea also should read over halfa million pounds, and further down it should read ‘“He had sometimes had 2:80 and 2:90 when he had shipped in half-chests”—and last of all ‘* and varied from 2 oz. to 8 oz. according to the gress tome of his packag’s,”’ These small alterations alter the sense considerably. My belief is that the first steps that should be taken to reduce loss in weight would be to get the draft allowance altered to say 1 lb. per cent, instead of, as at present, at 1 lb. per package. This latter charge tells most heavily on those estates already handicapped by being far from a cart-road, who have en account of transport to use half-chests, which at once makes their loss in weight a trifle over 2 per cent. With reterence to the remaining loss in weight, which we will say averages at present from 80 to 90 per cent. I notice that, however large the break, the proportion remains the same, which should not be the case; as it is obvious that if the loss is only caused by fair sampling, a large break say of 50 packages would only require the same number of samples to be dis- tributed as a break of 20 packages. For instance, the last invoice I sold consisted of 186 packages, and the draft allowance was 186 lb. The bal- ance loss was 109 Ib., this being presumably necessary for sampling purposes. Another invoice (containing the same number, viz., 4 breaks) consiat- ing of 84 packages had the usual draft allowance of 84 lb, and the balance loss 12 lb. 96 |b. so that in the one case, while 12 1b. was only con- sidered necessary for samples on the 4 breaks, in the other case we have a loss of 109 lb. for the 4 breaks—er say 3 lb. per break, against 27 lb. per break. The morality of the Lane evidently being “« the larger the invoice the more scope for plunder,” provided the average loss in weight is nothing out of common.—Yours, &c., H. D. DEANE. (Our reporter failed to catch what Mr. Deane said, and asked him for his exact figures and words after the meeting was over, but being anxious to get away Mr. Deane could not stay to give him the required information.— Ep.] “BLUE” AND “GREEN” GRAM: A DANIEL TO THE RESCUE. Oolombo, 22nd February 1889. Srr,—I hasten to correct an error with regard to “ylundu” appearing in the February number of the Tropical Agriculturist. Your correspondent Mr. Cinna Tamby writes that “uluntu” is blue in colour, and you correcting him add in a footnote that you have always known “blue gram” as “green gram.” Allow me to say that the pea is neither blue nor green but black, and is called “black gram.’ Green gram is the “mun” of the Sinhalese and “ payara” of the Tamils. There isa thing known as Daltonism or colour blindness, and we must not suppose that Editors and their correspondents may not be altogether free from this disease.—Yours faithfully, ABA, a “ Ranpom THoucHts apout Tza.’—We call attention to a clever and amusing contribution under this heading on another page, which ought to be an_ especially curious pro- duction in the eyes of lady housekeepers inas- much as it comes from a rather confirmed bachelor ! Probably however, the old home, rather than colonial experiences deserve the credit of the sensible re- marks offered to housewives and all others interested on the proper way of ‘‘ making” and ‘ keeping ” their tea, The author does not insist on ‘‘ copyright,” to that the Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce will be at liberty to reprint the valuable adyice and ciroulate it with boxes of Ceylon tea far and wide! 644 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MarcH 1, 1889. TN SLL SS RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT THA. HINTS FOR HOUSHWIVES FROM A BACHELOR ! HINTS ALSO TO PRODUCERS AND DEALERS IN TEA, (Written in a long-arm chair.) The late Dean of Bangor was assuredly not far wrong, when, a few years ago. he fearlessly asserted there was ‘Death in the Tea-pot,’—the hubbub made about this really kind remark no doubt tended to shorten the worthy Dean’s days. If only from a ‘‘Tea” point of view, Carlyle’s sneering assertion that the population of the United Kingdom consisted of so many millions “ mostly fools”? seems not altogether to have been undeserved. His equally cynical prayer to the “great god of shoddy,” too, seems also very much to the point. That the Chelsea philosopher had any sufficiently good grounds for his sweeping contempt for and condemnation of the average brains of his fellow- creatures may be open to question, but from a tea point of view at all events he waa not far wrong, Why is it that nothing has ever been done by the leading Indian and Ceylon Tea Associations to attempt to teach not only the people of the United Kingdom but the ‘people of the world, how best to preserve the good qualities of the tea they may buy periodically, and seeing how very little the art is understood, how best to prepare it for the table? How many people still use the quaint old tea caddies left to them as heirlooms by their grandmothers. The oiling of the leaves (as one would cook a cabbage) is still persevered in! ‘To foster the taste for our RICH and DELICATE Ceylon teas in all countries some education would seem to be necessary, seeing that the’ methods now in vogue for ‘eeping and making tea in the largest tea-consuming country in the world are so very much at fault. HOW TO. BUY AND “PRESERVE” TEA FOR MONTHS. The immense strides made in the consumption of strong (because pure) teas from India and Ceylon during the past decade may shortly react against any further development (if not actually to throw it back), if some steps are not taken to assist the bravns of the millions now using these teas in pre- ference to the wishy-washy because impure China, teas. These latter have assuredly but too often been subjected to the palates of the Chinese themselves before they were refired and sent to the “ foreigners”! Not much harm, therefore, could come upon those whojboiled and stewed such. worthless teas, in order to extract. from them the little strength they retained. Today however, everything is changed. India aud Ceylon, aided by tea machinery and railways and the Suez Oanal, are now enabled to put their teas in various markets of the world in a few weeks, where formerly it took months, Really good Ohina (virgin) tea can, I know, be kept,..cntact like wine, for years with considerable advantage ; the same it is well-known igs the case with; coffee. This is done today by thefew who can afford.to buy tea and store it as they would port wine, but they are very few. Indian and Qeylon teas, may be however—and I for one think it is—open to question, but it is not necessary that they should be kept an indefinite time, Itiis very necessary, however, that these teas should be kept, not in open caddies or poral, forno wise'housewife would dream of putting all ‘her summer-prepared plum-jam in one huge! pot ; and, tea; to be carefully preserved, should be treated in a similar commonsense fashion, even to the gum. mivg, over of the junction (not wider than a crown- piece) of the almost mathematically correct fitting of the round tin. tops to the canisters, which before use shonld be well seasoned. This oan be best done by subjecting them a few times to hot water in which spent tea leaves have been boiled. { have been speaking so far of tea bought in chests or half-chests reaching the consumer with the lead | intact. Tf the lead is not intact, then the teas ‘will must probably have absorbed some moisture. Anyway the risk of the tea having do..e so should be at once /mentioned “be guar ded against by the careful housewife who means to keep the tea for months. (Here according to present practice would come in aptly and appropriately Oarlyle’s spiteful statement 7e ‘‘fools.”) She would seize an opportunity, after her half-dozen or dozen seasoned canisters were ready and placed near the fire, to throw out upon a large cotton sheet the whole of the tea, the aroma of which she wished to “ preserve.” Turning the tea over for an hour or so before a glowing kitchen-fire, the moisture would soon fly up the chimney, and then the filling of the warm airtight canisters would begin in earnest—say canisters containing about 8 lb. each, which when once seasoned and used would last from one generation to another ; so the expense could not be an objection. (The trouble might be one insuperable objection, and here Oarlyle’s prayer to the ‘‘ great god of shoddy” might come in.) Let English wives bestow as much trouble upon the tea they buy as their hus- bands do upon the wines they buy, and we should hear less about “bad tea to keep,” assuming, of course, thatreally good tea was purchased. As a rule the middle classes buy the dearer teas; the lower classes would also do the same if they could get them ata fair price, but they cannot. The richer the people are the poorer the teas they buy as a rule: this is no empty statement. I will now proceed to point out how OON- SUMERS OF BRITISH-GROWN TEAS would be doing themselves and others, many of whom may be engaged in tea-growing, A GOOD TURN by listening to a few words more upon tea-making—a department so dis- tinctly held tobe the “ ladies’ own ” that they would keenly resent any attempt that should be made to oust them out of it, as in my opinion too many of them richly deserve to be. THRIFT VERSUS PRUDENCE. With regard to “thrift,” &¢.— Thrift”’ generally ac- cepted to be one of the great virtues becomes 2 very DEMON when looked down upon and prudently con- sidered in the many millions of teapots, now toe pride of every English and Australian housewife, and soon it is to be hoped to become equally the pride of every continental one, for, aided by countless British matrons it is due to the positively, harmful exercise of this virtue at the present time that is unquestionably not only arresting the progress of the grandest crusade of modera time, ever engaged in waging war with alcohol, but is actually threatening to block the further progress of the vast battalions of tea until now un- ceasingly. moving to the ‘attack in front—an ad- vance that has hitherto, in fact, been by “leaps and bounds ”—and this too at a time when the cost of mar- shalling such a tremendous force is not one-half what it was twenty years ago, when tea was’ selling at about double its present (now elmost un- remunerative) price. Pamphlets printed in Eng- lish, French, German, and Italian, should by the agency of the countless church and chapel and other temperance societies in the countries sown broadcast and (wherever, of course, Indian and Ceylon teas were being ida eiated, arllmptakesp conan iudeinwess apc ttre | pushed) giving brief directions for preserving lea wntil , — tt is used, and ‘giving also equally brief and plain in- structions for making it—of which more anon—ending /up by giving extracts from the opinions of the leading London and Oontinental physicians proving that ill-con- aN 5 app | sidered lengt d infusi ili i f th drawers but in airtight ‘canisters, I put thém in the || nidered Tengihencd iustons. pole See leaves, were calculated to work harm eventually to the drinkers... Such cautions, carefully worded, should no moré alarm the people than if they were told that drink- ing raw immature spirits would be harmful, while mature spirits, well diluted, might if taken in moderation pro- bably have a beneficial éffect. Many doctors at home are now forbidding the’ drinking of tea to many of their fair patients, becduse by their unfair treatment of the fragrant leaf they have brought themselves into such a state that they can no longer take it with that benefit they would always have enjoyed had they but pre- pared it from the first in a commonsense sort of way. HOW TO INFUSE AND DRINK THA, To make tea:—1. The water to be boiled should be- fresh and pure. % Marcu 1, 1889.] EEE EEE EEE ee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 645 ee ———— 2. It should be boiled in @ perfectly clean kettle ; until steam is emitted through the kettle-spout the water should not be deemed to be boiling—most im- portant is this. ! i 3. The tea-pot to receive this water should first be made hot; then the fresh boiling water should be poured into it, and then—and not until then—the tea should be strewn on the top of the water, leaving the steam to saturate it, thus causing it slowly to sink— in this way the tea leaves will not be scalded and the fragrance will be kept at its best. : 4. Maximum time of infusion to be five minutes, but better four or three minutes, adding tea in PRo- PORTION. The sooner the water is availed of after boiling the better. 5. With such rapid infusions one can well afford to be generous with the tea, it should not be atinted. This is, after all, as recorded by travellers in China and Japan, the great secret of good tea making. ; 6. Assoon as the time fixed upon has elapsed the in- fusion (not decoction) should be decanted into another tea-pot, first made hot for its reception. Prepared in this way tea will remain hot and pleasant and whole- some for more than double the time than if cold tea-pots were employed—this stands to reason—and if the tea- cups are heated or warmed so much the better. i 7. Lastly and most important—Even newly im- ported teas intused in this way cannot injure the weakest stomach. Instantly, for mercy’s sake, treat the spent tea leaves as so much poison and cast them aside, To give them even toa beggar to infuse a second time would be cruelty indeed, not to speak of the feelings of the “Poor PLANTER.” TRY iT FoR YOURSELVES, but deal not niggardly with the OREAM, TEA (especially British-grown tea), having in its manu- facture been subjected to very great heat and afterwards packed, sti/l heated, in well-soldered lead-lined cases, thus rendering them, practically, hermetically sealed, is, nevertheless, owing to its extreme tendency to absorb moisture, and foreign flavors, carefully packed away by itself in holds of steamers, so that it may, in these respects, receive no damage on the voyage home. On its arrival there it is treated in a similar sensible fashion in the Great Bonded Warehouses prepared specially to receive it. i The good housewife (?) in her innocent way lets it lie for days nay even weeks at a time in an open or halt open state in her pantry next to hams, bacon, cheese, spices, &c. &c. ! In time the elevation at which tea is growa will be asked for. The higher it is grown the better it is for invalids: vide statements published in the Ceylon Observer about a year ago by the Analyst Mr. John Hughes: Less “tannin” being the reason of this, Buyers of tea in fact will no doubt eventually be- come as fastidious as buyers of wines. The better the class of tea is the less of it is required to a good infusion. Given good tea say at 2s 6d per lb., what isthe price per cup? About 4d per cup, I should think, Really good tea is now so to speak “dirt cheap’! ! Australian squatters inthe bush—what can they know about pure tea? They have for years had to be content with China (li ?) tea: a good deal of which has perhaps already paid the toll of a first blush of an infusion in some swell Ohina tea-drinking saloon. They soon found out that to extract the shadow of a flavor they had to boil the leaves in a pannikin adding more tea and more water avd rarely brewing freshly. They would be savages indeed to adopt this vile plan in dealing with pure and strong and still delicate (ef carefully infused) Ceylon virgin teas. Tn conclusion and in regard to PURE TEA. I would say ADVANCE not only AUSTRALIA, but every other country, including those described by the famish- ing boy, at the mizen-top, in that never-to-be forgotten “Split Pea”? song of Thackeray’s, viz., “North and South Ameriky,”—I am, yours truly, D. L. G. Since writing the above, my attention has been drawn to the result of experiments by Dr. Hale White of Guy’s Hospital on the quantity of tannin extracted from tea by short and long infusion, and also as to the percentage of tannin in different teas. The result is what might have been expected, as tannin is very soluble in hot water, and nobody who has drunk Assam or any other Indian tea and the choicest Ohina would require any scientific analysis to tell him which would be most likely to disorder the stomach and nerves. It is of course true that any tea which has been infused for some time has a more marked effect than tea which has been infused a shorter time: but this difference is due not so much to the tannin as to strength. The moral, therefore, for persons with weak digestion is to select the best Ohina tea they can get, and not to drink it strong; to be satisfied with flavor and not to desire intoxication. They must be particularly careful, also, to see that the tea is not blended. After ten years tanning of their stomachs no wonder of a revolt against East India teas should take place. Many medical men denounce today Kast India teas as positively injurious. The attention of Dr. Hale White should be called to our more delicate highgrown Ceylon teas and also to the importance of proper infusion, so as to get him and other medical authorities to remove their ban, at least, against ‘Ceylon’ as compared even with the poorest China. BADLY WANTED.—The World’s mopEL ‘Tra CANISTER, for daily use (say 1 and 2 lb.), lettered in black on bronze ground now so beautifully and cheaply done on tin, and so always readable as long as the canister lasts, on its four sides with brief instructions in the four principal European languages, —Yours, D. L. G. 7TH Fre, 1889. P.S.—HOW THE “MILLION” SHOULD BUY TEA. These smaller canisters (after being first sEa- SONED) to be replenished from the larger eanisters by those who may buy their Tea in chests ; and to be also availed of by the buyers of a pound or two by being SENT To THE GROCER to. be filled from his TEA BINS—a la ‘Wines from the Wood,” thus saving the fragrance of the TEAS through the streets en route HOME. Damp railways, damp omnibuses, and damp streets simply murder TEA packed only in paper in damp climates. About a year ago I made my brother in LaNcasHirE—a damp enough spot as probably everyone knows—a present of a halt-chest of Imboolpittia broken pekoe and at my suggestion it was placed in8 lb. seasoned canisters. When after- wards the GREAT ROW about Tea in the Lonpon “Standard” was going on, my brother wrote to me spontaneously to say that he had no complaints to make about his Tea. Each canister as it was opened up being equal to if not superior to the preceding one. Of course the canisters were stored in a DEY place in the kitchen. D. L. G. <> — TUNISIAN DATES AND THE PRODUCE OF THE CORK FORESTS. The British Consul at Tunis describes the Dates of that country as much superior to those produced in any other part; “ and yet,’? he says, ‘they are little known in England. Their great abundance and their cheapness make it difficult to understand why a large commerce is not carried on in this fruit. They are the produce of the extensive oasesin the south of Tunis, those of Jerid and Tuzeur being the most extensive. The Date Palm grows all over the Regency, but the few trees metwith in the north do not ripen their frait from want of the requisite heat. Even the Palm Trees of the oasis of Gabes, situated in lat. 34°, produce an indifferent fruit, owing to its proximity to the sea, which reduces the temper- ature of the air. The Arab saying is that the Date Palm loves to have itsfeetin the water and its head in the fire, which graphically expresses the craving of this tree for moisture and heat. The best quality of Date is that known by the name of Degla, which is large, tender, very sweet, with skin unwrinkled, and of a golden brown. These are exported chiefly to France. In the market at Tunis this quality sells retail at 3d. a pound. 646 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Marc 1, 1889. —————————————E=____==_ eee As steamers coming direct for Liverpool call at Gabes for Alfa, it is surprising that a more extensive trade is not carried on in this fruit. It constitutes the principal food of the Arabs, the Oasis of Tuzeur alone producing annually about 16,000,000 tb. The average annual exportation does not exceed a value of 12.000.” Referring to the Cork forests of Tunis, it is stated that these forests, situated in the north, near the Algerian frontier, have only recently been taken in hand by the government. The surface covered by the forests amounts to 300,000 acres, and forms part of the State domain. The sale of trees last year, it is said, realised as much as £15,000. The duty former- ly imposed on this product has just been removed. In the course of afew years a considerable revenue will be derived from the cork, which, as the trees have only recently been begun to be stripped of the virgin bark is not yet of mercantile value.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. einer eee THE OEYLON COCONUT OIL V. COCHIN OIL. The School of Agriculture, 28th January. To THE EpITOR OF THE “EXAMINER.” Dnar Sir,—It is a known fact that Cochin oil al- ways fetches a higher price than Ceylon oil in the London market. Referring to the mercantile telegr- ams just published, we note Ceylon oil at £27 5s. and Cochin oil at £30. It is clear, therefore, that Cochin oil is far superior to Oeylon oil, and it will be interesting to account for this superior quality. During a conversation I had,some time ago, with a gentleman trom Malabar, we happened to talk about this subject, and I gathered that this difference in the quality of the oil is owing to the difference in the methods of drying copperah for extracting the oil. In Malabar, copperah is prepared by drying the fruit whole withthe husk, over a fire. For this purpose, big pandals have been constructed in which coconuts are stored after they are plucked and smoked by burn- ing coconut leaves, husks, &., underneath. After the fruits have been smoked in this way for about three months, the water inside the fruit dries up and the kerne] ig converted into copperah. The husks of the fruits are than removed and the copperah is extract- _ ed by the usual process of splitting the shell. A few coconuts which are not properly dried might be found which of course when split are carefully dried in the sun, Coconuts dried over fire in the above way are called in Sinhalese “ kottapol,” and a few such fruits are sometimes found in native houses. They are used for eating, and they are dried by being kept on the wooden structure or pandal over the fire place in the kitchen. It can now be clearly seen, that the oil extracted from copperah dried according to the Malabar method, must necessarily be cleaner and far superior in quality to the Ceylon oil which, as everybody knows, is ex- tracted from copperah. prepared by splitting the coco- nuts and drying the kernels in the sun or over fire. I hope our coconut growers will gather some useful hints from this letter regarding the method of dry- ing copperah.—Yours truly, H. D. LEWIS. {This is certainly the first time we have seen this explanation of the superiority of Oochin oil: Have any of our readers ever heard of the method of mak- ing copperah described above? We were told that the higher price of Cochin oil was due partly to its be- ing richer stearin, and partly to commercial jugeglery; but we did not know that the water was allowed iv be absorbed by the kernel.—Ep, Ex.] {We haye always understood that the superiority of Oochin oil was due to the fact that in the long spells of dry weatber all copporah there is sun-dried, while in our moist climate it is fired and smoked.— Ep. I. A,| PLANTING PRODUCTS. (From the Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Ceylon Planters’ Association, held 16th Feb. 1889,) Coffee—Your Committee regrets that it hag little to say about this product. Green Bug still asserts its sway, though, in some of the districts threatened, it has not made the headway expected. There are still fields of coffee in Uva, Dimbula and Dikoya which will repay care and cultivation. Your Com- mittee learns that the cultivatiou of coffee raised from Coorg seed is now being tried in some districts, and trusts that the attempt may prove successful. The exports for the year ending 31st December 1888 were 137,793 cwts., value R7,729,241, »+ against 179,490 cwts., value R11,428,945, for the year ending 31at December, 1887. Tea.—The cultivation of this product has made extraordinary strides during the past year. The urea under plant is estimated to be 187,000 acres and is still being extended. Your Oommittee regrets to have to record a considerable fall in price for this staple product during the year, the average being 114d per lb against Is 1d per lb for the previous year. It is to be hoped, however, that with the opeming out of new markets and the falling-off in the supply of Ohina teas to the London market the downward tendency of prices wil be stayed. Still, as was noted last year, the prices for Ceylon tea as compared with Indian tea are satisfactory, while tbe reported falling- off in the quality of the tea shipped may be accounted for by the severe drought early in the year. Your Committee observes with pleasure that markets other than the United Kingdom have taken 869,6814 lb. The exports for the year ending 31st December 1888 were 23,820,472 lb, value R12,624,850, as against 13,834,057 tb, value R8,300,434, for the year ending 81st December, 1887. Cinchona.—The falling-off in exports noticed by your Oommittee in last year’s report still continues, the exports during 1888 being 630,250 lb less than during 1887. There can be no doubt that there will be a much larger falling-off in 1889. The exports for the year ending 3lst December 1888 were 12 482, 817 lb, value R1,804,011 as against 13,113,067 lb, value R2,440,212 for the year ending 3lst December, 1887. Cacao.—The drought of 1888 following that of 1887 has told on the exports and condition of the trees, though your Oommittee reports a continued cessation of the attacks of Helopeltis. The cultivation is no doubt a remunerative and cheap one when the soil and rainfall are favorable. The exports for the year ending 3lst December 1888 were 12,231 cwt. value R580,975 as against 17,460 ewt. value R838,097 for the year ending 31st December, 1887. Cardamoms.—The cultivation of this product has recently been much less remunerative than formerly. There has accordingly been a considerable decrease in the cultivated area causing a heavy falling-off in shipments. The exports for the year ending 3lst December, 1888, were 281,925 lb value R285,843 as against 384,015lb and 55 packages value R416,450 for the year ending 31st December, 1888. Tobacco.—It is with pleasure your Committee reports serious attention being paid to this profitable product, and from the experiments made and ‘results obtained it ‘appears that good prospécts' can reasonably be held out! for the success of this naw industry when the intelligence, energy, and capital of Kuropean planters are brought to bear on its cultivation and manufacture. The exports of unmanufactured tobacco for the year ending 3lst December 1888 were 47, 282 cwt. value R1,236,307. Liberian Coffee—The exports for the year ending 3lst December, 1888, were 1,316 cwt., value Rd59,255 against 3,419 cwt., value R153.897 for the year ending 3lst December, 1887. Ootton.—Your Committee is glad to observe that a stimulus is being given to the cultivation of Cotton, which though ‘hitherto confined to natives inay’ |assume larger’ proportions hereafter, dial Marcu 1, 1889.| Fruuine Trees.—Hitherto machines for felling trees have been driven by steam power, but this is sometimes inconvenient, especially in thick woods, and electric power has recently been adopted in the Galician forests. Usually in such machines the trunk is sawn, but in this caseit is%drilled. When the wood is of a soft nature the drill has a sweeping motion and cutsinto the trunk by means of cutting edgeson its sides. The drill is actuated by an electric motor mounted ona carriage, which is brought up close to the tree and shackled to it. The motor is capable of turning round its vertical axis ; and the drill is geared to itin such a manner that it can turn through an arc of a circle and make a sweeping cut into thetrunk. The first cut made, the drill is advanced a few inches and another section of the wood removed in the same way until the trunk is half severed. It is then clamped to keep the cut from closing, and the operation continued until it would be unsafe to go on. The remainder is finished by a handsaw or an axe. The current is conveyed to the motor by insulated leads brought through the forest from a generator placed in some convenient site.-—O, Mail. Wrnaap Nores, Feb. 12th—Our hot weather has set in betimes, or rather before time, and the days are exceedingly sultry, though we are lucky in still having deliciously cool nights and mornings. There has been an unusually long spell without rain. The last shower, I think, fell on the 7th of December, and there are vo signs at present of any more coming, so that, as you may suppose, the country begins to look ter- ribly dried up. Fortunately, the spike is generally backward, and we have had very little land wind to parch it. The weather-wise say that early showers may be expected, and should they prove true prophets, and should the fall be sufficient, we have every pros- pect of fine crops in the coming season. And really we deserve some such encouragement, for ‘“ Times,” so far as the last crops are concerned, have been very hard withus. We hear most dismal accounts from all sides, not only of the disastrous shortness of crops, but of the bad quality of the coffee and that in many cases it never ripened at aJl and had to be stripped green off the trees in December. Itis surprising that, with so much uncertainty attending coffee, more is not done in Wynaad in the cultivation of tea. We know that it thrives magnificently, and that the one plantation in the District which is being re- gularly worked is paying handsomely, and that large new openings will be the probable result of this present success. The secret poesibly is the want of capital. If we were like our brethren in Ceylon, whose en- terprises are backed up by the large Banking In- terests which, it is well known, rule planting affairs in that spicy Isle, we should probably alter the appearance of Wynaad in a very few years, and add comfortably to our present limited incomes. But to start tea profitably requires considerable acreage under cultivation, and a large outlay in the erection of facto- ries and machinery. Few of us at present are in a position to tackle these difficulties singlehanded, and so we drift on and yearn for possibilities as yet im- possible to us. If any one were inclined to invest capital in a planting venture, tea would be, I imagine, as safe as anything, and there is no doubt that the soil and climate of Wynaad are exceedingly suitable to the growth and produce of that industry. 1 hear that very large extensions are shortly to be made in the Ouchterlony Valley for tea. We were much intores- ted in a paragraph which lately, appeared in your columns anent the adulteration of coffee. It is a great pity that the matter is not more urgently pres- sed upon the notice of Government by planters and others. It is a orying evil, which calls for strict redress; and it is wonderful that, in this importunate age, the subject is not more persistently kept before the consideration of the proper autho- rities,—Madras Times, DISTRIBUTION 1888-9. ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 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[MarcH t, 1889 MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUGTS. (From Lewis & Peat’s London Price Ourrent, FROM MALABAR COAST, COCHIN, QUALITY. CEYLON, MADRAS, &c. es a ee | i — BEES’ WAX, White ,..| f Slightly softish to good hard bright .|£6 a £6 10s Yellow... |Do. drossy & dark ditto.../85s a 105s CINCHONA BARK--Crown|Renewed ... ...|od a 1s 6d ‘Medium to fine Quill «(6d a Is Spoke es ono ./4d a 9d Branch eee ...|2d a 6d i Red /|Renewed ... ...[ad a 1s 6d Medium togood Quill .. \4da 9d Spoke shavings ... ...|38d a 7d Branch ... 260 .. |2d a 4d Twig oon 200 ... [ld a 13d CARDAMOMS Malabar _|Clipped, bold, bright, fine|2s 4d a 3s 4d and Ceylon |Middling, stalky & lean/ls 4d a 2s 6d Alleppee Fair to fine plump clipped 1s 10d a 2s 10d Tellicherry|Good to fine ..|1s 9d a 23 9d Brownish ..{lga 1s 6d Mangalore |Good &fine, washed rbet. 23 a 3s 6d Long Ceylon |Middling to good... .[1s 6d a 2s 4d CINNAMON Ists /Ord, to fine pale quill . ..|8d a Is3d 2nds ” ” ” ” oe Tz a 1s 2d ards ” ”? ” ” eee 63d ails 4ths|Woody andhard... _.../5d a 11d Chips .-»|Fair to fine plant... ...,lgd a 63d COCOA, Ceylon ...|Bold to fine bold ..|&63 a 958 «(Medium ... .. 80s a 858 Triage to ordinary -|50s a 758 COFFEE CeylonPlantation Native Liberian fast Indian eee Native COIR ROPE, Ceylon&Cochin FIBRE, Brush é Stuffing ... COIR YARN, Ceylon Cochin ro [o} COLOMBO ROOT, sifted ... CROTCN SEEDS, sifted ... GINGER, Cochin, Cut Rough GUM ARABIC, Madras... NUX VOMICA Bed Smalls ons °° Medium to fine $mall Good ordinary ... Smalltobold .. Bold to fine bold... . Good to fine: ordinary Mid.coarse tofine straight £16 a £22 Ord. to fine long apraipht £18 a £32 Bold to fine bold colory...j106s a 114s Middling to fine mid. Low mid.and Low Brows 88s a 923 6d «(945 a 105s ../88s a 91s 6d .|808 a 858 .|65s a 808 1988 a 116s [87s a 96s .|85s a 90s ..|80s a 858 Coarseto fine ... ..|£10 a £20 .../Ordinary to superior °.../£17 a £36 Ordinary to fine ... ..|£17 a £44 Roping fair to good «|£17 a £22 Middling wormy to fine,.,/15s a 40s Fair to fine fresh... .|8s 6d a 15s Good to fine bold.. 40s a 60s Small and medium i ‘122s a 348 Fair to fine bold.. ..|18s.a 30s Small oO « |143 a 178 Dark to fine pale ..(208 a 90S Fair to fine bold fresh ,,,/11s a 12s Small ordinary and fair,,,|7S a 10s MYRABOLANES Pale, ...|Goodtofinepicked .,../78 a 8s 6d Common to middling .,,/53 a 6s — Fair Coast.. oe ...(08 9d a 63 3d Pickings|Burnt and defective ...|3s 6da 493d OIL, CINNAMON ..|Fair to fine heavy .J1s a 2s 6d CITRONELLE -|Bright & Bon flavour ,..|3d a 3d. LEMON GRASS aes ...| 4d a 13d ORCHELLA WEED ... |Mid. to fine, not woody... 258 a 30s PEPPER,Malabar,blk,sifted|/Pair to bold heavy da Td Alleppee & Cochin ,, », good ,, 2d a (4 Tellicherry, White .,. sJls a 1s 6d PLUMBAGO Lump ...|Fair to fine bright bold...]i2s a 16s : Middling to good emall,,,|7s a 12s 6d Chips +../Slight foul to fine bright |9s a 11s 6d dust ++. |Ordinary to fine bright,.,|7s 6d a 10s 6d RED WOOD a ++.|Pair and fine bold ..\64 158 a £5 SAPAN WOOD +». |Middling coated to good|£6 a £8 SANDAL WOOD, logs ...|Fair to good flavor ».|£20 8 £44 Do. chips ...|Inferior to fine ... ,./£5.10s a £22 SENNA, Tinnevelly +.|Good to fine bold green... Bid a 1s 3d Fair middling medium.,,|4;d a 8a Common dark and small 1d a 4d TURMERIC, Madras -|Finger fair to fine bold 8s a 83 6d Do. ++. |Mixed rig eae [bright|6s 6d a 7s 6d Do. + |Bulbs 5 Han .../53 a 63 6d. Cochin Finger nn (99 a 9s 6d V ANJLLOES,Mauritius & Bourbon, I1sts/Fine crystalised 6 a 9inch/|17s a 25s 2nds|Foxy & reddish 5a8 ,, |12sa 19s ards | J Lean & dryto middling under 6 :nches + /10s a 123 4ths|Low, foxy, inferior and [pickings|2s 6d a &s FROM BOMBAY AND ZANZIDAR. ALOES, Sozcotrine and |Goodand fine dry «(£24 105 a £7 Hepatic...|Common and good «(908 a £5108 CHILLIES, Zanzibar «+ Fair to fine bright 900/308 & 37S Ordinary and widdling,,,'30s a 358 j t QUOTATIONS., 14th February 1888.) FROM BOMBAY QUALITY. QUOTATIONS AND ZANZIBAR. } CLOVES, Zanzibar \ Good and fine bright .,,,87d a 83d and Pemba, per Ib Common dull to fair |. ata a 8d oD Stems...{Common to good iar a 24d anes INDICUS Fair (88 a 9s ee ¥ cwt, } Fair to finedark blue .. (55s a 608 [ewt,|Good white and green.,./498 a 53s GUM AMMONIACUM per|Blocky to fineclean .,,108 a 36s ANIMI, washed, #cwt.|Picked fine pale in sorts, £16 a £18 1 part yellow and mixed|£12 a £15 Bean & Peasizeditto .,,)27 108a £10 amber andredbold £11 a £13 scraped.,.|Medium & bold sorts .,, £54 £7 ARABIC, E.I, & Aden ..|Sorts ... as a 100s percwt. | Ghatti .../Sorts to fine ‘pale 30s a 100s Amrad cha|Good and fine pale .,,/758a £6 Reddish to pale brown ...|848 a 796 ASSAF(ETIDA, per |Clean fair to fine ;,|858 a 40s ewt.|Slightly stony and foul ...{258 2 30s KINO, per cwt./Fair to fine bright ‘,|28s a 308 MYRRH, picked ,, {Fair to fine pale "|£6 a £7 10s Aden sorts|Middling to good “"|80s"a 100s OLIBANUM, jirop |Fair to fine white ‘1,]40s a 55s ‘ per cwt. ,, |Reddish to middling .,,|278 6d a 35s pickings...|Middling to good ing ..[128_ a 20s siftings ...|Slightly foul tofine _ ...|L0sa 16s INDIARUBBER Mozambilque, ) red hard ...{l8 8d a 1s 1o¢d per lb. Ball & Sausjage jNeagyas softish ,,,j18 2d a 1s 7d unripe root (43d a 18 liver ...(9d a Is 6d FROM CALCUTTA AND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. CASTOR OIL, Ists per oz.|Nearly waterwhite ...|33d a 43d 2nds ,, ...\Fairand good pale oo », «»|Brown andbrownish .... INDIARUBBER Assam, per|Good to fine ee lb. Common foul and mixed Rangoon .,.|Fair to good clean Madagascar Goodto fine pinky & white Fair to good black --|1s 5d a 1s 8% SAFFLOWER -..|Good to fine pinky +» |858 a1058 Middling to fair -.|558 a 80s Inferior and pickings ...|15s a 26s TAMARINDS .».| Mid.to fineblacknot stony|7s 6d a 10s Stony and inferior o [43 a 63 FROM CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. ALOES, Cape, percwt. ...|Fairdry to fine bright ... 05 ...{Common & middling soft Natal ..| Fair to fine a ARROWROOT Natal per Ib. FROM CHINA, JAPAN & THE EASTERN ISLANDS. CAMPHOR, China, ¥ ewt.|Good, pure, & dry white Japan BA pink GAMEINE Cubes, ewt. Ordinary to fine free Presged (none here) Block [per lb,./Good GUTTA PERCHA, genuine] Fine clean Banj& Maca- Sumatra... Barky to fair (sar Reboiled.,.}Common to fine clean ... White Borneo ,,,|Good to fine clean ee Inferior and barky Ae 57's a 80's, garbled ans Middling to fine ta5 NUTMEGS, large, per Ib... Medium ,.|83’s a 95’s “0 Small ...|100’s a 160’s MACE, per lb. ...|Pale reddish to fine pale Ordinary to fair ont Chips and dark ean RHUBARB, Sun dried, per|Good to fine sound oo Ib. Darkordinary & middling High dried ,,,}Good to fine Dark, rough & middling SAGO, Pearl, largepa@) cwt.|Fair to fine medium .,,. Ay oen ee small od a ” .. (878 a 42s 6d ..|27s 6d a 288 ...|18 9d a 2s 4d (83d a 11d Bd a7d .|11s 6d a 18s 6d lls 6d a 12s 6d 1ls a 12s 6d 24d a 2 15-16d 23d a 23d ls 8d a 2s 2d 9dals6d — 1s 6d a 18 10d 1s 11d a 282d 18s 6d a 20s 10s a 175 6d none here ldda 3d } 36s a 908 30s a 35s 2s 4d a 3s ad 6d a2s 3d 3d a 1s 4d lld a 1s 3d 1d a 8d 23 7d a 49 2s 4d a 2s 6d 234d a 236d 2s a2s3d 1sl0da 2s 1s 4d a 4s 8d als 3d Flour [per lb, Good pinky towhite .../Ilsa12s TAPIOCA, Penang Flake |Fair to fine + /2$da 24d Singapore ...| ,, . (Qe a 2d Flour Bloee a a He a iss Pearl ...| Bullet, per cwt. +». /218 @ 228 Medium Ae oe (208 & 218 | Sead ” +» (208 a 218 HEAPS ATT TEE ID PET LLY PLT TLE TT NEWT TOUR TET ae eee TIER etme Vol. VIII.| COLOMBO; APRITM 4 isTr 1889. (No. 10, SALTPANS RESIDUUM, SALT AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS AS MANURES. XCEPT in the case of coconuts and that not to any large extent, the manurial value of salt and its by-products is not, we believe high. Salt is no doubt good white-ants and weeds, and its associated products in “ bitterns ’—Glauber’s salts for killing or the sulphate of soda and Epsom salts or the sulphate of magnesia, especially the latter,—may be good as antidotes to fungi. But we question whether the fertilizing properties of sali are so great as some imagine. The late Mr. David Wilson raised the whole question, and the subsidiary one of denaturalizing salt (in the- interests of the monopoly revenue which cannot be dispensed with) was settled in the negative, the late Dr. Charsley showing, that, adulterated with nightsoil, salt restored in pure clean crystals of charcoal. If salt repeat what we said once even when could be by the use manurial value, we before, that it exists largely in kainit, which, is, admitted free here as a manure. The potash which is associated with common salt in this mineral is undoubtedly beneficial to tea, so that, if kainit could be obtained at a moderate price, it would meet the wants of those who believe in the valuable manurial qualities of chloride of sodium. That ‘‘salt is good’ we know on the highest authority, but its valuable properties asa component in the food of man and animals do not seem to be so apparent in the promotion of vegetable life. On the other hand salt can be seriously injurious and even fatal to vegetable life, During the specially inclement south-west monsoon of 1882, we had proof, as we ventured to assert at the time and still believe, of the mischief which salt in excess in work on vegetation. No one can doubt that on the wings of the monsoon winds, and in the globules of moisture with which they are laden, some portions of saline matter captured from the is of real the atmosphere can | In such ordinary great antiseptic ocean spray are diffused, proportion the presence of the and purifying substance is valuable. But like other good things, such as fire and water and even the blessed sunshine, salt in excess is capable of becoming a curse instead of a blessing. The .re- cords of meteorology contain accounts of salt storms which have inflicted great injury on vegeta- tion, in some cases fatal injury on orchard and forest trees. The stems and limbs of. trees ex- posed to this destructive agency have swelled and festered after the fashion of a diseased human limb. With these facts within our knowledge, we did not hesitate to express the conviction that in the course of the specially inclement south-west monsoon of 1882, when it seemed as if the wind and rain increased in force and quantity day by day, salt storms reached and affected vegetation growing on the higher mountain regions of the island. We did not hear of any special effect on coffee in addition to the effects of the chronic fungous disease, and tea. did not suffer much, al- though the smallpox-like spots which marked the leaves of such exotics as cinchona and the eucalypti created alarm by spreading in some cases to the tea leaves. But it was on the tall, un- protected stems of the Australian “ gum” trees, especially the blue gum, that the storms carrying excess of saline matter, we believe, when specially violent and long-continued, told with chief viru- lence. The stems, at various altitudes, swelled and bulged out, the skincracked and blackened, the portions of the trees above the swelled part put on a sickly appearance, or died, and there was an instinctive attempt at renewed existence in the shape of the curious primitive foliage com- ing out below the diseased part. Mr. J. Mackenzie, a Nilgiri planter, who is a subscri- ber tothe V'ropicat Agriculturist, had seen this theory of ours, and seems to have arrived at the conclusion that what was evilin excess must be specially bene- ficial in moderation. Accordingly we are in pos- session, almost simultaneously, of the opinion of a former Haputale planter that exposure to sea breezes is likely to prevent the success of tea in the more eastern portions of Uva and of Mr. Mackenzie’s - opinion, imparted to the Madras Government, that the superiority of the Ceylon tea, which he admits, is due to the presence of salt diffused in our at- mosphere. He, therefore, suggests that the residuary matter in salt ‘‘bitterns’’ would be a valuable application to tea inthe Madras Presidency. This suggestion, which Mr. Mackenzie seems to have taken no step to carry practically into effect, al- though he was offered the chance, led to a most interesting correspondence, which has reached us from the Madras Government. Mr. Bliss, the yory able Commissioner of Salt Revenue, on THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1889. rrr A ER RE a ee 650 being referred to, quoted Dr, Ratton’s valu- able Handbook of Salt (a mine of useful information on the subject) showing that from the chemical constituents of the residual matter left after the concretion of salt, such substances if applied directly to tea were likely to have not beneficial but deadly effects. Various opin- ions were elicited, generally to the effect that the only really valuable constituent of salt resi- duum was potash, the expense of eliminating which was prohibitory. Costly refrigerators would be necessary. Finally Messrs. Hall, Wilson & Co. of Cocanada stated their intention, with the sanction of Government, to give a full trial to the pre- paration of the by-products of salt, in connec- tion with the manufacture of the main product. Government are also ready to facilitate oxperiments for obtaining gypsum (of considerable value as &@ Manure) and magnesium sulphate from the bitterns and the condensers. We may, therefore, hear more about the value of salt and its by- products as manures: Meantime we quote the main portions of the paper on the subject which has reached us from the Government of Madras. First comes Mr. Mackenzie’s curious letter, in which he states :— You are doubtless aware that tea planters in India are unable to compete with the planters of Oeylon as regards the quality and the quantity of tea produced as evidenced by the very high prices commanded in the market by Ceylon teas. In explanation of this generally accepted fact, planting authorities have come to the conclusion that the climate of Ceylon must be unusually favourable for the cultivation of tea. After consideration I venture to say that I believe I can account for this advantage enjoyed by Oeylon as follows. The sea-breezes from surrounding ocean play freely over the whole of the island, so much so indeed that many accounted for the late disease of the Bucalyptus globulus trees in Ceylon as being produced by the excessive saline deposits carried over the island by the monsoon winds.* You are well aware that these saline particles, latent in the ocean breezes, consist of ordinary salt, and that salt is chiefly com- posed of chloride and various salts of soda. Chloride of sodium and salts of soda, you are also aware, are next in importance to potash and phosphoric acid in the composition of the tea leaf. The superiority then of Ceylon teas I attribute to the presence of these wind-borne saline deposits, and if planters in India could in any way obtain salt as manure, the produc- tion of tea in India would be immensely improved both as regards quantity and quality. I have the honor to ask whether there is any deposit or scum of the salt-pans which, useless in a culinary sense, might not be utilised as manure. With regard to using the ordinary culinary salt as a manure, of course the price of that article is utterly prohibitive. I have further the honor to request whether you will be pleased to give this suggestion consideration anda fair trial. If a quantity of useless deposit from the salt-pans was supplied to me at a nominal rate, I should be most happy to give it a careful trial, and I do not wish this suggestion to be made public until a trial has been given it. I beg to invite your attention to a letter I am addressing to the Madras Uail on “Func- tional exhaustion of plant life.” Mr. Bliss, the Salt Commissioner, on being re- ferred to, remarked :— The concentrated residual brine (better known as “mother liquor” or “bitterns’”) leftin the pans after the manufacture of salt would not, in my opinion, * That was our theory, and we have no doubt that many intelligent observers agreed with us. The Planters’ Association attempted, through the help of Mr. John Hughes, the eminent chemist, to test the amount of salt in the monsoon rainwater. But the use of contaminated vessels for transmission rendered ‘the experiment nugatory. It might well be repeated, —Eb, serve aS manure and would, I imagine, soon kill any vegetation with which it might be brought into con- tact. 2. A reference to page 235 of Ratton’s hand- book of common salt shows that at 30° Beaumé, at which strength the bitterns should be discharged, they contain in 100 parts— 16°6 parts of Magnesium chloride, 4:6 x Sodium do. 2°0 » Magnesium sulphate, @ composition which (I speak under correction) is not adapted as manure to any form of vegetable life. 8- I would suggest that Mr. McKenzie should turn his attention to the residual brine available in the fish-curing yards on the West Coast, which would pro- bably form a most excellent manure for tea as well as for other plants. 4. This residual brine is com- posed not only of a very strong solution of salt, but also of fish-blood, entrails, &c., expressed dur- ing the process of curing. 5. At present this brine is either thrown away or is applied to coconut trees, the yield of which, I am told, is enormously increas- ed by such application. 6. Under suitable arrange- ments large quantities of this brine couid be put into casks or other receptacles and sealed up in the yards tor despatch to the Wynaad or elsewhere, and I have no doubt the fish-curers would hail such an arrange- ment with satisfaction as they would thereby recover a portion of their original outlay on the salt they purchase for curing purposes. 7. If Mr. McKenzie, or any one else desires to try the experiment, I shall be glad to do all that lies in my power to further his views. 8. Another possible source from which a supply of salt for manure could be cheaply obtained is the saltpetce factories at Coimbatore and elsewhere. At Ooimbatore alone over 3,000 maunds of impure salt is annually educed in the refineries situate at that place and at present there is much difficulty in getting rid of it. Arrangements could probably be made by which persons desiring to have this salt for manure could obtain it on payment of the cost of denatural- isation at the refineries by the admixture of poudreite from the municipal latrines, added, perhaps, to a nominal sum paid to the refiners, who will be only too glad to be spared the expense of destroying the salt as they have todo at present. Agricultural readers will appreciate the practical value of the suggestion to utilize the refuse of the fish-curing yards, and coconut planters will make a special note of the good effects attributed to this material as an application to their staple product. When fish-curing yards in Ceylon in- crease in number, the practical value of salt and fish refuse will doubtless be fully tested. The only objection we can think of, the breeding of insect life in the fish refuse, would prabably be obviated by the proportion of sali present. The correspondence we have -quoted took place in 1885. On 4th May 1888 tbe Board of Revenue recorded a resolution, portion of which we quote :— In the following year considerable further corre- spondence followed between this department and Mr. McKenzie on the question of the use of “bitterns ” as manure, in which he urged the value of salt as a manure for leaf crops and therefore for tea, and the advisability of utilising the ‘‘bitterns”’ to furnish it. In the course of this discussion Mr. Benson, the Assistant Director of Agriculture, pointed out that young leaf crops required potassium and not sodium salts, and that the “bitterns” in addition to the solids mentioned by Ratton, probably contain a con- siderable amount of the former salts; and that, though it was not advisable to use the bitterns as a manure direct, they might be utilised for mixing with manure heaps, if the cost of carriage were not prohibitive ; and noted that the question whether the separation of the different bye-products could be profitably carried out in India could not be answered. In subsequent letters Mr. McKenzie, though still contending for the general use of “bitterns” as a manure, admitted that the difficulty in dealing with them was the cost of carriage, and agreed with Mr. Benson as to the difficulty in extracting the bye-products. APRIL 1, 1889.! THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 651 After this the correspondence ceased. In a letter, however, which appeared in the Madras Mail ot the 26th April last, signed “ Novice,’ the subject is again alluded to. In that letter the writer states that an artificial freezing chamber to provide the requisite low temperature for the extraction of the bye-pro- ducts could be cheaply and profitably set up in India, and that afew years ago he had some correspondence with the Salt Department with reference to the use of “bitterns’’ for agriculturai purposes but that after the matter had been handed over to the Assistant Commissioner of the Oentral Division he heard no more of it. The Commissioner of Separate Revenue will be asked whether he can favor the Board with any further information on the points alluded to above. viz.— (1) Whether Mr. McKenzie actually obtained any “)itterns”” in 1885 for experimental use as manure. (2) Whether the extraction of the bye-products . from bitterns is as feasible as the correspendent of the Mail seems to think it is. Mr. Benson’s suggestion of mixing the “ bitterns”’ with manure heaps is, like those of Mr: Bliss, good and practical. Diffused in large masses of manure, the chemical substances would be useful and not harmful. The Wynaad Planters’ Association decided in Oct, 1888 that Bitterns would be of no practical value for any of thé products in Wynaad. Major-General Morgan, on behalf of the Nilgiri Miners’ and Planters’ Association, made sugh safe general stitements as these :— Speaking generally, the use of bitterns, when mixed with farm-yard manure, would be decidedly efficacious in killing grubs and in strengthening the straw of grain crops, especially if mixed with quicklime and used in inland districts. s Tt is difficult to point out its special use unless the price at the salt depots is known. If quicklime is mixed with the bitterns, sulphate of lime is produced, which is very valuable for agriculture. Mr. MacNab, Chairman of the Chamber of Com- merce of Coconada, stated that In the opinion of this Chamber, bitterns, as such, could serve no useful purpose as manure; on the con- trary, 16 is cousidered that they would be injurious, if not fatal, to any form of plant life, while the cost of carriage would be prohibitive. Of the ingredients of the mother liquor, as already pointed out in these Proceedings, gypsum is readily obtainable from other sources, while magnesium sulphate is valueless ; and as regards the potassium salts, which are alone of substantial value, it is feared that the expense of refrigeration in this country, combined with the uncertainty of success and of finding a market even if the salts were - successfully evolved, would probably deter any private firm or in- dividual from undertaking the experiment. The im- provements yearly being made in refrigerating appa- ratus may materially modify the risk involved, and there can be no question of the economic value to the leaf crops of the country of a cheap form of potash for use as‘mantre. It appears to the Chamber, how- ever, to be very doubtful, whether, potassium salts obtained by artificial refrigeration in the intense heat of an Indian salterne in the manufacturing season could compete with the imported article manufactured in the natural winter cold of Europe. I am however placing the papecs before Messrs. Hall, Wilsonand Oo., who are already interested in salt manufacture, and I shall ask them to address you in the matter, if they find themselves able to offer any contribution to your consideration of the subject. The Firm referred to accordingly wrote — We have been engaged inthe manufacture of galt (at Karassa near Vizagapatam) for the past six years, and from time to time we have had under considera- tion the feasibility of securing the residual salts con- tained in the mother liquor, which at present runs to waste. Of these, the only ingredients of appre- ciable commercial value are the potassium salts, and woe have hitherto been deterred from attempting to rescue them by the condition of artificial refrigera- tion, which is necessary to their extraction. Re- frigerating apparatus is costly, and in our experience it is always (except when applied on a large scale under skilled Huropean supervision) very uncertain in operation in this country. There is also a consi derable element of doubt as to whether we could find a market at paying prices for our potassium chloride, even if we were successful in extracting it, and on that point we canform no definite opinion until we know the cost of production, which can only be as- certained in actual working. We have now before Government, however, an ap- plication to be allowed to lay out a new salt factory here at Oocanadaimmediately adjoining our own premi- ses,and, if thisis granted to us, our intention is to irrigate by steam-pumping machinery. We _ should thus have on the spot the steam power, which, next perhaps to skilled supervision, is the most expensive item in the cost of refrigerating in India, and we should have the inestimable advantage of conducting under our own immediate eye experiments which we should not think of attempting on other conditions. Amongst other experiments which we had already had in contemplation was the extraction of these residual salts, and we are now in correspondence with manu- facturers of refrigerators in Europe with a view to finding an economic but efficient apparatus, which would fulfil the requirements necessary to give the thing a fair trial. We have yet to learn, however, whether our proposal will receive the sanction of Gov- ernment, and we are of course unwilling to commit ourselves to the experiment, until we sée clearly what the cost will be. If that, however, should promise to be moderate, we should be fully disposed to give the extraction of these residual salts a fair and exhaustive trial, andin that case we need not say we shall inost gladly give you in the fullest possible form the results of our experiment. We will merely add here that there seems to us to beadegree of fitness in selecting Oocanada for the extraction of these residual salts, in that it already produces so largely, probably the best manure in India, castor-seed poonac, combination of which with potassium chloride might give a resultant manure of great value to such of the higher classes of agriculture (tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, &c.) as could bear the cost. Mr. Lechler, Hon. Secretary, Shevaroy Planters’ Association, wrote :— The Shevaroy Planters’ Association are much interested in the subject of the use of bitternsfor agricultural purposes. No experiments appear to have been at- tempted with bitterns as manure for coffee, and the association are anxious to give them a trial if a small quantity can be secured, so as to place the ematter beyond doubt. With this object in view, I write to ask you to be so good as tc obtain for mea small quantity, say 2 cwt., packed in 56 lb. bags, for distribu- tion to members of the association, who have guaran- teed tomake experiments and report results. Messrs. Binny & Co. wrote :— Referring to memorandum, dated the 20th November 1888, requesting a report on the use of bitterns for agricultural purposes, we have the honor to state that the manager of our coffee works writes as follows :— ‘“ With reference to the Board of Revenue’s memo- randum, dated 20th ultimo, which I return under separ- ate cover with the accompanying copies of proceedings, I now beg to inform youthat I have made inquiry regarding the use of bitterns as a manure for coffee; but I cannot suggest any means of employing same. Iassume that that the bitterns could only be conden- sed into gypsum and magnesium sulphate at a com- paratively costly expense, and as these salts are only occasionally asked for by planters, I do not think it would be worth while to undertake any experiments in producing them from the bitterns.” We have nothing to add to the above, and would suggest that an opinion be taken of the ' Chemical Analyst sent out by Messrs. Matheson & Oo. to their estates in Mercara, His address is c/o E. Meynell, Esq. As, however, the papers have already been 652 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889, ——OOOCCCTCTLTL EEE submitted to the Ooorg Planters’ Association, it is possible this analyst’s opinion has already been given through that medium. Mr. Pringle’s opinion, conveyed to Mr. Meynell, ran thus :— Your memorandum of 31st December and correspon- dence ve bitterns, asking for my opinion upon that substance duly received. 2. I donot think it would be worth while experi- menting with; it is said to be:— 16'6 parts of magnesium chloride. 46 ,, of sodium chloride. 2:0 ,, 0: magnesium sulphate. Neither magnesium nor sodium are essential consti- tuents of any manure, as thereis in almost every case sufficient present in the soil ; and nearly every mauure, contains them, though they are not often determined, being such unimportant factors. The mother liquor from the brine springs of Oheshire has been boiled down to dryness and applied, at the rate of one ton per acre ploughed in, the land being left fallow for a year; it effectually killed all the weeds. Mangolds did well after it, but other crops not so well. It is very soluble, and would be washed out by the monsoon rains. It therefore might be use- ful to clean very weedy land that could be left fallow for a monsoon. It would be best applied at the beginniog of the hot weather. The gypsum would in many cases be useful as a substitute for lime, in some cases it would give better results; its value would be about the sime as that of lime. If superphos- phate isused as a manure, plenty of gypsum is applied with it, as it is a natural constituent of the manure; and it isin that form that it will be most valuable ; accompany a phosphatic manure. On 25th Jan. 1889, the Madras Board of Revenue summed up the above opinions and added :— A consideration of the foregoing papers points to the conclusion that Mr. Benson’s opinions noticed in parograph 2 of Board’s Proceedings, No.192, date 4th May 1888, regarding the manurial value of bittern and the possibility of profitably recovering the bye- products are correct, viz. :— (1) that bitterns might be used for mixing with manure heaps, if the cost of carriage is not prohibitive ; (2) that whether the bye-products can be profitably extracted in India cannot yet bestated. The solution of the last-mentioned problem will probably be mate- rially advanced, if not completely attained by the experiments which Messrs. Hall, Wilson and Co. pro- pose to undertake at the salt factory near Oocanada, the establishment of which by them has been recently sanctioned by Government. , A separate set of proceedings ends with the following declaration :— Agriculturally the potassium salts are the only ones which it is desirable to secure from the brine ; natural gypsum is easily obtainable in the Trichinopoly district, and magnesium sulphate is an undesirable substance. ee SALT AND SALINE SUBSTANCES AS MANURES FOR COCONUT PALMS. After we had written what appears on page 649 on the question of the guitability of salt and its by-products mainly as a manure for leaf-yielding plants, our attention was at- tracted to a paper in the ‘‘Hxaminer” on the use of salt in the cultivation of a plant famous for many products, but especially renowned for highly developed fruits equally rich, at different stages of their existence, in saccharine and oleagi- nous properties, and which in the transition stage constitute a large portion of the food of the in- habitants of Ceylon; the littoral-loving coconut tree. Why does it specially love littoral formations and flourish in the ocean breezes? Is it solely for the sake of a soil and atmosphere largely impregnated with salt? We take leave to qualify to some extent this very popular belief. The sea-side zone which the coconuts chiefly affect, on the south-west shores of our island, possesses the two great advantages of arainfall ample, but not excessive, such as the palm desiderates, chiefly for the sake of those por- tions of it which stand above ground; while, owing to the great prevalence of swamps and backwaters a few miles inland and the gemtle slope of the land, there is a constant supply of fresh water, per- colating through the soil and sand towards the sea. The brackish fluid from the backwaters doubt- less part gradually with their saline particles as they pass through the great earth filter and so the soilis permeated with diffused salt. Not in large quantities or in aggregated deposits, how- ever, but widely spread and constantly and largely qualified by the rainwater which sinks into the soil. With reference to Emerson Tennent’s theory, when discussing the coral wells of Jaffna, that sea water can percolate inland and sink into the soil below sea-level as fresh water, we may state that it was impeached by the late Dr. Buist of Bombay as contrary toall dynamicailaws. Dr. Buist’s protest was published in one of the editions of Tennent’s great work, but there isno mention made of it in the fifth and final edition, in which the percolation theory of sea-water flowing inland and downwards is stated without qualification ! Our own inclination is to be- lieve that ‘all the waters run into the sea,’’ and find their way back to the land only in the shape of evaporated moisture or wind-caught particles which are both deposited from the air. Of course we do not forget the more or less sensible action of tides, and doubtless the natural formations of salt on the sides of marine streams in the Jaffna peninsula and elsewhere prove that sea water projected inland and spread thinly over wide surfaces is compelled to part with much of the substances held by it in solution. But what we do not think probable (is it at all possible ?) is, that sea water flowing up the land sinks to the lower strata filtered into freshness, or that, apart from tides, sea water can gravitate shorewards through the earth and sink below the level of the great ocean reservoir. When we talk, too, of coconut palms flourish- ing where their roots are actually washed by the gea-waves, we must remember the grand difference between the amount of salt diffused in sea water and that concentrated in the conecreted crystals. Salt in its ordinary state is fatal, in any large quantity, to vegetable and animal life, and is used to get rid of weeds and worms, parasites and fungi. Applied in very large quantities weare perfectly certain it would prove equally fatal to coconut plants as to any others. Residence close to the seaside at Colombo for thirty years has afforded us ample opportunity of observing the positive struggle for existence which cocount plants in the early years of their existence have to wage with the fierce salt-laden winds of the south-west monsoon. We have seen their foliage after a succession of salt-storms blackened as if a fierce fire had passed over them, even the well-grown trees which flourish in an ordinarily saline atmosphere showing signs of distress. We can assert from experience that young trees sheltered from the monsoon storms by fences of cadjans make far better progress than those- compelled to expend their energies in © -yenewing foliage periodically salted to death by the south-west monsoon winds. But over-ground shelter is prohibitively expensive, and so the natives in our neighbourhood resort to the expedient of digging very deep holes for the reception of their plants, which are thus largely sheltered up to the second ~ ApRiL 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 653 = _— orthird year. The trees have then to fight for life every south-west monsoon until they are seven or eight years old. One reason why the foliage of the young trees suffers so much more than the leaves of the older trees is that, of course the lower strata of the rapidly moving atmosphere are more heavily laden than the higher with saline parti- cles caught in the shape of spray from the tops of the sea waves ; those particles being fewer and fewer in the loftier atmospherical altitudes. Some at least of all the salt spray carried by the monsoon storms ought to reach the coconuts at Veyangoda, whence “B.” writes rather wildly, we think, for a man go generally sane and sensible, advo- cating the application of salt in almost un- limited quantities to coconuts. He laments the lapse of the old practice of depositing a quantity of salt with each coconut plant put into the ground. It is all the fault of a backward kind of progress, and he quotes with approval the non- progressive character of coconut cultivators in China, who continue the practice which he laments as obsolete in Ceylon. We would suggest as possi- ble that the main reason for the deposit of salt round a coir-covered nut well able to resist the corrosive effects of the mineral was tbe destruc- tion of those great enemies of youn: coconut plants, white-ants ? No doubt salt is valuable in absorbing moisture, and, as it stiffens the straw of cereals, we can understand its value to a plant like the coconut, the stem and branches of which require so much siliceous matter which the salt renders soluble for their outside covering. In moderation too, and properly diluted and diffused, salt cannot but be bensficial to coconut palms grown inland. But we must enter a mild protest against such statements as that “ salt can never be present in too large quantities in a soil on which coconuts thrive.” Of course in one sense this is true: where coconuts thrive, sali cannot be present in excess. But what “B.” obviously meant was that no possible quantity of salt can be excessive as an application to soil on which coconuts are expected to thrive. ‘“B.’ for ithe moment forgot his Bible lesson about the effects of “sowing with salt.’ Such a process was and still is death to all vegetation. In the interests of moderation, too, and in view of what may not in the abstract be best, but of what is possible in dealing with an Oriental people, we would qualify the dictum of Liebig as to the evils of a tax on salt, Taxes on food and on a condiment so essential as salt ought, if possible, to be avoided, and so ought customs imposts, all save a few. But if we gave up grain taxes (the inland and import taxes in Ceylon stand or fall together) and the salt monopoly in this island, Government in the interests of the people would be as impossible as is an income tax (the fairest of all taxes in the abstract) in a country such as this. Be- side which, the salt tax falls very lightly on the people; salt is issued at an exceptionally cheap rate for fish-curing, and we cannot doubt that a similar course would be pursued in issues for agricultural pur- poses, were there any virtues in salt, as a separate application, which cannot be secured by the use of substances more generally valuable, such as potash sulphate, or kainit. We ceriain.y have, as yet, no prool, from actual experiment, that pure salt is so valuable as a fertilizing matter that the undoubted risk of injury to an important branch of revenue ought to be incurred in order to place it, at exceptionally cheap rates, at the dis- posal of agriculturistsgenerally. If ‘“B.” knows of any such experiments in coconut culture, he will doubtless quote them and _ state their results. If not, it will be his obvious duty now [| ——— Eee. to institute a series of exhaustive experi- ments, for which, we doubt not, Government will be ready, under proper precautions and pledges, to supply a few tons of salt at cost price. For ourselves, we remain sceptical as to any special manurial value in salt pure and simple, while we can easily understand why the refuse of fish- curing yards, consisting of offal mixed with salt, should be rapidly and largely beneficial in coconut culture. As an application to tea, we should say that such refuse ought to be mixed with at least an equal weight, perhaps a doubled weight, of castor cake and bones or superphosphate. Meantime, what have Haputale planters to say to the theory that tea in the eastern part of that district is affected injuriously by the salt carried on the sea-breezes As to the Disrasr In THE Coconut Leaves, (spots probably of chemical origin), against which “ B.” wishes to fight with ammunition composed of galt, we do not think it need cause much anxiety, an opinion which we share with experienced coconut planters. Coconut palms, like other trees, have their enemies, the most formidable of which are beetles, lightning and protracted droughts. ‘These are fatal to a certain proportion of trees in all groves or topes of coconuts. The late Mr. W. Ferguson described a visitation of moths some years ago, by which the foliage of the coconut trees in Slave Island was devoured ; and at one time we heard much of locusts near Negombo. But the attacks were, in these cases, local and circumscribed, and we never heard of any trees being killed by such visitations. One of the chief benefits of saline applications would be their destructive effect on insect and fungous life, care being taken that the quantity was not such as to endanger the life of the palm. Dr. Trimen, we imagine, will be scarcely able to appreciate the distinction between his diagnosis ‘suffering from innutrifion”’ and that substituted, “suffering from a disease caused by innutrition.”’ When we say that people are suffering from famine, we mentally include all the diseases which are the result of famine, prominently debi- lity. Just as the skin of human beings in Ceylon indicates the effects of innutrition by the loath- some affection of ‘‘ parangi,’’ so the coconut leaves make signals of distress by blotches in _ tissue, such blotches being really dead matter in which the circulation of the juices has ceased. A stiff soil, absence of moisture near the surface, and a droughty atmosphere, ever produce such effects, sometimes in an aggravated form, ‘he main remedy is tillage, and to the stirred soil a moderate application of salt is likely to do good, but with the chloride of sodium, which is a condiment more than a food, we submit that it would be wise to mix fish or fish offal if it can be procured, or else ground bones and crushed castor-cake. If plenty of salt fish or fish offal were available, and we trust the multiplication of fish-curing yards may ultimately produce this result, it is obvious that pure or impure salt crystals might be dispensed with. Our ex- perience with hemileia on coffee has taught us that there are some peculiar tions, which even the richest supplies of nutri- tive matter, phosphatic or nitrogenous, cannot combat effectually; but, happiy, there is no suspicion that the coconut, or any other of our cultivated products, is likely to suff r from anything equivalent to the deadly coffer fungus. In this coanection we call attention to the letters on page 654-5 of two of the most experienced coconut planters in the country—Messrs. Lamont and Jardine—with their remarks on the socalled new disease on the coconut palm, and specific affec- 654 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTU RIST, [APRIL 1 1889, ec a a ESR SSE SSS SS SSS SS SSS SS SES SS RSS A COCONUT PLANTING IN THE LOW- COUNTRY. HaptricgaAmw KorALez. WEATHER.—We have the usual weather of the season,—a cloudless sky, a burning sun with fierce gusts of dry wind for six or seven hours daily, close even- ings and cool almost cold mornings. We have been rather better off for rain than last year, having had two good showers onthe 7th and 8th January, and another of about a quarter of an inch on 13th instant. Orors.—The crop on the trees.is an unusually small one, 0a most estates in the valley. During the third quarter of last year the most favonred spots in the district had only about two inches of rain, and in consequence the two second best bunches in normal seasons will be wanting; while those of the last quarter’s flowers are hardly more than the average. The young fields, however, are worse than the old ones in this respect, GrowtH.—The last year hag been very trying to one and two years old plants; they have generally dropped more leaves than they have developed, and, except for increased length of leaf, are nothing ad- vanced during last year. Prices.—In sympathy with the recent small gather- ings prices have gone up about 30 percent on those of six months ago. From this district they are wanted for the upcountry trade. Tar Lear Disnase.—The leaf disease is not a new thing so far as 1 am able to judge; it is neither insect nor fungus, and is not infectious. It only differs in degree from what happens to the leaves of old bearing trees, when they begin to lose their hold on the stem, and the supply of sap that keeps them green fails, There are the same dark specks that in the same way become centres of grey rot. In old trees it is only the mature outer leaves that become so affected but ox the two to six year old plants now sutfering, the whole of the leaves in some cases even to the half-developed centre shoot are affected, and the dark specks appear not only on the leaflets but on the leaf-stem itself. During the past year we had two long droughtsand two spells of heavy rain. The drought penetrated deep into the soil, and could hardly fail, to dry up the more superficial roots, and weaken them, perhaps destroy their vitality alto- gether; or where any life was left the saturation by the soil, for six weeks together, may have finished up what the drought began, and thus the plant suffers, till it produces new roots from the common centre to restore the growth. In my own case about 2% per cent are affected, on a field of grey sandy loam, but with insufficient sand to prevent it from becoming as hard and impenetrable asa stone in dry weather. On the cabook land many young plants died, but not one was oris affected with this disease. The remedy I propose to use is to trench in a coolyload of cattle manure round each, when the weather serves. THE SUPPOSED DISEASE IN THE COCONUTS, CEYLON VS. COCHIN OIL. Kadirana, 16th Feb. 1889. In reply to your inquiry as to whether I have noticed anything of the coconut leat-dis- ease mentioned by the ‘‘Hxaminer’’’s Veyangoda correspondent as prevailing in that district; I may state directly that I have not. Since that letter appeared I have been on the lookout for signs of the disease, but neither upon young plants nor old trees have I observed any. At this time of the year there is always a larger number of leaves spotted and brown than during rainy weather, but they are not more numerous now than is usual, nor are any young fronds attacked in the way described by the ‘‘Wxaminer”’s correspondent. The nearest approach to the disease was observed on a few leaves on five plants about 8 years old growing on a cabooky hill; the leaves were well up in the trees and were reddish and blotchy in appearance and evidently dying. I must state however that these trees were not good well- nourished specimens, but were small for their age, and others of the same age in their imme- diate vicinity were healthy and had no diseased leaves. ‘Till I see trees attacked with the disease I cannot venture an opinion as to the cause. Has this peculiar. feature of disease on the leaves been observed anywhere else in Ceylon? I am inclined to think however that something local will be found to be the cause. Possibly weakening of the stamina of the tree inducing insect attacks, as was the case with cacao a few years ago, I notice from time to time a good deal of discussion in the local papers as to the cause of the higher price of Cochin oil than is paid for the Ceylon article. I really do not know what the climate of Cochin ig like, but have always had the idea that it is much drier than that of our Western and Southern Provinces, and that to this dryness it owes its superiority. I have also been of opinion that the well cured copra of the Northern and Eastern Proyinces-if extracted alone, would yield oil quite equal to that of Cochin. This is only an opinion and can only be decided by actual experiment. Is there not an oil-mill somewhere in Jaffna? If there is, the prices realized by the oil made there if shipped to and sold in London should decide this question. When I began life as a coconut planter in Jaffna in 1856 to 1859 I remember that large quantities of Jaffna copra used to be shipped to the Coast of India. Did it find its way to Cochin and help to make Cochin oil? Where is the market today for all the Jafina and Batticaloa copra? I see that some writers deny that any change takes place in the kernels of the coconuts after they are plucked and heaped. Now why should there not? If a very material and im- portant change takes place in cereals after they are stacked, why should it be unreasonable that a change should take place in the constituents of the coconut kernel? Manufacturers of copra will seldom husk coconuts till they have lain one month at least after gathering; and owners of chekkus will tell you that they can extract more oil from copra, the nuts of which had been lying two or more months, than from copra made from freshly gathered nuts. There are many things we do, for which we cannot give a philosophic reason, yet experience teaches us that the custom is a sound and good one; and this of keeping coconuts for some months before conyerting them into copra seems to be one of them. Giese [The climate of Cochin is very wet at one season, —the S.-W. monsoon—and very dry for many months together, and we suppose the copra is cured in the dry months. The philosophy of keeping nuts for a prolonged period is probably to give time for the con- version of saccharine into oleaginous matter in the kernels. It is not likely that any Ceylon copra went to Cochin. Our information indicated that it went to Bombay and Oalcutta, and that rich baboos and native merchants and officials who wished to attain the dignity associated with obesity used the finer kernels as a portion of their food.—Hp.] THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CEYLON AND COCHIN COPRA: A merchant of great experience in this line is good enough to favour us with his opinion as follows :— “The reason of Cochin copra being better than Ceylon I believe to be the difference of climate. Then there is more dry weather during the year Aprit 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 655 than we have in Ceylon, and the most of the Cochin copra, is, I believe, made in their fine weather when it can be sun-dried, and very great care is taken in drying the copra and towards keeping it free from all impurities, thus pro- ducing an article superior to that of Ceylon.” SALT IN COCONUT CULTIVATION. [The following is the contribution by “B.’’to the local ‘« Wxaminer’ alluded to in our article on the manu- vial value of salt andits by-products.—Ep.! It cannot be to» often repeated that for the successful growth ot any product, it is essentially necessary that we conform as nearly as is possible to the natural condition under which it grows. The natural home of the coconut palm is the sea-ccast. On the sea-coast salt and mois- ture are ever present. When we extend the cultivation further iniand, although we may meet with better soil and in many instances situations where moisture | is ever present at the roots, yet oneof the conditions wader which the palm flourishes is absent—a soil largely impregnated with salt. Observation shows us that salt can never be present in too large quantities in a soil on which coconuts thrive. On the seashore, the trees seem none the worse for the salt-laden waves that break at their very roots. Indeed, salt does not seem to beable to hurt even the delicate germ in the nut, The spread out of coconut cultivation is due primarily to natural agencies. Trees growing on the sea-shore dropped their nuts into the sea and these hav» been carried by currents for thousands of miles and thrown upon some coast by the force of the waves, there to strike roots and sow the seed of future topes ; and yet though the nuts must have been immersed tor long pe- riods in salt water, the tender and delicate germ did not lose its vitality, but developed into a tree. We who have te do with coconut cultivation know how delicate the germis, and how liable it is to be destroyed. The fact that salt water does not affect its vitality speaks vclumes, in my opinion, for the absolute necessity of using salt in all stages of its growth, so as to approach as nearly as possible its growth in a state of nature. Every au- thority who has written on coconut cultivation, not only in our Island, but in all parts of the world where it 1s cultivated, speaks of the practice of throwing in a handful of salt into the hole at the time of plant- | ing. Some speak of it as a superstitious practice. This is owing to a want of properappreciation of its value. Why has this very useful and necessary prac- tice been given up? The answer is simple. Every succeeding generation deludes itself with the belief that it knows more than its predecessor about agricul- ture, and thus it comes about that very useful and very necessary practices are gradually given up as useless. This is observable in all branches of agricul- ture. Our ancestors cultivated smallareas at a time, and were actuated by the belief that what was worth doing was worth doing well. At the present day the boast is, not of the quality of the work one does, but of its quantity and cheapness. This latter word is supposed to be synonymous with low cost. Experience shows it is not. Careless and slovenly work is perhaps more noticeable in coconut cultiva- tion than in any other branch of our Island agricul- ture. I feel almost tempted to enumerate all the works that are thus slovenly prepared, but I will be travelling out of my subject, The latest reference I find to the use of salt in coconut cultivation is in the Zropical Agriculturist for February. In a report on agriculture in-Hainan, it is said that coconuts do best near salt water. Salt is thrown into each hole with a coconut plant. “If they do not flourish salt is again put to the roots.” Why, it may be asked, is this necessary practice kept up in Hainan? For the simple reason that the Chinese are a non-progressive people! It is an axiom in Agricultural Chemistry that, al- though a soil may abound in allthe mineral constituents of the plant food of a certain tribe on plants, and has only one in insufficient quantity, that tribe of plants eanuot flourisk upon that soil, While if the soil is wholly devoid of one constituent, it refuses to grow or to come to perfection. What observation shows, analyses have established—that salt plays a no unim- portant part in the composition of every part of the coconut tree. From this it will naturally follow, that coconuts grown in a soil where salt occurs in insufiici- ent quantity cannot flourish, and in soils devoid of it will refuse to come to perfection. The latter class of soils it is difficult to imagine as occurring in our Island, exposed as it is to violent monsoon storms. Not so with the former class of soils. However well coconut trees may bear in certain in- land districts far removed from the influence of salt- Jaden breezes, I do not think their warmest admirers can say that they attain perfection there in the face of the annual experience of wholesale dropping of bunches and branches. This unpleasant experience contrasts very strikingly with coconut trees nearer the sea and with water always within reach of their roots. It must not be forgotten that the dropping of fruit and fronds is a very severe strain on a coconut tree. Leaves play a very important part in the economy of plant life. All the food a plant takes up by the roots is elaborated in its leaves, and is from them distri- buted for use in its every part. It is through them that carbonic acid is taken up by plants. Drooping leaves are an indication that the roots are not able to Supply moisture to them as fast as it is evaporated trom their surface, The supply being unequal to the demand gives a severe shock to the vital energies of the trees. How to balance this inequality should be the aim of the skilful agriculturist. As I said before, it is not possible for everyone to apply water to his whole plantation; but it.is possible for all to apply calt. Salt has a value all its own. It is not only a manure, but has the valuable property of attracting mois- ture from the air and keeping the soil to which it is ap- plied quite moist. In works on Agricultural Chemis- try we are told that the application of salt to soils devoid of it has been known to produce striking re- sults. I do not think it needs repetition that saltis an essential constituent in the growth of the coconut palm. I shall now chiefly confine myself to the more valuable properties it possesses. It renders available valuable constituents in the soil and is spokem of ss a digester of food, it stiffens the straw of cereals, and it has a great affinity for moisture. The latter property is what will most commend it to the notice of coco- nut planters. In seasons of drought like the present, it willattract moisture from the atmosphere and make it available to the roots of coconut trees. At the present moment, a disease affecting the fronds of coconut trees is exercising the minds of planters. The causes of diseases affecting plants are generally complex, and often baffle the research of professionals. Opinions as to its cause are divided. For me, with no aspirations to a knowledge of the mysteries of Agricultural Chemistry, to express an opinion as to the cause of this particular disease, will be the height of presumption, if not of folly. AIT dare to dois to make a guess as to its cause, and so put professional men on the scent. Dr. Trimen hazards a guess as to its cause. He says the trees must besuffering from innutrition. Innutrition is possible intwo ways. 1. Absence in the soil cf a ne- cessary constituent of plant food. 2. Inability of the plant to take up nutriment either from want of roots or the absence of moisture in the soil. I suppose, it is too well known to be repeated that plants can ab- sorb food only in a liquid state, It is well known that any disease finds its first victims in weakly con- stitutions. Infection or contagion then communicates it to healthy subjects. The theory I put forward in the coconut leaf disease is that the trees are possibly suffering from the absence in thesoil of salt, or from its presence in too small quantities, and I humbly present it to the consideration of Dr. T'rimen. Many are doubtless under the imp7ession that so soluble a substance as salt, will be washed out of the soil by our violent monsoon rain storms before it can be of any benefit to the coconut tree. They may make their minds easy on that score, forthe upland soils on which coconuts are grown are mostly clayey or have a clayey subsoil, One valuable property of such soils is 656 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1889. A A AER ES a SI its ability to absorb and retain all the soluble salts of manures. If even our upland soils did not possess this property, salt washed deep into the subsoil will be absorbed by those roots of the tree that go down deep into the soil to pump up water for its use. Salt is also said to have the property of favourably affecting natural herbage, making coarse grasses sweet. No animal can exist without it, and its presence in the dietary of cattle has a beneficial effect on their health and condition. If the soils of coconut estates be treated with salt,it is not unreasonable to hope for animproyement in the condition, health aud even growth of our cattle. There is every reason to hope that the application of salt to coconut trees will prove a financial success. Planters know what a cause of anxiety the nuts on their trees are to them during this period of the year. From lack of moisture bunches come down bodily and have to be propped up, a practice said to be unknown all along the sea beach. As forests recede before the operations of the planter, props are becoming scarcer every year. liven with props, experience shows that a large proportion of our crops is lost during the annual droughts. One gentleman with very large proprietory interests told me that on a property of his bounded by the Maha Oya, 3-4ths of his crops were lost during the first quarter of the year. He either made his estimate when suffering with a fit of the “lows”: or his experience is exceptional. Still the fact remains, that a large proportion of our crop is lost which good husbandry ought to induce us to attempt to save by growing coconuts as nearly under natural conditions as is possible. To obtain salt for agricultural purposes Native Agriculturists ought in a body to petition Government to issue it at the same rate as #o renters. They ought not to be discouraged by a refusal, which ought to act as an incentive to renewed oxertion. Success can be attained only by determination and persistency. I shall conclude this in the words of Liebig. ‘‘The impost of salt is of all taxes that which is the most odious, the most unnatural, and the most disgraceful to human reason.”’ B. CONSUMPTION OF CHYLON THAS IN THE LONDON CUSTOMS. City Chambers, 65, Fenchurch Street, London, 25th Jan. 1889. A. Philip, Esq., Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon, Dear Sir,—I have the pleasure to enclose for the information of your Association copies of correspond- ence with H. M. Customs Commissioners.—I am, &c., (Signed) Ww. Marrin Luan. Ceylon Association in London, 65, Fenchurch Street, London, 9th Jan. 1889. ' The Secretary to the Commissioners of Customs, London. : Sir,—I shall be much obliged if you can furnish me with a copy of the Oommissioners’? General Order dated 27th ult. with reference to the classification of teas taken for Home Consumption. This order was mentioned in the City Article of The Times of yester- day.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, (Signed) Wt. Marvin Leann, Secy. Custom House, London, 11th Jan. 1889. Sir,—In reply to your letter of the 9th instant, [ am directed by the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Customs to enclose two copies of their General Order to which you refer on the subject of the classifica- tion of teas talen for Home Consumption.—I am, sir, yonr obedient servant, (Signed) R&R. T. Prowsn. W. Martin Leake, Ksq., Secretary to the Ceylon Association in London. Notice is hereby given that on and after the Ist January, 1889, Merchants and others passing Entries for tea will be required to state upon each Import Hntry (whether Prime Entry or Warchousing Entry,) and also upon the Home Oonsumption, Removal and Vixport Warrants, the Country of Production or origin of the tea, By Order, KH. Goopwyn, Custom House, London, 27th Deo, 1888, OLASSIFICATION of TEA FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES. The Lords of the Treasury having been pleased to approve of Tea for Home Consumption being classified in the Monthly Account of Trade in the same manner as Tea imported, under the separate heads of TEA from British Indies, », China (including Hong Kong and Macao), », other Countries, the Board direct that, with the view of obtaining correct information for the Statistical Accounts, the Registrars in London and the Collectors at the Out- ports, on the receipt of each Import Entry for Tea (whether Prime Entry or Warehousing Entry) do re- quire the name of the Country of production or origin to be stated on such entry. The Board further direct that the Officers employed in keeping the Warehous- ing Accounts do require the Merchants to specify the country of origin of the Tea in their Home Consump- tion, Removal and Export Warrants; this detail is to be checked by the Officers, the Oountry of origin being indicated on the cover of the Landing Book in which the deliveries are recorded. Separate Landing Books are to be kept for each class of Tea above men- tioned in the event of more than one class being im- ported by thesame ship. The net weights of Tea entered under the propér heads as above specitied are to be recorded in columns appropriated to that purpose inthe Warrant Book, and Returns are to be made monthly from the Several Stations in London and at the Outports in the Form = * Raturn of Tea and Tobacco delivered for Home Oonsumption,” showing the quantity, &c., of Tea of each class delivered. It has been observed that Tea from China is fre- quently transhipped at Colombo to vessels proceeding from the latter Port tothis Country. The Board direct the Officers to exercise great care in such cases to prevent Tea produced in China from being taken to account as Tea from Ceylon or British Hast Indies. 534 The Stock of Form © “Return of Tea and Tobacco delivered for Home Consumption” hitherto used, is, after the Account for December, 1888, has been trans- mitted, to be immediately returned from each Port and Station to the Storekeeper, Custom House, London, to be treated as waste paper, and an application for a sup- ply of the Revised Form which is to be used for the month of January, and subsequently, is to be for- warded to Division IY. of the Secretary’s Office in the usual manner. By Order, EK. Goopwyn. Oeylon Association in London, 65 Fenchurch Street, London, 16th January 1889. Sir,—I beg to thank you for your letter No. 1,239 of 1889 dated 11th instant, enclosing copies of General Order 145 of 1888 dated 27th ult. May I ask with reference to the order in question, whether, of the tea for Home Consumption classified in the monthly account of trade under the head of “Tea from British Hast Indies,’? the quantity from Oeylon will be given separately from that from India? and in any case whether it could beso given separately in future? . The annual consumption of Ceylon tea is already very large and is increasing rapidly each year. And it will be matter of great interest in future to compare the growth of the consumption of tea from Oeylon with that of tea from India.—I am, sir, your most obedient servant, (Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secretary. The Secretary, Customs Commissioners, London. Oustom House, London, 28rd January 1889. Sir,—I am directed by the Oommissioners of Her Majesty’s Oustoms to inform you, in reply to your letter dated the 16th instant, that the quantities of Ceylon tea imported into the United Kingdom and delivered for Home Consumption will not be given this year in the accounts of trade separately from those of Indian tea; but that the question of making the separation in future years will be considered.—I am, your obedient servant, (Signed) KR. T. Prowsz. - The Secretary, Ooylon Asssociation in London. AvRiL 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 657 HOW TEA SHOULD BE PACKED. From Court's “Instructions to WitLiAm JouNson, Esquire, Supracaryo of the Ship. * Wentworth” bound for Can'ron in Cuina, and Mr, Joun Hinwer, Jlerchant, his Assistant.” Dated 10th Nov. 1699. “10. Tea is a Commodity of that generall use here, and so nicely to be managed is its Package to pre- serve its flavour and vertue, that you can’t bee too careful in putting it up. ‘Take special care therefore it be well closed in Tootenague, then wrapt up in Leaves and so put up in good Tubs of dry well-season’d Wood, made tite. and close enough to preserve it from all manner of Scents, which it is very Subject to imbibe, and thereby become of no Value here. But you must be sure that the wood of your tubs bave no Scent, whether sweet or unsavoury, that will Spoil the Tea, So will Oamphire and other strong Scented Commodityes, wherefore no such Smell must come into the Ship: For the like reason put up no Tea in Potts or Tootenague, till the smeli of the Soldering Oyl or other like smells be perfectly cured, Be sure the Tea you buy be very new and the best of its sort, Remembering that in this and every other Commodity, the worst pays as much freight as the best, aud many times the same Custom, Keep the Tea in the Ooolest places of the Ship, for other- wise the greatest Care in its Choice and package will be rendered ineffectuall, and therefore what is put in the Hold open the Hatches in fair Weather to give it air as often as you have Opportunity. But you will see by the Captain’s Instructions We have re- quired that our Tea be stow’d between Decks abatt the after hatchway with a bulk head and a little gang way made for Passage, which do you see done accord- ingly. It being now peace, We being resolv’d to dispense with our old order in this particular of stow- ing no Goods between Decks, when so great an ad- vantage will accrue, as the preserving the Tea, a very considerable Article in the profit or Loss of the Cargo.”—Duary of William Hedges, ed. by Col. Yule, vol. Ll. ee TOBACCO AND RAINFALL AT KITUL- BOKKE. We stated recently that the German Tobacco Syndicate had some thoughts of trying the vicinity of the Kittulbokke Irrigation Works for tobacco cultivation, and with that object in view Mr. Schappe recently paid a visit to the Kolonna korale, but gave up the idea when he ascertained that the rainfall experienced there chiefly fell in the N. E. monsoon, Maduwanwella Ratamahatmeya has kept the rainfall return since February last, and it bas been kindly placed at our disposal, and reads as follows:— February ... 0:90 August... 0'42 March ae 124 September . 3:27 April ac eee October ... 19°07 May 4:44 November... 9°70 June «. 9'04 December,., 13°02 July ow 082 Total ... 65:69 This is only for eleven months of the year, but January is a month with but a very small fall, and the total for the year is not likely to be raised very much when it is included. It will thus be seen that almost all the rain falls in the North-east monsoon, and as the German Syndicate refuse to have any- thing to do with land when this is the case, they have abandoned all idea of taking up land in this locality. We firmly believe they are grievously mistaken in thus laying down such absurdly hard and fast rules regarding tobacco or any other cultivation in Ceylon. To start wilh the assumption that land just be secured on this or that side of the island, and that In any case it must be under the influence of the south-west monsoon, seems to us absurd, and for two good reasons. First, because if a certain dry season be required, this can only be secured in districts where the N. H. monsoon chiefly prevails, and secondly, because tobacco so far has always been found i grow best in Ceylon in such districts, The Jaffna and the Trincomalee districts both grow tobacco very successtully, and they get little cr no south- west monsoon. We.believe that of the Planting districts, Dumbara, Matale, and Badulla will be found to grow tobacco the most profitably —Local Times.’’ + THE POSITION OF COCONUT OIL. Holders of cocdnut oil are surprised that large cousumers of Ceylon coconut oil are not disposed to anticipate their wants some distance ahead and take advantage of present prices, as various circumstances seem to favor a higher range of values. The fact is that soap makers have been covering their future wants, as recent large transactions in goods on the way would indicate, but that there are many con- sumers in the interior who are not acquainted with the true situation of the market, is evident from the requests that come to us for information and the slow movement of spot goods is no doubt at- tributable to a lack of confidence and desire: f scme prospective buyers to continue their policy of pur- chasing oi] as needed. Every feature of the market seems to favor a higher tendency, and the hardening of tallow values is assisting the upward movement, There is a diversity of opinion concerning the actual amount of Ceylon coconut oil on spot. Holders decline to give information on that point, and es- timates therefore can only be based on guess-work. The highest estimate is placed at eight hundred tons, but the majority of dealers believe that the total amount will not reach over five hundred tons, while others place the amount at three hundred tons, The next arrival is the ‘* Reporter,” due early in January with six hundred tons, all of which has been taken out of first hands, and the **Mohur” is due in Vebruary with five hundred tons, a considerable portion of which is sold. Then comes the ‘‘Gloam- ing”’ a month later, with five hundred tons. If the average consumption is four hundred tons per month, the visible supply would be sufficient to last five months, but in case of accident or leakage, which is a common occurrence. among vessels from Geylon and Oochin, the trade would be ina dilemma. During the year considerable damage and delay were caused by disasters to such vessels, but stocks happened to be in better condition than at present to withstand the conseanuences. There is another feature of the market which showd not be overlooked, and that is the effect of tallow prices on the movement of coconut oil. It is acknowledged that since the important advance in tallow, there has been more demand for oil which would indicate the substitution of one for the other by soap makers, As the position of © tallow favors sill bigher figures and the market is now in a very sensitive condition, the outlook for coconut oil is correspondingly improved, During the reign of hgh values, therefore, no accurate estimate of the amount consumed can be jiormed. English oil on spot is quoted at a higher price than the product of Ceylon, but the outlet in this market is small, being limited to about five hundred tons per annum,—Oi/, Paint and Drug Reporter. <> PLANTING IN THE ANDAMANS. The area of cleared land is some 17,000 acres, of which 10,000 are under cultivation, and 4,000 used for grazing; the remuinder consist. of roads, tanks, and village sites. About 500 acres are under tea, in charge of a European manager aud an assistant. The tea is excellent in quality and has great strength and body, and when mixed with a small porportion otf high class bill tea, for flayouring, if cannot be sur- passed. ‘Teagrowing is now an assured success in the Andamans; and if is to be regretted that these fertile islands cannot as yet be thrown open to private enterprise; for it is doubtless a State ne- cessity to keep the Penal Settlement as isolated as p ossible, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. _ Not only is tea a success, but Liberian coffee thrives admirably, and its cultivation is being extended. Cacao is also very promising; all the seed hitherto grown has been planted out; and the musa textilis bids fair to bécome an important local prolves ere= long. Nutmegs, ceara-rubber, arrowroot, the Otahe- ite potato, and tapioca have been introduced. The Mangosteen thrives, and has been planted pretty Extensively; the trees, however, are slow growing, dnd will take some years to come to maturity. Va- rieties of the nutmeg, tapioes, arrowroot, and vanilla are to be found wild in tue jungles. The chief cereals grown are Indian-corn and paddy. Tobacco, though given a full and fair trial under an experienced European grower, appears to have failed. It is curious that the coconut, which is indigenous at the Cocoa Islands in the north and at the Nicobars to the south, had to be introduced into the Anda- mans. There are now some 116,000 coconut trees at Port Blair, and in time they will no doubt yield an excellent revenue. The betel-nut palm has been extensively planted; but there seems some difficulty in finding a market for the crops. Native vegetables, such as the bhindi, pumpkins, brinjal, gourds of sorts, &c., thrive well, and are largely grown for supply to the labouring convicts and for sale. The cold weather is too mild to admit of European vegetables thriving. Tomatoes. lettuce, French beans, celery, parsely, and mint do well, and those are about all. The author, who paid several official visits to Port Blair between the years 1883 and 18385, noticed a great falling off in the quality of two very important items of food, viz., mutton and bread. The settle- ment was, in past times, famed for its fat sheep,so much so that vessels calling at the port often beg- ged a sheep or two as a favour. Now the animals may be classed with the proverbial ‘Lean kine.” The bread also is very inferior and gritty; and it surely should not be difficult to start a station bakery on sound principles, using Oalifornian flour and yeast instead of Cocva toddy: The cost would be somewhat greater, but the extra expense would be compensated by immunity from dyspepsia, which is &@ common complaint here. Among the products of these islands are the edible birds’ nests and the beche de mer; they are exported oe Straits, being dainties peculiar to the Celes- tials, The forests are full of valuable timber, such as Padauk, satin wood, marble wood, and yurjon. Teak has been introduced, and bids fair to become of great value in the course of time. The jungles are for the most part almost im- penetrable, owing to the dense undergrowth, matted and tangled as it is with canes and creepers. The. foliage affords few varieties of tint; but here and there, during the dry months, one sees a tree with its leaves of flaming red, adding great beauty to the forest. The pillar palm, ornamental varieties have been introduced; and a plant of the palm—which yields palm oil—that im- portant product of the Gold Coast—which was in- troduced from the Royal Botanical Gardens in 1878 by Mr. Horace Man, has thriven, and is now seeding. Many trees are abundant, but the fruit would probably be much improved if a regular system of wintering were adopted. The litchi, papaya, and plantain do well, and of course the pineapple, which loves a moist heat. The chief attraction in gardens lies in the lovely flowering shrubs and crotons. The latter produce seed freely; and Doctor Reid, a former resident, succeeded in raising a number of hybrids, one of which is a superb variety and has been named Croton Reidii. Tropical flower gardening is, however, not very advanced, and even at Government House, which possesses an Indian conservatory, the collection of foliage plants, ferns, and orchids is poor, consider- ing what is possible in that direction in this climate. Orchids abound in the jungles, but only a few va- rieties are wortby the notice of the horticulturist. the traveller’s tree, and other, Among the good sorts may be named Phalcenopsis tetraspis and Aérides Emericii, both peculiar to these islands ; also Dendrobium formosum, Aérides odovatum, Vanda teres, and a variety of vanilla. Ferns are equally abundant, and many of them exceedingly beautiful. Kurz details 13 species and 31 varieties. The most striking is the birds’ nest fern, Asplenium Nidus, which grows to an enormous size. The Da- vallias, too, are very beautiful with their delicate fronds gracefully depending from the trunks of forest trees. Fish, as may be supposed, is excellent, though not too abundant. The best are soles and mullet, and the rock oysters are very good. Occasionally enor- mous fish are caught in the harbour. Not long ago the men of the S. 8. Kwangtung hauled in a rock- cod which weighed 165 pounds and measured over five feet in length; and quite recently a 62lb. fish jumped into the station horse-boat as it was cross- ing the harbour, Sharks are, of course, numerous. Whales are far from rare. The dugong, a species of seal some five to eight feet long, is sometimes captured by the Andamanese. who regard its fiesh as a great delicacy. This creature is a mammalian ; a female, suckling her young, igs said to appear parti- cularly human, and probably gave rise to the mythical mermaid.- The saw fish is also caught at times; the largest recorded was L7 feet in length, of which the saw measured six-and-a-half feet. Andaman shells and corals are famous for their variety and beauty. The shells of the large varieties are washed ashore in considerable numbers, but it is very unusual to ob- tain one inhabited by the living fish; only three are known to have been found since the settlement was started. There are several varieties of the oysters some of which yield pearls of sorts. Black pearls are occasionally found, in a species of Pinna, popnu- larly known as the ‘‘bouquet holder.” It is said that the true pearl oyster exists here, but as it is a deep water variety, and there are no appliances for dredging, pearl fishing is not followed as an in- dustry. Sea weeds, so common on our British coasts, are conspicuous by their absence on these shores. Two or three lovely varieties of coraline are, however, occasionally met with, and after storms, masses of green bladder sea weed drift to land.—Wigiishnan, —————— Se AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF MADRAS: SKETCH OF THE SOCIETY’S HISTORY. Almost coeval with the reign of Her Most Graci- ous Majesty, and fostered and encouraged by the peace which has shared her throne in the Carnatic, has been the prosperous career of the Madras Agri- Horticultural’ Society. To the enthusiasm of Dr. Robert Wight,—the eminent botanist, and author of TIeones Plantarum Indie Orientalis, which is to this day the standard work of the kind, and a monu- mevt that will endure while libraries exist, —the Society to a great extent owes its being. On the 15th of July, 1835, at a well-attended meeting of Native and Huropean gentlemen held at the College Hall, it was inaugurated. Two days later the first Committee of twelve met, and it was announced that Sir Frederick Adam, the Governor, had accepted the invitation of the Society to become its first Patron, the Honourable Mr. John Sullivan, the Ju- nior Member of Council, being its first President, and Mr. Baynes its first Secretary. A little later the Nabob of the Carnatic and Sir R. Palmer, the Chief Justice, were invited to become Vice-Patrons, In 1836 the Society was in occupation of the land which now forms the larger portion of the Orna- mental Garden on the Mount Road, Madras. ‘ This was then,” we read in Dr. Bidie’s Report, “ the only spot available; it was very ill-suited for horticultural experiments, and the Society was long embarrassed by expenses connected with its improvement.” The Society has once or twice since been embarrassed, ~e ood APRIL 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 649 eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee notably ten years ago, when the shed in which the Office and Committee business was conducted was turned into what it is now,—a house filled with beautiful and lusuriant ferns; the Office was trans- ferred to what was till then the Superintendent’s house; a comfortable house was built for the Superin- tendent in the Experimental Garden on the other side of the Oathedral Road; and the Red Hills water was carried through the Gardens to the native huts beyond. All pecuniary difficulties were, however, from time to time tided over by a small extra grant from Government; by the liberality of the Society’s bankers ; or by the zeal of the Secretary for the time being enabling the Society to save the pay of a _profes- sional Superintendent, and to let his house at a monthly rent. } f In 1837, at the time of Her Majesty’s Accession, the work of the Society was in full swing, and very successful efforts were being made to improve by the distribution of better seed the class of cotton grown in the various districts of the Presidency,—efforts which ripened their fruit when the American War closed the ports of the Southern States to the buy- ers at Liverpool, Manchester, and elsewhere. In the same year some tea plants received from China were forwarded by the Society to Mysore and the Neil- gherry Hills, and it is believed that some of these very plants still survive in the neighbourhood of Coonoor, so that Neilgherry tea, one of the most impor- tant products of Southern India of the present day, is now also celebrating its jubilee. The following year a supply of Mauritius sugar-cane was obtained through the Board of Revenue, propagated, and subse- quently distributed. Prior to, and during the year 1840, when Mr. Glasson opened the first coffee plantation in Wynaad, the Society struggled to grow coffee profitably in Madras, and freely distributed it in plants and seeds to more favourably situated places. During the next few years records are found of the intro- duction of European and West Indian fruit trees, some of which doubtless still thrive, or have been displaced by their descendants, or by superior varieties. More than one species of mulberry was introduced to feed and improve the silkworms, and wonderful strides were made in the cultivation of indigenous and foreign culinary vegetables now classed generally, and consumed even by the poor, as “‘country vegeta- bles.” In 1844 an attempt was made to introduce the use of guano as manure, and a valuable collec- tion of Australian seeds reached the Society. In 1850 the Society successfully sent a case of grafted mango plants to Sir William Hooker at Kew; and seeds of the valuable hurrialee grass, the staple food of Madras horses, was transmitted to Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. In 1853 the Society was largely engaged in raising and distributing vast numbers of the Casuarina for planting on the sand dunes on the coast north and south of Madras, now the source of almost the whole fuel supply of town—the power which moves the railway engine and the spinning mill, cooks the rich man’s banquet, and the poor man’s rice. It is possibly invidious to select a few items of good work such as those mentioned above, but it is necessary, as to do more than mention the Society’s experiments with cinchona and spices, fruits and flow- ers, drugs and tanning materials, fibre, plants and dye stuffs, cereals and forage plants, would fill many pages. The Society’s Nurseries now contain thou- sands of such plants for distribution. The work of the Society is borne in upon the senses from every garden and hedgerow in the area as large as Paris which goes by the name of Madras Town; and many of the commonest plants of the roadside are foreigners that were distributed, if not originally introduced by the Society, within the last five years. A stroll round the Society’s Garden, limited in extent though they are, is one of unceasing interest. On every side are hundreds of species of the most useful and beautiful of tropical flora; creepers, and harbaceous plants in such rampant growth and luxuriance of leaf and flower as are seen only amidst the warmth of the tro- pics ; indigenous plants, which though doubtless abun- dant fifty years ago in the immediate neighbourhood, are now, owing to the needs of the wood-cutter, to the scarcity of fuel, to the enormous increase of po- pulation, and to the voracity of goats, rarely to be seen within many a mile of the town, are carefully preserved and propagated. Every fstep in the Orna- mental Garden will unfold some new beauty to the tree-lover. The noble mahogany, from the West Indies; the lichee and the diospyros from China; the Moreton Bay chestnut; the elegant araucaria from Australia; the giant talipot from Ceylon; the grace- ful date from Arabia; the stately cabbage palm from Brazil; the huge baobab, and endless others are to be seen. Shrubs too are not forgotten, such as the handsome South Sea Islands croton, with its quaint forms and variegations; the butter-cup-like ochna, once common but now rare in the jungles round Madras; jasmines and begonias of many sorts, and the sweet-scented gardenias and carissas. ; Of the illustrious names that have been connected with the Society much might be said. Since the Society was founded each successive Governor has accepted the position of Patron, and in later years Patron and President; Commanders-in-Chief, Chief Justices, and Members of Council have often borne office; high officers of State have served on its Com- mittees; and distinguished botanists have worked as its Secretaries. Wallich, Royle, Wight. Roxburgh, Lindley, Thwaites, the Hookers, Trimen, Schomburgh, Von Miller, Cleghorn, and many others have been its contributors. Nor should the services of the pro- fessional gardeners, who from time to time have been in charge of the gardens be forgotten. In 1853 Mr. Jaffrey was sent out to the Society from the Oaledonian Horticultural Garden, Edinburgh, and did good work for four years until he obtained a better engagement at Bangalore, after he had contributed to the science of gardening his well-known booklet, Hints to Amateur Gardeners in Madras. He was suc- ceeded by Mr. Robert H. Brown, the author of the useful Handbook of the Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants growing in the Society's Gardens and the Neighbourhood of Madras. Mr. Denham, Mr. Henry, Mr. Storey, and some others came out from England in their turn, and, after doing faithful work, left the service for better-paid appointments. The Society has for the last four years had the benefit of the assis- tance of Mr. J. M. Gleeson, who was sent out by the Secretary of State in 1869 to work at the Go- vernment cotton experiments in Central India, and who, besides the regular duties which he has loyally discharged, has compiled and published an admirable Catalogue of Plants in the Agai-Horticultwral Society's Gardens, Madras, and is now engaged on other useful literary work.—(Extracted from the Narrative of the Celebration of the Jubilee of H. M. the Queen Empress in the Presidency of Madras). (ee “Kew Botwtrtin.”’—The January number of this periodical contains a valuable article on the Ooca, Erythroxylon Coca, whose leaves are spoken of by many travellers for their valuable property of allaying the effects of fatigue after prolonged exertion, and which contain the alkaloid cocaine now used as a local anesthetic. The experiments made by the late Sir Robert Ohristison may be alluded to as confir- matory of the statements here repeated. Other arti- cles refer to beetles destructive to Rice crops in Burmah, to fibre procured from Honckenya ficifolia, a Tiliaceous plant from West Africa, to the Yam Bean, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, to Puya edulis, a starch- yielding Bromeliad, reported to have saved the lives during periods of famine of many people (especially Indian); and other plants. It will be seen that the Bulletin is mainly confined to economic botany, and to the work of Kew as the head-centre of Colonial botany. It is to be wished that some addition could be made to it, so as to have a record of matters relating to the current work of the garden and of interest to home gardeners and botanists. A resump- tion of the publication of authentic lists and synonyms of certain orders and genera is also much to he desired.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. 666 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. Forrestry.—Professor Boulger will deliver a course of ten lectures on this subject ou Friday evenings at 8 p. m., commencing on January 11, at the Oity of London College, White Street, Moorfields, with special reference to the examinations of the Surveyors’ Institution. Practical demonstrations in the country will be given during the spring. Text-books recom- mended:—Hough’s Hlements of Morestry—Orosby Lock- wood. Brown’s Morester—Blackwood & Son. Bagneris’ Elements of Sylviculture (translated by Fernandez and Smythies)—W. Rider & Sons. Syllabus: Climate and Trees—Land suitaole for Arboricuiture—The Draining and other preparation of the Jand—Nourseries and their management—Planting Operations—Thinning and Maintenance—Felling aud Barkimg—Timber Measure- ment—Hxploitation aud management of Coppice—The Distinctive Characters of the various British Timber Trees. Free for the course 10s. 6d,—Gardeners’ Chronicle. SULPHATE or CoperR AS A REMEDY For Foneus Movuunps.—The value of sulphate otf copper for the destruction of fungus moulds is so great when pro- perly applied, but may be so injurious to the plant if carelessly employed, that we think we may be doing our readers a service by calling attention to the method of preparing the mixture as described in the Revue Horticole, December, 1888. “One method of preparing this remedy is by dissolving 6 kilo- grammes of sulphate of copper in about 88 litres of water, using for the purpose a wooden or stone basin. Another way is by placing in a separate vessel 6 kilogroammes of quicklime, and pouring upon it, little by little, and very slowly, 12 litres of water. It forms a milky liquid; which should be stirred with a stick, care being taken to break up any lumps which may be formed. The lime in mixing with the water gives off much heat. When this milky stuff is quite cool, it may be gently mixed in the solution of sulphate of copper, care being taken that the mixture is well stirred. Thus a rather thin liquid is obtained, which, if the copper employed is pure, should be of a beautiful .sky-blue colour. In the formation of this preparation of sulphate of copper and lime, there is formed a sulphate of lime (gypsum), and a hydrated oxide of copper, in such proportions as are not dangerous to plants, but which kill the- microscopic fungi on the Potato (Peronospora in- festans). Finally, the plants must not be watered with the water-can, or the solution will reach the roots and kill the plants. It is only necessary to spray the foliage with the solution.”—Gardeners’ Chronicle. CaLirornrA.—After many unsuccessful triais after my landing in this country in 1887 (says a correspondent) I entered the service of the University, and have been appointed Superintendent Botanist of the Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Jackson, Amador County, in the foot-hills of the Sierra. My area comprises 34 acres in the most wonderful location, on the gently sloping hills now covered with Quercus agriifolia, Douglasii, lobata, Oeanothus crassifolius, Arctostaphylos Andersoniana, Aisculus californica, after the grand forests of Pinus Lambertiana, pon- derosa, Sabineana, Libocedrus decurrens, Tsuga Doug- lasii have all been cut down. The people up here cannot forget the days of old and their hydraulic mining, and they are consequently slow in utilising their ‘beautiful soil of Vines, Olives, Peaches, &c., in the thermal belts at 1500—2000 feet elevation! The mild winters seem to turn all the native sons of the Golden West lazy, and newcomers, the “tender feet” from the East, or the boys from the Old Countries, seem to get easily ahead of them. It is a great pity, though, that even situations like mine seem to be dependent upon the changes in the administration of the civil service. I have done very little scientific work indeed. It takes a long time for a foreigher to make his way; but 1 am thoroughly convinced that I have chosen the right country, and 1 took my oath of naturalisation with full faith, My samples of work have secured me the position I fill, and I trust Tam on the right track.—Cardeners’ Ohromede. ANTHRACITE Coau.—I notice in the last volume of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, your correspondent, Thos. Ohristy, on p. 766, highly recommends this fuel for horticultural purposes, and invites some of the large consumers to give their experience of its saving over other fuel. As I am a rather large consumer of this fuel, perhaps it may not be out of place for me to give my experience, which is as fol- lows, I will give one week’s comparisons. It takes 7 tons of coke, at 16s. per ton, which amounts to £5 12s, 27, or 6 tons of the ordinary steam coal, at lds. 6d per ton, which amounts to £4 13s., or 4 tons of diamond anthracite, at17s. 8d. per ton, which amounts to £3 10s. 8d.; so, that by using anthracite I save £2 1s, 6d. per week over coke, or £1 2s. 4d. per week over steam coal. Of course the prices vary very much in different parts of the country, but I am sure if anyone gives it a fair trial, he will be more than satisfied with the results, I may add that there are several spurious kinds of anthrazite offered to the public under the name vf horticultural anthra- cite, and which only end in the disappointment and disaster to the purchasers, and [ would advise anyone who has not as yet given the best quality of anthracite coal a trial, to avail himself of the offer of Mr. Pascoe, Swansea, to supply coal (from his own colliery), which is very important, as you can always depend upon having the same uniform good quality, aud who offers to send to any gardener or nurseryman a sample bag, free of cost and carriage, for trial before ordering the coal in great quantity,— F. L. Jenninas, The Gardens, Roselands, Woolston. —Gardeners’ Chronicle. Horricurrurar INstruction.—The course in horti- culture of the Michigan State Agricultural Oollege includes four general topics:—Pomology, vegetable gardening, floriculture, and seed-growing. The in- struction is given both by lectures and by practical operations in the field. Of the two meth ds of in- struction, it is intended that the field-wo.k shall be the more important. The juniors are given instruction by the Professor, so far as possible, in sections or squads, in budding, grafting, pruning, tilling, harvest- ing, marketing and storing fruits and vegetables. All vegetables which are suited to the climate are grown in the vegetable garden, and all desirable small fruits in the fruit garden, Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry orchards, and two vineyards, are invaluable aids to the observing students, Strdents who desire to follow fruit growing and vegetable gardening can secure here the necessary practical training, The class-room lectures also cover the practical points of the subjects. and enable the student to enter at once. upon’ his field-work. The lectures also treat of the principles of plant-growth and their relations to eultivation of the classification and nomenclature of fruits and vegetables, of hybridisation and cross-fertilisation, and of plant diseases, Instruction is given in the care of hedges, ornamental trees and flowers, and upon the chracters and values of native wild fruits. A few lectures are also given upon the history and literature of horticulture when time permits. A large horticultural laboratory is to be completed by the opening of the spring term, 1889. This will make _ possible the teaching of the higher phases of horti- culture. Landscape gardening is treated as a fine art, and its study is introduced by a discussion of the principles of art in general. Unity, harmony, and variety are discussed at length, and abundant illustrations are drawn from the views and plauts upon the college premises. The principles of the art of ornamental gardening onee understood, they are applied to the ornamentation of parks, cemeteries, and large estates, after which practice the student is able to discriminate the features which can be judiciously applied to the embellishment of highways, school grounds, and country homes. In practical rural embellishment the subject finds its greatest expansion. Finally, the student is given imstruction in rural architecture, in the making of walks and drives, in sodding, grading, &c.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. APRIL 1, 18809. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 661 2 aera eer SE CLEANING PARCHMENT COFFEE IN LONDON. Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, 25th Feb. 1889. Sir,— With reference to my letter of the 21st June last, I am directed to transmit to you a further copy of a despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies forwarding a letter from Messrs. Lewis and Peat on the subject of cleaning parchment coffee in London.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, A. M. ASHMORE, for Oolonial Secretary. (Circular) Downing Street, 10th January 1889. Sir,—In continuation of my circular despatch of the 9th of May last, I have the honour to transmit to you, for publication, a copy ofa letterfrom the Royal Gardens, Kew, enclosing a copy of a further letter from Messrs. Lewis and Peat, on the subject of cleaning parchment coffee in London.—I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient humble servant, KNUTSFORD. KEW GARDENS TO COLONIAL OFFICR. Royal Gardens, Kew, 21st December, 1888. Sir,—In continuation of my letters of 11th April and 23rd April of this year, I am desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to forward a copy ofa further letter received from Messrs. Lewisand Peat, on the subject of cleaning parchment coffee in London. : 2, It appears that, acting on the suggestions contained in the letters above quoted, which Lord Knutsford was good enough to communicate to the (Governors of the West Indian and other Colonies interested in the pro- duction of coffee, shipments of coffee in parchment have been made, and, as regards Jamaica coffee, have pro- duced very encouraging results. A small shipment made from Dominica has not proved so satisfactory, as the parchment coffee in the first instance was not sufficiently dried before \it was shipped. The brokers draw _ parti- cular attention to the fact that imperfectly dried ship- ments are useless,—I am, &c., (Signed) D. Morris. Edward Wingfield, Esq. MESSRS. LEWIS AND PEAT 10 RoyaAL GARDENS, Krw. 6, Mincing Lane, EH. C., 20th December, 1888. Dear Sir,—We beg to draw your attention to the |sale of Some Jamaica coffee sent home in the parchment and cleaned here, and recommend it to the notice of shippers penerally. The parcel D-Br. per ‘‘ Nile” sold as follows :— 5 bags bold colory at 90s per ewt. 5 ,, medium-size colory at 873 » I- ,, small at 76s tp 1 ,, -_peaberry at Sds es which is very encouraging result, We also sold two bags Dominica, but the coffee was not sufficiently dried on the other side, bringing only 76s per cwt. Imperfectly dried shipments are useless.—We are, &c., (Signed) Lrwis & PEAT. D. Morris, Esq., Royal Gardens, Kew. >) TRADE-MARK LAW :—TOWER THA. An important decision in regard to trade names was given in the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice on Tuesday, by Mr. Justice North. The case was the Great Tower Street Tea Com- pany v. Hedley Smith, and the evidence submitted occupied the Court for 11 days. The question at issue had reference to the use of the title “« Tower’ as applied to packed teas. The plaintiff company were incorporated by registration in 1879 to take over the business in the sale of packet tea of Messrs. Lough & Walker, of 41 Great Tower Street. They alleged that shortly after that time their tea became known as, and has ever since been recognised as, ‘‘ Tower Tea.” In 1885 they registered two trade-marks—one for tea and coffee, consisting of the design of a tower or castle, with the word ‘‘ Strength” connected with it and surrounded by the name of the company in a garter; the other simply of the two words “Tower Tea.’ The defendant is the successor to a tea business carried on, first at Muscovy Court by one Holland, later at Harp Lane. This business was commenced in 1878. Since the se- tion was brought the defendant has moved his packet business to Leadenhall Street and his loose tea business to Fenchurch Street. The words “Tower Tea Company” had been used in con- nection with the defendant’s business by both himself and his predecessors. The plaintiff company attempted to make out that the de- fendant had either never had, or had lost his right to use, the title ‘‘ Tower Tea Company,” and that he had so used itas to pass his goods off as their goods, and claimed an injunc- tion to restrain his using that style, using the fancy name of ‘‘Tower Tea,” or passing his goods off as those of the plaintiff company; and the defendant moved to erase from the register of trade-marks the plaintiffs’ registered trade-mark of ‘‘Tower Tea’? on the ground that it was not subject-matter capable of registration within the Patents, Designs, and ‘Trade Marks Act, 1883. It was attempted on behalf of the plantiffs to bring the mark within marks allowed to be regis- tered aS enumerated in section 64, subsection 1 (c) of the Act,—namely, ‘‘A distinctive device, mark, brand, heading, label, ticket, or fancywords not incommon use.’ No objection was taken to the other registered trade-mark of the plantifis. Mr, Aston, Q.c., and Mr. Carpmael appeared for the plantiffs, and Mr. Napier Higgins, @.c., and Mr. Solomon for the defendant. Mr. Justice North, in giving judgment, said it would be most convenient in the first place to deal with the motion. Mr. Carpmael had argued that the expression was a ‘‘fancy word’ within the meaning of the subsection. Upon this point his lordship cited the definitions of ‘‘ fancy words ”’ given by the several Lords Justices, Cotton, Lindley, and Lopes in the leading cases on the subject (‘ Re Van Duzer’s Trade-mark,”’ 34 Ch.D., 623,) re- lating to the word ‘Melrose’ as applied to a ‘‘ Hair Restorer”; the word ‘“ Electric’ as applied to ‘Velveteen,’ and adopted by lord Justice Fry in a still more recent case. Lord Justice Cotton said in respect of a fancy word :—* It must be a word which obviously cannot have reference to any description or designation of where the article is made or what its character is. Lord Justice Lopes said:—‘‘{ think a word, to be a fancy word, must be obviously meaning- less as applied to the article in question.” Mr. Justice North considered both from the nature of the case, and the evidence before him as to the use of the word “Tower” in respect to other articles sold in the neighbourhood and other kinds of business carried on in the same _ neighbour- hood the word ‘ Tower’’ was obviously descriptive ; and therefore ‘‘Tower Tea’ was not a fancy word. The motion, therefore, to have the trade- mark expunged must succeed. As to the action, his Lordship came to the conclusion on the evi- dence that the defendant and his predecessors had bona-jide used the trade-mark before the plaintiffs ; that he had never used it for the purpose of passing off his goods as those of the plaintiffs; and that, in fact, whatever he might have thought without evidence, the evidence clearly established, to his mind, that the two names were not likely to be confused by purchasers; and he dismissed the action with costs, and allowed costs on the higher scale.—Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 2nd. ——. > H. A. HERTZ & CO’S. REVIEW OF THE TEA MARKET FOR 1888. This is a very comprehensive broadsheet giving tho year’s history of the different qualities of China teas, and of Indian, Ceylon and Java Iiuds, witu monthly details of imports, sales, prices, &c. The lowest price for Chiaa is frequently quoted at what must be the entirely unremunerative figure of 34d. per Ib. 662 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | [APRIL 1, 1889. (ee SC NS A RE SE RE er REY RESET ADES SRSE VE TEES SSR SSA AE SNR, The History of Ceylon Teas for each month of 1888 is thus given :— January :—Ceylon Teas.-Weak and drooping for all average grades. Finest descriptions, Bro. Teas, and Dust in good demand and firm, Quality poor; public sales Ceylon, 24,738, import, 1,356,784, delivery, 1,029,318, stock, 3,675,192. February :—Ceylon Teas.—The tone of the market is strong for parcels of quality, which are in small supply, but continues weak for all other grades. Quality poor; public sales Ceylon, 17,309, import, 1,261,250, delivery, 1,060,546, stock, 3,873,896. March :—Ceylon Teas,—Prices generally show harden- ing more decidedly for all Good Teas. Quality shows improvement; public sales Ceylon, 19,464, import, 1,243,966, delivery, 1,084,850, stock, 4,033,012. April:—Ceylon Teas.—Are advancing in value accom- panied by better demand. Improvement in qualit- maintained; public sales Ceylon, 19,173, import, - 1,106,462, delivery, 1,238,420, stock, 3,901,054. May:—Ceylon Teas.—All but really Fine kinds» Bro, Teas and Dust suffer a severe decline. Quality shows again falling off; public sales Ceylon, 27,660, import, 2,015,920, delivery, 1,805,960, stock, 4,617,594. June:—Ceylon Teas.—Improve during latter part of month, and close firmer with better enquiry. Quality remains indifferent; public sales Ceylon, 35,389, import, 2,139,242, delivery, 1,594,208, stock, 5,163,540, July:—Ceylon Teas.—The better tone is fully main- tained, prices continue to harden, and demand is active. Quality slightly improved; public sales Ceylon. $5360, import, 2,040,094, delivery, 2,266,106, stock 4,937,528. August:—Ceylon T'eas.—Prices generally advance and competition is brisk. Quality improved; public sales Ceylon, 34,079, import, 2,412,362, delivery 2,116,702 stock, 5,283,188. September:—Ceylon ‘Teas.—Prices remain strong for Fine and Common grades; intermediate descrip- tions in less good demand, and slightly irregular. Quality good to very good; public sales Ceylon, 27,180, impor, 1,452,408, delivery, 1,873,396, stock, 4,812,200. October :—Ceylon Teas. —Supplies are very moderate, and prices rule higher. Quality well maintained , public sales Ceylon, 25,576, import, 1,691,792, delivery, 1,885,440, stock, 4,616,530. November :—Ceylon Teas.—Gradual weakening of prices for all Medium grades. Quality declining; public sales Ceylon, 22,463, import, 1,588,964, delivery, 1,689,480, stock, 4,522,650: December :—Ueylon Teas.—Further distinct decline in prices, and languid demand, except for Winest lines. Quality indifferent to poor; public sales Ceylon, 22,331, import, 2,015,462, delivery, 1,408,134, stock, 5,129,978. eS INDIAN TEA CROPS. Indian Tea Association, Chamber of Commerce, Calcutta, Feb. 15th, 1889. DEAR SrRs,—In their circular of the 3rd November last the General Committee gave a revised estimate of the probable outturn of the Indian Tea Crop of 1888, based almost entirely upon actual results up to the 30th September, and showing the following figures :— Revised Estimate of Cropof 1888, . 41,869,554 Assam. ase Cachar and Sylhet ay 28,731,581 Darjeeling, Terai and Dooars 17,808,714 Chittagong and Chota-Nagpore ... 1,348,379 Dehra Doon, Kumaon and Kangra, 4,000,000 Private and Native Gardens 2,000,000 95,758,228 The Committee have now the pleasure to hand you the undermentioned figures giving the actual outturn of the crop of 1888 from the returns they have been able to collect from Agents of Tea Gardens and from an estimate of the production of the North-West and of private and native gardens. The figures showing the crop of 1487 are alsogiven for comparison :— Actual Outturn of Crops. 1888. 1887 lb. lb. Assam saa +» 41,865,499 37,849,202 Cachar and Sylhet . 27,345,505 27 156,589 Darjeeling, Terai and Dooars 18,950,822 14,997,805 Chittagong and Chota-Nagpore 1,148,458 1,538,249 Dehra Doon, Kumaon and Kangra... 4,000,000 3,750,000 Private and Native Gardens 3,000,000 1,400,000 96,308,284 86,791,845 —_ The exports to Australia, America and other places to the end of January exceed 34 million 1b., and if to this quantity be added the requirements of Northern India, estimated at 1} million lb., there should remain about 91 million lb. for shipment to Great Britain, if the exports during February, March and April should be equal to those of last year, —Yours faithfully, G. M. Barron, Asst. Secy. a THE CHINA TEA MARKET EXPORT AND PROSPECTS, We quote as follows from a Tea Report dated Foochow, 2nd February :— Now that the Ohinese holidays have arrived, little more business is to be expected. Those Teamen who hold the Stock, which is large for the time of year, are much disappointed, that the stoppage of supplies, should not have created sufficient demand to enable them to quit their holdings. Throughout the season the Natives have done well with all good to fine teas while they have learned that even at low prices, common is not wanted: they are now quite alive to the fact that they must improve the quality of the tea. The resolution of the Kung Yeh Tong to stop supplies in the middle of September last, presents a new feature in the Trade of the Port. The tea Hongs so far, have acted loyally in the matter; and there is no doubt, that, if supported by the foreign buyers, this tea Guild must exercise a. very powerful con- trol over the future of the Foochow tea trade, With- out some such restraining influence, the supply of tea, even at the low prices lately ruling would be prac- tically unlimited. With the departure of the ‘Ching Wo,” and ‘‘Glenearn,” as given below, the Export to Great Britain and the Continent is virtually closed for the season; and shows a decline as compared with last season to same date of 10,221,730 lb. The total Export to Great Britain and the Oonti- ent of Hurope compares with last year as follows:— 1858-89. 1887-88. For London, by steamer 38,653,592 Ib. 43,512,101 lb. For the Continent, by steamer 619,090 ,, 982,411 ,, Total 34,272,782 1b. 44,494,512 Ib. The following are comparative Exports to the dif- ferent Ports of Australia and New Zealand :— j 1888-89. 1887-88. lb. Ib. Syney,..-... es cseeeeeee 6,466,400 6,139,511 Melbourne,............. 12,302,544 12,902,738 Adelaide,......... ae 1,317,355 1,234,680 Out-Ports,........ Beene 1,188,249 1,235,209 New Zealand, .e....... 2,746,592 3,042,729 Total......... 23,971,140 24,554,867 OS THE STORAGE OF THA. IMPORTANT ACTION AGAINST THA WAREHOUSEMEN. EVIDENCE OF EXPERTS IN THE TEA TRADE. In the Queen’s Bench Division last Saturday, the case of Barlow & Brother v. The Proprietors of the City Bonded Tea Warehouses came before Mr. Justice Field and a special jury. This was an action to recover damages for negligent storage of a parcel of tea, and the defence was a denial of negligence ‘ 1 \ Aprit, 1, 1880.| and of damage to the tea. Mr. R.B. Finlay, Q.C., M.P., and Mr. Hollams were counsel for the plain- tiffs; while Mr. R.T. Reid, Q.C., M.P., and Mr. Stuart Sankey were counsel for the defendants. Mr. Finuay, in opening the case, said the plaintiffs, Messrs. Thomas Barlow & Brother, were merchants carrying on business in Fenchurch-street, H.U., and at Manchester, and they had also houses in China and India. The defendants were tea warehousemen, and the action was brought to recover £257 as the loss on a certain parcel of tea which was stored by plaintiffs with defendants, and which, owing to the condition of defendants’ premises, or some other cause, was damaged while under defendants’ care. The tea in question was consigned from Hankow on May 29th, 1888, by the plaintiffs in Ohina to their house in England. The tea was in two parcels, the first parcel being that in respect of which the action was brought. This first parcel was described on the Invoice as A, 1.2, and consisted of 261 packages of Ningchow congo chopped with’ the words “T'sing- sing.” These parcels, which were identical in quality and counterparts of one another, were stored wilh defendants on their arrival in’ England on June 25th. The second parcel was not stored in the same part of the warehouse as the first and this accounted for the fact thet whilo the first parcel was damage} the second was not. Plaintiffs had arranged with Messrs. Ripley, Howse & Co., tea brokers, to sell the first parcel of tea; while the second parcel was confided to other brokers. When the tea arrived the defendants sent samples from the two first chests in each parcel to the importers, and the brokers were supplied on application with their samples to sell from. Mr, Mitchell, the representa- tive of plaintiffs’ house in London, inspected samples of both parcels, and found that they were of a very fine quality and absolutely identical, and he also found they were identical with the samples sent to Messrs. Ripley, Howse & Oo., the selling brokers. The second parcel was speedily sold to a cousider- able extent, and fetched the high price of ls 6d per lb., and the plaintiffs wished to get the same price for the first parcel, as the quelity was identical to the second. His Lorpsuie :—Was this a Mincing-lane sale ? Mr. Frvtay said the tea was not sold by auction but by private contract. Plaintiffs expected to realise the same price for this other parcel, but for some Teason they did not succeed. An offer of Is 53d was madeand refused. The result was the tea remained in defendants’ warehouse until after the 22nd August, when the discovery was made that the tea was damaged, On the 2nd August, there being a demand for this tea, Messrs. Ripley, Howes & Co. sent to take further samples of it, and it was then found that during its stay in defendants’ warehouse the tea had acquired what was known inthe trade as a foreign smell—a damp, appley- cheesy smell. Plaintiffs believed that the tea acquired this smell throueh being impregnated with the fumes arising from wines and spirits stored in the vaults below. Everyone in the trade knew that tea quickly acquired the smell of various things near it, and it would readily acquire a fine orange flavour if placed beside oranges. The capacity of tea to take up odours of this kind varied at different times, but everyone knew that there was great danger of tea acquiring smells, and that it must be kept in a place where there was no possibility of this contagion. The dis- covery of the foreign smell considerably surprised the brokers’ and plaintiffs’ agent, Mr. Mitchell, and the defendants were at once informed of the fact that the tea had deteriorated. The manager tothe defen- dants, Mr. Buchanan, a good judge of tea, admitted that this tea was ‘rather flat.” This gentleman went with Mr, Mitchell and the brokers to the warehouse and took furthe samples, but they all had the same smell. They also took four samples from the socond parcel of tea, which had been kept in a different part of the warhouse. These latter samples did not show the least deterioration from the quality exhibited on their arrival, On Mr. Howse suggesting that the deterioration was due to impregnation with the fumes THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. of wines and spirits, Mr. Buchanan said: “ Oh, that is impossible, as thereis three feet of concrete between these warehouses and the vaults below.” The brokers were then instructed to sell the tea on behalf of those whora it might concern, and it was sold “ according to brokers’s marks.” His Lorpsure:—I suppose the parties agree as to the amount of damages ? Mr. Reip:—I am afraid we cannot, because the market fell 2d a lb. in the two months. Mr. Mircueti, London manager of plaintiffs’ firm, then deposed that part of plaintiffs’ business consisted in exporting home manufactures to Ohina, and in remitting home the proceeds in tea. One of these shipments came by a vessel called the “ Moyune,”’ which arrived in Eng- land on June 25th. Onits arrival the defendants received these two parcels of tea, as had been previously ar- ranged, and Messrs. Ripley, Howse & Oo: had instruc- tions to act as selling brokers. This was the first ar- vival of that season’s tea, On taking the goods into the warehouse defendants forwarded witness samples of both parcels of the tea. He inspected the samplus and found them exactly identical in quality. He had been in the tea trade asa taster nearly twenty years. [Samples or the teas were then handed to the jury for inspection.] It was tea of a very fine quality, His Lorpsuip: What is ‘‘chopping” the tea ? WITNEss said it was probably the name the toa went by, or the merchant’s or seller’s name.* The second parcel of tea was sold at is 6d. per lb. He sold 120 talf-chests on the first day. Fresh samples of tne first parcel were taken on the 22nd Augast to see if it had changed, and it was found that it had a foreign smell, and had very seriously deteriorated. He saw Mr. Howse, tua selling broker, and they went together to the defendants’ office, and afterwards to the warehouse. They went into the room where the tea was stored, and he immediately noticed a very strong smell in the room, which seemed to him exactly the same as the smell on the samples. On that occasion he took four fresh samples from four different packages and found the same smellin each. These packages were stored one upon another in the ordinary way. He complained to Mr. Buchanan, and more samples were drawn from this tea and from the other parcel. It was found that the second parcel, which was stored in another part of the warehouse, was in perfect condition, while the other was damaged, and felt warm to the hand. The temperature of the room in which the damaged tea was stored was very hot, and that might account for the tea being warm. This damaged tea was sold on September 4th by “broker’s marks final at public auction on account of whom it might concern,” and notice was given to the defendants. Witness had an account of the sale showing a loss to the plaintiffs of £257 9s.5d, The counterpart of the tea having sold for ls. 6d. per lb., witness took 1s. 6d. as the basis of the claim, and the difference between that and the actual price realised for the damaged tea was the amount of the loss without reference to market. Cross-examined by Mr. Rerp, Q. c.: This was the first ship that arrived of this season’s tea, and as a rule the first shipment fetches the Lighest price. His Lorpsute: Don’t you give a thousand pounds to the shippers for the first arrival ? WITNEss said that practice had quite gone out of date. The first portion of thesecond parcel was sold for 1s. 6d., but they could not get that price for all of it, Some of it was sold at 1s. 54d., and some was not sold at all. Between June 25th and August 22nd the market price had fallen a little—it might have fallen 1d., but not 2d. When this lot of first parcel was sold at public aucs tion it averaged 1s. 1d. per pound. It was the practice to put two sample packages, representing each parcel in the ship, on the top of the bulk, Sample chests might be carried in the cabin separate from the bulk. The samples taken on tle 25th or 26th of June were taken from the saraple chests. Irom the first parcel of tea samples were drawn on several occasions between June 25th and August 2:2nd by the selling brokers. * Surely a “chop” of tea is a lot of etentical quality ?—Ep. 664 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ApriL x; 1889. His Lorpssip: How do you describe this smell on the tea ? WurtrNuss said it was exactly the smell proceeding from a wine or spirit vault. He admitted writing to his prin- cipals on the 23rd August saying the samples had a smell resembling apples and cheese. It was not exactly a fruity smell. Mr. Rem: Are you a judge of smells in particular ? Witness: I hopenot. (Laughter.) The marks on the tea “Il” meant that if was in fairly good condi- tion, while “1.” signified that it was goimg off, but “A.” meant that it was quite gone off. This tea came from Hankow. Before being sent to England tea had to be cured, and if carelessly cured or packed it had a tendency to go off, When cured or packed in damp weather it was more likely to go off. The season of 1888 was very damp in Hmgland. He was not in China, so could not say what the weather was there, He had not heard on the market that it was a damp season in China. His firm bought none of this tea. Mr. Hows, a member of the firm of Messrs. Ripley, Howse & Oo., of 24, Hastcheap, H. C., tea brokers, said he saw samples which were drawn when the tea arrived on June 25th. It wasthen perfectly sound, and of very'fine quality. The tea remained with the defendants until August, and six or eight samples were drawn between June 25th and August 22nd. Lhe samples were 1 1b. samples. A sample drawn on July 6th was all right, but the samples of August 22nd had a peculiar smell, which was something quite different to smells due to bad curing or damp. Mr. Rei said it might shorten the case if he stated the defendant’s case af once. His first pro- position was that whatever was wrong with this tea was the result of improper treatment or negligence abroad, and that would be supported by skilled evidence. His second point was that the counter- part parcel of tea was exactly the same, and that if one parcel was damaged, so was the other. If the plaintiffs said the ventilators admitted foreign smells into the warehouse, his third proposition was that the ventilators had not been opened during the time the tea was in the warehouse. Mr. Howse, in further evidence, said the quality of the tea was impaired between June 25th and August 220d, from a well-known process going on in the tea itself. The difference between this tea and tea which had “ gone off” through bad curing, bad pack- ing, or a damp season was that this tea was per- fectly crisp to handle, while tea which had been badiy cured in Ohina would be quite spongy and soft, with a peculiar sort of rotten smell. Mr. Fintay: Did this tea present that spongy ap- pearance which characterises tea badly cured? Mr. Howse: Oertainly not. I have been in the tea trade for 26 years, and Lam perfectly familiar with the appearance of tea that has gone off through bad curing. This tea had not that appearance. Mr. Arruur CaprL, tea broker, of Mincing-lane, H. C., said his experience in the trade extendea over something like 50 years, In September he saw 12 or 14 gamplesof this tea. He tested them by tasting and smelling and found them different to the original samples. The samples were more or less out of con- dition. In his report he stated that he was unable from the examination to state what caused the dete- rioration in the tea. He saw some further samples the day before yesterday, ‘hey were also out of condi- tion and worse than the samples he saw previously. They had a “‘winey” smell.—Was the condition of the tea due to bad curing or bad packing? Decidedly not. P His Lokpsuip: To what was the condition of the tea due, in your opinion? To heat in the warehouse. Cross-examined by Mr. Rurp: The term “ winey smell’? was common in the trade. He had experience of tea coming from Ohina with this peculiar smell. He remembered some tea ex ‘ Wild Deer” having this winey smell, but he did not know the cause of the smell. ‘ir, Hertz, tea broker, Mincing-lane, gave evidence that he had had 22 yoars’ experience in the tea trade, and ples of this tea. aud made a last September he examined sam - He drew samples from our packages report as to the condition. He was acquainted with the condition of tea which bad gone off in consequence of bad curing, or careless packing. or packed in bad weather. The term “O.5.,” mentioned in his report, meant that the tea was not ina sound condition. In his opinion the condition of this tea was not dueto careless or bad curing.— Cross-examined by Mr. Reip: He had heard the evidence of Mr. Oapel, and agreed that the term “winey ” smell was common in the trade. The term meant that the tea had a smell similar to that of wine. Mr. Oper (Fergusson & Odell, tea brokers) said he had been a broker for 15 years. On Dec. 8th he in- spected the defendants’ warehouse, where the tea was stored. He saw the ventilator open. He had since examined samples of the tea in dispute, and found they had an odd smell about them.—Was that smell due to bad curing or bad packing in China? It was due to the particular smell in the room where the tea was stored. The smell was particularly noticeable at the ventilator. The smell was a “‘winey” smell. The cause of the smell was the fumes from the wines or spirits that came into the room through the ventilators. Mr. Fintay said he would be satisfied if Mr. Reid admitted that if the ventilators were open the fumes from the wines and spirits could enter the warehouse. Mr. Rep said he was desirous of shortening the en- quiry, and therefore would make the admission asked for. At this point the hearing was adjourned until Mon- day, when Mr, HazLeHurst, a surveyor, gave evidence. —This closed the case for the plaintiffs. Mr. Rei, for the defence, said his case was that the tea in question was not damaged by these fumes or by any fumes, that there was nothing the matter with the tea, except that it had more or less gone off. The jury might be interested to know that the ventilator was not opened during the whole of the time that this tea was in the defendant’s warehouse, and he would call the man who opened the ventilator after the tea left to prove that. : Mr. Tuomas WILLIAM Lewis, manager of the inspect- ing and sampling departments of Messrs. W. & H. Thompson, tea brokers, said that he had acted nearly 26 years in that capacity. On the 3rd September last he went to the defendants’ warehouse and inspected this tea. He inspected about three-fourths of the whole 261 packages which composed fhis parcel. He took tea out of different parts of several packages and took it to his office to test. He put the whole of the tea to a very severe test in this way. He had the first 25 out of each break of 100 chests brought to him, and he had them drawn from the corners and. middle. Atthe conclusion of the examination his opinion was that the teas were in a gradual state of decay, or “going off.’”’—What do you attribute that to? My impression was that the tea had been hastily pre- pared, and that the time of firing had not been sufficient to destroy the vegetable moisture—In your opinion was there any defect in this tea due to the impregnation of fumes of wines or spirits ? Not the slightest.—Do you think it was due to heat in the warehouse? Not atall_—On the 9th of January this year did you draw samples from both parcels: the parcel in question we will call A, and the second parcel D? Yes.—Mr. Reid explained that these were the four samples handed to Mr. Howse.— Witness, continu- ing, said there were two samples of D taken from chests which he had opened at the bottom. The first one opened, chest No. 348, was decidedly out of condition. Tho other, No. 359, was out of condition, but not so bad as the other. He then had two packages of A opened in the same way, and they were also found to be out of condition.—When you say samples of D were out of condition, wasit from the same or a different case as parcel A ? Precisely the same. Mr. Fintay: In lot A wasthetea crisp P Witness: Moderately so.—When tea goes off from bad curing is it crisp ? It depends upon the nature of the tea; tea of a high quality like this would largely retain its crispness. Mr. Wm. THompson (Messrs, W. J. & H. Thompson, tea brokers, Mincing-lane) gave evidence that the last — APRIL 1, 1889,.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 665 se witness brought to him samples of their tea. He ex- amined the samples carefully twice. He saw samples both in September and in January.—Wkat was the con- dition of parcel A? Itwasgone off or going off.—In your judgment was there any defectin that tea caused either by fumes of wines or spirits or by heat? Cer- tainly not.—Do you agree with the last witnessas to the cause P Yes, I do.—Does the tea arriving in Eng- land first sell better or worse than later shipments ? Generally better, if sold at once. His Lorpsuip: What is the usual time for first ar- rivals? Witness: Quitethe end of June or the be- ginningof July. The 25th of June was very early, aud shipments are seldom received betore that time.—If a first shipment sells at once, how much more will it fetch than shipments a week later? Probably 1d alb., be- cause there is nothing like it on the market.—Between June 25th and August 22nd how muchdid the market fall for tea of this description? I should say 2d or more.—I observe from the catalogue that this tea was put up “ brokers marks final,’ what does that mean? It means that the seller does not guarantee the marks placed on the tea by the broker, and the purchaser buys the tea with that notice.—Does “ brokers marks final’ in the catalogue diminish the price ? throws a doubt upon the quality. Cross-examined by Mr. Finuay: I think you have some interest in these warehouses, Mr. Thompson ? None whatever, Mr. Finlay.—Have you had anything to do with the correspondence about this tea? No.— With regard to selling ‘‘ by brokers marks final,” does that influence the sale ? His Lorpsuip: Of course it does. It is like selling @ broker a horse with all faults. I daresay you have done that, Mr. Finlay. (Laughter.) Mr. Fintay. I cannot say that Ihave. Your lord- ship has been more fortunate in that respect than my- self. (Laughter.) His Lordship (to witness:) You heard what was said by the last witness as to the condition of the tea. Did he tell us great stories? Certainly not, my lord. Mr. Rein said it would save time if Mr. inlay would take it from him that Mr. Buck and Mr. Grant Scott agreed with the evidence given by Mr. Thompson. Mr. ORAVEN, examined by Mr. Ruin, said that for twelve consecutive seasons he had been a buyer of tea at Hankow, where this identical tea was bought.— What do you say in reference to the teas of season 1888? It was the worst season out of the twelve that I have been in China as regards weather— Would the effect of the bad weather be to make the tea go off ? The effect of the weather was to make a great many teas go off, especially in the district where this tea came from. This was due to damp. Mr. Jonn Murruy, foreman at defendant’s ware- house, also gave evidence. This was the case for the defendants, Mr. Reid and Mr. Finlay having addressed the jury, His Lorpsuip, in summing up the case to the jury, said they must show by their verdict whether the plaintiffs had satistied them that the damage was due to want of care on the part of defendants. If they were satisfied from the evidence that the plaintiffs had established the fact thatthe defendants had been guilty of some neglect of duty or want of care of the plaiutitfs’ goods, then the plaintiffs were entitled to a verdict, with damages. On the other hand, if the case was not established to their satisfaction, they must find for the defendants, The Jury left the box and retired for about half an hour. On their return into court they found a verdict for the defendants. His Lorpsuipe gave judgment for the defendants accordingly, with costs.—Grocers’ Gazette, Jan. 19th. ————>_-—_————__ CUSTOM IN THE THA TRADE. Yesterday (18th inst.), in the Lord Mayor’s Court, the case of Hodgscm* v. Caffin came on for hearing. It was an action brought by the plaintiffs, Messrs. Hodgson & Eckett, tea brokers, carrying on business at 59, Eastcheap, against the de- * Mr. a M. Gepp is connected with this gentleman.--Hp. Of course ; it fendants, Messrs. Oaffin & Co., tea brokers, of Rood- lane, E. C.,to recover the sum of £22 16s 4d, which plaintiffs alleged they had lost by reason of the defen- dants refusing to carry out a contract to purchasea cer- tain quantity of Indian tea.—Mr. J. Hodgson, one of the plaintiffs, stated that on the 30th of April last the defendants purchased from his firm at a sale by auction 27 chests of pekoe tea at 9¢d per lb. Prior to that the tea had been bulked and samples were sent to the defendants, who afterwards wrote to the plaintiffs de- clining to complete their contract on the ground that the tea was inferior. The plaintiffs wrote back stating that the tea had been sold by auction, and the defend- ants would have to complete. The plaintiffs had to re- sell by auction. The 27 chests of tea were sold to the defendants for £108 6s, buton the 1st of August were resold, the price realised making a lossof £22 16s 4d, which was now sought for. Cross-examined by Mr. Fullerton ; It is notthe custom of the tea trade that if you sell for an unpaid prompt, the tea must be sold tor cash.—His Lordship : Supposing the jury find that the tea was inferior, the plaintiffs’ only remedy was to resell for cash._— Mr. Fullerton: This action is brought against us to recover damages for aresale, but accord- ing to the custom ot the tea trade, the plaintiffs cannot succeed. I am going to proye by one of the best tea experts in London that if the plaintiffs take the tea and sell it as they have done they cannot sue, asthey had no right to resell, because the tea was our property after the auctioneer’s hammer had fallen. The plain- tiffs must abide by the usual custom of the tea trade.— Witness stated that when the novice came from the de- fendants that the tea was defective he went to the docksand sampled the bulk of the tea himself. Evidence having been given as to the bulking and mixing of the tea, Mr. Fullerton, for the defence, contended that the first sale was one by sample, but the bulk was inferior to sample, so they were justified in retusing to carry on their contract.—Mr. Edward Caffin deposed that he had known the teatrade since 1861. He received in April the notice from the plaintiffs of the sale of the Indian teas in question. On the day previous to the sale one of his clerks went and drew asamp!e, no doubt from the show chest. A Mr. Hayley attended the sale on behalf of the witness, and after the sale on the 1st of May samples of tea were drawn trom the bulk. In consequence of what was found more samples were drawn on the 4th of May. They were bad, and witness refused to pay the deposit and returned the weight notes. About the 14th of June Mr. Hodgson called on witness and said that as he was a new merchant with witness he did not wish to reopen the case, but the tea would fall on his hands. Witness told him that in that case he would do everything in his power to help him, but refused to complete his contract, stating that the cause was irregularity in the different chests of tea. Mr. Hodgson demurred, but partly admitted that. The next heard was this action.—Mr. Lewis, secretary of the Yea Brokers’ Association, and Mr. Walter Odell having given evidence asto the custom, the jury stop- ped the case, and founda verdict for the plaintiffs for the full amount claimed. Judgment for the plaintiffs for £22 16s 4d with costs.—Grocers’ Gaxette, Jan, 19th, a WHITE-ANTS AND LIVING PLANTS. The following paragraph occurs in the Jndian Agriculturist :— A controversy is going on in Southern India as to the probability of white-ants destroying plants. A correspondent writing to a contemporary says that such is the fact, which is borne out by native gardeners who are of opinion that these pests are injurious to vegetable life. They say that a plant is seen to be sickly and out of sorts and at last dies; when the dead stock is pulled up it is found that white-ants are entangled in its roots. The point however to be ascertained is whether the ants attack the plants before or after they have withered away. - The insects as is well known attack dead wood and not living plants which are fresh, 666 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889, green, and juicy. The latter would have little attraction for an appetite that is gratified by a post or part of a gate. They would certainly attack wood that is already dry and their presence under the circumstances mentioned might lead casual observers to conclude that they would subsist on arly wood. But until more careful experiments are made, it would be idle-to hazard an opinion. We long contended that white-ants did not attack living tissues, but only dead matter. We were confirmed in the conviction that the termites spared living plants by a very interesting sight which may any day be seen in the Cinnamon Gardens near Colombo,—a cinnamon bush flourishing while grow- ing in the centre of the pyramidal nest, 3 to 6 feet high, of the white-ants. But the Indian tea planters found that the insects paid no such re- spect totea bushes, and accordingly they cleared away all dead wood, instead of allowing it to decay and form fertilizing matter, because the white- ants attracted by the decaying wood proceeded to feed on the living tea plants. On lowcountry estates in Ceylon too, white-ants have proved trouble- some, while coconut planters have to apply ashes to their young plants and take great care to pre- serve them from the attacks of the destructive termites. It remains true, however, that the white- ants generally choose dead matter as their food. a CHYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT. COFFEE—CACAO—TEA— TOBACCO. 25th February 1889. As to vegetation, good blossoms should be roasted out, and correr looks as if it intended to do it if it got any kind of chance in the shape of a shower. Cacao is various. The trees that have just borne a big crop are resting: no sign of blossom whatever, whereas those that did little during the autumn crop are well to the front with a fair show of fruit set. On the wholeI think it is looking well. Tra is all but shut up. We all say “if we only had rain.”” That too will come; meanwhile everything is parched, and weakly supplies are finding life not worth the living and giving up the struggle. The numbers of those who intend to make a fortune by Topacco go on increasing, I faney when published there should be a considerable Tun on your 7obacco Manual, where the knowledge will be definite, instead of what obtains at present, which consists pretty much of nods and winks. All the same it is quite astonishing how satisfied a man is with this kind of indefinite information, and how he is prepared to build a happy future on it. PEPPERCORN, pa INDIAN THA IN AMERICA. We hear that the project for establishing markets for tea in. the United States has been received with favour. Shareholders in tea concerns, as well as brokers and dealers in the Lane, are supporting it in the belief that it is likely to prove a great suecess. Mr. Macgregor, who has control of the atrangement in America, is very sanguine ag to the results, and he is prepared to back his opinion. Lhe directors mean business, and all concerned are firm in the belief that before very long the American market will absorb a large quantity of Indian tea,—H, &@ OC, Mail. THE DEMAND FOR CEYLON TEA INCREASING RAPIDLY. The Colonies and India says :—The Ceylon Cham- ber of Commerce export figures from October 1st, 1888, to January 3rd, 1889, are as follows :—Coftee, 20,630 ewt.; cinchona, 3,354,521 |b.; tea, 6,983,686 lb.; cocoa, 1,464 ewt.; cardamoms, 55,761 lb. Over 3,000 tons of tea for a single quarter is not by any means a bad sign for this industry. The demand for Ceylon tea is increasing rapidly on this side, and as the planters appear to be going in pluckily for its production, we may expect to see these figures rapidly rising, AE SAS no SSA eae THE YATADERIA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. The first annual general meeting of the Yataderia Tea Company, Limited, was heldat the offices, 21 Baillie Street, Colombo, yesterday (Feb. 28th) afternoon, Mr. H. K. Rutherford, Managing Director, in the chair. The following shareholders were represented, viz.:— Messrs. H. V. Masefield, J. H. Starey, J. K. Fair- weather, S. L. Harries, H. Tarrant, W. Mackenzie, D. Fairweather, A. P. Orawley-Boevey, W. Church, and G. J. Jameson(by attorney), and the acting Se- eretary, Mr. T. Wright. Notice convening the meeting having been read the report and accounts for 1883 were laid before the meet- ing and taken as read. The CuHarRMAn said that he trusted the shareholders would adopt the report which the Directors had sub- mitted to them, and he congratulated the shareholders on the favourable position of the Company and strongly advocated their support in keeping the capital outlay per acre at as low a limit as possible, as it was only by having a low capital charge per acre that Ceylon or Indian tea companies could hope to skow satisfactory dividends in the future if the price of tea continued to fall as it had so markedly done during the past year. He attributed the low prices of the Oompany’s teas in a great measure to the temporary arrangements for manufacture, but it was to be hoped when the new factory was completed and the machinery installed that the Oompany’s teas would not be below the Ceylonaverage price. Mr. Michie, the Engineer, had visited the property in the dry season and reported that there was sufficient water with a fall of 250 feet to drive the machinery ne- cessary. A few of the shareholders had lately visited the Company’s property, and he was glad to learn from these gentlemen, that they ¢onsidered the growth of the tea and the condition of the estate in every way encouraging for the future prospects of the Company. Mr. Srarpy said he considered the report satis- factory, and asked if its acceptance involved adopt- ing the policy proposed by the Directors to develop the estate out of profits. The Chairman pointed out that it did so as far as the past year was .con- cerned. Mr. Srarry then moved and Mr. MAsEFIELD seconded —‘ That the report and accounts of the Directors be adopted.”— Carried. Report of the Directors to be submitted at the First Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at the offices of the Company on 28th February 1889. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st December 1888, duly audited. The net profit on the year’s working, as shown by the account, is R2,957°46, and the Directors propose that this Or, balance be carried forward to the workiig account for 1889, Owing, in » large degree, to the imperfect Factory — accommodation for manufacturing the teas, and the _ depressed state of the Tea Market, the Directors re- gret the price realized for the Company’s teas fell short of their expectations. The amount of tea crop, how- ever, exceeded the estimate by 9,940 1b. Apri, 1, 1889] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 667 172 acres of tea, 3} years old. The yield per acre was 404 1b. This yield is encouraging, and the new lands opened should, the Directors aie confident, yield much heavier crops than the 172 acres. As no prospectus was issued at the formation of the Oompany, it is considered advisable in this report to inform the Shareholders as to the prospects which may reasonably be looked for in the future. The Oompany’s property consists of :— 172 acres tea in bearing, planted in 1885. 208 ,, do 1887. TOO) do 1888. 70 ,, being opened. 293 Forest. ” 843 acres Total. The amount of uncalled capital is 810,000 and in order to construct the necessary buildings and New ‘Tea Factory, and equip the same with Machinery, it will probably be necessary to expend R15,000 over and above this sum. The Directors propose to develope the estate to the extent of bringing 550 acres of tea into bearing and build and equip the Factory entirely out of profits. By adopting this course the Company would place itself in a very strong position, asit would then possess 550 acres of tea, with Factory and Machinery, and 293 acres of forest at acapital rate of R350, (or say £25 sterling,) per cultivated acres. The property, the Directors estimate, would thus be capable of yielding gradually increasing dividends up to 20 per cent. and they base this statement on the following calculations :— A yield of 600 lb. per acre (when the 550 acres are in bearing) with the selling price of tea in Colombo ... 5 and cost of production atcents 40 » 28 Profit per lb. ... o00 5 cents 12 would yield a return of R72 per acre, which equals 20 per cent on a capital outlay of R350 per acre. The Directors would therefore strongly advocate the support of the Shareholders to the policy they propose. Tt will be necessary for the Shareholders to elect a new Board of Office-bearers and fix the remuneration to Directors: H. K. Ruruerrorp, Managing Director. Davin FarrweatuHer, A. P, ORAWLEY-BoEVEyY, Directors. 16th February, 1889. ' OAPITAL AND LIABILITIES. I. CAPITAL. Dr. R. Cc. 1,700 Shares of [100 fully paid up 170,000 00 200 00 on which R50 paid 10,000 60 180,000 00 Il, Dersrs OwInG By THE COMPANY. To balance due Superintendent for salary & Ooolies wages ... 1,240 02 To Ohetty for Rice supplies ee) 6,806 48 To Sundry supplics of Tea Seed, Kc. 6,042 22 To Oarson & Co., for sundries 1,932 23 To Auditors’s Fees 52 50 16,073 46 VI. Prorrr And Loss. Per balance ... reo me 2,957 46 R199,030 91 PROPERTY AND ASSETS. IIL. Proprerty (Immoveanry)—Henp BY THE Or. OomPany. R. c. Purchase of Northbrook, Matalawa, Yataderia Estates 140,000 00 Land since purchased 2,077 81 Improvements on Estates 10,152 71 Cultivation of 208 acres not in bearing 6,120 00 Buildings ... abe at fe 3,075 46 160,925 98 — TRopeRtY (MOvEABLE)—HELD by THE COMPANY. Machinery... ae jae aa bf 3,119 33 Tea Nurseries ... wae 5,489 83 8,609 QL IV. Desrs Owine To tHE CompAany—Oon- SIDERED Goon. Advances (Coast) 3,814 94 Other Advances... os oie ab 144 67 Estimated value of Shipments sold but not yet accounted for ... hes 3,733 31 Estimated value of Tea in Colombo or enroute ace ee 8,811 10 11,504 02 Disbursements on account crop 1889 2,797 80 V. Casu—In Bank = 15,189 02 In hand ... ae 88 15,193 90 R199,030 91 Prorir aNbp Loss Accoun’. Dr. R To Cultivation expenses R 4,808 47 » Manufacturing expenses 11,536 86 », General charges, supervision, &c.9,098 46 — 25,443 79 ,, Legal Expenses—formation of Ooy. 1,445 50 5, Stationary, Postagesand Petties 249 85 ,, Auditor’s Fees ass 52 50 » Lnterest 9 61 », Balance 2,957 46 R30,158 71 Audited and found correct-—Joun Gururin, 15th February 1889. Auditor, R c Or. By local Sales of Made Tea 42,202 Ib. 21,068 Ib. Green Leaf =-Made Tea 5,267 lb.—=47,469 1b. 18,923 91 22,471 lb. 11,207 30 30,131 21 27 +50 ” ” » », Shipments of Tea 5, Transfer fees GO R30,158 71 H.'K. Ruruerrorp, Managing Director, ; \ piteotars DAVID FAIRWEATHER, A. P. Craw try-BoEvey, Grorcr J. JAMESON, Secretary. Colombo, 15th February 1889. Mr. Mackenzie begged to point out to the meet- ing that as the Company was a small one, it was absolutely necessary to curtail expenditure of esta- blishments as much as possible, as it could not stand the drain in that respect like much larger companies ; he therefore proposed that the office of Managing Director and Secretary be held by one person, and thought the Company could not do better than appoint Mr. J. H. Starey for this work, as the present Managing Director was proceeding to England.—This was seconded by Mr. D. Fairweather and unanimously carried. : The CHAIRMAN then proposed and Mr. A. P. Craw- - LbY-Borvey seconded the resolution: —‘‘That Mr. H. V. Masefield be elected a Director in place of Mr. A. P, Crawley-Boevey and that Mr. D. Fairweather retain his seat on the board as Director.”—Carried. Proposed by Mr. W. Mackrnzin:—“That the Directors’ and Secretary’s remuneration for the year 1889 be covered by the sum of R1,600, the amount to be apportioned by the directors themselves.’’—Oarried. Proposed by Mr. J. R. FAIRWFATHER and seconded by Mr. J. H. Srarry:— That Mr.J. Guthrie be ap- pointed anditor for the year and that his fee be fixed at R52°50”.—Carried. Proposed by Mx. MasrriznD and seconded by Mr. Tanranr :—* That the retiring directors be remune- rated for their services during the past year as follows, viz: The Managing Director R50 and the other two directors ut R150 each.’—Carried. 668 THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. a Proposed by Mr. H, K. Rururrorp and seconded by Mr. J. BR. FArrwearaer:—“That the balance of the Company’s capital of R 10,000 be called upon the 1st of May next, say R50 per share on 200 shares.” A vote of thanks to the chair terminated the pro- ceedings. —_—_— —_ EFFECT OF SALT ON COCONUT PALMS, A correspondent writes :— “JT had charge of an estate in Kurunegala on which there were afew coconut trees growing near the bungalow—some eight of them I think. They were in a most disreputable state: leaves all beetle-eaten, and generally out of condition. I applied # of a bushel of salt to them and the effect was quite magical, in a few weeks they had pnt out new leaves and flower. The elevation was about 1,800 feet above the sea.” Was the ground well stirred, was the salt well- spread or put close to the roots, and was any other application made ? Ly NETHERLANDS INDIA NEWS. WeELcomE RAINs. A long drought which had prevailed in Java for months did not break up till last month, when the long delayed monsoon rains fairly set in. In several districts, the welcome showers fell too late to save the rice crop. The Java Bode points out under this head the remissness of the Government in laying cut irrigation works in the island. The protracted drought has proved a benefit to coffee planters by en- suring them an abundant crop on high lying estates, SUGAR, The sugar planters on the other hand have every reason to feel uneasiness. A canker called “sereh” has become of late widely prevalent in west Java among sugar estates, where it attacks the roots of the cane. East Java has so far been exempt from its ravages. But the disease has been conveyed thither in plant cane from the stricken districts. Now that the rains are fairly on, it remains to be seen whether the dreaded disease has gained a permanent footing in that part of the island. REMEDY FOR BERI BERI. The Batavia Nvewvsblad, calls attention to the fact that Mr. Ross, the proprietor of the Cocos islands, a dependancy of the Straits Settlements, owns a spring there which possesses medical properties of high value in curing beri beri patients. This fact has long been known in the islands. Mr. Ross has decided upon giving the spring water a fair test. Ten thousand bottles of it have been forwarded by him to Batavia for experimenting with beri beri patients. The Niewwsblad doubts very much the suc- cess of the experiment, unless it be conducted under conditions similar to those prevailing in the Oocos. There beri beri patients are taken by boat to the islet where the spring is. The taste of the water is none of the pleasantest, and nobody would drink it for pleasure. But there is no other water on the islet, and the patients must drink it, sothat they soon get accustomed to the flavour. Besides, the atmosphere and the soil of the islet are quite different from those to be found in insanitary Batavia, and may form impor- tant factorsin the cure.—Straits Times, Feb. 18th. [If the water cures beri-beri, it mustbe by killing the organisms which produce the disease.—Ep.| a DELI NEWS. (From Hachanges to the 9th Keb.) ASSAHAN. From all appearances, Assahan is coming into marked favour for tobacco growing purposes, In that line, it ranks next after Deli and Langkat, and evidently has a bright future. T'wo other districts, Padang and Pagurawan, have come under notice as fields for planting enterprise, but the estates opened up there have not turned out satisfactorily, and the small area of available land tends only for dis- couragement. The average price realised for the 1887 tobacco crop from Assahan has proved highly satisfactory compared with Deli. The crop for iast year looks very promising, both in quantity and quality: Experts in Europe kave a high opinion of the latter, judging from samples shown them. The consequence is a wide extension of tobacco cultivation in Assahan. Last year’s tobacco crop there averages 7% piculs per field. It is manifest that Assahan to- bacco. now attracts more attention than formerly, and that the quality improves year after year. It can now hardly be distinguished from the Deli article as regards the general appearance of the leaf. Just as is the case in that settlement, Assahan turns out much dark-coloured tobacco which burns below the mark, but that showing clear brown colour cannot, it is said, be improved upon. This year there is every prospect of 2,000 fields being under cultivation, from which, should weather permit, one and a half million pounds of tobacco may be raised. Steps have been also taken to extend still further the cultivation of the leaf. Should the next tobacco sales strengthen the above-mentioned favourable opinion, the future of Assahan will be ensured, and Deli have a formidable competitor to reckon with. ESTATE SPECULATION IN LONDON. In London recently, fifteen thousand shares, value one pound sterling each, of the Sumatra Tobacco Plantations Company have been offered for allotment, The company has been set up to buy eighty-two thousand acres of land in Serdang to carry on cul- tivation and trade. in tobacco. ToBACCO CULTIVATION IN SUMATRA AND BORNEO. M, Charlier, the Belgian Consul General at Batavia, has brought out an interesting report on an investi- gation tour he lately made in the Netherlands Hast Indies. He especially calls attention to the steadily increasing cultivation of tobacco both in Sumatra and Borneo, and turns this fact to account by endeayour- ing to arouse his younger compatriots to try their luck in these parts of the world.—Straits Times, Feb. 18th. a COLOMBO COMMERCIAL COMPANY, LIMITED. Directors.—John Brown, Esq. Chairman; Edward Conder, Esq.; H. H. Potts, Hsq.; L. Famin, Hsq.; Norman Stewart, Esq. : Report.—Presented to the Fourteenth Ordinary General Meeting of the Company, on Wednesday, the 13th day of February last. The following Annual Accounts are now presented to shareholders, viz.:— Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 30th September, 1888. Balance Sheet made up to 30th September, 1888. From these it will be seen that, after writing up the sum of £807 16s 11d to Machinery Account, the year’s operations have resulted in a Profit of £1,156 18s 1ld, which, with the Balance of £11 2s brought forward from last year, gives a total of £1,168 0s lid at the credit of Profit and Loss. The Directors propose that the sum of £1,089 be now devoted to the payment of the Dividend in full on the 6 per cent Preference Shares for the year ending 30th September last, and the balance of £79 Os 11d be carried forward to next account. The sum of £807 16s 11d now debited to Machinery Account, as above stated, is on account tea appli- ances erected on the Company’s estates during the year. This account now stands in the Oompany’s books at £2,408 4s 1d,a portion of which will be written off yearly out of profits as may be deemed desirable by the Board. During the past year new Debentures to the extent of £2,800 have been issued, bringing the total Deben- ture Issue up to £10,200, Apri 1, 1889.] THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. The planting operations of the Company, so far as the result obtained is conerned, have again proved disappointing to the Board, andit is on this account that the net profit shown on the year’s working is less than was anticipated, as the Board have every reason to be satistied with the progress of the Oom- pany’s general mercantile business. The Directors tully anticipate that this latter will steadily continue to increase with the improving prosperity of Oeylon, which is yearly being brought about by the maturing of the large areas of tea planted in the island. The unlooked for result of the planting operations of the Company during the past year was due to cir- cumstances which no foresight could control, and which in amore or less degree affected the whole planting community of Ceylon. During the early part of the past year, Oeylon was visited by a drought of unprecedented severity and duration, and for some three and a half months many of the Company's own and their constituents’ Hstates were practically with- out a drop of rain; such a want of moisture would of necessity have a marked effect on acrop like Tea, where the yield is dependent on the bushes con- stently throwing out new leaves, and the result was that on very many Estates the yield of Tea fell far short of estimated returns, in several cases resulting in a loss instead of a profit. The Company, moreover, incurred considerable ex- penditure during the past year on Tea Factories, Planting, Nurseries, &c., and as only a small portion of the Tea on their properties is in full bearing, it was impossible that the crop secured during such an untoward season could cover expenditure ; although the Board are glad to say that some of their Estates gave better yields than they had looked for under the circumstances, So far as the year has gone the present season has been a favourable one for the growth of Tea, and on the Company’s Estates, where there is now a total area of 1,092 acres under Tea, the yield has been very Satisfactory and largely in excess of the past season ; and as during the present year there is no necessity for the expenditure of any considerable sum on Factories, &c., the Board look forward with con- fidence to a greatly improved result in the Com- papy’s planting operations. The Board -would briefly refer to the other products in which the Company is in a minor degree interested. Coffee, formerly the mainstay of Ceylon, is more and more becoming a thing of the past, and it is un- safe to base any calculations on the future of this product. The Board are, therefore, glad to say that the future prosperity of the Company depends almost entirely upon tea, which preductis gradually supplant- ing coffee on nearly the whole area of their estates. The Company still has a considerable area of cin- chona bark, which is growing well; but the price which this article at present realises in the London market does not warrant the Directors in looking to it for any considerable profit during the year. The supply from Ceylon will now no doubt rapidly decrease, tea having been planted where cinchona formerly stood, and a more paying range of price may then be looked for. The following figures show the total exports of coffee, tea, andestimates for the cinchona from Ceylon for a series of years and thecurrent season. It will be seen from the latter that a very large increase in the produc- tion of tea is expected, and that there willagain bea large falling off in the coftee crop ascompared with previous years. Total Shipments of Ooffee, Tea, and Cinchona from Ceyion, for the year ending 30th September, Coffee Tea Cinchona. cwt. lb. i 1877 ee 943,000 1,775 56,500 1884 323,000 2,268,000 11,493,000 1885 ate 314,000 3,797.000 11,678,000 1886 «+ 223,000 7,170,000 +: 15,365,000 1887 300 180,400 12,000,000 14,400,000 1888 mens 136,300 20,756,000 11,700,000 Estimate forthe year ending 30th September, 1889 coy 80,000 35,000,000 9,000,000 Mr. John Brown, Chairman of the Board, left for Ceylon in December, and will inspect the properties in which the Company is interested. Mr. H. H. Potts, a member of the Board, retires from office on this occasion, and being eligible offers himself for re-election. Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths tors, also offer themselves for re-election. J. ALEc, RoBERTs, By order, London, 5th February 1889. & Co., the Audi- Secretary. Bauance Suezt, 30ru SeprempBur, 1888. Dr. Capital Authorised— 10,000 Ordinary Shares of £10 each ... are 20,0006 per cent, Prefer- ence Shares of £5 each To Capital issued— 10,000 Ordinary Shares, £7 paid ans cae 3,630 Preference Shares, £5 paid ose Do Debentures, Do Bills Payable ... are Do Loans, Ceylcn... e's Do Loans, London... Do Sundry Creditors, Ceylon Do Sundry Creditors, London Do Profit and Loss Balance,., Cr. By Colombo Establishment— Freeheld Premises, Build- ings, Machinery, &c. ... Do Estates toe As per last Account... Do Machinery, &c.,, as per last account ead eee Do Amount added during the year oe on Do Advances against Crops... Do Sundry Debtors, Ceylen Do Stock of Bones, Stores, Furniture, &c., in Ceylon Do Cash at Bankers and hand, Ceylon... Less Exchange Do Sundry Debtors, London... 10h & Sa e 100,000 0 0 100,000 0 0 £200,000 0 0 70,000 0 0 18,150 0 0 £ Sand 20,000 0 0 70,000 v O 1,600 7 2 807 16 11 2,408 4 1 16,779 6 11 9,082 18 1 10,313 15 1 8ll 14 2 Do Produce in London and afloat Do Office Furniture, London Do Cash at Bankers and in hand, London Audited and found correct, Dexoirre, Dever, Grirrirus & Co., Chartered Accountants, 4, Lothbury, London, Ei, C. 4th February, 1889, 1887-88, ENDING 380TH Dr, To Salaries and Office Expenses, Colombo Office Mxpenses, To Rent, Salaries and London ,.. To Directors’ Fees Prorir AND Loss Ascounr To Managing Directors’ Fee to Mr, Brown, which includes ex- penses of his present visit to Ceylon £ Ss. 'd. 88,150 0 0 10,200 0. 0 8,904 15 1 6,400 0 0 2,000 0 0 4,266 3 5 1,796 14 9 1,163 O11 £122,885 14 2 £30,000 0 0 39,345 18 4 129,345 18 4 13,376 18 9 115,968 19 7 1,400 5 9 3,566 4 10 150 0 0 1,800 4 0 £)22,885 14 2 ror YEAR SEPTEMBER, 1888. £ sid. aes 1,761 12 10 ie est 303 5 U -. £100 0 0 we 200 0 0 —_—_——-- 800 0 O THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [APrit. 1, 1885. —_ siti To Audit Fee 26 5 0 To Income Tax an 2919 0 To Interest on Debentures “8 44810 0 To Balance carried down—Profit ... 1,156 18 11 £4,026 10 9 To balance carried to Balance Sheet 1,168 0 11 £1,168 0 11 Cr, £ s. d, By Profit on Curing, Milling, and General Trading Account on on 4,026 10 9 £4,026 10 9 By Balance brought down—Profit 1887-88 noe 1,156 18 11 By Balance from last Account - £60019 6 Less Dividend paid Feb., 1888 58917 6 — 11 20 £1,168 011 nee ee DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, February 7th. AnnATro.—Hight cases good Paste from Ceylon are limited at 2s 6d per lb., a price which is far above the current market rates. Five packages Ceylon Seed sold at 1d for dark to 240 per lb for good bright ; and thirteen bags slightly brown mixed Java seed realised 2d per lb. Of sixteen baskets fairly good Bra- zilian Roll annatto, six were disposed of at 10d per lb. CarpAMoms.—Notwithstanding the rather heavy sup- ply offered today, the first lots soll at very steady prices, and several parcels were practically withdrawn, being held much above market value. Gradually the demand improved, asa rather heavy quantity was bought for American account, and prices advanced ‘irregularly from 2d to occasionally 5dperlb. The following rates were obtained; Coylon Malabar, good heavy round, pale, slightly warty 3s 1d to 3s2d; mixed sizes and shapes, pale bleached 2s 9d; fair small to medium round 2s 6d; small yellow round 2s 3d ; rather shelly pale 2s; small to medium to very small grey 1s 7d to ls 5d; specky and brownish mixed 1s 4d. Mysore medium to bold round pale 8s 3d to 3s 5d; long, very pale, but rather light 2s 8d to 2s 94; medium to bold pale round 8s to 3s 2d; smaller 2s 8d; medium round and long mixed, brownish 2s 4d to 2s 5d. True Malabar good even, medium-sized,round yellow 2s 6d; smaller 2s 4d; grey medium, partly mouldy 2s; shells and pickings 6d per Ib. Wild Ceylon, fine bold strong to small 2s 2d to 9d. Seeds 1s 7d up to 2s per lb for good dark. The shipments of cardamoms from Ceylon during the latter half of December and the commence- ment of January were rather heavy, and nearly the whole of these exports has been consigned to London; but still the shipments are very far below last season’s. The figures for the periods between Oct. 1st and Jany. 10th are : 1888-89, 66,719 lb ; 1887-8, 108,963 lb ; 1886-7, 66,154 Ib. CincHonA.—There was a good supply of flat Calisaya bark as today’s auctions, but only a few packages sold at 1s 9d to 10d per lb for good yellow quality. The following are the figures relating to the shipments from Oeylon in the periods between October 1st and Janu- ary 10th, 1888-89, 3,506,677 Ib; 1887-88, 2,609,122 lb; 1886-87, 4,156,160 lb. Up to the present a quantity equal to 636,160 lb of Java bark is advertised for auction at the next Amsterdam sajes,on February 21st. The greater part of this has now been analysed, the average equivalent of quinine sulphate being 3} percent. Oroton Sprp.—Five bags good bright Oeylon seed sold at 14s per ewt. very cheaply. EssentiAu Orr.—Citronella remains dull and neglected at id to 15-l6thsd. per oz. for native brands. The enormous quantity of 636,274 oz left Galle on Decem- ber 17th for Hamburg, per steamer “ Nyanza”; and the shipments now exceed the total of any previous corresponding period. A lot of Oinnamon oil of very dark colour and acrid taste was bought in at 8d per oz, Oil of lemon reported firmer in Italy, Of Fisher’s Nutmeg oil three cases were bought in at 7d per oz., and the same brand of Patchouly oil at 1s 9d per oz, QUININE has been very quiet this week, Sales of the Brunswick brand at Is 3d peroz for distant delivery in first hand, and 1s 24d per oz in second hand, are reported; but otherwise the article has been stagnant. } Vanitia.—The demand continues unabated, though fine beans did not appear to sell quite so well today and must be quoted as a shade easier, but medium and common grades were full up. The whole of the sup- ply offered sold as follows :—Good to fine chocolate slightly erystalised 5% to 9 inches, 15s to 24s; very fine 8 to 9, 248 to 26s 6d; one lot 74, 298; good dark chocolate 6 to 73, 14s to18s6d; 4% to 5% ditto 10s 6dto 12s 6d; fair dry brownish 4% to 8, 8s to 15s; foxy 6s6d to 8s 6d per lb.—Chemist and Druggist. THE AMERICAN MARKETS. New York, January 26th. Quinine for consumptive purposes has sold quite liberally during the past week, but speculative interest has in a great measure subsided. Spot German, in large bulk, is held, and selling in small quantities at 30c¢ to 3le, but for February-March shipment there are sellers at 29c; but this latter figure fails to arouse any special attention from those a are usually looked to as large buyers. —Chemist and Druyyist. COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF TEA BY THE LEADING NATIONS OF THE WORLD: NECESSI1Y OF CULTIVATING NEW MARKETS. Well may Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton say, in the diagram-illustrated circular they have just issued, that production has already overtaken consumption, and that the necessity of opening and pushing new markets is urgent. It will be small comfort to Indian and Ceylon planters if, in ousting China teas from the British market, they do so by bringing down the prices of their own superior produce to an unremunerative level. That level has surely nearly been touched, notwithstanding all economies in production, for medium Indian pekoe and souchong have gone down respectively to 9d and 8d per lb. in 1888 against 1s 3d for each in 1879. The present low prices ought to encourage the consumption of Indian teas in Continental and other markets, but we scarcely think there is much margin for further reductions. The heavy duties on tea, in almost all cases heavier than those on coffee, tell against the leaf in many places. But this is not the case in the United States, where both are equally free. So strongly, however, have the cheap coffees of Brazil and the “‘ mild” coffees of Jaya got hold of the publie taste, that America is but little behind Holland in the consumption of the fragrant berry, per caput. Aad, although the consumption of tea has, of late years, increased in the United States, yet with no duty there, instead of 6d per lb.in Britain and with fully one-third more population, the great re- public consumes lessthan half the quantity of tea used in the British isles, the figures being 90 millions only to 1854 millions in Britain. Apart from the Chinese, many of whom, however, are too poor to drink tea, the British race are by far {the greatest consumers of tea of any race in the world. The more recent off shoots from Britain have improved upon the mother-country and the colony which has been called “the Britain of the South,’ New Zealand, has the proud distinction of using more tea per head of the population than any country in the world, not excepting China, where the rich and the fairly well-to-do drink tea largely, but the poorer millions none at all, The Australian colonies APRIL 1, 1889.1] THE TROPICAL AGRICUL TURIST. 641 run New Zealand close, the classification of Britain and her colonies standing in order of pre-eminence thus :— OountTRIES. CONSUMPTION OF TEA PFR CAPUT, New Zealand 7°65 |b Australian Colonies 750 ,, Tasmania oo 5°40 ,, Great Britain 4-95 5, Newfoundland 4°35 ,, Oanada : BHD e Bermuda ver 200 3°46 ,, Oape Colony G00 coo 0°80 .,, Natal (produces some tea) oss 0:76 ,, Mauritius 0:70 ,, Considering the preponderance of the negro race in Bermuda, the figures for that colony are ex- traordinary. Pity toat those for Jamaica and the other West India Islands and for British Guiana and the West African settlements are not compared. The consumption per head in the United States is only 1:46 per head, while Russia, with her enormous population, shows a rate per caput of only 0°70 lb. Holland, although the greatest con- sumer of coffee per head in the world, comes near the United States in tea consumption, the rate for each head of the population being 1:20 1b. Most of the other countries show miserable figures : Italy, indeed being represented by ciphers! Austria- Hungary, Roumania and Spain are each represented by 002! France, Belgium and Sweden by 0:03. Switzerland and Morocco by 0:08. Germany and Nor- way by 0:09. Portugal0:12. Persiaby 0:13. Then come more respectable fractions: the Argentine Republic (which grows its own maté) 0°30 ; Uruguay 0:34; and Denmark 0:37. It will thus be seen that there is much room for the introduction of India and Ceylon teas, not only where China kinds have already possession of the field, as in the United States and Canada, Russia and the Australian colonies, but where tea is not used at all or only to a fragmentary extent as a high-priced luxury or a medicine, having, as in South America to com- pete with a formidable antagonist in mate, not to speak of hérb teas elsewhere. ‘Tea missionaries are wanted, men who can conscientiously advocate the use of teas which are absolutely pure against not only alcoholic beverages, but infusions of inferior China, or vegetable substitutes. The idea to form a Company for pushing our teas amongst consumers in the southern heimsphere, could not have been started at a more opportune moment. There ig also room for similar combinations to attack the markets of America and of Russia (if that miserably narrow power permits) and the continent of Kurope generally, while there is room for action in South and Central America and in parts of Africa. If peace can only be preserved, the Paris Exhibition ought to help ourstaple: and so much besides that depends on the nations refusing to allow the enormous armaments they have provided to be used.—In the imposition of duties on tea, positive enmity to the article as a competitor with coffee seems sometimes to be shown. Greece has the bad eminence of the highest duty ls 13d on tea and only 2#d on coffee. France comes next with 9d to 114d against 6%d to 9d. Austria-Hun- gary has 9d against 41 to 54d. Germany 54d against 2d to 2} an! Holland (whose own chief colony grows tea) 2} while coffee is free. Curiously enough the greatest consumer of tea per heal, New Zealand, exacts a duty of 6d on tea. —___4___—_———_——— ‘« GAMBIER.” “Gambier” forms the subject of correspond- ence in today’s issue. From the Eastern Archi- pelago we carricd away vivid impression of the devastating effect on the soil of two pursuits: the culture of tobacco in Java and the manufacture of the astringent substance called gambir from the leaves of Uncaria gambir (a plant belonging to the same natural order as the cinchona) in Singapore. The result in both cases has been the same: large tracts of once fertile land so im- poverished, that they can now grow only the lalang or alang-alang grass,—the ilwk of Ceylon,—or the ubiguitous lantana, although in most cases, ‘ the survival of the fittest”? principle has given the coarse grass the victory. We saw some of the remaining gambir plants. straggling and shabby, in portions of Singapore island, which the Chinese squatters had been permitted to devastate, and we believe we have seen similar plants in Ceylon. They are, probably enough, indigenous to Ceylon, but we think not abundant, and with our impression carried away from Singapore. we must express the trust that the culture and manufacture of gambir,—or the manufacture rather,—may be left to the inhabitants of the Riouw group of islands belonging to the Dutch, where there is abundance of the plant in the form of jungle, and where land for other purposes is neither scarce nor valuable. We have small ambition to sea Ceylon add the manufacture of one of the most powerful astrin- gents in the world to her large production of a nut, the areca, only second in astringent properties to the leaves of Uncaria gambiv. The nuts of our graceful palm require no preparation, save drying and decorticating,* while the leaves of the gambir plant have to be stewed and the juice inspissated by fire or sun heat, the processes being some- what complicated. Besides being used as an astringent in medicine, gambir is largely empioyed as a tanning and dyeing agent. Before the vegetable origin of this and cognate substances were known, they received the popular name of Terra japonica, Japan earth. A substance similar to gambir in its astringent and other properties is obtained from the wood of certain acacias, which are chopped into small pieces and boiled, the juice being subsequently evaporated. The names of the trees are A. catechw and A. suma. Of eatechu from this source the average import into the United Kingdom seems to be about 5,000 tons, while of the superior preparation from the leaves and young twigs of the two plants Uncaria gambir and U. acida, the import is equal to 20,000 tons. If the cultivation of the gambir plants or the preparation of the product from jungle plants is really taken up in Ceylon. we trust it may be in the secondary and low jungle of por- tions of the country not suited for less exhausting crops. We hope to have Dr. Trimen’s opinion on the question. But even if the plant abounded, we question if labour sufficient and of the right kind would be available. But the enterprise must be left to the decision of small capitalists. The cor- respondence referred to is as follows :— Colombo Museum, 4th March 1889, GENTLEMEN,—I have the honour to enclose a copy of a letter addressed to the Director of the Museum by Mr. W. N. Evans, the publication of which may, I hope, be of use to agriculturists and merchants in Ceylon. 2. As far as I can aceertain from Dr. Trimen’s “ Oatalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns ” published in the Journal of the C. B.R. A. S. for 1885, and from Dr. Thwaites’s ‘“Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz,” it seoms that Uncaria gambir (or, according to Dr. Trimen, Unearia dasyoneura var. Thwaitesic), which belongs to the order Rubiaceae, isindigenous to Oeylon. * Areca catechu is, we know, obtained from the nuts by boiling, but we have no information of this process being carried on in Ceylon. 672 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. ee ————————————————— 8. Dr. Thwaites states that the habitat of the plant is the Deltota district, at an elevation of 3,000 feet ; but he adds, onthe authority of Mr. William Ferguson, that it grows near Colombo also. 4. The late Director of the Royal Botanic Gar- dens tells us that, so far as he could learn, the Sin- halese make no use of the plant. 5. A copy of Mr. Evans’ letter shall be sent to Dr. Trimen, to whom it will probably be of interest. —Your obedient servant, F. H. M. CORBET, for Director. [Copy referred to } 66 Stackpole Road, Bristol, Feb. Sth 1889. W.N. Evans, F.C.s. : Sir,—I take the liberty of writing to enquire, if among your many tropical plants, the Uncaria gambir and JU. acida are indigenous, as we are now supplied (the dried extract) of same in large quantities from Rhio near Singapore. The Chinese as growers and merchants have the trade in their hands, and manu- facture it in a very crude fashion, also adulterate it badly. We as tanners are desirous of encouraging its growth elsewhere, and of growing it largely, or at least dealing direct with the growers. We should need from 8 to 10,000 tons yearly at the least if we can get the article pure, Are there any facilities for growing it on your island, in labour, land &c.? Could you furnish me with the necessary information, and could you put me into communication with any respectable or trust- worthy firms, who would be prepared to treat with us in the matter ? Any help you may be able to render we shall be thankful to receive. Awaiting the favour of your reply, Yours faithfully, (Signed) W. N. Hyans, Technological Medallist 1884, Late Hditor of “Teather,” Technical Teacher and Adviser in Tanning. a Corrre «IN MHapurAue.—There is good news of coffee from this district: one report speaks of a fine blossom coming out, and another of very good spike, the best seen for some years. Sponcus.—Professor Oscar Schmidt, of Gratz, in Styria, has suggested that sponges could be pro- pagated by fixing pieces detached from living sponges to sandy coasts by means of wooden skewers, and leaying them to grow. The Austro-Hungarian Government has recently taken steps to protect the sponge industry on the shores of Dalmatia, reckless gathering having threatned extermination.— Standard. Correr in Diwsura.—The special telegram of Monday from Hatton was intended to indicate that a planter in Dimbula had last year what. we suppose is the unique experience during the year ot making £3,600 profit by corrzz. But this was on an estate which had been always liberally manured. In another district the same planter is rapidly converting what was once a fine coffee plantation into a tea estate, and all the profits on coffee were spent for this purpose. The planter in question makes light of green bug in comparison with leaf disease as an enemy of coffee, Txa.—The Lahore paper writes :—‘‘ We have referred to the efforts which the Kangra Valley tea-planters are now making to help themselves ; and it would be well if the Punjab Government could see its way to help them a little also. The Government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh, as we stated in a recent issue are endeavouring to popularise tea by abolishing the octroi duty on the article in all municipalities. Now, this is un- doubtedly a step in the right direction; and we consider that the same thing ought certainly to be done in the Punjab, where the natives use, we believe, more tea than in Oudh or. the North- Weet Provinces. The Government requires, we fear, occasional reminders of the existence of the little band of adventurous spirits who have struggled go long against reverses in the Kangra Valley.” —Pioncer. Lemon-crowine in Florida is so successful that the industry is enormously spreading, and the results are affecting Sicily in a very high degree. It is feared that lemon-growing in the latter country will soon become extinct. Moreover, the Florida lemons attain a size far beyond those grown in Sicily. They are not popular, however, in the States because they don’t fit the lemon-squeezer. —Australasian. AGRICULTURAL CoMPANIES IN NETHERLANDS INDIA. —The Amsterdam correspondent of the London and China Express wrote on Feb. 6th :—Several new agricultural undertakings connected with India have been established. The Cinchona agricultural company Langan Ardjo, bas been established at the Hague with a capital of 250,000 guilders in shares of 500 guilders. Another, styled ‘‘ Toengkal” Tobacco company at the Hague, proposes work- ing certain lands in the istrict of Palembang (Sumatra.) The capitalis fixed for 600,000 guilders, divided in 5,000 shares each of 120 guilders, 2,500 of which have been fully paid by trans- ferring the estate, while on the remaining sharesa provisionally 20 per cent. will be payable. CuprRANIA TRILOBA AS A SILKWORM PLANT. —This is the Silkworm Thorn, known in China as the ‘*‘ Psa” tree. It is evidently of wide distribution in China. Dc. Henry says it is common about Tchang, where ‘‘it is considered to be as good for silkworms as the Mulberry, but is not used so long as Mulberry leaves can be got, because the tree is thorny, aud it is troublesome to pick otf the leaves. It is hence given chiefly to adult silkworms, and as Mulberry leaves soon become finished, it is much used.” The tree belongs to the Artocarpex, and attains a height of about 20 feet. The leafy shoots, probably more especially from near the base, are often armed with Strong, stout, straight-pointed axillary spines. It is figured in the October number of Hooker's cones Plantarwn, 1888, t. 1792.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. ScHwEINruRTH’s MrtTHoD ror PRESERVING PLANTS. —H. Schenck (in Bot. Centralbl., vol. xxxv., p. 175) calls the attention of coliectors, especially those travelling in the tropics, to a method of preserving plants for the herbarium recommended by Schwein- furth, and which he found exceedingly convenient and efficient daring his travelsin Brazil. The plants when collected are at once put between the sheets of a Jeather portfolio. On his return from the ex- cursion the collector places the specimens between single sheets of common grey, unsized paper (to be had in every ‘“‘venda” in Brazil), which are firmly held together between two pieces of stout pasteboard by means of a strap. There the bundle is set upright in a tin box, and strong Sugar-cane brandy or common alcohol is poured on the sheets from above, until the paper and the plants are thoroughly moistened and the liquid begins to run off below. The bundle or bundles are kept in the tightly-covered tin box until a quantity of them has accumulated. Then the straps and boards are removed, the single packages are wrapped up in paper and packed as closely and firmly as possible in a tin box about 2 feet high, which, finally is tightly closed by soldering a flat cover to it. Several such boxes are packed in, a wooden case for shipping. Some small tin boxes ought to be taken on more extended excursions. The preservation of plants after this method requires very little time (an advantage of the utmost impor- tance for a traveller), for it is not necessary to arrange the specimens carefully between the sheets. The plants remain in good order, soft, pliable, and moist, for years, and may be dried for the herbarium at the collector’s convenience, after his return from his travels, They also remain in good condition for anatomical examination, and all kinds of flowers, as well as thick-leaved plants—such as many species of - Orchids, Cactaces, &¢—will arrive at home in. ex- cellent order. Besides, plants may be collected and placed between the sheets in rainy weather,—@ay- deners’ Chronicle, Apain 1, 1889.| THE Goyyespondence, To the LEdttor. CEYLON TEA IN THE /UNITED STATES. Philadelphia, 29th Jan. 1889. Drar Sir,—I am awaiting reply to my letter to the Secretary of the Planters’ Association re Dr. Duke’s scheme. In the meantime I am considering the matter in case I am asked to carry out the project. I have come to the conclusion that hotels, that is the largest and most fashionable hotels, ought to be presented with a caddy of tea, pro- vided they agree to put the tea on their bill of fare. I have been speaking to several managers lately, and not without success, but a_ special effort should be made when pamphlets are circulated and tea given away. I hope this suggestion will be considered by the Association. I enclose two or three views of my store. It is very deep and rather dark, which makes it rather hard to take, but it will suffice to show that I am in harness. Mr. Vere Millington, late planter of Ceylon, sits in the foreground. Two outdoor salesmen and the young lady who sells over the counter are represented. I think these photos will interest you as being exact re- presentations of what was going on when the photographer ptt in his appearance. About the end of February a great Pure Food | exposition takes place. I haye taken one of the best spaces in the hill, and will endeavour to bring Ceylon tea prominently before the public. I have written for an extra supply of samples from London and will put in a good show. A shipment of Ceylon oolong and green tea has arrived from Mr. Martin, through Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co. I have seen samples and sent them to New York, and am having them taken to the leading firms of Philadelphia. A full report will be sent later. I may say of them that they are fair teas resembling an oolong and a moyune with retaining their individuality as Ceylons. The green appears to me to be like a moyune with a little Ceylon pekoe added; the oolong like a Geylon souchong with a pretty liberal dash of oolong. Both teas good blenders, and, if not a great success, certainly not a failure, considering it is a first experiment. I shall send reports from different brokers etc. to Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co., who will no doubt show them to you. As I will be exhibiting a good deal next year, I wonder if it would be possible to secure a per- fect model of a Ceylon tea store. Anything like this would attract attention. I am going to lecture in St. George’s Hall next month on Ceylon, and if I had such means of illustration, I could make it doubly interesting. As long as I remember, would you mind asking Messrs. Skeen & Co. to send me oneof their large photographs of the wiid elephants in the kraal, and I will remit whatever may be the cost. They used to have them in very large size as an advertisement, and I would like one to attract attention here. I have a young man from Galle working with me. His name is Wouters, son of Deputy Fiscal, a nice steady young fellow. He does not appear in the photo, as he was out at the time. I received the Observer with Mr. Shand’s and my own letters. Mr. Shand is of course quite right in a way. I have hope of making a living, and, if possible, a fortune in Ceylon tea. If I do so I will have succeeded in doing good service to myself and to Ceylon as well. If money was my only object I would aan make Ceylon tea my business. Had I 5 ‘over here and TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 673 cir taken the advice of 99 out of 100 advisers, and 100 out of 100 of such as are im the trade, I would have put Ceylon tea out of sight until it had made its own way and was marketable. As I did not do that, but for nearly two years put every other tea out of sight, I consider, I did justice to Ceylon at the risk of ruining myself. I have lost money and made a name, which, if I hold out, will be capital to me. As for the little assistance I ask, I will certainly not forget it, and if I am fortunate in making my business (which, if made at all, must eventually be very large), I will most assuredly lend others the aid which has been afforded me. I am inquiring about Denver, and will try and make some arrangement for the representation of Ceylon tea there. J have never been there myself, but I cannot get anyone to recommend the South and West for Ceylon tea. If I have asked one I have asked twenty who have travelled south and west, and they all tell me the same thing. Ido not mean to be a clam however. I am willing to send teas there if I can get any one to sell them. I never refuse a willing hand a case or two of tea and as much advertizing matter as they want, and never require returns until the goods are sold, if I have their assurance that they will push the sale of the teas. I can do no more, but what I can do I do willingly. I had sent the following advertisement to the leading newspaper of Denver :—‘‘ Wanted to corre- spond with gentlemen of business with regard to pushing Ceylon tea in Denver as sole agent for the Ceylon Pure Tea & Coffee Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Best references required.” Will let you know if Iam successful in forming good connexions there. No winter here as yet. Scarcely seen snow. Weather quite mild. This is, I understand, un- precedented and inexplicable, We will no doubt have it pretty severe when winter does come. I do hope Ceylon will turn its attention to America in real earnest. I would be glad to see two or three planters with a little capital come join. me, or a good, substantial company formed in Ceylon. Any man with £5,000 can establish a big business now, for Ceylon tea is now becoming a subject of interest. Send a few such over and you will hear of great things. —Yours very truly, J. McCOMBIE MURRAY. [The photos, which can be seen at our oflice, are very interesting, especially that which repre- sents a gentleman apparently taking advantage of a notice which is prominent, thus: ‘‘ Free! Sample Cup of Ceylon Kootee Tea.’’] TOBACCO AND OTHER PRODUCTS IN CEYLON: PAST AND PRESENT. Ingram House, 165, Fenchurch Street, London, 13th Feb. 1889. Dran Sir,—As I have read your paper regularly for 40 years, your account of Mr. Barber’s lecture at Matale as detailed in your issue of 19th ult. has not escaped me. As the lecturer called on the Government to prohibit lands being sold for tobacco growing and thus deter capital from going into the island for this most profitable cultivation, I have thought it my duty to write the Planters’ Association communicating my views, which are not those of Mr. Barber, and I now write you a few lines on the same subject. Ceylon is a land of fallacies, many of which rise up before me. Opening up the ‘' Wilderness of the Peak” with Dunbar estate and 2,000 acres beyond, pronounced a wild venture at the time, and the 674 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [Aprin x, 1889. ane district is now Dikoya! A wild voyageI took in 1851 in the ‘‘Calder,” brig of 220 tons, to New York with a sample of everything the island produced, —ship full on my own account. Ceylon coffee unknown there,ditto plumbago,* coir and coconut oil,especially citronella oil. It was thought a sort of ‘Sindbad ’ business, but mark you the exports from Ceylon to America now ? Cardamoms could not be got in Ceylon, wouldn’t grow, only wild ones in Sabaraga- muwa,so I gotsome from the coast of India. Now! what about Ceylon cardamoms? Cinchona, it was said, would not grow in Ceylon; wanted the Andes lava soil, &c. What about cinchona now? Tombs writes a book. Tea won’t grow in Ceylon ; wants Chinamen, &c. What about tea now ? I began to tar my barbacues (about 1850) in Colombo. Want them to dry soon after rain. Get threatening letters from planters. ‘‘ Will give tarry flavour to bean,” &c. For a long time I used big wood wheel peelers pushed round by coolies. J think I will try steam,but suspicious planter says : ‘‘Motion too quick. Will break the beans and destroy bloom.” There are many more I could give ; and now comes Mr. Barber tabooing tobacco. We want every help the island can give us, and it is a fine island with exactly the climate suited for tobacco growing, and no one wants the reserve mountain forest to grow tobacco, but there are thousands of acres in the lowcountry and in the hands of planters along the lines of our railways (Uva would grow as good tobacco as Sumatra) which is fit for tobacco and need never go into tea (let us halt where we are with tea, or the price will be down to sixpence), and if the natives get encouragement as well as the Huro- pean planter, there should be as fine a tobacco business as anywhere. Granted that tobacco is an exhausting crop, yet it pays hand over fist, and with our railways and roads we should get plenty of bones and other manure such as they apply in America where a farmer has regular to- bacco fields in rotation+. Our great advantage is the climate, 3 to 7 north latitudeis the very best for fine tobacco. The drawback in Ceylon is want of skilled curers and a complete tobacco factory where the tobacco planter—Huropean or native—can find a market for his leaf. Iam now doing my best to inaugurate this.—I am, yours faithfully, THOMAS DICKSON. THA BOX TIMBER FROM BURMA : VARIETIES OF THE THA PLANT, &c. Dear S1z,—I am sending you two boards, to show you what kind of timber the tea boxes are, madefrom. You will see that the boards are the best red cedar wood and fine-grained with no aroma, at the same time a beautiful timber that can be brought up to a splendid polish, and I may inform you that the old boxes are much in request in London for the purpose of making of fancy boxes of all sorts, also cigar boxes, and gseli in London after being used as tea boxes for more than their original cost in Burma. Indian planters use Burma boxes for this reason, and besides tea shipped in these valuable timber boxes sells much higher in price, as the quality is known not to affect the tea in any way. Planters and merchants will under- stand what I mean. Will you, Mr. Editor, be so kind as show the sample of timber to anyone who * Amistake: Oeylon plumbago was known in the United States long prior to 1851. Mr. Joseph Dixon, the founder of the Great American Crucible Company, obtained a shipment of Oeylon plumbago in 1829—INp, + If this were enforced, it would obviate the objection which “the Senior Editor” shares with Mr. Barber.—Ep, may wish to see the quality of timber, which speaks for itself and will recommend itself in the market. I had a splendid blossom out on my coffee, could not have been heavier, some trees bearing at the rate of one ton per acre. ‘Coffee Liberian” is to succeed well and no mistake witha little shade. Tea is in crop; I want seed for planting up more land. (Tea is to thrive wellin Burma.) Of course you know that Burma is the native home of the tea plant of three different varieties indigenous tea. The China tea on the borders of the Shan States near China proper and the eating tea is quite a different variety (Lee pet Chow). Lee Let Chow is the wet tea or the eating tea and grows into a large tree with small seeds like mustard. The seeds are in or on the under sides of the leatsomething like a fern bearing its seeds ina most peculiar fashion in nature, and the leaves are exactly marked like the small China bush. And another curious thing is that the red ants are always to be found on the trees in great numbers. I fancy there must be some saccharine or a certain percentage of sugar thrown out of the tree. I have a fine treein the vicinity of my bungalow, and several more up on the ridge of my Saba Dong hill. I may mention that the proper name of my place in Burmese is Shewie Chung, which means the golden river, and when the Shans owned Tavoy they employed themselves here in mining for gold, There are, sure enough, a great many old pits, some of them from 20 to over 30 feet deep, and I have counted more mines than one hundred in number. But gold. Oh! Observer, I have not seen the colour of the precious metal. However, there must be something, or those Chinese Shans would not have taken the trouble to go to get much labour for nothing, that is certain, and I live in hopes some day when I get some mining experience on the ground to make a trial to bring the valuable metal to the light; and if Il amso fortunate, I shall retireand go home to Ireland and buy a farm. I had the pleasure of seeing Dr. Dayid Sin- clair and Mrs: Sinclair here; they came up to seeme and took mebystorm. I was much pleased to see them. I nearly run wild when I see any one from Aberdeen here. I was so proud to find that they took the trouble to look me up. Mrs. Sinclair is a very nice lady and cheerful and speaks her mind. She thought I resembled a Chinaman alone by myself. Of course it is rather lonely, and I wish some more planters would come and see Tavoy district and see for themselves what can be done in Burma. [I had also a call from Mr. Fryer, the Financial Commissioner, and Mrs. Fryer. Mrs. Fryer takes a great interest in plants and knows a good deal about plants and also their botanical names,—a very nice lady indeed. I had also a call from Mr. Hall, the _ Director of Agriculture, and Mrs. Hall. Mr, Hall had just returned from Penang from the mining dis- tricts. He went down to get information about mining and mining labour, labour laws, etc., and also brought specimens of tin and tin made from the indigenous tin and samples of all kinds of ore. He told’ me you sent him the 7. 4., and he said he read it with great interest. Mrs. Hall is very pretty with red cheeks and altogether a very hand- some lady. It does one good sometimes to see a lady: if brings back .kind recollections of mother and sisters, aye and sweethearts left behind us. You will be thinking there’sabee in my bonnet if I go on like this, so I shall say adicw for the present,—Yours most respectfully, -- JAMES D, WATSON. (The specimens of timber sent are of fine ‘ red cedar,” the product of Cedrela toona, which i Apri 1, 1889,.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,. 675 a Rd only too valuable for tea boxes.—No doubt the tea plant is indigenous in Burma as well as Assam, but the ‘‘eating tea’’ as described, with seeds on the lower sides of the leaves, cannot be a tea or anything allied to tea. As to the ‘‘ bee in the bonnet,” there can be no possible mistake, but as the Scotch say ‘‘ Lat be.’’—-Hp.] WHITEH-ANTS AND GUMS. Drar Str,—With reference to your paragraph re white-ants, I have seen fine young gums, a tree white-ants are particularly fond of, flourishing one day and beginning to wither the next: on examina- tion found roots being eaten by white-ants. This happens not once, but a hundred times, a clearing of mine being absolutely spoilt by them.—Yours faithfully, TIMBER TREES. [That white-ants attack the Australian eucalypti was a fact quite new to us until this letter and the one we published yesterday reached us, At the elevations at which wehave observed these trees, white-ants are non-existent. At what elevation has our corre- spondent had his experience? And has anyone else suffered similarly ?—Ep..] THE CUSH-CUSH YAM AND THE NEW POTATO-LIKE TUBER FROM PERU. The Nurseries, Nuwara Eliya, 26th Feb. 1889. Dear S1tr,—In your issue of the 22nd instant I note your paragraph in reference to the “ kush- kush” yams sent to you by Dr. Stork, and grown in the Henaratgoda district. Your remarks on this most delicate of ground roots are of much interest to me. You say ‘These tubers are, we suppose, an introduction from India,” and you go on to remark how tender and nice and tasty they are. These yams were introduced by me 12 years ago from the Island of Grenada, West Indies, along with other varieties of yams, bananas (plantains), edocs, &c., and you gave a very favourable report in the Observer on some of the first roots raised at Kandy, stating that you found them ‘“ more flowery and light than the best Australian potatoes.” ' We cannot, of course, expect even the editors of the Observer and Tropical Agricultwrist to remember the history of all the numerous new products tried of late years. That is but a small matter however, and I am very glad to learn that these delicious ground roots are being successfully grown near Henaratgoda. To my own knowledge, they have been raised in some quantity in the Dumbara and* Veyangoda districts for years back, and the wonder is they are not regularly obtainable in the Colombo and Kandy markets, I should have cultivated them to a much greater extent, but our Kandy garden is too limited to do 50. We got however splendid returns from the small spaces planted,—as much as at the rate of 14 tons per acre, and we still keep up the ‘culti- vation at Kandy, where plants are now available. Iam sorry we cannot manage them up here, in Nuwara Eliya. If they could be grown at the higher elevations, they would be a great boon, now that potatoes are saa a risky crop. The latter are almost invariably attacked with the disease or fungus, as soon as the blossoms appear. While on the subject of edible ground roots, a few notes on the new tuber from the elevated regions of the Peruvian Andes may be of interest to some of your readers. I have just taken up the tubers from a small patch deyoted to this plant, the Ullucus tuberosus, and I send you a small lot of them as a sample. I feel sure this introduction might be of great value to the poor villagers in many parts of Ceylon, and its cultivation is of the most simple description. It throws out rootlets at the joints of its procumbent stems, and on these crowds of small tubers are formed, from the size of a pea to that of a hen’s egg. The plot in question was 40 square feet in extent, and the crop we gathered weighed 421b., or say 11b. to the square foot. The ground was ordinary garden soil, not manured, and no attention was given to the bed beyond giving it a single weeding. With good cultivation and manurel should think that from 8 to 9 tons per acre could be harvested. Mr. Nock of the Hakgala Gardens remarks in the last report, that tubers were raised there to the weight of #oz. Among those sent you will be found some of the weight of loz., and we may therefore conclude that with good cultivation they will increase in size, and very probably improve in quality.—Yours faithfully, ALEXANDER WHYTE, Florist and Naturalist. [We are sorry that Mr. Whyte’s claim to credit for the intreduction should have been for a moment forgotten, but we were misled by reading the name given by Dr. Stork as kusle-kusle. The Andean tubers are not floury, but have a good deal the taste of nuts.—Ep. | THE GAMBIER PLANT. Peradeniya, 8th March. S1r,—The letter from Mr. Corbet printed on page 671 requires correction on one point: the true gambier plant does not grow in Ceylon. The species—we have but one—of Uncaria found here was, it ig true, supposed by Thwaites to be U. Gambier, and was published as such in his ‘‘ Enumeratio”’ in 1859, but Sir Joseph Hooker has since shown (Fl. Brit. India, iii, 31) that it is not that species, but is to be referred as a variety, var. Thwaitesii, Hk.f., to U. dasyoneura, Korth., the type of which is also native to the Malay Peninsula, and it is so entered in my Systematic Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, p. 41. It is & common enough plant in the moist region of our lowcountry up to about 2,000 feet, climbing by hooks (whence its name) over bushes and trees, but I am not aware that it possesses any Sin- halege name, or is of use in any way. It affords no gambier; at least, lhave been unable to produce from it anything like that substance. In reference to this I may quote here a portion of a letter which I wrote to the Director of Kew Gardens on the subject in Sept. 1880, which was published in the Report of that institution for the same year, p. 37:—‘‘Io the urgent demand for ‘new products’ here one of the first things I tried was to make some gambier from our plant. It grows commonly not far from the Garden. I fol- lowed the account given in the books, but could not succeed in producing the correct article. A very excellently astringent extract is easily obtained, but it is black like liquorice or the Acacia catechy extract and not at all like ‘ terra japonica. ’” Whether this substance would have any economic value, only atrial of the market could determine. The real gambier plant (U. Gambier, Roxb.) appears to be confined, in the wild state, to portions of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. [ have on several occasions endeavoured to introduce it here from Singapore where it is so largely cultivated. The result of the last attempt is given in my report for 1887, p.14. We have now no specimen in the Gardens.—I am, yours faithfully. HENRY TRIMEN. 646 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. | THE LAST OF THE CEYLON ;TEA-HOUSE AT THE MELBOURNE EXHIBITION. (By “Old Colonist.’’) On Friday, February the 8th, I stood and saw the last of the Ceylon tea-house in the Melbourne Exhibition. The inevitable auctioneer was there, with all his train of truckling brokers, heartless demolishers of homes ; how I hate the whole pack of them ! For six months this bamboo hut has daily been the pleasant rendezvous of many hundreds who never before heard of Ceylon. Unpretentious as the structure was, there has been no more popular meeting-place under the 36 acres of roofing. Dear old ladies dying fora mutual ‘“ greet’ sought the snug corner in which a drop from the fragrant leaf soothed the pent-up feelings, stimulated speech, and merged the dismal head-shakings into a quiet confab. Gents whose heads racked with recent land booms, or,last night’s potions, rushed hurriedly in and asked for it pretty strong, while later in the afternoon many a fair stall-keeper cleverly contrived to keep her tryst{here, the whole, however, always mixed with a goodly sprinkling of the bona jide raw material ready to carry the fame of Ceylon tea into the distant bush. Little indeed does the P. A. wot what unlooked for results may follow this free cup of tea. Thousands may bless the day they drank here, while it is pleasing to think none are likely to have cause to curse the drink. But rap goes the hammer, and only think! Those costly cups so often kissed by the fairest lips of this and other lands, by titled ladies of noble birth down to the smirking young Jarrikiness who serves up ‘nobblers” at yonder bar. Collectors of curious china, where are you that these dainty dishes should pass for a few shillings into the possession of a greasy pawnbroker? Mr. Foulkes saved the photographs from a similar fate, and now for the tea-house—5, 10, 15, £17, and down it goes. «JT ’ll remove it for £25,” says a keen artizan with an eye to business; and “I ’ll doit for £22,” Says another, “but not a farthing less,” Verily this i8 a paradise for working men. An hour more all is chaos, and the Centennial tea-house provided by the Ceylon planters in a fair way to be forgotten—commercially. Well may the planter now ask, what practical results are to follow all this expenditure.? Are the favourable impressions undoubtedly made to be followed up by a growing well-organized and remunerative trade, the demand unmistakably created at once and continuously supplied, or as in 1880 is this the most promising tea-consuming country in H. M.’s dominions to be practically abandoned by Ceylon ? It is quite clear that no provision for the contingency has, as yet, been made in Melbourne, and it remains for Ceylon men to at once move in the matter. Ido not presume to think that anything / can say on the subject can carry much weight with the Ceylon men of 1889, though the proper course to pursue is to myself clear as daylight, yiz., to meet directly the wants of the consumer, and cease to treat with the established middle men whose sole interests lie in fostering the China trade. This can only be efficiently accomplished by a well-organized ‘* Ceylon Vea Distributing Oo.” I have studied this matter for over two years and had frequent discussions with leading tea merchants of Melbourne, who candidly declare, one and all, that they see uo object in—nor have they the remotest intention of—pushing Ceylon teas, ‘ Create the demand,” they say, ‘ educate the public taste, and with liberal concessions we are quite ready to deal,” which simply means ‘We will take the profits if you take all the trouble and risks” (if any). Curiously enough several of these gentlemen added: “Tf it is any satisfaction for you to know, we invariably use Ceylon tea in our own household.” “Tt is certainly very nice,” was the oft-repeated comment in the Exhibition ; ‘‘ but where can it be purchased?” The reply usually was: ‘‘ There is a grocer somewhere in Swanson Street, supplies the public in the meantime, but we hope by-and-by to make other arrangements,” at which the tea drinker looks mystified and wonders what is the real meaning of this strange freak of the Ceylon planter. As an advertisement appealing directly to the public, the tea-house was as I have said, an undoubted success. Mr. McKenzie deserves every credit for the great amount of trouble he has voluntarily undertaken, and especially are the thanks of the P. A. due to Mrs, Alex. McKenzie whose admirable taste and tact did so much to win the public favour. All the more is it to be regretted in the interests of Ceylon and tea drinkers of Australia that no provision has been made to follow up the favourable impression made. The Exhibition, as a whole, can scarcely, I fear, be looked upon by anyone as a success; indeed, the great majority of exhibitors pronouncé it a huge failure. Mismangement and extravagance has prevailed in every department. The judging has simply been deplorable; of course in a community where noble selves bulk so largely in the front, it is difficult to arrive at an unbiassed judgment ; indeed our artizan masters in their present temper would not for a moment permit of anything so absurdly unselfish. Take the case of coffee as an instance: a comparison of the poor immature tail parchment from Queensland with the well-matured and beautifully cured beans from Ceylon will prove that one of the most remarkable things in connec- tion with the Exhibition has been the singularly elastic conscience of the judges! ; I have brought away both samples of coffee, to which Ist and 2nd prizes were awarded, and shall have pleasure in handing the curiosities to the P. A.* Financially the result of the Exhibition would be disastrous to any country whose powers of borrowing were less ample than Victoria. English exhibitors compiain bitterly of having to pay 25 per cent duty on anything they sell and declare they will never again exhibit in a protective country. Twenty years it is thought must elapse before Melbourne ventures upon another such show, by which time it is hoped the people may have become sane and uneelfish enough to adopt Free Trade. ns NATIVE PAPERS ON THE CHINA THA TRADE OF 1888. We take the following from the W.-C. Daily News : —Our two native contemporaries, the Shen-pao and Hu-pao, have both published reviews of the native trade of Shanghai during 1888, and the facts they record will be read with interest, crude as some of their deductions and considerations of causes are, The more complete one of the two appears in the Shen- pao, which begins with the complaint which will have little novelty in Western ears, that ‘‘the old solid Chinese system of business is becoming sapped by the growing speculativeness and extravagance of the Ohinese merchants, a large proportion of whom in these latter days are people with very little capital at command.” Praisers of the past have become a proverb in the west, and Oonfucius is their prototype in Obina; at the same time we may well believe that contact with foreigners, their speculativeness and * In the elaborate Essay on the Mackay district distributed over the Queensland Court, I find it gravely stated that ‘the famous peaberry variety of coffee has been successfully introduced”! ApRit 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 677 a their systems of trading on credit, cannot have been without its effect on the native traders in the setle- ments, The Shen-pao allows that the black tea mer- chants have done better than in many previous years, the diminution of demand in the ‘country having kept down the prices paid to the growers, while the foreign demand has continued good. The green tea merchants have also done well, though the profits have not been so large as on black teas, while Ping- sueys, the Shen-pao says, have been unfortunate. The Hu-pao contents itself with saying that 1888 was a brillisnt year for the Ohinese tea-merchants, and went far to redeem their losses in preceding years. —Hong Kong Daily Press, Feb., 6th. ee ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, PERADENIYA, CEYLON. A Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. December, 1888. Compiled by Henry Trimen, m.B., F.R.5., E. T. 0., Director. We have received a copy of this very interesting and useful publication from Dr. Trimen. It is prefaced by the following introductory note :—- In this catalogue the books in the Garden Library are classified on a plan which it is believed will be found practically useful to such Botanists, Horticul- turists, Planters, Foresters, &c., as may have occasion to consult it. The classification, being based on the actual contents of the books themselves rather than their mere titles, becomes to some extent (so far as the Library goes) a guide to the literature available for inquirers on any particular subject. The adoption of more frequent cross-references would have increased its usefulness in this direction, but added to the bulk of the catalogue. The many desiderata of the Library are only too conspicuously evident, and there are also many im- perfect works. My own private library at present supplies and fills up many of these gaps, but any donations of botanical books wanting in this catalogue, especially of volumes needed to complete series, will be very thankfully received and gratefully acknowledged. Henry TRIMEN. The value of the Library, although it is not so com- plete as the worthy Director wishes and naturally hopes to see it, is great, as may be seen by the fol- lowing table of contents :— I.—General Systematic Botany (post-Linnean); II.— Partial Systematic Botany, Monographs, &c. (Phane- rogamic;) IJI.—Floras (Phanerogamic:—l. Asia, 2. Australia and the Pacific, 3. Africa and _ Islands, 4. Europe, 5. America; IV.—Cryptogamic Botany (Monographs and Floras); V.—Structural and Phy- siological Botany ; VI.—Economic Botany and Planting ; VII.—Periodical Publications; VIiI,—Publications of Societies; IX.—Reports and Oatalogues of Botanic Gardens, &c.; X.—Forestry and Forest Reports; XI. —Gardening and Agriculture; XII.—Miscellaneous Botany:—1. Pre-Linnean Botany /General), 2. Bio- graphical, &c., 3. Topographical and Travels, 4. Fossil; 5. Bibliographical; XIII.—Other subjects than Botany. Those wishing to consult books on our leading products—cotffee, tea, cinchona, &c.—will find them under the proper sub-headings. To the young Foresters of Ceylon, such a Library of reference ought to be especially valuable. THA IN NATAL. The Morning Post has an interesting article on the cultivation of tea in Natal, from which it appears that if all turns out as well as is generally expected there is every probability that before the end of the present year samples of the first cropof bohea ever gathered in South Africa will find their way to the London market. The writer says:—‘The climate there is warm and moist, there is, too, an abundance of sun- shine, in which the shrub delights, and which is more- over needful for the full development of flavour and strength in the leaves, for in Ohina it is noticed that the tea made from plants grown in the shade, and not fully exposed, is invariably watery and tasteless. Recently no less than four companies were formed in Natal to test the capabilities of the colony in the matter of tea-growing. Since the Natal Oompany acquired its estate the colonists have pushed on the work of plantation apace, so that there are now over one hundred acres under cultivation, Thirty acres are planted as a nursery, one of the largest, it is stated, ever laid out in connection with tea-growing and forty acres are ready for seed. Over two mil- lion seeds have been planted, and upwards of a million and a-half young plants are al- ready in such forward condition that they are ex- pected to yielda first picking early this year. But Natal is not the only new country in which tea-growing has been commenced in late years with good prospects of success. In the Malay Peninsula the tea-shrub seems to thrive even better than in India or its native place, Ohina, The temperature and rainfall of Johore varies so slightly all the yearrouud that “ flushing’’ goes on every month without intermission. The yield of tea is therefore greater than in India, Ceylon, or China; and as to the quality, it appears to be equal to the very best products of Assam and Oeylon, since it fetches as high a price as either in the open market. What may be the result of the introduction of the thea sinensis in the Malay Peninsula, where cheap labour is readily to be obtained,* cannot, of course, as yet be said; but the success that has, it seems,so far attended the efforts made to acclimatise the plant in Natal auggest the re- flection that India and Ceylon are not the only rivals which Ohina may, in the future, have to compete with in the tea markets of the world.—Z. 4 C. Hapress,Feb. 15th. ee DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, 14th February 1889. THE OOMMENCEMENT OF THE OINCHONA AUCTIONS this week suffered some delayin consequence of the absence at the time fixed for the opening of the sale of the representative ofone of the foreign manufacturers, The brokers first on the list declined to proceed with their sale until competition should be completed by the arrivalof this gentleman, and the other buyers were thus kept waiting for exactly seventeen minutes, sundry suggestions, complimentary and otherwise, being ad- vanced regarding the reasons of the delay. At last the missing gentleman hurried in, andthe sale proceeded. His absence was caused, it is said, by the receipt, just before the commencement of the auctions, of a telegram from his principals revoking or altering certain limits. But when oncethe sale had commenced it proceeded with remarkable dispatch, one catalogue of 957 packages be- ing disposed of in the space of twenty-eight minutes. ANNaTto.—A large consignment (125 baskets) has arrived from Pardé this week. Canrpamoms.—The cultivation cf cardamoms is being much extended, it is said, in the north-eastern parts of Oeylon, where the best qualities are produced. Some of the Ceylon-grown Mysore cardamoms yield as much as 600 lb per acre of dried fruit ; and a shipment of this variety recently sold in London at 28 5d per lb paid the owners better than any other crop, barring the best qualities of tea, could have done. he boxes are carriedto Kandy (30 miles) on the heads of Sin- halese villagers, leaving the estate the morning of one day and catching next morning’s train for UOolombo, whereby the minimum of risk of injury to the carda- moms igincurred. OrncHona.— At the fortnightly auctions held on Tues- day a rather smaller supply was offered than at the pre- vious salesof the present year, the catalogues on this occasion including only Packages Packages Ceylon bark +» 1,234 of which 1,001 were sold Fast Indian bark ... $1,217 » 1,204 es Java bark oe 22 55 22 i South American bark 203 55 37 * Total 2,676 Oh attur:; ® This is new to us, and will be in the Straits, we suspect.—Eb, 648 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1889, iE The deficiency of Oeylon bark was almost balanced, as will be seen by the exceptionally large supply of Indian-grown cinchona, including a large portion of succirubra bark, mostly renewed from the Nilgiri Hill plantations, The offerings of American bark were again confined to Bolivian calisaya quills, which are firmly held by the owners, though the manufacturers seemed prepared to pay aslight advance on the last auction rates. The auctions commenced with a steady tone, and when the principal catalogue was reached - the bidding became occasionally lively, but towards the finish competition again flagged a little. There was no decided improvement in the prices paid, but a better feeling prevailed throughout the sales, and the unit may be placed at an average of 12d per lb. for good parcels. The following are the approximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— ; Lb, Agents for the Mannheim & Amsterdam works 126,080 Avents for the Brunswick works cep 105,754 Agents for the American, French, &c., works 90,108 Agents for the Auerbach works gop 55,870 Agents for the Frankfort o/M and Stuttgart works48,717 Messrs. Howards & Sons on6 cos 34,301 Mr. Thomas Whiffen neo 24,750 Sundry druggists... eco "eee 46,859 Total sold “09 a0 532,434 Bought in or withdrawn 20 83,616 Total quantity catalogued nie 616,050 Itis understood that the mere weight of bark pur- chased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield represented by it, firms who buy a small: quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and wice versd. The auctions included a somewhat un- usual quantity druggists’ barks, which accounts for the rather large quantity purchased by various buyers other than’ manufacturers. An analysis of the cata- logues shows that the following prices were paid for sound bark :— Cayton Bark: Original: Yellow varieties: Ohips, poor thin to fair branchy 1d to 13d; fair to good bright mixed with shavings 2d to 44d; shavings mixed with branch 8d to 33d; fine bold chips and quill 10d ; good but rather papery brown druggists’ quill 7d: bold silvery ditto 74; root 64d per lb. Red varieties, weak chips 13d to 13d; weak to good branchy chips 2id to 4d; weak to good bright spoke shavings 2d to 43d per lb; grey root 23d to 64d perlb. Renewed: Yel- low varieties fair to good bright strong chips 44d to 7id; shavings dull weak 23d; good 54d to 73d; one parcel 103d per lb. Red varieties chps 23d to 6d; dusty small to good spoke shavings 23d to 64d per lb. Grey chips and shavings 23d to 5d per lb. é East Inpian Bark: Original: Yellow varieties, thin, twigs and chips 24d to 4d; fair to fine quilly mossy chips to8}d; shavings fair to fine rich 3d to 83d; druggists’ quill, good brown to fine bold rich mossy 7d tols 4d perlb. Red varieties, thinto good bright chips 2d to4d; spoke shavings 3d to 44d; long mossy quill 8id to 104d per lb. Grey chips 43d per lb. Renewed: Yellow varieties, spoke shavings 43d; fine bold chips and quill Is per lb». Grey chips 7d per lb. Red chips, fair quilly to goodbold stem chips 34d to7d; shavings 5d to 74d; broken to good bold mossy druggists’ quill 7d to 10d per Jb. JavA BarK.—Grey chips mixed with branch quill 5d per |b. Soura AMERICAN BArxk.—For brown papery to fine heavy silvery Calisaya quill from 7d to 1s 14d per lb. was offered and refused. About 38,972 lb. of rather irregular quill sold at 7d to 94d per lb. Nine serons very bold flat orange,rather dark on the reverse were bought in atls Gdper lb. One bale bold Cuprea bought 2d per lb. BasentiAL Orc.—Oitronella, neglected at gd to 15-16ths d. per oz. Quvuisine has been almost a dead letter this week. A. Jimited business has been done in German bulk at Js $d per oz first hand, and wo hear that the % & S agents have refused to submit an offer of 1s 24d per oz. THE DUTOH MARKET. AMSTERDAM, February 12th. CrnoHona BarE.—The second periodical anction will be held on February 21st, and will include 3,216 bales and 177 cases, or about 280 tons weight, of which 389 bales and 17 cases are Government crop. Of the lot 228 tons are manufacturers’ bark and 52 tons druggists’ bark. The analysis of the for- mer is as follows:—About 16 tons contain 1 to 2 per cent quinine sulphate; 48, 2 to 3; 68, 3 to4; 44,4to5d; 30, 5 to 6d; .11, 6to7; 6, 7to 8; 5, 8 to 9— or on the average 3°9, per cent; 228 tons, containing 9,097 kilos. (nearly 9 tons) sulphate of quinine. The bark is divided as follows :—Succirubra quills 109 cases; broken 228 bales, 10 cases; root 176 bales C. Schuhkroft quills 18 cases; broken 90 bales, 11 cases; root 1 bale, 2 cases, O. Officinalis quills, broken 73 bales; root 24 bales. O. Ledgeriana quills 20 cases; broken 2,043 bales, 7 cases; root 536 bales. Hybrids broken quills 27 bales ; root 17 bales— 3,215 bales, 177 cases.—Chemist and Druggist. ——<_@——__—— PLANTING IN JAVA. AMSTERDAM, Jan. 9. According to a statement published lately, the ex- ports from Java from July 1, 1887, till June 30, 1888, compared with the three former years, were as ollows :— Coffee. Govt. Sugar. Tobacco, Rice. Private. Pienls. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Picu)g. 1887-88 1886-87 228,368 286,639 6,641,568 207,361 1,174,494 676,893 486,478 5,993,928 160,300 992,972 1885-86 399,929 305,986 6,027,474 154,018 “ 461,685 1884-85 924,216 384,264 6,166,197 182,006 158,809 Indigo. Amsterdam. Tea. Kilos, 1887 -88 1,750,393 3,427,781 1886-87 ... 1,666,598 3,329,004 1885-86 ... 1,5100,957 2,607,613 1884-85 1,780,002 2,998,967 Cinchona Bark. Government Private. Bales. Bales. 1887-88 a 575,986 2,916,927 1886-87 on 660,433 1,569,842 1885-86 457,267 1,673,889 1884-85 a5 419,460 776,510 This statement shows an increase of almost all article except coffee, of which the crop has suffered much from the disease of the leaves, and it is tobe hoped that the measures taken to check it may lead to satisfactory results towards the maintenance and ex- tension of this cultivation, which is a principal source of revenue for the Java population. Regarding Java sugar, the president of the Java bank, Mr. Van den Berg, has written an interesting article, in which he arrives at the conclusion that the average price of production for the 1885 crop could be estimated at f.8 per picul, and for the 1886 crop at f.73 per picul, a difference too small to enable to express an opinion about the further existence of the cultivation. How- ever, it may be observed that the general expectation was that the difference in the cost price between the 1886 and 1887 crop would be much larger, and this opinion has now been fully confirmed. According to the reports received there is scarcely any manufactory which has not worked more economically in 1887 than in the too preceding years, and, calculating the cost price without adding interest on working capital and debts, £6.63 per picul may be taken as the price for 1867. This favourable result has been obtained by the abolition of the excise duty of fl. 25 per bouw for the manufactories working under Government contracts in December, 1886; but there is also another reason, which is to be found in the energetic endeavours made by the manufacturers to introduce a more economical syatem of working. These results evidently show that the existence of the Jaya sugar industry may be considered as secured ; but a great danger threatens the cultivation in the sereh disease, which has caused already a decrease of 181,413 piculs in the province of Aprit 1, 1889.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Djokjakarta, or about 27 per cent. compared with the crop of 1887. If the production becomes less ag a consequence of this fearful disease the cost of pro- duction will be, of course, comparatively higher, and the existence of the sugar industry more uncertain. ' However, the Government will have to give all its attention to the checking of the sereh disease, as the welfare of Java is principally dependent on this cultivation.—London and China Express. Se COCA LEAVES. Sir,—I notice, your remarks based upon a_ short paper introducing some of the exhibits that were made at the Linnean Seciety meeting of December 20, relating to the coca plants of the different va- rieties by Mr. D. Morris, of Kew. I had to differ from Mr. Morris in many particulars. He brought forward a plant which he wished to name ‘novo- gvanatense,” and a quantity of leaves collected fro. different sources, and stuted that the plant with the largest leaf known existed in Paris, and was the only known specimen in EKurope. I promised to send him specimens from some of my plants at Sydenham, as I had there four distinct varieties, and as the trees were large it was quite easy to see the difference in the habit, growth, and size of the leaf. I sent him the specimen, and he replied on December 31, as follows — ; I have to thank you for the specimens of coca which arrived while I was away last week. “‘T should say that No. Huanuco leaves, and to the plant in Oeylon, which yielded such good results in crystallizable cocaine. No. 2 is apparently the variety I have just described under the name of novogranatense.”’ “No, 3 comes near, but is not quite identical with the Bolivian type. It approaches more than any other to the leaves of the plant received from Dr. Treub, from the Botanical Gardens at Java, “No. 4 is a. very well-marked plant, and appears to be the one figured by Ruiz and Pavon. These leaves I have not notice before. “We should be glad of a cutting or plant of Nos. 1 and 4 if you could spare them. ; (Signed) D. Morris.” As Mr. Morris attached great importance to the yield of cocaine, and got Mr. Hrnest Howard to sup- port him in his opinion, I stated that in regard to the variety of coca leaves shown being the largest in Europe, even my largest variety of leaf in ao way comparerd in size to the leaves which yield the largest amount of cocaine that comes from Brazil, and which. were certainly 3 to 4 inches long. I referred to Mr. Howard, who was in the room, and he admitted at once that the fact of his having tested these Jarge leaves had entirely slipped his memory. He believed that they could find some of these specimens at their works. This variety is cer- tainly the richest, but we have never seen but the one shipment of Brazilian leaves of this size. ‘Mr. Morris further put forward the great value of the Java’ variety, the details of which you give in your Journal. It was a singular the very day Mr. Morris made these remarks at the Linnean Society, a quantity of Java coca leaves were offered in Mincing Lane, and the highest bid for them was 23d. per pound. I »m informed that they cannot get this leaf in its natural form, as it is so brittle that it breaks up into almost powder. Some of the similar shipment of these leaves fetched 7d. per pound, but there is much remaining unsold. In regard to the variety of coca leaves from the U. 8. Oolumbia, I mentioned that there were two -or three varieties that came from that part of the world, and some that had been tested by Messrs. Howards and Sons, of Stratford, when cocaine was worth 20s. per gram, which were entirely neglected for their value of yielding cocaine. T would call your attention to page 68, No, 9, ‘Now Commercial Plants,’ and you will there see that I 1 comes nearest to the. coincidence that_ give information and particulars of an analysis, made by Messrs. Howards and Sons, of Evrythroxylon mono- gyrum. I think it will be a great pity if Mr. Morris’s conclusions go forth to the world, that one of the most valuable varieties of coca plants known at the present time is that coming from the U.S. Columbia, and is best suited for growing to yield cocaine. In opposition to this fact LI find that those drug- gists and the houses making preparations of wine mixed with coca find that they have made a great mistake in purchasing only the thin green leaves, and now they are asking forthe Bolivian varieties, which are larger, clearer and rounder in form. Therefore it shows it is not only the flavour that medical men think necessary ; they require, as do the makers of the alkaloid, the action of the cocaine in the wines they order.—T Kos. CHristy.—LPharmaceutical Journal. eee TOBACCO AND BEETROOT SUGAR IN NETHERLANDS INDIA. The Tobacco Oompany Arensburg will, it is said, declare a dividend of 120 per cent. on the preceding year. At the meeting of shareholders of the Siak Tobacco Company Holland, held at Rotter- dam on the 15th inst., the directors have given infor- mation that in view of the present position of the tobacco market the cultivation of tobacco on the Oompany’s estate had not yet commenced, and that it was the intention not to commence with it at any rate before 1890. After a prolonged debate, during which the idea of a liquidation of the company was proposed, it was decided to await further informa- tion, and to authorise the directors, in the meantime, to make an investigation with regard to the results of other tobacco companies in Siak, and to con- voke the shareholders again within six months. Oonsidering the bad results of the working of lands in Siak by the Hast Sumatra Tobacco Company, and the doubtful results of the above-named company, it seems that the soil of Sielk does not possess those excellent qualities for the cultivation of tobacco as Sumatra, and precaution is necessary before investing money in tobacco companies. The Samarang Trading Company, in liquidation, has been converted into the Samarang Agricultural Company. The purpose of this company is the working of agricultural under- takings in general, and especially those possessed by the formercompany. The capital, 1,000,600 guilders, is divided in 2,000 shares, each of 500 guilders, te be divided again in 10 shares, each of 50 guilders. As full payment for 1,975 shares brought in by the liquidators of the Samarang Trading Company, all its assets and claims will be transferred to the new company. Some other limited companies purposing the cultivation of produce in Java have been established during the last few days. The Kenteng Agricultural Company, established at Haarlem, intends to cultivate coffee and other produce in the district of Kedirie (Java). The capital amounts to 190,000 guilders, divided in 76 shares each of 2,500 guilders, which have all been taken. The directors have received authority to in- crease the capital to 200,000 guilders if necessary, by issuing four shares each of 2,500 guilders. The Agricultural Company Ngoesrie; established at the Hague, purposes working certain lands in Blitar (Java) for the cultivation exclusively of coffee. The capital is 240,000 guilders, in 240 shares each of 1,000 guil- ders, which have also been taken, The protection rendered to the Beetroot industry by the various Governments have, no doubt, facilit- ated the speedy increase of thisindustry, but without the assistance of chemists and engineers it would never have come to that degree of development which it possesses now. Not only the industry but also agriculture has been benefited by the elncidations of the chemists. People in Java begin now to under~ stand that without these elucidations the agriculture and industry will not be able to develop itself at such a degree as these—both branches in Hurope— have done, 686 THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. (APrit 1, 1889. —, - Some companies of manufacturers have already established experimental stations, where the develop- ment of the sugar-cane was exactly followed in order that it might be possible to improve the cane, and where the manufacturers could make experiments on behalf of their cultivation and industry. But although this is a step in the right direction, these experimental stations cannot satisfy all wants. The Netherlands Indian Agricultural Company in this city therefore took a resolution, which cannot fail to be profitable. It has engaged some young Dutchmen, who will go to Java in the month of March, and there employ their knowledge and energy for the improvement of agriculture and industry. They will be conducted by Mr. Oarp, a clever, technical person, who has already assisted during several years in beetroot manufactures. The company by preference takes such technicals, in order that they may also be of service in the manufactories. These chemists are appointed with the view of examining the soil and the stuffs with which it must be charged, whereas they have also controlin the manufactories. The principal object is the improving of the cane, increase of the production of cane per como, im- provement of the manufacturing, and thus a larger production per 100 kilos cane.—Zondon and China Bupress. - > Liperian Corren in Conomso.—Arother fine ' blossom out this morning on Liberian coffee trees in Turret Road. Promiseof good crop from former blossom.— (or. CincwonA PuantTINc in Java has lost a great authority in the person of Mr. G. W. Heckhout, of Soekaboemie, the president of the Planters’ Associa- tion. This able man is supposed to have been a relative of the great Belgian artist Heckhout, of Brus- sels, formerly president of the Academy of Painting at the Hague, who died in Paris some years ago. —BLurgoyne’s Monthly Export. Norroix Istanp.—In a recent American consular yeport an account is given of the isolated British settlement on Norfolk Island, in the South-Western Pacific, about midway between the north cape of New Zealand and New Caledonia, and about 380 miles from each. The island ig about 5 miles. long by 3 broad, with a total area of 8,600 acres. It is just outside the tropics, the extremes of temperature are never reached, the climate is most equable, and the thermometer never ranges higher than 84° in sum- mer and never lower than 46° in winter. At oné time the island was densely wooded with the native Pine (Araucaria excelsa) and other trees, but now it is covered with open, park-like downs, interspersed with groups of this Pine. Orginally used as a penal settlement it was in 1856 made over to the descend- ants of the famous mutineers of the “‘ Bounty,” who had inereased and multiplied beyond the sustaining power of Viteairn Isiand, and who were presented with Norfolk Island. The soilis exceedingly fertile, being composed of dark chocolate loam, or de- composed basalt. There is a complete absence of frost, and almost every temperate and sub-tropical plant grows in luxuriance. But three plants or weeds are so destructive to all other vegetation that @ portion of every year is given by the whole community to their destruction ; but, in spite of this, they are steadily increasing. These are two Solan- ums and the Oassia levigata. The whole island is parcelled out into 50 acre lots, held at a peppercorn rent; the original immigrants received 50 acres each, aud for some years each married couple received the same grant; this was reduced to 25 acres, The native vegetation of the island is wholly peculiar; besides the famous Norfolk Island Pine already men- tioned there is a Tree Fero (Alsophilla excelsa) and 4 Palm (Areca Baueri); there are besides upwards ote different kinds of Ferns.—Gardener's’ Ohvo- nicle, ‘ Green Bue anp Lonpon Porrpuz.—A London correspondent writes to a Colombo firm as follows:— “Many thanks for your sample of green bug, and the coffee leaves. As you will see in our letter to your firm, we aresending out to you a trial consignment of ‘ Lon- don Purple’ to be experimented with on Broughton and I hope sincerely that it will prove asuccess. Mr, Hem- ingway guarantees it to kill the green bug, but of course it won’t touch leaf-disease- It must be carefully hand. led, as it is a deadly poison, but I don’t suppose it will affect the berry itself.” Insrcts.—The authorities of the Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, have established in connection with their Agricultural Department an ‘* Insectary.” The object of this novel feature in agricultural educa- tion is to afford means for the study of the life- history of insects in their several stages, so as to ascertain their manners and customs, modes of increase, and the like, to discover what insects are injurious and which beneficial to the farmer, and to devise means for preventing the attacks or of pall ating the evil results of insect pests. The establishment is under the direction of Professor Oomstock. Were such an establishment suggested here the proposal would in ail probability be received with ridicule, but it does not appear in that light to our eminently practical cousins.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Feriinc Trees By Evecrriciry.—Hitherto machines for feeling trees have been driven by steam-power, but this is sometimes inconvenient, especially in thick woods, and electric power has recently been adopted in the Galician forests. Usually in such machines the trunk is sawn, but in this case it is drilled. When the wood is of a soft nature the drill hasa sweep- ing motion, and cuts into the trunk by means of cutting edges on its sides. The drill is actuated by an electric motor mounted on a carriage, which is brought up close to the tree end shackled to it. The motor is capable of turning round its vertical axis; and the drill is geared to it in such a manner that it can turn through an are of a circle and make a sweeping cut into the trunk. The first cut made, the drill is advanced a few inches and another section of the wood removed in the same way until the trunk is half-severed. It is then clamped, to keep the cut from closing, and the operation continued until it would be unsafe to go on. The remainder is finished by a hand-saw or an axe. The current is conveyed to the motor by insulated leads brought through the forest from a generator placed in some convenient site.—Zimes. HORTICULTURE IN CarAccas.—We, Garden and Forest, have already referred to Dr. Ernst’s first article, published in the Gartenflora, on “ Horticulture in Oar- aceas.” It has been followed by a second chapter that contains much interesting information with re- gard to the plants which flourish in the Venezuelan climate, and those which, upon trial, have been found ill-suited to it. The cultivation of useful plants, he tells us, has lagged so far behind that of flowering and ornamental plants, that it is no exaggeration to say, not a single new fruit or vegetable has been introduced into the country during the last fifty years. On the other hand, the prices paid for flowers are enormous, running so high in the ease of native | Orchids, that their re-importation from England may prove profitable. A specimen of Oattleya Wagneriana, with twelve leaves and eight blossoms, had recently been offered to the author for 45 dols., and he attributes such demands to the fact, that collectors for English firms have given such enormous sums for white-flowering Oattleyas, that the natives in consequence have “lost their heads” to a degree which can only be cured by a persistent abstention from purchase on the part of local eustomers. That they have by no means lost their cunning is shown by the statement that they treat the common Oat- tleya Mossiz with sulphur fumes so as to make it look like C. Reineckiana, bring the plants bearing these blanched blossoms to unsuspecting amateurs in twilight hours, and often receiving high prices for — them.—Gardeners’ Ohroniele, AprRiL 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 681 ey MANURES FOR THA. The following information interesting to Tea Plan- ters is extracted from the proceedings of the A. H. Society of India:— From Messrs. Williamson, Magor & Oo., forward- ing a circular from the Director, Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Assam, and asking for an opinion on the suggestion it contains, The circular deals with green manuring with mustard and its applicablity to Tea gardens, and advocates a trial. Without an actual trial it is difficult to form an opinion as to the practicability of green manuring a Tea garden; one of the difficulties which presents itself, and which the Director also notes, is that the portion of the garden so treated would have to be left alone till the crop would be big enough to be dug into the ground; to derive the full benefit of the system the crop should be allowed to grow until it comes into flower, and should be dug into the ground before the seeds swell, a large area could not therefore be easily dealt with unless labor were very plentiful; digging-in a crop requires much deeper hoe- ing then that ordinarily given, and in fact ap- proaches to trenching; as this operation would be under- taken say two months after pruning, and when the bushes would be making new growth, it seems pro- bable that the growth would be checked, as by the treatment many of the roots would be cut, and some of the new growth might be further injured in clear- ing the bushes of plants growing close to the stems. It is also difficult to say what effect on the growth of the bushes the young and vigorous crop of mustard in the land would have; and another consideration is, whether the shelter thus given would cause an increase of insect pests. Without practical trial it is almost impossible to say whether, on the whole, green manuring could be beneficially done ona Tea garden. The experiment is simple and easy to make. Messrs, Davenport & Co. wrote:—We notice from our copy of the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Society for last month, that our offer to assist in obtaining samples of Tea soil for analysis had been accepted. We shall therefore feel obliged if you will send us instructions regarding the obtaining and forwarding of samples, and shall be very glad to give all information and any assistance we can in this matter.” Recorded with thanks: the instructions required were sent to Meesrs. Davenport & Oo. From Messrs. Barry & Oo., forwarding samples of Tea bushes from Dooloo, Cachar, and an extract from Mr. Aitchinson’s letter respecting analysis of Tea garden soils:—“‘I think what is equally of importance with the analysis of the soil and Tea plant, is the means whereby a Tea planter may know the relative value of oil-cakes and all other manures. All kinds of oil-eake are good manures, and so are all kinds of manure I may say; but I should like to be able to say what I should pay for such and such an oil- cake or other manure. A poor oil-cake would require to be laid onin extra quantity, and so on.” The relative value of different manures can only be found whenit is shown what is necessary in the first place for the support of the plant, and in the next, which of the constituents happen to be defi- cient in the soil. In this conuection the following will be interesting: it is an extract from a paper read before the Royal Horticultural Society at Ohiswick, _ at their meeting on the 17th of October last, by Edmond Tonks, Esq., 8B. c. L. of Knowle, Wariokshire: the paper is on canker in fruit trees, which Mr. Tonks traces to the want of suitable nourishment in the soil, and he narrates the result of his experiments wi'h artificial manures on cankered trees, which seem to have been eminently satisfactory. He says:—‘ The food required by a planter is a complicated mixture of many elements, all of which are necessary for its well-being. The complete absence of one of them would be fatal; a deficient supply of one would arrest its development, and render it subject to disease. Nothing is more instructive and conclusive on this point than the copies of photographs of plants grown for tet of testing the effect of manures more or less complete, to be found in treatises on the sub- ject. That of “Ville on Artificial Manures,” published by Longmans, contain many such illustrations, which clearly show that when the soil contains every element of fertility but one, it remains absolutely barren. For instance, in a soil without potash, the vine makes no growth. It remains to say that the manures necessary to restore a tree to health vary as the soils: although the ashes of the wood of the apple tree contains 71 per cent. of lime—an exceptionally large quantity—it would not be necessary to supply this element on a lime formation; nor would soda be required in a soil near the sea, although, in other geological formations or situations, a deficiency of one or both may be the cause of canker. Like conditions apply to the other elements. Various soils require such manures as will supply their various deficiencies ; but as it is most difficult to ascertain, even by analy- sis, what may be the deficiencies of a soil, the practi- cal way of dealing with the subject is to study the analysis of the ashes of the plant in question, and to use a manure which is composed of these elements.” WHITE-ANTS, The following very curious details are from the pro- ceedings of the A. & H. Society of India:— From Mr. J. Oleghorn, Balasore. ‘‘ By today’s dak I am sending you preserved specimens of three Queens of White ants taken this day out of one of the ant hills so common in this district. On previous occa- sions I had tried to preserve specimens in very strong spirits of wine, but the subjects become discoloured and not recognizable, The specimens now forwarded have been preserved in a solution of Honey, Borax and Boracic acid, which I expect will keep them fresh for 10 or 12 days only, so they should be sent over to the museum to be treated by some proper preser- vative. The three specimens were removed by me this morning from one nest; the three were found lying extended side by side on a horizontal platform of smooth clay, of about six inches in diameter, domed over. By the natives it is considered a royal find to discover three in one nest, and when so found they are considered to comprise King, Queen and Prime Minister. It is usual to always find two in one nest, King and Queen, us the natives designate them. These grubs are totally distinct species to those found in the district of Shahabad; there the Queens are found singly enclosed in a hollow spherical ball of mud of about two inches outside diameter, the diameter of the cavity being about one and three quarter inches, which cavity is filled up by the Queen grub being doubled up, in which position she lives, White ant hills are very numerous in this district: they some- . times attain a height of 10 or 12 feet above ground level. I have formed an opinion, which may be premature, that the white ants here do not consume the wood and vegetation they attack, but that the material is-carried away and formed into combs, which combs are made to produce fungoid spores, and on these spores the ants live and feed their young. These spores on being exposed to light, pro- duce very handsome fungoid growths. In the combs which I have spoken about, the young are found of all sizes crawling about, and the absence of eggs appears to me to be very remarkable. The white ant introduces itself to every trade and profession, and it would be very difficult to calculate the annual money value of the loss it causes to the country. I have been induced to send you these specimens by seeing that Mr. W. J.Simmons of the Microscopical Society has taken up the subject, and as every one in India is daily more or less acquainted with this destructive creature, I hope that a controversy will be started, and that the opinions of many observers may be recorded, so that the natural history of this animal may be discovered, and that these creatures may yet be made to give areturn for their depredations.” Several letters on the same subject have been re- ceived from Mr. Oleghorn; as he is continuing his researches, and will probably embody the result in paper, they are not reproduced st present, 682 THE SUPPLY OF THA ON THE LONDON MARKET, TO THE EDITOR OF THE HOME AND COLONIAL MAIL, Sir,—Some few weeks ago you published a letter signed “ @.S,,” contaning a suggestion that importers should atrange among themselves to regulate the supplies + put on the market, with a view to preventing the collapse in prices which occurs whenever there is undue pressure to sell. It was clear, from the manner in which “G.S” _ handled the subject, that he is a practical man, and alive to the great difficulty of arriving. at such a general agreement among sellers as would be necessary to effect what he advocated. The hindrances to such a policy are; (1) that some of the larger agency firms do not feel at liberty to hold back the consign- ments of one set of clients while realising the shipments of other clients; (2) that some of the principul pro- ducers elect, as they have a right to do, to choose their own time for selling, and to keep their hands free: (3) that the bulk of the trade in tea—z.e., the operations of the retailers—being transacted during ° the eight months between August. and March, it is not a wise policy to keep out of the market during those months. While, if these objections were over- ruled, the fact would remain that the value of the crop in the main is regulated by the amount of total supply in relation to the probable requirements of the year. But allowing for all these arguments, in theory adverse to the policy suggested, there remains the certain fact that whenever sellers have regulated the supply a solid benefit has resulted; not always im- mediately peroeptible in prices realised, but, without question, eventually strengthening the hands of sellers, and imparting a little of the confidence so much needed to the buyers. I have chosen this opportunity for supporting “ G. S.,”” because it is tolerably plain to all who have an inside view of the position of the market, that sellers (for the next six months at least) hold the key to the position. During the last few weeks there has been a general recognition of the absence of any reason for forcing sales. Supplies have consequently been reduced, and now the effect is beginning to be felt. It is known within 10,000 chests what the total available for the market is to the end of July; and it is found that this is not much more than half the quantity which, in the ordin- ary course, the trade will take delivery of. Still, with the reduced supplies, importers are now quitting their stocks at the rate af the actual delivery; surely en un- necessary proceeding. ~ With a little patience, and a better understanding between the six or eight large firms in whose hands stocks are mainly concentrated, a substantial gain to the whole body of the trade could be secured. Tam not aiming at a corner—far from it; but I know that the dealers like nothing so wellasa strong market with an upward tendency; and it goes without saying that this is to the advantage of sellers, rathor than an irregular market depressed at one time, unduly inflated at another. I pen these observations in the hope that as time goes on the subject of co-operation amongst producers may receive more attention than it has done in the past.—Yours, faithfully, A SELLER, Feb. 20th, 1889. —_—___¢———_____ ! REPORT ON THE GOVERNMENT CINCHONA ENTERPRISE IN THE PREANGER REGENCIES, JAVA, FOR THE YEAR 1887, By R. van Romonpez, Director or tum Govern- ment CrnononaA Enterprisn. (Translated for the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.”) 1. Weather.—The year 1887 was distinguished by much and continuous rai, there was scarcely any to speak of. From the middle of June to about the middle of August the weather continued pretty dry, though even during these two THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘puccirubra seedlings. Of areal east monsoon | [APRIL 1, 1889, months some rainy days were also recorded. From the beginning to about the middle of the month of February severe storms were experienced, which caused considerable damage to buildings and nurseries as well as to plants, especially at Nagrak on the Tangkoeban- Prahoe mountains. About the middle of October a severe storm from the south-east, which lasted only a single day, caused considerable damage to the planta- tions on the Malabar mountains, especially to the graft plantation at Tirtasari, Some onight-frosts were experienced during the month of July, which how- ever did no harm, asthey took place on flat and cup- shaped portions of land, which in former years also had been exposed to the influence of night-frosts and had not been replanted. On the whole the weather was favorable for the nurserjes and the young plants, but the great and continuous rains after the pretty wet year 1886 were not favorable for the growth of old plants, and did not exercise a favorable influence on the harvest of 1887, 2. Increase.—The uumber of plants standing in the open at the end of the year amounted to 1,665,500. In spite of the considerable additional planting through the extension of the Tirtasari establishment and the replanting of uprooted portions of the other establish- ments, the abovementioned figure shows a slight decrease as compared with the figure at the end of 1886, a decrease that cannot be the result solely of the thinning out of close plantations aud the uprooting of some bouws of inferior varieties of cinchona, but must be attributed to the counting of the number of plants standing in the open which has since been ordered. A much smaller figure was found in the case of the Nagrak establishment, where the number of plants standing in the open was asceftained by counting. Itis to be expected that on other establish- ments also, in spite of the writings-off during recent years, a smaller number of plants in the open will be found than is shown by the figures recently given. There are in the nurseries under shade 1,595,500 ledgeriana and 680,000 succirubra plants, These figures are very general, as among them are included the still very small plants in beds, the number of which cannot be given even approximately. Among the ledgerianas are included 45,500 graft plants, for the most part intended for the extension of the Tirtasari establishment, of which number about half will be transplanted into the open during the first quarter of 1888. Among the number of plants in the nurseries are not included the recently formed grafts in various stages of development, the number of which amounts to about 25,000. For graft slips use was chiefly made of twigs of the rich ledgeriana, a descendant of the mother tree No. 38, known as No. 387, which contains some 12'5 p.c. of quinine. Graft slips were also obtain- ed from the finest specimens of the grafts which have been placed in the open during the last three years, from descendants of the mother trees Nos. 23 and 38, which on analysis showed about 11 p.c. in the bark of 6 to 7 year old plants. There were also used for graft slips twigs of a nine year old descendant of the mother tree No. 23, which was analysed during the year under notice and appeared to contain 13 p. c. of quinine. The grafts thus obtained will be treated with special carein order that graft slips may be got from them speedily. The grafts obtained from a pair of rich hybrid of C. ledgeriana and C. succirubra, which were referred to in the previous report, were planted outin uprooted portions of land at Tjinjiroean. The experiments of grafting C. ledgeriana upon C. succurubra in the open air, which had been abandoned for some | years on account of the unfavorable result, were renewed during the year under notice. At first these experiments again gave no favorable results. Onbeing repeated however and performed with greater care the results were pretty satisfactory. Very great care continued to be paid to the raising of ledgeriana and The rich crop of seed especially from the graft plantations at Tirtasari at the end of 1886 enabled usto raise a large number of plants of typical appearance, which however for the most part will not be utilized before the end of 1888 for putting outin tho open, A commencement was made at the Apri. 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICGULTURIST. end of the past year with the replanting of fields of inferior varieties uprooted during 1887. Insofar as the replanting was carried on with C. ledgeriana, excep- tionally typical forms were used, and only very well- grown plants were put out in the open ground. For planting out only the tallest plants were removed from the nurseries, by which means the rest had the opportunity, on account of more light and space, of fuller growth. By the strict observance of this rule well-grown plants continue to be obtained without extending the nurseries unnecessarily. The planting out of grafts at Tirtasari was continued even in the driest part of the year. The grafts raised in pots suffer little from being transplanted, and, as two feet deep holes are dug beforehand, there was also no danger that by the setting in of a severe east monsoon the soil should be dried up and the plants consequently die off. Thus the planted grafts, the operation being performed in the driest season of the year, have grown well, and supplies were scarcely needed. In consequence of the mild east monsoon of 1886 the blossoming of ledgerianas and succirubras was very small, so that in the course of 1887 it was possible to hold but a single sale of seed. By means of the large quantities of excellent ledgeriana seed sold at public auction in the latter part of 1886, most of the cinchona planters, at least in the Preanger Regencies, obtained supplies of seed at very moderate prices, so that there was scarcely any need of extend- ing the seed nurseries. In consequence of the diminished confidence in cinchona cultivation only 20 grams of ledgeriana seed found buyers at the sale of 30th December 1887 at the fixed upset price of fl per gram. A batch of seven hundred grams of succi- rubra seed was sold at the auction at the upset price of f0:20 per gram. The method (more and more practised) of grafting in the open air is certainly a reason why succirubra seed found more buyers. Of the ledgeriana grafts offered not a single one was sold at the fixed upset price of f10 each. The total result of the sale of seed was f160 gross. Small quantities of ledgeriana and succirubra seed were applied for by botanists and representatives of scientific institutions or foreign Governments. The applications of foresters for succirubra seed were also of little consequence. Tho extensive seed-beds laid out on the Government gardens in the latter part of 1886 will be able to yield sufficient plants for another couple fof years, so that it was not necessary to lay out bedsfrom the small seed crop of 1887. At the end of the past year many original ledgerianas, and also many grafts, began to blossom at Tirtasari, so that in 1888 a tolerable crop of cinchona seed may be expected. 8. Clearing and Upkeep.—During 1887 twenty bouws of jungle land were cleared, intended for the putting in of graft plants, Near the Tjinjiroean establishment also some bouws of jungle land were felled and cleared insofar as the pieces of land happened to come withinthe new roads which were formed for the rounding off of the establishment. This establishment did not however undergo a regular extension, because an equally large extent has to be considered which after the rooting out of the plants therein will not be re- planted on account of the difficult position of the land. The planting up of the fields at Tirtasari was com- Menced as soon as a sufficient number of well-grown grafts was available, whilst a beginning was mado during November 1887 with the replanting of the uprooted portions. These operations are being carried out regularly as often as the nurseries yield well-grown plants, and will be brought to a conclusion during the firs’ quarter of 1888. At ‘Tirtasari, where grafts raised in pots were exclusively planted out, whioh suffered little or nothing from the transporting and planting out, the plantations formed in the latter part of the west monsoon gave the best results. At Nagrak on the Tangkoeban-Prahoe mountains, where the subsoil is very hard and not very rich, the soil also for some depth scarcely allows the rain-water to percolate, and the plants, especially the young ones, suffer from root disease, important alterations in the mode of cultiva- tion were adopted. Onthe uprooted portions of land no terraces were formed, and the washing away of tho surface soil was prevented by horizontal rows of weeds, which allowed the superfluous rainwater to flow slowly above ground, but to retain all portions of soil. Plant-holesin these plantations were made not larger than was absolutely necessary for the reception of the plants, whilst working of the soil was, to commence with, practised only extremely superficially. The results, insofar as can be judged after the brief practise of this altered method, give every prospect of success: the young plants have grown better and have suffered from root disease to a far less degree than those that in former years were placed in terraces. From the results obtained it appears to be very evident how difficult it is to fix universally applicable rules for the laying out of plantations and stirring of the soil. Whilst in the sandy soil of the Malabar mountains: deep plant-holes make their inflnence on the growth of the plants strongly felt at the end of two or three years, at Nagrak on the Tangkoeban-Prahoe moun- tains they give rise to nothing but disappointment. Great care was bestowed during the past year also on the upkeep of the plantations. The young gardens were superficially dug with the patjoel [hoe] as soon as the plants came in conflict with the up- springing weeds, whilst when the plants developed properly the soil was dug deeper. It is specially the pieces of land that have been replanted for the ' second or third time that require a continued and often a repeated stirring of the soil, since the plants put into such lands at first grow less vigorously, and less hurtful weeds, consisting chiefly of varieties of grass, which spread by means of rhizomes, usually make their appearance there. In older plantations, where the plants have already finished their warfare with the upspringing weeds, the grounds were dug deep several times, in order to allow the air to obtain free access to the soil, to expose the lower strata of earth to the influence of the air and thus to extend the surface of the soil. On account of the great and continuous fall of rain the stirring of the soil by means of trenches was practised less than in previous years, principally because the excavated earth, consisting for a large part of light clay, was covered by the heavy and continued rain with a less’ pervious layer, whereby the penetration of the air to the soil was prevented. Trenches were dug principally on those places where the washing away of the surface soil was feared. In consequence of the great pains bestowed on the stirring of the soil the plants asa rule have grown well, less however than in 1886, apparently in consequence of the mild east monsoon of 1886, in which year the surface soil had, owing to the great amount of rain, less opportunity of weathering. Satisfactory though are the results obtained from the manuring of the plantations, the small quantities of manure that are to be obtained on or in ‘the neighbourhood of the establishments were the cause of its being possible only moderately to utilize this means of improving the plantations. At Nagrak and Lembang manurial substances were bought from the population in the neighbourhood of the establishments mentioned. As in previous years the formation and continuance of dense plantations was aimed at. The favorable results, both with regard to crop and economical upkeep of the plantations, obtained with close planting, the chemical and physical improvement of the soil, which is a result thereof, are so many reasons for as closely as possible adhering to the methods of operation practised of late years, In the annual report for 1886 mention was made of the adoption of a system of pruning having for its object the obtaining of single-stemmed trees, The experiments made immediately gave such good results, that the method of pruning was more generally adopted. Sanguine as were the anticipations found regarding it, the results even exceeded ant'cipa- tions, and it is therefore now universally adopted. In the execution of the directions given, which at first certainly left somewhat to be desired, there was dur- ing the past year a manifest improvement, and a body of men is being gradually formed who are accustomed to the practice of a rational system of pruning. The young plants have now generally 684 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1889. SR the pyramidal form ahd the older pruned trees are also gradually acquiring this much desired form. The method of pruning followed since the middle of 1886 not only has the advantage, that in pruning only those branches are removed which are borhe down by those higher up and thus are of no more use for the further growth of the plants, but it also manifests itself in ap increased production, both of manufacturers’ and of pharmaceutical barks. The measurements of ledgerianas, begun in 1879, were continued. The mean height ofthe nine years old plants at Tjibeureum raised from seed was now 5°94 meters with a circumference of 0°40 meter. The maximum height was 6:71, the maximum circum- ference 0°51 meter. At Tirtasari the measurements of the eight years old grafts and plants grown from cuttings gave a mean height of 5°32 and 4-41 meters, with a mean circumference of 0°36 and 0°31 meters, whilst the maxima of height and circumference respec- tively were 6’61 and 5:37, 0°56 and 0:47 meter. The Heiopeltis anton continued to make its present felt on all the establishments with the exception of Kawah Tjiwidei. In the young plantations the insect was pursued as soon as it manifested itself; and thus the plants did wot suffer harm therefrom. At Tirtasari the insect made a pretty severe attack upon some portions of older plantations, which had been very roughly treated by the storm during October and had received a check in their growth by the breaking off of their branches. As the capture of the insect is impossible in the case of the older trees, in the affected portions of the plantations a repeated and thorough stirring of the soil was made use of with a view to furthering the formation of leaf and as far as possible to counteract the damage done by the insect, Little or no damage was caused during the past year to the plantations by caterpillars, and only slight injury was doneat Tirtasari to young plants by the larve of chafers, which gnawed off the roots of the trees. More damage than by insects was caused at Nagrak by the root disease of the cinchona trees which was experienced in greater or less degree on most of the estates in the Residency of the Preanger Regencies. From an in- quiry instituted by us by order of the Government, the result of which is given ina separate report, we appear to be able to draw the conclusion, that the conditions for the existence and propagation of the disease must be sought in excessive moisture in and incomplete access of air to the soil. The altered mode of operation practised at Nagrak in the pre- paration and upkeep of the plantationsis a consequence of the result of the inquiry instituted. 4. Crop of Bark—The crop of 1887 amounted to 703,818 half kilograms of bark, which was dispatched to the Netherlands for sale. No bark was applied for by the Military Medical Service. The bark was obtained principally by the thinning out of dense plantations of ledgeriana and succirubra. At Nagrak three bouws of C. josephiana and two bouws of C. calisaya anglica were rooted out, the plantations having begun to exhibit a sickly appearance; at Tjinjiroean, josephianas that were met with as scattered trees over some ten bouws were dug out and harvested. On the remaining establishments the uprooting of plants was confined to a couple of bouws of C. succirubra, a bouw of C. calisaya anglica, and abouw of C, lancifolia. The bark con- sisted of :— Numbers. Net weight Varieties of Cinchona. (Bales. \Obests.| in half-kilos. C. succirubra.. ale 170 250) 154,145 C. josephiana (C. calisaya schuhkraft) P 398 114) 84,761 C. calisaya (C. calisaya Javanica) a. a 43 2 7,343 C. calisaya anglica .. 139 20| 25,197 C. caloptera .. a 16 9 3,648 C. ledgertand.. ae 2,285 15} 869,713 C, officinalis .. pe 344 8) 51,113 C. lancifolia «+ f 45 5 7,893 Total .. oe 4,040, 418| 703,318 From these figures it appears, that the crop of 1887 exceede.l that of the previous year by 177,615 half- kilograms, The increase is chiefly due to the out- turn of C. ledgeriana, the crop of which in 1886 amounted to 238,764 half-kilograms. The remarkable increase of ledgeriana bark, the crop of which in 1886 amounted to only 155,287 half-kilograms, is partly due to the larger area of plants, which for the first time during the past year yielded any bark ; to the plants being older; but especially to the universally practised thorough stirring of the soil and rale strictly adhered to during the last couple of years: to harvest season- ably, often and moderately. The ledgeriana bark was obtained chiefly by the thinning out of trees that were being or were likely to be weighed down, whilst only those branches were removed and _ stripped, which were pressed down by higher branches. Very remarkable as is the increaseof bark, in connection therewith the fact is worthy of note, that in conse- quence of the severe depression in the prices of cin- chona bark, less and less thin pieces of stem and root were harvested, so that under normal conditions the crop would have been much larger. Finally it may be noted, that by the method of harvesting pursued the formation of a capital of bark remains the chief object, so that the increase of bark in the plants is still left out of view. How great is this increase of bark in the plants, can be judged in some measure from the in- creasing production, which, inasmuch asit is obtained exclusively by thinning out, may be considered as the interest on the capitai. The favorable influence of the generally adopted intensive method of cultivation is also seen by the outturn of the graft and cutting plantation at Tirtasari, where 30 bouws of plants of an average of five years of age gave in 1886 a crop of 36,246 half-kilograms, whilst the same plantation and some five bouws of younger plants in 1887 produceda crop of 53,483 half-kilograms. That the future of cinchona cultivation must besought for chiefly in the creation and continuance of old plantations, is more- over proved by the fact, that from the original ledgeriana plantation at Tjinjiroean, some four bouws in size and about 21 years old, there was obtained in 1887 by thinning outacropof 10,465 half-kilograms, consisting of :— 2,976 half-kil. bkn. quill containing 7°14 p.c:quin. 1,861 ” $y) ” ” 663 ” oh 2,334 » small pieces ,, 3°87 5 x 3,294 » root bark ,, 659" Total: 10,465 half-kil. bark containing Ps an average of 6:15 p. c: quin. and giving 8°27 quinine sulphate. Deserving of notice also is the fact, that the ledgeriana mother tree No.89, which had to be dug out on account of disease, pro- duced a crop of 146 half-kilograms of wet and 72 half-kilograms of dry bark. For the artificial drying of the bark a Davidson’s "J Sirocco was erected at the begining of 1887 at Tirtasari, which has succeeded very well and answers requirements better than the drying furnaces at Tjinjiroean and Nagrak, which however con- tinued to render good services. On allthe establish- ments on the southern ranges buildings have now been erected for the placing therein of six new drying machines like that at Tirtasari, which have been indent- ed for, whereby harvesting, which under the present method of cultivation must experience no check, can be carried on uninterruptedly independently of the weather. The crop of 1886 was sold in Amsterdam in 1887 at eight public auctions. The average price realized at the various sales amounted to f0°54?S per half-kilogram and the gross return to {285,359°66. The prices of the manufacturers’ barks C, ledgervana and (©. officinalis varied from 108 to 28, those of pharmaceutical barks from 180 to 16 cents per half- kilogram. The high prices which have been paid during the last few years for calisaya quill barks were an inducement to return once more as far as possible to the harvesting of ledgeriana in quills and the packing of it in chests. There is the more in- ducement thereto, in that the bark of ©: calisaya APRIL 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 685 rr rg er a A A ER SO nS SU ee So eee and allied varieties of cinchona will in a few years belong to the past, or at least will be restricted to a minimum. By way of experiment 15 chests of ledgeriana bark in quills out of the crop of 1887 were sent to Amsterdam. From July 1888 the bark from the Government gardens will be dispatched direct to Tandjong Priok instead of to Batavia. During the later months of the year the crop was sent as inland produce, that is to say, the carriage by rail was no longer debited to paragraph 191 of the budget for 1887. 5. Staff’; inances.—Among the European staff there were nochanges of importance. A second-class over- seer was allowed to retire honorably from his post, in consequence of which a third-class overseer was appointed to the second class and a probationer over- seer .was promoted to the third class. The vacancy caused by the death of a probationer overseer was speedily filled up. The fixed native .staff consisted at the end of December 1887 of 5 carpenters, 1 packing house mandoor (also postman), 29 mandoors, 236 boedjangs, and a servant for the chemical laboratory. There was no cause of complaint on account of want of labor. Even during the sawah [wet land] working season, when the supply of men for work is limited, there was no break in the regular course of operations, since the plantations have arrived at and are kept in such a condition, that a temporary cessation of field operations, especially those of stirring of the soil and upkeep, has little or no influence. Under the system of harvesting adopted, whereby women and children are required continuously for the stripping of the bark, the lack of these during the coffee-picking was indeed at one time felt, the harvesting having been on this account, though not entirely stopped, yet considerably retarded in some cases. The ex- penditure on account of the enterprise amounted in 1887 to:— Salaries of the Director, the Asst. Direc- tor, and the other European staff _£32,700:00 Stationery .. 60 oye ie 360:00 Travelling and halting expenses bi 1,225°75 Planting, gathering, dispatched and sale if cinchona seed and grafts, with expenses connected therewith .. 96,882'27 . 7181,168-02 being /6,628:02 more than was estimated in the budget for 1887. As has been stated under the heading of “Harvesting,” part of the produce was sent direct to Tandjong Priok indead of to Batavia,.and the crop of the later months of the year was sent as inland produce, whereby a comparison of the expenditure with former years must be restricted to the collective cost of management and working with the dispatch of the produce to the railway stations at Bandoeng and Tjimahi, For 1886 the expenditure amounted per half-kilogram of bark to ds a bd F0°2201 for 1887 a5. OHA. 00G +), eel) Wexuon,.O1nAg being thus a saving of 476c per half-kilogram, which saving is chiefly a result of the so much greater crop. According to their annual report for 1886 the collec- tive expenditure including the dispatch of the pro- duce to Batavia amounted during the year to f124,368°40. The collective cost of the dispatch of the produce to the Netherlands beside that of sale &c, amounted to -. 40,841'96 Total... £165,210:36 The gross return of the sales held at Amsterdam in 1887 amounted to £285,359'66; so that from the crop of 1886 a bargain was realized of #120,149:30, not reckoning a sum of 1,885, which was produced by the sale of grafts and seed. The pecuniary results of the enterpriseffor the year 1886 are thus again smaller than those for 1885 in consequence of the great fall In prices of cinchona burk during the year 1887. The collective expenses reckoned per half-kilogram bark including dispatch to Batavia amounted in 1886 to f0°23%65; those of the dispatch to Europe beside those of sale of the produce &e. f0'07765: total 03143, The gross return per half-kilogram of bark averaged 05428, so th i -ki pp 702 Me at the gain per hajf-kilogram amounted 6. Information regarding the Varieties of Cinchona Grown in Java.—The plants obtained from the seed received in 1880 from the late Mr. Schuhkraft were during 1887 subjected to a chemical analysis. From the appended statement of the analyses obtained, it appears that the bark of these trees at five years old contained an average of 2°53 p. c. of quinine. These plants therefore are not worth consideration for purposes of cultivation. Far less still are the plants raised from seed reveived in 1882 under the names of Fine and Finest Oalisaya of Mapiri, Oali- saya of Inquisivi, Zamba meroda, Durasmilo and Cocola, the bark of which was analysed during 1887. Satis- factory on the other hand were the results of the analysis of the bark of C. pitayensis. At five years old the average content of plants raised from seed was 4°85 p.c. quinine. Although in the composition of the bark coming behind C. ledgeriana, yet the cul- tivation of this plant promises to be not unprofitable. The bark has in appearance much resemblance to that of C. officinalis. In chemical composition it does not fall behind the latter, in fact has a remarkable agree- ment therewith, but its growth is considerably stronger. The cultivation of C. pitayensis therefore is deserving of recommendation on the higher lands, where the ledgeriana does not succeed at all or but poorly. As the few unisolated trees wiil yield no seed, from which typical plants can be raised, it is intended to form a graft plantation of C. pitayensis for obtaining seed later on. Now that the planting of officinalis is continually decreasing on account of the all-powerful ledgeriana, and the quill barks of C. officinalis, so such in demand in trade, known under the name of Loxa or crown bark, threaten to dis- appear from the market, the planting of C. pitayensis promises very well for the future, and may be of great value for high-lying plantation. 7. Chemical Analyses.—The bark of the 1886 crops was as in former years chemically analysed at the Quinological Laboratory of Moens, van der Sleen, Hekmeyer. The results are givenin appendix B. The. analysis of the barks of the crop of 1887 was also for the most part entrusted to the same laboratory. Since September 1887 the analyses of the bark gathered since that date have been performed by the Assistant Director of the Government Cinchona Enter- prise, to whom also the analyses in the interest of the culture continue to be entrusted. The analyses made in the interest of the culture and of the pre- paration of the bark are given in appendix C. Their objection the first place was to obtain more descend- ants of the plants raised from seed of the richest mother-trees, in order to reserve these for artificial propagation and create seed plantations therefrom. Of the analysed trees one was found with a yield of 13 per cent quinine, which may be regarded as a valuable acquisition. From the analysis of renewed succirubra bark 6 years after the application of the Mclvor system, it appears, that bark still con. tinues to maintain its composition unchanged, and shows as yet no return to its original composition of succirubra bark. Specially noteworthy are the analyses 29-37, made in connection with the question, to what temperature cinchona bark may be exposed in drying. From the analysis it appears, that a temperature of 105° Oelsius can be reached without danger, but that with a temperature of 110° O. a slight diminution in the alkaloids is to be noticed, whilst the decrease is considerably augmented by drying the bark at a temperature of 115° C, The bark intended for ex- periment was first dried in the sun and then for 24 hours exposed to temperatures of 70° to 120° Celsius. The question whether the influence of these temperatures is the same when practised on freshly gathered bark remains yet to be answered. 8. Condition and Prospects—In the annual report for 1886 it was shown, on the basis of figures which were also given in that report, that no proper rela- tion existed between the cost of production and the prices obtained at sale, and on this ground a con- siderable reduction in the selling price of cinchona bark was prophesied. Not only has the prophecy been 686 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1880p. 2 ———————————EEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE—————EE fulfilled, but the fall in prices in 1887 was even | greater than could have been anticipated. Whilst the average price at the sales of 1886 amounted to f0'7065 per half-kilogram, that of 1887 went down | to f0'5428. The cinchona bark market reached its | lowest stage at the sale of 20th Oct. 1887, when | the average price fell to 48c per half-kilogram. | And moreover at this sale also the high average price was due to the relatively high prices which were paid for special lots of pharmaceutical bark, prices | which are not regulated according to the quantity of alkaloid present in the bark, but are determined | by the form and appearance of the bark. Let us| leave these prices out of view and restrict ourselves to the prices obtained at the sale for ledgeriana bark, which varied from 68¢ to 22c per half-kilogram with an average price of 39!%c, and it then appears therefrom that even the lowest price paid gave a large return for the cost of harvesting, drying, pack- ing and sale, which altogether amounted to 15c per half-kilogram, and thus exercised a favorable influence on the financial results of the enterprise, whilst the average price obtained yielded a direct profit of 36l1c, even if all the expenses, such as those of man age- ment, the erection of buildings, laying out and up- keep of nurseries, opening of new land, upkeep of plantations, &c. &c, be taken into consideration. The unit price (by which is understood the price per cent of sulphate of quinine which can be pre- pared from the bark, and which is found by in- creasing the percentage of quinine by 1'346) amounted at the sale of 20th Oct. to 84 cents. The average content of the bark therefore amounted to only 8-42 p. c. quinine. It would be a hazardous attempt to forecast, whether the prices of cinchona bark will undergo an appreciable reduction in the near future. The price must rule according to demand and sup- ply, but it is also true, that the market price of satisfactorily productive land (if which alone in Java Apprnpix A.—Statement of the condition of th year 1887. Plants in the nurseries. there is no lack) isin the end regulated according to the expense of production, added to an appreci- able profit for the planter. And on these grounds we should venture to prophesy a regular decline in the market price of cinchona bark, if not in the near future, at any rate certainly in the course of a longer or shorter period. The returns of the far from ideal original ledgeriana plantation at Tjinjiroean may give an idea of what an estate can be and yield, even though such high returns may not be obtained every year through thinning out. But at the same time we do not forget, that the growth of cinchona bark, the inorease of bark in the planta- tions is here left out of consideration. We refrain from speculations as to what unit price cinchona bark may fall, to but simply remark, that the estimate of expenditure of the enterprise may be still largely reduced, when new extensions shall be things of the past, and the expenses of laying out and upkeep of plantations shall have been reduced to a minimum. Even less than any private concern has the Government enterprise come to the maximum of its yield. That maximum, insofar as the market prices exercise no influence thereupon, will not be reached in « quarter of a century. If we have ventured to append these remarks to our report, the simple and sole aim there- of is to show, that, even if the cultivation of cin- chona has not, after a few years of trial, answered the expectation that was based on the high prices which were given a few years ago for cinchona bark, the complaint of low prices and the distrust in the culture are not entirely justified. On the contrary, we consider, that, from the facts recorded in this report, we may draw the conclusion, that with con- tinued intensive oultivation and rational working the growing of cinchona can become a rich source of income, both for the proprietor and for the people engaged in the culture. Tirtasari, 20th March 1888. e Government Cinchona Plantations in Java for the Plants in the open. Cet ~~ ° Q Gs 5 é é. « a . s ° + 2 Situation and mean height above ‘3 FI s = a 3 & 3 3 Be sea-level of the plantations. (The 2? = 3 3 | se Boe ‘s < aie height expressed in meters.) a ote icles 2 gt sas 6 8 g Boo? earn) BU ot ee Se eens eet < 3 a © iq én 2 9 ro) =| o Lembang 500 Ab oo) 1251 1885 30,000 ... 5,000 8000 100,000 ... 250 143,000 Tangkoeban Prahoe Moun- 1886 «- 100,000... 4,700 6,000 130,000 ... ooo 240,700 tain 1887 20,000 100,000 ... 2,000 5,000 120,000 ... oe 247,000 Nagrak 4... ae -—«:1625 1885 180,000... 4s. 200,000 40,000 24,000 40,000 ... 484,000 Tangkoeban Prahoe Moun- 1886 300,000 ... 230,000 10,000 18,000 25,000 ... 583,000 tain 1887 230,000 «+ eee 140,000 3,000 19,000 17,000 ... 409,000 Njibitoeng .. .. a -1527 1885 80,000 160,000 ... 50,000 ... 140,000 20,000 ... 450,000 Wajang Mountain 1886 200,000 300,000 ... 60,000 .., 200,000 14,000 ... 774,000 1887 250,000 300,000 ... 65,000 ... 200,000 7,000 ... 832,000 Tjibeureum ... 10 1560 1885 200,000 ... 150,000. 18,000... .. 368,000 Malawar Mountain 1886 200,000 .. .. 170,000 .., 15,000... .. 885,000 1887 200,000 or) EE 220;000)" Fe 12,000 “ “ot 482,000 Tjinjiroean ... ase see 1566 1885 600,000 100,000 .,. 160,000 35,000 55,000 4,000 8000 862,000 Malawar Mountain 1886 600,000 200,000 ... 160,000 30,000 60,000 3,000 8000 1,061,000 ‘ 1887 650,000 200,000 ... 180,000 15,000 60,000 2,000 4000 1,111,000 Rioeng Goenoeng... .. 16251885 50,000 30,000... 80,000 12,000 94000 2,000 ... 263,000 Tiloe Mountain 1886 10,000 80,000 ... 79,000 10,000 100,000 500 229,500 1887 ob 20,000 ... 110,000 9,000 100,000 500 ... 238,500 Kawah Tjiwidei_ ..- oi 1950 1885 20,000 5,000... 1,000 ... 30,000 210,000 ... 266,000 Kendeng-Patoeha Moun- 1886 70,000 45,000... 1,000 ... 50,000 180,000 ... 346,000 tain 1887 200,000 60,000 ... toe 80,000 145000 ... 485,000 Dirtasari . sis) seks ... 1885 35,000 .. .. 90,000 ae He «» 125,000 Malawar Mountain ye .. 1886 58,000 aeeh een ze, 000Nn, a Rs 175,000 : ade ... 1887 45,500 ... .., 160,000... hie i ... 195,000 Total of different varieties ... 1885 1,065,000 325,000 ... 736,000 95,000 461,000 276,000 8000 2,966,500 1886 1,433,000 675,000 .,. 826,700 56,000 573,000 222,500 8000 3,794,000 1887 1,595,500 680,000 ... aio 32,000 591,000 171,500 4000 4,041,000 a Grant total of all varioties s» 1885 1,890,000 ... aap 1,576,000 at nae nae Jo MBSE HLL, HOWAMOB O00) sf, tee 1,686,200... LA Me «.» 1887 se | 2,275,500... aes 1,665,500 on bo (a) Under these are included 45,600 grafts. (b) Under these are included 180,000 cuttings Ledgerianas), and grafts (besides the more or less 3,000 original APRIL 1, 1889.] _ ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. APPENDIX B.—Description of 732 chests and 2,723 bales of Cinchona Bark, of the crop of 1886, sold in 6387 Amsterdam at eight sales. The Analysis was performed at the Quinological Laboratory of Moens, yan der Sleen, Hekmeyer. Composition. ae =~ e 3 i) iol : a ie sis ee (8 + 8 2 3 Seo yiuice Praor or a PY. ae VARIETIES OF OINCHONA. or x2 Numbers and $4 ¢ ‘@ 2 % Growrn. 2 marks of the OC £€ § Z Ga: 8 as lots eos defi Gh HE Ci Thee 58 Y Dial) NE Ea ae EP Pet heey ie, A a CANS HONS? MSEC = lee & Sale of 27th January 1887. CG. Succirubra stem bark 1st qual.Malawar 3 chests M N° 1—3 204 2:06 2:92 — 2:12 6°40 2:77% Do do do Kendeng 2 do K doi—2 130 1:58 2:12 — 2:30 5:95 2-06+ PNn?1—8 2:28 2:05 — 2:21 6:54 3:09 Do do do_-‘Tangkoeb. Prahoe 40 do 44.70.3040 nag 1:64 1-86 — 220 5:70 2:21" 27—88. Do do 2nd qual.Malawar 6 do M n® 1—5 362 1:72 2°68 — 2°82 6°72 2°31 Do do do Kendeng 56 do K do 1—5 895 1:32 2:40 — 2-41 6-13 1:78 Do do do Tangkoeb. Prahoe 5 do PNdo 1—5 3806 1:70 2°65 — 2:02 6:37 2:28 Do do do do 4 do PLdo 1—4 220 1:39 1°65 — 2°38 5:42 1:87 Do do renewed do 25 bales PNdo 1—26 2188 2:12 1:19 — 2°44 5°75 2°85 Do do broken quillsKendeng 8 do K do 1—3 222 1:86 2:04 — 2°81 6-71 2:50 Do do do Tangkoeb. Prahoe 3 dv PLdo 1—8 228 1:2°91:17 — 2°74 5-20 1°74 Do do scrap Kendeng 16 do K do 1—16 1071 1:401:°77 — 2:45 5:62 1:88 Do root bark Malawar 7 do M do 1—7 556 1:86 1°36 — 4°35 7:57 2°50 Do do do Kendeng 7 do K do 1-7 542 1:96 220 — 414 8:30 2°64 Do do do Tangkoeb. Prahoe 20 do PNdo 1—20 1712 2:04 128 — 5°37 8-69 2:74 QO. Oalisaya Schuhkraft root barkMalawar 1 bale M do 1 86 1°35 0:53 0°27 2°19 4:34 1:89 Do do do ‘Tangkoeb. Prahoel2 bales PL do 1—12 1135 1°79 0°62 0°76.2°17 5°34 2°41 Do stem bark scraps do 4 do PNdo 1—4 328 — — — — — 1:80 Do do 2nd qual. do 12 chests PL. do 1—12 691 0°52 0°15.0°43 1-59 2-69 0.70 Do Javanica do Kendeng 1 chest K do 1 60 0°66 0:98 0:06 0°59 2-77 0:89 Do. do scrap do 3 bales K do 1—3 230 ~ — — — — 1-56 Do Anglica do do 7 do K do 1—7 6545 — — — — — 1:99 Do do root bark do 2 do K do 1-2 152 2-06 1:17 0°45 2°34 6-02 2:77 DoOaloptera st. b. br. quillsMalawar 1 bale M do 1 60 — — — = — § 2.03 Do do scrap do 1 do M do I 62 — — — — — 2:28 Do - root bark do 1 dowMi Gdonw 1 70 1:81 1:25 — 2°68 5:69 2:44 Do stem bark Ist qual. do 2chestsM do 1—2 117 152114 — 1°65 4:31 2054 Do do 2nd qual. do 2- do M do 1—2 96 1°21 1:28 — 1:20 4:24 2.44 0, Ledgeriana stem bark renewedKendeng 12 bales K do 1—12 926 — — — — — 518 Do do broken quillsMalawar Ped ONmMinnd onl lair Of tiie ee ree ee ae Do do do ‘Tangkoeb.Prahoe30 do PN do 1—30 2524 — — — — — 6-47 Do root bark do 24 do PNdo 1—24 2130 419 0°80 0-32 1-85 7:16 5°64 Do do Malawar 24 do M do 1—24 1912 4:45 0°56 0:42 2-60 8:03 5:99 C. Lancifolia stem bark by. quills do Se dog Mipcom —— Si G50; fea png ee TD, Do root bark to) 4 do M do 1—4 315 2°08 1:06 0:23 2:37 5:74 2:80 C. Offcinalis stem bark scrap do 12\ ,do, M .do 1—l2 848 —,— =) = — ° 4:88 Do do do Kendeng 24 do K do 1—24 1617 — —'\— — — 8°66 Do do do Tangkoeb. Prahoe 6 do PNdo 1—6 456 — — — — ~— 93°70 Do do 1st qual. Kendeng 3chests K do 1—3 149 4:59 0:960°10 1:07 6:72 6:18 Sale of 10th Maroh 1887. OW Ayene, . A eM 410 D 9-ReS C. Succirnbra st. bark 1st qual. Tangkoeb. Prahoe 41 chests | aan CES 2904 es as a a8 a 2851 Do do 2nd qual. do 25 do do 6—30 1633 1:85 2— — 2.18 6:03 2°49 Do do renewed do 25 bales do 26—b60 2312 2-— 1.78 — 2°72 6:50 2:69 Do do broken quills do 25 do do 1—25 2178 166 1:76 — 2°41 5:83 2-23 Do roet bark do 30 do do 21—60 2706 1:72 1:42 — 4°71 7°85 2:32 C. Oalisaya Schubk. st. b. 1st ql. do 6chests PL 1—6 888 0:98 0:24 0°65 1°67 3:54 1:32 Do do 2nd qual. do 6 do do 13—18 366 076 0-19 0°62 1°74 331 1:02 QO. Ledgeriana st. bark renewed do 30 bales PN 1—30 2582 — “2 — +) — (4:93 Do do scrap do 30 do do 1—30 2411 — — — ~ — ‘403 Do root bark Malawar 380 do M 25—54 2292 —- — — — — 6:99 O. Lancifolia stem bark scrap do 14 do do 114 O87 — — — — — T471 Do do Ast qual. do 2 chests do 1—2 138 113016 — 173 3:02 1°52 C. Officinalis do scrap Kondeng 40 bales K 25—64 2674— — — — .— 2.85 Do root bark do 8 do do 1—8 568 — — — — — 442 F Sale of 21st April 1887. O.Succirubra stem bark 1st qual.Tangkoeb.Prahoe 16 chests aes Raney 1122 2:28 2°60 — 2°61 7:49 3:07 Do do Ast qual. do 16 do do 90—105 1122: 2:01 2-— — 2:82 6:83 2-70* Do do 2nd qual. do 30 do do 81—60 1850 1:80 104 — 254 6:28 2-42 +No. 2 Long quills. tNo. 1. Long quiils, § No 1—2 || No. 46—81 Long quills, (Continued over.) ReMarks.—* Long quills. Long quills. 688 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. =—————eE==EeE=EeE=EeEeEeEe~e~——o—Ee—~_—=E_K—> EEE (Continued.) CoMPosITIoNn. ih ee en ——_ ood Ss . [S) 2 A=} ° Ge] a ans 2 3 ae = PLace ©-4 Numberand ¢ 2 ‘dich Siameesig a VARIETY OF CINCHONA. OF wo marksof thefo ¢ a= | Be a GRow?H. 28 lots, Su? ames RS S|? 2) Sapam | ney 32 2 a oh 3 a 5 ® 5 det 2 f= ial) ‘8 A a Co 6) So is) is Sg See eee C.Succirubrastem bark renewed Tangkoeb.Prahoe 30 bales P N 51—80 2802 2:05 1:55 oe bo rs Se WO RS © © SS eas] Coo Do do broken quills do 80 do do 26—55 2540 2:08 2:32 — Do root bark do 20 do do 51—70 1726 1:78 151 — 495 824 2:39 Do stem bark scrap Malawar 15 do M 41—15 1044 159 178 — 224 561 214 C.Calisaya Schuhk. s.b. 1st ql. Tangkoeb. Prahoe 12 chests PL 7—18 763 0:83 026 094 1:95 898 1-12 Do do 2nd do do 12 do do 19—39 710 O71 021 042 1:70 38-04 0:96 Do do broken ql. do 1gbales_ do 1—i8 1510 089 019 O11 228 3-47 1:20 Do do scrap do 18 do PN 5—22 1454 O68 027 O13 148 2-56 0-92 Do Anglica Ist quality Kendeng 12chests K 1—12 700 259 086 0:08 250 603 3-49* Do do root bark do 10 bales do 8—12 768 2°62 1:20 049 291 7-22 3-53 O. Ledgerina stem bark bn.ql. ~ do 23 do do 1—23 1937 — — — — — 640 Do root bark do 30 do do 1—380 2932 — — _ _ == 675 Do stem bark scrap do 30 do do 1—80 2345 — —_— — — — 4:71 Do do renewed Malawar 25 do M 1—25 i882 — — _ SS eal C. Officinalis do do Kendeng 20 do K 1—20 13896 — _ — = — 6:08 Do do scrap do 36 do do 65—1002444 — — —~—- — — 3:56 Do root bark do 21 do do 9—29 1598 — _— > _ — 573 Mixed bark do 3chests M 1—3 100 -- _ _ —_ — 274 Sale of 2nd June 1887. O. Succirubra stem bark Ist qual Tanekoeb. Prahoe 40 chestsP N n° 114— 188,145—159 2692 217 2°74 296 7:87 2.92+ Do do do Do 10 do PNn® 139— 673 1:99 240 — 8°01 7-40 2°68¢ 144, 160—183 Do do bken. quill Do 28 bales do 56—838 2452 1:54 146 — 2°43 5:43 2°07 Do do renewed Do 18 do do 81—98 1661 227 173 — 2°30 680 3-06 Do root bark Do 22 do do 71—92 1890 1:70 2:34 — 5°51 9°55 2°29 O. Calisaya Schuhkr st. bk.1ql. Do 21 ehests PL 19—39 1402 0°87 0:31 082 215 415 1:17f Do do 2 Do 19 do PN 1-19 1191 0°62 0:41 0:48 1°81 3:32 0°83 Do do st. bk. b.q. Malawar 8 bales M 1—8 706 096 029 006 2°51 3882 1:29 Do do do scrap Tangkoeb. Prahoel6 do PN 28—38 1298 073 0°33 O11 4195 3:12 0°98 Do do root bark Malawar 13 do M 2—14 1165 1°40 0:73 (0°53 2°76 5-42 1-88 O. Ledgeriana st. bk. brkn. ql. Tangkoeb. Prahoedl do PN 31—81 4478 — — — —- — 6°54 Do do scrap Kendeng 53 do K 31—88' °2652, — »—" — "— — 434 Do do do Do 38 do K 84—121 1900 — — - -—- = 457 Do do do Malawar 6 do M 1—6 425 — — _— — — 470 Do do do Do 56 do M 7—1l1l 354 — _ —_—- — —' 370 Do do . do Do 29 do M 12—40 2053 — _ — == — 2.69 Do do renewed Do 8 do M 26—33 635 — _— — _ — 651 Do do root bark Kendeng 17 do K 31—47 1404 — — — — —" oT O. Calisaya Anglica st. bk. 2 ql. Do 5 chestsK. 1—5 284 0:89 O49 O41 215 3:94 1:20f Do do scrap Do 25 bales K 8—32 1748 —~ — — — — 2:24 C. Officinalis stem bark bkn. qls. Do lbale K 1— 8s —- — — — — 514 Do do scrap Malawar 28 bales M 13—40 2016 — — — —~— — 4°48 Sale of 14th July 1887. U.8uccirubra st. bk. 1 ql, round Malawar 13 chests M 2am 865 163 1:95 — 2:78 636 2.19T : 12, 15— do do 1 do Do 12@do M 8-11 799 178 206 — 340 7-24 2-40 13—14,20—25 ‘ do do 1 do Do 9 do M 26—34 599 162 199 — 4:03 7:64 218 do do 4. Kendeng 2do K 8—4 ‘123 192 2:88 — 3°67 8:47 2°58|| do do Tangkoeb.,Prahoe. 5 do PN 6—165 294 1:75 1:37 — 2°33 5°45 2°36 do do ae quillsMalawar 36 bales M —136 3050 2:05 2:08 — 2:95 7:08 2°76 do do renewed ‘Tangkoob.Prahoe.18 do PN 99—116 1594 2:03 1:13 — 2°64 5:80 2°73 do root bark Kendeng 9 do K 8—16 680 184 218 417 819 2:48 O.Calisaya Sch. stem bk. 1 qual.Tangkoch. Prahoe.34 chestsP N 1—34 2262 0:84 0:56 oO 74 211 4:25 1°134] do do brkn. ql. Do 20 do PL 19—38 1689 0:49 0°33 0°47 1:66 2°95 0-66 do do root bark Do 20 do PL 18—32 1799 182 060 065 2:15 5:22 2°45 C. Ledgeriana stem bk. brkn ql .Malawar 38 do M 18—50 2945 — = s= Sam — 627 do do scrap ‘Tangkoeb. Prahoe. 7 do PWN 81—37 553 — =— — —- — 460 * No.1, 2,4—11 Long quills. { Long quills. {Short quills, § Kay.5—6 Long quills. || Kav. 9 Long quilis, “| Kay. 25—28 Long quills. (Continwed up.) Aprit 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 689 eEaa_=_e————————eeeeeeeeee—e—e—e—e—eE———————————————>>———————> >> ——————eE>E>>— SSE CoMPosITION. —— 4 (Continued.) n B eth e a 23 Re o ws ae f=] PLace ©. Numberand § PA 3 VARIETY OF CINCHONA, OF wre marksof the go 6 3 GRrow?H, 24 lots, $4 x = g Ps Ha 2 oS v J os 7; Zi oC 6) O. Ledgeriana stem bark scrap Tangkoch. Prahoel7 bales P N 38—54 1344 — do do do Do 24 do PN 35—78 1898 — — do do do Malawar 43 do M 41—83 3098 — — do do do Do 17 do M = 84—100 1213 — — do do do Do 9 do M 101—109 642 — == do do do Do 5 do M 110—114 357. — do do do Do 86 do M 115—150 2568 — — do do renewed Tangkoeb. Prahoe.21 do PN 31—39 1761 — 41,48—53 C.Ledgerianastem bark renewed Tangkoeb.Prahoe 29 bales P N n® 40,42 2432 - a 80 C. Calisaya Anglica st. bk. 1 ql. Kendeng 14 chestsK n° 13—26 876 251 1:07 C, Officinalis stem bark serap Do 40 bales do ce 140° 27130 — — Sale of 8th September 1887. O.Succirubra stem bark 1st qual Tangkoeb.Prahoe.12 chestsP N n° eer 849 1:39 1:72 173, 208—214 Do do Ist do Do 28 do PNn&174— 1981 1:47 1:46 181, 188—207 Do do 1st do Do 18 do PNn®164--1681273 1:56 1:64 182—187 215—221 Do do broken ql. Malawar 35 bales Mn°37—71 2866 1:18 1-18 Do do scrap. Kendeng 19 do K 17—85 1336 1°05 1:36 Do do root bark Tangkoeb. Prahoe.22 do PN 98—114 1734 152 1-62 C. Calisaya Schuhkr st. bk. 2 ql Do 30chestsP TL, 31—60 1724 040 0:32 Do do scrap Do 21 bales do 1—21 1618 0°35 0:29 O. Ledgeriana st. bk. brkn. ql. Kendeng 9 do K 24-32 752 — — Do do do Malawar 48 do M_ 51—98 4018 — — Do ~do scrap Tangkoeb.Prahoe.19 do PN 79—97 1537 —_ Do do do Do 6 do do 98—103 486 — Do do do Do 23 do do 104—126 1861 Do do do Malawar 27 do M 152—178 2070 — — Do do do Do 8 do do 151, 179 —185 613 — _ Do do do Do 10 do do 186—195 767 — = Do do do Do 5 do do 196—200 383 — — Do de do Do 46 do do 201—246 3526 — _ Do do do Do 19 do do 247—265 1457 — — Do root bark Tangkoeb, Prahoe.38 do PN 25—62 3163 — = O.Calisaya Ang. stem bk. brk. ql. Kendeng 16 do K 1—15 1252 1:18 0°60 C. Officinalis reot bark Malawar. 9 do M 1—9 693 — — Sale of 20th October 1887. U.Succirubra stern bark 1 qual Malawar 15 chests M n° 4, 13— 988 1:10 1:91 25, 30 Do do 1 do Do 22 do. M n° 5—12 1875 152 1:45 26—29,31—40 Do do 2mossed Do 2 do Mn? 1—2 122 161 = 1:51 Do do 2 Kendeng 19 do Kdo 6—24 1078 136 1:72 Do do brkn. quills Malawar 4 bales M do 1—4 296 1:92 2°30 Do do renewed sp. Do 28 do do 1—28 2247 1:66 1:06 Do do yrootbark Do 30 de do 8—87 2361 1:23 1°64 C.Calisaya Schuhk. s. b. 1st ql. Tangkoeb. Prahoe.23 chestsP N 35—57 1526 0-4 95 Do do Ist do Do 1l do do 58—68 730 © 02 Do do broken quill Do 19 bales do 1—19 1574 0°39 0:32 Do. do root. bark Do 28 bales PN n° 1—28 2316 113 0°62 O. Ledgeriana stem bark bn.qls.Malawar 95 do Mdo99—123 2202 — — Do do do do 3L do do124—154 2732 — — Do do scrap Tangkoeb. Prahoe.48 doPNn°127—174 3927 — — Do do do Malawar 34 do M do 266—299 2500 — — Do do (lo do 2 do do 300—301 147 — — Do do do do 74 do do 302—375 5439 — — SOO *® Lots 78 and 80 Long quills + Long quills. (Continued up.) tShort quills, ra" oS ee a S'S _ fy vc 5 3 Ad Z sitesi sy ES Se eo e 5 re CS es et eee a GR Bl telat (ou Laci 99 a Sa ene SF be, CL 4-16 Se eee. — eh) Lat 3-98 aay ie) gl “4-65 Wil tes, | 6-10 tata aay fwa7O 0:09 284 651 3°38* —_— — —_ 3:96 — 207 518 181+ — 2B 4:66 1-984 — 175 4:95 210t — - 199 415 159 — 175 416 1:41 — 411 7:25 205 018 161 251 0.54t 0-21 176 261 0-47 epee aoe 75g) BE i eele vb 1 B08 SE ae eae Ret ah oe h gd i ABLAINION, gt57 Bh NRE 259-8 Se i) Sahiba 4235 Dey ey er 1 a ene ee Sew een es 52) 1668 Eien gcs 389 ohh He. 458 O19 1°38 3:35 1:59 ee yp PP. tog — 298 5:99 148+ — 269 566 205t — 267 579 2.17 — 195 503 183 — 983 7-05 2:58 — 217 489 2.93 013 4.98 7:98 1°66 0-21 25 316 0-61T 0-18 110 1:99 0:52 0°32 213 4:20 1°59 a eer GD eae 8 ee AE yt) sasty = = _ 2°90 LY Palys) gp ey eo 690 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889 , Ee eeeeeeeeEEeeeEeEe=EEEEeEEeEEeeEeEeEE————————————————— (Contin, ed.) 2 ComPosirtron. a - + SSS SS a Sa C. Ledgeriana .. 108 82 100, 90 56 68°8 95 62 8074 102 34 6638 81 40 5617 86 24 4848 63 22 3913 108 32 6137 C. Officinalis 9150 6127 83.5157, 92 51 6991 61 58 5898 55 44 5089 6161 61 ——— 51 48 49 C. Lancifolia 4 40).309 3409). 82.21 9894 = ee ee aah pal ry nyt taf Ey Average price of the different varieties of Cinchona at each sale. e672 5742 5980 5717 5679 4984 43 5634 Artivic1aL Corven,—The machines for the pre- paration of artificial coffee beans of which I gave some particulars a short time ago seem to be in operation. At any rate some of the artistic “ berries” were recently confiscated in a shop at Dortmund by the police in the presence of an official analyst.— Berlin Correspondent, Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 9th. Correr in America,—It will be interesting to Brazilian producers to know that one of the large roasted coffee firms of the United States, located in Boston, advertises its merchandise as ‘ War- ranted not to coatain a single Rio bean.” The Brazilian planter should see to it that his coffee hereafter is so well prepared that no one can safely make use of an advertisement of this character, Rio coffee has deservedly suffered much from bad pre- paration, but there is no need of permitting this repu- tation to continue any longer.—Rio News, Feb. 11th. Buack AND Green Tra FRoM Dirrerent Treus!—The old standing Ceylon joke of the pro- prietor at home who wrote to his manager out here to grow only the peaberry variety of coffee has given place under the reign of the new king to other not less amusing ones. We have heard of the man who refused to take broken pekoe from the dealer, and insisted on being supplied with pekoe, saying: ‘‘ None of your broken stuff for me”! We have have also had the old story served up again, with the substitution of ‘‘ broken pekoe ” for ‘ peaberry.’’ But the height (or depth) of ignorance and impudence is reached in an advertisement which we notice in a home paper, wherea certain ‘‘blender of good tea only,’’ who calls the stuff he sells (at 2s per lb.) ‘liquid joy,” illustrates his advertisement with representations of ‘‘ Liquid Joy Tea Plant Black” and ‘‘ Liquid Joy Tea Plant Green”! Unfortunately the illustration is on too small a scale for us to detect the difterences between the two plants ; and unfortunately also Dr. Trimen has just left the island, or he might have been able to solve the difficulty. We may add that the illustra- tion is ‘* registered ’’! Tonascco In Cryton AND Borneo.—Curiously enough, coincidently with the appearance in our columns of correspondence between Mr. Thomas Dickson and the Chairman of the Planters’ Asso- ciation, on the subject of tobacco cultivation in Ceylon, we have had a visit today from Mr. van Gogh, the well-known Java and Borneo planter, who is returning from Europe by French mail steamer after witnessing the successful floating of the London and Amsterdam Borneo Tobacco Co., Ltd,, a prospectus of which has reached us. by this mail from Mr. Thomas Dickson, who has written on it ‘‘Why not Ceylon?” The objects of the company are set forth in the following para.raph which we take from the London and China Express :— The prospectus has been issued of the London and Amsterdam Borneo ‘Tobacco Oompany (Limited) which has been formed to purchase eight valuable tracts of land, on which to cultivate tobacco, in the East Coast district of British North Borneo, each tract containing an area of 5,000 acres, 40,000 acres in all, namely, 20,000 acres situate on or near the Labuk River, and the other 20,000 on or near the Kinabatangan River. Thelands to beacquired will be for 999 years free of quit rent, from the British North Borneo Company, subject to an export duty of one cant of a dollar per pound avoirdupois, on the tobacco grown on the land, to begin to be paid after Jan. Ist, 1892. The capital of the company is £150 000, in 14,990 shares of £10 each, and 10 founders’ shares of £10 each, and 8,700 shares are now offered for public subscription. Of the remaining 6,290 shares 1,300 fully paid shares will be allotted to the vendors in part payment of the purchase money (£40,000) of the properties to be acquired by the com- pany. The directors are ali practical men, and the prospectus has evidently been drawn with great care. One of the leading features we desire to call at- tention to is that the profit to the vendors is made subservient to the profit of the general shareholders. Thus the 1.300 shares allotted to the vendors only receive 1 dividend wheu 10 per cent. has been paid on the other shares, and provision made for the re- seve fund. When 100 per cent. in dividends has been paid on the ordinary shares, these 1,300 shares have equal rights. Similarly the 10 founders’ shares re- ceive no profit until 100 percent. has been paid on the shares issued to the public, but then they are entitled to one-fourth of the profits after a 20 per cent. dividend has been paid, and provision made for the reserve. We desire to point this out, as on these matters the prospectus entirely concides with remarks that we have made of late on more than one occasion. Mr. van Gogh (who was introduced to us by Mr. W. W. Martyn, who has returned to Caylon by the same steamer) was anxious to stay a week or so in Ceylon, in order to judge of the prospects of tobacco cultivation inthe island, but he is unable to do so. However, he took with him a copy of our new book ‘All about Tobacco,” and we sup- plied him with information as to rainfall &c. With such influential direction and experienced. managers as it has, the new Borneo Tobacco Company ought to succeed, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 188. THE REPORT FOR 1888 ON THE BOTANICAL GARDENS OF CHYLON. LIBERIAN ECONOMIC PRODUCTS :‘—COTTON, TOBACCO, COFFEE, INDIARUBBER, PEPPER, &C. As usual the principal portions of Dr. Trimen’s report are circulated as a Supplement with this number of the Tropical Agriculturist. The report is specially interesting on this occasion as dealing fully with the two ‘‘new products” which are at present engaging special attention: tobacco and cotton. It will be seen that Dr. Trimen quite supports our views as to the exhausting nature of the first, while as regards the second he points out, that, if objections as to damage from monsoon rains and insects can be obviated and good crops ob- tained realizing profitable prices, the area over which cotton can be cultivated in Ceylon is very wide indeed, embracing vast tracts in our hot lowlands, while Mr. Blackett’s experiments have shown how well suited the medium hill zones are for the culture of the better species of gossypium. The extension and success of the cotton enterprise amongst Huropeans as well as natives, we have all good reason earnestly to desire, for the danger is imminent now that before new markets for tea can be opened up, that product will be almost as much overdone in Ceylon as cinchona has been. There are s0 many varieties of cotton scattered over Ceylon, while seed of the best kinds is being introduced, that we cannot doubt the fulfilment of Dr. Trimen’s hope that a kind or kinds suitable specially for our climate “as affected by monsoons may be discovered and widely cultivated. The early working in our midst of a spinning and weav- ’ ing factory places the cotton enterprise in Ceylon ona very different and a much more favourable footing than ever before, and we are now sanguine of success in the case of a product, the permanent establishment of which will prevent that exclusive devotion to one culture which, having been our bane in the past, is likely to be our peril in the future. Such being the state of the case, Dr. Trimen’s utterances on cotton, tobacco, tea and other cultures will be read, as they deserve, with special attention. The good doctor’s surprise, however, that Liberian coffee is not more grown would probably disappear if he had the trying ex- perience of many of us regarding the refusal of a large portion of the fruits of this coffee to ripen, the enormous proportion of waste matter and the difficulty of pulping it off, and finally the liability ofthe gigantic leaves to leaf disease in proportion to their size. The market for vanillais not large and could be easily overdone. ‘The culture seems to suit our neighbours in Mauritius and Réunion. A very interesting account of an experiment with large indiarubber trees is given, from which the conclusion is drawn that forests of Hevea rubber trees may yet be sources of great profit in Ceylon. The want of success in previous experiments was due largely to the immaturity of the trees and probably to wrong modes of obtaining the gum, Dr. Trimen recommends gutta percha and rubber cultivation to the attention of the Forest Depart- ment, and he might well have added the Australian eucalypts and acacias, Planters who have preserved their rubber trees will now wait till they are well-grown, The prospects of ordinary pepper are good, but the officinal variety or species called cubebs has not yet been introduced into Ceylon. The cultivation of ipecacuanha, the great remedy for dysentery promises to be successful. Both Peradeniya and Hakgala gardens have been greatly improved and heautified, and it is now likely that in the latter a large number of other European fruits in addition to superior grafted plums, already established, will be successfully cultivated. It is curious that both at Peradeniya and Hakgala the great want is a perennial water supply. Last year there was deficient rainfall at Peradeniya and a period of fifty-five days’ drought at Hakgala. We commend to the notice of our readers the des- cription of the new form of cheap conservatory for ferns and foliage plants, so successful at Peradeniya, the roof being not glass, but coconut netting over wire. The only disadvantage is that such a conservatory will not afford shelter to persons desiring toescape fromrain. For such a pur- pose there is a glass-roofed conservatory. Our only regret in reading this Report is that all the botanical gardens of Ceylon are so far away from the capital. Pains should be taken to supply Victoria Park with all possible ornamental trees and flowers: and we are glad to learn there is a chance of seeing the Victoria Regia in the basin of Sir Arthur Gordon’s fountain in the Fort. Dr. Trimen suggests the provision of a Govern- ment resthouse at Henaratgoda for the conveni- ence of visitors, the train arrangements involving so much delay. Anuradhapura and Badulla gar- dens both suffered from want of rain, but the former can now receive the benefits of irrigation from tanks filled by the Yodaela with water from the grand lake of Kalawewa. | White-ants are a great pest at all the gardens except Hakgala, which is too elevated for the termites. ‘‘ White’ ants is a name now scarcely appropriate asa black variety of termites exists in the island: “ black white-ants’’ ! The interchange of seeds and plants goes briskly on; the herbarium has been very greatly im- proved; there is the nucleus of a good library and careful drawings of plants are being constantly added to the already large collection. Finally there is a new and important departure in the provision at Peradeniya of a botanical laboratory, in which Mr. Potter, m.a., F.L.s,, of Cambridge, is at work, we cannot doubt with great prospective advantage to the science of vegetable physiology ee ee THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND CINCHONA PLANTATION OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA. The Reports for 1887-88 have, with many other documents, been waiting for a convenient season which we must now make. The contents are of considerable interest, for the importance of the great febrifuge-yielding plants to humanity has increased instead of decreasing with the fall in price which has told so disastrously on the enterprise in Ceylon. The interest of the report ef our good friend Mr. Gammie on the Sikkim Cinchona Plantations- centres in the pro- gress made, first in the preparation from the bark, where it is grown, of a useful febrifuge of mixed alkaloids, and then the discovery of a cheap and ‘effectual rode of separating pure sulphate of quinine. The whole narrative of the triumph of Aprit, 1, 1889.] Sy em intelligent perseverance in this matter reads like a lomance. In recent plantings only the quinine- yielding ledgerianas and hybrids have been put out. The replanting of a piece of land which had rain fallow for ten years after the original cin- chonas had been uprooted promises to be a great success. Several new species of cinchona promised well, but trials with the plants yielding cuprea bark had proved a failure. Except for their botanical interest we do not see why trouble should be taken with these plants, which are not cinchonas at all. The issues of febrifuges in the year had exceeded 8,000 lb. The plants, including nursery stock, numbered 5,335,000, of which nearly 3 millions were ledgerianas and superior hybrids. Counting sales of medicine, the plantations have yielded large profits; and as the Lt.-Governor of Bengal was to bring Mr. Gammie’s services to the notice of the Government of India, we hope soon to hear that besides a more substantial reward Mr. Gammie will receive the C. 8. I. The giant lily, Victoria regia, had flowered in several of the lakes in the Calcutta Botanical Gardens, which leads us to express surprise thet all experiments in this more genial climate of oucs have failed, No doubt we have beyond comparison the largest flower in the world in the grand spike of the talipot (a specimen of which is now in feuit in Peradeniya), but the great lily ought to be amongst the attractions of Peradeniya and also of Victoria Park, Colombo, as well as of the Fort Foun- tain tank, The ‘rain tree” (Pithecolobium saman) has flourished exceedingly in Cey!on, but we have never heard that here, as in Calcutta, cattle greedily eat the nutritious pods. We surely cannot afford to despise any form of forage. In noticing the Lloyd Botanic Gardens at Darjiling the disastrous effects of the potato disease are remarked on and the recommendation made that fresh seed be introduced from Malta or Australia. The correspon- dence of Dr. Wallichfrom 1794 to 1849 had been trans- ferred from Kew to the Library of the Calcutta, Gardens, The Madras Cinchona reports indicate consider- able damage and destruction of plants by severe frosts in January and February 1888, over 3,000 cin- chona plants having been killed outright. Such frosts are very rare in the Nuwara Hliya plateau. Drought and strong winds are also reported as damaging the Nilgivi plantations, the first plot of succirubras planted at Naduvatam, and to which special in- terest attached, being described as so shaken as to be doomed. Wind is bad enough in some parts of Ceylon, but if any one wants to see evidence of the destructive fury of the north-east wind, he mn-t co to the edges of the Nilgiri plateau. Manure, cattle, haystacks, silos, deep tillage are all mentioned in connection with the Nilgiri cinchona plantations. Mr. Hooper had visited Darjeeling and obtained all information from Mr. Gammie, so that now quinine will be manufactured in Southern India as well as in the North. In Mr. Hooper's report it is shown that in the ease of ledgers as well as other cinchonas the covering of the bark leads to a large increase of quinine. It was proved that while cattle-manure increased the proportion of quinine lime led to an increase in the inferior alkaloids. Cattle-manure gaye an increase of 48-8 per cent in quinine over the bark of unmanured trees. Poonac also led to a large increase in quinine. Manure and renewing both lessen the amount of the most inferior alkaloid, cinchonine. A great deal of in- teresting information is given regarding the value of robust hybrids, which will be reprinted in detail in the Tropical Agricultuwrist. The approximate num- ber of plants at the ond of the year was 1,740,000. This does not include plants in nurseries ag in the case of the Bengal report. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i aa ere PLANTING IN THE LOWCOUNTRY O WESTERN PROVINCE. i we THE A SIYANE KORALE CORRESPONDENT ON THE TREAT- MENT OF COCONUT TREES—RICH MANURE A STIMU- LANT OF THE GROWTH OF PLANTS—THE TREATMENT OF THE ORCHARDS OF EUROPE AND THE ROOTS OF COCO- NUT TREES—THE FORCING OF YOUNG TREES TO EARLY BEARING BY DIGGING AND MANURING—THE DIs- ASTROUSLY LOW PRICE OF ANATTO—NONBEARING DIVI- DIVI TREES—HEAVY SHADE AND SUPERABUNDANT MOISTURE AS A CHECK TO RIPENING OF PEPPER. The paper that called forth so much indignation on the part of a Siyane Korale correspondent some time ago was not all in oppositionto him. I there stated and opposed views on the treatment of coconut trees, that I am not aware be held, even in his most be- nighted days, but that are still held and defended by some who pretend to a knowledge of coconuts, but do not assert themselves in the 7. A., and who uever obtain greater light from our discussions of the prin- ciples of agricultural chemistry, so that some of the tardest hits in that article were not aimed at him. It is evident that on more than one of my views my young critic has not understood my meaning, no doubt from want of precision of statement. I never thought of denying the patent fact that a rich manure stimulates the growth of plants. What I did say, or at least meant to say, is, that the growth of plants is not governed by the abundance of some of those cou- stituent elements in the soil, but by such of those ele- ments as are least abundant. The specific sap of a plant is composed of its constituent elements, im definite proportions derived from earth and air, and in the case of any of those elements being defici- ent in the soil, the plant will only thrive in pro- portion to the success of the roots in observing the specific proportion of the deficient element. If the roots take up indiscriminately the soluble elements of the soil, how comes it, that many of those elements are not found in the tissues of the plant? By what organs is the final selection made ? and how is the re- jected matter disposed of? Tomy mind it seems much more consistent with the simplicity of nature, that the power of selection should be in the roots thanin any other organ. There is no transmutation of elements either in nature or art, and no plant is known to ac- cept a substitute for a deficient element. The 5. K. writer seeks for analogy in the treatment of the orchards of Europe. Heis no doubt aware that most of the fruits cultivated in Hurope are ex- ogenous, but even in that case occasional ploughing of orchard grounds is by no means an unfrequent practice in England. The rootsof most exogenous plants are few in number near their origin, but ramify below geound, much as the branches do above, waxing in girth as the stem and branches wax. To cut those large roots would be very injurious to the tree ‘that was fed through them, and in some species would as surely kill the tree as ringing the stem. The roots of indigenous plants are very different in character. In the case of the coconut the main roots ra- diate from the common centre in all directions and in uncountable numbers, and all about an inch in girth from origin to extremity. Toa plant thus furnished there is no hardship in the loss of such main roots as intrude on the space reserved for the operations of cultivation: so fat indeed from suffering by the loss of superficial roots I have never seen n tree so treated that did not respond gratefully and almost immediately. As regards the forcing of young trees, I am not half so sanguine as some other planters I hear of, who propose to have their trees in flower in the fourth year, a feat beyond my experience and my knowledge ; I would do the same if I knew how, but I believe on specially suitable soil with liberal cultivation a large percentage may be brought into bearing by the seventh year, and tho balance before the end of the tenth. I have elsewhere stated my opinion that coconut trees do not suffer from oyer- bearing, as they drop all the crop that is beyond ‘ 694 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [Aprit. 1, 1889, SLE SEL ek st a 6 RE POR Se ES SLRS ITT SEE EEL BIEL SE LOGE AIEEE LLL AL ELE PALE EE LEE AE OLE IEA CEA CCS Tice their power of ripening. I have never seen a coco- nut tree produce a fertile flower with a head of less than twenty green leaves, and the most vigorous often have a head of thirty before they show a spathe. That early maturity is inconsistent with longevity is one of those closet maxims that is not confirmed by experience in the field. The earli- est bearers, so far as my observation extends, con- tinue to keep a foremost place for twenty years on a line, and in all probability throughout their whole period of life. My young critic may ob- ject that this may be true of natural but not of forced plants. Let us clearly understand what meaning we respectively attach to the word forcing. If he holds that digging and manuring is forcing, then we are at one and understand each other. There are spots of land that are topographi- cally, mechanically, and chemically perfect. Did any man ever object to plant coconuts on such land because of its forcing qualities? I think not. ‘To break up and manure land of inferior quality is only a feeble and imperfect endeavour to supply some part of those qualities that the other has by nature. If the introduction of a limited supply of fertilizing elements into a poor soil is so adverse to the staying power of the coconut tree, it seems to me to follow that a soil naturally rich beyond all that art can do for a poor one will be much more adverse to longevity than the poor one that can only be kept up to the mark by repeated applications of manure. If it has been observed as arule, that trees on natur- ally rich soil die off early, then I am shut up, and will confess my error. If, however, it should be proved that the trees on such land yield larger crops at fifty than they did at twenty years, I will hold to my system of digging and manuring inferior soil up to the measure of my means, without the fear of those operations promoting premature defunction. I could not sit dcwn content with an annual average yield of 20 nuts from amature tree after having seen the yield of such trees increased five-fold ata cost that left a handsome profit. Itis matter for regret that the price of annatto. has come so low, that to anyone paying for the small amount of labour it demands a loss would accrue. A few great bushes of this Bixa orellana near my bungalow are breaking down under the weight of their crop, though thousands of the bunches of pods, have rotted before they ripened inall this wet weather. Ihave a couple of divi-divi trees, six year old, that each shade acircle of twenty feet in diameter, and for the last three years haye been periodically covered with flowers, yet give no fruit ; I begin to fancy that that they are more ornamental than useful. There is a good crop of pepper ona few vines, I have growing on forest trees, but it obstinately refuses to ripen, though the succeeding crop is already well forward, the heavy shade, and the superabundant moisture being the culprit. A UOC Swe 28 A PALMYRA TIMBER. We have repeatedly advocated in this journal a more extended cultivation of the palmyra palm and have pointed out how many useful purposes may thereby be served. We have been inclined to lay the greater stress on this recommendation, because, owing to many causes, there has of late years been an absence of effort to replace by plant- ing the vast number of these trees which have from time to time been destroyed, either in the course of road extension or for the sake of the price which can be obtained for their timber for construction purposes, locally and for export. It is not, perhaps, generally recognised that this timber is possessed of a strength surpassing that of nearly every other wood, A good many years ago now, very full experiments were made by Mr. Byrne of the Public Works Department to test the relative strength of the varied descriptions of timber either grown in, or imported into this island from abroad. The modus operandi of these experiments was as follows:—From the soundest wood obtainable, pieces two feet long and of a square inch in section were cut. These were supported in such ® way that each piece tried had a bearing of one inch at either end. A special hook of iron exactly fitting on the section, and so made that the trial weight applied hung exactly below its centre, was placed on the wood, and from this was suspended gradually increasing weight until the breaking point was reached. The result was to establish the fact that palmyra was possessed of a& pre-eminence in strength eyen over the finest procurable specimens of Moulmein teak, and, indeed, beyond that of any other of the several woods experimented with. We have heard it stated that the fracturing of the palmyra was ‘attended by a curious circumstance which would doubtless add a value to the use of it for con- structive purposes. It invariably gave audible warn- ing of approaching fracture some little time before finally yielding. As is the case with all palms, the structure of the timber is composed of in- dependent fibres, these being embedded in a sort of pith which hardens as the tree approaches maturity until it acquires almost the density of the fibres themselves. These last, in the case of the palmyra palm, look exceedingly like magnified elephant hairs. They are unbroken in their course from the top of the tree to the root, and are laid spirally with a slow twist throughout their whole length. Some of these fibres are naturally weaker than the others, and in every case some of these broke during the experiment cited with a loud and sharp report some time before the mass of them gave way. From this cause it is always possible to learn when timber is being unduly strained before the final rupturing factor is reached, so affording a warning which might in very many presumable cases prevent serious accident. In the southern parts of Ceylon this timber has been but little used, for it is comparatively scarce within them;* but in the north of the island it has for centuries been used for roof and bridge construction almost to the entire exclusion of any other timber. The ola Dutch residences of Jaffna have roofs framed with it, and unsupported by trusses, of a span which is quite unknown in practice among us here in the South. The adoption of such unsupported space is, of course, to be condemned, as the outward thrust upon the walls is very dangerously increased; but the fact that roofs constructed of them have stood safely for a century and more evidences how great is the strength of palmyra and how: lasting its high qualities are, For purposes for which additional strength beyond that obtained from single scantlings is desired, such as the bearers of bridge platforms, &c., two or more such scantlings are trenailed together, and if these be of sound timber and are closely joined they are as free from internal decay as any beam of other timber cut from the solid can be. There is, however, one disqualification to this timber which to some extent militates against its employment for certain purposes, and that is * We were glad to notice recently that a large quantity of seeds had been obtained for trial in the Hambantota district. APRIL 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 695 CS ANDES ILS PES ELD SOL, that it cannot be employed with iron in connec- tion with it. There seems to be a mutual re- action between this metal and the timber. Iron nails inserted in it rapidly waste away, while at the same time the fibre of the wood around them decays; so that a very few months suffices to loosen the attachment by such nails. Trenailing —or trennelling, to employ the usual term,—has therefore always to be resorted to, because of this mutually antagonistic action. But on the other hand, no wood known to us so successfully resists the attack of white-ants as does palmyra—always supposing that matured wood is used. It does not, as does jak, contain an acid which is repellent to the taste of these de- structive insects, but it simply resists their attack by the hardness of its fibre and its structure generally. In a country therefore like Ceylon, in which timber of nearly every kind soon succumbs to the ravages of thy ~ uite-ant, this timber must be exceptionally us “11 for constructive purposes. The same qualifi¢ vion would make it admirably adapted for use, .s railway sleepers, were it not for the repugnr.ace it exhibits against contact with metal. For ages past the high qualities of this timber have been duly appreciated in Southern India, and there has existed a large export trade of it from the ports of the Jaffna peninsula to those of the Madras provinces. We have before suggested that the food products of this tree, the value of its leaves for thatching, and the many other useful purposes which it serves during its life,—purposes which have been the theme of Tamil poetical effusions,—might well direct the attention of our Forestry Department to its cul- tivation in many localities unsuited to ordinary forest growth. The high value of it asa timber- producing tree should surely be a further and strong inducement to the Government to extend its cultivation. Altogether, as an economic question likely to affect the future of our timber supplies, our. Forestry officers should, it seems to us, make every effort to propagate its growth, for it will flourish in soils and under conditions of climate which are inimical to the growth of any other tree known to us. : ——————- — —~- - ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE CEYLON TEA TRADE. We call attention to our Special Supplement containing a reprint of the very valuable and elaborate Report of Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. on the course of trade in Ceylon teas in the London market during 1888. As usual, a table is com- piled, showing, with as much accuracy as is possible, he total quantity of tea sold under each mark and the averuge realized, for the whole year. It is important in looking at this return to make allowance for the quantity as wellas the prices, Thus, if reference be made to successive issues of our Directory, a fair idea can be formed, from the acreage planted, of the instances in which extremely fine plucking—with an unduly small yield of crop—has been practised in order to ges upa name for a high average. It would be manifestly unfair to rank K. A. W. with its 500,000 lb. of tea, or even marks with 200,000 or 100,000 lb. against estates which have realized fancy prices for a total of 17,000 to 30,000 lb. of tea all told in 1888. The next table, summarizing the sales as respects districts, will excite a good deal of attention, as also the interesting statistics which follow. In the course of their Report it will be observed that Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. are very outspoken in their advice to Geylon planters. They call on the managers of high estates to do all in their power to try and rival the fine teas, with delicate flavor, that are typical of the finest Darjeelings and Kangra Valleys. In finer plucking generally, they at present—pending the opening of new markets—can alone see the antidote to low prices, and as a further aid they deprecate the tendency to ‘‘over-sorting.”’ We have no doubt that the whole of the remarks of this eminent London Broking Firm will receive that careful consideration at the hands of our planting community which they deserve, and we trust that 1889 may witness both the opening of new markets and the despatch of finer teas from Ceylon, resulting in a general improvement in the average prices realized. a THE TRUEST BENEFACTORS OF CEYLON IN THE PRESENT DAY. It has been said that he is the truest benefactor of his country, who has made two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before. Henceforward it may emphatically be said that he is one of the greatest benefactors of this colony who causes two cups of Ceylon tea to be drunk where only one was drunk before! How both native and European interests are bound up in ‘ tea” we need not point out. Every day makes plainer the duty which is most pressing before all well- wishers to the prosperity of the general community of the island. The production of tea has reached such a point that it may be said they are no benefactors of the common weal who after this season, go on adding to the planted acreage, unless indeed they simultaneously do equal work in en- deavouring to extend the demand for, and con- sumption of our teas. There is, in fact, no other question before the local public equal to this in practical importance. The problem of Raliway Extension to the north and to the south, skins into absolute insignificance when compared with the means of disposing profitably of the 15 to 20 millions lb. of Ceylon tea which will shortly be added to our present annual export. Indeed, we may say that there is no piece of legislation engaging the attention of Sir Arthur Gordon and his Councils which concerns the material welfare of the general com- munity in any degree proportionate to that of our tea problem! Under these circumstances it behoves the Ceylon public, and especially our tea planters, to regard with special gratitude all agencies established for the advertising and sale of locally- produced teas. The men who have quitted our shores, even from among the planters themselves, in order to start and pusi such a trade mus: be regarded as benefactors of the Colony albeit thit their rul- ing motive may have been a purely selfish one. The lines may be applied to them which were originally written for a very different class of exiles :— True patriots they, for be it understood, They jeft their country for their country’s good ! All interested in Ceylon tea property must feel that they are bound by the very law of self-pre- servation to give their yery best support to any 696 aoe certain quarters as to the wisdom guiding the dis- tribution of this fund, we trust there will be no owners of estates so shortsighted, or unpatriotic, as to withhold their support during the current year. The Board of Management is a widely representative one, and it should be easy for any proprietor to get a hearing at that Board for his criticism or advice. ' There is moreover every reason to desire that adequate support may be extended to such schemes as Mr. Whitham’s Ceylon-American, and Mr. Sinclair’s Ceylon-Australian, Tea Companies. We earnestly trust that both these projects may not only be suc- cessfully floated, but steadfastly prosecuted to the creation of a very considerable and independent demand for our Ceylon teas. We feel sure that there is room both in America and Australasia for a very important trade in teas from Ceylon. Some of the reasons for anticipating financial success for the shareholders have already been fully discussed in these columns. It remains now only to add that the success of such Companies must always depend mainly on “‘judicious management.’ Now in this all-important respect, very seldom have share- holders been so fortunate as in the present instances. Mr. Pineo knows the American people well and has had special experience of the American tea market, while he is recognized by his brother planters to be a careful and shrewd man of business. Of Mr. Sinclair and our Ceylon Aus- tralian tea trade, we can speak in equally con- fident terms. His special experience added to his well-known native caution and shrewdness should inspire a general feeling of trust in any commer- cial proposal made by him and one with which his own interests would be as largely identified as those of the other shareholders. We conclude therefore by pressing on all who have an interest in Ceylon tea to do everything in their power to give the necessary support to such new Tea Trading Com- panies. For the present, the American Company is the only one before the public claiming sup- port, and we trust to hear that all the shares are taken up, before Mr. Sinclair returns form London to conclude his arrangements on behalf of an extension of the tea trade between Ceylon and the Southern Colonies. a ee THE THA TRADE. (From the H. and C. Matl, Feb. 22nd.) There has been some slight modification of the new departure in the Indian tea sale room, Mincing Lane, In some cases the garden marks are now given, but not those ef the ship. The new method of selling meets with but little opposition, the idea amongst importers being that the tea is now sold on its merits rather than on any fancy reputation it may have acquired: On the other hand, where teas have hitherto commanded a high price by reason of some imaginary superiority attaching to the mark, the new plan tells against the owner of such tea. The attempt to establish an independent tea market in Glasgow has entered upon its first phase, viz., a pnblic auction of tea. Prices were not wildly high, but perhaps the teas were not of the sort to induce high prices. A noticeable improvement has taken place wf late in regard to the supply of Indian and Ueylon tea in the London market. The supply is now regulated with some view to the eternal fitness of things, snd not let loose upon the market like a flood. Prices are not high enough to permit a glut to tea, It is evident that importers have seen the error of their ways in this respect, and that there is a judicious holding back when occasion requires. The position of the various Indian tea companies in London merits some comment at the hands of city editors. We are glad to find that the Standard is avourably impressed with the comparative statement THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889, showing the working of twenty-two of the leading companies in the season 1887, drawn up by Mr. Henry EHarrshaw, and printed on page vii. It says:— “Out of the varied information given in this state- ment, the most striking feature seems to be the re- markable manner in which the British tea planter in Indian has managed to reduce the expenses of working, so as to meet the very serious drop in prices which his produce has had to bear. All these com. pauies made profits ranging from 2°88 to 18-67 per cent., or an average of 10% per cent., but only 8 per cent. was the average divided among the shareholders, the different payments being—one company, 16 per cent.; two, 15 per cent.; one, 12 per cent.; six, 10 per cent.; six, 7 to 84 per cent.; two 5 per cent; one, 1 per cent and three, nil. Among the nil companies, however, is the Land Mortgage Bank of India, whose losses and commitments in other directions in years gone by swallow up the profits of tea growing. The largest tea company of all, and one of the oldest—viz., the Assam, gave its shareholders 10 per cent., which was not a better yield than that of new companies like the Jokai.”’ We have heard so much of the excellence of tea in Russia that it is quite a startling change to be told how the adulteration of that and other articles of produce thrives in that country. A large proportion of the cheaper kind of tea is ‘‘ rubbish,” notwith- standing the romantic stories told of the peasant and his Samovar. The adulterants employed are tea which has 2lready been used, but principally the willow herb, Epilobium angustifo.7um, which grows in profusion in some parts of Russia. Coffee is also made the subject of fraudulent manipulation, being mixed with chicory, burnt beans, barley, and other substances. In a recent case at Odessa, a retail dealer promised a reward of £30 to anyone who would find a trace of chicory in the coffee he offered for sale. When ana- lysed, the coffee in question was certainly focnd not to contain a single particle of chicory, but at the same time it was equally innocent of coffee, the mass consisting entirely of ground burnt barley. : ee ‘* SPATHODEA CaMPANuLATA.”’—Havye we _ this flowering tree in Ceylon? Noticing one which had been destroyed in the November cyclone, Mr. Gleeson of the A.-H. Gardens, Madras, states :-— “‘ When in flower it was a really glorious sight, and far superior in richness of colour to the famed ‘gold mohur’ tree (Poinciana regia).” A Novet ConrrivANcr.—A contemporary reports that:—“ Mr. W. Bull has planned a coolie baffier, and it may be seen ati work at Allahabad by any one with a turn for inspecting ingenious contrivances. The lazier a coolie is, the harder his work; he has but to do justice to his employer, and his labour is child’s play.” Our contemporary apparently also pos- sesses a turn for planning “ bafilers,” of which the foregoing specimen will no doubt be as much appre- ciated by its readers as Mr. Bull’s contrivance is by the coolies.—Jndian Engineer, March 6th. Tue Cuemists’ TEA Trapve. —-It will be seen from an announcement made in this issue by Messrs. J. Watson & Co., of 14 Jewry Street, E.C., that the trade is now to have opportunity of obtaining tea in un- labelled packets. The advantages of this are apparent. A chemist’s shop is not a good place to stack tea in chests, because the many odours present in the atmo- sphere would soon find their way to the tea, and the resulting ‘‘cup” would not be so cheering as desired. Hence the packet tea trade only is possible for chemists. Yet there are many whoprefer to label the teas with their own names, so that they may secure any reputa- tion which the quality might engender. It is for such that Messrs. Watson & Co. will cater, and we commend their scheme to those interested. It will be noticed that they supply labels at a small additional charge.— Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 26th. : {‘*The more the merrier,” and we only hope the publicans may take to selling tea, provided it is the best,—that is Ceylon produce.—Ep. | io Aprit 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, THE BITTERNESS OF COMPETITION. We do not pretend to feel any surprise that those whose interests have become affected by the active measures taken to push the consumption of Ceylon tea feel sore at the success which those measures have achieved. It is, however, going beyond what is legitimate criticism when, in the endeavour to check that success, the growers of Indian and importers of China tea apply terms of disparagement to that of Ceylon. Only very recently our London correspondent stated that in a conversation had by him with Sir Alfred Dent, that gentleman, who is one of the chief traders in the productions of China, stated his view that a taste for Ceylon tea, as compared with one for that in which heis himself interested, must be vitiated. Now, we have in our London Letter by this mail the opinions expressed by agentleman largely in- terested in the growth and marketing of Indian tea. According to this authority, not only is Ceylon tea far inferior to the growths of Darjecling and Assam, but there is no guarantee for the perma- nence of its production. In his view, apparently, every cultivation undertaken in Ceylon is destined to comparative extinction after a certain cycle of years. He specially: instanced to our correspondent in support of that view the cases of coffee, cinchona, cinnamon and nutmegs. We have scarcely ever seen a weaker argument put forward than this employed by a gentleman who, we are assured, holds a high status in connexion with one of the largest tea-growing concerns of India, According to him no cultivation of any kind undertaken in Ceyl°n is assured of permanence. It is comforting no “oubt, to our rivals to be able to lay this ‘ flattering unction to their souls,” but let us just see upon what sort of basis such an assurance rests, Taking the first instance named, that of coffee, we would ask whether the failure that has occurred has been confined to Ceylon? Has it not spread throughout, in a greater or lesser degree, every coffee-producing country of the Eastern tropics? And has it not been experienced with a severity almost if not quite equal in intensity to that felt by ourselves, in the very country, India, with which Ceylon has been compared to the disparaging of the latter ? In this instance, therefore, the ground of objection taken cannot be of true application. Then as to cinchona, it is true that our exports have diminished, but this has been due solely to the fact that it has not paid our planters to prepare their full yields of bark for export. One critic asserts, apparently of the whole cultivation in this island of cinchona, that after a certain growth the roots of the trees reach unsuitable soil, and that this has produced a canker fatal to the tree. While we may admit that in the early days of cinchona planting many sites may have received adoption for its growth which have proyed to be unsuitable, and that this may have led to a proportion of dis- eased trees, those who know the circumstances are fully able to deny the wholesale conclusions adopted by this Indian pessimist. It is quite certain that, were the price of quinine to rise tomorrow to a paying level, it would not be long before our planters could furnish a full refutation of the allegation made against this particular form of our cultivation, Strong, however, as our case is in relation to the two foregoing products, it is even stronger as regards the remaining two which were cited to our correspondent, viz. cinnamon and nutmegs. We must say it argues either a very prejudiced prepossession, or a very remark- able degree of ignorance, on the part of anyone who may state that the cultivation of cinnamon has an out in Ceylon owing to unsuitability of the soil to longer maintain it. As fine cinnamon can be and is grown now in Ceylon as was ever exported from it, the cause of the falling off in production has been the enormous yield ob- tained in our own and other eastern countries, which has caused prices to fall to an extent which has removed inducement to continue the plant- ing of cinnamon to any large extent. The growth of nutmegs, as of many other spices, has also fallen into desuetude here from a similar cause, the strength of outside competition; though we fully believe that the tide in this respect has so far furned that the growth of many descriptions of spice plants—especially that of the nutmeg— might be again undertaken to advantage among us. It is simply shooting very wide of the mark to assume that several of our past industries have failed owing to natural disqualifications rather than from economic causes, We make every allowance, of course, for the very natural dislike in certain quarters to see Ceylon coming in first in the race. When the winner of a race nears the post, we may be certain those who ride horses making a bad second and third will have no amiable feelings towards their more advanced rival. Such. feelings, how- ever, should not cause them to attempt to “ put the saddle on the wrong horse.’ We may be quite certain of this, that if Ceylon tea were not what it is represented to be, no amount of ad- vertisement would insure its winning the race any more than any amount of punishment will make a bad horse reach the goal first. Of course, we can recognize that these sweeping disparagements of our local industries must have in some degree an ill-effect. The fact that they are circulated should stimulate our making every endeavour to prove their falsity; and if all of them are based on such fallacious grounds as those we have above dealt with, we may be sure that this ill-effect cannot but prove to be transient. eel COTTON CULTIVATION. Mr. F. H. Prick, Assistant GovERNMENT AGENT, KEGALLA, To THE Hon. W. W. MITcHELL, M, x. c. Kegalla Kachcheri, 28th Feb. 1889. Sir,—I have the honor to annex for your informa- tion a copy of rules for cotton cultivation in the dis- trict of Kegalla which I propose to print and distri- bute among the villagers. 2. I drew up these rules after a visit to Jacktree Hill with Mr. Blackett, who agrees with their tenor. 3. It would be well, I think, if the promoters of the cotton industry would collect information from everybody in Oeylon who possesses either practical experience, or is able to speak with authority on the subject, with the view of publishing a pamphlet of instructions in as simple a form as possible in English and the vernacular languages. 4. Some of the results obtained by Mr. Blackett and myself are noted below for your information. (1) The uncleaned cotton of 612 pods (American variety) weighed 3 lb. 8 oz. It was then separated from the seed: the weight of the seed was 2lb. 12 oz. while the weight of the cotton was 120z: therefore (deducting 12 pods for wastage) 50 pods produce 1 oz. clean cotton. (2) 4,483 seeds (American variety) weighed 1 lb. (one acre planted 3 ft. x 4 ft. two seeds in each place requires 7,200 seeds) therefore two pounds seed are sufficient to plant one acre. (3) The largest number of pods counted on one tree was 130. The largest number of pods counted on two trees planted in one hole was 128 x 104 = 232. (4) Mr. Blackett and I consider 30 pods to a be very low and sate estimate of the average produce of each tree. Assuming that on one acre planted 3x4, two seeds in each hole, only one out of every two seeds grows. We have 3,600 plantsx30 pods—108,000 pods=2,160 0z,=135 Ib clean cotton, 698 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ApriL 1, 1889. a mn a pe se NS You are better informed than Iam as to the market value of cotton, but this crop at the lowest price cannot fail to be remunerative. The profit on seed (which would in this case weigh about 400 tb) has to be added. (5) You will observe that Tinnevelly seed is en- tirely excluded from the purview of this letter and of its annexure. (6) I think that it would be well to endeavour to induce tea planters at low elevations to plant cotton in their clearings. It would be useful, as shade would almost certainly be profitable on its own account and would serve to bring the industry under the notice of the neighbouring villagers.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, (Signed) F. H. Paricr, : Actg. Asst. Govt. Agent. The Hon. W. W. Mitchell, Colombo. COTTON. Hints FOR THE OULTIVATION OF THE AMERICAN AND Ee@ypriAN VARIETIES IN THE DistTRIcT oF KEGALLA. I.—The richer the soil the better. Avoid shade. Chena land, even though steep and rocky, is suitable. II.—The seed being very oily, loses its vitality quickly. Do not allow it to become damp, but keep it spread out in a cool place. Sow as soon as possible after its receipt, but wait fora wet day. IIl.—It is of primary importance to sow at such a time as will result in the crop being ready for pick- ing in dry weather. i Secondarily, the seed must be planted on a showery ay. IVY.—Two pounds of seed are sufficient to sow one acre. V.—Plant the seed in places 3 ft. x 3 ft. or3 x 4 apart. Before planting break up each place with a fork or mamoti, 4to5 inches deep and 6 to 8 inches square. Plant 2 seeds, 3to 4 inches apart, in each place, ata depth of not more than an inch. VI.—If one out of every two seeds grows, there will then be 4,800 plants toan acre,if planted 3 ft. x 3 ft. 3,600 plants to an acre, if planted 3 ft. x 4 ft. VII.—The season for sowing is approximately from 1st July to15th August. The crop will be ready from ist January onwards. The American variety ripens 2 or 3 weeks earlier than the Egyptian. VIII.—Pick the cotton when the capsules burst, leaving the capsules on the tree. IX.—Thoroughly dry the cotton in the sun, clean it and separate it from the seed. X.-—-The cotton should be separated from the seed by a gin which is easily worked and very cheap. ee CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT. THE WEATHER AND VEGETATION—BLOSSOMS ON COFFEE ' —HIGH PRICES OF COFFEE AND A REVIVAL OF PLANTING —FUEL FOR TEA FACTORIES AND THE IMPECUNIOSITY OF THE NATIVES : THE DEVASTATION OF JAK TREES—RAIL- WAY WEEKLY RETURNS AND COCOA—THE. LOW PRICES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF TEA ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE—LAND FOR TOBACCO CULTIVATION. 11th March 1889. The rain we had about ten days ago was very welcome, but we want more. There are signs however that it may be back soon, which would be cheery enough, for there is no big rush of flush or small rush either. The trees are pretty much at a standstill, and what is willing to lead & forlorn hope and show the way has to struggle with the cold wind, and does not come to much. All the same it has been a very much better season than last year. The rain brought out a blossom on the coffee, which however is not so good as one would like, especially with the price at the 100s, From higher up Ihear of really good blossoms, refresh- ing tothe eye, and filling the heart with hope. If they but set well, there should be a good me in store for the fortunate possessors. It is no wonderful that the high prices ruling for coffee is creating a desire to try the planting again, and already there are several who purpose making the experiment ona small scale. One company, I hear, has received instructions from home, to have a fair-sized bit planted up with coffee as a trial, and to extend if there be any kind of promise of success. The planting is to be done under shade, and the seed to be imported. Doubtless there is a good deal of risk in a venture of this kind, but when it is spread over the many, the loss should not be very heavy if it be a failure ; while it has the advantage that several districts will be tried, nd in some perhaps the fates may be favour- able. One thing is pretty clear,—that the coffee which abides at present but poorly represents the vigour of the old: neither will it stand the invigorating treatment of the days of yore. It would be easy enough to stimulate it into over-bearing and snufi it out. Indeed, even a very moderate crop sadly tries it, and those who may be tempted by the high prices to indulga in high cultivation will doubtless get a return, for coffee is very willing, but the effort may prove like the song of the dying swan, sweetest, just before it expires. The chance to be run is that it may over-bear itself and go out. Still, who that has any coffee left does not want to see it do well; all the same there is the fear that it may be killed with kindness ? The need of fuel for our factories and the impecu- niosity ofthe native are bringing about rather an un- fortunate state of things in the villages of those dis- tricts where wood is scarce. You don’tlike to see and hear of jak trees being cut down for the furnace, for the fruit forms a part of the food of the people; and although the ready money which is got for the fuel means for the time being a season of plenty, still there are the lean years in store when a jak-fruit would prove a godsend and when it won’t be got. Later on this un- thinking devastation will, without doubt, have very unpleasant results; in the meantime Appuhami hears how Thinappu has made so much a yard for firewood, and at very little trouble, save that of felling a tree in the ancestral eighth of an acre, and piling it up. As he too is in need of money and has been ever since he can remember, he also goes in for the cutting of fuel; as his domain has none of the princely proportions of Thinappu’s, there is no room for choice, and so if the money is to be got the jak has to come down, and alas! does come down. The Sinhalese villager has lots of patience, but it tries him waiting for another jak to grow. Until then he helps himself to his neighbour’s, with the usual results, How is it that in the different classes of goods of which the railway authorities give us, regular weekly returns of cacao is omitted? We have tea and coffee, cinchona and rice, coconuts and plumbago, but cacao is nowhere. Travellers on the Continent of Europe tell us that the low prices for which good tea can now be got is yery much stimulating the consump- tion, and is likely to continue to do so. Coffee is said to have got its hold there when tea was at a prohibitive price, but now that it is getting come-at-able by all, through tea approximating to coffee in value, and tending as if it were to be the cheaper of the two, it stands a fair chance of running a successful race with the old favourite. In foreign hotels there is no diffi- culty now to get a good cup of tea, and as the ease with which it is made gives it a marked advantage over colfee, the prospects of its mor APRIL 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 699 ee ee EEO general use are decidedly good. When tea was selling at 6s a lb. on the Continent and coffee could be bought at 2s, hotel-keepers and others were willing enough to take the extra trouble to prepare the cotfee; but now,the heavy fall in tea and the rise in coffee having altered the old conditions, we may hopefully look forward to a considerable expansion in the tea trade of the Continent of Europe. The hunt for land for tobacco cultivation goes on. I hear that the local company has decided not to take up any below the big tank, but to try elsewhere. ] PEPPERCORN. —_—__@—__—__—_—. DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, February 21st. ANNaTtTo.—Fair Brazilian Roll annatto is selling privately, we hear, at 9d per!b, Ceylon Seeds of good appearance bought 23d per lb in sale today. Areca Nuts.—An offer of 14s per cwt, was refused for a lot in sale today. CarpAmMoms.—A rather heavy supply of 263 packages was offered at today’s auctions. The finer qualities were well represented, but a large quantity of the highly- esteemed Mangalore variety did not reach the hammer at all, the whole being withdrawn. A pretty good competition prevailed, but most of the brokers were not at all eager to sell, and altogether only 101 pack- ages were disposed of at very full rates to an occasional slight advance for the better grades. The prices real- ized ran as follows:—Mysore, fine bold long well bleached 33 4d to 385d; good heavy pale 3s 3d, ris- ing to 3s 6d; bold heavy yellow 3s 3d; medium- sized pale round 2s 9d to 29 10d; small 2s 8d; me- dium long yellow 28 6d; small ditto {8 9d to 2s; small pale round 1s 94; medium to bold brown mixed and split 1s 9dperlb, Ceylon-Malabar, good round medium grey 2s 4d; fair small to medium pale 2s; good heavy brown 28 3d; round small to melium yellow 1s 4d to 1s 10d. Wild Ceylon, good heavy bold Is 10d. Aleppy, brown, shelly, and badly clipped 10d, seeds ls 8dto1s 10d perlb. The following quantities were exported from Ceylon in the periods between October 1st and January 24th :—1888-9, 91,810 lb; 1887-8, 123,662 lb; 1886-7, 103,656 lb. OrncHona.—Very high prices were paid today for some of the better grades of South American druggists’ barks :—Loxa, good bright silvery to thin brown quill 28 2d tols 7d; broken anddamaged 103d to 1s 6d. Huanoco, brown to fair 9d tols4d perlb. Guayaquil 7d to 1s 4d per lb. Fifty bales good bright Lima were bought in at4d per lb. Of Soft Columbian and Pitayo. barks a parcel of 51 serons, mostly imported in 1873 sold at jd to $d per lb., the whole lot (about 7,600 lb) realising less than 16/. Calisaya, good bold flat orange, sold at 1s 4d; damages at 1s to ls 2d per lb; spurious Calisaya quill 24d to 4d per |b. For next Tuesday’s auctions 2,149 packages are at present declared, composed of 700 Oeylon, 711 Hast Indian, 475 Java, and 263 South American bark. The arrivals this week have been rather heavy, both from British India and from Ceylon. The shipments of bark from Java during the second half of the year have been :— 1888 1887 1886 1885 lb. lb, lb. lb. Private plant 1,854,888 1,635,729 282,105 429,879 Government plant 335,433 381,477 359,591 253,062 Total 2,190,321 2,017,206 641,696 682,941 The shipments from Oeyion between October Ist and January 24th have been :—1888-9, 3,846,843 lb; 1887-8, 2,990,041 lb; 1886-7, 4,999,055 lb. 2 OroTon SErp.—Five robbins rather dark seed from Bombay sold at lls 6d per cwt. OurrLerisH,—Ten cases good bold and fairly white bone sold cheaply at 54d per lb. Sixteen cases very common damaged bone from Ceylon are held at 14d per lb,, and it is said that that price is being privately paid for the quality. PrumBaco.—Prices have been advanced. Vani“ctaA.—Of 114 tins offered-today nearly the whole was sold at an advance of 1s 6d to 2s per lb on fine lots, of which a good proportion existed: Fair un- crystallised chocolate 53 to 74 inch, 18s 6d to 178; 7% to 84, 18s 6d to19s 6d; fair rather brownish 5% to 8, lls 6d to 143 6d; common 5 to7, 8s to 8s 9d; low foxy 286d; and fine crystallised 7% to 8, 23s to 24s 6d per lb. THE AMSTERDAM OINOHONA AUCTIONS. Telegram from our Correspondent. AMSTERDAM; February 21st. At the public auctions of cinchona bark held here today 2,982 packages, out of a total of 3,392 cata- logued, were disposed of at lowerrates, the unit not averaging over 8c per } kilo, or say, 13d to 14d per lb. For manufacturers’ barks, in shavings, chips, and quills 1le to 107c per4 kilo (equalto 2d tols 7d per lb) was paid; dittoroot brought from 12c to 29¢ (equal to 23d to 5d perlb); druggists’ barks, chips and quills, broken and long, from 4c to 75c (equal to 3d to 1s 14d perlb); and druggists’ root bark from 35¢ to 560, or 64dto 10d perlb. The principal pur- chasers were the Brunswick Quinine Works, the Am- sterdam Factory, and Messrs. C. L. Schepp' & Zonen, of Rotterdam. The manufacturing bark which was sold alone contained an equivalent of 285,000 oz. of sulphate of quinine.—Chemist and Druggist. ee TRAVANCORE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION, Minutes of proceedings of the annual general meet- ing, held at the Club, Trivandrum, on Wednesday 20th Feb. 1889. Present:—Messrs. D. G. Cameron, J. Fraser, Wm- Marshall, R. T. Miller, J. P. Mackay, B. Nelson, J.S. Valentine, and E. C. Chisholm, Honorary Secretary. The resignation of Mr. John Ooxas Chairman having been laid on the table, Mr. James Fraser was asked to occupy the chair till the new office-bearers were elected, The Hon. Scretary then read the report for last year, which showed that the members who had paid their subscriptions were 19, as against 18 in 1887, Finances were also in a satisfactory state, there being a large balance in the hands of the Secretary. Very liberal grants had been given by H. H. Government. to construct new roads and for maintenance of the district roads, andin this respect the Government has not been unmindful of the interests of the planters’ The application for a further grant of land where desired, to the extent of 10 per centon present hold- ings, is still before Gvernment; as is also the question of timber on private property, the planters considering themselves hardly treated in this matter. At the request of the Dewan a paper on the culti- vation of tes wasdrawn up by Mr. Olarke, and for- warded to Government, who, in reply, requested the Seoretary to communicate the thanks of Government to the members of the Association, who so readily complied with the request. The subject of destruction of insectivorous birds had been brought to the notice of the Association by the Board of Revenue, and the Secretary replied that, “As faras can be found out, there is not a very great slaughter of insectivorous birds in Travancore either by gun-men or trappers, yet from the know- ledge of the immense evil oarried on in other countries by the destruction of these birds, the As- sociation consider that it would be very desirable to take further steps to protect these useful creatures.” The Secretary then having resigned, the follow- ing office-bearers were elected for the coming year, viz.; Messrs. D. G@. Cameron, Chairman,and J.S. Valentine, Honorary Secretary. The following resolutions were then put before the meeting and carried :— I.—*That the attention of H. H. Government be called to resolution III. passed at last general meet- ing, asking for grant to the holders of land onder 400 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. the ‘Coffee Waste Lands Regulations,’ extension of property at a fair valuation, not to exceed in extent 10 per cent of original grant.” II.— That application be made to H. H. Govyern- ment for a grant on account of planters’ roads.” IDL.—“That a vote of thanks be conveyed to Mr. John Cox for the great services he has rendered to the Association.” Mr. James FrAseR, in proposing this resolution, spoke as follows :—“I feel sure that in rising to propose a vote of thanks to our retiring Chairman, I only express the sentiments of every member of the Association, when I say, how deeply we regret the resignation of Mr. John Cox, who has devoted more of bis time and trouble, for the benefit of the planters, than any other man in Travancore. The frequent occasions on which he has been elected Chairman, testify to the sincere respect and esteem, in which he is held, and to the great value the planters placed on his experience and guidance. It is more especially in looking back upon the vicissitudes of the last few years, that we realized how greatly indebted the planting community is to Mr. Cox. The many concessions and grants obtained from Government are ample proofs of his influence and position, which he always placed so readily at the disposal of the Association. I therefore propose that a vote of thanks be conveyed to Mr. John Cox for the great services he has rendered to this Association.” The meeting then terminated witha vote of thanks to the retiring Secretary. J.S, VALENTINE, Honorary Secretary, T.P. A. Se a WHITE-ANTS AND Buur Gums, &c.—The elevation of the estate referred to in my former letter was from 3,000 to 4,000 ft. in Uva Province. The white-ants did an immense amount of damage, eating the young plants until they got a few feet high. They did not attack Grevillea robusta or Cedrela toona, but the jarrah, Eucalyptus mar- ginata, suffered a great deal from them. “ Jak” seemed the only wood we could get about there that they did not care for much in build- ings. Above 4,000 to 5,000 ft. they have not yet got.—Timerr Truss. Corton in Cryton.—We suppose the cotton plant ig as much indigenous to Ceylon as it is to Continental India. But America, which originally received the plant from India, has, in the course of nearly three centuries of intelligent cultivation, developed species or varieties so valuable, that our hopes of a revived cotton enterprise in our island must rest largely on the success of seed introduced from the United States. And looking at the tendency to degeneration of the plants in this climate, fresh supplies of such seed must be periodi- cally available. Mr. Mitchell, who is the leading spirit of the enterprise, knows all this and has made arrangements accordingly. Meantime, Mr. Blackett is ready to supply seed, which being only one remove from American must be of high quality. We hope the time will soon come when large supplies of cotton seed will be available, not merely for sowing, but for use as good cattle food, thus supplying one of the greatest wants in Ceylon. The letter from Mr. Price, the Assistant Agent of Kegalla, to Mr. Mitchell, which we publish elsewhere is largely encouraging, and we trust that erelong not merely European planters but natives generally in all parts of the island will take up the new culture heartily, so rendering certain the success of the spinning and weaving manufactory now in progress of erection. We may mention as a curious fact that the best Sea Islands cotton resembles the coconut palm by flourishing in the saline breezes which haye passed over the ocean. Imports oF PARA RopeeR.—From a report of the quantity of caoutchouc brought into this country dur- ing the year 1888, it seems that the Para crop from Hevea brasiliensis for the half year ending June 30 showed an exceptionally large increase over the previous one, this increase amounting to 2200 tons, or equal to about 17 per eent. The large surplus in the market in the previous year almost entirely disappeared this year, owing to the heavy consumption in the United States and a decided increase in the Kuropean wants. The quantity of Para rubber imported into London and Liverpool during 1888 amounted to 5,080 tons,— Gardeners’ Chronicle. Oak TreEES FOR Fouru.—A difficulty is now being felt for fuel in some of the Tea Gardens in Darjeeling, and a good tree will soon be sought for to plant for fuel. Mr. Gammie, the Superintendent of the Cin- chona Plantation at Mungpoo, was written to respect- ing the fuel plantations there. He wrote:—“ We have two species of Oak in our fuel plantation, Quercus Griffithii and Quercus semiserrata, both natives of the Khasia hills. Of Q. Griffithii we have a score of trees eighteen years old, now beating acorns * * * our oldest trees of Q. semiserrata are only seven years of age, and will not be bearing acorns for many years to come. It is a stronger and quicker grower then Q. Griffthii. For its introduction to these parts we are indebted to Mr. G. Mann, Conservator of Forests, Assam, who I have no doubt would readily arrange for a supply of acorns for you.” Mr. Mann was accordingly written to and responded very courteously, and a quantity of seed of Q. semiserrata will shortly be received from him; this, as well as the-seed of Q. Griffithii already received from Mr. Gammie, will be made over to Messrs. Davenport & Co. for distri- bution amongst the Darjeeling gardens in their agency. [The above is from the proceedings of the Horticul- tural Society of India. We should think the Oaks referred | to might flourish in and around Nuwara Eliya ?—Ep. | Tra CuEsts,—I have already informed you of the success which has attended a trial shipment of Oeylon and Indian teas packed in the“ Stanley-Wrightson” papier mdaché tea chests. The packages from Ceylon were shipped by Messrs. O. Strachan & Co., on the “ Qoromandel’’ and proved an undoubted success, as evidenced by reports on the condition of the packages and their contents by four of the leading tea brokers of this city, viz., Messrs Arthur Oapel & Co., Messrs. W. J. and H.. Thompson, Messrs. George White & Co., and Messrs. Wilson, Smithett! & Co. The latter firm say they had seen the packages of tea in question and write to the patentees to say that in their opinion they have arrived in excellent condition, and show scarcely any signs of the knocking about attendant on shipping and discharging. Theteain the packages they found to be quite brisk and fresh. This patented package has several very obvious advantages over the old style of chest. In the first place a con- siderable saving in freight is effected, as about 30 per cent more tea can be packed in these chests having the same outside measurement as wooden ones: again, greater uniformity in the tares is obtainable; in ap- pearance they are extremely neat; and the ease with which they are opened does away with the necessity of having recourse to the chisel and hammer ; and the packages in consequence do not afterwards require to be packed and coopered. Messrs. George White & Co., add to the above, “ The scribing (cut since their arrival in the warebouse) and the garden marks are legible, and the special Jining used in lieu of the ordinary lead appears’ to answer well, as there is no soldering required.” In al] these reports I do not find a single Qrawback to their complete success; at the same time nc thing is said as to their price as compared with the cot of wooden packages, but of that we shall no doubt be fully advised by-and-bye by the promoters of the proposed Oompany which, I am in- formed, is in a fair way of heing fluated, some of the directors being already named. Mr. W. M. Leake will be connected with the enterprize, and specimens of the’ S. W.” chests will in a few days be seen in this office at 65, Fenchurch Street.—Zondon Cor. “Times of Ceylon.” Aprit 1, 1889,] THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 7OI eee ee ee ee eee eee eee ee Eee Guyyespondence, de 8 To the Editor. THE COCONUT LEAF DISEASE. Negombo, March 8th, 1889. Srr,—The coconut leaf disease, which is causing much alarm in the Veyangoda district, has induced me to go over many districts and see for myself, as I am greatly interested in coconuts. I have seen much of the Negombo and Ekala districts, and have not found any trees infested with the disease. The trees in these districts are ina most flourishing condition, especially that of Ekala. I was surprised to see the Veyangoda district. Even though the drought is al- most at its beginning, the sight of the trees with their drooping branches and bunches of nuts propped up by sticks is a sad sight. The drought seldom or never affects coconut trees in the Negombo or Ekala districts or those bordering the sea-coast. As you go furtber inland the trees seem to grow worse. I am of opinion that the coconut treesin the higher districts will not thrive for long. They flourisn at the beginning, but you will find that after 20 years or more they gradually go down and do not last long. In the Veyangoda and Henaratgoda districts and higher upas you go as far as Ambepussa, there is no depth of soil. After a certain depth the roots reach a slab rock and the trees suffer. The leaves look yellow and as if they are scorched by fire. I witnessed this 10 or 12 years ago and expressed my opinion toa friend. An estate in Jaela belonging to the late Mr. David Wilson is suffering in similar manner to the Veyangoda trees. The soil is hard and does not take in moisture. The late owner terraced the grounds and drilled holes near about the trees, so that they may take in mois- ture, but it was of no avail, as the roots had reached the slab rock. I believe Mr. Jardine of Golua Pokuna was in charge of this estate many years ago. Any amount of ashes or manure will not benefit the trees, as the soil is hard and stiff like concrete and will not take in manure. I fully agree with Dr. Trimen and Mr. Jardine to feed up trees, but on the above-mentioned soil nothing will have effect. I saw a place in Katana, Negombo district, with the leaves affected like the Veyangoda trees. ‘This place has been neglected, I believe nothing has been done to improve it for the last 25 years, but the soil unlike Veyangoda stiff and with proper cultivation per- haps may be_ brought round. I have seen Mr. Drieberg of Ekala, and he is of opinion that the trees in such soil as of Veyangoda ought to be worked up during the heavy monsoons. Ap- plying manure in ary iweather ie a wastes of money and will have no effect in the trees. and Jabour, ee reee [This correspondent talks of slab rock and stiff subsoil as if they were the equivalents of each other, which they certainly are not. We observed no evidences of slab rock, but hard subsoil, which can be ameliorated, does prevail.—Ep. | is not THE NEED FOR A OEYLON-AUSTRALIAN TEA COMPANY LIMITED, AND THE GOOD OPPORTUNITY NOW PRESENTED FOR FORMING ONE. Naseby, Nuwara Eliya, 12th March 1889. Drar Srr,—Resting here awhile as a preparation for another spell of close unremitting labour in newspaper editing and ‘‘ book-building,” it is not difficult even in a few days to lose touch with topics attracting public attention and challenging opinion. How far, therefore, the thought has entered the mind of the community that the opportunity presented by Mr. A. Sinclair of making a new departure in the Ceylon-Australian tea trade should be availed of, I am not able to judge. But I feel constrained, as a private individual, to say how great will be the pity, if not the blunder, if our tea planters ignore what seems one of the most practical and businesslike proposals yet suggested for increasing the consumption of Ceylon teas. There are no tea drinkers in the world in whom Ceylon planters should take a greater interest than in our fellow-subjects throughout Australasia. They are well-known, individually, to be the largest consumers of tea in the world. They afford us the nearest market for our staple. Ceylon is not unknown to them. To the more intelligent and travelling portion, our island is ever an object of interest and they are ready to be influenced in its favour or in favour of its products. Jo show that an article comes from Ceylon, is likely to secure its acceptance by a large proportion of Australians. There is moreover, the other evident and grand fact that unlike the United States and the Con- tinent of Europe, Australasia is already a tea- drinking country. The Ceylon planter in canvassing Australians has not to create a taste for tea per se, nor for the particular brands heis ready to bring to market. The population of America and Europe (always excepting the United Kingdom) are em- phatically coffee and cocoa rather than tea drinkers ; and it is uphill, though very commendable, work trying to supersede the taste for ‘‘ green” and artificially ‘“‘faced’’ Chinese and Japanese teas, by one for the pure and more robust and refreshing Ceylon or Indian product. But as already said, the people of Australia and New Zealand are in exactly the same position as those of the United Kingdom were, say ten years ago, in 1879, when 127 million lb. of China teas were consumed against some 27 millions of Indian, the latter being chiefly used in blending. They areas ready to reverse the positions as have been the drinkers in the mother- country when the better, purer teas were brought to their markets and to their very doors in a businesslike and persistent way that commands their attention and ensures a constant steady supply. We have precisely the same class of tea-drinkers to deal with as inthe mother country; only a population in the mass far better able to afford, and to ap- preciate areally good class of teas. Can a single reason of any weight be advanced why if a system- atic and adequate attempt be made to push our teas into every distributing town and centre of trade in Australiasia, in five years (or less) from this date, the position of China, and Indian and Ceylon, teas in the Southern Colonies should not be entirely re- versed—and twenty to thirty millions lb. of our tea be annually shipped thither against one or two cargoes, four or five millions lb. of China teas ? Is there anything in the relations subsisting between the Australian Colonies and Celestial Em- pire to justify the adherence of the former to a China, rather than a Ceylon, tea trade? Is there a reciprocal trade, or any other compensating ad- vantage, or even any bond of union between the peoples? Our tea planters must know well that on every head an emphatic negative answer can be given. As the Melbourne Argus said only a few months ago in discussing the Ceylon tea at the Ix- hibition, the Chinese do not buy £1,000 worth of Australian produce in return for the large amount of Ausrralian gold annually paid for China teas ; while Ceylon and India are ready to deal increasingly in Australian meat, frozen, or in live stock, in horses, in wines, fruits, &c., &c. There are no re- ciprocal advantages whatever to the Australians from the China trade ; and moreover there has sprung up 402 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. ————————————5z032? lately, and still exists, such an antipathy to the Chinese ag settlers, or even traders and temporary servants, within Australia, as must make the Colonists more anxious than ever before to cease all commercial connection with China and do business in British-grown teas. (I am not expressing sympathy with Colonial treatment of the Chinese, nor dis- cussing this subject one way or the other, I am merely stating a fact which has a most important bearing on the question of pressing Ceylon teas at this juncture, on the notice of consumers in every one of the Southern Colonies). it isa case therefore at present for ‘‘ striking while the iron is hot’’ if Oeylon tea planters wish to take advantage of the anti-Chinese feeling prevailing throughout Australasia. But it will at once be asked, in the face of this picture, how is it that the China-Australian tea trade continues to flourish—the shipments from Foochow &c. to the Colonies being larger for the current, than the previous, season—while commercial reports from Melbourne and Syndey represent an over- stocked market for Indian, and it may be for Ceylon teas ? How isitin the face ofall that was done at the Melbourne Exhibitions of 1881 and 1888 to adver- tise the pure quality of Ceylon teas, and in the former year, to expose—by a series of analyses and’ discussions in the press—the inferiority, nay the absolute impurity and unwholesomeness of much of the China supplies,—that the demand for our own and Indian teas continues so limited and that shippers dare not send Ceylon teas to the Australian market on chance of a profitable sale? There are, I believe, plain and satisfactory answers which can be given to these questions. In the first place, I am not at all inclined to blink the fact that China teas undersell those of India and Ceylon in the auction rooms and whole- sale markets of Melbourne and Sydney—and that. in consequence, the Australian tea importers, dealers and distributors can make far more profit out of the cheap China teas they import from Foochow than out of Ceylon and Indian teas. No doubt there is a certain quantity of highclass tea imported thence and sold at a high price to the wealthy who, it may be, have to be educated to appreciate the taste and flavour of our Ceylon Pekoes. But the large proportion of imports is of cheap inferior stuff which, however, does not reach the mass of the consumers, save ut a price which would well cover the cost of average Ceylon teas after leaving a fair profit to the shippers and distributors. There- in lies the whole secret of the maintenance of the China Tea Trade with Australia. Why should tea importers and wholesale dealers, down south, trouble themselves, to buy or encourage an article on which they cannot do much business with a profit of more than 5 to 10 per cent to divide, when by going on in the established groove, they may have 15, 20 or even 30 per cent to divide, But how is it, the Ceylon planter will ask, that the people who have learned of, perhaps tasted, the superiority of Ceylon teas, do not by asking for the same create a demand which must be sup- plied—what in fact have the Hxhibitions and all the outlay thereon from our exchequer and purses done for us? In the large towns, it may be answered, a certain limited demand in select circles has been created which has to be met; but outside, the householder, the farmer, the shep. herd who may enquire for another tea is no doubt inet by the statement that there ig none in stock, that it is much dearer and altogether a fancy article unknown to minor or country grocers. It is quite true too that even in the supply to the Melbourne market, Ceylon teas in consequence of difficulties about freight for small quantities, have gone forward very irregularly; while as the result of practical experience and enquiry, “ Old Colonist” went so far in one of his letters some months ago from the south, as to say that for Ceylon teas at 1s per lb. in bond at Melbourne, there should be an unlimited demand in the Australian Colonies, It is plain in fact that the vast mass of the consumers do not know how to get, or anything about the price at which they should be able to buy, good pure Ceylon teas. No Exhibition, or discussion in the press, can take the place of actual commercial distribution, advertising and canvassing. The China-Australian tea trade has been built up, and is maintained, year by year, inthis way. The utmost business energy andenterprise are displayed by the men mainly interested in its maintenance. Let me illustrate from my own experience, I travelled to Marseilles in 1887 with two gentlemen largely engaged in the China tea trade: one mainly buying for the Russian, the other for the Aus- tralian, market. The latter reckoned to spend several months every year, or at least, every second year in the Colonies, booking his orders, canyassing, seeking new constituents and generally making himself agreeable while maintaining and promoting the trade in China teas. He was not alone; there are perhaps half-a-dozen or more shipping firms at Foochow that send partners or responsible agents to spend three or four months in the Australian colonies to canvass and book orders for China teas. What can the Indian or Ceylon tea merchants or planters be said to have done to push a trade in contrast with this systematic business arrangement? Almost nothing. I have not met Myr. Sinclair yet, and am not acquainted with the details of any scheme he may have mentally formulated, or put on paper, in connection with the establishment of what I may call a ‘Ceylon-Australian Tea Trading Com- pany.” But, I understand that part of his plan would be the establishment of depéots in the principal towns where supplies of Ceylon teas could always be obtained by the suburban and country dealers on terms almost as advantageous as those allowed for China teas after satisfying the different superior middlemen. The large land- Owners, squatters and others, who send their employees big supplies of tea among other rations from town, would find that they could get at such depots a greatly superior article at, perhaps, as favorable a price—considering how much further a lb, of Ceylon tea will go—than was paid for China ‘‘ posts and rails,’’ the tea stuff which has made ‘“‘bush tea”’ so often the subject of satire. Mr, Sinclair would also, no doubt, recommend the Company’s supporters to canvass and advertise freely at the outset, assured of a due, if not handsome return. It would, moreover, be to the interest of every Ceylon tea planter to make the Company’s work and depots known to friends or to the friends of friends in the Colonies. With a steadily increasing tea trade, we might well expect other branches of commerce between Ceylon and Australia to develope and to find bonds of union in many ways which would gradually bring this little island into closer, and even more beneficial relations with these splendid Austral countries. But leaving the future prospect alone, and return- ing to the problem now I venture to lay before the Ceylon tea planting community, it may be asked, how is this Tea Trading Company to be formed. Already I regret to understand that in one quarter cold water has been thrown on the idea of a local formation. It has been said that Mr. Sinclair must go to Tiondon for the shareholders and capital, No dowvt indirectly, some of the capital may come from home from owners of Aprit 1, 1889.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Ceylon tea estates. But it seems to me that a Company of the kind can scarcely in the first instance be publicly floated in London with the object of, at least to some extent, diverting trade from that port any more that it can among the tea importers and distributors of Melbourne or Sydney. The Com- pany must be started and mainly supported here, in Ceylon, or the whole proposal will fall to the ground. And it seems strange that at a time when shareholders and capital have so readily come to establish a local Cotton-spinning, and a tobacco-growing, Company—and when indeed, ap- parently, the promoters of a Company to sell Ceylon teas in far distant America, have met with ample encouragement—and I wish such projects every success,—that there should be doubt as to a sufficiency of local support for a Company to promote the sale of our teas among our fellow-subjects, next door to us and who are already noted as the biggest tea-drinkers in the world! I have heard that Mr. Sinclair proposes a capital for the Company at first of £5,000, a sum which is surely within the compass of the ‘‘ Ceylon tea com- munity ” in order to promote their own immediate interests. It has been truly said that the tea-planting industry of Ceylon differs from any other agricultural pursuit under the sun in giving ‘‘aready money ”’ return all the year round, there being no month of the year here in which there is not some leaf to be plucked and manufactured on most plantations where pruning properly is distributed: In the same way it may be said that the proposed Company would do a ‘‘ ready money ” business in Ceylon teas and ought therefore to make early and regular returns to its shareholders. There can be no doubt of a large and promising field of operations, and it is not likely that a better Managing Director could be secured than Mr. Sinclair, if he will accept the office, with his recent experience of the Colonies and their tea trade, as well as his acquaintance with the general conditions of planting in Ceylon. Already it ‘is gratifying to learn that nota few Colombo tea estate proprietors and agents have ex- pressed themselves as favourable to the project. Among the resident planters, perhaps, Mr. Wm. Mackenzie is the one who could give the weightiest Opinion, from his acquaintance with Australia and his special interest in tea. It maybe said that Ceylon planters haye (like poor Goldsmith) ‘‘ the knack of hoping” inreference to each new proposal in con- nection with their products; but at least in regard to tea the need of doing all in their power to create new markets must be patent to our estate proprictors ; and it is because it seems to me that the present offers an exceptionally good and timely opening that I venture to place the above remarks before our planting community._Iam, &e, J. F, POLGHAKANDE TEA. Polghakande Estate, Neboda, 13th March 1889, Dear Si1r,—In regard to the Polgahakande tea sale at an average of 8d perlb. in Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s catalogue of the 15th of Feb., in justice to myself, as already misappre- hension has been created, which, if left uncorrected, will do me injury, 1 beg to state, although the leaf was plucked on this estate (Polghakande), the tea was made onan adjoining estate, and I had ‘nothing whatever to do with the curing. MILO MACMAHON. COTTON OULTIVATION IN CEYLON. Colombo, 14th March 1889. _ Srr,—Mr. Price’s letter in your last night’s issue is very interesting because it contains a good deal of valuable information, especially as to the time of sowing. I have been laughed at for. suggesting August as the best time for sowing cotton, but as the suggestion now comes froma Huropean, I am glad to know that it will be quietly accepted. Thank you, Mr. Price, very much. The great point in cotton cultivation is that the crop should be ready for picking in dry weather, otherwise the staple gets damaged.* My own experience, both in India and Ceylon, is that the crop should be ready for picking in January onwards, and this cannot be brought about unless the sowing is done in August or towards the end of July. It is not generally known that cotton cultivation once flourished and that cloth was woven in the island, before the introduction of Manchester cotton goods. But the native looms were unable to com- pete with the spinning jenny and the Arkwright machinery, yet this ancient industry still lingers in far-off villages where a coarse but useful kind of cloth is manufactured from chena-grown cotton. The cotton which grows in native villages is com- mercially known as the ‘‘ Pernambuco.”’ The pecu- liarity of this variety is that the seeds adhere in conical masses. Before introducing the American and Egyptian cottons into the villages I should like to see the cultivation of the native plant encouraged, because it isas good asif not better than any im- ported variety, and it has the further advantage of not degenerating in the climate as the imported varieties would. The planting may be done according to V of Mr. Price’s valuable hints, but the seed must be put out 4 feet by 4 feet, as the plant grows very large. Turn over the soil 3 times during the growth of the crop each year either by hoeing or by ploughing. The plants should last 4 or 5 years. After each yearly picking all the green wood should be pruned off and the land manured. The success of the Americansis largely due to the high cultivation they adopt on their lands. Therefore Ceylon cotton planters please plough, and then manure as Cato of old days.—Yours faithfully, ABA. {With this letter came three specimens of cotton wool, viz:—Hgyptian, fine but with a yellowish “ nankin ” tinge; Pernambuco, fine and beautifully white ; and Tinneyvelley, short-stapled but capable of improvement and valued by the natives of Southern India not merely for the wool, but for the large quantity of seed yielded as food for cattle.— Eb. ] TOBACCO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. Mutwal Lodge, 18th March, 1889. Drar Sir,—Tobacco may with some degree of truth claim to be the burning question of the day, and though sceptios may not hesitate to tell us jestingly that it is all sure to end in smoke, we are continuing to receive daily assurances of its probable success in Ceylon. Among those who have espoused the sacred cause of tobacco it i3 gratifying to notice the name of the oldcolonist, Mr. Thomas Dickson, whom I had the pleasure of meeting at London in 1886 on the memorable occasion when Mr. J. L. Shand read a paper on British-grown teas, to a deeply interested London audience, On this occasion too, I remember a theory being advanced by one of the Indian visitors, Dr. Watt, to the effect that our teas were hastily manufactured, on which a discussion ensued, when some of us took part in combatting his views. But Mr, Dickson does himself and me injustice * In Oeylon, with two heavy monsoons, this is the great danger to be avoided.—Hp, 404 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit I, 1889. a ) in supposing for a moment that I endeavoured to influence the Ceylon Government against the grant of lands for tobacco. On the contrary I have myself acquired lands in Matale, part of which I hope to see in tobacco at no distant date, and I hold shares in the Tobacco Company, floated by Messrs. Rutherford, Fraser, and others. Mr. Dickson labours under the disadvantage of haying read only a review of the lecture and confessedly not the paper itself. What I pointed out as mischievous in its ultimate and permanent result to the colony was the system of cultivation said to be adopted by the tobacco growers of Sumatra and the thrift- less grain cultivators of Ceylon on the hills. Entire ranges of hill and stretches of beautiful flat land on which the lantana and iluk are now struggling for existence where luxuriant forests stood before, demonstrate to us amply the perma- nent evils resulting from a reckless use of land in the past, not to tolerate it in the island in the future. The husbandry of the Sinhalese which recognised neither drainage to prevent wash nor fertilizers to restore the losses to the soil is answerable for the existing state of things. And the tobacco planter of Sumatra is said to be converting forests primeval into ready money in this fashion, abandoning the lands after a crop or two. Have I spoken too goon or out of place, in sounding a note of warn- ing on the eve of the enterprise in Ceylon ? While forest land was abundant and the country was unopened this system of cultivation may have been permitted or tolerated. But one can hardly say it is to be desired in the Ceylon of today. It may be remembered that about the time I read my paper in Matale a German syndi- cate, as it was stated, had applied for land in the neighbourhood, for tobacco growing: so that while I was discussing the suitability of our soil for this product among others grown in Ceylon, from tea down to arecanut and pepper, I in- cidentally referred to the destruction in Sumatra of magnificent forests, only for the sake of se- curing one or two crops ; and I expressed a hope that we may take to heart the lesson before us, taught by the chena cultivators of Ceylon. It will be seen on reference to my lecture that I pointed out on the contrary with approval the very intelligent methods adopted by the tobacco growers of Ceylon, who regularly and systematically manured their fields; and the editor describing in a footnote his own experience indorsed my views then, as he even now says in a footnote to Mr. Dickson’s letter : ‘If this were enforced it would obviate the ob- jection which the senior editor shares with Mr. Barber.” Mr. Dickson’s argument also is nothing more nor less in the end. This is what he says him- self: ‘‘ Granted that tobacco is an exhausting crop, yet it pays hand over fist; and with our railways and roads we should get plenty of bones and other manure such as they apply in America.’ Precisely. We have then only differed to agree in the end. I will now add as we are seriously contemplating cotton in Ceylon that wo shall be able to follow up with cotton such fields as may be found unsuitable for repeated crops of tobacco. And the cotton seed will afford us, found on the spot, without any cost of transport, one of the best known fertilizers in the world for our tobacco, Mr. Dickson has referred to American farming ; and I nowlenclose extract from the 1885 Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the United States, also a table by Sir J.B. Lawes. showing the value of cotton seed as a fertilizer. In conclusion, I confess, 1 am in no way sorry for the little misapprehension which led to this corres. ' unobjectionable practice to non-smokers. pondence, as it has brought into our concern the hearty support of so earnest and influential a colleague as Mr. Thomas Dickson. You have good-humouredly recommended me, Mr. Editor, to consign the correspondence of Mr. Dixon to the bowl of a tobacco pipe, and dispel it into thin air.* Let us now all join in smoking the calumet of peace, and singing the praises of tobacco, It isno bad thing to ring a change on the hack- neyed Tea Deum Laudamnus.—Yours faithfully, JAS. H, BARBER. (Eatract referred to.) COTTON SEED. As the most indispensable requirement for the commencement of civilization of a people has been fertile soil, it ought to follow that a people possessing, in a product of agriculture—from a source therefore, inexhaustible—the most valuable fertilizing material, should be capable of the greatest progress. It is well said, ‘‘the more manure the more crop,” but to no country can the reverse of the saying, ‘‘ the more crop the more manure,’ be applied with as much force as to these United States of America. No crop is less exhaustive of the fertility of the soil than cotton, and none yields as a secondary product, a material so valuable and so rich in all the elements of plant-food as cotton seed. It naturally follows, however, as the valuable elements contained in this estimable product must have been derived from the soil, it devolves upon every patriotic, intelligent, and economic southern farmer to see to it that they be returned to it in order to prevent the exhaustion of its fertility. Ohemists have demonstrated by analyses and farmers have corroborated the fact, that it is the most concentrated food for stock known, and after having been fed to animals, that the manure is richer in fertilizing matter than that resulting from any other food. 5 ae 230 See veka EVENS EN 8 A 32 2u8 ce ba Bee A da BNR SO ig OO Re eee 3 ga 2 84 8 os 2 28s 6 ce Aa a) 52) 3a Bee fein ay oe ee erct. per ct. perct. perct. per ct Cotton-Seed Cake on 89°0 8:00 7-00 3°12 6°50 . $27°86 Linseed Cake 88°0 7:00 4:92 1°65 4°75 19°72 Rape Cake... 890 8:00 5°75 1°76 5°00 21°01 Beans c00 84:0 3°00 2°20 1:27 4-00 15°75 Peas 845 2°40 1°84 0°96 3°40 13°38 Corn-Meal 88°0 1°30 1'13 0°35 1°80 6°65 Wheat 85°0 1°70 1°87 0-50 1°80 7°08 Oats fae 86'0 2°85 117 0°50 200 7°70 Wheat Bran 86°0 6°60 795 1°45 2°55 14°59 Clover Hay.. 84:0 7°50 1°25 1°30 2°50 9°64 Meadow Hay 84-0 6°00 0°88 1°50 1°50 6°43 Wheat Straw 84:0 5°00 0°55 0°65 0°60 2°68 Oat Straw... 83°0 5°50 0°48 0°93 0°60 2°90 Rutabagas . 11:0 0°68 0:13 0°18 0°22 O91 Common Tur- nips ab 80 0°68 O11 0°29 0:18 0°86 Irish Pota- toes ono 24°0 1°00 0°32 0°35 1°50 0°43 [Go ahead with tobacco, if we are assured, that the land, when exhausted, is duly manured.—Ep.] * If that were all, smoking would be a comparatively But the smoke is inhaled, rolled round the smoker’s salivary glands, and after touching the gullet and windpipe (possibly diseased) is ejected with the vitiated air from the lungs, to be breathed again by innocent non-smo kers, including ladies! Analyze the practice and see. Of the value of tobacco as a soothing narcotice most valuable in certain forms of disease, we have the highest opinion. But gentlemen do not usually take their medicine in public or force their nighbours to share it with them,—Hp, ; APRIL 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 795 eh ei lr ena I a aa Se ee = BI A ah ig i i RR ih en a RR A A RE RE EE RTT REL RITE REE Ete ET ise SALT IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY AND IN CEYLON. We refer again to the interesting papers from Madras discussing the results, actual and possible, of the adoption of the excise system. Although the substitution of the excise system in the Madras Presidency in lieu of the absolute monopoly, under which Government ofiicers were responsible for the quality of salt purchased from the manufacturing ryots, was brought about by the influence of parties interested in the Cheshire brine salt, yet the result has not been and is not likely to be the substitution of Knglish for Indian salt in Southera India, for however much purer the former may be the natives have a prejudice against it, and its introduction would not pay unless the price of the indigenous article rose to 12 annas per maund,—nearly four times the old monopoly price and fully twice the average under the excise and license system, by which the purchase and distribution of salt has fallen to middlemen. And in the interests of the poor natives amongst whom the operations connected with internal salt manufacture, storage, carriage and distribution spreads a great deal of very welcome money in the shape of wages, cart hire, &c., it is not desirable, in either Madras or Ceylon, that foreign salt should supersede the native product, whether naturally formed, or manufactured by a complicated system of brine channels, evaporating ‘‘ pans,” composed of mud lined with sand, bunds, plat- forms and stores. We trust that English reformers, who view all economic as well as political questions through the media of western ideas, will keep their hands off our Ceylon salt monopoly (under which the people get better and cheaper salt than if all restrictions were removed) and our grain and cotton cloth taxes, without which irrigation works, roads, railways, and similar improvements would have but a poor chance, it any. There is a great deal of general information scattered over the Madras minutes, reports and orders, from which we can advantageously quote. Mr. Garstin, for instance, stated that In making the salt, the crystals that first form are the purest, that is, most free from the magnesium and calcium galts which crystallise more slowly, so that there may be a good deal of difference in chemical purity between the silt scraped one day and that scraped two or tbree days afterwards out of the same erystallising bed. ‘There is also a considerable differ- ence in dampness between salt which is free of mag- nesium chloride and that in which it is present in any quantity; while as to dit, no one who has had any practical experience of salt-making is ignorant of what a difference there may be between the cleanliness of salt scraped when the land winds are not blowing, and salt seraped while they are blowing and much dust’ is fly- ing over the beds. This question of wind-blown dust as injuring the manufactured salt was noticed by the Ceylon Salt Commissioners of 1857, Messrs. Lee and Braybrooke, aud they recommended that in seasons of drought water should be pumped up to keep a portion of the great plain near Puttalam, where the salt manufacture is chiefly carried on, in a moist Aas The influence of the weather on salt is very considerable, but our readers will scarcely be prepared to learn that at Hambantota and at Puttalam also, the removal of salt to the per- manent stores has to be delayed until the rainy weather has produced grass to afford food for the cart cattle. Irrigation grass fields and ensilage would be most valuable in such places as also in the north-western, north-central, eastern and northern portions of the island generally; and we trust the Superintendent of the Agricultural School will bring his Cirencester training to bear on a series of experiments in thisdirection. We may notice that under the monopoly system as it formerly prevailed in Madras and as it still prevails and as we hope it will continue to prevail in Ceylon, it was a principle which guided the respective Governments, that, to provide against the contingency of seasons when salt could not be manufactured, the great obstacle being per- sistent rains, a quantity equal to two years’ consumption should be always kept in store. One of the great complaints made against the ex- cise system is that the licensees do not feel bound to observe any such condition, and by an inexplicable omission in the agreements made with them, are not really so bound: Mr. Garstin wrote again :— Not the least serious objection, however, to the excise system is the absence of all control oa the part of Government over the stocksin the hands of the licensees and the consequent possibility of a salt famine. Indeed, the stocks during the last year have been so low that at some factories they are ex. hausted,—a state of affairs which has distinctly tended to raise the price of salt. The Salt Uommis- sion of 1876 feared that this result might ensue, though they consider that any shortness of supply would probably right itself; but under the monopoly system, though failures of supply at particular facto- ries occasionally occurred, it was generally from causes beyond the control of Government; and, as a rule, there was always a good reserve of about a year’s supply at all the large factories,—a provision which there is no means of securing under the excise system. As regards the leading constituents of salt, the committee already mentioned reported :— The ordinary impurities of bay-salt may be divided into those which are (1) soluble and (2,) insoluble in water. The soluble impurities consist principally of calcium sulphate and of the salts of the bittern—magnesium and calcium chlorides and magnesium sulphate—with a small proportion of other salts which are of no practical importance as impurities. Magnesium sulphate is not likely to exist in any quantity in salts manufactured on the coasts of India, alow temperature being required for its separation in presence of sodium chloride. Calcium sulphate in excessive proportion indicates insufficient concentration of the brine in the condensers; and the magnesium salts and calcium chloride are indicative of overcon- centration in the crystallizisng beds, or of insufficiently frequent or imperfect removal of mother-liquor, or other faults in manufacture. The deliquescent salts of the bittern are a cause of dampness and of wastage in a salt. The insoluble impurities are earthy and organic matters derived mainly from the salt-beds. Their pre- sence in excessive proportion may be due to faulty construction of the beds, improper gathering or in- sufficient washing of the salt, storms and other causes. Water is an impurity which always exists in salt and may account for as much as 10 per cent of its weight. The presence of the deliquescent bittern salts in large proportion tends to keep a salt moist ; but there exists no constant proportion between the amount of these salts and of water. These deliquescent salts absorb moisture from the air, and a salt becomes naturally purified, with some wastage, as they drain away after the salt is stored, 406 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1889. FE What is regarded as an ordinary sample of a good Madras salt will analyze thus :— per cent, Moisture... nh on ie ER inorganic 4: Insoluble matter { a panic)? 200 Sodium chloride phd .. 92°702 Magnesium do oe 50 we 0°899 Calcium do ae 5 1:301 Calcium sulphate ... we we =4'539 Of course it would be desirable that all the salts save chloride of sodium should be eliminated, but that cannot be managed by the present mode of manufacture and it remains to be seen if steam and other machinery can, at any expenditure leaving a profit, produce perfectly pure salt. Mean- time a mixture of 6 to 7 per cent of salts of magnesia and lime does not appreciably detract from the wholesomeness of the Indian and Ceylon salt. Huropeans and well-to-do people generally, of course, use refined English salt for their tables, ‘and into Bengal foreign salt to the amount of 400,000 tons is imported, of which 300,000 tons are from England. The Committee stated :— The question of a test to determine the relation be- tween the volume and weight of salts was also con- sidered, An examination of the table (enclosure No. 2 of report) showing the weights per cubic foot of the forty-one salts analysed for the Oommittee proves that sucha test would afford no reliable indication of purity. It'is true that the best salts are generally heavy; but exceptions to this rule are numerous, and good light salts and bad heavy ones are not uncommon. The Board of Revenue in a resolution of August 1887 stated :— It is unnecessary to recount the history of the introduction of the excise system into Madras, as all the facts must be fresh in the recollection of the Secretary of State and Government of India; it is sufficient to say that, owing to the agitation of the Salt Chamber of Commerce of Cheshire and Wor- cestershire, based on the results of the observations of their President taken during a hurried tour through India in 1874, a Commission was appointed to make full inquiry into the Salt Administration of the Pre- sidency, one of the foints to which their attention was specially directed being the desirability of sub- atituting a system of excise for the monopoly which then subsiated. The result of the exhaustive investi- gation which was held in 1876 was to show that, although the Madras sali was in some respects capable of improvement, the picture of it drawn by Mr. Falk was altogether exaggerated; certain ad- ministrative changes were recommended to which effect has since been given, and as regards the question of Excise versus Monopoly, the following conclusion was arrived at:— “To sum up, then, we are of opinion that there are no insuperable practicable difficulties in the way of change from monopoly to excise, and that the measure isnot likely to prove injurious to the interests either of the consumers of salt, or of the Imperial revenue. We regard it as the most hoperful means of bringing about the improvement which is desirable in the quality of the salt, and of giving to the Madras Presidency the share in the trade for the supply of other parts of India and of Burmah and adjacent countries which its natural advantages and geo- raphical situation should enable it to command. ¢, therefore, recommend that steps be taken for the introduction of excise.” The following paragraph is interesting as showing the danger of neglecting certain principles, under the license system, essential to the manufacture of pure salt :— Although the experiments of the committee have established the fact that there is no absolute relation between the weight of a salt and its purity, there is no doubt that chemical impurities are more or less associated with physical defects and that much of the light salt which finds favor with the trade is of very indifferent quality. Tliis inferiority is due to haste and want of care in ihe manufacture. ‘The brine is let into the pans before it is sufficiently con- centrated, and in some few places the use of conden- sers has even been abandoned so as to utilise the space for erystallizing beds; hence the large quantity of calcium sulphate which is noticeable, the bitterns are not removed with sufficient frequency, and hasty crystallization under the forcing action of residual salts is the rule; hence the undue proportion of magnesium chloride and consequent excess of moisture , the deliquescent properties being generally attributable to the presence of magnesium salts. Magnesium sul- phate is noticeable toa greater extent than formerly, probably owing to the scraping commencing in the early morning instead of being carried on during the heat of the day. Dirt at present in large quan- tities owing to hasty scraping. The defects in phy- sical properties are mainly attributable to the shallow irrigations adopted according to the prevailing method of manufactare. As long as the licensees can get rid of their salt irrespective of quality, they are not likely to devote much attention to improvement of quality, as that involves not only trouble, but some expense in laying out their pans afresh so as to pro- vide an adequate condensing area, and the means of discharging the bitterus. As has been frequently pointed out the demand is for light salt, and to quote the remarks of the Salt Commission (paragraph 360) “the same measures which will produce a chemically pure salt willalso tend to improve its physical qualities, 2.€., make it heavy,” which is not to the advantage of the manufacturers, seeing that light salt, owing to the fact of its being purchased by weight at the factory and retailed by measurement in the bazaar, finds most favor with their customers. Again :— There has been no attempt to introduce any im- provement in the method of manufacture except in the case of two EKuropean firms who have made a trial of steam pumps for raising the brine, Messrs. Stuart, Hall and Co. at Karasa near Vizagapatam, and Messrs. Best and Co. at Manambadi near Porto Novo. it is believed that the experiment has not proved a success financially owing to the fact that ihe machinery has not been worked up to its full capa- bility; a much larger area might have been irrigated at little additional cost; as worked at present the use of steam pumps does not appear to have been pro- ductive of any saving of cost. j The Board calculate the consumption of salt per head in the Madras Presidency at 15 lb. per annum, and we believe the rate of consumption in Ceylon is very much the same, Inthe report of 1857 it was cal- culated that the cost to the consumer in Ceylon, with all monopoly charges added, was only 3d per Ib. or say #d retail price; so that the annual cost per head was Tid, a fair average day’s wages for an adult male. It is curious to note that the commissioners of 1857, estimated the population of Ceylon at 1,750,000. If this was an approxi- mation to the truth, the population of the island has increased by a full million in the 32 years, a little short of the usual estimate of a genera- tion. Our inclination is to belieye that next census will show, a population of three mil- lions for Ceylon, or only a little less than that of the whole of the great Australian colonies. The estimate of 1857 was probably too low. We cannot accept the figures supplied to us by a friend, who estimates the population at only 24 millions, and the consumption of salt at so high a figure, deduced from the other, as 174 1b. We have reason to believe he is equally out in his information that the average consumption per head in British India is less than half the Ceylon rate. In Indian jails, however, 71b. per head of sali has been found more than sufficient. But let us quote the words of the gentleman referred to :— “My opinion with regard to the Ceylon salt mono- poly is simply this, that although it is objectionable in principle, yet it is an unhappy necessity in an oriental country. The tax is exsily collected and it is not felt by the people. ApRit 1, 1886.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 707 ‘Sir Emerson Tenuent, who was Colonial Secretary in 1846, said that ‘the policy of raising an income from this source, however it may be répugnant to the opinions and habits of those at home, is neither opposed to the feelings of the population of. Ceylon nor felt to press unduly on their pecuniary means. Amongst every eastern people and in many countries of Europe a tax upon salt has been a favorite source of revenue from time immemorial. Itexists amoug the vast population of Ohina ; it was inherited by the East India Company from the Muhammadan sovereigns of Hindustan, where it universally prevails, and from a conviction of its accordance with the habits of an oriental peopie it has been adopted by the Dutch in their flourishing colony of Java.’ “The present consumption of salt is about 400,000 ewt. annually, which, being issued to a population, say of two and half millions, allows 17% lb, for each in- habitant im Ceylon. “The average annual consumption of salt in the three Presidencies, viz. Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, is about 694,000 tons,on which the duty collected is £4,878,665. In Oeylon the averages have been 16,250 tons and £74,734 (our population being say 24 millions). We have therefore 2 consumption of nearly 7 tons per 1,000 heads; while India averages only about 3+ tons per 1,000. We may, therefore, fairly conclude that the people of Ceylon are much better off as re- gards salt than their neighbours in India. “On the 6th January 1857, Sir Henry Ward, the ablest Governor that Oeylon ever saw, appointed a Committee for inquiry into the various points noticed ina Minute drawn by His Excellency, with relative to the salt question. The Committee consisted of Messrs. George Lee and P. W. Braybrooke, who made strict enquiries into all matters concerning the manufac- ture, collection, and sale of salt, and stated elabo- rately their views generally on the whole question of the management of the salt system in Oeylon. “They were of opinion that the salt monopoly as then constituted did not afford much room for practical objection. Salt of good quality was abun- dantly supplied by the Government at a moderate fixed price; and they added what is perfectly true, that the same amount of revenue could not be raised so cheaply and with so little inconvenience to the com- munity in any other manner. “The manufacturers contract to furnish salt at a fixed rate, and the Government dispose of the salt also at a fixed price (R2°36 per cwt.) through their own agents, to the dealers and others who resort to the Government stores for their supplies; but beyond the first sale, the Government do not meddle. The manufacturer can only make for Government, and the purchaser, in the first instance, must buy from Government, but afterwards he may sell his salt where, and as he pleases, without further interference. “With regard to the question put by the Govern- ment of India whether weightment cannot be sub- stituted for measurement in the sale of salt I may observe that in Ceylon salt is received into Government stores by weight, and the sale there-: from to wholesale dealers is also by weight. But in retail sale transactions the measurement by seers aud bushels still continues. It is a difficult task to induce orientals to give up their long cherished customs and predilections.” So far our correspondent, but there are some points in the report of 1857 to which we must subsequently advert. Meantime we return to the Madras papers. The Board of Revenue truly stated:— The salt-tax is justified by State necessity, and in many respects has much to recommend it; by its means avery large revenue is collected at a moderate cost with the least possible risk of peculation and without any inquisitorial interference with the people : it reaches every individual and cannot be evaded if preventive measures are efficient; it is capable of immediate adjustment to meet ‘State necessity or the varying conditions of the people, and if proprely worked, it need not be burdensome to the poorest in the land, but it behoves Government to take such measures as will prevent not only any failure of supply, but anything approaching to a scarcity as well as any rise in price which is not dus to en- hanced taxation. The interest of the people generally for whose benefit the tax is raised require that as large a proportion as possible of what is paid for the salt consumed should reach the public exchequer, and as far as the public are cuncerned, the intercep- tion of any portion of the price by new interme- diaries is just as injurious as peculation in the course of collection would be. If. it were certain that the people would eventually benefit by the change, it . might be desirable to rua a certain amount of risk ; but even then care should be taken that during the transition period no serious consequences would be likely to ensue ; so far the outlook is not hopeful, and it would appear necessary to take somes measures for recovering the control which Government have lost, As to heavy and light salt, the following is in- teresting :— Mr. Bliss reverted to the subject again in his letter recorded in Board’s Proceedings, dated 18th September 1883, No. 2,819. Meanwhile the Collector of Tanjore had pointed out, in connection with the proposal to force Vedarniem swamp salt on the market, that such a course would be unwise. His remarks may be qusted as in this passage attention was first drawn to the fact that light salt need not necessarily be bad salt and that the reason for the preference where it exists may be that such salt is better suited to the conditions of the trade. The fact 1s that the spontaneous salt is a kind not suited to the conditions of the Madras trade. That trade does not require a very dense, heavy or very perfectly crystallized salt,—at any rate in the Southern districts. These qualities ina salt are valu- able as enabling it to stand a long aud rough transit, breaking of bulk and prolonged storage at depots at great distances from the coast ; and where these are the conditions of the trade, as in the supply of the Central Provinces and Hyderabad from the Northern factories, we find that the qualities named are highly appreciated by the traders, who are ready to go far outof their way to get salt of the right kind. In the Southern districts, however, the salt is carried to a great extent by rail, the trade goes on all the year round, the salt is carried on the average for short distances only, and passes through very few hands— (See paragraphs 493—496 of the Salt Commission Ke- port.) Ina trade of this kind, the relative advantages of heavy and well-crystallized salt disappear, and I should not quarrel with a salt on the sole ground that it is light, provided that it is pure and dry. These are almost synonymous terms; for the presence of water in a salt largely depends on the presence of magnesium salts. In salts equally free from such impurities, it is of no consequence whether the mer- chants make their profit on sale by weight by a direct addition to the price in the case of a heavy and dense salt, or on sale by measures. The prices in both cases may be left to adjust themselves; and Go- vernment officers should, it seems to me, make no attempts to force the sale of heavy salt as such, but should irect their endeavours to the production of salt as nearly chemically pure as possible. The Government accepted this view and disposed of the reference. in the Proceedings above quoted as fol- lows :— ‘“ Here it may be observed that in his remarks re- garding quality of salt, Mr. Bliss attaches the chief importance to the physical properties, size, and hard- ness of crystals, which are obtained by slow crystal- lization. These, however, Government regard as_ of minor consequence compared with chemical purity. Light may be as pure as heavy salt ; and if the traders prefer the former, it is no doubt because it better suits the conditions of the trade, especially in the Southern districts.” The following notice of principles to be observed in the manufacture of salt is interesting :-— The causes of the impurities present in Bay salt are known, and they can be reduced to a minimum by the observance of the following precautions, the impor- tauce of which has already been impressed on all officers of the department :— 908 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ApRiL 1, 1889. wicca — Concentrate the brine in reservoirs, and do not let it into the crystallizing beds until it reaches 25 dg. Beaumé or as near thereto as may be. The calcium compounds willthus be almost completely excluded fron the crystallizing beds and from the salt there made. Scrape the salt when the brine reaches 30 dg Beaumé. No magnesium compounds will then be deposited with the salt, for the least soluble of them (Magnesium sulphate) does not crystallize until the brine reaches 32 dg. Beaumé, unless after several irri- gations and evaporations. To prevent the concentration in the bitterns or mother liquor of the deleterious residum of consecutive irrigations and scrapings and the consequent incorpo- ration thereof with the salt and the coating of the salt crystals, therewith, discharge the bitterns after, at the very most, every fifth scraping, better after every fourth or third. It might be well if such rules were possible of enforcement in Ceylon. One of the final conclu- sions of the Madras Board of Revenue was :— In the peculiar circumstances of the salt-tax a mo- nopoly system is justifiable; itis the duty of Govern- ment in levying a heavy taxon a necessaryof life to see that supplies are ample, prices moderate, and that as large a proportion as possible out of that price reaches the Public Exchequer; the necessary control can only be exercised by a reversionto monopoly partially, if not entirely: But the Government of Madras did not accept this doctrine. They want to give the excise sys- tem a further trial, with a fair warning to the licensees that if good salt is not by them supplied to the people at a moderate price, the excise sys- tem will be abolished and the absolute monopoly of Government reverted to. In one more article we shall deal with the supply of salt generally in India, including rock salt from mines in the Punjaub and the product ofthe enor- mous. inland Sambhar Lake in Rajputana ; while further details will be given of salt manufacture and collection and its distribution in Ceylon. — ae SALT AS A MONOPOLY AND A SOURCE OF REVENUE IN INDIA AND CEYLON. Mr. P. L. Simmonds in an article on salt in the Journal of the Society of Arts, which we have seen while writing this series of articles, suggested by the Madras papers on. monopoly and excise, gives the rates of consumption in India at Per head per annum Madras OD «ee 13 ]b. Bengal nas Sys Bombay 335 -.. 104,, The average would be a little over 12, but of recent years much salt has been used in the Madras Presidency, especially for the curing of fish. So, to someextent in Ceylon. The consumption of salt in India for 1887 is given at 33? millions of maunds. The imports of salt into India had increased in quantity from 274,000 tons in 1879 to 424,000 tons in 1888, but the average value per ton had fallen from £3 to £1:10. English salt goes chiefly to Bengal as ballast. The export of salt from India to bordering states is 50,000 tons annually. Mr, Simmonds’s account of the manufacture of salt in Ceylon is as follows:— In Ceylon, salt is a considerable source of revenue, and is carried on as a monopoly of the Government, the manufacture is mainly conducted by two Govern- ment establishments on the west and south coast of the island. The salt wateris drawn from an extensive lagoon, about 28 miles long, and from 4 to 8 miles broad. The water within this lagoon evaporates under the influence of the sun and wind, so that it be- comes considerably denser and more concentrated than sea water. The collection of salt usually takes place twice in the year, the first operation is to enclose a. certain area of the lagoon by means of a dam, so as to exclude the influence of the tides, while -encouraging evaporation, and enabling the organic impurities to settle in the pure water. After a cer- tain time, the water is drawn off into shallower and smaller basins, when the evaporation is still more rapid, and subsequently into the erystallizing beds, where the salt is deposited in crusts, varying from one to two inches in thickness, and is then drawn out. At the factory on the west coast the outturn varies from 50,000 to 500,000 ewt, yearly. The work is carried on by contractors who own the land, and under the supervision of Government officials. The southern formations of sali in Ceylon are of course those in the ‘‘lewayas” or lagoons near Hambantota. It is a curious fact that as Ceylon has drawn on Dravidian sources for architects, sculptors and tank builders, so in the manufac- ture of salt. in Ceylon natives of the Madras Presidency, hereditary salt makers, are employed to a considerable extent. ; An extract from the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Simmonds’ paper shows the correctness of our statement that no means of denaturalizing salt for agricultural purposes had been discovered :— Some years ago the indian Government offered a reward of £25,000 to anyone who would suggest a means by which salt could be so far treated as to render it unfit for human food, and at thesame time acceptable for cattle and fit for manure, but up to the present time no one had claimed this reward. In France they mixed the salt with various kinds of earth, making it info the shape of a brick, the object being to evade the duty, but the addition of earth added considerably to the cost of transport. We quote some interesting information regarding salt and salt revenue in India:— The principal sources of salt production in India are the salt range in the Punjab, the salt Lakes of Rajputana, a few other scattered salt lakes in various parts of the country (such as the Ohilka Lake in Orissa), sea water, and the Huropean imports of about 400,000 tons. Salt is sold from 4d to id a pound, according to the distance it has to be taken, on am average it retails at 2d a pound,* of which two-thirds go to the Government as duty. The total consumption is now about 1,100,000 tons, of which 700,000 tons is obtained locally. The annual con- sumption per head in Bombay is 10% Ib., and in Sind 8 lb. The duty charged is two rupees per maund (of 82 lb.), which brings in a net revenue of over £6,000,000 sterling to the Government. : From figures quoted, it would appear that the Indian revenue from salt had risen so high in 1882 as £7,305,000, but a reduction in the duty had sent the figures down to £6,624,000 in 1887. To quote again from Mr. Simmonds’ paper :— There are four kinds of country salt met with in the bazaars of India :— 1. Rock salt, regarded by the natives as the best, mainly, because it has not been boiled. It is obtained from the Cis-Indus and trans-Indus salt mines. 2. Seasalt, extensively manufactured in the Madras Presidency under a system of Government supervi- sion, the revenue obtained being over a million and a half pounds sterling. 3. Lake salt, procured from the Ajmer salt lakes, the water naturally svaporating during the hot season. 4. Earth salt, which is common salt of a very im- pure quality, obtained by washing certain soils. T In the Madras Presidency a small quantity of Spontaneous salt is obtained at Kistna (Masulipatam), anjore, and Madura, but the quantity made is declining. Figures are given to show that the collection of ‘‘gpontaneous” salt had gone down from 6 mil- * Exactly the figure for Ceylon in 1857, while better Means of communication must have lowered’ the price since then.—Hp. + Now forbidden,—Ep. _— lions of maunds in 1884 to 2 millions in 1887. The truth ig that in many cases natural salt formations give such poor returns in quality as well as quantity, that in the interests of the consumer as well as the revenue such forma- tions are destroyed and it was doubtless some of the recommendations of the Ceylon Commission of 1857 which the ‘‘ Examiner” editor hadin his mind when he recently stated as a proof of the iniquity of a salt. monopoly that collections of salt were des- troyed. Messrs. Lee and Braybrooke wrote in 1857 :— OopoPpANCARRE.—Skould supply the retail store at Chilaw, and all the Salt should be removed thither as soon after the collection as possible. The manufacture at Poolicbancolom should be discontinued, and im- mediate steps taken by the Assistant Agent, to pre- vent the formation of Salt there in future. This, we believe, can very easily be done, as tho Salt pans lie on the very margin of a large lake, called Moondane Kalapoo, which would afford every facility for des- troying the Salt works. OARATIVOE.—Should supply the Oalpentyn stores, and no issue of Salt should, on any account, be allowed at the former place. The collection of the naturally formed Salt of Tiliady (Calpentyn) should be entirely discontinued, and sea water should be let in at the proper periods, to destroy the formation of Salt. That place yielded 111 cwt. last year, and its ordinary pro- duce is from 120 to 130 cwt. only. On the Island of Carativoe also, where Salt forms naturally, and where, on account of its remoteness from superintendence, plunder extensively takes place, which has sometimes led to collisions with the Govern- ment officers, care should be taken to prevent the Salt from forming. It is of an inferior description and never gathered by Government, Fishermen from Negombo and other places, resort thither in the fish- ing season to cure their fish, and to evade the mon- opoly. The Hampanrortre Stores are supplied from three Leways in the immediate vicinity of the town, and a sufficient quantity is sent to Tangalle by sea, for the retail trade of that portion of the Province, with little expense and trouble. A quantity of 4,919 cewt. of Salt was collected last year from the Jamboorokalla Leway in the Girraway pattoo, situated about midway between Hambantotte and Tangalle; because the stock of Salt on hand was: low, and the prospects of collection elsewhere very unpromising. ‘The cost of this Salt was very high (74d. a cwt.) and its quality is so inferior that no purchasers can be found to take it. A portion of it was sent.to the Tangalle store, for retail consumption; and there the people complained of its being very impure and unwholesome. We found that 1,482 cwt. had been already sold with an admixture of good Salt, but even this did not prevent the outcry against it; and this was not to be wondered at, as it was largely impreg- nated with sand and mud, and deficient in grain. We consequently advised the Assistant Agent to discon- tinue its issue, and to apply for leave to strike the quantity remaining off his returns, as we felt satisfied from personal inspection, that it was not fit for use, either for culinary purposes or curing fish. This salt would probably have been suitable as manure, judiciously mixed with other substances or with the soil. But for the existence of the monopoly, and government supervision it would probably have been used for curing fish. To quote again from Simmonds :— The mines of Mandi and Kohat, in Northern India, produce about 550,000 to 600,000 maunds (says 2,000 tons), Kohat producing four-fifths of this. About 1,500 tons of salt are brought into India by Thibet ; but, though imported free of duty, it is not profitable to bring it down to the plains in com- petition with Indian salt, which has to pay the duty of two rupees a maund of 82 Ib. The Indian export trade in salt is large and in- creasing, averaging now about 50,000 cwt. Jt is sent principally to Upper Burma, Nopal, and Kashmir. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 709 That taken by Kashmir and Nepal has to -pay the Government duty of two rupees per maund. That which goes Kashmir is Punjab rock salt; that ex- ported to Nepal is mostly, if not altogether, Sambhar lake salt, and in either case the duty is paid at the mines or the lake before removal. The salt sent to Kabul and Bajaur is the great salt of the Trans- Indus districts, which for political reasons, pays only half the duty, or eight annas the maund. The salt taken to Upper Burma is all either Che- shire, Italian, or Sicilian salt, which pays a duty of three annas per maund, when taxed for consumption in British Burma; and of one per cent, ad valorem, at. Rangoon, when forwarded to Upper Burma. It is sent up the Irrawaddy in the flats of the Flotilla Company. The imports of salt into India have increased in quantity from 274,000 tons in 1879, to 424,000 tons in 1888,' but the average value per ton has fallen from £3 to £1 10s. The only noticeable feature of the Indian trade is the commencement of large imports from Aden, where, under concessions granted by the local ad- ministration, an Italian company has commenced to manufacture on an extensive scale. The Ceylon Commission of 1857 was constituted by Sir Henry Ward, who, in one of his able minutes, exposed serious defects in the system then in operation, which were subsequently cured. The result of the full inquiry, however, was to show that absolute fraud was by no means so prevalent as the Governor had been led to believe. From Sir Henry Ward’s Minute we quote as follows :— The justification of a monopoly of this kind, is its productiveness. The more it yields, the greater is the return, which the Government is enabled to make for it, in Public Works, or useful Iastitutions, and the less the necessity for other taxation. It should, therefore, be strictly, but equally enforced; and the Government, which undertakes this responsibility, is bound tosee that there be no temptation to fraud, in its own arrangements,—that the people shall not be taxed for the benefit of the illicit dealer, but that it shall have the entire fruit of the sacrifice, which, it is called upon to make, by foregoing the use of an article, which the soil produces spontaneously, but the value of which israised by law, from three pence three-eighths of a penny, to 4sand 8d per ewt. The value of the Natanda Canal and ‘“Brodie’s Road’? was dwelt upon in 1857, but what we now want is railway contruction bringing the salt pans of Puttalam into connection with the system of land and sea carriage which radiates from Colombo. When the seaside railway has reached Matara, it will be time to agitate for its extension to the other great source of salt supply in Ceylon, the ‘‘lewayas”? of Hambantota. The evaporating pans at Puttalam are private pro- perty: the leways at Hambantota are the sole property of Government and convicts are now employed to collect the southern salt. Regardivg the mono- poly, which some decry so much, we quote as follows from the report of 1857 by Messrs. Lee and Braybrooke :— It is, of course, generally known that a Government Monopoly exists in Ceylon with regard to Salt; and as far as that Monopoly itself is concerned, we cannot express our own opinion on the subject more forcibly than by quoting the words used by Mr. Plowden “the Commissioner appointed to inquire into and report upon the manufacture and sale of, and tax upon, Salt, in British India,” In his Report laid before Parliament in 1856, with respect to the Salt Monopcly under the Madras Presidency, he says: ‘ Regarded simply asa plan for the realization of an indispens- able revenue, the Salt Monopoly under the Madras Presidency, as at present constituted, does not, it must be admitted, afford much room for practical objection. Salt of good quality is abundantly supplied by the Government at a moderate fixed price, and the Revenue is easily and cheaply collected ; the exportation of Salt 710 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _ | Apri. 1, 1889. a Sar A by sea is now free from duty, and all restrictions. * * * Only the manufacture and the first sale of Salt are a Government Monopoly ;” and he adds, that “the same amount of revenue could not be raised so cheaply and with so little inconvenience to the community in any other manner.” : , These observations apply, in our opinion, most fully to the Salt Monopoly in Ceylon; the article is abun- dant, the price most reasonable, the revenue derived from it considerable, and the tax on the people is moderate in the extreme, and easily collected. Here, asat Madras, the manufacture or collection of Salt is conducted exclusively on account of the Govern- ment. The manufacturers contract to furnish Salt at a fixed price, and the Government dispose of the Salt also at a fixed price, through their own Agents, to the dealers and others who resort to the Government stores for their supplies ; but beyond the first sale the Government do not meddle. The manufacturer can only make for Government, and the purchaser, in the first instance, must buy from Government, but after- wards he may sell his Salt where, and as he pleases, without further interference. i Some of our readers may be interested in the details of the manufacture and collection of salt, which are as follows :— The Proprietors of Pans at Putlam engage Natives of India, as well as residents of the District, to pre- pare the pans, making advances of money to them. Each of these pans requires two or three labourers, never more than three. At the end of May, after the rains, they begin to prepare the beds, which process occupies about a month and a half; first of all, the water is let in from the lake upon the beds, and al- lowed to remain a sufficient time thoroughly to soak the ground. It is then drawn off to the adjoining pans, and the mud is all removed from the beds, which gre then finally prepared by stamping and a coating of white sand, when the water is let in again upon them, and the Salt is produced in due course by evaporation. As soon as the first crop is gathered fresh water is let infor a second formation, and thus the process is repeated three times, and sometimes, though rarely, four times in a season. A kind of rake with iron teeth is used for breaking up the Salt, and a wooden scraper for gathering it. The Salt is thus collected without the slightest admixture of mud, and is left for two or three days on the dividing dams to dry, when it is removed to the kottoos by labourers especially engaged for the purpose by the proprietors the manufacturers not being required to perform this service. At the termination of the Salt-harvest, the residents depart to their villages, and the natives of India return to their homes. , The system of collection and storage pursued a Jaffna, as detailed in the papers received from Mr. Dyke, is as follows. As soon as the formation of salt in the pans at Seviaterrue is sufficiently advanced to admit of its being gathered, the manufacturers commence operations; the Salt collected each day is heaped on the high grounds, or bunds, which divide the rows of Salt-pans ; here it is allowed to remain exposed to the sun, for 5 or 6 days, in order that it may go through a process of sweating, and become dry enough to be stored. At the expiration of this time, it is weighed and received over from the manufacturers, who are generally paid on the spot, but sometimes at the Cutcherry, the sums due to them. Under any circumstances no delay takes place in settling with them, as soon as the Salt is sufficiently dry tobe received into the stores on the margin of the Salt-pans, or removed at once to the stores of issue ; and no delay is allowed to take place in the removal of the Salt left at the pans, to the stores, whence alone it is issued on sale. The cost of weighing at the pans at Seviaterrue, is 84d. per 100 cwts. The Salt is weighed inthe presence of a person nominated by the storekeeper, and is then removed in carts, under his charge, to the stores, where it is receivea over by the Storekeeper, without any further verification. The cost of weighing and transporting the Salt is entirely borne by the Government, the manufacturer being required simply to carry it from the dams or bunds, where it is heaped, to the margin of the pans, where it is weighed and taken over from them, at 114 lb. the ewt., for which they are paid 34d, In addition to the large produce of the artificial manufacture, considerable quantities of naturally formed Salt are obtained from the Leways at Karnayvay and Velliparaway. Here the labourers, who work from 6 a.m. to3, p.m., deliver the Salt collected each day, at the rate of 115 lb. to the cwt.,for which they receive 3¢d. After being weighed, the Salt is made up into heaps on the high ground near the Leways, and properly secured against the weather, untilit can be removed to the permanent stores at Tondamanaar. The removal is effected both by carts and coolies; the latter carry- ing on an average, 75 lb. each. At Hambantotte, where only naturally formed Salt is produced, the system, as ascertained in the course of our enquiry, is somewhat different. The Salt is carried by labourers to the margin of the Leway, where it is measured the same day in bushel measures, and the weight of a tew bushels having been taken, an average is struck by which to calculate the total weight of the day’s collection. The labourers are paid at a daily rate of hire, varying from 9d toils 3d, and sometimes ls 6d per diem, and are required to collect a certain number of bushels, according to the nature of the formation, and the difficulty of collection. It would not be practicable:to take the account by weight at the Leways, on account of the strength of the wind, to which they are greatly exposed; and also because it would cause great delay in receiving over each day’s collection from the gatherers. The Salt is formed into heaps at the Leways, each heap containing from 1,000, to 2,000 cwt. or more. The heaps are covered with cadjans, so as to be properly protected against damage by rain. Thereis always a reduction of from 9 to 12 per cent. on the estimated quantity, when it comes to be weighed and received into store, owing to the drying and draining process which the Salt undergoes, whilst lying at the Leways: for, of course, as the Salt is measured the same day that it is collected, it is heaped in a very moist state. As soon as the weather permits, that is after the rains of October and November have ceased, the removal of the Salt into store commences. This is effected by carts employed on contract, at a certain fixed price per cwt. according to the distance at which the heaps are from the stores. It is carried on with the utmost expedition, not only to save the cost of watching the Salt at the Leways, and to diminish the chance of loss by peculation, but also to complete operations before the dry weather sets in, and destroys the pasturage for the Bullocksin the neighbourhood ’ of the Leways. With some modifications in the direction of better storage and the employment of convicts at Hambantota, the processes of manufacture and collection are still, we believe, much the same as they are above described. The result of our reading and reflection is, that, except the Pearl Fishery monopoly, which, Miss Martineau’s nonsense to the contrary notwithstand- ing, is beyond question, there is no monopoly more justifiable, innocent and beneficial than that of salt as it exists in Ceylon, Relaxations have taken place in favour of fish curing and we have no doubt a similar course would be pursued in regard to agriculture were a good case made out. ee ee BRITISH BORNEO TRADING AND PLANTING COMPANY.. An extraordinary general meeting of the British Borneo Trading and Planting Company (Limited) was held at Cannon-street Hotel yesterday, for the purpose of sanctioning an agreement for the, sale of 15,878 acres toa company entitled the Segaliud (Borneo) Tobacco Company (Limited.) The Chairman, in moving the resolution, stated that it would be in the recollection of the shareholders that at the ordinary general meeting held on January | | Aprit 1, 1889,.] - 14th last he had stated that their estates, amounting to 100,000 acres, were far larger than they could cultivate with their own capital, and that he then and now recommended the forming of subsidiary companies as the best means of obtaining the necessary capital to develop them on a large scale. Out of tke 100,000 acres, they had two estates which had been proved by actual planting to becapable of growing tobacco equal to the best Sumatra. They therefore, were justified in asking people to subscribe capital for the purpose of developing these two estates on a large scale. One of the estates, as théy were aware, had been formed into a company, under the title of the Suanlambah (Borneo) Tobacco Oompany (Limited), the capital of which had been over-subscribed. It was now proposed to deal with the Segalind Hstate in a similar way. In discussing the future prospects of the company, and comparing them with companies which have been in operation for some yeas in Sumatra, and who are paying heavy dividends of over 100 per cent., the Ohairman said: We have to bear in mind that the question of tobacco cultivation is very little understood in this country, apd therefore its impor- tance is not appreciated asit should be by merchants here. The class of tobacco called wrappers has hitherto been almost a monopoly of the Dutch colony of Sumatra, and the Dutch have not only realised profits of 100 percent. on its cultivation, but have also developed a large aud profitable business to their merchants in Holland by the sale there of the tobacco so grown. Their land in Sumatra, how- ever, has become played out, and from lack of virgin soil the quality their tobacco is deteriorating while it has been proved that the virgin soil of British North Borneo produces a better quality of tobacco than if now produced by Sumatra, and that conse- quently it fetches a higher price. It is not surpris- ing, therefore, that the Dutch should view the pos- sible destruction of their monopoly with the greatest alarm, and in order to avoid it have themselves com- menced planting in British North Borneo. Large numbers of Dutchmen have already gone to North Borneo, This is a very significant fact, and means that the Dutch anticipate thats soon as sufficient tobacco ig producod by North Borneo it will not be worth while™ cultivating their estates in Sumatra, which does not produce such @ good quality. An- other consideration is that the working expenses in North Borneo are about 25 per cent less than in Sumatra. I think it is important that English mer- chants and capitalists shouldturn their attention to the matter, and see if they cannot follow the example of the Dutch by undertaking the cultivation of tobacco, so as to bring the market for that product to this country. The subject is, perhaps, worthy of the at- tention of the London Chamber of Oommerce. The Chairman then formally moved the resolution, which was seconded by Mr. Travers, and carried un- animously. The proceedings then terminated.—L. and C. Hupress, March ist. et A DELI PLANTER IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. The planter whose experiences in the territories of the British North Borneo Company are set forth in the Deli Courant thus sums up to his verdict on the evidence before him, so far as it bears upon cultivation there. THE gorL, The soil generally consists of white clay with an intermixture of humus in a thin layer above. On the shores of Marudu Bay and on the banks of the Sugut river, the soil is somewhat sandy and has need of irrigation. The planters on the spot deem that ths rainfall will meet requirements in ordinary years. The Deli planters who have seen the country for themselves generally think highly of the soil. The ground is less heavily timbered than in Deli. Building materials abound ~THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 711 on all sides. Where timber fit for posts happens to be scarce, the ‘‘Nibong’’ may be had in any quantity. Nipa for thatch is everywhere available. CLIMATIC ADVANTAGES, Notwithstanding the fact that, on many estates, the mortality has been enormously high, the climate is as healthy as in Deli, if not more so. The tobacco grown, which so far, has been brought to market only in small quantities, seems to suit admirably the wants of customers, in THurope. This is said to be especially the case with the Suan-Lamba tobacco. The only uncertain element to be reckoned with in planting adventure arises from the little knowledge of how the monsoon sets, and how it stands with the rainfall. LABOUR. Another element of difficulty lies in the coolies question. Chinese labour may easily be counted upon. In securing it from China or Singapore, the difficulties are hardly any greater that those met with in Deli. There, is, however, greater risk of Singapore coolies absconding, especially at Labuan. The greatest hindrances lie in the way of finding suitable native coolies. It is well known what bad characters Singapore, Javanese and Malays usually turn out to be. Owing to direct coolie immigration from Java being im- practicable under existing conditions the refuse of China and the Straits will long find a ready market for their labour in Borneo. The Kadyans, a tribe from Brunei territory, and some Brunei Malays settled in Labuan, are preferable to them in every way. The latter seldom enter into contracts for more than 6 or 8 months in duration. They get 8 to 9 dollars per month; and work sometimes only eight hours a day. Years will have to pass away before the native population of north Borneo will feel any inclination to labour on the estates. What has been done in this respect by the Acting Resident on the West Coast calls for the warmest thanks of planters. The sudden extension of planting enterprise has resulted in a heavy demand for coolies, who prove hard to get, even with the utmost efforts to secure success. There are not even men in the iand able to make thatch from the nipa palm,* which abounds in the country. As may readily be imagined, the position of the pioneer planters has been greatly affected for the worse by these difficuities, and by the great distances to be traversed at sea, &c. COFFEE. We will now glance at the prospects of coffee cultivation. The hills suitable for cultivating are not high enough, and have too hot a climate to agree with Java coffee. Even, however, if coffee did grow luxuriantly, there are no men to gather in thecrop. In the eastern districts, the country has hardly any inhabitants. The people on the north coast are either too shy or too hostile towards Europeans to be at all helpful in the next few years. The other planters cannot naturally spare their own coolies, not for a day even. The chances are that most of the coffee crop will remain unplucked. It is only in Marudu Bay that the co-operation of the people may in some degree be reckoned upon, OTHER ARTICLES. Sugar and pepper have been experimented with, but no sensible planter will as yet begin wth them as a mainstay. These articles cannot at present be grown there on a scale to pay expenses, Gambier, hemp, and other produce articles have * This is what is called the ‘ water coconut’ in Oeylon. It is curious that, while it is so largely utilized in the Eastern Archipelago as a superior thatch, it seems to be turned to no useful purpose in Ceylon. —Iip. 712 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. se not come into prominence, and have been subjects of experiment only. Success in planting there depends upon prudence and foresight carried out with sound judgment and on intelligent prin- ciples.—Hongkong Telegraph, Dec. 18th, 1888. on DRUG TRADE REPORT. LonDoNn, 28th February 1889. Oincnona.—The auctions held on Tuesday included a rather large aggregate of bark, although the supplies from Oeylon weresmallerthan usual. This deficiency was made good, however, by a largenumber of packages from India, nearly all Succirubra bark, and by a good assortment of Java cinchona. The following is the number of packages offered :— Packages Packages Ceylon bark «» 1,522 of which 1,068 were sold East Indian bark ... 1,072 ay telly en Java bark BLU | Aa Dien a South American bark 315 op Alyy 55 West African bark 22 a 22 5) Sundry odd lots ... 132 5 132 5 Total ... 3,588 eon f ’ A very quiet tone prevailed at the auctions, and there was a marked absence of competition, while a good many parcels had to be bought in because the limits placed upon them were unobtainable. The unit value may be placed at 14d per 1b for good bark, with an occasional lapse to 1;d for inferior grades. This shows an all round decline upon the previous London auctions, but certainly 1.0 decline upon the prices ob- tained at Dutch sales last week. The followingare the approximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim& Amsterdam works 133,588 Agents for the Brunswick works co 116,399 Agents for the Auerbach works ae 81,676 Agents for the American, French, &c., works 67,145 Agents for the Frankfort o/M and Stuttgart works 61,262 Messrs. Howards & Sons 50 Eee 42,688 Mr. Thomas Whitten 000 26,770 Sundry druggists... eve sos 30,847 Total sold ea 560,375 Bought in or withdrawn is 197,612 Total quantity catalogued 757,987 It should be well understood that the mere weight of bark purchased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield represented by it, firms who buy a small quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and vice versa. An analysis of the catalogues gives the following prices for sound bark :— Cryton CrncHona.—Original: Yellow varieties: Ohips, weak and dull, 14d to 23d; fair to good 3d to 5d; fine branchy mixed stem chips 53d to 6d; shavings, ordinary dusty to fair 3d to 4d; fine rich spoke shavings8d; broken papery and dull druggist’s quill 4d per lb. Red varieties: weak dull twigs id per lb refused, the price being 1d; ordinary weak to fine bold spoke shavings 2d to 53d; ordinary chips mixed with branch 24d to 4d, one lot lid; fair to good bold stem chips 2d to 53d; root 23d to 54d; per Jb. Grey and hybrid varieties: root 35d; ordi- nary thin owigs 14d; chips 4d per ib. Nenewed: Yellow varieties, fair chips to good branchy stem chips 24d to bid; fme bold chips 74d to 8d; shavings 55d wo Gd per lb. Red varieties, dusty weak) to fine bold branchy chips 24d to 54d; good to fine shavings o4d to 741 per lb. Grey and hybrid vacivties, chips 74d per le. ABabe InpiaAw CrncHonA.—Original: Yellow varieties, root 5d; spoke shavings 5d; branchy chips 23d to 34d. Red varieties, twigs and twigs mixed with chips 1d to 1fd ordinary to fair chips 23d to 34d; bold ditto mixed with branch 5d; shavings 1$d to 34d; root 141 3d. Grey antl hybcid varieties, root 2d to Sid; suwavings 2d to 24d; chips 2}d to 3d per Ib. fienowed: Yellow varieties, shavings 34d to 4d; chips 5d. Red varieties, ordinary weak to fair spoke shav- ings 23d to 43d; good ditto 5d to 6d; dull small chips 13d to 24d; medium to good 4d to 64d, Grey and hybrid varieties, chips 3d to 74d, shavings 33d to 43d per lb. JAva OincHona.—Yellow varieties, fine broken chips 9d'to 10d; damaged ditto 84d; branchy chips 4d to 74d; good bold root 44d to 73d; ordinary chips 2d to 34d; thin twigs 14d; broken and damaged but fairly good silvery druggists’ quill 3d to 5d; bold and long heavy druggists’ quill, partly rather browa and fins and all damaged 53d to 7d; red chips 3d per lb. SoutH AmmRIcAN CincHoNa.—The ‘whole quantity of cultivated Bolivian Calisaya quills offered, viz. 116 packages, about, 11,920 lb. was disposed of at 74d to 8d for rather thin to fair sound quill. Hight bales newly-imported Ouprea sold at 24d per lb; while parcels of Soft Columbian and Pitayo bark were bought in. Threeserons spurious and damaged Oalisaya quill sold at 34d; andone bale common colourless flat Red bark at 1s 7d per lb. Fifteen bales fair Carthagena realised 4d per lb. West African CiNcHONA.—Twenty-two bales o Succirubra from the island of San Thomé, ordinary browa papery broken quills, partly damaged, sold at 2d to 5d per lb. A quantity of different varieties of cinchona, partly mixed and of old import, said to be the stock of a firm whose experience has led them to relinquish the ciochona trade, was sold without reserve at very low prices from 3d to 1s 2d per lb. Theexports from Ceylon between the periods from October1st to January 24th have been: 1888-9, 4,377,188 lb; 1887-8, 3,176,093 Ib 1886-7, 5,354,190 lb. : Cinnamon.—A fairly heavy quantity, viz. 2,105 bales, Oeylon cinnamon was offered for sale on February Nearly the whale of this was sold at a trifling decline on medium grades, of which the bulk consisted, while low-class quills brought steady rates, and a few parcels of very fine brands sold with good competition at 2d to 4d per lb. advance. Chips were lower. Prices now range as follows: Superior ls 4d tols 7d; firsts 8d to ls 3d; seconds 7d to 1s 4d; thirds Gd to 1s 3d; fourths 53d to 1ld; broken 5dto 64d; chips 2éd to 62d per lb. HssENTIAL O1n.—Citronella, very dull at Zd to 15-16ths d. per oz. for native brands. QuiniInE.—A rather large speculative business is re- ported in Brunswickand B & S bulk quinine at 1s 25d from the agents for forward delivery up to October. On the spot 1s 2d per oz. would probably buy. VaNniItLA.—According to the latest mail advices from Mauritius (January 23rd) the crop of vanilla for the season is only estimated at about 27,500 lb. The ship- ments trom Réunion also are very small this season, having been, from its opening until January 10th, 25,600 lb., against 90,000 lb.in 1888, and 48,000 lb. in 1887.—Chenust and Druggist. hh Coca anp Cocatns.—The Hospital Gazette has the following :—‘‘When the discovery of the anesthetic properties of cocaine first created an enormous demand for the leaves, it was fondly hoped that the cultivation of the plant might prove a source of revenue to our subtropical colonies. As a matter of fact, however, the nor- mal production of the leaves in South America alone is so enormous that an eightieth part of the yield would ‘swamp the coca markets of | the world. The leaves are now no longer exported, it having been found much more economical to extract the crude alkaloids in situ, the purification only being carried on in this country. Apart from the cost of freight when leaves were imported, a notable loss in the total quantity of alkaloids was remarked as taking place in tran it.’ This is not good news for planters who have been trying to cultivate coca in Ceylon, [APRIL 1, 1889. | Aprit 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 713 Se EES EES Goyyespondence, To the Editor. THE GREEN BUG AND “LONDON PURPLE.” 60, Mark Lane, B.C., London, 5th March 1889. Dear S1r,—Our attention has been called to some recent articles and letters in your journal inquir- ing whether our ‘‘London Purple,” which is so largely used in America for the cotton worm, potato beetle, canker worm and similar pests, would be of any avail against the green scale bug. We may mention that some years ago inquiries were addressed to us as to the likelihood of its being of use in Ceylon for the coffee-leaf disease, for which purpose we were unable to recommend it, though doubtless if used ag a paint for the stems of the trees it would prevent the fungus creeping up, but we felt sure that if once the fungus got onto the leaf the quantity of ‘‘London Purple”’ required to kill it would certainly harm the leaf itself. For the green bug however we are confident that our insecticide will be found of the greatest assistance if used with only ordinary intelligence. The poison should be applied to the leaves as soon as the eggs are hatched and before the young insect assumes the scale form. It would probably be wise to begin spraying as soon as the young leaves are sufficiently matured to afford food for the bug. Any force-pump can be used for spraying, but the finer the spray the stronger the solution can be used, the object being to insure a very light coating on every leaf. We have known an acre of cotton plants covered with a quarter of a pound of ‘London Purple.” We should also recommend that the stems of the coffee plant should be painted with a mixture of ‘London Purple” and water applied pretty thickly like a whitewash, and for this purpose a much stronger dose could be employed than on the tender leaves. This would not only attack the scale bugs, but also prevent the borers and put a stop to any fungoid growth creeping up the stem. In his letter to you we think that Dr. Trimen lays too much stress on the dangerous nature of the remedy. With ordinary care no danger need be apprehended, the lime in the combination will attack the nostrils and warn the operator long before any harm can be done by the arsenic, Of course, if used in the dry method, care should be taken to keep out of the dust as much as possible. Its colour proclaims its presence and shows which trees have been treated with it. During all the eleven years that ‘‘London Purple’ has been in use in America we have not heard of a single accident ; but should such occur the proper anti- dote is oxide of iron such as is produced by adding ammonia to a solution of green copperas— sulphate of protoxide of iron. In conclusion we have learnt from experience that it ig of little use looking for the dead in- sects. After eating the poison nature evidently prompts them to hide themselves away to die. The eflicacy of ‘‘London Purple’ will best be proved by the cleanliness of the plants and the increased crops resulting from its use.—We are, sir, your obedient servants, HEMINGWAYS ‘ LONDON PURPLE” CO., LD. TO PUSH CHYLON TERAS. 9th March 1889. Drar Srr,—I sometimes think that, notwithstand- ing the great efforts made by Ceylon men engaged in this now truly immense enterprise, say in pee their teas in the groat International Ex- 0 HOW hibitions, not only in their own country, but elsewhere, many other equally grand (but much less expensive) means of making their teas known to the whole world are left neglected. As far as my own experience goes I find it is today almost impossible to buy a small leaded packet of 1 or 2 lb. of enjoyable tea even in Colombo itself! The good tea is all shipped home; if any really good tea is sold locally at auction, it is at once packed off either to the United Kingdom or to Australia or elsewhere. A thought here strikes me with re- gard to really fine Ceylon teas. How is it in the much talk we have heard lately of a Tea Syndicate that no company has ever been formed to corner all the really good teas, say a syndicate working secretly at the Mincing Lane, Calcutta and Co- lombo auction-rooms? Such a thing is feasible, for unfortunately the required capital would not be very large owing to the great dearth of really fine teas to be bought just now, and considering present low prices for even really splendid tea, consumers who were determined to have them would not mind paying even 6d per lb. more than they do at present in order to get them. If in Colombo it is so difficult for a resident who has time at his disposal to procure really good tea, what must the experience be of the multitude of passengers who on their way to and from all coun. tries pass and repass our port? Well one can imagine what it probably is. Now why not change all this and take advantage of this great adver- tising medium especially as it would probably re- sult in a handsome profit rather than a loss. And whatis easier than that—every estate proprietor or agent should permit his superintendent to send small lots of tea once or twice a year to the, say, “Ceylon Tea Growers’ Island Distributing and Advertising Company, Limited,’’ worked under the auspices of the Ceylon Planters’ Association and managed in Colombo by three or more heads of firms representing large tea interests. Samples of the teas to be first submitted for approval (of course, only tea out of the best breaks would be sent, say to the extent of 100 or 200 lb., for some limit to each estate must be fixed upon). If approved of the Colombo representatives would assess its value and give the estate credit for the value. No estate would be permitted to advertise its own brand, but the teas, if kept separate and blended or strictly speaking bulked, would be sold in 1 lb. and 2 lb. packets under one brand, viz., the *‘Ceylon Planters’ Tea Distributing and Local Advertising Company’s brand.” A boat and a small hand van or vans nicely painted and bearing in large letters the style of the Company would, on the arrival of passenger steamers, be sure to attract the attention of tens of thousands of passengers either on board or on shore in the course of a year, and the sales would, I have no doubt, soon mount up very considerably, as the reliability of the teas thus sold became more and more known. Carried east and west and north and south, such teas would eventually make themselves a name in probably every quarter of the globe. A uniform rate of Rl per ib, would be readily paid, and this would leave a margin of profit to the company after all expenses were paid, for the latter could not amount to much after the cost of the tea boats and tea vans had once been recovered, This may seem to be a very strange idea and interfering with shopkeepers’ privileges ; but even storekeepers’ privileges are bound up in the general prosperity of our great tea industry, and they should not complain. Some of them no doubt do retail very fair teas at a moderate price; but how many do not ?—and what 714 THE TROPICAL is the effect? A large city like Colombo drinking almost vile Ceylon tea and passengers by the thousand leaving our shores with withering con- tempt expressed everywhere with regard to the tuch yaunted rich and delicate Ceylon teas! I submit the idea for what it may be worth.—Yours, A BELIEVER IN GREAT RESULTS FROM APPA- RENTLY INSIGNIFIOANT MEANS. P. S.—Talking of the bad quality of tea at pre- sent tobe had in Colombo, a very great authority on, and one of the largest engaged in the tea enter- prise, and who has just gone home (H. K. R.), gave his reason for it thus. Hesaid there was a great deal in the water used. Tea that might not taste very pleasant in Colombo might prove to be very pleasant tea upcountry ; it was more or less a question of water. The Oolombo shopkeepers might be able to get some special teas made for them in such a manner that they would give good results with Labugama water. Any way it is worth the trying, for there ought to spring up a large demand for tea in the district’ of Colombo ere long, seeing that coffee is likely to prove too dear soon for the natives > buy even if the berry does not disappear altogether from our midst, as some assert it will before many more years are past. An effort should be made to supply coolies at the wharf in the Fort with good. wholesome tea at a trifling cost; thousands of Tamil immigrants might be tempted to try it at the coolies’ stall and to carry away a fondness for the beverage when they return to India, where a large local consumption of tea must eventually take place. Suitable premises for coolies where they could get cheap and good refreshments, and not too far distant might help to free our streets of objection- able and insanitary cooly eating shops in our midst proving themselves offensive in every pos- sible way. What cannot apparently be effected legally may perhaps be effected philanthropically : even at Home it has been proved quite recently that dinners for the poor can be made for an in- finitesimal sum. How much cheaper here with rice and fish ! BOURBON COTTON. Mutwal Lodge, 14th March 1889. Draz Sir,—Can you inform me whether. the cotton I now send you, along with a flower and leaf from the tree, is a variety worthy of our attention? If so, it is a perennial, and grows from sea-level to an elevation of 2,500. That is as far as I have seen; but it may flourish higher. If itis a worthless cotton, commercially, we should know it, in order to avoid the danger of cultivating a useless variety. If as goodas the American and the Hgyptian in staple and quality, then it is a variety best suited to the Sinhalese, whatever its | merits and recommendations to the European planter, from the circumstance that it is a perennial. You will notice also that the seed can be taken out clean, without any loss arising from cotton adhering to it.—Yours truly, JAS. H. BARBER. (The cotton is beautifully fine,and we recognize it as Bourbon cotton, a superior yariety, which is, as our correspondent remarks, a perennial. In cultivation, however, it is found generally advisable to treat all cotton plants as annuals. Lt is better also to grow plants from introduced seeds.—ED. | THE PROPOSED CEYLON-AMERICAN TEA Co., LTD. Dear Sirz,—While waiting for the issue of the prospectus of the company proposed to be formed to AGRICULTURIST. trade with our teas in America, I amused myself with drafting a few clauses I thought such a document should contain. The prospectus has since appeared, and is all that is good and necessary; but as “every iittle helps,’ I may, perhaps, be allowed to put some of the ideas I then set down in the form of a letter. The necessity that exists for the ‘‘ speedy open- ing up of new markets” is a fact for which our pockets vouch. Such new markets we find in Germany, the Argentine Republic, France, the Australian Colonies, and America: The principle of ‘‘companies’’ to work each of these separately is a good one, and ought to be forthwith put into practice: a separate company for each country. America is in the field first, let it, therefore, have the start; then Australia, and the others in the order in which the ‘right man” to work them may turn up. For America we have Mr. Pineo; for Australia Mr. Sinclair, and I know that a German firm in Colombo is working earnestly for Germany; and Ceylon is about to have a tea-room in Paris. At the low average of THREE pounds a head of the population the United States would at once jump into the position of being the greatest con- sumer in the world. The people spread over its vast extent do not drink our teas because they can- not get them. let these be made known and the supply be kept up, and they may be trusted to make their own way everywhere as they have in Britain. Let them only be brought into competition with the cheap, low grades from China, and their success is assured, as proved by the decision of the discriminating tea-drinkers of Great Britain. But for the purposes of a .‘‘ company”’ there are other reasons why America offers inducements to operate on a large scale, boldly, and with confidence. The absence of “duty” and the low purchasing power of the American dollar will euable the com- pany’s agent in America to nett a price per pound for all he sells that could not be obtained elsewhere in the world. This will put the “agent” in his mettle, but he can be trusted for that. It would be useless to form a company at all if the ‘‘ working capital’? is not large, and pluckily employed. The profits will, undoubtedly, be very large, and the secondary advantages springing from the company’s operations will also redound to the prosperity of the supporters as well as to the general good. Those large estate owners first in the field, who, for so many years have reaped the profits arising from high prices, should now take the lead in this and all kindred efforts, and small thanks to them seeing how profitable such investment is sureto be.— Yours faithfully, R. W. J. THE COCONUT LEAF DISHASE. Veyangoda, March 20th, 1889, Dear Str,—All interested in coconut cultivation will hail with pleasure anything that will throw light on the above subject. The letter of a Negombo planter in your issue of the 18th, though it pretends to, gives us no information on leaf disease, though it certainly does give one an in-ight into the qualific.- tions of the writer to form an opinion. The com- munication under notice igs distinguished for rash assertions, hasty generalizations, and a hazy idea of mavuring and its effects. ae First, as to rash assertion. What are the means your correspondent had for forming so damaging an Opinion of the depth of soil of the districts between Aprit. 1, 1889.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rrr Henaratgoda and Ambepussa? Has he _ travelled through the length and breadth of these districts and | examined their soil and found everywhere slab rock underlying the surface soil? I venture to think he has not, and because he perhaps has seen an occa- sional slab rock peep out of the soil, therefore he indulges in hasty generalizations and says that slab rock underlies all these districts. What authority is there for the statement that slab rock underlies the whole of the late Mr. Wilson’s estate at Jaela ? What is the meaning of the statement that the soil of the above estate is so hard that it ‘ will not take in manure”? What is done by it to the manure applied to the soil? Sent back to Colombo? Mr. Jardine or Dr. Trimen said nothing about “ feeding up” trees. Indeed, Dr. Trimen recommended nothing. He only threw out the suggestion that perhaps a basket or two of manure to the affected trees may do good. About working up soils during the “heavy monsoons” I have a very decided opinion, but I do not feel called upon to dis- cuss it just now. Why I wonder is it a ‘wastage of money and labour to apply manure during dry weather,” and why will it not have effect on the trees? What I wonder becomes of manure applied during dry weather ? Spirited away? I suppose your correspondent meant to say the effect of such appli- cation will not be immediate. Well, if he did, it per- haps would have been better if he said it instead of leaving it to be guessed, It is no new discovery that the drought affects coconut trees in the upland districts more than those on low-lying lands on the sea-borde. The cause is not far to seek. Water is within easy reach of the roots of trees in the latter localities. A coconut tree is a huge pump- ing machine. It requires a large lot of water to mature its fruit and to make good the loss by evaporation from jts leaves. When the supply is unequal to the demand, as a natural consequence the leaves droop As to the cause of the bunches requiring to be propped I have a theory. It is owing to an insufficiency of salt in the soil, for propping becomes necessary in inland districts even when trees grow in moist situa- tions, while on the sea-borde the stems are strong enough to support the fruit without the aid of a prop. It is very kind of “Planter” to give his opinion without being asked for it that “trees in the higher districts will not thrive for long,’ and that ‘‘ after 20 years they go down.” On the contrary my observation goes toshow that the older the tree grows the higher will it go up. Ifhe refers to the rootsit is true; they are constantly going down, and my observation goes to show that the lower they (the roots mind you) go down, the better the chance for the tree resisting the effects of drought and being more fruitful. In the district from which I write the oldest trees are the best. No district suffers more from drought than the Mahaoya valley, and yet it is the district with the best soil among upland districts. I hope your correspondent will excuse my presuming to place the opinion of so inexperienced a man as Mr. Jardine against his. Mr. Jardine thinks we can go on for years without manure if we only unlock the vast stores of manure present in the soil. Let it not be noised abroad that all the proprietors of coconut estates in the condemned districts are in hot haste to part with their properties for what they will fetch. There isto be a general exodus and all are going to invest in coconut properties in the district from which your correspondent dates his letter. —Truly yours, SALT FOR COCONUTS. Veyangoda, 22nd March 1889. DeEAr Srtr,—A grand mistake is made by those who say that because authorities rate low the manurial value of salt therefore the benefits of its application to coconut trees are problematical. The fact is lost sight of that every available authority speaks of salt only in relation to the cultivation of cereals, roots and grasses. Now all the salt these crops require (a very small quantity) is found in the soil, being carried to it by natural agencies. The oase is different with the coconut, the home of which is the sea-shore, the soil of which is impregnated with salt and where the atmosphere must ))e heavily charged with saline particles. When extending the cultivation of this palm inland, none of the natural conditions under which it grows and flourishes is present. In the place of the free sandy soil of the seashore we grow if in a hard stiff soil, often with a hard gravelly bottom. On the seacoast the vertical roots have free access to water—an element that plays a no un- important part in its growth and development. In- land though the vertical roots are in a permanently damp soil, yet 16 is only the roots of the older trees that have access to sufficient water to mature their nuts and to replace what is lost by the leaves by evaporation. Last though not least the soil inland has perhaps about a hundreth part of the salt pre- sent in the soilon which the palm naturally grows. Actual analysis does not show Il admit that a large quantity of salt is present in the ashes of the tree, but, as the late Mr. Davidson of Jaffna says, a pro- perty belongs to salt which chemical analysis cannot take cognizance of. { donot say that the soil in the inland districts is devoid of salt, for that would be nonsense in the face of the monsoon storms that sweep across the island. All I say is that perhaps it does not exist in quantities sufficient for the requirements of the tree, not only to be taken up as food, but also to play another important part, to which I shall pre- sently advert. Now agricultural chemistry teaches us that if the soil is deficient in one constituent of the food of a certain tribe of plants, that tribe of plants cannot flourish on that particular soil. I have given the habit of coconut trees in the inland districts, unlike those on the sea-coast, being unable unaided to sup- port their buuches of fruit, a good deal of anxious thought. I am of opinion that this want of stamina is entirely due to an insufficiency of salt in the soil- In addition to salt being a direct fertilizer, it pos- sesses two very valuable attributes : one is its action as asolvent, the other its hygrosorptive properties. Salt, we read, sets free in the soil its inherent store of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash. In addition to this it renders silica soluble. So much for its great chemical value. It exerts as I said a great me- chanical influence as well. Its aflinity for moisture is well known. Its application to a soil keeps it free and moist, and salt-saturated soil will absorb much moisture at night. This will becondensed during the day, and the vapour moving in the soil will naturally be condensed on the coolest substance it will come in contact with—the roots. Hxperiments have proved that roots absorb moisture in dry weather in the form of tiny drops of dew deposited on their surface. Now as to the proper dose of salt per acre, a cor- respondent in your columns spoke of having applied ~ bushel per tree to a few trees with wonderful results. At 70lb. per bushel this will be 52 Ib. per tree or 1 ton 14 cwt. 92 lb. per acre of 75 trees. This seems an enormous dose—does n’t it? But I have an entry in my notebook that from one to two tons of salt per acre is injurious to vegetation. This refers presumably to cereals, root crops and grasses; but no sane man is likely to ex- periment with too large doses of salt and kill his trees. Half a ton per acre scattered broadcast over the whcle surface of the soil after ploughing or working with the mamoty will, Iam sure, not be considered an overdose. One difficulty in the way of asking that Mr. Drieberg, the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture, experiment with salt, is that the School is situate within the full influence of salt-laden breezes. If there be any effect onthe trees then it will not be so marked as inland and on soils inclined to be stiff and clayey. I would apply salt not exclusively with other manures, but also as atop dressing to the soil to ameliorate its mechanical condition. Salt is said to act as a prophylactic against cattle disease. Why not kill two birds with one stone by applying it to land and thus give it to them in the herbage ? t (We, of course, never meant that Mr. Drieberg should confine his experiments to the seashore. —Ep.,] RECENT CRITICISM ON COCONUT ESTATES AND DISTRICTS SATISFACTORILY DISPOSED OF BY ONE OF THE OLDEST PLANTERS IN THE ISLAND. 23rd March 1889. Dear Si1r,—The writer of the letter on coconut estates and coconut leaf disease, signed ‘‘ Planter,” which appeared in the Supplement to your issue of the 18th instant, seems to me to make very Sweeping assertions; and with the coolest mnon- chalance condemns individual estates and whole districts as utterly unsuited to grow coconuts, and the plantations already in existence in those dis- tricts as likely to speedy decay and death, for he says: “I am ofopinion that the coconut trees in the higher districts [what does this mean?! will not thrive for long; they flourish at the be- ginning, but you will find that after 20 years or more ‘how many more?] they gradually go down and do not last long.” He then enumerates Hena- ratgoda, Veyangoda, and Ambepussa as coming under this designation, and says they have no depth of soil, and that after a certain depth the roots teach slab rock and the trees suffer. This is really an alarming picture, and, if true, should call forth our sincere pity for the unfortunate owners of estates in those districts. Poor people! Surely they are on the brink of despair at the ghastly prospects before them thus ‘suddenly brought to light by the ez- cathedra judgment of this new Daniel. I would counsel them however not to be too much cast down, as this opinion is only that of one person who, whatever his claims may be (and we know nothing as tothem except what we may infer from his letter) to pass a judgment, is not in- fallible. I dispute his verdict.* I know somewhat of the districts in question and have met with some very good soil in them. True there is much stiff and clay soil too, but this is only a draw- back so long as cultivation is neglected, and the no system of cultivation ordinarily pursued by the ignorant native prevails. When enlightened, fearless and judicious working of such soils is taken in hand they prove that as a rule they are richer and more lasting than the free sandy soils of the sea-borde and its vicinity. The stiff and clay lands should be broken and turned over in clods toa depth of full 18 inches by means of strong steel-bladed tramp picks, and afterwards treated with 30to 40 bushels of freshly slaked coral lime to the acre, scattered broadcast and allowed to be washed in by the rains. The clods would permit of free aeration, and all the rain would be absorbed and percolate through the soil instead of, as at pre- sent, morethan one-half being lost owing to the impervious condition of the soil. In about six months the clods will disintegrate and the soil will be friable and easily worked, and should after this be kept in this condition by ploughing once a year, for the more clay soil is exposed to cosmic influences the more available fertilizing elements will there be for the roots to take up, and the easier will it be for the roots to travel in search of what they want. ‘‘Take care of the roots, and the stem will take care of itself,” is a sound agricultural maxim. Lime in addition to tendering the soil friable acts on the silicates in it, and potash, s0 necessary to most plants, and particularly to coconuts, is set free. The cost of digging and liming would probably be from R30 to R36 per acre to do thoroughly. I emphasize the word thoroughly, as I consider it would be a ~* §o did we.—Hb. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Arrit 1, 1889. great squandering of money if the work were done perfunctorily. Much supervision would be needed to get the required depth done by the labourers, Should anyone demur to the expense I would beg to remind him that R25 to R30 per acre is the cost once in two years on well cultivated estates for manuring, and it pays handsomely, the directors of the Horrekelly Company to the contrary notwithstanding. Today I saw one of the unfortunate owners of land in the condemned districts alight from a railway carriage not a hundred miles from Ambepussa. He leoked a determined man, and possibly in the box aservant was carrying, there lay hid a divining rod and a geologist’s hammer, to be used in his search for that slab rock spoken of by ‘‘ Planter.’”’ From the fierce set of his moustache I could see that ‘“‘wild cats’? were awake, and I would not give much for ‘‘Planter’s’” cuticle if he fell into his clutches. What the owner of the estate near Jaela will do to him I should be sorry to think. Poor ‘‘ Planter ””—what a hornet’s nest you have dis- turbed! I have learned by experience that it is awkward to dogmatize, particularly whe you don’t know. I still hold to the innutritive theory as the cause of the so-called leaf-disease, while I am bound to confess that there are some cir- cumstances which seem to point dead against it. I hope for the sake of all concerned that some- one competent to give an anthoritative opinion will soon be forthcoming to investigate the matter and relieve our minds of the present suspense.— Yours truly, W. J~. COTTON CULTIVATION IN LOWER DUMBARA. Colombo, 23rd March 1889. Dear Sir,—The following particulars regarding the experiments made by me in the cultivation of Cotton in Lower Hewaheta are sent in the hope that they will be considered as of sufficient interest to your readers:— 8 (Shs eke tbe: @ ° =) =| al Publ tated a ce | - 3 el eee . ~ = =| fo) a) g 34 volt wey btaps Sic fe é Bi) Be 3, Agent OS Ree ee Se ane Guicas . iy ained Bee Feu Sh ae a a a = Noi Soe bO y= peiee ° es > e Si 4 Be) le aS 8 44 4 5.4 Egyptian Nov. 10th 5.15 4x 23 25 88 15 45 32 Tinnevell ,, 14th 3.11 8 x 24 18100 10 24 16 American ,, 28th 2.29 4 » 24 16 60 8 46 12 From the above it will be observed that three varieties of cotton were planted, the seeds of which were obtained froin Messrs. Darley, Butler & Oo., the secretaries of the Ceylon Spinning and Weaving OCo., Ld. Of these the American has been considered the best in growth, the tallest plant of which was 46 inches in height at the age of three months. The Egyptian seed ger- minated in 6 days. 4 seeds were planted in each hole and the vacancies were 37 per cent for the Egyptian and 24 per cent for the American, The Tirnevelly seed unfortunately got damaged in transit. Myle- pitiya in Lower Hewaheta has reddish sticky soil, in some parts containing loamy subsoil. It is supposed to contain mica.—Yours faithfully, p.p. O. H.DE SOYSA, 8S. Perek Soysa, Tobacco.—It is expected that not over 1,000,000 pounds of tobacoo will be raised in Egypt this year, although the average crop is 13,000,000 pounds, The light crop is owing to the excessive tax lately laid on tobacco land.— Florida Dispatch. Aprit t, 1889:] eno ee a asec seers THERE SPICH .TRADE OF NEW YORK. The trade in ginger is very large. The importa- tions here last year were 18,855 bags of Calevtta, 8,880 bags of African, 6,246 bags of white Cochin and 3,535 barrels of Jamaica. These figures are given in detail because they are not generally known, even among importers, ‘The total was 4,286,160 pounds. The ginger plant is a uative of India and Southern Obina, but is extensively cultivated in tropical America and West Africa, as well as in its native soil. Most of the ginger of commerce comes from Clacutta, but is also exported considerably from Jamaica. There are likewise large exports of preserved ginger from Chima and the Hast and West Indies. This consists of the young roots preserved in sugar after being boiled. What is known as black ginger is first scalded and then dried; it is scalded to prevent sprouting, since if is only the root of the plant which is used as a spice. White ginger is the root scraped and washed, and sometimes bleached with chloride of lime. White and black ginger are merely relative terms; the white is not perfectly so, nor is the black perfectly black. The ginger plant either lasts two years or else consider- ably longer, according to the particular species. It is herbaceous, with creeping and somewhat tuberous roots, and is generally three or four feet high, with smooth, arrow-shaped leaves, and flowers about the size Of a man’s thumb, of a whitish color, with the tip streaked with purple. In a suitable climate it is an easy plant to cultivate, and is seen at an altitude of 5,000 feet in moist soil on the Himalaya Mountains of India. Ginger is used as a flavoring for food and medicines; it has valuable medicinal properties. It generally reaches the consumer in a powdered state, and said to be considerably adul- terated. Various compounds are prepared from it. For example, essence of ginger, much used for fla- vcring; syrup of ginger used chiefly by druggists; ginger tea,and infusion of ginger in boiling water, a domestic remedy for flatulence; ginger beer, a far-famed beverage, which, like another famous plant of Asia, “cheers but ‘not inebriates;” lastly, there is ginger wine, a cheap liquor, to which alcohol is often added. Ginger comes to New York in bags holding from 110 to 120 pounds, and in barrels con- taining 130 pounds. Vessels regularly engaged in the West India trade bring Jamaica ginger to New York, English steamers bring the other kinds. Many of the spice vessels stop at Calcutta on the way to New York, and there they take on what is termed in the trade “Calcutta” ginger. It is a great city of the Hast Indies, with a population of nearly 900,000. In a single year 658 sailing vessels and 301 steamers have arrived in its haroor. Its exports are numerous and large, and the city is the headquarters of the Governor-General of India, The name is derived from two words, Kali-Ghatta, signi- fying the landing-place of the Goddess Kali. It has had an eventful history, and is identified with the rise of the British East India Trading Company and the establishment of British supremacy over a wide tract of India. It is sometimes called the ‘City of Palaces,’ because it has so many fine buildings. The Government edifices are especially imposing. The dwellings of the Huglish residents are spacious and attractive, but most of the large native population live in houses built of mud or bamboo. Last year, mace was imported to the extent of 175,890 pounds, in boxes containing sixty-six pounds each. Mace is obtained from the fleshy part which envelopes the nutmeg, It is the second coat or aril, a thio, yellow substance, of waxlike texture, which covers the nutmeg, and is very fragrant and aromatic, and has a strong but agreeable taste. It is raised mostly in the Spice Islands, but Penang and Singapore ave the largest shipping markets. It comes to New York on the ships bringing general cargoes of Hast Indian merchandise. Part of our supply of mace comes from the Banda Isles, a group in the Molucca Archipelago. The Moluccas, or Spice Islands, as they are generally called, are of volcanic THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. formation and very fertile. They produce cloves, nutmegs, mace and other spices, not to mention sago, decorative woods and fruits, while the pearl and trepang fisheries have long been well known, The Banda Isles were produced by some fearful con- vulsion of nature, perhaps ages before man appeared on the globe, and are among the loftiest of the group. The Island of Goonong-Apee rises 7,880 feet above the sea. The four larger of these fruitful voleanic isles are devoted to the production of nut- megs and mace. The group is in constant danger of earthquakes, and the lofty island already mentioned is known as one of the most active volcanoes in the archipelago. ‘he islands are little more than an opeu conservatory bearing odorous spices, with vol- canic heat to stimulate the growth of the wonderful vegetation. The houses are mostly of wood, roofed with leaves, owing to the danger of earthquakes. Spices from the Banda Isles often find t heir way to New York by way of London, whence they are shipped on the regular steamers. Mustard is a popular condiment. and has been known for many centuries. California raises a large crop. The mustard tree of the Scriptures stiil abounds in the Hast, and though the seed has no aromatic pungency, it is used like ordinary mustard. The most important spices known to commerce are black mustard and white mustard. The plants are natives ot all parts of Europe, and are also cultivated in gardens. The white and the black seeds are ground together. Mustard is not only usefulas a condiment, but is valuable as a medicine. It has stimulating properties, known to every household, and it is bene- ficial in some cases of indigestion. In England, white mustard, in the seed leaf, is sometimes used as a small salad, having an agreeable pungency. In India, the oil of mustard-seed is much used for lamps. In Ohina, a species is cultivated as greens for the table, as we use spinach. The bran of ordinary European and American seed is used in making French mustard, which is very popular. The finest mustard-seed is the black, or, as the brokers term it, the brown, which is received from Trieste. The next in point of quality is the English brown, and then comes the Dutch seed, though of the two last-named descriptions very little is received here. Large quantities of the white, or more properly, yellow, California seed, are used annually by the spice-mills of New York. It is cheap, and it makes itself felt. The Trieste sells at 7 to 8 cents a pound at wholesale, and the English and Dutch from 64 to 6 cents, but the Cali- fornia is obtainable at 44 to 4% cents. When there is au especially brisk market, the California seed is sent overland by rail to New York, but usually it comes in sailing vessels that go around Cape Horn, as in the ‘good old days” before regular mail steamers to the Isthmus and the Panama railroad were ever dreamt of on the Pacific Coast. It takes from 80 fo 150 days for these ships to make the Oape Horn voyage, according to the wind, and, be- sides mustard-seed, they bring wool, raw sugar, wine, and the salmon of the Oregon, which assuredly hears something besides its own dashings in these days of feverish activity in trade and commerce. The foreign seed is often sent from the Mediterranean to London, and then transhipped to New York, though it also comes direct from Sicily. Some comes from Bombay. The fruit-steamers from Sicily bring considerable quantities, Curry-powder is a preparation borrowed from India. It is composed of turmeric and various spices. In India and elsewhere it is largely used as a seasoning for a large variety of dishes. It often consists of turmeric powder, coriander-seed powder, black pepper, fenugreek, ginger, Oayenne pepper and cumin-seed. Sometimes the recipes include scorched mustard, mace, cinnamon and cardamoms, This agreeably stimulating preparation is largely manufactured by the various spice companies of New York. Sweet marjoram is extensively used as a seasoning in cookery. The plant is a native of Greece and the Hast. Thyme isa half-shrubby plant long known 718 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [Aprii 1, 1889: Ln a as a flavoring for various dishes. The garden thyme is the most fragrant. It grows in all parts of Hurope and in the north of Asia, but is not indigenous in this country. “I know a bank where the wild thyme grows” is a familiar line from Shakespeare. It is an humble plant, but grateful to the smell and the taste, Wholesale houses here se! it in powdered form in boxes and barrels. Savory is largely sold here. The plant has lilac or white flowers. It has a strong and agrecable aromatic taste and smell, and is used for flavoring dishes. Winter savory and summer savory are used for the same purposes. Sage in powdered form flavors nota few dishes, and it is also used in the leaf. It grows ‘wild, and is also cultivated. The whole plant has an aromatic smell, penetrating and peculiar, somewhat like that of camphor; and it has also an aromatic taste, rather bitter, but nevertheless agreeable, and is more generally known in the household kitchen than other sweet herbs. Jt is much used in flavor- ing meats and sauces. Italian sage is sold here by the bale. Pickles are really a condiment, and are therefore worth a wordin passing. If used judiciously. they stimulate the appetite; properly made, they are not unwholesome, and are often, indeed, decidedly agreeable additions to the table. There is the coele- prated Spanish pickle ; it isa mixture of the red cabbage and slices of the large Spanish onion. Gher- kins are vety young cucumbers prepared with especial care to preserve their: green color. Some- times in cabbage pickles, im which the red vegetable is always employed, a few slices of beet- root are added. Cochineal is sometimes used to im- prove the color and ginger, mace and white and black peppercorns are used as spices. French beans, onions, eschalots, walnuts, mushrooms, nasturtiums, cauliflowers, capers and other vegetables and fruits are exteusively used in pickling, and the trade re- quires large quantities of spices annually. Pickles are sometimes colored by boiling the vinegar in copper vessels, and thus forming the green-colored acetate of copper, or even by directly adding that poison—a fact that has led to serious results; but this bane- ful practice is believed to be much less prevalent than formerly. Oapers are the delight of the gourmand, and have long been used as a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces. It is more particularly used with boiled mutton, though also employed with other meats. They are simply the pickled flowers of the caper-bush, of a slightly bitter and yet agreeably pungent taste, The caper-bush is a native of Southern Europe and of other countries near the Mediterranean Sea. It is found on Mount Sinai. It decorates ancient ruins, clothing them in a trailing garment of green as beauti- ful as the English ivy. It is a rambling shrub, in other words, that flourishes most in dry places and it is often found growing on rocks and the walls of ruins. It flowers from early sammer till winter. The caper, which contributes so much to the satisfaction of the epicure, is simply the half-opened buds of the caper- bush. They are gathered every morning, and at once put into vinegar and salt. At the end of the season they are sorted according to their size and color. The larger buds are packed in small barrels, but the smaller and greener, being the most prized, are sent to market in bottles after having again been put in vinegar. The fruit of the bush is a small berry, and that is also pickled in some parts of Italy. Sometimes acetate of copper has been used to change the grayish- green color of the pickled capers to a brighter or rnore emerald-like hue, and this, of course, makes them dangerous. The presence of copper in a jar of capers can be detected by thrusting a polished iron rod into the vessel. If copper is present the rod will soon become coated with it. The Hnglish and French steamers annually bring large quantities of various spices, condiments and sweet herbs to New York to gladden the epicure and satisfy the popular demand for stimulants, which is unquestionably very great ina nation of such restless energy as ours, Olives are @ condiment highly esteemed after a taste for them has been acquired, but at first they are not especially agreeable. Large quantities are im- ported every year. The consumption in New York is large, partly by reasou of the cosmopolitan population. The oliyve-tree is indissolubly connected with sacred history. The Mount of Olives is a name as familiar as that of Jerusalem. The tree itself is so hardy that the olives now standing in what is termed the Garden of Gethsemane at Jerusalem are alleged to be identical with those named in tax-rolls as exist- ing a thousand years ago, and there is a tradition— regarded by many as not altogether improbable— which makes them date back to the time of Christ. The tradition as to the extreme longevity of these trees still to be seen in the neatly-kept Garden of Gethsemane, and carefully watched by a sacred Order, is undoubtedly based on thej wellknown fact that the olive-tree is the hardiest fruit tree that grows. It survives the severest frosts, even sbarp scorching by fire, and almost any degree of mutilation. It sprouts from the roots if everything else is dead. Itis known to survive for centuries after the heart and all but the outer layer of young wood are gone. Often a large trunk is not only hollow, but split lengthwise into several distinct stems, aJl healthy and bearing fruit. Olive oil was known to the writers of the Old Testament, in whose time it was used for sacrificial libations, for illumination, for food, and for anoint- ing the hair and body. Homer mentions the olive- tree. It was conspicuous in Roman agricultural literature. The Romans used olive oil in the kitchen and at the table instead of butter, which was scarcely used in the Roman cuisine. In Palestine, and in some of the Mediterranean islands, the olive tree is as lofty as the tallest oak, but in Europe it does not often exceed twenty feet in height, being kept down by pruning for the sake of convenience in gathering the fruit. It grows in Asia-Minor, Syria, Northern Africa, Southern Europe, the Greek Islands, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, California, and jeven to some extent in the Orimea. Olive trees are planted from fifteen to twenty-five feet apart, and with careful husbandry, will bear every year. Italy produces an enormous supply of olives and olive oil, and the crop in California is steadily increasing. The olives are gathered when fully grown but still green; they are first steeped for a day in weak limewater or lye of wood ashes; then in fresh water changed every day for four or five days, or until they have lost their bitter flavor. Then they are salted or pickled in a strong brine. This is the practice when the harvest is simply for the olives them- selves. When it is for olive oil, the fruit is allowed to remain on the tree until it is of adark wine color. Then the olives are dried a little, and then com- pressed for the oil. The best oil is from upground fruit, but it is also ground and subjected to repeated pressure, sometimes with the aid of hot water. Olive oilis adulterated with lard oil and cottonseed oil. There are large exports of the American oils mentioned, and they come back from Europe, notably from Marseilles, travelling under the disguise of the best oil of Italy or Provence, really being largely an extract of American lard and cottou-seed, which unscrupulous French and Italian merchants foist upon us with smirking complacency. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, no less than 744,766 gallons of olive oil, valued at $662,197, were imported into the United States, mostly at New York, Olives and olive oil come to this port in the English, French and Italian steamers. 4 The total importations of spices into the United States in the fiscal year ended June 30th, 1887, were 30,980,725 pounds, valued at $3,481,412. Pepper is the most extensively used of any of these spices known to commerce, and nearly $2,000,000 worth is consumed in this country every year. Spices are admitted free of duty except when ground. But it is well known that spices are much adul- terated. Burnt crackers, buckwheat and ground cocoa- shells are used to adulterate pepper. Ground almond shells are mixed witb cassia and cinnamon. Flour in mixed with mace, Meal and starch help to mak APRIL 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 719 ee ee ee ee ————————————————————————————e full weight and good measure of ginger. Pimento is too cheap to make adulteration profitable. Nutmegs have never been adulterated except in Connecticut, where a very successful imitation is said to have been made many years ago by some of the thrifty deacons who happened to keep country stores. There are no wooden nutmegs now in market. Oloves are adulterated with clove-stems, which are very cheap. At one time they cost only one and a-half cents a pound at wholesale. Mustard is adulterated with flour and tumeric, which is yellow in color, and givesit its pungent taste. Tumeric itself is the root of a plant found in the Hast Indies and in Cochin China. Tt is sold in the form of dried root or powder, and besides being used so extensively in coloring mustard, it is employed in the dyeing of silks and wool, as well as in medicine and chemical analyses, .As ori- ginally used in Europe, mustard was simply the finely ground seed, but in time a demand arose for an im- proved yellow color, the natural tint being rather dull and unattractive, and then the flour of mustard was introduced, this merely being the interior portion of the seed, the bran being rejected as in the case of wheat in making flour. The result was a loss of the pungent taste peculiar to mustard, which is largely due to the presence of a bitterish oil in the husk of the seed, and to supply this deficiency the next step was to introduce tumeric, Cayenne pepper and other foreign ingredients, with wheat flour to increase the bulk and lightness of color, There is little or no pure mustard to be had anywhere; it is practi- cally a druggist’s compound, and in New York mustard-seed is sold by drug brokers, But the shipping element of the mighty commerce of New York is always more interesting than its forma) array of statistics. Here at a wharf on the East River, near old Rutgers Slip, is a ship with big tan-colored spars and a brave array of rigging, pulleys. ratlines, cordage, chains and white decks. Her sides are barked and rusty with the long voyage from Hong Kong. A companionway is lowered to the wharf, and a notice close by announces that there is no admitance to the ship, though this warning is but slightly regarded. A queer little floating house on one xide-of the ship contaivs the steam winch, by which the cargo is hoisted from the depths of the sombre hold to a slanting skid, down which the merchandise is sent to a _ platform supported by wooden horses. From thej platform the men take the bales of rich goods and pile them up, according to their marks, further along the wharf, or else put them on trucks to be taken to various parts of the city. On the dusty and splintered wharf are bales of cassia, bags of ginger, boxes of preserver, china- ware, rattans and curios, bales of straw braid and rolls of matting, bearing such labels as ‘Kee Ning,” “Hong Kong Fancy” and “Mandarin,” packed in bales of native grass. There are boxes of soys, a kind of sauce or flavoring made in China from a small native bean; there are cases of lacquerware, such as cups, saucers, trays, pots and dishes, The cargo contains no less than 500 cases of native pre- serves, and nearly 5,000 pounds of ginger, There is chinaware consigned to a Chinese firm in New York, Lin, Fong & Oo.. besides rattan chairs. In all, the big ship will yield up more than 18,000 rolls of the matting, which is so much neater and better than carpets for certain rooms of the dwelling, and so much superior to the cheaper carpets or the chilling oilcloth for halls. Big red trucks are being loaded with this merchandise from the far Hast, and every few minutes a team of stout horses, with flanks and harness glistening in the afternoon sun, rumble along the wharf out ivto noisy South street, where the stout lunged driver is speedily reveling in wordy and profane warfare with the driver of a horsecar, whose observations on the truckman’s parentage, physical appearance and menta) characteristics call forth a vituperative deluge in response from that maligned but fluent individual. Truckmen, as a class, are probably the same all the world over, as profane and abusive at times as parrots with a bad “bringing up.” Most of the steamers in the Hast Indian trade take their cargoes to London or Liverpool, and consignments for America are there transhipped in the regular steamers plying to New York. A new line of steamers between New York and Calcutta was established some months ago, and cargoes of Hast Indian merchandise are now more frequently brought hither direct. Some of these steamers also go to Bombay, Madras and Oolombo in Ceylon. They bring cinnamon, ginger, coffee, indigo, jute, cinchona bark and other products. Seven steamers of 4,000 tons each are in the trade. They usually make the trip jfrom Calcutta to New York in about thirty-five days, though occasionally it takes longer, The steamers have a great advantage in this trade, as they always go and come by way of the Suez Oanal, that wonderful engineering feat that connects the Red Sea with the Mediterra nean, whereas the sailing vessels, by reason of the high tolls on the canal, are obliged to go around by the Cape of'Good Hope—certainly a commercial misnomer in this case. Every Anchor Line steamer pays four hundred pounds sterling or two thousand dollars, to go through te India, and the same amount coming back, making four thousand dollars in canal tolls forthe round trip. The famous Peninsula and Oriental pay even more—four thousand dollars each way. ‘There is one interesting fact about the spice trade,” said alarge importer, ‘‘and that is, the consumption of spices is increasing in this country out of al] pro- portion to the increase of, population, This is true not only of the staple spices, but of all kinds of fancy condiments. The increasing wealth of the country accounts for the enormous demand. Another thing: it would be a very important matter to us if the Prohibitionists. should be more generally successful. In States where the Prohibitionists have the strongest hold, it is a curious fact that the consumption of spices is proportionately the largest. There is a certain class of persons who are determined to have some to warm them up.”—frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. —_——_y- ——- Correr IN Sovrtu Inp1a.—It is stated that the quality of last year’s plantation coffee, sent to the London market, with ‘* Coonoor’’ and “ Nilgiri” marks, is spoken of as having been superior to the generality of Wynaad coffee; the compara- tively inferior quality of the latter being attributed to exceptional circumstances, such as unfavourable weather for picking, and the setting in of the monsoon on the Malabar coast, before many of the crops could be shipped, Fortunately the demand for coffee at home, hag been good for almost all kinds, and high prices have been realised. —South of India Observer, Feb. 28th. Tue Ator aAnp its _Usms.—A few years ago the discovery was reported in these columns of the singular property which the juice of the Mexican Agave plant has of half-digesting meat, or of convert- ing it into peptone, andit was pointed out at the time how valuable from a commercial point of view would be this cheap and cleanly method of peptonizing, compared to the ordinary methods of extracting the peptonizing ferment from the stomachs of pigs and other animals, The discoverer, M. Mareano, announces that the method has been in industrial use in Vene- zuela by pharmacists for three years, during which it has worked perfectly. He finds now that if the crushed tissue of the leaves is added, as well as the juice, the whole process can be completed at blood heat in six hours, insisted of 36, as it takes with the juice alone. The discovery is a very singular one, and one which ought to have received more attention from physiologists and physicians than it has so far. It is quite remarkable that the cells of the clumsy Mexican plant should be able to per- form soeasily the most important function of the human stomach,—Auwstralasian. 720 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 18809. A New Gin.—Messrs. Shallis and Henderson have invented a new gin which is in every are way- markable improvement on any of the older machines in use. It dispenses with many of the weaving parts of the present class of cotton gin, which minimises driving power, and cost for repair, and renewals. This invention underwent its first public trial last week at Khamgaum, West Berar, when it gained 60 per cent. more kuppas than any other machine, while experts, who witnessed the trial, pronounced the cotton equal in quality to any class of ginned cotton yet introduced.—Indian Agricul- turist, Feb. 9th. Correr 1v Wynaap.—Yercaud, 16th February.— There is nothing more pleasing to the mind of man than variety, and planters have a lot of this in their work. Most of us have just done with our crops ahd are now busy with pruning and manuring, the felling having been done early in January. The ‘ oldest resident ” after surveying the present state of things might well say he is puzzled to know his country again. Forests which have shaded paths and given refuge to the feathered friends have been felled for planting, all because the present high prices have given high hopes to the planter, Coffee is now sel- ling at R14 per struck bushel of parchment. Owing to the small crops last year most of the estates have already put on a new flush of wood, and lots of it. There are few who are taking it off and many leaving it. Both ways can hardly be right.—S. I. Observer, Feb. 19th. Tue JAvA CrncHona Enterprise.—While the Quarterly Reports of Mr. Van Romunde, Director of the Java Government Cinchona Gardens. reach us with commendable promptitude, the Annual Reviews seem to be as much behind as are some of the Ceylon Administration Reports. Thus, only a few weeks ago did Mr. Van Romunde’s Report for 1887 reach us, and the full translation thereof specially made for the Tropical Agriculturisé will appear on page 682. Though some of the information is anticipated in the quarterly issues; yet a good deal of much value for reterence will be found embodied. Full details of the crop harvested in 1887 are given, from which we learn that of a total of 703,313 half-kilograms (each1 & 110th lb.) of bark, ledgeriana made up rather more than half, succirubra less than one-fourth, and officinalis 1-12th, the rest being made up by bark of C. Josephiana, Calisaya anglica and other calisaya varieties. Here is an extract of special practical value :-— That the future of cinchona cultivation must be sought for chiefly in the creation and continuance of old plantations, is moreover proved by the fact, that from the original ledgeriana plantation at Tjinjiroean, some four bouwsin size and about 21 years old, there was obtained in 1887 by thinning outa cropof 10,465 half-kilograms, consisting of :— 2,976 half-kil. bkn. quill containing 7:14 p.c:quin. 1,861 ” ” 9 td 6°63 ” 3” 2,334 » small pieces ,, SiSvee a 3,294 » root bark ,, 659 ,, a Total: 10,465 half-kil. bark containing an average of 6:15 p. ec: quin. and giving 8:27 quinine sulphate. Deserving of notice also is the fact, that the ledgeriana mother tree No.89, which had to be dug out on account of disease, pro- duced a erop of 146 half-kilograms of wet and 72 half- kilograms of dry bark. Yor the artificial drying of the bark a Davidson’s '§’ Sirocco was erected at the beginning of 1857 at Tirtasari, which has succeeded very well and answers requirements better than the drying furnaces at Tjinjiroean and Nagrak, which however con- tinued to render good services, The Report itself should be consulted, for the valu- able statistics afforded, by all Ceylon proprietors still interested in the future of cinchona, 8 g S nas 19 wow 19 i) ee serie at BSD TtO OD, Bork Bed? 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Rote an HUM | |= ta A ino &9 8 wdg &] ao =) tq o rey e Baka rN Aeovatkhd DV _ BI8SS15 g Ses oeRecagsseakss HESS : BND S) [Bee onses kesh oo he Bada PaoOPHOndmm ada dda geese | Rae eon Thee Ff sey = MR. J, G. LEAR AND TEA AT NUWARA ELIYA. HEN we (‘‘senior _ editor’’) arrived in Ceylon in November 1837, Mr. J. G. Lear was already some months in the island as a plant collector for Mr. Knight, the great Chel- : sea nurseryman. On the death of Mr. Watson Mr. Lear acted for a time in charge of the Peradeniya Gardens. He was subsequently connected with coffee planting and subsidiary pursuits, until ill-health droye him from the island, Then we heard of him in connection with the establishment at Malvern, but for a long time we had lost sight of our good old friend, and we thought it possible he had gone over to the majority. But he is still tothe ‘fore,as a letter recently re- ceived from another former Ceylon resident shows :— ‘T occasionally see some old Ceylon residents: Dur- ing the ‘summer I had a visit from a very old gentleman named Mr. J. G. Lear. He says he was one of the pioneers of the coffee enterprise in your is- land, having opened the first coffee estates in Hunas- giriva, In 1837 he planted at Nuwara Eliya the first tea bushes that were ever planted in Ceylon. He was subsequently Curator of the Peradeniya Gardeus. On my asking him if he knew Mr, A. M. Ferguson, his reply was: ‘ As well as my own brother.’ He also mentioned Dr. Elliott. I enclose a note he wrote me after his return to Malvern. with him; they are two dear old people, and it was a real pleasure to chat with them. They must be ‘very old, but they look hale and hearty, and good for another ten years.” In this letter came a note to the writer from Mr. Lear, who, we gather from the heading of the paper, had established a business with his son, at Malvern, as auctioneers, house and land agents, assurance agents, &c. Mr. Lear wrote :— ““T beg to return you the 4 copies of the Oeylon paper you have heen kind enough to lend me; I His wife was also have been much interested in reading them, the whole country being so changed since I was familiar with it. Please don’t forget to remember me very kindly to Mr. Ferguson when you write him.” On receiving the above letters we wrote to Dr. Trimen, telling him our recollections of our old friend, Mr. Lear, and asking if the tea plants put down in Nuwara Eliya could be traced. It will be seen that Dr. Trimen answered in the negative (that is our reading of his note), and we would now ask if any members of the Cotton or Kellow families, or any other old residents in Nuwara Eliya, remember anything of the matter, or whether any of the tea bushes are still in ex- istence. The following is Dr. Trimen’s interesting response to our inquiries: — ‘‘T am quite surprised to learn that J. G. Lear is still in the land of the living. Your reminiscences of him are correct. He was sent out as collector by Knight, the then great Chelsea nurseryman; and after Watson’s death in 1838, he was appointed officiating Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens in September of that year and continued to act till the arrival of Nor- mansell in Jan. 1840. ; “Lear left his mark on the Gardens by planting the fine grove of palms at the entrance. “The handsome convolvulaceous plant named after him, ‘pomea Learti, appeared in Knight’s houses and was supposed to have been the produce of seeds sent from Ceylon by Lear. This was, however, probably an error, as the plant is South American and not known here. * All I know about the introduction of teain Nuwara Eliya is given in my report for 1886. It appears that in May 1840 some Assam plants were put out there and a man placed in charge. He may have been Lear. “Tam sorry to have disturbed your mind as to the giant bamboo,* but I am not easy myself. The fact is it seems there are ¢wo giant bamboos, and I am not quite clear as to which we have. I have however this year obtained the ‘other one,’ Dendrocalamus Bran- dist, the true Burma one, and shall see in due course whether it be really different to what we have already (D. giganteus).” We remember hearing that Mr. Lear got £50 from Knight for introducing the creeper referred to, the blossoms of which are so beautiful that a lady visiting Knight’s garden ‘and seeing it in bloom burst into tears at the sight of such ex- quisite loveliness. Lear opened land in Hunas- giriya for a company got.up by Messrs. Crowe & Co. * We had expressed our surprise thatin the Hand- book of the Peradeniya Gardens, Malacca and not Burma should have been given as the habitat of the great bamboo.—Ep, 422 THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. re COCONUT PLANTING. HapiticAm KoRAtg, 28th March 1889. We have had lots of rain this month: beginning on the first day, it has up to date rained on 12 days with an aggregate of 9°72 inches, The grass is once more green and abundant, and the coconuts have taken a fresh start. Many of those that suffer from the disease have developed centre leaves without a speck, but we must not holloa till we are out of the wood. This seems to be exactly the same as the Jamaica disease, but there every tree attacked is said to die ultimately; whereas here, so far as I can learn, no tree has absolutely died yet,and Dr. Stork tells me that under his treatment of trenching and manuring some of his trees have perfectly recovered. The price of coconuts last gathering has run to R30 and over per 1,000. It is however the fate of the coco- nut planter to have only the smallest gatherings for the highest prices; I have sold the February gathering for R40 when the rupee was more valuable than now, and have sold that of the April following for R25. a ei NOTES ON PEPPER GULTIVATION. (By an Old Planter.) Seven or eight years ago I discovered that branches of the pepper vine, sometimes under favourable con- ditions, struck root and became plants; but that such plants never threw out running vines was an after dis- covery. Still it did not strike me, that this could be turned to account in cultivation, till about a year ago, when one of those branch plants came into bearing, and produced a very decent crop. It then occurred to me that to cultivate the plant in the form of a low bush, would be more convenient than any of the methods in common use. In growing the plant on living trees youcan only put a plant where there is a tree, at irre- gular distances, not more than about 100 to the acre, fighting with the old established tree that supports it for a shareof the plant food, and suffering from too much shade. Again, ifposts be set up for the vine to run on, they are in the first place expensive, and in the second the most durable only last for a few years, when the whole affair tumbles down, and is not easily * set up again. Thebranch plants can be put out at re- gular distances, say6 x 6 feet, they can be easily cul-. tivated and manured, can be pruned back as required, and the only other work needed is afew pegs and a piece of coir yarn to keep the branches from trailing ou the ground. The chief difficulty is at the beginning to get the branch to strike root, but that can no doubt be overcome by proper arrangements to be taught by experience, even the vine is by no means a ready rooter. That pepper requires shade is a common error; I have found it much morefruitfulin the open than in the shade, but inor out of shade its cultivation will only be satisfactory on tolerably good soil. I understand thatmany of both natives and Europeans are trying this plant. It is one of the things tbat will pay, and pay well, under proper conditions of soil, climate, and cultivation, and I wish them all success. [A modification of the bush system might be tried after the viticulture which we saw in the neighbourhood of Stutgardt. One or two branches only of a vine were allowed 1o grow, and all the stvength of the plant went into these. When the branches had attained the length desired and the proper season had arrived, they were curled round 50 as to reseemble a hoop and then tied so as to compel them to retain this position. Those who understand the physiological laws of plants will understand how the branches, with the flow of their juices thus checked, put forth blossom and fruit at every pore. What gave the maximum of fruit in the case of grape vines might be equally successful in thecase of pepper vines.—Ep. | Another practical planter reporting for a small clearing writes ;— PepprR.—It was,1 believe, decided to plant the re- maining forest land, about12 acres, with this product ; all the undergrowth and small trees should be cut down so as to admit abundance of light, at the same time af- fording a moderate degree of shade. Trees to support from 250 to 300 vines to the acre should be retained. The stuff cut should, before becoming too dry, be piled insmall heaps and burnt, care being taken to do as little harm as possible to the standing trees. This work can be done in January and February, and in the mean- time a space of about one acre should af once be cleaved in the above way, the ground dug about a mam- motie deep and all small and fibrous roots removed: stumps need not be touched. In this space pepper cuttings should be laid down about an inch apart—12 eee buried under the soil and six inches exposed thus :— Exposed 7m wes he es aE, VAS EAB EYE Tae eas x 2, Buried the cuttings should be about 18 inches long and the branches cut from off the portions to be buried, but not from the portions exposed; for the 12 acres about 15,600 cuttings will be necessary. By May next year these should all have made roots and shoots, and be less liable to fail when planted out than if put out as simple cuttings ; another consideration is that there will be no time lost in searching for vines, which might be the case where so many are required. After the undergrowth has been cut down and burnt, holes should be dug at the root of each tree close wp to the stem: one on each side, if the treeis large in girth, but only one if small. The koles should be 18 inches long, 12 inches broad and 9 to 10 inches deep, all stones and roots removed and filled in with surface soil, any ashes near being mixed with it. In planting out all that por- tion that was underground in the nursery should be buried and the exposed portion laid close up to the stem of the tree ; two cuttings should be piaced in each hole, a few inches apart and about 4 inches deep and the earth firmly trodden down. If these directions are carefully attended to failures will be few. I cannot too strongly urge the necessity for tramping dowu all the soil round plants freshly planted and of beating down the soil over seeds as soon as sown, itis not necessary here to give the scientific reason for this; let it suf- fice that experience teaches that when this is not done many plants are sacri ed and much seed wasted. PEPPER CULTIVATION IN JOHORE. (from an ol Resident.) Black pepper is grown in Johoreby the Ohinese gambier planters who utilise the spent gambier leaves to manure the pepper vines. Some Europeans are planting pepper in Johore. The high price now obtain- able for this article has induced Chinese and Europeans in British North Borneo, Malacca, Perak, Selangor, Sunjei Ujong and on the island of Singapore to plant extensively. A few years ago it could be bought for $7 per picul (133% lb.), today it fetches $20 85-100ths per picul. It flourishes in Johore, both soil and climate seems to suit the plant excellently. In the year 1886" 98,074 piculs valued at {$1,829,220 of black pepper was sent to Singapore from Johore and 318 piculs valued at $3,630 was also sent to thatport. This value must be a mistake because the manufactured white pepper fetches nearly as much again as the natural black. At present itis 36 per picul. The above statistics are taken from the Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1886, Singapore Exchange Market Report states that in 1883 89,936 piculs black and 25,955 piculs white were exported from that port and in the year 1888 72,864 piculs of black and 19,172 piculs white were exported. As long as the war between the Dutch and the Atchinese lasts prices of pepper will keep up.—March, 1889. May 1, 18809. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7123 a a THE FUTURE OF COFFEE AND OF JAVA PLANTATIONS. A well-known Bogawantalawa proprietor, now in Europe, sends us a copy of the Morniny Post with the following article on coffee, chiefly referring to Java and Sumatra, which he rightly judges is worth reading, if only to afford amusement, in Ceylon :— A matter of considerableinterest to coffee drinkers all over the world is just now engaging the attention of the Dutch Government. For some years past there has been a great falling-off in the quality and quautity of the coffee produced in the Dutch East Indies, where the berry is cultivated; and latterly the decline has become so serious that a Oommission has been ap- pointed, under the presidency of M. Oanne, to consider the decadence of the Government plantations in Java and Sumatra, and suggest means for improving them. Our principal supply of coffee, as_ most people are aware, is derived, not fromthe islands of the Hastern Archipelago, held by Holland, but from Brazil, which, indeed, grows nearly as much as all other cofiee-growing countries combined. But the quality of that produced every where in the New Worldis greatly inferior to the growth of the Hast ; and since genuine Mocha is almost unobtainable now-a-days, and the coffee gardens of Oey- lon are being grubbed up to make room,for the more pro- fitable tea plantations itis to Java and Sumatra that coffee drinkers must look in the future for a supply of really good beans at a reasonable price, and these, as every householder has no doubt discovered, have been dearer and more and more difficult to obtain in the last two or three years. Allowing for the effects of the disease which has attacked the coffee shrub in many parts of the East, where it has long been successfully grown, it is still difficult to account for the extraordinary decadence of the Dutch plantations, bearing in mind the peculiar conditions under which coffee culture is carried on in both Java and Sumatra.* It is not, as in any other part of the world, an industry in which people may or may not engage just as they please. Ooffee cultivation is compulsory in the two islands. Every head of a family, every villager, is obliged to cultivate a specified number of trees each year. He is compelled, moreover, to plant a certain number of young shrubs every season, to replace old ones no longer profitable, or in bearing, and a large staff of Dutch inspectors supervises the culture, and sees that due compliance is made with the several prescriptions of the law. And neglect in any parti- cular is punished with the utmost rigour and severity. And not only does the Dutch Government prescribe to the Javan and Sumatran peasant how many coffee- shrubs he must cultivate, and in what way they are to be planted, but it compels him to sell the produco to the authorities at their own price. In fact coffee is a strict Government monopoly, with the notable addition that every family is compulsorily engaged in it for the benefit of the State. For the convenience of cultivators small store-houses are con- structed all over the islands whereever coffee is grown, and thither the cultivator carries the beams as soon as he has gathered and ripened them. From these local depots they are transferred to the larger towns and sea ports of thecoast. Padang is the great centre of the Sumatra coffee trade and the shipping port for Europe, as Batavia is for Java. The so-called Padang coffee is the product of the Western portions of the island of Sumatra and the highlands of the south. The shrub, curiously enough, objects tolow- lands and an excess of heat, sothat noneis grown in the low-lying regions near Padang. The plant thrives atan altitude of eighteen hundred to two thousand feet, and does best on the declivities of mountains and hilly terraces, in soil where forest trees have for- merly grown, aud where the woods have been cut down in such a way as to leave a certain number standing at intervals to shelter the tender young * The leaf fungus is quite enough to account for the alling-off,—Ep, coffee plants. InSumatra the yield of the coffee bush is exceptionally heavy owing to the favourable climatic conditions of the island. The bush is covered all the year round* with the small snowwhite blossoms that precede the fruit, while ripe and unripe berries are found on the stem at the same time. Picking is, therefore, always going on at regular intervals and the cherry-like little fruit is dried, removed from its thick outer covering, and then laid out in the sun until the husk enveloping the berry can be rubbed off. In Sumatra the fruits are just thrown down upon the ground and left where they are until the husk is loosened, hence Padang coffee often contains many small stones mingled with the beans when they have been carelessly sathered from the drying heaps on the bareearth. This is never the case with the finer produce of Java. The Javanese are rather particular in the matter of drying their coffee- berries, and spread them with the greatest care upon straw mats, which are then placed in the sunshine. The shrub in the Dutch Indies begins to yield in its third year, and continues in bearing condition until it isabout twelve years old. After this time the plant assumes its mantle of moss, precursor of decay, and slowly dies off.t The natives of Java and Sumatra make use of the leaves of the coffee plant in exactly the same way as we do tea. They make an infusion of them—of course, after first drying them, and this is not only as good as coffee in the opinion of many connoisseurs, but actually contains a greater propor- tion of caffeine, the active constituent of the berry, on which its exhilarating and stimulatirg effects en- tirely depend. The coffee berry is not only a favourite with a large section of mankind, but many members of the animal world show a strange predilection for it. ‘The red envelope in which the bean is contained is a favourite edible of a notable proportion of the wild creatures of the forest in all coffee growing lands. In Java and Sumatra the ‘“ mussang,” better kaown as the ‘* musk cat,” visits the nearest plantations night after night in search of this vegetable delicacy, though it is notable that the creature is unable to digest or assimilate the brown berry itself. So, too, the ‘ kolong,” a huge Sumatran bat, with wings four feet across, commits its nocturnal raids tor the purpose of securing the dainty, which it appears to highly appreciate. It is, however. not the depredations of such and similar creatures, or even the leaf disease to which the plant has become subject, which: is wholly responsible for decadence of the coffee plantations of the Dutch Hast Indies, If fine Java and Sumatra coffee is now expensive, comparatively speaking, and difficult to obtain, it is because the antiquated system of compulsory cultivation in vogue in the islands, the expense entailed by method of storage, and the army of offi- cials required to superintend the industry combine to make itso. This is the more to be regretted as there is good reason to believe that the falling-off in the consumption of coffee, in England especially, is due rather to the fact that really good and well prepared coffee is so rarely to be had, than to any lack of ap- preciation on the part of Hnglishmen of the merits of the genuine berry. Somehow few people in this country can discriminate between ordinary and in- ferior qualities of tea, while the coarsest palates seem readily to distinguish good from bad coffee, and will, therefore, have none’ of it. It is a pity that coffee is not more generally consumed, for it is an undoubted fact that those who are habitual coffee drinkers very seldom care for spirits. Indeed, it has been pointed out that in those parts of South America where coffee is the recognised beverage drunkenness is extremely rare, and even emigrants who have brought with them a love of alcohol abandon it and. take to coffee in preference, owing to its stimulating effect upon the brain and nerve centres. Still, in spite of our insular preference for tea, the number of people who * Certainly not: oftenthe blossom and flower are only seen fora few days.—Ep. | Absurd: the coffee tree bears for 30 up to 50 or 60 years under favorable conditions.—Kp, 724 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Mav I, 1889. ———————————————EeEeEeEeEeE——————————————————————— m preciate really good coffee is by no means insigni- ficant here, and on their account it is to be hoped that the attempt of the Dutch Government to prevent the further decay of its Hast Indian plantations may prove as successful as the Hollanders themselves would desire. ; ae CULTIVATION OF COFFEE UNDER SHADE. The cultivation of coffee under shade is, we be- lieve, an experiment well worth trying at a suitable elevation and under judicious management in Ceylon. We have already referred to the sub- ject and urged that there are some reserves of good soil in Uva which might well be devoted to such coffee clearings. If there are no individual pro- prietors prepared to take the risk, in this era of Companies might not a limited Company be organ- ized to give coffee a fair trial? We refer to the matter again, in view of the receipt of the following communication from Mr. Alex. Primrose of Mercara, Coorg, who will be re- membered in Ceylon when he held a _ responsible post in the office of Messrs. Alstons, Scott & Co. By the use of carefully selected seed from Mysore, and the cultivation of the proper shade trees, we do not see why Ceylon—the Uva districts especially— should not have clearings of coffee as free from disease as the fields referred to by Mr. Primrose as follows :— Ohickmaglur, 20th March 1889.—In the Coorgand My- sore districts (the latter I am now going through) shade is universal, and by itthe coffee and the planter have been ‘saved from ruin. In Wynaad where it was not adopted the coffee has gone to the bad just as in Cey- lon. be article is selling at unheard-of prices here. Un- garbled native R68 per cwt. Parchment R80. The season is just closing. There is little jungle in these districts that has not been taken up, and the yield has been greatly increased by the introduction of new plants: Since writing the above we have had a visit from well-known estate proprietors—Messrs. W. H. Wright and Akbar—in reference to the alleged coconut disease of which more anon, and we have pressed the subject of coffee on their notice with the result that Mr. Akbar will probably try 50 acres with plants grown irom Mysore seed and interspersed with suit- able shade on his Kadugannawa property; while Mr. Wright is confident that coffee will yet come to the front. When his coconut plantation is fully established, Mr. Wright will probably look out for land suited for coffee under shade between 1,500 and 3,500 feet above sea level. There can be no doubt that coffee is to be one of the scarcest and dearest of tropical products within the next five years. SS ees THE MONARAGALA PLANTING DISTRICT. PROSPERING WITHOUT TEA—HOW TO GET TO MONARA GALA—THE NEW ROAD TRACE—CACAO—LIBERIAN COFFEE—PEPPER—TOBACCO—COOLIES—RICE. It is refreshing in these days of everlasting tea when toujours tea is becoming a8 monotonous at tomour perdric to visit estates which are doing well without the assistance of that ubiquitous product. Such may still be found here and there through- out our planting districts and amongst other places at Monaragala, in the extreme east of Uva. Although the cart road from Wellawaya at the foot ofthe Haputale rangeis only two-thirds completed, and it i8 necessary to ride by tavalam and bridle roads for the last few miles of the journey, this is now probably the easiest way of approaching tho district. Some 150 pioneers are now engaged on the road near the 15th milepost, and it is hoped the work will be completed to Mupane, 21 miles, before the close of the year, The country traversed on the first part of the journey cannot be called fertile, but after leaving Buttala, an oasis in the great Sahara, which stretches from the Uva coffee districts to the sea- coast, the soil improves and the road passes through heavy jungle with signs of a little rainfall. It may be said, in passing, that the road, a gravelled one, appears to have been well traced and well cut throughout, and this, including several heayy culverts ata cost of about R3,000 per mile. At present the terminus will be Mupane, but there is some idea, scarcely one would imagine, yet ‘‘ within the range of practical politics’ of carrying it on to the sea-coast. Cultivation on the corner part of ‘‘ The Hill,” and on this occasion the higher estates were not visi ted, is chiefly confined to the following products :— cacao under the shade of jak, dadap, Albizzia stipu- lata and moluccana (the latter for choice), bois immortelle, &c., &c.—Liberian coffee decreasing, but still remunerative, pepper and tobacco. The cacao is looking particularly well just now with no sign of helopeltis or other pests and a very fair crop set allover. But surely the cacao tree must be of the feminine gender, so fickle is she and yet, sometimes, so true. Else why is it that one tree should be loaded with fruit-(on a4} year old tree I counted 80 well-grown pods), while the next of equal vigour and appearance without a sign of crop? The short rainfall of 1888, bad especially as re- gards distribution, naturally resulted in a poor crop, but with a return to the wet seasons of 1880- 1885 satisfactory results cannot fail to be secured. Pepper is here a very promising product and is far more likely to do well in this soil and climate than in the moist lowcountry of the Southern Province and Kegalla district with when all is said, has a poor soil anda leaf forming climate. The older vines are now coming into bearing and the cultivation is being considerably extended. Tobacco of the Havana variety is being tried on Sirigalla,and the progress of this experiment will be watched with the greatest interest. The plants when seen by the present writer had been in the ground about 9 weeks and were growing in an old cardamom nursery of rather poor soil. This notwithstanding they averaged 24to 4 feetin height, some of the leaves measuring 30 in. x 18 in. In the growth therefore there is nothing wanting, and if the curing is equally successful it should lead, and that before long, to the opening up of a large acreage under the most paying of products. It is indeed surprizing that the hill has not been already visited by some of those enterprizing capitalists now prospecting for tobacco land, for there must be close on 1,000 acres of virgin soil available for the nicotian weed. It shouldbe remembered that the chances of failure, such as that experienced in Kurunegala, are here minimized, the N.-H. mon- soon being practically acertainty, and as regards curing the fact that Mr. Sparkes’s cacao fetched an average last year of R54 net goes far toshow that his tobacco also is likely to take a high posi- tion. ‘‘ Uva,” said a recent writer, ‘‘ will grow as good tobacco as Sumatra;” and I know of no land in Uva which would grow it better than Monaragala. It is satisfactory to note that the health of the coolies on the estates is much improved. Whether this is only to the opening up of land and the establishment of a dispensary, or, a8 a cynical — friend remarked, is merely an example of the ‘survival of the fittest,” cannot here be argued ; but the fact remains, that the experience, so common in the western tea district, of 30 or 40 per cent of one’s labour force down with fever, is here ynknown. sa May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 725 ee —————————_ It is curious too that rice (from Batticaloa) can besupplied to coolies at a lower price than in Haputale, and rates for transport of crop, now moderate enough, will soon be further reduced on the completion of the cart-road. B. en THE CULTIVATION OF PADDY (RICE). EXHAUSTION OF SOILS—MEANS OF IMPROVING —MANURING —TILLAGE—SEED PADDY—ITS SELECTION—ADVANTAGES. 28th March 1889. There are many simple means to improve materially the produce of the chief article of food in this country. It is no easy task to remove the long inflated prejudices of a people, but still it is not im- possible. Much has been said about improved tillage, transplanting &c., and now their benefits are proved beyond question, and if they are brought before the cultivators and generally adopted they would in time improve the health and wealth.of the cultivators bringing most of the starving to share in plenty. There are some who think that it is not wise to change the present native forms of cultivation be- cause they have adopted those from long experience according to the requirements and nature of the country. There is nothing to change in the ordinary methods of cultivation if they have proved successful. Has it been so? is the question which comes before us. The fact is plainly seen daily that though the present methodsare adopted from long practice, they cannot fight with the lands of nature. Any goyia would tell that his field is not producing as it did long ago. The reasons for its not being so are, first the exhaustion of the soil by the continuous growth of the samecrop, with hardly any manure or proper form of tillage, and secondly the degeneration of the seeds used. Manure, if judiciously applied, can prevent the ex- haustion of soils, but for the goyias to adopt a judi- cious system of manuring is out of the question until they are versed in the principles of agriculture. But still there are means and forms of manuring, by which the exhaustion of soils could be prevented to a certain extent within the means of the poorest cultivator. Oattle droppings, chaff, straw, leaf refuse, ashes &c. are easily obtained and if applied with a mixture of bones at least would form a good manures. Another most important branch which the © cul- tivators should have recourse to for preventing the exhaustion of their fields is a proper system of breaking up the soils and bringing its hidden treasures to the surface. ‘To work up the soil well, we require better implements and by the use of sueh we have seen the produce of paddy fields doubled and trebled in many cases. Closely connected with improved implements comes the question of cattle which requires serious attention. Under the head degeneration of seed opens a large question on which very little attention has been paid in Ceylon. Oeylon cultivators should pay more regard to the selection of seed in the cultivation of paddy than they do at present. In European countries a great deal of attention is paid to this subject and hence they have improved their seed grains to a great extent. Ihave readin the Oontinental letter of agriculture in one of your issues that they have passed an Act in France to guidethe sellers of seed, so that a good seed might be obtained. The chief point to be observed in im- proving seed grains is to make the plants grow well and obtain only good seed for replanting, and when this principle is continued an excellent seed might be obtainedintime. ‘lo make the plants grow healthier for obtaining a supply of good seed the following are essential, viz :—The proper preparation of the seed-bed and the putting in the seed at the proper season with a due supply of fertilizing matter. But if the seeds are allowed to grow of their own accord it would tend to spoil the kind by degeneration. Good seeds always grow better and yield heavy crops. It is the duty of every cultivator when he findsa good charac- teristic seed to improve and preserve it from degene rating. Several experiments lately carried on in England to test the value of good seeds have shown its advantages. Thoughit was not with paddy, we can infer the same for our grain teo. Professor Tanner cites the following :— “ Two crops were grown upon similar land under like circumstances as regards climate, &c. ; in the one case good and suitable seed was used, and in the other case the selection and improvement of the seed had been neglected. The results,were :—1012 lb of grain from good seed 374 lb only from the other. This shows that the selection of good seeds increased the produce by three times.”’ ‘There are no doubts about our being able to increase the yield of paddy by selection of good seed, and so this branch of the cultivation should not be neglected. W.A. D.S. [Our correspondent has laid down excellent general principles which few of our readers will dispute. Good tilling implements, good tillage, judicious manuring, good selected seed properly treated, a good supply of cattle, would vastly im- prove the crops of paddy and the condition of the goyiyas. But what is wanted is that the goyiyas should be induced (induced meaning the compulsion which native headmen can apply) to adopt improved methods of improved culture. But how, for instance, can good seed be selected by people so improvident that most of them have to borrow (at 50 per cent !) such seed as the lender may find it convenient to give? And how can plenty of good cattle be pro- vided by people too lazy to prevent the grass which erows on fallow paddy fields and the neighbouring uplands from being overwhelmed by weeds and such shrubs as lantana, which flourish on the doc- trine of the survival of the fittest? What is wanted is that the Agricultural Instructors scattered about the country should make all possible efforts to induce the native cultivators to carry into practice the great principles of husbandry which the In- structors have learned so aptly and which they can repeat so clearly. See the article we quote below from the Indian Agricultwrist.—ED. | FOOD-GRAINS AND THEIR TREATMENT. | The report of a late interview with Sir J.B. Lawes in respect to the results of his experiments in agricul- tural science which, in conjunction with Dr. J. H. Gilbert, he is known to have been carrying on for nearly half a century at Rothamstead, a little town in Hertfordshire, has brought to public notice some facts which cannot be too widely made known among agriculturists and the classes whose material prosperity is closely bound up with the successful prosecution of agriculture. These facts are of special value to India, where the tillage of the earth is the staple industry of the overwhelming majority of the population and the annual produce of the crops is the gauge of the pros- perity or otherwise of the country. But it is in the food-crops that agricultural enterprise is centred in all parts of the world. Any new knowledge of the condi- tions, under which their cultivation can be improved and extended, should therefore, be,disseminated as widely as possible ; and the knowledge derived from Sir John Lawes’ experiments at Rothamstead, may without any hesitation, be accepted,in most cases, as re- presenting the certainty of a mathematical demonstra- tion. Among other information, which Sir John Lawes communicated at this interview, the following remarks of special value. ‘Hive years ago” he is reported to have said “we left the upper end of this wheat-field uncropped; allowing the corn to fall whenripe. In three years there was scarcely a single ear of corn left; those which I could find were short in the stalk and with perhaps a single grain. Now there is not one. This shows that food products are almost en- tirely artificial; and that in a few years the land would be a perfect wilderness, if uncultivated. But I myself was surprised at the rapidity with which the wheat disappeared.” Sir John Lawes continued ; “The weeds were stronger and killed out the artificial grain. Weeds are hardy and it is really ‘the survi- 726 ‘THE ‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889 val of the fittest? or the hardiest. The same thing I cap show you in the turnip field, where the un- manured plot is almost barren; the plants having scarcely in any case formeda bulb. It is the starch we want ss food. Cultivation and fertilization give that starch.” ‘This truth cannot be too forcibly im- pressed on the minds of our Indian peasantry who are aptin too many cases to leave nature to its unaided resources, when their ignorance or their want of means prompts them to take things as they come. It may be said that it isa perfect truism that cultivation is an in- dispensable condition to the production, propagation and maintenance of the more delicate and frail forms of vegetable life. But the Indian peasantry are unfor- tunately apt almost as a rule to trust to the chance that are 2 minimum of cultivation in a soil, originally fertile, but now generally exhausted, may secure for them a maximum of results. Doubtless, they do not neglect carrying through in their due time the several processes which are considered essential to the successful pro- secution of agriculture. But, then, there are two ways of doing a thing; thatis a thorough way and a partial way, and the latter is, we fear, very generally followed in most parts of India. Againitis not that the more valuable food grains are wanting in vitality. It is matter of notoriety that some grains of peas or corn disinterred with a mummy from an Egyptian pyramid and put into the ground after more than two thousand years’ seclusion from the outer air, freely germinated and fruited abundantly, showing thereby that under favorable conditions vegetable life in its humblest forms possess an amount of vitality inconceivable as to any part of the animal world. Putting these two facts together we arrive at the natural ecenclusion that careful culture under the most favorable conditions is calculated to secure an outturn of food-grains, such as is beyond the conception of our Indian agri- culturists with their primitive implements and pro- cesses struggling with a soil of failing fertility anda climate liable to startling changes, such as we are constantly observing. If Sir John Lawes’ experiments teach any lesson of the least value it is this, that, while neglect of cropping gradually leads from the deterioration to the absolute failure of food-grains, their careful cultivation must by party of reasoning; contribute to their progressive development into the most improved forms.—Sir John Lawes has declared it as his opinion, founded on his experience of fifty years, that weeds are hardier than wheat and that when both are left to themselves, the weeds kill out the corn. This truth was revealed nineteen centuries ago in that beautiful parable of the wheat and. the tares familiar to all; but it was left to our time to be demonstrated by practical experiments, conducted with special care and ability by men whose whole héarts and minds have been and are in their work. The neces- sities of the country leave no choice to the peasantry if they really wish to escape from the present condition of abject poverty, but that they should use their utmost efforts to secure for their crops not only a much larger outturn than is now obtained, but produce of a quality that will enable them to compete on equal terms with other agricultural countries. The rapid and progressive increase of population is in most parts of India treading closely on or even out- stripping the normal pace of its production; and the demands of a largely expanding export trade which is the only source whence we can reasonably hope to derive the means of promoting the material prosperity of the country cannot possibly be neglected or ignored. In order to adapt it to the altered requirements of the times, agriculture must obviously be carried on under improved conditions. Better ploughs, that will go lower down than the surface of the soil, should be brought into use; stronger breeds of cattle, or the present breeds fed up, should be employed in the field; seed of the best quality only should be selected for sowing; and every process of cultivation should be carried out carefully with a view to the complete and absolute elimination of weeds from amidst the growing crops In a previous issue we have pointed out how natural manures can be set free for use in the fields, if the cnltivation of fuel bearing trees is systemati- cally introduced and maintained. These things, the ryot cannot, almost as a rule, do, and the zemindar will not ordinarily do; but as the State can largely reinforce its present revenue from land through a fuller development of its agricultural produce, it is for the Government with its larger interests aud larger re- sources to engage in and carry out measures which the poverty of the ryotand the insouciance of the zemindar have hitherto prevented them from undertaking, —————_—__§{*_o—___—_ DRUG TRADE REPORT. . Lonpon, March 7th. SAMPLING OF CAscARILLa,—At today’s drug Auctions some discussion arose with regard to the alleged habi- tual unreliability of thesamples of cascarilla which are shown in the brokers’ sale rooms, and which serve as guide to buyers of that article in making their purchases. At present one sample is made to do duty fora whole “pile” of goods; thus, at today’s auctions one sample was drawn to represent 48 bales, and an- other 62 bales. Mr. Ziegele complained that sometime ago he purchased ten packages of cascarilla for ship- ment to the continent, and when they arrived there it was found that five of them contained dust only while the sample represente.1 good quality bark. Mr. Charles Ohristy, the presiding broker, said that the fault did not lie with his firm, but with the dock company ‘who drew the samples. Mr. Richard Barron asked why every bale of cascarilla offered should not be se- parately sampled, to which Mr. Christy replied that the expense would be too heavy. Mr. Ziegele, how-- ever, formally proposed, and Mr. Horner seconded, that in futurea sample should be shown of every bale of cascarilla offered for sale. This was put tothe vote, and carried by about 25 votes, no one voting on the other side. Annatto.—None was offered at today’sauctions. In Liverpool good Cayenne annatito is held at 1s to 1s 2d per lb, good brands of Guadaloupe selling ina small way at 23d per lb, CarpAmoms are rather freely offered, and at today’s auctions 118 cases, out of a total shown of 21] were sold at very irregular rates,the better grades being generally dearer, but medium and ordinary qualities experiencing a decline of from 2d to 3d perlb. Ceylon Malabar, medium to bold heavy pale, 38 to 3s 1d; good pale, slightly warty and specky 2s 11d; good me- dium round pale yellow to brownish 2s 7d to 2s 4d; medium sized brown 2s; small brown mixed and rather sy to very specky 1s 9d to Is 6d; very small 1g z OincHona.—A rather large quantity of flat Calisaya bark was offered for sale today, but onlya few packages sold cheaply, bold but thin 1s 4d per lb: damaged 1s 3d per lb. Guayaquil in good grey| silvery quills sold at Is 3d; damaged rusty brown to stout 74d to 10d- Good mossy Loxa 1s 11d per lb. Fine bold bright Maracaibo, via Hamburg 7d to 83d per lb. From Jaya the exports during the last three years have been :— 1888 1887 1886 1885 Amst, lb. Amst. lb. Amst. Jb. Amst.lb. 3,136,086 2,223,466 1,626,115 849,551 Private plant. 546,279 436,977 Government plant. 529,942 682,319 Total 3,666,028 2,905,785 2,172,394 1,286,528 At the Amsterdam auctions, on March 21st, about 171 tons Java bark, representing about 205,000 oz. quinine sulphate will be offere1. CusEzs.—Nine bales bold spurious berries were bought in at 28]. per cwt. today. The shipments from Java in 1888 were 148 piculs. HesENTIAL Oru.—Of Cinnamon oil 1 case, much adulterated with leaf oil, sold at 23d per oz. ; tair quality is held at1ls 2d per 1b. Oitronella, dull with enormously heavy exports from Oeylon. At auction today 20 cases were reported sold at $d per oz. QurninE, slowly but steadily easing off in price. At the close of last week the Brunswick agents accepted 1s 2d per oz. for forward delivery in bulk, and since then numerous transactions by second-hand holders of the same brand are reported at 1s 14d to 1s 1d per o On Wednesday a firm of speculators are reported May 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. have bought 30,0000z. Brunswick from a second-hand holder at 1s 1d, March delivery, and all kinds of re- ports are current with regard to the quantities— some say 250,000 0oz—which this second-hand holder is credited with intending to throw upon the market, The B & S agentsask 1s 25d per oz.; they might perhaps soll at ls 2d per oz. Two thousand oz. Zim- mer’s quinine in bottles are reported sold at 1s 4d per oz. A firm, who are placed in a position to know the market very well indeed, write us today :—“It may interest you to know that it issaid some of the very low prices at which quinine is stated to have been sold lately are forfeits paid to avoid delivery.—Chemist and Druggist. ee A BATCH OF INDIAN TEA COMPANIES. The following summary from the Calcutta corre- spondent of the Pioneer shows the profits and losses in tea, though on the whole the companies here mentioned have done fairly well :— Tea: MortHoLra Company.—The report of the direc- tors shows a profit on the season of R16,083, and adding the balance from last season a credit balance at Profit and Loss ot R16,590. An ad-interim dividend of 8 per cent has already been declared, and it is now proposed to pay a final dividend of 4 per cent and to carry R30 forward. The crop weighed out 1,734 maunds against 1,4884 maunds in 1887, and the net average realised was As. 9-7 against As. 11 last year. The area under cultivation is 335 acres, The estimates for 1889 are for 1,900 maunds. CHANDYPoRE Tra Company.—The report of the directors discloses a further loss of R7.241 and a debit balance of R35,535, The outturn was 186,111 Ib. against 156,355 lb. im 1887, and the average price realised As. 6-82 against As. 7-7. The estimates for 1889 are for a crop of 208,000 Ib. at an expenditure of R83,000. Bannocxsurn TEA Oompany.—The report of the managing agents dislcoses a profit of R3,869, but interest amd depreciation and a previous balance of R8,558 reduce it to a debit of R9,895. The crop weighed out 1,077 maunds against an estimate of 1,054 maunds and a crop in 1887 of 1,050 maunds. It was sold in. London at an average of 93d or As. 7-6 locally. The estimate for 1889 is for a crop of 92,000 Ib. Pua@nix Tea Company.—The report of the directors discloses a profit R4,509. . Depreciation, however, reduces this to R3,457, and adding the balances from last year the amount.at credit of Profit and Loss is R32,705. The crop weighed out 278,890 lb., against an estimate of 358,400 lb. and a yield in 1887 of 339,973 lb. The unfavourable result is attributed to hail, blight and prolonged bad weather. The esti- mates for 1889 are for 348,800 lb. ArcurrirorE TEA Company.—The report of the direc- tors shows thatthe net profits were R3,407 and the amount at credit of Profit and Loss is R4,858, which if is recommended should be carried forward. The out- turn was 217,392 Ib. against 221,611 lb. last year, and the average price realised As. 7-5} against As, 8-23. The estimates for 1889 are for a crop of 2,942 maunds at a local outlay of R67,865.. The area under plant is 9335 acres. The season has been very unfavourable, cold and sunless, with an excessive rainfall, and as & consequence the quantity and quality of the tea were seriously affected. _Amuvcxin TEA CompaAny.—The report of the mana- ging agents shows that the season closed with an outturn of 3,622 maunds, against an estimate of 3,000 maunds and a crop in 1887 of 2,615% maunds. The average price realised was As, §-2 against As.10-84 last year. The accounts show a profit of R34,844 and a credit at Profit and Loss, including last year’s balance of R67,451. An ad-interim dividend of 5 per cent has exhausted R22,285, and a final dividend of 2 per cent 1s recommended, carrying forward the balance. The estimates for 1889 are for a crop of 3,500 maunds, The area under tea is 900 aeres, ; Duunsirt Tra Company.—The report of the man- aging agents show a loss of R5,362, and there is altogether a total deficiency of R19,034. Debentures for R1,00,000 have been issued at 7 per cent, The Saw Mill showed 2 profit of R2,472. The outturn was 708 maunds of tea against an estimate of 1,000 maunds and a crop in 1887 of 872 maunds. The estimate for 1889is for 800 maunds. The average price realised was As. 7 against As. 9-3 last year. The area under teais 368 acres. ; Kornarutt Assocration.—The report of the mana- ging agents shows a net balance of R46,454 at credit of Profit and Loss, which it is proposed should be trausferred to working capital account with a view to writing down the value of block. The crop reached 4,139 maunds, against an esti- mate of 3,910 maunds and a yieldin 1887 of 3,906 maunds. The average price was As. 9-8 against As. 9-6 last year. The estimates for 1889 are for 4,200 maunds ata cost R1,60,000. The area of the gardens is 1,075 acres. Houtra TEA Oompany.— The result of the working is a loss of R8,592, and there is now a balance of R4,011 at credit of Profit and Loss which it is proposed to carry forward. The outturn was 98,020 lb., against an estimate of 110,000 lb. and a crop in 1887 of 104,908 lb. The average price realised was As. 9-4 against As. 12-13 in 1887. The company’s retail sales have fallen from 40,473 lb. to 23,666 lb., and this has affected the profits. The estimate for 1889 are for 100,000 lb. CocHEELA TEA Company.—The report of the direc- tors discloses a loss of R4,721 and the debit balance at Profit and Loss is increased to R9,566. Unfavour- able weather, deficient rainfall and so forth account for this, The outturn was 103,145 1b. against a crop in 1887 of 102,505 lb. and the average price realised was Ag. 6-54 against As. 6-10. The estimates for 1889 are for 114,000 lb. at a cost of R47,533, and unless a better price is realised this means a further loss. The area under tea is 481 acres. Seconp Murvuat Tra Company.—The report of the Managing agents shows that the outturn was 1,666 maunds against 1,930 maunds last year, and the average price As. 7-94 against As. 9-4. The result of the working is a loss of R85] and a debit balance of R142. The estimate for 1889 is for 1,500 maunds fine and 600 maunds coarse tea for an outlay of R84,999, including R11,588 for new extension, &c. The area of the gardens is 725 acres under plant. a ANTHELIA. T have been following with much interest your notices of anthelia, and was about to add my mite to the information given, when, by the mail just in, I have your issue of October 25th last, wherein is a notice of the phenomenon as observed in Ceylon. I have wit- nessed it there scores and scores of times in my early tramps bird collecting, and I have also seen it at the Cape, in Brazil, on the Amazon, in Fiji, and in this island. On turning up my dear old friend Sir H. Tennent’sbook on Ceylon, I find that at p. 73, voli, he gives avery fair figure of the effect produced. It may be, as he says, that the Buddhists took from it the idea ofa “halo” or “flame” for the head of Buddha, but there is one peculiarity about these flames that always struck me, In whatever position you find the Buddha, the flame is invariably in a straight line with the body even if the figure is recumbent. In form it always resembles the ‘“‘tongues of fire” depicted by old painters as falling on the apostles on the Day of Pentecost. I have seen many instances of whatI suppose may be called “anthelia” in calm water, but the appear- ance is usually more vayed. I bave an exquisite en- graving in my print collection of the ‘‘Madonna and Dead Christ’? by Aldegrever (1502-58.) It has often occurred to me, in looking at it, that the artist has taken his idea of the halo round the Virgin’s bead from the appearance presented by the “anthelia” in water. There is the same luminous centre, and then the diver- gent rays. The halo round the head of the dead Christ in her lap is a four-cornered luminous star, issu- ing rays, of which three points only are visible—like nothing in nature with which I am acquainted. E. L. Layarp, British Consulate, Noumea, January 3rd, =WVatur'e, 723 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889, j . etecoeetndebae dere eee First Tea,—The year 1887 was the first in which the export of tea attained to any dimensions, the figures having beeuns follows :—1884, 236 1b.; 1885, 968 lb.; 1886,220 lb.; -1887, 20,950 lb. The local con- sumption is also considerable, the tea being considered of excellent quality. The population of Fiji _is 124,658, of which 2,105 are’ Huropeans.—Chemist and Druggist, March 9th. Cunar Quinine.—It is, perhaps, worth recording says the Gardeners’ Chronicle, that at the drug sales during the week ending February 23rd, 15,000 oz. of German manufactured quinine were sold at 1s ld per ounce—the lowest price on record. Quinine at Is an ounce seems to be not far off—a very rapid decline, when it is remembered that less than twenty years ago it sold for a guinea an ounce. “ Tapne Tank,” a monthly periodical pub- lished in Philadelphia, contains in its January number a short paper on the ‘‘ Cultivation of Coffee” by Mr. J. McCombie Murray. It is written after an interesting fashion and winds up with an ex- hortation to Americans to see above all things that they get pure unadulterated coffee and tea for their household use. Finlay Ackers & Co. in the same issue have a whole page advertisement on “the coming tea for Americans,’”—namely, Ceylon tea. Kora Nurs From S1errA LeoneE.—The Governor of Sierra Leone, writing from Oassie on the Oasseh Lake, reports that there is a considerabie trade between the colony and Germany, as well as France, in dried kola nuts. Observing a quantity of rotten kola nuts dry- ing in the sun, he asked the owner, who isthe largest trader in the village, for what purpose they were in- tended, end he replied that when dried he sent them to Freetown, where he got 2d per lb. for them, for shipment to Germany and France, to be made into cocoa.—He added that the trade commenced two years ago.—Chemist and Druggist, March 9th. Fipre oF Hisiscus rhea or ramie, the aloes, pineapple and bananas, .there are scores of plants in India and Ceylon which yield fibre excellent for textile purposes and the manufacture of paper, The one great difficulty is to obtain the substances, in sufficient quantity in convenient localities, and to secure their pre- paration, so that the fibre may remain clean and undiminished in strength, while the cost of the decorticating and retting processes is moderate.’ A few years ago a Mr. de Renzy, who trades largely in Indian products in Melbourne, made a journey specially to India with reference to fibrous plants other than cotton and jute. He called on us when returning, and stated that he was most hopeful of good results from a variety of Hibiscus esculentus, well known in India and Ceylon as bandekai, the edible fruits (glutinous pods with pea-like seeds, | exceedingly wholesome) being called by the Knglish “ Jadies’ fingers.” In America the plantis known as okra, and some time ago a characteristic Yankee hoax went the round of the papers, about a wonderful cotton which had resulted from a cross between the okra plant and oneof the gossypiums. A few days ago Mr. Foenander of the Surveyor- General’s Department brought some bandckai fibre to our office, where it may be seen. We sent it to Mr. W. W. Mitchell with the query whether this and other fibres might not, by a process of teazel- ing and carding, be fitted for textile use. The reply is as follows :— “J put the sampleof bandekai fibre before Mr. Atherton and the directors at their meeting yester- day, and it was examined with interest, but nothing could be done with it I fear in connection with cotton or with cotton machinery. It is more akin to jute, and could probably be manipulated by machinery adopted for jute. The fibre, I believe, to be splendid, and ~ remember De Renzy spoke to me about it EiscuLentus. —Besides when here, but nothing seemed to be practicable. I cannot help thinking that if anything could have been made of it, it would have been done already.” Gum: A Cuancz ror Ceyton Gum ‘ Arapic” (?)— The Mahdi has had a good deal to answer for, but the users of Indian postage stamps will be as- tonished to hear that he is indirectly responsible for the inconvenience they complain of in the matter of labels which will not adhere to envelopes. Such, however, appears to be the case. Messrs. De la Rue have explained to the Secretary of State that in consequence of the supply of gum from Khar- toum and the Upper Nile having failed, they have been compelled to fall back upon an artificial composition for their stamps and envelopes. This has not withstood the effects of a tropical climate, and hence the outcry against the innocent Indian Post Office. We may add that in more than one Club in this country the envelopes supplied by the great London stationery firm haye been found to be as badly gummed as the postage stamps.—Pioneer, March, 23rd. Ooconut LEAF DisEASE.—Veyangoda, 21st March.— I had the unexpected pleasure this morning of a visit from Mr. M. C. Potter, the lecturer on Botany at Oambridge, who has been residing for the last three months with Dr. Trimen at Peradeniya, studying tro- pical flora. He came to have a look at the coconut leaf disease, a subject in which he seems to take very great interest. The disease he says is present at Kadu- gannawa. As he was on his way to Colombo en route for England, he unfortunately had not his micros- cope with him. Considering that there is hardly a tree that has not more or less of the disease, he seems to think it a matter for serious consideration. decided opinion could be given without the microscope whether the attack was due to insects or toa fungus. All he saw inclined him to attribute it to the latter. He took away with him specimens of leaves from trees of different ages, with the disease in its various stages, and promised to put them in spirits directly he reached Colombo and examine them as soon as he reached Cambridge, and also submit them to Mr. Marshall Ward, the Mycologist, who investigated coffee leaf disease here about 10 yearsago. He took away as weil roots from a diseased tree, which to all appear- ance werehealthy. I also gave him specimens of cinna- mon and other leaves attacked with fungus.—(or., Local “ Hxaminer.” RousseR PavemMEeNts.—Ordinary caoutchouc seems very capable of being applied to an extraordinary variety of purposes. A glance at the patent records would surprise one at the many useful parts this valuable gum play. In various Continental towns, we learn, rubber street pavement is being introduced with a great deal of success. It appears, however that this application of rubber is not a novelty in this country, for we are told that Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co., the original patentees of vulcanised indiarubber, supplied the Midland Railway Com- pany 13 years ago with large slabs of rubber, which were laid down onthe roadway underneath the hotel at St. Pancras on the arrival side of the station to prevent the objectionable noise and tremor caused by the constant heavy vehicular traffic. This pavement has answered so admirably that other slabs were laid down in another road- way the same station, and in 1881, we understand this example was followed by the London and North-Western Railway Company. This rubber pavement has been found to be of great durability, and whilst it retains its elasticity it is neither affected by heat nor cold. This kind of pavement, being supplied in slabs, can readily be removed or replaced if necessary. More enterprise is now being shown on the Continent for the adoption of this class of rubber pavement than in this country. This is probably due to the fact that its advantages are very imperfectly known,—Mechanical World, No. May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 729 ee Gonrespondence, Perens egw ee To the Ldaditor. COTTON CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. [The following letter sent originally to a local paper, has been forwarded to us by Mr. Barber.—Ep. Z. I. ] Mutwal Lodge, 22nd March 1889. Dear Sir,—It gave me great pleagure to learn from your article of last morning, that the cotton I sent you, found in this garden, is probably different from the cotton found in many parts of the Island, as it only goes to establish, that, instead of one, we have two good varieties of proved excellence already flourishing in Oeylon, and both of which can be cultivated as perennials. The cotton, of the sample I sent you, has been declared to be Bourbon; and I shall have occasion to refer to it fully later on. The plant is about 8 feet high, and about 9 feet across, where itis widest, and judging from its wood, it seems to have flourished here for some years. The soil is ordin- ary, but the crop is a heavy one. Since writing my last letter to you, I had the opportunity of utilising my leisure in Colombo, in making myself acquainted with the growth of the several varieties of cotton found in Colombo. Ihave been shewn by Mr. John Auwardt, in his garden at Slave Island, four different varieties growing close t9 each other under similar conditions :— the Tinnevelly, an insignificant slender plant; the American, and the Egyptian of luxuriant habit, resembling each other very much, and_ finally, the robust Pernambuco or Peruvianum, (which is found in many parts of the Island,) asserting itself above all others in luxuriance and crop. This last with conglomerated seed cannot easily be mistaken for any of the other varieties. Its vigour and wealth of crop point to its suitability for general cultivation among the natives, in common with the Bourbon variety ; I have also visited the experimental garden in connection with the School of Agriculture, and I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Drieberg and his assistants, for another opportunity of ascertaining the comparative merits of the varieties grownin these grounds. I found the same varieties here; and the Pernambuco was again found to flourish and crop best. So that, while we are left to select for ourselves such varieties as we may find best suited to our elevations and different climates on estates, the native agricul- turists may find it, perhaps, safest to keep to the cotton already found in his garden. It may be convenient to refer your readers to some literature on cotton in this connection. The Bourbon and the Pernambuco or Peruvianum count among the six valuable varieties given by Wheeler in his “ Ootton Oultivation in the Madras Presidency,’ Para, 21 :—“ Six leading varieties of cotton, viz., Indian, Bourbon, New Orleans, Pernambuco, Egyptian and Sea Island.” To keep to the two that we are dealing with at present. “ Lowrbon, so named from having been grown “in the Isle of Bourbon, where it is supposed to have “been introduced by the French from the West Indies. “Tt was first cultivated in India during the latter part of “the last century and commencememt of the present. “Pernambuco or Brazilian, upon which some experi- “ments are still being made by private individuals. “This cotton is marked by the peculiarity of its seeds, “which adhere together in conglomerations.” This simplifies identification for this variety, although with cotton generally it is not so easy a matter. Isaac Watts, Secretary to the Ootton Supply Association, in his paper to the British Manufacturing Industries, declares that ‘the Botany and plant history of cotton has ever been @ perplexing and difficult question. The proper classification, though it has received much careful attention, and been made the subject of frequent discussions, has not yet by any means been authorit- atively settled.” “The real points of difference are so slight that the systematic botanist has scarcely ground to go upon in the determination of species and affinities.” Baron Von Mueller, however, in his ‘Select Extra- Tropical Plants ” describes these varieties as follows :— “Gossypium, religiosum, Linné, (G. peruvianum, Oavan.), Tropical South America, Kidney Ootton. Peruvian or Brazilian Ootton. Leaves long-lobed, Petals yellow. Seeds black connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white somewhat silky, and easily seceding from the seeds. A tawny variety occurs, This is the tallest of all cotton bushes, and is probably this species which occurs in the valleys of the Andes asa small tree bearing its cotton, while frosts whiten the ground around.” ‘ ‘‘Gossypium Barbadense, Linné, West India, Sea Island Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the removal of the cotton, Fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very long, easily separable and of asilky lustre. This species requires low-lying coast tracts for attaining to per- fection. Perennial, and yielding like the rest a crop in the first season, Cultivated largely in the Sovthern States of N. America, also in South Europe, North Africa, Queensland and various other countries. M. Delchevalerie has drawn attention to a new and almost branchless plant of tall size and exceedingly prolific in bearing, raised in Hgypt, called Bamia cotton, which Sir Joseph Hooker regards as a variety of G. Barbadense. The Bamia cotton bush grows 8 to 10 feet high, ripens (at Galveston) fruit in four or five months, and produces 2,500 tb. cotton and seed per acre. Itis remarkable for its long simple branches, heavily fruited from top to bottom. Its cotton is pale yellow.” The New Orleans Cotton (G. Sanguineum, Hassk.) is here classified under the head G. arboreum. We need not enter into further botanical details. It is sufficient for all practical purposes to know that cotton went to Bourbon from the West Indies, and that we have what is ca!led ‘‘Bourbon” in Ceylon flour- ishing luxuriantly and yielding a beautiful cotton. But it may be of importance as regards crop to notice that Baron Von Mueller, who was interested in Australia, speaks of as many as 700 pods from a single plant at one time; 12 to 20 capsules yielding an ounce of Mercantile Cotton. “Intense heat,’ he further observes, “under which even maize will suffer, does not injuriously affect cotton.” ‘‘Dry years produce the best returns, yet aqueous vapour in the air is necessary for the best yield.” ‘Porous soils, resting on limestones and metamorphic rocks are eminently adapted for cotton culture.” He also tells us the statistical fact, that the area under cultivation in the Southern States of North America came to 7 million acres before the civil war, cultivated by 14 million negroes. ; India had 14 million acres at the date of the publi- cation of this edition of his work, 1880. To return to our inquiries regarding the Bourbon Cotton, it appears to have owed its intro- duction into Southern India to Dr. Ander- son, and its subsequent reputation in the Liverpool market to Mr. Hughes, a planter in Tinnevelly, (Royle’s Memoirs Parl. Returns 1847) Wheeler. Accord- ing to the eminent botanist, Dr. Wight, who in 1842 succeeded Capt. Hughes ag Superintendent of the American planters in India, and who for eleven years watched the cotton plant through the experimental stages, says, speaking of the comparative merits of the varieties, “The Indian cotton plant is of slower growth than the American, and takes deeper root. The American root penetrating so deeply into the soil, thrives best on the lowlying portions of the Redland towards which the moisture of the upper ones is drawn; and again, it thrives well in alluvial soils, which from their position are naturally laden with moisture.” The Bourbon again takes very deep voot and bears the climate even hetter than the Indian plant! “Dr. Wight treated the cotton plant as an annual, that is, he had annually rooted out the old plants of the preceding year, then resown the ground. He found, however, that the Bourbon variety was constantly treated asa biennial in India, as was also the Sea Island in Egypt. Accordingly, he proposed to try the experiment with New Orleans cotton, of pruning the plants nearly down to the ground, and leaving the roots to yield ac rop of fresh wood for the 2nd year, By this 730 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. SSS method, he believed that during the second year, the roots would penetrate much deeper into the ground, than they did the first. The roots would thus pass to an unexhausted soil, and would therefore be better nourished; whilst a considerable saving would be effected in the expenses of cultivation during the second year. This experiment however ultimately turned out a failure.’—Wheeler. It remainsto be seen, whether the Bourbon fared better in intelligent hands, Mr. Hughes of Tinnevelly has been referred to already. His cultivation of the Bourbon cotton is mentioned asatriumph. “For more than twenty years, Huyhes’s cotton continued to be quoted in the Liverpool market, as the best in India.” Mr. Hughes had ascertained that the plant would continue many years, that is, that the plant might be cultivated as a perennial. Here is his method :—* The plants should be sown 8 feet apartin rows which should be again 8 feet asunder, in orderto afford facility for ploughing and hoeing, and for a free circulation of air, Pruning should be practised twice in the year; the first and most important pruning should take place between the 15th and 31st December, when _ the shrub is cut down to 2 feet high and 2 feet wide, only the free firm wood being left with a strong white and brown bark, In January, during the five days, the plantation should he ploughed three or four times, In less than two months, the whole of the plants will be again in the finest foliage and full blossom, and continue in full bearing through- out the months of March, April and May. Harly in June, a good many pods still remain, and a second pruning should be practised of the long, strageling, twisted, soft shoots with diminutive pods. Subse- quently, from July to September, good produce may be obtained unlessthe plants are damaged by rain. Oleaning was practised on Mr. Hughes’s plantation in a most careful manner, the wool being cleaned by hand.” The foregoing mode of cultivation as practised by Mr. Hughes cannot fail to be of value to those who may hereafter cultivate cotton as a perennial in suitable districts. But whether it would pay at the present prices to adopt this mode of cultivation, or whether the native cultivator, who has any com- mand of land, would prefer his time-honoured prac- tice of taking all he can get out of a clearing, and then abandoning it for fresh fields and patures new, is yet tobe seen. At any rate, the Assistant Govern- m ent Agents inthe future cotton-growing districts, will no doubt see to it, that the cotton industry of Ceylon, after if has been properly developed, will carry with it the conditions necessary for its permanence ; and not merely what is comprehended in the three words, clearing, harvesting and abandoning: the Alpha. and the Omega of the chena cultivator’s creed. I must not dismiss this subject without a further yeference to the Sea Island variety, which, being the most costly, would naturally create some inquiry. I could do no better than refer to a speech made on the 13th day of August 1862 by Mr. J. Cheetham, Presjdent of the Ootton Supply Association of Man- chester, at a Conference in the Oouncil room of the Horticultural Society, South Kensington. London, between a deputation from the Cotton Supply Associa- tion of Manchester and the Oommissioners and other representatives of countries showing cotton samples, in the International Hxhibition of that year. Refer- ring to Australia, he said, ‘‘There is an immense opening for our colonists in Australia. There is one hint I wish to give them. Probably influenced by the high rate of labour they have to pay, they have selected at their commencement the very finest quality—the Sea Island quality. They shouldremem- ber, though they have been successful in producing it, the consumption is only one per cent of the whole cotton cousumed in the world, so that if they mean to employ their energies upon that quality, they will very soon overdo)the market. Of course we shall not object as consumers to take in their fine Sea Island qualities at 6d. per 1b. but I am quite convinced from what they have achioyed in the cultivation in the Sea Island quality, if they wonld only take American seed and produce the ordinary American quality, probably, though it is sold at a less price, the increased quantity per acre would make it quite as profitable.” Report of proceedings published by the committee, Cotton Association, Manchester :— The cottons of 35 different countries of the globe were exhibited on this occasion, and the discussion in which the growers took their full share of res- ponsibility, is full of instruction on matters pertaining to cotton culture generally, and which cannot fail to be of value to Ceylon growers. In conclusion, it may be added, if the question be asked, whethe cotton would pay in Ceylon, that the area under cul- tivation in America, as reported by the Commissioner of Agriculture, was at the beginning of 1886 in excess of eighteen millions of acres, and that active extension was then going on beyond the Mussissippi, so that’ there can be no reason why, with the cheap labour at command of Ceylon, it should not become an established industry here at no distant date. We have not thought of it because of the more paying products which we grew. The European planter, who betook himself tothe hills witha climate that suited him best, kept to coffee, cinchona, and tea, with a little cocoa and cardamom as well; the native, meanwhile, stuck to the lowcountry, which suited him best, with coconut and cinnamon. But cinchona and coffee are all but gone, and tea alone remains, though with a downward tendeney, and occasionally threatening us with the maximum of anxiety and the minimum of profits; while cimnamon with a limited consumption, aud with slender returns, is not the “fine thing” it was once upon a time. Cotton is the very thing suited for the country about and beyond Matale, Kurunegala, and Anuradha- pura, if taken in hand energetically and intelligently: Not the perfunctory cultivation by a few headmen to satisfy their immediate superiors, but a systematic cultivation, such as was done in India, inthe Madras Presidency, under the Government of Lord Elphinstone and his successors during the infancy of the enterprise. Yours truly, JAMES H. BARBER. Correr in Sovru Inpra.—It is stated that the quality of last year’s plantation coffee, sent to the London market, with ‘‘ Coonoor’’ and ‘‘ Nilgiri’’ marks, is spoken of as having been superior to the generality of Wynaad coffee; the compara- tively inferior quality of the latter being attributed to exceptional circumstances, such as unfayourable weather for picking, and the setting in of the monsoon on the Malabar coast, before many of the crops could be shipped, Fortunately the demand for coffee at home, has been good for almost all kinds, and high prices have been realised. —South of India Observer, Feb. 28th. THe Atoz anp irs Usus—A few years ago the discovery was reported in these columns of the singular property which the juice of the Mexican Agave plant has of half-digesting meat, or of convert- ing it into peptone, and it was pointed out at the time how valuable from a commercial point of view would be this cheap and cleanly method of peptonizing, compared to the ordinary methods of extracting the peptonizing ferment from the stomachs of pigs and other animals, The discoverer, M. Marcano, announces that the method has been inindustrial use in Vene- zuela by pharmacists for three years, during which it has worked perfectly. He finds now that if the crushed tissue of the leaves is added, as well as the juice, the whole process can be completed at blood heat in six hours, insisted of 36, as it takes with the juice alone. The discovery is a very singular one, and one which ought to have received more attention from physiologists and physicians than it has so far. It is quite remarkable that the cells of the clumsy Mexican plant should be able to per- form so easily the most important function ‘ofthe human stomach.—Australasian. Mav 1, 1885.) TAR IN CHINA THA. (To the Editor of the London and China Bappress.) Sir,—The following, gathered from Northern Chinese teamen whose knowledge and experience are reliable, may perhaps, interest your readers, as well as dispel some of the over-refined prejudice exhibited both by the trade and exporters tothe misscalled “ tarry ” teas this season. Nearly all these last have now been dis- posed of with great difficulty, and at severe losses to the owners, whilst intrinsically far inferior quality, but considered “ pure” by London buyers, has through- out been taken readily for home consumption, the Con- tinent and Russia. ‘ The fault of “tar” lies mainly in the curing. In the larger districts where fine teas are produced “ tar’’ 1s pretty well unknown, because the teas are fired over charcoal. In smaller and inferior districts the natives cannot afford charcoal, and must use wood more or less green. If the weather be bad, damp, and the leaf not picked on a sunny day more firing is required, and upon the character cf the wood used depends the question of “tar” more or lass. In some of the teas from the interior districts “tar” is constantly present—‘ Oanfas and “Tow Yuens”? are almost always more or less “ tarry,” “ Pingkongs,” “ Lyelings,’ and “ Lowyougs are always “tarry,” excepting the best head chops. “Tar” is caused, not by anything in the leaf itself, but—although it may in a measure depend upon the weather during which the leaf is picked—there seems little doubt that the characteristic arises in the firing. As, therefore, the virtue or the defect of “ tar’ seems to have existed since above-named districts were known —about 1865, we believe—it appears somewhat hyper- critical to proseribe it now, nearly a quarter of a cen- tury subsequently. Tea which is inherently pure, al- though “tarry,” must be quite as wholesome as the self-styled “pure” descriptions, which probably owe their absolution more to the accident of dry weather than to having been “cured” solely over charcoal instead of wood “firing.” —We are, sir, yours faithfully, VERBATIM EY LITERATIM. London, Feb. 21st. HOW WE RID OUR VINES OF - MEALY-BUG. Mae ‘With the exception of Phylloxera this is the worst pest the Grape grower has to contend with. When I took charge of these gardens I found two vineries very badly infested, and the Vines were also in very bad condition, and most of the bunches of Grapes were full of the bug. I had been told it was impossible to clear Vines of bug, but I determined to try what could be done with those in one house. A few of the bunches were not affected, and by tying pieces of wadding round the stalks of these the fruit was kept clear until it was ripe. When the fruit had been con- sumed the laterals were shortened back, and the spurs, which were only 9 inches apart on each side of the rods, were thinned out to about 18 inches apart; the Vines were then heavily syringed with warm water in which 1 oz. of soft-soap and one tablespoonful of paraffin per gallon was mixed, taking care to keep it well stirred. This operation was repeated. several times until the leaves had fallen, and it reduced the numbers of the insects considerably, As soon as poss- ible after the fall of the leaf the Vines were pruned, the loose bark pulled off, and the crevices and spurs scraped with a knife; the glass, woodwork, and iron trellis thoroughly washed with hot water and soft-soap, and the wood and iron painted all over with paraffin. Tinally the houses were filled with fumes of sulphur, and the walls were scraped and then dressed with hot lime- wash in which some sulphur and carbolic acid had beon mixed. The top soil was taken off the border to a depth of 3 inches, the Vines were scrubbed with hot water and soft-soap at the rato of 9 oz. to the gallon, and were then painted over with a mixture of gas-tar and stiff blue clay, the latter being dried and rubbed into a powder before being well mixed with the tar, the whole forming a stiff puste, with which the Vines were coated all over, care being taken not to injure the buds. Some fresh loam was put on the border, and we thoughtthat the last of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | were all killed. 73t mealy-bugs was killed; meanwhile steps were taken to assist the roots by renewing the outside border which had got into a very bad state. The Vines having started gentlyon January 5, all went well, and on traces of bug were found: butas the sap began to rise the coat- ing of clay and tar expanded, and no examining the Vines, just as the buds were breaking, three or four young bugs were discovered—a proof that not as yet As a last resource a gallon of boil- ing water was procured, and into which were put five wineglasses fullof paraffin, five of carbolic acid, and half a pound of soft soap; this was carefully applied all over the rods, with the exception of the growing buds, and decided the fight in our favour, as we have not had any bug on the Vines since that time. This last application may appear to be toostrong to be safely applied generally, and I have no doubt it would have injured the Vines had they not have been partially protected by the previous application of clay and tar,which formed a hard coating alljover them.—W. H.Divers, Ketton Hall, Stamford.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. SS COFFEE GROWING AND CURING. The recent effort which has been made to enlist publie interest in coffee-growing by the formation of a chartered company to engage in it on a large scale, under the patronage and supervision of the Govern- ment, has unfortunately terminated in failure by the refusal of the King to approve the bill providing the sum which was deemed necessary by its friends to ensure its success. That the finest coffee in the world can be grown here is a fact that is patent to everyone; but how to grow it on a large scale ina manner to make it profitable remains yet to be de- monstrated. It was the same formerly with sugar and rice; every venture in either of these staples resulted in embarrassment and failure, and, prior to 1876, there was never a plantation of sugar or rice that paid a profit to its owner from its earnings, It was only after the Government took the matter in hand and secured from the United States what is tanta- mount to a bounty of two cents per pound on every pound of sugar and rice ‘produced here, that a rea- sonable profit was secured, which may in time lead to our plantations being placed on such a solid basis as to continue to pay small profits after the termina- tion of the treaty, which must eventually cease. All thatwas sought in the recent effort to secure legis- lative aid was, that the Government should co-operate with private parties aud endeavor, by the introducton of new and improved machinery and, the service of competent coffee-growers, to make a trial ona scale which it was thought would ensure success. It might have proved a failure; but if so, it would have been a satisfaction to know that with every advantage that could be secured by Government aid and patron- age, the fact was demonstrated that Hawaii could not compete with Brazi), where liberal Government aid is given, or any other country in growing coffee and that the thousands of acres on Hawaii, supposed to be adapted to it, must still be allowed to run waste to lantana weeds and. forest. Ooffee-growing is a branch of agriculture that holds out greater inducements in Hawaii than any other product, except sugar and rice. The duty of three cents a pound levied on coffee imported here amounts really to a bonus of three cents on every pound grown in the country, and to this extent is a pro- tective duty, as may be seen by the present. price, which fluctuates in Honolulu according to quality from 18 to 22 cents a pound. Even at the first-named figure it ought to pay any person or company en- gaging in its cultivation after the enterprise fairly becomes established, For this reason we regret very much the failure of the recent effort to aid coffee- growing on such a basis as might have given a per- manent impulse to a new and _ profitable: industry, which seems to need only national help to demon- strate that it may become a_ successful industry, in which native and foreign labor can be advantageously combined, and Hawaii receive the credit and profit derived from a product which is incomparably superior to that grown in any other country.—L/anters’ Monthly. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1889. LOWCOUNTRY NATIVE PRODUCTS IN CHYLON. WEATHER—THE CHARACTER OF THE GOYIYA AS REGARDS IMPROVEMENTS—COTTON AND INDIAN CORN. January 1889.—This year we are not likely to ex- perience any bad weather as wasthe case during this season of 1888. In most places slight showers have fallen and the sky is laden with clouds. In regard to the cultivation of the two main pro- ducts of the lowcountry natives, viz., rice and coco- nuts, various methods prevail in different districts, some of which are far behind and primitive for the present day. In several parts of the Oolombo and Negombo districts, where intelligent planters have set to work coconut estates, we see a great deal of im- provement among the villagers in its cultivation. We find most of the gardens there planted in lines, re- gularly weeded and manuring carried on to some extent. We find a vast difference when we compare the coconut gardens of other districts with them. In some districts, notedly in the southern parts, there is no regular cultivation at all, the trees stand so close that we may compare them to nurseries. There is hardly any care bestowed on the plants when they are past the damages of cattle. On account of this want of a systemetic cultivation the produce is com- paratively low when the favourable conditions of soils and climate are taken into consideration. When we come to reason why some of our goyiyas in one district do better than the others, we see that they have followed the example of some of their intelligent neighbours. We cannot possibly accuse our poor goyiyas of indolence for not adopting improved systems at once; they are in most cases ignorant and hence follow their time-honoured customs. Not only ignorance but there is another thing which stands on their way; that is the want of capital. On acconut of this want, they try to do their work with as little capital as possible sacrificing the efficiency of the work done. We can hardly expect our goyiyas under such circumstances to goin for new ventures and far from experiments; because of their meagre means, they wouldn’t like to lay it out without being perfectly sure that they are to get their profitsin return. But when they see that improved forms of cultivation and new products are paying, they would watch the bene- fits patiently and would go in for those after being perfectly sure of their being successfal. Such is the case in the districts mentioned before; they have observed with care the results of the various im- proved systems and when perfectly assured of their success, have begun to follow it. . Though there is some want of spirit in not going in for new things owing to their ignorance, we should in one sense praise their patience and discretion in not risking their small capitals without being sure of success. Instances are common enough where the sanguine expectations from various new products have proved futile. And if the poor goyiya devoted his lands and means in those and made a rush at them hewould have been a ruined man. It is not the case with his well-to-do brothers who when they fail in one will still have means to carry on other works, Such are the main aspects of our goyiya’s character so far as I have observed, and the means that should be employed to improve them in their cultivations should be according to the requirements of their character. Example would be the best and most suit- able for such an end; whether be itin the cultiva- tion of rice, coconuts or other new products. A knowledge of the simple facts and principles of agri- culture spread among the growing set of goyiyas to whom when young it can easily be imparted, will also in the end go towards the improvement of agri- culture. The establishment of model gardens as you have ably advocated in different districts and the successful cultivation of various products in such will have a healthful effect on the goyiyas, but to ensure & proper success these model gardens should be con- tinued for some length of time till all the doubts in the sceptical ueighbours haye been put down, It is encouraging to see that the cotton grown in most of the lowcountry districts as an experiment have thrived well, and many individuals going in for the same in their village gardens. Out of the several varieties experimented upon the Egyptian has by this time carried off the palm as best suited to the soil and climate; whilst the Tinnevelly which is grown extensively in Southern India has stood back for want of a suitable soil. Tinnevelly cotton requiresa black deep soil and such soils are very rare in the low- country of Oeylon. Indian-corn, one of the easily cultivated cereals, could be grown very easily together with cotton, And if the cultivation of this product is extended not only will the cultivator get a crop of cotton and corn but he will get a large supply of fodder in the form of Indian-corn stalks and leaves, which at the same time will prove to be a great boon for his stock. W. A. D. S. --—--<} COCA AND COCAINE. The ‘Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information’ peri- odically issued by the authorities of the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, is a publication that has probably a very limited circulation as compared with the value of its contents, though it frequently contains matter that is not only in the highest degree interesting, but also very useful. The numbec for January, for instance, contains an excellent article upon the coca plant, which has lately become of importance as the souree of material from which cocaine is manu- factured, and as it gives some useful chemical infor- mation bearing upon the cultivation of the coca plant we have extracted that portion which will be found at page 569 of the present number. In the article referred to the early history of the coca plant is briefly given, and it is curious to note that it has been known to and described by European botanists and travellers for more than three hundred years. The original home of the coca plant in South America has not, according to de Oandolle, been very clearly defined; he states that most of the authors who examined it had only seen cultivated specimens. and there is some doubt about those supposed to be wild by Peeppig and Andre, while Triana does not admit the species is wild in New Granada. At present coca is cultivated to a very large extent in the Andes of the Argentine Republic of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and New Granada. It is also cultivated in the mountainous part of Brazil. The largest plantations, called locally cocals, are said to be in the province of La Paz in Bolivia. Ina good harvest the yield of coca leaves is estimated by Weddell to be about 900 pounds per acre. The total pro- duction is stated to amount to something like 40,000,000 pounds. There are many poiats of difference between the coca plants grown in different parts of South America, resulting no doubt from seminal variation and the influences of soil and climate. Similar differences appear to obtain in regard to the amount of cocaine in the leaves, as will be seen from the chemical report on coca in the present number. Thus, for instance, it is there suggested that the plant yielding small-pointed pale green leaves is the best to cultivate at high elevations and if the object be to obtain a large yield of crystalliz- able cocaine. On the contrary, the variety yielding leaves rounded at the apex thrives at the sea level in the tropics, but a large proportion of the alkaloid they contain is uncrystallizable. In the Andes the coca plant succeeds best in the mild but very moist climate of the lower mountains, at an elevation of from 2000 to 5000 feet. Like coffee, it thrives best on slopes where the soil is rich in humus and the drainage good. Shade is said to be unfavourable to the development of alkaloid in the leaves. In Peru the plants yield the first crop of leaves three years after planting, but in poor soils they are often left until the fifth year. The full-grown shrub yields a harvest every 18 or 14 months, but in many plantations the colléction of leaves goes on throughout the year, since the ripe- — ness of the leaf depends much upon the soil and — May 1, 1889.| ‘THE + TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 733 situation as well as the age of the plant. In some localities two or three good crops are gathered in the year. The ripeness of the leat is proved by its breaking when bent in the band, and the largest as well_as most mature Jeaves are sought for as containing most of the alkaloid which renders coca leaves a marketable product. The leaves are usually dried in the sun and then allowed to undergo a slight sweating in heaps. When the drying is rapid the leaves have a beautifull bright green colour and are quite smooth, Such leaves fetch a high price im South America, while the brown leaves that are more slowly dried are cheaper. But it is important to bear in mind that the estimate of value forraed by the South American Indians may be based upon facts very different from those which would influence the manufacturing chemist. Thus Dr. Rusby points out that the amount of cocaine probably forms no ele- ment of the Indian’s estimate of the quality of coca any more than the percentage of nicotine would establish the quality of tobacco. It is probable there- fore that sufficient attention has not yet been given to ascertaining the conditions of drying that would be most favourable to the production of a good raw material for the manufacturer of cocaine. This is a point that is eminently deserving of careful inquiry and the very irregular quality of the crude cocaine imported from South America proves. that there is great need of better knowledge of this matter. Some of the best samples of this crude product will yield as much as 70 per cent. of true cocaine, but others yield very much less and some scarcely any. Since the manufacture of this crude product in South America the demand for coca leaves has fallen off so much that it is doubtful whether there is any inducement to cultivate coca in any of the tropical colonies for export to this country, but the question is one that can scarcely be decided in the present state of knowledge es to the means by which a good yield of cocaine of good quality is best to be ensured.—Phaimaceutical Jowrnel. ———_<—___—. CHYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT. “aru ABOUT TOBACCO ’’ NOTICED, AND COMMENTS ON OBACCO-GROWING—MR. ARTHUR SINCLAIR'S SCHEME YOR PUSHING OFYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA—THE FINE WEATHER, 26th March 1889. In your new manual All About Tobacco, there is certainly a wide sweep of the net; and the haul that has been. landed for the benefit and profit of the tobacco planter of Ceylon is multi- farious. Since tobacco growing has come into such public favour as it has of late, the men who had any definite knowledge on culture and curing pos- sessed a very considerable advantage over the multitude. But then little could be made of them ; these local oracles were,as a rule, dumb oracles ; or if they did speak, the tale they told as to the expense and risk was most depressing. If there was another and a brighter side of the shield, its glitter was studiously withheld. Now that the new Manual is out, the table are completely turned ; and instead of suffering froma lack of knowledge the fear is that the fulness of in- formation which is now accessible to any man who likes to try his luck as a tobacco grower, is some- what likely to embarrass. To have ‘ too much of a good thing,” is, however, a kind of per- plexity which is easier borne and _ remedied than having too little; and the various methods of culture and curing, which the reader of the new Manual will find fully explained in its pages, will doubtless be all tried by someone or another and their merits tested, Certainly there 8 choice and to spare. You can learn how tobacco is cured in Austvalia, in Burma, in Ceylon, in Connecticut, in Cuba, in England, in India, in Japan, in Java, in Maryland, in Persia, in Sumatra, and in Virginia; and the various sources of knowledge which have been drawn from to enrich the pages of the manual are simply world-wide; touching the Encyclopedia Britannica at the one extreme, and the local press at the other. As an Appendix, there is a special paper written by a practical man for Ceylon planters, It is a pity that the writer has withheld his name, for it would have added much to the weight of what he has to say. Heis second to none in his know- ledge of Ceylon, and as a cultivator he has had a, wider and more varied experience than any other half-dozen planters rolled into one, In a perplexity the appendix can always be a court of appeal, and the planter who goes there can rest assured that its ruling will have the grit of experience in it, and be safe enough to follow. The ‘“ All About Tobacco”? Manualis like a box of colours, which, in different hands, will produce different results. If you have brains to mix with them the outcome cannot but be satisfactory, but without that admixture it is quite possible to conceive the reverse. Tho mere wealth of sug- gestion may provea stumbling-block and the choice of methods asnare. The compilers and publishers may congratulate themselves on having added another to the many useful Manuals they have issued from time to time and have placed, within veach of the planters of Ceylon and elsewhere. The thirst for tobacco land is still keen, and the intending growers are very hopetul. One man, I know, has made up his mind to plant 100 acres at once. Whether he may modify this when he reads Dr. Trimen’s opinion that tobacco-growing is essentially for the garden, remains to be seen. Certainly there is pluck and enterprise enough in Ceylon to upset any established rule. Before the year is out we are likely to know a good deal more about tobacco than we do, and those who are coying with it will have made or lost. Grow- ing it has all the excitement of a revolution. Events hurry: if success is yours the reward is great and grasped at once, but a reverse means “sudden death’’ pretty much, and no room left for repentance. . It is a pity that Myr. Sinclair left the island without being more explicit about his scheme of pushing teas in Australia, for it is a good scheme, and would likely have got sub- stantial support from many of the tea planters Mr. Sinclair knows well what he is about, and the three years he has spent in the Colonies of the South have put him quite abreast of things there. One fact he is convinced of is, that unless we push our own teas nobody else will. In Australia there is more profit dealing with the thriftless China; besides it has the field, and needs no introduction. Mr. Sinclair’s scheme, as I understand it, is a modest one to begin with. A capital of R50 000 in R10 shares, and the campaign which is to end in winning the continent of Australia is to be opened in the towns of Melbourne and Ballarat. From these centres it is hoped there will in time radiate to, every township in the empire of the south a branch of the new Company of Ceylon Tea Growers and Sellers. Mr, Sinclaix’s idea was to start two places in Melbourne, and one in Ballarat, and employ one or two travellers in pushirg the tea outside. In time the capital would be increased as well as the range of the business field. Mr. Sinclair is quite sanguine of success, and feels pretty confident that a fair dividend will be de- . 734 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {May 1, 1889, elaved even the first year, and that as an invest- ‘ment, not to speak of it at all as a means of open- ing up thoroughly the Australian market, it can be recommended to the public. Mr. Sinclair would launch the craft himself, and take the helm. That fact alone should inspire confidence, for he is not a wan who has never sailed before. I fancy the public will hear more from Mr. Sinelair by and by in regard to his new Company: meanwhile, instead of issuing a prospectus and calling for local support, we learn from a paragraph in the Observer that he is off home, to consult some London company. I cannot close this letter without a word in regard to the fine weather we have been enjoying, As compared with last year, it is a striking con- trast, and everything seems to be doing well. The frequent showers of rain keep nature green and growing, and although the sun is hot enough and the atmosphere muggy enough, life is more worth living than it usually is in the hot season. PEPPERCORN. ee eS SS TIN AND COPPER IN PERAK. From the Adiministration Report on the Hwetta district for 1888 we quote as follows :— Mr. Pike, the Inspector of Mines in Kinta, recently collected at the tin mines of Lahat a large specimen of what was thought to be grey copper ore; and, at the request of the British Resident, sent it to the Museum. On examination it was found to be the mineral known as stannine, or bell metal ore, so called from its being a combination of the sulphides of tin, copper, and iron, and yielding, when smelted, an alloy much resembling that used in the manu- facture of bells. Mr. Taylor, the Manager of the Lalang Mine near Gopeng, in Kinta, also reports the finding of some masses of copper ore in the hkarang or “ wash-dirt” at that mine; while a sample of tin-sand from Kinta, assayed as far back as 1883, was found to contain 2 per cent of copper: a result which, was, however, discredited at the time, the presence of the copper being attributed to accidental causes. But in the light of the two cases above mentioned there seems to be every probability of the copper haying been a natural constituent of this sample of tin-sand. The remarkable way in which tin and copper ores are associated in the great mineral lodes of Corn- wall is well-known, and the discovery of a like associa- tion in the mines of Perak is an encouraging one, as it points to the similarity existing between the tin deposits here and the celebrated ones of Cornwall, and leads to the hope that some day real tin-mining will be established and so continue the prosperity of the State, after the best of the alluvial deposits have been worked out. ee DIMBULA “AS SEEN BY A STRANGER” FOR THE FIRST TIME. From paragraphs in the newspapers and the sad lamentations about the unvatural end of old King Coffee, somehow one gets the impression that the acre- age under coffee cultivation must be very small, and when you travel through a district like this, where you find hundreds and hundreds of acres of coffee trees looking healthy and vigorous, you are apt to think that you must have been misled by some of those despondent souls with which society everywhere is so liberally sprivkled. The old favorite seems good for many a long day yet, at least that’s the hope of those who are interested and have anything at stake, and the hope has been considerably deepened by the very promising blossom of the last few days. Itis said to bethe best for many a long year and to further give confidence the weather has been all that could be desired. The fewshowers have rather helped than hindered the “setting.” The anxiety is past, and the fortunate ones are confidently counting on 1 cannot tell how many, bushels of parchment to an acre, Tea also looks well and the “ flush” ia suffi- cent to keep the coolies going. Should the showers we are having daily continue for a week or two Jonger, all hands will have to be mustered to over- take the rush of leaf, butthis is a prospect, although pleasing, scarcely expected. oe COCONUT PLANTING BEYOND CHILAW. (From a Correspondent.) You will be interested to hear that another Huropean is buying land for coconuts in this vicinity. I now hope to see a few more Kuropeans place confidence in our much despised but productive palm. Surely tea can spare a few of the many now engaged in cultivating it, with benefit to both. Nowhere have I seen trees grow- ing and thriving so well asin the Rajakadaluwa district. ee PLANTING IN WYNAAD: TERRIBLE DROUGHT—COFFEE SUFFERING—SERIOUS FIRES ON ESTATES.—POOSHOLAH ESTATE BURNT OUT. Wrwaabd, March 16th.—Every year is bad at this season, but we cannot help thinking that this “hot weather” surpasses all former experiences. The sky is like brass, not a cloud to be seen, and the country reeking with smoke, and dismal with blackened ashes ; we are in a really terrible state of anxiety. The spike is fortunately very backward on most places this year, but this frightful heatis a great trial to it, and, unless the rain comes soon, I fear much of our promised ‘bumpers’ will be lost to us. This is es- pecially distressing, as we really had a splendid pro- mise of crop. Prices are so encouraging also that we dared to hope for better times. The drought is so excessive that the cattle are at starvation point, and the nullahs are nearly dried up. But the worst result of the excessive heat is the disastrous fires which it has been a great means of causing. Last Monday, a fire broke out in the Poosholah Estate, the property of Mr. Hockin, and, in a few hours, a really magni- ficent estate, of about 129 acres, was reduced to a heap of ashes. The flames were blown over from a neighbouring clearing, which bad just fired. Unfor- tunately, there was a large quantity of felled timber, very dry, lying amongst the Poosholah coffee, and this took light like so much tinder. The coolies had Leen lately paid off, so but little assistance was avail- able. A crop of 50 tons was expected this year off the place, which madeit allthe more distressing. Of course, the neighbours were only too anxious to ex- press their deep sympathy with Mr. Hockin, by render- ing all the assistance in their power, and I was very glad to learn that it is hoped that a large proportion of the trees may be saved by sawing them down at once. But, of course, the loss must be considerable, and, in a planter’s eyes, the catastrophe is a most lamentable one. The same day Mr. Castle Stuart’s office just escaped destruction, and would probably have been burot down but for the presence of mind of our Munsiff, who, seeing the flaming jungle, rode out with all his subordinates, and energetically as- sisted in beating out the fire. It must have been rather peryous work, as the building contains all Mr. Stuart’s Settlement Records and Title Deeds, etc. The Belliaparah Bungalow was also burnt, and a new cattle pen on another estate, and I have just heard of yet another estate which barely escaped the fate of Poosholah, last night, the coolies having been ob- liged to work all night to keep the fires down.—J/ad- . ras Times, as THE PLANTING AGRICULTURAL IN- ; DUSTRIES OF CHYLON, Review of the Planting and Agricultural Indus- tries of Ceylon, and Statistics of the Planting Linterprises in India and the Colonies. By J. Ferguson. Pp. 16v. (Colombo: A. M. and J. Ferguson, 1888.) ‘ This is a reprint, in a form of a small octavo volume, of information contained in “ Ferguson’s - May 1, 1880.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 735 Ceylon Handbook and Directory,” specially re- lating to the tropical cultures of Ceylon. It affords much authentic information in a handy and accessible form, and is a valuable summary of the results attained in the cultivation of most economic plants suited to a tropical country. Ceylon itself is a singularly interesting island. It is usually described as the largest, most populous, and most important of the Crown Colonies of Great Britain. It has in recent years become the seat of planting industries which have in one or two instances almost monopolized the markets of the world. It is six times the size of Jamaica, and about five-sixths the size of Ireland, Of its sixteen million acres, at present only about three millions are under cultivation, and these support a population of exactly the same number. ‘The value of the imports and exports amounts to about ten millions sterling. The total number of Kuropean residents in Ceylon is under five thousand, while the mixed or coloured population called Eurasians or Burghers amounted to about nineteen thousand. The bulk of the population, amounting to nearly two million souls, is somposed of Sinhalese—a re- markably tractable and inoffensive people—while the remainder is made up of Tamils, Moormen, Malays, and Veddhas. The latter are an aboriginal race, comparatively few in number, inhabiting the forests of the north-east. Although the number of the Sinhalese is re- latively so large, they contribute very little to the labour supply of the European plantations. Plan- tation labour is furnished by Tamil coolies from Southern India. According to a report published by the Government of Madras, out of a population of thirty-five millions of human beings in that Presidency there are sixteen millions whose annual earnings do not average more than £3 12s, or a little oyer 23d per day. Thus it is that the plantations of Ceylon, paying about 6d or 9d per day, are abundantly supplied with cheap free labour. l The purely European enterprises consist of tea, coffee—both Arabian and Liberian—cacao, carda- moms, rubber, annatto, vanilla, pepper, fibres, nutmeg, cloves, dyeplants. In these is invested English capital to the amount of about eight millions sterling. The native industries are associated with the cultivation of the coco- nut palm—yielding oil, coir, and copra—rice, cinnamon, palmyra palm, kitul or jaggery palm, areca palm, citronella and lemon grass, tobacco, cotton, sugar-cane, dry grains such as kollu, millet, kurakkan, maize, and numerous vegetables and fruits. It ig estimated that there are nearly fifty million cocoa-nut palms in Ceylon, and the yearly yield cannot be less than about 500 million nuts. Next to the cocoa-nut palm, the palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis) is regarded as one of the richest plants known. According to a Tamil proverb “Tt lives for a lac of years after planting, and lasts for a lac of years when felled.” Jaggery sugar is made from the sap, and in the dry, arid regions of the north-east of Ceylon more than seventy million nutsare annually produced. The young sprouting nuts are usedas avegetable. The kitul (Caryota wrens) is another sugar-palm, which, in addition, yields a coarse black fibre used in broom-making, Cinnamon is essentially a native industry. The island has been famous for this spice “from the dawn of historical records.’’ There is aSinhnalese caste of cinnamon peelers, and these, the Chaliyas, hold practically a monopoly in preparing thebark for the market. The dry grain cultivation is associated with that baneful chena practice of recklessly cutting down and burning virgin forests—now, we are glad to notice, in course of being kept within proper bounds. The natives of Ceylon have imitated the Europeans in many industries, but by far the greater number are content to follow in the footsteps of their ancestors, and cultivate only such plants as cocoa-nuts, rice, fruits, and vegetables, necessary to supply their daily wants. For many years the chief Huropean industry was that of coffee. From 1825, when Sir Edward Barnes started the first upland coffee plantation near Kandy, to 1875, when Ceylon exported nearly a million hundredweigtits, ‘‘coffee was king.’ In 1869, a microscopic fungus (Hemileia vastatrix) made its appearance onthe leaves of the coffee-plant. This spread with such rapidity, and with such destructive effect, that within a few years the Ceylon coffee plantations were doomed. The disease extended also to Southern India, to Sumatra, and Java; it invaded Mauritius, Madagascar, and Natal, and reached even the young and pro- mising plantations of Fiji. After twenty years’ experience of this pest, the Ceylon coffee plantations have so dwindled that the present exporis are only one-tenth of what they once were. Fortunately the decline of coffee was accompanied by the extension of cultivation of cinchona, carda- moms, cacao, and tea. Ceylon cinchona has been produced in such quantities that the markets have been completely glutted. In consequence the price of bark has fallen so low that the cultivation is unremunerative. The attention of Ceylon planters is now being concentrated, with their accustomed energy, on the cultivation of tea. Coffee, cin- chona, and everything not immediately remune- rative are being uprooted to give place to the new staple. Although the industry is not more than ten or twelve years old, Ceylon tea is already being exported to the value of £600,000. ‘Tea therefore bids fair to take the place of coffee, and thus the cloud which has overshadowed the pros- perity of the island during the last few years is gradually passing away. Ceylon cacao is excellent, but the industry is small and apparently stationary. It is doubtful whether the island possesses any really large extent of land suitable for the growths of the cacao-plant. The rubber industry in Ceylon, as elsewhere, is mysteriously unproductive, while the cultivation of vanilla, pepper, and fibres, is only in the experimental stage. The total areas under the various cultivations at present are : tea, 183,000 acres; coffee (Arabian), 77,000 acres; coffee (Liberian), 916 acres; cinchona, 36,000,000 trees over two years old; cacao, 12,000 acres ; cardamoms, 5,000 acres; rubber-trees, 386 acres ; croton, castor-oil, aloes, cinnamon, vanilla, pepper, cloves, plantains, and citronella grass, 7,400 acres ; gum-trees, fruit-trees, sapan, Sapu, cocoa-nuts, areca-nuts, nutmegs, 4,600 acres. Such are a few of the gleanings from this useful account of the planting and agricultural industries of Ceylon. Mr, Ferguson is favourably known as a successful journalist, and as the author or joint- author of numerous publications connected with the island in which he has spent the greater part of his life. Indeed, it would not be too much tu say that Mr. Ferguson and his uncle have contributed by their writings in no small degree to promote the various industries upon which the prosperity of Ceylon depends. To those whose interest or whose business is connected with tropical cultures this summary will prove most useful. It covers a wide field, but, so far as Ceylon is concerned it contains information available in no other way. The historical and statistical facts, no less than the points respecting the treatment of tropical plants, are collected from trustworthy sources, and 736 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. are of interest wherever such plants are cultivated, | and we may addscarcely a single tropical product, is passed unnoticed. D. M. —Nature, London, Feb. 14th. oo Oorron Ovntivation,—It is a bad sign when —as reporied by a Chilaw correspondent yesterday, —cotton plants of from 6 to 12 inches in height begin to “flower profusely.” They ought to be 3 to 4 feet or more before this result came about. Poverty of soil or prolonged drought can alone explain the premature flowering, and the crop will not be worth gathering we should say. ProscriseD Merpicinrs.—The police authorities of the City of London have just now published a list of about 200 patent medicines which are no longer to be publicly advertised. Among them we find a number of well-known ones, as, for instance, American Consumption Cure, Barella’s Powder, Brandt’s Schweizer Pillen, Haarlem Drops, St. Jacob’s Drops, Richter’s Pain LExpeller, Shaker Extract, Simpson’s Lotion, Warner’s Safe Cure, Dr. Bock’s Pectoral, &¢.—Chenist and Druggist. Onyvnon Tea in WestERN AvSTRALIA.—We are glad to learn that Mr. H. Perssenne, who re- cently passed through Colombo from London, has established himself ag an agent for the sale of Ceylon teas in Albany, the steamer port of Western Australia, and now a rising township as well as connected by rail with the capital, Perth, 250 miles distant. Mr. Pressenne has already had considerable encouragement in busi- ness, and was the first to establish a Ceylon Tea Agency in Western Australia. He ought certainly to be the recipient of a grant from our ‘“‘ Tea Fund,” so soon as there are funds or teas to spare, Argrrictan Treta.—The number of artificial teeth made in America last year by three of the largest business houses engaged in the trade was nearly 20,000,000, and this was not more than half the actual production of the country. One peculiar feature of the business is that the houses which do the most extensive export trade are obliged to prepare teeth of different colours for different countries. In Canada, for instance, the demand is for molars as white as snow, while in South America no such teeth could be sold. There they require teeth that are almost yellow, and the trade from China, which is a luera- tiye one, is for nothing but black teeth.—Pioneer. Tpa Norrs.—Rain is wanted for tea in Kamroop.— In Cachar the days are warm and the nights cool.— The weather has been warmer than usual in Luck- impore.—Seasonable weather is the news from Sylhet, Goalpara, Durrung, and Sibsaugor.—Weather in Gola- ghat and Jorehat District very hot,rain wanted. Moriani district manufacturing from Ist of month.—Dehra’ Dun, 12th March.—We are having lovely weather, although a bit warm for this time of year. All the gardens are looking very well, and there is every hope of a good spring crop.—Nagrakata, 15th March.—The weather here ig very dry and beginning to get rather warm. No rain has fallen for a month but we are two inches ahead of last year. One or two gardens have commenced manufacture and others thinking of doing so during the next week. Leaf coming out well, aud labour plentiful. Sootea, Lith March,— We ather begins to get hot during the day time, but themornings and nights are still cool and pleasant. Rain is mach wanted, and if the drought which has lasted since the 20th ultimo continues new nurseries and transplants must suffer. The toa season, how- ever, has opened rather earlier that that of last year. —Indian Planters’ Gazette. Koran Gotp Finny, Mysorz,—We have re- ceived from the Madras authorities a very elaborate Report on the ‘‘ Kolar Gold Field and its Southern Extension, in which the Auriferous Rocks are Traced from the Mysore State into the Madras Presidency, with Maps and Sketches, by P. Bos- worth-Smith, Esq,, r.c.s. Associate of the Royal School of Mines (Bessemer Medallist), and Goyern- ment Mineralogist to the Madras Presidency.”” ‘The Report deals with the Topography, Geology, Petro- logy, Mining (lodes and old native workings, old im- plements &c., supposed modes of working, modern mining and milling), Prospects of the Kolar Gold Field and its Southern Extension into the Madras presidsency, Mineralogy, Washings and Assays, and Maps. This summary will indicate the very elaborate nature of the report; but the most practi- cally interesting portion is that which deals with the future prosects, from which we quote as follows :— There can be no doubt that the Kolar gold field has a future before it. But that the expectations that were first started when gold mining in [ndia was revived in 1880 will ever be realized in this (or any other gold field in any other part of the globe) is very doubtful. Some of the mines are now paying expenses, ard there can be no doubt that managed economically and under scientific supervision several others should easily pay their way at an early date. If regular dividends are to be paid,it will be found that prospecting work must be kept going side by side with the more pleasant task of stamping and crush- ing what pay stone has already been found. It will not do, after finding a pay shoot, to concentrate all the energies of the miue on getting out that shoot and rushing it through the stamps to find, after taking all its quartz that has been left by the old men above 400 feet, that the rich shoot is getting out of your control and that it must practically remain untouched whilst a new shaft is sunk tocut the shoot lower down. It would be invidious to take each mine separately and write on its merits and demerits, but it can do no harm to mention the names of some of the best mines. That the oldest mines are the best is due to the fact that they have beeu more thoroughly pros- pected, and that, when the field was started, the number of old workings on a block were taken (and very rightly too) as an indication of its value. The Oorgaum and Mysore mines as will be seen from the map contain a great number of large old workings, and without doubt these are the pick of the mines. Balaghat has a rich shoot opened out for over 200 feet and Nundydrug has been returning an average of about 400 oz. per month for some time past. The mines that have crushed and sent home gold are the Nine Reefs, Balaghat, Nuodydrug, Oorgaum, Mysore, Incian Con- solidated (Kolar Section) Mining Companies, and the South-East Mysore Oompany is expected to crush very shortly. Good shows of gold are certainly to be| found in the Baramahal on the Madaipalle and Karikuppam folds, but I should never advise the expenditure of money here on deep mining. If, however, such were tried, the pit Bangarugunta would be the best spot to try at. Mining on the Adakonda hills or at Mala- pankonda I should not advise, there being very few quartz veins, and all of them poor. Better prospects are found at Chigaragnota, Guvalgunta (Gulgunotur) and Nundymadugu, but not so good as to warrant the ex- penditure of much money. Certainly here the ex- penses would be smaller; drainage could be done to some extent by tunnels, and water-power could be used to some extent, but with large tracts of aurife- rous country practically unknown, there could no doubt be found better places for mining enterprise than the central fold of schistose rocks, south of Malapankonda; — and this remark applies well to the whole of the ex- tension of the field, south of Yerrakonda. From this, it may be judged that gold mining in Southern India, as nearly everywhere else, is a great lottery. : k Es May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 737 ST EEE THE HAKGALA GARDENS, NUWARA ELIYA. Apart from the references to these Gardens in Dr. Trimen’s annual report, they deserve some more particular notice in view of recent improvements, and especially at this season of the year when they constitute the most popular place of resort to the many visitors now at Nuwara Hliya, A special feature in the Hakgala Gardens, is the new fruit-garden, which is about 100 feet long by 80 wide, and is laid out in beds 4 feet wide, with paths 2 feet wide between. The soil has been stirred to a depth of 3 feet and thoroughly drained, good drainage being essential to the successful cultivation of fruit trees. The bad soil was removed and re- placed by that of a suitable nature. The work was expensive, but it was thought best to give the plants the full advantage of the most favourable conditions in order that the trial might be as perfect as possible. All the plants were supplied by Messrs. Richard Smith & Sons of Worcester, wer® brought out by Mr. Nock on his return from furlough, and were planted at the end of February. They are set ata distance of 6 feet apart every way. There are altogether 112 plants in 71 varieties; and the full lists of the varieties runs as follows :—Pears 14, apples 14, peaches 6, plums 7, nectarines 3, apricots 3, cherries 4, raspberries 3, figs 3, damsons 3, crabs 3, quinces 3, nuts 2, hop 1, bilberry 1, gooseberry 1; total 71. Nearly everyone has started well and the young trees look very healthy. The raspberries are in flower, and there is some fruit on the cherries. In the vacant spaces between the trees are planted 4 few sets of 20 different kinds of potatoes which Mr. Nock brought out from England for trial. All the sets were counted and weighed, 30 that he may be able to compare their yields, the one against the other. The grubs have been troublesome, but on the whole, the plants look very promising. The sorts on trial are:—Magnum Bonum, Vicar of Laleham, White Rose, White Elephant, Myatt’s Prolific, Mona’s Pride, Adirondack, Weber’s early white Beauty, Racehorse, Tom Price’s Black Prince, Reece’s Kidney, Cheswick Favourite, Bowyer’s Kidney, Im- perator, Premier, Beauty of Hebron, Cosmopolitan, Yorkshire Hero, Myatt’s Ashleafand Suiton’s Seedling. In the propagating house, there is a large number of recently introduced things, both orna- mental and economic, such as camellias, azaleas, fuchsias and the grape vine. Of the latter there are now specimens of nine varieties. The young plants are all healthy, but they are not expected to do much good at this elevation, except under glass, and are here more for propagating than for anything else. Some plants have been sent to the Badulla Gardens for trial there. There is also a pan of healthy plants recently raised from seed brought from Port Said grapes. A couple of young plants of the Adiantum tree— Salisburia adiantifolia promise to do well here. The foliage of the tree is exactly of the same shape as that of the maiden-hair fern, but of course larger. The tree is a native of China and Japan ent grows to a height of 60 or 80 feet, The kernels of the fruits are thought by the Chinese to promote digestion and oil is extracted trom them. Another interesting plant, the snowberry tree Symphoricarpus racemosus, looks quite at home; and Deutzia gracilis, the plant which bears the long white flowers so much used in En Jand for bouquets, Sapageria rosea, a lovely rose-colored creeper, several variegated shrubs, and a fine batch of rooted cuttings of the new fuchias, &c., are looking healthy. Outside are nice plants ot variegate 1 euonymas, golden leaved privet, gent azaleas, yolden and Irish yews and the silver holly, variegated box, Lauristinus, double-flowered peach, double-flowered gorse, Cryptomeria elegans and several other interest- ing conifers which have lately been intuduced. A nice bed of Stachys tuberifera, the Chinese or Japanese artichoke, is Just beginoing tu grow, and being a vegetable of easy culture aad nice flavour, no doubt it will prove a very useful addition to the vegetables of the hill country. Tue yield is said to be above 5 tons the acre. Vhecrop of Ullucus twberosus (a plant trom the Andes, of Peru und Bolivia) has just been lifted and the yield is equal to about 6 or7 tons to the acre. Onesmall plot of fairly good soil yielded at the rate of 9 tons to the acre. -—————@______ NOTES FROM AUSTRALIA. A RAILWAY TRIP ON THE NEW SOUTH WALES SOUTH COAST LINE—PICLURESQUE SCENERY—INYTERESTING VILLAGES AND TOWNS—THE OVERLAND JOURNEY TO BRISBANK— THE GREAT COALING SEAPORT—THE DEPRESSED COAL ‘TRADE—RACE HORSES—MORE TOWNS AND VILLAGES— THE LARGE DEMAND FOR KANGAROO SKINS AND THE PRO- BABLE EXTINCTION OF THE ANIMALS—SNAKES—QUEENS- LAND—THE NARROW GAUGE RAILWAY—BRISBANF, 1S BANKS AND BOTANIC GARDENS—MACKAY AND 1TS SUGAR PLANTATION—WANT OF CHEAP LABOUK AND CAPITAL —PLANTERS’ BUNGALOWS—-GARDEN VEGETABLES—BLACK LABOURERS FROM THE NEW HEBRIDES—THE SUGAK COMMISSION—DESTRUCTIVE FIRES—THE WEATHER AND THE FOLIAGE—POWN5VILLE AND |S NEIGHBOURHOOD— ROCKHAMPTON AND MOUNT MORGAN GOLD MINES. Rockhampton, North Queensland, March 6th, 1889. On my return from the Blue Mountains a couple of days were devoted to a run down the south coast line asfar as Kiama. For the tirst 20 miles the railway passes through poor uninteresting coun- try, already largely taken up by speculating land companies who hope some day to dispose of the smali allotments marked out. Shortly, however, the scenery becomes more picturesque and hilly, there being no less than eight tunne:s in the space of ten miles. As we gradually approach the sea the stratification in the numerous cuttings indi- cate the presence of coal and at Clifton, 35 miles from Sydney, we pass a thriving colliery, the coal being drawnfrom under the mountain range and carried down to the sea close by for shipment, very little being sent by rail on account of the higb rates charged. The train now makes frequent stoppages as we are passing through a imore pupu- lous district which owes its prosperity to the coal measures. Wollongong, 48 miles out, is a rising place with its harbour tull of shipping, waiting for coal; it isalso the centre of a larye dairy and graz- ing district, its annual Agricultural Show being perhaps the best in the whole colony. ‘The fresh green fields were » pleasant sight alter the burden upcountry travelled through in the western districts, and there was an English !gok about the homes: eads that suggested its beiag a favourite locality forsettle- ment. Indeed the line for the remainder of the dis- tance to Kiama, 7) miles, passes through excellent dairy country, and large quantities of milk are daily sent into Sydney. Had time permitted the return journey would have been made by coach to Illawara and Mossvale (the latter the country residence of the Goyernor,) but in order to catch the evening train to Newcastle it was necessary to return direct to Sydney. The overland jouney to Brisbane is a long one, 723 miles, and in order to fully appreciate the scenery it is necessary to devote at least three or four days. The seven iron-girder bridge acros3 the Hawkesbury river not being completed, we have to leave the train at Mullet Creek and take the stern-wheel ferryboat and as we have the Eng- lish mail the delay in transhipping is consider- able and allows time for a substantial meal, and one has to take advantage of such opportunities, as on these long main lines they are not too numerous. The great coaling seaport has been very appropriately named Newcastle, for the com- bined effects of a strong sea-breeze and plenty of spare coal dust gives the town a dirty appearance not usual in Australia, but the air is dry and the people seem full of energy and anxious to oblige and at the railway station there were several lads offering tocarry your luggage, whereas in Sydney and still more in Melbourne one has to wait some time before the services of a porter can be obtained. The coal trade was very dull and work scarce on ac- count of the recent strike, and instead of the harbour being full of ships waiting their turn to come alongside the cranes, it was the other way about and the latter were waiting for ships. It is feared that it will be some time before New- castle recovers its former prosperity, as shippers will be very loath to send ships there as long as a strike may spring up at any time, and keep them waiting cargo for weeks. That the miners _ were badly off was forcibly shown the following day by the poor attendance at the race meeting, notwiths anding that the rain had made the course in excellent condition, and the temperature delightful for outdoor exercise. The horses with their long tails at first appear singular and different to what we should expect in a racehorse at home; also the custom of removing all the shoes immediately before the race is quitenew ; but one soon sees that plenty of speed is got out of them, and the public cl.ck with its large face divided into 60 spaces enables one to note the time, and also in- dicates the importance attached to the time occu- pied ; much more so than in England where the state of the weather varies and causes the ground to be light. or heavy, so that the actual time occupied would not be of importance in forming an estimate of a horse’s powers. Resuming my journey north on the following morning the line passes through some fine agricul- tural land, about Hamilton, Lochinyar and Allan- dale. At Greta the coal measures crop up, and trucks of coal are added to our train, in fact the country round is full of coal waiting development. About Singleton the country opens out into im- mense plains, capital grazing ground in good seasons, but now looking bare and dried up. Musclebrook, & nice c@ean town on rising ground with a large market cuclosure, seems an important centre, but appears to be suffering severely still from the drought. the grass in the country round having been not ony eaten down to the ground, but the roots pulled up out of the roil,so that it must be some weeks before there can be any substantial feed for stock. Here and there one sees the bones of a sheep or ox, and other remuins still more recent were the flesh has not been remov:d by biras ap, dogs. At Aberdeen a large advertisement intimates that Messrs, Mofflin & Co,, Sydney, re- quire 1,000 dozen kangaroo skins per week, which, if couiplied with, must soon exterminate these curious THE TROPICAL” “consequently reduced, so that AGRICU LTURIST. [May 1,' 1889, animals, which, in many parts, are already getting scarce. As we leave the station a large dead snake thrown across the wire fencing warns us to be careful in our walks; and makes one regret that at present snakes’ skins have no commercial value. Scone is a poor looking township and the cattle in the fields are awfully lean and miserable in appear- ance, though the landis good. The morning had been dull and gloomy, andat last we fairly steamed into heavy rain and running mountain streams, the temperature falling, so that, a thick overcoat and rug were very acceptable. At Murrurandi we leave the valley and slowly ascend the range, the railway winding round the hillside and finally passing through a tunnel over the highest portion, the rocks having a distinctly voleanic appearance, The scenery is very grand, the rain having stopped, and the sun again shining, we are able to enjoy the view of the hills covered with trees as the evening closes in, and we find ourselves at Tamworth with its rich red soil and famous crops of maize, Here the night is spent and the temperature being quite cold the mosquitoes, usually such a nuisance, did not annoy one, and we slept in peace. Next morning the through mail train was taken, and after passing through the fertile and well watered New Kngland districts we arrived at Wallangarra in the evening, and enter Queensland through a very wild bit of country where kangaroo are still to be seenfrom the train. The result of protection is felt in the extra charge for refreshment as soon as we cross the border, while.the oscillation of the carriage at once tells the effect of the change of gauge from 4 feet 84 inches New South Wales to the miserable 3 feet 84 inches Queensland. With such a narrow gauge and gradients sometimes as great as 1 in 33 smaller wheels are necessary to get a better grip of the rails, and the speed is travelling in this young colony is much slower than in the older ones. Thus the 233 miles from Wallangarra to Brisbane took upwards of 12 hours, and it was 6-15 a.m. before we reached our destination. Being night time there was no opportunity of seeing the famous Darling Downs which haye suffered greatly from the drought, many of the farmers being utterly ruined in consequence of lossof stock and failure of corn crops. : Brisbane with its 70,000 inhabitants is a busy dusty town on the banks of the river whence it takes its name, some 25 miles up from Moreton Bay. The houses are chiefly of mud, but there are several large banks built of stone, notably the Queens- land National Bank with its handsome Italian columns of solid stone brought from New Zealand, fac ng the London Chartered Bank, both being in the same street (Queen). Indeed in all Australian towns the banks are among the best buildings. far sur- passing most of the Government offices. The Botanical and Acclimatisation Society Gardens are interesting and well kept and members of the latter who pay an annual subscription of a guinea can obtain any reasonable number of plants of various kinds, as they may require them for their new gardens, which appears an excellent way of introducing new flowers and shrubs at a very moderate expense, as the intelligent Director has better opportunities of ascertaining whether a plant not indigenous, will or will not be induced to flourish in this climate. After a few days’ ‘stay, and having received many kind hospitalities from friends and fellow- passengers the journey north was continued in one of the AU. 8. steamers to ‘Mackay, one of the great sugar districts of Queens- May i, 1889. | THE aay es re ee land. Here ten days were spent visiting estates, riding or being driven to some new piace every day, walking of course being out of the question, - as the managers and superintendents always ride, many of the estates are several thousand acres in extent. It was an agreeable change to find oneself in a country where all looked so green and flourish. ing, for Mackay is specially well favoured with rain compared to many other districts, and the canes far along the plains were shooting up rapidly under the influence of recent rain and present hot days with a gentle breeze which sets in from the sea about ten o’clock and lasts till near sundown about seven. And yet the canes had suffered very severely, I was told, from the drought before Christmas and the crops for the next crushing season commencing in July, was likely to be a very poor one and on several plantations would not be worth cutting at all. In fact, for the last two or three years, the seasons have been quite different from what is required to produce good sugar returns. There has been too little rain, and when the rain did come, it was at the wrong time to suit the requirements of the cane. Then frost on certain spots lying far back from the sea nipped the growth and produced artificial ripening, so that the crop had to be hastily crushed to avoid com- plete loss. Sugar planters have had other diffi culties than the climate, thus the great fall in the price of sugar, which occurred some few years back, changed the profits in many cases into an absolute loss, as owing to the opposition to the importation of cheap black labour, which the de- mocratic element of the late Government used to the fullest extent, the planters were compelled to fall back upon expensive white labour which for field operations in certain months in the year, is totally unsuitable in sugar growing countries. On the other hand a judicious combination of white and black labour would make Australian sugar growing a most profitable investment for capital. At the present moment the two things most required by Queensland are capital and cheap labour, and both of these are being effectually kept out of the colony by the strong democratic elements aided by manhood suffrage, where the vote of the loafing larrikin of the street counts as much as that of the man who has spent the best years of his lite in open- ing up the country in attracting capital and finding employment for the surplus population of other lands. With cheap labour, irrigation and manuring would be possible; but without it the sugar interest must come toa standstill ; in fact, I saw hundreds of acres of abandoned cane fields which had been allowed to go back to grass. How can it be other- wise: sugar must have plenty of water either natu- rally or artificially supplied? With good soil and sufficient water, canes may be grown for many years without manure, as I had a proof on one estate, the soil of which was submitted to me for analysis some fifteen years ago by the late Mr. R. Daintree, then Agent-General in London for the colony. On this estate crops of cane are still being grown, but it is only on the best soil suc- cessive crops can be taken without manure. In Demerara, Mauritius, Barbadoes and the South of Spain manure of some kind is largely used ; the planters like the farmers at home knowing full well that to obtain good crops manure must be applied. The sugar planter’s house is much like that of the coffee or tea planters’ bungalow of Ceylon, except that the dwelling rooms are all on the first floor, there being a space of eight feet between it and the ground which is used as a shelter for his buggy and other traps. With a broad verandah running round the house, more air is obtained, also a good view over the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 739 surrounding cane fields, while one is farther re- moved from the heavy dew, which, in ihe early morning may be seen hanging just over the tops of the canes. The roofs are always made of cor- rugated galvanized iron and large round tanks made of the same material and capable of holding several thousand gallons are fixed at the four corners, if a large supply of water is required. By this arrangement sufficient water for ail domestic purposes can be obtained to last all the year through in ordinary seasons, and is greatly to be preferred to the well water, which, on the rich vegetable soils where cane flourishes best, is largely charged with organic impurities. As in Ceylon the planter here, too, often has no vegetable garden whatever, everything being given up to canes, which are grown quite close up to the house, affording ample accommodation to mosquitoes, which are a sad torment to the workers during the day time, to the master’s folk in the evening when there is no breeze. At a fewestates, however, it was pleasant to see the canes kept at a respectable distance, and in the immediate locality of the house a well stocked fruit and vegetable garden, so that at every meal there was something besides meat, bread and potatoes to partake of. As a rule however, where green vegetables are obtained, they are purchased from the poor Chinaman, who, whatever defects he may have as regards his personal habits, possesses the ability to produce an abundant sup- ply of excellent vegetables for the table of the white man, who shows his gratitude by endeavour- ing to turn him out of the country. Jealousy however is always a sign of weakness, and as time fights ever on the side of truth, the period must come, if Australia is to act up to her motto and advance, when there shall be freedom of labour as well as freedom in trade throughout this great Continent. At present next year will be the last during which the black Kanakas can be brought over from the New Hebrides and the adjoining islands under a three years’ agreement with the planter who has to pay £30 to Government for each man, while to the labourer he gives an abundant supply of food, good lodgings and clothes, also six pounds wages per annum, which latter must be paid half-yearly in the presence of a Government official. At the end of the three years he will be sent back free of cost, or he may be re-engageat a higher rate of wages. I have seen hundreds of these black men who seem perfectly satisfied and well in appearance, and yet these are the men that the white emigrant wants to keep out, though he is physically quite unable to take their place in field operations. The Sugar Commission, however, now travelling about taking evidence, will doubtless see that a stop to such useful black labour shall not be allowed to come into force in 1890, and if so with favourable seasons a new era of prosperity may be opened up for the sugar industry. During my stay a large fire occurred in the town of Mackay, three miles distant, which resulted in the complete destruction of the principal hotel and 15 wooden houses in about 2 hours’ time. As usual the fire originated in a small house heavily insured, while many of the others were only par- tially insured, as the rates for wooden houses have of late become very high in consequence of the numerous fires, and the almost impossibility of procuring an immediate large supply of water. The weather is still very hot, the temperature, while these lines have been written, being 96° F. in the shade of a verandah, supplemented by two beautiful Ponciana trees with their fernlike leaves, which furnish an excellent shade tree for gardens in North Queensland, while the Hibiscus grandiflora with its rich red flowers and luxuriant 746 THE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889, OT ET green leaves contribu‘es an effectual boundary hedge between the dusty road Yownsville, 400 miles further north of Mackay, reminds one of Aden except that instead of the arid black hills, there are grass-covered mountain slopes at the back with patches of trees here and there, but the heat is nealy as great, Charters Towers, 82 miles distant by rail, takes four hours to reach, the gradients being heavy and the stoppages long; but the total elevation of the Towers is only 1,000 feet and during the day the heat is great, though as usual with its elevation the nights are cool, and during the winter months fires are acceptable. The mines are of course the only object of interest, as the country mud is dried up and barren, so that after visiting afew of them, such as the Day Dawn Freehold, the Pyrites mines and the large town crushing works where auriferous stone from different openings is treated by the old amalgam process with mercury, one is glad to return to the sea breezes of ‘Townsville to await the steamer for Brisbane on my homeward journey. A few days were spent at Rockhampton, a thriy- ing township on the Fitzroy river, in order to visit the celebrated Mount Morgan Gold Works, distant 25 miles. The first ten miles are done by train, and after breakfast at Kabra we take the coach and have a delightful drive, everything looking so fresh and green. There is the full number of passengers, tweive with the driver, and five horses, three as leaders together, and the first few miles being flat, we go atfull gallop, as the mails have to be delivered by a fixed time. The road, however, is simply a track through the bush with only just room between the trees to pass, and euddenly one of the leaders takes the wrong side of a tree and gets swung round in a second, while the other horses are thrown all of a heap together, and the pole narrowly escaped being broken. We were all soon on our legs and glad to find no serious damage had been done. The remain- der of the journey was done more quietly, the track getting both hilly and rough and one part the razor-back so steep that we all had to walk up. We passed numerous waggons with twelve horses, carting stores and huge casks to the Mount. In a few years the railway already sur- veyed, will be made and cause a great saving in horse flesh, for at present the state of the road isa disgrace to the Company which pays away something like a million a year in dividends. Arrived at the Mount we present our passes, and are shown over the works commencing with the quarry on the top of the hill whence the stone is removed in cuttings 35 feet deep extending over an area of about ten acres each cubic yard of rock weighing about 14 tons. In this manner the top of the hill is being sliced away, and the stone which evidently varies greatly in composition, is mixed together and sent down by & nice tramway to the old works4 mile off, while trains run down an incline to the new works. From assays made daily on the works the quality of the stone varies greatly from less than an ounce of gold per ton to upwards of seven or more ounces. At presentthe shares are falling rapidly in value, a few months since they fetched £17 each and now they may be purchased for £7108 each. All mining speculation is para- lysed in consequence, the public not knowing what is going to happen. The works them- selyes are most complete, the machinery of the. most improved pattern, all covered in under good sheds which with their tall substantial smoke stacks, gives an idea of a well arranged and prosperous industry, which has evidently been put up with a view to being also a permanent one. All depends upon the average quality of the stone continuing equal to what it has proved up to the present time. More water must be available before the works can be enlarged, as a good supply of water is absolutely necessary for the new chlorination process, and the present supply is being fully employed. Mount Morgan as a township is prettily situated on a series of small hills surrounded by larger ones covered with timber with a green undergrowth of fresh grass, and is far more picturesque than dusty Charters. Moreover, although the total in- habitants does not exceed 4,000, the outturn in auriferous metal fully equals the total output of the Towers with its 12,000 inhabitants, plainly in- dicating that the proportion spent in wages must be less and that in dividends far more. After calling at Bundaberg and Maryborough to see a few more sugar estates I return south to Sydney in order to catch the P. & O. ‘Valetta ’’ on the 16th March for England. JOHN HUGHES. ee “ALL ABOUT SPICES.” To aid us in making this Manual as complet® as possible, we shall be obliged if any of out planting or other readers who may have specia information by them in respect of Pepper, Nut- megs, Cloves, Cinnamon, Vanilla, or other spice, will give us a reference to the same. Our own Library of works on sub-tropical Products—apart from our Observer and 7. A. files for a long series of years,—is a very full one; but if is just pos- sible there may be useful authorities outside our lists, and the names of any in our readers’ posses- sion might aid in making the Manual the more useful. : ~2— - JAFFNA NOTES. Jaffna, 27th March 1889. Tonacco.—The superintendent of Ayananghi coco- nut estate (Mr. Koch), who has been trying tobacco planting, has been successfal. I have just heard from Mr. S. F. Toussaint, the proprietor of Ayanangbi that Mr. Koch only tried about 2 acres, and the half profit he expects will be about R600, The other half gees to the working people. This is not bad for a rial. I Corron.—I send by post under separate cover a specimen of cotton which grows in my garden, and should like to have your opinion about it.* I have never manured or taken notice of the plants, but they are full of blossom at the proper time. « ——_—_—_—_————_>__—_—_—— THE THA TREE IN CHINA. The history of the tea tree in China shews that it became famous first for the qualities of the leat when infused, and some centuries later was. accepted as a national beverage. The native her- balists found out that the infusion of tea leaves was not only bitter in taste, but has the power ‘of preventing sleep. The first mention of it is in * We submitted this specimen to Mr. W. Atherton’ of the Oolombo Cotton Mills, and he kindly reports as follows:—‘“The sample of cotton sent has all the characteristics of Tinnevelly except one:—the fibre leaves the seed more easily and cleaner, and would be less trouble to gin. It may be deteriorated American, but it is difficult to say, unless I saw the tree itself. The cotton is quite suitable for our work, and I think would be valued by Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co, at 20 cents per lb, free from seed,” May 1, 1839, | FHE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST. ql the Er-ya or about a thousand years before Christ. It is then only spoken of as bitter. Medical books began to be written about B. C. 600, and from that time to B.C. 200 there was much study of natural history undertaken to learn the tastes and heal- ing qualities of plants and minerals. The herbalists of that time must have known that tea leaf in- fusion tends to keep from sleeping, but the first plain statement of this which is now accessible is inthe Kwang-ya of the third century, a useful dictionary where many of the results of research in the properties of plants are briefly recorded. This was the time when Buddhism was spreading its monasteries rapidly throughout the country, when Hindoo medical knowledge was at the disposal cf the Chinese, and medical plants were more than ever cultivated. Alchemy was flourishing, having sprung up in the third century before Christ and having been much favoured by the Han dynasty emperors. Alchemy always embraced two depart- ments, botanical alchemy and mineral alchemy, and it was the former that favoured the examina- tion of the properties of all plants. All through the five centuries of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, the physicians of China were busy in experimenting on the cure of disease by vegetable and mineral medicines under the fictitious light of the theories of alchemy. Of this we see the result in the book of Ko-hung belonging to the fourth century of our era. He is the most voluminous author in alchemy the Chinese had ever had, and his very audacity of statement leads the reader to lose all confidence in his veracity. But his book is lively in. style, plain-spoken in dogma, and rich in contemporary facts and stories, so that it constitutes a living picture of the time. In this book tea is only spoken of asa bitter plant, and the physicians and alchemists had evidently not directed much of their attention to it, nor had they foreseen that in a short time it was to become the universal beverage of the Chinese nation. Yet in western China along the Yangtse in Hupeh and Szechuen on both sides of the Gorges the people in the third century made cakes of rice and tea leaves, the first form of the brick tea of which modern Russia is so fond. The old account says that these cakes were ground to a powder and boiling water was poured on the powder for drinking. There seems to be no doubt then that brick tea infusion was drunk in China in the third century after Christ to freshen the mental faculties. There is no instance men- tioned earlier than this, though the plant being well-known long before it is very likely to have taken place. As to the habits of the Han dynasty, occupying the four preceding centuries, we only know of broth and wine being the common beverages of the Chinese. The wine was never distilled, nor was if made of grapes. It was in fact brewed from glutinous rice. In regard to the part of China where tea was first introduced as a beverage there is no question that it was Kiangnan. The tea of the hillin Kiang- nan has an extremely good flavour and many cele- brated kinds are produced there, The accounts say that it was in the third and fourth centuries that the practice of drinking tea began to extend in that region. It was used occasionlly in place of wine in the Imperial court of Nanking in the time of the Woo kingdom, as we know from the History of the ‘three Kingdoms. Yetin the novel of that name tea is not mentioned, The author being aware apparently that tea was not commonly used in China tillthe Tang dynasty, haz not, it is believed, made any of his many heroes on any occasion drink tea. It was, however, occasionally drunk then at Nanking as history shews. If howeverit be asked why tea drinking spread in Kiangnan it may be answered that the monks on the hills planted trees and among them medical plants in the near neighbourhood of their monasteries. Very likely it was in this way that tea drinking originated. The Buddhist monks are teetotallers and abstain from animal food. On both these accounts they seek refined kinds of food and drink, such as are furnished by the vegetable kingdom in abun- dance, The excellent gustatory qualities of the Buddhist cuisine in monasteries are well-known. They cultivate vegetables largely both for their own use and to send to market. Their avoidance of pork and wine is not without its compensations. We know from other grounds how Buddhism flourished in Kiangnan in the third century, and to the fact that tea was first used as a substitute for wine in that province, we may add as a likely hypothesis that the priests of that religion had much to do in the early spread there of the habit of tea drinking, which by the sixth century had probably extended throughout China. In the China of Confucius broth made of animal flesh was very commonly used, as was rice wine. But probably the staple beverage in the absence of wine was het water in which vegetables or animal food had been boiled. They then had neither carrots, nor cabbages, but they had plenty of fish, of fowls, and of the other domestic animals. Beef was not prescribed at that time by sovereigns controlled by Buddhist superstition. Milk might be used as a beverage when cows were more numerous in proportion to the population than now. Altogether the ancient Chinese were not badly off in those days, although the delicate flavours of a hundred choice kinds of tea leaf infusion brought from as many mountains, were still unknown.— N.-C. Herald. _—__ Oo DRUG TRADE REPORT, Lonpon, 14th March 1889. OrncHona.—At Tuesday’s auctions a moderate quan- tity of bark was offered for sale, the Hast Indian varieties again being almost equal in bulk to the offerings from Oeylon. The catalogues comprised :— Packages Packages Ceylon bark «» 1,273 of which 1,135 were sold East Indian bark ... 1,206 pe Lalél es Java bark vee 54 5 54 ni South American bark 119 0 12 ing West African bark 7 a 7 as Total 2,659 39 2,369 Nearly the whole of the supply was dispoged of, if not with much competition, at least without a further re- ductions from the previous auctions’ rates, the unit be- ing generally placed at 14d per Ib. The followingare the approximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim& Amsterdam works 157,907 Agents for the Auerbach works 86,926 Agents for the Brunswick works es 72,295 Agents for the American, French, &c., works 63,232 Agents for the Frankfort 0/M and Stuttgart works 56,044 Messrs. Howards & Sons 48,568 Mr. Thomas Whiffen 31,476 Sundry druggists... see 18,122 Total sold a 934,570 Bought in or withdrawn 89,102 Total quantity catalogued 623,672 It should be well understood that the mere weight of bark purchased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield represented by it, firms who buy a small quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and vice versa. JAvA Bark.—Yellow chips, fair to good bright 2d to 5d; root 7d; grey chips 34d per 1b. 742 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May ‘, 1889. SourH AmuRicaNn Barx.—Of 58 bales Oarthagena b.rk ouly 6 were sold at 34d to 4d for partly damaged to sound. A supply of 59 packages cultivated Oalisaya quills was nearly all bought m, 6 bales, of 1001b each being sold by private contr :ct. West Arrican BArk.—Scven bales, together about 980 lb, from the island of San Thomé, fair medium to stout brown quill of Succirubra chazacter, partly da- maged, brought from 4d to 53d per lb; weak ditto 3d er Jb c QuinrnE.—It is reported that at the end of last week very considerable transactions were made in some German brands at 1s 2d per oz, for forward delivery, but we have reason to believe that the quantities named as having changed hands are much exaggerated. At present the. market is firm at 1s 2d for forward deli- very for German bulk, B & S Brunswick or Auerbach. On the spot second-hands lots could no doubt be bad at Is 1d per oz. Howards’ brand hasbeen reduced to ls 6d for bulk and 1s 7d per oz. for vials for large quantities, and Whiffen’s to ls 5d and Js 6d per oz. respectively. The Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, which has been interviewing the American dealers on the quinine situation, with the usual result of eliciting a: number of irreconcilably different opinions, is respon- sible for the statement that the Brunswick factory de- clared a dividend of 40 per cent last year, and that the owners of another quinine works haye expressed themselves as being ‘‘ perfectly satisfied with the situ- ation.’ It is understood that the dividend in the first case was made from quinine, and this alleged fact has caused considerable comment in certain circles, where the beliefis firmly fixed that all makers are constantly losing money. It is stated that the two bark auctions held this year in Amsterdam represented together about 550,000 oz. quinine sulphate, against about 900,000 oz. for the four corresponding London auctions. THE DUTCH MARKET. AmsTERDAM, March 12th. CrncHona Bark.—The sales to be heid at Amsterdam on March 21st will consist of 1,856 bales and 227 cases; total about 169 tons, made up as follows:— Java bark, from Government plantations 368 bales and 33 cases; about 334 tons. From private plantations 1,434 bales and 194 cases; about 181 tons. British India bark 54 bales; about 43 tons. There are of Druggists’ Bark—Succirubra, quills 10 bales 119 cases ; broken quills and chips 316 bales 14 cases; root 90 bales. O. Schuhkraft, quill 15 cases; broken quills and chips 29 bales; root 27 bales. Manufacturers’ Bark (about 137 tons): Officinalis, broken quills and chivs 34 bales ; root 9 bales. Ledgeriana, broken quills and chips 952 bales 68 cases; root 265 bales 11 cases. Hybrids, broken quills and chips 84 bales; root -40 bales. The manufacturers’ bark contains about & tons of sulphate of quinine, or 3°82 per cent on the average. About 16 tons containfrom 1 to 2 per cent of sulphate of quinine; 33 tons, 2 to 3 per cent; 47 tons 3 to 4 per cent; 12 tons 4 to 5 per cent; 11 tous 5 to 6 per cent; 7 tons 6 to 7 per cent; 7 tons 7 to 8 per cent; 4 tons to 9 per cent. : Gurrns.—A smalllot of 4 bales good genuine berries, recently imported, was sold today at 3.25f. per 3-kilo. equal to 27/ perewt. The new crop has been bought up in Java for American account at very high prices and it is generally believed that this year’s crop will again be a small one.—Chemist and Druggist. i. Le THE SEASON IN MADRAS. The following isa summary of reports for the week ending 16th March: Rainfall very slightin Madura and Salem; wil elsewhere. Rain wanted in Ganjam, Vizagapatam, Trichinopoly, Tinnevelly and Ooimbatore, Standing crops generally good; withering in parts Ouddapab, Trichinopoly, Coimbatore; affected by disease in parts Bellary. Stock suffering very badly, chiefly from rinderpest, in South Arcot and Tinnevelly and badly in Ouddapah, Kistna, Anantapur, Trichi- nopoly, Tanjore and Madura. Pasture deficient in Ganjam, Coimbatore, Bellary, Salem, and ‘Tinnevelly. Prices, rising in eight districts, falling im six, and stationary in others, General prospects favorable, ex- coptin Ganjam; improving in Ooimbatore,—Madras Matt. THE PROSPECTS OF CEYLON TEA FROM THE DEALERS’ VIEW. We make no apology to ovr readers for occupying a considerable spave with a wholesale quotation from the able review issued by Messrs. Reinach’s Nephew & Cu. We consider this circular of such interest to Ceylou and India that we transfer it bodily to our present report. Some idea of the importance of such a frank and full recognition by such an authority of the altered position of China, as compared with Ceylon and Indian, tea may be formed by those who are not familiar with the Messrs. Reinach’s Circular, when we point out that China has been always the prominent feature in their quotations. In the present circular the prices of seventy-five qualities of China tea are quoted, as compared with five qualities of Ceylon, five Assam, and four Java. The following is the text of the circular we refer te :— “We have nochange to report inthe tone of our market for China cargoes, as the depressed feeling we signalled during the past months is still the main feature. Better grades of Foochows have again declined in value and the market seems to be quite disorganised, fine Soomoo cost- ing 1s 5d in China selling at 1s, and 1s 3d tea realising 9d iu public sale. This may, asis argued in some quarters be partially attributed to the very poor crop and owing to so-called fine teas haying been driven out of consumption by the high prices paid for them; but we are inclined to think that whatever the quality might have been, the result would not have been very different. The chief cause must be looked for in the change in the taste of the public which evidently prefers the flavour of fine Assams and Ceylons to that of China tea. This opinion is sub- stantiated by the fact that althoughthe Hankow teas were fully up to the average of late years, the con- sumption of fine Monings in England has fallen off nearly as much as that of Kaisows, and had it not beenfor the unexpected Russian demand, we should probably see at the present moment fine Monings in a very similar position to that of fine Foochow teas. If we compare Indian and Ceylon growths with China teas we can only come to the conclusion, taking the intrinsic value of the article, that the public are right, and although we hear of the wonder- ful teas China used to produce in the old East India Company’s days, we are somewhat sceptical on that point. The teas were fine because there was no other standard to gauge them by, and as China produces at the present moment as fine Oolongs and as fine green teas as we have ever seen, there is uo tangible reason why black teas should have so much deteriorated. We ure not in a position to judge whether the climate and soil in India and Ceylon are more favourable to the growth of the tea plants than the respective districts in China, but it is evident to the least initiated that the difference in the handling of the leaves after they are gathered must be of paramount influence. * As we have on previous occasions pointed out there are no large tea gardens in China, very small grower gathering his own leaves, which are left uncared for and exposed to the inclemency of the weather till they are collected by middle men. When they finally reach the Hongs where they are prepared, they have often lost the best part of their quality; and if we compare this to the manner in which teas are prepared in India or Ceylon and the careful way in which the leaves are gathered, sorted, protected against rain and damp, it is not surprising that the result is shown by a more de- sirablearticle. “But we go further, and believe that even if China Teas were as fine as India or Ceylons,the iatter, through the nature of the cultivation, have a marked advantage- Although the consumer is the final judge of the article the caterer who provides it to the consumer is a very important factor. We all know by experience that teas —particularly fine teas—are generally at their best within two, say the outside, three months, after they have been prepared. In China fine teas are gathered and prepared within one month of the opening of the Uhina season, and arrive all on this market nearly simultaneously. We have for three months crisp fresh China teas and during the remainder of the year a more or less stale article, whilst with Indian or Ceylon teas we have gathering and preparing of fine teas for fully six months during the year,” The distributing trade naturally buys the freshest and most fragrant article it can get, and it stands to rea- son that for many months in the year their choice falls on Indian or Ceylon in preference to China tea. “‘We do not pretend that the days of Foochow teas are passed, we only mean to prove that unless the Vhinese entirely change their mode of making teas, they must be satisfied to supply the English market at least with com- mon to medium sorts. With regard to fine Hankow teas the position is very different, the London market having become of secondary importance. ‘Russia so far has not taken to Indian or Ceylon teas, and Kussian buyers, will particularly if the exchange keeps so high, continue to compete keenly for all fine teas. + r AND INDIAN POINT OF * In the case of Ceylon, all the year round practically.—Ep , May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 743 TEA FOR AMERICA: ANOTHER GRAND SCHEME. (By the ‘‘ Peripatetic Planter.” ) It is too early yet to report progress re the ** Associated Tea Planters ” (American Scheme) ; but I am now at liberty to be more precise in reference to that rival enterprise which I hinted at in your issue of the 25th December last, as being already planted upon information already carefully collected by a special prospecting tour in the United States; whilst the Syndicate here have been busy attending to pros- pectuses in lieu of “ prospecting.’’ Mr. 8. O. Davidson of Sirocco renown, is the enter- prising spirit, inspiring, directing, and financing this rival, aud senior venture. For a long time Mr. David- son has been employing a special representative in collecting all the necessary preliminaryinformation, and in makivg his preparations. These are most detailed and complete, as goes without saying when Mr. Davidson is the responsible chief. The head Depot is in Holland house, No, 1486, Broadway, New York, and the complete fittings tor that Depdot have been constructed under Mr. Davidson's personal supervision —to measurements and plane in Belfast, and these fittings are in that Oriental style which makes _ his depots in Belfast, &c., such a special teature of that and other towns. These fittings have even been erected in Belfast, exactly as they will be in the Depot itself, in New York, to make sure of every detail. Mr. Arthur, the Manager, is an old planter, not a New- Yorker, either by birth or adoption. He sails tomorrow, with every point at his fingers’ ends coucerning the start and the carrying on of the ‘* Sirocco Crusade ”’ over in America. The campaign is to be conducted as a Planter’s effort, not a Trade one, and Mr. Davidson has hopes that he may be able to hold his own even among the sharp New Yorkers. As the preparation, for this start have been going on for more than a year it will be evident that this enterprise takes prece- dence in rankof priority, to that of the ‘* Associated Flanters.” It will also be evident that a year spent in judicious prospecting and planting is a year’s start well spent. T’o most people it will also appear that an enterprise, managed by one capable chief, unhampered by any distant and only partially infor- med Directorate, stands a good chance of distancing any hampered rival, even had the start been equally well organized. Moreover, Mr. Davidson has special facilities for landing his tea in New York at a rate considerably below that of any rival, which facilities he has taken infinite trouble to obtain, but I have not received his permission to mention what they are. Saffice it, that knowing what they are, I can attest, that except by purchasing exceptionally cheap lines in Lon- don—which Mr. Davidson is equally in a position to do—I do not see how a rival can acquire the equi- valent of these special advantages, without taking an amount of pains and trondle scarcely to be looked for from a Directorate. “Sirocco Tea ” will be pur- chasable in New York (to start with) in any quantity from lb. to chests, next month. Thus, it willbe seen, that once again has Mr. Davidson come forward in the interests of Indian tea, which already owes so much to him for the success with which he has popu- larized it all over the North of Ireland, parts of Scotland, and the North of England. It is devoutly to be hoped that similar success may attend his new departure in “America, as a much needed relief to the London market. It will be very interestiog indeed, to watch the comparative success and progress of the two methods of opening new markets; the one governed by a multitude of councillors, the other by one chief. May they both live long and prosper, in friendly emulation.—Jidian Planters’ Gazette. plaka el ei ae pa TEA LOOSENS DR, TALMAGE’S TONGUE. (From the New York Observer.) The bottle rules the sensual world, but the tea- cup is queen in all the fair dominions. Once this leaf was very rare, and fifty dollars a pound; and when the East India Company made a present to the king of two pounds and two ounces, it was considered worth a mark in history. But now Uncle Sam and his wife every year pour thirty-four million pounds of it into their saucers. Twelve hundred years ago, a Ohinese scholar by the name of Lo Yu wrote of tea, ‘It tempers the spirits and harmonizes the mind, dispels lassitude and relieves fatigue, awakens thought and prevents drowsitess, lighteas and refreshes the body and clears the per- ceptive faculties.” Our own observation is that there is ncthing that so loosens the hinge of the tongue. soothes the temper, exhilarates the diaphragm, kindles sociality and makes the future promising. Like one of the small glasses in the wall of Barnum’s old museum, through which you could see mouutaing bathed in suashine, so as you drink from the tea-cup, and get on towards the bottom so that it is sufli- ciently elevated, you can see anything glorious that that you want to. We had a great aunt who used to come from town with the pockets of her bombazine dress standing way out with nice things for the children, but she would come in looking as black as a thunder-cloud untilshe had got through with her first cup of tea, when she would empty her right pocket ot sugar-plums, and having finisued her second cup would empty the other pocket, and atter she had taken an extra third cup, because she felt so very chilly, it took all the sitting room and the parlor and kitchen to contain her exhilaration. Be not sur- prised if, after your friends are seatedat the table, the conversation depends very much on the kindof tea that the housewife pours for the guests. If it be gen- uine Young Hyson, the leaves of which are gathered early in the season, the talk will be fresh and spirited, and sunshiny. If it be what the Chinese call pearl tea, but our merchants bave named gunpowder, the con- versation willbe explosive, and somebody’s reputation will be killed before youget through. It it be green tea, prepared by large infu-ion of Prussian blue and gypsum, or black tea, mixed with pulverized black lead, you may expect there will be a poisonous effect in the conversation and the moral health damaged. The English Parliament found that there had come into that country two million pounds of what the mer- chants call “lie tea,’ and, as far as I can estimate, about the same amount has been imported into the United States; and when the housewife pours into the cups of her guests a decoction of this ‘lie tea,” the group are sure to fall to talking about their neighbours, aud misrepresenting everything they touch. One meeting of a “sowing society” up in Canada where this tea was served resulted in two Jawsuits for slander, four black eyes that were not originally of that color, the expulsion of the minister, and the abrupt removal from the top of the sexton’s head of all capillary adornment. The above from Dr. Talmage is characteristic of the man, and his method of preaching. It this tendency to exaggeration is due to tea we trust the distin- guished clergyman will soon substitute therefore cocoa sheilsor milk. According to Dr. Battershall, United States chemist, charged with examining teas imported into the United States, “lie-tea” is seldom met with in this country, and we therefore absolve Dr. Talmage from any suspicion that he has been drinking that sort. Why couldn’t he have told us what sort he used? for there are countless thousands who would gladly buy that kind, an infusion of which “makes the future promising.’— To the Editor. COFFEE AND THE TREATMENT OF FUNGOID DISEASES : AN OLD INDIAN COFFEE PLANTER TO THE RESCUE OF HIS BRETHREN. Lausanne, Switzerland, 13th March 1889. DEAR Sir,—It is nearly five years since I saw the last of my little coffee plantation, ‘‘ Benbope,”’ on the Coonoor Ghaut, Nilgiri Hills. During this period mine has been no exception to the general experience of coffee planters of most serious loss from hemileia. Matters seem also from late accounts to be far from improving in this respect. As to anything in the way of palliatives, not to speak of remedies against it, [ have heard nothing from India. However, since I have, in God’s providence, been led here, I have, within the last two or three months, learnt of methods of treatment, which are in general use for combating a very serious form of fungoid disease known as mildew. This was introduced a few years back from America, and has caused very great damage to the vines grown on the Oontinent of Europe. These remedies #8 a preventive treatment against the ravages of the said fungus are found to be positively efficacious. Though I am no botanist, I understand mildew is a parasitic fungus, which feeds on the leaves of the vine known as Peronosporu vitveola, and that it is quite distinct from our too well- known fungus Hemileia vastatriz, which feeds on the leaves of the coffee tree. But it takes no special acumen.to note—that mildew and hemilcia are of the same vegetable order—that they are both propagated and developed in a like manner, that their destructive action is of the same kind, and that the enormous power of rapid reproduction of spores is a like feature. When we further bear in mind that the organic structure of the spores of the hemileia are known to be of a very delicate nature, it is but a natural conciusion that what would be inimical to the growth of the one mildew would be equally as to that of the other hemileia. The preventive treatment against mildew on the vines, consists in short of spreading over the leaves of the vine in the form of minute drops, by means of spray- ing machines made for the purpose, of a chemical sub- stance which without damaging the leaves, de- stroy the action of the spores and prevent their entering the ieaves. Seeing that these remedies have succeeded so well in the caste of mildew on the vines, why should not we have great reason for hoping that like treatment will prevail over the /emileia or over coffee trees ? lam so far impressed with this view, that I! have forwarded the information I have acquired to the manager of my plantation, and also sent him ten Spraying machines, that he may put the treatment at once toa practical test. Ido not introduce this treatment to your notice with any claim to full confidence in it, and my first thoughts were to test it quietly and to refrain from publicity till IT could come forward with some authoritative information based on practical demonstration. But I have subsequently concluded it would be better to endeavour to make it generally known, that, 2s much interest as possible might be awakened, and investiga- tions made from as many quarters as possible, in the hope of thus arriving more speedily at confirmed results, Besides as the matter is one of such supreme importance to coffee planters, I feel unwilling to keep it back, as there is to my mind a way of hope in it, and some fellow-planters now hopeless and pos- Sibly thinking of sacrificing if not abandoning their ‘plantations may be led to stay from such a course on hearmg of this, and if the remedy prove a real one their properties will be saved to them by hearing of it in time. Knowing well your purpose of mind, I do not hesitate in applying to you for your kind help in poe A this information for the public good, _ 3,800 feet. which, unless my manager has forestalled me I believe will be new to you. So I forward to you by this mail Mr. J. Dufour’s pamphlet on mildew, and a literal translation in English from which you will get all information on mildew and its treatment, and be able to form some first impressions of its likelihood in dealing successfully against hemileia or not. Though difficulties and objections may present themselves, I would say do not let these stand in the way of practi- cal experiment, which however cannot be done without the aid of spray producers. I have seen Mons. J. Dufour, who is the Professor in the School of Viticulture here, and he has expressed great interest in our proposed application of the treatment against hemileia. If you seek any further information I shall be glad to help in obtaining it. Andif you orany other planters should wish for pulverisation or spray machines I can procure these here of the Japy make, which IT understand 18 as good as any other, and if funds are provided I can order them to be sent out at the retail price of 371 francs each plus transport charges and packing.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, J.G. C.-H. [We are much obliged to our correspondent and shall hope to hear from his Coonoor Manager of the result of his experiment. Meantime we shall give in full detail in the 7’ropical Agriculturist the very interesting report by Mr. Dufour of Lausanne, on ‘Mildew and its treatment,’”’ see page 761.—There is much in init which we can commend very earnestly to the consideration of our coffee planters,—Ep. | TRRIGATING COFF BE. S. India, 29th March 1889. Sir,—I shall be ‘much obliged if any of your correspondents who have the means of irrigating coffee, will give me a few details. My disirict has a rainfall of 85 inches ; altitude No rain falls after end of December till the casual showers of April. When should ‘irrigation commence? and _ for how long continued and how often ? Is irrigation considered such an advantage, that with water available the process should be un- doubtedly adopted ?—Yours obediently, N. T. THE CEYLON-AMERICAN TEA COMPANY AND THE FALL IN PRICH OF TEA. 31st March 1889. Dear S1x,—he fall iv tea is becoming so serious that I hope every brother p'anter will see the necessity of giving his support to the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company. Taose who cannot take two or More shares are encouraged and invited to take one share, to prove that they have really an interest in the prosperity of the country. The object of the Company is to push the sale of Ceylon tea in one of the largest markets in the world, and if the Company is supported as it ought to be by every proprietor, agent, and superintendent, it is bound to succed in making our teas known; and once they are known the demand for them will increase. If prices do not rise, the increased demand may help to spare us from these falling below a figure, at which tea cannot be manufactured to pay. Meantime we are in a very critical position, and Mr, H. Whitham and other gentlemen at much expense and trouble have organized a company to help us out of our difficulty, but, however willing these gentlemen may be, they cannot carry on with- out funds, and it is to each and every individual they look for support. The object in view is of so vital importance to Ceylon, that Chairmen of district Associations should lay the prospectus of the company before their As- sociations, and take as much interest in advocating the benefits to the country of such a company ae they did in advocating the Elwood May scheme. 746 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889, The ‘‘ Tea Fund” has done as much as lay within its means, but these means were the contributions of afew estates, for many have yet to be enroiled, but this company is the “‘ Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Co.;” and as planters we should acknowledge how hartily we support the company, by at once communicating with Mr. Harry Whitham, who will be pleased to enroll all who have not yet taken one or more shares.—Yours faithfully, A MATALE SUPERINTENDENT. A NEW CEYLON TOBACCO COMPANY. Colombo, 4th April 1889. Dear Sir,—Mr. Thomas Dickson, whose letter advocating the cultivation of tobacco in our colony you recently published, has not been long in giving effect to a project in that direction which he had in view, for we learn from him by the last mail that. he has formed and registered a Company, the prospectus of which we hope shortly to lay before the public with the usual forms of application for shares, In the meantime we are informed that it is called the Ceylon Tobacco Company, Ltd., with the following office-bearers :—- Directors :—Thomas Dickson, Esq., Ingram House, 165 Fenchurch, Street E.C., (Director, scottish Trust and Loan Co. of Ceylon, Litd.); J. Wilson, Hsq., 64 Chester Square, S.W.; F. Shaw, Esq., Rochester House, Surbiton (Managing Director, Anglo Dutch Tobacco Company, Ltd.); D. Brown, Hsq., 46 Lan- caster Gate, W. (Managing Director, Lankat Plan- tations Company, Ltd.; Sumatra). Bankers :— Royal Bank of Scotland, Bishopsgate Street, and the New Oriental Bank Corporation, Ltd., Colombo. Solicitors:—Messrs. Hollams, Hawksley, Mincing Lane, H.C. Agents in Ceylon:—Messrs. Cumberbatch & Co. With the exception of £2,000 reserved for issue in Ceylon the whole capital of £20,000 has been subscribed in London, and is divided into 19,950 shares of £1 each and 10 founders’ shares of £5 each, one shilling is payable on ap- plication and two on allotment; further calls will be made as required of which one month’s notice will be given. The Company has been formed for purchasing and curing tobacco in Ceylon both for local sale and for export and also to further develop the business and cultivation of tobacco commenced by planters and native growers in the island. The business will be carried on at the Ambewatte Mills, part of which extensive premises will be made available for a factory, and operations will be com- menced as soon as the services of European over- Beers experienced in all the branches of tobacco manufacture haye been secured.—We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, CUMBERBATCH & CO. (This letter was received at too late an hour last evening for insertion: the prospectus, when fully developed, will no doubt find a place in our advertisement columns ag usual.—Ep. | Son Coward & COCONUT LEAF DISEASE:—CONTRA TO MESSRS, WRIGHT AND AKBAR. Veyangoda, 4th April 1889. Dear Sir —Just as I was thinking of sending you a few lives on the further development of the coco- nut leaf disease, my attention was arrested with the report of an interview Messrs. W. H Wright and M. 8. J. Akbar bad with you on the above subject. You have perhaps unconsciously unmasked the real object of their visit to proclaim “ as full confidence as ever in coconut plantations.” They seem to think that to acknowledge the presence ofa disease affect. jug coconuts, is to depreciate the value of their rolasble properties, Personally I have unbounded respect for both Messrs. Wright and Akbar, and I wish there were many more Wrights and Akbars in our varied community. It is for this reason that I regret to gee them make themselves ridiculous by crediting a “ certain quarter”—presumably me, for I have been the only person who has kept the subject before the public— with a statement I never made and characterizing it as ‘unmitigated bosh.” It would not have detracted at all from the reputation of these estimable gen- tlemen had they taken the trouble to inform themselves of what I really did write before they formed a deputation to an editor to refute my state- ments. I have repeatedly stated that this isno new disease, but an aggravation of what had been noticed for years back, I said this more particularly when forwarding for publication Dr, Trimen’s views that the affection was but an exaggeration of what is always noticed in palms. With these gentlemen I have noticed this disease before, but on isolated trees, In December-January when trenching a young planta- tion I noticed more of the disease than before, and thought nothing of it even then, till at the end of January when in Colombo, a gentleman interested in coconut properties asked me if my trees were affected with a disease which seemed to be generai. That was what first alarmed me and induced me to draw public attention to it. Mr. Wright’s statement that “ there is no appearance of any disease throughout the Hapitigam Korale” is directly contradicted by your correspondent from that Korale. Ina very recent issue of the Observer he said that the rain had done the trees good in that the young fronds are not affected, but that it was not safe to cry out till we were well out of the wood. Whose statement do you give credence to: Mr. Wright’s or Mr. Lamonv’s? Perhaps Mr. Wright spoke only for himself and of himself. Before Mr. Wright’s or Mr. Akbar’s opinions on the soil of the Veyangoda district can be accepted, it will be interesting to know the opportunities they had for forming an opinion of the district as a whole. It was particularly unfortunate for them of all others to say that this district. is “ peculiarly liable to suffer from drought,’ for it is notorious that no region suffers more from droughts than the Mahaoya Valley, where both these gentlemen own their yaluable pro- perties, My object in keeping this subject before the public is not to pose as an alarmist, but because having a lively recollection of the spread and effect of leat disease on coffee, | wish those interested in coconuts to be on the alert. I have not forgotten that when the late Dr. Thwaites gave his opinion on leaf disease, it was looked upon as the -utterances of an old croaker and was pooh-poohed. The natural buoyancy of the planter caused him to look at the disease as nothing serious. Wasn’t he acquainted with black bug before, and did not Dr. Gardner predict in the same way the extermination of coffee ? No; these scientific gentlemen always look at these questions through darkly colored spectacles. We, as practical planters, know that after a disease has run its appointed course it must die out. I have not forgotten how Mr. George Wall as Ohairman of the Planters’ Association repeatedly challenged anyone to show him a coffee tree killed by leaf disease, nor have I forgotten the attack on Sir William Gregory led by the Observer and sustained by the planters for venturing to state his opinion on leaf disease and its effects. And to come to more recent times, I have not forgotten how persistently Mr. William Mackenzie was attacked for saying that coffee was doomed and what hard names were showered on him, Why was all this? Because planters were buoyed up by ‘*eternal hope” and tightly shut their eyes to patent facts. Year after year they saw their coffee becoming more and more enfeebled and yet their condition of mind was such that they steadily and consistently refused to: believe that leaf disease was slowly but surely sapping the constitution of their coffee bushes. We ought not to forget that disease had done serious damage to coconnt plantations in the West Indies, so that May 1, 1880.] it behoves us to be up and doing betimes. To be forewarned is to be fore-armed, and if we know what our enemy is and with what weapons he can_ be exterminated, half the battle will be gained when the fight really begins. So far the disease has not been serious. The first disease I drew attention to was in its first stages similar in appearance to Hemeleia vasta- iriz. We have a new development of it now. The leaf discolors along its entire length and eventually withers. I was at first inclined to attribute it to the action of the sun, but it is spreading with the rains. We have scaly bug too, the disease that has proved fatal to the palm in the West Indies, but happily its attack is limited. Herewithsamples. See whether it is ‘‘ unmitigated bosh.’—Truly yours, B. [* B.” begins by saying :—“I have repeatedly stated that this is no new disease, but an aggra- vation of what had been noticed for years back.” Well, that makes all the difference between it and the coftee-leaf fungus which was never known in con- nection with coffee anywhere the world over, either to scientists or planters, before it appeared in Madul- sima, Oeylon, in 1869. That was Dr. Thwaites’ opinion and it has never been disproved.—It ig of no use for editors or even scientists to inter- fere in the present instance, until old coco- nut planters settle the point whether the pre- sent ‘‘development’’ has not been one familiar to them off and on at intervals for many years back and whether it has always followed a bad drought and disappeared again after a time. In some cases, attacks by ‘‘poochies” and fungi seem to have followed on the drought, but in Mr. Akbar’s ex- perience, good cultivation and a change of condi- tions’ have resulted in the disappearance of the trouble. The case as now presented is just one where the ‘Ceylon Agricultural Association ”—if in existence—might well have been asked to appoint a Committee of coconut planters to inspect, take evidence and draw up a report.—Hp. CHYLON TEAS AND HOW TO PUSH THEM: NO. II. Dear Sir,—If Mr. Rutherford has not inserted in his note book (and I see no mention of it in the published index) a list of duties levied on tea in all countries he has omitted, I think, a very valuable table. Now what, for instance, is the import duty on tea levied in France? I leave you to in- form your readers,* This is what Mr. J. L. Shand, our great tea prophet in the world’s wilderness of Exhibitions, pro- claims it to be, in his attempt to prepare the way in the forthcoming Paris Fair of all nations: — The duty on tea imported from Oeylon direct is f208 per 100 kilos, say 2s 3d per lb., and sent from England itis f268 per 100 kilos, say 2s 9d per pound, more, so a considerable saving is effected by im- porting direct.” In a local print I find it given:—‘‘ The duty on tea imported from Ceylon direct is F'. 208 per 100 kilos, say 9s 3d per lb., and sent from England it is &, 268 per 100 kilos.” Duty on tea if sent direct from grower to France 2s 3d per lb.! and if sent via England 2s 9d per lb.!! (Mr. Shand says 239d per lb. ‘‘more”’, but this is evidently a slip). No wonder that France is not yet a tea drinking country! A ‘‘ miracle” of some sort will have to be performed by some one before it is, and that will be nodoubt done in time by ‘the people,” seeing that the years of the ‘lean kine” are now about setting in with respect to the Frenchman’s much beloved coffee. He must either fly to tea *To our inquiry today the French Uonsul (M. Ruinat) is good enough to reply as follows:—* At present, duty on tea in Feance is f2:08 per kilog. It has been reduced from £350 which was paid for many years before. Of course this means (f2:08) duty from foreign ports.” A kilogram being 2 1-5th lb, we make this 94d per lb.—Ep. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. The barriers to tea should or cocoa as a subsistence, be broken down from witHin at once if France is to be saved from becoming one of the greatest alcoholic drinking people of the world as already there are signs in the afternoon teas of the Parisians. But.if I give Mr. J. L. Shand credit for sending to the Ceylon Planters’ Association true information re duty on teas in France, what am I, to do with Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton, the great creators of tea diagrams, statistical tables, &e. &c.? Their offices lie nearly opposite to Mr, Shand’s in Rood Lane, E.C.; well they must be left to fight out among themselves any rudeness that this question of duty on tea in France may en- gender. Thisis what Messrs.G., W. & S. say it is:— Tea. Coffee, France Duty.. 9d to 114d 63d to 9d Now who can make head or tail of these two state- ments. One man distinctly has ‘‘won the kettle.” Again G., W. & S. in their latest pyramidical diagram, showing the world’sconsumption of tea, accord 4 blocks, each representing one million of lb. to Germany. How can this be reconciled with their figures given in their table attached to the diagram? Here they are, say for Germany. Comparative quan- tities of tea (in lb.) exported from Great Britain during 1884-85 and 1887 :— 5 Average exports during 1884 & 1885 1887. Germany 17,879,000 8,617,648 So much for our great authorities on tea! Again in G., W. & S.’s diagram they place the consumption of tea in that country (France) at 003 per head. If such a country still taxes its people at the rate of 2s 9d per lb. per duty on tea, the sooner that the head of the country is changed the better. A baker or butcher would certainly know better how to administer the revenues of France to the benefit of the poople, but ‘‘ the people” must be a poor lot to stand such nonsense ; they evi- dently require waking up! Well, send Ceylon emissa- ries into the poorer quarters of Paris, Lyons, and all the great manufacturing.towns. Here is a grand mission for Ceylon planters who know the ‘‘ lingo.” Clad in blouses during the day and appearing as ‘‘Mashers,”’ not of tea, but after the manner of not Arabian, but of Ceylon (k)vights, armed with thousands of packets of Ceylon tea, they would open if neces:ary—(in the poorest quarters small shops or boutiques) (one active man might easily supervise a dozen) where they could get at the Minuions and with pamphlets printed in French (and assisted by G. W.8.’s grand diagrams—war maps they would be) they would preach the great gospel of tea tothe people, who would soon begin to open their eyes and to ask why they were longer to be debarred from a beverage so much enjoyed in England by the working man there and at so cheap a rate? France is a perfectly free country and the people would soon assert their rights as regards tea at all events, moreover, they would if assailed, no doubt protect their teachers who would sell good tea to them withowt profit and at the lowest possible price. British tea growers must, in fact, get in amongst the teeming millions of the world—anywhere and everywhere. It the tea planters will not attempt this great work (and every great reformation has sprung from the people, due per- haps at first to a few apparently, at the time, insignificant leaders), then let them form an alli- ance with the Temperance Societies whose organiza- tion everywhere is already complete. This new means of doing good would, no doubt, be hailed by them with enthusiasm. These Despised World’s Reformers at the present day are doing an in- calculable amount of good !—Yours, A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD. P, S.—In Lancashire manufacturing towns today 748 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {May 1, 1889. may be found men doing a profitable business in cups of hot coffee, cocoa or tea outside the factory and foundry gates when the workpeople are out for meals, or are leaving work for a long trudge home. The men engaged in this work have rather handsomely got up big barrow-shaped carts and the steaming cans are resplendently bright and adorned with brass, each vendor vying with his fellow caterer in the business in making his display as attractive as possible. In some such way the millions of the toiling poor of France, Belgium and other countries might be taught to appreciate a beverage they have probably never yet tasted in its purity, so itis all nonsense to say they don’t like it. Certainly our nearest neighbours require attention equally with our own race in countries far distant. The difficulty in getting people to take to tea who have never tasted it, may not be so greatas getting others to change the tea they have been accustomed—‘o}4 COR Wwe COFFEE—TEA—AND STRONG DRINK. Colombo, 6th April 1889. Sir,—I extract from the Ceylon Observer, 21st March 1889, giving S. Rucker & Co.’s Circular of 28th Feb. 1889, with statistics 7e coffee :—‘‘ The world’s consumption of the berry for 1888-89 is estimaetd at 671,500 tons or 1,504,160,000 lb.”” The average selling price per lb. of the world’s production of coffee today is probably about 84s per cwt., or say 9d per lb. The average selling price per lb. of the world’s production of tea today is probably just about the same, say 9d per lb. But the world’s estimated consumption of THA for 1888-89, (rapid as the increase has lately been) is estimated at only 1,357,500,000 lb.* So that the disparity between the world’s con- sumption of coffee and of tea today is still some- thing enormous; I imagine much more so than most British tea growers and others think, and if so the above figures may assist to open their eyes! Of course, a few years hence we may see vast reductions in the world’s annual consump- tion of coffee, owing to coffee disease spreading, but we ought not to reckon on this. Messrs. 8. Rucker & Co.,I see, put down their probable re- duction from lessened crops of coffee for 1889-90, at no less than 100,700 tons or 225,568,000 lb. These latter figures should cause a slight access of joy in the desponding hearts of British tea growers, but they must not relax their efforts to spread throughout the whole world a taste for their pure teas. There is without the shadow o1 a doubt, ample room for all the tea, coffee and cocoa the world can produce, for the population of the world is ever increasing at a greater speed than the production of these, soon to become universally indulged in necessities, not luxuries. The following extract, too, is calculated to put the spurs on to both tea planters and parsons!—Yours, Cc. T. W. LAST YEAR'S NATIONAL: DRINK BILL. The following novyal calculations have been made by Mr. John Cook, District Secretary of the West Cum- berland District Lodge of Good Templars, for the purpose of enabling the public to gain a better con- ception of the large amount expended each year in drink. Dast year’s drink bill, as taken from Parlia- mentary returns, was £124,611,439, This amount would give £375 per head to the estimated population of the nation; and £16 15s for each average family. Its weight in sovereigns would be 976 tons, while it would cover a space of 628 scres with sovereigns (laid edge to edge. If the coins were placed face to face they would reach 115} miles, or make a golden ~* See Ferguson’s Ovylon Handbook and Directory. reaching from Carlisle to Liverpool or Manchester. Placed edge to edge they would extend a distance of 1,720 miles. To connt these coins at one sov- ereign per second would take four years Jess a fortnight. For each letter in the Bible the amount last year expeaded in liquor is set down at £34 18s 9d. COCONUT AND COFFEE LEAF-DISEASE. : Veyangoda, 7th April 1889. Dear S1r,—In your foot-note to my letter you state that as the ‘‘coffee leaf fungus was never known in ~ connection with coffee anywhere the world over either to scientists or planters before it appeared in Madulsima in 1869,” therefore it makes all the differ- ence between it and the coconut leaf-disease. You are right when you state that the fungus was unknown to scientists before 1869. For on its making its appear- ance in Madulsima ina virulent form Dr. Thwaite’s attention was called to it, and he not being able to identify it, referred the fungus to Messrs. Berkeley and Broom who found it quite a new fungus and not included in the list of “ more than a thousand species of fungi” from Ceylon, But the fact that hemileia- vastatrue was unknown to scientists is not conclu- sive proof that it did not attack coffee before 1869. All it provesis that it was not noticed before then by scientists- ; You are in error when you state that the fungus was unknown to plantersas well, before 1869. Planters have borne testimony in your columns that they were acquainted with it for many years before it attracted attention. Amongst other Mr. Halliley, the famous advocate of weeds, wrote that he and his coolies came out of the coffee years before covered with yellow dust of which nothing was thought, as it did no harm then. In your Directory for 1873 in page 200 Mr. Nietner says he knew the disease for 15 or 20 years, but he did not include it in the list of his enemies of the coffee tree as it did no material hari till recently. So that I am right that coffee leaf-disease like the coconut leaf- disease was in existence long before it attracted atten- tion. Now that Mr. Potter has taken specimens of the af- fected leaves to be submitted to Mr. Marshall Ward we may look out for an authoritative opinion as to what the disease really is.—Truly yours, B. [B. quotes planting opinions given in 1873, which were afterwards set aside as untenable: AHemileia vastatriz existed in the jungles of Oeylon before 1869, but never touched cultivated coffee; so decided both Thwaites and Marshall Ward, and even Nietner was deceived in supposing that what he had seen on coffee before was the same fungus. Of course this fact can be used the other way in reference to B’s coconut trouble, but we took him at his own word. Meantime it is satisfactory to know that Marshall Ward is to have specimens of the coconut leaf with the alleged fungus or discoloration laid before him.—Bp. | COFFEE —THA—AND STRONG DRINK. April 10th, 1889. Sir,—‘‘ The world’s consumption of tea versus coffee?”’ The figures for tea you have introduced in my letter of last evening have beeninserted by you without due reflection; they are altogether mis- leading, and have, in fact, destroyed altogether the point I sought, to make, viz. the great disparity between the two staples. This should be corrected at once, of course. So take 8. Rucker & Co.’s lines show- ing how they arrived at their figures for the world’s consumption of coffee for 1888-1889, and place against them in parallel lines the figures for the so-called world’s consumption of tea. If you do this then the immense disparity will be clearly seen. S. Rucker & Co.’s figures for coffee have reference, of course, only to the consumption going on in countries importing coffee and do not in- clude imaginary figures representing assumed con- sumption in the countries producing coffee: not being on parallel lines with 8, Rucker’s for cotfes. Kindly correct and oblige, 0,0 Wee —— Mav 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL A GRICULTU RIST. One or tHE Resunts or THE Faun in the price of cinchona bark and its products has been that the manufacturers are endeavouring to enter into closer relations with the bark producers, and thus to avoid the commissions now paid to middlemen. At a recent meeting of the Soekaboemi Agvicultural Association in Java, for instance, a letter was read from Messrs. Zimmer & Co., of Frankfort-on- Main, in which that firm expressed its desire to enter into negotiations with cinchona growers for the purchase of their entire production of bark outright, in order to save charges.—Chemist and Druggist, March 16th. A Patent has been applied for here which seems worthy of investigation. It is a portable drying ground for coffee, and consists in a combination of large sieves made of wire on which the coffee may be exposed to the sun. The advantages are evident,: for the coffee’ may be exposed to the sun as fast as gathered, whereas under the present system it is carried to the ¢erreiro, called in Ceylon barbacues, and there dried. ‘The new invention would also be more readily covered over in case of rain, and if the ventilation is good, there should be no danger of fermentation, which constantly threatens coffee dried on the old fashioned terreiros. —Rio News, Feb. |1th. Mapras PrestpEncy Diamonp Fimups.—Mr, Bate- man Smith’s report for the fortnight ending the 31st December is as follows :—‘‘ I am gladto be able to report that the winding engine has been started and is working very well. I shall now be able to get on quicker with the sinking of the shaft. The stuff I am going through is very hard in some parts of the shaft and will require blasting. This I will do as soon as I get a license from the Collector of the district. Depth from surface 23 feet. The washing machine is being erected, and I hope soon to have it at work. The bore hole is still in blue ground and down 106 ft. 6 in. I may mention that all the people who Lave been here have told me that I ought to put through the washing machine every bit of stuff that comes out of the shafi and all the surface soil on the property; and all say that diamonds must be here, but wants finding. Several very fine ones have been found here lately. Labour employed on the above and miscellaneous work. This being the festive season we have been taking a little rest— Indian Agvriculturist, March 9th, Twa Cunrrvarion on THE Borprrs or Burwa.— The Rangoon Times of 28th Feb., in an article on “Wild Tribes adjoining Burma,” says :— Between the plains of Yunan and the plains of Keing Hung and other Shan States there are apparently wide belts of hills which none but savages care to live in. As long as they confine themselves to their hills, and do not interfere or molest their more civilised neighbours, we are not must hope that they will be eventually tamed and acted upon by the example of the Shans and others in the Shan States, who will, we may be sure, in a very few years, reach a high stage of prosperity. The savage races are said to grow maize and hillrice as well as opium and ganja. Tea is also cultivated by some of them, which looks asif the Chinese had been sottling near them. Tho tea grown in Ngwan Lon is said to be in great request in Ohina, going overland to Jehan, and thence down the Yangtsee to Shanghai. By the time it reaches Pekin it is s0 expensive that none but the wealthiest classes can buy it. The Shans do not like the variety, saying it is too bitter. Mr. Hildebrand points out that if it were carried west to Rangoon, the carriage would not amount toa tithe of the present amount, We presume that the tea referred to is the cele- brated Puerh tea spoken of by Mr. Colquhoun and other writers. likely to interfere with them, and we | Tur Cuinusp Tra Mercuants of Kiukiang are said to be much elated at the success of Chinese teas last season, giving good hopes that the tide has turned, and that the competition of the Indian leaf will be less and less keenly felt, We hear that contracts of from Tis. 700,000 to Tis. 800,000 have been already settled with up-country growers for the ensuing season.—Shen Pao, in China Mail, Mar. 27:h. Cork Fisre Roorinc ror Ferrneries.—In an account of the effects of the November cyclone on the Gardens of the Madras Agri-Horticultural Society, we find the following passage :— Proceeding onwards we come to our large Fern House which was entirely unroofed, the bare rafters only remaining.— However, by the assistance of a few extra coolies we re-roofed it before nightfall with the new plant shade material made of coir fibre introduced into the garden by Lieut.-Colonel H. W. H. Vox, but which was not largely adopted before, as it was thought probable that squirrels, &c., would help themseives to the fibre, and thus leave very dangerous holes through which the severe tropical sun might spoil any unique specimens that were underneath. Such happily has not been the ease, and it remains untouched save by the omnivorous white-ant which can however be well guarded against by either having stone pillars to sup- port the roof of the house, or what is perhaps better though more expensive, iron supports. We suppose this is the open coir matting such as is in use in the Peradeniya Gardens? Neraertanps InprA Sumatra Topacco Co.— With a capital of 125,0007. in Il. shares, the Netherlands India Sumatra Tobacco Company has been formed to purchase and further develup about 33,000 acres of land in the province of Serdang on the east coast of Sumatra. Ol this property 28,500 acres belong to Messrs. Huttenbach and Co. of Deli, Sumatra, who have since the year 1883 been engaged in the cultivation of tobacco upon portions of it. Of the capital 123,000 shares are ordinary, and 2,J00 founders’, which latter will be allotted to the vendors, as aiso 41,000 ordinary shares fully paid as part payment for the propervies sold to the company. ‘The remaining 82,0U0 shares are now offered for public subscription. After pay- ment of a dividend in any year of 10 per cent. on the ordinary shares, one moiety of the surplus net profits will be set aside to form a reserve iund until such fund reaches 100,000/., the other moiety being distributed as an increased dividend to ordinary shareholders. After the reserve fund has reached the above limit the surplus net profits will be distributed as follows—namely 25 per cent. on the founders’ and 75 per cent. on the ordinary shares. — O. Mail, March 15th. ; Tue Prospects or Cryton anp Inpran Tua are dealt with after an interesting fashion from the dealers’ point of view by Messrs. Reinack’s, Nephew & Co. in a review quoted by Messrs. ‘Rucker & Bencraft. We shali give the review } in full in an early issue, but meantime may men- tion that the prices of 75 qualities of China tea are compared with 5 qualities of Ceylon, 5 Assam and.4 Java, It is fully admitted that the public taste in Hngland has ‘changed and the flavour of fine Assams and Ceylons is now preferred to that of China tea. One advantage India and Ceylon are said to haye over China is that while for the last there are ‘‘fresh crisp teas’? for but three months of the year, and for the rest only a stale article, in the case of India and Ceylon fine teas are gathered and prepared “for fully six months during the year.” We need scarcely say that Ceylon has a great advantage over India in this respect; for if may be said that tea is being gathered and prepared at the different elevations in Ceylon, ‘fresh and exisp’’ for ten ifnot twelve months, in the yoar, though not aver the same acreage continuously. 75° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May i; 1889. Manuan or Inpran Acricunturs.—We have to acknowledge the receipt today of a copy of a volume just published by Messrs. Higginbotham & Co, of Madras entitled ‘‘ A Manual of Indian Agriculture” by that indefatigable compiler, Dr, John Shortt. From a glance at the volume, which covers some 320 pages with illustrations, we can see that it contains a good deal of useful information covering in some cases that taken up by our ‘ All about’ Manuals, but including besides indigo, date palm, plantains, castor oil, millets, arrowroot, vegetables, &c. Corre: Growmc in Enenann.—At the meet- ing of the Royal Botanic Society on March 9th, a branch of coffee, thickly set with ripe fruit, from a plant growing in the Society’s conservatory, was shown. Dr. Prior mentioned as a curious fact that in paris of Abyssinia the fleshy outside husk only was eaten, the part we use being thrown away as worthless, [Dr. Prior is a veteran Botanist : we met him at a Linnwan Society-anniversary and talking about the palmyra palm, he felt some difficulty in identifying it unless we could give him the scientific name. On rolling out: ‘ Borassus flabel- liformis,’? he at once said, ‘‘oh yes, I know exactly what you mean !”—EHp.] InprAN THA Notes.—The weather has been warmer in Cachar. The days are becoming warmer in Dur- rung. On the 22nd South Sylhet had the first rain for 5 months. Seasonable weather is the news from Sylhet, Goalpara, Nowgong, Sibsaugor and Luckimpore. Deura Dun, 19th March.—We are having rather hot weather now for this time of year. The flush is com- ing on well. Mucnexanpy, 20th March.—Lushkerpore, South Sylhet.—Gardens are now beginning to suffer from drought. “ Tipping” has not yet been com- menced and it is likely the season will open later than last. DeEHRA Don, 18th March.—The weather is fine and warm, the bushes in the whole of the district are full of young leaf. Manufacturing will commence much earlier than last year, and we look for a bumper spring crop of a real good quality and a pretty tea. Itis cloudy. If we get a good shower gardens will indeed look up in real earnest. DarseELinG, 17th March.— Slight thunder showers accompanied by hail have oc- curred during the week. There was very good muster of “A” Company Volunteers at Inspection Parade The warm weather has commenced without doubt. 22nd March.— Tipping” commenced on some factories. Hot; rain would do good.—Indian Planters’ Gazette. Coconut LEAF-DISEASE AND THE VALUE oF Saur as A Remuepy.—We have been reading two notices of the disease which affects the leaves of coconut trees near Veyangoda, one addressed to the ‘‘Bxaminer” and another to ourselves. The latter which appeared in our columns recently seems inclined to trace the disease to slab rock or hardness of subsoil generally. The ‘‘ Hxaminer” correspondent believes in salt as a remedy, as is evident by a paper which we quote, and, in view of differences of opinion on this important subject, we would suggest that Mr. Drieberg, the new Superinten- dent of the Agricultural School, should institute an exhaustive series of experiments so as to test the value of salt as a manure for coconuts and other products. We never said that salt had no manorial value, but that its value was exaggerated, and we held and hold still that to say that there cannot be too much salt in a soil even’ for coconuts, is a dangerous error, There are vast tracts in India rendered barren by a saline inflorescence, Both papers and a good deal more will be given in the Tropical Agriculturist. We call attention today, to two letters from Veyangoda on the subject, as also the valuable advice given by ‘‘W. J.” in disposing of the superficial criticism ina letter signed ‘‘Planter” published last week, Coconut Brrrnes.—The Superintendent of the Forest Department in the Straits Settlements is engaged in investigating the life history of the coconut beetles, which, it seems, are very destruc- tive at the Straits. He mentions the fact in apply- ing for a copy of ‘All about Coconuts.” Raum or Rara Fisre.—On the recent trials of machines and processes at Paris, a broker arrives at the following general conclusions :-— ‘An eminent firm of brokers recently informed. me:—‘There is no doubt that ramie is exciting great interest in many parts of the world, and many people are experimenting with various processes for extracting the fibre cheaply and quickly. We cannot say that any results submitted to us up to the present time are quite satisfactory. The fibre is either imperfectly freed from gummy matter, or the process breaks down in the matter of cost, or owing to the local conditions under which it must be carried on. We consider that no system of pre- paration which cannot produce the clean, unbleached fibre under £30 per ton is likely to succeed in establishing this article firmly in the estimation of English textile manufacturers.’ This opinion ex- presses very briefly and clearly the conclusion at which I have arrived in connection with the pre- paration of the ramie fibre. It is quite possible that some machine or process will eventually solve the problem, but the exploitation of ramie, in spite of years of labour and the expenditure of large sums of money upon it, cannot be said to have yet emerged from the experimental stage.” Price or Pappy has fallen very low in Rangoon. An upcountry correspondent writes to a contem- porary that paddy which cost there R90 was sold at R80 at Rangoon. This is generally the case after the first two months of the year are over; but the tightness of the money market and the high rate of interest charged by the local banks have also had: something to do with it, The Chinese merchants, who have exported rice to the Straits Settlements from Rangoon during last month, have made a good thing out of the business inas- much as consignments of rice from Jaya and Siam which find their way to Penang, Singapore &c. have been short this season. In Rangoon itself the time honoured custom of purchasing rice according to the number of baskets has given place to the more rational system of buying by weight. This induces sellers to bring good grain into the market, instead of the rubbish brought in previous years, that gave a very poor return in the shape of rice.—Indian Agriculturist, March 16th. Srr Aurrep Dent on Cxryton Tras.—Some time ago in one of our London letters there was a statement to the effect that Sir Alfred Dent— who has very extensive interests in Ceylon—had made remarks disparaging to Ceylon teas in com- parison with China kinds. We could not help at the time, thinking there was some confusion, ard we now learn from a correspondent who writes with authority that Sir Alfred Dent’s interference was ina very different direction :— In connection with the recent prosecution, Sir A. Dent has stated “that he thought great caution should be exercised in any prosecuting, as if dealers get to fancy that an Association had been started with the object of worrying everybody who chooses to mix Ceylon and China'tea together, there is some risk of Ceylon tea being tabooed altogether amongst a set of men who might hitherto have been doing their best to introduce the new tea to their customers.” Sir A. Dent therefore: seems really to have been moved by a desire to do the Ceylon tea industry a good turn, and there is much in his statement requiring the careful consideration of the London- — Ceylon Committes, May 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 751 eens runes vevererpencyesenermencetr rts pee IE Ee I ICIS PL NATE EIN EPL NE BN YTS STI IS SLOT DGEBA ELI ETE BO LIL ABIL SIE AEE LEY Tra in Srincaporz.—Mr. A. Annamalai brings us a sample tin of Singapore grown tea from his plantation on the Bukit Timah Road, and the tea will be duly tried. It is intended to sell it in tins, retail, at a dollar a pound.—Straits Times, 1st April. Tur Prospects or CorrrE in respect of high prices in the markets of the world, probably never were so good as at the present time. Stocks are comparatively low, and Brazil can only show short crops while there is no other coffee country to make up the deficiency. CrncoonaA Bark Prospgrcts.—While the anti- cipated increase in the supply of Java bark this year, is by no means formidable at 838,268 lb. (even if this averages 4 to 5 per cent sulphate of quinine) and while the Ceylon exports really seem at last to lave received a check,—there is a new feature to be considered in the increasing supply from Contin- ental India. The planters of Southern India follow- ing those of Ceylon appear to have begun to cut down rather recklessly, and as a consequence, at recent London sales, Indian bark has been offered almost as freely as Ceylon. The consumption of quinine, however, is steadily on the increase and ‘there is good reason to anticipate a better market for bark erelong. AnorHeR Cryton Topacco Company.—Mr. Thomas Dickson made it plain by his letters in our columns, that tobacco growing in Ceylon was engaging the attention of home capitalists, and Messrs. Cumberbatch & Co., now afford us definite information on the subject. Our compilation “All about Tobacco” has evidently appeared in the nick of time, for one effect of the working of two strong Companies in our midst will undoubt- edly be to encourage careful garden cultivation— many planters and farmers who would not think of preparing and curing themselves, being ready to cultivate 5 to 20 or 30 acres with tobacco if they know that their crop is likely to be bought off their hands at a remunerative rate. It will be very satisfactory if the new enterprise brings life and activity into one or more of our almost deserted Colombo mill establishments. Dr. TALMAGE, the popular American preacher, has been lecturing on “tea” in a way that ought to help the movement for an increased consumption in America. His utterances are quoted by the American Grocer which characteristically takes exception—see page 743—to the reverend Doctor’s depreciation of green and other similar teas. Now we maintain in the face of our con- temporary, that all the Japanese teas, to the amount of 45 millions lb., imported into America, are arti- ficially ‘‘faced.” We have it on the authority of the largest American buyer with whom we travelled from Yokohama to San Francisco in 1884. The tea-drinking people of the United States, he said, will have their teas from Japan and largely from | China, specially treated ; the treatment and sub- stances added (prussian blue, &c,) being distinctly deleterious. Now in the case of Ceylon teas, their absolute purity and freedom from all artificial matter can be guaranteed. We shall take care that copies of this Observer reach both Dr, Talmage -and the American Grocer. CincHonA IN Java.—The Secretary of Soekaboemi Agriculiural Association, Java, sends us several copies of a sheet of ‘Statist:es of the Java Cinchona Bark Crop” prepared by that Association. A list of 114 estates, with their managers, is given, the various Residencies being specified. Then come the headings :—1888: estimated crop in kilograms, content of sulphate of quinine, sulphate of quinine in kilograms; actual crop in kilograms, content of sulphate of quinine, and sulphate of quinine in kilograms, The estimates for 1889 follow in the the’ same manner. Out of the 114 estates 32 sent no returns, some had been abandoned, others had not yet come into bearing, and one had replaced the cinchona with tea and another with coffee. The totals are as follows :-—— 1888 crop. 1889 crop. Content Sulph. Estima- Con- Sulph, of quin. ted crop tent quin. Actual sulph. in in kilos. of in cropin quin. kilos, sulph. kilos, kilos, .quin. per cent, per cent, Total..1,326,687 414 54,861 1,605,900 420 67,509 Govt. cinchona en- terprise* 350,000 4 14,000 450,000 4 18,000 Grand total ..1,676,687 4°11 68,861 2,055,900. 4°16 85,509 “The content of sulphate of quinine is here given approzi- mately, as the Association have received no reply from the Director of the Government cinchona enterprise to their re quest for statistics—Secretary. We shall be happy to send a copy of the circular to anyone wishing for it,—It will be observed that at 2,055,900 kilogrammes, the Java Cinchona Bark Crop for 1889 is estimated at 4,522,980 lb. or an increase of 833,268 lb. on that of 1888. Tur So-cattep Coconut Disnasr.—We had a call yesterday from Messrs. W. H. Wright and Akbar—the well-known, enterprising estate proprie- tors, the former looking as hardy and well as if he were still coffee pioneering in Haputale, in place of coconut-planting in the lowcountry of Hapitigam Korale. But Mr. Wright does nothing by halves: he takes care of himself, his family and his coolies, by building thoroughly comfortable well-ventilated quarters, and then he takes special care about the water supply. Half the fever and dysentery among coolies in the Kelani Valley, Mr. Wright considers, is due to bad water: ‘‘now I do not allow my men drink poisonous surface water: I have a good deep pucka cemented well for them and they keep as healthy as coolies in Colombo.’’ We commend the plan to estate owners in the Kelani Valley.—Mr, ‘Wright is ag full of confidence as ever in his coco- nut plantations, and both he and Mr. Akbar simply pronounce the outcry in a certain quarter about a palm leaf disease never seen before as unmitigated “bosh”! Mr. Wright says, that fifteen years ago the late Mr. Wm. Ferguson showed him in Kollu- pitiya a big group of coconut palms with drooping dying leaves, the result of the work of a small fly, appearing after prolonged drought. Very frequently since he has seen patches and trees similarly affected for a time. In 1884, a year of drought, Mr. Akbar had a number of trees in one of his Negombo fields affected, but by fumigation and manuring he speedily brought them round. The Veyangoda district, these gentlemen affirm, has, asa rule, a hard dry soil, and palms there are peculiarly liable to suffer from drought; but there is nothing new nor serious in the whole business. Mr. Akbar’s Irrigation works con- tinue to do splendid service, and the result in dry months’ such as haye been experienced of laie, is peculiarly satisfactory. The Mirigama district where Mr. Wright is located is the scene of greatly ex- tended and successful cultivation of late years and throughout the Korale (Hapitigam), there ia no appearance of any disease. Mr. Wright and other residents speak in high terms of the energy and public spirit of the Korale Mudaliyar (Dissa- nayake) whom we have long known as one of the most intelligent as well as expericuced headmen in Mr. Saunders’ Province. There is no question of low-caste folk being oppressed in Huapitigam Korale: all are treated fairly in coming before Mudaliyar Dissanayake. Belonging to an old and renowned family and with a long roll of good service of his own, this gentleman may possibly be selected by ®& new Governor as successor to the Maha Mudaliyar when the time comes for the latter to retire, 752 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. —EeEeEeEEy~y~——RRh~E—E—z—_—aa_E_aes_seReeVWW0O———————— Mr. W. B. Hupson, Secretary of the Behar Planters’ Association, has gone on a voyage of dis- covery to Burmah, to find out if that rismg young country can provide a means of livelihood for the numerous embryo planters who are now oyer- crowding Behar with precious little chance of ever obtaining enough to keep them decently. More power to your elbow, Paddy.—Indian Planters’ Gazette. Tue Cynon Pranters’ American TEA Com- PANY.—We call attention to the Prospectus and Cir- cular of this Company issued as a Supplement today and have to urge on all who are interested in the opening of new markets for our teas to do their best to support the Company. Possibly many of our readers may have already taken shares, but as we urge in our Overland Summary, it is the concern of all connected with our Tea Industry to wish well and, if possible, take part in the Company. The prospects of a remunerative business scem very good, apart from the indirect benefits. Tue American Trea Company.—A planter writes :—‘‘ Now is our time to show that we have the interests of Ceylon at heart, and in advocating the enrolment of the whole planting body as membors of this Company is it not to the interest of every individual member that our teas should be better known and demand for same increased?” Our Exports this week do not show much movement in coffee, cocoa, cardamoms, coconut oil, coir, or other palm produce, plumbago, ebony and minor exports, the additions being very trifling or nil. The only shipments worth speaking of have been about 157,000 lb. cinchona bark ; over 680,000 Jb. tea; 30,000 Jb. cinnamon (bales) and 28,136 chips. The total of cinchona bark is now only 700,000 lb. in excess of last year at same date and much below previous years. Tur Wornp’s Consumprion or Corrrr AND TEA ComMPARED.—There was an error in the figures given in a letter on this subject yesterday, inasmuch as our correspondent gave the consumption for coffee in non-producing countries, while we added that for tea all over the world. Taking the figures given in our estimates in Directory—as correct we believe as any to be got,—the comparison will run as follows :— Total consumption of coffee throughout the world including that in producing countries... Do. do. -of tea... 1,917,440,000 Ib. 1,357,500,000 1b. Excess of coffee ... 559,940,000 Ib. We may be quite sure that the proportions will by-and-bye be reversed. Urcountry Cows.—We heard a very good pnd authentic story the other day, as illustrating the advance of civilization and the presence of native cuteness in our planting districts. In one of these not 100 miles from Nawalapitiya, a Colombo lady with young children took up residence in an estate bungalow and one of the first enquiries was about the milk supply. an exploring expedition and returned with a bottle of milk saying aSman near boutiques on the roadside below, said he could supply any number of bottles ‘missis’ wanted and for 20 cents a bottle too. The milk was different from the Colombo article—put down to different feeding of the cow, &c.—but it seemed wholesome enough and the children got on all right for some days, until it struck the ‘missis’ that she ought to know more about the cows that yielded so freely, where they were kept, how fed, &c, The appu went down again with strict orders to spy out the land and he returned erelong with the news that ‘there were no cows at all: the’ dottles of milk were prepared from preserved tin milk, of which there was an unlimited supply in the boutiques.” Tableau! The appu went off on | Tue AvERBAcH Quinine Facrory, we understand has just secured an important contract from the Austrian Government for the supply of quinine, This contract was allotted to the factory in question after a thorough and most careful comparative ex- amination of tbe purity of its quinine, and the Vienna agent for the Auerbach Works was informed by the authorities charged with the analyses that the samples submitted by him had giyen complete satisfaction. The Auerbach Factory has also secured contracts from the Russian and Dutch Governments this season.—Chemist and Druggist, March 23rd. WE UNDERSTAND THAT APPARENT Success has attended the application to trees affected with GREEN Bue of a spray of carbolic soap and water followed immediately by a powdering of lime. Our informant ‘Says that neither the soap and water nor the powder- ed ‘lime used separately acts so satisfactrily as the two together. He puts half a coconut shell of soft carbolic soap to an ordinary bucket of water and ap- plies the liquid with an ordinary garden syringe to the under part of leaves upwards from beneath. The powdered lime is likewise thrown upwards from below and adheres to the wet undersides of the leaves. We can vouch for the bona fides of our informant, though neither he nor ourselves can vouch for the recipe as a certain remedy, but he is sufficiently satisfied with ° the effect hitherto obtained to persevere with the treatment. Considering the fatal nature of the pest where it has had undisturbed possession of the trees, we think our planting friends would do well to try the remedy. The cost of soft carbolic soap is about £35 per ton.—Jndependent. Corrrzr in Mysor—E anp Coorc.—Mr. J. S. Middleton has just passed through Colombo on one of his periodical visits, this time on his way home after spending some time on his big property in Mysore. Mr, Middleton has on this occasion paid special attention to his coffee—some 300 acres of which are doing very well. He maintains that throughout Coorg and Mysore, coffee continues to flourish most satisfactorily, and he strongly advises Ceylon men—he is an old Ceylon planter ‘of the “fifties”? himself—with ‘ coffee,” not to lose heart, but to do their best for the old staple in the full hope of a good return: We know there are some fair coffee crops to be gathered this year in Cey- lon. One lucky proprietor in a high district expects 4,000 bushels, a crop which will fully justify his reluctance to supplant the coffee with tea. To plant coffee with fresh seed after the Mysore fashion, in Ceylon, Mr. Middleton con- siders ‘‘ an experiment well worth tryin -.” Sant For Farmers.—As we are only anxious to ascertain the truth regarding the value of salt as a manure, we readily copy the following paragraph :— The increase of the salt tax affects our meals and our industries. Salt is required for the formation of blood and various animal genies. Salt is given to cattle to prevent rot, scabid, intestinal worms and other diseases, It improves their appetite and promotes the power of digestion and modifies their natural timidity. It can be given in moderate quantities twice or thrice a week, Although salt is beneficial to the higher animals, it is decidedly pernicious to the lower orders. It operates fatally on cold-blooded animals, and it is therefore used to destroy worms, newts, and insects. Common salt islargely applied as mauure for cereals and some of the root crops. Salt is also a good manure for coconut plants. The antiseptic properties which common salt possesses regulate the decomposition of farmyard manure. It is therefore a farming economy to cover the ready-made or sufficiently fermented heaps of dung with a layer of salt when the dung cannot be carted at once, in order to prevent the loss of valuable fer- tilizing coustituents of this dung by too prolonged a fermentation, and at the same time adding salt itself to the value of the manure.—Jndustrialist. What we now want is a series of careful experi- ment) in Ceylon. May 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 753 re ES “ BENEFACTORS OF THE CEYLON TEA INTEREST!” With reference to our remarks on the immense importance of multiplying Agencies all over the world for the sale of Ceylon teas, itis of some interest to place on record the names of those who have already opened Establishments: powr encourager les autres! Special Agencies for the sale of Ceylon Teas :— London :—Messrs. Shand and Haldane. John Tyndall & Co. Buchanan Bois & Co. 10 9 ” ” irae Mr. W. A. Massingham. Bournemouth :—Mr. I. J. Horsfall. Sheffield :—Mr. J. A. Robertson. Glasgow :—Messrs. Jas. Wight & Co. ry 5, Rogers & Bett. Edinburgh .—(?) Aberdeen:—Mr. Wm. Westland. Dublin :—(?) Philadelphia :—Messrs. J. McOombie Murray & Oo. Melbourne (Victoria) :—Mr. 5. W. Foulkes. Adelaide (S. A.):—Messrs. Drummond Brothers. Sydney (N.S. W.):—Messrs. D. W. Campbell & Oo. Albany (W. A.):—Mr, H. Pierssene. New Zealand:—Mr. J. F. Wingate. Tasmania :—Mr. Geo. Finlayson. The above are apart from a great body of selling agencies which blend Ceylon with other teas. There are some blanks in our list and no doubt many othey names to be added which we shall be glad to learn. A member of the mercantile community remarks :— “T cannot add to the enclosed list. There are many people like myself who try their best to get people to take Ceylon tea and who do get them and their friends to take a fair quantity, but there are no other special agencies I know of. But I do think that the Clan Line of steamers, and I think the Norddeutscher also, take nothiny but Ceylon tea, and by doing so do spread the taste for Ceylon tea far and wide.” Another member says:—‘ I think I might also claim to be a ‘benefactor’ in view of the many thousands of pounds of Ceylon tea I haye disposed of direct tothe consumer in all parts of the U. K. ever since 1883, vide my adver- tisement in your Overland issue. I might almost say that I set the ball a rolling in this line.” —-— THA IN RAKWANA. Ratnapura, April 3rd. The vateran planter and merchant, Mr. O. Shand, looking: hale and hearty, has escaped from Colombo heat to the hills of Rakwana where he intends to stay @ month fora change. He could not have arrived at a better time to see what Ralkwana tea can do in the way of flushing, for the Jato rains have sent out flush after flush, faster than 1t can be secured. Several natives have got tea properties in Rakwana, and one specially enterprising man named Nicholas has got 50 acres of fine jit in full bearing, and he is going in for every European appliance for cur- ing, even to a Jackson’s hand roller, which is being erected in a fine new iron-roofed store, now almost finished, The villagers from the surrounding lowcountry make 50 Tb tea boxes, from the jungle mango wood, and deliver them at the tea stores for 75 cts. each, and transport to Colombo only costs 1 ct. per Ib, which rates Cannot be complained of, and ought to help to make Rakwana tea a payiog iavestment, should prices keep up. 95 Spring Valo estate was sold by Fiscal last Friday, at the instance of the mortgager, who let it go for R9,000, about 4 of the mortgage amount. Mr, Justice Dias’ superintendent of Depedene, the adjoining estate, purchased for his chief, whois lucky to get nearly 150 acres of fine tea almost all in bearing for such a low figure.—Oor. ——————EE WOMEN AS DEALERS IN THA. 20th March 1889, (Eiztract from ‘‘ Ceylon Observer.”) WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR SURPLUS WOMEN ? “JT am very patriotic and I cannot understand why America should be so much to the fore just now; why American newspapers should take offices and publish themselves in the Strand, without even chan- ging their names, or why American women should secure so many prizes in the Knglish matrimonial market, when we are left with a superabundance of spinsters in our midst. It made me gad to be told, too, on good authority by an English official, that at a recent declaration by the Government of thirty vacancies for female clerks in the Post Office, all of whom must be educated young women, able to pass a some- what difficult examination, there were 8,600 applicants. What are we to do with our surplus women? This is, I think, one of the most important question of the day! How can we help to solve vt 2 PENELOPE.” DREAMY THOUGHTS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE MOMENTOUS QUESTION—BY A KNIGHT OF THE CEYLON TEA BUSH. *“The women then began To quarrel with the men.” (Old English song.) What has been the net result of the heap of nonsense that has been written of late years upon the still vexed questions, ‘‘women’s rights’’ and ‘‘what shall we do with our daughters ?” Well! assuming that, with regard to the first question, women have ‘‘rights,” why do they not combine and set about vigorously to exercise them ; if they would carry out thoroughly the following suggestion, they would at once solve the second question ‘‘ what shall we do with our daughters ?” My plan is simply (?) this. As probably not one man in a thousand cares, or, if even he did, dares, to intertere with the tea department of his household, why should not the ladies make this department distinctly their own? It only requires a good leader and my proposed transformation would speedily be accomplished. One has only to con- sider the thousands of women at present employed by the Post Office, and the thousands more em- ployed as clerks, to see that ‘“‘want of organiza- tion and business habits’? could scarcely be the causes which would result in the failure of my scheme, supposing it were taken up with something like the enthusiasm it deserves. From the buying of tea in Mincing Lane, or even its importation direct from India and Ceylon, down to its final distribution amongst all classes of the community, why should not the grand enterprise be conducted throughout (excepting of course the “haulage” where men’s services must be employed) by women aod women alone? How many gentlemen of the present day, retired officers of the Army and Navy, men from our universities, &c. &c., find profitable employment in establishing themselves as agents for the sale and distribution of products which closely con- cern their sex andin which business women, as a rule, do not care to interfere. I refer, of course, to the enormous business done in the supplying of wines, spirits, cigars, tobacco, &e., &o. &c.—a far vaster business than the tea trade could be ever ex- pected to become!—Well, let the gentlemen keep o this class of business wad as gentlemen leave he tea business to the ladies! Surely there is no 754 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. eeoVQGQSGQGQGQYQKQQQYQYQr es great hardship in this proposition, seeing that men have for years past very ungallantly pocketed vast profits from tea and yet all this time marri- age has assuredly been going slowly more and more “out of fashion”?! Let these profits out of tea go in future to the ladies, and who can tell in how short a space of time the prospects of the marri- age market may not become improved ? What article of commerce so well suits women to administer as tea? It is, in this respect, without an equal, The demand for tea is ever on the increase, the supply never fails, but is always augmenting, and prices have now got down to so low a level that losses in the retailing of tea would seem wellnigh impossible. Fashion in tea changes not: unless tea is absolutely unmerchantable, a cus- tomer for every ounce of it can eventually be found, as we poor tea planters know to our cost. One can hardly suppose that, seeing they are the principal drinkers of it, women’ would be as guilty as men have been in foisting off worthless rubbish on their sisters. But in the struggle for ‘‘bawbees”’ perhaps there would not be a pin to choose between some of them in this respect! I might comment on the anomaly of men administering ladies’ dress departments. Anyway we men would consider it an anomaly if the ladies were to take up our tailors’ réle! but I would not attempt to interfere here or the ladies will all be up in arms fox my daring to interfere with their rights |! ! Well let the fiat go forth, after the ‘‘ Ladies’ Tea Rose League’? has been floated, and let the women of England for ever afterwards carry out their determination never again to buy tea ex- cept from women, and the boycotting of the men will be complete! Victory would speedily be proclaimed all along the line and (well! surely not!) the men would, or rather could, not dare to complain. Women of all classes of the community would be enrolled. Unless women administered the tea departments in the Army and Navy and other large household stores, women would at once cease to buy their teas there. The same down to the smallest shops in old England ; and women of every degree would be free to enter upon the business without let or hindrance. Their success would be assured from the moment that their millions of sisters carried out their re- solye to purchase tea only from women. If only to secure the fortunes thus made, men would soon be found bowing the knee, as of old, to women! This is how Z would solve the above question put by your London correspondent ‘‘ Penelope.”’ MIND YOU MY SUGGESTION REFERS ONLY TO THA, Honors (of various grades) a la ‘‘ Primrose Lea- gue,” wouldof course be annually distributed by the annually installed Worshipful Mistresses to the most deserving dames and spinsters. Secrecy, fortu- nately, not being required; my scheme could be safely worked on Freemasonry lines as regards its organization and ramifications. Women dealing in tea would be free to buy it wherever they liked and of any quality (or absence of it) as best suited to their particular circle of customers ; there would be no interference here. But in time no doubt we should witness a revolution even in this, for why should not special ‘‘ tea trade mark brands of the League” be eventually established, the names becoming just as much ‘‘ household words” as Epps, Fry and Cadbury for cocoa, Huntley, Palmer & Oo. for biscuits, or even greater examples still Bass, Allsopp and Guinness? Tho retailing of tea in a loose state will soon be confined to those who cannot afford to buy even the smallest leaden packet; thus the trade will become in everyway more and more suitable to women. The time is ripe for the change, AND HALF-MEASURES WOULD BE SIMPLY FATAL. SS SALE OF ESTATES. Wilton estate, Kelani Valley, the property of Mr. A. J. Thackwell, has been sold, we are told, to a native for R17,000, while according to our Directory, the property covers 145 acres of which 100 are planted and plucking is going on over 80 acres we believe. The advertisement stated a total of 183 acres and 80 planted. This is an extraordinary bargain and the more strange because we heard that there would be brisk competition on the auction day. It has been sold though by private arrange- ment; although specially advertised for sale on the 11th at 2-30 p.m., nothing being said about ‘ unless sold privately.” Now, gentlemen who have in- spected the property calculating on an auction sale will have cause to complain if not a claim for expenses ? Another sale is of Chertsey estate in Kelani Valley by Mr. Ross-Wright to Mr. Fyler: this is a small place of 55 acres, 50 planted. Ittaliadde estate, the property of the late Mr. Luke F. Kelly, was put up, says the Kandy corres- pondent of a contemporary, for sale at Queen’s Hotel, Kandy, last Saturday, at 1 p. m., by Messrs, Jansen & Co. The estate is 14 miles from the town of Matale, and it is said to be well adapted for tea, tobacco or cocoa cultivation, and is 60 acres in extent. There were two gentlemen com- peting at the sale. Mr. A. M. Hurst’s bids ranged from R1,000 to R2,150, and Mr. J. H. Barber’s from R1,000 to R2,500. The estate was finally bought in bythe administrator, Mr. L. H. Kelly, after Mr. Barber’s bid. Mr. F. A. Prins, the administrator’s lawyer, was also present during the sale. SS HOW TO PUSH CHYLON TEA. Every little effort helps. No suggestion tending to promote a demand for British-grown teas should be despised. And accordingly we would direct attention to one possible means of moving a certain considerable section of good people in the old country to give up eutirely patronising China tea, in favour of the Ceylon or Indian article. When last in England, in the interests of our cinchona planters we addressed the editor of the Friend of China—the organ of the Anti-Opium Society which has Sir Joseph Pease at its head—a long letter which he was good enough to publish, demon- strating that the best possible means of checking the craving for opium in large districts of the Celestial Empire, as of the drinking of laudanum in the low flat malarious Fen districts of England, would be to promote the distribution of quinine which had fallen to a price that might enable philanthropists to distribute it among thousands if not millions of poor people. . Our present appeal to the good friends who raise a big ery every year in England, over the opium iniquity, would be on different grounds, and it is an appeal in fact that might be supported, if not forwarded, with practical effect by our Planters’ Asso- ciation. Perhaps some of our readers may have heard how in the days of the great anti-Slavery agitation, sixty years ago or so,—in many homes in “ngland, slave-grown sugar was forbidden to be used and the greatest care was taken, even ‘at enhanced prices, to buy only sugar grown through free labour. That was one means adopted by earnest opponents of slavery to try and check ity influ. May 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 755 see ne ee eee —————eEe—E—EE——EES ence. In the present session of Parliament a notice of motion has been given as follows:— Sir Joseph Pease will move at an early day.— That this House is of opinion that the system by which a large portion of the Indisn Opium Revenue is raised is financially unsound and morally inde- fensible, and would urge upon the Indian Govern- ment that they should cease to grant licenses for the cultivation of the poppy, except to supply the legitimate demand for opium for medical purposes. We would now venture to call on all good people in the United Kingdom who earnestly desire to see no Indian-grown opium imported into China, to remember that there is one way in which they can practically check such impor- tation. The only means by which the Chinese can get the money to pay for the opium imported is by selling their products to be exported, the greatest of which exports by far is tea. Letevery member of the Anti-Opium Society then give up drinking China tea, and do all in his power to influence others to give up drinking such tea, and to take to the pure Ceylon or British-grown article only, and each one s0 doing may depend upon it that a decided step will be taken to check the opium traffic with China. In fact, this will be giving a direct blow at a trade which is considered accursed by so many good people in the old country. As regards Ceylon tea, we need scarcely say that while it is a thoroughly pure, wholesome article in itself, it is grown and prepared by free labour. Se TEA BENEFACTORS. Our contemporary of the local ‘‘Times” in taking over our list ef Ceylon tea Agencies, makes a regular muddle in his attempt to add to it by including all the ‘‘ Sirocco” Agencies of Mr. Davidson, Belfast, although that gentle- man has never set himself up specially to sell Ceylon, but rather Indian, teas. We do not suppose that even Mr, Garioch in Aberdeen nor Mr. K. B, Arthur in New York devote their chief attention to the Ceylon product. Mr. Davidson is known to get a great deal of the tea he sells from his own gardens in Assam. We attract attention to an extract on page 743 from the Indian Planters’ Gazette giving an account of the New York Sirocco Agency. Our list was specially confined to Agencies which had been established primarily for Ceylon teas and the business of which was chiefly confined to our product. If we went in for Tea Agencies generally, such as_ the Sirocco, our list could be made to cover some columus. The only names properly added by the local ‘“‘ Times” are T. Gray & Co., London ; the Ceylon Teagrowers Company, Limited; Mr. N. D. Galbraith, Ontario (?). Since writing the above we have been fayoured with the following additional and full list from a well-informed quarter :— CEYLON TEA FIRMS IN LONDON AND ELSEWHERE (ADDITIONAL. ) The Oeylon Tea Growers, Ld., Basinghall Street, London. The Ceylon Tea and Ooffee Co., Ld., (Ames’s) Golden Lane, London. The Ceylon Tea Co., Mincing Lane, London, The Ceylon Tea Co., (Hewetson’s), Mark Lane. The Ceylon Tea Agency, Lower Thames Street, uTRe Ceylon ‘Toa Prod e Ceylon Tea Producing A .R. H Seething ees London. i sgenyn: oR: Tyee), The Ceylon Planters’ Stores and Agency, (W. H. pater GA et Street, London. e Pure Ceylon Produce ty i London (J. M. Boegteaa. eeu Breas ieee? West End Agency (Mr. Tranchell, junr.) William Ronald (and brother), King’s Road,London. Reginald Sparkes, Goldalming. Do. do., W. Brompton, London. Frank Davies, (W. H. Davies & Co.), Wolver- hampton. T. Luker, Senr., Stroud. Many of the above commenced doing business in Ceylon tea when the exports were counted by thou- sands and not millions of ?b.—Cor. A Merchant writes :— “The local ‘ Times’ gives credit to Sirocco Tea Co. as being exclusively sellers of Ceylon tea, but this is not so. Davidson has his own estates in Jndia, but he does occasionally buy Ceylons. You should suggest that Davidson should take at least half and half (India and Ceylon.) They do a good busi- ness, and are very enterprising. R. Arthur will, I’m sure, have the greatest possible pleasure in pushing pure Ceylon teas if Davidson permits him to do so.” ere eg ereeeenrenceeees AGRICULTURE IN INDIA,¥* The globe trotter that scampers round the world in three months more or less, has the chance of picking up a great deal of knowledge of the lands he visits and of the customs of the people who inhabit them,—social, political, and commercial. Many of those who make the grand tour in those work-a-day times, condescend to enlighten the stay- at-home world, with the facts and fancies they have gathered by the way ; in newspapers, maga- zines, and pretentious volumes of four or five hundred pages. As the bare facts that have come under the notice of the writer would be but dry fodder for the reading public of Britain to make the article interesting or the book saleable, he must draw on his imagination, he must extend his notes into something more interesting than facts. ‘‘ Travellers’ tales’? have ages ago passed into a proverb, so that intelligent readers take their fare with a grain of salt, but they, often salt the wrong mouthful and swallow unseasoned the least wholesome morsels. The power of dis- seminating crude and hastily formed opinions. among the untravelling public is in proportion to the social standing and the literary ability of the writer. Not the least misleading of. those travelling story-tellers is the man who has en- quired some reputation as a specialist, who hag on scanty eyidence formulated certain opinions on subjects in his own department, connected with a foreign land, and goes abroad to collect evidence in support of them. Robert Wallace, Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh, seems to be one of this latter class, a manof amazing energy and bound- less self-confidence, who came out two years ago to study Indian Agriculture on the spot. Dur- ing the 126 days of his visit, he travelled at the average rate of over 100 miles aday, exclusive of a sea voyage to Ueylon. One would imagine that it was hardly possible for even the most powerful and voracious intellect to master the details of a subject so large and complicated as Indian Agriculture under such circumstances, especially as he seems not to have gone always to the most trustworthy sources of information. With such facts as he collected in the course of his rapid movements, he pro- ceeded on reaching home to. promulgate very decided views in his lecture room in agricultural journals, and finally in a volume of some considerable dimensions, Mr. Benson of the Madras Agricultural Depart- ment, has just published in pamphlet form a review of this work, which is well worthy of pe- * “india in 1887 as seen by Robert Wallace:” A Brief Reply by ©. Benson, M.R.A.a@., Assistant Direc- tor ofthe Department of Land Records and Agri- culture, Madras, [Addison & Oc,, Madras, 1839,] 756 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889, rusal by all who take an interest in the subject. Only a fewin Ceylon have probably seen the Professor’s book, and those who read Mr, Benson’s review are not likely to purchase a copy, as itis heavily dis- credited by one who has had all the advantages of the special education that the Professor himself en- joyed, to which however he has added fifteen years of Indian experience in his department. The matters dealt with in this pamphlet are quite as important to Ceylon as India, and the opinions of aman of Mr. Benson’s attainments and experience is worthy of full consideration. ed INDIAN TEA COMPANIES. On page 757 we have reproduced a table which cannot fail to receive attention from our tea planters who want to form some idea of the working of the great Indian Tea Industry. The statistics given by Mr. Henry Harnshaw are very full and- apparently compiled with the great- est care. We proceed to remark on the more promi- nent facts. This table of results is for some of the large Indian Tea Companies (registered in London) in season 1887 and itreads unpleasantly in April 1889, for a fall of at least 2d or more per lb. in the interval, in the selling price at home, seems to sweep away the bulk of the profits mentioned in line A. “Commission to managers,’”’ we see, ranges (reckon- ing exchange,) at from 1% to 34 Ceylon cents per lb. These commissions to managers will also be in danger of being swept away, we should imagine. The two largest Companies mentioned are the “Assam Company” yielding 2,118,106 lb., and the “Land Mortgage Bank of India, Ltd.”’, yielding 1,969,168 lb. The first (costing £23-10-8 capital value per cultivated acre) is said to have a reserve fund (on capital of £187,160) of 20-62 per cent, or say roughly £37,432. The gross proceeds of the tea in 1887 are stated to have averaged 1s 1°41d per lb. yielding a profit to the shareholders of 1:86d perlb. Now the average price of 1,787 packages of this estate’s tea for week ending 22nd Feb, 1889 was but 114d per lb., or a loss of fully 2d per lb. compared with 1887. At this rate of loss on an annual crop of, say 2,000,000 lb. of tea, it will take only about two years to swallow up the reserve fund. In the case of the second Company (the Land Mortgage Bank of India, Ltd.) instanced, there appears to be no reserve fund to fall back upon and as the capital paid up is said to be rather more than £344,000 representing capital cost £42-15-11 per cultivated acre and the profit in 1887 was only 1:76d per lb., it seems impossible for such a huge Company, yielding nearly two millions lb. of tea in 1887, to go on many years longer, unless indeed prices improve. The Borokai Tea Company, Ltd., with a paid-up capital of £43,560 and 1,038 acres cultivated costing about £42 per acre—(say roughly R630)—the yield being 331 lb. per acre giving a crop in 1887 of 310,800 Ib., average cost of which is stated at 9°82d per lb. seems to have yielded a profit in 1887 to the share- holders of 6-274 per lb., the average gross proceeds per Ib. being 1s 4:09d. Ceylon men might gather some useful hints from the factories and mode of pluck- ing adopted on this estate. Where is it siiuated and what is the distance from the shipping port, and what is the mode of transport? Perhaps some of our correspondents and readers in India can give us this information. Notwithstanding the high cost per acre of tea the shareholders’ profit per cent on capital in 1887 is placed at 18°67 per cent (D)—topping in this respect every other Company. he British Indian Tea Company deserves notice, because the cost per acre of tea is put down at no less than £119 839d, say 2,039 cultivated acres representing a paid-up capital of £243,300: this estate must be well managed ; for, over its 688,886 lb. the average total cost per lb. was apparently only 7'02d although the gross proceeds average per Ib. was only 9:15d per lb. After giving 0-11d per lb. to the manager in commission, it left a profit to the shareholders of 202d per Ib., the yield per acre being 396 lb. shareholders’ profit in capital being very low only 2°38 per cent. But before long, where will be the capital represent- ing £119 odd per acre cost of tea? The table in its fullness is an extremely interesting statement to lay before Ceylon tea planters at the present moment, as it clearly proves, we think, that they have much to be thankful for. Indeed, unless Indian tea gardens can afford to work much cheaper than they appear to have been doing, many of-them it is evident must soon be snuffed out. ——_—_¢q—_______ THE FISH-CURING INDUSTRY IN MADRAS AND CEYLON. We have received a copy of the proceedings of the Madras Board of Revenue submitting to the Government a report on the fish-curing operations in that Presidency during the year 1887-88. It appears that the number of yards on the Madras coast actually worked during the year, was 145 against 141 in the previous year, and the weight of fish brought to be cured was 37,495 tons against 30,373 tons in the previous year, so that 23°4 per cent increase was shown on 1886-87. The figures given for fish-curing in Ceylon look insignificant, indeed, when compared with the above. In 1887-88 there were only three yards worked even at fHlambantota and Gandara in the Southern, and at Udappa in the North-Western, Province. The fish cured in these three yards was only 5244 tons against 37,495 tons in Madras. The financial results of the operations in the opposite Presidency during 1887-88 were also very sa- tisfactory. The receipts during the year amounted to R100,378, and the charges to R86,325, resulting in a net profit to the Government of R14,053. Whereas in Ceylon the total receipts were R3,726'56 The expenditure being 2,862:45 leaving a net gain of R864:14. Nevertheless, if we calculate the percentage of gain upon the amount expended, we get the following results :— Madras.. a 6 16} per cent, Ceylon .. Ho he 304 per cent. The reason for this great difference is apparent. The expenditure incurred in Madras for buildings, clerical establishments and contingencies is on the whole rather considerable, whereas in Ceylon the yards are cheaply constructed and a very small amount is expended for establishments. The Hon. Mr. Ravenscroft, Auditor-General, who has devoted much of his time and attention to this subject, properly observes that the ordinary rule “ will it pay?’ should not be too strictly ap- plied to the fish-curing experiment at least while it is still in its imfancy. In this opinion the Board of Revenue in the Madras Presidency seem to concur. They say any increase in price beyond what is necessary to secure the Government from loss is to be deprecated as likely to check the growth of the industry. The tendency, therefore, to make a profit by increasing the price of salt should not, wethink, be encouraged. 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QCA UE og (at Ln SG Bea are = See? é Me Ue ree i Bayt ia IE GIS, ogo A kth. <5 Fy \ 2 AG By RL Oe Ley eet rs z ca ey : k iF : A YRAM 68 HH WL MAMA THARE ae 3 s . t . ; E ae Mh, Sao Ayes THY Oe Caley » EVEL. 2 Cae th Lt ae oy nus as Srtovac gee, bt se ORT Be ser 2 ro”, = 7 % ESS % 527: ty ‘ = m3 _ 3 5 A i : i ) F hi ® ‘ - “nr é tH ’ 5 Nae “+ 3 ee Co 1 Se ‘ fia ee rt E - I ert Of SUES beta tf if : ‘ 8 $82: )--2 #9 eS Be pie tt SUG Scene ince cytes ESET Ge SAIS BS ae Be QEOes is.qan ef We tat é DE ig.qgEt 2 wags « ‘ t r ‘ wd ‘ Ee GME hs alt ayur Lcatsec ny yee, . 1 7 i Re TEPER BIN ‘ . e yet - 1 j MAD mk sew Olle JOd sen aaare : 2 : 4 eg ‘ EL May 1, 1889. | superior to the preserved fish procurable at the bazaar; but the Madras Board of Revenue correctly observe that the fishermen evince little or no interest in these curing experiments. It is so also in Ceylon, This should not, however, discourage toe officers in charge who, as in so many other instances, in dealing with orientals, must just system- atically. carry on their operations until their labour ig at length crowned with some measure of success and native ignorance and apathy gradually overcome. One question to be answered, however, seems to be, “Have we sufficient fish in Oeylon for curing pur- poses?” It is said that the fresh fish conveyed daily by the seaside railway to Colombo is by no means sufficient to meet the requirements of the population of the metropolis. During certain seasons of the year it is true fish is very plentiful, especially at the ports where the curing process is carried on at present. But as the railway is extended southwards, may we not find the available fish supply more and more drawn on for Colombo and the Central Province? One good result may be an increase in the number of fishermen and of fishing boats, and no doubt with so dense a population as oscupies our South-western coast districts, a wider market for the ‘“‘ harvest of the seas” would lead more of the Sinhalese to turn their attention to the occupation of those who venture over the coral reefs in order to earn a livelihood. ————————E COCONUT CULTIVATION. FuMIGATION. (By an Old Planter.) In conversation with a recent pervert to the smoke bath theory, he said I was setting up my single opinion against the experience of many practical men, as well as the teaching of the local Agricultural School. I replied ‘that I would always do my little best in battle with unscientific nonsense wheresoever I met it; that I bad met very few practical coconut planters, who either observed facts accurately or reasoned logically. As for the Agricultural School, if it is really teaching us absurd and scientifically groundless theories as any it proposed to supersede, the sooner it was closed up the better for the interests of true knowledge. ‘ When this smoke theory was first promulgated about eighteen years ago, its inventor claimed no more for it than that it drove the kuruminia (beetle) out of the trees. That after a time the ravages of this insect was greatly moderated there is no doubt, but simul- taneously with the application of the smoke cure a re- ward was offered for the delivery of grubs. It was a populous district with plenty of idle boys and soon every dung heap, every rotten tree, every heap of decaying vegetable matter in the neighbourhood was ransacked. Grubs were brought in thousands and the search continued till it became unprofitable, All the effect was ascribed to the smoke and nothing to the grub hunting to which it was really due. The coconut field subsequently under the manage- ment of this gentleman, was of small extent under thirty acres. It was in good heart when he took charge, and its crops had been annually increasing for seven years; within or adjoining it were cooly lines, watch huts, cattle sheds, and cinnamon waiiyas. Here the smoke treatment was carried out ino full swing, and to it was ascribed the fact, that mature coconut trees, on a specially suitable soil, continued not only to maintain their former rates of bearing, but occasionally exceeded it; all the sources of natural aud artificial manuring were ignored and smoke alone was declared the one all-sufficient manure for coco- nut trees. Those who have no tincture of agricultural science are easily led by any big mouthed charlatan, who puts forth a high sounding claim on their credulity. Who would go the trouble and expense of accumus THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. lating dung heaps, manipulating the soil, and pur- chasing costly artificial fertilizers, if their credulity extended to the belief that an occasionalsmoke bath was all the coconut tree needed to flourish and yield large crops? A fact that no one disputes is that in the vicinity of a set of lines, 2 bungalow, a watch hut, or any other building where men or animals dwell, young coconuts take an earlier start, and keep ahead of the outlying field. The old Sinhalese way of accounting for this fact is the as- sumption that the coconut plant loves the human voice and feels lonely and dejected when deprived of its music. A more rational theory is that wherever men and animals have their home a process of natural manuring is in constant action, quite equal to the effect in question. I offered this solution of the problem to an esteemed friend, who gravely told me, that the smal quantity of nitrogenous matter brought to the spot by the living creatures located there was quite inadequate to the effect produced, but that the smoke from time to time raised in or about the dwelling was the true cause. Being a rather slow thinker, and not having the facts and arguments on whicha long unchallenged opinion rested. in battle array, I could on the instant only state my dissent from both my friend’s propositions. Since that time, however, I have been frequently called on to turn my attention to this subject by informa- tion, that the belief in the efficacy of smoke, and the practice of raising it, was rapidly _ spread- ing and finally as above stated that it had been taken up by the teachers of the Agricultural School and thus likely to become a leading feature in the coconut cultivation of the future. I have there- fore accepted it asa duty, to do what Ican to refute an erroneous theory, and check a useless practice. The standard authorities in such matters tell us that the food of plants consist of certain elements derived from the soil in a state of solution through the roots and of certain atmospheric elements ab- sorbed by the leaves. That more than nine-tenths of the bulk and weight of all vegetable tissues consist in varied speci- fic proportions of the four elements,—carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. That the elements derived by plants directly from the atmosphere are only carbon and oxygen and that all their other specific component elements are derived from the soil. That the conditions of the perfect healthy develop- ment of any given terrestrial plant are suflicient room above ground and an unfailing supply under- ground ofits specific elements in a soluble state with water enough to solve them. Oxygen and carbon being permanent constituents of the atmosphere there can be no question about their sufficiency for all the animal and vegetable wants of the globe. Were it possible for a deficiency of these elements, to take place, mankind would cease to care for the life of plants and seek only to save their own. If it is believed that coconuts absorb smoke directly, such belief can only rest on the supposition that there is a deficiency of carbon in the air,—a proposition beyond the region of demonstrable facts. It has been ascertained that the proportion of carbon in the air differs at various times and in different places, but at no time and in no place has the question ever arisen as to its sufficiency for the wants of vegeta- tion. It is more probable that the supply of carbon in the atmosphere isin excess of the wants of veget- able life, but if such should be the case plants will absorb no more than their due specific proportion of that or any other of their constituent elements. I am reminded of an anecdote of Charles II. by the speculations of “Siyane Korale.” At a séance of the Royal Society, H.M. proposed to the assembled savants the following problem:— If you put a basin with water into one scale of a balance and a corresponding weight into the other, how, or by what law of nature is it that if you put a fish into the water in the basin it will not turo the beam@ 460 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Mav 1, 1889, The wise men went to work on the question and several explanations were offered, when his Majesty, turning to a member who had remained silent, de- manded his opinion. “T beg your Majesty’s pardon, but I deny the fact,” was the prompt reply. “ Od’s Mish ar Lick re right,” cried the king. S. K.is not prepared to admit that coconut trees gulp down smoke in mouthfuls like a hungry dog, but he is not prepared to deny that good may be done to the tree in some indirect way. It would have been easier to deny the fact like the sage who would not be humbugged even by a king. To return to the original argument, a field of co- conuts is planted and a watch hut erected in the midst of it. In the course of a few months the plants in the immediate vicinity of the hut take the lead of all other parts of the field, those nearest the hut being foremost; but the wore. rapid growth being more or less marked within a radius of one hundred feet. My friend and myself are in perfect agree- ment as to the fact, but we differ widely as to the cause : ‘* Smoke,” says be; ‘‘Manure,’ say I. “There is not sufficient manure made on the spot,” says he. “No amount of smoke can produce any beneficial ef- fect,” say I. “I have seen the most wonderful results from occasional fires,” says he. “J take you upon the proposition that the amount of manure, made on the spot, is not adequate to the effect,” sav I. The watchman establishes himself in his hut, in company with a dog; later on he adds to his stock a cock and three hens, and finally he buys or borrows a bullock. The annual manurial value of a single fowl has been authoritatively estimated at ten pence; let us say fifty cents. We cannot value the dog at less than two fowls, or the man and the bullock at less than six fowls each. The value of the whole annual produce of manure being thus R8'00. This sum will purchase and place on the spot nearly 300 lb. of castor cake, a man- ure, of which we know the market value and its mea- sure of fertilizing matter. It contains everything that a young coconut requires from the soil; the quantity named will give each of 70 plants over 4 Ib. yearly, thus supplying an amount of fertilizing matter much be- yond the requirements of the plant, during the first three or four years. In natural manuring all the ferti- lizing matter being left on the surface, one half of its effect is wasted in weathering, so that thesame amount of manure turned into the soil, three or four inches deep, will give a double result. att The advantages of manure in coconut cultivation are already fully established, scientifically and experiment- ally, but those of smoke have still to pass those ordeals, before they can meet with acceptance by any man with a tincture of scientific knowledge and a habit of scien- tific enquiry. Suchan one willset no value ona loose assertion, but will probably ask you to select tree whose stem has gradually dwindled from one foot to six inches with eight or ten leaves, six or eight feet in length and that has long ceased to produce even barren flowers. Restore this tree to a moderate mea- sure of fertility within three or four years by the application of smoke without stint or limit, but smoke alone; the most sceptical will then be silenced, unless a flaw can be found in the experiment. It should always be kept in mind that when great re- sults are claimed for an agent hitherto overlooked by practical men, and in which scientific men have not discovered any of the qualities necessary to the production of such results must be subjected to the severest tests before it can gain the confidence of any but the most ignorant and the most credulous of the people. Those who believe in the manurial value of vapour— Fumists as they may be called—do not belong to the class of minds that need philosophic tests to base their opinions on. The last fumist with whom I conversed had nothing stronger to urge in its behalf than the naming of several parties that were practis- ing smoke raising, and the teaching of the Agricultural School. These were in his view proofs positive. On the other hand, those who know that the claims put forward by the fumists are incompatible with well settled facts, will probably allow it to run its course, and end as it began in smoke, [Our old correspondent is, doubtless, justified in making light of the manurial value of smoke, which must, even if of good volume at starting, be largely attenuated by the time it reached the heads of the palm trees at an average altitude of say 70 feet; but we cannot help thinking that the smoking process must have a beneficial effect in clearing or keeping clear of insects, rats, d&c., the fronds and spathes of the trees ?—Ep.] Pee eM COFFEE AND TEA CONSUMPTION. We confess we did not realize the importance of the question started two days ago columns and referred to again yesterday, in regard to the relative consumption of tea and coffee throughout the world. The common belief probably is, that tea is in far more request and that the quantity grown and passing through the markets of the world is far greater of tea than coffee, This idea has no doubt been fostered as much by the figures used in statistics as by the fact that tea is so much the more popular beverage throughout Great Britain and its dependencies. Tea being always lb., coffee is referred to in tons, bags, piculs or cwt., has, we think, made the totals of the former look the more formidable. But we think the comparison we afforded yesterday is enough to show our readers that there is actually, weight for weight, far more coffee than tea grown and consumed in the world. Our correspondent, however, refurns to the charge, and he asks, with much force and pertinence, ‘ what have we tea planters and dealers to do with the consumption of tea in China, Japan, Java or in any other producing country—what is the practical use of giving us a comparison which includes the home consumption of the tea producers?’ What is wanted is a comparison between the quantities of coffee and tea actually thrown on the markets of the world; for it is out of these figures that a lesson of much practical importance at this time can be evoked for the benefit of those who fear for the future of tea. We all know that the production of coffee is falling off, and that there is not a little risk of Brazil crops failing after the fashion which we have witnessed in the case of Jaya, Ceylon and a great part of India. Already the rule of alter- nate crops seems to be established in Brazil in a very marked degree, and we all remember how in our own case, within the leaf-disease era, a good crop, buoying up our faith in coffee, would be followed by a miserably short one, then bya decent gathering, and this by a still shorter alternation. Now, if Brazil is going to run down in this way, what arethe enormous multitude of coffee drinkers —more especially in the United States and on the Continent of Hurope—to do? Are they not bound to take to tea, and it is to show how large is the field for the aggression of tea on coffee that the comparative figures asked for by our correspondent are of interest. We have more faith in our own estimates of the production and consumption of our staples as given in the Agricultural Review prefixed to our Directory, than in avy furnished by London Brokers, though the latter doubtless sometimes consult our, among in our given in while Mav 1, 18809, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 761 other, statistics. But we give two sets of compari- sons as follows:— Consumption of Corrbe in non-produ- cing countries (as per Ferguson’s “ Cey- lon Handbook and Directory ”’) 1,595,596,800 lb. Do. do. Tea... do. do. 503,101,000 lb. Excess of coffee... 1,092,495,800 Ib. Oonsumption of Oorrex in non-produ- cing countries (per S. Rucker & Oo.’s)... 1,504,160,000 Ib. Do. do. Tra (per Gow, Wil- son & Stanton’s) ... (00 403,000,000 Ib. Exxcess of coffee... 1,101,160,000 lb. The enormous excess of coffee, is, of course, partly explained by the fact that a lb. of tea will go much further than 1 lb, of coffee in the quantity of refreshing beverage afforded; but making all such allowance, the excess of coffee sold through the markets of the worldis still very great. Now, if, as we anticipate, the production of the berry is steadily falling off, may we not anticipate that the demand for tea to take its place will become a very important factor in the future of the world’s requirements of what is not only the staple of China, but of Ceylon and a large part of India? For ourselves, we think there is enough in the figures we present to enable our tea planters to take courage and to go about their work with unabated confidence. ao ee Gum Arasic.—Formerly a large quantity of gum acacia wasimported into and held in Liverpool. As far as can be ascertained there is not now a single case or seron here—the whole stock consisting of afew brokers’ samples. The gum as it arrived from the Soudan was so diy that it paid to keep it for a time in warehouse. A seron of about 400 lb. would always increase in weight, sometimes to the extent of 15 lb. or 20 1b. No such increase results from keeping Brazilian and Indian gums. —Chemist and Druggist, March 23rd. Vererinary Lercturn.—A large assembly, in- cluding General Galbraith, c.s., Colonel Grant, c.B., 7th Dragoon Guards, the polo visitors, &c., took place at Umballa on Tuesday, the 12th instant to listen to Veterinary Surgeon J. H. Cox’s lecture on ‘‘ Practical Horse Judging.” Several horses of various classes were submitted to critical examin- ation. The lecture is said to have been highly instructive, and was much appreciated by all present.— Pioneer. Cayton TEA ror PrERs1aA.—We are much interested in learning that as the result of a series of samples sent to Persia by a Jocal banker, an order has been issued for 20,000 lb. of Ceylon Tea. We have always been aware of a consider- able consumption of tea in Persia, a great part shipped from Bombay (of both Indian and China kinds) while some comes back from London. There is no reason why Ceylon should not get a big share in the supply and there is a wide field for extension; for Muhammadans of that region and adjacent countries very readily take to tea when they cannot readily get coffee. Tra Nores.—Plucking has begun in Sibsaugor. Dur- rung has experienced hot weather. The weather has been warm in Cachar. Seasonable weather is the news from Goalpara, Nowgong. Luckimpore and Sibsaugor. DakJEELING.—Weather continues hot and dry with high winds—Bad lookout if no rain falls before long. Fair amount of leaf coming in on some factories. Soura Syuuer, 26th Marech.—During last week this district had over 4 inches of welcome rain, and the weather is at present unsettled, promising more. Prospects have therefore improved. DEHRA- puN 26th March.—It is very hot here now. Some gardens have begun making tea, I expect we sdall be all hard at work manufacturing in a few days, Tho weather has been all that any planter could desire, and the bushes onall estates are looking most pro- mising for a bumper Spring crop.—Zndian Planters’ Gazette, April 2nd. A MEETING OF SUGAR AND COFFEE BROKERS in the Clearing House was held on Monday at the London Commercial Sale-rooms, when the two following resolutions were carried :—‘‘That the members present form themselves into an association for concerted action in matters connected with the Clearing House, and that any broker joining the Clearing House shall be required to become a member ofthe association.” ‘‘ That the authorised brokers pledge themselves not to pass a contract in the Clearing House with any person acting in the double capacity of agent and broker, unless with the payment of the usual £ per cent brokerage in any branch, sugar, coffee or otherwise. That this resolve be in force from and after Monday next.” —H, and C. Mail, March 22nd. Cryton AnD Cuina Tra.—Messrs, Geo. White & Co. furnish a very elaborate annual report on Indian, Ceylon, and China Tea for 1888. It is accompanied by a very neat and convenient map showing the positions of the principal tea districts both in India and Ceylon. This affords a very good idea of the relative position and extent of the various large Indian districts as contrasted with the Tea country in Ceylon. The estimated acreage under tea in India is given at 307,500 acres and the outturn for 1888 at 98,000,000 lb. of which 14 is, for local consumption and 34 for Australia leaving 93 millions for Great Britain. Ceylon in the same way is put down at 180,000 acres, a large portion not in bearing, with 24 millions lb. of tea in 1888 of which 23 millions for Great Britain. Meantime we give here one passage of significance about Ceylon teas last year :— The slightly better quality of some invoices preven- ted any further marked decline in the monthly aver- age and imparted a stronger tone to the market for all fine grades, which has been well sustained to date. Poor liquoring parcels, on the other hand, continued to sell at prices in favour of buyers, as they are not considered to afford such good value as low-priced Indian teas which are stronger in cup. Wynaap Nores, 3rd April.—Ii is always pleasant to be the bearer of good tidings, and it is especially agreeable to be able to inform you that the terrible anxiety ot the last fortnight has been relieved by an ample and very general rainfall. The spike all over the district is simply magnificent; and where the blossom has already opened, it has been exception- ally fine and healthy. At present our anxieties have veered round, and we are actually afraid of too much ram, that is to say, of extra heavy down-pours, de- stroying the open blossom. ‘The next week will pretty well settle the fate of most of us, and if we can get through this without hail-storms, or t00 heayy rains, our outlook should be a more cheering one than has befallen us for many a year. I fear, how- ever, that all have not been equally fortunate, and that here and there, where the estates were extra open and unshaded, the spikes must have suffered considerably from the lengthened drought. And lest we should get ‘‘ above ourselves,” we are judicionsly kept down by your pleasing announcement of coffee flat, 95! However, those who ought to know still assert their belief in a probably strong market for some time to come, and already some of our coffee has sold at splendid yrices—the sorrow of it being that there was so uncommonly little of it to sell. Cinchona is a thing we don’t even mention in any gathering where good spirits (mental) are the desired object. We who planted coffee aud cinchona together some years ago feel a sort of gentle pity for those who scorned our innovations. There is this, by way of consolation: Cinchona will keep—and its cultiva- tion does not cost much; perhaps it will get its turn again, and when we think of the lovely plantations in the district, we very sincerely hope that this turn may exist in a near future.—Zadras Times. 962 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. t ye [May 1, 1889. AynotHer Tra Preparinc Macuine.—We hear that ‘another Ceylon planter” has invented a little machine which is likely to be found in every Tea Factory erelong: it is pronounced perfect of its kind by competent judges. Steps are being taken to get the needful patent. Neruertanns Inpta Nuws.—A disease among sugar- cane in Java, which strikes at the roots of the plants, has spread so alarmingly that the Government of the island has taken measures against it. Plant cane from the stricken districts is shut out from the un- affected ones, and its export from that island to lands beyond sea has also been forbidden. Heavy penalties are attached to breaches of the prohibition. —Straits Times, April 1st. Tur Corton Inpustry.—The following is from the Times of India :—‘‘ News from the Lancashire cotton centres indicates iat the depression in manufacturing continues, and that in many ware- houses stocks are accumulating at a serious rate. A Manchester correspondent says that apart from the general depression—amounting in some cases to something approaching stagnation—several im- important questions are just now agitating the cotton trade. A petition to Government pray- ing for legislation to prevent the oversizing of cotton warp and the blowing in of steam has been signed by almost a quarter of a million of people. Heavy sizing began during the cotton famine in 1862-3-4, Up to this period an ordinary Indian or Chinese shirting was made up of 7lb. to 74 lb. of cotton yarn (twist and weft) and 11b. to 1} lb. of size, composed of flour, farina and tallow, but of late years a kind of soft white clay, known as China clay, mixed with zinc, salts, alum, &c., has been used as a substitute. In order to enable this obnoxious size to be woven into the cloth, steam is blown into the sheds, and the operatives complain that their health is very seriously in- jured thereby. They allege that working in asteam- laden air, often at a very high temperature, and with the superadded evil of offensive odours, ener- vates and undermines health, directly inducing very many cases of consumption and bronchial affections, inflammations, rheumatism, &c. A good deal of interest has also been excited over the proposal to amend the Limited Liability Act so as to check the floating of bogus companies.” Suimmmne (or 25 cunts) Quininz.—The Ameri- can quinine dealers are greatly exercised at the prospect of quinine selling at 25 cents—a shilling— an ounce! The Drug Reporter of New York pub- lishes a long series of opinions on the situation. One of the best-known in the trade, a gentleman interested in Bolivia plantations from whom we got a good deal of information in 1884, is reported as follows :— Mr. John McKesson, Jr., of McKesson & Robbins. —As regards 25 cent quinine, I might reply in the words of Captain Bunsby—I think thatis the name— “if so be, why not?’ is very slight. sidered baling, transportation to vessel, freight and insurance, warehousing, Commissions, sampling, testing, getting bark to factory, grinding, labor of preparing quinine, and cost of putting it upon the market, including vials, commissions, advertising, &c. If the bark was given away these charges would have to be paid, and they have something to do in fixing the price of quinine, Overproduction has caused the low prices, and I don’t think manufacturers are making any money. There seems to be no scarcity | of quinine, but there is little chance for much lower | prices because the margin left for a further decline | Irrespective of the cost of growing | bark there are various charges which must be con- | in arriving at the true value of bark and | quinine, such as cutting bark, pressing it into bales, | Another well-known firm, Messrs. Power & Weightman of Philadelphia, fayor the imposition of a heavy import duty on foreign quinine entering America to counterbalance the greater dearness of labour! Messrs. Keasbey & Matheson take credit for having prophesied ‘25 cents quinine”’ in their rd of December 1887. They now consider that,— In the absence of speculation or syndicates, quinine will rule as follows: probably not below 20 cents per ounce, and probably never above 30 cents, Twenty- five cents, more or less may be taken as about the race at which manufacturers in the absence of a “Oonvention”’ will supply their product to purchasers. When full of contracts for future delivery, they will be “firm” in their views. When they have stock to place, they will quote about 25c, and intimate that “possibly an offer of a shade lower may lead to business, if a round lot is wanted.” * ee The wholesale drug trade of the United States should carry a three months’ supply of quinine at all times. When quinine advanced without other than speculative cause or false rumours of decreased bark supply, &c., they should steadfastly decline to buy, and by this means and at an expense of a small interest charge, they would keep the future in their own hands and get a small but sure profit in handling sulphate of quinine. Hveryone connected with the trade in qui- nine should remember that through all the mani- pulation of both bark and quinine, the wonderful protoplasm engenders, diffuses and secretes quinine. Quinine ! Quinine ! Houses may come and go, trusts and speculators ditto, but the wonderful can keep steadily at its work storing up quinine, ready to put upon the market at any time when the price may be unjustifiably advanced. Srtx mn Inp1a.—In another column we publish an interesting letter from Mr. Cunliffe Lister, the pioneer of silk cultivation on a large scale in the Hastern Dun. For years past Mr. Lister has been expending large sums in experimental sericulture at the Lister Grant; and as there has hitherto been no return, those who have been watching his persevering efforts have naturally begun to shake their heads. Of late, moreover, it has been specifically asserted by silk experts in this country that it is useless to attempt to rear the silkworm in India on a large scale by means of hired native labour; and that Mr. Lister was therefore doomed to failure from the first. It will be seen from the letter we print that the person chiefly interested takes a very different view. He writes in the most confident tone, and declares he is now, after years of trouble and expente, on the eve of a great success. Whether his hopes will be realised or not we shall have to wait till after the present year’s crop to see; but meanwhile it is important to note that Mr. Lister considers two points already established by his experiments. In the first place disease, when the worms are pro- perly fed and attended to, is unknown; and, in the second place, the seed of the Italian and French Bombyx mori reared in the Dun has, we are assured, produced as good cocoons as imported seed, so that Mr. Lister no longer finds it necessary to import any. This at once settles the question as to the possiblity of raising good cocoons in this country, and so far the experiments in the Dun seem to have been eminently successful. It remains to see whether the European supervision and the hired native labour which Mr. Lister considers essential to successful sericulture, can be got at a price which will leave a profit sufficiently large to attract capital. On this point Mr. Lister’s letter is clearly not conclusive. His capital has been attracted without any profit at all; but enterprise like this is rare, and though he is assured in his own mind of a profit in the near future, other capitalists will pro- bably wait till it is actually realised before sharing ‘his enthusiasm.—Pioneer. May 1, 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MILDEW AND ITS TREATMENT* Norice By Monsrevur J. Durour or Lavsannn, 1888. The question of midew has for sume years been of the highest importance for our vineyards. Thisnew disease has spread: with such rapidity, it has caused in many vineyards such great harm, thatit is worth while to occupy oneself seriously about it, and to consider henceforth the application of sulphates as the fore most of theregular labours of the vineyard. We wish to try and summarize in the following pages the opinions gathered so far on the disease and its treatment, and that in a manner as concise as possible witbout enlarging much on the scientific characteristics of mildew or of the theories given out on the subject of the application of sulphates. Our aim is essentially practical. 1.—NAaAtTURE OF ThE DispASE: ITs Orteain.—Mildew is a new disease introduced from America in the wake of so many others. It has ovly been known in Europe-since 1878. At the beginning of this year, it made rapid progress in France, and ended by invading the greater part of the vine-growing coun- tries of the Continent. In Switzerland, it must have made its appearance already in 1880, but it was only some years later that at- tention was seriously drawn to this new enemy of our vineyards and to the means tor combating it. OdARACTERISTICS OF THE DisEasu.—Yellow spots, which appear first on isolated points of the leaf, consti- tute the first indica ions of the invasion of mildew. At the ena of ashort time, the spots become brown, and the tissue dries in the centre of the points of attack, When the disease declares itself severely, the isolated points unite, and soon the leaf is found attacked on the greater part of its surface. Then it dries and finally falls. If one turns over the leaves attacked by mildew, one finds generally on the lower surface, on the parts which correspond with the yellow spots onthe top of the leaf, @ whitish powder, resembling finely-pulverised sugar. _ Tue Parasire.—The characteristic spots which have just been described are due to the development of a parasitic fungus, the Peronospora victicola. This fungus penetrates into the leaf, and lodges itself even in the thickness of the tissue. It nourishes itself at the expense of the juices of the leaf, and soon it throws into the air white filaments which produce seeds (or spores) ,of ovoid form. These fructifications which appear in abundance, constitute precisely the whitish dust which is found on the lower face of the leaves attacked by miliew.- ‘The spores are easily carried by the wind, and germinate on other leaves of the vine: the fungus soon penetrates into the healthy leaf, and the attack propagates itself thus from vine to vine. At the end of autumn, the fungus may form other large seeds, the winter spores. It is often in this form that they live through the winter season, to reappear anew in the following year. ConpDITIONS Or THE DEVELOPMENT OF tHE PARAsITE. —It has been calculated that a single vine attacked by mildew can produce on the surface of its leaves several millions of spores, of which each one is capable of infecting new vines. With a power of reproduction s0 enormous, it is not. surprising to see the disease spread with extreme rapidity. It may even appear surprising that it is not more pernicious than it is in reality. But the development of mildew is happily limited by somewhat special conditions which the parasite requires in order to run through the different stages of its existence. It requires for its development heat, it requires also moisture. In order that the spores of mildew may germinate on the surface of the leaf, it is necessary that the latter should have been moistened either by rain or dew, — For the fungus to grow and propagate itself rapidly in the interior of the leaves, suflicient heat is required. When these two conditions: are not found united, the disease does not develop in a manner sufficiently sericus to compromise the growth. TIMES WHEN THE DIsrASE MAY APPEAR.—If the con- ditions of which we have just spoken, heat and mois- * Referred toin letter of “J, G.C. H” on- page 745.—Ep. Lf, 96 ture meet in the month of May, the disease will already appear at this time. This conjunction has not yet occurred witb us, but it hasin Algeria and in the south of France. In our country the mildew generally shows itself later. Lastyear, for example, ‘be frst leaves were found attacked towards the 10th July. To foretell in advance the precise time of the invasion of the disease, is to expose oneself to disagree- eble surprises. Ail depends on meteorological circums stauces, impossible to foresee. Errects or MinpEw.—Premature fall of the leaves; arrest of growth, incomplete maturity of the grapes, and vine-branches, such are the usual consequences of the disease. The vines are weakened in a sensible dogree and resist frost less well in consequence. A vine attacked with mildew is recognised from far off from its yellow and partly dried up foliage, In generalit is the leaves at the bottom of the stock which are found first attacked: the vines throw off little by little those leaves which are precisely the most necessary to novrish and protect the grapes. There exists besides a form of mildew which is manifested on the grapes themselves. The parasite de- velopes in the clusters and denotes the appearance of the spots or rounded depressions, of a grey or violet colour, under which the pulp generally hardens. The alteration shows itself often in the first place in the neighbourhood of the peduncle (flower-stalk). The spore ends by shrivelling: it dries and falls. This form of mildew has been often found in the Canton of Vaud. In America and France itis known under the names of ‘‘grey rot” or “brown rot,” and has caused great loss in certain vineyards. PossIBLE CONFUSION WITh OTHER DisEASES.—When the vine commences to bud and develop to a certain extent, one finus very trequeutly ou the leaves rounded spots, whitish below, otten red or brown on tue upper side of the organ, Many persons mistake these spots for the commencement of an atiack ot mildew, but these alterations are due to a quite different cause—to the prick (fly-blow) of a little insect of the order acaricns, the Phytoptus vitis. This disease known by the name of érinose is easily distinguished by the following characteristics : the leaves are swollen and crimped in the parts attacked, but they do not usua'ly become yellow, and do not dry up rapidly as in the case in mildew. In the leaves attacked by mildew, the white powder comes off witb the least friction. In érinose the whitish spots are strongly adherent to the tissues of the leaf. They recommend agains$ érinose repeated applications of sulphur, Another disease which may be confounded with mildew is Jriélon. Brown spots, round or of irregular forms, appear on the leaves and the tissue dries up rapidly in the parts attacked. These spots are in general distinctly defined: they are not yellow in their circumference, as are those caused by mildew. On the lower face of the leaf, one sees no appearance of white efflorescence. The brzilon is due to the action of cold dews, and to the sudden changes of tem- perature. It is not a parasitic disease like mildew and érinose, THE TreaTMent. AtMor TREATMENT: ACTION OF Sauts of CoprerR.—Once installed in the interior of the leaf, the parasite isinvulnerable. In order to destroy it, one must destroy equally the leaf which encloses it. PREVENTIVE TREATMENT is then the only possible one. The spores of mildew must be prevented from germinating on the surface of the leaves: the parasite must be prevented from penetrating the plant. After numerous fruitless-attempts, we have succeeded at last within the last few years, in discovering modes of treatment which are positively efficacious. It was in 1884 that attention was first drawn on several sides to the valuable property which salts of copper possess in acting energetically against the development of the parasite and in killing the spores, or at least in preventing their normal development. The aim of the treatment is to spread on the leaves salts of copper in a soluble form before the arrival of the mildew. There remain thus on the leaves spots constituting true reservoirs of copper, 764 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. | which yield to drops of water coming from rain or dew, small quantities of copper, sufficient to kill the parasite in its germ. Besides, the epidermis of the leaf absorbs acertain portion of the copper mixture, and when the germ of the fungus succeeds in form- ing, it is powerless to penetrate into the interior of the plant. CHOICE BETWEEN Various Mersops.—The sub- stances spread over the leaves of the vine must be adherent: they must be easy and economical of application. When one has to treat vines far removed from springs or fountains, the employment of powders may be recommended, but they must be employed only under certain conditions which will be enumerated further on. When the vine is near water there is advantage in using bouillie bordelaise or eau céleste. These two remedies have been tried last year in our country. They have both given good results. In places where the- comparison could be established, the bouillie bordelaise has however been shewn to be the more efficacious. It presents, it is true, the disadvantage of being a little longer, and more complicated in preparation than eau céleste. A third very economical remedy, the preparation of which is very simple, is the mixture of blue vitriol and soda. It may supplant eau céleste and even bouillie bordelaiseif the experience of this year are favourable. But this mixture has not yet been applied on as large a scale as the two remedies of which we have just spoken. As it is economical, we advise vine-growers to experiment with it ona part of their vineyards. They could also make a trial of the new bouillies of lime and vitriol in reduced doses. SULPHURIZED PRops AND Tixs.—In former times they founded great hopes on the simple methods of the sulphurization of props and the straw used for at- taching the vines. With our mode of culture these proceedings are certainly insufficient for combating mildew. The sulphurization of the props is however a very commendable practice with regard to the pre- servation of the wood. POWDERS AND THEIR APPLICATION.—In later times we have heard a great number of powders cried up against mildew. Theadvantage of powders is to facilitate oper- ations in vineyards where water is not available, their dis- advantage is some uncertainty as to the efficacy of this treatment. There are powders which contain sulphur and sulphate of copper asessential parts. To them lime is added, quick-lime or other substances in various _pro- portions. Such are the powders Podechard, Skawinski, Sulfatine Estéve, sulphates of saltsof copper (among others Sebastian powder). The sulphur contained in these powders may act at the same time on oidium (a vine disease): however the effect on this last malady is, it appears, more irregular than when the application of sulphur is made separately in hot and dry weather. Other powders do not contain sulphur, but sulphate of copper is fixed on a substance very finely pulverised, such as tale (Sulfostértite) or plas- ter (poudre Ooignet). We find besides in trade, mixtures more complicated, such as fungivores or fongivores. In powders well prepared, what acts against mildew is the sulphate of copper which they contain. This substance can only exert its action when the powders are fine, adherent and spread over leaves moistened by rain or dew. Applied in dry weather, the effect of the powders is very unequal. Several of the powders abovenamed have not yet been experimented on in the Canton de Vaud. The sulphates of salt of copper and in particular the powder Sebastian have generally given good results. The fungivores (powders) have not always kept their promise in places where mildew has raged in a severe form. The application of the powders must then be made by spray with a bellows or other appliance used for sulphurization against oidium. Liquips.—In the various remedies which we have passed in review, blue vitriol is found combined with lime (bouillie bordelaise) with ammonia (eau céleste) or with soda (Masson mixture). Finally, one may employ, but under certaia conditions only simple sclutions of sulphate of copper. The sulphate dissolves rather easily in hot water. One may accelerate its dissolution by placing the erys- tals in an old basket which may be steeped in the upper layer of the liquid. Fer the preparation of ail these remedies, vessels of stone, glass, or copper should be used. (A.) Bouwllie Bordeiaise.—This is the formula which we can recommend for general application :— Dissolve 3 kilogrammes of blue vitriol in 10 litres of hot water. Add 80 litres of water. Take besides 2 kilogrammes Of good pure quick lime. Measure 4 litres of water which add LitrLy BY LITTLE to the lime, so as to make it dissolve first and theu to transform itinto a thick brew; this is to be poured SLOWLY into the solution of sulphate of copper, stir- ring it carefully with a stick so as to render the mixture of the same consistency. In the first formulas indicated by Mons. Millardet, the proportions of blue vitriol and of lime were very large: 8 kilogrammes of the first to 15 kgs. of lime. Latterly they have considerably reduced the doses and the present formulas experimented with much care and patience of method by Mons, Millardet are infinitely more simple. The formula which we have indicated aboye is that which was generally employed in the Canton de Vaud last year. The excellent results which have been obtained by it induce us to reproduce it here, and to recommend it for the next season. For owners of vineyards who wish to make a trial of it, we will indicate besides two new formulas of bouillie bor- delaise reduced. (a) 2 kilogrammes blue vitriol, litres water. (b) 14 kg. vitriol, 750 g. lime, 100 litres water. Some practical details on the fabrication of these three bouillies:—Take care to make the solution of blue vitriol and of milk of lime in two different vessels. Take lime (grasse) pure quick lime—in pre- ference to lime maigre, 7.¢-, weak andimpure: avoid using lime which is exhausted or kept too long in store. Throw the milk of lime into the solution of sulphate of copper and not the contrary way. Wait to mix these until the solutions are cold. Prepare the bouillie bordelaise at least some hours in advance. F (B.) Eau céleste.x—-One can make eau céleste one- self; one can only buy from tradesmen or chemists a concentrated solution to which you add a determined proportion of water. This is the usual formula for those who wish to make the liquid for t' emselves, Dissolve 1 kg. of su!phate of copper in 4 litres of hot water. AFTER cooLine add little by little to this solution, stirring with a stick 13% litres of the am- monia of commerce at 22° Baume. We obtain thus a limpid solution, dark blue, which attenuate to 200 litres. The addition of ammonia pro- duces quite at the commencement a precipitate which should be bluish white, while the solution takes a fine blue tint. If the precipitate be greenish or yellowish, the sulphate of copper contains some sulphate of iron as an impurity, which lessens its value. Do not employ more ammonia than the quan- tity indicated, that the solution may not be too caustic. It is necessary to weigh and measure carefully the substances employed. It this prescription is neglected, one runs the risk of seeing burns produeed on the vine leaves. If you buy eau céleste (azurine) concentrated, and- it isa system which appears to us very practicable for vinegrowers, it is well to buy only of houses known and trusted. Ask exactly the quantity of water to add to the concentrated solution. (O.) Masson process,—Instead of employing a mixture of blue vitriol] and ammonia, M. Masson, Professor of the School of Vine-culture of Baumé, has proposed to add soda to the solution of blue vitriol, This substance is much less costly than ammonia, and the liquid obtained has given up to the present time good 1 kg. lime, 100 May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 765 ——eeEEEE—ESS—EEE____ SSS results. It will perhaps be well to await the result of the experiments of this year before employing it on a large scale, but if its efficacy is conformed, the Masson process is certainly called to play a great part in the struggle against mildew. They will also doubtless succeed in making up the mixture under a concentrated form as in the case with eau céleste, The following is the mode of preparation :— Dissolve hot and separately; lkg. of blue vitriolin 4 litres water; lkg. 300 grammes of soda (carbon of soda of - commerce) in 4 litres water. Allow these two solutions to cool. Throw the solution of soda into a receptacle containing about 90 litres water. Add gradually the blue vitriol, being careful to stir the liquid constantly, so as to facili- tate the mixture of the two substances. One can prepare the two solutions at home, and mix the water only on the side of the vineyard. Avoid putting the sulphate of copper and the soda to dis- solve together hot, for it produces a vivid reaction between the two salts. (D.) Sinple solutions of blue vitriol.—Solutions of sulphate of copper have often been employed at 3, 4, and 5 per mille, for combatting mildew, and that with a certain amount of success. But this simple process presents disadvantages: the copper fixes itself much less on the leaves than by the em- ployment of the preceding remedies, and the treatment has in consequence to be repeated oftener, On the other hand there is a risk of burning the leaves, especially if the spray be applied under a hot sun and if the prescribed doses be repeated, The solutions indicated may be applied when vines are being grown for furnishing grapes for the table, We thus avoid the disagreeatle marks produced by bouillie bordelaise or eau céleste. But the solutions must be employed with precaution, and the treat- ment repeated from three to four times during the summer. ‘The doses may be varied according to the growth, putting for example 300 grammes to 100 litres of water for the first aspersion, 400 grammes for the second, 500 grammes for the third, ANTIPERONOSPORA.—A manufactory of German Swit- zerland offers for sale under this name a concentrated liquid, brown coloured, of which the pretended advant- age is its not containing salts of copper. Wesee there on the contrary an especial drawback, and we cannot advise the,employment of this substance, of which the efficaciousuess is far from being demonstrated. THE Outer INGREDIENTS.—The blue vitriol or swphate of copper is the essential base of all the remedies against mildew. It is unfortunately # product re- latively rather costly, and it happens sometimes that it is adulterated by the addition of different substances, especially sulphate of iron (green vitriol) or sulphate of zine. It is well to examine carefully the blue vitriol which is delivered, which can be readily done in the following manner :— Dissolve some crystals in a glass of pure water, then add a small quantity of milk of lime. It forms a blue precipitate if the sulphate of copper is pure,—bluish green or rusty blue when the matter contains green vitriol. If there is any sulphate of zine the precipitate becomes of a dirty white. The ammonia, for the manufacture of eau céleste must then be called 22° Baumé. That which one finds is often weaker, especially if it has been kept so long while in store. The Lime for the bouillie bordelaise is the fresh pure lime, as we have indicated above. The Soda (Masson process) is the carbonate of soda of commerce. It must be used in crystals. PRACTICE oF SULPHURIZING.—Spread the copper liquids with the spray producer so that it may be found scattered as equally as possible on all the sur- face of the foliage of the vine, such isthe end of the operation of sulphurization. The workmen must give all their care to this work: they must seek to reach all the leaves. Manipulating the tube of the pulvérisateur : A fine spary should fall on the leaves; they must not be sprinkled too near, nor too long, for then the little drops unite and fall on the ground, Walk through | be given to the Jatter metal. the vines with a slow and even step. Sprinkle every- where on the upper surface of the leaves: it is in effect on the leaf that the spores of mildew usually fall. The operation is dirty, the clothing must bein accord- ance. Two rows may be treated at once, but for persons who are not accustomed to use pulvérisateurs, it appears preferable to treat only one row ata time. The clothes are soiled much less if the tube of the pulvérisateur is held a little elevated, leaving always a row between oneself and the line of vines being treated. Asa generalrule, one must avoid using the pulvér- isateur under a very hot sun, especially with eau céleste and the simple solutions which readily produce burns.—A little rain succeeding the operation is not to be feared, for it aids in the dissemination of the copper on the entire surface of the leaves—One need not therefore fear to spray in cloudy weather. On the other hand, a violent rain naturally exercises an unfavourable in- fluence in washing the foliage too much. TIME OF TREATMENT: QUANTITIES TO APPLY.—As the development of mildew depends essentially on meteoro- logical conditions impossible to foresee, it is difficult to indicate beforehand, in a manner absolutely certain, when the treatment should be applied. Doubtless, the sulphurization must be preventive, but it must not be done too early for the numerous leaves which would develop after the operation would then not be pro- tected against the attack. A little while before the “attachment of the vines’ and the “raising” it becomes difficult to go about among the vines without doing damage. On the other hand, if the branches are freshly impregnated with blue vitriol, persons occupied in “ raising”’ must use precautions not to have their hands burnt. It seems to us then preferable, in our country, to delay the first treatment until after the ‘ raising.” But then it must be applied without delay before the leaves have retaken their normal position. That would bring us down to the end of June or the commencement of July, According to experiments made up to the present time, sulphurization can be applied immediately before or after the flowering (it is said even during the flowering) without injuring the development of the grapes in any sensible manner. Perhaps we may thus succeed in driving away the worms from the vines. A second treatment must be made in August, a little earlier or a little later, according to the develop- ment of the disease. Finally, if the mildew declares itself strongly, apply the treatment again at the end of August’or at the commencement of September. What quantity of liquid must be applied at each application per pose (7.¢., 4,500 sqr. metres)? Accord- ing to the state of the vegetation, according to the number of workmen charged with the sulphurization and the apparatus which they employ, these quantities may be varied within certain limits. On an average we count about 15 to 20 litres per fossorier, (ie., 450 métres,) which amount to from 150 to 200 litres for an application. A trained workman can treat one pose (4,500 métres) each day and even more. Here again it varies much according to the workman and their appliances. The blue vitriol costs from 60 to 70 cents the kilo- gramme, the soda 15 cents, the lime 2 to 3 cents, the ammonia about 80 cents the litre. We thus arrive approximately at the following figures for the price of substances required for the treatment of one pose, 2.¢., 4,500 métres. For the bouillie bordelaise 4 francs: eau céleste fr. 1 c.85, the mixture of soda_and vitriol fr.1 c. 70. THe Sprayine Macuines.—It is important to have a machine which is truly a spray producer, that is to say, which divides the liquids projected in five little drops which may cover the leaves equally on their entire surface. The appliance must be solidly con- structed, easily transportable, not too heavy and simple in mechanism. The receiver should be of copper, in sheet iron Jeaded or in wood. Between the sheet iron leaded and the copper, the preference seems to us to Receivers of elliptical section in the shape of “boilles” are more convenient to carry than apparatus with cylindrical reservvirs, + 66 Among the numerous new appliances of French origin, we have seen employed with advantage the spray producers Vermorel Japy, Albraud and Gastine. Oertain constructors of Germany and Switzerland also deliver very practical instruments: we cite in parti- cular the spray producers Sequin, Borman and Aicholin. AssocraTioNs.—The more general the struggle against mildew is, the more assured will be the results. Some communes have taken the happy initiative in making the treatment authoritative, dividing after- wards the expense among the proprietors, at the rate of the surfaces sprinkled. Hlsewhere propriet rs unite to purchase the spray producers in common, or the substances required for the preparation of {he remedies. They thus succeed in sensibly diminishing the ex- pense of operations. Errects oF TREATMENT,—In the vineyards snlphur- ized with care, the leaves remain green and fresh, even where the mildew causes the adjacent vineyards not treated to become yellow. The wood is riper, the grapes richer in sugar. As has been demonstrated in a preceding work the treatment exercises a positive influence on the quality of the crop. ‘The must (crude juice of the grape) coming from vines treated are sweeter, the vines more alcoholic, and therefore better preserved. OopreR IN WinE.—This question appears definitely settled. We only mentionit as a reminder. It has been proved by numerous analyses that the wines of sulphurized vineyards contain no copper, or only exces- sively weak traces of this metal-—(Signed) J, Durour. a THE ADULTERATION OF CITRONELLA OIL IN CHYLON. A correspondent (evidently a native) reported as follows to a contemporary some little time ago :— “A few weeks ago about 650 cases of kerosine oil were taken to the Weligama Custom-house by boat, either from Galle or Oolombo. Of these about 500 Cases were taken to Matara, Akurassa, Weligama and Kumburupitiya. It is highly improbable that such a large quantity of kerosine oil would be used for lighting purposes by the people of those districts. Te reason for such a large consignment of kerosine oil is easily explained. Kerosine oil is now being largely used for adulterating citronella oil, and so there is now a large demand forit. Villagers in the places mentioned may be seen conveying kerosine oil to places where citronella oil is stored, the two oils are then mixed in certain proportions and sold to several Huropean firms in Galle and Oolombo as good citronella oil. If European merchants think that the citronella oil as supplied them by their contractors, and that supplied direct by the proprietors of citronella estates, are the same, they make a great mistake; for the oil supplied by proprietors and manufacturers is pure and free from any adulteration. It will now strike European merchants as strange that, in the contract which they entered into between themselves and the contractors, there is generally a conditional clause to the effect that the oil supplied by contrac‘ors will be market oil. If any dissatisfaction is ever ex- pressed by a merchant as regards the oil thus supplied, the contractor’s plea is that it is market oil and they are not responsible for its quality; but such an excuse could not be made by a proprietor.” We asked the opinion, on this subject, of perhaps one of the best authorities in the island, at least of those resident in citronella planting districts, and he reports as follows, adding an important remark about Ceylon tea ;— © Some five years ago I took a trip to the principal citronella producing district to investigate this very matter, and was much guprised on being told by one of the large-t buyers of this oil that the great bulk of cifronella was largely adulterated with kerosene. Indeed he said that up to 26 per cent, detection so ar as he kuew was impossible. ‘The increase of cultiva'ion since then has been out of ali proportion to ihe iuerease of citronclla exportations, while a large acreage of the old grass must by this time be decreasing in yield ; therefore, I do not doubt that the q7ulteration is increasing in proportion, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, a ——————— [May 1, 1889. “Lately at Nuwara Eliya I met a gentleman from England, who is a large buyer of Ceylon citro- nella oil, who infurmed me that h» could not get it pure in the market. He alco asked me if I could tell him where he could get some good tea. He said he and his friend wanted to take home 100 lb. each, and I was surprised to hear him say that they had not tasted a good cup of tea in Ceylon. I think the hotels should keep the very best tea. I recom mended him to a Oolombo firm,” ee COFFEE CONSUMPTION. Messrs. 8S. Rucker & Co. of London have been putting forward some very interesting figures by way of estimates for the coffee production and consump- tion of the world in 1888-89 and in 1889-90. The total production for the current season—1888-89— of coffee is made out to be 691,000 tons (against our maximum estimate of 719,000 tons); while the world’s consumption ig given at 671,500 tons, leaving a surplus of 47,500 tons; but next season, the total production is estimated not to exceed 495,600 tons in consequence of the great falling- off in Brazil! On August Ist, 1889, Messrs. Rucker & Co. estimate that the total stock of coffee in America and Europe will be 124,000 tons ; add next crop 495,600 tons and we get 619,600 tons against which they put consumption (less by 100,000 tons than in 1888-89) at 570,800 tons, leaving for stock on August 1st, 1890, only 48,800 tons.—But the great fact brought out is that the world is to have 100,700 tons less of the fragrant berry to consume next season than in the current twelvemonth. Say that this makes room--3 lb, of coffee equalling 1 lb, of tea as a beverage—for eyen 30,000 additional tons of tea to go into cousumption and the gain—67,200,000 1b.—would be enormous ! The following particulars, collected by Messrs. S. Rucker & Co., show the total production and ‘con- sumption of the world for 1888, and the estimated amount for this year. If correct, it would appear that stocks, which are already exceptionally low, will be still further reduced :— PRODUOTION OF THE | CONSUMPTION OF WORLD. THE WORLD. 1888-89 1889-90. 1888-89, Brazils— Tons. Tons. Tons. Rio . 270,000 150,000*|United States 232,000 Santos ... 150,000 90,000*|Ganada, &c. 18,000 Bahia, &c. 30,000 22,000*,Germany .. 123,000 Java, Govern- Austria and ment 33,800 31,000 | Hungary 36,000 Java, Private 18,000 16,000 |France nes 66,000 Sumatra 7,000 6,500 |Belgium aoe 27,000 Macassar ... 17,200 - 7,000 |Holiand ? 27,000 Manila .. 5,700 6,000 |Hngland “A 16,000 Ceylon . 6,000 6,000 ;Denmark ... 5,700 Hast Indies 13,200 11,600 |Norway and Mocha and Sweden ... 21,000 African .. 6,000 6,000 |Russia 21 16,500 British West Italy oy 16,500 Indies ... 5,100 6,000 |Switzerland ... 7,800 Cuba and Porto Portugal and Rico .. 21,000 19,000 | Spain ons 6,600 St. Domingo 27,000 24,000 |Turkey and Costa Rica... 9,000 9,000; Levant ... 14,400 New Granada, Balkan States 9,000 Venezuela, La Guayara, Mara- North Africa Oape, Austa- 10,500 caibo, &c. 40,000 42,000 | lia, &c. ... 19.500 Guatemala, Hon- = Tea duras, Nicar- 671,600 agua, &c.... 36,000 38,000 Mexico ee 6,000 5,500 691,000 495,600 —= * Most other estimates give the total production from the Brazils as only 200,000 tons, May 1, 1886, ] Tons. Stock in United States and Europe, August, 1, 1888 ... ee 104,500 Add crops of 1888-89 691,000 795,500 Deduct total Consumptton in the World, 1888-89 _... “0 aD 671,500 Would leave Stock on Avgust 1,1889 124,000 Add estimated crops of 1889-90 ... 495,600 619,600 Deduct total Consumption in the World for 1889-90, estimated at 100,700 tons less than for the preceding year... 570,800 Would leave estimated Stock August 1,1890 ... see es 48,800 eee SUMATRA TOBACCO PLANTATIONS COMPANY. The first ordinary meeting of the Sumatra Tobacco Plantations Company, Limited, was held on the 27th inst. at the Cannon-street Hotel, Mr. H. H. Nelson presiding. Mr. W. M. Reeves (secretary) having read the notice convening the meeting, the Ohairman said: I have very little that is new to you, because the prospectus has been quite recently in your hands, and the position as stated in the prospectus is very nearly the position today. There is just one little point I would like to mention, and that is, that in the pros- pectus it is stated that the amount of land that hag been acquired by the company consists of about 8,200 acres. Well, now, itis a satisfactory circumstance that I am able to inform you that the amount of land we acquired has, upon measurement, turned out to be considerably more than this; that is to say, on the Pulu Kemiri estate we have 2,700 acres, of which only 300 have been cultivated. On the Soengie Besamit the survey is not yet completed, but we are pretty confident that that will turn out to be about 9,000 acres; so instead of 8,200 we shall possess somewhere near 12,000. In addition to that since the prospectus was issued we have purchased another estate, which we were in negotiation for at the time the company was brought out, but as nothing was settled it was not mentioned in the prospectus; but over and above those estates I have mentioned we are possessors of an estate called Kotosan, 3,500 acres, of which about a third—1,000 acres—have been cultivated. Hence we are, at the moment, owners of 15,300 acres, of which are14,000 are virgin soil, and balance will, in due course, be ready for cultivation again. Now, virgin soil for tobacco-growing in Sumatra is not only valu- able, but of increasing value, and that is so far satis- factory. The statements of our prospectus in this respect are fully confirmed, and I may say that any information that has come to band since the com- pany was floated confirms the knowledge we had then, that we are possessed of a large quantity of very good tobacco-growing land. (Cheers.) Now there ig another very satisfactory circumstance which I may mention—that within three miles of Pulo Kemiri we have the railway station, and down to the rail- way station we have excellent roads and the conse- quence is, we are able to send our tobacco down by rail, saving time and saving a good deal of expense, inasmuch as the insurance, especially, is much less that way than by sending it down in boats. Y u know from the prospectus that by ar- rangement with the vendors a profit upon the 1888 crop was guaranteed of £5,000. Now, to obviate any mis- apprehension on this poiot, I may mention that this was not a part of the original bargain with the vendors; but upon Mr. Bernard, who was repre- senting himeelf and the other vendors, arriving in England, he bad no hesitation, at our request, apart from the bargain made by him, in entering into that guarantee, because, having seen the quantity and quality of the tobacco of the 1888 crop, he felt THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 767 perfectly justified in doing so, because he saw no chance of any possible loss, We hope, and we believe, that the amount of our profits over last year will be in excess of that £5,000; but at any rate, gentlemen, we know that we have that at our disposal; and, as by our arrangement with the vendors, our agreement leaves out the shares given to the vendors for the pur- chase of the estate, in any dividend divided durivg this year, this sum, whatever it may be, £4,000 or perhaps more—we know it will be somewhere in the neighbourhood of that—is available for the payment of dividend upon the £25,000 now paid up by the purchasing shareholders of the company. ‘Therefore, gentlemen, you have the satisfaction of knowing that within the next few months, when the crops are rea- lised, you have, at any rate, the certainty of a very handsome dividend of somewhere in the neighbour- hood of 20 per cent upon the paid-up capital—that is to say, the paid-up capital by the purchasers of this company. (Oheers.) I may say that it would have been, perhaps, a little more satisfactory—to you, cer- tainly, and, I think, to my co-directors—if we had been able to give you alittle less than this, and put a portion of this to reserve, because a reserve is a very desir- able thing to have in any company, and especially in a company newly started like this; but as the vendors’ shares are not entitled to get any portion of this, if we had put it into reserve, of course, we, in a manner, should have given to the vendors what they are not entitled to receive. It was stated in the prospectus that we had a bargain with the vendors to pay them the cost of producing the crop — £3,000. This, I may tell vou, gentlemen, and it is right you should know it, represents about $19,000 of actual coin paid out by Mr. Bernard in working the estate. It does not fairly represent the cost of producing that tobacco upon the market, because there are additional charges for finishing and getting ready for shipment, and so on; and, moreover, Mr. Bernard was at that time his own administrator, which would reduce the cost; but, as a matter of fact, if we had been working this company in the way we are working now, it would have cost at least £1,000 more to produce that. tobacco for the market. I may mention this, because those who un- derstand tobacco-planting may have been astonished at the economy. with which the thing had been worked, and might reproach us, a year hence, tbat our expenses for the production of tobacco had been increased. 160 acres will be cultivated this year. I can only hope that the result will be approxi- mately satisfactory. There is no reason to sup- pose it will not. In the following year— —that is to say, 1890—we do begin work in real earnest, and hope to have then about 500 acres under cultivation, which, it worked in as thoroughly satisfactory a manner, will show very hand- some profits. It is impossible to exaggerate the very great importance of having a really first-rate man to look after our affairs out there. It is the life and soul of a company of this kind, and it is with great pleasure that I state that our own impression confirms what we have heard onall- sides; that in A. P. Bernard we have secured as good a man as we possibly could have—a straighforward, hard-working, energetic man, who is thoroughly to be relied upon to work well and econo- mically for the interests he has in his hands. The venture we are in, I think, we all believe a thoroughly good one. Without wishing to make disparaging comparisons between our shares and Oonsols, or even Goschens, we think we are embarked in a straight, honest undertaking, that has been acquired at a reason- able price, and will be worked welland thoroughly and faithfully for the interest of those who are shareholders; and we have every confidence that the results willbe excellent, aud possibly even brilliant, (Cheers.) Mr. Drought (a director) statedthat he had received a letter from the chairman of the United Lankat To- bacco Oompany, stating that the average price realised for shipment was 1 guilder 55 cents, 1888 crop, and it contained nearly 50 per cent. of broken leaf. It was sttisfactory to know that the {1888 orop was turning out excellent, (Oheers.)—L. § C, Hupress. 768 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. sess... GEO. WHITE & 00.8 ANNUAL INDIAN CEYLON AND JAVA TEA REPORT. Lonvon, 31, Fencuurce Strent E.C., 21st March, 1889. INDIAN. The market for Indian tea has not been subject to great fluctuations in value during the present season, and any changes that have occurred have been gradual. To continue from the date of our previous Annual Report, on the 19th March last. During the remainder of that month, after Haster and throughout April, an improvement took place in the value of all the lower grades, but the demand becoming slack, prices com- menced to fall away, and continued weak and irre- gular, especially for the better descriptions, until the arrival of the new crop in June. The quality of first shipments was not liked, and having to compete with unusually large supplies of New Ceylons, open- ing rates were consequently low. Later on, when some improvement was apparent, the market etrength- ened, though, owing to the earlier and nue rapid arrivals this season, any material rise was prevented, and occasionally, under heavy sales, weakness was shewn. Trade generally was quiet during the autumn and up to Christmas, but as importers refrained from unduly pressing their teas,a better tone was noticeable after the turn of the year—particularly for fine and finest— as it became evident that the excess in the outturn over the previous season had been already received, and the greater portion sold. During the first weeks of this month, however, sales were heavier, as importers were desirous of securing the im- proved prices established, and the quantity forced on the market proving too much for the trade, there was a general decline for all except choice parcels, coun- try buyers, as is usualon “a fall,” holding off, and thus adding to the general depression. Probably, owing chiefly to the crop asa whole, this season having been under the average, we have had a large proportion of the medium grades, composed principally of undesirable Pekoes and Broken Fekoes, to deal with, and a comparatively small supply of fine and good liquoring Teas. fore generally been in request, but the former, through- out most of the period under review, have continued more or less depressed. A most noticeable feature was the unprecedentedly low range of prices ruling for medium Pekoes, say during September to De- cember, sales having been made at only a little above the rates cbtained for Pekoe Souchong, which, as well as Broken Teas, until after the turn of the year, were selling as fast as they arrived, Broken Pekoes from 8d to 1s per lb. were also unusually cheap, the Teas being much mixed in leaf and many of them thin in cup. The total import for the season which ended 30th June, 1888, was 86,729,000 lb. against 78,632,000 lb. in the previous year, though, as deli- veries were proportionately increased, being 85,381,000 lb. against 76,199,000 lb., the stock was not materially added to, as it stood at 20,150,000 lb. against 18,803,000 lb. on the 30th June, 1887. This season the trade has still further expanded, and we shall probably receive about 93 millions from al] ports, while up to the present deliveries are nearly keeping pace with the increased supply. Considering the severe com- petition which exists, the position is not an unfavour- able one, though, looking at the tendency to probable further sbrinkage in values, it calls for continued effort on the part of those interested to endeavour to keep up the quality of their produce, and at the same time to exercise the strictest economy with regard to ex- penditure. OEY LON. The principal feature in the Ceylon Tea industry is the enormous stride which has been made in its development during the current season, the imports from lst July, 1888, to 28th February, 1889, being 15,832,000 lb., against 9,109,000 lb. last year, while deliveries (15,099,000 lb. against 8,169,000 lb.) during the same period kept up so well with the inoreased supply that the bonded stock was not materially The latter have there-- added to, considering the large production, and stood at 6,901,000 lb. on the 28th February, against. 3,874,000 lb, at the close of the same month in 1888- The total outturn for the season ending 30th Sep- tember,1889, is estimated at about 32 million lb., where as, ten years ago the crop was under 100,000 1b: After the issue of our Annual Circular last year the market improved for a time, but, consequent on heavier arrivals of inferior teas, there was a general decline iu value, the lowest-monthly average recorded to that date being 104d per lb. for 35,500 packages in June. After that month some improvement in quality took place, witha proportionate rise in prices until Oc- tober, when the average of 1s 02d per lb. was secured for 27,100 packages. A slack autumn and winter trade caused a dull market, with drooping and irregular rates for all except choice flavoured parcels. The largest monthly quantity yet brought to auction was in January, when 41.600 packages were sold at an average of 103d per lb. The slightly better quality of some invoices prevented any further marked decline in the monthly average and imparted a stronger tone to the market for all fine grades, which has been well sustained to date, Poor liquoring parcels, on the other hand, continued to sell at prices in favour of buyers, as they are not considered to afford such good value as low-priced Indian teas JAVA which are stronger in cup. Shipments from Java to Great Britain, were rather larger than those of the previous season when the crop was short, but, as deliveries also increased, the stock on the 28th ulto. was not much in excess of the same month last year, standing at 1,064,000 lb. against 861,000 lb. The quality,on the whole, was fully up to the average, and many of the teas were equal to, while others were little behind Indian, some descriptions to which they approach in character, being raised from seed introduced from that country. The low prices current for many grades of Indians and Ueylons throughout the season, adversely affected the value of common and medium Java teas, but at the same time their cheapness and improved quality no doubt rendered them useful, both for Home Trade and Export, and thus stimulated consumption. It is noticeable that the average prices, ranging from 83d to 93d per lb., realised during August and September, for several large invoices, were compara- tively good. ALTERATION IN Days AND MODE OF SELLING. An alteration was made in August last as to the days for selling Indian and Ceylon tea at auction— Monday and Wednesday being set apart tor Indian, Tuesday for Oeylon, and Thursday being common to both. Javas follow either the Indian or Ceylon sales asheretofore. Since the middle of January the name of ship, date of import, and sometimes the marks, have been omitted from the sale catalogues, a change which has metwiththe approval of most of the trade, as it avoids publicity which formerly attached to sales by auction. The average prices obtained this séason have been— gay, for Ceylon, 113d. per lb. Indian, about 103d per lb. China, 8d per |b. as compared with 1s. ld, 11d and 8d during 1887-8, and 1s 13d, 11d and 84d in 1886-7. According to the Board of Trade returns, the total Home consumption of all Tea in the United King- dom shewed an increase for the year 1888 of nearly 2 million lb. over that of 1887—the figures being 185,556,000 and 183,636,000lb. r-spectively; while the export trade—including a small increase of Indian and Oeylon, also was expanded from 34,741,C00 1b. in 1887 to 37,957,000 lb. in 1888, en excess of nearly 34 millions—or say, a total addition to the deliveries of over 5 million lb. was made during the year 1888. The China export for the current season will pro- bably close at rather over 20 million lb. less than the previous one. This important reduction, together with a larger export to Russia than was anticipated, has enabled the market to take, without much incon- venience, the increased supplies from India and Oey- lon, so that a ‘arger business has been done, while the total bonded stock in the London warehouses remains much as in 1888—the figures on the 28th February being 107,805,000 lb., against 107,469,000 lb, at the close of the same month in 1887. 2 May 1, 1889.] With regard to probable requirements and supplies for the coming season we may estimate that Ib. Home Consumption will be increased to 190,000,000 Export demaud will absorb, say 35,000,000 Total requirements,. say 225,000,000 ——— Shipments from India will be say 100,000,000 Ditto Ceylon and Java 45,000,000 Leaving China to send 80,000,000 Total supply .. 225,000,000 As the bulk of the Export tradeis in China Tea, it will be seen that allowing, say, 7 millions for Green and other descriptions, the quantity required from this quarter for- Home consumption will be reduced to 52 million lb. Hitherto the Customs authorities have not dis- tinguished between China and other growths in their returns, but as it is now under contemplation to do so more accuracy will be possible, an greater ins terest will attach to them in future. PROSPHOTS. With regard to the coming season there is at present very little reliable information as to the outturn from India during 1889, but we may look for a steady increase with a probable export to this market of upwards of one hundred million 1b.; while from Ceylon, taking the imports from 1st July 1889, to 30th June 1890, for better comparison with India, we may expect over forty million lb. From all accounts there will no lack of tea in Ohina, as they point toa “bumper” crop in the north, and it remains to be seen whether merchants will ship to this market with some regard to our diminishing requirements from that quarter, or whether we are to be over- supplied, as has hitherto been the case, Over-supply has been the bane of the London market for years past, and has brought about the present low level of value, which there seems little probability of raising until a further marked falling off in China shipments is brought about, or fresh markets can be found for _ the sale of Indian and Ceylon growths. It is to be hoped that these latter will shew considerable improve- ment during the coming season, as it is evident that to a large extent the unsatisfactory results of Calcutta pur- chases, especially where they have been held, is to be ajitributed to the non-keeping qualities of the larger portion of the year’s shipments. Added to this, the teas lese their identity when in mixed invoices, and it is patent to everyone on this market that they do not receive quite so much support from the trade as teas shipped on garden account, when dealers can count upon a regular supply of cer- tain marks. Allowance should be made for this when estimating the layiug down cost of teas for our market, or merchants should endeavour to secure entire in- voices in the Oaleutta sales, where they might be sold in one lot at an average price, as chops of green tea are dealt with in Ohina. MANUFACTURE. In view of the increased supply from both India and Oeylon, and of the probable further development of these industries, it becomes a question as to whether some changes cannot be effected which will both lessen the labour of buyers here, and also be to the advantage of garden owners. During the current season, es- pecially in the autumn months, when sales were heavi- est, it was almost impossible for the trade to properly value the number of sainples which represented the teas offered (one day 540 of Indian and Ceylon), and consequently many parcels were either sacrificed at the time, or taken out to meet a doubtful market later. This seems to suggest that, whenever practicable, the breaks should be made larger, which probably could be done on many gardens without much trouble or incon- venience. When Indian tea contributed only a small portion of the trade deliveries, breaks of a few pack- ages were not paar to, but now, when it represents about onerhalf of the total consumed in Great Britain, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ———— a mamas — = there is need of an alteration in this respect, and a growing wish among dealers to be able to pur- chase larger parcels, particularly of low priced teas, To the many who now make a speciality of “ Blended Tea,” an arrangement of this nature would be most welcome, and breaks of 300 to 400 chests of P-koe Souchong, or Broken Pekoe Souchong would not be too large, as has been shown by those which have heen offered realising quite as much as smaller breaks, and being well competed for. Throughout most part of the year, the difference between the prices ruling for Pekoe Souchongs. and common Pekoes was very smail. In many cases the former have been similar to the latter in cup, while the slightly better appearance of the Pekoe has not sufficed to command an appreciably higher price. If this condition is to continue, it be- comes. a question as to whether it will not pay growers to cease making the distinction which they have hitherto done between these grades, and to send them home under one classification, or, as “ unassorted,” In this way expenses might be lessened, the size of the breaks increased, and relief would be afforded to buyers, while the average price would probably be as good if not better than at present. With regard to Ceylon, where, asa rule, the gardens are smalfer than in India, it would perhaps not be possible to make very large breaks, although they might be increased when accommodation admitted of storing several days’ manafacture. As the out-put grows it may also be feasible to centralise more even than at present, which would facilitate the making of larger breaks: In face of the expan. sion which has taken place in theexport from Ceylon and the probable further development of the industry, it is well that those interested in the production of the leaf should consider the present situation. Two courses appear to be open, and it must be left to planters to decide which will remunerate them best, Will they go on increasing their production and com. pete with the heavy supplies from India and China with the certainty of a lower range of value, or will they find it more to their interest, provided climatic influences do not interfere with manufacture, to pluck finer and supply a better quality, selling at a higher average, for which there is nearly always a good market? Fresu OuTLETS NECESSARY. In consequence of the glutof Tea with which our Market is threatened from all the producing countries the need for action in the direction of opening up new channels for distribution, although for some time past recognised by a few, is now becoming patent to every one connected with the industry. In addition to what has already been donein our Colonies by the Agents of both Indian and Oeylon growers, a syndicate, recently formed into a limited liability Company, has commenced operations from London, while a considerable effort is also being made by private enterprise, especially by one leading firm, largely representing the interests of garden owners, to expand the consumption of Indian Tea, not only in the United States and Canada, but also in South America, by educating the taste of the public in those countries where the produce of China and Japan has hitherto been chiefly used. At the same time, Ceylon planters, early recognising the need for fresh outlets, have taken an-active part inthe work. These efforts, at present meeting with varied success, have on the whole been productive of good, especially in the Australasian Colonies, The demand for Indian and Ceylon on the Continent of Europe, although of slow development, is gradually increasing, and should erelong be of importance. If this canbe attained it willbe of special value, as it would sometimes relieve the London market in times of depression, as in the case of Javas for several years past, prices for which have not only been supported, but often stimulated by export orders. The different Exhibitions in London, Liverpool, and Glasgow have contributed largely to familiarising con- sumers with British grown tea, while the exertions (almost amounting to friendly rivalry) already being made to bring it to the notice of the French nation 77° THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. 2 and their foreign visitors atthe forthcoming Paris Exhibition, deserve success. To thoroughly attain this however, experience in the past suggests that facilities should be provided for the purchase of the article afterwards, in a retail form, in convenient localities, or the trouble and expense incurred will be to a great extent thrown away. 2 It is somewhat surprising that, while such efforts are being made among Western nations and in the Colonies to increase the consumption, so little comparatively has yet been done towards utilising the vast field existing among thelarge native populations of India and other parts of Asia, where so many are already by their religion debarred from the use of alcohol, and would seem naturally constituted to regard tea as a beverage. For instance, would it not be feasible to develop the trade with Thibet and adjacent countries, where in past years a fair business was carried on, and wasa useful outlet for both black and green tea, mostly made in the North-West Provinces, though, owing to various causes, traders latterly have been forced to draw their chief supplies, as in times of yore, from Ohina, princip- ally in the form of brick tea. To meet this demand a considerable portion of common kinds, often unsuit- able for this market, might be pressed by machinery into bricks, in the way for some time past adopted by the Russians in the North of Ohina. BuLkine AND Packine, We referred at length to these subjects inour An- nual Report last year, and it is gratifying to record that some progress has been made in this important part of the planters’ work during the present season, both in India and Ceylon, and it is to be hoped that increasing facilities and gathered experience will bring about a still further advance in this direction. The saving in expense on this side and the depreciation in value eaused by the damage done to the leaf in repacking are powerful mducements for garden managers to undertake the work themselves, and to do it so that no need may arise for incurring the cost here. The leaf must present as even an appearance as possible, and should not be “ crushed”’ into the chest. It is desirable that the whole break, comprising one description of Tea, should be subjected to the same final firing, or bulked afterwards, otherwise the character will vary and the Tea require re-bulking in London. Care should also be taken to regulate the quantity in each chest so as to take advantage, as much as possible, of the scale of charges adopted by the Iondon bonded warehouses. Hxcept in the case of fine Teas, it is not desirable to send too many half- chests, as they cost more to pack, and the freight is heavier than for chests, while the price obtained often does not differ materially, Boxes of Pekoe and Pekoe Souchong (under 28 lb. gross to save draft), suitable for self drinking, often recoup the extra expenditure incurred. In some districts there appears to be a scarcity of proper wood for making chests, and in them, especially, the patent packages will no’ doubt grow in favour, Several kinds of these are now in use, and as they offer many advantages, they may in time supersede the wooden chests to a great extent, being cheaper and effecting a considerable saving in freight. MARKING. Name of garden, description of Tea, and number is all that is required on the package. Weight and tare are superfluous, only lead to confusion, and can always be checked from the garden invoice, NET-WEIGHING. Notice has been given by the Wholesale Tea Dealers? Association that ‘‘net weighed”? Teas will not be taken after the close of this season, the result of this system of weighing having been considered unsatisfactory, on account of the quantities in the packages being irre- gular. Whether this is carried out or no, care should be taken to make both weights and tares as even as possible. Deraits oF OVPTURN oF THE DiFrERENT DisrRicTs FoR THH PAST SEASON, Assam, 118,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 42,000,000 lb.—Inferior on the whole in liquor to last season, partly owing to uufavourable weather, even the best marks, with few exceptions, lacking quality until the last invoices, which were in some instances much better and sold well, Results of some gardens good, owing to large yied, notwithstanding reduced average price. Oachar and Sylhet 92,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 29,000,000 }b.—In some parts a heavy but poor out-turn from the majority of gardens, The one or two which made fine tea commanded high figures, but the averages for the two districts. were low and disappointing. Kursioug, Darjeeling, Terai and Dooars, large ex- tensions recently made, but not yet in bearing, 70,000 acres undertea, outturn of 1888, 18,500,000lb.—From the first three a very varied crop has beensent. Atthe com- mencement of the season, as is usual, thin in cup, then better for a time, afterwards inferior again, and finishing with some very poor and afew very choice Darjeelings. These Teas have to compete now-a-days, with OCeylons, and unless first-rate have been much out of favour this season. From Dooars sooie very useful Teas have been received, but the bulk has been poor. Some high prices were realised for a few closing invoices with full autumn flavour. Kangra Valley, Kumaon, and Dehra Doon, 17,500 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 4,600,000 lb. Ohota Nagpore, 2,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1585, 700,000 lb.—A worse crop has hardly ever been seen, especially from the former, the percentage of fairly good being small and that of fine almost ml. Kumaon and Dehra Doon have been only sparsely represented, and the little received has been mostly of an undesirable char- acter. Supplies from Chota Nagpore have also been unimportant, the chief produce of this and the two last-named districts going into consumption locally, so that the amount shipped to this country is small but the quality from the latter has shewn some im- provement. ; Chittagong, 3,000 acres under tea, outurn of 1588, 950,0001b.—Some fairly useful teas, but proportion of fine small, the bulk being only ordinary and lacking the destinctive merits of this district. Neilgherries and Wynaad, 6,000 acres under tea, out- turn of 1888, 1,500,0001b.—Unless all the choice-flay- oured descriptions (similar to those received in former years) are disposed of on the spot, the yield generally this season has been more Gevoid of desirable charac- teristics even than that of the two previous ones, the teas on the whole being thin and wanting flavour. Travancore.—Including land recently cleared and planted, but not yet in bearing, 4,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 750,000lb.—Some very useful parcels have come to hand, witha fair sprinkling, possessing fine full flavour, which have been much appreciated by the trade. Quality, on the whole, has been above that of most other districts. i Totals, 307,500 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 98,000,000lb.—From which, deducting, say 15 million for local consumption and 34 millions for export to Australia and America and elsewhere, will leave about 93 millions for Great Britain. Oeylon.—Large portion planted, but not yet in bear- ing, 180,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1888 24,000,000 lb.—Of which 750,000 lb. exported to Colonies, &c.,and 250,000 lb. used locally, leaving 23 million lb. for Great Britain. An increasing yield, with a decreasing pro- portion of really choice-flayoured invoices, has contri- buted to lower the avevage price. A larger quantity of overfired and burnt teas has been shipped to this country, which has not met with favour from buyers. Quality must be kept up if the prestige of these growths isto be maintained. Java, 20,000 acres under tea, outturn of 1888, 4,500,000 lb.—Of which about 3 millions shipped to Great Britain. As compared with former years, these have held their own well, as regards style of leaf and liquor, there being less of that undesirable flavour which they used to have. Blenders now buy them in large quantities, whilst the enquiry for export has also been good. GEO. WHITE & Oo. THA BROKERS, Mav 1, 1889. | °" THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 77 nn -_________.., -____ -___} CHEMICAL NOTES ON COCA.* As the value of coca leaves outside of South | America depends almost entirely on the amount of cocaine yielded by them, it has been considered de- sirable to furnish such chemical information as bears Girectly upon the cultivation of the coca plant in | various parts of the Colonies and India. In_ the preparation of this information we are indebted to Mr. Alfred G. Howard, F.0.8., F.L.8., grandson of the late Mr. John Eliott Howard, F. R.S8., the well-known authority on cinchona. By the aid of correspondents in the West Indies, Ceylon, India and Java, numerous samples of coca leaves grown in those countries were obtained with full particulars as regards the circumstances under which the plants were cultivated and the methods adopted in drying the leaves, These leaves were carefully analysed by Mr. Howard, and the results are of a very in- teresting character. They point out not only the best plants to grow, but also the circumstances best suited to produce a high percentage of alkaloids, and the best methods for gathering and curing the leaves. It is important to point out that the percentages of alkaloids often quoted in regard to coca leaves cannot be compared with one another, owing to different methods pursued in dealing with them. Mr. Howard states that the alkaloid determined in all his analyses “Sis simply cocaine in a pure state which is split up into crystallizable and uncrystallizable cocaine as nearly as could be done when working with such small quantities.” The following analysis of coca leaves, for con- venience of reference, have been divided into four series :— Analyses of Leaves of Coca. Per cent.| Per cent. Total Localities, Crystal- | Uncrystal-| go caine lizable. lizable. . A.—Ceylon 0°60 0-00 0°60 ” on 0°60 0:00 0'60 i ie 0:47 0-00 0°47 British Guiana 0:22 0°33 0°55 B.—Java Ob 0:30 0°09 0°39 on ote 0-34 0:09 0:43 _ 38 0-24 0:08 0°32 O.—Jamaica .. 0:33 0:43 0-76 Mi 00 0°24 0:16 0°40 39 00 0°25 0:33 0°58 55 50 0:20 0°45 0:65 St. Lucia 0°22 0°33 0°55 D.—India 0°45 0°35 0:80 op 0:27 0:23 0-50 60 06 0°23 0°20 0°43 ” : 0:30 0°23 0°53 5) b6 0-41 0-17 0°58 Elevation. Remarks. Feet. 2300 Dried in the sun. 1500 Dried in the shade t Grown at Botanic 1500 Dried in the sun Gardens, Peradeniya. Sea-level |Dried in the shade. 820 Grown at Buitenzorg. 3000 er 5, sockaboemi. 5000 Dried in the sun. i Sea Plants 6 months old: 100 Dried in the ee grown lat Spring 2 79 Gardens Estate. - aq G Plants 5-6 years old: ee Dried in the sun { grown at Oastleton 22 ? 23 Gardens. Sea-level |Dried in the shade. 900 Darjeeling. — Bogracote. —_ Alipore: dried in shade 10 days. 2200 Ranchi, Chota, Nagpore. 2200 dried in shade, then rolled and fermented like tea. In the ‘Annual Report of the Botanic Gardens,’ Ceylon, for the year 1887, Dr. Trimen, F.R.S., states that the coca plants at Peradeniya, and possibly all the plants now in the colony, have been derived from a Kew plant received in 1870. As there has been only one coca at Kew, such plants would necessarily belong to the variety novo-granatense already described. The specimens of leaves received from Dr. Trimen for analysis with his letter of February 27, 1888, appear, however, to belong to the typical Peru plant, They arein some cases 34 inches long and 14 inch wide; the are oval-pointed, dark green, and correspond very nearly with specimens collected in Peru by Mr. Pearce. The analyses of the Ceylon leaves show exceptional richness in erystallizable coca- ine; they have no uncrystallizable cocaine and the total yield is the highest, with two exceptions, of any received. Of the two specimens grown at the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, it will be noticed that the leaves dried in the shade yield °60 per cent. of cocaine, while the same leaves dried. in the sun yield only °47 per cent. Leaves grown in Ceylon at 1,500 feet and 3,000 feet respectively show the same results. The difference of elevation has apparently not produced any effects on the yield in cocaine. The leaves received from British Guiana are not distinguishable in general characters from the Ceylon leaves. They are perhaps less coriaceous, but have the same dark green colour on the upper surface and are quite as large. The yield of cocaine is some- what less, but while in the Oeylon leaves there is no uncrystallizable cocaine, in the British Guiana leaves the amount is -83 per cent. If it should be proved that this is a highland plant it would not be likely * From the Kew ‘ Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informa- tion,’ ey: 1889, to be so productive in alkaloids at sea-level in the tropics. The Java leaves represent cocoa grown at 800 feet, 3,000 feet, and 5,000 feet respectively. They belong to the intermediate forms provisionally classed as Bolivian with narrowly oblong leaves, pointed, dark green above and glaucous beneath. They contain chiefly crystallizable cocaine, the result of the most favourable sample yielding *34 per cent. crystalliz- able cocaine and ‘09 per cent. uncrystallizable cocaine, The leaves grown at an elevation of 5,000 feet show a less favourable result than those grown at either 800 feet or 3,000 feet. This may be owing in part at least to the fact that they were dried in the sun. Mr. Howard states that the Bolivian leaves which usually reach this country from South America contain “40 per cent, of crystallizable cocaine and ‘05 of uncrystallizable. The plants grown at Jamaica and St. Lucia are characteristic of the variety novo-granatense, They are all apparently derived from the Kew plant. The leaves are obviate, blunt, or emarginate, and mem- braneous, and of a light grassy green colour when dry. In one instance the total yield in cocaine is exceptionally high. This occurs in leaves forwarded Ly the Hon. W. B. Espuet grown at Spring Garden Estate. The larger proportion of the cocaine is, however, uncrystallizable. These leaves were from plants only six months old grown at nearly sea-level and dried in the shade. The same leaves dried in the sun appear to have lost :36 per cent. of cocaine. Leaves grown at the Oastleton Gardens at an ele- vation of 600 feet, in perhaps less rich soil, yield °65 per cent. of cocaine, of which -45 per cent. is uncrystallizable. A good series of such leaves were obtained from Mr. W. Fawcett, F. L. S. There is apparently a considerable difference in the yield of 772 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Z [May 1, 1889. I cocaine in leaves gathered at different seasons in the year. This may account for the different yield of plants grown at sea-level in Jamaica and exactly similar plants grown at sea-level at St. Lucia. In the one case the yield is -76 per cent. of cocaine, in the other it is only -55 percent. The general conclusion would point to the variety novo-yranatense as being a lowland plant capable of growing in hotter conditions than those suitable to the type. Leaves taken from plants grown at Kew yielded ‘44 per cent. of cocaine, of which -10 per cent. was crystallizable. Of leaves grown in India one sample forwarded to Kew by Mr. Sackville Cresswell, grown at Darjeeling at an elevation of 900 feet, gave the highest percentage of total cocaine, but a large proportion was uncrystallizable. The other leaves forwarded by the Secretary of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India have been already very fully discussed by Dr. Warden, M. D., F. RB. O. S., ina “Note on Erythroxylon Coca Grown in India,” published in vol. viii., part III., new series of the Journal of the above Society. An interesting point connected with these leaves is brought out by Mr. G. Peppe, of Ranchi, Bengal. One set of leaves, dried in the sun, yielded °53 per cent. of cocaine, of which -23 per cent. was uncrystallizable. The same leaves ‘‘ dried in the shade on cloth for twenty hours, then rolled by hand like tea, then fermented two and a half hours,” dried over a charcoal fire and put in a closed tin box,” yielded °58 percent. of cocaine, of which only ‘17 per cent. was uncrystallizable. These latter leaves were obtained from plants imported from Paris; the other Indian leaves were from plants in- troduced by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. In general character they are all very much alike, approaching the Bolivian form perhaps in shape and colour, but evidently possessing the characteristics of Truxillo coca in the high percentage of uncrys- tallizable cocaine contained in them. The above results confirm the opinion already formed that there are several varieties of Erythroxylon Coca existing in South America, some of which have been now introduced into the Old World. These varieties have no doubt their own range of elevation at which they may be successfully cultivated, as well as characteristics more or less marked in the yield of crystallizable cocaine. The typical plant appears to be the best plant to cultivate at higher elevations, and if the object is to obtain a large yield of crystallizable cocaine. The variety novo-granatense thrives at sea level in the tropics, and yields nearly, if not quite, as high a percentage total cocaine, but a large proportion of it under present chemical methods is uncrystallizable. The latter plant, judging from cultivated specimens in this country, appears to yield a large crop of leaves than the type, but fruits somewhat sparingly. As regards yield of crystallizable cocaine we have apparently amongst coca plants very much similar conditions as amongst cinchona plants. In the latter, Cinchona succirubra yields a large proportion of total alkaloids like the variety novo-granatense, but only a small amount of crystallizablequinine. On the other hand, Cinchona calisaya (like the typical coca plant) yields a smaller total of mixed alkaloids, but a larger yield of crystallizable quinine. OruER Species OF HRYTHROXYLON- There are numerous other species of erythroxylon distributed throughout thé inter-tropical regions of both hemispheres. The headquarters of the genus is in tropical America; whence more than one hundred species have been already described. : The important properties which exist in the leaves of Erythroxylon Coca have naturally drawn attention to other species, in the hope that their leaves might contain the same or similar principles. It is well known that the wood of numerous especies is hard and yields ared dye. The young shoots of Hrythroxylon areolatum, « native of Jamaica and of the northern parts of South America, are said to be a mild stimulant; the bark is a tonic, and the juice of the leaves is used externally against herpetic affections. Lrythroxylon monogynum (Sethia indica), a native of the Hast Indies, known under the Madras native name of Gadara, possesses a timber that is slightly fragrant, and Ondaatje records that a creasotic oil has been prepared fromit. The leaves of this plant were used by the natives of India to mix with their food during the last famine.* _During the course of the present inquiry an effort has been made to procure as many samples as possible of leaves of various species of erythroxylon in order that they may be analysed by the same method as that adopted for the coca leaves. It might be natu- rally supposed that the two species already mentioned (E. areolatum and E. monogynum) which have gained a local reputation for medicinal properties would con- tain the larger amount of the characteristic coca alkaloids. The Jeaves of Erythroxylon areolatum, grown in Jamaica, received from Mr. Fawcett, and dried in the shade, contained ‘033 per cent. of cocaine, while similar leaves dried in the sun yielded ‘023 per cent. of cocaine. Leaves of ZLrythrorylon coca from the same island have already been shown to contain °76 per cent. of cocaine—so the quantity yielded by the indigenous plant is therefore only about one twenty- fourth part of that yielded by WH, Coca. No leaves of EL. monogynum were obtainable for Mr. Howard, but reference may be made to an analysis undertaken by Dr. Warden of leaves obtained in Oal- cutta which “ yielded -04 per cent. of a principle which, however, did not possess the physiological propert es of cocaine. ”’> At the Botanical Gardens at Java, Mr. Eykman formerly Professor of Ohemistry and Pharmacology at the University of Tokio, carried on researches into the properties of local species of erythroxylon, which are fully borne out by the analysis of Mr. Howard with similar leaves sent to Kew by Dr. Treub. Mr. Eykman analysed the leaves of Hrythroxylon montanum, HH, laurifolium, and E, retusum, The amount of alkaloids found in them was in no case higher than one-tenth of that contained in the leaves of £, Coca. The bark of EL. montanwm and LE. retusum contained an inappreciable amount of alkaloids, while the fruit contained only a trace.t The Java leaves analysed by Mr. Howard contained the following percentages of alkaloids; E. montanum ‘08 per cent.§ The highest percentage reached by leaves of £. Coca received from Java (alrealy noted) was ‘43 per cent. Hence, accord- ing to these figures, the indigenous species yielded only one-ninth to one-fourteenth of the allcaloids yielded by E. Coca. Leaves of E. macrophyllum received from Mr. Jenman, Botanic Gardens, British Guiana, contained not a trace of alkaloids, while the leaves of E. ovatum yielded ‘02 per cent. of alkaloids. The latter species is found in many of the West India Islands as well asin South America. Itis known at Dominica as Bois vinette. A specimen in the Kew Herbarium, collected by Lechler in Peruin 1854 and named by Grisebach FE. ovatum, was marked “ culta sub-nomine coca, San Govan.” From the character of this specimen there could be little doubt that it was only aform of #, Coca, and the amount of alkaloids contained in the leaves would have fully justified its being accepted as the true thing. To summarise the results obtained from an examina- tion of the leaves of local species of erythroxylon, it is pretty clear that no species yet examined yields alkaloids at all comparable in quantity to those found in FE. Coca. The bark of these species appears to con- tain even less than the leaves, while the fruit and seed contain only a trace of alkaloids. The following table will show the results as far as they are now obtainable. The yield of E. Coca is placed at the head of * Official papers of the Government of Madras Rev. Depart., 29th Sept., 1885. No. 1105. + “Note on Erythroxylon Coca Grown in India,” by %. J. H. Warden, M. D., F. R. O. §., reprinted from Journal Agri.Hort. Soc. India, vol. viii., Part 11. { ‘Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,’ Dr. M. Treub, Directeur, vol. vii., Part {1.} pp. 224-229. Leide, EH. J. Brill. 1888. § Mr. Howard states that these results are not quite free from doubt. They are however, very near those obtained by Mr. Hykman, and give almost identical proportions as compared with EZ, Coca, May 1, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 773 nnn eee the list for comparison :— Per- | Species. centage of Habitat. Alkaloids. Erythroxylon Coca 0760 Grown at Jamaica. sy areolatumn a9 0:033 Jamaica; dried in shade. 5 ey 0:023 Jamacia; dried in sun. 4, macrophlylum 0000 ~=British Guiana, 5, ovatum 0:020 a 3 5) montanum 0030? Java. » laurifotvum 00507 | ,, 3» retusum 0:030 ? a) y» monoyynum 0:040 ~=©India,* —Pharmaceutical Journal. ——————EE A VISITOR FROM NATAL. Six years ago, Mr. A. H. Bisset of the Matale district left for Natal where his father General Sir John Bisset had taken up a wide extent of land on the banks of the largest river in the Colony about 100 miles south of Durban in order, as he hoped, to establish a planting colony. Mr. Walter Bisset, also a Ceylon planter, had preceded his brother. The latter is now manager of a gold-mine ia the Transvaal with an income about equal to that of our best paid public officers next to the Governor. Mr. A. H. Bisset is still planter and farmer in the lowcountry, having com- munication twice a month by steamer round the coast with Durban. Mr. Bisset has come to Ceylon on a few weeks’ visit by the S. S. ‘ Pongola,”’ and we heartily welcome him back here, hoping he will have a pleasant and profitable time, even to the extent of carrying away to Natal all the use- ful wrinkles he can pick up in reference to our tea cultivation and preparation, and the treatment of any other products suited to his _planta- tion in the far south. The ‘‘Pongola” is one of two steamers now regularly running between Durban and Calcutta in the interests of cooly Jabour for the colony. ‘They are likely always to call at Colombo or Galle en route, so that the means of getting to South Africa will be made very accessible, and few trips could be more plea- sant to those who like a longer voyage than usual now-a-days, with some weeks of holiday in one of the finest countries under the sun. The return trip could then be made by the next steamer up. But it is possible that we may have passengers from Ceylon going off to the gold fields, rather than for visits or holiday trips; for there can be no doubt that there is a grand future before South Africa with its wealth of minerals of the most precious description. Already the Colo- nists talk of a thousand miles of rich gold-yielding reefs, besides (alas!) hills of silver and, apart from, apparently, exhaustless diamond fields. All this is pretty well realized by the outside world, and as a consequence Mr. Bisset reports that the amount of capital which has been, and is being, thrown into South Africa and especially the Trans- vaal is quite fabulous, and the population is also being rapidly increased through the influx of would-be Ininers of every grade. Mr. Bisset goes so far as to think that Durban may eventually become another Melbourne. At present though a yery busy port with an enormously developed trade, a great many of the inhabitants have run away to the gold-fields and there seem only to be men enough left to look after the families! The railways are being rapidly extended inland, but South Africa is, of ~* Analysis of Dr, Warden, - course, a country of magnificent distances, and as yet there is much hard, expensive work in transport. For this reason, among others, to planters and farmers on the Coast whose cooly labourers have been tempted away and for whose produce the market offered on the gold fields ig far too distant, the rush after gold is by no means an unmitigated blessing. The farmers in the Transvaal, on the other hand, will be certain to reap a golden harvest through the mere sale of their produce and stock. But on the whole, Mr. Bisset is well-pleased with his planting home in Natal, out of the tropics, being in 31° South, but with so mild a climate by the riverside that frost is never experienced, the temperature scarely sinking below 42°. Coffee, tea and other sub-tropical products are cul- tivated, a good return being got by supplying the local markets. Labour is, of course, the drawback, but coolies from India are likely now to be more abundantly and regularly introduced ; and where the Natal planter-farmer has the pull igs in raising all the grain, vegetables and stock required by him and his staff on the property, as in the case of the Brazil planters. This makes the cost of cultivating the tropical products, wonderfully low. But again, Mr. Bisset says that he and others have so many strings to their bow; for instance his is one of the most succcessful fruit- growing countries in the world: the finest mangoes he has ever seen are growing close to grand straw- berry beds; while oranges, bananas, apples, &c., &c., prosper amazingly and there is a good and steadily improving market at Durban for all the fruit that may be produced. The planting of orchard trees and garden cultivation generally constitute therefore a very important branch of the planter’s work and property in Natal. The South African Colony has certainly suited Mr. Bisset in health; he never looked better although the voyage up has been a trying one through the great heat experi- enced, more especially in the Mozambique Channel. This heat affected the horses brought by the S. S. “ Pongola’? unfavourably ; but no doubt they will soon get over this and there are some serviceable animals among them. a TARRED PAVING. Preparatory to again visiting the Australian colonies after an interval of eight years, our “senior”? was engaged for some ten days in “ red- ding up” (as the Scotch say), a vast heap of papers brought by him from Melbourne, and which he meant to deal with in that leisure time that never came]! He felt special self-reproach for not earlier bringing to the notice of the Municipality and others, the process of thelaying down of tar paving, which was so conspicuous and so useful in the (1881) Ex- hibition grounds as well as in Melbourne city, From the City Surveyor he received a paper of directions, from whichwe now quote :— DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF LayING DOWN TARRED PAytne, AS ADOPTED BY THE Ciry Councrn. In the first place all the metal and screenings must be thoroughly mixed with tar, turning it over and over again, untilevery particle of metal and screenings is coated with the tar, but not to such an extent as wili admit of any tar running away from the bottom of the heaps. The tar for the metal is applied cold; but for the screenings it is applied heated froman iron boiler. If the screenings are wet, they must be dried either by the sun or on iron plates by the fire. About 1$ gallons of tar are required to each superficial yard of paving. Prepare the foothpath (to receive the metal) by boxing out to a depth of three inches below the tow of the 774 TH E TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. a i ce ie i A i RE IRAE RR RN ET kerb leaving an even surface, and on this prepared surface, lay down a coat of the prepared metal (25 in, gauge) three inches thick, and well rolled and consoli- date same ; on this spread a coat (about one inch thick of the prepared machine metal screenings (from which the fine screenings have been removed by sifting through a quarter-inch screen); on this spread a coat (about a half-inch thick) of the prepared screenings, which have been sifted from the first coat of screenings ; and finish off with a light coat of sand. Each coat (except the coat of sand) must be well and thoroughly rolled and consolidated as it is laid down. The weight of roller used is about fifteen hundred- weight. Well ram, with iron rammers, those parts which cannot be reached by roller. The cost isabout two shillings per square yard. It is advisable that the tarred metal and screenings should remain in heaps for a few days to drain, particularly if théy are to be used for roadways for vehicles. The following shows the quantity of tar required for each description of material used in the process, viz :— per cube yard.] Metal Screened... is 7 gallons Screenings as they come from the Machines ... .. 17 gallons Screenings Screened .. 11 gailons Screenings for Last Coat.. -. 28 gallons The excellence of this paving (the screenings being of the lava rock known as “blue stone”) was beyond question. The considerations in Colombo would be the expense and the influence of our hot, moist climate. —————ee CEYLON UPCOUNTRY: PLANTING REPORT. THE CEYLON TEA PLANTERS AND THE LONDON BROKERS —TEA CIRCULARS—THE YEARLY REVIEW OF THE CEYLON TEA TRADE BY MBESERS. WILSON, SMITHETT & co.—‘' BOUGHT LEAF ’’—TEA SALES IN GLASGOW NOT A GREAT SUCCESS—QUALIFICATIONS OF A TEA- MAKER AS STATED BY HIMSELF—THE WEATHER AND TEA FLUSHES—BLOSSOM ON COFFEE AND THE RAINS. 8th April, 1889. The Ceylon tea planter has been and still is the subject of ‘much advice. It will not be for want of counsellers if he fails-inthe race of life. We are all very grateful to those big London sBroxina HOUSES, who have taken us under their care, and who, besides the usual monthly hints, which make their circulars so valuable, have a big “roundup” at the end of each year, when the past is reviewed, the future foreshadowed and the planter advised. These yearly efforts are evidently the result of much labour and trouble: they put prosaic trade into a handy aud picturesque form ready for re- ference and redolent of ideas. and they haye all the ring of complacent authority about them. The firm that gets up one of these documents is clearly entitled to something like gratitude on the part of the planter and the business public generally. Human nature is however human nature, and the tendency of most teachers is to go beyond their text and often too beyond their knowledge. With an intelligent audience like the Ceylon planters such a temptation, however fascinating, should be at once resisted, as an indulgence in it is sure to lead to grief, and is apt to weaken the effect of what is otherwise valuable. We have had an unhappy example of this lately in the yearly review of the Ceylon tea trade of Messrs. Wilson, Smithett and Co., dated February 1889 ; and although the London brokers are per- haps a trifle more sensitive to adyerse comments on their circular wisdom, than the planter is on the qualities of his tea, still what is good to give can’t be bad to take. In the circular in question we are favoured with advice on dull, pointless teas and the causes, ‘Bought leaf” is one of the factors which the keen eye of the London man has marked down as tending towards that absence of indiyi- duality which is so much desired, and he wants us to make bought leaf “ sit up” in this way:— ‘Ag vegards ‘bought leaf,’ we throw out the suggestion whether it would not be possible to have the leaf manufactured by hand in an unassorted form, or at any rate withered and fermented, undue fermentation being checked by ‘panning’ on the estate producing it, before purchasing.”’! ! I hardly know what tomake out of a curiosity of planting literature of this kind, and which comes to us with the imprimatur of authority ; for a more hopeless muddle could hardly be, or a clearer example of the folly of talking authoritatively about things of which one knows nothing. The writer of this extraordinary advice must be closely related to the man who maintained that it was Solomon who gaidin his Pilgrim’s Progress that ‘A man’s aman fora that.’ Anyhow that happy humble of authors and books does not appear more absurd to the literary student than does Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co,.’s suggestions upon ‘‘ bought leaf” to the Ceylon tea planter. If Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. should in the future condescend to instruct the Ceylon tea planter in regard to his work, I would throw out the sug- gestion that whena bright idea oecurs to them in London in connection with ‘‘ how to do it,” be- fore giving ita place in their valuable circular, they might submit it to a practical planter, so that they may avoid the pitfalls into which the unin- structed are sure to fall. The TEA SALES IN GuAsGow, however much they may suit the local grocers, don’t seem from the prices obtained likely to enrich the tea grower much, I have before me the catalogue of 237 packages Indian teas which were put up for auction on the 15th Feb. by Messrs. Simons, Jacobs & Co., of that city and the prices got: Souchong highest is 54d and the lowest 434d; pekoe is better, highest 93d lowest 8d ; broken pekoe there is but one lot, 124 chests, andit attains into the magnificent figure of 54d. It got a farthing a pound more than some congo that wassold, which is better of course than, say a farthing less. It would want the charges in Glasgow to be very much less than those of London before we would take kindly to the new opening with its ideas of price. It is well that a man should have a good opinion of himself; but perhaps with but eight months’ experience ofa tea factory the following from a tea maker’s application may seem somewhat high :— * * * “T have been lately learning tea work for nearly eight months, and have thereby acquired a thorough knowledge of tea making, both Merchan- tile and Fancy. “JT possess a profound sense of the vast importance that is attached to the tea making, and accordingly my qualifications backing me, I can fulfil the res- pective duties most laudably, especially make tea— ‘fine leaves provided’—to meet the topmost market.” &c., &. In case there should be a run on this chap, I beg to say that he is at present employed._ The weatuer still continues all we can desire. It is a lively time we have been having with our flush, and although we have been doing our best to get full wmusters, there are always some who stay in and are a worry. All the same, labour is not scarce; we have just abig spurt on as is usual after the early rains, which makes us all feel for the time being as if we were shorthanded, May tf, 1889, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 446 nT The rain we are having every few days, although just what we want for tea, is killing our hope as far as another blossom on coffee is concerned, The first blossom seems to have set fairly well, but unless we got more, the crop will not be up to much, I fear. PEPPERCORN. ee BARK AND DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, March 28th. OrncHona.—The periodical auctions held on Tuesday were lighter than they have been for some time, the aggregate catalogued weighing less than 500,000 |b. while the total equivalent of sulphate of quinine would probably show a still greater discrepancy, nearly all the bark offered being of very poor quality. Many holders are evidently keeping back their supplies in the hope of obtaining better prices in a few weeks’ time, and during the auctions a parcel of about 100 bales of Oeylon bark was withdrawn upon the receipt of a telegram from Oeylon, which was hinted to con- vey strongly ‘‘bullish”’ views of the position of affairs there, The following are the quantities included in the catalogues :— Pkgs. Pkgs. Oeylon bark 1,237 of which 1,034 were sold Bast Indian bark 608 * 520 a Java bark 191 i, 176 - South American bark 295 ip 295 5 2,331 2,025 It should be stated that the quantity of Hast Indian bark offered was less than might be supposed from the number of packages catalogued; one consignment of 165 bags trom Mangalore, for instance, only weighed 40 lb. per bag. About three-fourths of the whole sup- ply sold was imported in the course of the present ear. q At the opening of the auctions prices were decidedly lower, nearly 200 packages South American Oalisaya being cleared at 9d to 93d. per lb.—for part of which, in a recent auction, offers of lld to 113d. per lb. had been refused. As the auctions proceeded the tone slightly improved, and the balance of opinion seems to indicate a fairly steady market, though we should not think that the unit averaged more than 1ljd per lb. The following are the approximate quantities pur- chased by the principal buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim & Amsterdam works 109,455 Agents for the American, French, &c., works 87,810 Avents for the Brunswick works 85,101 Agents for the Auerbach works 65,946 Messrs. Howards & Sons 36,220 Agents forthe Frankfort 0/M and Mannheim works 16,090 Mr. Thomas Whiffen 9,000 Sundry druggists... 4,484 Total sold aes 414,106 Bought in or withdrawn 71,733 Total quantity catalogued 485,839 It should be well understood that the mere weight of bark purchased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield represented by it, firms who buy a small quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and wice versa, Sourh Amurican Barx.—A quantity of 32,714 lb. of Calisaya quills from the Bolivian plantations sold cheaply at 64d to 8d for dull and damaged lots ; one lot bringing 54; and 94 to 93d (one lot 10d) for good silvery quill from the Yungas plantations, At la t week’s Amsterdam auctious the tollowiuy equiva- lents of quiniue sulphate were bought in bark by the principal buyers :— Kilos. Gustav Briegleb, Ams‘eriam 1,450 Auerbach Quinine Works ves 1,120 Amsterdam and Mannheim Quinine Works 1,000 O. L. Schepp & Zoon, Rotterdam cor 830 Brunswick Quinine Works ven 400 Ovsrss.—Fine bold genuine cubebs are held in Hol- land at £22 10s to £25 10s per cwt. QuintnE.—The speculative movement to which we referred in our article of last week as not unlikeiy to set in for a while after the ls limit had once been touched seems to have actually taken place to some extent. If reports are to be believed, though there is nothing definite to substantiate them, about 80,000 oz, of German Quinine have been sold since our last report, commencing with B & S at 1s Ofd to 1s 1d; Brunswick at 1s ld, and Fabbrica Lombarda at 1s 03d per oz. on the spot, and closing at 1s ld for B & S and Brunswick on the spot, and 1s ld to Is14d for forward delivery up to November.—Chemist and Druggist. aoe CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND. From Mr. J. F. Wingate we have received a file of New Zealand papers showing that he and Mr. Beckett are not idle in their work of intro- ducing our teas into the Britain of the South. From the JVaimate Journal we quote the following paragraph :— Pure Ueylon Tea.—We have received, per favour of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, two samples of their Ceylon tea—pekoe and pekoe souchong. ‘lhe as- sociation claims absolute purity for their teas, the cultivation and manufacture of which is fast becoming the most important branch of trade in the island of Oeylon. In 1873 the exports of tea from the island were only 28lb, while in 1886—thirteen years later— they had increased to nearly 10 million lb. Judging from the samples sent us, the tea is most pleasant in flavour, especially the pekoe souchong, a better drink- ing tea than which could not be desired. Mr. W.H. Beckett, Crosby,is the agent for Waimate. In the Commercial Report of the Lyttleton Times of March 9th, we read :— Sales of tea have been disappointing, while we can note a fair quittance of Indian and Oeylon sorts to the trade. Mr. Wingate has been distributing a circular on ‘Tea in Ceylon”’ got up very neatly in Christchurch, with a good deal of information. We quote a few sentences :— It has been said that, if to be an Englishman is to eat Beef, to be an Hnglishwoman is to drink Tea, True it 1s that the article which in the sixteenth century was a luxury, costing ten guineasa pound and consumed by a hundred people, has in the nineteenth century become a necessity, costing two shillings a pound and consumed by millions. Did the people of Britain thoroughly understand the difference between British-grown Tea—such as Ceylon’s—and that of China or Japan, it is certain that those who could get the pure, clean, machine-prepared leaf which is turned out from the Planter’s factory, would never touch the far from pure article prepared by the hands and feet of the unwashed Mongolian. In China and Japan Tea is mostly cultivated in small patches by the peasantry, who gather the leaves and prepare the Tea in their huts ina very unfastidious manner. The Tea, either in a half-manufactured or finished state, is sold to petty dealers who in turn gell to jarger dealers, The larger dealer mixes and mani- pulates Teas, packs and sells them to the Huropean Merchants for shipment to England, Australia, or America. The manipulation of Tea is an art in which the Chinaman excels, and in many of the inferior kinds the qnality is infinitely deteriorated— thus “the dust of the leaf is mixed with clay and manipulated into the form of the ordinary leaf”— this is with appropriate philological coincidence termed “lic” Tea. ‘Tea leaves which have been already used are again manipulated and rolled into shape and sold as genuine Tea,” The Teas of Japan, which are almost entirely consumed by our American cousins, are frequently and admittedly “faced” with a@ mixture of Prussian blue and soapstone. The Ceylon estate cultivation and manufacture is very different, and it may not be uninteresting to give a brief account of how pure Tewig made, * * 776 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. —_—_—~—&KXxKC[[=[_[=[—=—“—"[_=—=—[=[="@@NVV—DDDDnn"“*UOC*“UOUUUH""nn")U SE er Oxnyiton TEA stands unrivalled for its combination of strength and flavour; and the pure Tea gives a beverage pleasant and beneficial to those who drink it, One cannot doubt that were the well-meaning evangelists in the cause of temperance to realize the difference between pleasantly-strong well-flavoured stimulating Tea andthe “ wishy-washy” decoction infused from the cheaper Ohina Teas, their efforts to substitute “the cup which does not inebriate ” for that which does, might be made much more suc- cessful. In addition to the other good qualities Ceylon Tea possesses that of being economical ; for it is gene- rally admitted that two pounds of Ceylon will go as far as three pounds of Ohina- The Tea you drink should be— 1.—Pure. 3.—Pleasant. 2. —Wholesome. 4,.—Eiconomical. And Cryton TEA justly claims pre-eminence on these grounds. Would-be purchasers of Ceylon Tea, must be warned that there is danger (just as there is with every- thing which has earned a good name and become popu- lar) of a spurious or admixed article being sold instead of what is genuine. ee THE REAL WEHALTH OF BURMA, There can be no doubt that, although, we have in Burma abundant evidence of vast mineral wealth, we have also in the fertility of its soil a cause which has everywhere acted as a stimulus to human energy in the creation of wealth, and as a consequence civilisa- tion. In Egypt, centuries ago, the periodical rising of the river Nile covered a narrow alluvial deposit which enabled cultivators of the soil to acquire a rich re- turn for their labours. As a natural result wealth was accumulated and the country bordering the Nile became a contrast to the adjoining lands, whose in- habitants had not emerged from their pristine state of barbarism and ignorance. From the examples of all history we may learn how to take advantage of the fertility of most parts of Burma. Already in Lower Burma we find the Karens abandoning their old and barbarous methods of cultivating a hill for a few years, and then emigrating to another, when they found their returns decreasing. This interesting people encouraged by the American missionaries who have so long and successfully laboured among them, are now yearly in increasing numbers settling on the plains, and finding the advantages of doing soin their being able to obtain more leisure for the purpose of educating themselves and their children and rising higher in the standard of civilisation, We have room in the fertile parts of Burma and the Shan States for some millions more agriculturists, who will be able to derive from culti- vation of the soil not only ample present subsistence for themselves and families, but a less precarious and more absolutely certain means of acquiring wealth than any afforded to the dwellers in our towns and cities. We must hope that under such favorable existing. circumstances, agriculturists will be attracted to the country, and whether they are from India or Ohina matters but little so long as they come. The opening out of thecountry by the extension of railways and the increase of river steamers is likely to afford increased facilities to settlers, and is therefore earnestly to be desired. With a few thousand more foreign settlers on the land, such lawlessness and anar- chy as has prevailed in remote parts of Upper Burma, since the death of the King Mindoon, would be impossible, and thus the increased population we require in Burma would not only in- crease the wealth and happiness of the people engaged in cultivation, but would make pacification and good government easier and less expensive. Govern- ment therefore should do all that is possible to at- tract to Burma the settlers we so much require, and we hope that it will offer inducements to well behaved sepoys both of the native infantry and the military police, to remain on in Burma after their period of service has expired, This might be done either by CEYLON TEA giving such settlers land on easy terms, or by grant- ing free passages to a certain number of individuals of the families of each, to join them if they wished. The establishment here of such settlers,—-men who have been drilled and disciplined would have ths happiest effect, and and the Burmese villagers, would we are sure, tired as they are of dacoity and lawless- ness, be only too happy to have such colonies formed in or near their own settlements.—Hangoon Times, + EXPERIMENTS IN MANURES. Professor Kinch, of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, has printed an account of some im- portant experiments upon the value of manures. He deals only with barley and pasture. In each case a number of plots were treated with different manures, and the resulting crops were carefully compared. So far as the barley is concerned, it appears thaton the average of four years the application of two hundredweight of nitrate of soda to each acre pro- duced eleven and a quarter bushels of grain and eight and three-quarter hundredweights of straw more than the same soil would otherwise have yielded. The qua- lity of the'grain was less affected, but it was decidedly best from those plots which received both nitrate of soda and superphosphate. Op the pasture plots the influence of manures differed widely. Thus kainit produced little or no effect, and superphosphate by itself was hardly better. Guano gave a good thick crop, but not so large a yield or so long a grass as either sodium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. These nitrogenous manures both yielded very heavy but somewhat rank crops, the ammonium salt seeming to be particularly advantageous to the growth of plants of the clover and vetch family. A mixture of super- phosphate and nitrogenous manure gave the heaviest and rankest crop. It is curious to note that when superphosphate is mixed with ammonium sulphate one grass is specially abundant, while if it is mixed with sodium with nitrate the herbage chiefly consists of another. The promised continuation of these experi- ments ought to be very useful to the owners of pas- ture farms.—Daily News, March loth, soe IN GERMANY AND RUSSIA. The following is a brief summary of the article in a Stuttgart paper referred to in our correspondence column :— “The island of Ceylon hitherto known by the pro- duction of the finest quality of coffee and spices, will soon attain an equal fame for producing the finest tea.” Then follow statistics and general infor- mation on the preparation of tea and the superiority of our Oeylon manipulation, these being mainly culled from ‘‘ Ceylon in the Jubilee Year;” a clear woodeut of Tientsin in Bogawantalawa illustrates the Jetter press. “Every Ceylon planter,” says the writer, “is willing to guarantee his tea as pure and unadulterated, as long as it is in its original packages. ‘‘TIn Russia in the beginning of the year, out of 200 samples of tea examined, 40 were found to be mixed with Hpzlobium (French willow leaves or willow herb) in the proportion of 14 to 50 per cent. : “(Tt has iately been ascertained through a lawsuit in Moscow and also by various testings in St. Peters- burg that tea is abominably adulterated in Russia. Out of 44 samples officially examined, 4 consisted of a mixture of tea and ‘Koporny’ grass, 4 of Koporny grass alone and 5 of tea that had already been used. In Moscow, where there are regular methods of adulterating tea, the police have discovered a number of vessels containing sweepings which were destined to be mixed with tea. As tea contaims con- siderably more oxide of iron and oxide of manganese than coffee, it is to be specially recommended to con- sumptive or wnemic people. The owner of the plantation Tientsin, H. Sixtus, in Bonn, has Lezun introducing his tea into Germany, and is ready to grant samples,” &c, May 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 777 SAPPHIRES (?) IN TASMANIA. (The Anglo-Australian in London. ) We have, off and on, heard a good deal about Precious stones from Australia, but hitherto no- thing very grand in this direction has been realized. ‘The South Australian “‘ rubies”? turned out to be garnets, and the Queensland opals were a disappointment. Now, however, Tasmania is apparently coming forward, and may possibly prove an exception to the rule in regard to Australian precious stones rarely being up to the expectation roused on the subject. Mr. Dobson, who is now over here (the solicitor to the Main Line Railway), has with him some specimens of sapphires from the eastern coast. I say sapphires provisionally, because that is still, I believe, a question for the ‘‘ experts”? todetermine. I hope shortly to be able to report definitely on this matter. Should Mr. Dobson’s gems prove to be genuine sapphires, the find may be of commercial importance, as I believe there are plenty of like stones to be had whence these samples came.—Huropean Mail, March 29th. SS OOFFEE NOTES FROM BRAZIL. Advices from the district of Bom Jesus de Itabapoana Rio de Janeiro, to a Campos journal, state that the drouth bas paralyzed the coffee trees for two years, for they are burnt into their very centre. The large re- ceipts in Brazil have not ceased, and stocks are in- creasing. Revisions of their estimate of the present crop by Phipps & Oo. place the yield higher than their former computations. The guess now is on the market. Another estimate is that ot the Journal of Commerce of Rio, which places the figures at 5,000,000 for the present crop. Both these authorities also estimate the coming crop, the former at 3,250,000 bags, and the Jatter at 4,000,000.—S¢. Lowis Grocer, Jan. 10th. From a private letter received in this city, it is learned that in the province of Minas the panic 18 general throughout the entire population, over the alarming drouth that rules in the interior. Generally the sun has burnt up the coffee beans; and the coffee orchards are almost entirely destroyed. The crop will not produce sufficient to cover the cost of preparing it, Cereals have also seriously suffered. Despondency has seized upon all the planters who have before them only the prospect of a total loss.—Diario do Commercio, {lst February. Thisis pretty good fora single letter from Minas; when otherscommence to come in their effect will be terrifying.—Zio News. —>— CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN COLOMBIA.* The cultivation of the einchona tree on a large scale in Colombia is rather a dream of the future than an accomplished fact; though the eminent suitability of the soil and climate in those districts where it was originally found wild are almost a guarantee for its success when attempted. In 1854 the Government of the Republic passed a law for the purpose of promor- ing the plantation of cinchona, indiarubber, cacav, r»ud eucalyptus trees. This law authorized the President to award prizes for the plantation of cinchona trees at the rate of 1,000 dollars for each 10,000 trees, to be payable when the trees had arrived at the age for cropping. The trees to be planted were required to be of certain species, namely, C. Ledgeriana, C. officinalis, QC, lancifolia, and C. pitayensis (the two latter being the best indigenous sorts). Certain smaller prizes were also to be given for the plantation of caoutchoue trees, and especially of a native species called in this country “caucho virgen,” which grows in the cold country from 6000 feet upwards. The President was also authorized to purchase up to 1.000.000 trees for distribution to intending planters. This law has re- mained a dead letter, however. No prize has been awarded under its provisions, and no new plantations have been ade since it was passed. There are three important cinchona plantations in Oolombia at present. The oldest is near the village of Colombia, in the south of Tolima, belonging to the * From a Consular Report on the Agricultural Condi- tion of Colombia, Compania de Colombia, a company which for many years exported large quantities of the bark of the native C. dancifolia whilst the supply of wild tres held out. Their plantation is composed of 80,000 trees, all C. lancifolia, and is situated exactly where the wild trees formerly grew. They have lately sent small quantities of the cultivated bark to Europe, and the quality is pronounced to be fine, with about 6 per cent. of quinine. Another plantation, also in Tolima, at Ohaparral, on the Central Oordillera, has 450,000 trees from one anda half to five years old, many fit for cropping. The owners have secured the services of Mr. Robert Thomson, formerly Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens in Jamaica, to manage the plantation. The trees there are of various sorts, includ- ing C. Ledgeriana, C. succirubra, C. officinalis, ete., besides the native species. The following analyses of specimens of bark from the Ohaparral Oompany’s plantation, made by Mr. D, Howard, show that the barks cultivated in Colombia compare well with the average of those of any other country, excepting, perhaps, the choice Java Ledgeriauas. These analyses, considering the age of the trees, give very good promise. Sulphate of Quinine. Quinine. Cinchoni- dine Cinchonine. Quinidine 1. C. Ledgeriana, 8 years old, | grown at 8,000 feet... 4 2. C. succirubra, 3 years old, grown at 7,500 feet... 5°00 3°75} 3:03] 0°17| 0:07 38. C. succtrubra, 34 years old, 8 months renewed without moss, grown at 7,500 feet | 7°00 5-25) 1-90] 0:67| 0:06 4. New species from Hcua- dor, not named... ... 5. C. Thomsoniana (named provisionally), 2 years old, 8 months renewed without MOSClteesillitecomicssti css 6. C. officinalis, 34 years old, grown at 8,000 feet 7. C. officinalis, 8 months re- newed with moss 8, Jamaica hybrid, 34 years old, grown at 7,500 feet 9. CO. Ledgeriana, 22 months old, grown at 7,500 feet [2°71/203) 0°55] 0°13) — wo wo 3°24! 0-66)}trace| 0:20 5°70 4:28) 9-43] — | — 3:30] 2°48) 0:07/ 0°55) 0°25 4-66} 3°49) 0°21] 0:06) 0:05 4:30] 3°22] 0-23} 0:07! 0°07 3°12] 2°34) 2:46] 0°62) 0:02 The third plantation is near Bogota, but I have been able to procure no details respecting it. These companies have exported little cultivated bark as yet, owing to the low price of quinine in Europe, and are waiting in expectation of a possibie rise in the rice. : Of the two indigenous species, C. lancifolia and C. pitayensis, cultivated in the country, the former is the more valuable from the amount of quinine it contains, but it contains only a small quantity of other alkaloids. The C. pitayensis, on the contrary, is not very rich in quinine, but it is the richest known bark in the valuable alkaloid quinidine; it is, in fact, the only variety containing quinidine iu anything like considerable quantities. Analyses made by Mr. Howard of Pitayo bark have shown from 2 to 3:75 per cent. The Ohaparral plantation is close to the district in which the C. pitayensis tree orginally grew. The best altitude for the cultivation of the value- able barks in Colombia is from 6,000 to 8,500 feet, in a temperature of 56° to 62°. The tree producing the Cuprea bark (Remijia purdicana),* and which grows as low as 2,000 feet, is not worth cultivating. The large exportation of this bark in 1831-83, which somewhat disturbed the minds of the planters in * The botanical names of these trees have evidently been transposed.—Ep. Pharm, Journ, 178 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1880, Ee India and Ceylon, has nearly ceased. It was profit- able only so long as the tree existed wild in large quantities within easy reach of the Magdalena river, and whilst the price of quinine was high. The allied species, Remijia pedunculata,* which is to be found in considerable quantities on the slopes of the mountains bordering the llanos, has not been largely exported, owing to the cost of transport. Various sortsof trees producing caoutchouc, mostly castilloas, are indigenous to Colombia, but only one sort is cultivated, and that, at present, to a very small extent. This is a hitherto undeseribed species of the family of the Huphorbiacez, allied to the Oeara and the Hevea of Brazil; but it grows at a greater elevation than any of the Brazilian species. In Chaparral there is a plantation of 70,000 trees, at 6500 feet, which are doing well. They are ready for tapping in six years from the time of planting. ¢ Eucalyptus trees have been largely planted during the last twenty years in many parts of the country, especially on the savana of Bogota. HE. Globulus is the species which has been most planted, though others, such as the E. citriodora, E. rostrata, and E. saliqna, have been tried. Many attempts have been made to introduce some species of the tree into very hot districts, such as Carthagena and some parts of the Magdalena valley, but I believe without success.— Pharmaceutical Journal, ———E———— COFFEE &. IN BRAZIL. “The Municipalities of Cape Frio and Araruama have not, unfortunately, been spared by the great drouth that has devastated the province of Rio de Janeiro. The plantations of maize made during the latter part of Oct. and in Noy. are completely lost ; the coffee crop which would have been much smaller than last year is also lost. Fire has destroyed entire coffee orchards and sugar-cane fields. The Conceicio and Papicti plantations have lost all their cane. InS. Matheus, Sapucaia, Arada and other points of the two Municipalities, the destruction has been terrible; coffee- trees, pastures, manioc-fields, hedges, everything has been devastated by the terrible clement of destruction. Many cattle have died'from want of pasture, and water is scarce in some localities. The heat has been horrible, the thermometer marking 35dg. C. (91-4dg. F'.) m the shade and there is no atmospheric appearance of rain. At night the sight that is presented to our eyes is hor- rible ;in whatever direction one looks the glare of fires is seen ; it appears as if we were in a great pot completely surrounded by flames. A veritable calamity.” —Gazeta de Noticias, 12th Feb. [Quoted in vo Wews of Feb. 18th.] HE JAVA TEA COMING TO THE FRONT. We have been fayoured with the following copy of memorandum sent to a London firm by Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft, 37 Mincing Lane, on 26th March 1889 :— We send you three samples of a very desirable quality of ‘“Pekoe Souchong.” It possesses great strength as well as flavor and a bright infused leaf. Jt is a very useful class of tea and sold today for 93d. As showing to what perfection tea making is brought in Java we send asample of fine Pekoe. It is rather destitute of flavor and strength, but realized 1s 6d er lb, . Hoolankande Pekoe made in same style realized 28 62d. Tra. Prospects in Berncau.—A correspondent writes toa Calcutta contemporary :—‘‘ The tea season has commenced in the Darjiling Hills. On account of the abundant vain in the cold weather it was supposed that the season would commence with an early bumper flush. I am sorry to say these prognostications are not verified. The flush is a very thin flush, in some places banji, and perhaps will not weigh more than half the flush of last year.’’—Pioneer. * The botanical names of these trees have evidently been transposed.—Ep, Pharm. Journ, opium from their no harm, Orium.—Mr. W. J. Moore writing on the subject of opium, and Mr. Caine’s resolution on the Indian trade in opium says:—‘‘ There are so many false impressions abroad with regard to the use and effects of opium that it will be well that a few facts on the subject should be plainly stated. The preva- lent idea is that the person using opium descends from bad to worse, that he continually increases the amount of the drug consumed, that he eannot, having once taken to the habit, break it off, and’ that he becomes emaciated, decrepit, feeble; and physi- cally and mentally incapacitated for all business.. Now these are not the facts. No one denies that the immoderate use of opium is eventually most delete- rious; but this may be said of the immoderate use of almost anything. .The moderate use of opium— as it is consumed by the very great majority of those either eating or smoking it—is not prejudicial, and to very many persons, and in many positions, it is actually beneficial. Among the Rajpoots, for exam- ple, the majority use opium in one form or other— either swallowed in the shape of little pills, or drunk as ‘umal pawnee,’ or smoked as chandul. Yet the Rajpoots, speaking generally, are as fine a race of men as any to be found in the Hastern Hemisphere. I have known middle-aged men, hale and hearty, and capable of the greatest fatigue, who have used youth upwards. It is very rarely, these people exceed the accustomed quantum, and I have occasionally known individuals break off the habit. But, as a rule, finding it does them and that they are exhilarated and strengthened thereby, the habit is not left off. Again, in the more malarious districts of India, as, indeed, in some other malarious countries, opium eating is very prevalent. Opium has long been noted as an antiperiodic, and there is no manner of doubt that it is prophylactic against ague and malarious febrile diseases generally. If it were not for opium, the mortality from malarious fevers in Indix would be very much greater than it is. It is also an inestimable boon to the very poor,’ and especially in times of scarcity and famine, for it enables persons to exist upon less food than they otherwise could live on. Neither is the con- sumer of opium mentally incapacitated. I had for many years a Mussulman servant, who travelled with me thousands of miles, and whose duty was to rise in the early hours, prepare tea, and other- wise get ready for the march. Although a con- firmed opium eater he never forgot anything, and was always at his post. A telling commentary on the assertion that opium dulls the mental facul- ties is the practice of the Chinese, who take their opium before business bargaining, and not like a Briton, who takes his glass after the business is concluded. All this, however, refers to a moderate use of the drug. An immoderate consumption will, doubtless, produce all that anti-opiumists assert ; but, comparatively, the number taking opium to excess is not so great as the number taking liquor to excess. But opium has been ignorantly said to induce the very ailments for the relief of which it is resorted to. Travellers visit opium shops, and find therein people suffering from all kinds of maladies, and an erroneous inference is drawn that opium is the cause of such maladies, the. fact being that individuals so afflicted resort to the opium shop for relief. Others of the poorer classes resort to the opium shop because they know opium will allay the pangs of hunger. I will not trespass longer on your valuable space, nor is it necessary, for any one desiring to learn something about opium may do so from my book, entitled ‘The Other Side of the Opium Question,’ and ‘The Opium Shops of Bombay,’”—H. & C0. Mail. May 1, 1886, ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7719 CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. One ‘special’ reason for encouragement in the big campaign which “may be said now to be fairly opened for. the distribution and sale of Ceylon and Indian teas throughout the United States, is found _in-the very favorable rates of Customs duty on tea - entering the ports of the Republic. The United States Customs tariff indeed shows that tea, coffee and chicory, pass in free of duty; but on any other substitute for coffee save chicory, a duty of 3 cents per lb, (equivalent to lid or 2d) is imposed. It is rather hard on coffee to have even free chicory competing; but as regards tea, the product is tog cheap to encourage substitutes and the encourage ment which freedom of customs taxation affords, a great spur to extension of business, But uniortunately as the United States Consul shows ina letter appended, exemption from ought to act as duty depends on the produce being carried in American vessels, and eyen then produce coming from east of Suez has to pay 10 per cent ad valorem, while if carried in British ships another 10 per cent is levied. On our teas however, even 20 per cent ad valorem (or 15 cents on, say, 75 cents value) will be far less than the English duty of 6d per Ib. while if thé trade prospers as we hope it may, an American steamer might be got to take a load of Ceylon teas direct from Colombo to New York. Remembering that in the year commencing July next, the supply of coffee—hitherto the great beverage of Americans—is to be very short, there could not be a more opportune time for bringing in and offering as a fitting substitute a liberal supply of good, pure teas,—teas, we venture to say, such as when properly infused, dur American cousins hnaye hitherto had little or no experience of. Coffee and tea seem to be free of duty in Canada save if they are imported from the United States when there is a levy of 10 per cent ad valorem. Canada however is already a free con- sumer of tea, the ratio being 3°80 lb. per head of population against only 1:46 lb. for the States. Ii the latter only came up to the standard of the Dominion, during 1889-90, it would mean an additional consumption for America of wellnigh 150 million lb. of tea! This is too much to expect all at once, but in the course of four or five years if coffee does not take a turn in Brazil, it is quite possible such result may be attained. Meantime, we are glad to learn that ‘‘ Oolong”’ tea hag been very successfully prepared on well- known Ceylon estates, one invoice selling in London at 3d. per lb. above the average got for ordinary teas. A large shipment is now being prepared, and it is not unlikely that in order to suit the pre- valent American taste, a good deal of ‘ Oolongs ” may erelong be sent from Colombo to New York. It is encouraging, moreover, to read in an article in the American Grocer ‘‘on developing trade’:— ‘if the average buyer demands tea of ordinary quality goto work to induce him to usea higher grade that will better please his’ palate and at the same time afford the seller a more generous profit.” Such is the advice tendered to American dealers in tea, and we trust they may try to put it in preckiens We append the useful letter with 9 which Mr. Morey has favoured us as follows :— United States Consulate at Ceylon, Colombo, 18th April 1889. Tea is free of duty in the United States when imported direct from the producing country in Ameri- can bottoms. All merchandize produced east of the Cape of Good Hope is liable to 10 per cent ad valorem duty if imported from a country west of the Cape of Good Hope. Therefore tea or any other pro- duct of the so-called Hast may become s_bject to 20 per cent duty in the United States as” under- rated viz :— If in a foreign bottom differential duty 10 per cent If from a country Hast of the Oape 10 ,, 20 perce t A test case hag been going on in the United States Courts for some years on the grounds that these duties were waived and abolished by the Tariff Act that placed tea and many other pro- ducts on the free list. A judgment was got against the Government in the United States Cir- cuit Court of New York, and the case went in appeal to the United States Supreme Court, where, I believe, it still remains unsettled.—Yours truly, W. Morey. P.S.—The duty would be levied on cost f.o. b. of the goods at port of shipment.—W, M. United States Consulate at Ceylon, Colombo, 22nd April 1889. Si1r,—Please correct error in my letter of the 18th instant ve duty on tea in the United States. The correction should read :— “Tf from a country east of the Cape of Good Hope but shipped west of the Cape 10 per cent.” One salutary effect of this impostis, the preven- tion of intermediate manipulation of an article origi- nally shipped pure from the producing country. The Americans like good things, and-won’t have anything bad when they can help it. No tea could be sold there at a penny per lb. as hag lately been done in London. Such stuff would not be con- sidered lawful merchandize. The laws of New York forbid its importation, and tea that is either spurious, adulterated, or seriously damaged, is condemned to destruction. You are right about the feasibility of chartering an American steamer to take a cargo of tea to New York, thus securing its delivery there free of duty. The American ship ‘‘ South American” brought kerosene oil here two years ago, and was chartered back from Hongkong with a cargo of tea to New York. The same manceuvre could be easily made in the case of an American steamer. W. MOREY. es PROGRESSIVE CEYLON. The rivalry that exists between the planters of Ceylon and of Southern India gives special in- terest to any sign of progress or retrogression on the part of either ascompared withits competitor. In his report for 1888, the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens throws much light upon the course of planting enterprise in that island. Dr. Trimen may fairly be regarded as a scientific guide and monitor, a man who suggests new ideas and weighs suggestions made by others, who experiments with the object of introducing novelties or making improvements, and who watches closely the pro- gress made by the general run of planters. His report may be accepted as sound and impartial, based upon ample scientific knowledge, a close acquaintance with facts, and «a keen desire to 480 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. NS encourage the growth of the export trade of the island. In his “‘Notes on Economic Plants and Products,” Dr. T'rimen alludes to some products, which have but little interest for this Presidency, and we do not therefore purpose to comment upon all his remarks. There are some products, how- ever, which are deserving of the notice of our planters, either on account of the rivalry already existing, or, where the plants are not now grown in Southern India, with a view to investigations being made as to their suitability, and the pros- pects of working them to advantage. In view of the requirements of a Cotton mill to be erected in Colombo by the ‘‘ Ceylon Spinning and Weaving Company,” a vigorous effort is being made to increase the production of the plant, various descriptions of seed having been distributed on behalf of the Company for experimental culture. Tinnevelly seed soon showed itself only suitable for the dry region of Ceylon, where it grew vigorously, producing its usual rather scanty crop of pods in less than four months, 7. ¢., early in October. Egyptian is only fairly reported upon, and has not, like Tinnevelly, been free from the ravages of the insect world. The Fiji has fared similarly, and there has not yet been sufficient time to form any conclusion about Sea Island seed. Dr. Trimen is probably aware, though he makes no allusion to the fact, that exotic cottons are only too apt to deteriorate year after year. The supply of foreign seed need to beconstantly replenished if the staple is to be maintained, and we have seen no reports yet that would justify our considering that Ceylon has already established her capacities as a cotton- growing country. We cannot altogether shake off an idea that Bombay, or even Madras, has little fear at present from the rivalry of Ceylon in this direction, but her progress will doubtless he watched with interest by the cotton cultivators and spinners of India, and perhaps our planters may also derive a useful suggestion or two from some of their neighbour’s report of experiences or progress made in other classes of cultivation.— Madras Times, April 4th. —+- THA-GROWING IN JAVA. The Report for 1888 of the Planters’ Association at Sukabumie in Java has just reached us. Sukabumie lies amid districts which afford ample scope to plant- ing enterprise in many directions set forth in the Report. In that of tea cultivation, which of late years has been steadily extending the fall in prices has worked for good in enforcing economical manage- ment. Working expenses have been lessened, and improved machinery has come into greater favour, Tea plants from Assam are covering Jarger stretches on the estates, and ousting the other cultivated kinds. Planters look confidently to the time when these will enable them to meet successfully the keen competition of India and Ceylon. How increasingly the outturn of Assam tea in Java grows may be seen from the fact that on one estate alone the yield reached 150,000 Amsterdam pounds. Another en- couraging sign lies in the indisputable fitness of West Java in soil and climate for this branch of cultiva- tion, as proved by a quarter of a century’s experience, That part of the island has the regularity of rainfall to which counts much in tea planting, Official dis- couragement bars the extension of it from the hindrances laid by the Government in the acquisition of wasteland. La‘c ‘racts of the latter in West Java are kept out of the p.anters’ hands. It only needs a reversal of this policy of looking the land up to draw capital and labour there so as to increase still further the productive wealth of the island. Taxation too weighs heayily on Java tea planters, and places them at a serious disadvantage with their rivals in Ceylon, who less handicapped, have shot a long way ahead of their Java fellows. The latter have to contend against fiscal demands and official obstructiveness. Were Goy- ernwent to lend more readily a helping hand, tea cultivation would, in the opinion of the Association, soon advance with gigantic strides in Java. The tea shrub in that island has, however, a destructive enemy in the shape of an insect styled the Helopeltis Antoni, whose ravages cost the planters hundreds of thousands of guilders. No remedy for it has been found, so that, what with insects, fiscal burdens, and obstructive land laws tea planters in Java must, we fear, look forward toa hard struggle.—Straits Times, April 2nd. —__——_--—->—____————_- CHINA TEA IN 1888. A very comprehensive work has been issued by the Chinese Imperial Maritime Oustoms on the tea- trade of China, dealing chiefly with the causes which have contributed to the decline of this great trade, As we reported some time ago Sir Robert Hart addressed circulars to the Oommissioners of Customs at the various treaty ports requesting full reports with regard to the position of the tea-trade, accompanied by whatever recommendations they might have to make for its improvement. ‘Che result is the issue of a bulky volume under the title ‘ Tea, 1888.’ The work contains reports from the Commissioners at Hankow Kiukiang, Wuhu, Shanghai, Ningpo- Tamsui, Foochow, Amoy, and Oanton, the ports most engaged in the tea trade. Appended alsois corres- pondence between the Chamber of Oommerce in Ohin., the principal tea firms, experienced Ohinese dealers. It is impossible of course to give anything like a summary of such a work, but we reprodncein full the report by Sir Robert Hart addressed to the Tsung-li Yamén, with which the book opens:— Report on Tea addressed to the Tsung-li Yamén by the Inspector General of Customs. Inspectorate General of Oustoms, Peking, 3lst Angust 1888. 1.—In 1885 and again in 1887 I _ submitted my views respecting the increasing demand for Indian tea, the deteriuration of Chinese tea, and the suggestions that had been made regarding preparation and taxation; and having received the Yamén’s order to instruct the Commissiouers of Oustoms at the ports concerned to examine and report, I directed them to do so by my Oircular No. 387 of the 30th August, 1887. The replies of the Oommissioners at Hankow, Kiukiang, Wubu, Shanghai, Ningpo, Tamsui, Foochow, Amoy, and Vanton have arrived: that there are faults of preparation to be remedied, and that taxation ought to be reconsideres, is the general result of their inquiries. After a careful examination and comparison of what the Commissioners write from their several local standpoints, I have now the honour to submit this Report for the Yamén’s consideration. 2.—Not only is China the native place of tea, but Chinese tea is superior in flavour to all other teas; and yet, although the export of Ohinese tea has gone On increasing, a large proportion of the increasing number of tea-drinkers in England take Indian instead of China’s black teas, and in America take Japanese instead of China’s green teas. The cause of this is not that the raw product—the leaf—has deteriorated in China, but rather because India and Japan take so much greater pains to prepare their Teas well that not only dothe Teas keep without changing, but they can be sold cheaper than Chinese Teas—so well, too, do their painstaking producers know-how to save wisely. China’s failure to take the same pains ig partly because of the old reason—it was always so,— and partly because falling prices have disheartened producers: old conditio. sare, in fact, beaten by new methods. Thus the result ix that every new advance gives competitors an additional hold on the market ; and although China’s export trade has not yet fallen off, it is widely assorted that in time it must cease to exist. That other Teas should be sold cheaper is explained in two ways :— (a) China’s Teas are more heavily taxed.—Although all Teas pay the same Import Duty at their destination they are differently taxed on departure ; ¢y., while ‘THE May 1, 1889.] TROPICAL AGRIGULTUR IST. Japanese ‘T'eas pay only a fourth of what Ohinese pay, Indian Teas pay no Export Duty whatever. (b) India’s Teas are more economically prepared.—iIn India the work of a large plantation is managed by one head from first to Jast, but it isnot soin China; Vea growers on the hill-side own only a few shrubs each, —the pickers sell to the collectors,—the collectors to Chinese traders,—and the litter, agnin, to Foreign merchants ; thus, expenses are greater, and Tea there- fore dearer. 3.—The merchants’ recommendations. are that tax- ation ought to be reconsidered and defects remedied, but they are not allin accord respecting taxation. Some assert that if Likin and Duties are not entirely re- pealed, the Tea trade will be destroyed; while others are of opinion that to lighten taxation will be of no advantage to trade. A comparison of these views shows that while to lighten taxation would be of certain | andimmediate disadvantage to revenue, to do so would be, at best, ofbut uncertain advantage to trade. In the case of the Indian competition, for example, In- dian ‘Tea-can bo sold in Hngland, and at a profit, for about 6d a pound, whereas Ohinese Tea cannot even be sold at a profit for 94; therefore, supposing the tax on Ohinese Tea, viz., about 2d a pound, entirely abolished, Indian Tea would still undersell it lda pound. Iam therefore of opinion it is useless to touch either Export Duty or ordinary Likin. But the Han- kow Commissioner suggests that a certain tax named the Shan-li, or ‘hill tax,’ collected from the owner; of the Teaplants, might be remitted with advantages it amounts to 760 cash, or Tl. 0.4.6.0 a picul, and its removal would encourage peasant growers and help them to take more care of their plants. I think it would be well to give effect to this suggestion ; national revenue will not feel the loss, and the abo- lition of the tax will encourage that carefulness in tending the plant which is demanded at the very airing point of any effective attempt to remove de- ects. The opinion just expressed about taxation refers mainly to the Black Teas which go to Eng- land. As regards the Green Teas which go to America, the Amoy merchants point out that during the last ten years, although Chinese Green Teas have not gone forward in less quantity, there has been no increase; while, on the other hand, Japanese Teas have increased during the same period from 25,000,000 Ib. to 42,000,000 lb. ‘The Japan- ese duty on tea, they say, 1s only $l a picul, while the Ohinese amounts to as much as 34 per cent. ad valorem; and they add that if the Chinese duty were made some- thing like the Japanese, or, say, about 74 per cent. ad valorcm the Ohinese green teas they reter to would be sold in great quantities. The merchants are presumably quite right in their statistics; but as to the change. they propose in the duty, I think the consideration of it may be deferred without danger, although I do not deny that it might result in larger sales. 4.—As regards what merchants allege respecting defects to be eradicated, British merchants point out that less tea is sold in London than formerly, and ex- plain that the cause of that is deterioration in quality. It does not appear to me that this explanation can be accepted. Changes have taken place in the trade; for instance, the Russians used to buy in London but now buy in Hankow, and the result of the opening up of a sea routeis not only that tea goes to Russia direct, in- stead of through London, but Russian buyers compet- ing for tea have raised prices at Hankow and, disap- pearing from competition, have brought down prices in London, and thus English merchants, buying in a rising market while they send their tea to be sold ina falling one, naturally find also that their business is not what it was; but this falling off in quantity and its attendant badness of business result not so much from any deterioration in the quality of tea as from changes in the trade. Less tea arrives—less tei passes through England; but the cause of that is not that Chinese tea has deteriorated. And it must be remembered, too, that although a less quantity passes through England, the total quantity which leaves Ohina has gone on in- creasing, and cannot yet be said to be decreasing, 5.—Quality, however, isa very important factor, and all that is said about it merits serious consideration. Although quality necessarily differs from year to year and with the producing localities, it is nevertheles true that preparation has much to do with it: care in pre- paration may possibly convert indifferent material into reasonably good tea, but carelessness will assuredly spoil the very best leaf. Comparing the tea of present and former times, the defects the merchants complain of are these :— (a) Too long an interval is allowed to elapse be- tween picking and firing; the firing is inadequate ; and while the Tea is deficient in strength and loses its flavour, it also does not keep. (b.) Spoiled leaves are not rejected but are packed with the good, and the consequenco is that the good are also damaged. Too much Dust is put in each box, and the whole is sometimes further adulterated by the intermixture of the leaves of other plants. (c.) The boxes in which T'ea is packed are not strong enough or well enough made for its protection. (d.) fhe Tea when delivered is often not up to muster. 6.—The remedies recommended are as follows :— (a.) There ought to be a sufficient depth of soil where the Tea shrub is planted, and the ground ought to be weeded and manured. (b.) The Tea shrub ought t» be well cared for ; pruning ought not to be neglected; aged shrubs ought to be removed, and young ones planted instead. (c.) Allthe leaves should not bs removed from the same shrub at the same time, but only such as are ready for gathering. The loaves which are ready ought to be picked from all the trees in the plantation at the same time, and each picking ought to forma separate chop. The leaf ought not to be picked too soon cr too late : althougha 10 days’ overgrowth gives an increase of 25 per cent in weight, it causes a decrease of 35 per cent in value. In India there are as many as 16 pickings; that is, each sbrub contributes to 16 chops. (d.) After the leaves are picked, the subsequent pro- cesses—withering, rolling, fermentation, firing—ought to be at once proceeded with. Thegreatest care should be exercised at each step, and the leaf ought to be well protected from the weather, especially just after pick- ing and while awaiting the other processes. (e.) The inner and outer casesin which tea is packed ought to be more solidly made and more securely closed. (f.) Musters ought not to be sent on ahead of tho chops. In this connection merchants add that Indian tea owes its success to the fact that the exact and faith- ful performance of all that these recommendations involve is there therule, and that thisis easy for India, where asingle tea plantation means thousands of shrubs on the same plot, where picking, withering, rolling, firing, packing, and despatching are all proceed- ed with at once and under the same supervision and management, and whecce the teas are forwarded toand sold in the London market, so that proper attention is given to each leaf at each stage, and while the tea produced is first-class tea, expenses are reduced to a minimum—only one profit is looked for, and consumers can purchase cheaply ; whereas in Ohina it is just the Opposite that takes place,and the result is inferiority of quality and elevatica of price. The merchants furtner recommend the appointment of ajoint Commission of irtelligent experts to spend one season in Chinese tea districts and another among Indian tea plantations,to study 1m person the processes, practice and custom of each, and, after a proper com- parison, advise as to what China ought to charge or drop or adopt. It is also recommended that China should either open a Tea School, or establish a Model Plantation, or place agiven Tea district under the supervision of properly appointed Government experts, or charter a Company to conduct the business of a Tea planta- tion on the Indian plan. I am of opinion that any or all of these would be beneficial to both trade and commodity; the idea is, of course, to provide a fitting pattern for all to study and imitate. In this connec- tion the attention of the Yamén is more especially (82 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May 1, 1889. requested for Mr. Hannen’s despatch, Foochow No. | per lb. Mangalore, good pale MM M, at 2s 11d per |b., 588, and Mr. Chalmers’ despatch, Tamsuei No. 326, re- garding the establishment of model plantations at Pak- ling and Tamsui. 7.—In conclusion, it is evident that there are causes for the representations put forward by merchants , nor am I the only one who has called attention to them. In the Peking Gazette I have noted what the Viceroy of the Min-Ché provinces said about the collapse of the Tea markets in a Memorial to the Emperor, and also what the Viceroy cf the Two Kiang afterwards said in another Memorial about the success and clieap- ness of Indian and Japanese Teas and the losses of Chinese merchants, and how the Likin had been slightly reduced in consequence, in the hope of benefiting an industry of so much importance to Ohina and the Ohinese. An evil so widely known and recognised ought, of course, to be cured, It is true that at the start China alone produced Tea and everybody bought from China, and that while the ever-growing popula- tions of Russia, America, and the Pacific prefer Chine:e Tea and scarcely touch Indian, even England does not yet take less, although latterly buying more and more Indian Tea; in fact, so many places want Chinese Tea that no matter what quantity is produced there is but little fear of its finding a market. And more- over, Indian Tea, although possessing the good quality of strength, is now pronounced to be in some way harmful, while Chinese Tea is not harm- ful, and, although notso strong, possesses in a high de- gree another excellent quality —flavour, —injwhich Indian teas are deficient; as long as teas possess this flavour they will find purchasers. Accordingly, the important point to attend to is flavour: growers must take care of their plants and keep them in good condition, and those who conduct the various processes which fit the leaf for use, must exercise the utmost care at every step to ensure that the tea will keep and that its flavour will not be lost, The ‘ hill tax’ apart—which ought to be repealed for the encourage- ment of growers,—I do not consider that any good will attend the reduction of ordinary Likin and Ex- port Duty; but there is unquestionably room for im- provement in every step and every process in growing and preparing tea, and it is most important that whatever can be done shall be done. 8.—Copies of the letters, and despatches received and issued connected with this question are submitted for the Yamén’s consideration, and also some figures from the tea statistics of the last twenty years. ROBERT HART, Inspector=General of Customs. —China Mail. —_—_—_—_—__@—___—_—_ BARK AND DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, March 21st, Baru Fruit.—TIwo cases, together 3 cwt., of recently imported sliced fruit are held at 24d per lb., a price which was not obtainable at auction. Carpamoms.—Arrivals have have been more plentiful lately and it was generally expected that some de- cline would be established at today’s drug sales. Such, in fact, was the case, aud only 93 out of the 372 packages catalogued were sold at an irregular fall in price, from 2d to 5d perlb. Nearly all the holders decided to hold back for higher rates, and some of them withdrew the whole of their supply without go- ing through the form of offering it. The following prices were paid: Ceylon Malabar, medium to bold good pale but warty round 25 74; small to medium heavy round, rather dull in coat 2s 5d; pale and yel- low, mixed sizes 28 2d; fair medium size, brownish coat 1s 8d; good partly bleached unclipped, shelly and split 103d per lb. Mysore, fine medium to bold and heavy, very well bleached 3s to 3s 2d; small to me- dium ditto 2s 8d; medium to bold good yellow 2s 10d; medium to small pale 255d; small to medium yellow and pale mixed, good appearance 1s 8d to 1s 9d; small long yellow 1s 5d; very small pale 1s 3d avery cheap lot, Wild Oeylon, bold heavy 1s 10d; ordinary thin 10d per lb. Dull seeds 1s 4d to 1s 6d per lb. The exports from Ceylon during the periods between October 1st and February 2lst have been: 1888-9, 136,336 lb; 1887-8, 159,430 Ib.; 1886-7, 148,147 ib. Orncuona,—Fine genuine loxa bark brings very high prices 2s 1d to 2s 2d per lb. being paid today for two lots. Two parcels, together 160 bales, flat yellow calisaya were shown, but bought in, there being no offers. Twenty-eight bales bold fine bright Maracaibo were bought in at 9d to 10d perlb. Guayaquil sold well at 1s 7d to 1s 8d for fine grey mossy quill, and from 43d up to 1s ld for common damaged to good brown silvery ditto. Fifty bales Lima good broken yellow quill were offered, and an offer of 23d per lb. was refused, . Coca Leaves.—Ten bales good fresh green, but broken, leaves are held at 1s per lb. but, there were no bids at 1ld perlb. Two bales common brown leaves, from Java (?) sold at 3d per lb. Oroton SuED.—Eleven bags fair brown Ceylon seed sold at 13s per cwt. Oupess,—six bags bold spurious grey fruit imported from Singapore were bought ia today at £23 10s per cwt,; genuine cubebs are held at £24 103 to £25, but scarcely any are here at present. O1ts (EssENTIAL).—Fine Cinnamon oil sold today at 1s 6d to 1s 7d per oz-, and Oinnamon leaf oil at 14d per oz, Citronella oil is very neglected, and native brands on the spot canuot be quoted over $d to Zd per oz., according to quantity. At the auctions 150 cases Lemongrass sold cheaply at 12d per oz. Quinine.—Prices still continue to decline, and the week under review has witnessed the first transactions in shilling quinine, about 20,000 oz., including B: & §., Auerbach, and Brunswick, being reported soldat that price by second-hand holders. Today’s auctions were looked forward to with considerable interest by the trade, 37,500 0z., being advertised for sale partly with- out reserve. There was not very much bidding, and 12,500 oz. B. & S. weresold to brokers atis 03d to 1s 04d peroz. Another broker refused 1s 03d for B. & S. 1s 1d being his limit. 5,000 oz. Jobst, 2,000 oz. Zimmer, and 2,000 oz. Italian quinine are all limited at 1s 1d per oz., and offers of 1s 04d to 1s 04d were refused. Vanitra.—At today’s sales 96 cases met a pretty brisk demand, and sold at again higher rates: fine fresh chocolate, but without much flavour, 6 to 8 inches, 16s 6d to 20s; brown, 34 to 6 inches, 10s 6d to 12s; good crystallised chocolate, 64 to 9 inches, 168 6d to 22s; 53 to 6 inches, 14s 6d to 16s per lb. A case of 44 1b of varying lengths, partly mouldy, from Macassar, sold at 3s 8d per lb. Sm —q THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS. (Zelegram from our Correspondent.) AMSTERDAM, March 21st. At today’s bark auctions the whole of the supply offered, consisting of 2,083 packages bark, was sold at lower prices as compared with the last auctions, the average unit value being fully 74¢ per half kilo. or 14d per lb. Manufacturers’ barks, chips and quills, realised from 7c to 60c per 4 kilo (—1id to 11d per lb.), ditto root from 14¢ to 18c (=23d to 34d per lb.) Druggists’ barks, chips, broken quilis, and quills sold at 9c to 7ic (=12d to 1s 1d per lb.), and druggists’ root at 22c to 55c or 4d to 10d per lb. The principal buyers were the Auerbach quinine factory, Mr. Gustav Briegleb, of Amsterdam, and Messrs. C. L. Schepp & Zoon, of Rotterdam. —_—- > Tin Minine 1n Jonorn.—The last mail from Sin- gapore brought us news that Mr. Hf. A. Watson, the old Ceylon planter who is reported to be on the road to fortune in connection with some newly discovered tin mines in Johore is at present in the Native States along with his brother-in-law Mr, Gibson. May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. Drevcina Expepition to Mannan. We |have been favoured by Mr. Haly, the Di- rector of the Colombo Museum, with the following particulars respecting the recent additions to the Colombo Museum :— Colombo Museum, April 13th, 1889. In answer to your inquiries with regard to the success of my dredging expedition to Mannar, I am sorry to say that I have little information to give you. The specimens obtained were mostly small species which will require to be carefully looked through, and I have had as yet no time to do so. IT had two principal objects: Ist to obtain a second perfect species of the great star fish Luidia maculata, which I could mount in fluid (the Museum has a very fine dried specimen which I procured some years ago), and 2nd to compare the fauna of the great flat that runs from Colombo to Mannar with that of the strait between Karait- tivu island and the mainland. With regard to the first point, I was unsuccessful. This magnificent starfish is as far as I yet know only to be found on the beach in the south coast of Mannar. Here you may see fine specimens washed up; but nearly always in such a state as to be unfit for preservation as the crea- ture has a habit of breaking itself into small pieces when uncomfortable. I never succeeded but once in getting a good specimen, and the handling and preservation of that was a work of much difficulty. On this occasion I took a cross between trawl and dredge of my own in- vention which does not collect the sand and mud in the way the ordinary dredge does; but I was most unfortunate. The star fish was caught in _ abundance of all sizes when the ordinary dredge was down; but I could never get on their ground when the trawl was down. Brought up buried in a heavy mass of sand the specimens were always broken to pieces and nothing could be done with them. This may at firet sight appear very extraordi- nary; but there is nothing remarkable about it to anyone accustomed to dredge on the coasts of Ceylon. Species of all classes of animals lie close together, the first haul of the dredge per- haps brings up three or four dozen corbeles (which by the bye are excellent eating), then a great quantity of sponges, then the net is full of some small crab; the next hawl perhaps has a number of fine Nudibranchiata in it and so on all day long, Thus the chances against procuring a pyr- ticular species in any given hawl are very grea’ With regard to the comparison of the fauna of the coast generally and of the,Karaittivu strait, I was not so successful as I could have wished. The ship, a native brigantine manned or rather greatly overmanned with a Hindu crew, had no cargo and scarcely any ballast; the consequence was that it was only with the gentlest breeze that the dredger could be made to keep in the bottom, however much rope might be paid out, However the coast from Mannar to Tallaiman- nar was well explored and the coast south of Mannar to Karaittivu fairly well. We were nearly wrecked off Dutch Bay and in trying to dredge in the deep water off Kalpitiya all the nets were torn to pieces by coral rock, and I could not get them mended before I reached Negombo, and then our time was nearly up. A glance at the Admiralty chart will show that a great plateau runs far out at sea off Colombo to within a mile or twoof the coast of Kalpitiya ; it then runs out in a deepourve towards thenorth to Adam’s Bridge, so that for twenty miles south off Tallaimannar it is impossible to get above 5 or ( fathoms of water; between Colombo and Kalpitiya the water is not quite soshallow, 10 to 20 fathoms being about the ordinary cepth at some miles from shore (Lam open to correction not having the chart with me). I expected to find in these shallow northern waters a vichfauna allied to that of the Karaittivu strait. The peculiarity of this strait at least near the north point of Karaittivu is the abundance of two fine species of star fish Oreaster turritus, & species with strong vermilion coloured spines and Oreaster orientalis, a species so variable that it isalmost impossible to find two specimens alike. Of the first O. twrritus I only procured one specimen, and that was in 9 fathoms of water off Negombo. This shows how the dredger may miss good things, for it is abundant on the pearl banks off Arippu, Captain Donnan having sent me many from there. I also saw them at Dutch Bay in the pearl kottus. Oreaster orientalis is abundant all the way north of Karaittivu ; but most so off Arippu; but it does not, I fancy, attain to the size of those in the very shallow water of the straits. I also found comatulas (feather stars), but not nearly in the abundance or of the beauty of those off Trinco- malee. However, I learnt the art of preserving them, and am therefore prepared for the Trinco- malee ones when I go there again. The nudi- branchiates were of extraordinary size and beauty especially on a patch just south of Arippu; but it is only sketches from life by an artist that can give any idea of these lovely molluscs, As for the rest, small crabs of the family Leucosiade swarmed in the nets; in fact they were generally alive with them. Small fishes were also tolerably abundant. One of these, a species of pegasus, I believe, will prove to be new to science, and most of them I expect will be new to the Museum collection. Shells were not abundant, chanks were the commonest, and there were a few com- mon olives; however, I have found nine or ten small species new to the collection already, and hope eventually to find more. ‘The sponges are likely to prove of great interest, and are being re- served to be sent to some specialist. I also dried a number of specimens of mud and sand from various depths for Dr, Brady, who has lately pre- sented the Museum with a beautiful series of “oraminifera mounted for the microsope which he procured from sand dredged of Kalpitiya some years ago. a THE USE OF OPIUM. |The following letters in the Standurd of 29th March bears out what we have so often said about the use of opium in the Fen and other malarious districts of England, If we could only get the good people suffering from ague to take to quinine instead. All planters and others who haye friends in the Fen districts ought to make the value of cheap quinine known.—Hp.} To the Editor of the ‘ Standard.” Srr,—With reference to Mr. W. J. Moore’s letter in The Standard of today, it may interest your readers to know that there are many habitual opium-eaters much nearer than India. Opium has always been 2 favourite remedy for ague in the English Fen country, and, although malaria has very much diminished since the draining of the Fens the habit of opium-eating has remained with a great many people who are now getting into years. I have occasion frequently to see professionally gome of these English opium-eaters, and I cannot say that they are injured so much by the habit as one’s reading on this subject would lead one to ex- pect. Many of them are seventy and some over eighty years of age, and mentally they are not inferior THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1889. to the average aged rustic. As Mr. Moore observes with regard to Indian opium-eaters, they do not ap- pear to exceed their usual weekly quantity; but I do not think they ever give the habit up. The usual method of taking the opium is chewing the crude drug; but, porhaps, taking it in the form of laudanum is nearly as frequent. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, B. Wainfleet, Lincolnshire, March 26th. a THE NEW DEPARTURE IN TEA SELLING. (BY THE “ PERIPATETIC PLANTER.”) The London Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association are not satisfied with the resolution recently come toby the Indian Tea Districts Association on the ques- tion of continuing the present system of selling Indian teas on nett weights. They desire areturn to the old system of taking the tares; which meant the turning out of the teas here and exposure of the teas in a damp climate, in order that the boxes might be weighed, ss well as _ tea, and a deduction made for the tare. Your readers will remember that this old system was aban- doned in favour of taking the weight of tea in a few boxes out of an invoice, and upon these, an average for the whole invoice is struck, This plan was adopted both in the interest of the grower and of the dealer, inasmuch as the garden’s reputation was less liable to suffer by its teas “ going off” after exposure here in a more or less damp atmosphere ; and the dealer obtained his tea with all the garden ‘‘freshness ” upon it—or as much as possible of that ‘‘ freshness.” Now complaints have been heard that short weight is received by this system. The fact assumed by the importers is, that those people who have benefitted by a slight excess obtained by the chances of averaging, and some of those who haye received exact weight, say nothing; but some of those few, who, by the same changes of averaging, have received a trifle less than their old-fashioned ‘‘ over-draft,” which they had grown used to under the old system, and which have come to be looked upon as a right, or bonus (!) have raised an outcry against the change which has caused them this ‘ loss.” The I. T. D. Association did not think a case had been made out by the wholesale dealers of any loss of sufficient con- sequence, to justify a reversion to the oldsystem, with its manifold drawbacks, now that planters had gotused to the new plan. The I. T. D. A. nevertheless re- quested more detailed information of the losses ex- perienced, as the wholesale dealers had not supported their case with any figures of weight. The wholesale dealers have now drawn up some figures showing claims made for some 800lb. short weight, or an agregate of over 1,200 chests, divided among various invoices. It is apity that eventhat much foundation should exist for their grievance, and planters will do well if they can prevent such claims happening; but the figures ad- vanced now, are not likely to be deemed important enough by the I. T. D. Association to cause a change, back to the old system of taring the boxes. The London Wholesale Tea Dealers’? Association, on the other hand, threaten that they will only buy teas which may be subjected to that ordeal! So if they stick to resolution, and if importers, on the other hand, support the views of the I. T. D. Association to the extent that they do now in this matter, then the London wholesale tea dealers will find that they will only have 4 to of the Indian teas to select from! This shrinkage of their selection, will, it is assumed by importers, soon cause the wholesale dealers to aban- don their decision.—Jndian Planters’ Gazette. -----——__-. > —--—— - A WHITE ANT POISON. Sir,—In reply to your enquirer, who wanted to know a good white ant poison, L beg to tell him of a specific never known to fail when properly applied. Take of common aloes (aloe vugaris)—called by the natives clethale—a quantity and extract the juice by passing the leaves through an old mangle, or any such contri- vance, first having placed a trough to catch the juice in; now boil the substance so extracted to a creamy con- sistency, adding six ounces of pounded camphor to every gallon of juice; then, having excavated your white-ant hill toa depth of about a foot ortwo, pour in a quart of the stuff, taking care to cover as much space as possible; fill in the excavation and leave the ants to their fate. This preparation is extensively used in América for destroying various insects, and itis said that coffee borersand other vermin of that apecies that attack plants succumb to it marvellously. In these cases it is mixed largely with water and sprinkled on the leaves of the tree so attacked through a garden pump or watering can. Aloe juice is also used to pre- serve wood which has in any way to float or be sub- merged in water, by mixing it with the preparation of white lead used to paint the article. As an sutho- rity for this I quote a part of the article on aloes in the Encyclopedia Americana :—“ The juice of the aloes was formerly used in eastern countries in embalm- ing, to preserve dead bodies from putrefaction: and as the resinous part of the juice is not soluble in water, it is sometimes adopted, in hot climates, as a preservative to ship bottoms against the attacks of marine worms. One ounce of its mixed with turpen- tine, tallow and white lead is considered sufficient for covering about two superficial feet of plank and about 12\b.is sufficient for a vessel of 50 tons burthen. In proof of the efficacy of this method, two planks of equal thickness, and cut from the same tree, were placed under water, one of them in its natural state and the other smeared with this composition. They were suffered to continue in the water eight months and when, at the end of that time, they were taken out, the former was perforated in every part, and in a state of absolute decay, whilst the latter was as per- fect as at first. In the East Indies, the juice of these plantsis used as a varnish to preserve wood from the attacks of destructive insects; and skins and even living animals are sometimes smeared with it for the same purpose.” Cospra DE OaPELLo. —Madras Mail. renee PLANTING IN DELI. The Deli Courant again calls attention to the pre- valence of desertion among estate coolies there. The other day, on one estate in that quarter, the Con- troller of Serdang found no less than 69 coolies with doubtful or decidedly forged discharge certificates, who were at once taken into custody. On the Kwala Bingei estate, an outbuilding con- taining 200,000 attaps has been burned down through incendiarism. The supposed fire-raiser, a Battak, has beex arrested. ‘ The “ Deli and Langkat Tobacco Company Limited’’ has just been started in London with a capital of £230,000. It will takeover three estates in Deli and Langkat, which have been eight years under plant- ing management. A profit of 35,000 pounds sterling on last year’s tobacco crop is counted upon, admitting of a dlvidend of 22 per cent. The working capital of the Company has been fixed at £75,000. On the 29th March, riots took place among the Ohinese coolies on Helvetia Estate, in which ono of them was murdered. The ‘Anglo Sumatra Tobacco Oompany” has been floated in London with £80,000 as capital, for buying the Pakan Baru estate in Siak. The Netherlands Consul General at Singapore re- ports that in 1888 about 5,600 emigrants arrived there from different portions of Netherlands India, of whom some 2,700 went to the Hast Coast of Sumatra under contract, an increase of about 800 compared with the previous year. These figures rest upon returns by native recruiting agents. There can be no ques- tion that the extension of tobacco cultivation on the East Ooast of Sumatra has materially furthered im- migration thither,—Straits Zimes, 9th April, May 1, 1880,.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 785 Sa THE ORIENTAL BANK ESTATES COM- PANY, LIMITED. The Company has been in operation since June, 1886, and has regularly paid dividends at the rate of seven and five per cent per annum respectively on the preferred and ordinary share capital, and through the economy now proposed to be effected by the issue of debentures, the prospects of the ordinary shareholders will be correspondingly improved. The Oompany was formed to purchase from the Official Liquidator of the old Oriental Bank, the large estates and assets in Ceylon and Mauritius referred to in the Oompany’s original prospectus. The Oom- pany has since purchased other valuable estates and assets, both from the Official Liquidator and other persons—the cost of their present holding being over £400,000, the whole of which has been paid, and the latest valuations of the properties are cousiderably in excess of this sum. It will be seen, therefore, that these properties alone—without taking into consider- ation the value of the crops—constitute ample security for the debenture issue. EstaTEs iN OEYLON anp Mauritius THE Proprrry oF THE OOMPANY. Oeylon.—Bellwood, Oraigie Lea, Dangkande, Darra- wella, Delmar, Dene, Dodangalla, Donoughmore, For- est Creek, Glen Devon, Haviland, Haddington, Hene- gahawelle, Hunugalla, Kondesalle, Kuda Oya, Lindu- patina, Lonmay, Loolecondura, Mahaberiatenne, Ma- hawatte, Naranghena, Newmarket, Nilcomaily $ths, Sinnapittia, Stellenberg, St. Coombs, Summerhill Wal- oya, Wattewella. Total acreage 12,953 acres. acres. acres. Under Tea ... 4,129 Under Oiuchona... 1,158 5 Coffee on 637] . ,, “Sardamoms 80 pe OOCOMs ices) O04: Grass, Forest, &c. 6,345 Mauritius.—Britannia, Cent Gaulettes. Acreage 3,547 acres. The Oompany is also iuterested in the following Kistates:—Beau Sejour, Oonstance, La Paix Mon Choix, Mon Songe, Mont Piton, Bon Air, Highlands, Combo. Acreage 9,572 acres. The Company has thus become the owner of 30 free unencumbered properties in Ceylon, having a total area of over 12,500 acres, of which io round num- bers over 4,000 acres are cultivated with tea of differ- ent ages, notall yet in full bearing ; 600 acres with coffee 600 acres with cocoa ; 1,000 acres cinchona, and 80 xcres cardamoms, the rest being grass land, virgin forest, &c. The Mauritius Assests purchased from the Official Liquidator, comprise the Oent Gaulettes Estates, aud large interests in the Beau Sejour Hstates, and the Highlands Estates, also in the Bon Air Hstate. The Oompany has since purchased and paid for the very valuable estate called Britannia, free and unencumbered. The factory on this estate has been entirely reorganized and fitted by the Oompany with the best modera appliances and the whole provided with an abundant water supply. These changes have greatly increased the value of the property. The total area of the Mauritius properties is about 13,000 acres. The estates both in Ceylon and Mauritius are well cultivated, in excellent condition, and supplied with first class machinery and are within easy distance of the local railways which pass through or close to many of the properties, The crop of Tea from the Oompany’s estates for the present season is estimated at about one million Ib. of made tea, and the yield is expected to increase annually as the properties come into full bearing. The Company’s teas command a goed price in the London market. Large quantities of Oinchona, Coffee, Cocoa and other produce are also grown on the Oom- any’s estates in Ceylon and sold in the London market. ‘he Sugars are mo tly soll a’ road. The total value of produce which the Comsany is selling annually, from its own estates and from those in which it is interested, is over £160,000, and the amount is ex- pected to increase considerably. AN IMPORTANT RULING IN COMMERCIAL LAW. The opinion handed down Tuesday, March sth, by the United States Supreme Oourt in the case of the Liverpool and Great Western Steamship Co. is one of paramount importance in commercial law and of special interest to the business world. The great question involved was whether a steamship company cau limit its liability for its own negligence. The de- cision of the Court is that it cannot, In this case the compavy had stipulated in its bills of lading that it should not be liable for the negligence, default or error in judgment of the navigators of the vessel. The vessel was stranded on the coast of Wales. On the trial in the lower court it was found that the stranding was due to negli- gence on the part of the vessel’s officers. The com- pany then claimed that even in that case it was exempt from liability by the express stipulation in its bills of lading. The Supreme Court holds that the stipulation was not valid in law, for the reason that no steamship com- pany nor any other common carrier has any right or power to make such a condition. The Oourt says: No public carrier is permitted by law to stipulate for an exemption from the consequences of negligence, The fundamental priaciple upon which the law of common carriers was established was to secure the utmost care and diligence in the performance of their duties. A carrier who stipulates not to be bound to the exercise of care and diligence seeks to put off the essential duties of his employment. Nor can those daties be waived in respect of the servants of the common carrier, especially where the latter is incapable of acting except through others. To admit such a proposition as that the law merely demanded abstract carefulness and diligence in proprie- tors and stockholders who take no active part in the business would be subversive of the very object of the liw. The Oourt further holds that English law cannot make such a stipulation valid in case of a contract madein this country, for in such case our own law governs. ‘“ The fact that the vessel went ashore on the coast of Great Britain is quite immaterial.” The far-reaching importance of this decisicn is apparent when it ix considered that it settles, by the highest court of the nation, a vital point in the law governing not only ocean carriers bat also all railway companies. In the case of land carriers the question has often been discussed, but not always with satisfactory or harmonious results. State courts have somctimes decided one way and sometimes the other—holviug both that acommon carrier can and cannot limit its liability foe its own negligence by a stipulation to that effect in its bill of lading. All controversy must now end, and all] doubt is re- moved by the decision of the United States Supreme Oourt. This decision will have a revolutionary effect on both ocean and land bills of lading. It will make a dead letter of the clause exempting the company from liability for its own negligence. That accords with justice. To permit common car- riers to escape liability by a stroke of the pen would be to put shippers at theirmercy. Mer- chants must ship goods by steamer and by rail. They are forced to accept the terms and conditions of the carrier unless protect-1 by law. But the law as now interpreted by the Supreme Court imposes an important limitation on the power of the carrier. The carrier is not permitted to take an undue advantage of the shipper, is not allowed to force upon him a one-sided bill of lading. It must use care and diligence in the transportation of goods. It must pay for losses due toits own neg- Jigence: It cannot escape that liability by a stipula- tioa in its bills of lading.—N. Y. Herald.—[All this is sound commonsense avd applicable to the Oey!on Government Railway.—ED.] 986 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1889, ee THA PROSPECTS. fast approaching the very busiest time of the year both on the majority of our tea plantations and in the shipping port of Colombo. The months of May, June and July current may be expected to show unprecedented shipments of the product, and it is no wonder therefore though the gathering cloud of ‘low prices” should be viewed with discouragement in planting circles. But there are more than faint streaks of silver lining to this dark cloud and nowhere in the world cana band of agriculturists be pointed to who believe more thoroughly in the aphorism ‘ God helps those who help themselves” than among the planters of Ceylon. They and their friends among merchants, bankers, editors, &c., have not been idle while all this gloom has been gathering in the London market, and we are able to point to several redeeming features which it would be well for friends of Ceylon at home to take to heart, before they begin to think that the tide of prosperity so lately welcomed through tea, has been arrested disastrously. We will endeayour to summarize as briefly as possible the reasons which seem to justify faith in the future of tea at this end:— We are | he ought to be eventually wellin front; although our hope is that increased consumption will take off all our Ceylon tea, as well the Indian and Java, and some China tea at remu nerative prices. io Ture IckRyYA OF TdE ORANGE PLANTATIONS.—In- addition to the introduction of parasites to prey on the scale, Mr. Coquillet, after various experiments, finds that the vapour of hydrocyanic acid gas kills the insects without injuring the trces. The “dry gas’ , process consists in acting on the cyauide of potassium (1) Ceylon teas have admittedly acquired a very strong hold on the taste of a large body of British cOasumers. (2) The maintenance of quality is alone required to continue this hold aud secure an average of re- munerative prices, and in accordance with the call from Mincing Lane, on a large proportion (at least) of our estates, “finer plucking ” and careful manu- facture are the order of the day. (3) Possibly, the order to pluck fine, may affect the estimate of coming crops to the extent of some millions of |b. (4) The local consumption of tea-dust, red leaf, &c. among the natives is rapidly extending in Oeylon. (5) After the current planting season a check will probably be put on a further extension of the planted area, (6.) The majority of Ceylon tea planters can un- doubtedly hold their own in any contest with India or Java, while solong as the present “‘squeezes” are maintained, Ohina cannot compete successfully. (7.) The Ceylon planters are determined to make an impression on their own account on America: they have Messrs. Pineo and MacCombie Murray to re- present them. (8.) With the short supply of coffee from Brazil, there ought to be a consumption of 100 millions lb. of tea additional in the United States between lst July 1889 and 30ch June 1890. (9.) The Oeylon planters and merchants are san- guine of making an impression in favour of their teas throughout Australasia, and of gradually superseding inferior Ohina teas, more particularly as we are prepared to take payment of a good deal in Australian food products. (10.) Thére ismuch to be done with Ceylon teas on the Continent of Europe. A direct trade with Germany and France should be developed ; and also with Russia through Odessa, since a special Russian Agent has just established himself in Colombo. (11.) A market for some of our teasis likely to be found in Persia, a beginning in trade having been al- ready effected through the influence of the New O.B. 0: (12.) Nowhere else in tea growing countries, can the grower adapt himself more readily to his market and other circumstances than in Ceylon: if he finds that ‘plucking very fine” pays best, that system can speedily be adopted, even the abandonment of a field tor 4 time will not affect its future, and in a good many cases, there are still other products to occupy attention and help the planter to pty his way till tea improves. ’ The inference therefore ig ‘that the Ceylon tea planter is under no circumstances to give way altogether in the coming struggle; but rather that by the law of ‘ the survival of the fittest ” (5 lb.) dissolved in 1 gallon of boiling water, by sulphuric acid (one half ounce to every ounce of the cyanide solution), and passing the evolved gas through sulphuric acid. Violent action occurs as the acid is poured on the cyanide, and the gas is given off as a dense white vapour. Itis obvious that such operations should not be entrusted to careless work- men.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Inspection oF StEaM-Boruers.—The annual report of the Commissioners for the inspection of steam- - boilers and prime-movers in Bengal has just been issued. It states that during 1883 the total number of boilers examined was 1,100, and that the in- spection in the newly added area fully justified the extension, boilers which were dangerous having been discovered. The qualification of those in charge appears to have been generally satisfactory, no certificates having had to be withdrawn on account of the incompetency of engine men, though in some cases certificates were withheld until a competent man was appointed. After providing for all expenses the fees realised yielded a surplus of over R15,000.— Pioneer. Extract or Txa.—It would be useful to know in what form extract of tea is to be placed upon the market. A company, entitled the Santha Tea Company Limited, with a capital of £8,000 in £10 shares, has just been formed “to carry into effect an agreement intended to be made betweeu G. Christopher and R. W. Leftwich of the one part, and the company of the other part, and to carry on the business of manufacturers of extract of tea. The first subscribers are :—P. Cooper Lane, 5, Shoe Lane, H.C., 1 share; A. BR. Parkhouse, Hornsey House, Highgate, 1; T. B. Allison, West Hill Lodge, Highgate, 1; H. Law- ford, 452, Camden Road, N., 1; R. W. Leftwich, 167, Brixton Road, S. W., 1; W. Leftwich, 20, Derrington Park, West Hampstead, 1; G. Christo- pher, 6, Barrow Road, Streatham, 1. The first directors are H. Davenport, G. Christopher, and R. W. Leftwich, Remuneration chairman £120, and. £100 each other director.—H. and C. Mail, March 29th. New Coca (And Tra) Preparations.—Cey- lon T'ea is after all not unknown in France, wit- ness the following:—The French Hygienic Society of London have for some time (says the Chemist and Druggist,) made a speciality of preparations of the coca leaf, such as coca-tobacco, which were calculated to be used as articles of daily consumption; and they now add to their list several which are designed to main- tain the popular use of the Peruvian invigorator. Coca tea—an excellent blend of the coca leaf and a choice Oeylon tea—is likely to be a favourite, for it makes a pleasaut beverage of good aroma which is powerfully restorative. Their coca elixir is a good idea. It is in- tended for use along with any table wine, 15 to 20 drops of it making with a glass of sherry a good coca wine, possessing the full flayour of the leaf. This flavour is a marked characteristic of all the preparations especi- ally the tablets and lozenges, and is an indication that care has been exercised in their manufacture. The tablets and lozenges may be need for throat troubles ; and those without borax are a portable form of the re- storative for use by athletes and pedestrians. All these specialities are put up in attractive style. May i 1889. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Goyyespondence, i) oe Leditor. TO LONDON Lo the COFFEE AND TEA: A HINT BROKERS. Dear Sie,—If Mr. John Hamilton of Messrs. S. Rucker & Co. would publish for the year 1858 in pyra- midieal diagram (on the same lines as Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s diagram for tea) showing the so- called World’s Oon-umption of Coffee as set forth in their statement for 18 8 89 as included in their Ooffce Trade Review dated 28th Feb. 1889, everyone would then be able to see at a glance how coffee and tea stood in relation to each other in regard to the so- called World’s Oonsumption, Of course, in both diagrams the consumption of both staples in non-pro- ducing countries only would be included, for it is for instance simply impossible to gauge China’s home con- suming power for tea. Besides the question of most importance for British growers of tea aud coffee to consider is in what proportion are these articles con- - sumed in non producing countries, i If Messrs. S. Rucker & Co. tried to build up a pyrami- dical coffee diagram in cubes of same sizeas Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s tea diagram, each cube represent- ing one million of pounds weight only, then their coffee diagram would be thrice or quadruple the size, I am inclined to think. It would certainly be better to continue using the same size of cubes, so that when the tea and coffee pyramideal diagrams were laid side by side a glance would suffice to show in what relation they stood towards each other. The tea diagram would state as now that each cabe represented one million lb. The coffee diagram would state how many pounds each of the same size of cubes represented in coffee, Such diagrams ona large scale placed at the principal railway stations or conspicuous places in every great city in the world would attract universal attention and people who never perhaps and ever tasted British-grown tea might seeing for themselves, how it formed the everyday drink of millions in other countries, be tempted to give it atrial. That a few miles of sea between such important countries as Great Britain and France should today be the principal reason why tea is almost unknown in the latter country, is of itself extraordinary; it could be explained years ago when communication between these countries was so difficult and tedious, but now no such impediments exists, The French like the Germans only require to be educated, and they will all in time like British-grown tea; but they must be told to partake of it at least half-a-dozen times before finally declaring against it. OG Ute Ao COCONUT CULTIVATION, Colombo, 27th March 1889. Srr,—'' B.”’s Icttersin your issue of last night con- tains the following :—“ As to the cause of the bunches requring to be propped up, I have a theory. It is owing to an insufficiency of salt in the soil, for prop- ping becomes necessary in inland districts even when trees grow in moist situations, while on the sea- borde the stems are strong enough to support the fruit without the aid of a prop.” This is quite new to me as I have no doubt it will be to a great many practical men. ‘“ B.” seems to want a little salt in everything, but without stay- ing to discuss the question of salt or no salt, may I venture to suggest that the bunches require to be propped up entirely owing to a physical cause, viz. the mode of growth of the branches upon the stem. of the coconut tree. In young trees the branches are placed far apart on the stem and they al- low the bunches to hang down between them neces- sitating artificial support, but in older trees the branches grow very close together in a whorl which support the bunches of fruit, and there are no spaces between the branches as in the case of young trees to allow the bunches to hang down. TF urther it is a mistake to suppose that trees growing in the sea-borde do not require artiticial support to the bunches of fruit, All young trees do requive propping up whether they grow near the sea or otherwise, aud where [ own lands on the seacoast a cent or a cent and a half ig usually paid per tree for proppivg up. Ibave been brought up under the genial shade of the coc nut tree in the premier coconut growing district of Oeylon, and in the garden whcre our home is there are trees of different ages. There is the tall giant of more than a 100 years, while under it ,row plants of two years and trees 10 to 15 years old, and I write with the experience of a life time so to say, As B. O. RICE CULTIVATION IN CEYLON: THE NEED OF CHANGE OF SEED AND OF MAKING HEADMEN DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE, Galle, 8rd April 1889, Dear Sir,—My attention having been directed to a communication trom * W. A. D.S8.” on the subject of paddy cultivation, which appeared in the Overland Observer of the 1st inst., I beg to forward for publica. tion copy of a report sent by me on the 38rd March 1887 to Mr. Elliott, the Government Agent.—I remain, dear sir, yours faithfully, WILLIAM JANSZ. Galle, 3rd March 1887. EH. Elliott, Esg., Government Agent, Southern Province. Sir,—Referring to previous correspondence on the subject of improving the cultivation of paddy in this ~ Province by changing of seed, I have now the pleasure to send for your inspection a sample which grew in’ the field cultivated under my direction at Halpa- tota in Gangabodapattu, from seed imported from Batticaloa. . For want of a piece of land in a convenient locality, I was obliged to select a field on which a crop had been gathered scarcely a month previously, and which was therefore unsuited for immediate cultivation, the ground not haying lain fallow for a sufficient time. Besides this the season for sowing had advanced when the seed from Batticaloa arrived, and [I had therefore no time to adopt any other but the ordin- ary appliances and the usual manure (bone dust) used by natives in cultivating their lands. This cir- cumstance though much to be regretted has, [ am glad to observe, tended to demonstrate more con- clusiyely that without the aid of any extraordinary means change of seed alone is sufficient to give a good crop. In addition to this impediment, another of a more serious nature occurred, which wellnigh threatened the success of the experiment, A considerable portion of the seed plants when they were about 5 or 6 weeks old, were injured by cattle trespassing on them during a great part of one night. In spite of these disadvantages the crop would have been more than double the present yield, were it not for a most unfortunate mistake made by some one in having mixed up three different kinds of seed coming to maturity at three different periods. When one kind had ripened and was almost fit to be reaped, another of a more luxuriant kind made its appear- ance, the first crop was therefore allowed to stand till the second had ripened with the result of the former crop having been wasted and lost, and when the second had ripened a 3rd crop sprang up. Fearing that the 2nd would also be wasted if it were allowed to remain till the 3rd had ripened, it was reaped and gathered, and the crop amounted to 11-5 fold of the whole quantity of seed sown which is 8 or 4 fold more than the average native yield. But this figure is misleading as to the true pro- portionate yield, calculating the cropin proportion to the parent seed from which it was gathered I may safely count upon 26 to 30 fold. People who looked on with stolid indifference to this new departure from their time-honored system of cul- tivation and who were sceptical as to the benefits oc- curing from what they believed to be an “ unnecessary innovation” have been so thoroughly convinced ot tle success of my venture, that they have sent me Jetters addressed in Sinhalese acknowledging their error and complimenting me on my efforts to benefit them, 788 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [May I, 1889; ' Toascertain the difference of grain in the new crop and the home grain, had an equal quantity of both kinds converted into rice with the result that in every bushel there are 16 measures of rice in the imported seed, whilst there are only 14 in the home grain seed, Looking merely at the difference in figures 1t may per- haps be considered as a matter of no great importance, but. when itis looked at with the eye of a political economist the difference would be startling, being no less than a gain of 6-25 per cent, Leaving aside the question of a better crop to be obtained from change of seed, the comparative differencein rice alone would be a sufficient inducement for agriculturists to cultivate imported seed. ’ ] : Oalculating the probable yield from imported grain to be 20 bushels and the average natives yield 8, there is a gain of 12 bushels in every bushel of paddy sown, and as there isa gain of 2 measures of rice in every bushel of imported seed, the whole question resolves itself as follows :— 1 bushel native sown paddy yields 8 bushels paddy, which is 112 measures rice at 14 per bushel. 1 bushel imported grain sown yields 20 bushels paddy, which is 320 measures of rice at 16 per bushel. — .. on 1 bushel imported grain there isa gain of 320 - 112 or 208 measures rice. ; .. on 100 bushels imported grain there is a gain of ago bushels—650 7.e. a gain of 650 per cent in rice. 3 Allowing a large marging for unforseen and un- avoidable circumstances, say of about 300 per cent, there is yet 350 per cent to beobtained from the cul- tivation by changing of seed, a matter which commends itself to the serious consideration of the people of the country, as well as of Government and others interested in the welfare of Oeylon. I beg that the result of my experiment which you were the first to recognise and approve may be communicated to Government and my application for a supply of seed from Oaleutta, Negapatam, and other approved cen- tres of grain cultivation may be kindly recommended by you. Ishall be prepared to meet the demand for the value of the seed whenever called upon to do so. I am convinced that any little capital I may inyest in promoting the welfare of the people of my country would be well laid out. Information on the following points should be obtained if the Government think my request worthy of considertion and encouragement :— 1. The season in which the seed is sown ? 2. When those seasons begin and end ? 3. The time the crop takes to mature from the date it is sown to the time of reaping? 4, The nature of soil best adapted for its growth ? 5. The length of time it may be preserved and found fit for seed? 6: The length of time which the grain may be preserved without deteroiating in quality or quantity. 7. If the land is manured whatis the kind of manure used? i I have already overcome the prejudice of natives for change of seed and have drawn out from thema cheerful and a willing testimony as to its beneficial results, and my object now in wishing to experiment with foreign seed is to find out the seed of which country gives the largest yield and is best adapted to the climate and soil of Ceylon. I enclese herewith for your perusal three letters in Sinhalese addressed to me by respectable and intelligent agriculturists of the neighbourhood in which my field was cultivated.—I remain, &c. : (Signed) WuLLiAM JANSZ. A CEYLON TEA PLANTER DISCRIMINAT- INGLY CRITICIZES THE ANNUAL CEYLON THA REPORT OF MESSRS. WILSON, SMITHETT & CO. 8th April 1889. Drar S1r,—I have been looking over Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co.’s Tea Memoranda for 1888, which is for the most part very instructive and in- teresting. We used to flatter ourselves that the advantage we had over India in price was due to our finer quality, but it is very evident it was not so, as that advantage is rapidly disappearing, and we can only hope that we may keep on a level with India in price and quality, and that together they will see Chinas out of the market. I annex an analysis of quantities and prices from different estates which sent 100,000 lb. and over into the market during last year, and 1 think you will be struck with the uniformity in prices obtained. A few estates got exceptional prices, which may be for the most part accounted for either by their finer plucking (with perhaps a correspond- ingly short yield) or by their exceptionally favour- able situation, as there is no doubt that some localities give a much finer flayoured tea than others. In other cases the credit undoubtedly be- loags to the superintendent, especially where he is ahead of the generai average both in quantity per acre and price obtained. The analyses would be much more interesting if one could add two more columns to it—‘ quantity per acre” and *‘ profit per acre. ”’ Almost every estate in Ceylon will eventually be giving about 100,000 Ib. or over, so I consider that to take all estates over that figure gives a fairer idea of what Ceylon tea is and the position it will eventually hold than if all estates with smaller quantities and higher prices were included. Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. like other home authorities on tea always want us to pluck finer, and so keep up the quality, and we all agree with them that fine plucking would help to do so, and we also would, each of us, like to see all the rest plucking as fine as possible, though many of us would continue to go on as before and be quite content with average yield. and average prices or better still heavy yield and prices slightly over the average. I believe there is little doubt that the bulk of the best paying estates will be found amongst those giving 400 lb. (four hundred) ~ per acre or over and fetching prices from the average 11}d to 1d or 13d above it. The suggestions in the treatment of bought leaf will not mend themselyes to many. They are thing on a level with the suggestions and hints given by Artemus Ward when he went temporarily to edit the Agricultural Gazette. Again as to sorting and size of breaks. We can all understand that itis much more conye- nient for brokers and buyers to deal with large quanti- ties, but we cannot help observing that most of the high prices are obtained by small invoices and small breaks: in fact in some instances the whole crop cf some estates for 1888, which fetched the highest prices, would barely make one decent invoice from a broker’s point of view. I think then that there is room for doubt whether it is for the interest of the grower to send very large breaks and that more particularly where the tea is of very high quality. If the small break does not get the attention of the largest buyers, I take it, it has a wider field amongst the smaller buyers, who are naturally more numerous and who perhaps are prepared to give quite as high a price for what they want as the Jarger dealers. In conclusion, we are all much obliged to Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. for their yearly statement, which must have cost them much time and trouble to work out, and if next year they would arrange it in some such way as below, I believe it would make it more interesting still to most of us here, and if we could only get ihe other two > as to recom. some- the . Memoranda columns I spoke of above, filled in correctly, we May 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 789 would then be better able to give an opinion on | atmosphere. Potash is liberated, the proportion as the vexed question as to which is best for the QUALITY OR QUANTITY. grower,— Over a quarter million lb. Estate, Quantity, Average, 8. dl: KAW 510,000 alate 0 1144 Mariawatte 302,000 shod 0 11} From 200,000 lb. to 250,000 Ib, Vellai Oya 233,000 Joon 1540 Watlaha 219,000 Adon 10 Tillyvie food 220,000 poaa 0 114 From 150,000 Ib. to 200,000 Ih. Darrawella 179,000 sievore 0 112 Imboolpittia 185,000 6000 0 114 Waltrim 180,000 ileyete 0 113 Gallamudena 170,000 oysiote 0 i114 Kandaloya 163,000 coda 0 105 Lebanon 160,000 tlesele 0 104 Pambagama 155,000 oang 0 104 Irom 125,000 1b. to 150,000 1b, Hope 141,000 4 1 2% Gallebodde 150,000 on00 Li 0 Westhall 150,000 5 0 112 Fordyce 145,000 9500" te 0 113 Elbedde 141,000 afevol 0 112 Gt. Western 125,000 eleva 0 113 Blackwater 143,000 écon 0 il Rookwood 137,000 predate! 07 113 Dunedin 134,000 Go'00 0 11 Elston 128,000 ccna 0 102 Abbotsford 134,000 Booe 0) 105. From 100,000 1b. 120,000 lb. Chapelton 100,000 ee 1 ag Sogama 117,000 Od80 1 iW Labukelle 111,000 te il = (0) Adan’s Peal 103,000 O40 Us 600) Penylan 109,000 aco 0 112 Campion 6005 107,000 Sante 0° 113 Meddecoombra .... 119,000 covey ers O° 112 Torrington 111,000 doco 0 11g WA 111,000 fevers 0 114 Mipitikande 50 103,000 seee 0) «fs Windsor Forest.... 106,000 pod6 (0) sa Yuillefield odd 108,000 abao 0 102 Dewalakande 101,000 toes 0 105 FUMIGATION IN COCONUT CULTIVATION AND THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. Colombo, 10th April 1889. Sir,—In a communication on fumigation in coconut cultivation on page 759, there are frequent references to the Agricultural School as recom- mending what the writer terms the ‘‘ smoke bath theory.”’ Let me at the outset deny that the effi. cacy of smoke as a manure (smoke-manure!) has ever formed part of the ‘‘ teaching of the Agri- cutural School.” A report of this nature on the authority of ‘‘An Old Planter,” and given publicity in a paper of acknowledged weight in agricultural matters, cannot but reflect discredi- tably on the reputation of the school, and I could not expect less than that the writer of the article in question would, as a point of honour and from a sense of fair-spiritedness, retract the unfounded charge of our ‘teaching’ the absurd ‘ nonsense’ he writes of. The analogy which brings in the old story of wily King Charles and the members of the Royal Society is not complete. I am not inclined to deny in toto, like the sage referred to, the efficacy of burning atthe base of the tree. In your foot- note you mention the beneficial effect of smoke in ridding the palm of insect andanimal pests, There is, moreover, the manurial value of the residual mineral ashes to be taken into account. Where the operation of paving and burning is carried on in clayey and peaty soils (and I am told it is practised in parts of the island), the improvement of the soil, both chemically and mechanically, is very great. The soil is thereby made open and porous, and is brought into a condition favourable for the absorption of moisture and ammonia from the shown by analysis increasing from ‘269 to -94, The old roots of tough grasses and weeds, together with their seeds, are destroyed where they exist, Insects and their eggs are also destroyed. Thus, where paring and smother-burning is properly carried out, I say there ig much good derived, There is some confusion when the subject of the sources of carbon in the plant is taken up. The leayes take in carbonic acid gas from the atmosphere, and not carbon, as your correspondent imagines. The former is a colourless transparent gas, and the volume of smoke rising from a fire bears no proportion to the volume of carbonic acid gas produced; in fact the denser the smoke the preater is the amount of unoxidized carbon atoms, and it has yet to be proved that plants take in particles of carbon through their leaves. Again the writer says that ‘* it is more pro- bable that the supply of carbon (sic) in the at- mosphere is in excess of the wants of vegetable life.” Itis nota probability. but a certainty. Prof. Roscoe estimates the weight of C'), in the at- mosphere at three biliions of tons, Prof. Crum Brown asser.s that if all breathing ceased, plants would have a_ sufficient supply of CO; in the atmosphere to flourish for ‘‘very many years”: while Archibald McAlpine, the eminent agricultural bota- nist, fixes this period at about a thousand years, We must not lose sight of the many great sources of CO, besides the expired breath of animals. The whole performance entitled ‘ Fumigation” reminds one of a favourite game among very little children, of setting up a dummy as an imaginary enemy and knocking it down with a great flourish. We may next expect to see two columns of an article wrilten with the object of upsetting the theory that the coconut tree flourishes on the sound of the human voice—“ the efficacy of voice-manure”’ might be the title of the article. There would be no objection to this, but let it not be said—and falxely said, mind—that the School of Agriculture taught the new theory. I am araid that the School is not likely to be closed on ‘‘Old Planter’s” recommendation, and may I beg that it will not again be so carelessly mis- represented ?— Yours faithfully, Cc. D. CEYLON IN THE PARIS EXHIBITION: Cast’ereagh, Dikoya, 15th April 1889. Dean Sir,--The enclosed copy of a _ letter from Mr. H. K. Rutherford is of such importance to all interested in tea, that I venture to ask you to publish it. With regard to his suggestion that agencies be established in Paris to sell pure Ceylon tea, I have written Mr. Leake our London representative, on the matter (one that the Tea Fund will attend to). All interested in Ceylon tea may rest assured that their interests are safe in the hands of the London Committee and Mr, Rutherford, the originator of the Tea Fund.—Yours truly, L. H. KELLY, Chairman, Ceylon Planters’ Association. F Paris, 23rd March 1889. My dear Kelly,—I arrived in Paris from Ceylon yesterday, and a few hours after my arrival J was wandertng through the ‘“ Exposition Universelle”’ courts and buildings under the guidance of Mons. Joubert, the constructor of the Oeylon tea-house, the Indian Palace and the Queensland Wine chalét. I write you merely to give you my opinion of the site conceded to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon for their tea-house. In one word it is simply the most perfect that could have been given to us. It is close to the base of the great Hiffel tower, and at the end of 4 790 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May I, 1889. eee ee spacious terrace overlooking gardens, fountains, band- stands, &c. If the tea-house is properly managed, I predict that thousands of people will crowd it daily and it will be found to be about five times too small. The site is the envy of all refreshment caterers, and, should be worth to Mr, Shand, if taken full advantage of, several hundreds of pounds after refunding the Association the R6,000 voted in aid of the scheme, The Indian Palace will have about 20 bazaars with a tea verandahand bar. The building is in an out-of-the- way place, and I fancy for every pound of tea consumed in the Indian tea-house there will be ten pounds in the Oeylon house. M. Joubert who has had todo with previous Exhibi- tions in other countries informs me that without doubt the Paris Exhibition will eclipse everything. I can well believe it, for what I have seen of the various arrange- ments and structures &c. 6 weeks before the opening, has given me some idea of the magnitude and mag- nificence of the show when complete. The fittings of the Oeylon tea house are being made by M. Joubert’s firm in London and are expected here about 1st April and all will be in readiness by the opening day. Some means ought to be taken to follow up the effects of the Ceylon tea-house, by providiogfor the sale of Ceylon tea in several shops in the city of Paris, I have gone into several shops here which sell tea and enquired for Ceylon tea, but they never heard of it. Steady enquiries by all Ceylon friends during the Exhibition period for Ceylon tea in Paris will prove a good advertisement for us. it is a mistake to think there is very little tea drunk in Paris. There is a considerable quantity, but it is most vile stuff. I do not suppose the Ceylon tea-house at the Exhibition should require more funds from the Asso- ciation, but should it do so, I would strongly advise the Association not to hesitate for one moment in increasing the vote. Being on the spot and having seen the site conceded to us, I can with almost absolute certainty predict that the tea-house will be a magnificent suecess.— Yours sincerely, H. K. RurHERForD, ed THE REMEDY FOR THE THA CRISIS. Dear Sirn,—The suggestion to pluck fine and reduce our exports by 25 per cent is a good one, for not only would the shipments of Ceylon tea be appreciably reduced, but what went forward would probably meet with a ready sale on arrival—‘‘a consummation devoutly to be wished’’—in place of “hanging fire” as now. ‘The tea would in fact go off like gunpowder or more vulgarly speaking “hot pies”! At the very low prices tea, even of good, rich quality, now is selling at, the working man would not hesitate to pay an extra 6d per lb. to obtain what best suits his palate. I believe that if 40,000,000 lb. of really good Ceylon tea were sent home it would all find buyers. Teas Without any redeeming feature would, under such circumst neces decline still further and these alone, and rightly so would continue do suffer. Listen to what the leading Mincing Lane Brokers say by the mail of 29th March, just to hand. The production of tea as everyone connected with it unfortunately knows is ever increasing. In the good old days of King Coffee we used often to de- plore bad blossoming seasons, causing short crops in Ceylon, the same experience often overtaking coffee planters in Brazil and elsewhere. There was in consequence in coffee pr.ces, always an element of uncertainty prevailing, one year they would be downin the gutter and the next up in the skies! When we Ceylon planters took to growing tea it was pointed out how immensely the tea enterprize would be bonefited by the absence of such crop fluctuations; but this picture seems to have been overdrawn, and it is now shown only to bea pleasing one so long as consumption was equal to, or exceeded, the supply of tea. Today the tea markets open to us, are rapidly becoming glutted, and it takes no prophet to point out what this must end in unless new markets are speedily found. Mr. Chalmers (of 20 years’ experience in the tea trade principally in China) foresaw this dif- ficulty and warned Ceylon tea planters ofit about a year ago and he urged them—nay pleaded with them—to make only goodtea. Some of your corre- spondents accused him of writing as he did “ from interested motives and in the interests of China.” His advice was scoffed at and held up to derision. It is but due to Mr. Chalmers that they should now be brought back tothe memory of tome who were guilty of very ‘“‘bad form” in combating Mr, Chal- mers’ views in the ungentlemanly way they did. One of your correspondents, I see, refers to rea as the ‘‘ burning question” of the day; to many it is certainly becoming a most serious question, espe- cially to those who are shipping BURNT TRA. FINANCIAL RESULTS* OF FINE PLUCKING OF TEA: IMPORTANT CORRECTIONS, Dear S1r,—Allow me to point out to you an error in the letter signed ‘‘ Quality,” in your paper of 20th instant, and another in your second note appended to the letter. 100,000 is 25 per cent more than 80,000; not 20 per cent more. That is the error in the letter. Your note is wrong in stating that the gain by selling 80,000 lb. at 1s 34, instead of 100,000 at is, is, of course, in the less expense, not in larger receipts. If the word ‘‘receipis” do not mean money received by the grower, it is misleading. For 80,000 lb. sold in London at 1s 3d the grower would receive about R2400 more than would acerue to him from the sale of 100,000 lb. at 1s; or 78 cents per lb. instead of 60 cents. The gain by “less ex- pense” is actually not so large as that already shown, being R1,600 or the cost of manufactur- ing 20,000 lb. of tea, the cost of the whole of the raw leaf being about the same ineach case. J.S. [We are much obliged to our correspondent for his corrections, which tea planters will do well to note carefully.—Hp. | FINE PLUCKING AND ITS CONSEQUENCE. Dear Sir,—I see your correspondents advise fine plucking ; but don’t you think, if we were all to go in for it that there is a possibility of the existing markets becoming overstocked with fine teas, and the prices of these will alsofall? What keepsup the prices of the fine teas is their scarcity, as they are mostly used for mixing purposes; but when the article gets plentiful in the market, is it not likely to fall considerably in price? We have not far to go to seek for illustrations of the kind. What we all must do is give every assistance in our power to suitable efforts now being made, and which must yet be adopted for the opening of new markets. It has been remarked with reference to the Amer can Tea Company that a great mistake is that none of the C: lombo gentlemen were placed on the Board of Directors by the shareholders at their. meeting in Kandy last month. This was explained at the meeticg. It being impossible to place any on the Board who were not shareholders, but at the shareholders’ next meeting they will have no difficulty of the kind, let us hope, as they will have every influential member of the Colombo SS May 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 79t Dee ne enn ene ———— ee Community onthe shareholders’ list by that date to select from, to add to their Board of Directors. —Yours truly, PLANTER. THE LOSSES ON THA AT THE LONDON WAREHOUSES. Dear Srr,—Since writing to you concerning the taring of tea packages, I have read what your London correspondent says on the subject. He quotes a gentleman as haying assured him of “every endeavour being made....to prevent waste and to secure accuracy of weighing ;”’ whilst in the same breath the same informant acknowledges that 1 lb. is allowed on every 50 lb. package of tea for the draft of scaling, equal to 2 per cent; and that the mode of taring resulted in another loss of 2 per cent. This then is the boasted accuracy of weighing! and is 4 per cent loss a mere trifle? Let me put it in another way. Supposing an estate shipped 60,000 lb. of tea and netted 10d per lb.; this would be equal to £2,500 sterling. Now deduct this 4 per cent loss; the total is reduced to 57,600 lb. of tea, which at 10d per lb. means only £2,400 sterling, or in other words a loss of £100, and at exchange of about ls 43d, R1,432:83. Put in this way the loss is seen to be by no means insignificant. I venture to say that your correspondent’s infor- mant would feel very aggrieved and would not speak so nonchalantly about it, if his money being invested, say in a concern yielding 5 per cent interest, the dividends were suddenly reduced to 1 per cent. Again, is it legal on the part of the Custom House to allow the 1 lb. on every 50 1b. package of tea for the draft of scaling, or to ignore the fractions of a lb.? I doubt it. Custom is not legality, ss planters have learnt to their cost in respect to monthly labourers. I would advocate a test case being instituted by the Ceylon Associa- tion in London. Let a few half-chests of tea be bought in Colombo and shipped by. the Tea Fund Committee, and when the certain deduction is made, a case instituted in a court of law. The Committee would be using the funds to very good purpose, if thereby it succeeded in getting this impost done away with. Your correspondent says, referring to the 4 per cent loss: ‘‘Of which, of course, the buyer obtains the advantage.”’ Does not the buyer gain enough profit on his purchase, without this illegal one obtained at the cost of the producers’ pockets ? Why should he then have the advantage of it? I believe that planters as a body would be quite satisfied if quarters of a pound only were taken into consideration, and that they would not wish to push matters further ; but the iniquitous allowance of 1 lb. per 50 lb. packet should be entirely done away with.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, D. G. OEKYLON THA IN WESTERN AMERICA. Dear Si1r,—In reference to the correspondence between Mr. J. M. Murray, and the establishment of an agency for our Ceylon teas at Denver, Colorads, I am glad to hear of Mr. Murray’s efforts to push our teas. Mr. Murray was my next door neighbour on Epplewatte, in Dolosbage. I was on Malgolla at the time, and used to lend him my spare labour, and go down ard work the coolies at Mr. Murray’s request. I also know his agent, Mr. H. N. Tod, whom he has appointed in Denver, And I should say a better and more likely person could not be found than Mr. Tod, and one who, I feel sure, will do his best for us. Myr. Tod -and I were planters to- gether in North Travancore, Peermaad. He was in charge of an estate and a _ store at the time, of my arrival in the district from Ceylon; this was in 1880, The store Mr, Tod was in charge of belonged to Mr. Probyn, who at the time had gone home on leaye. And it was a general store, where you could get almost anything—coolies’ coats, biscuits, liquor, &c.; so that Mr. Tod will be quite the business man wanted to handle and push our teas. Mr. Tod says he is no doubt acquainted with “some of your Ceylon friends’, and so I write this, and trust he will make more friends soon, and shall always be glad to hear of his good fortune and success, which in his hands cannot fail.— Yours truly, JAMES GRAY. THA: WHO MAKES THE PROFITS ? _ Dwar S1r,—In a letter received from home only by the last mail from a mater-familias, she writes :— “Tea has gone up inprice since Christmas. I always make a point of asking for Ceylon tea, and now pay 1d to 14d more than at the stores,” | — Whomakes the money now lost by the planters at present wholesale prices? T. GROWER. [Echo answers, JVho ?—Ep.] COCONUT CULTURE: “OLD PLANTER” AND THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. The Jungle, 16th April, 1889. Drax S1r,—I think that instead of owing an apology to the teachers of the Agricultural School, I have laid them under an obligation in affording them an opportunity of officially contradicting a report injurious to their scientific reputation. I regret, however, that it did not occur to me to call on the head of the_ institution to plead to the indictment. The thing happened exactly as stated, and the gentleman who appealed to the teaching of the A. §., assured me that he had it direct from a student of the institution. ‘CU. D.’’ can hardly be aware of the number of planters of no mean standing, who accept the smoke bath theory, and who have seen marvellous results from its use. It might not be so very far amiss to tackle the human voice theory in the event of a number of otherwise in- telligent and well-informed gentlemen accepting and trusting to it. The custom of burning rubbish and the suggested plan of paring and burning, are outside the smoke bath controversy, and stand or fall by their own merits. Though I used the word “ carbon ” improperly, it was not in ignorance of the fact that plants take their carbon in the form of gas only; but my scientific education was neglected in my youth, and in picking up bits and scraps afterwards, I attended more to facts than forms. Self-teaching is not favourable to. precision, I sincerely hope that the Agricultural School may flourish, and grow in reputation and useful- ness till the crack of doom. OFFER: [This letter has been delayed in transmission. We considered “C. D's” letter quite sufficient in defence of the A;,ricultural School, and we can find no room for the letters of “W. A.D. 8.” and “H. D. L.’ on much the same lines,—Ep ] COOONUL CULTIVATION. April 24th, 1889- Drar Strr,—Il had almost forgotten ‘A. B. O,”’s letter attempting to controvert my theory tbat the inability of coconut trees in the inland districts to support their fruit bunches without artificial aid may be due toa 792 v. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Mar 1, 1889. |] deficiency of salt in the soil, He says the habit is not peculiar to inland districts. 4 Without journeying with him to his ancestral home in “ the premier coconut growing district of Oeylou” to see the mighty giants of 100 years old with their branches closely packed ina whorl so as to support the bunches of fruit or the trees from ‘2 to 10 years old” with their branches so well spaced out as not to afford support to the bunches theolder trees bear, let us saunter down to a more accessible quarter— the Cinnamon Gardens of Colombo. “Well, what do you see here, ‘A.B.0’ ”’? The large and insome cases enormous bunches with artificial supports? “ No” you say. Why not? Has Dame Nature arranged the branches of the young trees here closely and in a whorl, foreseeing the difficulty people residing in the metropolis will have in receiving props? Will I be permitted to express my opinion ? It is that a “ little salt”? I want in everything that has rendered soluble the silicatesin the soil? These being taken up by the roots and assimilated by the tree have tended to stiffen and toughenthe stems of the coconut bunches amongst other parts of the tree. At least thit is my opinion.—Traly yours, B. HOW TO AID THE CEYLON TEA PLANTER: A BUSINESS EXAMPLE WORTHY OF BEING COPIED. Dear Sin,—We have taken ten shares in the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company, Limited. As business men we think all who can for the prosperity of Ceylon should do likewise more or less. Prosperity to the planting community means prosperity to us. We hope every firm in Ceylon will take shares, and make the Company a suc- cess. ‘‘ Why not send the forms to every firm in the island.”—Yours faithfully, W, J. & Co. TEA PLUCKING: FINH AND OTHERWISE. April 19th, 1889, Dear Si1z,—There is no doubt that fine plucking, such as Mr. Armstrong advises, 7. ¢., two entire leaves and the tip (leaving on the shoot one full leaf for the next shoot and the seed leaf) pays best. By this method one gets three flushes the one month and four the next.* If coarse plucking is gone in for, the shoot must be allowed to grow higher to take, say three leaves and the tip, leaving, as in fine plucking, one leaf and seed leaf. In the latter case, there are two flushes the owe month and three the succeeding one; so that really the quantity of fine crops almost equals that of coarse tea. From my own: ex. perience the proportion is as near as possible as eight is to ten. When manufacturing coarse plucked, the finer leaves get crushed to a certain extent by the coarser ones, and the firing is not so even ; again in sifting, the fine teas get ‘‘ grayed (sic)” by the coarser. There ig another objection to coarse leaves; I feel almost certain that they contain some object- tionable chemical substances, which the softer ones do not possess, and these obnoxious juices, getting mixed with those of the finer leaves, deteriorate them. Then again, the extra quantity of tea, though small necessitates more boxes, lead, solder, nails, fuel, withering-room, outlay on plucking, rolling, firing, sifting, transport, &c. ; The wither of coarse is never of fine leaf. As an experiment, let anyone pluck off the same field on the same day 100 lb. of two leaves and the tip, and make it against 1001b of three leaves it will be found that the finer grades of 2 leaves and the tip; compare the result in the cup, after gifting off B. Pekoes, Pekoes, and Pekoe Souchongs: ~* Ts this fine enough? Most estates at present follow the “fire” rule above quoted.—Eb, so even ag that and tip lot will be far superior in appearance and liquor and fetch proportionately a much higher price, which price will more than make up for the loss in quantity. To conclude, I may mention “that with fine plucking on an estate I had charge of, the made teas fetched 1s 5d and 1s 6d per pound; but direct'y the proprietor instructed me to get in more lesf, that is to pluck coarser, the prices fell down io about 1s! and the quantity as near as I coull make it (on comparison with previous year’s return) over fine plucking, was only about 20 per cent Compare 100,000 lb. coarse tea at is against 80,000 lb. fine tea at 1s 3d.* QUALITY, MANUFACTURE OF “OOLONGS” AND GREEN TEAS IN CEYLON—AND THE AMERICAN MARKET, Dear Srr,—With reference to your editorial re- marks regarding the sale of the little lot of “oolong” tea I made last Christmas when I visited the estate, the result was so far satisfactory as showing that that description can easily be made here if there is a market for it. I have, however, been warned by a gentleman of great experience, that years ago the manufacture of oolongs was tried in Assam, and abandoned, because it was found when the tea got to England, there was no sale for it. It will not therefore do to raise hopes founded on a small experimental trial, which may have been competed for et the sale more as a curiosity than for its intrinsic value, Last week we made a larger break, with the view of testing the-market better, but for a variety of reasons the utmost caution will haye to be exercised in making shipments, as we may easily fall out of the frying pan into the fire. America is no doubt the proper market for green teas. The difficulty is to get American vessels to convey shipments, without sending them via Japan. Have the promoters of the Company formed to push the consumption of Ceylon tea in America taken this difficulty in hand ?—Yours truly, Cas. THA INFUSION. 26th April 1889. Sir,—I have tried tea with 3 minutes’ infusion— ‘‘Glenugie” tea. It is simply beautiful and very different from a 5 minutes’ infusion (of the same tea) which extracted too much of the “tannin.” Of course a little more tea is necessary, but it is wiser to incur that trifling expense rather than by not doing so, to be made ill and have to pay doctor’s fees. If the proper duration of infusion of British-grown tea was more generally known and acted upon, the makers of three minute sand glasses would, I opine, soon be doing a roaring business. The sooner it takes place the better for the stomachs of the millions now persistently poisoning themselves with TANNIN, ~ Tue Travancore Paper Mizus.—The construction of the Travancore Paper Mills at Poonaloor near Quilon has been suspended for a fortnight on account of cholera which was raging there in the cooly lines in very severe epidemic form. Although Mr. Lucas, the Superintendent, tried his utmost to allay the panic, yet he was reluctantly com- pelled to suspend work. Myr. Lucas is trying his best, assisted by his staff, to complete the Bund- works before the setting in of the monsoon. We think that Messers. Cameron, Chisholm & Co, should insist on ths Travancore Government to maintain an hospital or a Dispensary and a police Station at the mills.—IMadras Times. ee * The gain is of course in the less expense, not in Jarget receipts,—ED. r— May 1, 1886. | “ Perstan Insect Powper,’’—A Russian journal | devoted to the industrial interests of the Cau- casus describes the cultivation of the pyrethrum plant in the Caucasus. Flowers of the pyrethrum (pyrethrum roseun) are used for making the powder, which is sold under various names—‘‘insect powder,” “ Persian powder,” ‘death to insects,” &c. In Europe these flowers are only found in Dalmatia, but these are white, and not rose-violet, like those of the Caucasus. The Dalmatian pyrethrum is greatly appreciated, and when its crop is scarce the Caucasian flowers are eagerly sought for, and their price increa- ses by from 20) to 300 per cent. ; this was the case in 1837 and 1888. Prices, which had varied between three and seven roubles for the previous ten years, reached all at once, in 1887, 15 and 16 roubles at Tiflis. For- merly a certain quantity of pyrethrum in powder was exported from the Caucasus, but Huropeans were not satisfied with receiving this delicate article in this form because it was discovered to be mixed with foreign substances, and growers in the Caucasus could not reduce it to the impalpable state re- quisite to preserve its efficacy. At the present time the flowers only are exported. It is necessary that they should be cut as short as possible at the stalk, gathered when ripe, dried in the shade and.in a current of air, because in the sun the bloom and rose colour are lost, and, lastly, that they should not be mixed with other herbs when being gathered. Recently a fraud has been noticed in the packages of Caucasian flowers, other flowers yesembling the pyrethrum, and dyed the same colour, being found. The exports amounted to between 175,000 and 200,000 killosrammes last year; of those three-fourths’ were badly prepared, the season having been a very rainy. one. THe Furure or Crycnuona Bark: ADVICE TO Cnyton Pranrers.—Meesrs. Brookes & Green, the well-known London Brokers, in their latest report offer some pointed advice to the cinchona planters of Ceylon, advice which is well borne out by the statistics of bark supply they append. We quote as follows :— 843 bales sold at yesterday’s and the two previous auctions at 1d to 2d perlb.; these miserable unsatis- factory prices are worse than disappointing to every- body in the Trade, and yet these wretched qualities continue tobe sent forward in quantity, scarcely cover- ing charges and all the time damaging the market for better Barks the same owners hold. One-third of the year has gone, let Ceylon merchants limit the quantity they thought of shipping and get, by this means, a respectable figure for the Bark. If they will insist upon keeping up shipments, it is useless complaining of prices obtained ; but it does seema pity to see Oin- chona Bark selling at 14d per unit, when the merchants in Ceylon could quickly remedy it, The total supply of Bark at the London auctions held this year :— South American. Ceylon. East India, In Auction. pkgs. pkgs.wg.tons. pkgs. wg. tons. 15th Jan-, 1889.. 1,438 2,638 300 125 8 29th do, ve 400 2,526 280 505 51 12th Heb. 1889... 202 1,235 143° (1,217 120 26th do, w O15 1,514 LET. 12072) 110 12th March 1889... 117 1,264 - 144 1,206 120 26th do, oO 2orh 135 608 50 Jaya, . Unit price In Auction. pkgs. wg. tons, realized. 15th January, 1889 ... 246 134 lgd a 13d 29th do. one » PAUP 18 lid a 12d 12th Pebruary 1889... 22 14 lid ,, 18d 26th do. .» 468 33 lid 12th March 1889 ...:° 54 24 13d 26th do. eee TTorn 15 13d The following are particulars of the Ceylon Bark sold at yesterday’s sales :— ° Atperlb..Jda2d Qda3d 34dadd 4didadd Packages... 242 294 185 146 At per lb...54da6d 7d 8d 84d THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 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FAOWS sem rei ieay ceeceme. Cae, sit 5 "S ann dD og | [A 1 OANA Ly Le) in) on iD oO g eee lise oS San 1 BaS8 5 > S858 18 BB tal "RB 8 Berge ss D-OSs 5 5 PORO UO oO D0 NOOO Oe 6 coal oo See) iS} H bool 0] AMAOOWMARDONAWD Ooo 316 1a or MmwmMmoocoNntQnMInwo 1M 091 Sd 5 eH MANDMNDODNDAAG Sats a Se) HO NA AAR AsHD ey | 2 es Be nN Lest ek) | oN Do Oe ic: : 19 O19S AH | = |= SAN a 5 @D co Oo (Za) Q 20 ~~ 3 Bal N — aD Gagan f= ied = ica) 1D ont lo} ro wD ive} — = mons: =| O44 Gel RO RMS) RB WR eee 7 ¢ Aer St 4 Sa lioi: £268 tes D 69 OO q es |2 2 25 00 0 i a oe So laa | = MOMs OD MANA OL Do Sane 3 God Did Ac STS SSB SGom cS ie) Oot + OD NU DWDOSd BQaAsN r to) =) Ho : . om Ay WANA oo | revise ERS S i< o al coo 1D [ox OK) AADH So Hels iS as & Ss S338 HD F< Ta} 1D) s/s Ss GS S OL 62 02 DOD o | 5 Ctra] 3 ted a Re Rane lea Ke) DvD a Tae MOON N =H Lael ~ an (oReRy o) ata Ht 5 AB )]/am° Sao & 14 FSS oo > Ht Bis | 2 Co 16 S 2.08 23510 MAS ae (=) bt = 3 - No DNDS us| , HDHD — = ces ties Sa poe Sii-ea! Ron oo Om: ae Ba! BS er aietsiitsiaisias monks) ts: Si] eS UB 8 8 ie > Om~wo vDDnDDDO g BQODND a Ona As 6 acs 2 C2 ARReas WT eel Med lel (etiini> ee) Ke) 0 ok 2 oye) Si $5 8 8 60.8 ge deik: pss) i7° D Ss RE =f 6 =r oS = w a= ial 1s mapa jeine) Volpe = ale 3: -f : - is) a0 sPiopia ws yia teats 2: : : a) od Zz S SOB pete Bad 3 pas Oe hates tm di ade is 30 5 td 80 5, Se Sasa |epnx RU CEERI 2 pees) |e O38 q oo 3" Re D t= D1 © SSS SESS S ae SSe esas | S2oaR ww oS gs Bae a a oO coc >) ae Bae Bachaszks Baan Seec eS sdamasaasqa g8ese SARRARAARPARARAARR RZ] SO A 794 Fue Ee OPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. FROM MALABAR COAST, COCHIN, CEYLON, MADRAS, &c. BEES’ WAX, White Yellow i CINCHONA BARK--Crown (From Lewis & Peat’s London QUALITY. QUOTATIONS.: ..| f Slightly softish to goc8 ( hard bright ..|£6 a £6 10s «-|Do. drossy & dark ditto.,.|858 a 105s Renewed ... [5d a 1s 6d Medium to fine Quill {Hida 1s |Spoke shavings ... +. |4d a 9d |Branch ... (2d a 6d Renewed .. ...(3d a 1s 6d Medium togood Quill .-/4da 9d Spoke shavings ..- + (3d a 7a ranch é .. (2d a 4d Twig ld alga CARDAMOMS Malabar and Ceylon Alleppee Tellicherry| Mangalore Long Ceylon Ists Qnds CINNAMON 3rds| 4ths -.|Fair to fine plant... +.|Bold to fine bold +. |Medium Chips COCOA, Ceylon COFFEE CeylonPlantation Native Liberian va fast Indian Native COIR ROPE, Ceylon&Cochin FIBRE, Brush -|Bold to fine bold... Good to fine |Brownish Good & fine, washed, bet. Middling to good... i Ord, to ‘fine pale quill . ” ” ” ” Woody and hard.. Triage to ordinary 0 Boldt to fine bold colory, Middling to fine mid. Smalls ri Good ordinary Small to bold Medium to fine Small Dy Good to fine ordinary Dupre, bold, bright, fine Middling, stalley & lean Fair to fine plump clipped 23 4d a 3s 4d Is 4d a 2s 6d 1s 10d a 2s 10d jis 9d a 2s 9d \lsa Is 6d 23 6d a 3s 3d ./1s 6d a 2s 4d jga a 1s 7d u|7d a Is 4d vee 6k als 3d tee 5hd a lla +. |14d a 63d . aos al 93s +. 1733 a 788 .. [50s a 708 »|1028 a 1178 ..|94s a 98S Low mid. and Low eile gos a 97s -|R9s a 943 +. /828 a 888 «(803 a 908 6d. --|100s a 110s --/948 a 100s ++ /883 a 948 +1808 a 88s Mid.coarse tofine straight - /Ord, to fine long aoe £16 a £22 £18 a £32 Stuffing ...|Goarse to fine... |£10 a £20 COIR YARN, Ceylon ../Ordinary to superior |£17 a £36 Cochin «|Ordinary to fine ... » |£17 a £44 Do Roping fair to good «|\£1T a £22 COLOMBO ROOT, sifted ...) fiddling wormy to fine...|12s a 40s CROTON SEEDS, sifted ... Fair to fine fresh.. (128 a 17s GINGER, Cochin, Cut Good to fine bold., (40s a 60s ” Small and medium ,.|/22s a 34s Rough |Pair to fine bold. . |183 a 30s me »|Small = 36 » {14s a 17s GUM ARABIC, Madras...|Dark to ane! pale ...|15s a 6838 NUX VOMICA --|Fair to fine bold fresh .,,/11s a 1Zs Small ordinary and fair.,.|73 a 10s MYRABOLANES Pale, ...|Good to fine picked .|78 a 83 6d ? Common to middling ...\/5sa 6s Ae Fair Coast.. .../58 9d a 6s 3d Pickings|Burnt and defective alse 6d a 483d OIL, CINNAMON -|Pair to fine heavy .\1s a 2s 6d CITRONELLE «-|Bright & good flayour ,,./8d a $d LEMON GRASS , ” ” ” ” . 14d a 14d ORCHELLA WEED -|Mid, to fine, not woody,.. 20s a 335 PEPPER, Malabar, blk. sifted | pair to bold meee 3 ‘Alleppee & Cochin ,, y» good 4, | 72d a 73d Tellicherry, White Jig als 6d PLUMBAGO Lump «.|Pair to fine bright bold.,.|12s a 16s 4 Middling to good small,../7s a 12s 6d Chips Slight foul to fine bright 93 a lls 6d dust +» |Ordinary to fine bright .,.|7s Gd a 10s 6d RED WOOD eee + |Fair and fine bold red lds a £5 SAPAN WOOD +. |Middling coated to good|£5 a £8 SANDAL WOOD, logs ...|Fairto good flavor ,,,/£20a £44 _ Do. chips ...|Tyferior to fine ... .|£5 10s a £22 SENNA, Tinnevelly + |Good to fine bold green, Bid als 3d Fair middling medium., at da 8a Common dark and small|! 14 a 4d TURMERIC, Madras -\Finger fair to fine bold 8s a 88 6d Do. ++ |Mixed middling Wright 6s bd a 7s 6d en + |Bulbs Ges ..(63 a 75 64, YANILLOES, Mauritius i Finger 198 a 9s éd Bourbon, 1sts/Pine crystalised 6 a 9inch)17s a 25s 2nds Foxy & reddish 528 ,, pee a 19s yrds | f Lean & dry to middling under 6 inches . 108 a 12s 4ths Low, foxy, inferior and {pickings|2s 6d a & FROM BOMBAY AND ZANZIBAR. ALOES, Sozcotrine and | Good and fine dry «£4 108 a £7 Fanatics -Commonand good __...|408 a £5 108 CHILLIES, Zanzibar +. Fair to fine bright «+ 888 & 853 Ordinary and mladiing... (808 a 32s Price Current, 11th April 1889.) FROM BOMBAY QUALITY, ekpet toe ry AND ZANZIBAR. CLOVES, Zanzibar \ Good and fine bright at a7id ; and Pemba, per lb Common dull to fair .. \6od a 64d Stems...| Common to good Sled a 24d cocuLus INDICUS .. |Fair co ad a 95 GALLS, Mees # owt, | |Eair to fine dark blue ....558 a 60s : rewt,|Good white and green.. 458 a 53s 4 GUM AMMONIACUM per|Blocky to fine clean "108 a 36s ANIMI, washed, ® cwt.|Picked fine pale in sorts, ‘£16a £18 part yellow and mixed|£12 a £15 Bean & Peasizeditio ..,£7 10sa £1010: amberandredbold .., £11 4 £13 scraped.,.|Medium & bold sorts “£5 a £7 ARABIC, E.J. & Adeu ‘.|Sorts -... ... DUS @ 898 per ewt. Ghatti ...|Sorts to fine “pale .. 208 a 758 Arad clia|Good and fine pale . 008 a Yds Reddish to pale brown .., 258a 52s"6d ASSAFCAITIDA, per |Clean fair to fine _ 008 a 40s ewt.|Slightly stony and foul .,.:258 a 30s KINO, per ewt.|Fair to fine bright ‘1/288 a 308 M\BBH, picked ,, |Fair to fine pale w../£6 a £8 Aden sorts| Middling to good ..,/808 a 100s OLIBANUM, drop Fair to fine white .../3786d a 558 per cwt. Reddish to middling ...|278 6d a 303 pickings. . Middling to good pale .,,|128 a 20s siftings ...|Slightly foul tofine _.,,|10sa 15s INDIARUBBER Mozambique, } red hard “lis 8d a 1s 10d per lb. Ball & Sausiage J whitesoftish ...|18 2dai1s7d junripe root .. 49d @ 18 liver (9d a 1s 6d FROM CALCUTTA AND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, CASTOR OIL, ists per oz.|Nearly water white .../33d a 444 2nds ,, ...\Fair and good pale + |2id a 3d. 3rds_,, ...|Brownandbrownish .../94d a 22d INDIARUBBER Assam, per|Good to fine ‘lis 6da Is 11d Tb. Common foul and mixed 7d a Is 3d Rangoon ...|Fair to good clean -/1s 6d a is 10d Madagascar|Goodtofinepinky &white\js 10d a2sld | Fair togoodblack ...\Is4dalsed | SAFFLOWER ...|Good to fine pinky .-1658 al05s | Middling to fair 0/558 a 808 Inferior and pickings Higa ase TAMARINDS ..|Mid.to fineblacknot stony 7s 6d a 103 Stony and inferior +45 a 63 FROM CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. ALOES, Cape, per cwt- ..-|Fairdry to fine bright ...|18s 6d a 20s ...|Common & middling soft Natal ARROWROOT Natal per Ib. FROM CHINA, JAPAN & THE EASTERN ISLANDS. CAMPHOR, China, ¥ ewt. Japan 1100 a Ordinary to “Ane free GAMBIER, Gtites: ewt. Block [per lb. GUTTA PERCHA, genuine ..| Fair to fine Middling to fine Pressed Good none here » ada 3d Good, Pane “ink } 20s a 92: 6d Fine clean Banj & Maca- 10s a 17s 6d .|40s a 438 30s a 35s ..|268 a 26s 6d 23 6d a 3s 6d Sumatra...|Barky to fair (sar|8d a 2s 6d Reboiled.,.|Common to fine clean ,,./4d a Is 8d White Borneo _ .,.|Good to fine clean ...|lld a 1s 6d Inferior and barky +d a 10d NUTMEGS, large, per Tb...\07'S a 80’s, garbled ...|2s 83d a 438 Medium .../83'S a 95’s .../28 6d a 28 8d Small ...|100’s a 160’s .-|28 1d a 2s 6d MACK, per lb. ...jeale reddish to fine pale 2s7da2s9d FF Ordinary to fair . 28 3d a 2s 6d REE BARE, Sun dried, per b. High dried ., SAGO, Pearl, large, #® cwt. medium .,., 27 99 99 one small on 92E SF: Flour [per Ib,|Good pinky to white .,.. TAPIOCA, Penang Flake Singapore... Flour sally og 5s a 17s 6 Pearl ..,.| Bullet, per ewt. (20s a 21s _ @ Medium Pyeng «(198 a 208 Seed ae «(19s a 208 Chips and dark Good to fine sound .|Good to fine (Dark, rough & malddling Fair to fine Fair to fine ” “Is 10d a 2s 1d Darkordinary & middling ../12s a 13s 6d 12s a 13s “pie a ota ls 4d a 4s 8d als 3d 84d a 11d Bd a 7a 12s a 13s 123 a 13s Vol. VIII.| COLOMBO, JUNE IST, 1889. THE PROSPECTS OF TEA IN INDIA AND CHINA. CEYLON, ye ||ROPRIETOR of Tea Plant- Z ation” in his letter on page 813, indulges in some rather lugubrious reflections, more or lessjustified however by the out look which he pic- tures. In addition to the news of splendid “flushes” in Ceylon, we arebound to admit the fact that the teaamaking season has begun under very favourable circumstances in many of the North Indian districts, while our latest report trom South India shows that in Wynaad tea cultivation is rapidly extending. When in addition we know that in Java, planters are busy adding to the area under tea, while superseding China by Assam plants, and that the prospects in China are decidedly in favour of a larger quantity of tea being available for export than in 1888, it is impossible not to feel the seriousness of the position as regards the immediate future of the chief planting industry in Ceylon. The key of the position our correspondent rightly judges will be found in the movements of ‘‘China”’ teas, and in this connection he asks gome pointed questions. Sir Robert Hart’s Report, taken by itself,—it will be found in full elsewhere —does not at all lead to the conclusion that the China tea growers are about to make any new departure. On the contrary, as already mentioned, Sir Robert instead of taking up that part of the question peculiarly within his province and urging the Chinese authorities to abate some of the ‘“squeezes’’ at present sadly interfering with fairplay to China tea exports, launches out into the ques- tion of how to improve the production and manu- facture after the fashion adopted by the Indian and Ceylon planters. To use a homely expression common in Scotland, Sir Robert Hart might have spared his breath to “cool his parritch.”’ He gives some excellent advice of course which, how- ever, will be quite thrown away on the conser- vative upcountry Chinaman, but he also writes egregious nonsense as when in one of his proposed remedies for existing defects, he says :— All the leaves should not be removed from the same shrub at the same time, but only such as are ready for gathering. The leaves which are ready- ought to be picked from all the trees ia the plantation at the same time, and each picking ought to form a _ sepa- rate chop, The leaf ought not to be picked too scou or too late: although a 10 days’ overgrowth gives an in- crease of 25 per cent in weight, it causes a decrease of 35 per cent in value. In India there are as many as 16 pickings; thatis, each shrub contributes to 16 chops. The part we have italicized reads like a piece of sarcasm at the expense of John Ohinaman, or else it shows gross ignorance on the part of Sir Robert Hart. His report has not passed scatheless of criti- cism through the hands of Anglo-China editors and merchants. These gentlemen can scarcely speak with authority on the subject of improved culture, but on other points they ‘ake the Iuspector- General of Customs severely to task, His staie- ment to the ‘‘ Yamen” that China tea is superior in flavour to ali other teas is challenged in ‘he face of “Ceylon” superior kinds; and his &gure of 9d a lb. as the lowest for which Chinese tea can be sold at a profit in England is coniemned by a merchant who saysthat it is well-known that the commonest kinds can be laid down in Eng. land at 54d and ordinary sound common about 6d (2d to 24d of which about 40 per cent con- sists of the Chinese taxes). Sir Robert argued that as Indian tea could be sold profitably in England at 6d and China only at 9d, it was no use taking even 2d a |b. off the latter! One thing is ceriain now, namely that the Chinese Yamen will not take off any taxation—a policy they have been at all times disinclined to—in view of Sir Robert Hart’s opinion that a reduction wou'd not benefit the producers or people of China. Two oi the In- spector-General’s lieutenants—Mr. Hannen at Foo- chow and Mr. Chalmers at 'Tamsui—recommend the opening of model plantations on the Indian fashion; but as an experienced mercantile resident writes :—‘‘ The idea of inducing the innumerable peasant proprietors of China to change their ancient methods of cultivation in favour of in- dian methods (involving large gardens, machi- nery, &c.) is too stupendous to come within the region of practical politics’? (? economics), Nevertheless as mentioned above, the latest ac- counts from the China tea districts through the shipping ports seem to indicate a more abundant supply this coming season of good quality teas than came forward last year. But all agree that the lookout for ‘China’’ teas in the markets 796 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. i eee of the world, is an exceedingly poor one in the face of the increasing competition offered by India and Ceylon not simply in Mngland, but in America and Australia. One point of which Sir Robert Hart makes a good deal in his Report is, that Russia which formerly bought largely through London, now receives almost its total supply of teas direct from China, Russian merchants and agents having established themselves at the export ports. This suggests to us that Colombo mer- chants and some of our tea planters should make a special effort to secure a considerable portion of the valuable Russian tea trade. It is well- known that the Russians buy some of the most expensive teas, and superior ‘‘ Ceylons’’ should be well-suited to their market. Possibly, some at- tempts may have been made, apart from those recorded in our columns by Sir Grwme Elphinstone, to get a share of the Russian trade; but we ought not to be content until a local agency is established to ship tea direct from Colombo to} Odessa. : | No effort should be wanting at this end to- wards palliating the approaching crisis by| endeavouring to divert as much of our Ceylon teas as possible to other than the London market, The American Oompany in this connection affords @ most commendable agency in the interests of the Ceylon planter. So will the Australian Company when it begins business as we hope it may before the end of the year. No doubt of the teas sent from Colombo to London an ap- preciable and increasing proportion goes direct to special agencies and dealers without troubling the Mincing Lane market, and in this direction also there is probably room for Ceylon planters and other local residents to aid in development and ex- tension. No more than ‘Proprietor’ are we in- clined to minimise the gravity of the approaching situation and the news that the average price of the Ceylon tea sold last week in London had fallen to 93d will come upon our planters as a certain presage of truly trying times to follow. If the month of March showed tea shipments from Colombo exceeding 3} million lb. what may be expected for Juneand July? We may see the export up to 5 or6 million lb., and even this quantity exceeded later on, say in November or December: It behoves all concerned therefore to exert them- selves in every way possible to aid in relieving the pressure on the London market; while planters ought to consider very seriously the question whether, after the present planting season, they should plan to add any more clearings—for the present at least—to the tea plantations or gardens of Ceylon. aoe PRECIOUS STONES. The wonderful fact that the common charcoal is substantially the same material as the diamond has a parallel in the equally wonderful result of the chemical analysis of the ordinary red and yellow clay, 80 common and abundant, which is shown to have for its base the same material—alumina as the group of minerals to which the general name of corundum is applied, including the incomparable stones, theruby and the sapphire, which have the highest rank among coloured gems. The various forms of corundum are found by the chemist to contain more than half their weight of that peculiar metal widely known as alumi- nium, which much resembles silver in colour and lustre, yet is very different from it in its extreme lightness. The oxide of this metal is called alumina, which in its natural state forms the mineral corundum. The transparent crystals of corundum present the alumina in a state of purity, with just a trace of certain metallic oxides, from which the exquisite tints of colour tre derived, The name of each variety ofthe corundum is determined by its colour—the red being known as the ruby, the blue as the sapphire, the yellow as yellow sapphire or Oriental topaz, the green as green sapphire or Oriental emerald, and the purple as Orien- tal amethyst. All varieties of the corundum can be scratched by the diamond, but by no other mine- ral, and its extreme hardness has suggested the theory that the adamas of the early Greek writers was not the true diamond, but a form of corundum. In such a passage as the following: “Thesin of Juda is written with a pen of iron and with a point of diamond,” the original word translated “diamond” no doubt refers to emery or some similar form of corun- dum, which has been used for ages as material for polishing other minerals. Although specimens of vari- ous colours have been found in many parts of the world, and during the last ten yearsin North Carolina especially, the chief source of supply is India. The red variety of corundum is known as the ruby. The kingdom of Burma furnishes the greatest number of rubies, and, by command of its king no Europeans are ever allowed to visit the mines. They area royal monopoly, and the rarest and finest specimens are re- tained for the king’s own use, and one of his titles is ‘Lord of Itubies.” One of the former kings had a wonderful ruby of the size of a pigeon’s egg, which he wore as an eardrop. By a law which compels, under the penalty of death, the giving up of all rubies of overa certain size to the financial department of the Government, many rubies of large size are lost, because the finder of them will break them up into smaller pieces in order to retain them. Very few persons are aware of the great value and rarity of really fine rubies. From the beginning of civilization to the present time the ruby has been the type of concentrated preciousness; ‘‘ Her price is above rubies.” About fifteen years ago the financial necessities of the Burmese Government caused the appearance in Hurope of two of the finest rubies of their size ever seen. After being recut one weighed about 32 carats, and wassold for 50,000 dols., and the other weighing about 40 carats, found a purchaser at 100,000 dols. Two such stones were not to be found in any European regalia, and their sale caused intense excitement in Burma, a military guard being considered necessary to escort the persons conveying the packages to the vessel. Rubies vary in colour from the lightest rose tint to the deepest carmine, and are occasionally approached so closely, both in colour and general appearance, by the spinel as torender a close examin- ation necessary to distinguish them apart. The spinel is composed of alumina and magnesia, and has a wide range of colour. The Rev. O. W. King states that “ all the great historic rubies now extant are pronounced spinels by modern mineralogists.” The blue variety of corundum is known as the sapphire, ard differs from the ruby only in its colour. It is very slightly harder than the ruby,and occurs in much larger crystals. They were originally obtained from Arabia and Persia, but now co:ne principally from Ceylon and Burma. The characteristic colour of the sapphire is a clear blue, very like to that of the blossom of the little “cornu-flower,’”’ and the more velvety its appearance, the greater the value of the stone. The Oriental sapphire retains ite exquisite colour by gas light, while that of the inferior specimens becomes dark. The ruby and sapphire forms a distinct class of the corundums by their being alumina in a pure and unmixed state crystallized, while the other varieties present the alumina in combination with other substances. The true chrysoberyl is alumina combined with glucina. The colours range from light asparagus green, brown- ish yellow, to columbine red. Of the three varieties the best known are the cymophane, or true Oriental catseye, and the alexandrite. The catseye is found in Ceylon, is always cut in highly convex form, ‘and has a remarkable play of light in a certain di- rection, resembling a drop of water or the pupil of an eye moving about inside of it, or a band of light floating on its surface, ever shifting, likea restless spirit from side to side asthe stoneis turned. No wonder that an imaginative and superstitious people regard it with awe and wonder, and, believing it to be the June 1, 1889.] ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. OP ear EE A a a i RI TE A IE EE TT DT NTI) 797 abode of some genie, dedicate it to their gods as a sacred stone. The particular variety of chrysoberyl which was originally found in the Ural Mountains, and owes its celebrity to its remarkable transforma- tion of colour from green to red as viewed by natural or artificial light, was named alexandrite after the former Ozar of Russia.—Kuhlow’s Trade Review. on THE SHASON IN MADRAS. The following is a summary of reports for the week ending 9th April:—Rainfall xil. Ganjam, Godavari, Nellore, Madras, Chingleput, South Arcot and South Canara ; fair Nilgiris. Standing crops generally gvod, but suffering from want of rain in Ganjam, Vizaga- patam, Bellary North Arcot, Trichinopoly, Tinnevelly and Coimbatore ; wet crops withering in parts Cudda- pah, Anantapur and Chingleput. Stock suffering very badly, chiefly from rinderpest in Tinnevelly, and badly in Anantapur, Tanjore. Cuddapah, Madura, and Mala- bar. Pasture deficient in Gaujam. Vizagapatam, Cud- dapah, Bellary, North Arcot, Madura, Tinnevelly, Ooim- batore, Nilgiris, Salem and Malabar. Prices, falling in Ganjim, Vizagapatam andscven other districts, rising io eight and stationary in others. General prospects favorable, except in Ganjam ; improving in Coimbat: re Laborers employed last day of week, Rushikulya works 12,747 Gupalpuo canal 7,979, Taptapani road 408,— Madras Times. SS EEEEEEEEEEEE cemememmmeieee THE TEA DISTRICTS OF CHINA AND THE CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF TEA BY THE CHINESE. (Extractep From Winniams’ ‘“Mippie Krncpom.”’) [Vol. I. p. 109.] The province of Nganhwin was so named by combining the first words in its two large cities, Nganking and Hwinchan. * * * most of the GREEN TEA districts lie in the south eastern parts, particularly in the Sunglo range of hills in Hwinchan prefecture. { “ p. 111.) The province of Kiang-si’(7. e, West _of the River) lies south of Nganhwin and Hupeh, between Chehkiang and Fuhkien on the east and Hu- nan on the west, reaching fromthe Yangtsz to the Meiling on the south. The soil generally is productive, and large quantities of rice, wheat, silk, cotton, indigo, TEA, and sugar are grown and exported. [“p.114:] The maritime province of Ohehkiang, the smalle-t of the eighteen, lies eastward of Kiangsi and Nganhwin, and between Kiangsu and Fubkein north and south, and derives its name from the river Cheb or “Crooked,” which runs across its southern part. ss * * The whole province produces cotton, silk, BEA, rice, ground nuts, wheat, indigo, vegetable tallow (stullingia), and pulse in abundance. [* p. 127,] The province of Fubkien (i.c. happily established) is bounded on the north by Chehkiang, north-west and west by Kiangsi, soutb-west by Kwang- tung, and east by the Channel of Formosa. * * * * Brack Tra, camphor and other woods, sugar, Ohina- ware, and grass-cloth are the principal exports. [“ p. 146.] The province of Hunan is bounded north by Hupeh, east by Kiangsi, south by Kwang- tung and Kwangsi, west by Kweichan and Sz’chuen. * * * The productions of Hunan do not represent a very high development of its soil or mines. TEA and Coal are the main exports: TEA-o11, ground-nut and tung oils, hemp, tobacco, and rice, with iron, copper tin, and coarse paper make up the list. | “ p. 154.) The province of Sz’chuen (“Four streams”) * * * is now one of the richest in its pro- ductions. It is bounded north by Kansuh and Shensi, east by Hupeh and Hunan, south by Kweichan and Yunnan, west and uorth-west by Thibet and Koko- nor. * * * The exports consist of raw and woven silk, of which more is sent abroad than from any other province: salt, opium, musk, croton (tung) oil, gentian, rhubarb, TEA, coal, spelter, copper, iron, and | insect-wax, are all grown or made for other regions [VolI, p. 241.] (In Thibet) the food called jamba is prepared by cooking Brick Tra during several hours, then adding butter and salt, and stirring the mixture until it becomes a thick broth. When eaten the stuff is served in wooden bowls, and a plentiful supply of roasted barley-meal poured in, the whole being kneaded by the hands and devoured in the shape of dough ellets. P [Vol II, p. 39.] The subjects of TEA CULTURE AND THE PREPARATION OF ITS LEAF have engaged the atten- tion of writers among the Chinese and Japanese; while its effects on the human system as a beverage have been discussed most carefully by eminent western chemists and pathologists. Its virtues in restoring the energies of the body and furnishing a drink of the gentlest and most salubrious nature has been fully tested in its native land for many centuries, and is rapidly becoming known the world over. The following are some of the leading facts relating to the plant and the preparation and nature of the leaf, derived from personal observation in the country or from the writings of competent observers :— Tea does not growin the northern provinces of China and Japan; its range lies between the twenty- third and thirty-fifth degrees of latitude, and reach- ing in longitude from Yedo to Assam. No accounts have come to us of the tea-shrub being cultivated for its infusion till a.p. 350. The people in differ- ent parts of Ohina gave different names to the suc- cessive pickings of the leaves, which have now become disused. Our word zea is derived from the common sound of the character for the plant at the city of Amoy, where it is tay: at Oanton and Peking it is cha, at Shanghai dzo,at Fuhchan ta. The Russians and Portuguese have retained the word cha, the Spanish is te or tay, and the Italians have both te and cha. Tea is so nearly akin to the various species of camel- lia that the Chinese have only one name for all. The principal difference to the common observer is in the thin leaf of the tea, and the leathery glabs rous leaf of the beautiful Camellia Japonica. When allowed to grow they both become high trees. The tea flower is small, single, and white, has no smell, and soon falls, its petals are less erect than the Ca- mellia. The seeds are three small nuts, like filberts in color, enclosed in a triangular shell which splits open when ripe, with valves between the seeds. Its taste is oily and bitter. Two species of Oamellia are cultivated for their oily seeds, the oil being known as tea-oil among the natives: it is used for lamps and cooking. There is probably only one species of the tea plant, and all the varieties have resulted from culture; but the Thea viridis is most cultivated. The nuts are ripe in October. They are put in a mixture of sand and earth, dampened to keep them fresh till spring; they generate heatand spoil if not thus se- parated. In March they are sown in a nursery, and the thrifty shoots t:ansplanted the next year in rows about four feet apart. Leaves are collected when the plant is three years old, and this process is con- tinued annually to a greater or less extent according to the demand and strength, until the whole bush becomes so weak and diseased,that it is pulled up for firewood to give place to a new shoot. On the average this is about the eighth year. The plants seldom exceed three feet; most of them are half that height, straggling and full of twigs, often covered with lichens, but well-hoed and clean around their roots. All tea plantations are merely patches of the shrubs cared for by small farmers, who cultivate the plant and sell the leaves to middle-men, or more often, pick the crop themselves if they can afford to do so. The great plantation or farm, withits lands lord and the needy laborer, each class trying to get as much as possible out of the other, are unknown in China: the farmer has not there learned to em- ploy skill, machinery, and capital all for his own advantage, but euch farmstead is worked by the family, who rather emulate each other in the reputation of their tea. Tea is cultivated on the slopes or bases of hills, where the drainage is quick and the mois- ture unfailing, This is of more consequence than THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1889. the ingredients of the soil, but plants so continually depauperated and stripped require rich manure to supply their waste. In Japan the tea sbruvs are sometimes grown as a hedge around a garden lot, but such plants are not stripped in this way. In gathering the earliest leaves, the pickers are careful to leave enough foliage at the end of the twigs; and the spring rains are depended on to stimulate the second and full crop of leaves. When these are scant or fail the tea harvest diminishes, and the regularity of the rains is so essential to a profitable cultiva- tion that it will be one of the causes of failure where everything else in soil, climate, manuriag, and manufac- ture may be favourable. The first gathering is the most carefully done, for it goes to make the best sorts of black and green tea; and as the greatest part of the leaves are still undeveloped, the price must necessarily be very much higher. Such tea has a whitish down, like that on young brick leaves, and is called pecoe or “ white hair,” and is most of it seat to Hugiand and Russia. [nu the last century the green tea known as Young Hyson was made of these half-opened leaves picked in Avril and named from two words meaning ‘rains before.” The second gathering varies . somewhat according to the latitude, May 16th to June, when the foliage is fullest. This season is looked forward to by women and children in the tea districts as their working time; they run in crowds to the middle- men, who have bargained for the leaves on the plants, or apply to farmers who have not hands. The average produce is from sixteen to twenty-two ounces of green leaves for the healthiest plants, down to ten and eight ounces. The tea when cured is about one-fifth of its first weight, and one thousaud square yards will con- tam about three hundred and fifty plants, each two feet across. They strip the twigs in the most sum- mary manner, and fili their baskets with healthy leaves, as they pick out the sticks and yellow leaves, for they are paid in this manner. Fifteen pounds is a good day’s work, and six to eight cents is a day’s wages. The time for picking lasts only ten or twelve days. ‘There are curing houses where families who grow and pick their own leaves bring them for sale at the market rate. The sorting employs many hands, for it is an important point in connection with the purity of the various descriptions, and much care is taken by dealers, in maintaining the quality of their lots, to have them cured carefully as well as sorted properly. The management of this great branch of industry exhibits some of the best features of Chinese country life. It is only over a portion of each farm that the plant is grown, and its cultivation requires but little attention compared with rice and vege- tables. The most delicate kinds are looked after and cured by priests in their secluded temples among the hills; these often have many acolytes who aid in preparing small lots to be sold at a high price. When the leaves are brought in to the curers they are thinly spread on shallow trays to dry off all moisture by two or three hours’ exposure. Meanwhile, the roasting pans are heating, and when properly warmed some handfuls of leaves are thrown on them, and rapidly moved and shaken up for four or five minutes. The leaves make a slight crackling noise, become moist and flaccid as the juice is expelled, and give off even a sensible vapour. The whole is then poured out upon the rolling table, where each workman takes up a handful and makes it into a manageable ball, which he rolls back and forth on the rattan table to get rid of the sip and moisture as the leaves are twisted. This operation chafes the hands even with great precaution. The balls are opened and shaken out, and then passed on to other workmen, who go through the same operation till they reach the headman, who examines the leaves to see if they have become curled. When properly done, and cooled, they arereturned to the iron pans, under which a low charcoal fire is burning in the brickwork which supports them, and there kept in motion by the hand. If they need another rolling on the table it is now given them: an hour or more is spent in this manipulation, when they are dried to a dull green colour, and can be put away to sifting and sorting. This colour becomes brighter after the exposure in sifting the cured leaves through sieves of various sizes; they are also winnowed to separate the dust, and afterward sorted into the various descriptions of green tea. Finally, the finer kinds are again fired three or four times, and the coarse kinds, as Twankay, Hyson, and Hyson skin, once. The others furnish the Young Hyson, Gunpowder, Imperial, etc. Tea cured in this way is called lJuh cha, or “green tea” by the Chinese, while the other, or black tea, is termed hung cha or “red tea,’ each name being taken from the tint of the infusion. After the fresh leaves are allowed to lie exposed to the air on the bamboo trays over-night or several hours, they are thrown into the air and tossed about and patted till they become soft: a heap is made of these wilted leaves and left to lie for an hour or more, when they have become moist and dark in colour. They are then thrown ou the hot pans for five minutes aud rolled on the rattan table, previous to expusure out of doors for three or four hours on sieves, during. which time they are turned over and opened out. After this they get a second roasting and rolling to give them their final curl. When the charcoal fire is ready a basket shaped something like can hourglass is placed eadwise over it, having a sieve in the middle on which the leaves are thinly spread. When dried five minutes in this way they undergo another rolling, and are then throwa into a heap untilall the lot has passed over the fire. When this firing is finished, the leaves are opened out and are again thinly spread on the sieve in the basket for a few minutes, which finishes the drying and rolling for most of the heap, and makes the leaves a uni- form black. They are now replaced in the basket in greater mass, and pushed against its sides by the hands in order to allow the heat to come up through the sieve and the vapor to escape; a basicet over all retains the heat, but the contents are turned over until perfectly dry, and the leaves be- come uniformly dark. It will be seen from this that green tea retains far more of the peculiar oil and sap in the leaves than the black, which undergo a pactial fermenta- tion and emit a sensibly warm vapor as they lie in heaps after the first roasting. They thus become oxidized by longer contact in a warm moist state with the atmosphere, and a delicate analysis will detect a greater amount of oxidized insoluble extract in an infusion of black than green tea, The same differ~ ence has been observed in drying medicinal plants, as hemlock, belladonna, &c, for the apothecary’s shop. Green teas are mostly produced in the region south of the Yangtsz’ river and west of Ningpo among the hills as one goes toward the Poyang Lake in Chehkiang and Nganhwin. The black tea comes from Fuhkien in the south-east and Hupeh and Hunan in the central region: Kwangtung and Sz’chueu provinces produce black, green, and brick teas. While the leaves of each species of the shrub can be cured into either green or black tea, the workmen in one district are able, by practice, to produce one kind in a superior style and quality: those in another re- gion will do better with another kind. Soil, too, has a great influence, as it has in grape culture, in modifying the proluce. Though the natives dis- tinguish only these three kinds, their varieties are far too numerous to remember, and the names are mostly unknown in commerce. Of black teas, the great mass is called Congou, or the “well-worked,” aname which took the place of the Bohea of one hundred and fifty years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term English Breakfast Tea. The finest sorts are either named from the place of theic growth, or more frequently have fancy appellations in allusion to their color or form. Orange Pekoe is named ‘‘superior perfume ;” pure Pekoe is “Tuantsz’ “eyebrows’’; “carnation hair,” “red plum blossom,” “lotus kernel, ” “sparrow’s-tongue,” “dragon’s pellet,” ‘“dragons’ whiskers,” “autumn dew,” ‘pearl flower” or Chu-lan, are other names; Souchong and Powchong refer to the modes of packing. June 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 799 NERA gS I TB PET aT ET ERE In the trade, teas are more commonly classified by their locality than their names, as it is found that well-marked differences in the style of the produce continue year after year, all equally well-cured tea. These arise from diversities in soil, climate, age, and manufacturing, and furnish materials for still further multiplying the sorts by skilfully mixing them, Thus in black teas we bave Hunan and Hupeh from two provinces, just as Georgia Uplands and Sea Island indi- cate two sorts of cotton; Ningyong, Kai-san, Ho-san, Sing-chune’-ki, &c, and many others, which are un- known out of China, are all names of places. One gentleman has given a list of localities, each furnishing its quota and peculiar product, amounting in all to forty-tive for black and nine for green. The area of these regions, is about four hundred and seventy thousand square miles, It will have been seen already that the color of green tea, as well as its quality, depends very much on rapid and expert drying. When this kind is intended for home consumption soon after it is made, the color is of little consequence; but when the hue influences the sale, then it is not to be overlooked by the manufacturer or the broker. The first tea brought to Hurope was from Fuhkien and all black, but as the trade extended probably some of the deli- cate Hyson sorts were now and then seen at Canton, and their appearance in England and Holland appre- ciated as more and more was sent. It was found, however, to be very difficult to maintain a nniform tint. If cured too slightly, the leaf was liable to fermentation during the voyage: if cured too much it was unmarketable, which for the manufacturer was worse yet. Chinese ingenuity was equal to the call, Though no patent office was at hand to register the date when coloring green tea commenced, it is probably more than one hundred years since. The three hundred and forty-two chests and half chests which were so summarily offered ov board the “ Dart- mouth,” the ‘“‘ Eleanor,” and the “ Beaver,” when their contents were thrown overboard in Boston harbor, on December 16, 1773, furnishes probably no index of the consumption of tea in New England at that time. It was allcalled Bohea by John Adams, who speaks of three cargoes, as if the vessels had nothing else of note in their holds. Dr. Holmes, in his ballad on the Boston Tea Party at; its centennial celebration, says inthe last verse:— The waters in the rebel bay Have kept the tea-leaf savor Our old North enters in their spray Still taste a Hyson flavor ; And Freedom’s teacup still o’erflows With ever fresh libations, To cheat of slumber all her foes And cheer the wakening nations. It has been noticed that emigrants to Australia, wko had seldom tasted green tea hefore leaving Eng- land, usually prefer it in their new homes, as new settlers do in this country. [United States.—Ep. } The prevailing notion that green tea is cured on copper arose, no doubt, from the conclusion that real verdigris was the only source of a verdigris color, and the astringent taste confirmed the wrong idea, A more difficult question to answer is the in- quiry, why is it still believed ? The operation of giving green tea its color is a simple one. A quantity of Prussian blue is pulverized to a very fine powder, and kept ready at the last roasting. Pure gypsum is burned in the charcoal fire till it is soft and fit for easily triturating. Four parts are then thoroughly mixed with three parts of Prussian blue, making a light blue powder. About five minutes before finally taking off the dried leaves this powder is sprinkled on them, and instantly the whole panfulof two or three pounds is turued over by the workman’s hands till a uniform colour is obtained, His hands come out quite blue, but the compound gives the green leaves a brighter green hue. The quan- tity is not great, say ha'f a pounl in a hundred of tea: and as gypsum is not a dangerous or irritating Substance, being constantly eaten by the Chinese, the other ingredient remains in an almost infini- tesimal degree. If foreigners preferred yellow teas no doubt they coull be favored, for the Ohinese are much perplexed to account for this strange predi- lection, as they never drink this colored or faced tea. Turmeric root has been dstected too, in a very few analyses, but probably there were lots that needed to be refine! at Oanton to cover up mildew or supply a demanil. The reasons for not drinking this tea are, tiowever, owing more to the nature than to the color o’ the leaf. The kinds of green tea are fewer than tlie black, and the regions producing it are less in area. Gunpowder and Imperial are foreign-made terms; the teas are known as sian chu and ta chu by uative dealers. The first is rolled to resemble shot or coarse gunpowder: the other is named “sore cral,’s eyes,’ ‘“‘sesamum seeds,” and “pearls.” Hyson is a corruption of yu-tsien ‘before the rains,” and «wf Hi-chun, meaning “ flourishing spring.” The last is alleged to be the name of a maiden who suggested to her father as long ago as 1700, or thereabouts, a better mode of sorting tea, and his business increased so much as his fine Hyson became known, that he gave it her name, Members of this same family are still engaged in making this same tea, and thechop, known as the Li yih-hing or Li’s« xtra perfume, is now in market and has maintained its reputation for nearly two bundred years. Oolong is obtained io Fuhkien—a black tea with a green tea flavor, named Black Dragon from astory that Su was struck with the fragrance of the leaf froma plant where a black saake was teund coiled. The great mart for green tea is Twankay in Chehkiang provi.ce. A chop is a well-l:nown name in the tea trade: it is derived from the Chinese word “chop” or stamp” such ag an official uses, and in the tea trade denotes a certain number o* packages from the same place, and all of the same quality. In the course of years the uniform excellence of a certain chop, like that of a certain vineyard, gives it a marketable value. A lawsuit arose in 1873 between two American houses at Oanton in regar to the right to a certain chop of tea, between two brokers, each of whom claimed to sell the genuine lot. Such chops range from fifty to one thousand two hundred chests, averaging six hundred. English tea tasters have learned that an admixture of scented teas in common sorts of Congou adds much to the flavor and sale. This is not often done for native drunk tea, and is chiefly practised at Oanton. The flowers used are roses, olea fragrans, tuberose, o: ange, Jasmine, gardeuia, and azalea. The stems, calyx, aid other parts are carefully sorted out, so that only the petals remain. When the tea is ready for packing, dry and warm, the fresh flowers are mixed with it (forty pounds to one hundred pounds for the orange), and left thus in a mass for twenty-four hours; it is then sifted and winnowed in a fanning mill «ll the petals are separated. If the odour is iusuffici nt, the operation may be repeated with the jasmine or the orange. The proportion of jasmine is a little more than orange; of the azalea nearly half and half. The length of time required to obtain the proper smell from these flowers differs, and among them a'l tea scented with the azalea ig said to keep its perfume the longest, The mode of scenting tea differs somewhat ac- cording to the flower itself, for the small blossom of the olea cannot be separated by sifting as rose or jasmine leaves can. ‘Tea thus perfumed is sent to Hngland as Orange Pekoe and Scented Oaper. It is mixed with fine teas: and there is much tu commend in thus increasing the aroma and taste of this healthy beverage. The Scented Caper comes in the form of round pellets, which are made of black tea softened by sprinkling water on it fora good while till most of the quantity takes this form; as soon as perfumed it is packed for shipment. When rolled and dried, such tea needs only a facing to make it into Imperial and Gunpowder among the green teas. The Chinese have been charged with adulterating their tea by mixing in other leaves with the true tea-leaf, and adding other ingredients far worse than rose, jujube, and fern-leaves, and the cases 800 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. $$$ SS which haye been proved of le-tea being sent off have been applied to the entire export. The stimulus for some of this adulteration has come from the foreigner, who desires to get good pure tea at half its cost of manufacture. The foregoing details will plainly show that an article which has to go through s0 many hands before its infusion is poured out ot the tea-pot on the other side of the world, and where the only machinery used is a farming mill and a roasting pan, cannot be furnished at much under twenty-five cents a pound for the common sorts. The villainous mixture known at Shang-hai as ma-lu cha, or “race course tea,’ was the answer on the part of the native manufacturer to the demand for cheap tea, until the consumers in Great Britain protested at the deception put on them, and its importation was prohibited. Which of the parties was most blameworthy may he left for them to settle, but in our own papers, of course, most of the blame rested on the tempted party. Itis not to be inferred, however, that all cheap tea is adulterated. The process of manufacture leaves a large percentage of broken material, which can be worked into passable tea: the produce of many regions has not the flavor of the finest sorts, and, as it is with wines, will not bear somuchcost in curing. The tea-brokers know this, and things equalize themselves. The dust, the leaf ribs, and the siftings are all consumed by the poor natives, who mix other leaves, too, with the real leaf. Tea can perhaps bear comparison with any other great staple of food in this respect; and when we can fairly estimate the consumption of tea sent out of Ohina and Japan at more than three hundred millions of pounds, it must be con- ceded that it is a very pure article—not as much, probably, as even five per cent. of false leaf. - One mode of using tea known among Tibetans and Mongols remains to be noticed. The rich pro- vince of Sz’chuen in the west part of Obina, fur- nishes an abundance of good tea; much of which is exported to Russia by way of Si’-nganfu and Kansuh, to supply the inhabitants of Siberia. This brick tea is cured by pressing the damp leaves into the form of a brick or tile, varying in size and weight, eight to twelve inches long and one thick: in this form it is far more easily carried than in the leaf. In Tibet, as we have seen, it appears more as a soup than an infusion. The brick tea is composed of of coarse leaves, or of stalks moistened by steaming over boiling water, and then pressed till dry and hard. When used, a piece is broken off and sim- mered with milk and butter and water, with a touch of vinegar or pepper. The dish is not inviting at first, but Abbé Hue endorses its refreshing qualities in restoring the failing energies. The pressing and drying is assisted by sprinkling the mass with rice water as it is forced into the moulds. The Chinese mix other leaves with real tea to eke it out, in districts where it is not commonly grown, but they do not regard this as adulteration. Willow leaves are com- mon in such mixtures. Large caravans cross the plateau laden with brick tea. ; Packing tea is mostly done in the interior where it is cured. The large dry leaves frequently found inside are usually furnished by a peculiar species of bamboo: the lead is made into thin sheets by pouring the melted lead on to a large, square brick, covered with several thicknesses of paper, and letting another brick drop down instantly on it. In order to.te-t the honesty of the packing, the foreign merchant walks over the three hundred to six hundred chests which make a chop, and selects any four or five he may choose for examination. If they stand the inspection the whole is taken on their guarantee, and (they) are then weighed, papered, labelled, and mottoed ready for shipping. In all these matters the Chinese are very expert. It is impossible to calculate the number of persons to whom the tea trade furnishes employment: nor could machinery well come into use to displace human labour. The introduction of tea among western nations was slow at first. Marco Polo has no notice. of its use. The Dutch brought it to BHurope in 1591 according to some accounts; but a sample or two did not make a trade, and there would have been reference to itif it had been used, In 1660 Sumuel Pepys writes, Sept. 28th:—I did send for a cup of tea (a China drink), of which I had never drank before. Nearly seven years after he says: ‘Home, and there find my wife a making of tea, a drink which Mr. Pellin, the apothecary, tells her is good for her cold and deflexions,” In 1670 the importation into England was 79 pounds: in 1685 it was 1,207 pounds: most of it came from Baiavia and sold for a long time between £10 and £5 a pound weight. In 1657 Mr. Garney [Garraway?] opened a shop in London to sell the infusion, and paid an excise of 8d. per gallon. * * * Russia takes more good tea than any other nation and pays more for it, because the former overland trade to Siberia could not afford to transport poor tea. * * * ‘Tea is a native of Assam, but its discovery only dates from 1836 or there- abouts. It is cultivated in Jaya and Brazil,* but there is not much to encourage the manufacturer in any country where coffve supplies a similar beverage and the price of labour makes it equal to the imported article. The remarkable work on agriculture of Paul Si, a convert to Christianity in 1620, contains a brief account and directions for cultivating tea. In con- cluding the chapter he urges the greater use of tea as against spirits. ‘‘ Tea is of a cooling nature, and if drunk too freely will produce exhaustion and lassitude, Oountry people before drinkin; it add gin- ger and salt to counteract this cooling property. It is an exceedingly usetul plant: cultivate it and the benefit will be widely spread: drink it aud the animal spirits will be lively and clear. The chief rulers, lords, and great men csteem it: the lower people, the poor and beggarly, will notbe destitute of it, all use it daily and like it.” The chemical analyses which have made known to us the components of the four or five substances used as warm beverages, viz., tea, coffee, mate, cocoa, guarana, and kola, indicate three constituents found in them, to which, no doubt, their virtues are owing. A volatile oil is observed when tea is distilled with water; about one pound comes from one hun- dred pounds of dried tea.f possessing its peculiar aroma and flavor to high degree. Much of it is pressed from the leaves when rolled and cured, but little as still remains, its effects upon the human’ system are noticeable and sometimes powerful- Tea tasters who continually taste the quality of the various lots submitted by sample for their approval, do so by breathing upon a handful of leaves, and instantly covering the nose, so as to get this volatile aroma as one important test. They also examine the infusion in several different ways, by its taste, color, and strength. Long practice in this business is alleged to have deleterious influence upon their nervous systems. The other beverages we drink, as well as tea, derive their peculiar and esteemed flavor and aroma from chemical substances produced in them during the process of drying and roasting ; at least nothing of them can be perceived in their natural state. Another substance in tea regarded as the chief inducement and reward in its effect on the system is the peculiar principle called theine. If a few finely-powdered leaves are placed on a watch glass covered with a paper cap and placed on a) hot plate, a white vapor slowly rises and condenses inthe cap in the form of colorless crystals. They exist in different proportions in the different kinds of tea, from one and one-half to five or six percent in green tea. Theine has no smell and a slightly bitter taste, and does not therefore attract us to drink the infusion; but the chemists tell us that it contains nearly thirty per cent of nitrogen. Thesalts in other beverages, as coffee and eveoa, likewise con- tain much nitrogen, and ali tend to repair the waste * Ceylon not deemed worth of mention in 1883, is, in 1887 likely to take rank far before Java as a tea-exporting country.—Ep. + hat is 1 per cent.—Ep. June 1, 1889. | going on in the human system, reduce the amount of solid food necessary, diminish too the wear and tear of the body and consequent lassitude of the mind, and maintain the vigor of both upon asmaller amount of food. Tea does this more pleasantly, perhaps than any of the others; but it does more than they do for old people in supplementing the impaired powers of diges- tion, and helping them to maintain their flesh, and up- hold the system in health longer than they otherwise would. It is no wonder, therefore, that tea has be- come one of the necessaries of life; and the sexagenarian invalid, too poor to buy a bit of meat for her meal, takes her pot of tea with what she has, and knows that she feels lighter, happier, and better fitted for her toil, and enjoys life more than if she had no tea. Unconsciously she echoes what the Ohinese said centuries ago, “‘ Drink it and the animal spirits will be lively and clear.” The third substance (which is contained in tea more than in the other beverages mentioned) forms also an important ingredient in betel-nut and gambier, so extensively chewed in Southern Asia, viz., tannin or tannic acid. This gives the astringent taste to tea-leaves on their infusion, and is found to amount to seventeen per cent. in well-dried black tea, and much more than that in green tea, especially the Japan leaf. The effects of tannin are not clearly ascertained as apart from the oil and the theine, but Johnston considers them as conduring to the exhilarating, satisfying, and narcotic action of the beverage. A remaining ingredient worthy of notice in tea, in common with other foods is gluten. This forms one- fourth of the weight of the leaves, but in order to derive the greatest good from it which proper methods of cooking might bring out, we must contrive a mode of eating the leaves. The nutritious property of the gluten accounts for the general use of brick tea through- out the Asiatic plateau. Huc says he drank the dish in default of something better, for he was unaccustomed to it, but his cameleers would often take twenty to forty cups a day. If the sanitary effects of tea upon the system are so great and wholesome, its influence since its general introduction among occidentals cannot be overlooked. The domestic, quiet life and habits of the Obinese owe much of their strength to their con- stant use of this beverage, for the weak infusion which they sip allows them to spend all the time they choose at the tea-table. If they were in the habit of sipping even their weak whiskey in the same way, misery, poverty, quarrels, and sickness would take the place of thrift, quiet, and industry. The general tem- perance seen among them is owing to the tea much more than apy othercause. It has, moreover, won its way with us, till in the present generation the associations that cluster around the tea-table form an integral part of the social life among English-speaking peoples. Ove of the most likely means to restrict the use of spirits among them is to substitute the use of warm beverages of all kinds by those whose system has not become vitiated. Tea is one of the greatest benefits to the Ohinese, Japanese, and Mongols, and its universal use for at least fifteen centuries throughout their territories has proven its satisfaction as a nervine, a stimulant, anda beverage. If one passing through the streets of Peking, Canton, or Ohosaka, and see- ing the good-natured hilarity of the groups of laborers and loiterers around the cha-kwan and the cha-ya of those cities, doubts the value of tea as aharmonizer and satisfier of human wants and passions, it must be taken as a proof of his own unsatisfied cravings. It is a necessary of life to all classes of natives, and that its use is not injurious is abundantly evi- dent from its general acceptauce and increasing adoption: the prejudice against the beverage out of Ohina may be attributed chiefly to the use of strong green tea, which is no doubt prejudicial. If those who have given it up on this account will adopt a weaker infusion of black tea, general experience is proof that it will do them no harm, and they may be sure that they will not be so likely to be deceived by a colored articie. Neither the Chinese nor Japanese use milk or sugar in their tea, and the peculiar taste nd aroma is much better perceived without those THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 301 additions. Tea, when clear, cannot be drunk so strong without tasting un unpleasant bitte:ness, which these diluents partly hide. [p- 873. Vol. I1] The history of the culture and trade in tea by Samuel Ball of Oanton in 1835, may yet be considered as an authority upon the subject. The growth in the use of tea is ‘instructive too, rising from an importation of about eighty pounds into England in 1670, tiil it had so well vindicated its virtues and enlarged its use among that people, that in 1880 one hundred and eighty million lb. were required .to supply them: and more than that was exported elsewhere from Ohina. Export of Tea from China during ten years. (Vol II. p. 404.) Year.) Black. | Green.| Leaf.| Dust.| Brick. | Total. Peculs | Peculs \Peculs|Peculs| Peculs | Peculs 1872 |1,420,170] 252,464 85| 950} 95,994]1,774,663 1873 |1,274,232) 235,413 372 416) 107,330]1,617,763 1874 |1,444,249] 212,834) .. 3,504) 74,792]1,735,379 1875 |1,488,611) 210,282) .. 2,594) 166,900) 1,818,337 1876 {1,415,349| 189,714) 74] 3,799] 153,951|1.762,887 1877 |1,552,174| 197.522 36) 12,158] 147,810]1,909,700 1878 |1,517,617| 172,826} .. | 14,236) 194,277/1,898,956 1879 |1,523,419] 183,234) .. 5,270) 275,540)1,987,463 1880 |1,661,325] 188,623} .. 14,201} 232.969|2,097,118 1881 '1,636,724| 238,064; .. (15,186) 247,49812,137,472 (The Pecul weighs 138 ib.) {The import of tea from Ohina into Britain alone, culminated in 1886, with 104,229,313 lb. In 1887 the quantity went down to 90,581,753 lb. in consequence of inferiority in the China article and the rapid advance in public favour of Indian and Ceylon tea of which the imports, in 1887 were: Indian 83,112,272 lb; Ceylon 9,941,860 lb.; totai 93,054,132 lb—Hp. 7. 4.] > A Tra Exurpirion mn JApAN.—Says the Japan Weekly Mail of March 16th :—Arrangements are being made to open an exhibition of tea at Kobe during next month. THe American TEA Company is the sub- ject of reference in two very pointed letters in our columns today, and we see that Mr. Pineo is to canvas Uva on the Company’s behalf. We have no doubt that a canvass of this kind will be specially successful. Mica.—Messrs. Richard Baker & Co. the well- known brokers, of Mincing Lane, have recently drawn up areport on some samples of mica sub- mitted to them. We give some extracts from this report, as if ought to be of considerable interest to our colonial readers, considering the discovery in mica recently made. Messrs. Richard Baker & Co. report that the sample submitted is the best and largest they have ever seen of Australian mica, and it certainly denotes a valuable deposit of sound, clear, and large slabs of merchantable mica, The sample brought in is from the surface, the clay and cracks about it proving this, but as one digs deeper better quality will be obtained. Regarding the shipment of mica from Australia, it is advised that small shipments shouid be sent at first of as good mica as can be obtained, the slabs to be as large, clesr, and sound as possible, and to be well trimed of waste and cracky mica. The kind of mica most desired are slabs so large that 3 inches by 4 inches, minimum sizes can be cut, and prices depend entirely on how much can be got out ofa slab, and its size and quality, and freedom from cracks. The price ranges from 4s to 7s per lb. and upwards for cut mica, perfect quality and sizes, from 3 by 4 to 8 by 10 inches. It is no use shipping slabs that would cut less, perfectly sound, than 3 by 4 inches, —Oolonies & India. 802 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. eee ees Ricz Cuntivation 1n Cryzon.—There is too much truth in Mr. W. Jansz’s contention that without official pressure on the headmen and indeed a mild form of “ Rajakariya” it is useless expecting to improve or extend rice cultivation in Cey- lon. It is all very well contending in long- winded columns where involved sentences simply serve to cloud meaning, that radical fiscal reforms would be the salvation of the Ceylon rice-grower. In other words, sweep away the food-taxes and leave the people alone? ;—and the result we verily believe would be a reduced, in place of extended, area under cultivation. At any rate, it is a fact that this was the result of granting remis- sion of taxation in a certain well-known district. But apart from this, everyone knows that the alternative to the abolition of the ‘ food taxes” ig a universal land-tax, one of the greatest curses which could fall on the natives, or the planters, of Ceylon, JAPAN AND THE Corton ‘Trapu.—Now that attention to cotton culture in Ceylon has been revived, the following details by an Indian contem- porary, are interesting :— : We have already in these columns dealt with the long and elaborate report by Mr. Longford, our Vice-Oonsul at Tokyo, collating all the facts and figures in regard to the native cotton industry in Japan. The subject, however, is of such interest, both to the country gener- ally and to Bombay particularly, that it will bear re- verting to. Mr, Longford gives some very curious in- formation in regard to the cultivation of the cotton plant by the Japanese farmer. Though grown gener- ally, cotton is only a secondary crop, the seed being gown in narrow trenches between rows of standiny wheat or barley. The most suitable land for the crop is one of sandy soil, with the admixture of earth and sand, about the proportion of two parts earth to one of sand. The first manure applied is a combina- tion in equal parts of chopped straw ashes, green grass, rice bran,and earth from the bottom of stagnant pools. This is liberally sprinkled by hand along the trenches about ten days before the actual sowing takes place. The seed is steeped in water for one night before being placed in the ground. It is then sown, slightly mixed with straw ashes, the seeds being placed at intervals of a few inches, covered with earth to the depth of half aninch, and gently trampled down by foot. The buds appear above the earth four or five days after sowing, and the standing wheat or barley is then ripe for the sickle. After this is har- vested, the cotton buds are carefully thinned, five or six plants being left in each foot of length. There are three further manurings, and when the plant has reachea a height of six or seven inches the head is pinched off by the fingers, with the object of checking the excessive growth of the stem and of directing the strength into the branches, which usually number five or six. All minor branches spring- ing from these main ones are carefully pruned off as they appear, so as to prevent their impeding the full growth of the pod. When the pods are fully opened the field is constantly watched, and each plant is picked the moment it appears fit, the cotton not being allowed to fall to the ground as this would detract from its value. The cotton is next spread out on mats, and allowed to dry and swell in the sun for two or three days. The Japanese farmer then, as a rule, puts it aside till leisure from other agri- tural operations enables him to deal with it. The average yield from the best land is about 120 lb. per acre. TopAcco CuLTIVATION NwAR NeGompo at THE Beeinning oF THE 18rH Oxnntury.—The German traveller Heydt, who spent some years in Ceylon between 1730 and 1740, gives in his book an inter- esting account of tobacco cultivation near Negombo, After a description of the town and fort of Negombo he proceeds :— Round about Negombo moreover there is a very good énd fruitful stretch of land, and the Hollandigh soldiers are very willing to be stationed there on ac- count of the plentiful supply of all kinds of provisions in spite of its being very lonely there, since the garri- son is small and there are few European inhabitants there. They also cultivate round Negombo all kinds of the country fruits (of which the commonest is the coco tree), and also a great deal of tobacco, which grows in that region very readily and in superabun- dance, and is then sent in large quantities to Oolombo and other adjacent places; forthe natives also use it in their Pynangh [7.¢. betel] chewing, and are every- where accustomed to smoke it. But in order to do this they do not use any pipes, but they simply roll up a leaf slit in the middle, put one end into their mouth, and let the other stick out, and thus they smoke, until 1t begins to burn close to their mouth, when they throw it away. It is a clever contrivance, by which also the cost of pipes is saved. The Hollandish soldiers, in the absence of pipes, also make use of this method of smoking. And thisis the common custom among the Portuguese, who, I believe, were the ones to introduce it. This tobacco is, as compared with ours, very light, and in smoking has a powerful drying effect: still,in the absence of European or Hollandish it is much used by the common folk, suchas soldiers and sailors, as it can be had much cheaper than the latter. It is however of more value in other distant places, and is sent as a rarity not only as far as the Oape of Good Hope but even now and then to Hol- land to gratify this or that connoisseur. It is amusing in these days to read of cheroot smoking as a novelty: but, as our readers may be aware, the very word cheroot is a corruption of the Tamil guruttw ‘rolled.’ (See Col. Yule’s Hobson-Jobson s. v.) CooLIn DIFFICULTIES SEEM GATHERING IN PzRAK.— The collector of Matang reports that seventeen coolies have absconded from one estate, owing $475, most of them old hands. Two of them were re-captured and sentenced to a rattaning. None of the Deli (Sumatra) coolies desert. The offenders were men picked up locally who got an advance and then bolted. The Chinese employers of labour are not inclined to contribute very li- berally to the Famine Fund, giving as a reason the conduct of the Chinese Government in dis- couraging emigration to the estates here. From a humanitarian point of view says Mr. Welman this argument is, perhaps, hardly sound, but ex- presses what is felt to be a grievance by, the sugar planters, who object to the Dutch Colonies being favoured at their expense. At Selama there were threatenings of trouble in consequence of increased hours of labour being demanded; a compromise, however, settled the question. Mr. Brewster, hold- ing Court, had the Court-House filled with dis- contented coolies complaining of the additional hour; he advised them to return peacefully to work but they would not do so, for several days. Subse- quently the employers discussed the matter with him and agreed only to employ such as would work seven hours, all has since gone on quickly. This is an advance on the English eight hours labour agitation which betokens much cunning on the part of the coolies. The Superintendent of the Intelligence Department says that during 1888 a greater number of coolies absconded than has ever yet been recorded; not one-fifth of those abscon- ding have been arrested and the Discharge Ticket system has proved no protection. Crimping has been carried on with great activity and the men have been taken quite out of the colony to Deli, Selangor, Tongkah, Kédah and Pahang. There are now absconding 6,000 coolies a year and the system effects little if any good. Photographing coolies has become optional since the end of the year ; it was never of any value (so says Mr. Wagner) so far as could be discovered.—S, F’. Press, April 11th. Jone 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. 803 CULTIVATION OF PEPPER AT 1,400 FEET ATTITUDE IN CEYLON. [By a Practical Ceylon Planter.) AT CRYSTAL HILL—VILLAGE CUTTINGS—MORTALITY IN DRY WEATHER—BEWARE WILD FEPPER—DIFFICULTY OF A NURSERY—A CUTTING DEFINED—NATIVE STYLE OF PLANTING—ADVANTAGE OF ROOTED CUTTINGS — THOSE WITH NO ROOTS ‘KEPT 12 MONTHS IN THE NURSERY—DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF GROWTH NOTHING TO DO WITH SO-CALLED VARIETIES—POOR SOIL—VINES ON DECIDUOUS TREES—DEAD PLANTS SHOOTING UP AGAIN— IPS SECRET—PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS AND FROM SEED-—BRANCH CUTTINGS SHORT LIVED—PRUNING NOT SUITABLE TO CEYLON—TRAINING UP THE TREE “VINES ON FRUIT TREES DAMAGED BY COOLIES—PEPPER AT HALOYA 2000 FEET HLEVATION—CUTTINGS FROM NEGOMBO—ANOTHER SECRET REVEALED —EXPOSURE TO THE MORNING SUN AND SHELTER FROM AFTERNOON— PEPPER AT COTTA 100 FEET ELEVATION—BATTICALOA—TENDENCY OF THE PLANT TO GROW TOWARD THE EAST—CHANGE OF SEED NOT NEW VARIETIES —DEGENERATION OF NATIVE SPECIES TO IMPROVE BY A STRANGER— MALABAR VARIETY NOT STRONG AS NATIVE—LONG PEPPER. Matale East, the district of my residence since 1879, I always thought to be about the best for the cultivation of pepper, seeing how freely it grew in the villages round about; but I could not make a_ beginning till 1884 when the management of Crystal Hill estate was handed over to me. Before my time pepper had been planted on the place by the proprietor, Mr. A. G. K. Borron, and by my time many of the vines were in full bearing. These were all under shade trees among the cacao; and encouraged by the progress they had made, it was resolved to plant pepper under all other trees, especially arecanuts with which we had about 30 acres planted 10x10 feet and 6 to 8 years old. The S.-W. monsoon was then just setting in and a start had to be made at once. This gave us no time to consider about raising plants in a nursery; in fact, we attached no importance to such considerations as cuttings from old vines were supposed to be all that was required and these could have been got in any quantity from the immediate neighborhood. Accordingly, as was the custom in the country (a practice evidently introduced by some planters) coolies were sent to purchase cuttings. These were usually 18 inches in length and cost from R5 to Rio per 1,000; and anything that came to hand in the shape of a pepper cutting was readily dibbled into the ground. About 20,000 plants were put out in this manner and the weather being all that could be desired, these were all of course expected to grow up satisfactorily. About a month elapsed and we were still being favoured with occasional showers; but what was my disappointment to find, after all that trouble and expense, about 50% of my plants completely destroyed—some rotted and some dried—and even out of those that were still keeping fresh only a few growing. A week or so after this, the weather had changed to a series of dry hot days, and fancy the magnitude of my horror when I beheld day after day that even those that were growing succumb to what we thought to be the effect of the rays of the sun. As the only remedy to save even those that were still remaining, resort was at once had to shading the plants with leaves. Toa certain extent this proved to be successful. But notwithstanding all that shade and constant looking after, I made out about 80% of my plants to have failed before the next rainy season bad set in. It is not necessary to dwell on the various theories that had beeen advanced to account for the failures of our first attempt as the facts connected with our second attempt to supply those failures will show what they were. Long before the N. -E. monsoon set in arrangements were made to get cuttings and have them kept in a nursery so as to be in readiness for planting out with the first ‘Tains. Nursery beds were prepared where water was easily accessible and cuttings obtained from the villages as before. But in obtaining these cut- tings this time I had to be more cautious, for! found only when it was too late that a good many of the plants of my first planting were of a kind what we call wild pepper which use to grow in the jungles, The best method of de- lecting these whenever an attempt is made to palm them off as genuine, is to compare the leaves of both species: the leaf of the wild one is somewhat pubes cent, while the other is glossy. By this means the best cuttings were collected, but a difficulty arose when they were to be put in the nursery: Whicli is the best way to place the cuttings in the bed? No one could say exactly, but still the difterences of opinions on the subject were many. The inexhaustible Tropical Agriculturist which I consulted first could not help me at all. My native neigh- bours could tell me only how they planted a vine long ago, but did not know how to Talse a nursery as they never heard of one, At last commonsense had to be relied upon, and one of our theories was (1) that, as they grew from every joint, the longer cuttings should be bent into a bow and both ends buried in the ground at least 6 inches deep; another (2) was to bury the middle of the cutting and have both cids jutting out a few inches above the ground; (3) cuttings which were shorter than 12 inches were put about three inches apart in the ordinary way six inches deep. All the beds were shaded with branches of trees except one bed which was sown with seeds, and were watered as was found to be necessary. But, alas, what was the result? When the time came for planting them out, hardly one-half of the cuttings were alive! Theory No. 1 was a complete failure, No. 2 partly so, but No. 3 so fara success, at least not so disappointing. On the whole, as the saying is, after many failures comes success, I was not discouraged by the failure of this experiment, for herein I conceived the idea how to raise a pepper nursery with any description of cuttings successfully. Here I must remark that by whomsoever the system had peen introduced, a great blunder had been committed in regard to the manner bepper cuttings are bought and sold now-a-days. As the branch cuttings when grown donot prove to be good climbers but rather inclined to grow into a bush for some time and then die off, the cuttings from the root, or shoots growing out AS GROWN from the parent vine and creep on the ground are always preferred for raising plants. These shoots are usually several yards in length with roots hanging down from almost every joint. The native style of planting was to pull out the whole of one of these shoots and bury it round a tree in two or three coils ; they must therefore count each shoot as a plant. But according to the rule in vogue at present, a shoot will be cut into a dozen lengths and sold as a dozen plants. It does not concern us as to whether it is the practice in India or in the Straits Settlements : we should adhere to the rule which was in force here from time immemorial. But to return to my cultivation. As might be expected we planted out all the surviving plants and made up the difference for supplying our failures by buying fresh lots of cuttings from the villages, but this time I insisted on getting and planting only the cuttings that had plenty of roots in them, as I found these to grow better than those without roots. The cuttings that came without roots, I cut into pieces of g inches in length so as to have three or more joints in each piece, and put them into a nursery over which I had a thatched roof, 6 feet high, so as to prevent the rays of the sun falling on its beds, but which at the same time gave it plenty of airy room and plenty of light. I felt that these two conditions were absolutely necessary for raising pep- per plants in a nursery either from seed or cuttings. These plants I expected to leave in the nursery for at least 6 months before the next planting season. Iam now of opinion that to leave them in the nursery for a whole year, 6 months under shade and 6 morths exposed to the sun by removing the roof, would be so much the better for them as the sequel will show. The supplying of my first season’s failures having been done during the first week of the re- gular N.-E. rains, the plants I put out from the nursery, as well as the rooted cuttings I so carefully selected and pianted, had plenty of time to grow. The rains that year continued from October to January, and so far as my observya- tion went, I found not a single failure for four months among any of my second season’s planting. The dry season began in February and the heat was intense in March, and although I took the precaution to have all my plants shaded in good time, the drought at an elevation of 1,400 feet above the mean sea level was too much for even the growing plants to withstand, and consequently a large percentage died out again. It was very strange to observe the different conditions in which the plants that survived the drought had been placed; and when I compare them with the conditions of those that had succumbed were placed, my bewilderment became still greater. If one were to suppose that sufficient shade would keep a pepper plant alive in any dry weather, here then is an instance to prove the contrary, for I could have counted hundreds of them under trees with abundance of foliage which afforded them the best natural shelter, all dead, while in another more open _ situation hundreds might be seen to be growing _ satisfactorily. Here again is an open patch where the best. plants had been put out, but now hardly one to be seen; while a few yards farther is a clump of shady trees under whose sombre foliage they are growing like common ferns. This strange anomaly as might be expected led me to the conclusion that there were different varieties of pepper growing in the island, and that of these some grew under shade and some exposed. If this was the case, surely cuttings can be chosen and planted according to the suitability of each locality. But the theory does not reconcile with the results of my nursery experiments where under a given condition all the plants thrive, till they are removed and planted out. If any of these plants had been of the variety that did not grow under shade there would have been a perceptible number of failures. But such was not the case, and so the failures outside could not be attributed to such a cause. Being then but a beginner as I was, my next impression was that the soil which had been an abandoned field of coffee was old and exhausted, and though some old vines growing thereon were growing luxuriantly and_ bear good crops, they had been planted when the soil was still fertile and new, but now the plants would not grow as the soil had lost its fertility. But I do not believe in this theory with the experience I have gained up to the present day, as I have reason to believe that pepper could be cultivated in any poor soil provided only the rules necessary to encourage its propensities be strictly observed; that is to say, we must allow the plant to grow as it will, when it will grow as we want. Since beginning the cultivation I had two seasons for planting, both of which were taken advantage of as already stated. The survivors of the first season were now 12 months old, while those of the second were 6 months. The scarcity ot rain still continued and by about the middle of April the drought had done its warst. What with soil, climate and elevation, here was the saddest picture to behold! So much money and labour absorbed and not asingle plant of either the first or the second season to be seenalive! All hopes blasted and gone! Even the older vines that looked so lovely with their rich foliage and a promising crop were now quite bare and looked as if they were about to go off. ‘This afforded me an opportunity to observe the in- fluence which the trees on which the vines grew exercised over the vines. Those that grew on any deciduous trees as the Inga Saman, dadap or era- bodda, kapok, &c. were ‘the worse for it; while those which grew on jak, arecanut, kekuna, and such other trees which were not deciduous, were still holding on. Even these latter would doubtless have passed off like their companions of the vegetable world, but for the timely rains of the month of May and once more the drooping hearts of the poor Matale planters were cheered? June followed with more rain, and the ravages of the drought were to a considerable extent repaired. And it was then that I found out the advan- tage of having a plethora of roots in the pepper cutting or plants, before it is planted out and allowed to take care of. itself ; for wherever this had been the case I found the plant which was given up for dead during the drought, immediately after-the rains spring up in beautiful suckers and those that sprang up in this manner were nota few, but thousands. Here then is one of the secrets of the pepper plant—if cuttings without roots are planted out, they die immediately those with a little root hold on for some time, and rot in the ground, but those with more root grow during the rains, and though a drought may follow and destroy all that is of the plant above, they keep alive under the surface, and spring up again. The advantage of planting well-rooted plants will now be quite obvious; and to get plants of this description as I have said before, it would be necessary to allow them to remain in the nursery for 12 months, treated in the same way as we did ae cinchona under thatched roofs. These hints apply only to plants raised from cuttings. Where plants have been raised from seed (sown when fresh and ripe 5 or 6 inches apart) they should be kept in the nursery for at least 18 months, and then put out. I do not think there is any difference in longevity between plants raised from seed and plants from cuttings, and neither do I believe as to there being any difference in their fecundity or crop-producing powers. In fact, from thousands of old vines now flourishing in the district I cannot get anyone to point out which one has been grown from a cutting and which froma seed. It is said that seed plants take longer to bear; but I have not yet found an example, and neither an authority for supposing that itis true. I have already mentioned that branch cuttings are not much sought after for raising plants as they do not grow up the tree as a climber, but rather grow into a bush and soon die off. I have some plants of this description now four years old with a few bun- ches of crop on each. One of these is just beginning to throw out which are all climbing up an arecanut palm! So it would appear that after a time branch cuttings do grow up a tree. But, from this would again appear that its power of producing foliage and gaining new roots is really very slow, and that this isthe cause of its short existence. The slightest drought deprives it of its nourishment owing to the paucity of its feeding roots. I do not there- fore think that it is quite safe to try the experiment of growing pepper gooseberry fashion into small bushes by plants raised from branch cuttings, as has been suggested by some correspondents in the local newspapers recently. Hitherto it was thought sufficient simply to dibble the ground with a fork and put in a cutting. But since it is of paramount importance to afford the plant every facility for the development of its roots within the shortest space of time, I think the holes should be made large and freed from stones and other roots. For putting 12 months’ old nursery plants the holes should be at least 9x12 inches. When planting out care will have to be taken not to allow the roots to bend upward; it would therefore be more advisable not to pull out the plant from the nursery with a ball of earth, but rather to thoroughly loosen the bed and then pick up the plants one by one doing as little injury to the small root- lets as possible and avoiding all chances of crushing or breaking the tender leaf-bud of the growing shoot. ! ‘ The preceding remarks whether or not of practical Interest to those who are about to embark in the cultivation of pepper under circumstances similar to those in which I was placed, refer only to experiences gained during a_ period of two successive planting seasons ; and it must be mentioned that were Ito enter into the details of going over more ground, as the cultivation was extended during several seasons, it would be simply repeating the same story again. But it wouid be expected from me to place on record any observations I may have made during my progress for the last five years ; butin this I fear I would only qualify myself very poorly. Two years back when my oldest plant may be said to have been three years of age, and was only from 12 to 18 inches from the ground, where it happened to creep in a single shoot over an arecanut or a jak tree, or where it was spreading on the ground in several shoots round the trees, it was supposed thata topdressing or pruning would induce it tothrow out more shoots and grow more vigorously, and this was accordingly done over a small area. But it may be remarked that the experiment was nota success ; for about 12 months after when I expected to see them greatly improved, they were no better than they were before. It is therefore conclusive that the system is unsuitable to this climate. Instead of pruning, I have so found out that it is a greater help to the plant totrain it up the tree by tying it with some bark of trees or soft strings as soon as the plants begin to grow, and great care should be taken to leave them unmolested till they have thrown out tendrils and taken hold of the tree. But there are great drawbacks tothis being achieved. Jak trees bear fruit and the coolies are apt to climb upon them to pick, and thereby trample or otherwise injure the vine by breaking the shoots which retard its growth materially. Those growing on arecanut trees also share the same fate; it is however not the case with vines growing on other jungle trees. I have already stated that pepper can be grown on any poor soil, and will now go a step further and add that it can also be grown in any kind of climate within the tropics. When my oldest plants were four years (anage at which pepper usually begins to crop) the bulk of them were only from two to three feet from the ground, while the others had grown up from ten to fifteen feet high. At first it was supposed that the latter grew on richer soil than the former ; but having found some of them to be growing on comparatively poor soil as well, the secret of their success still remained a mystery. Just about this time there appeared a notice in the local papers advertising pepper plants forsale at Lower Haloya estate near Peradeniya, the property of Mr. R.J. Farquharson, and it being desirable to try a change of cuttings, as agriculturisis always try a change of seed I, visited that place about twenty months ago, and enfleavoured to obtain some cuttings from some of the best pepper vines that I“have seen growingim the Central Province. These | have now in a nursery which of itself isa thing of beauty to see. What impressed my mind most at Haloya’ was to see the ground shoots of the vines growing on rocks and bearing crop; and then the parent vines which weretwelve months old would beat any of 8 years of age in Matale. With an elevation of 2,000 feet, the climate more moist, the pepper seems to have here just what it wants. But when Mr. Farquharson told me that he got bis cuttings originally from Negombo in the Western Province, I had to look more «bout me to know the secrets of his succvss. I must therefore leave climate and clewation aside and look elsewhere for its cause; and I think 'I have got it—a secret which is very little thought of in this country, although the gteatest importance is attached to it by cultivators in the Straits Settlements and countries about it. For growing pepper the Chinese and Malays always select a piece of land which faces the east and is sheltered from the west, iit there was any virtue in this selection, it must be, 1 suspect, that the morning shoots. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. sun is more essential to the plant than the hot’ afternoons/)|TThé \gituation jf Haloya favours this idea; and when Isay that most of the best growing plants on Crystal Hill are also to be found in situations facing the east, it would appear ‘nat there is some truth in the theory. On a recent visit to Cotta near Colombo I was greatly interested with a pepper vine shown to me in his garden by Mr. John Garth, which was then ofly 18 months old, but in height to feet from the ground with a fair promise of crop. The climate of Cotta with an elevation of perhaps 100 feet above the mean sea level, is, I think, more moist than it is in Matale, and its proximity to the sea in the west which is only five miles distant, always brings to it the frequent showers of rain which afise rom the sea, but which as’ they reach higher regions is dispersed and carried away by different currents of wind. The soil of Cotta is the same as what may be seen in all parts of Colombo—cabook and red clay, and as Mr. Garth’s property must have been cleared and planted with coconuts more than 15 years ago, I should think the best of its good qualities must by this time have been exhausted; and I cannot therefore admit that any special richness of the soil, combined with its more favourable rainfall to be the cause of the wonderful growth of the vine I hadseen with hardly any attention paid to it, than the full exposure of the field where it grew to the morning sun, and its protection from the heat of the rest of the day. Now compare these facts with what has been said of pepper grown successfully at one time in Batticaloa in the Eastern Province, and the con- clusion will be irresistible that it was chiefly due to its exposure to the east and shelter from the west. By advancing this theory of an “‘ eastern situation” I do not mean to say that pepper would not grow in any other aspect of land, for I have seen vines growing without any trouble at all in diverse positions in native villages as well as in cultivated estates. But even then these are only few and far between and should be considered as exceptions. But then these exceptions will not fail to strike even a casual observer as to there being a certain tendency in the smallest plant as well as in the larvest vine toincline all its growing powers to a point from whence it gets the most light, and a further glance will show that this light which exercises such a great influence over it, is not of the afternoon, but of the morning. The best specimen of a vine might be seen to be growing over a half decayed jak tree which is fully exposed to the sun blazing from the west; but if one would only examine as to which was the side it had originally struck root, creeped along its support and covered itself with the richest foliage, it would invariably be seen that all this was done from the first of the four cardinal points: Now having said this much to the point under discussion, I arrive at’ the conclusion that where the plant is not atforded natural shelter, it would be always of some advantage to provide artificial shade from the side it gets the afternoon sun. This could always be obtained by putting out the plant alwayS to the eastern side of the tree on which it is intended to grow, but where it could not be had other remedies will have to be adopted. Unlike some other products of agriculture, | think, we must pay more attention to change of seed in pepper cultivation than to anything else. This should not be understood as if I am recommending the adoption of any dis- tinct variety of pepper; in fact 1 do not believe that even where one could be distinguished from the other, any one variety would grow and bear better than another. If, however, any of my , brother planters prefer the “ Malabar variety,’ bought at such exorbitant prices as those recently advertised in the local newspapers, over what could be obtained in the country, they would do well to first see what has been the result of similar experiments with other products and satisfied that the money thus given away would be returned - by larger crops, than the native indigenous variety is capable of producing. In my humble opinion any variety would grow in this country only if it could be made to grow, and be it exotic or indigenous, under careful culti- vation it would bear crops as good as those of any other parts of the world. It should also be carefully noted that cuttings, plants or seeds for planting should always be procured from a district whose elevation is either higher or lower than that of the district in which it is intended to be planted. There is also another point which should not be lost sight of. History tells us that ‘pepper was an item of fiscal revenue of the island more than four hundred years ago; and if we only consider the length of time the indigenous variety had been growing, multiplying its species up to this day throughoutithe island, the fact must be patent to every one, that by this time it must have greatly degenerated, and that it does not produce so much crop now as it did before. This is supposed to be also the case with paddy and other grains which in former times turned out from the same extent of land from sixty to seventy fold more crop than they do at the present day. With regard to the latter product we know that several attempts had been made to introduce seed paddy from foreign countries; but the results obtained when ccmpared with those of the native sort, there was hardly any encouraging difference to be found. I think it was the same with coffee. Now all these VAN STARREX, © id aa” ligt JUNE 1, 1880.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 805 ed) CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT HOLIDAY-MAKING AND THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE AT NUWARA ELIYA—ADULTERATION OF CITRONELLA OIL AND THE INGENUITY OF THE PRODUCERS—FAVOUR- ABLE WEATHER—BIG FLUSHES ANOTHER NAME FOR LOW PRICES OF TEA—EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURING OF TEA—MESSRS. VENN AND CO.’S AUSTRALIAN FRUIT TRADE AND PUSHING CEYLON TEA—PROSPECTS OF COCOA CROPS AND PLANTING OF CACAO AT STAKE— THE CHOLERA SCARE AND COAST ADVANCES. 23rd April 1889. Judging by your Kandy correspondent’s remarks in the Observer of the 15th inst., the holiday-seekers who resort at this time to Nuwara Eliya for rest and enjoyment, are rather a turbulent lot. He says :—‘‘ Considering the Sanatorium is full at this season, and so many more expected during the coming week, and rows and assaults are likely to take place, we axe surprised an Inspector of Police has not yet been sent up.” Tothe less fortunate who are unable to afford the time and the money for an outing at Nuwara Eliya, and who may be in- clined to regard the lucky ones with the ‘green eye”’, the state of things revealed by your corre- spondent should calm their perturbed spirits. Clearly they have been mercifully preserved. It is rather rough, however, on the padrees who as- semble in such numbers at this time on the Nuwara Eliya Plain, to find that the place has a worse character when they are there than it has at any other time! This surely is worth looking into. The adulteration of citronella oil, which is now going on from bad to worse, and has reached the point, that it is next to impossible to get a pure sample, is surely a style of things which will cease to pay in the longrun. The ingenuity of the producer has long ago passed the rude stage when so much of foreign oil was simply mixed with the citronella. Now they distill the two together—kerosine being the principal adul- terant—and the result of this is that unless the oil be subjected to a chemical test the detection is more dificult than formerly, I understand that kerosine which has been treated in this way, becomes very unlike kerosine, and fails to answer to some of the tests which the analyst usually applies. But at the same time its detection is easy enough. If the present style of things continues buyers of citronella oil will have to insist on a chemical analysis, and that the oil be sold as we sell cinchona bark. ‘‘ It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good,” and it would seem as if our analytical chemists were to benefit by the roguery in the citronella oil trade. The weather still keeps as favourable for the planter as ever, and its praise is in all our mouths. As to what tea is doing, you hear very little: we are getting rather ashamed of big flushes as being but another name for low prices ; and these spicy little paragraphs in the newspapers relating to the rush of fiush wherever the planter gives tongue, and puts the exuberance of his heart into words, are not nearly so common as they used to be. It has come to this that some of us hear of big returns with a sigh. In coffee days we came to grief from a failure of crop, and now it would seem as if we had a chance to be ‘“‘ choked off” with a plethora. However we may look at it, the tea goes on growing here as well as else- where; and when one hears that fourteen ‘‘ Rapid” rollers have just been shipped from England—not to speak of the manufacture of local machines— to meet the present demand, an idea of the extent of the manutacturing of tea which is going on, can be realised in a rough way. Of all the ingenious ways which have yet been Gere Me forward the interest of tea growers here and check&the glut of the tea market at home, the palm must be given to Messrs. Venn & Co. I can’t say, that at first the plan commended itself to me but when the “ note for the editor’? was read, and I saw it was proposed that each member of the Association was to be presented with a case of apples by the Chairman or Secretary, it at once won for itself my unqualified approval. I am bold enough to think that even the most cantankerous member of the P, A. would agree with me and accept the gift with thanks and when there is such unani- mity of feeling abroad, for the officials in question to put themselves in antagonism would be a sorry spectacle indeed. It’s a grand opening for the Chairman, Secretary, and, I tancy, the most unique in the annals of the Association. If they don’t rise to the suggestion, what——but I spurn the base thought and live in hope that my R9 case of Ribstone pippins ‘all repicked,”’ is now on the way, and that the coin paid for them has been invested in tea, Cacao is looking wonderfully well, and ripe pods can be gathered every week or so. There is a splendid blossom bursting on those trees which bore heavily at the end of last year, and. the prospects of the autumn crop are so far very fair indeed, The acreage of cacao is being increased in a small way here and there when suitable land can be found. I have heard of a new dodge of planting cacao at stake, that of germinating the seed so as to be sure that the right end is put down. Just when the shoot is bursting is the proper time to plant, and the loss which is so common when the seed is turned upside down, is reduced to almost nothing. Those who have planted cacao at stake know how difficult itis at times to decide which is the upper or the lower end, and the cooly planting, however con- fident he may be, is sure to be out time after time. The cholera scare is being taken advantage of by kanganies who have gent, cr are thought to have sent advances to the Coast, and who are not very sure how many cvolies may come in. There will be delays they are sure, owing to the quéran- tine on the North Koad, and worse still the recruits may desert. They tell you harrowing tales of the death-rate, the highest that I have heard was one hundred victims a day, and when you offer for their exaggerations a true statement of how things really are, they receive the information with be- coming respect, but don’t believe a word you say. Who would put the statement of a Government against bazaar rumour? ‘This cholera dodge is a rough sort of touchstone; the kangani who has acted on ‘‘the square,” is troubled, the other fellow is not, and by its means a side-light is thrown which often reveals things which you would be happier not to know. PEPPERCORN. <<» __—___ KANGRA VALLEY TEA, The apparent lethargy of Indian tea planters in matters affecting their own interests has more than once been commented upon, and the earlier arrange- ments in connection with the Paris Exhibition em- phasised again the superior enterprise of the tea-growers of Ceylon. Strong remonstrances from commercial authorities at home, who are interested in the tea in- dustry of India, were, however, lately published in the Anglo-Indian papers: and this gave rise to active cor- respondence and discussion, which are already produc- ing excellent results. In this revival we are glad to see that the tea-planters of the Punjab participate, and active measures are in progress for bringing Kangra Valley tea directly to the front, as its quality un- doubtedly deserves; and we may hope that all the planters concerned in this desirable consummation will come heartily forward to lend unity, which is strength THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. plant above, they keep alive tage of planting well-rooted ats of this description as I m to remain in the nursery vith cinchona under thatched m cuttings. Where plants ripe 5 or 6 inches apart) months, and then put out. between plants raised from ieve as to there being any 's. In fact, from thousands ot get anyone to point out ch froma seed. It is said iot yet found an example, I have already mentioned raising plants as they do into a bush and soon die ir years old with a few bun- nning to throw out it would appear that after rom this would again appear 7 roots is really very slow, slightest drought deprives 2ding roots. I do not there- timent of growing pepper ‘d from branch cuttings, as local newspapers recently. the ground with a fork and ‘portance to afford the plant n the shortest space of time, from stones and other roots. s should be at least 9x12 iken not to allow the roots dle not to pull out the plant o thoroughly loosen the bed ttle injury to the small root- ing or breaking the tender e tical interest to those who Jer circumstances similar to es gained during a period entioned that were Ito enter ivation was extended during same story again. But it servations I may have made I fear I would only qualify plant may be said to have 18 inches from the ground, 1 arecanut or a jak tree, or ots round the trees, it was t tothrow out more shoots ne over a small area. But scess ; for about 12 months they were no better than system is unsuitable to this tit is a greater help to the utk of trees or soft strings ould be taken to leave them iken hold of the tree. But < trees bear fruit and the iereby trample or otherwise ; growth materially. Those 3; it is however not the already stated that pepper step further and add that n the tropics. When my usually begins to crop) the 1e ground, while the others was supposed that the latter some of them to be growing ir success still remained a tice in the local papers ‘a estate near Peradeniya, being desirable to try a ‘ry a change of seed I, deavoured to obtain some ae [JUNE 1, 1889. shoots. sun is more essential to ‘the plant than the hot afternoons! ||Thé ‘situation of Haloya favours this idea; and when Isay that most of the best growing plants on Crystal Hill are also to be found in situations facing the east, it would appear 'jyat there is some truth in the theory. On a recent visit to Cotta near Colombo I was greatly interested with a pepper vine shown to me in his garden by Mr. John Garth, which was then oily 18 months old, but in height to feet from the ground with a fair promise of crop. The climate of Cotta with an elevation of perhaps 100 feet above the mean sea level, is, I think, more moist than it is in Matale, and its proximity to the sea in the west which is only five miles distant, always brings to it the frequent showers of rain which afise rom the sea, but which as they reach higher regions is dispersed and carried away by differént currents of wind. The soil of Cotta is the same as what may be seen in all parts of Colombo—cabook and red clay, and as Mr. Garth’s property must have been cleared and planted with coconuts more than 15 years ago, I should think the best of its good qualities must by this time have been exhausted; and I cannot therefore admit that any special richness of the soil, combined with its more favourable rainfall to be the cause of the wonderful growth of the vine I hadseen with hardly any attention paid to it, than the full exposure of the field where it grew to the morning sun, and its protection from the heat of the rest of the day. Now compare these facts with what has been said of pepper grown successfully at one time in Batticaloa in the Eastern Province, and the con- clusion will be irresistible that it was chiefly due to its exposure to the east and shelter from the west. By advancing this theory of an “ eastern situation”” I do not mean to say that pepper would not grow in any other aspect of land, for I have seen vines growing without any trouble at all in diverse positions in native villages as well as in cultivated estates. But even then these are only few and far between and should be considered as exceptions. But then these exceptions will not fail to strike even a’casual observer as to there being a certain tendency in the smallest plant as well as in the largest vine toincline all its growing powers to a point from whence it gets the most light, and a further glance will show that this light which exercises such a great influence over it, is not of the afternoon, but of the morning. The best specimen of a vine might be seen to be growing over a half decayed jak tree which is fully exposed to the sun blazing from the west; but if one would only examine as | to which was the side it had originally struck root, creeped along its support and covered itself with the richest foliage, it would invariably be seen that all this was done from the first of the four cardinal points: Now having said this much to the point under discussion, I arrive at the conclusion that where the plant is not afforded natural shelter, it would be always of some advantage to provide artificial shade from the side it gets the afternoon sun. This could always be obtained by putting out the plant always to the eastern side of the tree on which it is intended to grow, but where it could not be had other remedies will have to be adopted. Unlike some other products of agriculture, | think, we must pay more attention to change of seed in pepper cultivation than to anything else. This should not be understood as if I am recommending the adoption of any dis- tinct variety of pepper; in fact 1 do not believe that even where one could be distinguished from the other, any one variety would grow and bear better than another. If, however, any of my , brother planters prefer the “ Malabar variety,’ bought at such exorbitant prices as those recently advertised in the local newspapers, over what could be obtained in the country, they would do well to first see what has been the result of similar experiments with other products and satisfied that the money thus given away would be returned by larger crops, than the native indigenous variety is capable of producing. In my humble opinion any variety would grow in this country only if it could be made to grow, and be it exotic or indigenous, under careful culti- vation it would bear crops as good as those of any other parts of the world. It should also be carefully noted that cuttings, plants or Seeds for planting should always’ be procured from a district whose elevation is either higher or lower than that of the district in which it is intended to be planted. There is also another point which should not be lost sight of. History tells us that pepper was an item of fiscal revenue of the island more than four hundred years ago; and if we only consider the length of time the indigenous variety had been growing, multiplying its species up to this day throughout‘the island, the fact must be patent to every one, that by this time it must have greatly degenerated, and that it does not produce so much crop now as it did before. This is supposed to be also the case with paddy and other grains which in former times turned out from the same extent of land from sixty to seventy fold more crop than they do at the present day. With regard to the latter product we know that several attempts had been made to introduce seed paddy from foreign countries; but the results obtained when ccmpared with those of the native sort, there was hardly any encouraging difference to be found. I think it was the same with coffee. Now all these facts tend to show that it is very unlikely that any foreign variety of pepper would ever supersede the native product; but at the same time I am inclined to believe in the theory that the introduction of a more robust stranger into NTT VO ae Ee ee ee o JUNE 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 805 ed) CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT HOLIDAY-MAKING AND THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE AT NUWARA ELIYA—ADULTERATION OF CITRONELLA OIL AND THE INGENUITY OF THE PRODUCERS—FAVOUR- ABLE WEATHER—BIG FLUSHES ANOTHER NAME FOR LOW PRICES OF TEA—EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURING OF TWA—MESSRS. VENN AND CO.’S AUSTRALIAN FRUIT TRADE AND PUSHING CEYLON TEA—PROSPECTS OF COCOA CROPS AND PLANTING OF CacAO AT STAKE— THE CHOLERA SCARE AND COAST ADVANCES. 23rd April 1889. Judging by your Kandy correspondent’s remarks in the Observer of the 15th inst., the holiday-seekers who resort at this time to Nuwara Eliya for rest and enjoyment, are rather a turbulent lot. He says :—‘‘ Considering the Sanatorium is full at this season, and so many more expected during the coming week, and rows and assaults are likely to take place, we ave surprised an Inspector of Folice has not yet been sent up.” Tothe less fortunate who are unable toafford the time and the money for an outing at Nuwara Eliya, and who may be in- clined to regard the lucky ones with the ‘‘grsen eye’, the state of things revealed by your corre- spondent should calm their perturbed spirits. Clearly they have been mercifully preserved. It is rather rough, however, on the padrees who as- semble in such numbers at this time on the Nuwara Kliya Plain, to find that the place has a worse character when they are there than it has at any other time! This surely is worth looking into. The adulteration of citronella oil, which is now going on frombad to worse, and has reached the point, that it is next to impossible to get a pure sample, is surely a style of things which will cease to pay in the longrun. The ingenuity of the producer has long ago passed the rude stage when so much of foreign oil was simply mixed with the citronella. Now they distill the two together—kerosine being the principal adul- terant—and the result of this is that unless the oil be subjected to a chemical test the detection is more dificult than formerly, I understand that kerosine which has been treated in this way, becomes very unlike kerosine, and fails to answer to some of the tests which the analyst usually applies. But at the same time its detection is easy enough. If the present style of things continues buyers of citronella oil will have to insist on a chemical analysis, and that the oil be sold as we sell cinchona bark, ‘‘ It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good,” and it would seem as if our analytical chemists were to benefit by the roguery in the citronella oil trade. The weather still keeps as favourable for the planter as ever, and its praise is in all our mouths. As to what tea is doing, you hear very little: we are getting rather ashamed of big flushes as being but another name for low prices ; and these spicy little paragraphs in the newspapers relating to the rush of flush wherever the planter gives tongue, and puts the exuberance of his heart into words, are not nearly so common as they used to be. It has come to this that some of us hear of big returns with a sigh. In coffee days we came to grief from a failure of crop, and now it would seem as if we had a chance to be “‘ choked off” with a plethora. However we may look at it, tbe tea goes on growing here as well as else- where; and when one hears that fourteen ‘‘ Rapid” rollers have just been shipped from England—not to speak of the manufacture of local machines— to meet the present demand, an idea of the extent of the manulacturing of tea which is going on, can be realised in a rough way. Of all the ingenious ways which have yet been ree aa forward the interest of tea growers here and checkfthe glut of the tea market at home, the palm must be given to Messrs. Venn & Co. I can’t say; that at first the plan commended itself to me but when the ‘‘ note for the editor’? was read, and I saw it was proposed that each member of the Association was to be presented with a case of apples by the Chairman or Secretary, it at once won for itself my unqualified approval. I am bold enough to think that even the most cantankerous member of the P, A. would agree with me and accept the gift with thanks and when there is such unani- mity of feeling abroad, for the officials in question to put themselves in antagonism would be a sorry spectacle indeed. It’s a grand opening for the Chairman, Secretary, and, I tancy, the most unique in the annals of the Association. If they don’t rise to the suggestion, what——but I spurn the base thought and live in hope that my R9 case of Ribstone pippins. ‘all repicked,”’ is now on the way, and that the coin paid for them has been invested in tea. Cacao is looking wonderfully well, and ripe pods can be gathered every week or so, ‘There is a splendid blossom bursting on those trees which bore heavily at the end of last year, and. the prospects of the sutumn crop are so far very fair indeed, The acreage of cacao is being increased in a small way here and there when suitable land can be found. I have heard of a new dodge of planting cacao at stake, that of germinating the seed so as to be sure that the right end is put down. Just when the shoot is bursting is the proper time to plant, and the loss which is so common when the seed is turned upside down, is reduced to almost nothing. Those who have planted cacao at stake know how difficult itis at times to decide which is the upper or the lower end, and the cooly planting, however con- fident he may be, is sure to be out time after time. The cholera scare is being taken advantage of by kanganies who have sent, cr are thought to have sent advances to the Coast, and who are not very sure how many cvolies may come in. There will be delays they are sure, owing to the quéran- tine onthe North Koad, and worse still the recruits may desert. They tell you harrowing tales of the death-rate, the highest that I have heard was one hundred victims a day, and when you offer for their exaggerations a true statement of how things really are, they receive the information with be- coming respect, but don’t believe a word you say. Who would put the statement of a Government against bazaar rumour? ‘This cholera dodge is a rough sort of touchstone ; the kangani who has acted on ‘‘the square,” is troubled, the other fellow is not, and by its means a side-light is thrown which often reveals things which you would be happier not to know. PEPPERCORN. che Ne KANGRA VALLEY THA, The apparent lethargy of Indian tea planters in matters affecting their own interests has more than once been commented upon, and the earlier arrange- ments in connection with the Paris Exhibition em- phasised again the superior enterprise of the tea-growers of Ceylon. Strong remonstrances from commercial authorities at home, who are interested in the tea in- dustry of India, were, however, lately published in the Anglo-Indian papers: and this gave rise to active cor- respondence and discussion, which are already produc- ing excellent results. In this revival we are glad to see that the tea-planters of the Punjab participate, and active measures are in progress for bringing Kangra Valley tea directly to the front, as its quality un- doubtedly deserves; and we may hope that all the planters concerned in this desirable consummation will come heartily forward to lend unity, which is strength THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. = to the undertaking. All that the Kangra Valley re- quires is a good firm of Oalcutta merchants to take some interest in it. The total out turn of the Valley gardens is a mere flea-bite; and it is this, or the number of small gardens unable to place a fair-sized break of tea at a time on the market. This, in turn, leads to the low prices which they too often realize when com- pelled to go there with their rain crop; for very little if any, of their spring and autumn crop see the market. This year, however, a proposition has been made, con- fined at first to a few garders (o join togeteer and blend, say, the proéuce of 12 gardens, and sell as “ Kangra Valley Tes,’ without of course any garden Mame: and this measure, we feel sure, will do good to both sellers and buyers. It isa fact that more tea is sold in Fleet Street, Ludgate Hill, $¢. Paul’s Church- yard and the Strand as Kargra Valley Tea than the Valley turna out altogether orever can. There is one old house in the Strand which sells Kangra Valley Souchong as high as 5s. a lb.; but we fancy that the Kangra Valley planters would be glad if they got one- fifth of that price. Now, the proposal in question, which we hear from a gentieman in the Kargra Valley, emanates from Mr. Duneta MacBean of tbe Clachna- cuddin Tea astate, will, if heartily taken up, go a long way towards ensuring this or possibly a better result. We are pleatsd therefore, to leara that the meeting of the associated planters, held on the 6th instant, displayed an unanimous and decided to work in future for combination, This is all that is wanted to place the Valley’s tea in the position at home it should have.—C. § M. Gazette. _—_——_—____—_—_—_ CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. Directors.—David Reid, Esq., Thom anean, Kinross- shire, Ohairman; Donald Mackay, EHsq., Hereford ; Henry Tod, Esq., 201, Mincing Lane; David Reid, Esq., 7, Mincing Lane. Secretiry.—Sir W. Johnston, Bart. Manager in Ceylon.—Henry Keer Rutherford, Hsq. Report of the directers to be submitted at the second antual general meeting of shareholders to be held at the offices of the Company on Friday 12th April, at 2p.m. The directors have the pleasure to submit the general balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 31st December, 1888, duly audited £ 5, d. The net amount at credit of profit and loss account, including balance brought forward at 31st December, 1887, and after providing for the genezal ex- penses, directors’ fees, income tax &c., amounts to ose oon ao An ad ad interim dividend of 6 per— cent was paid on 17th September, 1888 A second ad interim dividend of 4 per cent was paid on 26th January, 1889 It is proposed te pay a final dividend of 5 per cent (making 15 per cent in all 11,987 3 5 4,571 8 0 3,047 12 0 3,809 10 0 free of income tax) which will absorb To write off an account of “ prelimi- nary expenses” ... 000 Ia 265 0 0 ‘Vo write off for depreciation of office : furniture 209 oo ot NP) By 3} And to carry forward to next year a balance of ee Bae aoe 281 4 2 £11,987 3.5 It is a matter of satisfaction to the directors to be able again to declare a total dividend of I5 per cent and this, notwithstanding the great fall which has taken place in the selling price of tea during the past year. The gross average realised for the Company’s crop of 1888, sold in London, was 104d while the aver- age for the previous year was 1si1dperlb. The profit made, considering the low price of tea, is a substantial proof that the Company’s affairs have been carefully and economically managed in Ceylon. In the annexed statement of acreages it will be observed that 1,635 acres of tea land have been added to the Company’s estates, and this addition has been effected at a cost of £45,500 and paid for by the issue of 4,550 fully paid up shares of the Company. Since the transfer of these properties the directors have received the Oeylon manager’s estimates for the current year: these go to further strengthen the confidence of the board in the future of the Company’s property. In view of the lower average rate of capital cost per cultivated acre brought about by the acquisition of the estates of Wallaha, Tillyrie, Scrubs, Aiton and Upcot; and further by reason of this purchase bringing in a new and important proprietary, the directors have decided practically to divide the whole available balance of profit amongst the shareholders interested in the results of the past year’s working. The Directors have agaiu to record their apprecia- tion of the faithful and zealous mannerin which their Ceylon Manager, Superintendents, Assistants and Ser- vants of the Company have dischaaged the duties en- trusted to them during the past year. Under Olause No. 69 of the Articles of Associa- tion, Mr. Donald Mackay retires from the Direction, and is not now resident in England. It will be necessary to appoint an Auditor for 1889 and Mr. R. H. Miller again offers himself for the office. Davip Ret, London, 5th April 1889. Ohairman. Bauance Suet, 31st Drommperr, 1888. £ Dr. sy s. d. To Capital — 7,619 Shares of £10 each, fully paid oe éas 76,190 0 0 To Bills Payable Si on 36,061 10 0 To Sundry Creditors London... 6,842 12 6 fy) Ceylon ... 2,161 12 11 —-- 9,004 5 5 To Profit and Loss account 11,987 3 5 £133,242 18 10 Cr. Cle shale By Cost of estates (including land purchased, and machinery and new clearings in 1888)... ae con Bas 75,890 15 6 By Value of produce unsold at 3lst December 1888 =a. “a0 tee eee 6,442 15 7 By Office furniture London aes 127 9 3 By Preliminary Expenses cae sie 530 0 0 By Value of Tea chests in Ceylon on hand at 31st December 183 on oh 575 13 8 By Advances to Coolies... se ° 1,962 11 0 By Sundry Debtors : London oe £13,930 11 4 Ceylon 2,695 18 1 16,626 9 5 By Loans and advances in Ceylon 22,861 10 0 By Cash, viz :— At Bankers, London ., 2,305 5 7 Do Ceylon ... 324 6 2 In Manager’s hands Ceylon 173 8 O In Superintendent’s hands Ceylon ... Sa) 851 7 2 a 3,654 6 11 By Interim dividend paid 17th September ... 4,571 8 0 £133,242 18 10 Prorrt AnD Loss Account, 3lst DecemBER, 1888. Dr, s- d. To London Charges, including Rent, Salaries, Directors’ Fees, Income Tax, &c. ase 1,281 911 To Difference on Exchange 2 377 9 10 To Sundry Charges in Ceylon ae fs 174 18 6 To Isss on 1887 Unrealised Assets... on 4013 5 To Balance ... es rae ane 11,987 3 5 £13,861 15 1 Cr. £ gs. d. £ 8, d. By Balance from 31st December 1887 see “00 1,729°1 7 By Net Profit on sale of Produce of estates toe . 10,010 11 0 By Commissions, Interest, Trans- fer fees, &c, earned in London ond .. 1,208 6 9 By Commissions and Interest earned in Ceylon peti) LS eLoaD 12,1382 13 £13,861 15 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 807 JUNE 1, 1889.] | | OFFS F29T|POILEO Irae sLTlesoe TVLOL, aNTED . $ oF, : ¢ s AS | eee ae | ee |i uojhan uw. wabouny 6881 ‘Areniqeg 4ST ‘NOTAUD eet ‘Gt oct [ squiog on og “| A Jar |" uO}lLy ‘ eae Te |F9 c0g |" BYRTTE AA GuOduaHLAY “HY ‘HH 9GL Ore 91g | OTAATIN ‘pemT ‘ANVdWOO SNOILVINVId VL NOTAID FHL ar | pia crebena, : STLVISH =| | { } | OF-S) 10.9 SFPLPLIGOF| TLESF FOSSFO00ES9| 22608 |606Z0T EFFLFL 80ZEGT|GESPSEI6E.Z TSSLT 19.0/SF0G | LF-€|LFGS2| 96-12 L86802|19-EF/Z8E6SZEI06-14| LOFEIT|FOE|SOVE FIST) [249 [Tce SLT|TPT | ES seaman |S | a | ees egorses | lege lett “ eueorepnyy | ma oom | ae FF-9| FF.9 |TZOSTI| TeT[S8z0€ Z19BB_ 1GOEIT eansiat IZOETT|86.6)9L21T FF-E]968E |9B-Z/8hSS [9P-6T.GBEIZ |8¢-9e)eeTF ]8z.9e|496TE \e9z]SL9 jeez 9 OFF |" eq2BALEquaS 09-| 0¢.9 EFSBEI\EOTIISIP O98ZEl6ZSTOT EPOBEL EPISEL/9ESSF \LOF96 [OF-O|TSS EP-ZILLES |BT-LS TEQLE |eF-FFIOBSTO {9¢-calFEPss |SPPIPES [6ZL | |c9 |F9 [Tatler] | ePUBHLTVAsT 09-F| GL. 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(June 1, 1885, EXTENSION OF COFFEE PLANTING IN COORG AND MYSORE: AND OF OTHER ALLIED INDUSTRIES. Not only do our neighbours, the coffee planters of Coorg and Mysore maintain their own against the enemies which have devastated the planta- tions of Wynaad, Travancore, Ceylon and Java; but they are absolutely adding to their acreage under coffee and increasing their exports! From the official Report on the Administration of Coorg for 1887-88, we take a couple of clauses under ‘ Agriculture” which shew this very clearly :— The area under coffee exhibits a further increase of 4.088 acras. the total extent of coffee land being now 84.658 acres, as compared with 72,334 acres in 1885- 86. As shown in last year’s report, coffee cultivation in banés was assessed for the firsti time in that year, and the inerease in the wast year consists chiefly of an area of 4.269 acres of bane, which though | eu'tivated with coffee, is exempted from assessment under the rules. 9nd on this account has been hitherto excluded from the returns, The extent of assessed coffee land held by Europeans and natives respectively is as follows :— Acres European estates én aoe 39,289 Native os oe 5% 41.150 80.389 Add Baneland cultivated but not a asessed) 4.269 84,658 and further,— The demand for Jabor on the coffee estates was well maintained during the year. The supply from the Mysore country is more uncertain than formerly, hut labor is readily procured from Melabar and South Ca- nara. The rates of wages Lave undergone no change. It will surely come as a piece of astonishing news to all old coffee planters on Fastern lands to learn that in Coorg, no less than 12.300 acres have been added to the area planted with coffee between 1885-6 and 1887-8. Happy Coorg, and fortunate planters !—we cannot help exclaiming ; for with the present prospects of the coffee market, there ought to be a great ‘‘financial success’ if not a “fortune” before every man with, say, 200 acres of fairly bearing coffee of his own. There are proprietors and planters in Ceylon too, who ought to take heart of grace. to try once more clearings of coffees undey shade. There are no advantages of climate or soil in Coorg which cannot be para- lelled in many parts of Uva. There is no mystery about the seed or the mode of planting and cul- tivation adopted in Coorg. The district is close by us, almost at our doors, and can be inspected by any sceptic in our midst who gives himself a fortnight’s holiday. The best test of the position of coffee in Coorg would be the actual crop or export returns and these do shew very satisfactory figures for the latest year, although below those for a bumper crop in 18834. But on the other hand, it is stated that the statistics are probably below the real mark, as they are furnished by “toll-gate contractors.” We quote as follows:— Exports: Corrrn.—The exports of coffee produced in Ooorg for the past 5 years are as follows :— Tons. 1883-84 AD oe oe g6 Buel) 1884-85 ve oe ee e» 4,007 1885-86 00 oe ee on Bares 1886-87 eo ces A ee 3,001 1887-88 50 os x «. 4,662 These figures are obtained from the toll-ga, . tractors and are puphshyy understated. al The average selling price locally being taken at R45 per cwt. as in the preceding year, the coffee crop for 1887-88 is valued at about 412 lakhs. The quotations of the coffee market were well maintained up to the end of January 1888, when the price showed a tendency to fall, and before the close of the official year it fell to R364 per cwt., the result being beavy losses to the local traders, : As bearing on the seasons and crops, it is inter- esting to read :— The rainfall registered during the year under report is as follows :— Inches Cents. At Mercara, ae sep 136 42 » Somavarpet ... a 95 98 ;, Anandapur (S. Coorg) ... 78 16 » Hraserpet.. oes 40 92 On the Western Ooast (Kadawakal) 255 12 The rainfall on the Mercara plateau was above the average, the mean for the past 10 years being 131°57 inches. The “ blossoming showers” usual in March failed throughout the province, and further mischief was done to the coffee crop by heavy showers which fell upon the blossom in April 1887. There are other portions of the Coorg Adminis- tation Report of local planting and general in- terest and we give here what is said-about products so closely allied to coffee, as cinchona and car- damoms :— The practice exists of planting C1ycHona in coffee estates, but the plants are usually grown in local- ities where coffee does not thrive whether from excessive exposure or unsuitability of soil. Ordinarily the cinchona is cultivated as subsidiary to the coffee, but in the Mapnjakolli estate at the head of the Sampaji Ghat, the principal cultivation is cinchona, which thrives well at that altitude. The area under cinchona is based on the compu- tation of 800 trees to an acre. According tc the returns furnished the area planted with cinchona during the year under report was 1,971} acres. The outturn of bark amouated to 87,874 lb. Carpamoms.—The cardamom crop was a small one, the outturn, as shown by the export returns, being 580 cwt. as compared with 940 cwt. in the previous year. The selling price, which was about R160 per ewt. at the close of 1886-87, fell to R40 per cwt. in June 1887, but rose again in January 1888 to R100. This commodity is subject to great Auctuations in price. It will be observed that of cinchona trees, the total number in Coorg does not seem to exceed 14 million, the crop of bark for the year in review being so moderate as 87,874 lb.—It is strange to find the cardamom crop given in cwt. and the price quoted accordingly. We suspect a great deal of the cardamoms raised do not get officially reported, but find a ready local market. Crops of from 60,000 to 120,000 lb. do not fulfil our idea of the production of so favorite a locality for car- damoms as Coorg has always been known -to be.— Under the head’ of ‘‘ Experimental Cultivation” we have the following :— Favorable reports have been received of the “ St: Michael Orange and Jamaica Lemon,” plants which were obtained fromthe Government gardens and dis- tributed in 1885 for experimental cultivation, The Rev. G, Richter at Mercara reports that a number of cuttings have been takeu and established. the “ Erythroxylon Coca” plants supplied at the same time have also grown well, and from seeds of these plauts 25 seedlings have been raised. | Tunts1an Dare Patm.—On application from this office in compliance with the suggestions made by Doc- tor Ei. Bonavia, the Director, Botanical Department, Northern India, has supplied in March last, 3 lb. of the’ seed of the Tumsian Date palm, and ithas been distri- buted to the Deputy Oonservator and several gentlemen (European and native) in North and South Coorg for experimental cultivation. JuNE 1, 1889.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 809 Finally, for planters dependent on bullock trans- port there are few more important matters than the healthy condition of the cattle; but in this respect they seem to haye had a very serious state of affairs in Coorg during 1887-8; for under the head of “Live Stock” we read :— Cattle disease of a virulent type has prevailed through- out the province with disastrous results. The rinder- pest, known locally as the“ Dodda Roga’”’ (great dis- ease) seems to have entered Ooorg at the north eastern frontier from Mysore about December 1887, and caused great havoc among the large herds in the Ramaswa- mikanvé Hobli, where cattle breeding is carried on to considerable extent. It rapidly spread and so fatal have been its effects that there is hardly a ‘ryot in the country who has not suffered heavily by the loss of his cattle. It became necessary later, during the cultivat- ing season, to apply and obtain the sanction of the Go- vernment of India to a snm of R19,000 being disbursed as advances to the rvotsfor the purchase of cattle. It was anticipated that with the first fall of the S. W. monsoon rains, the disease would rapidly disappear, but such unfortunately has not been the case. A serious feature inthis epidemic has been the want of any effective means for coping with it. In nearlv all the cases which came under notice, segregation of the infected cattle had not been carried out, notwith- standing that this measure had been pressed upon the people. They represented, however, that the disease spread so rapidly that the herds were ail infected and separation became useless. The remedies usually tried had failed, and indeed, on Huropean estates, a large percentage of theinfected cattle succumbed. In such circumstances the services of av Agricultural Inspector would have been of the greatest advantage ; but while the same disease was prevailing in the Mysore and Madras Districts adjoining, it was hopeless to expect that the services of such an officer, if asked for, could have been spared. ‘ The returns for the year under report give the mortality among cattle as 7,874, being 2,775 in excess of the number returned in the previous year. These figures are probably below the mark, for there was great mortality amongst cart bullocks engaged in the carrying trade, and not belonging to people of this District. These must have largely escaped enum- eration. —— MESSRS. J. R. & S. T. HOOD ON NORTH BORNEO. (To the Editor “ British North Borneo Herald.”) Dear Sir,—Thinking it mav interest your readers to know whilst giving myself great pleasure to re- cord, what our impressions are of such an out-of-the- way and so strange a landas North Borneo, I take the liberty of writing the same, and should you think them worthy of space in your Herald it may prove of some interest to your numerous readers Having been so many years in Oeylon we felt great interest in New Ceylon, the more so that a relation of ours owns a large acreage in Sulu, and he having constantly asked us to go and make him a report upon it, we at last made up our minds to do so. We went to Sumatra first in order to see what tobacco cultivation really is. Well, it is useless one telling you that, but I may tell you, if you have not been there, that the hospitality of the planters is un- equalled, and I shall never forget the kindness we received at their hands. Nothing was too good, no tronble too, great, to be taken on our b half. The soil here was really magnificent and would crow anything tropical. The climate appears healthy, sickness, is of course, not unknown, but it is by no means prevalent. During our stay there it was de- lightflly cool, whilst at night it was actually cold. I do not like to say anvthing of our voyage on the “ Spaniel.”? The very idea once more gives me le mal de mer' Ulysses never went through half the ’ hardships and discomforts we did, or he would never have lived to tell the tale. Another week and we should have succumbed, notwithstanding our planters’, constitutions. Oh what horrors the whole thing wa made up of! horror, satis superque | We are at Kndat, with its two or three Europeans, its swampy city and its fever, but let us hurry on and see what we can for our time is short here. Liberian coffee growing at sea level! Oocoa growing at the same elevation !!! mirabile dictu, nutmegs at the same great altitude! One really begins to wonder if the world is not upside down and wonder why we in Ceylon put everything on the mountain tops! Mr. Christian has au estate here, but we had not time to visit him; glad as we should have been to meet a fellow-planter, we had to forego the pleasure. Judging from what we saw we should say be would do well on his venture, in which we wish him well. After more horrors, we arrived at Silam, andif we were charmed with Sumatra and surprized at Kudat, Silam made us almost speechless. What soil! what cocoa!! TI had never seen anything like it. Oh Lanka, Lanka, hide your diminished head. How I weep for you, your day has gone and Borneo wrests your vaunted glories from you. Oh, Dumbera, oh Matale, you to boast of your soil and your cocoa ; and we, who believed in you, how have we all been deceived ! You don’t know what soil is. Your cocoa isn’t cocoe at all, For real cocoa, for real soil, you must come to Sil- am. Here your cocoa really is “ grateful and com- forting,’” real Epps’s, whilst the soil zs soil, and “none other is genuine.” The resident here, Mr, Callaghan, an old Oeylon planter, gave us that hospitality for which Oeylon men are famous; to dispense which Ceylon men are so proud. . wonder if it was this great kindness which made us see everything in such a roseate light. I think so! This visit carries with it many reminiscences of kindness given, of hospitality shown. The Arabian Ooffee here, at sea level—mind you only 4 years old—was as thick in the stem as my arm and carrying 10 cwt. of coffee!!! Oan you be- lieve it? No! I should not, unlessT had seen it, and it is one of those things at which one says, ‘ Are things what they seem or are visions about ?” Then the Liberian Ooffee is here too, side by side with its Arabian brother, healthy as healthy can be. This Coffee you must understand is not growing on estates, but is here and there, and everywhere to all interests and purposes wild; perhapsitis wild. TI don’t know! Leaf disease is an unknown quantity here —long may itbe so. * * * Sandakan strikes one very much at first sight as being abit of Dimbulla, an abandoned bit, with its town growing up into jungle, its tumbled down buildings, its coffee estate roads with gradi- ents of 1 in 8 &c., &c., but it improved on acquaint- ance. We met one or two Oeylon men here and they made us at home, as only Oeylon men can; it seems egotism, but there 7s something about a Cey- lon man that no other man has, but they run us very close in Sumatra! Well, to return to Sandakan, which [ should be loth to leave without saying a word as to its hotel, replete with every comfort, so clean that it becomes painful, so neat and natty that you feel in- clined to speak in whispers, for fear of disturbing something, the boys do everything without a sound, all nature is hushed, everythicg is most chilling, even the food is cold! We-were so sorry to leave it, now to ret back to those palatial hotels so well described by S.U.K. E. in the Ceylon Observer at Singapore. We found tbe officials in Sandakan extremely polite and kind, and they y»ve us every facility in business matters; doubtless they are very much interested in the welfare of the Company, the “Jeong” of which is identical with their own, which depends upon tobacco for its future. Should tobacco be a success the Com- pany will be one, should the fragrant weed refuse to grow on Bornean soil, then collapse is inevitable; in short, you stand thus “on fumun ex fulgore,sed ex fumo dare lucem.” Yes! that is exactly your position. We remain, yoursfaitbfully, J.R.& S.T, HOOD, 810 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. TT ee ee BARK AND DRUG TRADE REPORT. London, April 4th. _ ASzeEntac Crroutar.—A number of firms interested in the shellac trade received this morning a circular, marked “Private and confidential,” and reading as follows :— “‘ Mincing Lane, London, April 3rd. ‘The rash speculation that is now taking place in this article causes me to address a few lines of warning to many of my eld clients. “ When I see a ‘ring’ formed each afternoon, mostly composed of inexperi- enced young brokers and weak speculators, and thou- sands of cases during the week bought and sold, with- out any goingto theconsumer, experience tells me it must end in disaster. “The stock of shellac in the last four years, and the prices of ‘ ordinary orange’ and garnet is as follows :— — April, 1889 April, 1883 April, 1887 April, 1886 Sock 66,911 78,927 62,104 64,100 alr Orange 708 45s 46s 50s Garnet 57s 378 6d 43s 47s “ Theadvance is great: what is there to justify this ? The usual (false) report that the ‘sticklac crop had failed, whereas in the three months of this year the landings are 8,941 cases, and 17,130 cwt. arrived and on the water, having been shipped in February and March, not included in above figures, and a good quantity is being shipped to America. These are facts which speak for themselves, and plainly prove that buyers are being again deceived. ‘‘ Even allowing that not so much sticklac has been collected—which I disbelieve—the makers in Indiaare sending enough for trade require- ments, leaving a large stock on hand, for it is plain from the falling off inthe March deliveries that con- sumers will not stock at nearly double the price; andin sixmonths hence a ‘ new crop will be collected,’ which is nearly sure to be large at present enhanced prices. “Tf a ‘ring’ to advance the price of copper ends in dis- aster when supported by wealthy institutions, what must be the end of ‘ the shellacring’ speculators, who buy thousands of cases for months ahead and pay no de- posit nor give any security to ensure fulfilment of the contracts they enter into? “To save many of my friends from ruinis why these remarks are addressed. “ For obvious reasons I beg to subscribe myself, “ An Oup BROKER.” ANNATTO.—Four packages fair to good bright seed, from Jamaica, sold at 23d to 34d today, and 13 packages good bright Oeylon seed at 3d per lb. CincHonaA.— Only a small assortment of South Ameri- can barks was offered today, and for these there was no demand. Guayaquil bark all bought in. WHighteen serons flat yellow Calisaya were also bought in at 1s 8d tols 10dper lb, For some old Oarthagena bark an offer of $d per lb. was solicited without success. Forty- four packages hard Pitayo bought in, 3d per lb. being unobtainable. For a parcel of 80 packages good bold Maracaibo 9d per lb. is asked. Two cases good bold Kast Indian druggists’ quill natural succirubra sold at 1s per lb, and 4 packages thin ditto from, Java at 8d per lb. The exports ot cinchona bark from Java during the last three seasons in the periods between July 1st and January 31st have been as follows : — 1888-9 1887-8 1886-7 lb. lb. lb. Govt. plantations Amst. 442,096 467,511 399,391 Private ,, » 25,213,960 1,808,880 1,063,221 Total ... ,. 2,656,056 2,276,391 1,462,612 Cooa Lrayes.—For 26 bales goed fresh green but broken leaves 11d per lb, was said to be refused. Twelve bales good fresh Huanoco bought in at 1s per lb. Large havesupplies come to hand in Hamburg. TPECACUANHA.—Only 22 packages were offered for sale, but the whole quantity was promptly withdrawn when it was found that the trade would not be willing to pay the enhanced price of 83 per |b for fairly good partly thin root. An offer of 7s per lb for such quality was refused, and the owners hold firmly at 8s nominally an advance on the last auction rates of 1s per lb. JaLAp.— Prices still keep up, and at today’s auction a bid of 6d per lb for good Vera Oruz was got, Koza Nouts,—Although several parcels were shown at today’s auctions, none of them were sold. An offer of 2d per lb was made for a very common lot, but declined. A well-known importer of this drug writes to us with reference to the parcel above mentioned ; “As one very much interested iu the kolannut trade, and in the introduction of this food, 1 regret extremely that brokers, who ought at least to know whether a drug is simply rotten or not, should allow their rooms to be used to show such perfectly rotten and worm- eaten material as this. There are some nuts out of which the maggots are actually crawling over the boards.” —Chemist & Dirugyist, —_—__—_———————— TEA PRICES, EXPORTS AND ESTIMATES. The telegraphic report from London this morning is reassuring: ‘‘ teas firm and dearer.” It is possible that the news that the Indian crop was to be a late one, and possibly less in quantity than wag anticipated, has something to do with this result, although additional briskness might ordinarily be expected after the Haster holidays. It is of interest to remark that there is probably no article grown on the earth’s surface, the total production of which is more accurately estimated than tea. This is mainly due to the fact, that the growth at present is practically confined to four countries :—China, India, Ceylon and Java. In the case of India, the statistics of the acreage under tea have always been carefully recorded and the work of estimating year by year under the auspices of the Calcutta Tea Association has been very carefully attended to, with less and less risk of error as increased knowledge and experience have been gained. In respect of Ceylon, our reputation for accurate planting statistics is established through- out the world. But neither for India or Ceylon, do the estimates seem to work out more closely than for Java and even China! Inthe case of the former, no doubt, with the limited cultivation hitherto London brokers have been able to get from their agents reliable information; but the maryel is that under the conditions affecting tea production in China, the estimates even though confined to actual exports, should be so near the mark year by year. For instance the estimate a year ago of the total tea exports from China and Japan to the United Kingdom for 1888-9 was given at 100,000,000 lb. and the result as we kuow now, is just one million lb. in excess, or 101,000,000 lb! This, if willbe remembered, is 21 million lb. less than was sent in the previous year to the United Kingdom—1877-88 giving 122,000,000 lb. As regards the future, a great deal turns oa the information which will be made available on the opening and start of the China market. We have made arrangements for Special Telegrams both from China and Caleutta during the busy season lasting over the next five or six months, and Ceylon planters will, in this way, be in a position to judge of the prob- able course of the tea market as affected by ship- ments from the great shipping ports at the earliest possible moment. In publishing yesterday, the comparison drawn between highclass Indian and Ceylon teas through the prices which surprised a Colombo resident, we forgot to offer the all-sufficient explanation. Jt has been always acknowledged that there are estates in India, more particularly in Darjiling (and as Mr. Stanes showed not long ago, on the Nilgiris aiso) which produce teas equal to, or finer even than, the very best ‘‘Ceylons.’” ‘The finest Darji- lings” have always been exceptional teas in the home market for delicacy and flavour; and although our own higher districts ought to compete, and in some cases do, yet the prestige of ‘‘ Darjilings” June 1, 1889. | goes along way. So much so that Mr. Arthur Thompson when in Ceylon intimated to the pzo- prietors of tea plantations in the neighbourhooa of Nuwara iliya, that if there were only a sufficient quantity sent to London of distinctively delicate- flavoured high-grown veas from that neighbourhood to justify a separate classification as ‘‘Ceylon- Darjilings,”’ the owners would probably be bene- fitted considerably. Meantime, the test of the general superiority of Ceylon, over Indian, tea is afforded by the higher total average of prices for the former, and we trust the difference between these averages is to increase, rather then abate, in the future, of course in favour of the Ceylon planters. i PUSHING CHYLON TEA DOWN SOUTH. (Extract from the letter of an ex-Ceylon planter to an old chum in Ceylon.) There is no wholesale sale of tea to be managed at all at invoice prices just now, but [I am doing a little with the men who travel with the tea; not quite paying expenses yet, but still only a little short, and it will improve. This morning, however, one of the best men who had sold most, says that most of those who bought first won’t buy again! So this is disappointing : one or two of the other men are doing very fairly. JI am going to carry on this way of selling the tea for some time yet, end to try if I can get 10 men with sufficient perseverance to carry on until each sells 10 lb. a day. If they can sell 100 1b. per day at 2d per lb. to me profit, that won’t be so bad, but they are not people who have perseverence, so I have my doubts, and perhaps this liae of business may collapse altogether. Ihavegot a Salvation Army chap started today; if I can get them to go in for it, if will be a good thing, for there are thousands of them here, and they do an immense deal of good. I sent the Oolonel a preseot this morning of 4 1b., at all events he has stood security for one of their men who has started today, aa TEA-PLUCKING ON A Hii PLANTATION, Up the hi!!-:ide sce they go, Each along a track, Busy plucking up the jeaf, A baske on ecc1 back; Silevt_y advancins, see Gather they the flushing tea, Down along the slopes they come Both the hands at work—* ’*Mid the band the conductor + Sees they shall not shirk ; From the shrub the leaf they take That shall grateful liquer make. Round about each bushi they go Picking all that’s 7ood : Plucking proper leaf, but not The hardenec —as they should ; Hearty work intelligent Yields a gecd return, as meant, So through iife, or up or down, Shov'd we still endeavour Not aior 2 or rich or great To become or clever ; But with sober work 2nd sure To bs ld up what shell endure. Atreap G, NicuoLas. Portswood,Nuwa7a Eliya, April 11th, 1889. ———___>—_ THE FORESTS OF CHYLON AND RA_-LWAY SLEEPERS. We have been much struck by the announce- ment that the Hgyptian Government has been negotiating with the Forest Dspartment of * The pluckers here use both hands simultaneously, and are very smart at their work. {I do not know what conductors generally are, The man here is the soul of honour and the essence of honesty— one who knows it to be true that work should be thorough. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SS I Sn BE a SS 81I South Australia with reference to the supply by that colony of an enormous number of sleepers required for the railways of Egypt. If arrange- ments can be entered into for this supply, it is said that its provision will give employment to fully 300 men during the course of the next three years ! It would seem to be manifest from this demand made upon a source so far distant, that difficulty is beginning to be felt in obtaining the number of sleepers required from the countries nearer to Egypt which have hitherto afforded the supply. It we are right in drawing this conclusion, it would appear to be certain that a similar difficulty must erelong be experienced by ourselves with regard even to the comparatively limited mileage of local railways. When we consider the enor- mous areas of forest that must have been annually cleared during the last thirty years or more in Norway, Sweden, and Canada, to meet the needs of railway repair and extension, we may feel no surprise that the drain upon them must be rapidly affecting the capacity o! the forests in those countries to meet’an annually increasing demand. The day cannot be far distant, we should say, when a _ decision must be arrived at in Ceylon either to resort to metal sleepers or to accept reliance upon the products of our own forests. It does seem singular to those of us who, from some of the many commarding points of view which are furnished by our magnificent moun- tain ranges, haye looked down upon the extended spread of forest covering our lowcountry, that with such abundant tree growvh close to our hands, we should yet be compelled to draw our supplies of sleepers from far distant lands. Of course we are well aware of the reasons which have led io this arrangement and fully acknowledge their force; but the economic causes now seem likely to meet with reversal in the not far distant future, Toe weight of our island woods and difficulties of transport have hitherto been the main factors controlling this question in the matter of relative expense, Leaving out entirely several other con- siderations, it has been proved to be cheaper to obtain sleepers from Hurope than to cut them in local reserve forests and transport them over jungle roads to any point as yet touched by our railway system. But, as we have said, this economic condition may shortly be reversed, and it behoves those charged with the conduct of rail- way affairs in this island to look forward and to consider, in good time, what may be done in advance of the difficulty we apprehend. We hear it constantly said that none of our more abundant timbers, such as pali or iron- wood, or the almost equally common gatinwood, can be utilized for the purpose of sleepers. The fibre of such woods, it is stated, is too close to admit of their being efficiently prepared by creo- soting to resist the attacks of white-ants or the almost equally destructive effect of the damp climate of our higher lands. If such be the case, would it not be wise for our Forest Department to turn their attention to propagating such trees as may be found suitable for railway purposes, in the several situations throughout the country which must be available for the planting of fresh growths ? Experiment has already been made with many trees that are not indigenous to this island, and in many cases those experiments have resulted successfully, and there is no reason why the Forest Department should not institute experi- ments on an extended scale after the fashion set by the very South Australian authorities whose forests are expected to supply Egypt. On this point, see the official information given on page 812. 812 THE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1889. SS “To be forewarned is to be forearmed.” We can see that ere very many years a resort to our own forests for our supply of sleepers will be forced upon us unless our engineers can de- termine that the use of wood, may profit- ably be abandoned for that of iron or steel, sleepers. But as to this alternative we have repeatedly been told that the non-elastic charac- ter of such sleepers, and the diminished ‘ tie” they afford to a railroad, render them particularly unfitted to mountain lines, the sharp curves upon which tend greatly to the disturbance of the permanent way. The matter is therefore one which we think, in view of present warnings, on many sides, calls for early and very attentive consider- ation, and we strongly recommend that this should be given to it without delay by the responsible local authorities. There is room indeed for a local Commission to consider the best means of supplying the Ceylon Railways locally with sleep- ers, and the Conservator of Forests, Director of Botanic Gardens, along with the Railway Engineer for Ways and Works, could not fail to furnish a very useful and suggestive Report on the subject if they were called to the duty by the Governor. —— WHIGHING TEAS. Ceylon Association in London, London 12th April 1889. A. Philip Esq.,Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Oeylon. Dear Str,—Referring to my letter of 5thinstant, I omitted to mention therein that in weighing teas for trial shipments as suggested, care should be taken to weigh with beam scales only, and it will be well also that the weights of the packages should be made to conform to the custom of weighing here to pounds only. Iwasinstructed by our Committee to mention these points.—I am, yours faithfully, (Signed.) Ww. MArtin Leake, Secretary. 2S FORESTRY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA, The following note is officially communicated to the editor of the Vropical Agricultwrist from Ade- laide by this mail :— Mr, J. EH. Brown (the Conservator of Forests) has just returned from a trip to the north where he has been arranging for the planting operations of the coming season, At Bundalur 770 acres were laid out for planting, upon which it is intended to put out 700,000 trees consisting chiefly of sugar mana, Tasmanian red and blue gums together with a fine collection of newly introduced forest trees from Queensland, which were presented to the Department by the Director of the Botanical Gardens at Melbourne. The stock of trees in hand at Bundalur this year consists of about 1,200,000, so that the Con- servator expects to have a few hundred thousand for distribution among farmers and others. —<~—_—___——_- INDIAN V, CEYLON TEAS. A Colombo merchant (not in tea as proprietor or agent) writes :— “Tam struck with the splendid prices obtained for Indian tea as compared with Oeylon, See Gow’s last circular. I have been watching this for some time, It does not look as if India had much to fear from us, Any way she can lick us altogether in the matter of price.” (From Gow Witson d+ Stanton’s Indian, Ceylon and Java Tea Report.) April 12th 1889. Inpian.—The recent low prices have at length pro- moted better competition, and a somewhat improved feeling has been manifested. The searcity of Teas over ls is now commencing to be felt, with the result that many teas of this class are being disposed of av rather higher rates. Some exceptionally fine teas from the ‘* Chardwar ” estate, realized high prices, the pekoe fetching 28 8d; the broken pekoe, 23 741 ; and the pekoe souchong 2s 14d. OnyLon.—Sales have been very heayy, and in con- sequence some little irregularity has occurred, but only the lower and medium grades have suffered to any appreciable extent. Good liquorirg and fine flavoured teas continue to meet with the chief at- tention, and realize steady rates. The quality is about Ona par with last wecks. The following averages may be mentioned :— Mayfield,’ 18 14d; * Bovawan- talawa,” ls lid; “ Chapeltoa,” ls 1d; and “ Waver- ley,’ Is 1d. An average of 93d per lb. was obtained. ee Tra in Amertca.—The Hyogo News of Ist inst. says:—Telegraphic informatuono has been received here of a great fire in Chicago which destroyed thirty thousand packages of tea, about twothirds of which were the produce of Japan. If this had happened shortly after the opening of the tea season it would have caused more excitement in the local market than is possible at present.—China Mail, April 17th. ian Kanera VALLEY, tea planters are doing one wise thing with a view to publish the sale of their tea at the Paris Exhibition. They have asked Lord Lytton to do what he can to bring it to notice for the Parisian afternoon tea—which, by the way, is a French verb now; ‘je afternoon tea, nous atternoon-teaons,’ and so on, especically elles afternoon-teacnt—and to send out some hint as to the sort of blend most likely to catch Parisian taste. —L. d C. Haupress. SALE or Tea HstatE SHARES.—It speaks well for the prospects before the shareholders of the Yati- deriya Tea Company that shares in this Company should have changed hands at a premium so soon after its formation. A tew days ago a number of shares of R100 each sold for R115, and there is every prospect of their going higher, seeing that the estate is likely to yield very handsome profits, notwithstand- ing the fall in the value of tea. The soil is excep- tioually good, and the management of the estate all that could bedesired. A substantial dividendis pretty sure to be declared on this year’s working.—Local “Times.” Tue Cost or Maxine Qvinmye.—One Ameri- can ‘‘expert”’ in quinine declares on this question that,—‘‘A great deal depends on good management and the location of the factory. However, there can be no question about the cost being in excess of pre- sent market values. I will say this much. If you take the price of bark at one and a half pence per unit, the same testing three per cent quinine or 48 ounces per hundred weight, the cost of quinine in the bark on the London docks would be 18-7c. per ounce, and, in addition, it costs llc. per ounce to take the bark from the London docks until the quinine is delivered in New York. Thus you haye 29°'7c. as the actual cost of foreign quinine put on the New York market. It is not necessary to go into further details.’—This information was given to a representative of the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter during a long interview in which a great deal of useful information was afforded respecting quinine and cinchona bark generally: we are re- publishing the full report in the Zropical Agri- culturist, JUNE 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 813 GP ec i ea i a TS a SR a A SR AE A A SS ESS EES) Garyespondence, ad To the £ditor. CEYLON TEA IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Adelaide, S. A., 30th March 1889, Dear Sir,—Enclosed please find copy of letter sent by us to Seeretary, Ceylon Tea Fund, which kindly insert in your paper. Mr. Hughes called on us on his way back to Colombo and was quite in sympathy with our views.—We remain, yours faithfully, DRUMMOND BROS. Adelaide, S. A., 30th March 1889. To the Secretary, Oeylon Tea Fund, Kandy, Oeylon. Dear Sir,—We duly received yours of 28th January and note contents of resolution passed at Tea Fund meeting. We are now prepared to make a fresh application to the Committee and hope the matter will be settled with as little delay as possible. We do not wish for any grant of tea, but what we want is to represent the Planters’ Association inSouth Australia, and be able to advertise to that effect. We feel quite confident the idea will prove quite a success, and while we have the privilege of using your honorable Association’s name, it will cost them nothing and will be the means of making Oeylon tea more widely known. We may add we have had the interests of Orylon at heart ever since we starced business which proved a loss for some time after starting, and we only hope that your honorable Society will grant us a favourable reply.—We remain, dear sir, yours faithfully, DrumMonp Bros. THE FUTURE OF OUR TEAS. Colombo, 18th April 1889. S1r,—The news now reaching Colombo from up- country tea districts are all full of the grand flush everywhere present. The news now reaching us from the Mincing Lane tea auctions is enough to make any ordinary tea planter’s face turn pale. What of the future? Are we to see prices still further recede when the question will be asked again, ‘* Watchman! what of the night?’’? who can tell. Meantime we wish ‘‘ Godspeed” to the parties rescuing us and now about to enter the lists in the tea tournament in Australia and America. [very well- wisher to Ceylon will, no doubt, pin one of their favours to his or her breast in the shape of a Jully paid-wp share. But where, in conclusion, may | take, in your columns, the liberty to ask the editor of the leading Ceylon paper, is Sir Robert Hart’s last words to the Chinese tea growers: his prophecies be they good or evil? Theuncertain guantity in today’s calculations is the Chinese prospective exports. Are they to continue to diminish, is the most momentous question of today as regards the future of tea prices. Parnell and Pigott and ruby mines have no such interest as this today to a Ceylon tea planter.—Yours truly, PKOPRIETOR OF THA PLANTATION. [In deference to the wish of our correspondent Sir Robert Hart’s Report is given on page 780; a great deal of additional information and of the criti- cism in detail to which it has been subjected must be reserved for the Yvropical Agriculturist. And this every tea merchant and estate proprietor should study.—Ep. | THE “ BURNING QUESTION” OF ''HE DAY! Matale North-East, 14th April 1889. \ Dear Srr,—As a superintendent, whose means of livelihood depends on the success of the tea industry in Ceylon, permit me to appeal to my brother Tea in other districts on what has now become the ‘Burning Question’ of the day. The serious fall in price of our teas and the probable consequences, if new markets are not speedily opered to purchase the increased shipments of 1889-90. As to fall in price, everyone who has the manu- facture of tea inhis charge is fully aware, and will doubtless maintain that the fault is not in the manufacture, nor in the quality of the leaf, but in the overstocked markets to which he may add, but the fall in the market is not my lookout. On this latter point iz the difference of opinion, Have we all done our best to obviate this evil by supporting the Tea Fund specially organized for making our teas better known? I don’t know that anyone of us has contributed directly to this Fund, because we were not called upon to contribute, but the opportunity is now offered and every super- intendent in Ceylon should avail himself of it, and join in the proposed Ceylon Pianters’ American Tea Company, the main object of which is the opening up of a new and wide field for the sale of our teas. If there be any who argue :—this is not our duty, but the proprietor’s, or let private enterprise take it up, we have got quite enough to do with the manufacture of the tea, without concerning ourselves about a market for it;—to the first my reply is, that, as we have not hitherto been called on to contribute to the Tea Fund, it is our duty in self-defence to avail ourselves of- the opportunity now offered of becoming shareholders in the Com- pany intended for our benefit as well as for that of pro- prietors. Private enterprise has already done much in the old country, but nearly ten years have elapsed since the first agency was opened and now in most towns it is as it deserves to be the popular tea. But the English market is over-stocked, and how are we to prevail on private enterprise to enter new fields where we do not care to go ourselves. Let us create a demand for our tea by the American public and the merchants now selling Chinas and Japans will very soon draw on our supplies, but until we do so, they are quite happy and contented with the handsome profits they are now making. It is no matter of opinion, but a fact, that the present state of the tea market is of deep con- cern to us superintendents and only a few minutes’ quiet consideration will be sufficient to prove to most minds the serious results which must follow if nothing is done towards opening new markets. What I therefore ask is that every estate super- intendent, who has received a copy of the prospectus of the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company, should become a shareholder in the Company, now formed for the purpose of making our teas known to a large and wealthy tea-drinking population, but who have not yet had our teas sufficiently brought before them, to enable them to see their vast superiority over the teas they have been ac- customed to. The shares of the Company are only R50 of which R5 are payable on application to the Cc. M. B., R10 on allotment and the balance as required in calls of not more than R10 of which not less than three months will be given.—Yours truly, AN APPLICANT FOR 2 SHARES. THE FUTURE OF OKYLON TEA AND PRACTICAL CRITICISM OF A BROKER’S REPORT. Dear Srr,—Your correspondent ‘“ Quality or Quantity ” makes some very sensible remarks, but surely he is indulging in a little hidden satire, when he suggests a column for ‘profit per acre.’ Had not Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co. better add one for ‘ loss per acre’ too? No doubt they know a great deal, and think they know muych more, 814 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Tune 1, 1889. ee ———————eEeEeEeEeEeEyEyEEe————y—eeeEeEE—e—e about the working of Ceylon estates ; but surely this is asking them to yo alitile too far. Ni doubt a column for ‘ acreage opened’ (this would do better than ‘ quantity per acre’) would be very handy and save a little trouble for th se scanning the information ; but I venture to say that most planters have one of your Handbooks and Directories. and if they wish to make such a comparison them- seives, it would be very easy to do so. And again, those estates which make so much tea, are for the most part large buyers of green leaf; so any attempt at basing the yield per acre on the figures published would be very misleading and inaccurate, * And is all this trouble to be taken by brokers, for men who ridicule their remarks? ‘‘ Quality or Quantity” apparently considers that all those estates ‘‘ giving 4001b. per acre or over, and fetching prices from an average 1lid to 1d or1}d above it,” will ever and always continue to realize those prices. But when ‘‘ almost every estate in Ceylon” is giving the ‘100,000 1b. or over,” does he imagine that the home market will swallow all that, without a further reduction of prices ? May I point out, sir, that whilst in the year 1887 only 21 per cent of estates appearing in W., 8. & Co.'s annual report realized averages below the shilling ; in the year 1888 as many as 55 per cent realized below that figure. No, sir, despite what men may say, it is im- perative that what may be termed ‘ more careful plucking’, not necessarily fine plucking, must be resorted to, to secure anything like paying prices, for good teas are selling now all out of proportion to medium ones. But let not this be all; let every opportunity be taken to push Ceylon teas in new markets. No doubt ‘‘Quality or Quantity” has already taken several shares in the ‘ Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Co.” And now for W., S. & Co.’s remarks, such as have not yet been criticized. Their hints about ‘over sorting’ are no doubt very valuable, but directly against their own appeal for fine teas. A few packages of good broken pekoe, selling weil, will just put the result of the whole invoice in a good position; while if the lot is all sent homeas ‘unsssorted,’ the individuality and fine flavour of that broken pekoe is lost, and a miserable price is given for the whole. The same with regard to two grades only ; the inferior mixed with the higher grade, reduces the whole lot to the catalogue of ‘inferior,’ or ‘medium,’ for which such disproportionately low prices are bid. Again, what onesidedness is displayed by all the brokers in their remarks on ‘loss in weight’ ! All the care and all the trouble and vexation is to fall upon the shoulders of the poor planter, and none whatever upon those who reap the most profits. Now, why cannot they relinquish, or cause others to relinquish, the allowance of 1 lb. per package, which falls to the share, I believe, of the bro- kers themselves, or if not of some equally undeserving individuals. In half-chests of an average say of 55 lb, each, ihis means at once alo-s of nearly 2 per cent ; and then comes the farther loss of the very astute mode of ‘ taring,’ which they wants to correct. O tares and lamentations, look at this! We must get our gross just a little over the full pound, and the tare just under, to suit their convenience. What a nice calculation ‘o look to! Lead, nails and hoop- iron, all to be i icely weighed, and boxes planed down till they weigh to the proper fraction of an ounce, O luvkless planter |! % We would have added acreage planted aay in 1835 were it not for the number of fuctories in Ceylon now buying leaf,—Ep, | “thrown in’ Why don’t those who weigh, take into considera- ion the quarters of a pound? For instance, like this it is very easily done. lb. qr. lb. qr, Chest A 72 1 gross 12 1 tare ERE ND a, ee ke eS OTL 3 dd Be 55, AOD ONZEL * I eS eae, Total 288 0 gross 48 0 tare Average 72 0 gross 12 0 tare, which makes 60 lb. nett, i. ¢., what it should be. We should not grudge the fraction of a quarter of a pound at all, and the loss would be reduced to a minimum. Failing this let the brokers (who are so ready with their advice) invent and supply us with chests of even tare, say all of 12% lb. for half- chests (this would allow of } lb. of tea being to make the gross all right), and which will make up quite airtight (which the metal chests fail to do, and planters will be content.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, G. D. CHEMICAL CURE FQR COFFEE FUNGUS: IMPORTANT CORRECTION. Coonoor, Madras, April 23rd, 1889. Dear S1r,—Thanks for copy of Observer of April 6th 1889, containing letterfrom ‘J. G. C. H.” re cure for fungus on coffee. I write to say that by a typographical error the Sprayers are said to cost 371 francs each: this should be 37 francs only, on the Continent. As soon as information on the subject of this treatment isin my posses- sion you shall have it. To date, however, the Sprayers have not reached me. ESTATE MAN GER. [We are obliged to our correspondent: the price of Sprayers being 37 in place of 371 francs, makes all the difference in the world. We shall hope in due course to hear of the result of the Coonoor experiment.—Ep.] SPLENDID. GROWTH OF TQBACCO IN BADULLA DISTRICT. Badulla, April 27th. ’ Dzar S1n,—I enclose a letter written at my re- quest concerning tobacco leaves grown up here. I was really amazed at it when passing through the estate, common hillock soil too. Just try the measurement 32 x 18: it’s simply enormous.—Yours, RESIDENT. Badulla, April 25th, 1889. *©T have cut down tobacco leaves some time ago, and those were much larger than the ones growing now. I give the measurement of some of the latter :— No.1 32 in. long 18 in. broad. No.2 30 im. do 19 in. do. No.3 27 in. do 18 in, do.” THE COLOMBO CLIMATE AND COTTON SPINNING AND WEAVING. Dear Srr,—With reference to the remarks in your ‘‘ Special Correspondent’s”’ letter of 10th April respecting the dampn+ss of the Colombo climate and the question of its suitability for spinning and weaving operations, there must have been some misapprehension on the part of his fellow- passenger, for everyone acquainted with the great cotton industry is aware that a moist atmosphere oreatly facilitates spinning and weaving, and you are quite c rrect in stating in your footnote that this is one of the many conditions that give us a distinct advantage over the mills in India. June 1, 1889.] The Spinning and Weaving Company are now issuing seed ofthe New Orleans and JViji descrip- tions, which are so very suitable, and before this time next year, Il expect to see Ceylon producing a large quantity of cotton, but a most encouraging feature about this product is, that it cannot be overdone.—Yours faithfully, W.W. MITCHELL. (An interesting letter from Mr. Atherton, the Manager of the new Colombo Miils, on the ‘ Cli- mate sand Spinning” question will appear further on.— Hp. | COORG COFFEE SHEED SUITED TO HAPUTALE ? Srr,—Some correspondent of yours lately de- clared that if was no use planting Coorg coffee higher than 2,500 feet. In that case it is of no use to Haputale. Who ought to know if your correspondent is correct in what he says? PROPRIETOR. (We should certainly consider that Coorg coffee seed was well adapted for use in Haputale.—Ep,] JAPAN, AND CHYLON, MADE TEA BOXES; AND TEA LEAD. Drar Sir,—In your issue of the 10th inst. your clever contributor ‘“‘ Peppercorn” in his happy and incisive style pointed out how easy it is to have too much advice and how the London brokers in particular are sometimes just a little too ready with their notes and comments or matters closely affecting the tea planter, but of which the brokers know very little.—Another instance of this occurs in the circular issued by Messrs. I. A. Rucker & Bencraft, dated London, 21st March, and which was copied into your issue of 16th inst. In this circular we are told that we should be wary in purchasing Japan tea boxes, because the Japanese are wily enough to make any wood do for ex- portation to Ceylon. This statement is incorrect and misleading. The facts are that the large numbers of Japan boxes which have been imported into Ceylon have consisted of two kinds of wood only, viz., socalled Cedar or Suji and Momi (the two Jast are the Japanese names of the woods.) The Cedar or Suji has no doubt a strong aro- matic smell, and as far back as 1885 Messrs. Somerville & Co. in their Circular No. 9 of the 26th October mention that planters were then very nervous about using Japan cedar boxes, which at that time were the only kind imported.—Since then, however, boxes made of Momi, a white wood much resembling deal, have been imported and this wood has practically no smell, and is in every way well suited for tea packages.—Hundreds of thousands of cedar boxes have been used in Ceylon and India and are, I believe, used by the Japanese themselves and it is only now that attention is drawn to their strong aromatic smell. On the 11th Dec. 1885 Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Oo. sent you a letter, which you published, and in which they informed the public that Mr. A. Wilson, the senior partner of Messrs. Wilson and Smithett, had telegraphed out that the Japan boxes imported by Mr. Deane had proved a success, and that the smell of the cedar did not interfere with the tea. : Had Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft made remarks apply generally to the woods their used for tea boxes, they would have been more to the point, | and I suspect that some of the woods which have ‘THE TROPICAL no doubt come under their observation as unsuit- | able for tea, owing to the medicinal flavour im- parted, were not Japan, but Ceylon made boxes. | AGRICULTURIST. 815 Take a walk occasionally through the warehouses at the Wharf and through the merchants’ godowns where tea ig stored waiting sale and shipment, and you will very soon see that Ceylon made boxes are not aut made of hal, though the sup- plier will no doubt try and persuade you that they are. I saw one lot only the other day actually made of mango-wood, which the London brokers may mistake for Japan pine?! Another serious draw- back to most Ceylon made boxes is that the wood is not seasoned. I have seen boxes at the wharf during the hot dry weather, the joints of which had opened out wide enough to admit the top of your finger. I was much amused in noticing one lot, sent without doubt from the hands of a canny Scot, which instead of being hooped all round had little bits of hoopiron about two inches long nailed over the joints in the sides and ends! As ‘ Peppercorn” pointed out planters will always be grateful for hints and advice founded on facts, but advice given in a loose way without first ascertaining facts is calculated to do more harm than good, particularly in the present instance when a check given to the use of Japan boxes would subject the planter to much difficulty and increasing expense. Messrs. Rucker & Bancraft’s remarks re Japan boxes have already been greedily seized upon by advertisers to puff the sale of their wares. One word as to tea lead. Planters would do well to keep in mind the caution and advice given by the late Mr. Cameron (who gave Ceylon so much practical information on tea-making and packing) as to keeping up the thickness of tea lead. Owing to the rigid economy forced upon us the tendency is to adopt thin lead. I believe it is quite possible for fine tea to be affected by the taiut of unsuitable wood through using thin lead. Some of the lead used for fine China teas, weigh as much as 7 oz. to the foot and seems t)be of a particularly towgh texture and of dark color. I can send you the notes you publish d a jew jears ago on this subject, while Mr. Cameron was in the island if you would like to see them. Oan it be that the London brokers are int rested in the manufaciure or sale of patent pockages ? I am curious to see the effec: of ending away tea in a second, third or even fourth hand papier maché chest without lining of any kini.—Yours faithfully, THA BOX. SALE OF OEKYLON TEAS. Sir,—All well-wishers of Ceylon tea-planters are anxious to find out markets for the sale of their teas. Mention has been made of America, Australia &. Bat it strikes me that tea-drinking in Ceylon itself is very limited, and that it could be increased to an enormous extent in the thousands of villages far away from the tea estates. Ooffee (and vot tea) that is daily hawked about and sold to waside boutique- keepers by the enterprising Tam'l ‘‘copee-karan.” No doubt in the orJinery course of time these Tamil men will take to selling tea. But doa’t you think it better not to wait, but to press them into the service by bringing tea within their reach. WELL-WISHER. COFFEE: THE CULTIVATION OF COFFEE UNDER SHADE IN CEYLON. April 30th, 1889. Dear S1r,—In your issue of the 29th instant a, ‘* Proprietor”? says that some one has declared that ‘it is no use planting Coorg coffee higher than 2,500 feet.” If he refers to my letter on the subject, 1 must point out that he has taken me up wrongly. Shade experiments with Coorg or any other coffee should be carried out at alow 816 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. (June 1, 1889. elevation to get the benefit of the forcing power of the climate and soil at that elevation. It must be obvious to all that shade, at a high elevation in 4 climate like Ceylon,* would act deleteriously ; and you generally get good soil “at the bottom of tHe mountain slopes among the foothills.” The “ Ghaut” estates, or those on the steep mountdin-sides, are so washed and worn that new experiments in coffee would not be worth trying. On the other hand estates like ‘‘ Rosebury,’’ which have suffered from fierce sun and drought and have good soil, would be just the places to try the beneficial effects of acool cover, a thick litter, and digging combined with weeding and manu- ring ; and shade would soon grow in the forcing climate. W. A. TYTLER, COCONUT CULTURE DISCUSSION. Colombo, 30th April 1889. S1z,—You are responsible for putting down “ A.B.C.” instead of ‘Aba’ below my last communication. *** Do “B.” emerge from wherever you are and visit Cambridge Place in the Cinnamon Gardens of a morning when the truth of whatI say will be ocularly demonstrated to you. Have your good “B.”’ ever travelled on the sea- side line? and have you really failed fo see the bunches of fruit propped up on the trees growing close to the sea at Wellewatta ? ‘“‘ None are so blind,” they say ‘(as they who will not see.” Another of your theories ‘“‘B.””—the “ differing ” and “toughening” of stems owing to silica—isa thing of the past, for it has been recently proved by carefully conducted experiments that stems may be “stiff” and “tough” without the aid of silica. Once more good “B,” I ad. jure you by all the coconut trees to visit the Oinnamon Gardens and Wellewatta before you sit down to reply.— Yours faithfully, ABA. (This correspondence must now cease so far as our columnsare concerned.—ED,]| TEA BOXES:—JAPAN AND OTHERWISI. Colombo, 1st May 1889. Dear Sin,—Your correspondent ‘‘ Tea Box” has the aroma—and a strong one too—of a Japan tea chest such as is condemned by Messrs. Kucker & Bencraft in their recent circular, and seeing he impugns their honesty of purpose, it is a pity he has not the courage to express his opinion over his own name instead of doing so anonymously. But instead of proving Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft wrong in their statement, ‘‘Tea Box” actually confirms exactly what the London brokers say, as will be seen by the following extract from his letter :— “The facts are that the Jarge numbers of Japan boxes which have been imported into Oeylon have consisted of two kinds of wood only, viz., socalled Cedar or Suji and Momi (the two last are the Japanese names of the woods.) - Zhe Cedar or Suji has no doubt a strong aromatic smell, and as far back as 1885 Messrs. Somerville & Co. in their Circular No.9 of the 26th October mention that planters were then very nervous about using Japan cedar boxes, which at that time were the only kind imported. Hundreds of thousands of cedar boxes have been used in Ueylon and India avd are, I believe, used bythe Japanese themselves and it is only now that attention is drawn to their strong aromatic smell,” It is not ‘‘only now’ that these boxes have been objected to, for they have long been condemned by one ofthe oldest and largest tea buying firms * ‘Ton a climate like Ueylon’”’:—no one knows better than our correspondent that we have a large variety of “samples of climate’? even within our coffee zone. Would “W. A. T.” not agree that almost any- where in the Uva districts up even to 4,000 to 4,500 feet, the shade experiment with coffee, on virgin or good soil, is worth trying ?—Ep, in Colombo, some of whose purchases have failed to realize within 3d per lb of their value owing to the aromatic taint. Moreover, many of the Japan boxes are ofsuch frail timber that notwithstanding hoops and a plentiful supply of nails, they will not stand a long journey. It was only a weekor two ago we were invited by Messrs. Carson & Co. to inspect some chests in their godowns which were much damaged in transit, direct by cart, from one of their estates. While speaking plainly of the worst features of some of the Japan boxes, we do not forget that for appearance and make-up they have been far in advance of Ceylon-made boxes ; but now that improved appliances are being used in their manufacture, local boxes are steadily improving in both these respects. With regard to the ‘‘quality’”’ we admit there are woods yuite unsuitabie for boxes, like Japanese cedar for instance ; but your corre- spondent is very much mistaken in supposing hal is the only timber that can be used out of 148 kinds already well-known and largely used for a variety of purposes in Ceylon. Hf he will publish his name to his next communication on the subject in your columns (‘‘ as a guarantee of good faith’’) we shall have much pleasure in not only giving him a list of the woods but showing him these kinds on his calling at our office. We notice ‘‘ Tea Box” suggests that planters should use 7o0z. lead in place of 4and 5 oz. to prevent the taint of cedar wood; but so long as inodourous boxes can be obtained there is no reason why the expense of packing should be s0 largely increased, particularly at this time when most men are striving to reduce cost of manufacture in every possible way.—Yours faithfully, W. H. DAVIES & Co. Dear Siz,—Allow me to point out that Messrs. W.H. Davies & Co, have twisted and contorted my letter in an unwarrantable manner. Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft do not condemn Japan boxes in toto, but caution packers to reject those with a piney or cedary smell. Ido not impugn the honesty of purpose of Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft. _ I do not say that hal is the only Ceylon wood suitable for tea boxes. I do not suggest that planters should use 7 oz. lead to prevent the taint of cedar wood.—Yours faithfully, TEA BOX. Colombo, May 3rd 1889. Dear Sir,—‘' Tea Box”’ “greedily seized” (to use an expression of his own) an opportunity of ano- nymously casting innuendoes at Messrs. Rucker & Beneraft and ourselves, but now that-he has been challenged to do so over his own name he says we have ‘‘twisted and contorted” his letter. We reiterate that in the form of a question he suggested that Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft had an interest in the manufacture or sale of other tea packages, hence their condemnation of Japan boxes. Secondly, he distinctly suggested that hal was the only Ceylon wood suitable for tea boxes, and im- plied that suppliers tried to palm off other woods for hal. Thirdly, ‘‘Tea Box” believed it “quite possible for fine teas to be affected by the taint of unsuit- able wood through using thin lead,” and mentioned 7 oz. as being the weight used in China. We leave you, sir, and others to: judge whether we have ‘‘twisted and contorted” your correspon- dent's letter.—Yours faithfully, W. H. DAVIES & CO. June 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Colombo, 3rd May 1889. Srr,—As the principal importers of cedarwood tea packages from Japan, all of which are made and shipped by a first-class European firm there, we must deny the statement made by a corres- pondent in your issue of Ist instant that Japanese cedar is unsuitable for tea-boxes. The trade in these Japan tea packages has existed over five years. During the three years in which we have imported them, we have not only not had any complaint from our clients of loss arising from taint in the wood, but London friends have written (on seeing Messrs. Rucker & Beneraft’s re- marks) that they have never noticed any taint or smell in the wood. We are making enquiries with a view to trace the origin of the Japan chests referred to by Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft, and shall be glad to give the information when obtained.—Meanwhile, we are, yours faithfully, MACKWOOD & Co, TEA CULTURE AND PREPARATION: AN- SWER TO “PRACTICAL ENQUIRIES.” Dear Mr. Eprror,—In answer to the queries of a practical man, though I am not experienced in the art of tea plucking, I have my opinions on the subject, I think the quality of tea is best from teas four or five months after pruning when the trees are in good heart. The teas from new pruned trees or those which have run too long without pruning, are,I think, always inferior. The application of manure undoubtedly improves the quality of tea in my opinion, as does anything else which will put the bush in good heart, but ag manuring is an expensive stimulant, it should not be applied unless the yield has from poverty of soil or other causes fallen. very low. Fields which yield with medium plucking 4001b. of made tea, should not be manured, because it is like feeding an apoplectic map on turtle soup, turkey and ham, and deluging him with cham- pagne and port. Moreover at present prices for medium plucked tea, unless manure can be got for nothing it will not pay to manure. Say that at present the profit on the cultivation to manu- facture of tea is 2d per lb. which is the outside profit, and a very handsome one too, with an in- crease in the yield of 200 lb. per acre for two years, as the effect of manuring, you get £1 13s 4d, per acre. What manure can you purchase and apply at this cost ? There is now-a-days far too much grandmotherly advice given to tea producers ; if every one accepted itand acted up to it, where would we be? Inmy opinion every sensible planter is the best judge of his own interests, and of his surroundings and circum- stances and does his level best to promote them. It is not more than three months ago, when the run was altogether on teas for price, fair pekoe Souchong was 94 per lb. As long asthat was the case it was undoubt- edly for the interest of the majority of planters to go in for quantity. Iam of opinion that the test of what is the correct thing to do is the price of Pekoe Souchong, When the average price of P. 8. falls to 6d or below planters will be forced to pluck fine, I think. I do not myself believe in planters chopping and changing the systems of plucking they have found best suited to’ their circumstances, to meet the whims and wants of London tea dealers, which vary from month to month. When the supply of medium and low qualities of China, India, and Ceylon teas is excessive then there is a cry for fine and pungent teas to mix with them, but only a limited quantity of that description is wanted. If all the teas from India, China and Japan were from some unexpected cause to turn out fine, would they sell for 2s per lb? It may soon be better for a great many- planters either to pluck fine or to convert all their tea into dust or broken mixed: these are fetching 6d to 7d per lb! A THEORETICAL PLANTER. JAPAN TEA BOXES. Sir,—Seeing that more than one Colombo firm have taken advantage of the paragraph in Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft’s Circular to decry the Cedar or Suji packages as introduced by me from Japan, I would submit to the notice of your readers the following facts :— 1st.—Almost without exception (if not quite) the total crop of Japan teas is packed in packages made of this wood, and, in stating this, I state a fact of which I myself was an eye-witness when in Japan, having been through most of the large hongs in Kobe and Yokohama. 2nd.—That I myself have shipped at least 600.000 Ib. of tea in these packages, and never had a com- plaint, though I have more than once had the packages praised by my brokers, Messrs. Wilson Smithett & Co. 3rd.—Though if is a fact that ‘‘ Momie”’ woods have no smell at all I was forced to abandon the use of them as I found they cracked when exposed to heat. I tried 500 of these packages, being the first to import them, but had to advise my agents, Messrs. Mackwood & Co., to have nothing to do with them except when specially ordered. 4th.—Though having nothing to say against well- seasoned Ceylon-made packages, it is a fact that at present anyhow, the supply of good boxes would not be equal to the demand were the importa- tion of Japan packages to cease. Hand-made Ceylon pakages are of course out of the question, any supposed saving in the first instance being more than balanced by the loss in weight of tea caused by uneven taring in London. I annex a few testimonials as to the ex- cellence of the cedar packages, and meanwhile shall endeavour to trace the packages complained of by Messrs. Fiucker & Bencraft. It is more than likely the damaged packages may have been of “*Momi” wood, which cracks easily, and the result in damagied tea ascribed to Japan packages generally, the Jiondon people not taking into con- sideration that more than one kind of packages comes from Jaypan.—Yours, &., H, D. DEANE. Kintyre, Maskeliya. January 8th, 1886. Japan Packages, We confirm our remarks of 20th ultimo, ot these pack- ages, viz., that we have invariably found them arrive in €xcellent condition and the flavor and aroma of the tea fresh and brisk. We think that their lightness, dura- bility and cheapness render them well worthy a trial in al tea facitories. (Signed) Wiutson, SMITHETT & Co. ——— ee Cryton Txa 1n Metpourne.—A specimen has been sent us of a neatly-printed post-card, issued by Mr. 8. "W. Foulkes, formerly of the Kalutara dis- trict, now of Melbourne, where he deals in “ pure Ceylon tea.” We quote as follows :— The (Seylon Tea Growers’ Association. ‘ Chief” Brand. §. W. Foulkes (Late of Ceylon, and the Ceylon Tea Ho'ase, Exhibition), Begs to notify that he has opened an Agency in Melbourne for the above Asso- ciation, and is prepared to supply pure Ceylon tea, in small or large parcels, to suit householders. As he deals i) 1 Oeylon tea alone, imported by himself, those kindly favouring him can depond on getting pure Ceylon , solely. 818 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. eT ST TS BARK AND DRUG TRADE REPORT. Lonpon, 11th April 1889. Ciuchona at the weekly auctions sold at some slight advance, and quinine isalso dearer. As regards other chemicals, we find higher prices asked for cocaine, quick- silver and mercurials, sulphate of copper, and cream of tartar. Inthe drug department proper we note some improvement in castor oil, orris root, rhubarb, and cala- bar beans ; and some falling off in insect flowers, ipeca- cuanha, and caraway seed. OrncHona. —The auctions on Tuesday were of fair aver- age extent as regards the quantity of bark offer, while the quality of the assortment was rather better on the whole than we have been accustomed to see at recent auctions, there being a fairly large number of lots aver- aging from 4 to 6 percent equivalent of quinine sulphate. The catalogues comprised :— Packages Packages Ceylon bark .. 1,895 of which 1,496 were sold East Indian bark ... 497 spe GE py Java bark oe 28 5 28 4 Sonth American bark 276 | 55 187 a Total 2,696 9» 2,123 ap A better spirit pervaded the auctions, partly perhaps on account of the stronger tone of the quinine market, and partly also because noauctions will be held again until May 7th. Nearly all the manufacturers present bought freely, and occasionally there was a fair amount of competition for a desirable parcel. The consensus of opinion at the close of the sales pointed to a slight im- provement in the unit price, which may we think, now be placed at fuliy1$d per lb. wt The following are the approximate quantities pur- chased by the principal buyers:— Lb. Agents for the American, French, &c., works 104,861 Agents for the Mannheim & Amsterdam works 96,456 Agents for the Auerbach works 93,079 Agents for the Brunswick works 4 “A 80,997 Agents forthe Frankfort o/Mand Stuttgart works 76,151 Messrs. Howards & Sons be 34,190 Mr. Thomas Whiffen 9,660 Sundry druggists... ee 14,741 Total sold a0 510,133 Bought in or withdrawn 117,012 Total quantity catalogued 628,145 It may or may not be a mater of any importance in connection with American rumours of » quinine combination, but it isa fact that the agents for the American quinine factories bought a larger quantity of bark at this auction than they have done for several months past, t ‘ It should be well understood that the mere weight of bark purchased affords no guide whatever to the quinine yield represented by it, firms who buy a small quantity of bark by weight frequently taking the richest lots, and vice versa. i) Sour AMERICAN Bark.—Of 34,700 lb. ‘Bolivian Oalisaya 24,320 1b. were sold; good stout broken, but silvery, from Yungas plantatious, 93d to 105d per Ib. (against 94d to 93d per lb. at the previous auction) ; air to dull broken quill 7d to 55d. Two serons or- dinary Lima quill sold cheaply at 17d per ib. There was a rather large quantity of Ceylon and Indian root bark offiered tor sale, and disposed of at good prices, An offer of 9d per lb. was refused for a parcel of renewed crown chips, said to be equal to 6:40 per cent quinine sulphate, and 11d was de- clined for another parcel said to analyse 7°40 per cent. Cocatnu.—Higher prices are quoted for bulk, say, 14s 6d to 14s 9d per oz., and there are rumours that a portion of the recent coca crop has been packed ina damp state, and arrived at the ports of shipment almost valueless. q , Quinine bas been very firm ‘this week, and prices on the spot have further hardenedsomewhat. Between 50,000 and 60,000 oz. German bulk are said to have been sold, mostly by the makers themselves, at 1s 1id to 1s 1}d on the spot; while some now require 1s 2d in that position. Early delivery sold at 1s 2d per oz. (1s 241 is now asked), and for distant delivery 1s 2¢d per oz. is reported t» have been paid. The Fa- brica Lombarda still quotes 1s 14d per oz. on the spot, —Chemist and Druggist. SaaeennERERREEREEEIn cena TEA DRINKING. We have received several letters on the subject of the remarks on Tea Drinking, given in our last issue. We observe, likewise, that one or two of our contem- poraries have made a note on the subject. The matter is one that should not be allowed to drop, for it is high time that those interested in China tea should make some vigorous and far-reaching effort to main- tain the splendid trade they have had in their hand:. One correspondent who backs up our remarks writes : —“* We (Ohina) quietly sit down and let these Indian and Ceylon people push and pnff their teas to the gullible public, and I consider we have ourselves to thank for losing onr business through apathy when we really have a strong case.” The strong case being the greater absence of tannin in China teas of good ordinary qualitiy, as against the best Indian and Ceylon growths, which was shown by the figures published in our last issue. These strong Indian growths have undoubtedly a deleterious effect on the nervous system and digestive organs. The eyil that is being wrought is not confined to oneclass or section of the community, for in drawing-room, factory, work- shop and cottage, excessive tea drinking, particularly of Indian kinds, which brew out strong in the cup, and apparently give better value for money, as they stand more watering, is commencing to work consi- derable evil. There is, perhaps, some excuse for the poor classes in selecting Indian qualities for the reason stated in the preceding sentence, but there seems no reason why those in better circumstances should not indulge in something less deleterious to their consti- tution. In a discussion which took place a few months ago in the columns of a London daily newspaper on the tea we drink, it was pointed out and truly, we believe, that the richer classes paid less as a rule for their tea per lb. than the poorer people. A man who would be ashamed to set an inferior bottle of wine on his table would have tea at a ridiculously low price and of very inferior quality m his drawing-room. Whenever this subject is being discussed, one fre- quently hears the remark, ‘‘ But where can good pure tea be procured ?”’ or to the effect that it was very difficult to find a retailer who kept a stock of pure China. Why should not shops exist which would make a speciality of selling pure Ohina tea of a good quality ? Such establishments exist for the Ceylon commodity. Surely those interested in the China trade might exhibit some of the push and go which distinguish their Ceylon confreres who circularise, open special depots, and otherwise force the article into consumption and make a valuable trade. One is bound to admire the energy that Ceylon planters and others interested have thrown into that product. Surely China might emulate its rivals, instead of sitting down and letting their trade be taken from them. They have a strong weapon in the matter of medical opinion, and they might use it effectively.— L. and C. Express, 12th April. > MAURITIUS. © Port Louis, 10th April 1889. THE WEATHER AND THE CROP. A few complaints reach us from certain quarters of the island with respect to the continued heavy rains that have fallen without scarcely any intermissions since December last. That the season has been a very wet one is universally admitted but on the other hand the majority of our plantations have profited, the plantations are very advanced, and next crop will exceed the present one considerably. For the last few days the weather has been warm and dry and the mills are running off all the syrups which could not be turbined on account of the persisted wet. It is es- June 1, 1889. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S19 _ pe Ra ln A RRL tae timated by our most competent experts that the present crop, which may be said to have terminated will exceed last year’s by at least 15,000 tons, and this figure would have been higher if all the-estates had been able to cut their canes at the most opportune moment. It is worthy of note that notwithstanding the unprecedented quantity of water that has fallen and which can be verified in our meteorological intelligence, the island has been free of all signs of cyclones at any rate of those signs which canes object to. VANILLA.—Owing to favorable news received from Europe by last mail, the market is firm ond the de- mand has been very brisk for fine qualities. We have to quote the sale of a few small lots, first quality at R24 per kilo above 6 inches. A lot of about 110 kilos fetched at auction from R18 to R24 per kilo according {o quality and length. Green vanilla has been sold at Ka to R3.50 per kilo, but holders are unwilling to accept today this price and demand R4 per kil. As mentioned in our last the outturn of the coming crop will be interior to that of last year. OorrEE.—Prices for good qualities have improved and we quote these from last sales R58 to R60 perd 0 kilos and mixed ‘‘triage” qualities R35 to R45 per 50 kilos, according to quality. From Bombay we received 80 bags, from Singapore 5 and from Pondichery 10,— Commercial Gazette. as QUININE, COCAINE, &c. Waldhof near Mannheim, 5th April 1889, QUININE was extremely dull last month and only a few transactions in first hand took place. _The second hand sold more freely though at prices which must have involved serious losses, some parcels being disposed of atv the remarkably low figure of 1s per oz. Near the end of the month a better tone prevailed; the bark sale on the 25th ultimo went off at an advance of about 5 per cent and 1s 13d to 1s 8d was subsequently paid for Sulphate. Since there will be only one auction this month on account of the Haster Holidays we may expect the improvement to make further progress. _. The reports on the manufacture of Sulphate of Quinine by the cold oil process, recently issued by Messrs. J. A. Gammie aud Lawson, superintendents of the Sikkim and Nilgri Government Cinchona plantations respectively, are of considerable interest in more points than one, It is anticipated that the production of Quinine at the above places, after the erection of new machinery, will amount to 80,000 oz during the first year viz. from April 1889 to April 1890, all of which will be supplied to the Go- vernment hospitals and dispensaries. Kumours to the efiect that certain quantities would be sold in the open market are contradicted by a private communication which we received froma reliable source. The Govern- ment purposes to charge this Quinine at2l Rupees per lb or about 1s 9d per oz for the present. There can be no doubt that the object H. M. Govern- ment has in view is a noble one, however, we may be permitted to ask: Are the English and Indian subjects really benefited by this new departure? These 80,000 oz could have been bought in London at any time this year at siy 1s 4d per oz all packages free, delivered in India (we purposely do not take the lowest price) which compared with the above figure would have meant @ saving of atleast es 2 inf £1,667 0 0 to thishas to be added the difference between income and expenditure according to the official estimate Rupees 33,400 .., ob £2,226 0 0 d f making a total of £3,893 0 0 which the Indian population has to pay “ extra” tor the privilege of being provided with ‘* home made” Quinine. But the loss extends yet in another direction since the English merchants and manufacturers who have hitherto almost exclusively supplied the Indian market will find this outlet for their Quinine closed against them. We feel convinced that even the most strenuous advocate of the measure wnder discussion will be torced to ad- mit that from « commercial point of view the enterprise must be regarded as a somewhat costly emancipation from Muropean supplies. CocainH.—Our anticipation of an early reaction, hag been fully borne out by the recent eventsin the market. A very extensive business has been done in crude Cocaine, prices advincing at each sale, until they now have at- tained the figure st which «a short time ago inferior brands of Hydrovhlorate were offered. Having advant- ageously coutracted for the raw material at the right moment we are pleased to give our friends the benefit of our foresight, ond offer our superior brand below the figure justified by the value of Crude Cocaine, CAFFEINE.—The ‘ cutting” between the German and Bueglish manufacturers has led to ridiculous prices which however have not stimulated the demand. ‘To those who did not know before it must have become clear by this time that the consumption of this article has been greatly overestimated. C. F. BOEHRINGER & SOHYE,. — <— — CROP PROSPECTS IN MADRAS. The following is @ summary of the report on the state of the season and prospects of the Crops in the Madras Presidency for the week ending 13th in- stant:—No rain in Godavari, Kistna, Nellore, Cudda- pah, Bellary, Anentapur, Kurnool Madras, and South Oanara; very slight in Ganjam and Vizagapatam ; fair in Travancore; and slight elsewhere ; standing crops generally good; but suffering from want of rain in Ganjam, Vizagapatam, and parts of Bellary, North Arcot, South Arcot, Tinnevelly, and Coimbatore. Wet crops withering in parts of Ouddapah, Anantapur end Chingleput. Pasture deficient in Ganjam, Vizagapatam, Ouddapah, Bellary, North Arcot, Madura, Tinnevelly, Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Salem and Malabar. Prices almost stationary in Ganjam and seven other districts, In Mysore and Coorg the state affairs for the week ending 17th is thus summed up:—No rain in Mysore. Orops in parts of the Kolar district are suffering from want of water. Elsewhere they are reported to be ia good condition. Prospects generally favourable. Water-supply diminishing in parts of the Mysore and Kolar districts. No material change in prices. Rain wanted for coffee blossoms in Ooorg.—Madras Times, April 27th, a THE INDIAN GOLD MINES. The prospects of the leading Indian gold mines were never more rosy than they are now. ‘The four great Colar properties are developing steadily and the results shown in the first two months of this year far surpass those of 1888, though these were extremely hopeful and satisfactory. The Mysore continues to show the way to its neighbours by progressing by leaps and bounds. Its returns for Januzry and February were much better than any last year; for, though the January crushing produced 70 oz. less than that of last May, the yield in money was £9,285 as compared with £8,963 in the best month of last year. The steadily progressive nature of the work andthe great improvement iu the nature of the quartz now being milled is shown by a glance at the figures for the past four months, which were as follow :— Tons. Ounces. Value. November RAT GVee inl Soo diic.t 4.903 December tee 16384 1,506 i 5,850 January DOCG Nrcke} A251 93.0 oe 9,283 February OOQS Maiecall uneegooum ese — These mines, tosay nothing of the smaller properties which ave making conspicuous headway, such as the Nine Reefs, the South-East Mysore, and others, prove the sound basis upon which the Indian gold industry stands. and the capacity of the Colar Gold field to keep upa steady, it not «sevsational, yield of the precious metal. The Indian gold mines are in an incomparably better position now than they have been for many a day.— Financial News. ¢ = WOOD USED FOR TEA BOXES IN CALCUTTA. We quote, as of local interest an article on the above subject from the Indian Forester :— A dispute between certain Shipping Agents and Merchants in Oalcutta regarding the quality of cer- tain wood ued for tea boxes was latety referred to the Director, Forest School, for decision «as to the species of the wood, by Mr. Blechynden, the Secre- tary to the Agri-Horticultural Society of India. The wood, which is locally called kuura; and comes from Moulmein, or Assam, resembles that of semal (Bombax malabaricum), but has a dark-brown brt soft heartwood, which is said in Gamble’s Indian Timbers not to exist in semal wood, and all tha specimens 826 THE ‘TROPICAL AGRIOULTURIST. [June 1, 1880. eeeeSEaGQQuQuQeyae es in the Forest School Museum are free from such heart- wood. The wood may be that of B. pentandra, or some other malvaceous species. Mr. Blechynden states that the wood, especially the darker portion of it, has a decidedly unpleasant odour. It is improbable however, that if properly dried, any Indian wood would corrode the lead coating of tea boxes, sueh corrosion being generally due to the use of greep wood still containing sap. : Almost any wood of moderate specific gravity will do for tea bores, provided it is hard and the grain twisted enough to hold nails, and the common mango furnishes one of the best woods for the purpose, The School Museum does not contain all Indian woods, but chiefly those given in the numbered cata- logue of Indian woods, at the end of Gamble’s Indian Timbers. If Foresters all over India would kindly from time to time send tothe Forest School well authenticated specimens of other woods not given in that catalogue, the collection there would be tar more useful than at present, as the School Museum is apparently the only place in India where woods can be readily identified, and demands for such identification have recently arisen several times. We may note that Gamble’s book states that semal wood has no annual rings, this is not always the case however, and Mr. Angus Campbell, formerly of the Roorkee Workshops, states that semal when old has a very dark, almost black, heartwood, and that most of the semal trees from the Chandi forest, felled for well- curbs for the dam across the Ganges at Narora, had dark heartwood, which appeared strong and was hard, and used to puzzle people when planed and polished, and they were told it was the despised semal. [Bombax malabaricum, or semal, is the red blos- somed cotton tree.—Hp.] > CzpreLA Toons (RED VARIETY.)—Plants planted in last December in a coconut plantation three miles from Mirigama railway station about 100 feet above sea-level are growing very rapidly, and they are now 34 to 43 feet high and healthy. Royan Garpens, Kew Bulletin for April is occupied with a list of new garden plants de- scribed and published during the year 1888. Ithas been extended to include the descriptions of new plants (and name alterations) which have appeared in several horticultural periodicals, that were not included in the former list. The number of new garden plants annually described in various English and foreign periodicals, renders it a matter of considerable difficulty to botanists and horticulturists to keep them in view. REVIEW oF THE PLANTING AND AGricunturaL Inpvs- TRIES oF Cryton. By J. Ferguson. (John Haddon and Co.)—Though these papers have appeared in print before, thanks are due to Mr. Ferguson for publishing them in a separate volume, The first item that any interested person will look for is un- doubtedly coffee, and next, perhaps, tea. Coffee has never recovered from the blow which the leat- disease and the removal of Protection struck. In 1874-77, the export of plantation and native coffee reached 988,328 cwt., the estimated crop for 1887- 88 being 150,000 cwt. Cinchona, too, has seen its best days; the Ceylon bark is not good enough, Tea, of course, is the coming industry, 23 lb. being exported in 1873, and 22,000,000 lb. in 1887- 88; at this rate, in five years the failure of coffee will be compensated,—that is to say, the value of the tea will be as much as the coffee was. Mr. Ferguson gives plenty of details and statistics re- lating to all the tropical as well as the three principal products, and the short history which he attaches to the accounts of each enterprise are exceedingly instructive and interesting.—London Spectator. Japan TzA4.—Fayourable reports haye been received in regard to the tea crop from several localities, and the prospects throughout Yamashiro are said to have very much improved.— J, Mail, March 13th. CocutnzAu.—The cultivation of cochineal in the island of Teneriffe was commenced about sixty years ago, and in 1831 the first exports (about 19 lb.) were made. The shipment rapidly increased until 1869, when the maximum quantity of 1,888,708 lb. was exported. Since that time the cultivation has been on the wane, and the grow- ing application of aniline dyes threatens to ex- tinguish it in a few years.—Chemist d> Druggist. Mr. Goscuen is fortunate with his budgets, but he is also emphatically the right man in the right place as an able and sound financier and his measures have tended greatly to strengthen Lord Salisbury’s Ministry. We, in Ceylon, have no particular reason to regret that the duty on tea is not to be reduced this year, because such reduction would really tell more in favour of cheap China, than of Indian and Ceylon, teas. We call attention to the remarks in detail made by Mr. Goschen in reference to tea, coffee, and cacao. Tue Conrivation or Correr under shade after the Coorg and Mysore fashion continues to be discussed and experiments in the Uva Province are likely to be made erelong, with seed got from the Indian districts referred to. The result will be watched with the greatest possible interest here. —In the meantime, not only are there good crops on a considerable area of old coffee upcountry, but we hear that such Liberian coffee as con- tinues to be cultivated in Ceylon is, this season, bearing exceedingly well and in a year when the prices are so high, a profitable return may be anticipated. UrinizATIon oF Oxnp Rairs.—The Government of India having issued instructions for the utili- zation of surplus old rails, sleepers, &c., belong- ing to the North-Western Railway, a question was raised of constructing a Feeder Ra.lway line between Gudhiana and Ferozepore, on which it was thought that the old stores could be utilized as howeyer it was represented that there would not be suflicient traffic to maintain this line, and as it would also tend to attract away traffic which, it is believed, will go to enhance the revenue of the Patiala- Bhatinda-Bhawalpur Railway, the question, for the time being, has been shelved.—Indian Engineer, April 17th. Crytrypo.—This word forms a _ big heading to apage advertisement of Messrs. Kearley & Tonge, Mitre Square, E.C., in the Grocers’ Gazette. This advertisement says :— All wishing to extend their tea trade must recognise this Ceylon, whose advance to the front as a tea-growing country is quite unique in’ the annals of the planting industries, possesses particular advantages for the successful cultivation of tea. Its teas are famous for their grand flavour and quality, and are invaluable for mixing purposes. Ceylon teas came with such a sudden rush into the market that they have somewhat detracted certain buyers from the Indian teas possess character- istics which are not and never can be found in Ceylons, and the point of perfection in tea is reached only by Pure Ceylon cannot for a moment compete with a skilfully blended Oeylon and Indian tea, the latter being the most economical, the finest, the strongest, and the most remunerative of all tea. We know that rubbish ig sometimes pawned upon the Grocer under the misnomer of pure Ceylon and Indian tea, and, with a view to protect the interests of our customers and to give everybody the chance of getting the genuine thing, we have registered our Ceylon and Indian Blends—Oeylindo. Ceylindo is now the acme of perfection in tea blending. june 1, 1889.] CHINA THA. Cryton Trea down to an average for the week of 93d per lb., while Fair Pekoe Souchong is quoted at 74a is not very encouraging tele- graphic news received today for our planters. It is evident that a big struggle is approaching. The China merchants and their London friends have already begun to lift their heads and raise a cry antagonistic to Indian and Ceylon, as compared with their own teas on their merits! They even talk of sending a specially engaged Lecturer all over the United Kingdom to teach the people the risks they run from drinking teas so much stronger in tannin than are the delicate- flavoured China product which has hitherto ruled the market. The London and China Express as the organ of Far Hast mercantile interests is specially loud in declaiming against the China merchants doing nothing to protect themselves. We quoted an extract on our back page two days ago which showed this very clearly and the way in which our contemporary goes to work may be judged from the following :— All the sinister forecasts must be very unpleasant for those interested in the China product. But before those who stake all on India and Ceylon are satisfied that theircup is getting full, they may have to reckon witha force which has not yet been exerted, and which may prove potential. We reter to the question of medical opinion. Fer some time the pro- fession has been setting its face somewhat against excessive tea-drinking, and in many ailmenis the patient is told soleave off tea altogether. Now. how- ever, doctors are beginning to discriminate as to the class of tea that may beused, and instead of banuing tea in toto they instruct that only Ohina tea may ve taken. This will be better exemplified from the fol- lowing, which recen‘ly appeared in a medical contem- porary :— ( “As there is some doubt as to the quantity of tannin extracted from tea by short and long infusion, and also as to the percentage of tannin in different teas, the following note of the result of some exprriments on three samples, unblended, sent to us by Dr. Hale White, of Guy’s Hospital will be read with interest. A was the finest Assam; B the finest Ohina; C com- mon Oongou; no green tea of any kind being used :— Percentage of tannin Percentage of tannin by weight extracted by weight extracted by infusion for 38 min- by infusion for 15 utes. minutes. Mark of Sample. A Pe 11°30 17°73 B wan ; 717 7:97 C ive Bo XBT 11°15 The result, Dr. White adds, is what might have been expected, as tannin is very soluble in hot water, and nobody who has drunk Assam or any other Indian tea and the choicest China, would require any scientific analysis to tell bim which would be most likely to disorder the stomach and nerves. It is, of course, true that any tea which has been infused for some time has a more marked effect than tea which has been infused a shorter time; but this difference is due not so much to the tannin as to the strength. The moral therefore, for persons with weak digestion is to select the best Ohina tea they can get, and not to drink it strong; to be satisfied with flavour, and not to desire intoxication. They must be particularly careful also to see that the tea is not blended. Sample B is worth about five shillings a pound retail.’ To counteract action of the nature described above, it will be needful for the Planters’ Association and the Ceylon Association in London to go to work very energetically, and they have ample material to enable them to carry the war into the eaemy’s camp. In this connection, good use can be made of the Melbourne analyses of China, India and nee teas, showing the vast superiority of a A the Jatter and how the China teas are frequently adulterated. We quote one passage as follows from the ‘Australian ‘ea Circular” compiled at this office: — In total extract, which I take to be the real test of tea, the Indian average is 3942, which is more than 10 per cent above the China congous. Our Ceylon average, even when lowered by including the congou is 42:20, or nearly 3 per cent higher than the Indian and 13 per cent over the Ohina, But as no congou was included in the Indian teas, the fair course is to exclude it, anil also the green, and to take the average of the teas common to both lists. We then get for Ceylon teas 42°95, or 3°53 higher than the Indian average (39°42), and 13°69 per cent above the China congou, As to objections to the strength of, or the tannin in, our teas Einglish householders can readily be shown that they have themselves to blame, first, in using too much tea at a time as compared with China, and, secondly, im not securing a proper infusion. The infusion should not extend over five,—and indeed one competent judge says three—minutes and if the instructions given on the slip we have issued as a Supplement are noted, no one ought to be ignorant of the best mode of preparing tea. te CINNAMON PLANTING REPORT FROM NEGOMBO DISTRICT. THE SPLENDID WEATHER—FORTHCOMING CINNAMON CROPS AND FALL IN PRICE—PROPOSED COMBINATION OF OINNAs MON GROWERS TO DISCONTINUB EXP RD F Od |Ps— CPINION OF A LONDON BROKER—CLNNAM N 58E0— COCONUT LEAF-DISKASE IN VEYANGOD. AND i8. Dit. Be BERG S REPORT. NeGomsBo, 29th Apri! 1839. We are having splendid weather, with hot «fter- noons and wet nights. All vegetation looks as if fresh life has been put into them. Cinnamon has a splendid flush which wiil give it a good growth. Peeling operations will commence about the 25th of May. I do vot think the crop this year will be a large one. Oinnamon bas hardly grown aad the bushes look very scanty, It will be advantageous to cinna- mon planters if crops are small, as they may expect a rise in price. Mc. Jardine, the veteran planter of Goluapokuna, is agitating stopping the scraping of chips. He thinks that if chips are stopped trom being exported there will be a rise in quills. I shall feel obliged if Mr. Jardine will get up a meeting of all cinnamon planters to discuss the matter. Some say that they will sell the scrapings to those who distill oil. I remember 20 years back old wood used to be cut down and dried and then sold as_ firewood. Planters were then so particular that they never sold the coarse wood fresh, as buyers would scrape them. The large quautity that swell the market is from the new districts. People were not particular as to what kind of seed they planted. Seed from coarse wood produce coarse, and unpeelabie cinuam \u, which helps to increase the large quantity of chips. There was such a demand for cinnamon seed at one time that people paid from R10 to R15 per bushel. Mr. Beven of Veyangoda should also agitate stopping the scraping of chips in his district, as a very large quantity of coarse cinnamon and chips are produced by natives of that district. Coconuts are looking its best in the Negombo district. I hope the disease in Veyangoda has dis- appeared after the present heavy raius, and we are anxiously waiting for Mr. Drieberg’s report on the coconut leaf-disease. I hope the report will be pub- lished in the local papers. I enclose a report from a leading London broker as regards cinnamon chips. I shall feel obliged if you will publish i! with this letter.— Yours truly, AGRICOLA, ‘Regarding the proposed combination of cinnamon growers to cease shipping cinnamon chips from Ceylon, $22 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1889: Fo A A the question has been carefully considered and the opinion of our leading spice brokers is that provided the export of cinnamon chips from Oeylon be stopped, not in par’ but wholly, it would no doubt exercise an important influence over cane cinnamons sold in London ; but there would always be the risk, of somo growers breaking through the arrangement, induced by the advance in the value of chips which would probably take place if any small lets came forward. It is estimated that chipshave been imported during the past few years to an extent equal in weight on the average to nearly 4,000 bales of cane cinnamon per annum, and there can be no doubt that a large portion ~ has been used in place of quills.’”’—LZondon Broker. i RATNAPURA AND RAKWANA NOTES. April 28th. I hardly know what to think about the weather. Have we been having the little monsoon since the middle of MarchI wonder, for it has scarcely ceased raining for about forty days and forty nights. I notice, however, that we are getting it up from the S.-W. now. [hear even tea planters are having too much heatand moisture,for they cannot get over their fielda although the order of the day is ‘‘ pluck fine.” HOW TO MAKE TEA: LESSONS FROM A COLOMBO BROKER. The head of the firm of Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co., tea. brokers, was up in Rakwana during Easter week teaching the men of that ‘* puckam’’ how to make tea. So we may expect to seesome of their teas top- ping the list at no very distant date—at all events Barra estate, where some valuable lessons were given in the way of curing. PROPOSED COMPANY FOR THE PURCHASE OF RAKWANA ESTATES, Itis rumoured that most of the estates in Rakwana are to be, or have been, already realized for the purpose of disposing of them to a Company about to be floated. May it prove as good an investment as the Ceylon Tea Plantation Company Limited, has done. See AMBROSIAL THA. A gentleman who recently returned to Ceylon, says that when he came back he could not drink even half a cup of the vile tea made by his servants. It had gone off on account of its being kept loosely in the sea air, besides which the leaves were left in the pot and allowed to stew. A friend who always drank whisky, as he said that the tea in the morning always disagreed with him. Now, with his tea properly kept and infused, he drinks 24 breakfast cups every morning as soon as he gets up, and it is really splendid. ——_—_ > TEA CULTURE AND PREPARATION. A FEW PRACTICAL ENQUIRIES BY A PRACTICAL MAN. (1) Is not Mr. Armstrong responsible for the state- ment that the quality of the tea is best when the bushes flush most freely? My own observations lead me torather an opposite conclusion, and it would be interesting to know what the general opinion on this subject is: (2) Have you any information to indicate that the application of manure improves the flavour or strength of the tea? As regards quantity, several enterprising proprietors in Dikoya and Maskeliya can testify to the efficacy of both natural and artificial manures; but I have not yet been able to satisfy myself that highly cultivated estates produce teas of exceptional merit, _ (3) A good deal is now being said about fine pluck- ing and high prices, but surely the men whose success we should emulate are those who combine quantity with quality. These are the people who are making the money and not those who study quality only. (We shall be glad to have the opinions of practi- cal men on the above question and opinions, for the benefit of planters generally,—Hp.] NOTES ON TEA, (By a Colombo Wallah.) Here is a hint for any enterprising local firm with a big mill house and yard to utilise! I copy from ‘‘ Rucker and Beneraft,” 24th February 887 :— “There will be room by and bye for a Public Blending Machine at Colombo like the enormous structure at Orutched Friar’s warehouse, which planters at home should not fail to see in operation,” Big breaks must go forward or Dealers will not be able to contend with increased number of small ones— lower prices must come if larger breaks are not sent. Then again, here is a paragraph worth reproducing from the same firm, over two years old :— “Invalids and doctrinaires may here and there forsake tea for cocoa (until someone tells them they might drink tea with impunity if they did not insist on having it so strong), but the consumption of tea wil! in all pro- bability continue to increase now that prices are so moderate.” Bad trade in the United Kingdom means always a large increase in theconsumption of tea—good traed has quite an opposite effect ! a TEA NOTES. Rain is wanted in Kamroop. Tea is doing well in Sibsaugor. Tea prospects are good in Durrung. The weather has been warm in Cachar. Tea plucking is in progress in Luckimpore. Hot weather with high wiuds is reported from Goalpara. Weather dry aud warm is the news from Nowgong. Darjeeling, 19th April. — Heavy hail on the 14th and some gardens in upper portions suffered severely. Since then daily showers nearly 2 inches being gauged forthe week. Dehra Dun, 16ta April.—tit is cool here for this time of year, rain has been threatening, but as yet we have not had any. We have made much more tea than last year. 17th April.— Weather splendid for all work on tea estate. The latest news from Muchikandi:—Good rain has fallen in this district and the prospects are now brighter —Indian Planters’ Gazette, April 23rd. —— OOFFEER. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LONDON ‘“‘ TIMES,” . Sir,—One cogent reason why “coffee does not move” might bave been mentioned by Mr. Goschen on Monday. I mean the adulteration of coffee which the law now permits, and under coder of which, as the annual reports of the Local Government Board’s analysts show, the labelled ‘‘coffee mixtures ” some- times contain no more than 20 or even 10 per cent. of coffee. As long as the sale of these mixtures is allowed, or the proportions of coffee to the admix- ture are not required to be specified, solong will the revenue sufier, notwithstanding the equivalent duty on chicory, and coffee-growers be discouraged. Another result is that consumers, chiefly among the poorer classes, are shamefully defrauded, and large profits made by retailers and others ; while probably 19 con- sumers out of 20 do not know the taste of genuine coffee, and believe it to be, when infused, a black, cloying liquid, thick in the mouth, insipid, and almost sickly, instead of the most refreshing, gently stimulating, aromatic drivk which Nature supplies. Of course people can protect themselves by buying their coffee and chicory separately. But they do not and will not, as experience proves; sud the mixtures, which include much cheaper ingredients than chicory, flourish accordingly.. Teetotalers might do good service in helping to make popular an eminently tem- perance beverage. Representatives of working men, again, might consider whether, by further legislation or otherwise, something could not be done to save working men’s families from impudent frauds. I can speak for countrymen of ours, growers of coffee in Mysore, Coorg and Ceylon, who produce some of the finest coffee in the world, but are depressed by the facts to which Mr. June 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 823 ——————=—=={{—_>>>>S>eo—>—__eE@Q_w[@~yEE=>E—=—==X=—_E=L_ELL— Goschen refers, and by the public pr ference (due in some measure to legislation) for grosser and less palat- able drinks. A letter by last mail from the honorary secretary of the North Mysore Planters’ Association in- forms me that they teel strongly, aud are acting in con- cert with other associatious of British planters on this question. Of all household beverages coffee, when pure and well made, is, by its properties, the most attractive substitute for'spirituous liquors, and their most formid- able rival. And now that public attention has been so pointedly called to it by the revenue returns, I hope that the Chancellor of the Exchequer, aided by the able officers of Excise, will consider whether something can- not be done to promote the consumption of coffee by stricter enactments regulating its sale. Your obedient servant, FREDERICK OLIFFORD, Ohairman of the Coffee Association, Plowden-buildings, Temple, April 16th, ———<—$$___———_____. JAPAN THA BOXES. Mr. H. D. Deane of Maskeliya has some reason to write with authority on the subject of tea boxes from Japan; for he was the originator of a trade which undoubtedly has conferred considerable benefit on the Ceylon tea planter. Apart from the merits of the boxes, it is clear that if it were not tor the competition of Japan makers, the price of locally made boxes would rise con- siderably. On the merits however, there can be no question that Mr. Deane, and the present agents —Messrs. Mackwood & Co.—of the earliest Japan exporters to Ceylon, have an exceedingly strong argument in the fact that although within the experience of the latter some 12 to 14 million lb. of Ceylon tea have been shipped in their boxes, not a single complaint has ever reached them of the tea so shipped, being tainted or in any way injured. It would be well if the case referred to by Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft could be traced and steps are being taken to this end. ee BURMAH; A GENERAL GLANCE AT—LOWER AND UPPER. (Communicated.) BUSY SCENE AT THE PORT OF RANGOON DURING RICE SEASON—AGRICULTURE AND RAINFALL IN UPPER BURMA—INTRODUCTION OF CAPITAL—ECONOMIC PRO- DUCTS AND RAILWAY COMMUNICATION—THE GOVERN- MENT LAND GRANTS—REVENUE AND ANNEXATION TO INDI4—-LABOUR— MINERALS. The appearance of the port of Rangoon during the rice season—December to April—is suggestive of a high state of prosperity. The river is crowded with native boats of all sizes loaded with paddy. whilst large numbers of ocean-going steamers are continually pas- sing up and down; those outward bound being laden up with rice for Kurope, Asia, Africa, and America, not forgetting the Australian colonies. The rice husking mills by the bank of the river and along the creeks are working day and night, week days and Sundays, and the streets are thronged with Indian coolies, who having come over from the Coast to reap the paddy crops, remain to work in the mills. The bankers tell of so many lacs of rupees per day, paid out in silver currency only and the carts at the doors of the banks for transport of so much silver attest the truth of what they say. There is a lively sir about the passers-by, agif tosay “now we are making money—long may it last.’ Later on, however, the season will be closed, the mills shut up, aod the steamers and coolies departed, and people will complain of the dulness of the times and want of business. Nevertheless, the timber trade, the necessities of Upper Burma and the supplies to our troops and police there and a number of other opera- tions—export of cutch for instance,—keep things moving, and in spite of a few grumblers, who are never altogether wanting in the best regulated com- munities, it may be said with confidence that Ran- goon is now in a flourishing condition. There is a general idea abroad that Upper Burma, our latest annexation in that quarter, will develop into a great agricultural country, but I cannot help thinking there is a great mistake somewhere. The want of rain precludes any idea of cultivation of such products as tea coffee, cocoa, &c.; the fall at the capital (Mandalay) being ouly 30 inches, and in some localities in that quarter not more than half even of that small amount. All the hills that can be seen from the railway line or from the river, are very sparsely covered with trees standing amidst coarse grass, which is regularly burnt off by the natives, and the country left dry and denuded. True there are the Shan hills 40 or 50 miles away from Mandalay, which have more rain and a better description of jungle, but who wants to go 500 milesand more to grow these things where there are plenty of more favourably situated localities available close to a seaport? For such economic products as those mentioned above, it would be far preferable to cultivate them on the Pegu Yoman ranges compara- tively close to the seaport, and clothed with dense jungle which incontestably proves the prevalence of plenty of rain, Rangoon itself getting from 75 to 90 inches yearly. It is only natural to suppose that the neighbouring ranges of hills would get considerably more. Moulmein a tittle to the eastward of Rangoon, has from 150 to 200 inches per annum, It is difficult to say whatcould be grown to a profit in a large part of Upper Burma. Without resort to irrigation rice culti- vation proves very precarious, Mendalay being only about 450 feet above sea-level, ata distance per rail of 386 miles. The only thing I know of just now would be cotton, andat present a considerable quantity is grown at no very great distance from Mandalay and shipped py hoat to Bhamo, only ashort distance from the frontier of Ohina, and thence forwarded on pack mules and ponies to the interior of Western Ohina. Whether Bhamo is to remain the chief frontier town for trade to Yunan and Ohina seems rather problematical at present, our Government having cast eyes on another place, more approachable by rail from Mandalay and in some respects more adapted for a great caravan route than is Bhamo. Another product which might perhaps be made to pay in upper Burma would be to- bacco for local consumption. Small patches of tobacco are now grown in some places and especially on the banks and islands of the Irrawaddy river when the water has fallen during the dry season, The rise and fall of the river averages some 30 feet, though in some places itis 60 feet, whilst in others where the bed widens out to 5 miles, of course itis notso much. Large areas of mud banks are consequently left exposed and the natives rent them from the Government and grow a number of different grains and variety of vegetables, gourds, melons, pumpkins, &c., &c., and a little tobacco. This tobacco is cut and dried inthe sun without any fermentation and made into the enormous cheroots that are commonly smoked by the Burmese, That tea and coffee will grow well on the Karenne Hills has been amply proved by the success of an enterprising indi- vidual who established himself there some years ago, and produces both tea and coffee. But then this estate is along way south, not far from Toun- ghoo, and only establishes what I have advanced above as to the necessity of settling nearer Ran- goon and the sea coast. The railway so rapidly constructed from Teunghoo to Mandalay has been built for military purposes not for the developement of an agricultural interest that cannot exist. There can be no doubt, however, that this line will be of the greatest possible benefit to the inhabitants of the country through which it passes, facilitating the petty local trades and general traffic of the country. There appears to be but Jittle inclination on the part of the Indian Government to encourage European enterprise and the introduction of capital into Burma. True land is offered for a term of years without payment, but only fer a term, and can then be re- “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1880, a tr SIRE EE ES SET ER eA RT RR SOR SR A sumed by the powers-that-be. In the meantime a| THR PROSPECTS OF A GEMMING COMPANY fixed pr: portion must be cultivat d, and should the offiials opine that the cultivation is not as it ought to be, the land can be promptly resumed. The idea never seems to have been entertained of offering premiums for either discovery and working of metals an! minerals, or the cultivation of economic products. In fact the other way would seem to obtain, for the great complaint of the people in Lower Burma is that although surplus revenue last year to the amount of about a million and a quarter st-rling was trans- ferred from Lower Burma to the coffers of the Indian Treasury, the Government had in addition imposed the income tax which was so strongly opposed, though ineffectually so,in India. True they say that Upper Burma shows at present a deficit of revenue, and th: least that the Indian Government could do would be to make the surplus of Lower Burma pay the deficit in the revenue of the upper province, and then there would still be a considerable sum in hand to expend for the beoefit of Burma without the necessity for the imposition of the offensive income tax. As it now siands annexation to India, drains the coffers of Burma to the benefit of the former country. As for Burma being the country for a young man to go to just now, I'fail to see what he can expect to do there. There are numbers of y ung men being continually drafted over from India to fill all vacancies in the Police Force and the Forestry Department There are no agricultural Operations in existence and no immediate prospect of any. The people themselves in Upper Burma have so long looked upon work as slavery, that they are only now beginning to realise that they will be paid for their work, and that when they are paid they may do as they like with the money. Under these conditions they are beginning to come forward when they are wanted, such as for construc- tion of roads, railways, buildings, &., &c. This will in time (a long time perhaps, but none the less sure to come) lead to the abandonment of the senseless waste of time, money, and skill now incurred in the construction of numberless pagodas and shrines of Gaudama, which are allowed to fall into decay as soon as completed, and which eventualiy perish without conferring the slightest benefit upon anyone. The mineral wealth of the country has not as yet been gauged with any certainty. Gold and silver and precious stones exist without doubt, but to what extent is quite unknown, though parties are engaged prospecting. Coal also exists in con- Biderable quantities, and it would appear that coal mining will be the first industry of that descrip- tion that will be taken in hand, excepting of course the ruby mines. SS SS THE CHYLON TEA MARKET IN COLOMBO AND LONDON. A tea planter writes :— “Ts it not pitiful to see the present state of the London and Colombo tea market, and one feels .in- clined to ask—Is the art of tea making lost or forgotten in Ceylon? Thetact that broken pekoes are selling for 7d., pekoes for 6d, and pekoe souchong for 5d in the Colombo market would make the late Wm. Cameron turn in his grave if he were only cognizant of it. “Ido not think the tea-house receives now the attention it used to, and toomuch is left in the hands of the teamakcr., Then of course we have our meeting and our tennis and our cricket to look after and enjoy and how fares the manufacture then ?—Of course | would raise a howl of indignation by Buggesting such a reason for poor prices, but the fact remains and of that Lam perfectly convinced that ignorance of or inattention to manutacture or both, are the principal causes of the extreme low prices which appear in every week’s palo.” for proprietors and the estates. AT RBRATNAPURA. AN UNWORKED RIVER PROLIFIC OF GEMS, Writing from Ratnapura yesterday, a correspond. ent who has been studying the gemming industry, gays :— ‘“‘Gemming is almost at a standstill for the present, owing to so much rain. The Sinhalese don’t like to work in the open during rainy weather, and the water oozing into the pits makes the work very expensive. There is little or no doubt about the success of a Company if started. I am person- ally aware that there is hardly a pit opened by the natives that does not, at least, pay expenses. This I have learnt from careful inquiry and obser- vation during the gemming season just past. The river—I am told by every native whom I have questioned, that is the Kaluganga—is even more prolific in gems of a very superior quality than the land; but gemming has been prohibited in it for the past 7 years, though doubtless if agitated for licenses could be again obtained as in former years, and were a Company started no doubt the con- cession would be granted by Government, as it would add much to the revenue I would not mind having shares in a Company if started.” TEA CULTURE AND PREPARATION : IN ANSWER TO PRACTICAL ENQUIRIES BY A PRACTICAL MAN. No I.—Answer from the Kalutara District. 1. The best tea would likely be made from trees in good heart; but during dry weather. We only know resulta and it is impossible to put the cause in a nutsbell in this way. 2. No data; but neither are there data to shew detertoration of quality, and so increased quantity justifies the application. Cattle manure gives fine re- turns for several seasons. 3. The medium course seems the best as in every- thing else. But fine pluckmg does not solve the difficulty. Manufacture even with the greatest care, may atill be at fault. The best manufacture with fair plucking will no doubt give good results. No II.—Kelani Valley. 4th May 1889. 1. There is no doubt the best quality of tea should be obtained from a bush allowed to grow freely and plucked lightly every fortnight. but the yield would be infinitesimally small. 2, Artificially manuring tea with bones, poonac, or castor-cake greatly increases the yield in the low- country. Mr. Megginson is my authority for saying that the liquor is poorer than from green leaf grown in unmanured fields. 3. Medium plucking is certainly the best all round It will not ensure sensational averages, but will show a satisfactory balance sheet. ‘ The present system of,declaring monthly averages in tea brokers’ catalogues is most misleading. I recollect in 1885 two estates that averaged 2s and 1s 2d respectively per lb. of tea; yet their profit per acre were identical. W. ForsyTHe. —_____¢—___— CULTIVATION OF COFFEE UNDER SHADE.’ An old planter writes :— _ “You forget shade has been thoroughly t: most districts and by putting in all kinds of coffe but with no good result. Get clear of leaf-di-ease nod then the old king may have a lower step on the throne, not till then, Ask Mr. Ingleton or Mr. Milne of Matale North and see what they say.” , But how does our correspondent explain coffee doing so well under shade in Coorg and Mysore ? 1 in JUNE 1, 1889,| 825 Leaf-disease is not unknown there, but it takes no hold of the coffee cultivated under artificial shade. In the past history of Ceylon, the shade clearings with coffee were almost entirely made in the natural forest thinned out. Most certainly we consider a shade coffee clearing on the Coorg principle, an experiment well worth trying in Ceylon at present. oe ee PLANTING IN THE SryonELLEs: Mr. H. H. Ep- warps.—This old Rangala and Uva planter has not made his fortune in the Seychelles. So far from it, that after five years’ work there in a letter just received, he reports his ‘ last state to be worse than his first.’ Disease had killed nearly all the vanilla in which Mr. Edwards had an interest. Trea NotEs.—The weather has been warm in Sylhet. Tea plucking has commenced in Luckimpore. The news from Sibsaugor is, teais doing well. In Nowgong the weather has been warm for the time of year. Stormy weather with light showers is reported from Durrung. Seasonable weather is the news from Goal- para, Kamroop and Luckimpore. DARJEELING, 13th April.—Promising for rain; without it, there will be a closing of manufacture all round. Drura Don, 9th April.So far we have had a very good season and most gardens are a loug way ahead of last year. It looks rather Jike rain.—Indian Planters’ Gazette. SytHnt ORANGE trees are being acclimatised in the Lucknow gardens, but as they require some shade from sun-scorching which occurs immediately after the rains, ag also inthe month of April, May and June, it is proposed to supply the desideratum by planting some thinly branched trees of moderate height among the orange trees to protect them from the sun, without however exhausting the soil to any great extent. ¥or the presenta trial will be made with the cultivated baer (Zizyphus jujuba) which is hardy and will stand frequent prunings. A good deal of attention has been given to the orange and lemon tribes aud several ex- periments have been made with ‘the old and new varieties, so also with peaches, baers, plum and Arabian date palms.—Jndian Agriculturist. THE SrAson In Mapras.—The following is the sea- son telegram to the Government of India by the Board of Revenue for the week ending 20th ultimo:—‘Rain- fall slight in Ganjam, Vizagapatam, Madura, Tinne- velly, Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Salem and Malabar; none elsewhere. Standing crops generally good, but suffer- ing from want of rainin Ganjam, Vizagapatam, Chin- gleput, North Arcot, Trichinopoly, and Tinnevelly ; wet crops withering in parts of Cuddapah, Anantapur and Ooimbatore. Pasture deficient in Ganjam, Vizag- apatam, Ouddapah, Bellary, Kurnool, North Arcot, Madura, Tinnevelly and Ooimbatore. No great fluctu- ations in prices ; prices of rice and ragi falling in Gan- jam. General prospects favourable, except in Ganjam; improving in Ooimbatore. Labourers employed cn last day of week,—on Rushikulya works, 5,618; on Gopal- pore Canal, 2570; decrease due to outbreak of cholera on Taptapani road 483.”—Madras Mail. THE Vicinity or Nuwapa Eniya seems to grow tea as well as it did cinchona, if not better, No one can go through the tea on Scrubs estate without being struck with its vigorous and healthy growth. There was none of that pinched-up appearance which one might expect to find at such an altitude. The trees were large and completely covered the ground, whilst the flush on them wasa thing to be seen and remem- bered. Isaw a heavy golden flush on tea which had not been pruned for two ye rsand nine months! What do you think of that, ye K lani Valley planters! The fea was Horagalla jit, too, and the altitude 200 feet above Nuwara Eliya. It requires to be seen to be believed. But the Scrubs estate is very much sheltered. It remains to be seen how the land below—on the Nanuoya road—belouging to Mr. Robertson of the P.W.D.,, now in Australia, will come on, exposed as most of it is to the full force of the South-West monsoon.” —Local “ Times.” oa James Robertson, P. W, D., is still in Ceylon.— D. ter tells us that his oldest tea on Barcaple now about ten years of age, and on one of the poorest fields as regards soil, has never hitherto given more than 200 1b. of madetea per acre. But this season the trees have so much improved in growth and appearance—haye the roots at length reached “the virgin subsoil” ?!—thata crop of 300 lb. per acre igs considered quite safe. Tue GeRMAN PLANTATIONS IN Samoa.—Mry, Sewell, the American Consul-General at Apia, in a report which has just been published and which is of special interest at this moment, says that the German plantations in Samoa comprise the greater part of the cultivated land on the north side of the Island of Upolu. The largest covers the entire western end of the island, and has an area of 3,260 acres and a sea frontage of more than six miles. The totai area of these plantations is 9,260 acres. Their natural features are very diversified ; from the sea they extend far up the mountain sides, down which flow numerous large streams. They have been laid out with great care; and in beauty of scenery and rich fertility the views among them cannot be surpassed. They are highly cultivated and are capable of producing anything that will grow in the tropics. They are mainly planted with coco-nuts, for the production of copra, the dried kernel of the nut. The annual production of this is between 500 and 600 tons. The clearing of the land for plantations is a laborious opera- tion, for it is densely wooded with a tough native growth. There are also many rocks, which prevent ploughing. After clearing, cotton is planted, and this is grown for three years; then coco-nuts are planted and grass is sown, and until the trees are large enough to allow cattle toruo among them, some cotton is still gathered. After six years cattle are admitted, for by this time the trees have grown go that cattle cannot injure them. Tne seventh year the trees begin to bear, and at 15 years atter planting they attain their prime. ‘Lhe grass grows luxuriantly in Samoa, for drought is unknown there and cattle find among the coconut trees rich feed- ing ground. On the two largest planwations there are 1,600 head of cattle, many of them of good breed, imported from New Zealand and the Austra- lian colonies. There are also some fine horses upon them. Next to coconuts and cotton, coffee is the most important product and its cultivation ig being increased, for it is the best paying crop. It is of excellent quality, rivalling the finest Mocha, and commands a good price in the Hamburg market, where it is chiefly sent. These planta- tions are worked by imported labour, for the Samoans will not work. This labour is recruited chiefly from the islands to the west of Samoa, the New Hebrides, Solomon, New Britain, and New Ireland islauds; also from the Hillice and Gilbert islands to the north. As a rule the labour trade is humanely conducted by the German iabour vessels, yet it is not wholly robbed of its horrors. The labourers are under contract for three years service, at the expiration of which time they are to be returned to their homes. This, however, is some- times not done, and the unfortunate people are landed among a hostile tribe who speedily kill or enslave them. Men, women, and children are re- cruited at wages of $3 a mouth, paid in trade. On arrival at Samoa the labourers pass an examina- tion before the Consul, and great care is taken that none come on shore against their will. They are well cared for on the plantations. A physician visits each plantation at least once a month. They are well-housed, and are ted on rice, biscuits, and yams. Their hours for work are regular, and Sun- day is a holiday. There are about 750 of them upon different plantations.—London Times, April 16th, 826 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (JUNE 1, 1889. ———_—_——K—X—X—X—X—K—K—[_—[_==&«*&«*x&*""""][]_]_]]___=_=_———EEEEEE—E—E—EE eee MR. GOSCHEN ON TROPIOAL PRODUOTS AND DRINK. The following verbatim report gives the part of Mr. Goschen’s Budget speech in which we are most interested :— Take the case of dried fruits. Raising, figs, and plums are up to the Estimate, but currants are 33,0007. or ten per ceut more than the estimate. This is one of those cases where itis true that is an ill wind that blows no oneany good. France has been exclud- ing Greek currants, and, in consequence of this, Greek currants have comein constantly-increasing quantities upon the English market (Opposition cheers), increas- ing the consumption and adding to the Revenue. To- bacco shows an increase of 145,000/., but it fell short of the Estimate by 41,0007. The increase is 14 per cent. We anticipated 2 per cent owing to the fact that the water clauses did not come into effect until last year. But there is a rather strange point to mention, and it shows the precariousness of some of these taxes. I thought that, with increasing trade, it would be possible to estimate an increase upon the yield cn tobacco; but I am told that there was a very large crop of a particular kind of tobacco, which smokes more slowly than the other kinds (laughter.) Consequently, for the same amount of bought tobacco the smoker is able to enjoy himself for a longer time, and to get as much satise faction out of his pipe (laughter.) Thus, the revenue suffers, but I trust that there is no diminution in the enjoyment afforded to the consuming classes by the tobacco crops. I now come to an interesting head —the great item of drink—and I will give the place of honour to the sober beverages in the first instance. Ooffee maintains its character of dull uniformity ; cocoa has yielded 6,000l. more than before, and that not on avery large revenue. But coffee is 2,000/. less. Ooffee will not move (laughter); and here, again, some experts give an extraordinary and not uninteresting expla- nation. I give it for what itis worth. They say that cocoa has actually been puffed into its present more satisfactory condition by the energy of ambitious ad- vertisers (laughter.) ‘*Grateful and comforting” have had their effect (laughter). Tea also enjoys with cocoa a& vast amount of advertising. Somehow or other coffee has been neglected in that respect: coffee is dull, and never will yield even a small increase, if in- crease is taken in the estimate, notwithstanding the increase of population. But cocoa, coffee, and chicory give only a very small revenue compared with the great item of tea. The total yield is only 328,000/. which is as nothing to the 4,628,000/. we get from tea, Yet, large as is this revenue from tea, it is again disappointing. There is an increase of only 15,0007, over the year before, which is one-third per cent., while the population has increased at the rate of one per cent., s0 that there is practically a de- créase per head in the consumption of tea, Hxperts account for this by two circumstances. They suggest— though they do not rest at all strongly upon the point—that a certain amount of tea has been kept back owing to the expectation and possibility that the duty might be reduced; and secondly, there is the analogous case in tea with that which I quoted as regards tobacco. I explained last year—and I think my predecessors have done—that Indian tea is to a great extent superseding China tea; at all events, it is competing with it to a constantly greater ex- tent. Indian tea is so much stronger than Ohina sea, that again a pound of it goes further, and a larger number of cups of tea may be drunk, notwith- standing the falling off in the revenue and in the consumption of pounds of tea per head. That is an explanation which those who advise me insist is absolutely correct; and, while great benefit is derived by India from the export of tea, there is little doubt that it has an effect on our revenue. Thus, the sober beverages yield together 5,000,000/., but they pay little as contributors to the revenue when compared with the 27,000,000. which are given by spirituous drinks. But Ihave very good news for the friends of the temperance cause (cheers), though it has made, and continues to make, a gap in the receipts of the Exchequer. The drink revenue does not increase with the growth of population (Lear, hear.) I propose to place before the Committee some very interesting diagrams, which will show how during the last five- and-twenty years the consumption of drink has in- creased or decreased, as compared with the population, and as compared with the other great articles of con- sumption. While most of them keep near the line of population, there is a very material and striking fall in the consumption of spirituous drinks (hear, hear). But it might be thoughtthat now that we are at a critical moment, and that a revival of trade would again lead to an increase in the revenue from drink. It has not been so (cheers) There are, however, most interesting facts from a statistical point of view which hon. members will see from these diagrams. There is a most curious relation between the cou- sumption of wine and that of other spirituous be- verages. The year which showed the high-water mark of spirits was 1875-76, and, curiously enough, that was the time when the wine revenue also reached its highest point. It rose up to that year, and it has continuously fallen since. The same year, when the mass of the population seemed to have rushed to bottled spirits, other classes seem to have rushed to the decanter of wine; and as the one became more sober the others followed their example. Wine yielded last year 1,210,0007. as against 1,0850,00/. in the preceding year. The increase is entirely due to the extra tax on sparkling wives, which gave 163,000/. (cheers.) Otherwise there would have been a decrease of 38000/., which is about the normal decrease, Since 1876 the total consumption has sunk from 17,000,000 gallons to 13,000,000 gallons ; and that includes a larger consumption of lighter wines, which have risen from 6,000,000 to 8,000 000 gallons. For- merly, the lighter wines were only one-third of the whole; now they are one-half. Whatever be the cause—whether due to temperance, or, as some main- tain, to the use of the cigarette immediately after dinner (laughter), which arrests the circulation of the decanter—the fact remains that there is this extra- Ordiaary decline in wine as an article of consumption. —Standard- —_— “THE FINEST DEER iN THE WORLD.” This is the title of an article which appears in the National Review. According to the writer, Mr. Seton-Karr, M.P., the finest deer in the world is the Wapiti stag of North America. Though not so large as the Canadian moose, he is in- finitely more elegant and graceful, and carries a magnificent head. The following are some selec- tions from Mr. Karr’s article :— THE WEIGHT OF A WAPITI STAG. A fully-matured Wapiti stag will turn the scale at from 60 to 75 stone, and his antlers of from 12 to 18 tines (though anything over a 12 or 14 pointer is rare) will measure 60 inches and over along the curve. The following are the dimensions of a Wapiti, taken by myseli. He was a 12-point stag of ordinary size, measured as he lay dead on the ground :— Height at shoulder 5 ft, 4 in. Girth behind shoulder 6 ft. 2 in. The following are the authenticated measure- ments of the two best pair of Wapiti antlers shown amongst the ‘Sporting Trophies” of the American Exhibition of 1887 :— No. 1 (16 points). Length along curve 62% in. Beam or circumference between bay and tray 8 in, Span as 000 os 464 in. No. 2(12 points), Length along curve 60# in. Beam or circumference between bay and tray ae ave 1} in. 52 in, Span 05 ate an8 June 1, 1889.] A NEW COLONIAL INDUSTRY : THE SHASONING OF TIMBER. A large number of influential gentlemen on Tues- day met at the hall of the City Bank to hear an explanation of the method of a patent now being in- troduced by Mr. Leon Resier, having for its object the seasoning of Australian timber. It has previously been the practice to pile timber and allow it to remain stored, but as this system occupies from a couple of months to several years the native timber industry bas not hitherto been altogether a success. Itis claimed that by Mr. Resier’s process timber can be thoroughly seasoned and made fit for the most artistic woodwork in from six to eight days. The timber after being sub- jected to the process does not deteriorate, but rather improves, in quality, and after being put into use will not shrink, as does much of the timber at present used. Mr. Resier gave specimens of his efforts, and the professional and practical experts unhesitat- ingiy pronounced the process to be a great success, Baron von Mueller, who was amongst those present examined the scasoned timber microscopically and tested it as to strength, subsequently expressing a very favourable opinion tothe patentee. Baron von Mueller discussed the importance of the discovery to all the colonies, and said he believed an outlet which at present did not exist would be established through the means of the process in various parts of the world for Australasian timber. Mr. Resier was also complimented on his success by others of those present. Negoti- ations are pending to float a Company to work the patent on an extensive scale. As the manufacture of parquet requires the very best seasoned wood, several specimens of parquet, which were made in 10 days out of green timber, were shown. The new company is to becalled the Australian Timber Seasoning and Parquet Manu- facturing Company Limited, and the headquarters will be in Melbourne. Specimens of the wood can be seen at Garraway’s Land Auction Rooms, Queen’s-walk. Further information willbe supplied by Mr. Resier, the patentee, or Messrs. A.D, Hunter and Oo,, Queen’s- walk.—Leader. DS THE ADULTERATION OF THE ADULTERANTS. A prosecution for adulteration lately disposed of by the Burton magistrates is far more suggestive than would at first sight appear. The defendant was a local grocer, whose ‘‘olive oil,” under a little tender pressure, disclosed an indebtedness of 50 per cent. to the less suave product of the cotton-pod. The Bench appears to have been more or less satistied with the retailer’s personal bona Jides, for it imposed only a nominal fine. But in the course of the proceedings the inspector who had instituted them grayely informed the magis- trates that ‘it had come to the knowledge of the Government that cotton-seed oil was being im- ported into Italy on an extensive scale,”—of course for translation into the native growth of the olive-producing districts. As little more than eighteen months have elapsed since the British Consul at Leghorn reported exhaustively upon this fraud, the vigilance and activity of the authorities are worthy of commendation. But while the official mind has been thus post- ing itself, the more nimble professors of adulter- ation haye not been idle. The alliance between olive and cotton-seed oils is now complicated by the admission of ‘ other and cheaper oils” to the compact. In the year 1883 two million and a half tons of cotton-seed (in excess of the amount required for planting) produced in the United States were practically wasted because the trade in the oil had not then been created, Today the demand for this product is so enormous that, even in the character of an adulterant it is itself THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: | Sql SSS ay adulterated by the admixture of more questionable oils. In this respect coiton-seed oil has followed the exact course taken by chicory in its com- mercial connection with coffee. As soon as the English public had satisfied itself that coffee ‘‘as in France”? was acceptable to the palate, and that a little chicory was perhaps an improvement, the demand for the additicn speedily outran the supply. The chicory-root became too dear for profitable use, and one firm alone used several hundred tons of carrots and parsnips in adulter- ating it. Butthe public mind seems systematically unable to realize the fact of the second and far more serious substitution. It rests upon the old official platitude, ‘‘ The public is cheated rather than poisoned.” Reassured by analysis and reports upon the comparative innocence of the prime, or nominal, adulterant, if never occurs to many persons that this itself presently becomes the object of as much substitution as the original commodity. The principle involved will appear clearly in a tabulated form; though the following outline is given only by way of illustration, and not as being in any sense comprehensive even in respect of the articles mentioned :— Ostensible Commodity. Nominal Adulterant. Olive oil.... Cotton-seed oil......... OO CO iirerce lt CDICOLY ves ccasacncesecevce Actual Ingredients. Other and cheaper oils. Carrots, parsnips, ground date-stones,burnt,maize, etc. Maize, flour, palm-ker- nel, dried potatoes, etc. Ground olive-stones (poivrette) Animal fats and oils, justified as being made from the prime fat of heal- thy animals .., ..... Cotton-seed and , Stearine and “ many de- other oils and fats { leterious stuffs.” ‘« Inferior fruits”... Vegetables substitutes of various kinds, gingelly seeds, and “jam colour- Sys EPPeL ose ove Made from the refuse that cannot be more profitably disposed of. TiGrdiee se osere aah Raspberry \ “* Fruit substitutes”... ‘‘ Oil of vitriol, impure Jelly ..., glucose, algine, aniline and raspberry ether.’’* Honey... .., A syrup madefrom maize Various straches _ treated with oxalic acid. The manufacture of wine and spirits is far too complicated to be thus dealt with. But it follows the principle laid down. The public, and even the authorities themselves, are cajoled with a few leading adulterants, admittedly innocuous; while these are supplemented by a host of more or less injurious accessories, the application of which belongs to the innermost chemical secrets of the several trades. In the matter of wine it is dis- tressing to learn that the worst practices prevail with regard to so-called ‘‘ health-wines.’’ So out- rageous have been the proceedings of Spanish wine growers, that the Ministry of Public Works in Madrid has lately ordered the erection of twenty chemical laboratories in as many of the chief wine- producing districts. At this moment it is not very reassuring to be told by a writer upon the marvellous products of coal, that we can by means of some of them obtain ‘‘ wine without grapes, beer without malt, preserves without either fruit or sugar, per- fumes without flowers, and dyes without the vegetable or animal substances from which they have been hitherto chiefly derived.” America has been charged with practising adulter- ation on a larger scale than any other country. But, truth to teil, there is not much to choose between the New World and the Old. A report upon the “falsification of foods,” lately published in Germany, discloses practices which it is to be feared are not confined to any particular country. * «© Hard to disunguish from a natural raspberry jelly.’ —American Analyst. 828 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. ————SEESEEeE>EeE——————————E——_————————— SSS ay The Poles, it appears, are adepts in the art. Of forty different samples of tea tested this year by the analysts at Warsaw, twenty were found to con- tain no trace of any kind of tea whatever. In Russia also the adulteration of provisions is as- suming enormous dimensions ; and one of the chief Moscow merchants was lately sentenced to banish- ment to Siberia for life, for baving adulterated tea with 50 per cent of an injurious grass known as ‘‘kaporkee.”’ As contrasted with our own long- sleeping system, which only occasionally rouses itself to the imposition of petty fines and no imprison- ment, this sentence is almost startling in its severity. Wherever and in whatever form it is pursued, the world-wide system of of adulteration is based upon the indifference, and thrives upon the mistaken eco- nomy, of the public. In spite of our lavish outlay upon the luxuries of life there is an existing rage for cheapness in its necessaries, and the mere cheap- ness betrays us. The poor invalid who imagines that a bottle of ‘fine old crusted,” of assured vintage and maturity, is to be bought for two shillings wrongs his neighbour almost as much as himself. He is an upholder of that vast system of fraud with which neither science nor personal vigilance seems at present able to, cope.—St. James’s Budget. See ee NOTES ON TEA. (Home and Colonial Mail, April 18th.) ‘Later on this year, says the Grocer, the home trade will probably have to tace the question of the non- arrival of common congous on other than a trivial scale, and the question for them to solve will be whether India and Ceylon are now able (whatever they may be in the future) to provide a substitute for the very decent clean Saryunes, Yonghows, Seumoos, and other sorts of teas, now selling from 4d to 44 per lb, All these teas brew a very good cup of tea, and when mixed with some of the cheap Indian pekoe at 7d per lb they make a surprisingly good and cheap beverage. These teas are not to be confounded with the rubbish, with a glazy back leaf of the old common congou style, which we used to get some years ago, and which was worthless stuff, and of no use for our wants of the present day; but the common congous lately sold are, many of them, of sappy, clean fruity flavour very useful and low in price. Foochow has this year shipped us 11,000,000 lb (eleven millions of pounds) less than in 1888, and the shortage mainly consists of these low-priced grades ; so it is quite possible a pinch may come later on for this class. Last Oct. or Nov. with only a little enquiry, the above teas rapidly advanced nearly a penny per pound,and for those who have a trade for the descriptions named it would be well if they were to bear in mind the present extraordinary value obtain- able for such kinds. The reduced prices that have been ruling must do more than anything to “ kill ” the production of the cheapest grades; and this state of affairs seems foreshadowed in the reports just received from Ohina, to the efiect that the teamen there will confine their efforts to making good teas, leaving aloneallcommon sorts, on which for years past they have been sustaining ruinous losses. Supplies from Ohina for the season 1888-89 are new complete, with the exception of one shipment, so that the stocks of this description of tea willsoon rapidly diminish, and the market will thus be better prepared for the new Monings and Kaisows when they arrive here about their usual time. According tothe Daily Telegraph, one of the latest forms of fumatory indulgence is the smoking of tea made up in the form of cigarettes. Only the choic- est, and consequently most expensive, “‘leafs” are used. The smell of the burning Bohea or Souchong is anything but pleasing, though the effect on the nerves of the smoker is described as being singularly soothing for the time heing, but afterwards to be exactly the reverse. Ladies are the principal suppor- ters of the new departure.” We do not think this indulgence will materially increase the cousumption of tea, although, if people wish to smoke the leaf, they had better be sure and secure it pure and un- adulterated, and here Indian and Ceylon will have the preference. —___¢@ _ Mepican Vatur or VeceTaBies.—Celery, accord- ing to the Hospital, acts upon the nervous system, and is a cure for rheumatism and neuralgia. Tomatoes stimulate the liver, and spinach and the common dandelion, prepared in the same way, have a direct effect on diseases of the kidney. Onions, garlic, and olives promote digestion by stimulating the circulatory system, with the consequent increase of the saliva and gastric juice. Raw onions are also regarded as a remedy for sleeplessness, and the French believe that onion soup is an excellent tonic in cases of debility of the digestive organs. A PossIBLE OOcONUT-GROWING AND Trapinc Com- PANY.—Amongst the passengers by the S. S. “ Oceans,” which arrived here last Sunday, was Mr. Cecil Millen, a London gentleman who comes here on behalf of a London Syndicate to make enquiries concerning our coconut-growing and trade, Of ccurse, at such an early stage as this, it would be unwise for Mr. Millen to divulge too much; but we gather from him that the Syndicate he represents is composed of English capi- talists, who propose acquiring estates, growiug their own coconuts, running oil mills, and shipping on their account straight to Hurope. Mr, Millen is here to make the preliminary arrangements, and expects he will be in Oeylon from four to six months, during which time he will gather particulars asto value of estates, producing capabilities, &c.; while he will also judge as to whether or not the venture is likely to be suc- cessful: He also thinks it likely that his Syndicate may go in for coconut-growing.—Local “ Times.” Tue Pxuanters’ AND TrapERs’ Association Lrp.— The London Gazette contains the following an- nouncement— The Planters and Traders’ Association Limited. At an Bxtraordinary General Meeting of the Members of the abovenamed Association, duly convened and held at 165, Fenchurch-street, in the city of Loodon, on the 21st day of March, 1889, the following extraordinary Resolu- tion was duly passed :— “That it has been proved to the satisfaction of this Meeting that the Association, by reason of its liabilities, cannot continue its business, and that it is advisable to wind up the same, and accordingly that the Association be wound up voluntarily.” And at the same meeting, Mr. Walton Fitzjames Turner, of the firm of Messrs. Fox, Greig, and Turner, of 20, Great Winchester-street, EH. C., was appointed Liquidator for the purpeses of such winding up. W. C. SEARLE, Chairman. Sir Roper Lethbridge, M. P., was the Chairman of the Directors of this now defunct Company. Mapras SroncES.—The last number to hand of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History” contaias an interesting account of a collection of Sponges from the Gulf of Manaar, obtained in the neighbourhood of the Tuticorin Pearl Banks, last year, by Dr: Thurston, the Superintendent of the Madras Central Museum. Mr. Arthur Dendy, a specialist in this branch of Natu- ral History, who was entrusted with the description of the collection, speaks highly of its seientific value, which is enhanced by the fact that Dr. Thurston had carefully preserved portions of the species in spirit, and kept a record of their colors in the living state, precautions which proved of yreat service in distinguishing the species, and investigating their min- ute anatomy. The collection comprises 24 determin- able species, of which 14 are new to science, and 2 are represented by new varieties. Amongst the old species, there are several forms of very great intercst, one of them being Avinella tubulata, a species hitherto scarcely known at all, while among the new species the most important is Spongionelia Nigra.—Madras Times. June 1, 1880.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829 SE SE Ey RICH CULTIVATION IN BRITISH GUIANA. By tHe Hon. W. RvussE cv. It is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the impor- tance of a cereal which feeds three-fourths. I think, of the entire population of the world, or to remind the members of this. Society of the important part it ‘plays in feeding a large bulk of the in- habitants of this colony, calling for no less a sum than £223,284.17.3 to be transterred from this colony to India in payment for this food supply. My purpose is to trace out the various steps taken to grow a home supply here, where both soil and climate are apparently more favourable for the plant than in any other part of the world. In the year 1848 I first saw rice growing, in Ber- bice; and it affords the best illustration that I can give of rice cultivation on upland. I had been in pursuit of game on the 1st of August holiday, and the dogs gave tongue, indicating that the quarry was at bay in a high bullet tree reef; so with the “yackman,’ I made for the scene of yelping, and to my astonishment after struggling through a con- siderable distance of tangled bush I came upon an opening where a lovely green crop, something simi- lar to an oat-field, met my view. The “yackman” himself, an African, at once pronounced it was rice, and told me that this was the labours of the “Timini’’ people, a race of Africans introduced by Messrs. Laing from New Providence, Nassau. Follow- ing up, we found a huge ant-eater backed up against a tree stump, keeping the dogs at bay. My compa- nion soon made short work of the ant-eater, saying it was good meat. Everything is meat to the African huntsman. I now gave attention to the mode of planting this, to me, oew plant; and in my after travels in the forests of the interior, I have seen ways of land tillage reminding me of those practised by the Timini rice growers. The forest is felled, all except the huge giants, and then after junking the branches and scattering them over the surface until they are dry, a fire is set, and the whole con- sumed except a few stumps and the larger pieces. The land in this condition is tickled with a pointed piece of hard-wood, or more generally by the never absent cutlass; a few grains of seed are dropped into holes, which are roughly covered up; and this is the. whole work the husbandman bestows upon the land to cause it to produce an abundant crop of rice, maize, ochroes, pumpkins, and the various leg- umes, such as pea, bonavist, &c., &c. Such had evidently been the cultivation bestowed upon the rice fields in question, which must have been planted to gain the summer rains of June and July, and were then in August almost ready for the sickle. Having reported my find to the managers—we had even then dual control—they were much interested in this work of industry on the part of the Africans, who had thus provided themselves with a food supply, at the cost of so little labour; and there was much talk about spreading the industry. The time came for reaping the rice, but unfortunately at the same time the cane fields required to be cut, and the rice cultivators could not be made to see that Massa’s canes came before their rice, The consequence was that not only the rice growers, but the whole gang became disorganized. They stowed away the rice, tied in bundles over the collar beams to their cottages, until one or two fell in, and there was the wmis- chief to play all round; and what was a short time previously considered a grand industry was now de- nounced as a perfect curse; for, African-like, while the rice held out, it was acase of pounding rice, and entirely neglecting the cane piece. I need not say that rice growing was put down, and the Timinians soon after removed to some new location. I have gone somewhat fully into these my early recollections for two reasons, First it explains how rice may be induced on dry land to produce two crops per annum, by simply burning off rough herbage in the dry weather and sowing the seed with the first rain, say in May, in which case the 104 crop is ready for reaping in October; and in the same way, rice planted in first rains in November would be ready fer the sickle in April. The rapi- dity of the rice growth chokes off all other indi- genous weeds; hence there is no cal! for expensive weedings. Secondly, it shows what in my opinion has kept back the spread of rice cultivation, viz: sugar. While sugar commanded a high price in the markets of the world, the fact of this colony having unlimited room for the extension of sugar cultivation, and having a sparse population, most of whom pre- ferred the planters’ cash on the weekly pay day, to the insecurity and time required for rice or other food products to mature, besides risk of robbery, accounted for the small attention given to Minor Industries. At the present time, with a supply of labourers more equal to the demand, and a dying-out of all gambling in connection with sugar, and when many of the introduced workers from India, Ohina and Barbados, have been taught in this school of ad- versity that if they want to reap and eat, they must sow and labour, a new departure may be considered as having overtaken the colony. The praiseworthy attempt made by Mr. Colving to grow rice on a large scale in Canal Nol, and by the Company which started under such tavourable circumstances at Vive-la-Force, both failed from similar causes—want of practical knowledge of the land and seasons, and also want of a water supply— to which I ought to add, the stubbornness and want of belief on the part of the labourer employed in carrying out details. The next practical test came under my own ob- servation and encouragement about 1865, when a couple of hill coolies asked me to allow them to have 16 acres in front of Edinburgh house for rice growing. Seeing the heavy work of breaking up the land, I suggested bullocks and the plough, to which they readily agreed, and when I thought I was doing a great thing in adding a couple of Yankee eagle ploughs to the oxen, they said in their looks ‘ Poor buckra, he no sabe.” Instead of my ploughs and harness, I found them with a mangrove root shaped into an Egyptain plough with a long stick leading up to the yoke, the latter being a straight courida stick with two holes bored at such distances from each end as to admit of two pins being driven through, one on each side of the bullock’s neck ; these were tied under the throat with a piece of string. When the team was ready to operate—and the way those coolies managed a pair of oxen direct out of the pasture was a sight worth seeing—they disturbed and worked up the surface of the land into such a puddle as would have disgusted an agriculturist from the old country, and made him think the land ruined for ever. Having reduced it into this state, a plank was set on edge, and with a pole extending to and fastened to the yoke, this blunt rake was hauled backwards and forwards until the surface was as smooth asa billiard table; water was of course admitted all through these operations. On a small paddock of about 4 square roods, was sown the seed rice, much as we see cabbage-seed planted in English gardening. By the time the land was reduced to the puddle above described, these seedlings were seven to eight inches high, and the seed bed being in a state of pulp, they were easily pulled up in handfuls of a dozen to each handful. These were conveyed to their final destination, and the operator separating a single stalk plunged his hand down some four or five inches into the puddle, and by a judicious turn of the hand, left the riceshoot firmly planted in the soil. each plant being set in squares nine by nine inches or thereabout. For the first few days the plants so pulled about looked drooping and seedy, but they did not remain long in this condition, 1or on the plant taking to its new position it began to throw out shoots more like leeks thana simple cereal. In a month’s time the women and children went through and plucked out all indigen- ous weeds and grasses, and tying these into small handfuls, placed them under foot and firmly imbedded them in the soft soil, there to rot and form manure 830 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuxE 1t, 1889 for the rice crop. Water was let on from navigation canals at stated intervals, and when the water ran low, recourse wax had to the basket with double strings, and the lift being next to nothing, it was astonishing how soon a couple of men could lay an acre under water, When therice came into ear all the grain-eating birds flocked round the devoted patches, some of them sucking the milky fluid out of the embryo rice. The ryot was equal to the occasion, by planting a series of poles one at every 100 feet with the tops slightly bent, and a kerosine tin containing a few pebbles sus- pended to each pole; these were joined by an endless line to the outside of the field, and when an urchin gave a pull to the string, all the tin contents gave a sudden clatter, quite enough to dismay and frighten the most pert of the feathered tribe. While this was going on the two men betook themselves to preparing mortars and pestles and a barn anent harvest; the two span of bullocks having become so to say a part of the house- hold, played with and caressed by the women and children. Harvest arrived, with need of additional hands, to reap the crop while it was crisp and dry; and here came the first clash between manager and rice grower, the one wishing to keep his mill supplied, the other wanting to save bis rice. I decided in favour of the rice grower, as the reaping was not likely to employ too long atime. The workers, with a small toothed reaping hook, smaller in size but much thesame as the now obsolete tool formerly used for reaping in the old country, cut the head of grain off with about a foot of stalk, which being made into small sheaves after remaining in the sun for a time, were finally conveyed to the barn, a rough structure thatched with cane bands. A stake was driven into the ground at one end of thebarn; by freely ramming the surround- ing earth, a threshing floor was secured say about 12 feet in diameter. The bullocks were yoked close together ‘and made to walk round this stake, while sheaf after sheaf was thrown under their feet and shaken up so as to bring every part under the tread of their feet. It was simply astonishing how quickly the grain was by this means separated fron the straw, the paddy being from time to time swept into heaps and put into bags, for the winnowing operations. This was done in a clear space, exposed to the wind, by the well - known ancient system of letting fall froma sieve. The paddy once ready for market, a ready sale for it was found on the estate. Harvest over, water was let on, and a fine ratoon crop came up as by magic, little inferior to the first. After reaping this crop, the land was again treated in exactly thesame way by puddling asat first, of course the work being much easier. For want of labour, in 1872 the rice cultivation ended. The whole of the above description can be applied to the venture in rice cultivation which has been carried on for several seasons on Novar and Dundee, in the Abary district, by the coolie proprietors of those estates. While IL was watching the rice industry on the West Coast, the late Mr. Bascom at Auna Regina tried a Most interesting experiment among the Chinese of that estate. 'o gain a reservoir supply of water for his gang and machinery, he constructed that grand re- servoir, one of the sights of Anna Regina; a two feet earthenware pipe was placed, conducting the water from Quackabooka which stands at a high level, un- der ground and through the Ohinese quaters. Now, Ohin Ohin was not slow to grasp the situation, and, unknown to Mr. Bascom, uncovered the pipe, drilled a hole in it, inserted a bamboo, and by that means secured a never-failing supply of water for his gardens which were then covered with eddoes and other ve. getahlas. Having secured water, they set to work in true Ohinese fashion, and reduced the haight of the land, by digging outcertain areas and ra sing others, making the garden ground what ib remains t) this day—. picture of Chinese rural scenery. The low plots produce the most magnificent rice an | have con- Funded to do so for at least 18 years wthout rest; aud # reason for this may be found in the following passage from De Bow’s review:—‘‘ The Chinese, who pay the greatest attention to the cultivation of rice a mavure their land with all sorts of filth, dung, &. They preserve all the scrapings of pig’s hair, the barbers carefully preserving the human hair, which is no small quantity where the head is shaved, and the cultivators of the soil readily purchase this compost ata penny per pound and barges are to be seen on the canals entirely Jaden with nothing else. The Chinese cultivators look upon hair, of whatever nature, as of extreme value in rice cultivation, Itis not unusual for them to mix lime with the water of irrigation, which they consider draws off insects and gives warmth to the ground.” Those whose pass to the leeward of the Chinese gardens of Anna Regina in the spring time will read- ily recognise that this pecular habit of conserving manurials has not been forgotten in British Guiana. Although the Chinese thus carry out their inborn habit of allowing no matter to go to waste, I do not think the rice plant in the deep rich soil of this colony really calls for manure. We see crop after crop raised on the same land, with a tendency towards improve- ment rather than a falling off; and when we see the luxuriant crops grown in the bottom of canals where the soil is far under atmospheric influence, this alone shows how well our soil is adapted for rice. By the way, there is a considerable area of fine rice grown in many districts of the colony in navigable canals, when these are out of use. Some planters object, because of the tendency of the sides of a dry canal to break in, and there is reason in this ob- jection. The canal bottoms are specially suitable for a paddy garden because of the ease of irrigation. These Auna Regina garden lands have been held rent free, being simply the garden grounds attached to the cottages. For several years past the industry has been spreading, the waters of the Quack-a-booka, a fresh water canal, having being laid under con- tribution; and on the coolies applying for land on which to grow rice on a sound tenure, Mr, Gilzean very readily acceded to their demands, and now there are over 200 acres—it will in a few months be 300 —of grand paddy fields adding quite a charm to the surrounding scenery. Before explaining the mode of dealing with Anna Regina paddy fields, I must ask you to allow me to turn for a moment to what I shall denominate “Manna Rice,” or that grown ina semi-wild state on the savanoahs of the Hast Ooast. The idea of a spontaneous spread of this growth from particles let fall by labourers when working on service canals might have been entertained had these people carried paddy, instead of rice prepared for the pot, © which latter is the condition in which all rice is used as food, and is no longer in a condition to germinate. The fact is, small patches of rice have been grown on spots since the Hast Coast water scheme brought the savannahs into notice; and the fires of ’82, v3, and, ’84 having cleared off all the rough herbage, ferns, &e., &c., the state of the land naturally invited the rice growers to extend their operations, which they did to some effect, The land behind the La Bonne Intention is very favourable for this wild system of cultivation, as the canal which I dug to gain water has a trunk or syphon underneath the main service canal by which the water behind that section of coast can be regulated. The water connection being continuous, by the navig- able canals direct to the sea, to relieve the rice growers’ lands throws no additional strain onthe drainage of the estate, but rather does good, by keeping the channel open. In this way, every dry season, the water can be lowered to allow of harvesting and burning off the rough surface preparatory for another sowing. In the figures supplied by Mr. Imlach it must be clearly under-tood that they rclate to semi- wild cultiv.tion, as follows:— : _A. bag of rice for seed will plant about 4 acres, and costs iB se ae 2 40 Weeding and burning ... x ; 8 00 Planting Ll day, 1 man .. “s 50 24 Reaping, 4 strong men, 6 days at 52c. 12 48 Threshing and cleaning adie icon 96 $ 24 08 june 1, 1889.] ~ Gives in a good season 30 bagsrice at $240 72 00 or $12 00 per acre, in 6 months, profit & 47 92 If they clean this rice it will give 15 bags and will cost: Growing .. 506 nop ao § 23 12 Oleaning ... 19 32 12 32 15 bags cleaned at 32 cents per gallon, equal to §6°40 per bag, White Rice Profit $ 53 68 The cost for scaring birds in the savannah is nil, the only birds to be seen are a species of wader resem- bling at a distance “Negro Oop,’ and they are now harmless. In putting a price on rice grown on the Hast Coast, the local selling value for paddy was given; the cleaned rice is white, such as you see on ‘the table, which is sold retail at 36 cents per gallon. I may mention that the command of water to let off and on at pljeasure is of vital importance, when attempt- ing to grow anything in such pegass land, which burns up in dry weather to a cinder. Turning now to Anna Regina, as the most perfect mode of cultivating rice, entirely by spade and hoe, that I have seen or read of, the arrangement is as follows:—As to the land, the abandoned cane fields, by preference in the lowest Jying section of the pro- perties, find most favour, as being the more readily put under water from the navigable canal. The arrange- ment is eight months rent free; at the expiration of that term $23:04 annually is paid in monthly instal- ments. An arrangement which refers more to the question of immigration is also entered into by which three days per week labour when called upon counts half rental, but for the object of this paper I confine myself to the ordinary tenants’ agreement of 23:04 per annum, of course, including water. The rice farmer, having signed his agreement, enters upon possession, and when land earries sage, waak- a-baki, and such like, it is preferred, as the land is in better heart than where simple nut and bahama grass forms a complete sod. The bush is now all chopped down with cutlass, and the cuttings when dry are partly carried away for fuel to cook food and the remainder is burned where it lies. The beds are what are known as round ridged, the small drain in many cases forming a hollow 6 feet at surface, 2 feet at bottom and 4 feet deep. The workman begins by reversing the order of cane culture, and delves the entire surface with all its noxious grasses a foot deep, and buries all in the drains which cost the sugar planters so much to dig. This work at once gets rid of all grass, and the hoe is set to work to chop the ground quite fine to a depth of 4 to 5 inches; water is now let on, and the whole made into a puddle exactly as I have already des- cribed at Edinburgh; in fact, the after treatment is exactly the same, and in every way resembles the best system carried out in South Carolina. The Anna Regina paddy farmers seldom grow a ratoon crop, being satisfied to reap 3 full crops in the year after the preparation and planting. In the eight months allowed rent free first year, they establish and reap one crop, and have another well established, which covers preliminary heavy work in levelling down, &c., &e. Mr. McPhail, to whom I am indebted for the following figures, writes as follows:—“The first year when the beds have to be levelled, this process alone costing 16 and $20, they only secure one full crop, though the second is well established. It is fair to take up the working expenses at this stage, and I may add that the farmers who haye prepared the land best are the most willing to pay rent punctually. The land with stubble is burnt off and hoed up, and converted into’ a proper puddle for receiving the rice plants, which are grown in a nursery. Such a nursery can be prepared for 82 cents. Nine strong women or very ordinary lads can dibble one acre in a day, and the same number canreap the grain ‘THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. ‘ with ordinary grass knives. The birds are kept off by scarecrows, and children knock a tinpan, for wh ch an allowance of $1'20 per acre may be allowed; weed. ing and burying the grass and other stray plants, $1:50 per acre; heading, carrying to barn, threshing and dressing for market, including sack, 15 cents per bag. Thus summing up 1 acre 1 crop :— + Bag rice, preparing nursery... $6 0 82 Cutling and burning stubble ... ... 2 00 Hoeing up the seed bed... see ae 2 00 Dibbling from nursery, 9 women 24 cents 2 16 SWiCEGING) VOUNG, CLOP=,.—- TVeA Nores, April 830th.—Tea is doing well in Sibsau- gor. ‘lea prospects are good in Durrung. Seasoaable weather is reported from Sylhet, Mamroop, Durrung, Sibsangor, and Luckimpore. Darjeeling, 26 April.— Viol-ut thunderstorm accompanied by heavy rain— over an inch being registered on the evening of the 23rd, since the bright sunshine. First flush nearly over and more or less disappointing.—Jndian Planters? Gazette COCONUT CULTIVATION AND THE “KANDA PANUWA:” BLACK AND RED BEETLES—HOW THEY CUT INTO THE STEM OF A TREE—THEIR PROPAGATION AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM—THE YOUNG GRUB—REME- DIAL PRECAUTIONS. (Communicated.) Those who had have no opportunities of observing the beetles injurious to the coconut tree, or who have made little use of such as they have had, are apt to be a little mixed in assigning their respective parts in the work of destruction te kuruminiya and kundapanuwa, Even Dr. Shortt in his monograph has figured the wrong beetle as the true kwrwniniya—one endowed with a pair of horns longer than its body and which it would find a great inconvenience while eating into cabbage at the head of a coconut tree. The true kurwminiya is a black beetle, one of the largest of the tribe nearly as broad as long and almost hornless. Furnished with powerful mandibles it easily penetrates to the centre of the undeveloped leaves and causes the clipped and rugged appearance that may be noticed on nearly all coconut fields. It seldom kills a tree outright, and that only a very young one before it has made stem. The grub, the big- gest and ugliest of the race, dwells in dung heaps or in any mass of rotten vegetable matter. The red beetle belongs to the coleopterian aris- tocracy. In its perfect form it is a pointed oval, one inch long with a strong frontal horn, and its dress a red coat with black facings. It needs no food and has in fact no feeding or digesting organs; in the perfect state its sole business is propagating its species. It might be supposed that the use of the frontal horn was to penetrate the outer fibrous shell of the coco- nut stem, but on examination it is found unequal to this undertaking: it might with its powers as well try to bore a hole in a tombstone, as the main stem and the stem of the green leaf are equally impervious to its unaided effort. It has to search for a weak point such as an accidental wound that has gone through the outer fibrous rind, the splitting of a green sappy leaf atits base by the swelling of the main stem or the breaking up of the shell at the surface by the push of new roots; but by far its most fruitful opportunities are those that arise from trimming the trees. From the first appearance of the stem above ground till it reaches a height of six feet or up- wards, the leaves do not detach themselves from the stem and drop as they wither and die, but continue to cling till they gradually rot and fall off piecemeal. This causes a ragged and untidy appearance disagreeable to the eye of taste and the tidy planter sets about remedying the blunder of nature, the fact being that the young expand- ing stem is tender and needs this imbricated cover till the fibrous rind becomes dense and hard enough to be safe in the open air. All young quickgrowing trees crack their rind more or less, but while they have the natural shield no harm happens. Remove that, the cracks become wider and deeper and the beetle can easily engineer a proper bed for its eggs. Besides this there is the danger of inflicting a wound on the stem which makes the entrance for the enemy the easier. When a lodgement has once been made in a tree that suits them all, the beetlesin the neigh- bourhood resort thither and multiply with great rapidity, the fallof the tree being generally the first indication of their presence. I have taken 150 grubs and beetles from a single fallen tree. When they are discovered before they have u:! viy destroyed the tree any attempt to sayeit is labour in yain. Chop it into chips, destroy the whole JUNE 1, 1889, ] THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. 339 ——— colony great and small, and lest eggs should remain burn the chips or rather roast them, for they are not easily consumed. As soon as the young grub is hatched he begins cutting his way inwards, making a crooked and still widening track. When half grown he turns towards the surface, where at his full growth he cuts so close that nothing thicker than a piece of packing paper is between him and the open air; then he wraps up in a cocoon of the fibre of the stem and awaits his transformation. The perfect insect easily bores its way out and begins life on a new footing. As they are night-flyers their habits are not to be traced further, but we may suppose with no great stretch of conjecture that they are very diligent in seeking convenient spots to deposit their eggs. If the expansion of the stem bursts a strong succulent leaf at the base it should be removed at once, but the operation requires a sharp tool in a careful hand to avoid wounding the stem and making the remedy worse than the disease. If the stem he accidentally wounded the best thing I know isa daub of tar with as much fine sharp sand agit will hold. Notwithstanding all the pre- cautions that can be taken a few trees will be lost wherever the beetle has obtained a footing, and the danger is greatest where the cultivation ishighest and the growth consequently quickest. The danger begins with the first appearance of the stem and continues more or less till the flowering begins. > _—— THE CEYLON THA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. The report and accounts submitted on Friday to the shareholders of the Oeylon Tea Plantations Company, Limited, were adopted. An interim dividend of 6 per cent. was paid in September last, and a second interim dividend of 4 per cent. was paid in January. On Friday a final dividend of 5 per cent was declared making 15 per cent. for the year. In the course of his speech, Mr. David Reid, of Thomanean, Kinross, the chairman, said :— The shareholders will notice in looking through the accounts that nearly the whole of the amount at the eredit of profit and loss account has been distributed as dividends, In this the directors had scarcely any option, because at the first of this year an issue of 4,550 shares became necessary to pay for the pur- chase of the estates to which I have alluded, and so a state of things was brought about analagous to the winding up of an old partnership and the inaugurat- ing of a new one,, and under such circumstances it became mecessary as a mere matter of accounting that the balance at the credit of profit and loss account should be handed over to those shareholders to which it really belonged. But, gentlomen, although nearly the whole of the balance at the credit of profit and loss account has been divided, the directors have not lost sight of the very great importance of fortifying the position of this company to meet the attack that is being made upon all tea property by the fall in the price of tea; and in order to put clearly before you the way in which this has been done, it will be necessary for me again to refer to what I said to the shareholders when I addressed you at the first general meeting. It will be in your recollection that 1 said that, speaking in round num- bers, the property consisted of 1,600 acres of jungle at £2 103 an acre, and 1,600 acres of tea land at £40 anacre. I am glad to be able to inform you that when we commenced business on Jan. Ist, 1889, taking the price of jungle land as before at £2 10s., the price that your tea land stands in the company’s books is £35, instead of £40, a reduction of 123 per cent, This I consider a most important point. I do not think it is possible for any shareholder to take an intelligent view of the value of his property without considering not merely dividends, but also the margin of profit per pound of tea, and the margin of profit per acre that the property yields; for it is ouly by looking at it from that point of view that one cap form any adequate opinion of the condition that the company isin to meet the possible fall in the price of tea. Now, I daresay it will be interesting to the shareholders—indeed, I may say it is my duty to explain to you how this has been brought about. In the first place, it has been brought about by the purchase of the estates, to which I have referred, at a much lower price per acre than the price at which the company’s original acres stood in the books, And it has also been further brought about by the development of jungle land into tea-planted land of the old estates of the company at avery low cost. Now,I can well con- ceive that the shareholders will say it is very well to tell us that the price at which the estates stand in our books has been reduced 12% per cent., but are the acres as good? Well, that is to a certain extent a matter of opinion, butin the opinion of myself—and I may say it is the unanimous opinion of the board—the average of the acres that we started business with on Jan. Ist 1889, is in all respects equal to the average of the acres that we began business with in 1888, I am not going on this occasion, as I did on the last, to describe to you in any detail—in fact, not at all—the condition of the estates, because I prefer that you should receive it at first hand from Mr. Rutherford, our manager in Ceylon who has within the last month come to this country, (Applause.) Now there is another striking feature in this report, which I would just allude to and that is the great fall in the price of tea. I believe that we have suffered in this very much in common with all tea companies, We hear a great many differences of opinion expressed upon the exact grades of tea which have suffered most and alsoas to whether the Oeylon, Indian, and Ohina teas have fallen equally. So far as I have been able to arrive at an opinion, I think that nearly all teas have suffered, and I think it must be satisfactory to the shareholders thatin spite of such a fallin price we can present so favourable a balance- sheet. Tea growers have, no doubt, an anxious time in front of them, but the directors have confidence in the future of the company, and recognising frankly and early that only the fittest will survive in the fierce competition that over-production is bringing about, they will spare no trouble to maintain efficient and economical management of the company’s busi- ness, Mr. David Reid (Mincing Lane) said that the share- holders would no doubt like to hear a.few words from their Oeylon manager, Mr, Rutherford. (Applause.) Mr. H. K. Rutherford: I have pleasure in a double sense in being present here today at the annual meeting of the shareholders ; first, as a shareholder, in listening to the chairman’s clear and explicit state- ment of the financial position of the company, and, secondly, as your manager in Oeylon, in knowing that the services of those in Ceylon who have taken an active part in bringing about the favourable results as shown in the directors’ report are fully appreciated and recognised. (Applause.) The chairman has shown how the capital cost per cultivated acre has, by the purchase of new estates, been brought down from £40 to £35. Now, the fact of the pro- perties standing at £35 per acre would have but little meaning if the statement was not supported by the other important fact that the properties are all ia good condition and well worth the value at which they stand in the company’s books, (Applause.) Tea estates, as you are aware, may be, from poverty of soil, unsuitability of climate, bad planting, and unpro- ductive bushes, absolutely worthless. I am _ very pleased indeed to be able to tell the shareholders, from my intimate knowledge of the company’s origi- nal properties, and those newly acquired, that they have potentialities in them which I am _ confident will carry them over the stormy waves of low prices; and when unseaworthy craft have sunk, the company’s ship, I trust, will come annually into harbour; un- loading its cargoof good dividends. (Applause.) The new estates acquired by the company have the follow- ing advantages :—They have good soil, some of them considerably above the average. They are all at high altitudes, thus giving promise of a longer ex- istence than low country estates, and they are giv- ing a fair promise of producing teas of higher value, and yields equal to low country estates. They are all fully equipped with good factories and the latest type of tea machinery, and they are in posses- Sion of a large and profitable business in the purchase ee green leaf; and the shareholders in this country ave the testimony of the Oeylon shareholders and others, who know the estates thoroughly that the company has made an exceedingly good bargain in purchasing these properties. I shall be very pleased to answer any questions the shareholders may wish to put to me regarding the condition or working of the estates. I would desire, before resuming my seat, to thank the board, in the name of my Ceylon staff and my own, for the great consideration it has always shown to their views and wishes, and I trust the har- monious feeling which has obtained in the past between employes and employed will continue in the future, as such a feeling always conduces to efficient service. (Applause.) Mr: Martin Leake said he was sure all the share- holders must be satisfied with the management of the Company, and still more with the extremely clear way in which the information had been put before them by the chairman. They were all gratified to hear the personal explanation of Mr. Rutherford. Mr. Rutherford was subsequently elected a director of the Company.—H. and C. Mail, April 19th. ee CEYLON UPCOUNTRY PLANTING REPORT. THE DEPLORABLE STATE OF THE THA MARKET AND HIGH PRESSURE OF COMPETITION—THE CHINA TEA BUYERS JUBILANT OVER THE DROP IN THE VALUE OF CEYLON TEAS—ANSWERS TO ENQUIRIES ON TEA CULTURE AND PREPARATION—THE CULTIVATION OF NUTMEGS—WEATHER AND COOLIES. 7th May 1889. The present deplorable state of the tea market is certainly providing us with food for thought, and does not give us much room for fancying that we are special favourites of Providence. It is rather rough on Ceylon, that it has had hardly time to gird up its loins after the disastrous days of coffee, before it is plunged into a struggle, with a powerful interest like that of the China tea merchants, not to speak of India and other pro- ducing countries. Buteverywhere and in everything there is this high pressure of competition I fancy, and ‘perhaps, after all it is the Ohina folks who have most cause to complain, as it is their domain we have invaded, and have sat down in, determined not to be ousted. We hear that the China tea buyers have gone out this season rather jubilant than otherwise; the drop in the value of Ceylon teas has given great satisfaction in that quarter, pretty much like what the shrinkage in the deliveries of Chinas have given to us, and it is said they are prepared for a tussle in tea, such as has not yet been seen. India, and ourselves are to have our fill of it, and China is to be triumphant. It is well to know what is before us, but it is not safe to prophesy until yeu do know. Had anyone told us, say five years ago, that the consumption of British-grown teas, was to increase as it has done within the last few years we would have regarded it, somewhat in the light of a flattering tale ; indeed the head- way we haye made against the established interests of China, is so encouraging, that although our way is becoming somewhat rough, and rougher may be in store, still we will persevere. China may flood the market, and prices may be ruinous, but the energy which developed the tea interest here, when the country was all but a wreck, will doubtless sustain it. In fact, this is our first real check,—a serious enough one no doubt,—but very likely we incline to think more of it than we would have done, had 840 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. [June 1, 1889, we been lagging in the race like Jaya and fighting an uphill battle instead of taking a first place, almost from the beginning. Our pride is offended almost as much as our pocket. The practical enquiries on Tea Culture and Prepa- ration, which a practical man has sent you, and to which you invite my attention, are for men with a wider experience of tea than I have. Still I am not so modest that I cannot reply to the extent of my knowledge. I agree with your practival man that the best tea is not made when the bushes flush most freely. The tea made from the rush of flush which appears after the early rains, never has seemed to me anything like so good as what was manufactured from the scantier pluckings of the drier weather. As to the effect of manure on tea, that it in- creases the quantity there is no dispute; but although I had heard it statea that it also improved its flavour and strength, I cannot say from my own experience that this is so, Manure, I think takes longer to tell on tea than it does on coffee, unless it be that the regular plucking only makes us faney this. Everything that the manure added to the coffee tree remained and could be seen, whereas much that is added to the tea bush, is gathered and lost sight of, and a wrong conclusion may be deduced in consequence. As to the last subject of your practical enquirer, no doubt, the man who can combine quantity with quality is the man we have to follow, but who is he? I know of estates that have been at the top of the market through fine plucking, and have dropped down immediately when the plucking was changed. Toincrease quantity, you haveto take a leaf or half a leaf more,and every remove is a step further away from quality. The man who can produce as good a tea from two and a half leaves as he can from one and a half, is a man whose acquaintanceI should like to make, and to learn his secret. I don’t think he has arisen yet ; but he may be coming, and when he does come there will be a big run on him. The cultivation of Nutmmes goes on increasing in a small way. I hear of a place in the low- country where the matter has been tackled with energy and intelligence, and the proprietor is far from unsatisfied with the results. He has had to feel his way pretty much from the beginning, and has already gone dead in the face of established Opinion, in sofar that he manures his young plants with the happiest results. ‘‘Manure and ‘Im ” did much in the days of coffee; but manure and nutmegs are a combination which we haye been taught, all along, would produce nothing but dis- astrous results. Ithas been found too, that with- out sufficient shade the young nutmeg plants suffer very considerably, but with it the failures are less, the growth is quicker, the prospects of a return are good, and the time about seven years. After that the cost of upkeep is next to nothing and except keeping the trees from parasites—to which they are very liable—hardly anything has to be done. On the hills the nutmeg grows more slowly than it does in the steamy plains of the low- country, but then I think the fruit is very much finer and larger in size, and there is compensa- tion in that way. We are still having very favourable weather for all kinds of vegetation from weeds upwards, and if close, Lot, steamy days would make things grow, we have that now. Ooolies, although not perhaps abundant, are still sufficient for our wants. The recruits from the Coast don’t turn up yet, but itis said they may be expected this month. PEPPEROCORN. juni 1, 1889. FHE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST. TEA CONSUMPTION AND INFUSION. (From a Correspondent.) With reference to the tannin tea, your “Tea Slip ” gave the substance of Dr. Hule White’s statement ve the harmful properties of Indian and Ceylon teas if injudiciously ifused. That the increase in bome consumption of tea last year was only 1 per cent more than 1885 requires no comment! The stronger teas have without question been over brewed and stewed, and stewed again in order to extract mot tea but tannin out of them. If this thing goes on, the stomachs of the people must suffer, and we shall experience without doubt, in time, &@ FALLING-OFF IN THE CoNSUMPTION of Indian te. ; for medical men, as well as the late clear-headed Dean of Bangor, will protest against the use of such Strong teas. Mr. J. Fraser, who lately left for Oarlsbad, is said tohave owned that he is suffering from drinking strong tea, stewed to blackness, and that it has tamed his stomach! His doctor has told him that it would have been better for him if he had drunk whisky in place of such tea. ee ee THE FUTURE OF THA. It may be wellto summarize the figures we gave yesterday as follows :— in 1889 lb. Required for Home Oonsumption in the United Kingdom say 190,000,000 Required for re-export trade 35,000,000 Ib. 225,000,000 U.K. will receive from India in 1889 say lb. 102,000,000 From Ceylon — Ib. 40,000,000 lb. 142,000,000 Ib. 83,000,000 Ib. 83,000,000 To be made up by } Ohina, Java, &c. : —— SE THE LONDON MARKET FON CEYLON THAS is by no means so unfavourable at present as has re- cently been supposed. The average of prices for the week reported today is 94d, but the very heayy sales of Ceylon teas during the past two weeks, amounting to 29,000 packages or the equivalent of over two million lb. of tea, must be deemed eminently satis- factory. During the same two weeks of last year, the sales of Ceylon tea only equalled 10,200 packages. The advance is yery gratifying and, we suspect, does not augur well for China teas being in great demand when the Far Hast market opens. —<—<$< p> —__ FINE PIUCKING OF THA. A planter with a big charge, writes :— “‘T would like to pluck fine but 400 lb. tea at 1ud— 4,000 pence ; 200 lb. tea at 15d—3,000 pence. It does not require much calculation to say which pays best.” But supposing the price of the coarser falls to 9d or even 8d, while 200 lb. per acre tea realizes1s 2d, how would the comparison be then, allowing for the saying in labour in the field, factory &c. in attending to the smaller quantity ? A proprietor asks, however, who is to guarantee that prices for fine teas will keep up in this proportion ?—Another proprietor asks :— “Tf London market can take off middling Ceylon Teas (bulk of which they strongly disapprove of) at the rate of one million lb. per weck what would they probably take of teas of the quality of which they entirely approved.” A further remark made has reference to the strangeness of the fact that three-fourths of the Ceylon, of the India and of the China teas sent to London are ‘ not approved of” by connois- seurs ; that is, they may be classed as common teas. Now every manufacturer is supposed to study the wishes and tastes of his customers, and why not so in: respect of tea. This raises another question: if with medium plucking (the tip, leaf and a half), as much of leaf as_ will make 600 lb. tea per acre, can be gathered, and the quality depends mainly on its treatment in the factory, will it not pay the owner to increase the supervision, accommodation and machinery, until his 600 lb. receive as careful treatment as the 300 lb. of his neighbour on a less prolific estate? How often is the remark made :—‘‘I could make better tea, if I had not such a rush or quantity of leaf, or if I had more time to give to its treatment, or if I had more accom- modation, or another drier, &c,’’ Certainly the circum- stances in each case have to be studied, but generally a higher standard of preparation must be aimed at. Oth THE EHASTERN PRODUCEK AND ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Direcrors.—Norman W. Grieve, Esq.; C. J. Lindsay Nicholson, Esq.; David Reid, Hsq.; Christopher B. Smith, Hsq.; Charles H. Stewart, Hsq.; Edward Whab, Esq. Ralph A. Cameron, HEsq., Managing Director. Rerort—To be presented at the Second Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at the Offices of the Company, at 12 o’clock noon, on the 25th April, 1889. The Directors herewith submit Report and Balance Sheet for the first year’s working, ending 31st De- cember, 1888, which it is satisfactory to find fairly accords with the expectations held out at the forma- tion of the Company. The profit for the year has enabled the Directors to provide for payment in full of the 6 per cent De- benture Interest and 5 per cent Preference Share Divi- dend, amonnting to £11,741 19s 7d, and to carry to credit of Reserve Fund the balance of £435 139 10d. I¢ will be in the recollection of the shareholders that in terms of the Company’s Articles of Association, such Reserve Fund is to be created to the amount of £10,000 for the purposes of ensuring payment of interest and dividend on above Debentures and Preference Shares, the profits of the Company to be devoted to the re- demption of £3,000 Debentures yearly after such Re- serve Fund has reached £10,000, and next to payment of dividend on the Ordinary Shares, such dividend not to exceed 3 per cent per annum until the Debenture debt is below £50,000. The Company has now 8,635 acres in tea, of which about 3,600 acres are over four years old, and by end of current year the total tea acreage will be about 9,500 acres. he rapid decadence of the remaining coffee on the Company’s Estates during the past year from the combined effects of green bug and leaf disease has prejudicially affected the year’s Profit and Loss Account, and has necessitated a considerable acreage being interplanted with Tea earlier than would otherwise have been called for. The yield of tea in 18388 from the Company’s estates was 986,800 1b., and the average gross price obtained, including purchased leaf, was ls per lb., which compares favourably with the market average cf 11}d for CeylonTea for the same period. The Directors have pleasure in recording their appreciation ofthe zeal and ability shown by the manager and staff in Oeylon, which has so largely contributed to this satisfactory result. The crop of tea for 1889 is estimated at 1,150,000 Ib. The Shareholders will observe a sum of £4,904 14s 2d standing at credit of Estate Reserve Account. This consists of the surplus arising on realisation of Pro- duce at a value over and above that placed on it by the Liquidators of the Ceylon Company, Limited, aud the proceeds of the sale of one Estate. In accord- ance with the Articles of Association, all the Directors retire from office, and, being eligible, offer themselves for re-election. In the exercise of their powers, under the Articles of Association, your Directors appointed Messrs. Welton, Jones & Oo., Auditors of the Company for the past year. It will be for the Shareholders to elect Auditors for the current year, and to fix their remuneration.—O, J. L. Nicuouson, Ohairman, 842 ScHEDULE oF THE Oompany’s HistArEes.—Arapolo- kande, Asgeria and Maddawella, Bulatwatte and Maddawella, Belgodde, Colonna (let on lease), Oonde- galla, Dandukelawa, Doombagastalawa, Dromoland, Gigran Ella, Hope, Ingurugalla and Berrewella, Kir- rimittia, Koladenia, Kumaradola, Labookellie, Medde- coombra, Mennickwatte (one-half), Montefiore, Nor- wood, Rothschild, Sinnegodde and Belle Vue (let on lease), Sogamma, Vellai Oya, Vevekellie, and Woodslee. TOTAL ACREAGE, 17,302 ACRES. Acres. Under Tea sop ae «ae 6,919 Do ‘Tea (withsome remaining Coffee)... 1,716 Do Ootfee ay) Be “0 647 Do Cocoa 595 ot cess 656 Do Oinchona, Oardamoms and Sundries 523 Do Forest Grass and uncultivated Land 6,841 9302 Batance SHEET, AT 3lst DucemBer 1888. Liabilities. Dr. £& s. d. To Capital Stock— ; Nominal Capital, 60,600 Ordi- nary Shares, £5 each «. £303,000 4,000 Preferred Shares, & 5 cach ... non Bao 20,000 Ordinary Shares allotted, 59,169 at £0 ses on «» £295,845 Ordinary Shares unclaimed, 658 at£5 ... er con 3,290 Preferred Shares, 753 issued, £1 pershare called up ves [a3 — 299,888 0 0 To 6 per cent Debentures £195,200 0 0 To Debenture Interest ... 5,645 23 = 200,845 2 3 To Estates Reserve Account, Realizations and Recoveries 5.0 nes wes 4,904 14 2 To Fire Insurance Account ok 186 8 10 To Sundry Creditors .., ate nh 7,738 9 8 To Bills payable fa ae nan 19,512 10 0 To Balance of Profit and Loss Account any 465 13 5 £533,540 18 4 Cr. Assets. £ gd. By amount respecting Landed and other property acquired at Ist January, 1888, under agreement dated 10th October, i887 .. 00 cho 436,117 4 0 By Outlay on Tea extension A an 11,615 6 10 By Outlay on Machinery and Buldings ... oda £3,834 13 0 By Less amount written off for depreciation ob 1,051 17 6 — 2,782 15 6 By Produce on hand ... on a 16,981 12 7 By Advances againt produce and supplies ‘ for Estates ono So nae 9,156 2 0 By Furniture 361) 208 nt 111 19 6 By Sundry Debtors ee mae on 21,788 Ss) By Bills receivable Be toe oe , 967 12 8 By Cash on Deposit andat Bankers 200 34,019 15 8 £533,540 18 4 Prorir and Loss Account For YEAR ENDED 3lsr Ducemprr 1888. Dr. £ s. d. To Expenditure — ' Unkeep of estates including cost of pur- chased tea leaf and allowance for de- preciation on machinery and buildings 46,223 11 0 Salaries, Office expenses, and General charges in London and Ceylon, including Directors and Managing Directors’ re- muneration on ono ; 6,060 17, 6 To Interest on Debentures 11,712 0 0 To Balance ... oe eve 465 13 5 £64,462 1 11 Or, Eg s. d, By Income— Proceeds of Produce sold and brought to account at 8lst December 1888, and profits from Agency business, In- terest, &c. - 47,480 9 4 Estimated value of Prod ce on hand at Blst December 1888 Ay Ney 16,981 12 7 £64,462 1 1 THE TROPIGAL AGRIGULTURIST. [June 1, 1889, COCONUT PALM DISEASE. Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, 9th May 1889, To the Editor. Sir,—I am directed to send for your information a copy of a report by the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture on the coconut palm disease.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, A. M. ASHMORK, for Colonial Secretary. Kandy, 20th April 1889. I beg to report that I visited Veyangoda on the 27th March, spending part of the 27th and 28th in enquiring into the subject of the ‘‘ disease” affecting the coconut palm. In certain areasin Veyangoda I observed that the trees were ina very backward condition, looking sickly and parched. I brought away with me leaves from affected fronds, and examined the discoloured por- tions of these leaves under the microscope at the School of Agriculture. (This instrument was neither com- plete inits fittings, nor powerful enough for the ex- amination of minute fungi.) I was, however, able to discover a parasitic fungus in the specimens I brought away with me, I had hoped to be allowed sufficient time to carry on my enquiry into the subject more thoroughly than I have done, using what intervals of time I had to spare, and availing myself of extraneous aid offered me inthe matter of getting at better mi- croscopic appliances, I have, however, been able to visit districts where coconuts are cultivated both far from and near to, the coast, and to note the different modes of cultivation and treatment of the soil adopted in the various plantations; and I have no hesitation in saying that thorough cultivation is the surest way of combating the evil. Where the trees have been helped to maintain their vigour the affection was at a minimum, and in places where I would have expected to see the trees badly affected, but where as thorough cultiva- tioc as one would have expected to find in the best agricultural districts in England was adopted there was hardly any indication of the “disease” to be noticed. In areas where the attack was at its worst the soil was generally not in a condition fayour- able to luxuriant growth. A favourable chemical condition of soil is correlative to a good mechanical condition produced by working, liming, draining, é&c. Thorough, deep cultivation must be adopted in soils inclined at all to be heavy even at the risk of temporary loss, followed by liming, and, if necessary, manuring. Deep draining is especially necessary for heavy soils. No one who has seen these operations carried out under necessary conditions, and seen their results, can doubt their efficacy in preventing those conditions in the crops grown which fayour attack from fungoid and insect pests. Now, in enquiring into the cause of a weakly growth, LI would enquire first, whether good “ seed,” from a healthy and well-developed stock was used, whether the planting was properly done, and whether the crop has been well-treated. It is difficult in the case of a perennial like the - coconut to get at the remote antecedents of the plant, but to anyone coming from a country where the art of agricultnre is practised to perfection, the niggardly treatment of the soil, and especially coco- nut soils, in the generality is most striking. Where the advantages of a fallow or a rotation are shut out, it behoves cultivators of coconuts to use every artificial means of maintaining the fertility of the soil. As exceptions, I have seen coconut estates under a very perfect system of cultivation, and as I mentioned before they showed no indication of sutfer- ing from “ disease;” the plantations were moreover, on a comparatively stiff soil, and ata distance from the sea, I cannot agree that salt,and salt only, is necessary to raise the affected coconut tree to a healthy state, but I do not mean to under-rate the value of salt in coconut cultivation, and I may here state that a supply of salt under easier conditions, but with what precautions may be thought proper to preclude it from being used for culinary purposes, is a great desideratum. But it must be remembered that the use of manures must follow cultivation of JUNE 1, 1889,.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 843 ee the soil; and in heavy soils, without thorongh and deep draining the advantage of manuring are nulli- fied. Then all these operations so necessarily to a soil continually growing the same crop, must be regularly and systematically carried out, not in patch- work style. No experimenting is required to prove their necessity. Results must be waited for: it will take time to undo the effects of previous ill-treatment. An outlay of capital is of course necessary, but the increased returns, and the resultant vigour of the tree, enabling it to withstand attack, will more than repay this outlay. (Signed) C. Drinperc. eee LOSS IN THA IN WEIGHT IN WAREHOUSES. Planters’ Association of Oeylon, Kandy, 2nd March 1889. : The Honorary Secretary, Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, London. S1r,—I have the honor to invite your attention to the annexed copy of an important resolution unani- mously passed at a recent general meeting of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon on the subject of the loss in weight of tea at the London docks and warehouses and to request that you will lay it before your Association of Chambers of Commerce with a view to whatever action may be deemed desirable.— LONDON I am, &c., (Signed) A. PHILIP, Secretary. Resolution referred to: “hat this Association views with alarm the serious losses sustained by Oeylon planters through bulking, weighing, or sampling of teas at the London docks or warehouses. That the Ohamber of Com- merce, and especially the London Committee of the Ceylon Association, be asked to co-operate with this Association with the object of gaining the fullest information as to the practices in vogue, for bulking, weighing, and sampling teas in London, and, if possi- ble, checking any undue waste.” Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, 1, Great College Street, Westminster, S. W., 13th April 1889. Siz,—Your letter was duly communicated to the London and India Docks Joint Committee, and I now beg to enclose the report of their tea superintendent thereon.—I am, yours, truly, (Signed) JAmms Hore. The Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon. The Managers.—With reference to the allegation contained in the resolution of the Ceylon Planters’ Association, that losses in tea occur in the operation of bulking, weighing, and sampling in the London bonded warehouses, I have to state that no logses arise through bulking or sampling. Both these oper- ations take place after weighing which is carried out by the Customs and dock officers immediately on receipt of the goods, and the weights then taken are those on which the sale is made. The loss complained of is no doubt that which cannot but occur in weighing and taring to the pound according to the London general practice, together with the trade allowance to the buyer of 1 lb per package weighing over 28 lb. gross. The attached statement shews in detail that the average net outturn will be 2 percent in chests and 4 per cent in half- chests less than the country weight. A few years ago some of the principal importers of Indian tea in the case of parcels not requiring bulking, obtained permissivu from the Customs to ascertain the net weight of tea without taring, by weighing the contents of {0 per cent of the packages of each break as an average so as to lessen the loss of the fractions which occurs as shewn in the statement - ttached. ‘Lhis plan reduces the loss from an average of 1 Ib to £lb per package, but the buyers of tea regard the system with distavour, andit is not likely to continue. (Signed) A. Onamp, 9th April 1889, OnyLon TEa. Chests Actual weight. Recorded weight. Gross Tare Net Gross Tare. Net ewt. qr lb oz lb oz lb oz ~=cwt qr lb Ib Ib Ly Oma LO: 24 9 96 1 10 8 25 95 LAO) BG 25 14 94 8 10 8 26 94, TD) tf 65 25 3 94 2 WO 7 26 «93 1 0 912 24 6 97 6 109 25 96 382 1 378 Draft 1lb perchest 4 374 Loss 2 PER CENT. Half Chests Actual weight Recorded weight Tare Net Tare. Net ewt qr lb oz 1b oz lb oz ewtqrlb lb Ib 0 2 16 8 IH | 55 1 0 216 18 54 0 2 15 4 17 12 53 8 0 215 18 53 0 2 1510 17: 4 54 6 0 215 18 53 OR 2a or Vy 17 6 54 1 0 215 18 53 217 +0 213 Draft ilb per half-chest 4 209 Loss 4 PER CENT. In the case of Teas netted without taring the average loss would be 14 and 3 per cent for chests and half-chests respectively. (Signed) A. Onamp, 3rd April 1889. ee ere ee “MOMI” WOOD THA BOXES. In sending us replies tothe ‘ practical enquiries” about tea,—in a note which will appear further on— Mr. C. S. Armstrong adds the following :— ‘“sS With regard to Japan boxes, I have used no other since their first introduction by Mr. Deane. All of “‘ momi,’ if I except an invoice or two. I have never had a complaint. I consider a “ momi’’ wood package the best we have in Ceylon at this date. Tares run even, cheséis strong and ueat-looking.’”’

__—_- BULKING THA. (From «a Planting Correspondent.) [note that Mr. Street says—to turn over the tea with spades on the floor ig not sufficient to entitle the tea to be called bulked. I fancy, how- ever, that is the usual method in Ceylon. Throw- ing the tea into a high bin and taking the same out again for packing through a narrow door in the bottom goes a long way to mix up all together. If in addition to this the tea be turned over twice with the spades the same way as coffee used to be turned over and the bulking be not accepted 844 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889, a in London, the faultis more likely to be in the packing of the chest than in the bulking. (Does this correspondent, and all other planters puzzled in matters of bulking, sifting, cutting, packing, &c, consult the pages of the Tropical Agricultuwrist through the annual index to find hints at a moment’s notice 2? We are not aware of ever passing over a useful lesson or wrinkle for planters, of any kind, without giving it a place in the 7. A. As we said before, every estate, and every estate agent’s office should have a file of the T. A. and the time and writing this would save would pay the subscription ten times over.—Ep. | a FIVE DAYS’ WITHERING OF TEA LEAF. (Conmunicated.) We are credibly informed that certain planters know how to deal with leaf to advantage when, after 48 hours on the tats, ii commences the first stage of becoming, if neglected further, a stinking rotten mass of, if not quite putrefactive, still leaf that should be sent down the stream rather than sent to the London market to work only discredit to Ceylon tea generally. Will those who know how to arrest the decay of leaf after the period mentioned give their knowledge to their brother planters? To do so would, of course, be to the general weal of Ceylon. Also their ideas with re- gard to availing of the sun for withering which, it is said, sets up a damaging chemical action. Surely the chimneys of siroccos properly protected can safely be run up through the factory wither- ing lofts in place of outside the factory, and with- out increasing the risk of fire. On this point, too we should like to have experienced planters’ ideas. Tea left on the tat for five days owing to bad withering weather must, of course, have become very much decomposed, perceptible even to those whose olfactory nerves are not of the keenest. As brewers send their bad beer down the gutters so should Ceylon planters their BAD TEA. oo ESTATE BULKING OF THA. (By F. F. Street.) Proper “ Bulking” isso essential both for Teas sold locally and those shipped home on estate account, thata description ofa cheap and effectual mode of bulking may be of service to your planting readers, especially as the material is within the reach of all. Four square wooden posts grooved on two of the adjoining sides and several planks of say 18 inches in breadth are all that are required. These should be made into a pit or large box, the posts forming the corners and the planks the sides. The pit should be built raised some 4 feet from the ground, the bottom inclining slightly towards the centre being made of wood, and having a sliding trap-door in the centre, so made that the outlet can be en- larged or reduced according to the size of the leaf to be bulked. When the pit is being filled with Tea the trap-door remaining closed. The Tea to be bulked should be spread out in layers as thin as possible: one quality on top of another until allthe Tea required to be bulked is inside the pit. Now open the trap-door and the Tea will runout from the top through the different layers of Tea, and out at the trap-door at the bottom taking a little from each layer on its downward course—the result being a perfect bulk. By means of azine tube the current of ‘Tea leaf can be carried direct from the pit into the packages standing on a lever-scale, though perhaps the Tea would get still more mixed if allowed to fall a small distance on to the floor forming a cone- shaped pile of Tea, the packages being filled from the foot of the pile with a wooden or metal spade. ‘The packages might be put all round the pile ata slight distance from it, a little Tea being placed in each in order as they stand and filled gradually: this would ensure an equal proportion of dust and broken leaf to each pacakge and render unevenness impossible. A sand-glass will illustrate the principle of this mode of bulking. Watch the sand as it is runuing out, and you will find it is the top layer that runs and not the bot- tom near the exit. ~~ Tra in Japan.—The Japan Weekly Mail of April 13th says:—‘‘ Small quantities of Teas have been made to order, but no new leaf has yet been fired. The temperature in the Tea districts has been rather lower than usual, but this has oniy checked growth somewhat, no damage being r.- ported from any quarter, and no anxiety is felt for the young leaf. A tencatty muster has been shown. Next week trustworthy information should ‘be forthcoming.” Corrre Unper SHApz.—A correspondent writes :— “Tt ig very amusing to see the leading Boss of a show replying to the letters ofa ‘correspondent ’ and denying that orders have been given to plant coffee again under shade in Dikoya. Planting coffee under shade or allowing a sucker to grow on each stump, is a distinction without a difference. Ut is well-known that seeds of the fig tree have been sent from an estate near Kandy to those upcountry estates for growing shade trees. This of itself is utterly absurd—to send a low- country tree to be grown upcountry for purposes of shade. What next!” ARTIFICIAL Corren.—According to A. Stutzer,in the Zeitschrift fir angewandte Chemie, the manu- facture of artificial coffee trom burnt flour or meal is carried on by certain firms in Cologne. The artificial beans are made in specially devised machines, and resemble closely in appearance the natural ones. They have been examined by O, Reitmair, who has shown that they consist of 34:6 per cent. of extract soluble in water, mixed with 56:25 per cent. of insoluble organic constituents. The amount of ash on ignition is small, amounting to 1:10 percent. They can be readily distinguished from the uatural beans by their property of sink- ing when immersed in ether, as genuine coffee beans float on that liquid. Strong oxidis- ing agents do no decolourise the artificial product go rapidly as natural coffee.—Industries, Tur Sream-pLoucH in Inp1A.—In his paper on “the Mahratta plough” in the Asiatic Quarterly Sir George Birdwood made merry over the notion that steam-ploughs could ever be introduced with success in India, giving a comic description of a scene in Khandesh, where the attempt resulted in the plough sticking fast after a few futile snoris and being thereafter laid aside for good, to be presently transformed into an object of worship by the ignorant natives. Having some doubt about the general ap- plicability of such a description, we forwarded Sir George’s article to the manager of a large estate in the Dun on which the steam-plough was introduced last year, and received the following reply :—‘ As for the steam-plough the writer mentions, I consider it acreation of his own imagination. There was never asteam-plough made that corresponds to his graphic and ‘funny’ description, and I consider it wrong of him toendeayourto embellish an article by such an absurd imaginary sketch. No steam-plough goes ‘ snorting and hissing into work,’ and then sinks into the furrow it has made. There is no such foolish implement constructed. I may tell you that the steam-plough is a great success here, and is doing capital work, rolling over the jungle lands in fine style, and we are rapidly clearing the lands.” Clearly they did not know everything down inthe Judee of Sir George.—Pioncer. June 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 845 es EC A DE i RE ED AN ENGLISH RUBY COMPANY FOR BURMA :—WHY NOT A LONDON GEM COMPANY FOR CEYLON ? NO, I.—INTRODUCTORY : HOW THE RUBIES IN BURMA ARE TREATED AT PRESENT. (Communicated. The world-famed ruby mine district in Upper Burma which has so recently come into prominence by the concession to Streeter and the formation of a powerful Company for its more effectual work- ing, lies about 100 miles to the north-west of Mandalay. The best route (in fact the only one at present available) by which to reach the mines ig to embark at Mandalay on one of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company’s well-found steamers running be- tween Mandalay and Bhamo. About a day’s run, or perhaps a little longer according to the state of the river, will bring you to the point from which you have to ride or walk. This place is called in Wyld’s Map of Burma Thabeit Kyuz, but the name we print is but little guide to the actual pronunci- ation by the natives. From this point there is a road to the mines which lie forty to fifty miles further up on the borders of the Shan hills. This is the only spot where anything systematic has been done in the way of mining and washing the gems, but rubies have been found over a very large area, and there is every reason to suppose that now that the despotic sway of the native king has been de- stroyed a large trade will be developed in other parts of the country. As a matter of fact from time. to time valuable stones find their way to market from native hands which cannot reasonably be supposed to have been found within hundreds of miles of the so-called ruby mines. The area set down in the Government maps ag containing rubies and sapphires is 60 miles square, of which Messrs. Streeter have obtained the concession of 30 miles. Until very lately this was one of the quietest districts in the newly-annexed country, but it has suddenly become one of the most disturbed, no Kuropeau being allowed to visit it without an escort, and the British authorities just now are endeavouring to prevent visitors and prospectors from going there, and so being possibly the means of trouble. The present excitement amongst the natives does not appear to have any connection with the mines or their working, but took its rise more especially from some agreement our Government rashly made with one of the Chiefs relating to the road which forms the approach to the district, and which it now wishes to annul. Messrs. Streeter have sent up a large quantity of washing machinery, which is being erected in a suit- able spot, and the ground will now be thoroughly worked. It would seem that other than the Company’s employees are allowed to work on the concession, but all rubies found are to be offered to Streeter’s agents. If the finder of the gem accepts the agents’ offer, it only remains for one-third of the purchase money to be handed over to Govern- menu as its share and the remaining two-thirds to the finder. Should, however, the finder feel dis- inclined to take the price which is offered him —the stone is handed over to the Government— which holds periodical sales at Mandalay. At the sale Streeter’s agent has a right to bid, and gener- ally, as may well be understood, has it pretty aoa AG his own way, his position keeping other wealthy experts and purchasers from taking the trouble to reside at Mandalay for the purpose of picking up what Streeter may reject. As regards the native population this arrangement is not likely to cause any discontent as it is a very con- siderable improvement upon the mode adopted in the time of the native kings. Under that regimé all rubies above a certain size were absolutely the property of the king, and anyone found possessing such was promptly punished. As regards the smaller sized ones, the payments made to the Crown were very arbitrary and the finders were very much at the mercy of the local authorities. As far then as the monopoly of the ruby mines, the native population of Burma are not likely to trouble their minds, whatever may be the case with the gem merchants from India and other foregin countries. There is however in this connection another very prolific source of irritation and excitement which affects not only the newly-annexed provinces, but the whole of Burma and especially Rangoon and Mandalay. This is the Ruby Act recently enacted. In this act it is provided that all holders of rubies shall, within a specified period, make declaration of them to the authorities therein named, by whom they were to be registered, weighed, described, marked and a stamped certificategranted. This was to enable the Government to watch the gale, and to facilitate the collection of the duty. As may easily be imagined a semi-civilised race, with many al- most savage tribes amongst them, were exceed- ingly suspicious of such an enactment, and instead of responding to the demand for registration they forthwith concealed their jewels and kept them carefully out of sight. It is supposed that the act was intended to refer only to rubies which were for sale, but no provision appears to have been made for this reading of the act, or for the possi- bility of people wishing to dispose of their gems at some future day. Now that the country has been in our possession some three years or more, and the people have begun to gain confidence in our rule and perceive that we purpose retaining possession of the country, they begin to bring forward the gem for sale, when down come the authorities and seize them as contraband. The period given for registration has long ago elapsed, and now the rubies are con- fiseated. Jn Mandalay the authorities have already so confiscated gems, to the attempted sale of which their attention had been drawn by persons who can claim a reward as informers. This of course is a very unpleasant state of affairs and naturally causes great discontent. The authorities at Manda- lay have been appealed to by influential dealers (some of them Europeans) to grant letters of in- demnity on condition that the provisions of the ordinance are now complied with as regards stones which are in the market; or would be were such an arrangement made. But so recently as the mid- dle of March, whilst admitting that they would be unable to work the Act as they stood, they were equally unable to make any such concession. And so the matter stands—owners ready to sell and pay the duty, dealers ready to buy, anxiously waiting with the money in their hands, and nothing done. And yet more than this. It has been brought to the notice of Government that the chetties at Rangoon had been sending over to India a large value of rubies by means of the registered parcel post, and an attempt has now been made by the Government to recover the duty amounting to a lac of rupees or thereabouts. It is not supposed that the authorities will be successful in this en- deavour, ‘but in the meantime it has caused con- siderable excitement, and put a stop to trading for the present. 846 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {JUNE 1, 1889: OKRYLON THA IN AMERICA. The Ceylon-American Tea Company ought to have their share lists very quiaklo filled up, if locai tea proprietors or their agents realize the duty imposed on them by the present prospect of the London market. Everybody is agreed that some- thing must be done to relieve the approaching pressure, but of all schemes of relief as yet started or shadowed forth, the American for the time alone “holds the field” and there is the strongest inducement for all planters to do what they can to see it floated on a full tide. Given a fully-subscribed share list, and his own interests thoroughly identified with those of the Company, Mr. Pineo is not the man we take him to be if he does not do justiceto the important commission confided to him. Some are beginning to grumble that Mr. Pineo has not already started for New York; but probably he is wise not to move until he sees the required capital fully subscribed. Impatient proprietors—merchants and planters—have the power therefore in their own hands to fix the time of his departure, and we trust there may be no hesitation in coming to the support of the Company. The sooner, of course, Mr. Pineo does get away the better; for he must have a good deal of preliminary work in the United States, before he can fairly launch Ceylon teas on the market or among the dealers in the Central and Western States. Nevertheless, we trust the day is not far distant when Mr. Pineo and the Company may see their way torun a steamer regularly between Colombo and New York in the tea trade, the saving in duty alone being a considera- tion, while a market for American cargoes ought to be found between Ceylon and Southern India. We suppose Mr. Pineo will be on his guard against competing with Mr. McCombie Murray, or any other dealer in Ceylon teas now operating in America. From the letter of a gentleman specially interested in the American people being won over to drink Ceylon tea, we quote as follows :— ‘© Tf last Wednesday’s local sale, and if the latest telegram about tea don’t make people take shares in the American Tea Company, one would think nothing will! The worst of Ceylon men in matters of this kind is that they make an objection to one particular item in a scheme an excuse for having nothing to do with it. It cannot be sufficiently insisted upon that every intending shareholder was asked to assist in elaborating the scheme by sending his views iu to the first meeting, or by attending it. And it is the height of rubbish to complain of the lack of the Colombo element on the board of directors, when at the time of meeting only one Oolombo mer- chant had applied for shares, and that fact was not known to the meeting, which elected the directors. Ceylon will not stand another crisis, and tea is the Old Guard which if broken, ‘sauve qui peut!’ ” ee COTTON FOR CEYLON. In addition to the interesting account of the progress made with the Colombo Cotton Spinning and Weaving Factory and the collateral informa- tion afforded,—see page 847—we include special en- couragement for the intending Oeylon cotton planter in the Liverpool report and valuation on Mr. Black- ett’s samples of cotton (page 854). This cotton, it will be remembered, was grown on an old estate not far from Gampola which Mr. Blackett had cleared for tea, and into which in October last year he interpersed cotton seed with the tea. The rapidity with which the cotton plants appeared and grew up was an advantage in offering temporary shude 40 the young tea. The cotton was ripe for gather- jng in the dry spring months and Mr. Blackett had ghe bushes all out of his clearing before damage could be done to the tea—indeed the latter may rather have profited by the subsidiary culture. But we suspect that the bigh valuations now afforded through the eminent London House of Messrs. Antony Gibbs, Sons & Co. will send planters and natives into the cultivation of cotton for its own sake as a permanent industry, so far as a shrub which ig not perennial can be go called. There will be as much enquiry probably after good cotton—as after good tobacco—land, with this difference that the former is much more readily and widely available. There is every prospect in fact thatthe Ceylon growth of cotton will more than supply the demand of the local mills before they have been long at work. ae TEA LEAF SELLING AT 74 CENTS PER LB.! “Leaf is being sold freely in the Kelani Valley I hear at 7} cents.—lonazop |” But probably the cause is found in the inability to overtake the tremendous ‘‘ flush ”: better to sell leaf at 74 cents than to abandon the clear- ing for atime for want of means to manufacture ? It is pointed out however that 74 to 8 cents with a proper allowance for manufacture is not far short of the equivalent of 47 cents per lb. of made tea in Colombo, which is rather more than equivalent to. 94d, the London average for last week. Se COTTON, COFFEE AND TEA. “Coffee and Cotton.” Many besides tea planters may not grasp the immensity ofthe trade done in coffee. Well! looking atthe figures given in the Observer of 11th April last, it is there stated that the coffee consuming power of the world in non- producing countries is between 1,500,000,000 lo.; and 1,600,000,000 lb. and now take the figures given in your contemporary the local ‘“‘Times” of 9th inst., in the article asking the question ‘Can Ceylon swamp the cotton market?’ and we find that the ‘‘imports of cotton into Great Britain”’ represent figures only about the same as those’ just given by me—in fact not so large! Truly the coffee trade is immense, viewed in this somewhat strange light, which is thrown only that we may the better grasp such enormous figures and also to show what a formidable opponent we have to tea in our once valued ally—coffee.—Cor. i HOW TO SECURE WELL-MADE TEAS: (From a Practical Proprietor.) About a year ago at Streatham I met T. G. of B., who was then complaining of the “drop in tay.” I pointed out that many proprietors made too often this grand mistake. To save an assistant’s or a second assistant’s salary they too often murdered their tea and sacrificed their own interests. I said take an estate yielding yearly 100,000 lb. made tea. If made of a quality the dealers liked, it would command, say 1d more (more often 2d or 3d, but say 1d) over the average Lon- don price. Well 100,000 pennies meant quite £400 sterling, or R6,000, enough to pay for two or three extra assistants in the iactory and field and en- abliag one to have nothing to do with unre- ‘iable volunteers. Every man should be well up to his work, and one of thesemaygo on a trip in search of renewed health and wrinkles—no one overworked. The tea selling sharp on arrival at home, and if more than 1d per lb. extra was got, it went into the proprietor’s pocket. Of course T. G. said good-bye and rather winked his eye. I hope he may see the point now, Juné 1, 1889.] SEDI PASSES EE THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 847 CEYLON’S NEW INDUSTRY: COTTON SPINNING AND WEAVING AT COLOMBO. A VISIT TO THE MILL. Hitherto Ceylon’s periods of prosperity and de- pression have depended almost entirely upon the state of agriculture in the country ; a new era is about to be commenced—the era of an industry which has wrought so many changes whereyer introduced. It is not very long ago since the idea of following in the train of Bombay and other Indian cities in respect to the manufacture of cotton goods was first mooted, but when the question was fairly put, and the various advan- tages Colombo would enjoy as a cotton manufac- turing town fully set forth, a good many of the most practical and successful men in the island were not slow to show their interest and belief in the benefits that would result from the es- tablishment of this industry. A Company was therefore floated, and after much careful inspection a site for the proposed mill was selected, and building operations commenced, Mr. W. Atherton,— a gentleman of great experience and good judg- ment, having been engaged in mill work 5 years in Bombay and 24 in Madras, besides a long experience in Lancashire, being appointed manager. It was to see the progress that had been made with “the mill”? that our representative journied down to Wellewatta on Saturday afternoon, meeting Mr, Atherton, by appointment, on the spot. THE SITE. been very difficult, if not impossible, to select a more suitable site for the mill than the one which has been decided upon. It is only after looking care- fully round, and noticing all the various conditions that are required, that the wisdom and judgment exercised in the selection strike one the most forcibly. A plot consisting of about 29 acres has been purchased along the south side of the Welle- watta canal, and close to its junction with the old Bambalapitiya road. The greater portion of this space has now been cleared of the cinnamon jungle that grows so thickly in this neighbourhood. The whole length of the building is intended to front the canal, so that it has not been quite possible to build from east to west as mills axe generally built. A good cartroad has been made from the main-road to the site of the build- ing operations. The scene is thoroughly a country one, and might be a hundred miles from Colombo, s0 very quite it is. From the mill a pleasant view is commanded over stretches of cinnamon and paddy fields and patches of thicker jungle and taller trees. It would have THE BUILDING. With the building a good deal of progress has been made. The first sod in connection with the work was turned on February (5th last, and now, in fact, the walls are finished with the excep- tion of the two end ones, which will be put in after the roof and pillars are fixed. These end walls when put up will, however, only be temporary ones, so that in case of extension being necessary they can either easily be pulled down, or allowed to remain as partition walls. The ground, of course, admits of extension almost indefinitely on all sides, except that on which the engine room is situated. The present length of the structure is 230 feet, with a width of 170 feet. The cinnamon soil has been found a substantial ground for build- ing upon, though the walls have had to go down to a depth of 10 feet in some places. Under the surface there is a red sandstone rock all through the cinnamon gardens, and they have gone down to that in all important places. In point of security Mr, Atherton evidently prefers to err on the safe side. The wal!s—which are of brick—are 17 feet high, and the top of the roof will be 22 feet 6 in.~-i.e. the top of the ridging. As a matter of fact the average height of the building will be 17 feet, like the walls, for in some places the roof will beonly 14 feet and in others 22 feet, The ridges are 22 feet 6 in. The roof will be of iron, and very little wood work will be used in any part of the building, which will be thoroughly fire proof, so that the rate of insurance will be very low indeed. The window frames even would have been of iron had it been possible to get them con- veniently, but as it was not they will be of wood. Windows will be placed round the sides, and also in the roof, being made to open for venti- lation. It might be thought that the sun shining upon the glass would make the place fearfully hot, but the windows in the roof will be so arranged that they will get scarcely any sun, being protected by the ridges. The chimney is already two or three feet above the surface of the ground, work on this important factor being only com- menced on Friday. Below the brick-work a 3 feet thickness of concrete was placed—100 barrels. The base is 30 feet square, and the height of the chimney will be 100 feet, with a 5 feet opening. The contracts have all been placed in good hands. The supply of materials and the . building have been taken by separate persons, Mr. Bastian Fernando having the former, and Mr. Joseph Fernando of Moratuwa the latter, and Messrs. John Walker & Co. of the Colombo Iron Works, will supply the roof. With respect to the latterit may be mentioned that part of the structure is now up, including the pillars and trusses. The foundations of all the pillars are completed. The spinning sectiun will be divided from the weaving sec- tion by a rope alley, in which the ropes and pulleys communicating with the engine at the end will be placed. A START IN AUGUST. If all goes well, Mr. Atherton hopes to have made a start with the manufacture of cotton in Colombo in August next. Some of the machinery should be here early in July, if not in June. The engine arrived a month ago, and he is only waiting for the engine-room to be got ready. The roof is already on the ground, and will shortly be put up. THE ENGINE. The engine is a compound horizontal one, which was working at the Glasgow Exhibition, where it drove the dynamo machinery. Having been made for the exhibition it is altogether a very beautiful engine, of 300 horsepower, with all the latest improvements. THE MACHINERY. The first order is for 10,000 spindles, and 150 looms, all of which are to be of the best and latest pattern, the former being supplied by Messrs. Dobson & Barlow of Bolton, and the laiter by Messrs. Wm. Dickinson & Sons of Blackburn. None of them have come yet, but the first portion of the spinning machinery is expected early in July, as it should be delivered in Liverpool on the 1st of June. Of all sorts there will be close upon 1,000 tons of machinery, and it will be rather a heavy undertaking getting it all down to Wellewatta fromthe Colombo wharf. The site along the canal bank admits of so much extension as to accommodate 100,000 spindles, and the necessary looms. The spindles will always be well in advance 848 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1889. bf the looms, so that theCompany will have yarn as well as cloth to sell. A VILLAGE OF THEIR OWN. “But where wili you get all your work-people from,” Mr. Atherton was. asked, for from the mill itself there is scarcely a habitation visible. “TI suppose they will come tramping for miles like they used todo to the old coffee mills.’ ‘* Oh, we don’t fear any difficulty about getting plenty of work people,” said Mr. Atherton ; ‘“‘ they would doubt- less come from a good distance, but it is our intention to build a village of our own close by. You see we have plenty of room. Just come and see the plan, and from it you will be able to see the extent of the ground at our disposal.’’ Adjourn- ing to the cadjan-covered mud-structure, with open sides, from which the manager at present directs the proceedings, and the plan being produced, it was seen how little in extent was the ground occupied by the present buildings compared to the area of the whole plot. This village will consist of decent cottages, both cabook walls and tiled roofs, which are likely to be much more comfortable than those to which the ordinary ‘‘ working-classes”’ of Ceylon are accustomed. THE CLASS OF GOODS TO BE MADE. “* Ah, that will be rather difficult to say,” ex- plained Mr, Atherton in reply to a question as to what kind of goods they would go in for manu- facturing, “as there is such a variety of cotton— from Mr. Blackett’s downwards. I want to begin with about 20’s, and from that we would go up to the American drill, and in the course of time become producers of the finer qualities of yarn and cloth,—but that, of course, can only be after the workpeople have become sufficiently expert. Our start will be drills, sheetings, and the plain white cloths that the natives wear, towels, tablecloths, napkins, &c. All these things will be made on the premises. As far as I can see there will be a good demand for those honeycomb towels, as I find that they are not only used as towels, but as sheets and wrappers for the natives in colder parts of the island. From these qualities we shall seek to work our way to the finer quality of goods. The things to aim at producing in this country are camboys, which are made out of 40 yarn, but producing them means a dyeing establishment.” PUNKAHS PULLED BY STEAM. In all the offices connected with the mill itis Mr; Atherton’s intention to have punkahs, which ' will be worked from the engines. He has nearly compieted a model of a little thing which he thinks is an almost perfect imitation of the motion of a punkah-puller’s arm. Without this particular motion it is impossible to drive or pull a punkah properly. A straight pull would give a jerk tothe punkeh, and would not‘allow it to get back before the other jerk came. WORKING HOURS. The working hours in the new mill will be from | of a thoroughly practical man onthe present Iodian | cotton trade in comparison and in rivalry to the daylight to dusk, no artificial lights ever being required. They will, however, only work six days a. week, and not as in nearly all the Indian mills, and evenfor a beginning about 400 people will be employed altogether including men, women, boys and girls, THE SUITABILITY OF THE CLIMATE: ARTIFICIAL HBAT. Referring to one of the Australian letters from the senior editor of the Observer in which he gave publicity to thefear of a gentleman engaged in the cotton-trade that Colombo would be too damp for the manufacture of cotton, Mr. Atherton said he could not understand what the gentleman referred to (whom he knew), could mean, unless he was thinking of the south-west monsoon season. But the monsoon was no worse here than in India, and he thought the climate of Colombo was simply perfection. True, the heavy monsoon showers were not wanted for spinning, but they could overcome the difficulty thereby entailed. Although they were in a warm climate, and although they were putting on an iron roof, there were nights in the cold weather when they would have to have the place artificially heated! And very often in the day-time, too. There would be at least 600 lineal feet of steam-pipes in the spinning mill, which would answer the purpose of heating and drying the at- mosphere, These steam-pipes will of course ab- sorb the moisture. THE WATER SUPPLY. The great thing required about a mill is to have lots of water for condensing and boiler purposes, but freedom from floods. At Wellewatta there is any amount of water for working purposes, but the highest known flood level could not come near the mill. In looking round for a suitable place, those engaged to select a site saw very many places that appeared suitable at first sight, but some fault was always to be found until the present one was dis- covered. The water required for the engines will be drawn from the canal, about 500 gallons per minute being used. It will not, of course, be absolutely used, but it will always be returned in a very hot state, and unless there was a very large supply it would soon get too hot for condensing purposes. THE CANAL; MEANS OF TRANSPORT. The canal has been widened and deepened by the Company as far as from its junction with the river to the bridge on the road, and the Government have in hand the portion irom this place to the sea, so that when this is deepened it will be easy to get to the railway from the Mill, thus saving a lot ofcartage. At Wellewatta station there is already a siding running close to the canal. The canal is in communication with both rivers —the Kelaniganga on the one side, and the Kalu- ganga on the other, so that it is possible that some raw cotton may be brought down by the river to the mill itself. ‘The canal, of course, will be of most use in enabling them to get fuel, which will consist solely of wood. It would cost four times more to burn coal than wood, the latter being so very cheap, andthe whole of it being brought down by water. Close by the bridge the canal has been dammed, the sides having been walled in and landing piers built. A culvert will be made from the deepened part of the canal to the engines, and a road will be made to go right down to the landing place. The average depth of the canal from the dam to its junction with the river is | 5 feet. INDIA AND CEYLON AS RIVALS TO LANCASHIRE. Seizing the opportunity of getting the opinion Lancashire trade, our representative asked Mr. Ather- ton about the different conditions and prospects of both, and especially of Indian and Ceylon manu- facturers. In reply to his remark that Lancashire must labour under a great disadvantage by reason of haying to import all her raw material, pay far higher wages, and work fewer hours than was the case with the Indian mills, Mr. Atherton said :— “ The hours in India are certainly longer, but labour is not cheaper, for my experience has been that it takes from 33 to 4 native workmen to do as much as one average Lancashire man. The pay is smaller individually, but when you come to reckon up the total, the amount is quite as much in an Indian as +) June 1, 1889.) in a Lancashire mill. In fact with the salaries of European managers, engineers &c., it almost comes to more. Taking it altogether labour is dearer in India than in Lancashire. I know that the people at home think differently, but it is quite a fallacy. If the hours were shortened, the cost of producing would be considerably higher than in Lancashire, for of course you could not shorten the people’s pay at thesame rate. Then the principal market for Indian manufactured cotton is India it- self, and not only that, they have the raw cotton on the spot, which is another great advantage. Altogether the Indian mills have 1d per lb. of a local advantage—it costs 4d per lb. to press and send cotton to England, and another 4d per lb. to bring it back to India. That is an advantage the Indian mills have, and of course we shall have the same advantage here in Oeylon if cotton is grown in the island, as it undoubtedly will be. Neither the Manchester Chamber of Commerce nor any Act of Parliament can affect that 1d. And then ex- change is another thing in favour of the Indian manufacturer. Supposing exchange were to go down it would be all the better for the Indian mills. The rupee in India itself, and as far as Indian goods go, buys as much now as it ever did.” “But nearly the whole of the cotton manufactured in Lancashire is obtained from America, is it not, and supposing the Americans are able to send it over Id cheaper, would not that affect the prosperity of the Indian trade?” “India sends about a million bales a year to Lancashire,” replied Mr. Atherton, ‘‘ and America sends three or four times that quantity, but the exchange is against the home trade in both cases, Poor England suffers tremendously in that way. China, Japan, and India are the great markets for cotton goods, and in all these the home manufacturer has to run the risk of exchange. Although the Indian mills do not make such profits now as they did a few years ago, it is more on account of their own opposition. I do not think there is any limit to millsjin the Hast except the supply of cotton. Indian mills may go on extending and extending until they use up the whole of their cotton. Nearly all the existing mills are extending very rapidly, and there is nowa tre- mendous number in Bombay. Already the Indian mills not only supply the local demand, but they send out large quantities to China, Japan, Aden, and the Red Sea ports, and a lot also goes to Zanzibar. In India they work from daylight to dark, and seven days a week. Mr, Atherton has not the least doubt about the success of the cotton industry in Ceylon, and ex- presses his confidence in a practical way, for he is willing to risk every cent he is possessed of, and -—as he puts it—every cent that he can ‘‘borrow or steal honestly.” COTTON GROWING BY EUROPEANS. It is assuring to learn that there is every likeli- hood of Huropean planters in the island taking to the cultivation of cotton. Many old firms such as Messrs. Geo. Steuart & Co., and Messrs. J. Murray Robertson & Co., have been making enquires about seed fromthe agents—Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co. A number of experiments are being tried, and a lot of cotton will be planted from July to September. The only thing the agents fear is that they will not have enough seed to supply all the applicants. We understand that several books on the culti- vation of cotton are in course of preparation. The Hon. W. W. Mitchell, who is an authority, informs us that he is greatly in favour of planting the native kapw or kidney kind of cotton, for, as ib is a perennial, it will give the minimum of trouble, and bear all the year round, the staple besides being just what is wanted. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (From a Correspondent.) Keep pegging away about the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company. We must not let it fall to the ground ; our very existence will depend upon it, I believe. And rather than let it fall, Mr.——_— and I intend doubling our shares. When thoroughly understood I believe everyone in the country in- terested in tea, will join. ——_———_—>—_————- THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND BIG TOBACCO LEAVES. We have received from the Badulla correspond- ent (Mr. EH. Heanly) who wrote the other day about big tobacco leaves some specimens of the same in their green state, They certainly are “prodigious ”” measuring up to 2ft. 4in. in length by 14 foot wide. The owner of the garden in which they grew, says: ‘‘ these are not so large as the ones already harvested.” Oan any other district beat them for size? As regards the quality a Colombo authority to whom they have been shown, writes :— “They are of a very good size, but with few ex- ceptions coarse in proportion. I am sorry they are not cured in order to submit them to an expert.” Could Mr. Heanly induce the owner to send a few of his best-cured leaves to refer to an expert ?— We see that a Kandy correspondent of a contem- porary reports as follows :— The land known as Velate estate, midway between Kandy and Peradeniya, has been bought by Mr. Har- rison, for the cultivation of tobacco. There are other lands for sale in the neighbourhood of Kandy, one being the property of thelate Shroff of the Chartered Mercantile Bank, on the Halloluwa road near the ere This land, too, is said to be suitable for to- acco. a WITHERING THA. (from a Proprietor.) Withering on tats accounts no doubts for a ict of bad tea, and, as the acreage and yield of tea increase, this evil of bad tea and consequent losses may also be expected to increase ! Leaf is often left in the tats for days together before a wither can be got. At it has been on the tats for jive days. Bad withering weather is generally the best weather for flushing ! so it does seem strange if no one can be found to cope with this peculiar state of things. Even in tolerably fine weather, I believe, to avail of the direct rays of the sun is not at all good for the future flavor of the tea. So some think a safe artificial method of withering quickly by heated air will have to be discovered. ee ee AN OLD CEYLON PLANTER IN CALIFORNIA. There may be some still in Ceylon who remember Mr. Edward Llewellyn who was superintendent of Gilston estate, Ambagamuwa, somewhere in the “fifties.” We believe too that Mr. Llewellyn had to do with importing tea seed from Assam which was put out on Penylan, some big trees grown therefrom being still to the fore. Last mail broughta long letter from him from California addressed to the Editor, Observer, from which we quote as follows :— I am an old Ceylon coffee planter, a brother-in- law of Mr. Hy. Ritchie of Wilson, Ritchie & Co., a firm which existed in your city. I have often heard indirectly of the little country where I spent many of the happiest years of my life. I have been pretty well all over the world, and I have finally 850 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Junz 1, 1889, aera ener r rere eee —————————— settled down in this country, but my heart still clings in fond remembrance to the dear little spice island; it is a sunny spot to me, full of kindly asso- ciations; twas there a loved sister lived, and in whose company on Slave Island I spent many happy hours. I often sing that well-known song, “Oh would I were a boy again, when life seemed formed of sunny years,’ and tears well up in my eyes as I think of that little spot, and all the scenes pass in rapid succession through my mind. The jast person I saw who came from there was Key. Mr. Carter, Baptist Minister. I met this gentleman in Auckland, New Zealand, and you may be assured we had many hours of pleasant conversation over the place we both knew so well. How is the island prospering ? Is coffee planting still the rage, or has it given place to tea? Please give me all the news. If you can manage it, I would be exceedingly ob- liged by your sending me a small packet of tea and coffee seeds; I am very anxious to try how it will succeed here ; the climate is well-suited for it, the only drawback being want of rain, but they have irrigation, and that will answer the purpose. This is a grand country, and this part of it in particular (Oalifornia) is very fine, the climate on the Pacific sea coast cannot be surpassed. You have a mild winter with a beautiful summer; where I am, it is about 100 miles inland, and hotter in the summer, the thermometer stands at 110 degrees in the shade most of that time; in the winter we have it down to 16 degrees above zero, There is another great advantage we possess, that is, that we have no heavy storms; now in the east part of this continent they are subject to terrible storms and snow blizzards, the thermometer in many places going down as low as 60 degrees below zero. This state is very favoured, is a splendid wheat country, and can grow all kinds of fruits. Railroads are being formed all over the country, and you can make the trip across the Oontinent from San Francisco to New York in 4or 5 days, and in case you want to go to England steamers take you in between 7 and 9 days. I suppose you have railways pretty well over Ceylon now, and Oolombo must be much improved by the erection of its breakwater. Lam glad to find that the Government have restored those fine irrigation works, which had fallen into a ruinous condition ; this will be the means of restor- ing that valley to its former prosperity, EEE Ean NEW PRODUCTS: COTTON, TOBACCO, LIBERIAN COFFEE, &. Fortunately, at thi crisis in Ceylon, there ig a new product claiming attention under auspices sufficiently attractive to arrest the purpose of the irrespressible planter who may be bent on opening more land for tea. Mr Blackett’s experiment in cotton near Gampola on ana old coffee es‘ate, shows that cotton may be grown with advaituge over a very considerable area of country in Ceylon by Europeans as well as natives. A number of experiments with cotton on established plantations are now to be made, so far relieving the pressure on tea and affording another string to the bow of the planter, against the day of trouble. “Tobacco” is also the object of attention; but the difficulty of getting suitable land apywhere in 852 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1889, i ee the Central Province for the operations of the local British Company is as great as it proved in the experience of the German Syndicate. A clearing intended to be opened near Matale after further inspection has been given up. The land offered by Mr. H. Fraser, by Mr. T, C. Owen, by Mr. Christie and others is all reported to be condemned ag not up to the ‘“‘tobacco’”’ standard. It is very evident therefore that whatever may be done with the coarser kinds by natives, Ceylon is not to become & prominent tobacco grower under Huropean auspices. Mr. Dickson’s London Company, how- ever, in place of looking to the Central Province, are reported to be in treaty with Government for a grant of lowcountry land. ‘This may lead to more extended business if only a suitable location is taken up. Meantime in Dumbara, the gentleman who first gave the present start to the product continues to cultivate 40 to 50 acres of tobacco year by year with success. Another product pointed out this week as once more worthy of attention at this’ time is our old friend “Liberian Coffee”! Alas how many planted it and after, what they deemed a full trial, gave it up; and yet, were they not premature, may now be asked? For undoubtedly there are cases where Liberian coffee in the lowcountry is doing fairly well for its owners in the present season. Coorg cofiee under shade after Mysore fashion is likely to have more than one trial in Ceylon; but we regret to learn that coffee in and out of shade in Dumbara is not doing so well as usual this year, Nutmegs too are being experimented with by several Huropean planters, and it is claimed that remarkable success has attended their cultivation with manure added to the soil at an early date. Pepper must shortly come to the front in our exports: one parcel from a Ceylon plantation figured in a recent Mincing Lane sale. eee Fur Comspvstion.—The following statement by a “bachelor of science” in an Australian contemporary is of practical interest to a large “number of teamakers :— In connection with the notorious waste of energy in even our best engines it is interesting to watch the strenuous effortsof scientific engineers to at least stop up every outlet within their power. Much attention is being given to the perfect combustion of fuel. The idea of using pulverized fuel is an old one, but till recently it has never been successfully carried out on a practical scale; but now Mr. McAuley, in the United States, has got into satisfactory working order a method by which powdered fuel can be per- fectly burnt. The coal, coke, or antbracite is ground in the new and interesting cyclone pulverizer, which consists essentially ofa small strong chamber in which two very strong screws revolve in opposite directions opposite one another. By their revolution they pro- duce a terrific miniature cyclonein the space between. Any solid bodies dropped in are whirled about in such a fashion that they grind one another to the finest powder. The powdered ‘fuelis fedin automatic. ally tothe furnace, into which only just the right amount of air to burn the fuel isadmitted, thus no heat is wastedin heating useless air. Lhe.whole.combustion of course is beautifully ucdercontrol—a matter of im- portance to the m-tallurgist. A very Jarge saving of fuel issaid to have been effected in some American ironworks where the process has been applied, It is possible that before long we shall see all large consumers of fuel using coal sent out inthe form of fine powder in bags. The idea of using powdered coal is only the logical outcome of the ‘success than has attended the introduction of the two gaseous fuel producers, gas and water gas, and also the use of refuse petroleum oils. In some of the most recent oil-burning boilers steam fora four-horsepower engine can be got up in sixteen minutes, Tar OULTIVATION oF ToBACcO iy ABBRDEENSHIRE.— Among the experiments conducted during the past year by Mr. Thomas Jamieson, Lecturer on Agri- culture in Aberdeen University, on the experimental farm at Glasterberry, Oults, by Aberdeen, has beea that of Tobacco culture. From the results of the experiments it has been proved that the svil of Aber- deenshire wilt produce Tobacco of a quality which when manufactured meets with the appreciation of smokers. From the results obtained Professor Jamiesun con- cludes that Tobacco might be easily grown, ripened, and cured in this country, and that with the skill that comes by experience, even the finer varieties might be successfully made. Plants were grown upon an ex- perimental plot, and on a larger scale in the field ; they were late in being planted, yet the produce is described as being heavy, and though not thoroughly matured, it was manufactured into three forms of to- bacco and “smoked with appreciation.” ‘The trouble entailed to the grower and the Inland Revenue officers, however, by the frequeat inspection of the crop, has led to the abandonment of the experiments —W. K. —Gardeners’ Chronicle. Prum CuLrurz in Bosnia.—The most important product of Bosnia is Plums, and the food in a dried state is the principal article of export. The poorest peasant (says Mr. Oonsul E. B. Freeman, of Serajevo) has a few Plum trees by his hovel, wealthy landowners never think of planting any other kind of tree by their country houses, and on the result of the Plum crop, more than any other, depends the well-being of the agricultural population. Accurate statisties of the crop are not available, but in a good season about 40,0CO tons of dried fruits are exported, representing a mouey value exceeding £200,000. The fruit is not only grown for dessert, however; a large quantity is consumed in the making of a spirit commonly drunk in the country, and known as Slibovitz. The Bosnians, moreover, are great makers of jam, and they prepare from the Plum a large quantity, which is manufactured without sugar. The export of dried fruit is almost entirely to Austria and Hungary; it does not appear that any of it comes to this country. Possibly, how- ever, a market may hereafter be found for it in Eng- land; for the product is increasing, and the local Government has turned its attention to the establish- ment of drying ovens of a superior description to those hitherto in use. A large proportion of the crop of 1887 is said to have been lost, owing to the pri- mitive and inefficient way in which the fruit was dried.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Drue Sates.—In the Mincing Lane reports during the past fortnight some interesting facts connected with vegetable products appear. Thus it is stated that six bales of Deer’s-tongue leaves (Liatris odora- tissima) were offered for sale at 3d. per pound. Some time ago it is said they were becoming popular asa substitute for Tonquin Beans. In America the plant is known as Wild Vanilla and is used for scenting cigars and Tobacco. If the plant is trodden upon the aroma ie abundantly given off, This aroma is due to the same erystallizable odorous principle which is found in the Tonquin Bean and the sweet-scented Vernal-grass. It is stated that in America, many of the flavouring fruit essences and vegetable perfumes are obtained from the Liatris leaves, Under the head of Gum asafetida, which our readers are-aware is a foetid gum obtained from two or more species of Ferula from Kashmir and Per-~ia, we reau the following start- ling announcement :—‘‘It is said'that a peculiar adultera- tion of this article has recently been observed in Ham- burg, where wholesale drug firms offered to their Swedish customers a gum from trees which was composed of crystallised gypsum coated with true asafcetida, the amount of adulteration varying from 20 to 80 per cent.” Of Strophanthus seeds, itis reported that large quantities have recently been imported and that good greenish seeds have realised 4s per pound. A good deal of uncertainty prevails as to the botanical identity of the species yielding the Strophanthus seeds of commerce, some kinds being more pointed than others or of different tints, or smooth or hairy.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. JUNE 1, 1889.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 353 Goyyespondence, ified fig cw To the Lditor. THE CLIMATE OF COLOMBO AND THE NEW COTTON MILLS. The Mill, Colombo, May 3rd, 1889. Srr,—Referring to the remarks of your correspond- ent in his interesting account of his voyage in the ‘‘ Parramatta,’ as to the suitability of this climate for spinning and weavii g, will you permit me to correct the impression which my friend Mr, Hard- man’s opinion may create, We cannot hope to have pertection in this world, but the climate of Colombo, for our work, is a very near approach to it, For the spinning we could well dispense with the heavy monsoon rains, which we have to overcome by having a thoroughly waterproof build- ing and a system of drying and heating for ex- treme occasions. For weaving we can _ scarcely have it too wet. It is well-known that in Eng- land steam jets are very generally used in weay- ing mills during dry weather, and in Irdia the floors are kept continually watered. A very dry at- mosphere does not suit for spinning either. During the dry hot winds in Indian upcountry mills, the atmosphere has to be artificially moistened. One of the most favourable conditions for the spinning and weaving industry here is the entire absence of such dry winds, and altogether, so far as I have yet seen, the climate of Colombo is all that could be desired. As to cotton, our expectations have been exceeded. We did not dream of such beautiful cotton as Mr. Blackett has shown us. Our machinery is adaptable to any quality of cotton, and we shall produce such yarn and cloth as the cotton pro- duced in the island may be suitable for, and we can use five or six different qualities at the same time. We hope to be at work in September, and are now quite ready to buy cotton of any quality, in any quantities. Yours faithfully, W. ATHERTON. A WARNING TO CINCHONA PLANTERS NOT TO HARVEST BARK. Colombo, 7th May 1889. Dear Srir,—Your notice in yesterday’s issue of the probable turn for the better in the cinchona market will, it is feared, have the effect of in- ducing some planters to harvest and ship bark ; and should this be the case, the anticipations of the London merchants, to which you allude, will not be realized. There is, at present, a large quantity of bark, some of which has been held by some proprietors for 3 years (I know one who has held all harvested on his estates since November 1885) awaiting a rise in the market and until these large stocks are disposed of in London and the market has shown a decided improvement, it would be very unwise to harvest and ship bark, except that which must be harvested from dead and dying trees. The remedy for the present exceedingly low and unprofitable prices is in the hands of Ceylon plan- ters und merchants. All they have to do is to hold until present stocks go off, and then only to ship modeiate quantities, when they will receive their reward in enhanced prices.—Yours faithfully, A PROPRIETOR. JAPAN (MOMI) TEA BOXES. DEAR Srr,—As the largest and, I believe, the only importer of Momi Japan boxes, allow me to state are they are now used all over the island and by several of the largest tea shippers in Colombo. One firm has just booked an order for 5,000 for this month, It is thus quite certain that they are excellent tea packages, and none of the firms have made any complaint as to their cracking. Mr. Deane says the cracking occurs when they are ex- posed to heat, but does not say what de- gree of heat. I fancy any tea box. would crack when exposed to undue heat? I have a number of sample boxes in my office verandah, which have been there all through the present hot season and the sun shining on them, part of the day, but they show no sign of cracks, Any- how as Mr. Deane says itis a fact that momi woods have no smell, and there is therefore no risk of taint from them. As you truly remark in your editorial, if it were not for the importation of Japan boxes the price of locally-made boxes would rise considera- bly, and, again were there only one importer of Japan boxes, the prices would also rise consi- derably. Y Mr. Deane goes out of his way and endeavours to decry momi boxes by mistaking recent occur- rences. He says: ‘‘ It is more likely the damaged packages may have been of momi wood.” The truth is Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft do not write about damaged packages at all, but of piney or cedary odour imparted to the tea, and,as Mr, Deane states that momi has no smell, it is not possible that the tea referred to by Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft can have been tainted by momi boxes. No honor is due to Mr. Deane for trying to mislead ? —Yours faithfully, EK. B. CREASY. TEA ROLLING AND THE WORKING OUT OF KADIENLENA TEA CROP. Colombo, May 8th, 1889. Drar Sir,—Some time ago Mr. D. Fairweather wrote to a local paper saying that he estimated the second size Barber roller as being “ quite capable of meeting the requirements of an estate turning out 100,000 lb. tea per annum.’’ We have now the pleasure to annex copy of a letter from Mr. James Gray, of Kadienlena Factory giving the outturn of his machine for six months, and the prices realized for his teas during that period— information that will no doubt be interesting to your planting readers. It will be noted that the prices realized were very satisfactory seeing there was no fine plucking,—Yours faithfully, W. H. DAVIES & Co. Kadienlena Estate, 6th May 1889. Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co.—Dear Sirs,—I received yours of 30th ultimo in due time, and in answer I send you the true “canonack” done by ‘“ Barber’s 25” Blackstone Roller during the course of six months on this estate. Viz. B Pekoe. Pekoe. P Souchg. Con. Total July 1888...2,464 2,899 2,059 oc0 6,922...67¢ 57c¢ Sle August ...4,250 3,743 3,805 100 11,898...78c 59c 66c Sept. +.3,314 3,130 3,172 100 = 9,716...75¢ 65c 56c 33¢ Oct. +060,045 5,018 4,872 100 15,035...181d 13 03d 103d 38c¢ Nov. ++.3,678 3,577 3,313 100 10,668...72c 55c 50c 37¢ Dec. +03,200 2,884 2,343 8,427...18 103d 9d 34c 21,951 20,751 19,564 400 62,666 Also the prices at the end in order. This included every thing. You will see that two of the invoices were sold at home; of course it was not sent away in ‘“‘ breaks” same as the mouthly outturn ; it was sometimes more or less. I had lots of night work ; and could not have managed the dry six months, viz. from January 1889 on.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) James Gray. P.S.—No fine plucking.—J,G, 854 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1889. A HINT TO THE TEA FUND COMMITTEE AND TO TEA FIRMS. May 8th, 1889. Dear Mr. Eprror,—I think the ‘“ Tea Fund” would do a good thing for Ceylon, if they framed a treatise, and send it in a stereotyped form to all the provincial papers in England, Scotland, and Ireland, showing at what low rates Ceylon teas are being sold at present in Mincing Lane, and on the other hand the prices that are being paid by the consumer. It is a wonder that no really large packet trade has been opened between Ceylon and the old country. What an opening for some firms with capital and go.—Yours faithfully, LO)y tS INS CEYLON TEA MARKET IN COLOMBO AND LONDON. Srz,—If what a tea planter writes under the above heading in your issue of May 6th be correct, one would expect to find prices lowest when the tea was made by the votaries of cricket, tennis &c. But this is hardly the case, I fancy. I would rather say prove “inattention to manu- facture” and let the blame and punishment fall on the guilty parties; but don’t forget that many good men and true, play both cricket and tennis. Until your correspondent gives soberer considera- tion to the subject and gets nearer the truth of the matter, he need not fear ‘‘ bowls of indigna- tion.” People will just content themselves by observing that he is not very wise in his at- tempts at solving a difficulty which many feel as much as he. Bue ed Sat THE WEIGHING THAS IN LONDON. Sir,—It seems useless to moralize! For years a very loose way of conducting business to the dis- advantage of the tea producers has been going on and now that the shoe begins to pinch, the planter’s foot is becoming more energetic than the Dock people like! Wait till the ship canal is opened and the produce business is started in Manchester for the whole of the districts of Lancashire and York, teeming with population and wealth beyond any other port of the United Kingdom. Then if worked on modern principles we shall see a rival to Mincing Lane opened up, and it is hoped all these apgravating allowances to the trade and d-ductions will be swept away as relics of abarbarous age! CRITIC. JAPAN TEA BOXKS, Kintyre, May 9th, 1889. . Dear Sir,—Re Japan boxes, I can assure Mr. Creasy and your readers that I in no way wish to mislead them in their choice of Japan tea packages, but on the other hand would give them the benefit of experience, as I introduced both kinds of packages ; in the first place to Mr. Creasy, and then to the public, and as I can import either kind of wood from my Japan friends, it will be obvious to the impartial reader that I have no personal interest to serve in declaring in favour of one sort or another, In writing to Mes »y. J.M rray Robertson & Co. on 15th January 185i (who at that time were my agents) for Japan boxes Messrs. Fraser, Farley, and Vernum of Yokohama say:—‘‘We find ‘Momi’ wood brittle and not sutea for gth boxes.” (They add also) ‘We call yuur attention to the fact that ‘Matsn’ or pine is not suitable for boxes; it warps and is ruinous and we should advise you not to book any orders of this wood,” After hearing this I decided myself to give “Momi” wood a trial only in 4 inch packages and accordingly on 2Ist May 1886, ordered through Messrs. J. Murray Robertson & Co. 1,000 packages for Christmas delivery, explaining that I gave the order so long beforehand to ensure seasoned wood being used. In due course the packages arrived and 60,000 lb. of tea was despatched in them, but I found the packages cracked and split after they were done up, and though I had no serious damage done, my London friends advised me they preferred the Cryptomeria boxes, and on Ist April 1887, I wrote to Messrs. Murray Robertson & Co. as follows: —‘‘ Kindly order me the following Japan boxes for June delivery, 500 chests 4 inch wood, 200 half-chests 3 inch wood, all of cedar. I find the ‘momi’ wood very apt to split in this dry weather, so return to the Cryptomeria Japonica.” This then, sir, will prove that I had no animus against rival importers; but it was and is a true opinion whatever that may be worth, and at the time it was given Mr. Creasy was not importing ‘“‘Momi’’ packages only as at present. Live and let liveis a good maxim; and I am surefor my part the more competition there is in boxes the better for myself and other planters, as it is in the reduction of prices 1 look to for my profits and not in the sale of packages—my share of profits in which has been some 300 rupees after nearly five years’ work in getting the business which gives the tea planter (whether it be of ‘‘momi’”’ or ‘‘cedar’’ wood) a better and a cheaper package than he had before or could have at present, and probably gives a regular income to those who import them for sale to the jublic. If the public are satisfied with the remarks of Messrs. Wilson & Smithett in their circulars of December 1885 and January 1886 and many other favorable notices that from time to time have been printed respecting boxes made of OCryptomeria japonica, then I advise their purchasing boxes of that wood, whether from Mr. EH. b. Creasy or Messrs. Mackwood & (‘o. is immaterial, as I believe the wood to be tougher and stronger, and to also have a value in itself as a handsome wood in England; the small dealer probably getting a better price for it than for ‘‘momi” ‘which resembles deal, In conclusion I would ask you to add the notice given of the Crypotomeria japonica in the pre- face to the Tea Planters’ Vade Mecum, a valu- able book, compiled by the late editor of the Indian Tea Gazette :— (Extract from page XX of “Tea Planters’ Vade Mecum.”) It has long been notorious that our heavy and unsightly packages meet with much disfayour at home, although the trade have bad, hitherto, to put up with them; but they like them none the better for that, and it should be borne in mind that a reform in this respect is being attempted in Ceylon by the use of a new wood obtained from Japan, of which tea boxes are now being manufactured. Crypto- meria Japonica bids fair to supersede all other woods now in eS eee we strongly recommend a trial of it being made in india, And I remain, sir, yours faithfully, H. D. DEANE. P. S.—In the same valuable work, sir, one of your articles on the same subject is given at length on page 217, | caded Cryptomeria japonica as a timber for tea boxes. COTTON GROWING NEAR GAMPOLA. Dotel Oya, Aranayaka, 11th May 1889. Dear Sir,—I enclose copy of Report and Valuation - of samples of my Jack Tree Hill estate cotton. They, speak for themselves and must interest a large num- THE TROPICAL JUNE 1, 1889.| AGRICULTURIST. 355 ber of your readers.—Yours faithfully, JAS. BLACKETT. Liverpool, 15th April 1889. Messrs. Antony Gibbs, Sons & Co. Gentlemen,—In reply to your valued favour of 11th instant, handing us samples of two parcels of Ceylon cotton, we now beg to enclosedescription and value of same, if for sale in Liverpool today. In a very long experience these are the first samples we have seen of Ceylon cotton, we have therefore taken the liberty of showihg them to severa] of the best judges of fine cot- ton inthis market, and taken their opinion as to its merits generally compared with the established growths with which it would have to contend. The opinions confirm our own that both samples represent cotton which would be valuable additions to the growths now in common use and might always be relied upon, to realize a comparative value as follows, viz. :— No.1. Grown from American seed about $d per lb. less than five medium Sea Islands, grown in America. No. 2. Grown from HKgyptian seed, about the same value as good white Egyptian; or good fair rough Peruvian. These are both well ginned and carefully cleaned cotton being free from dust, sand, leaf or neppy cut cotton, all of which is injurious, particularly in the fined qualities, with which these would rank. The No. 1 qual- ity if white instead of creamy would be worth 44 per lb. more.—We are, gentlemen, yours very respectfully, (Signed) EpGar MusGrove & Uo. REPORT AND VALUATION ON T'wo SAMPLES OF CEYLON CoTTON. be | ; a, is a 2 AG P=] oa Chas co) Slates 26 a “2s Bo =] Gy os 3 anit) ao 4 ee) 5° oS oC = > Sam Q 2) 7) e No.1 Grown from ) Very long, Sea Island fine and ood 14d to 143a* Amcan. Seed strong Sample No.2 Grown from ) Fairly long White Egyp-; but rather tian Seed coarse and brittle Good zat General remarks : * Very clean, free from nep or cut cotton, but slightly creamy in color. {~ Very clean, free from leaf, dust or sand. (Signed) EpGaR MusGRove & Co. 15th April 1889. : THA: QUALITY AND QUANTITY. Drar S1r,—The replies so far published to the questions under 3 heads circulated by you are of very great interest and value, and are likely to do more to diffuse a knowledge of tea-growing and making than anything that has been published yet. While you were about it, it is a pity the questions were not better formulated and more in number, As it is the most valuable remarks are voluntary additions the occasion suggests to the various writers. I am makinga careful abstract of all these replies and formulating the lessons-they teach under various heads. For instance one only has touched on ‘ pruning as yet, and he says :— “For quantity prune low; for quality prune high.” Here is a lesson in nut-shell. I notice that as yet none of the writers venture ‘to speak authoritatively on ‘‘ quality”? as might have been expected—the words ‘‘I am of opinion” not being of much value. But against opinion let us set a recently published facts. See the Kadi- enlena return made to and published by Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co. as follows :— : Liverpool, Tea made. Pekoe sold for. . C. July 000 6,922 57 Aug, tes 11,898 59 rept. Ae 9,716 65 Oct. ABs 15,035 1 00} Noy. 5 10,668 5d Dec, ton 8,427 104 These figures show that the best flushing months produced a rather better quality of tea than the other months, in opposition to the generally expressed opinion. We have much yet to learn. A PLANTER, JAPAN TEA BOXUS. Dear Sir,—Kindly give me space for a few lines in reply to Mr, Deane’s letter of 9th instant. As Mr. Deane has only now mentioned that he can import either Momi or Suji wood boxes, I sub- mit that it was by no means obvious to the im- partial reader on seeing his first letter that he had no personal interest in cracking up cedarwood boxes, Wood of 3 inch thickness, no matter whether ‘Momi, Suji, Ceylon or any other kind, is quite un- suitable for chests, and in my opinion for half- chests also, but is excellent and sufficient for boxes of smaller sizes. Live and let live—a most excellent motto—though I fear not well understood by the people of Ceylon in these degenerate days. It is evident Mr. Deane himself does not act up to it, for he tells us his shate of the profits after working five years is R300! This scarcely fits in with “ live.” As his-agent in 1885 ‘let live” worked out in the same proportion ! It is paradoxical to say that the more com- petition there is the better for Mr. Deane, although it certainly is for other planters, as also to say that he looks for his profits not in the gale of the boxes, but in the reduction of prices! If this is really the case, why did he wait till 1 commenced yegular imports before he came down in his prices, and why not now go lower and according to his calculation make more profit? . For myself, it is also immaterial to me whether my constituents buy momi or cedar boxes. Iam ready to import cedar boxes to any extent, for anyone who wants them at the. same price that I charge for Momi. [ contend however that Momi is better than Suji, as there is no risk of taint. The question of taint can be easily tested and settled. Let those interested take a box of each kind of wood, fill them with tea, without lining, previously sampled and tasted. Keep the boxes closed for 24 hours and then retaste and note the result!—This should set the question at rest ?— Yours faithfully, EK. B. CREASY. THE PLANTING PESSIMIST PAR EXCEL- LENCE ONCE MORE ON “ THE SITUATION.” Drar S1r,—Whenever anything happens, such, for instance, as the fall of tea, it is pitiful to observe how straws are clutched at to prove every reason, but the right one, to be the cause. Ten- nis and cricket were made the leaf disease scape- goats and, now, they are, once more, called upon to do duty. Neither has the slightest connection with the present state of things, although those who see nothing in tennis and who regard tennis conversational ‘“‘shop’’ as an unutterable bother, would not break their hearts, were it blamed, justly or unjustly. One would have thought it would have been within the competence of a fool to have foreseen that what is now happening was inevitable and that the present fall in prices is mere child’s play, compared with what has still to follow. The real cause is that the supply is far be- yond the demand, caused by a comparatively novel tea being rushed, to glut the market, years before it has been given sufficient time to be adapted by the multitude. The estimate for this season is only 34 million lb. and has already worked the damage which we see; so that, what on earth is to happen, when 100 millions come in? And there is enough tea planted in Ceylon to produce 856 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Junz 1, 1889, ae “ai this huge amount. It might be argued that people are not to blame for this result, because, when coffee died, what else was there left for the land to be put under and what was there else to be done? To which the reply is, that there were plenty of other devices. Very little land when coffee died was worth R10 per acre, so that little or no sacrifice would have been made by abandon- ment, Tea does not exactly cost nothing, and vast sums have been outlaid upon it: how much better it would now be, were these in safe English securities, instead of in their present great jeopardy. Or, if the money which tea has cost much needs have been invested abroad, why was not much of it taken to places offering more varied resources than only the one or two which Ceylon has re- duced to the cheapness of dirt. Had tea but been left, as it stood, about 4 years ago, it would have been a splendid thing for the country and a fortune to those who owned it. Hyen in Ceylon itself, large sums could have been diverted from the everlasting tea, by investments in the lowcountry for the cultivation of Liberian coffee, which is becoming very valuable, owing to coffee Arabica failing throughout the world. The coffee crisis of 1848 was brought about by the high prices paid for the first few limited arrivals and when the article was a novelty:—it was then ex- tended and rushed, before it had properly estab- lished itself in the market, with this result: that estates were abandoned or parted with for sums which their store roofs had cost. A gentleman of great experiences, who recently visited the island, and who had gone through the 1848 crisis, since having made his fortune from coffee and possessing also now a splendid tea property, declared that tea was following the same identical course, and that in its case the coffee crisis of 1848 would be shortly repeated. Wise and competent persons have made their preparations, based upon calculations; and it is computed that tea giving 300 lb. per acre will weather the storm ; but that without other resources, anything giving less must be given over to the weeds. One thing, however, is that tea is only a jungle plant and unlike coffee takes no harm from abandonment; so that it would still always be available for re-opening when the time for safely doing so came. The opinion ig now very generally expressed by people who do not live upon the Uva side of Wilson’s Bungalow, but who formerly thought differently, that under the altered conditions, the Government should be called upon to give com- pensation to the Haputale railway engineers and relieve them of their engagements leaving the line in abeyance, until it is seen what is going to happen. Because, were force of circumstances combined to stay the extension of tea throughout the Province of Uva, it would be a bad day and a bad business for the survivors attached to the fragments of a dilapidated enterprise to be called upon, in addition to their own necessities, to make good a huge debt standing to the account of a gigantic white elephant. The Government and the planting member should look this matter in the face without flinching ; because by and bye, if disaster follows, they will have neglected a great responsibility. 1Bt, IPE WRINKLES FOR PLANTERS. Dear Si1r,—Your remarks on your 7. A. come very timely just now to merchants and planters ; the former (now that tea has run down so low) are often pestered with inquiries which could be deter- mined on the spot by the latter if they had as they ought tohave your “Planting Encyclopedia” (for such you well style your 7. A.is) always ready for reference. ‘he cost is absolutely infinitesimal and the value simply incalculable. At any rate such is my opinion and probably the opinion of very mapy others who have subscribed to it from its commencement,—Yours truly, PROPRIETOR, FINE, MEDIUM AND COARSE PLUCKING: May 13th, 1889, Dear §1z,—Will you kindly define “ fine, medium, and coarse’”’ plucking? Also say the probable increase in yield from ‘‘medium and coarse’”’ plucking over fine plucking ?—Yours faithfully, H. [Has ‘‘ H.” been reading the answers to questions under the head of ‘‘ Tea Culture and Preparation” He will find his present question very nearly answered by ‘‘S. A.’’-—a well-known tea proprietor with experience—who offers the following illustra- tion :— Fine plucking 100 to 120 lb. per acre. Medium ,, 400 to 500 lb. “ That is, we infer, on land capable of giving for coarse plucking (?) 700 to 800 lb. On old coffee land, perhaps the ratio should run (1) 70 to 80 Ib. (2) 150 to 250 1b. ; (3) 300 to 350 lb.—Ep.] RE ACACIA DECURRENS’ BARK. Elephant Nook, Nuwara Eliya, 13th May 1889. Sir,—Enclosed may be worth publishing in your columns and especially in 7, 4. The bark sent home was from trees over 40 feet in height, and just about 34 years from seed grown here. ‘The trees were planted about 4 feet apart and the yield averaged about }cwt. per tree. The balance of the bark I used for the bungalow stoves; the heat it gives out after it has ceased flaring and is in its red hot stage being intense. I shall be glad to give any further particulars.—Yours faithfully, WALTER TRINGHAM. QOolombo Commercial Company, Limited, Colombo, 6th Aug, 1888. W. R. Tringham, Esq., Nuwara Eliya. Mimosa Barx.—(Acacia decurrens. [W. BR. T.] Dear Sir,—Referring to the sample ot this we sent forward for you, our Secretary writes thusunder date, London, 20th July 1888 :— “ We tried ali round the trade, to get a value on this without having it analyzed, but we were obliged to analyseit ata cost of £11ls 0d. It shows 34°35 per cent of tannin, and is therefore worth from £10 to £11 per ton. Theold bark should be shipped, not the new. I have today posted to youa sample showing the size it must be sent home. This sample shows nothing, but size required.” I now enclose the original certificate of analysis referred toin the above extract and under separate cover forward the sample our Secretary sent out for your guidance in harvesting. You will observe that we have incurred some expense in obtaining the above valuation &c. for you, and this wecharge to your debit.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, JoHN G. WARDROP, Manager. BULKING OF THA. Srr,—Tea planters are indebted to Mr. Street for his plan of obtaining a perfect bulk in the chests as they stand in the tea factories. But now comes a question, which deserves equal consideration and perhaps Mr, Street can further instruct tea planters what to do in the matter. When chests of tea are despatched even a short distance by cart (not to mention a twenty days’ journey to Colombo from Haputale), what be- comes of all this trouble and cost in bulking? Some of the chests are packed perhaps one way and some another in the carts. Supposing however that JuNE 1, 18809.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 357 the chests are loaded carefully with their lids all uppermost, so that on opening the bulk shall appear all the same (notwithstanding the shaking they have had on the journey) WHICH SIDE OF A CHEST SHOULD BE MARKED s0 as to insure the top, i.e. the lid as it is put on in the factory, only being removed when the tea is inspected in London ?— Yours, O. H. J. YESTERDAY’S TEA SALES—THE CRISIS— AND GOOD ADVICE. Colombo, May i6th, 1889. Dear Sir,—You cannot too seriously impress upon the planting community the imperative necessity of looking facts straight in the face and preparing for what may almost be termed a “erisis ’’ in tea. Low as the rate may be at which many estates can lay down their produce in Colombo, you have only to glance at yesterday’s sale list to see that the prices offered must leave, in a num- ber of instances, been an absolute loss to the pro- prietors. Out of 140,214 lb. put up only 44,613 lb. were sold, and probably when the unsold teas reach the London market there will be a still further decline in price. London brokers have, for a very long time past, incessantly urged planters to go in for quauiry, not quantity, but how many men have acted upon their advice? Men who have secured high averages have been pointed toas ‘ fine pluckers”’ whe could not go on for long, but how do they stand now? They are not only getting a profitable return from their properties, and able to look with equanimity upon current prices, but have been the sole means of keeping up the average of Ceylon teas. Had every planter gone in for his 400 to 600 lb. per acre the average would probably now be 6d instead of 94 per lb., and what then? Simply absolute ruin for many men. It is not too late to mend, and I hope you, sir, will use your powerful influence and persuade planters first, to go in for quality not quantity, and so materially curtail the output ; secondly, to stop all further opening up of tea land; thirdly, to plant other products as auxiliaries to tea; fourthly, to economize more in estate and personal expendi- ture ; where possible and lastly to assist in opening up new markets for their produce. I am nota tea planter, but am closely connected with the planting community, and offer these re- marks through being profoundly impressed with the present outlook of the tea market.—Yours faithfully, A COLOMBO MAN. COTTON GROWING IN UVA. Wilson’s Bungalow, 13th May 1889. Sir,—I send by today’s post to your address a parcel of cotton grown by me at Welimada. Please lei me know your opinion of the same. —I am, sir, yours faithfully, HENRY HE. DAMBAWINNE. [We are pleased to be able to give Dambawinne Ratemaha'maya a favourable report on his cotton. The Secretaries to the Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company are good enough to re- port follows:—‘ The cotton you send us sample of is the rata-kapw of the Sinha- lese or Perwian or kidney, but the natives know it by the first-mentioned name. {[t is ex- cellent stuff, and we shall gladly buy all we can get at from 20 to 25 cents alb. We had some exactly similar from Mr. Fisher, Badulla, a few days ago. It is not necessary to put it up in the ‘ finger lengths’ as in the sample: we only require it as it comes from the pods, The rata-hapu is the hind for the natives to extend the cultivation of.”— There can be no doubt that Uva is well adapted to become a great cotton-growing country. The sample sent to us igs very neatly put up and can be seen at this office.—Ep., ] Corrrr.—A telegram from the Govyernor- General of Netherlands India, dated the 17th inst., mentions that the Government’s coffee crop in Java for this year, it is estimated at 530,480 piculs.— L. & C. Express, April 26th. Tue Marcu trnpustry is flourishing in Japan. According to returns, issued at Kobe, there were no less than 8,007 cases exported from Hiogo-ken and Osaka-fu during last month. There wes an increase of 2,465 cases.—China Mail. Tra-Boxrs.—Mr. F. Street has sent us for in- spection one of the Scotch tea-boxes referred to in his advertisement today: it is certainly a very serviceable and workmanlike article as might be expected, from the country in which it was made, The package is of inodorous pinewood, good in quality, very strong but light and should we think compare favorably with any in the market. We can only add what Mr. Street himself says :— “To show you how these packages were approved of Imay mention that the first planter who saw them snapped 5-6ths of the whole trial consignment and has asked me to get out more. This speaks volumes from so gooda planter as Mr. of ————, Dikoya.” Liserian CorrezE To THE Front !—We are much pleased to learn from Mr. F. H. Shelley of Mousava estate, Madawalatenna district, that ‘the Liberian coffee on the estate, in spite of leaf disease, bug and neglect, gives good crops year after year. It is, in my opinion, a grand product, which, with cocoa, receives very poor treatment.” En passant, we may recall the rumour that ‘‘ Mou- sava’’ with its fine cacao and Liberian coffee was the estate, we believe, that Kandy Kachcheri officials under a previous regime wanted to take possession of under the ordinance for abandoned estates [—so much knowledge had they of a property in continuous cultivation. Mr. Shelley’s present welcome news ought to encourage everyone who has still Liberian coffee trees, as well as cacao, to the fore, to do justice to these products. May we not see a renewal even of the planting of Liberian coffee in view of the approaching scarcity of the berry ? Curistmas Is~anp—one of the most recently- acquired of British possessions—is about to be settled by the well-known Ross family, who have enjoyed possession of the Keeling Islands since 1825. It is not perhaps generally known that the Keelings—sometimes called the Cocos Island—- possess the richest coconut plantations in the world and the output of copra from them is considerable. The nuts are of an exellent quality, and they have been introduced at various times in Fiji and other copra-producing countries with marked success. In 1857 the islands were taken possession of by the British Government, the father of the present owner, Mr. George Clunies Ross, being recognised as Superintendent. The colonising proclivities of the sturdy Scotsman who pioneered the Keelings over 60 years ago seems to animate the present representatives of the Ross family. Christmas Island lies some 200 miles to the south-west of Java and about 500 miles fromthe Keelings, and it was landed upon some time ago by Captain J. G. Olunies Ross. Shortly afterwards the Union Jack was hoisted upon it, and now we learn that the youngest of the Ross family, with his wife, and thirteen natives of the Keelings, have per- manently settled there. We heartily wish them success in their new enterprise.—Colonies and India. 358 HELLRIEGEL’?S THHORY : NITRATES. ( Communicated.) How it is that leguminous crops which are so rich in nitrogenous matter yet do not leave thesnil ex- hausted of its nitrates and other compounds of nitrogen, is a question that has long bothered the minds of Agri- cultural Chemists and Botanists. In fact, it has almost been given up asa problem without a solution. Hell- riegel, a well-known continental authority and Direc- tor of the Experimental Station at Bernberg, propounds a theory to account for this peculiarity of the legu- minous plants. In carrying out some experiments with regard to the amount of nitrogenous manuring required by different crops, he was struck by the fact that the application’ of these manures to leguminous crops gave results far short of what might have been expected, The cereals showed results varying almost proportionately with the supply . of nitrogenous On artificial soil devoid of any ‘nitrogenous manure. ingredients the cereals failed entirely, while the legumes throve. This gave Hellriegel sufficient grounds for believing that the leguminous crops found a source of nitrogen elsewhere than in the soil. The roots of clovers, beans, &c. have wart-like protuberances, the functions of which have long re- mained a puzzle. The contents of these warts, when pressed out and subjected to microscopic examina- tion, turn out to be of the nature of fungi, bacteria, or organisms like bacteria—bacterioids as they have been called. It is known to Agriculturists that certain bacteria, known as nitrifying germs, have the power of attacking the inert nitrogenous material in soil, and converting them into nitrates in which form they are more avilable as plont food. Hellriegel, however claims for the bacterioids coutained in the warts on leguminous roots, that’ they are able to work up the uncombined nitrogen of the air into valuable com- pounds. This isa very natural conclusion considering the fact that leguminous plants thrive on soils totally destitute of nitrogenous matter; and what is more, leave a store of nitrogenous plant food behind, What an opportunity there is for improving our sandy soils without the expense of manuring, on this theory !—Local ‘“‘ Examiner.” pee A TRIP TO BRITISH BURMA. Tur BurRMAH STATE RAILWAY—Four HuNpRED Mites oF Pappy Figips. Of all the dreary uninteresting stretches of country to pass through by rail, I commend the tract of level land lying alone the course of the NSittang, with the Karennee Hills on the one side and the Pegue range on the other. This line of, Railway, on the metre- gauge, passes Pegue, the ancient capital of that por- tion of Burma—now entirely destroyed—Tounghoo, a large military station, and Yemethen, a new station rapidly increasing, and was opened into Mandalay on the 1st of March, being 386 miles in length. At six o’clock on a cool, misty morning the train ran out of the busy, dusty port of Rangoon, with its hundred tall chimnies giving forth volumes of smoke from the paddy husks and sawdust which are used as fuel, out into the almost boundless stretch of paddy fields, as far as the eye can see on all sides—at this season dusty and dried up, and the stubble burnt off. A few little huts and heaps of straw, and a few small villages at lengthened dis- tances, a buffalo here and there, and a few paddy stacks, a few hawks and crows, and a few vultures —such a dreary, dusty, arid waste I never saw be- fore! But Burma dry and Burma wet are very diffe- rent places, and I found it easy to conceive the diffe- rence when this plain is green with paddy, and everything looking lively, though where the popula- tion comes from, tobring the land under cultivation is, to a stranger, one of those things which “no fellar” can understand; the only solution being, I belicye, the real one, that immense numbers of Indian THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. a” [June 1, 1889. coolies ¢ome over and work for the proprietors of the fields, and, when the crop is reaped, find oceu- pation at the mills andin the town, or return to their own country mach in the same way as the Irish were accustomed to do before the introduction of steam machinery into the agricultural counties of England. For the first fifty miles or so the stations seem to be in very unpromising situations, where population is very scant at this season, and they rejoice in such elegant appellations too! For in- stance, Toggyaunggale, Pyinbouggi, Paungdawthe, Nyaungbyidaik, &c., &c., in fact—one might as well be in Wales as regards unpronoumceable names. All manners and conditions of folks are to be noticed travelling by rail, and crowding the train to over- flowing. Perhaps, after the extravagances in turbans and head-gear of the Indians, the must noticeable individuals are the Shans, the men with broad flap- ping straw hats, four feet wide, short jackets and loose, short, blue trousers; the women in long smocks, bedecked with bits of tassels and fringes, and the cloth reaching to the ankles, much after the repre- sentations of Jewesses in the old picture-Bible of child- hood’s happy days, Men and women alike carry on their backs fuunel-shaped baskets. tied with a band round the forehead, ana some of them carry about the children in the same way. Almost all the em- ployes on the li.e—signal men, station coolies, &c., &c.,—are Indians, most of them wearing shoes or boots of some kind, and a few swells with stockings as well, mostly of a dull red color. By-and-bye we get up into rising lands where bamboo jungle prevails at intervels, or in clumps between the paddy fields, and again long stretches of plain, with a few trees dotting it, and a house or small village with its ruined dagoba or residence of the priests. In one place there were afew plants of manna grass apparently cultivated as a curiosity. Still further along the line, one hundred and fifty to two hundred miles from Rangoon, there are tracts of jungle, with tall grass rising to four or five feet in height, and still further a stretch of cactus, precisely similar to the cactus of Hambantota, with a broad oval-leaved species at one spot only, The rise above the sea-level is small and gradual, totalling so small an amouat in the whole length that I am afraid to putit down. Every- thing is dry and dreary; the grass in some instances burning fiercely right up to the line; but the whole of this country is suitable for paddy (which is growu without help from artificial irrigation), having at one time been under water, and is many feet deep in the deposit brought down from the upper course of the rivers—probably the Irrawaddy, which now takes its course trom Mandalay more to the west and runs down 600 miles to thesea. By casual observation, of course, errors are naturally fallen into, but there seems a happy-go-lucky system, or want of system, in dealing with the native passenger traffic which is amusing in the extreme. The carriages are entered at the end, and there is a short connecting platform with a step on eachside. The natives often sit or stand on these for want of better accommodation, and there is nothing whatever to prevent them from getting out on the wrong side when the train stops and clearing off alone the line; and, when the engine is being watered, they do get down in numbers for various purposes and move about just as they like. By-and-bye more restrictions will have to be used in order to secure everyone paying for the use of the line. Hew they manage to stow away their goods and chattels is another matter. One sees a fellow with a pingoe and two large flat bamboo cages, each three to four feet in diameter; men with bundles of bamboos six to eight feet long; big boxes and bundles of all kinds; a woman moving through the crowd with a big baby and a great chatty containing a flowering plant with straggling branches two or three feet long getting into her own eyes and those of everyone else; everybody laughing and joking, and the railway .people shouting in Hindustani or Tamil | and letting the passengers take care of themselves. And, when everyone seems settled down—with water from the big jar on the platform, or tea from the Juns 1, 1889,] itinerant vendors, water melons and cucumbers, milk, sherbct, cakes and sweetmeats, cigars an inch thick or more, and all the extraordinary compounds one sees hawked about—than somebody says the train might be moving, and a cooly seizes a hammer or picce of iron and strikes three times three on a bit of broken rail suspended by a wire, the engine gives a@ whistle, and off they go again. This scene is re- peated at each of the 59 stations on the line. No wonder we are an hour and a half behind time when we reach Mandalay, and we have to pick up and pack up some hundreds of armed police who have been guarding the Jine durivg the construction of the last 200 miles or so during the past two or three years since the occupation of the country, The look of the country improves as the traveller reaches the neighborhood of Mandalay, but, as the last two or three hours are run in the dark, it is not possible to say much about it, The Karennee hills seen from the line are very bare and burnt, looking similar in contour to those of Uva near Fort Macdouald, and apparently rising up to 3,000 or 4,000 feet.—Oeylon “ Times.” s eee ee TO THE NILGIRIS AND BACK. [By Mr. T. Farr] THE MNADUVATAM CINCHONA GARDENS—A FOREST OF CINCHONA—SAMBUR GALORE—PRIVATE ESTATES— ENTIRE ABSENCE OF CANKER—FUTURE PROSPECTS OF NILGIRI GINCHONA—TEA IN COONOOR. The Nilgiri planters are sanguine about the pros- pects of cinchona, but its position commercially appears to me unsatisfactory, in view of the quantity ot bark now being, and likely to be, produced in other countries. With regard to its growth and perman- ency, the Ceylon grower can form no idea, from tbe parti.l failure which has attended its cultivation here. How striking is the contrast with the cinchona es- tates in india! At Naduvatam the. Government gardens are a great and palpable proof of the per- manceucy of the tree on the Nilgiris, at an elevation of some 6,500 feet above sea-level.’ These gardens are, at the present time, forests of all varieties of cinchons. My road from Ootacamund to the Wynaad piateau led me through them, and I was able to appreciate in some measure their extent and age. Well-kept paths, bordered in some instances with thick hedges of ‘box,’ led in all directions, under the dense shade of succirubras and hybirds, whose thick foliage excluded almost every ray of sunligit. Birds flitted about in this forest gloom, feeling security in the dense cover around them, and were it not for the strong wire-netting with which the gardens are protected, I can well imagine that sam- bur and red deer would seek the leafy shade in herds in the hot noontide hours. Gnarled and bent stems of officinalis, clothed with lichens and moss, indicated the age of this valuable forest, and conti- nuous rows of succirabras, with but few vacancies, were a proof of the absence of root canker, I noted a few cases of stem canker, but this was not more common than obtains in any primeval forest. Along the Government road running through the gardens tracks of sambur, where they had left the thick ‘“‘nilloo” of the jungles to roam around this forbidden shelter, were abundant, and of a size to stir the heart of the Geylon “elk” hunter, Many agrand old stag nightly rubs his thirty-six inch autlers against the posts to which the wire is at- tached, and in places one could see the netting bent and bulging, where probably some impatient stag had tried t. repiove the hated obstacle to his noctur- nal roamings. ‘ue:e cinchona gardens lie on the very verge of the mountain range. which descends in bold, rocky precip.ces to the Wynaad and Mysore plateaux below. Later extensions, leaving the shelter of adjacent hills, have crept over towards the plains, braving the fierce winds which rage eat some seasons amongst these rugged spurs. High above the culti- » vated lands are grassy ledjes and peaks, the home of the Nilgiri ibex, and many an old pitriarch “saddle bick” makes his home in tiuts- inaccessible retreats. . THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 859 eee There is a large acreage of cinchona in private hands in Naduvatam, of all ages, and the _ propri- etors are to be congratulated on the agricultural success that has attended their enterprize. Through the courtesy and hospitality of the Manager of Liddelsdale, I was fortunate enough to be able to walk over a considerable portion of that magnificent property. Liddelsdale consists of some 800 acres, most ‘of which is under cinchona cultivation, and a more perfectly even cover of any cultivated product it would be hard, if not impossible, to find Planted 4ft.x4 ft. some seven to nine years ago, the estate presents a rich dark-green appearance from end to end: and, although rain had not fallen tor some weeks, not a red leaf was visible. Here and there the somewhat sombre coloring of the foliage was relieved by the brilliant red blooms of rhododen- drons, which, in sympathy with the beauties of nature, the ruthless hand of man had spared. In the dense shade of these cinchona groves, weeds struggle for existence, but it is considered necessary to hoe occasionally. The cost per annum is trifling; indeed, expenditure generally, on the Naduvatam es- tates, is of the most moderate description. Har- vesting operations are constantly going on in some form or another. Branch bark is taken from ‘ lop- pings,” and, as it is fairly rich in quinine, the annual revenue from this source probably covers the total expenditure of the year. I was much impressed with the great care bestowed by the Manager of the property upon shaving his trees. Of the many thousands I passed, I did not detect a single case of injury to the cambium, and the renewal of bark seemed pertect and healthy. Owing to the apparently entire absence of canker, the Naduv«tam planters are enabled to confine their harvesting to “shaving” and “lopping,” and in this they have a tremendous *‘pull” over us. They can afford to wait until the market may improve sufficient to make coppicing a_ really remunerative operation, when they will probably thin out their trees judiciously. The remaining trees will quickly and gratefully respond to this in growth and vigor, and, so far as I can judge, there is a fairly substantial revenue de- rivable from shavings for years and years to come. The soil varies in quality .as in Ceylon, but is all free from clay. In the sholas the growth of the trees is excellent, but on the slopes and ridges, which were orginally patana land, it hardly reaches our standard here, even at the highest elevations. The absence of springs and running water generally was a very noticeable feature, and to this, coupled with a light rainfall, is probably due the immunity from canker which the trees enjoy. It is estimated—by, I believe, competent authori- ties—that the annual yield from all India in the feture is unlikely to exceed five millions of pounds of bark from shaving alone; but, in the event of a substan- tia) rise in the value of quinine, there would doutless be a great increase. Ooppicing would be resorted to ut once, which would again depress the market. The only natural enemies the cinchona planters have to contend against are “sambur’’ and frost. The former do incalculable harm: to young clearings, and are, in fact, as destructive to young fields bordering forests as hares used to be to the corn-fields in England. Once the tree has reached the height of five feet or so, the damage by these nocturnal visi- tors is confined to barking the trees with their horns. ; Young plants are sheltered from forest with ferns, but one, and even two-year-old trees suffer severely at times, and in s0..e places are killed outright. On Liddesdale estate. the bark is pressed, or baled, or in tea parlance, is “factory bulke |,” and as much as 400 lb. is put into a bale. From what I observed, it appeared to me_ thet far more attention is paid to cinchona cultivotion on the Nilgi:is than in Ceylon. The planters there make a study of it, as we in the old days madea study of coffee, and as it is their staple product this is only natural. The distinction hetweep different va- rieties, as laid dowa by the late Mr. Maclvor, is 860 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. i tg a A lt RN a RE A ts SN recognized, but, in these latter days, ceases to be of such absorbing interest as formerly. It is sufficient for the Nilgiri planters to know that they have on their properties a large number of healthy trees, representing so many thousands of pouods of bark sufficiently rich in alkaloids to be of great value when shipments from Oeylon shall have ceased to flood the world’s markets. , Upon my suggesting further extensions, 1 was met with the remark that they had enough to satisfy them for many years tocome. There is an immense acreage of patana and forest land around Naduvatam eminently suitable for the cultivation of cinchona, but it is improbable that much of it will be brought under cultivation, at any rate within the next ten ears. : In dealing with the subject of tea on the Nilgiris, I am necessarily bound to confine myself to what I saw, which was little enough, and must, therefore, abstain from conjecture as much as possible. Taking Coonoor as the first locality in which I saw a tea bush in South India, I am inclined to think well of the prospects of that district in this product. The soil is doubtless well adapted for its vigorous growth, and the climate appeared in most respects favorable. I do not anticipate anything extraordinary in the way of yield, for lengthened periods of drought, and, at high elevations, cold nights, will prevent this. But I feel confident that the Ooonoor planters have a safe resource to fall back upon should coffee fail them in the future. There is a, considerable local demand for the Nilgiri teas, and this materially assists in making its cultivation a very profitable one. Upon two estates I visited the system of “panning,” by which process green teas are made, yielded a very valuable article of commerce in “ Oolongs,” but I am not in @ position to say whether it would be found to pay on a large scale. The teas I saw and tasted made by this process sold uncommonly well in London, and anyone having a Greig’s Witherer in his Factory would, I think, do well to give it a trial. Upon the higher slopes of the Nilgiris, around Naduvatam and Ootacamund for instance, I should not be inclined to put much faith in tea as a paying product. Forests are severe, and only a moderate yield can be looked for, but the flavour of the teas from Khotrgiri and the Ouchterlory Valley is very marked and of a superior order.—Oeylon ‘‘ Times.” a Morz azsour Japan Tra Boxzs.—We call attention to the letter of Mr. H. B. Creasy on the subject of Momi wood boxes. The original orders from leading local tea planting Agency and pro- prietary firms ordering supplies of these boxes have been placed in our hands, and it is quite evident that Momi wood must be all right in the estima- tion of some of the shrewdest men in tea in the lace, A CorrEsA BENGALENSIs.—An interesting free-flowering stove shrub, formany years cultivated at Kew, where it now flowers in one of the stoves. It is a yard high, copiously branched, deciduous, the new leaves develop- ing with the flowers. These are in clusters at the ends of all the branchlets, and are formed like the flowers ofa Jasminum, but much larger, being nearly 2 inches across the obovate lobes ; they are pure white and sweet scented. This species, although of no value, economically, is entitled to a place in all collections of stove plants. It was, aecording to Roxburgh, culti- vated for some time in India under the idea of its being the real Ooffee plants of Arabia. C. travancorensis and ©. myrtifolia are also pretty flowered, fragrant stove plants, which are cultivated at Kew, where they flower annually. The last named is almost unknown in English gardens, but is not uncommon in Belgium. It is dwarf and compact in habit, the leaves are small, as in Gardenia radicans, and the flowers are clustered and pure white. It is catalogued by Makoy & Co. from whom the Kew plant was obtained several years ago.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Corton-Growinc.—Mr, Blackett, it seems, has not rooted out his cotton shrubs on Jack- tree-hill, as he ‘at one time spoke of doing, and we learn they show signs of supplying another crop before long—in fact of becoming a perennial in place of a bi-ennial plant in Ceylon! Economy iN TzEa.—A _ proprietor writes :— “““ Hvery planter who is worth his salt must now economize in his work so as to cut the cost of tea down to the lowest possible amount compatible with good work.” Another adds:—‘ Every 4d per lb. must now be saved ; Street’s tables on ‘ reight and Dock Charges’ alone as regards sizes of pack- ages in order to save charges is worth a lot; and Geren men must see and attend to these matters now JAPAN BamBoo.—The ‘following further particulars have been received from Mr. Sandford regarding the Japan bamboo alluded to by him (January Proceed- ings):—“ You asked me some time ago to get you further particulars about the bamboo I had referred to, aS growing vigorously at Somastipore in Tirhoot. Their name is Kotony Bamboo of Japan, I believe, and the seed was received from Gazipore from Mr. Schlich of the Forest Department, The Kotong is said to like a rather sandy alluvial soil, but it will also grow in ordinary black soil, and at Jubbulpore it has been planted with remarkable success. This variety is believed to have a life period of 55 years, and it grows to the height of 60 feet under favor- able circumstances. It is probable, the name T have given will identify it as a comparatively well-known species, and I trust what I have said will at least put you in the way of getting fuller information.” Copy of Mr. Sandford’s letter has been sent on to Mr. Gamble, to whom the specimens obtained from Somastipore through the kindness of Mr. Gleadowe- Newcomen, had been forwarded. It seems probable that the bamboo is the Indian Kattang, (B. arundinacea) and that the Japanese origin of the seed is a mistake. —A.-H, Society of India. Crinnamon.—The trade in Ceylon Cianamon, once a prosperous business, seems doomed to perpetual para- lysis. The miserable prices obtained for the article in this market must be grievously felt in your island by growers and shippers. Looking at the figures of trade, from the Ceylon side, the cause is not far to seek. Hnormous production fully accounts for current values, a very large proportion of your shipments be- ing represented by chips. To this fact the present range of prices is largely due, more than which it is to be feared that the produce bought by merchants from dealers is not always genuine. Notwithstanding the large quantity which Ceylon sends to Continental ports direct, the still larger shipments to the United Kingdom are nearly all re-exported, the home com- sumption of the spice being infinitesimal. The figures for the past two years are as foliows:— 1887. 1888. 1,109,973 tb. ... 1,351,990: tb. 1,222,500 Ib. ... 1,121,324 Ib. Imports Exports ... Whatever difference of price exists between chips and baled Oinnamon, no doubt arises from the superiority of quality of the one over the other, yet in actual use a portion of a stick from a bale, and a chip of genuine spice of equal quality, do not differ as regards value for use. Looking at the course of the trade for years past, it would appear that the great decline in price has taken place since the ship- ments of ships from your island. Over and over again it has been pointed out to growers and shippers that, if they would see better prices, there must be a re- solve amongst them to refrain from the export of chips in any quantity; but, so far, this advice has been disregarded, and instead of utilizing chips for the purpose of oil-making, they continue to be sent over here to weigh down prices by flooding our market beyond any hope of recovery.—London Zzmes. JunE 1, 1889] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 861 ee TEA CULTURE AND PREPARATION. FEW PRACTICAL INQUIRIES BY A PRACTICAL MAN. 1. Isnot Mr. Armstrong responsible for the state- ment that the quality of the teais best when the bushes flush most freely ? 2. Have you any information to indicate that the application of manure improves the flavour or strength of the tea ? 3. A good deal is now being said about fine pluck- ing and high prices, but surely the men whose success we should emulate are those who combine quantity with quality ? (Answers to the above.) [Four answers, including “Peppercorn” ’s, have already appeared—see pages 817, 824 and 840. } No. V. Agrapatana, May 5th, 1889. 1. I do not think quality so good ina heavy flush as ina moderate one. 2. Cattle manure has nearly doubled the yield in one field, z.¢, the manured field is giving nearly double an unmanured field adjoining. I notice no difference in quality. 3. Where estates have little or no tea of their own and insist ou their neighbours who sell them leaf, plucking fine, it pays undoubtedly. Personally I would rather get 400 1b. per acre and sell at 10d than 250lb. and sell at 1s1d. I do not believe in fine plucking. R. W. W. ite Hatale, May 5th, 1889. 1, Where has Mr. Armstrong made this statement ? Your querist should give chapter and verse. I do not think that,as arule,such good teacan be made from a free-growing sappy flush as from one of less vigorous growth. Apart from this, it is seldom possible to do full justice to the leaf during a rush. 2. The effect of manure on quality of tea is pro- bably still a matter for experiment and investigation, though from the infiuence that various soils have on the quality of tea, it would appear probable that manure would have some effect. Manuring no doubt increases the quantity, but I much doubt its paying ' at present prices. 3. Where are the men who can combine quantity with quality under ail circumstences, JI fear that the two are not compatible except in a few cases when good jat, soil, and climate combined give a specially fine character to the leaf, and by good management a high class tea is made from appa- rently ordinary leaf. Under all circumstances as quality is aimed at, cost of production is increased and quantity diminishes, and the skill and experi- ence of the manager must be directed to determin- ing whet is the most profitable system of working under his particular circumstances. ANC. OF Vil. May 5th, 1889. 1. Lam not aware that Mr. Armstrong made this statement. I am of opinion that better tea is made when the bushes are not flushing freely. 2. Not having done any manuring I can give you no information under this head, 3. LIbelieve in medium plucking, which should give quantity with quality. A Diweuta PLANTER, Vill. May 5th, 1889. 1. My experience (limited) is the same as ‘* Arm- strong”: in fact J agree with him in most things. 2, As to quality of tea after manuring, I am not in a position to give any information owing to hav- ing done only a few acres, but there is no question as to quantity. 3. “ Rather vague’: a planter will not get quantity and quality if all circumstances are taken into con- sideration ; at same time [ believe should fine pluck- ing be systematically carried out quality will be improved and quantity will not be much reduced. I gaceas ane instances (many) where fine plucking has been laughed at, but the laugh is on the other side at the end of the year. At present when our teas are at such low prices, for P. and P.S., all should endeavour to get the prices up by fine plucking; by doing so your B. P. is not only better, but P. and P.S. and even your dust increases in price. MaAskELIYA PLANTER. IX. Hoolankande, Madulkele, 5th May 1889. 1.In reply to your inquiries, I most decidedly agree with your correspondent, that the quality of the tea is best when the bushes are not flushing freely. I find my own tea produces best quality during the coldest period of the North-East monsoon :—December, January, and February (the two former invariably) are my best quality months. 2. My experience in manuring tea is very limited; I have treated a few acres tofarmyard compost, cow- shed, and stable manure mixed with line sweepings and old thatch, forked in, one basket between 4 trees ; some backward tea so treated 24 years ago still flushes about 2 days in advance of the surrounding tea. Actual results I have not been able to ascertain, either as regards increase of yie!d or development of quality, It would be natural to suppose that manuring would show some result in quality favourable or otherwise, though probably only a very temporary result. 3. I imagine your correspondent when speaking «f men who are successful in combining quantity and quality, means moderate quantity and moderate quality. If there are men who attain a maximum yield and a maximum value, these results do not appear to the public; but if it can be done I have no doubt the Ceylon planter will do it. I am at issue with your correspondent on this particular point of plucking, and think it would be well for each proprietor to study his own circumstances :—given a low elevation, rich soil, and even rainfall, let him consider well whether quantity alone would not pay him best. Given a me- dium elevation, the case becomes more complex, the jat, soil, climate must be considered and besides this any peculiarity of flavour whichit may be worth while to stretch a point to still further develope: a medium plucking will probably be the best for the medium eleva- tion. At the highest elevations the jat principally will decide the case ; if good all round it will probably pay to pluck fine ; if a mixed or poor jit the cost of fine pluck- ing would be prohibitive. There are 4 qualities in tea,— strength, flavour, appearance and ‘ keeping ;” and per- haps the greatest of these is the “keeping.” The first three may be gained by fine plucking; when- ever the flavour is naturally present, and manufacture properly attended to; but alas, no system of plucking will cause Oeylon tea to keep, and it is useless and unprofit- able to make fine teas which lose half their flavour on the voyage and the rest within another 3 mouths. The London dealer requires a tea of a certain character, viz. a tea that will keep for a year or eventwo years, and surely it will be profitable to estate proprietors to con- sider the requirements of the dealer to a greater extent. It has been the fashion of late to abuse the brokers, but allthings considered, it is probable the broker knows best what is wanted; and concealed in those apparently dry and formal circulars, there is every now and again a hint well worth paying attentionto, and moreover, worth having enforced in the factory. H. G. R. X. (From Matale.) I consider in answer to the first query, that tea is best when the bushes flush most freely, if the flush is taken in time, but the general experience is the flush runs away ahead of the pluckers, and the quality of course under these circumstances will be poor, com- pared with tea plucked, when one is up with his flush, say in the months when the bushes don’t flush so freely. Another cause of bad results in manufacture in the freely flushing months, is the invariable want of with- ering space to get a good wither. Then you get your leaf placed into the roller, over-withered, withered, and under-withered, making it impossible to make a first class tea. I consider the reason such @ large concern as 864 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. (June 1, 1889, Mariawatte has been getting such good averages during the recently lowering markets, is that they have am- ple withering accommodation. 2. Oattle manure in poor land certainly figs up the tree and produces a softer leaf where betore it was generally of a poor nature and very bangy throughout, Inference, improvement in quality possessing both strength and flavour. 3. Quantity with quality is the only way to get returns in the face of these low prices. “A Practical Man ” should define more clearly what he means by “ tea bushes flushing most freely.” Does he mean the quantity of leaf each cooly averages from yields of such bushes, because that means flushes getting ahead of pluckers and the result poor tea. Bushes pruned low give you lots of leaf, but that leaf is not equal to that from trees pruned high, Manure in my opiaion only gives you a larger quantity of the leaf the bush would naturally give. You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear. “Practical Man’’ hits the nail onthe head when he writes: ‘‘Surely the men whose success we should emulate are those whocombine quantity with quality.” Let me beg of my brother planters to take up shares quickly in the Oeylon Planters American Tea Oompany for that means a large increase to purchasing power in local market. Colombo merchants, bankers, brokers, should also support it. What is the good of Pinco going to Uva oranywhere else. Let him go to America and start his business. If the Company are sure of R120,000 of capital, go ahead. Time is everything. Oxp Hanp. XII. Madawalatenna, 5th May, 1. With regard to whether the quality of tea is better when the bushes flush freely I cannot say ; it all depends on the weather. I have made better tea in one month than another, though in each the same quantity was obtained. I consider the best tea is made when the bushes are hardening up towards the end of season whether flushing freely or not; but this is such a changeable climate that one year is quite difterent from another. 2, I have not noticed any improvement in teas made from manured bushes, though I have tested to see;as to quantity there is no doubt that manure is efficacious. 3. What is fine plucking? Nearly all men pluck the same; ask half-a-dozen men‘ what do you take” ? and they will reply tip, first leaf and 4 second, yet to get this oneman has to wait 10 days, some- times 12, whilst another finds that he gets this by going round every 6 days and sometimes he would like to go round in 5. Do any take more than the leaves I mention? Hach man must pluck as he finds suit- able to his bushes. Some men find by taking tip, first leaf and second leaf all in one, that their bushes go on flushing fast and well,whilst others lower their estimate and make no better tea. I have been in four different dis- tricts, and on each estate I have had to pluck in a differ- ent way ; on one estate I could not plucix too close or too fine; on the other did I attempt to pluck to the half leaf above the fish leaf I wasleft in the lurch and had to wait. Hach planter must study his own estate. Pluck as much as you can and make as good tea as you can. Some soils will give good tea even if very coarse plucking is resorted to; others, however fine the plucking is, will give no better teas, though they may sell a little better for appearance. To explain all about plucking &c., would fill a volume, and yet in this island we would not be able to lay down a fast rule, as such might not suit the very next month. So many are the soils, such diffe. rences in climate, in such a little island: I don’t think the vast Continent of India can come up to it. H. XIII, : Old Ooffee District, 1, Quatity op TeA.—My own firm conviction is that no ordinary unscientific planter can give any opinion on this subject worth having. He may Jook back through his pasb accounts to ascertain if his Jargest flushes realized the highest or lowest prices making due allowance for the fluctuations of the market. This in my opinion, is all His information is worth. The Oolombo tea experts only ought to answer this question. . 2. The first part of query No. 2 belongs also to the question of quality. As regards QuaNnTITY: tea is no exception to the law established by universal experience, that cultivation, manuring and pruning judiciously done— promotes production. 3. This is not a matter of opinion, at all, Lut a matter of fact easily solved by the Rule of Three, Tora. XIV:—Lrom a Shrewd Old Hand, New and Old Districts. 1. Tam not aware that Mr. Armstrong has committed himself to any such opinion, Quality ge- nerally speaking is gauged by the price, which again depends ina great measureon the caprice of the mar- ket, or of the buyer. At one time a bright outturn with weaker liquor is in request; a month after, a darker outturn with strength is demanded. Within the last month I saw a report from a leading tea taster and expert on two such teas, sent him at the same time. He gave the preference with great he- sitation to the former, but added the strength of the latter was “ very attractive.” I think the conclusion arrived at by most plantersis, that from this stan- dard (one, by the way, which experts treat with ecorn), the best liquoring teas are not made when the bushes are “running away” after the April raing set in. 2. No. Perhaps Mariawatte is the only estate where manuring has been carried for several years on the same field. The resultsin quantity we know. But it would prohably be difficult even for the careful and experienced manager to give the results as regards quality ; as large quantities of high grown and there- fore flavouring teas made from the purchased leaf, get mixed with the homegrown tea. It would be interest- ing if Mr. Jamieson could give a definite answer to this question. But “ facts’in a matter of this kind, un- less perfectly accurate, are misleading and mischievous. 3. “ Let each be convinced in his own mind,” and work his garden as it pays him best. Men with plenty of water power and large reserves of firewood may make quantity, more profitably than their neigh- bours with engines, for which they have to purchase fuel. There caz be no doubt which is the best thing to do, if your practical enquirer is correct in his con- cluding senteuce, when he asserts: ‘‘ These (the men whocombine quantity and quality)’ are the people who ‘aro making money, aud not those who study quality only.” The truth about this question of alleged falling-off in quality is, that the teas, as a rule, are equal to those made one, lb two, or three years ago. But with a glutted market and trembling prices, buyers are getting more exacting, and harder to please. They want a better Pekoe at 8d than they bought 3 years ago at 1s 1d, and that seems to be admitted, in the following involved and illogical sentence contained in @ recent report from London, published in our local papers:—‘‘ Though prices for all grades of Oeylon teas are not much quotably lower, yet better value seems to be obtained for each sale.” In tea reports the language, as a rule, is made to con- ceal the thought; but if there be any meaning at all in the above extract, it must be that buyers get better value for their money at each sale. XV. Bogawantalawa, 6th May 1889. _ 1. I think, other things equal, the quality of the leaf — isbest when the bushes flush most freely; but the quality of the tea is best when the atmospheric condi- tions at the time of withering and making are most favourable. What these conditions are I don’t know, except that the best tea is made when the weather is fine with sufficient occasional showers to keep the air moist, 7.¢, hot and rather moist weather appears the JUNE 1, 18809. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 863 ea best. But even then, when the apparent conditions of the atmosphere are the same, tea will vary greatly on different days: on one day you can get an ex- cellent fermentation and a liquor that clouds well; on another day you cannot do so. A continuous series of experiments by an analytical chemist, as suggested some time ago by Mr. Rutherford, would no doubt help us in these matters. 2. I have not yet experimented with manuring tea myself. 3. I think really fine plucking cannot pay as the yield obtained would be too small. Hoolankanda is the typical example of this at present, of fine plucking and high prices, 1 mean, and it would be interesting to have figures for that estate. The popular rumour is that the yield is only some 80 lb. an acre and the profits per acre only about £1 sterling. What requires more attention than is often given to it is careful plucking, in other words the carrying out more thoroughly in practice the system of plucking which most planters would adopt in theory, and this requires very constant supervision in the field, It is the hard leaves (whether large or small) that spoil the wither, and to a great extent the re- sulting tea; and if the green leaf is free from these, the quality of the tea is much improved, while the yield isnot much lessened. Careful medium rather than fine plucking is what I advocate. I think the Observer is wrong in lending its countenance to fine plucking by quoting the prices of broken pekoes only. The highest priced of these are more often than not fancy teas. The truer tess is the average price, though even this ig not much guide unless we know at the sume time the approximate yield per acre. G.F.W. XVI. (From an Old Tea Planter) 1. Idonot think anything has been proved by analy- sis, and nothing more than opinions are available at present. My opinion is that the quality of the tea is not best when the bushes flush most freely, or when there are heavy flushes from manuring, but rather that the contrary is the case. Better looking tea may be made from the softer and more tender leaf, but I wouid expect thatit would be deficient in ‘ quality.” EXPERIENCE OF Many Disrricrs. XVII. St. George, 6th May 1889. 1. I really could{ uot say whether or not Mr. Armstrong is responsible for the statement ‘ that the quality of the tea is best wheu the bushes flush most freely.” Iam of opinion that there must bea free and healthy flush to give good quality of tea, but that any “rush” or excess of flush, is overstraining the bush and means deterioration in quality. 2. Thereis no doubt as to suitable manuring giving quality, and I think that where the soil is naturally good ec. it will also give quality or keep this up; but that where the soil on the other hand is poor and washed itis not likely to do this. I have some 100 acres on one estate two to three years old tea planted in jand with naturally good soil and where the coffee had been regularly manured with bone and castor take and occasionally with bulky manures, and this is giving some 250 to 300 lb made tea an acre this year and the tea has been specially valued at home for strength and flavour. All this for such young tea with an average ex- pected at not less than 1s for the year, points to a good deal of it being due to the previous manuring. At any rate we have given the manure credit for part of this most exceptional result from two to taree years old tea planted at stake under thick coffee. 3. I think the “happy mediu:n” applies here as elsewhere. Too coarse leaf should be decidedly avoided, but on the other hand too fine plucking means much less in quantity, and [ am of opinion works out to a loss in the end. W.J. XVIII. Haldummulla, 5th May. No! Mr. Armstrong stated that the best flushes were the first, good flushes after pruning, but that though the quantity of yield was then greater the quality was poorer. 2. I have not had any experience of the results of manuring tea. 8. I should certainly say that the loss of leaf caused by very fine plucking would not be made up for by the extra price. I should say a medium pluck- ing which gave, say ‘60 to °65 per lb. of pekoes would pay best. Of course where tea is being purchased, the finer it is, the better it pays the purchaser, but in manufacturing one’s own tea one has to look to the cheapness of plucking. XIX. Sogama, Pussellawa, May 7th, 1889. I am notin a position to answer your first two questions. With regard to No. 3—I think fairly fine plucking to be necessary to good prices, but should b» inclined to lay most stress on the regularity with which the plucking ig conducted. J.G. C. XX. Dolosbage, May 7th. 1. Yes, when in full flush, but not till four m onth after pruning. 2. Yes, the better the soil, the better the quality of tea. 8. Yes, medium, but careful plucking, I find pays better than fine plucking—J. B. XXiI. 1. ZI cannot say whether Mr. Armstrong eyer made any such statement; but [believe the quality of the tea is best when the bushes are flushing rather well (say an average of 12]b per cooly), When they flush very freely, such as in April this year, the tea made is generally weak, wanting in flavour and often dull infusion. 2. Artificial manuring certainly increases the quan- tity, but so far as my experience has gone it aftects the quality injuriously. I am writing of castorcake, and applied on good soil. Of course on poor land a high-class fertilizer ought to improve the quality, but I doubt if manuring any tea, at present prices, will pay. 38. In my opinion no rule can be laid down as to plucking, soil and climate decide the matter. To give an illustration, if I owned an estate in Kelebokka or Kandapola i would at any rate at present, if not always, pluck fine, but if I owned an estate in Kelani Valley, 1 would now as always pluck hard; all prac- tical men know that if it is notin the soil, you can- not make a high-class tea, however fine you pluck. Any intelligent superintendent, who knows his work, can soon tell what his bushes are capable of doing, he should know best how to pluck them, under different fluctuations of the market. Wibr EXPERIENCE OVERDIFFERENT Districts. XXII. Dikoya, 7th May. 1. I was once of the opinion that when the most tea was plucked the best tea was made, but since less frequent pruning has come into vogue I do not con- sider this now to be the rule. I obtain better leaf during the south-west monsoon (it is my wet season) than in the north-east. Perhaps in Uva it is the other way about. I undoubtedly get the best leaf when my tea has been pruned down, from about 7 to say 12 months,and if then the weather be favourable and free from dry winds the leaf is both plentiful and excellent. Later on when it is almost time for prun- ing, especially if this should happen towards November, December and January, the leaf is apt to be hard, the tea takes no form or appearance, breaks in rolling, and the flavour falls off. The liquor may be strong, but the whole lacks character ;it is broken in appear- ance and brown in colour. Flavour seems now most in request at home, and this with me improves from June to September; strength prevails from September to January; and then from January to June the quality is very variable. Itis often difficult to deal with leaf when it comes in abundantly:indeed there are so 864 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1889. ane many factors at work that it is hard to say what is best. Iam very fond of a good wither, but even this gives weak tea with the first rains after Pebruary’s dry weather. I think districts which flush the most evenly all the year round as a rule make the most even teas, all things considered. 2. Ihave not had sufficient experience in manuring, to answer this question, to my own satisfaction. 3. Upon plucking I am convinced as follows :—Fine plucking, pure and simple, if generally adopted would be providing pabulum for the Ohina tea market; it would be simply an incentive to induce our London friends to mix as much China tea with it as it would stand. We caunot, to please these gentlemen, give them too much fine tea: “Give! give! give!’ ig their cry. The only way to shut out Ohina is to pluck in our ordinary way; then their cheap teas have the smallest possible chance of competition, and there is a chance of our pekoes and souchongs again coming into demand, Increase our fine teas and we only make a channel to let in China. Also, inasmuch as we have to go over our estate plucking twice a month at least, the extra cost of what we pluck a little coarser is nothing compared to what we pay for trailing over the estate. So if we can oppose Ohina so cheaply, I do not think the opportunity should be lost. Another view is, provided we acquiesced with the demand for fine teas, has anyone any idea to what limit it would extend? Our only ultimate chance is to crush in our- selves now and crush out others, and the strongest will survive. W. EF. L. XXIII. 1. February to July is generally accepted as the best flushing time for tea bushes; if one may judge by ruling market rates for tea, the quality ig cer- tainly not so good then, as later on in the year. Pruning is also one of our principal factors for pro- ducing heavy flushes, and it is a well-established fact, that weak liquor and poor teas are the result for some months afterwards. 2. I should certainly expect an “all round” im- provement in tea that had been “‘ manured and highly cultivated.” Iam not, however, in a position to offer a decided opinion as to whether the application of manure gives extra flayour and strength to tea, and I doubt if Ceylon planters have yet given the matter a reliable test, or that anyone will be found bold enough to say yea or nay to this query. 3. My experience of fine plucking and high prices are not so satisfactory, as quantity combined with a certain amount of quality. I mean by quautity 400 to 500 lb. of made tea per acre; and quality, an average of 1s sterling per lb. in London. ‘The differ- ence between fine plucking and quantity I take it to be 100 to 120 lb. per acre US. 400 to 500 lb. This is too great for fine plucking to pay. I quit agree with * A Practical Man :” those na can Bae bine quantity with quality are the men one should emulate. S. A, XXIV. E Haputale, 7th May. 1, I think the best teas are made in dry anit when the bushes are not flushing freely. 2. No. 3. Certainly. XXV. Bogawantalawa, 1. My experience is, quality is best when the tea bash has plenty of moisture, whether it be the N.-E. or 8.-W. When paingare on, the leaf is full of sap and liquoris good; in dry weather I find it next to impossible to make a good thick liquoring tea. 2. None; but I am inclined to think it does improve quality. Manure adds tu yield of tea bushes largely. The mere torking-up of the soil does so, when no man- ure is added, to a certain extent, 3. I advocate medium plucking, never omitting to pluck round 6 times a month sometimes oftener, I think these last months of March-April and so far of May have been perfect for tea, both for quality and quantity. ~ A. XXVI. Kandapola, 7th May 1889. 1. Icannot say whether Mr. Armstrong is or is not responsible for the statement that the quality of the tea is best when the bushes flush most freely; but personally I am of opinion that such is the case. 2. Iam strongly inclined to think that it will be found that the efficiency of either natural or artificial manures will stop short at increased yield. I have certainly never heard it advanced that strength or flavour was improved, nor have I known of an estate’s pricés running up after the application of manure. 3. I think there can be no doubt that on the great majority of estates in Ceylon finer plucking will have tobe adopted, than rules at present. But again I think there is the happy medium between so-called ‘ fire’ and ‘coarse’ plucking to be discovered, and the medium will vary according to altitude and climate. For instance, on Kandapolla estate I formerly plucked around every 13 days. This was changed to 12 days, but no difference in quantity of leaf was noticeable. I then changed to 10 days, or plucking round the estate thriceamonth. Still, I noticed no difference in quantity, though a muterial difference in quality. To pluck around in 9 days I find my quantity dimini- shes a good deal in the month. So I have deter- mined that to pluckover every ten days (no matter how the flush looks) is my happy medium. In Upper Ramboda it is 9 days, and soon. By allowing the bud and two leavesto remainon the bush longer than every 10 days, I find I gain nothing in weight (unless a third leafis taken which reduces quality), while by taking same bud and two leaves at the 10 days, they are still young and tender. and make a tea of much finer quality and flavour than if taken when tougher and older. If attention were paid to this, I believe many men would find, as I have done, that by hitting off the right time (according to altitude and climate), within which to take in their flush, they would increase then quality without decreasing their quantity to any great extent. I am of opinion that this style of medium plucking, leaning towards fine perhaps rather than coarse, 2.€,, a day earlier rather than later in the round of- plucking, will be found to give the best returns as regards an estate’s annual profit.—T. XXVII. Dikoya. 1. I think very rapid flushing detracts from both strength and flavour. Look at quality of tea most commonly made in April and May, when flushing is particularly rapid, and how it improves when the colder weather oi June and July has slightly checked the luxuriance of the flush. 2: I believe manure if anything rather detracts from strength and flavour, but if it does the differ- ence it makes is slight and is amply made up for by increase in quantity with tea at say 10d per |b.; but itis a matter I have not yet gone into. How willit pay shortly with manure going up and tea as steadily falling in price ! 8. This is a matter that couldonly be satisfac- torily decided by production of accounts from repre- sentative estates,;and I think it would not bea bad idea if the Committee of the Planters’ Association were to persuade Oolo: bo agents and managers of Companies to show them in confidence accounts of two or three such estates from cach firm or company when they could at once give an authoritative opiniun that would be of use to planters and proprietors at large and save us all from a lot of gratuitous advice from people, who know very little about the subject. For myself [believe in medium plucking and making it as well as I can. This district will always give fully average rates and in quantity from 350 to 1b.500 Ib, per acre according to the estate.—W. T. JUNE 1, 1889.] XXVIII. Mahaoya, 8th May: 1. I find that at a medium elevation tea flushes best about 6 mos, from pruning. Quality is not ob- tainable in very wet weather, but I get the best teas immediately after a spell of wet weather, and usually the heaviest flushes. At a higher elevation on same estate I get the best results as far as quality is con. cerned 10-12 mos. from pruning. Plucking ‘‘fine’’ you get quality nearly all the year round, wet or fine, only if withering space is not stinted. I get bet- ter flavour in south-west than south-east monsoon. 2. A good many manuring experiments have been tried on this estate. During wet weather I could not find much improvement, if any, in the liquor of leat, from a manured “ field;” liquor again from an area where castor cake was applied was far ahead of that from an unmaoured area, it was twice as thick; leaf in the latter instance was plucked during dry weather. I don’t think that flavour can be added unless you pluck for it. (3.) Where quantity and quality can be got go in for fine plucking. On some estates quantity can be got without much quality: goin for medium plucking. There is quality enough in the teas, from off most old coffee soils, if we could afford to pluck fine enough for it; but we cannot, the best thing we can do under the cir- cumstances is to pluck all we can. We may be able to pluck finer as the trees age. It is to be hoped there will be a smaller stock of ‘‘ Heathen Chinee” at 4d+per lb. in the Loudon warehouses when that time comes round. The prices that are given at present for fine teas do not encourage growers of that staple to hold on as an ensample to others. D. M. D. XXIX. 7th May 1889, 1. Bushes flush most freely from 5 to 6 months after pruning (time varying according to elevation and season). It strength denotes quality of tea, then it ig at its best at this time, but the flavor goes on improving up to 12 months; after this, unless the bushes have been assisted by manure or the soil is specially good, both strength and flavor fall off. 2. Application of manure, assuming that it is ap- plied soon after pruning has exactly the same effect as a heavy pruning ji producing a gross sappy \eaf, and until this is worked off by frequent pluckings, the quality of the leaf is decidedly not improved. It possesses strength but not flavor. Applied ata later period, say 5 or6 months after pruning, it then im- proves both the strength and flavor of the tea. 3. Hine plucking.—I am not at all satisfied on this point; but as far as my experience goes at present, I should say pluck all you can, so that you manufac- ture to secure a price for your teas equal to the London weekly average for all Ceylon teas sold. We must remember that it is not the first but the third class passenger traffic that pays on any railway. 3,000 Frrr ELEVATION. XXX. Rookwood, 8th May 1889. 1. I think quality of tea (make and liquor) is best when (where) the bushes fiush most freely on good ripe wood, and provided the weather is not too wet. Pruning, when, and how done, affects liquor, more perhaps than some people imagine. 2. Provided the soil is not impoverished, cattle manure improves the liquor and yield, and its effects last for several years. Castor cake tried in 1880-81 on good soil improved yield—I have no data fur liquor,— aud effects lasted for years. 3. Asa general rule, medium. O.S. A. XXXI. Pundaluova, Ith May 1889. 1. Tam not sure what Mr. Armstrong said; but I do recollect when a discussion was taking place some time ago—I think about this time last year—about bad prices, it was generally believed by those who kept THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 865 up the correspondence that our worst teas were made during the dry months. My own opinion is that the flush is best, and the teas made from it best when the bushes are in full flushing vigour. ‘ Weakly begets weakly and strength begets strength.” You will, I think, generally find a kind of standard worked up to on most estates, and where the plucking is always carried on the same, as a rule, the same quality of tea will be made, excepting for 4 months or so after pruning. 9. Teannot at present say whether manuring alters or affects the outturn of made teas, but that it in. crease the quantity there is no room for a doubt, and in some cases toa very extraordinary extent. In the case of cattle manure the result is permanent; in that of artificial one begins reaping the result in a few months. 3. “Exceptional merit” means “ exceptional plucking,” all other phases being equal, but of course high cultivation gives you more of it. H. L. EB. XXXII. Lower Dikoya, 10th May, 1. On this point observation leads me to a middle opinion—my belief being that the best tea is made from freely flushed leaf; avoiding the two ex- tremes of rank leaf, the product of excess moisture and heat, and feebly grown leaf, which is inclined to be tough. 2. That the quantity of crop can be greatly increased requires no proof; but for quality there is less data, as the leaf taken from manured fields is seldom kept separate. Ihave noticed, however, on an estate under my observation, where a con- siderable amount of manuring is done, that the teas made fully maintain their place on the market. Leaf produced by rich manure must surely contain greater strength and less moisture than leaf produced by moist forcing weather only. The probable over- forcing of the trees and soil by strong artificial manure is, of course, another matter not to be treated of here. 3. Coarse plucking will never give a good average price ; though no maker ever admits that he plucks fine. Medium plucking, varied according to weather, will give both quantity and quality. When the weather is open and leaf soft it may be taken a little large ; but in high districts, where the young leaf isapt to be hardened prematurely by cold morn- ing and evening winds, or, at another period, by the bleak burst of the monsoon, itis a matter of necessity either to pluck it somewhat fine or pluck it bangy. 1D ie Kes XXXIII. Pussellawa, 9th May 1889. 1. My experience is that quality of tea is best when bushes are in good heart and consequently flush freely. Being, however, in a district exposed to the cold hard N.-E. monsoon my worst flushing months are those early in the year when the leaf has very little juice, and anything but the gentlest rolling results in broken tea. No hard and fast rule can be laid down for Ceylon on the point in question. What suits one district is poison to another. 9. Have only tried cattle manure, the effect of which on tea good and bad is most encouraging. Pity it is so expensive. A neighbour of large experience as a tea planter has tried artificial manures, and his opinion is that though these with- out doubt increase yield; but he is sceptical as to their improving quality, is in fact inclined to think that they do the reverse. Someone of your correspon- dents suggested “ bones”: surely these would give us seed. 3. Fine or coarse plucking or high prices vs. yield, as a rule, but not quite so, as some few soils won't give quality pluck you ever so fine, and some give good tea with coarser thaa medium plucking. Itissweet to see one’s self hizh np in the Liane when that blue paper (you so kindly send us gratis) comes in, but does this pay the proprietor Mark the difference in prices from estates managed by their proprietors now and a year ago, It strikes 866 THE TROPICAL me that the proprietors of Blackstone, Agar’s Land, Beaumont, Rookwood &c. are hard-headed men who know what they are about, and have an eye to the main chance, so ‘‘hit the happy medium,” say I. You Know Wao, XXXIV. Kaipoogalla, Puadaluoya, 10th May. As I do not manufacture, having no factory here, I got what information I could from those that do, and the result is that the quality of the tea is worse when the bushes flush more freely. A quick flush gives weak tea;a slow flush strong tea. No one here has had experience with manured: tea, They agree with No. 3 in the paragraph. Vv. Maskeliya, 10th May. 1. Best tea is always made here in July in spits of wet leaf, and I believe that it is owing to the rapidity of the flushes having been checked by the rain which causes the increased strength in liquor ; anyhow be that asit may July and August teas are generally speaking better than those made at any other time of the year unfavorable weather notwithstanding. 2. So far have not tested whether manure improves | quality, butthereis no doubt about its increasing the quantity largely. 3. Everyone must work out this problem for them- selves, but quality can be got with fair medium plack- ing; wide Glenugie and Gorthie estates, also Ovoca and many others no doubt. On the three estates mentioned, the vield is a fine one and the plucking certainly not fine. SHADOW OF THE PEAK. a TOBACCO IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE. Thereis a great deal of “talk” and writing about tobacco now-a-days, and a little chat about it may not be uninteresting to your readers. Jaffna tobacco is coarse and rank, thick ribbed and large leaved; and the generality of it makes execrable cheroots, as no one will deny who has ever passed to “windward” of a Jaffna Trader or Dhongman, in full blast! A very little of the Jaftna tobacco is of a better kind, more delicate in leaf, aud of it is composed those cigars sold by Jaffna traders, in bundles of 10 cigars each, in all the post towns of Ceylon, as well asin theinterior. An Englishman, Mr. Hardy, grew and traded in to- bacco in Jaffna many years ago, but failed to make a fortune by it. And @ high caste Native, Muttu Velce Chettiar, used to supply Jaffna tobacco to the “Travancore Sirdar’? under contract, but after many ears he failed, and died in Benares as a pilgrim. The late Henry Edward O’Grady, whose last appointment in the C.C. S. was that of G. A. of Trincomalee, was a great smoker and 4 first rate Judge, and he stated that the finest tobacco for smoking grew in Uva and Batticaloa, and that the finest tobacco in the E. Province was grown at Sen- gelady, which remains true to the present day. The greater part of the Batticaloa tobacco is grown either in tobacco gardens or on high spots on paddy fields. Nearely every paddy field has its plot of to- bacco, and all the best tobacco grown here is every season shipped off to Jaffna (and probably the Ooast of India\ by Jaffanese settled here, either as Government employés, traders, or agricultural resid- ents, who advance sums on coming crops a long while before the plants have matured, and the eager- ness with which it is snapped up is a plain proof of its superiority over Northern produce. é The soil at Sengelady and its neighbourhood is red with avery small percentage of small gravel and is exactly like the soil all round Manepy, Mallagam, and Oopai, near Jaffna, called there the “ Ohembatu- Poomi,” and the neighbourhood is famous for its organes, mangoes and jacks, and of the same kind is the Chavakucherri soil which produces the finest vegetables in the North Peninsula, AGRIGULTURIST. [June 1, 1889. The Sengelady tobacco is sm af, thin in rib and varies from dark browa to pure black in colour, The seed is first sown broadeast then planted out in rows, slightly ridged, and plentifully watered, the young plants being carefully shaded at fi-st start! The only manure applied to the plants is that of cattle. When a place is selected for a tobacco garden, it is well fenced, and cattie-pennel on it for (say) 20 days in successiou ; (the more the better) and the ground having been well mammotied, and turned up, is prepared for the young plants, (which may afterwards get dry manure applied to them as a surfa ¢e, or top dressiug), The plants are never allowed to r un to flower, (except a few for seed) and the leaves in due gradation are picked as Nos. 1, 2 and 3 onthe list, the lowest leaves being the least valuable. Sa They are then tied up in bundles of 16 leaves each, which are suspended under cover, and under a smoul- dering wood fire. The last process is that of sweating, when the tobacco is fit for either sale or consumption. It sometimes happens that when too much sweated the tobacco gets rotted slightly. but some of those who chew tobacco among the Natives prefer it in that condition. Tobacco is sold, either in bundles (of 16 leaves each) at the market place, or to wholesale purchaser by the talam, consisting cach of 24 bundles, and is valued at 12s. 5d. the tulam, for chewing, and 6d. the tulam, for smoking tob.cco- The intermediate kind sells for about 6s. a tulam, or even less.—R, A—“ Inde- pendent.” eee PLANTING IN JAVA AND SUMATRA: TOBACCO, CINCHONA AND COFFEE. The Deli Tobacco Company held its annual meeting on the 30th April, at which the directors presented the report of the last year. The quantity brought to market was 21,162 bales tobacco grown on the com- pany’s own estates, aud 47,879 bales shipped by consign- ment to the company. The average price realised for their own tobacco was o. 132, against c.173 in the previous year. This unfavourable result is mainly owing to the unfavourable weather which diminished the quantity of the crop, while the quality was pre- judiced to the extent that the Jate arrivals were dif- ficult of sale. The balance sheet was approved, anda dividend declared of f. 452 per share, As regards the 1888 crop the weather has been more favourable, and the production larger than in 1887, and the quality seems also tobe better. The possessions of the com- pany in Deliand Langkat were increased by the pur- chase of two further estates known as Poengey and Paya Bacon, both of which are favourably situated, and besides these another estate will be opened up near the Batang Seranjau. The increase of capital sanctioned at the meeting of the shareholders in November last has now been accomplished, the shares being taken up at the rate of 200 per cent. This increase of capital has enabled the company to purchase the new estates referred to. With regard to the cooly difficulty it is expected that Deli will be able to provide its wants of Ohinese coolies by direct immigration. The negotiations of the commission sent to British India for the purpose of regulating the Kling immigration seem to have had a good result. The ratification of this regulation, however, has met with some opposition on the part of the Dutch Government, but it is expected that a satis- factory agreement will be made, as the proper settle- ment of this matter is of much importance to the whole of Sumatra. The import of Javanese workmen has increased considerably of late. The Artesian well at Medan is so far unsatisfactory, as on a depth of 230 metres being reached no quantity of water was found. From the report of the West Java Oinchona Agri- cultural Oompany for the year 1888 it appears that the condition of the estates was satisfactory, but as the market for cinchona has not been so good, the expectujions at the beginning of the year have not- Junx 1, 1889.| +HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | 864 ; CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1888-9. been fully realised. The cultivation of the four estates amounts to about 3,600,000 Ledgerianas and 150,000 | , 8 BQ 2 Bae a Succirubras, making a total of about 3,750,000 cinchona | WON) § |S rii:ig :iEps i? Seat trees. The coftee cultivation has been also enlarged, i) ig) there being 940,000 trees, which is an increase of about : oS =] =} aaa Sona 360,000 trees. The depressed condition of the Cinchona, As SW Aye eel a Hee a 233 Seas market has induced the directors to look .out for Es Oj) s elisnsea =. scale) = Gooey ans other cultivations. The cinchona crop: was estimated is} S LU Eee a at about 140,000 kilos, while about 159,750 were re- j ‘eaqra |. wo 8 eee te none a: :| Sere ceived, which realised f.98,750. The crop of coffee yy eS EBRD cme en ao al Lge De was about 215 piculs, which were sold at f.45in Java. | “peas | yo | 8 Rigen BB RSRhgheNp hg Reon RB | ass The profit and loss account shows a profit on goods | tLY2t0 SU Sg A US and commission of £.90,326, including the balance of | +poom | 43 MSP SU eye lil LSA 1887, form which is to be deducted expenditure, and | uvdeg| = SaSHEe UNS) dapevenes Tacit aces Soro the sum for writing off purposes amounting to f.52,514, a SS the balance being thus f.37,812, of which f.37,000 will | ‘suo | 8 JS:::22:2:222232r: | TB De be paid as a dividend being 3# per cent. of the capital. EOCICE |], 45)" | ra nM NRT aC oe Sony Oe ait The Agricultural Oompany Solo has issued a pros- z =~ S TSa pectus for a subscription on 300 shares and 540 bonds. 0 E | tl itipviasthethiedusittstusauemeats 7 x SESS The purpose of the company is to continue working 2 mu the following undertakings in Java:—Troetjoek and gs (98 .4..5 8 e88a | 3235 Temoeloes in the Vorstenlanden, and Djolong and | Pei eens this Bye || BOS Foenggal Woeloeng in Japara. As regards the pro- 8 Salant ess roman ducttion of these undertakings, the following informa- 5 | d 3S a = £28 ) BOs | BSa8 tion is given as to the results of the years 1883 BA on ens ESS) BG BU) | gage to 1888. Troeijoek delivered 7,694 bales tobacco; or 8 A So DoD net about 1,183,388 half kilos.; after a deduction Bi bs ge) a aia setae 6 ASST ote | MESS of freight and all charges incurred on the sale, the ELAN Fe Ay ee a ie Divi proceeds were f, 409,484. Further 1,314 cases indigo ! - [2 a Cat Fo Ora OOD 1 or net 139,002 half kilos., the proceeds being £465 | Be | ls Pim PASAT: :4RS:| SSSo 743, or the total proceeds of tobacco and indigo ase us = ance f. 875,227, free on board at Samarang, amounting to Ako ER Aen S S88 Ss £:479,741. The net annual profit of this undertaking o Bit: :H:i::8 28a mO i was {.395,486, or £,79,097. Temoeloes yielded 3,049 | S* | alin Ma RAMI CH Mes. [iy eee bales tobacco, or net 468,687 half-kilos., the proceeds a SSS a EIS being £.179,013, or a total of £.365,505, After a| & | » |S Sensi s+ aes deduction of rent, &c., amounting to f. 202,922, the 8 eng eadlsiesealiey ict Os)iic isc) 2), 3 i] BESS net profit was f.152,642, or £,32,528 annually. For a | i both estates there was thus annual profit of f. 111,625 a . rs S Bw SaeHt i A ) ’ g 3 DNRDS The coffee undertaking Djolong and Toenggal ey ES E Mecuizalic coyiesl fsthsiisensiiislisias Mine | SRao Woeloeng is situated in Japara, district Selowesi. © zs or Oa Sua The existing coffee estate consists of 300 bouws,on | d4:| 4s |NSSSauna & Aas Sia Oe which were 470,500 trees old cultivation and 40,000 | 825 | z |aseea3s 2: :Qes ABOR new cultivation (1888-89). Further, there are 3,500 ae : in pa SUSU nutmeg trees 23 years old. The coffee production 2 aaex 3.8.8. 38 SANS during the last five years has varied from 280 and 559 | § |BS|8 SN tea TR MNP | Zege piculs per year, and has amounted to 2,018 bags, which, Fh EL Ni Weseacie after a deduction of freight and all charges, have 5 OSeeS nose oS DSSS), QOOR given a net profit of £.87,972. The above mentioned a Ss BeBas 2338 = SERS Bas estates are the property of Mr. J. van Blarcum, to el oiccns Ciestrcltd DI) ee tented ad | Oey See = whom an amount will be paid of £.830,000, £.630,000 = being in money, and 200,000 guilders in shares of a a | Ee eS @ 92S 225% the Agricultural Company Solo. The capital of this 8 Pela fbiia pig ih iat Nis 2B company is £,500,000, in shares of 1,000 guilders | 28! is ida eG Mee each, and £,600,000 in 5 per cent. bonds, each of a of |ak 3S Sel ie ae 1,000 guilders.—Zondon and China Express. 3 | z pe BR eae B28 eB: Sheree | Saga Vac Ast wo 1 Hose AND Rae | OSCE See See Era Bev aliestn pes Se A aoa Zann Ta 1n InpiA.—The season for holding tea auctions a = 18 i = SaS% has arrived, and the sales will commence by the mid de | | i uae of this month, but the quntity offered will probably be’ | ¢@ |@214 = S eS S833 small. About 120,000 lb. have been exported to Europ - Sei alate Sena & a Sas on owners’ account, against 95,000 Ib. at the corres 3 Biel Ry Bune B18 8.5 Bo BAB Bes SSeS ponding period of last season, The reports from the 8 ee se \ Saami districts are not altogether favourable, for while the ASL iM ea) Ui ae Asi ie AR weather has been abnormally cold in Assam rain is 3 Sete 23 8 at ss EEE much wanted in Sylhet, the Terai, and Chittagong, | . < Fits ap Ree anos ae eh awk and hail storms have done considerable damage to the g 2 eas a VRRD SSae plants in Oachar. To add to the planters’ troubles & | Beh 15008 Ws $:iS:; Bae Sone cholera has been raging in parts of the Dooars and 4 ay) Neen Rhee k yhae | aaa in some gardens great difficulty has been ” met is} ASSN ss Se Nae age with in persuading the coolies to work at all.— SSE OR Sigres) LN BSS | Seen Indian Agriculturist, May 11th. i Bias SREY ela i Uhipe pall Sourn ApricAN AgrRicuLruRIsTs’ Atm an BALE Sor Ao. BA Bik Hucnoe ne Enea have been favoured by Messrs, John Haddon & ae eesee 3 and 4 Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, London, 3 Sate with a copy of this very elaborate and interesting i gf FEE ISN PIRABSs See ree publication for the current year, Within nearly 300 i Bi apc) a2 AOL aa pages of closely printed matter we find a great Ga a g A Ae variety of useful and practical information on the IS Teynrdaswedai sieved ne EE wey <1 cee subject of farming, stock-raising, cheese-making, G tl Sem S Haga a|Zs cropping, farm buildings, &c. Though the almanac 8 hor Hee 22288 | 3 is prepared primarily for the wants of Oape farmers, © Seesae8 BERESSESESS RESEs aul A is ie erica soa worth for all engaged iS) as SSH, CBE PCR PEELE Saou in the pursuit of agricultur: ae 3 88a etry g e, whether at home on Qasaag saRRREATARR|S RRA THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURIST. FROM MALABAR COAST, COCHIN, CEYLON, MADRAS, &c. BEES’ WAX, White Yellow dj CINCHONA BARK--Crown Red CABRDAMOMS Malabar and Ceylon Alleppee Tellicherry Mangalore Long Ceylon Ists 9nds 3rds 4ths CINNAMON Chips COCOA, Ceylon COFFEE CeylonPlantation Native Liberian fast Indian Native COIR ROPE, Ceylon& Cochin FIBRE, Brush on Stuffing .. COIR YARN, Ceylon Cochin Do COLOMBO ROOT, sifted .. CROTON SEEDS, sifted .. GINGER, Cochin, Cut Rough GUM ARABIC, Madras.. NUX VOMICA MYRABOLANES Pale, OIL, CINNAMON CITRONELLE LEMON GRASS ORCHELLA WEED PEPPER, Malabar, blk.sifted Alleppee & Cochin ,, Tellicherry, White PLUMBAGO Lump Chips dust ane RED WOOD SAPAN WOOD SANDAL WOOD, logs Do. chips .. SENNA, Tinnevelly TURMERIC, Madras Do. Do. Cochin 3rds 4th FROM BOMBAY AND ZANZIBAR. ALOES, Sozeotrine and Hepatic. CHILLIES, Zanzibar ; { From ... {Ordinary to superior ...|Ordinary to fine ... --|Good to fine picked Pickings Lewis & Peat’s MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUGTS. London Price Current, 9th. May, 1889.) QUALITY. re { Slightly softish to good |£6 a £7 108 hard bright Twig aes ses oo Clipped, bold, bright, fine Middling, stalky & lean Fair to fine plump clippe Good to fine Brownish Good & fine, washed, Middling to good... 5 Ord. to fine pale quill .., bet. Low mid, and Low grown Mid.coarse tofine straight Ord, to fine long straigh -|Coarse to fiae... bas Roping fair to good Good to fine bold... Small and medium -|Small 000 oho -|Dark to fine pale ‘ Fair to fine bold fresh ., Small ordinary and fair,, Common to middling Fair Coast... .|Mid. to fine, not woody... Fair to bold heavy good ” » ..{Fair to fine bright bold... Middling to good small... -.|Slight foul to fine bright -|Ordinary to fine bright... .|Fair and fine bold Fair to good flavor Good to fine bold green, under 6 znches 8\Low, foxy, inferior and Good and fine dry ..|Common and good. ..|Fair to fine bright 3 (Ordinary and middling. .|Middling wormy to fine... .|Fair to fine fresh... os ..|408 .. (238 6d a 353 Fair to fine bold... an {143 a 178 ..|15s a 688 Burnt and defective ss -- Pair to fine heavy + |Bright & good flayour .., -|Middling coated to good ... |£20 a £44 -|Inferior to fine ... ves Fair middling medium... Common dark and small .|Finger fair to fine boldj|9s a 10s ++-|Mixed middling + |Bulbs wae . in +» (Winger VANILLOES,Mauritius & Bourbon, ae 18) [bright “a ...|68 a 7s 6d ...93 a 6d 10s Fine crystalised 6 a 9inch ds|Foxy & reddish 5a8 ,, Lean & dry to middling ..|L0s a 123 [pickings QUOTATIONS, ..|Do. drossy & dark ditto.../85s a 105s Renewed ... en -. (5d a 1s 6d Medium to fine Quill .../46d a 1s Spoke shavings ... + (4d a 9d Braneh ++ /2d a 6d Renewed ... wag ... jad a 1s 6d Medium togood Quill .../4d a 9d Spoke shavings ... ... (8d a 7 Branch see |2d a 4d i 1d a 1¢a 23 2d a 3s ls 4d a 2s is 10d a 2810d 1s 6d a 2s 6d lga Is 6d 23 6d a 3s 1s 6d a 28 8d a 1s 7d ” ” ” 2p tee Tada 1s 4d ” ” ” 99) 029 63d als 3d Woody and hard... ..|54d a 11d ..|Fair to fine plant... {13d a 62d ..(Bold to fine bold: 182s a 928 6d Medium own .. 1768 &@ 808 Triage to ordinary . 150s a 708 Boldto fine bold colory.../102s a 108s Middling to fine mid. ...}96s a 100s 90s a 96s Smalls : re .. 191s a 958 6d Good ordinary .. . {858 a 92s 6d «(Small to bold ... +1808 a 90s 6d .-|Bold to fine bold... .-|1038 a 115s Medium to fine ... ..{943 a 100s Small ane ee «..(888 a 948 Good to fineordinary ...|95s a 92s 6d £16 a £22 £18 a £32 £10 a £20 10s «|£17 a £36 ...|£17 a £44 »|£15 a £20 12s a 40s 12s a 17s a 60s 18sa 30s 11s a 12s 78 a 108 .|78 a 83 6d ..|bS a 6S 5s 9d a 68 3d 33 6da 483d .. (ls a 2s 6d Baa 3d ‘liza a 134 ./20s a 333 Tid a 73d Jls a 1s 6d 12s ali7s 7s a 12s 6d 93 alls 6d 786d a 10s 6d ...|£4 153 a £5 £5 a £8 £510s a £22 Bid als 3d 45d. a 8a 3d a 4d 7s 6d a 83 6d 17s a 258 12s a 17s 28 6d a 88 \£4 103 a £8 . 408 a £5 108 . 31s a 3383 . 283 a 380s FROM BOMBAY AND ZANZIBAR. CLOVES, Zanzibar and Pemba, per 1b » Stems COCULUS INDICUS GALLS, Bussorah & Turkey # cwt. GUM AMMONIACUM per|Blocky to fine clean QUALITY, | |Good and fine bright ANIMI, washed, #@cwt,|Picked fine pale in sorts, ({Common dull to fair ...\7id a 77a ...|Common to good .. |l¢d a 2d ...|Pair +98 a 10s } Fair to fine dark blue .,.|/55s a 60s ‘ewt,|Good white and green.,,/458 a 53s .../108 a 363 £16 a £18 part yellow and mixed|£12 a £15 Bean & Pea size ditto amber and red bold (74d a 744 ...|£7 10s a £1010 .|£11 a £13 scraped.,.|Medium & boldsorts .,,,£5a £7 ARABIC, E.I. & Aden..|Sorts ... .. ... ... 458 a 858 per cwt. Ghatti .../Sorts to fine pale “120s a 758 Amrad cha|Good and fine pale _ ,,,'598 a 958 Reddish to pale brown ,,, 258 a 52s 6d ASSAFGETIDA, per |Clean fair to fine .., 858 a 408 ewt,|Slightly stony and foul ,,.;25s a 303 KINO, per cwt.|Fair to fine bright ...|288 a 308 MYRRH, picked ,, |Fair to fine pale [£5 a £8 Aden sorts|Middling to good ... (808 a 95s OLIBANUM, 4rop |Fair to fine white ...(B786d a 558 per cwt. ,, |Reddish to middling .,,|27s6d a 558 pickings...|Middling togood pale .,,)12s a 20s siftings ...|Slightly foul tofine .,,|10sa los INDIARUBBER Mozambijque, } red hard __.{Is 8d a 1s 10d per lb. Ball & Sausjage J whitesoftish .,,|18 2d a 1s 7d unripe root ... (490d a 1s liver ...(90 a 1s 6d FROM CALCUTTA AND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, CASTOR OIL, sts per oz.|Nearly water white ...|Fair and good pale ...|Brown and brownish 32 ” INDIARUBBER Assam, per Tb. Rangoon .. SAFFLOWER TAMARINDS FROM CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. ALOES, Cape, per cwt: Natal + ARROWROOT Natal per Ib. FROM CHINA, JAPAN & THE EASTERN ISLANDS. CAMPHOR, China, # ewt. Japan th GAMBIER, Cubes, cwt. .|\Eair to good clean : Madagascar|Goodto fine pinky & white’ ...|Good to fine pinky 29. »” Pp eK Oranery to fine free Good to fine St Common foul and mixed Fair to good black Middling to fair Inferior and pickings «|1s 4d a 1s 8d +» /§58 4105s +-|55s a 808 --|15s a 253 QUOTATIONS 2d a 2td 1s 6da Isild 7d a 1s 3d -/1s 6d a 1s 10d 1s 10d a 2s 2d Mid.to fineblacknot stony Stony and inferior Fair dry to fine bright ... et Common & middling soft)10s a 17s 6d .|Fair to fine Middling to fine Good, pure, & dry white ink «4083 a 43s 7s 6d a 103 4s a 63 18s 6d a 21s none here 1dda 3d } 96s a 1023 resse 30s a 35s Block [per lb.|Good ...|263 a 27s GUTTA PERCHA, genuine|¥ine clean Banj& Maca- (2s 6d a 3s 6 Sumatra...|Barky to fair (sar|8d a2s 6d Reboiled,../Common to fine clean .,./4d a 1s &d White Borneo _ ..,|Good to fine clean llda 1s 6d Inferior and barky 2d a 10d NUTMEGS, large, per Ib...|7’s a 80's, garbled ...|28 84d a 45 Medium _,,|83’S a 95’s 2s 6d a 2s 8d Small ...{L00’s a 160’s «.|28 1d a 28 5d. MACE, per lb. ..{Pale reddish to fine pale|2s 10d a 3s 3 Seam Sun dried, per lb. High dried ... SAGO, Pearl, large, ® ewt. medium .., small ay) Flour [per 1b, TAPIOCA, Penang Flake Singapore Flour Ordinary to fair Chips and dark Good to fine sound 5 Darkordinary & middling Good to fine Dark, rough & middlin Fair to fine ” g Good pinky to white ...|2s 3d a 2s 6d .-.[ls 10d a 2s 1 . {ls 4d a 4s ..(12s a 13s 6d [12s a 12s 6d .. (128 6d a 143s {123 a 13s 8d a1s 3d 83d a 11d Bda7d Pearl Fair to fine ... /22da 2d. ” ” ws |22G @ 23d - ” ”» (lds a 17s 6d Bullet, per cwt. (20s a 218 Medium 5 «(193 a 208 Seed » cB 19s a 203 COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES No. 11.}_ CoLoMBo, June 19, COLOMBO eee Mr. C. E. H. Symons ae EE up for sale at the Oham- ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 23rd May, the un- dermentioned lots of Tea (5,347 lb.), which sold as oe OF TEA. under:— Lot. Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb, c. 1 Nahalma 29 chests Pekoe 2755 50 2 Do 20 hi-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 960 64 bid 3 Do 11 chests Pekoe’ Sou 990 44 4 Do 5 hf-chs Congou 250 37 5 Do 7 do Pekoe Hans 350 36 6 F in square 1 do Pekoe 42 56 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Oham- ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 23rd May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (14,099 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No, per lb ¢, 2 Dens- worth 35 53 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2915 46 bid 2 Do 36 51 do Pekoe 2645 44 bid 3 Do 37 32 do Pekoe Sou 1680 941 | 4 Do 38 7 do Dust 525 20 Hooped. 5 R 39 7 do Beo Pekoe 350 36 6 Rk 40 5 chests Pekoe 215 42 78 41 17 boxes Pekoe Sou 289 46 Gross 25 lb. ; Nett 17 lb. 8 R 42 2 hf-chs Dust 120 Q1 (Bulked.) Hooped. Lavant 43 12 chests Bro Pekoe 1200 56 60 Do 44 21 do Pekoe 1680 50 11 Do 45 4 do do 320 12 Do 46 1 do Pekoe Sou 100 47 13 Do 47 1 do Dust 140 22 Hooped. 4 KOC 48 8 chests Bro Pekoe Sou 640 45 15 Do 49 2 do Bro Pekoe Dust 240 23 (Bulked.) Hooped. Ilse F 1040 46 bid 50 13 chests Pelkoe Mr, E. Joun put up for aie at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 28rd May, the under- mentioned lots of Tea (12,225 Ib. ve which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs. Description perlb. c. 1 Kadien- lena 113 5 chests Dust 625 21 2 Do 114 1 do Congou 115 31 3 Labu- gama 115 10 oe Bro Pekoe 400 63 4 Do 117 20 do Pekoe 800 49 bid 5 Do 119 3 do Bro Mixed 150 36 6 Do 120 1 do Pekoe Dust 50 25 7 Little Valley 121 8 do Bro Pekoe 440 63 bid 8 . Do 123 22 do Pekoe 1100 48 9 Rawreth 125 20 do Unassorted 1000 39 10 Do 127 2 do Bro Tea 100 19 11 Cocoa- watte 12818 do Unassorted 875 = 335 12 Do 130 6 do Pekoe 283 44 13 Do 131 3 do Bro Pekoe 145 65 14 Do 182 2 do Red Leaf 62 19 15 Do 1383 1 do Pekoe Dust 29 32 16 6Torring- ton 134 41 do Orange Pekoe 2050 = 65 17 Do 136 29 do Pekoe Sou 1458 48 18 Do 188 3 do Dust 240 24 19 Do 1389 1 do Congou 47-32 20 Monrovia 140 7 do Bro Pekoe 350» 47_ bid 21 Do 141 10 do Pekoe 460 43 22 Do 143 13 do Pekoe Sou 650 44 28 Do 145 4 do Bro Mixed 200 RY] 24 Do 146 2 do Dust 130 20 25 HMP 147 5 do Unassorted 237 38 1888. PrRicx :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee, Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oomimerce Sale-room today, 23rd May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (33,355 lb.), which sold as under :— a ne ed Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb. c¢ 1 Norton 140 4 hf-chs Pekoe Fans 200 21 ZEN 142 18 do Bro Pekoe 1080 58 3ON 144 9 do Pekoe 540 49 | 4 N 146 22 do Pekoe Sou 1320 43 5 N 148 1 do Congou 60 30 6 N 150 1 do Dust 76 20 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 7 Polata- gama 152 52 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2600 56 bid ie 220 154 57 do Pekoe 2565 48 bip 9 Do 156 25 do Pekoe Sou 1250 44 bid 10 Farnham 158 46 do Bro Orange Pekoe 2300 50 bid 11 Do 160 19 do Pekoe 950 47 vid 12 Do 162 12 do Pekoe Sou 540 43 ; 13 Do 164 4 do Fannings 200 35 {14 Do 166 1 do Congou 45 33 15 Do 168 1 do Bust 80 21 16 Middle- VW ton 170 30 do Bro Pekoe 1674 56 18 Do 172 43 do Pekoe 2150 45 19 Norton 17416 do Bro Pekoe 800 55 bid 20 Do 176 22 do Pekoe 1100 47 bid 21 Do 178 18 do Pekoe Sou 720 45 bid Gonde- nawa 18032 do Bro Pekoe 1600 65 22 Do 182 65 do Pekoe 2925 48 bid 23 Do 184 44 do Pekoe Sou 1980 41 bid 24 Do 186 7 do Unassorted 350 42 25 Do 188 9 do Bro Mixed 450 34 1 26 Do 190 4 do Dust 280 20 127 Clunes 192 8 do Bro Pekoe 480 52 bid | 28 Do 19414 do Pekoe 840 46 | 29 Do 196 13 do Pekoe Sou 780 42 30 Waraka- | wa 198 16 do Bro Pekoe 800. 60 (31 Do 200 12 do Pekoe 540 51 | 32 Do 202 9 do Bro Pekoe Sou 405 46 33 Agraoya 204 5 chests Bro Pekoe 500 58 bid 34 Do 206 8 do Pekoe 800 50 bid 35 Do 208 1 hf-cht Dust 60 24 36 GT W 210 1 do Pekoe 50 56 37 Do 212 1 do Bro Mixed 55 37 38 Do 214 2 do Dust 150 20 39 Agala- watte 216 1 do Pekoe 60 35 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 23rd May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (30,209 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weigot | No. No. Pkgs. Description. perlb, c¢. 1 Yalta 52 2 hf-chs Congou $8 39 2 Do 53 3 do Dust 216 42 3) Hoo 54 1 do Bro Pekoe 48 43 4 Do 55 1 do Pekoe 50 39 5 Do 56 2 do Souchong 97 34 “6 Do 57 1 do Congou 52 24 7 Do 58 1 do Red Leaf 49 19 8 Do 59 1 do Dust 77 19 {9 AE 60 3 do Pekoe Fans 180 \ 10 Do 61 9 do Fannings 540 11 Do 6211 do Dust 825 } not ard 12 Do 6424 do Congou 1080 13 Do 66 6 do Red Leaf 270 14 Orange Field 67 2 do Orange Pekoe 120. «(64 15 Do 68 19 do Unassorted 950 42 / 16 Do 70 2 do Congou 100 32 117 Do 71 1 do Dust 57 20 18 Lauder- : dale 7232 do Bro Pekoe 1920 62 bid 19 Do 74 33 do Pekoe 1650 §2 20 Do 76 21 do Pekoe Sou 1050 48 21 Do 78 2 Do Congou 100 31 22 Do 79 2 Be Dust 160 21 23 InvSy 8016 Bro Pekoe 880 74 bid 24 Do 82 14 Bnesia Pekoe 1260 62 did 5 Do 84 15 hf-chs Souchong 720 55 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. . Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No, » No. per lb c. 26 Ossing- ton 86 8 hf-chs BroPekoe 440 27 Do 87 12 do Pekoe 650 ratiard 28 Do 8912 do Pekoe Sou 533 : . 99 «=Do 91 1 do Congou 50 80° De 92 1 do Dust 33 $1 Lynd- hurst 93 3 chests 4 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 500 5) bid 32 #=Do 94 4 chests 4 hf-cbs Bro Pekoe 600 61 bid $3 Do 95 8 chests 9 hf-chs Pekoe 1105 50 64 Do 97 15 chests 17 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 2115 42 $5 L 99 2 chests Souchong 180 35 26 L 100 1 hf-cht Bulk 45 39 37 L 1 1 chest Fannings 100 30 2s L 251 ido Dust 132 - QT 39 «iL 8 1 box Red Leaf 20 28 40 Relugas 4 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 232 ~—-6T bid 41 Do 5 6 do Pekoe 300 54 42 De 6 18 chests Pekoe Sou 1480 8652 3 G 8 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 250 51 bid 44 G& 9.6 do Pekoe 300 45 bid 45 G 10 5 chests Pekoe Sou 400 45 44M K 11 6 do Bro Mixed 560 37 47 Do 12 2 do Dust 230 20 48 Wlehico 18 27 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1620 61 bid 49 Do 15 25 do Pekoe Sou 1500 46 50 Do 17 1 chest Dust 86 21 61 Wewesse 18 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 700 64 52 Do ‘20 26 do Pekoe Sou 1300 49 5B. CP 22 2 chests Pekoe 191 32 54 Do 23 1 do Souchong 98 24 55 Do 24 3 do Bro Tea 440 21 56 Forest Hill 25 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 480 58 bid 57 Do 26 12 chests Pekoe Sou 1080 47 58 JB 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 530 57 Mr. J. D. Rosinson put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 30th May, the under- mengioned lots of Tea (6,435 lb.), which sold as under :— ot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb. c. CD) Uy 45 53 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2915 47 2 Do 4751 do Pekoe 2645 44 3 CO 4918 do Unassorted 875 35 4 AA 50 4 chests Congou 320 30 5 Do 51 2 do Dust 260 16 6 Do 52 1 do Pekoe Dust 120 23 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce sale-room today, 30th May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,076 lb.), which sold as under :— j Lot Mark Box Weigh No No, Packages Description per lb. c. 1 Galla- watta 97 40 hf-chs Pekoe 1600 43 2 Do 99 17 do Bro Pekoe 765 50 bid 3 Do 1 8 do Dust 50 20 4 Nahalma 3 19 chests Pekoe 1805 52 5 Do 5 12 hf-che Bro Orange Pekoe 576 70 6 Do 7 8 chests Pekoe Sou 20 43 7 Do 9 3 hf-chs Congou 135 33 8 Do 11 5 do Pekoe Fans 225 35 Pamba- gama 13 2 chests Congou 200 35 Mz. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- merce Sale-room today, 30th May, the under- Mentioned lots of Tea (16,216 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb, c 1TF 147 2 chests Dust 194 19 2 Do 148 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 33 37 BOR 149 10 chests Souchong 1000 34 4 Do 151 5 do Dust 760 20 5 OL 152 1 do Pekoe 88 48 6 Albion 153 14 do Bro Pekoe 1400 84 7 Do 155 28 hf-chs Pekoe 1400 66 8 Do 157 23 do Pekoe Sou 1150 65 9 Do 159 3 do Dust 225 25 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 10 Cruden 160 19 hf-chs.Orange Peke 1140 86 bid ii Do 162 14 chests Pekoe ~ 1400 + 7@ 12 Do 164 26 do Pekoe 2600 59 bid 13 Do 166 4 do Bro Mixed 240 44 14 Do 167 2 do Dust 140 =. 28 15 Ivies 168 20 hf-chs Bro Pekov 1000 = 61 16 Do 170 30 do Pekoe 1200 52 17 Salem 171 20 do Orange Pekoe 760 60 18 Do 173 20 do Pekoe 800. 47 19 | Do 175 2 boxes Congou 36 = B80 20 Do 176 2 do Pekoe Dust 60 21 21 AU 177 13 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 650 «44 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for saleat the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 30th Ma the undermentioned lots of Tea (18,8, 1b.), which} sold as under :— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. Weight No No. perlb. c. 1A E 29 3 hf-chs Pekoe Fans 180 89.25 2 Do 30 9 do Fannings 546 25 3 Do 31 11 do Dust 825 17 4 Do 33 24 do Congou 1080 33 5 Do 385 6 do Red Leaf 270 22 6 Ossing- ton 86 8 do Bro Pekoe 440 51 bid 7 Do 37 13 do Pekoe 650 7 8 Do 39 12 do Pekoe Sou ; 533 45 9 Do 41 1 do Congou 50 25 10 Do 42 1 chest Dust 83 18 11 Mincin Lane 4315 do 1 hf-ch Bro Pekoe 1550 74 12 Do 45 15 chests Pekoe 1500 54 13 Do 4715 do Pekoe Sou 1500 50 14 Blair- avon 49335 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2100 = 42 bid 15 Da 5117 do Pekoe 850 16 Do 53 36 do Pekoe Sou 1800 45 17 Do 55 6 do Souchong 300 38 18 Do 56 6 do Bro Tea 480 1 19 Kurulu- galla 57 6 do Bro Pekoe 290 62 20 Do 58 3 do Pekoe 150 46 bid 21 Do 5910 de Pekoe Sou 500 45 22 Do 61 1 chest Dust 75 22 23 Cooda- gama 62 5 hf-ehs Unassorted 250 41 24 Do 63 6 do Congou , 3800 30 25 Do 64 1 chests Red Deaf 1000 = 23 26 Do 65 3 do Dust 210 20 27 Hunou- : gaila 66 8 hf-chs Souchong 400 . 37 28 67. 3 do Unassorted 165 46 29 L H 68 7 pkgs Orange Pekoe 500 «62 30 EH 69 9 hf-chs Bro Mixed ~ 630 28 81 Laxapana- galla 70 6 do Red Leaf 3866. 22 82. Fried- land 71 5 do Souchong 220 36 Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 30th May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (32,669 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1 Maka- tenne 218 3 chests Souchong 270) 3 2 Do 220 6 ‘do Dust 450 21 3 FFB 22288 do Souchong 2520 40 4 Do 224 1 hf-chs Dust 60 16 5 Do 226 2 do do. f 146 20 6 Citrus 228 8 do Bro Pekoe 150 7 Do 230 7 do Pekoe 850 8 Do 232.13 do Pekoe Sou 650] 9 »: Do 234 3 do do. 150 not ard, 10 Do 236 2 do Souchong 100 ll : (Do 238 1 do Congou 50 12, _ Do 240 2 do Bro Mixed 100 13 Latmaha- ra 242 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 es 14 Do 244 4 do Pekoe 200 15 Glener- CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. per!b, chy 246 33 do Bro Pekoe 1815 04 16 Do 248 138 do Pekoe 650 57 17 Do 250 27 do Pekoe Sou 1350 48 18 Do 252 4 do Dust 250 20 19 Holm- wood 254 26 do Bro Pekoe 1170 53 bid 20 Do 256 26 do Pekoe 1170 48 bid al Do 258 13 chests Pekoe Sou 1285 45 22 Theber ) ton 260 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 900 53 Do 262 33 do Pekoe 1650 } not ard. 24 Do 264 28 do Bro Pekoe Sou 1400 25 Do 266 16 do Pekoe Dust 800 26S C 268 4 do Pekoe Sou 200 4) 27 Do 270 1 do Dust 60 25 $8 Attabage 272 12 chests Bro Pekoc 108066 29 Do 274 381 do Pekoe 2635 55 20 Do 276 31 de Pekoe Sou 2790 46 3 Do 278 2 do Dust 280 22 32 G 280 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 50 42 83 G 282 2 do Dust 140 23 84 Meddecom- bera 284 1 chest Bro Pekoe 86 61 25 Do 286 1 do Pekoe Sou 85 43 36 -Poopras- sie 288 5 do Bro Orange Pekoe 450 76 87 Do 290 14 do Bro Pekoe 1260 65 Biel Do 292 25 do Pekoe 2000 57 $9 Do 294 45 do Pekoe Sou 3600 51 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON LANE. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 11th May 1888:— Ex ‘‘Indus”—Warleigh, le 101s 6d; 5¢ 893 6d; 5e¢ 75s; 2c 78s; 1c 72s; 2c 1t 92s. Ex “Oapella”—Wangie Oya, 1t 99s; 3c 1t 89s; 2e 1t 76s 6d; 2c 74s; 2c 88s 6d. Denegama, le 81s; 1t 74s; 1b 68s; 1b 83s; 1b 92s 6d. Ex “Sarpedon”—Theresia, 1c 100s; 5c 88s 6d. 1c 1t 76s; Se 76s; 6c 73s; 2c 1t 87s. Hx “Rome”—'Theresia, 1c 101s; 5c 90s; 7e 77s; Ic 1t 738 6d; 2c 87s. Ex “TIndus”—Strathspey, lb 983; le 2t 84s 6d; 5c it 75s 6d; 2c 73s 6d; 1c 86s. Brownlow, 2c 88s; 4c 77s; 1c 738; 1t87s;1b 103s. Mahanilu, 1t 73s 6d; 1t 86s; 2t 87s; 2c 1t 75s 6d. Ex “Glenavon’—Arnhall, 1b 85s; 1c 1b 79s 6d; 2c 72s 6d; 1b 65s; 1b 82s; 1b 63s 6d. Ampittia- kande, 1b 88s; le 80s; 3c 768; 1b 60s; 1b 84s; 1b 638 6d. Ex ‘‘Valetta’’—Del Rey, 1c 102s; 5c 93s; 1c¢ 1b 92s 6d; 12c 77s; 3c 89s 6d. Ex “Rohilla”—-Del Rey, 1b 73s; 1c 1t 70s; 1b 82s, Ex “Sarpedon’’—Holmwood, 12c 73s. Ex “Bulimba”—Wattegodde, 1b 2c 70s; it 67s; lb 78s. Ex ‘India”—Kew, 2b 3c 76s 6d; lc ib 688 64; 1b 78s. ; Ue wee boron aE oyston, le 80s; 2c 1t 748; 1t 65s; t 80s. Ex “Sarpedon”—Kadienlena, 1b 95s; 2c 86s 6d; 6c; 1b 75s; 1t 70s 6d; le 85s. zi Ex “Dorunda’’—Sutton, 2c 1b 96s 6d; 9¢ 79s; 10¢ 74s. le 685; 2c 87s 6d; 1b 79s. Ex “‘Benartney’’—Moonerakande, 2c 1t 71s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Manora”—Gampsha, 2c 76s 6c; 1t 70s. Ex “‘India”—Ampittiakande X, 4c 76s. Ex “Ningchow”—Suduganga, 1b 758; le 1b 74s; 2c 1t lb 72s 6d; 1t 65s; 1t 77s. Ex “‘Gleneagles”—Gleneagles, 1b 79s; 1c 78s; 3c 77s; ib 67s; 1 86s. Ex “Persis”’—Suduganga, 1b 74s; 1b 69s; 1b 82s, Ex “Glenorchy’—Kirklees, 1b 81s; 1t Ib 79s; Bc 1t 76s; 1t 1b 69s 6d; 2b 82s 6d. Gampaba, 2c 86s; be 778 6d; le 16 77s; 3c 1b 70s 6d; le 1b 84s 6d. Dam- lb 74s 6d; 1t 668; 1b 79s. meria, 1b 83s; 1¢ 1b 77s 6d; 3c : 763 6d; 2c 72s; 1c 84s; 6e Gleneagles, lc 1b 868 6d; 5e 67s; le 1b 768 6a. Ex “Glenavon”—Abercairney, 1t 825; 2v 743 6d; 1b 69s; 1b 88s; 1b 75s. Ex “India”—Kuruwitte, 1b 80s; 2c 1t 74s 6d; le 69s; 1b 80s. Ex “Indus”—Halloowella, 1b 925; 4¢ 85s Gd: 8e 76s; 2c 74s, 1c it 85s Ga, Hx “India”—Bilbedde X, Ib 84s; 14 1c 82s: 1b 718 6d; lb 1c 838s; 1b 76s. Ex ‘‘Roumania”—Moonerakanda, 3c 72s: lc 68s; 1c 83s. Dambatenne, 3c 1b 78s 6d; 6c 73s; 2t le 686 Gd; le 1t 83s 6d. Laymastota, le 1b 81s;. 2c 78s 6d; 3c 735; ie 68s; le 838. Ex “Palamed”—Dalguige, 1t 86s; 3c 1b 76s; ic 1b 70s 6d; 1b 84s. Ex “India’’—Udahena, 1t 77s; 4c 1b 71s 60; 1c 1b 66s; 1b 81s. Ex ‘‘Sarpedon”—Ferham, 1b 87s; 2c 82s; 8c 1b 74s; 2c 73s; 2c Sls. BBWG, 1b 84s; 2c 1b 80s; 5c 1t 72s; le 65s; 1c 1b 81s. Bunyan, 1b 66; 1c 82s. Mocha, 1b 89s; 2c 1t 885; 5c 75s 6d; 2c¢ 76s; Ic 69s 6d; 1e 85s. Richlands O, 1c 83s; le 74s; 1b 66s. Ex “Bulimba”—Walton, 1b 78s; 4c 77s; 12c 2t 72s; 6c Bt 69s 61; 1c 1t 1b 82s 6d. Ex ‘‘Indus’—Troup, 1b 94s; 2c 1t 89s 6d; 6c 77s; 2c 73s] 2t le 87s. Ex ‘“Sarpedon’”—Nawanagalla, Ic 83s; le 75s; 1b 67s 6d; 1b 82s. Macduff, 2c 1b 86s; 5c 74s 61; 3c 1t 74s le 85s. Meddecombra, lb 86s; 6c 1t 82s 6d; 9c 75s 6d; 5e 1b 72s; 2c 1t 88s 6d. FSD, 30 bags 74s; 16 Lags 69s; 11 bags 66s 6d; 6 bags 69s 6d. Ex “‘Bulimba”—Liberia XX, 20 bags 74s 6d; 20 bags ti 20 bags 75s; .13 bags 75s 6d; 8 bags 65s 6d; 11 bags s 6d. 5c 74a;: Ie Ex “India”—Loinorn, 1b 79s; 4¢ 72s 6d; 1t 84s. Dotalla, 1c 79s; 1c 1b 71s 6d; 1b 68s; lb 86s. Non- pareil, 1b 86s; 1c 79s; 3c 78s; 1b 67s 6d; 1b 85s. Kon- deselle (OBEO), 7 bags 63s 6d; 3 bags 63s 6d. Kuru- witta, 1b 80s; 2c 1t 74s 6d; le 69s; 1b 80s. Edinburgh, 2c 1b 77s 6d; 3c 1b 74s 6d. Gallebodde, 1c 1b 69s. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 18th May 1888 :— Ex “India’ —Bogawanne, 1t 90s; 4c 82s 6d; 6c 75s 6a: le 69s 6d; 1c 1b 85s. Ex “Roumania’’—Moonerakanda, le 80s. Ex “India’’—Rathnillokelle, 2b 71s; 1b 75s. 1b 73s; le 1b 70s; 1t 66s; 1b 81s. Ouvah GA, Ie 1b 79s 6d; 4c 1b 73s 6d; 1t 66s 6d; 1b 82s; 1t 81s. Beredewelle, 1) 69s; 1t 66s; 1b 64s; 1b 71s. Haputale, 1b 70s; 2c 69s; 1t 65s; 1b 78s. Ex “‘Capella”—Mausagalla, 1b 88s; 2c 88s; 3¢ 79s; Ie 703 6d; lc 87s. Ex ‘“Vesta”—Middleton. Dimbula, 1b 94s; 9c 81s 6d; 3c 1b 748 6d; 2c 85s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Roumania”—Gorthie, 1c 97s; 4c 1t 92s 6d; 5¢ 1b 77s 6d: 1c 725; 1c 1t 87s 6d. Ex ‘‘Sarpedon’”’—Grange (FHP), 2c 81s; 1¢ 79s; 1b 68s; 1b 77s. Ex“‘India”—Tynan, 2b 70s; 1b 65s, Ex ‘‘Dardanus’”—(AOW), 1c 1t 84s 6d. Ex “‘Benlawers’—(AOW), 7c 81s. Ex “Ningchow”’—Vernon (AOW), ic 1b 95s 6d; 4c 90s 6d; 5¢ 778 6d; 2c 1t 77s 6d; ic 70s; le 1t 1b 87s 6d; le 93s. Ex ‘‘India’’—Sheen, 1b 84s; le 1t 82s; 5¢ 74s 6d; 1t 69s 6d; le 79s. PDO, 1b 86s; 2c 1b 88s 6d; 6c 74s 6d; le 69s 6d; 1c 1b82s. Ouregalla, 1b 1c 76s 6d; 1c 70s; 1b 62s; 1b 78s. Ex “Sarpedon”—Norwood, 1b 90s; 3c 1b 84s 6d; 5c 75s; 3c 76s; 5ce 73s; 2c 84s. Ex “Glenavon’’—lIona, 1b 86s; 3c 1b 84s 6d; 6c 75s 6d; 2elt 72s; le 1b 8ls. Ex “Sarpedon”—Belgravia, 23c 77s; 3¢1b 71s 6d; 2c 1b 89s 6d; 8c 1b 85s 6d. Ex “Vega”—Dunsinane, le 96s; 6c 1t 90s; 10c 768; 2c 71s. 2c 85s 6d, Ragalla. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ex “India’—Venture, le 75s; 3c 703 6d; 1t 63s 6d’ ~ a dis Glenugie, 1b 95s; Ic 1t 899;3c 1b 77s, 1c 70s Mark Nate a Root aCe ae Stem ‘ Ex “Rohilla”—Venture, 21c 76s. Bedde 7 Ex “Bulimba”—Adam’s Peak, 1t 81s; le 1b 74s; 1t Dovedale. Pio Sih 7h 84 1b 69s 6d; 1b 81s. 8t. Leonards 23d Be 6d to 63d Ex “Anchises”—Yihanside, 1e 86s; 2c 76s; 1t 70s 6d; Pape 5 5d 7k xls 1t 85s. Oddington, lc lis 753; 1c 72s; 1b 80s; 3c 76s | 7 y’ fe diamond, i c. 6d; lc lb 73s 6d; 26 843, Morar, 1b 100s; 1c 88s; 1c 1t Rangbodde 4a rps ‘| a od 77s; 1b 72s; 1b 1c 84s, Gracelyn 73d 9a Ex “Palamed’—Venture, 5c 1b 84s 6d. Campion 5kd a Ex “Bulimba”—Forres, 1b 90s; le 1t 81s 6d; 4c 1 | The Park 3d sed. Sid to 9d 75s; le 1b 70s; le 85s. see Ex “Voga”—Kirimeitia, 4 bags 60s; 1 bag 50s. 4T, Mincing Lane, May 25th, 1888. Kumaradola, 4 bags 50s. Bulatwatte, 3 bags 46s. SucoruBRA Ex ‘“‘Rewa”’—Victoria, 63 bags 82s, : : Ex “Capella”—Hylton, 12 bags 93s; 6 bags 83s; 2 Mark Natural Renewed Root -bags 78s. Stem Ex “Glenavon”—Kobanella, 2 boxes1s 5d; 8 boxes | St. Andrews 3d 31d to 5d wd 1s 6d; 2 boxes 1s 74; 1 box 1s 3d; 3 boxes 114d; lbox | ROPindiamond 32d . 5d 2d 1s 6d; 1 box 1s 3d; 1 bag 1s; 1 bag 1s 5d. Hatale © Bs 5d saa Ex “Strauss”---J NOC, 1 box 1s 6d; 3 boxes 1s 6d; 1 | Nugawella 3d 4d 2a box 1s 8d; 2 boxes 1s4d; 4 boxes 1s 2d; 1 box 1s 1d. Agra Ouvah 24d to 4d 5d to 54d i Ex “India”—Maousava, 3 cases 1s 7d; 4 cases 1s 3d; | Dunbar mis oe 44d to Bd 1 casels. Galaha, 8 cases 1s 10d; 7 cases 184d; 4 cases | Ancoombra 33 42d to 5d 3d to 32a Is; 3: cases 1s 1d. Attabage 2a oes i Ex “Sarpedon”—Gavatonne, 3 cases ls 5d; 3cases 1s | MK in diamond 3d TF 3a 4d. Hattanwella, 5 cases 1s 1d; 1 case 11d; 1 bag 2d. Wiharagalla 23d to 3d 34d i GH 3d to 33d oe 3kd to 44 Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in | Batgodde 33d to 4d 55d ae Mincing Lane up to 25th May 1888 :— Gavatenne éd 5 = Ex “Sarpedon”—Ooslanda, 1b 82s; 1c 1b 77s 6d; 2c | NJRin diamond 2d 53d to 6d 33d 42s 6d; 1b 57s; 1b 74s. Bridwell, 6c 69s 6d; 1c 1b 60s; | New Peacock 34d to 5d 6d an le 1b 68s;ic 16 74s. Bunyan, 1c 84s; 2c 16 77s. PFH,K in dia. 3d 6d 3d Ex “indus’”—Needwood, le 838; 2c 1b 77s; lc 71s; | Mattakelle 4d ue 4d 1b 84s. Fermoyle, le 833; 2c 1b 77s 6d; 1t 703 6d; 1b | Gallamudina 33d to 53d 83d a -$3s; 1690s. Harrington, 1b 73s; 1b 85s; 6b 64s 6d; le | Roeberry con 84d a 1b 78s 6d, Tulloes 24d 5s 32d Ex “Valetta”—Kotiyagalla, 2c 84s 64; 5c 1t 77s; le | Palmerston 3d 64d to 7d 5d to 6d 753; Ie 85s; 1c 1t 69s 6d. Needwood 23d 4d A Ex “Ballaarat’—Kotiyagalla, 1c 1t 91s; 4c 77s 6d; | St. George, 2c 1t 75s; le 91s 6d; 1c 1b 69s 6d. Hybrid 0 9d to 94d tr Ex “Anchises”—Galgawatte, 1b 92s; 1t 88s; le 79s; 1b | Choisy 24 ree 3d 70s 6d; 1b90s; 1b 65s 64. Rolleston 3d” 5d to 54d 24d Ex “Vega”’—Seaton, 1c 1t 68s; 1t 76s; 16 60s. Ellagalla 4d to 5d 53d tse Ex “Goorkha”—Oavahkellie, 1b 783; 1c 1b 75s 6d; 1¢ | Hoonoo Cotua 23d 3d 3kd to 4d 1b 72s; 1b 82s. Henewelle 2d to 24d 2d 24d to 2d Ex “Roumania”—(W HGP), le 1t68s. Dambatenne, OEYLON. 2c 823 6d. d : ; OFFICINALIS, Sales few on account of Whitsuntide holidays. Dambagastalawa ... ad AS sesee ees Dovedale 4d to 6d 94d Ne, He a CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. | Mithscudagalla 3d to Sid ret eer ie Ragalla 2d to 34d 53d oe 41, Mincine Lang, May 11th 1888. | Witaragalla 53d 10d a ‘ f Braemore 34d 8d 9d SUCCES IGE Gdto6sd Is2dtois3d lid Mark. Naina Renewed. Root. Tulloes i hee 10d to 104d Stem. - E H, Kin diamond 33d to 4d 6d Coney soe tan mud eed ad Bowlana 2d 23d d eed woo! Ore) 54 Hatale op 444 2d to gap | Staftord 4d 4 on ST & LC, Aindiamond 23dto3}d 5d to 74d ne St. George 3kd to 6d 64d to 7d se OG 3d 8d to 54d 2d . Nugagalla aad to 43d 34d oe —————————— Campden Hill a OO oe ~ | CRYLON COCOA SALES IN: LONDON. Nilambe 13d to 23d 33d 4d 3 pees . Rosalie 37d 3h os (From Our Mincing Lane Correspondent.) New Peacock 384d to 4d 4d to 44d bio ; M 11th, 1888 ae Ba to did i 4d to 43d | Lonpon, May , ) in ‘ ts 7 San % cA | Ex “Rewa’’—Victoria, 63 bags 82s. $36: 2 Do Ledger 10d i lid Ex “Capella’—Hylton, 12 bags 93s; 6 bags ‘2s; Vedehette aa 9 4d ‘bags 72s. Eeebevaee ; Bo ot “ Tx “Pioneer’”—Suduganga, 40 bags 72s; 11 bage bbe; Freshwater, Hybrid 43d BAS re : d:1 bag 678 Waitalawa 34 Akd 3d 7 bags 728 6d; bag 678. plas -Gailamudina 3d to 3ia = a Ex “Dardanus”—Rajawelle, 21 bags 70s 6d. Mattakellie ay ; 5d Ex “‘Indus”—Delgolla, 5 bags &7s; 1 bag 598. Dotel Oya aad 16 3d to 34d} Ex “Jumna”—GW, 21 bags 86s 6d; 2 bags Sta; 20 Pen-y-lan a MP bad ses bags 72s 6d. 2 bags 66s; 2 bags 28s 6d. Ellagalla 24 to 5d 5d 2kd Ex “Glenavon”—GW, 14 bags 868.60; 8 bage 74s. LT, neem “ CEYLON OBSERVER”? PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. I No. 12.] OF TEA. COLOMBO SALES Messrs. J.D. Roginson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 6th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,741 Ib.), which sold as under :— (Factory Bulked.) Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c Dee 35 11 hf-chs Pekoe Fans 605 29 bid 2 Do 36 1 do Bro Mixed 51 22 bid 3 Do 87 3 do Dust 255 18 (Bulked.) 4 Lavant 38 18 chests Pekoe 1440 52 5 Do 39 1 do Pekoe Sou 100 40 6 Do 40 1 do Dust 140 22 7A 41 3 hf-chs Bro Mixed 150 29 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (11,491 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1 Nahalma 15 13 chests Pekoe 1800 53 2 Do 17 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 450 13 3 Do 19 7 chests Pekoe Sou 700 41 bid 4 Do 21 3 hf-chs Congou 150 33 5 Bo 23 4 do Pekoe Fans 200 33 6 H 25 4 do Bro Mixed 272 25 bid 7 Kenning- | ton 27 6 do Pekoe Fans 300 32 8 MM 29 32 chests Pekoe 2880 5d | 9 Do 31 50 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2500 62 bid | 10 Mousa Ella 83 24 do Pekoe 1200 49 li Do 35 19 do Bro Pekoe 1064 50. 12 Do Sif) 2b ce@ Dust 15 20 13 MW 39 6 do Pekoe Sou 300 47 14s 41 1 chest Bro Mixed 100 36 Mr. EH. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber | of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th June, the | undermentioned lots of Tea (12,2991b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb c. LNs 178 3 hf-chs Unassorted 145 3 2 Do 179 3 do Dust 203 20 3 Do 180 1 do Red Leaf 33 24 4 Panapit- : tiya 181 3 do Bro Pekoe 163 52 ) Do 182 10 do Pekoe 490 46 6 Do 184 2 do Pekoe Dust 104 26 7 KEN 18 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 45 bid 8 Little f Valley 186 7 do Bro P®koe 385 6 9 Do 187 25 do Pekoe 1250 53 10 Do 189 2 do Congou 10035 11 Do 190 1 do Dust 80 = 20 12 St. Clair 191 33 boxes Bro Pekoe 660 77 Under 28 lb, Gross. 13 Do 193 18 chests Pekoe 1620 85 14 Do 195 15 do do 1350 60 15 Do 197 13 do Pekoe Sou 975 49 146 6D 199 2 do Bro Mixed 20031 Torring- ton 200 22 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 1210 69 18 Do 1218 do Pekoe Sou 900 53 19 Kanan- gama 14 12 chests Bro Mixed 1200 24 bid 2 6BR 16 1 hf-cht Congou 2 99 21 Ives 17, 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 68 22 De 1917 do Pekoe $50 «54 CoLtomBo, July 2, 1888. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,395 lb.). which sold as under :— Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. LY DAG 72 2 hf-chs Bro Mixed 100 38 2 DBG 73 6 do do 270 38 3 GB 74 10 chests Bro Tea 1000 31 4 C 76 6 do do 600 27 5 CO 77 2 do Dust 280 20 6 CTM 78 38hf-chs_ do 195 20 7 Do 79 3 do Souchong 150 44 Sear 80 12 do Pekoe 600 45 9 Do 8216 do Pekoe Sou 800 47 10 SP 84 2 chests 1 hf-cht Pekoe 233 40 Ve Lae G. 85 5 do Red Leaf 275 21 LZ P. 86 6 do Congou 300 23 163 32 87 3 do Red Leaf 162 21 14 O 88 8 do Bro Pekoe 440 48 15 LB K_ 89 6 chests Dust 900 a1 16 Lauder- dale 90 52 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 3120) 17 Do 92 66 do Pekoe 3300 | 8 Do 9416 do ql 4 chests Pekoe Sou 1200 19 Do 96 5 hf-chs Congou 250 20 Do 97 5 do Dust 400 21 Kuru- not witfe 98 3 boxes Orange Pekoe 60 f arrived 22 Do 99. 1 chest Flowery Orange Pek 75 23 Do 100 7 hf-chs Bro Pekoe p00 24 Do 120 do Pekoe Sou 1000 25 Do 3 4 do Bro Tea 208 26 Do 4 1 do Congou 50; 27 Do 5 1 chest Dust 17) 28 Laxapana- galla 12 do do 840 = 21 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 6th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,352 lb.), which sold ag under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. perib. cc. 1 Citrus 2 2-hf-chs Bro Mixed 100 24 2 Do 4 1 do Congou 50 24 3 Do 6 2 do Souchong 100 33 4 Do 8 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 38 5 Do 10 13 do do 650 40 6 Do 125 do Pekoe 250 49 vi Do 14 3 do Bro Pekoe 150 16 8 Ratmaha- ra Wiemedpen do, do 350 53 9 Do 18 4 do Pekoe 200 47 10 C B 20 6 do Congou 360 43 11 Do 22 2 do Bro Mixed 120 34 12. Do 24 3 do Dust 240 92 13. Mukel- : oya 26 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 65 14 Do 28 8 do Pekoe 400 61 15 Do 3015 do Pekoe Sou 750 53 16 Esperan- za 82 8 do Bro Orange Pekoe 400 7 17 Do 34 26 do Pekoe 1300 58 18 Walla Valley 386 18 chests Bro Pekoe 1710 61 19 Do 38 21 do Pekoe 1995 52 20 Farnham 40 20 hf-chs' do 1000 56 21 Lyegrove 42 6 do Bro Pekoe 300 51 bid 22 Do 44 8 do Pekoe 400 46 23 MKC 46 1 do Bro Pekoe 56 47 24 Do 48 1 do Pekoe 47 41 25 Do 50 1 chest Pekoe Sou 83 40 26 Do 52 1 do Fannings 85 30 27 Do 54 2 do Dust 306 withd’n: The Yatideriya Tea Co., Limited. 28 Polata- mi ted gama 56 33 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1650 70 29 Do 58 43 do Pekoe 1985 58 30 Do 6017 do Pekoe Sou 765 47 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mr. J. D. Rosinson put up for sale at the ‘Obamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 13th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (8,624 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ec. In A Andrew’s patent metal packages. 1A 35 2 chests 1 hf-chs Bro Mixed 248 out 2A 86 2 chests Bro Pekoe 211 do 3 Dens- worth 37 42 hf-chs do 2175 48 4 Do 38 41 do Pekoe 1945 45 5 ANI 39 11 chests Souchong 990 6 Do 40 2 do Dust 220 | not ard, 7 Do 41 1 do Fannings 115 (Bulked.) 8 Amba- : tenne 42 13 chests Pekoe 1300 67 9 ° 43.17 do Pekoe Sou 1360 46 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the ‘Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (5,134 lb.), which sold ap under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb, c 1 Nahalma 43 19 chests Pekoe 1900 2 Do 45 8 hf-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 400 3 Do 47 6 chests Pekoe Sou 600 not 4 Do 49 3 hf-chs Congou 150 [ arrived 5 Do 51 7 do Dust 420 6 Do 53 5 do Fannings 240 7 DE 55 4 do 1 box Pekoe 200 47 8 Do 57 2 pkgs Souchong 70 36 9 GSM 59 1 hf-chs Unassorted 68 30 10 EGK 6117 do Bro Pekoe 765 42 bid 11 W 63 2 chests Pekoe 171 51 12 W 65 1 do 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 150 32 13 Pamba- gama 20 do Dust 1200 «21 Mr. E. JouN put up for Sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today; 13th June, the under- mentioned lots of Tea (23,864 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description per lb. cc. 12L 21 9 hf-chs Congou 450 34 24L 22 3 do ust 225 19 3 L 23 2 do Red Geaf 70 15 4™MR 24 4 chests Congou 372 39 5 Do 25 2 do Bro Mixed 924 30 6 Do 26 1 do Red Leaf 94 26 7 Do 27 1 do Dust 125 19 & Agra Oya 29 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 540 46 bid 9 Do 31 24 do Pekoe 1344. 46 10 Do 33 13 do Pekoe Sou 728 45 11 Do 35 2 do Dust 178 18 12 Do 36 1 do Red Leaf 57 20 13 Comer 37 9 do Pekoe 450 46 14 Do 39 13 do Bro Pekoe 650 50 bid 15 Do 4115 do Pekoe Sou 750 42 16 Do 43 7 do Bro Mixed 350 29 17 Do 44 2 do Dust 120 20 18 Kadien- lena 45 81 do Bro Pekoe 4050 59 19 Do 45 13 cheste do 1300 59 20 Black- * burn 47 20 do do 2000 47 bid 21 Do 4917 do Pekoe 1530 4 22 Do 51 20 do Pekoe Sou 1800 43 23 Do 53 4 do Souchong 400 30 24 Do 54 2 do Dust 280 18 25 & 55 4 hf-chs Souchong 200 38 26 G 56 3 do Dust 150 23 27 RES 57 2 chests Bro Mixed 200 19 28 Do 58 1 do Souchong 90 30 29 Do 59 2 do Dust 290 18 30 Sher- dale 60 7 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 312 58 31 Do 6118 do Pekoe Sou 540 944 32 Ugieside63 12 do Bro Pekoe 600 66 33 Do 65 24 do Pekoe 1200 49 3 Do 67 33 do Pekoe Sou 1650 45 35 Do 69 4 do Dust 280 24 3 Do 70 6 do Congou 275 24 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (20,1681b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb- c, Wy 13. 7 1 hf-cht Pekoe Sou 60 40 28h 8 1 do Bro Mixed 50 36 3 8B 9 1 chest Dust 70 21 fy Tle 10 6 do Bro Tea 600 25 5 Leanga- pella 11 3 hf-chs do 150 16 6 Dambela- galla 12 3 do Dust 150. 2 7 Brae 13 23 do Bro Pekoe 1150 72 bid 8 Do 15 30 do Pekoe 1500 56 bid 9 Do 17 24 do Pekoe Sou 1200 52 10 BR 19 3 do Mixed 150.3 il Do 20 2 do Bro Mixed 92 33 12 Do 21 2 do Pekoe Dust 98 21 13 Do 22 1 do Pekoe Fans 53 36 14 Do 23 1 do Congou 45 37 15 Mincing Lane 24 15 chests Bro Pekoe 1500 out 16 Do 2615 do Pekoe 1350 53 17 Do 2812 do Pekoe Sou 1200 46 bid 18 Horagas- kelle 34 2 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 120 57 19 Do 35 4 do Pekoe 200 51 20 Do 36 7 do Pekoe Sou 340 42 21 Lauder- dale 37 30 do Bro Pekoe 1800 51 bid 22 Do 38 22 do + do 1320 23. Do 39 33 do Pekoe 1650 48 bia 24 Do 4033 do do 1650 ; 25 Do 4116 do : 4 chests Pekoe Sou 1200 44 bid 26 Do 43 5 hf-chs Congou 250 32 27 Do 44 5 chests Dust 400 19 28 Kuru- witte 45 3 boxes Fiowery Orange Pekoe 60 1°36 92 Do 46 1 chests Bro Orange Pekoe 75 74 40 Do 47 7 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 350 73 31 Do 48 20 do Pekoe Sou 1000 45 32 Do 50 4 do Bro Tea 208 38 33 Do 51 1 do Congou 50 33 34 Do 52 1 chest Dust 17 29 Messrs, Forses & WALKER put up for saleat the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 13th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,228 Jb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. Description per Ib. cc. 1 BGA 62 2 chests Pekoe Sou 180 41 2 Kirimet- tia 64 16 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 500 not 3 Do 6612 do Pekoe 600 ( arrived 4 Do 68 10 do Souchoung 500 5 Park 70 7 chests 1 hf-chs Pekoe 933 41 bid Do 72 1 do do No.2 125 39 bid 7 Do 74 9 do Pekoe Sou 1072 42 8 Do 76 1chest Dust 185 20 9 HS 84 3 do Pekoe 270 51 10 Do 86 7 do Pekoe Sou No, 2 630 34 ll Do 88 5 do Pekoe 450 «47 12 Avisa- wella 90 4 do Fannings 400 13 Do 92 2 hf-chs Unassorted 90 44 14CH 94 3 do Bro Pekoe 150 33 15 Do 96 3 do Pekoe 135 38 16 Do 98 2 do Pekoe Sou 100 - 33 17 Do 99 1 do do 50 25 18 Middle- ton 100 24 do Bro Pekoe 1344 58 19 Do 10233 do Pekoe 1650 46 20 Do 104 2 do Dust 150 20 21 Galbod- da 106 8 do Bro Pekoe 443 22 Do 108 24 do Pekoe 1090 23 Do 110 2 do Dust 124 24 Do 112 3 do Congou 165 25 Nilam- be 114 1 chest Bro Pekoe 85 26 B 116 18 hf-chs Pekoe 1080 27 B 118 30 do Pekoe Sou 1500 28 3B 120 1 chest Dust 80 29 Waver- ley 122 52 hf-chs Bro Pekoe » 3380 30 Do 124 45 chests Pekoe 4500 81 WHSA126 2 do Bro Mixed 226 32 Do 128 1 do Dust 147 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. perlb. c. 33 Clunes 130 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 480 50 34 Do 13216 do Pekoe 960 40 35 Do 1384 8 do Pekoe Sou 480 35 36 Do 13631 do Bro Mixed 2015 27 37 ~Ekol- sund 138 8 chests Bro Pekoe 840 2 38 Do 14031 do Pekoe 3100 47 39 Do 142 1 do Pekoe Sou 100 37 Mr. J. D. Rogixson put up forsale at the Oham- ber of Commerce Sale-room, today 20th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (1, ou lb.), which sold ag under :— (Bulked.) Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ¢. 1 ANI 39 11 chests Souchong 990 §=6. 0 2 Do 40 1 do Fannigs 115 27 3 Do 41 2 do Dust 280 16 (Bulked.) 4 Amba- tenne 42 5 chests Bro Tea 500 35 5 K 43 1 hf-cht Pekoe Sou 56 35 Mr. E. JouN put up for sale at the Chamber ‘of Commerce Sale-room, today 20th June, the un- dermentioned lots of Tea (36,669 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description per lb. c. 1G 71 1 chest Bro Tea 112 38 2G 72 1.do Congou 100) 37 3. G 73 4 hf-chs Dust 300 822 4 Le Val- lon 74 2 chests do 245 20 5 K PE 75 9 hf-chs Souchong 450 37 6 Do 76 9 do Congou 450 31 i Do Uh eae) Dust 322 19 8 Temple- stowe 78 8 do Bro Mixed ss} not ard, 9 Do 79 6 do Dust 480 10 Fordyce 8015 do Bro Pekoe 900 66 bid iW Do 82 25 chests Pekoe 2375 50 bid 12 Do 84 20 do Pekoe Sou 2200 42 13. Lorne 86 31 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1860 58 14 Do 88 47 do Pekoe 2350 46 15 Do 90 33 do Pekoe Sou 1650 44 16 Torring- ton 92 32 do Orange Pekoe 1760 52 bid 17 Do 94 28 do Pekoe Sou 1400 45 is JT 97 8 boxes Unassorted 40 40 19 Kadien- lena 98 30 chests Pekoe 2550 4 20 Do 98 28 do do 2380 46 bid 21 Do 100 30 do Pekoe Sou 2550 42 22 Clontarf 102 11 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 550 48 23 Do 104 16 do Rro Pekoe 880 67 24 Do 106 12 chests Pekoe 1080 44 bid 25 Chertsey 108 16 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 720 45 bid 26 Do 110 37 do Pekoe 1485 47 7 Do 112 4 do Bro Mixed 180 25 28 Do 113. 2 do Pekoe Dust 110 24 29 Do 114 2 do Dust 100 22 30 Albion 115 22 do Bro Pekoe 1210 ~=60 bid 31 Do 117 22 do Pekoe 100 54 32 Do 119 13 do Pekoe Sou 650 45 3 Do 121 2 do Dust 150 22 34 Kanan- gama 122 8 chests Pekoe 800 40 bid 35 Do 124 9 do Bro Mixed 900 29 36 Logan 125 40 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1800 41 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co put for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room, today 20th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (29,897 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description per lb, c. ye A 53 9 chests Dust 1350 10 2 Do 5410 do Souchong 850 34 3 Do 5611 do Congou 110031 3 Do 58 24 do Fanninge 3240 «33 “CEYLON PRODUCE a LIST. 3 (Bulked.) Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb c. 5 Ossing- ton 60 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 770 37 bid 6 Do 6212 do Pekoe 540 37 bid i Do 64 10 do Pekoe Sou 450 36 8 KTK 66 8 do Bro Pekoe 520 48 bid 9 Do 67 9 do Pekoe Sou 540 43 10 Do 58 1 do Dust 92 18 11 Do 69 1 do Congou 63 31 12 Relugas 7012 do Bro Pekoe 696 67 13 Do 72 9 do Pekoe 450 59 14 Do 73 20 chests Pekoe Sou 2000 45 bid 15 Rose- neath 75 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 432 40 bid 16 Do 76 9 do Pekoe 378 30 bid 17 Do 77 8 chests Pekoe Sou 840 30 bid 18 Lynd- hurst (Siete. do Bro Pekoe 570 49 bid 19 Do 79 11 do 1 hf-cht Pekoe 3035 40 20 Do 81 8 chests 1 hf-cht Souchong 770 36 21 Do 82 2 chests Bulk 160 17 bid 22 Do 83 1 do Fannings 15 20 23 Do 84 1 do Dust 134 16 24 Hatdowa HD 85 5 hf-chs Unassorted 250 20 bid 25 Do 86 3 do Bro Mixed 150 30 26 KPHD 87 1 do do 50 20 27 BPL 88 1 chest Dust 150 16 bid 28 C 89 1 hf-cht 2 boxes Bro Mixed 79 29.C 90 1 hf-cht 2 boxes Pekoe Dust 104 } not ard. 30 C 91 3 hf-chs 1 box Dust 239 31 C 92 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 48 (Bulked.) 32 St. Andrews TNC 93 24 do Bro Pekoe 1536 58 33 Do 95 10 do Pekoe 620 47 bid 34 Do 97 14 do Pekoe Sou 840 46 bid 35 Forest Hill 99 6 do Bro Pekoe 350 56 bid 36 Do 100 9 chests PekoeSou 810 43 37 ML 112 do do 1200 39 bid 38 Do 3.15 do Bro Pekoe 1500 out 39 HEH on Pope Unassorted 47 40 Do 6 1 do Souchon 49 4h Do {ldo Congou . ih not ard. 42 Do 8 2 do Dust 153 43) Trav 9 8 chests Bro Tea 896 36 44 Do 10 1 do 1 hf-cht Souchong 145 31 45 Do 11 3 chests Congou 270 = 29 46 ZZZ 12 5 hf-chs Souchong 200 29 bid 47 MK 13 15 chests Pekoe Sou 1275 42 48 Do 15 12 do Bro Mixed 1080 35 49 Do 17 3 hf-chs Unassorted 162 30 bid 50 Do 18 4 chests Dust 480 20 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON LANE. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of OKYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to Ist June 1888 :— Ex “Vega”—Gowravilla, 1t 100s; 4c 90s; 8c 80s Gd; 8c 75s; 3c 91s 61. Bogawanne, Ic 1t 953 6d; 5¢ 89s; 2e 88s 6d; 5¢ 78s; 2c 1t 77s 6d; 1c 75s 6d; 2c 1t 90s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Glenshiel”—Adam’s Peak, 2c 1b 86s, Ex “Goorkha’—Maskeliya, 2c 1t 91s 6d; 7c 1 80s; Ic 1b 72s 6d; 1c 1b 92s 6d. Dimbula, le 878; 5c 78s 6d; 2c 75s; lc 1b 91s. Fetteresso, 1b le 77s; Ic Lt 72s 6d. Tillicoultry, 1c 79s; 1c 758 6d. Ex ‘“Karamania”—Dunsinane, 4c 89s; 4c lt 79s; Ic 7os 6d. Ex “City of Agra”—Wewesse, 2c 84s 6d; 7c 77s; 1c lb 71s; 1c 80s. Maskeliya, 2c 1b 88s; 10c 78s, 4c 78s; 3c 758; 2c 1b 90s 6d. Ex “Victoria’—Ohoisy, 1b 738; Ic 748; 1b 69s 64d; 1b 80s. Ex ‘‘Manora”—Kahagalla, 1c 80s; 3c 1b 76s; 71s 6d; 1t 82s 6d. Sundry ships—Bambrakelly, 2c 92s. Morar, lc 97s 6d. le 1t Minoine Lane, June 8th. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 8th June 1888 :— Ex ‘“Parramatta”—Yapame, 2c 88s; 6c 80s; 3c 74s; 1b 64s; 1t 87s. Dynevor, 31 bags 74s; 8 bags 688 6d; 5 bags 67s 6d; 7 bags 45s. Ouvah, 2c 1t 91s 6d; 7c 1b 80s 6d; ic 78s; 1t 89s; 1c 88s. Ury, 1c 89s; 2¢ 1t 77s 6d; Ic 728 6d; 1t 87s 6d; 2c 1b 87s 6d. Ex ‘‘Karamania”—Bittacy, 1b 98s; 1c 1b 858 6d; 4c 1b 798 6d; 2c 1b 75s 6d; 1c 88s. Ex ‘Duke of Argyll”—Devon, 3b 1c 60s; 2c 68s; 3c 3b 2t 57s 6d. Ex “Ballaarat”—Derry Clare, 1¢ 85s, Ex “Manora”—Ouvah, 4c 1b 88s 6d; 5c 76s 6d; 5c 77s; dt 77s; 2t 1c 72s 6d; 3b 91s 6d; 3b 89s. Ex “Roumania”—(GDHE),§ 1c 90s; 2c 1t 79s; le 74s; a meee Middleton, Dimbula, 2c 1b 83s 6d; 2t 74s; c 87s. Ex “‘Oapella”—Nyanza, 1b 101s; 1¢ 928; 3c 1b 78s; 1c 12s 6d; le 88s. Ex “Anchises’—Chapelton, 1b 89s; 1c 1b 77s 6d; 1t 7281 6d; 1b 88s. Ex “Duke of Argyll’””—Morankande, Ic 1b 65s, 1b 60s. (WWW), 1c 84s: 1c 75s; 1c 72s; 1b 86s. Doomba, ic 83s; 16 75s; 1b 71s; 1b 81s. _ Ex “Duke of Argyll”—CCL ET, 5c 85s, Additional Sales. Corrrer.—Palli, 3c 1b 64s. Kataboola, le 798; 2c 1t 75s; le 1b 71s 6d; 1b 83s. Redipane, 1c 1t 1b 67s 6d; le 1b 78s 6d. Dambatenne, le 77s. 6d. Diyagama, lc 1b 74s6d. LMR, 10 bags 77s 6d. —Local “ Times.” CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. 41, Mincine Lane, June 8th, 1888. SuUccIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem Black Forest a 5id to 6d 3d to 34d Lanka Plantation Co.Limited 24d to3id 6d Cranley 200 53d to 6d ae Gallamudina mae) 3d Mattakelle ae =~ 33d to 4d Do Pubescens 43d to 5d 8d to 84d 8id to Sd Amblamana 3d to 33 5d to 7d oat Osborne 34d to 43d 54d 3d Hylton 3d 97d to 3a Angroowelle 3d dap af Glenloch 33d 23d to 44d sid Ambagahene 3d to 37d ons a Melrose on ae 43d Rathillokelle dd to 4d oe a0 Gonakelle a : 33d did Kitoolmoola 4d ae oro Mausakelle acs wad oe Vedehette es 5d S WDB 4d och 23d Peacock Hill 2a 5d 2d VB Wes 22d g Ree 3d 4d 22d Ouregalla, hybrid 3d 6d 8d Moneragalla 4d to 42d 5d to 53d 3d Hatale 2hd 5d 3d FS in diamond 33d to 4d 7d op ACW in triangle, D 24d to 3d By ae Lebanon “aha 3id 4a ST& LC,A in diamond 3d 6d to 9d one Fernlands 3d 5d Ke Newton Dickoya a 6d 5d Galkandewatte 21d to did np By Cattarem 2a 4a Bsa West Holyrood 3d 6d oy Kitoolgalla od 4d he MCCCo, in diamond 5ad OFFICINALIS. Lanka Plantations’Co. Limited dha Isldtolsad | 9d Cranley 4d 7d to 74d oo Mattakelle Ledger 6d 94d to 11d so Gonamotaya 34d 53d to 6d Sap Mehacudagalla 3ha d to7d Fairlawn 4a on non Poolbank lc 75s | | | CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Mincing Lane Correspondent, ) Lonpon, June 1st, 1888. Ex “Chusan’”—Dynevor, 35 bags 87s 6d; 38 bags 82s 6d; 5 bags 63s 6d. ; , Ex “Goorkha”—Vattawatte, 12 bags 85s 6d; 59 bags 81s; 4 bags 72s 6d; 6 bags 71s 6d. Crystal Hill, 19 bags 86s; 2 bags 67s. Ex “Bulimba’—PE, 11 bags 40s. Lonpon, June &th, 1888. Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Kepitigalla COO, 5 bags 79s; 1 bag 63s. Macoolussa COC, 4 bags 80s 6d; 1 bag 66s. Ex “Khedive’—Anniewatte, 46 bags 87s 6d. SD, Ifbag 68s. Ex ‘Rohilla”’—Rajawelle, 25 bags 70e. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Lonpon, June Ist, 1888, Ex “Goorkha”—Yattawatte, 1 case ls 8d; 1 case 1s od; 1 case 1s 3d; 1 case 10d, (DG), 1 case Is 6d; 2 cases 1s 8d; 1 case 1s 3d; 1 case ls 1d. Ex “Manora”—VB, 5 cases Is 2d. Ex “Karamania”—DPO, 1 case 2s 4d; 2 cases 2s 6d; 2 cases 1s 8d; 2 cases 1s 10d. QUARTERLY CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON, 28th May 1888, VB Ekelle—20 bales 9id; 6 bales 84d; 6 bales 8d; 26 bales 74d; 4 bales 63d; 1 box 6d; 1 bale country mouldy 74d; 4 bales 6d; 1 box 6d. CAM Hkelle—2 bales 74d; 2 bales 64d; 2 bales 6d; 1 bales 54d; 1 bale 5d. O (in triangle) Ekelle—50 bales €d; 2 bags 62d. HOB—12 bales 9d; 6 bales 8d; 3 bales 83d; 2 bales and | parcel 73d; 18 bales 6d; 24 bales 64d; 11 bales 64d; 6 bales 53d; 21 bales 6d; 5 bales 53d. FB Franklands—4 bales and 1 parcel 1s; 3 bales and 1 parcel 11d; 4 bales 10d; 4 bales 84d;1 bale 74d; 1 bag 63d; 4 bags broken 64d; 2 bags quillings 6d; 6 bales 1s; 2 bales 1s 1d; 12 bales 11d; i parcel 10d, Kaderane Plantation CAM—2 bales 63d; 3 bales 53d; 5 bales 54d; 1 bale 5d; 1 bag 44d. ; ASGP Kaderane—6 bales 1s 3d bid; 6 balesis 1d; | 6 bales 11d bid; 1 bale 9d bid; 6 bales 83d; 1 box 7d; 9 bags clippings 63d. SDAR Kaderane—6 bales 1s bags 64d. G (in triangle) Ekelle—1 bale 53d; 1 box 54d. OHdeS Ratmalane, 16 bales 84d; 1 box 7d. AFJ (inheart) Ekelle—6 bales 7d. KS Ekelle—20 23d. GDO Ekelle—24 bales 8d: 4 bags 53d; 97 bags 22d. FSWS Kaderane—1 bale 1s 4d; 31 bales 1s; 1 balels; 1d; 25 bales 103d; 1 bale 103d; 11 bales 93d; 6 bales 84d 1 box 73d. : FSK Kaderane—8 bales 114d; 11 bales 103d; 10 bales 93d; 6 bales 83d; 1 box 7d; 2 bags clippings 7d; 4 bags clippings 7d; 9 bags clippings 67d JDSR (in diamond) Kadirane—3 bales 11d; 6 bales 10d; 1bale and 1 parcel 9d; 2 bales 84d; 1 parcel 7d; 1 parcel 6d; 1 bag pieces and 2 bags cuttings 7d; 9 bags chips 24d; 6 bales 7d. i MB&Oo., Ekelle—5 balesand 1 parcil 6d; 6 bales 54d; 1 bag 43d; 6 bags 4d; 6 bags 44d; 6 bales 64d; 5 bales 53d; 1 bale 54d; 1 box broken 43d; 5 bags 4d. MB&Oo. Kaderane—14 bales 13d. CHdeS Kandevalle—1 box 7d; 6 bags 7d. CHdeS Kuruvitte—l box7d. JDS Morotto—3 bags 63d. CHdeS BO (in triangle) K—1 box 7d.—Local “Ex- aminer.” Z bid; 1 box 6d; 7 cS ST I LOSES ‘¢ CEYLON OBSERVER ”? PRESS, COLOMBO. ‘COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. No. 13.] OD OOO CoLoMBo, July 17, 1888. | Prick :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies }rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF. TEA. Mr. ©. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the vopariber of Commerce Sale-room, today 20th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (7,172 lb.), which sold as under :— Lo Box z Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb, c 1 Nahalma 67 19 chests Pekoe 1900 45 bid 2 Do 69 8 hf-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 400 WO: 3 Do 71 6 chests Pekoe Sou 600 38 bid 4 Do 73 3 hf chs Congou 150 31 5 Do 75 7 do Dust | 420 20 6 Do 77 5 do Fannings 240 +30 7 Kenning- ton 79 3 chests : 3 hf-chs Pekoe 458 40 8 Do 81 9 do Pekoe Sou 445 35 Sinne- godde 83 3 do Pekoe 150 out 10 Do 85 3 do Bro Pekoe 150 out — 11 Do 87 2 do Pekoe Sou 100 16 bid 12 Do 89 1 do Dust 43 16 g atia- 8 F gama 91 23 do Pekoe 1172 45 bid 14 Do 93 13 do Bro Pekoe 710 55 bid 15 Do 95 2 chests Dust 142 21 16 Do 97 1 hf-chs Red Leaf 32 27 17 W W 99 1 do ~ Pekoe Sou 45 040 18 WC W. 101 1 box do 15 26 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the not ard |40) aoe zt etches’ Pelkoe oor oe 16 itn ef BaNaoeae 450 ‘|27 Do 126 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 50 66 19 L 43 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 45 rh MDG 7 é 20 LL 44 1 do Fannings 58 Kish Se oe ge 116) Ae 21 L 45 1 chest Dust 100 29° Do 130 6 do Pekoe POR oF 22 Hakuru- 30 I G 182 7 chests Red Leaf 720 36 AI AG) 6 31 Do 134 1 do Bro Mixed 100 21 E 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe Pilate fei ND UB Gots ai ee Ro i 23 Do 47 1chest Pekoe 90) 01) > N88 ile Maes ag i CO aap Une B18 ioe 24 Do 76) 8) 6B 34 T 140 S do Bro Tea sin zi 7 hf-chs Pekoe Sou G2OUaoe UL ae Be 2 dO odn DUEL onl) ae ae 25 Do 49 1 do Dust 75 20 36 2 144 7 do Bro Mixe : Bulked Olio 146 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 40 27 : (Bulked.) 38 H 148 2 do Bro Pekoe 92 47 RAE patel yy50 28° do... -Pekoe 1150: “48 bial, Beane chests Peet Row he 2, 40 Thorn- a7 «Do 5212 do — Pekoe Sou 600-37 field 152 22 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1232 ( ot ard (Bulked ) 4) Do 154 14 do Pekoe 784 7 28 Horagas i 42 Do 156 11 do Bro Pekoe 638 iT 43 Tor- kelle 54 2 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 102 50 Bese 1s Bee 3 fq ooo do ao 7 90 30 Do 56 7 do Pekoe Sou 345 40 31 Do 57 1 do Dust 55 19 32 Do 58 1 do Congou ai 2h) Messrs. J.D. Roprnson & Oo. put up for sale at the ee Wi Be 2 fo Bro Orage Pekoe ae 2 pe Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 18th July. 95 De 62 19 aS Pekoe 950 46 the undermenti oned lots of Tea (2,568 Ib.), which sold 36 H 64 1 do Bro Pekoe 48 35 bid) ag under :-— 37 Hatale 65 4 do Souchong 200 not ard. (Bulked.) 38 EK 66 9 chests Dust 1350 17 : Mi 39 mee. 67 6 hf-chs Pekoe 240 37 Lot Mark Bex Packages Description Weight 7 No. ) per lb. CG. 1 do Dust 56 | 050) 29 e8{ | box do TD iieese 1) Ke 40 8 chests Pekoe Sou 87849 41 LH 70 7 chests Bro Pekoe 670 1bid| 2 PM 41 8 do Pekoe 720 45 Bulkhead 3 Do 42 6 do Bro Mixed 600 37 soblenaiiay (Bulked.) 4 Do 43 2 hf-chs Vnassorted 90 4 5 44 2 cl t 280 2 Valley 7115 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 720. 80 bid| ac Sree a 43 Do 73 29 do Pekoe 1450 67 : SS 7 s ee ihe ‘4 go seen ORe be 46 bid Mr. C. E.H. Symons put up for sale at the Oham-- 46 Do 79 46 do Pekoe 2300 f°t ard. ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 18th July, the un. a Suave er e do Fekpe Sou gee ie dermentioned lots of Tea (9,174 lb.), which sold as a ECU 84 2 do Dust 14024 under:— 5 ly) d 12 51 Do 3 i ae peace ne $6 on Lot. Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight 62 TV 87 8chests do 640 29 No. No. per lb. c, rt 1 Nahalma 97 12 chests Pekoe 1200 46 Messrs. Forsus & WALKER put up for saleat the 2 po a0 6 nicks BO Pekoe 300 55 bid Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 11th July,) 4 0 5 bes Cie qe = the undermentioned lots of Tea (25,416 Ib.), which sold} 5 po ua G Wie oD Use 6602 as under :— , 6 Do 7 4 do Pekoe Fans 184 31 Lot Box Weight 7 Pamba- No, Mark No. Pkgs. Description, per Ib. cc. gama 9 4 do Dust 246 25 Farn- 8 Aber- ham 74 6 hf-chs Pekoe Sou No. 2 272 «45 deen 11 5 do Pekoe Fans 250 35 2 Do 76 5 do Pekoe No. 2 225 47 9 Do 13 16 do Unassorted 800 47 3 Do 78 46 do Pekoe 2070 48 10 Do 15 7 do Red Leaf 350 22 4 D5 80 24 do Pekoe Sou 1080 43 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ot Mark Box Packages Description Weight the undermentioned lots of Tea (24,437 lb.), which No No perlb. ec 1108 170 a! ghlesk sold as under :— 1 hf-chs Bro Mixed 150 30 Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. Weight 12 8 19 1 hess Pekoe Dust 120| a9 No No. perlb. ce. 40 boxes do 200 13 MK —-21._—«2- hf-chs No. 1 Dust 110 paella 98.48 Bi ehe Bonepone eee 15 ©=Do 23 1 do Dust 75 -not ard, z Mr Wee do riers 160 | 3 Stame °90 22 hf-che Bro Mixed 990 36 16 K CB 27 13 chests Bro Pekoe 1300 55 bid 4 Do 92 3 chests Dust 210 20 a7 yEettia: 5 C 93 3 do do 405 gama 29 29 hf-chs Pekoe 145348 6 CG Dal edo Bro meiaxed 71 } not ard 18 Do 3013 do Bro Pekoe 708 56 7 $rec 95 8 hf-chs Pekoe 400 47 19 Do 32 2 do Dust 124-21 5 . 8 lo 96 4 do Bro Mixed 195 29 9 Lynd- agama: huret 97 4 chests iene ¥S 3 r 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 5) Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Chamber | ,) Do BRN cesta sof Commerce Sale-room today, 18th July, the 1 hf-cht Pekoe 1040 49 5 , 11 Do 100 5 chests Souchong 450 848 andermentioned lots of Tea (24,431 1b.), which sold|12 L 1 1 hf-cht Ee Tea 2 oo : A 13 L Ze da ‘'annings as under :— 14 L 3 1 do Dust 100 25 Got Mark Box Pkgs. Description i No, Sipe i pi ee (Bulked.) 1 Bogaha- 15 Charley ae ete 27 2 hf-chs Dust 1440 (21 Valley 4 2 boxes Flowery Orange ; : 2N 29 2 chests Pekoe 36 = 93 bid 2 hf-chs Bro Tea 358 34 16 Do 5 5 do BroOrangePekoe 90 100 — coun 30 2 chests 17. Do 6 36 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1800 51 bid 3 hf- S 18 Do 8 2 do 4eN 31 i chante Re MenoNe 0 ues cap 1 box Pekoe Dust 150 8933 1 hf-cht Dust 219 21 19 Do 9 2 hf-chs : x, 5 NDCL 32 1 chest ; 9 boxes Bro Mixed 130047 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 188 16 20 Do 10 2 hf-chs 6 Fat ol K TK 1117 béchs Bro Pekoe 10583 7 a pene de Bust oe WD 22 Do 13 8 as reer Sou a 4 i 34 Souch 23 Do 14 1 do ust epee: 6 a0. | Sones Sey ee 24 000 15 2 chests Bro Pekoe 140 | not and’ 9 Wootton 36 1 do Bro Mixed 45 29 25 Do 16 1 hf-cht Unassorted 35 10 = 8=Do 37 1 do Dust Si 1) (Bulked.) 11 Salem 38 2 boxes Orange PekoeNo.1 50 82 26 Mincing 12 Do 39 11 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 495 46 bid Lane 17 15 chests Bro Pekoe 1560 57 13 Do 41 20 do 4 27 Do 19 17 do Pekoe 1530 49 1 box Pekoe 825 47 28 Do 2110 do Pekoe Sou 900 45 14 Do 43 1 do Congou 21 25 29 Blajir- 15 Do 44 4 do Pekoe Dust 120 21 avon 23 30 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1800 16 Torring- 30 Do 2512 do Pekoe afer ton 45 24 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 1320 63 bid | 3l Do 27 30 do Pekoe Sou 1500 e 17 Do 47 22 do Pekoe Sou 1100 48 32 Do 29 2 do Souchong 200 18 Do 49 1 do Dust 80 20 33 Do 30 6 do. Bro Mixed 470 19 Ravens- 34 C C 31 2 do Bro Pekoe 100 40 craig 50 3 do Pekoe Sou 143 40 35 Do 32 2 do Pekoe 100 38 220 Do 51 1 do Dust 72 20 36 Do 33 1 do Pekoe Sou 50 31 21 St. Clair 5218 do Orange Pekoe 900 §=679 37. Do 34 2 do Unassorted 80 ©6630 22 Do 54 12 chests do 1140 79 38 Do 35 1 do Pekoe Dust 38 Zia 23 Do 56 37 boxes Bro Pekoe (under 39 REW 36 21 do Bro Pekoe 1260 51 bid : 28 lb. gr.) 740 93 40 S K 33 19 do do 1045 71 24 Do 58 14 chests Pekoe 1358 56 41 Do 40 46 do Pekoe 2300 52 -25 Do 60 14 do do 1260 56 42 Do 4213 do Bro Pekoe 650 72 -26 Do 6215 do do 1350 57 43 Do 4425 do Pekoe 1125 55 27 Do 6412 do do 1164 56 44 Charley 28 Do 67 12 do Pekoe Sou 984. 46 Valley 1 do Dust 15 20 29 Do 69:12 do do 900 48 ae Ht, Bos dO. poe EyE oe ss Messrs. Forzes & Waker put up for sale at the 32 Do 74 1 do Unassorted 123 19 Jommerce Sale-room today, 18th Jul 33 Do 75 1 do PekoeSou 103 42 Chembencigte I las ed 34 Do 76 4 do Congou 400 33 the undermentioned lots of Tea (48,125 lb.), which sold 35 Do 77 8 do Pekoe Dust 1080 895 36 SC 78 6 do SroTea 568 34 as under :— 37 _-Do 79 5 do Fannings 600 25 Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight 38 Ravens- No No. perlb. c¢ 4 Bhs 80 1 A cht Behe Sor 49 21 : . sake 9 Di 5 t i 5 : alle- i 40 ban u 2 age ehray dg 500 38 watte 162 3 chests Souchong 270 33 4L Do 83 7 do Sou Dust 980 93 2. Do 164 1 do Dust * 11016 42 Do 84 2 do do 280 22 3 ae 166 1 do Pekoe Sou 100 33 43 Do 85 2 do Pekoe Dust 300 8622 4 Halpan- oa 44 DKO 86 2 do Unassorted 100 41 - tanne 168 1 do Souchong 90 35 45 Comer 101 8 hf-chs Pekoe 400 84 5 Do 170 5 do Pekoe sou 500 39 46 Do 102 9 do BroPekoe 450 48 bid| 6 Do 172 4 do Bro Pekoe 400 45 47 Do 103 6 do Pekoe Sou 300 41 7 Kurundu- ; é 48 Do 104 6 do Bro Mixed 300 99 watte 174 7 hf-chs Souchong 350 33 49 Do 105 2 do Dust 120 20 8 Do 176 2 do Fannings 100 29 50 Kandal- 9 CPH& oya 106 11 do Bro Tea 495 25 Co. 178 1 chest Congou 100 33 10 Do 180 1 hf-cht do 48 33 a, ob eo) 182 } de i Pekee 50 37 12 J 184 Ce) ekoe 100 37 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for saleat the 13 5 186 2 do- “Pekoe Sou Joo © 30 ©hamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 18th July,|14 J 188 3 da Souchong 150-25 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Cc. Let Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. per lb, 15 Walahan- duwa 190 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 16 Do 192 9 do Pekoe 450 17 Do 194 14 do PekoeSou 700 18 Do 196 37 do Souchong 1850 19 AB 198 6 do Mixed 300 20 Do 200 2 do Red Leaf 100 y Weva- a goda 202 1 do Bro Pekoe 49 -22 Do 204 1 do Pekoe 46 23 Do 206 1 do Pekoe Sou 50 24 Do 208 3 do Souchong 150 25 Kirimettia LM 210 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 26 Do 212 14 do Pekoe 700 27 Do 214 7 do Souchong 350 28 AK 216 13 chests do 1170 29 Do 218 1 do Congou 90 30 Katugalla 220 8 do Bro Pekoe 800 31 Do 222) 3ado Pekoe 300 32 Do 22412 do do No. 2 1200 33 Do 226 3 do Pekoe Sou 370 34 N 228 10 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 600 -35 N 230 6 do Pekoe 360 36 N 232 16 do Pelkoe Sou 960 Tharn- a field 234 11 do Bro Pekoe 638 38 Do 236 14 do Pekoe 784. 39 Do 238 22 do Pekoe Sou 1232 40 Glenor- chy 240 31 do Bro Pekoe 170d 41 Do 242 8 do Pekoe 400 42 Do 244 1 do Pekoe Sou 50 43 Ekol- sund 246 8 chests Bro Pekoe 800 “44 Do 948 22 do Pekoe 2200 45 Do 250 1 do Pekoe Sou 100 46 Do 252 1 do Unassorted 118 47 Do 254 4 do Dust 640 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 48 Polata- gama 256 39 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1950 49 Do 258 48 do Pekoe 1720 50 Park 260 1 chest do No. 2 125 51 Do 262 7 do 1 box Pekoe 933, 52 Do 264 5 chests 2hf-chs do 739 53 Do 266 10 chests : 1 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1250 54 Do 268 1 chest Dust 85 55 Do 270 1 hf-cht Congou 44 56 Do 272 1 do Red Leaf 48 57 Middle- ton 274 28 do Pekoe 1456 58 : 276 1 chest Bro Tea 130 59 6 278 8 do do 520 60 S 280 10 do Dust 800 4 naco 282 1 chest ie 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 146 62 Do 284 3 cheats Pekoe 294 ‘63 Do 286 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 75 romo- rs Dien 288 3 do Bro Pekoe 132 65 Do 290 4 do Pekoe 168 66 KM 292 1 do Dust 50 67 Do 994 1 do Red Leaf 45 68 V O 296 9 chests Bro Mixed 900 69 Do 298 1 do Congou 100 70 Gamma- dua 300 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 45 7l1 CB 2 2 do Congou 120 72 Do 3 do Bro Mixed 180 73 Do 6 8 do Dust 240 4 Mukel- d Oya 8 6 do Bro Pekoe 300 75 Do 10 7 do Pekee 350 16 Do 1210 do Pekoe Sou 500 Poapras- i As 14 24 do Bro Pekoe 1580 i Do 16 24 do Pekoe 1445 79 Do 18 55 do Pekoe Sou 3025 80 Holm- wood 20 20 do Bro Pekoe 900 81 Do 22 22 do Pekoe 990 82 Do 24 13 chests Pekoe Sow 1285 83 Radella 28 10 do Bre Pekoe 1000 84 Do 2810 do Pekoe 800 $5 Do 3015 do Pekoe Sou 1125 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up forsale at the Oham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 25th July, the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,040 as under :— 1 2 4 we CO ND o Mark A A F Dens- worth Do Do Cc EF Box No. Pkgs. Description 30 1 chest Bro Tea 31 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed (Bulked.) 32 18 hf-chs Pekoe No, 1 33 34 do 3416 do 8 chests Pekoe 35 9 do Pekoe Sou 36 10 hf-chs Pekoe No. 1 (Factory Bulked.) 37 11 hf-chs Bro Tea Bro Pekoe Ib.), which gold Weight per lb. Cc, 100 30 50 28 720 60 1700 59 1520 54 900 47 500 48 550 35 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 25th July the undermentioned lots of Tea (28,701 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description 1 Blair- avon 47 6 hf-chs Bro Tea 2 Do 48 2 do Souchong 3 Do 49-31 do Pekoe Sou 4 Do 5112 do Pekoe 5) Do 53 29 do Bro Pekoe 6 Aadne- even 55 23 do do Uf Do 57 53 do Pekoe 8 Do 5918 do Bro Tea 9 Do 61 3 do Dust 10 Penrith 62 20 chests Pekoe 11 Do 64 26 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 12 Qssing- ton 66 27 do Pekoe 13 Do 68 24 do Pekoe Sou 14 A E ZOpeledo) do Fans 15 Do 71 2: do Fannings 16 Do 73 27 do Congou 17 Do 75 34 do Bro Mixed 18 Do 77 12 do Dust 19 79 4 do Pekoe 20 08 1 do Souchong 21 C 81 3 chests Dust 22, C 82 1 do Bro Mixed (Bulked.) 23 L BK 83 5 do Souchong 24 Do 84 8 do Dust 25 LGE 85 2hf-chs do 26 Do 86 2 do Bro Tea ORE ae AY 87 2 chests Bulk 28 Do 88 4 do Bro Mixed 29 Do 89 1 do Pekoe Sou 30 Do 90 1 hf-chs Souchong 31 Do 91 1 do Bro Mixed Beye 92 1 do Orange Pekoe 33 T 93 1 do Pekoe 34 T 94 2 chests Bro Mixed 35 «6«T 95 1 hf-cht do 36 000 96 2 chests Bro Pekoe 37 Do 97 1 hf-cht Unassort ed 38 I P 98 9 chests Bro Te 39 Do 99 4 do Bro Mied 40 Do 100 3 do Unassorted 42 Do 1 5 do Dust 42 D@G 2 5 hf-chs Bro Mixed 43 Do 3.2 do 1 chest Dust 44 EC 4 2 hf-chs Congou 45 GB 5 7 chests Bro Tea 46 KR 6 4 hf-chs Bro Mixed 47 BR 7 4 do Dust 48 CTM 8 9 do Congou 49 P 9 5 chests Dust tins- ford 10 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 51 Do 1117 do Pekoe Sou 52 G@W _ 13 5 chests Dust 53 Do 14 6 hf-chs Red Leaf 54,°G *L 15 6 do Bro Mixed 55 Do 16 5 do Dust 56 Fried- land 17 2 do Souchong 57 Do 18 1 do Dust Weight pertb:"s ¢, 470 21 100 37 1550 46 600 47 1740 49 1150 57 bid 2385 48 650 41 225 23 1800 52 1300 63 bid 1215 42 960 41 60 30 1260 25 945 29 1530 23 900 16 216 66 405 51 44 25 17 26 500 43 450 22 100 23 100 19 160 withd’n. 240 24 bd 102 21 bd 40 withd’n 50 do 44 do 55 34 187 26 28 25 uae \ not ard 810 23 440 31 240 33 350 20 225 34 268 21 119 30 700 31 200 34 240 22 360 40 355 26 aon } not ard, 350 23 288 25 gg not ard, 90 39 bid 18 24 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 Messrs. Fores & WALKER put up for sale at the; CHYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON, Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 25th 41, Mincine Lang, July 6th, 1888. July, the undermentioned lots of Tea (29,559 Ib.), SUCCIRUBRA. which sold as under :— Mark Natural Renewed Boot, Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Stem ne: ite per 'b. ¢- | sr &LCin diamond 234 aid 1s 32 2 chests Souchong 180 21 Tillicult. ay a oa “a 2's 34 4 do Bro Tea 410 31 EE DUEEY, ate 2a y 3 8 36 2 do do 170 27 Harmony lad to 2 os 45 37 2 do. Red Leaf 160 21 Tanpapee eae aad “ o 5 as) 38 7 do Dust 560-21 mm Tobie ii AA al “ 6 0 40 5 do Bro Mixed 500 36 eo OS ae. 4 4d toe. ij 7 AAD 42 1box BroPekoe 20. 5D WarlgenlG, 270 ito 64 ta to an 2% ’ Do 44 1 do Pekoe 15 45 ie med u iz ba 0 2 Do 46 2 do Pekoe Sou 4635 Stomlincee, apandiad 34 10 Do 48 2 do. Souchong 60 34 Hontohas OOF ahd to 4d gid il MKB = 50 1 hf-cht Unassorted 52 45 Waithles hd 24 eee 12 Do 52 1 chest Bro Tea 107 30 C oe pe 34 2 ” 13 Do 54 3 do Dust 446 20 Ke tomer da “ 14 R 56 4 hf-chs Bro Mixed 200 27 Te, BeLoye. sa a 15 Katu- ernlands , 33 a Sep galla 58 3 chests Bro Pekoe 300 ree Hybrid ta Bd ” 16 Do 60 3 do Pekoe 300 WW. Wi Ce ae 2a to Bid , 17 Do 62 4 do do No. 2 400 not ard. | ar cuc in ae aad, a oe 18 Do 64 3 do Pekoe Sou 300 H Co.aet mad to 4a 19 Do 66 2 do Souchong 180 y ved 10auee oe Ty, 20 Do 68 3 do Bro Tea 330 ed eee had iq % 21 Kalu- eangawelle 3 He cos ganga 70 33 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1650 64 ae TPE A gate 2 “ 22 Do 72 28 do Pekoe 1260 57 Swits “4 a 3a to fa atm afd 23 Do 7414 do Pekoe Sou 560 50 Mah ie Gaia 38d e aay 24 Do 76 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 33 Hsin ain eS a Dd ia 3id 25 Do 78 9 do Pekoe 405 54 Mid a tortie pula ied a 26 Do 80 4 do Pekoe Sou 160 © 45 Banding. | eee ea tolaka vi 27 Do 82 5 dv Bro Sou 250 39 enylau cee = 23 98 K 84 5 do do 250 37 ROP in diamond oe eS % 29 K 86 3 do Fannings 130 »=-28 pe a 2 3id 30 K 88 2 do Dust 140-22 anmpraye oe a 31 W 0 9010 chests Pekoe Fans 1100 24 OFFICINALIS 32 Do 92 7 do Bro Mixed 677 25 Eskdale _ 4d to 43d 8d to 94d 5 33 WPS 94 5 do Pekoe Sou 450 39 ST & LC, A dia. aga lid 3 34 Waver- Upper Cranley 3d to 33d 6d A ley 96 40 hf-chs Bro Pekee 2200 = 69 CHde S,CV_ 5d to 6d a ny 35 98 39 chests Pekoe 3900 57 | Ettriek, Calisaya 33d to 4d 44d es 36 Hilleiae 100 4 do Pekoe Sou No.2 340 34 Campion 33d “AE 37 Do 102 1 do Dust 65 16 Hauteville 5 6a rs 38 Do 104 1 do Unas sorted 41 30 GS, Rin diamond a 6d to 83d ae 39 Do 106 2 hf-chs Bro Mixed 95 1s Amanadowa, M CC, Co. 49 Avisa- in diamond 13d 3d to 33d eas wella 108 2chests Dust , 260 §©26 Melrose, Ledger soe mts AB 8d 41 Do 110 3 do Unassor ed 315 41 Ragalla 33d 73d to 8d ave 42 Do 112 5 do Fannings 450 33 HS in diamond 33d - a 43 Queens- iS} T & Lc, Bin land 114 6 do Bro Mixed 600. 37 diamond 33d todd 73d a 44 Middle- Mahacudagalla 3d to 33d 63d 7d to 8d ton 116 20 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1160 83 oe ee 45 Do 118 31 do Pekoe 161263 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. a eR OS a ae ta tog. Obs ae (From Our Mincing Lane Correspondent.) 48 M 124 3 do Bro Pekoe les 46 | ; Lonpon, June 29th, 1888. 49 M 126 4 do Pekoe 200 39 | Ex ‘Bulimba”’—Mahaberia OBE, 10 bags 79s; 27 50 GT W 128 5 do Bro Mixed 250 38 bags 84s; 31 bags 77s 6d; 10 bags 42s 6d. 2 go zt tbe 5 ey Bhs ar Se # Ex “Olan Fraser”—Kondesalle, 5 bags 82s; 2 bags 58 Do 134 2 do. Bro Tea 180 20 35s; 3 bags 80s- 54 G 136 3 hf-chs Bro Mixed 235 41 ——— 55 g 18 4 ag oe ‘ a 25 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, 56 2 do e ea 0 34 2) 57 TWG 14214 do Pekoe Fans 700 Ex “Olyde”—(8), 1 ae eae June 29th, 1888, 58 Do 144 4 do Pekoe Dust 200 -not ard. x yae ? 1 59 Do 146 43 do Red Leaf 2150 Ex ‘Pekin’ »—(S), 1 case 2s. 60 Glendon 148 1 chest Bro Tea 90 24 Ex ‘Merionethshire”—Laxapanagalla, 3 cases 2s. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 29th June 1888:— Ex ‘‘Clan Lamont”—Gonamotava, le 79s; 2c 725; Ic 87a 6d; 5c 1b 75s 6d. Ex “Brindisi’”—Midlothian, 2b 80s; 1b 77s 6d; 2c 71s 6d; lc 683 6d. Walton, 1b 76s; 1t 74s; 4c 72s; 1t lb 69s; 1b 78s; le 1t 62s 6d; 1bag 59s; 1 bag 56s. Marks and prices of OKYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 6th July 1888:— Ex “ Mira” —Alnwick, 3c ib 90s; 5¢ 1b 76s 6d; 22 ib 71s 6d; le 87s 6d; ‘le 1b 678 6d. Fx Roumania Middleton, Dimbula, 2c 1b 82s, Coffee market very steady all the week, Ceylon very scarce. Ex “Clan Mackay”—Wattagalla, 3 cases Is 5d. Ex “‘Glencoe’—Wattagalla, 1 case 1s 5d; 2 cases 2s. Ex “Clan Macdonald” —DPO, 2 cases Is 5d. Ex *‘ Telemachus”—Wagalla 4 cases is 9, ~ - Ex “Polamed’—Dambalagalla, 2 cases 2s 4d; Ex ‘“‘ Shannon”—W F (140) 2 cases Is 2d; 2 bags 54; 1 bag 1s; 1 bag 9d. Ex “ Duke of Devonshire”—Gallantenne; 5 caies 1s 5d: 5 cases 1s 4d; 1 case 11d; 1 case’ 10d. Ex “ Vesta” — ‘Asgeria, 4 casrs 1s 8d; 3 cases 1s 3d; 2 cases 1s 9d; 2 cases 1s 7d; 1 case 7d; 2 cases 1s 3d; Med- decombra, 1 case Is 9d; 1 case 1s 6d; 3 oases Is 1d; 2 cases 10d. Lebanon, Middleton, Leangalla; 1 case Is 8d: 1 csse 1s 5d; Bx « City of Bombay”—Leangapella, 1 case 1s 6d. pilebers, 2 cascs 1s 3d; - Jason” —Meddecombra, Mysore, 2 case 1s 4d; 3 a Is 3d. Ex “ Ulysses”—Tarifa, 3 cases 2s 2d. “ CEYL@N OBSERVER”? PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. No. 15.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mr. C. HE. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 25th July, the undermentioned lots of Tea (11,312 lb.), which sold as under :— Ict Mark Bo= Pkgs. Description Weight No. No, per lb, ¢ 1 Sunny- eroft 35 3 chests Pekoe 270 45 2 Do 37.7 do Pekoe Sou 630 42 ¢ 3 Do 39 5 hfchs Bro Pekoe 250 51 4 Do 41 1 chest Congou 90 29 5 Do 43 1 do Dust 100 22 6 Nahama 45 24 do Pekoe 2400 52 7 Do 47 10 do Pekoe Sou 1000 46 8 Do 49 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 600 62 bid 9 Do 51 6 do do 300 55 10 Do 53 3 do Congou 150 38 il Do 55 5 do Pekoe Fans 230 36 12 MK 57 2 do No. 1 Dust 110 23 13 Do 59 1 do Dust 15 20 1d Do 61 2 do Red Leat 100 30 15 Kotia- galla 63 7 do Souchong Bis fi GE See 65 4 chests Bro Tea 360 25 17 MM 67 39 hf-chs Pekoe 1755 55 bid 18 Do 69 50 do Bro Pekoe 2500 68 Mr. E. JoHN put up for Sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today; 25th July, the under- mentioned lots of Tea 32,(195 lb.), which sold as under :— _ Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description per lb. ec, 1 KBG 107 6 hf-chs Congou 300 36 2 Do 108 7 do Red Leaf 385 27 3 M R= 109 2 chests Congou 145 42 4 Do 110 1 do Bro Mixed 86 27 5 Do Lie 1 do Dust 83 26 6 Do 112 1 hf-chs Red Leaf 50 25 7 Do 113 1 do Pekoe 42 62 8 Logan 114 30 do Pekoe Sou 1350 51 9 Albion 116 12 chests Bro Pekoe 1200 74 10 Do 118 13 do Pekoe 1170 61 11 Do 120 14 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 700 49 12 Do 122 1 do Souchong 51 37 13 Do 123 2 do Dust 120 28 14 Tarf 124 2 do Bro Orange Pekoe 140 60 15 Do 125 36 do Bro Pekoe 1800 80 16 Do 127 20 do Pekoe 1000 67 17 Do 129 31 do Pekoe Sou 1550 58 18 Do 131 2 do Congou 100 40 19 Do 1382 7 do Dust 490 29 20 Kadian- lene 133 56 chests Bro Pekoe 5040 67 21 Do 135 43 do Pekoe 3655 57 22 Do 137 34 do Pekoe Sou 2890 51 93 Do 139 1 do Congou 100 31 24 Do 140 2 do Dust 240 22 25 Kottie- galla 141 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 400 1°05 26 Do 143 12 chests Pekoe 960 7A 27 Do 145 10 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 450 58 28 Do 147 3 do Pekoe Fans 150 49 29 Do 148 1 do Pekoe Dust 60 23 30 Ivies 149 20 do Bro Pekoe 990 67 31 Do 151 17 do. Pekoe 850 58 32 Do 153 19 do Pekoe Sou 800 50 38 Do 155 1 do ‘Dust 70-23 34 Do 156 1 do Congou 50 33 5 Sher- sets dale 157 9 do Bro Pekoe 405 58 36 Do 15918 do Pekoe Sou 756 48 8 olla- oY peat 161 10 chests Bro Pekoe 900 50 38 Do 16311 do Pekoe 800 49 39 Do 165 14 do Pekoe Sou 1120 not 40 Do 1674 15 sdo} Bro Tea . 50f arrived 41 B 168 4 hf-chs Unassorted 225 «49 dal- a ars 169 3 do Bro Tea 135 20 Laxa- , i pana 170 2 chests Bro Mixe 180 = 3] 44 V 1 1 hf-chs Dust 7 21 CoLombo, AuGusr 21, 1888. Prick :—123 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Mr. J. D. Rosinson put up for gale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 1st Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,952 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight | No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ec. 7 AY 30 1 chest Dust 150 20 2 A 31 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 62 24 (Factory Bulked.) 3 Amba- tenne 32 10 ehests Orange Pekoe 1000 66 4 Do 33 14 do Pekoe 1120 54 (Bulked.) 5 Lavant 34 13 chests Bro Pekoe 1300 58 6 Do 35 18 hf-chs Pekoe No. 1 720 63 7 Do 36 25 chests Pekoe 2000 54 8 Do 37 6 do Pekoe Sou 480 46 9 Do 38.1 do Dust 120 22 Mr. C. H. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, Ist Aug, the undermentioned lots of Tea (4,014 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec. 1 Nahalma 71 15 chests Pekoe 1500 56 2 Do 73 9 hf-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 450 70 3 Do 75 9 chests Pekoe Sou 900 46 4 Do 77 2 ht-chs Congou 100 38 5 Do 79 4 do Pekoe Dust 240 29 6 Do 81 4 do Pekoe Fans 184 37 7 Pamba- gama 83 9 do Dust 540 27 8 Rangalla 85 1 chest Bro Tea 100 32 sale at the Chamber Mr. EH. Joun put up for Ist Aug., the un- of Commerce Sale-room today, dermentioned lots of Tea (8,787 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No, Pkgs Description per lb. c. 1 O 172 2 chests 1 hf-chs Red Leaf 252 22 2 Do 173 3 chests 1 hf-cht Bro Congou 352 32 3 Maha Ella 174 6 chests Pekoe Fans 660 23 4 Do 175 3 do 1 hf-cht Dust 448 18 5° Bolla- galla 176 1 chest Pekoe 80 51 6 Do 177 14 do Pekoe Sou 1120 48 7 Do 179 1 do Bro Tea 50 24 8 Kanan- gama 18012 do Bro Mixed 1200 34 Gb) 48) 181 2 hf-chs Red Leaf 110 25 10 B 182 4 do Dust 300 23 Sob as: 183 1 do Congou 55 38 12 Clontarf 184 8 do Bro Pekoe 440 84 13 Do 186 6 do Orange Pekoe 300 68 14 Do 188 8 chests Pekoe 720 56 15 Do 190 3 hf-chs _Bro Mixed 195 Dt 16 Chertsey 191 10 do Bro Pekoe 450 61 17 Do 193 26 do Pekoe 1040 47 18 L 195 4 chests Bro Mixed 400 41 19 L 196 1 do Pekoe Dust 70 25 20 L 197 1 hf-cht Congou 40 30 21 C 198 7 do Bro Mixed 315 27 22 C 199 1 do Dust 60 29 23 Bolla- galla 200 2 do Dust 130 19 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put upfor sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, Ist Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (21,461 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs. Description perlb. c. TU (0)0) 10) 19 2 chests Bro Pekoe 140 47 2 Do 20 1 hf-cht Unassorted 35 31 3 L.P 21 3 do Bro Orange Pekoe 150 60 4 Do 22 4°do Pekoe 200 49 5 Wi © 23 5 chests Bro Mixed 689 22 6 Do 24 1 do Dust 144 19 Z CEYLON’ PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No No per lb. ¢ No. No. per lb, ¢, 7 Penrith 25 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 700 71 81 Glencoe 210 4 do Bro Mixed 280 28 8 Do 27 12 chests Pekoe 1080 56 32 Do 212 4 do Dust 280 24 9 Do 2912 do 33 Dromo- 20 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1860 49 land 214 2 do Bro Pekoe 92 66 10 Do 31 3 chests Bro Tea 360 32 34 VO 216 1 chest Bro Mixed 125 23 (Bulked ) 35 Do 218 1 do Bro Tea 11028 11 Mincing 36 AL 220 2 do Congou 17335 Lane 32 13 chests Bro Pekoe 1300 71 87 Do (222 1 do Red Leaf Vil 22 12 Do 3414 do Pekoe 1400 59 - 38 Torwood 224 9 do Pekoe Sou 720 51 138° Do 36 6 do DB as Bids ae eee ae = = eko 7 [s} 1 do us 14 Diceana- TANSEY A INGEW SIO Hea Y) 41 Farnham 230 51 hf-chs Pekoe 2295 59 kelley 388 2 do Bro Pekoe 120 15 42 Do 232 20 do Pekoe Sou 900 51 15 Do 39 7 do Pekoe 350 60 43, Do 23412 do Fannings 780 27 16 Do 40 4 do Pekoe Sou 200 ~ 55 44 Do 236 5 do — Dust 400 5.20 17 Do mina ido Bro Mixed 232 29 45 Do 238 5 do Unassorted 225 29 18 Alla- = i pole a 6 Beene Bae Fekoe Pad iD Mr. J. D. Rozsrnson put up for sale at the Oham- B 3 6 chests Pekoe 56 ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 8th Aug., Fae ee ns fo, ©22-~—s| the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,938 Ib.), which sold 22 Do 4617 do Pekoe Sou 680 48 as under :— : 23 GL 48 6 do Bro Mixed 300 834 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 24 Do 49 5 do Dust 315 2d No. No per lb, ¢. 25 Lauder- ‘Ls 31 2 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 88 44 x dale 5010 do Brovekoe. ~ 500 57 2 EE 32 5 do do 160 out Do 5218 do Pekoe 650 52 aha f 27 Do 54 20 do Pekoe Sou 1000 47 Ella 3318 do Bro Pekoe 900 59 28 RW 56 4 do Bro Mixed 200 31 4 Do 3422 do Pekoe Sou 99032 29 Do 57 3 do Dust 180 22 2 wee, 35 2 do Dust 140, 21 30 N 58 8 do Bro Pekoe 440 53 pia | 6 : 31 St. M. 59 5 do Pekoe 250 not ard NG 36 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 72 32 Salawe 60 1 do BroOrangePekoe 37 1°01 7 Do 37 9 do Pekoe Sou 405 od 33 Do 61 4 do Bro Pekoe 183 84 8 Do 38 1 do Bro Mixed 55 38 34 Do 62 .2 do Pekoe 100 54 eer oT ae 35 Do 63 7 do PekoeSou 350 48 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber Be Be pe 2 de Unassoxted one Be of Commerce Sale-room today, 8th Aug., the 38 Forest undermentioned lots of Tea (12,7341b.), which sold 5g ‘Hill 88 6 do Bro Pekoe 360 70 as under :— [e) IDL. Ony 9 = nor - Do pe 4 are aes ae Aes an Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 41 Orange No, No. perlb, c. Field 7020 do Pekoe 1000 44 G 10 2 hf-chs Bro Tea 180, 42 42 Do 7212 do Pekoe Sou 600 45 G 11 4 do Dust 300 27 43. Do 74 2 do Red Leaf 94 92 pice 2 12,1 do Red Leaf 50... 89 4 D 5 B 9 mple- i PBre ee. 5200 pes se ae stowe 13 1 do Bro Mixed 60 42 Do 14 1 do Diet CH 34 M 15 3 chests ta) 4 2 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale at the ¢ M 16 1 box Congou 28 37 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, ist Aug.,| 8 Lagan 17 10 hfchs tro Pekoe 500 76 the undermentioned lots of Tea (28,309 Ib.), which 6 Do 1915 do ~ Pekoe 765 «62 sold as under:— 10 Do 2135 do Pekoe Sou 1575 54 : it Do 23 5 do Dust 325 26 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 12 Do 24 5 do Bro Tea 250 43 No No. perlb. c. 13. Long- 1 TNG 150 4 hf-chs Pekoe Dust 200 18 dale 25.13 do Bro Pekoe 650 50 bid 2 Do 152 14 do Pekoe Fans 700 21 14 Do 27 26 do Pekoe 1300 45 bid 3 Do 154 48 do Reid Leaf 2150 25 15 Do 30 L do Dust 75 23 4 CRD 156 4 do Bro Tea 240 23 16 Do 31 2 do Congou 100 35 5 Lye- r 17 Do ae ih “els Red Leaf 35 21 grove 15814 do Bro Pekoe 700 »8=667 TSi es 33 1 chest do 90 "27 6 Do 16017 do Pekoe 880 53 19 Kanan- 7 Katu- gama 3419 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 950 40 galla 162 3 chests Bro Pekoe 300 56 20 Do 36 17 chests Pekoe 1700 48 8 Do 164 3 do Pekoe . 300 53 21 WK 33 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 736 67 bid 9 Do 166 4 do do No. 2 400 49 22 Do 40 32 do Pekoe 1440 47 bid 10 Do 168 3 do Pekoe Sou 800) 43 23 Do 42 1 box Congou 14 34 11 Do 170 2 do Souchong 180 4] } 24. Do °43 2 chests Dust 178 23 12 Do 172 3 do Bro Tea 330 32 25 Rawreth 44 19 hf-chs Pekoe 950 44 13 Citrus 174 10 hf-chs Pekoe 500 62 26 Do 46 1 do Dust 83 19 14 Do 176 15 do Pekoe Sou 750 46 27 Do 47 2 do Bro Tea 100 28 15 Do 178 3 do Souchong 120 35 ———— ~- a. lee: eg ee aye Messrs. Forses & Waker put up for saleat the more 182 23 chests Bro Pekoe 1955 86 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 8th Aug.; 18 Do 184 22 do PekoeSou 1650 53 the undermentioned lots of Tea (23,456 lb.), which sold 19 Do 186 3 do Pekoe Dust Dynes) as under :— 20 Clunes 188 3 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 180 63 21 Do 190 12 do Pekoe 720 57 Lot Box 5 Weight 22 Do 19210 do Pekoe Sou 600 46 No, Mark No. Pkgs. Description per ib. "e, 23 Glenor- 1 GHO 240 1 hf-cht Dust 80 23 chy 194 14 do Bro Pekoe 770 70 2 Do 242 1 box do 35 21 24 Do 196 20 do ekoe 1000 60 3 Do 244 1 hf-cht Congou 50-35 25 Do 198 4 do Dust 260 23 4 Do 246 1 box do 22 34 The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited, 5 Aig- 26 Polata- burth 248 22 hf-chs Bro Pekow 1210 61 bid gama 200 22 do Bro Pekoe 1100 75 6 Do 250 34 do Pekoe 1700 51 bid Pry | Do 202 55 do Pekoe 2200 62 7 Do 252 23 do Bro Pekoe Sou 1150 47 28 Do 204 29 do PekoeSou 1305 50 8 Do 25420 do Bro Pekoe : 1100-61 bid 29 G 206 12 do Pekoe 600 60 9 Do 256 22 chests Pekoe 2200 = 59 30 G 208 2 do Dust 93 24 10 Do 258 19 hf-chs Bro Pekoe Sou 950 50 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb Op 11 Theber- ton 260 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 62 12 Do 262 5 do Pekoe 250 53 13 Do 264 10 do Pekoe Sou 500 50 14 Do 266 2 do Bro Sou 100 42 15 Do 268 3 do Pekoe Dust Td 22 16 O 270 1 do Congou and Red Leaf 30 39 ives 272. 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 78 i} 42 274 32 do do 1600 64 19 Tor- wood 276 6 chests Crange Pekoe 510 89 20 Do 278 6 do Bro Pekoe 600 79 21 Do 280 6 do Pekoe 480 66 22 Do 282 20 do Pekoe Sou 1700 56 23 Semba- g watte 284 9 do Red Leaf 720 QT 24 Do 286 12 do Pekoe Fans 1380 28 25 Hora- goda Mu- ‘ ~yralane 288 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 280 59 bid 26 Do 290 8 do Pekoe 360 50 bid 27 Do 292 8 do Pekoe Sou 360 44 bid 28 N 29410 do Bro Orange Pekoe 600 80 29 N 296 9 do Pekoe 540 63 30 N 298 24 do Pekoe Sou 1440 52 31 N 300 1 do Congou 64 36 32 Clunes 223 do Bro Mixed 1495 42 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, Sth Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,288 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. perlb. c¢ w= (ey 77 1 chest Souchong 94 40 Ze 78 6 hf-chs Pekoe 325 50_ 3 St. M 79 5 do do 250 52 (Modes 8010 do Bro Mixed 500 41 Bik 82 3 do Dust 180 25 6 ACW 8314 do Bro Pekoe 700 71 bid 7 Do 84 6 do Pekoe 300 53 8 Do 85 4 chests PekoeSou 400 45 9 Lippa- kelle 86 8 do Bro Pekoe 656 67 bid 10 Do 8715 do ~ Pekoe 1170. 59 11 Do 89 5 do do No. 2 390 46 12° Do 90 1 do Dust 113-28 E uder— ~ mani 91 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 550 60 bip 14 Do 9311 do Pekoe 550 52 ils), 30%) 95 22 do Pekoe Sou 1100 52 16 RW 97 6 do Fannings 330 =. 38 17 Do 98 2 do Dust _ 120 19 1s Do 99 1 do BroMixed 50 = -28 mbula- s = Ne 100 44 boxes Bro Orange Pekoe 880 82 20 L 2 1 hfcht Fannings 70 30 21 BG 3 1 do Dust 65-23 22 MK 4 2 do Bro Pekoe 120° 70 23 Do 5 3 chests Pekoe 270 52 24 Do 6 2 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 90. 48 25 Do ond) do} Unassorted 162 31 bid 26 HH 8 3 do Pekoe 155 27 Do 9 3 do Souchong 160 98 Do 10 5 do Red Leat 258 } not ard. 29 Do 11 2 do Congou 99 30 Do 12 3 do Dust 230 81 Relugas 13 1 chest do 15 20 ning- Bade i 14 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 485 62 bid 33 Do 1512 do Pekoe 655 54 34 Do 17 6 do Pekoe Sou 315 47 35 Do 18 2 do Pekoe Fans 120 26 36 Do 19 1 do Bro Tea 60 36 OU 7G ee 20 10 do Pekoe — 491 52 38 Do 9215 do Pekoe Sou 720 39 $ a- % mala 2410 do Bro Pekoe 500 79 40 Do 2618 do Pekoe Sou 810 60 41 * LE 28 4 chests Souchong 340 39 42 Do 99 3 do Bro Mixed 199 31 43 Do 30 9 do Dust 614 25 as- i talc 81 1 do Bro Pekoe 72 40 45 Do 32 3 do Pekoe s 165 41 46 Do 33 6 do Pekoe Sou 330 8637 3 Messrs. Forses & Waker put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 15th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (28,445 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb. c 1 DDM 4 1 chest Congou 100 40 2 Do Sila dO. Dust 125 22 3 Do 8 1 do Red Leaf 95 31 4 Wood- cote 10 3 do Bro Mixed 270 40 5 Do 12 1 do Red Leaf 90 27 6 Do 14 2 hf-chs Dust 150 22 7 Kirimettia LM 1611 do Bro Pekoe 550 62 8 Do 18 20 do Pekoe 1000 48 * 9 Do 2010 do Souchong 500 44 10 Do 22 1 do Unassorted 50 32 11 Thorn- field 2411 do Bro Pekoe 638 70 bid 12 Do 2616 do Pekoe 896 57 bid 13 Do 28 18 do Pekoe Sou 1008 48 14 Do 30 2 do Pekoe Dust 156 26 15 East Holy- rood 3233 do Bro Pekoe 2046 80 bid 16 Do 34 29 chests Pekoe 2900 57 17 Norton 36 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 550 68 18 Do 38 11 do Pekoe 550 54 19 Do 40 6 do Pekoe Sou 300 48 20 Do 42 7 do Pekoe Fans 350 28 21 PB 44-10 do Pekoe Sou - 600 46 22 SB 4615 do do 750 46 23 Theber- = ton 48 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 72 24 Do 50 6 do Pekoe 300 55 25 Do 52 8 do Pekoe Sou 400 51 26 KB 54 4 do Dust 265 23 27 Mukel- oya 56 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 78 28 Do 58 16 do Pekoe Sou 800 55 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 29 Polata- gama 60 24 do Bro Pekoe 1200 78 30 Do_ 6260 do Pekoe 2400 61 31 Do 6419 do Pekoe Sou 855 53 32 Esper- anza 6614 do Bro Orange Pekoe 700 83 33 Do 68 32 do Pekoe 1600 64 384 CRD 70 2 do Bro Pekoe 100 47 35 Do 72.7 do Pekoe Sou 321 45 36 P 74 L do Dust 70 23 37 Poopras~ sie 7615 do Bro Pekoe 975 (6) 38 Do 78 37 do Pekoe 2035 62 39 Do 80 40 do Pekoe Sou 2200 54 Mr. J. D. Rozinson put up forsale at the Oham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 15th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (4,450 Ib.), which sold as under :— L : (Bulked.) Lot Mark. Box FEkgs. Description. Weight No No. perlb. c. 1 Lavant 6 12 chests Bro Pekoe 1200 64 2 Do 712 do Pekoe No,1 1630 61 3 Do 816 do Pekoe 1280 51 4 Do 9 2 do Pekoe Sou 160 48 5 Do 10 1 do PekoeDust 130 22 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room today, 15th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (5,522 lb.), which solid as under :— Lot Mark Box Weigh No No, Packages Description per lb. c, 1 Deaella 1 22 hf-chs Pekoe 1100 48 2 Do 210 do’ Bro Pekoe 550 50 bid 3 Do 3 22 do Pekoe Sou 990 47 4 Do 4 2 do Dust 140 20 5 Do 5 3 do Red Leaf 111 30 6 MD 6 18 do Pekoe 890 59 7 Do 723 do Pekoe Sou TOO meat Tote aa 8 Do 8 1 do Bro Mixed IBY fag 9 Do 91 do Congou 44° 30. 3 lo Do 10 1 do Dust 6921 j 11 Aber- foylell 5 do Bro Pekoe 250. 62 12 9 12 1 chest Bro Mixed 715. .-37 13 3 131 do Dust 10337 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 13th July 1888 :— Ex “‘Rewa”—Amherst, 1t 97s; 3c 1b 90s; 6c 1b 77s; Te 72s; 1t 89s. Kahagalla, 2c lb 96s; 5c 1b 85s 6d; 1c 75s; 1494s. Haputale, 4c 96s 6d; 14¢ 84s 6d; 3c 2b 75s; le 1t 1b 95s. Sherwood, lc 100s; 2c 1t 88s 6d; le 74s; 1t 94s 6d. Ex ‘Clan Alpive’—Haputale, 1e 58s; 4c 1t 82s; le 1b 73s; 1t 91s 6d. Ex “Rewa”—Keenakelle, le 1b 85s; 4c 79s; 4c 738s; 1b 65s; le 86s 6d. Ex ‘‘India”—Macoolusa, 1b 76s; 1t 71s: le 68s; 1b 8ls. Lunuyala, 1c 81s; 1c 73s 6d; 1b 69s 6d; 1b 84s. Ex ‘“‘Mira”—Lunugala, 1t 87s; 2c 82s; 2¢ 1b 76s 6d; 1c 72s; 1b 88s 6d. Ex “Clan Alpine’—Hanipha, le 1t 838; 3¢ 97s; 1b 69s 6d; 1b 89s 6d. Ex “Rewa’’—BEttrick, le 16 100s; 3¢ 85s; 16 71s 6d; 1b 92s. Sarnia, le 69s; 1c 86s; 1c 1b 66s 6d; 2 bags 87s 6d. Needwood, 1c 95s; 2c 1b 84s; le 72s; lc 88s. Mahakanda, 1c 1t 96s; 3c 1t 83s 6d; le 73s 6d; 3 bags 68s 6d. Tulloes, 1c 89s 6d; 1c 1b 74s; 1b 87s 6d; 1 bag 89s; le 1b 79s 6d; 1t 73s; lb 87s. Niabeada, 1c 74s; le 1t 66s; 1 bag 76s. Ex “Vesta”—AOW WN, 2c 1b 103s; 5c 95s 6d; 14¢ 80s 6d; 2c 1t 77s; 2c 16 91s; 3c 68s; 5 bags 83s; 1b 85s; 1b 66s. Ex “‘Mirzapore’—Mt. Vernon AOW, 2c 1t 103s; 4c 94s; 9c 81s 6d; 1c 76s; le 1t 94s 6d; 2c 68s; 4 bags 85s. Ex ‘“‘Dardanus’—CW, 2c 1b 69s. Ex “Clan Alpine’”’—Forest Hill, 2c 1b 82s 6d; 6c 1b 76s; 1c 1b 73s; 1c 87s; 6 bags 63s 6d. Ex ‘‘Mira”—-Golconda, 5c 90s; 3¢ 1b 76s 6d; 1b 72s; le 92s; lc 1b 67s; 2 bags 72s. G, 1b 76s; 1b 64s. Ex ‘“Dorunda”—Aadneven, 4c 1t 80s. Marks and prices of OEFYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 20th July 1888 :— Ex “Alvah”—Bengalla, 2c 90s 6d; 5c 81s; 1e 5ls; 1b 70s; 1t 89s. Ex “Clan Alpine’”—Amansdowa MOCOo., 20 lt 75s 6d; 1b 88s. Ex “Clan Drummond’’—Gampaha, 2c 85s. Ex “‘Clan Maclean”—Pen-y-lan, 1t 74s. GHM FG, 20 bags 71s 6d; 20 bags 70s 6d. Ex “Rewa”—Macaldenia, 8c 91s 6d; 5c 1b 77s; 1¢ 1b 73s; 1c 1b 90s; 2c 65s. Ex “Glenorchy’”—New Hopewell, 2c 1t 83s 6d. Ex “Vega”—Redipane, le 1b 84s. Ex “Rome’—ACW, 1t 2c lb 70s; 1b 2c 1t 68s; 1t 76s. Ex “Agamemnon”—Mt. Vernon AOW, 1c 104s; 2c 95s; 8c 81s 6d; le 1t 75s; 1c 1b 88s 6d. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 27th July 1888 :— Ex “Coromandel”—Anniewelle, le 1t 86s 6d; 1c 1b 78s; 1b 728; 1b 83s. : Ex “Olan Ranald”—Ouvah, 2c 1t 100s; 6c 81s 6d; 1c 74s 6d; 1t 91s; 1t 888; 5c 96s 6d; 1c 1t 96s 6d; 5c 79s; 6c 79s 6d; 1¢ 72s 6d; 1c 89s 6d; le 88s; 2c 68s Gd. Ex “Mira”—Pittarat Malle, 1b 101s; Ib 948; 4e 1b 88s; le 758; 1b 85s; 1t 69s; 2b 81s 6d. Ex“Ooromandel”—RWA, 1b 67s; 1b 848; 1b 816; 1c 66s 6d. Ex “Olan Drummond”—Mt, Vernon AOW, 14 103s 1c 1t 94s 6d; 4c 1t 828 6d; le 74s 6d; 1c 898; lo 67s 6d: 1 bag 83s. Ex “Valetta”—Mt. Vernon AOW, 2b 88s; 3c 1b 74s; 2c72s; 2c 1t 84s 6d; 2 bags 728. Doragalla, 1b 96s; 1t 838; 1b 738; 1b 85s; 1 bag 62s. Ex “Clan Ranald”’—Mausagalla, 1100s; 6c 958; 6c Bls 6d; 2c 72s 6d; 1¢ 89s. WWW, 5 bags 74s; 2 bags 67s 6d. 1 bags 37s, CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. 41, Mincine Lane, July 20th, 1888. ; SvUCcIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem ' Ythanside 3d +P oon Tillicoultry ois 7d A Black Forest 27d to 3d ee one Queenwood an 6d sop Talawakellie 3d 45d ome Meeriatenne, Hybrid 44d Fe toe CHde S$ 23d to 3d Bs an Chapelton 3d 6 dto 64d 45d Kataboola, Hyd. 33dto d 7a od A C W in triangle D 24d to 3d oH Mattakelle oh a 43d Fairieland aoe 4d 23d NWE 25 Std Ts Kobo 24d to 3d 4d to 43d Rangalla 24d to 3d Be one Tellisagalla 23d to 3d 33d (Mixed) MBE Rangbodde 4d 4d to 63d ove Stamford Hill 3d 4d ose Hantane » 3d 43d ‘ OFFICINALIS. Dambagastalawa 33d to 3id CH des dd to 67d ae Albion 4d 73d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Mincing Lane Correspondent.) ‘ Lonpon, July 13th, 1888. Ex “Rohilla”—Udapolla, 23 bags S7s 6d; 8 bags 78s;- Lonpon, July 20th, 1888. Ex “Alvah”—Raxawa, 2 bags 76s 6u; 6 bags 49s, Kandanewera, 2 bags 60s. Narangalla, 3 bags 60s, Ex ‘‘Olan Maclean’—EANO, 17 bags 39s. Waria- polla, 10 bags 90s. SD, 1 bag 66s 6d; 5 bags 66s 6d; 29 bags 90s; 3 bags63s. SD, 1 bag 48s. - Lonpon July, 27th. Ex ‘Olan Maclean’”—Lesmoir, 1 bag 67s. Sudu- ganga, 25 bags 90s. SD, 2 bags 65s; 1 bag 65s; 3 bags 61s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, Lonpon, July 13th, 1888. Ex “Clan Lamont’’— Havilland OBEC, 2 cases Is 5d. Ex “Persia”—HElfindale, 4 boxes 1s 9d, : Ex “Clan Alpine’—Tynan, 3 cases 1s 4d; 1 case 9d; 1 bag 8d; 1 bag 1s 3d. Ex ‘‘Mira”’—Poengalla, 2 cases 1s 6d; 1 case Is 7d; 3 cases 1s 5d; 1 bag 1s 3d. Ex “Rewa”—Nellaoolla, 14 cases 1s 9d; 1 case 1s 5d; 2 cases 1s 4d. Ex ‘‘Kerbela”—CCC, 3 cases 1s 3d. 1 bag 1s 5d. Ex ‘‘Dacca”—Wariagalla, 2 cases 1s 11d; 1 case 1s 6d; 3 cases 1s 5d. Hx “Oity of Bombay’”’—Oonoogalla, 1 case 1s 03d; 1 case 1s 04d. Wattagalla, 3 cases 2s 2d; 5 cases 2s 4d; lcase 195d; 6 cases 1s 6d; 5 cases 1s; 1 case Is 4d. Ex “Alvah’’-—Dooroomadella, 2 cases 1s 7d; 3 cases 1g 2d; 1 case 1s 4d, Ex “Rewa”—Elkadua, 2 cases 1s 6d; 7 cases 1s; 1 case 1s 3d; 2 cases 1s 2d; 1 case 9d. - é LMM, 1 bag 1s; London, July 27th. Ex “Britannia”—Dotel Oya, 2 cases1s 8d; 2 cases Is 9d; 1 case 1s 5d. Ex “Clan Maclean”—Hllagalla SD and rep’kd, 5 cases 1s; 2 cases 1s 2d. Gt. Valley, 8 cases 1s 4d; 2 cases 1s 4d; 1 case 1s 3d. Ex ‘Olan Lamont’’—Laxapanagalla, 4 cases 1s 9d. Ex “‘Rewa”—Kobanella, 1 case 9d; 1 case 1s 4d. Various ships—Tunisgalla, 2 cases 1s 6d; 2 cases 1s. 7d. HEllagalla, 1 case 1s 3d. Woodslee, lcase Is. . REAR Se TT RL SR ATR RET SUR at RR PEST ‘ CEYLON OBSERVER’? PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. See CoLtomsBo, § 11, 1888. Price :—12% cents each; 3 copies No. 16.] Nall ene veaat a eae { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee, ——————— Oe Oe COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No per lb, ec 9 5 Mr. E. JoHn put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- 2 Be ee af de Bepoe Sou He He merce Sale-room today, 15th Aug., the under-/31 Do 38 2 do do Fans 120 26 mentioned lots of Tea (21,009 lb.), which sold as{32 Do 39 1 do BroTea 60 36 ‘ander :— 33 | oe 40 8 do Bio Pekoe 400 85 ipti i [o) do ekoe 365 ete Mark mon Packages Description er ¢ 35 Do Gotta de PekseBoa 7 Be a wH Weed hest Dust 109 29 36 Do 44 3 do Dust 180 25 2 Do 49 1 hf-cht Congou STi AO al ene a ore, Axed 100. 36 é 50 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 43 ay 3 2 eg 51 1 do Orange 50 50 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Chamber 5 Do 52 1 do Dust_ 15 19 of Commerce Sale-room today, 22nd Aug., the under- 6 Do 53 1 do Fannings 60 25 mentioned lots of Tea (2,245 lb.), which sold as 7 Oruden 54 23 do Orange Pekoe 1150 87 under: 5 He Be 3 cuca Bence Sou 1300 ee Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 40 Do 60 2ht-chs Dust _ 100» 25 No ee No. per lb, c. 2 Kadien Ce ae Bro Mixed ay a kande 1117 hf-chs Wnassorted 935 59 lena 62 18 chests. BroPekoe 1620 78 ZN Ue BS {cod Souctong 150 49 13 Do 6417 do Pekoe 1445 69 : 9 o ry 70 2 14 Do 6617 do Pekoe Sou 1445 56 (Bulked.) 15 Black- 4 Amba- buro 68 12 do Bro Pekoe 1200 60 bid tenner 14 1 chest Bro Pekoe 100 16 Do 70 9 do Pekoe 810 52 5 Do 15 3 do Pekoe 270 Unot 17 Do 72 15 do Pekoe Sou 1270 47 6 Do 16 5 do Pekoe Sou 400 ( rived 13 J T 74 8 boxes Pekoe 40 47 7 Do 17 4 do Souchong 320 pia nN 7h 1s uivcha Bro Pek 900 70 a ; gama = 75 EEN) DEON 2 Mr. O. EH. H. Symons put up for sale at the ae Re es oe do Bekoe Sou thee of Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 22nd Aug., 22 Loxa 80 9 do Bro Pekoe ABO. 55 the undermentioned lots of Tea (15,934 lb.), which 23 Do 82 20 do Pekoe 1000 = 550 sold as under :— 24 Do 84 1 do Congou 50 36 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 25 Do 85 1 do Dust 715 23 No. No. per lb. c. 26 Do 86 2 do Red Leaf 70 21 1 Nahalma 14 21 chests Pekoe 2100 55 27 Comer 87 7 do Bro Pekoe 350 55 2 Do 16 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 864 73 28 Do 88 6 do Pekoe 300 48 3 Do 18 14 chests Pekoe Sou 1400 50 29 Do 89 4 do Pekoe Sou 200 44 4 Do 20 5 hf-chs Congon 250 40 30 Da 101 2 do Bro Mixed 100 29 5 Do 22 7 do Pekoe Fans 322 38 31 Do 102 1 do Dust 60 22 § Pamba- 82 A 104 5 chests Bro Mixed 623 26 gama 24 7 chests Pekoe 630 42 33 Ugie- 7 Do 26 4 do Pekoe Sou 380 = 38 side 105 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 600 57 8 Do 28 2 do Dust 480 25 34 Lo 107 9 do Pekoe Sou 405 48 9 Balmo- 35 Do 108 23 do do 1035 50 tal 30 27 do Pekoe 2565 56 bid — 10 pe 32 a go ae Pekoe 2400 71 bid le) 5 do e. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale et the a Patiae ee Sou PED 38) Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 15th Aug., gama 36 26 hf-chs Pekoe 1316 59 the undermentioned lots of Tea (11,894 lb.), which sold|13 Do 38 13 do Bro Pekoe 727 67 as under :— =a Lot Box Weight Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. Cy Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 22nd Aug., : the undermentioned lots of Tea (19,478 lb.), which sold Sosa t eget 1 3 hi-chs Pekoe 155 61 dent 2 Do 2 3 do Souchon 160 43 BS UDO ON ie : 3. Do 3 5 do Red Lea 258 27 Lot Mark Box : ? Weigh 4. PEDO 4 2 do Congou 99 35 No. No. Pkgs. Desoription perlb: oc, 5 Do 5 3 do Dust 230 22 1 DPO 46 3 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 145 44 6 N 6 5 do do 325 21 2GkK 47 1 do Red Leaf 52 30 TRON 7 4 do Red Leaf 160 37 3 DG 48 2 do Bro Pekoe 82 ~ 60 8 BH G 8 1 chest Congou 100 «33 4 Do 49 1 do Fnanings 64 32 9 Do 9 1 do Dust 70 22 5 Do 50 5 do Dust 285 28 10 DPO 10 3 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 145 not ard.| 6 Do 51 1 chest Bro Mixed 90 43 tl Troy 11 7 chests do 720 40 7 GD 52 3 hf-chs Dust 162 18 12 Do 12 3 do Dust 440 22 8 New Tunis- 13 Do 13 5 do Red Leaf §50 31 galla 53 16 do Unassorted 800 52 14 Hakuru- 9 Blair- - galla 14 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 240 69 avon 5515 do Bro Pekoe 900 70 bid 15 Do 1512 do Pekoe 600 52 10 Do 67 9 do Pekoe 495 57 16 K TK 1716 do BroPekoe 960 §©669 11 Do 65823 do Pekoe Sou 115051 17 Do 19 11 do Pekoe Sou 605 52 12 Do 60 5 do Bro Tea 350 825 18 Do 21 1 do Dust 70 «615 13 Burn- 19 Lynd- 70 side 6120 do Pekoe 1000 48 bid hurst 22 4 chests Bro Pekoe 375 14 Pen- 20 Do 23 10 do Pekoe 900 51 rith 6318 do Bro Pekoe 900 72 21 Do 25 5 do Souchong 450 47 15 Do 6512 chests Pekoe 1080 690 22 L 26 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 33 22 16 Do 67 20 hi-chs Pekoe Sou 900 51 23 L 27 1 do Bro Tes AT 41 17 Invery 69 12 chests Pekoe 1080 66 4 L 28 1 do Fannings 52. 37 18 Rose- : 2 L 29 1chest Dust ; 82 86.28. neath 71 10 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 520 70 bid 96 L P 30 3 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 105 =. 36 19 Do 73 3 chests Pekoe 316.58 27 Do 31 1 do _ Pekoe 5042 20 Do 7 7 do Pekoe Sou 714. «453 Morning- 21 Ovoca 75 1 do BroMixed 120.3 side 3214 do Bro Pekoe 770 64 22 LP 76 2 hf-ehs Pekoe Sou 102. 35 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. : Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. oO. per lb. xc 23 Stins- } ford 77 7 do Bro Pekoe 3505, not 24 Do 78 8 do Pekoe eel arrived 25 Do 7910 do Pekoe Sou 450 26 Salawe 81 1 do Bro Orange Pekoe 56 1°00 27 Do 82 4 do Bro Pekoe 220 75 28 Do 83 4 do Pekoe 199 65 a9 Do 8414 do Pekoe Sou 700 52 30 Do 86 1 do Bro Mixed 56 44 81 Do 87 1 do Dust 75 31 82 Chet- nole 8817 do Bro Pekoe 680 73 33 Do 90 21 do Pekoe Sou 840 52 34 Do 92 7 do Bro Pekoe 280 73 bid 35 Do 93 18 do Pekoe 720 60 36 Do 95 20 do Pekoe Sou 800 53 37 Do 97 8 do Dust 400 26 bid 38 Ossing- ton- 98 3 do Congou 126 39 Do 99 3 do Dust 216 not 40 Do 10011 do Pekoe Sou 438 { arrived 41 Do 2 5 do Pekoe 225 43 Do 817 do Bro Pekoe 850 - eee 20 pkt Bro Pek 21b 40 Valley 6 pkts. ro Pekoe, ‘ Ba oi td 88 do dove” 1 1b) att ee ead 45 Do 7 24 do Pekoe Sou 2 1b, rs, 61 46 Do 8 40 do do 1 1b. 40 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 22nd Aug., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (15,1441b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. perlb. c. 12L 109 2 chests Bro Mixed 200 41 2L 110 2 hf-chs Congou 80 39 3 EW 111 4 do Pekoe Dust 248 a7 4 Do 112 6 do Congou 270 36 5 Do 113 8 do Dust 458 QL 6 Whyd- ‘ don 114 21 do Pekoe 945 58 bil q Do 116 12 chests Pekoe Sou 1080 54 8 Do 118 2 do Dust 142 25 9 Salem 119 15 hf-chs 1 box Orange Pekoe 624 53 10 Dow pel .38. do do No.1 75 81 iit Do 122 15 hf-chs Pekoe 600 49 12 Do 124 2 boxes Congou 42 33 18 Do 125 2 do Pekoe Dust 60 24 14 Monro- via 126 20 hf-chs Pekoe 1000 48 15 Do 128 3 do Bro Mixed 150 43 16 Do 129 1 do Dust. 70 98 17 Mocha 180 27 do Bro Pekoe 1350 18 Do 132 15 chests Pekoe 1425 19 Do 13412 do Pekoe Sou 1080 not 20 Do 1386 7 do Fannings 770 ( arrived. 21 Do 137 7 do Dust 910 22, Do 13813 do Congou 1085 23 Logan 140 40 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1880 52 24 SHS 142 3 pkgs. Congou 120 40 2b Do 143 5 do ‘Red Leaf 140 23 26 Do 144 2 do Dust 120 22 27 Do 145 5 do Pekoe Dust 300 25 Messrs. ForsEs & WaLkeER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 22nd Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (29,173 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weteot No. No a per | ec, 15 Atta- bage 11011 do Bro Pekoe 1045 78 16 Do 112 25 do Pekoe 2000 62 17 Do 114 24 do Pekoe Sou 2040-52 18 Do 116 3 do Red Leaf 285 32 19 Do 118 2 do Dust 280 28 20 TNG 12012 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 600 38 21 Do 122 4 do Fannings 200 «28 22 WoO 124 4 chests do 500 23 Do 126 3 do Bro Tea 270 not 24 Do 128 2 do Pekoe Fans 250 | arriveds 25 Do 130 2 hf-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 130 12 chests 26 Park 132 1 box bpekoe 1672 48 2 hf-chs } 27 Waver- ley 134 28 do Bro Pekoe 1736 87 28 Do 136 29 chests Pekoe 2900 65 29 WSA +138 3 do Souchong 324 43 30 Do 140 1 do Red Leaf 738 34 31 Do 142 1 hf-cht Dust 83 21 32 Stony- cliff 14413 do Pekoe Sou 650 49 33 Do 146 1 do Dust 60 28 34 Farn- ham 148 42 do Pekoe 1890 64 35 Do 160 21 do Souchong 945 49 36 Ben- tura 152 8 chest Pekoe 720 54 37 Do 154 1 do Bro Mixed 110 43 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put upfor sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 29th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,581 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs. Description perlb. c. 1 Stins- ford 9 7 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 350 69 2 Do 10 8 do Pekoe 320 57 3 Do 1110 do Pekoe Sou 450 50 4 Ossing=- ton 1317 do Bro Pekoe 850 44 5 Do 15 5 do Pekoe 225 46 6 Do 16 11 do Pekoe Sou 438 47 7 Do 18 3 do Dust 216 20 8 Do 19 3 do Congou 126 21 9 Mincing Lane 20 37 do Bro Pekoe 1850 17 10 Do 22,36. do Pekoe 1620 62 il Do 24°25,.do.. Pekoe Sou 1250-55 12 Castle 26 2 do do 80 37 13 Do 27 2 do Pekoe 90 44 14 Yalta 28 2 do Dust 136 26 16 RW 2913 do Souchong 650 51 16 Do 3114 do Bro Mixed 700 40 17 Do 33 4 do Fannings 220 44 18 Do 34 3 do Dust 180 27 19 Suria- kande 3510 do Bro Pekoe §00 79 20 Do 37 9 do Pekoe 495 61 2. eno, 38 8 do Pekoe Sou 440 53 22 Edera- polla 39 4 do Bro Pekoe 220 «55 23 Do 40 5 do Pekoe 260 52 24 Do 4110 do Pekoe Sou 480 46 25 Do 4319 do Dust 1235 23 26 Lauder- ‘dale 45 12 do Bro Pekoe 600 68 27 Do 4716 do Pekoe 3 800 56 28 Do 49 34 do PekoeSou 1700538 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 29th Aug., Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. perlb. c. 1 West Hapu- tale 82 3 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 180 51 2 Do 8419 do Pekoe Sou 950 48 3 Do 86 11 do Souchong 550 40 4 "Tor- ; wood 88 3 chests Orange Pekoo 255 84 5 Do 90 3 do Bro Pekoe 300 16 6 Do 92 6 do Pekoe 480 72 ¥ | Do 9412 do Pekoe Sou 960 57 8 Gonde- nawa 96 40 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2000 68 9 Do 88 32 do Pekoe 1440 59 10 Do 100 50 do Pekoe Sou 2000 52 11 Do 102 6 do Dust 450 25 12 Do 104 3 chests Bro Mixed 270 43 13 Do 106 3 do Bro Tea 270 36 14 Do 108 8 do Unassorted 800 42 the’ undermentioned lots of Tea (1,285lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description oO. No. 271 6 eee 1 Pamba- s gama 40 5 chests Pékoe 2 Do 42 5 do Pekoe Sou 3 Do 44 6 hf-chs Dust Weight per lb. 450 “475 ( drawn. 360 c. with CEYLON Mr. J. D. Roxsinson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 29th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (10,134 lb.), which sold as under :— (Bulked.) Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. c. 1 WA 14 28 chests Bro Pekoe 2520 69 2 Do 1512, do Pekoe 1200 63 (Bulked.) 3 Bruns- wick 16 30 chests Bro Pekoe 2700 70 4 Do 17 12 do Pekoe 1200 60 (Bulked ) 5 Amba- tenne 18 1 ehests Bro Pekoe 100 80 6 Do 19 3 do Pekoe 270 62 7 Deo 20 5 do Pekoe Sou 400 55 8 Do 21 4 do Souchong 320 52 9 Cocoa- watte 22 18 hf-chs Pekoe No. 1 900 47 bid 10 Do 23 7 do do No. 2 350 46 11 Do 24 3 do Souchong 150 40 12 Do 25 1 box Congou 24 23 Mr. EH. Joun put up for Sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today; 29th Aug., the under- PRODUCE SALES LIST. mentioned lots of Tea (14,681 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs. Description per lb. c. 1 Varale- pattana 146 2 hf-chs Red Leaf 140 33 2 Do 147 7 do Fannings 350 35 3 Do 148 2 do Dust 178 22 4 Do 149 1 do Congou 23 36 5 Little Valley150 6 do Bro Pekoe 330 63 6 Do 151 19 do Pekoe 950 59 7 Mocha 153 27 do Bro Pekoe 1350 92 8 Do 155 15 chests Pekoe 1425 72 9 Do 157 12 do Pekoe Sou 1080 63 10 Do 159 7 do Fannings 770 38 11 Do 160 7 do Dust 910 28 12 Do 161 13 do Congou 1085 52 13 Ivies 163 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 450 70 14 Do 165 13 do Pekoe 650 60 15 Do 167 11 do © Pekoe Sou 550 55 16 RES 16911 do Pekoe Dust 720 20 The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited. 17 Yati- deria 171 11 hf-chs Bro Tea 550 37 18 Do 172 14 do Pekoe Fans 840 22 19 RBB 173 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 67 20 Do 17411 do Pekoe 495 58 21 Do 176 13 do Pekoe Sou 585 54 22 Logan 178 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 47 23 Do 179 10 do Pekoe 450 60 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 29th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (26,191 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. perlb. c. 1 Gikiyana- Kanda 156 38 chests Bro Mixed 250 37 2 Do 158 3 do Dust 815 22 3 Walahan- duwa 160 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 400 87 4 Do 162 8 do Pekoe 400 60 5 Do 164 6 do Pekoe Sou 300 50 6 Do 166 37 do Souchong 1850 45 7-A B 168 4 do Bro Mixed 200 32 8 Do 170 2 do Red Leaf 100 28 9 Weva- goda 172 2 do Bro Pekoe 100 70 10 Do 174 2 do Pekoe 80 56 ll Do 176 2 do Pekoe Sou 120 47 12 Do 178 6 do Souchong 300 37 13 Do 180 4 do Mixed 200 19 14 Galdola 182 1 do Pekoe 50 56 15 Do 184 1 do Pekoe Sou 50 43 16 Do 186 3 do Souchong 150 38 17 Do 188 1 do Mixed’ 50 1 18 Ratma- _ hara 190 6 do Bro Pekoe 300 19 Do 192 8 do Pekoe 400 | not ard. 20 Do 194 19 do Pekoe Sou 950 21 Do 196 13 do Souchong 650 Lot Mark Box Packages Description No, No. 22 Down- side 198 3 chests 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 23 Do 200 3 chests I hf-cht Pekoe 24 Do 202 3 chests 1 hf-cht Pekoe Sou 25 Do ~ 204 13 chests 11 hf-chs Souchong 26 Do 206 2 chests 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 27 Do 208 1 chest 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 28 ANE 210 3 do Congou 29 Do 212 1 do Dust 20 Do 214 2 do Congou 31 Do 216 1 do Dust 32. Pan- mure 218 1 do Pekoe Sou 33. =S 224 3 do Dust 34 8S 226 1 do Souchong 85 S 228 2 do Red Leaf 36. S 230 1 do Bro Tea 37 RK 232 12 chests Pekoe Sou 38 =2-R 234 10 do Bro Tea 39 R 236) 1 do Dust 40 R 238 6 do Bro Mixed 41 Middle- ton 240 21 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 42 Do 242 45 do Pekoe 43 Do 244 1 dc Dust. 44 Do 246 2 do Congou 45 Park 248 3 chests Bro Pekoe 46 Do 250 7 do Pekoe 47 Do 252 6 do y} 1 hf-cht Pekoe Sou 48 Do 254 1 chest Congou 49 Do 256 1 hf-cht Dust 50 Do 258 1 do Red Leaf 51 WO 260 4 chests Fannings 52 Do 262 3 do Bro Tea 53 Do 264 2 do Pekoe Fans 54 Do 266 2 do Bro Orange Pekoe 55 Gooroo- kelle 268 10 hf-chs Unassorted 56 Pala- watte 270 2 chests Bro Pekoe 57 Do 272 2 do Pekoe 58 Do 274 7 do Pekoe Sou 59 Do 276 1 do Dust 60 Do 278 1 do Souchong 61 Semba- watte 280 13 do Bro Mixed 62 Do 282 5 do Dust 63 Gal- bodde 284 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 64 Do 286 15 do Pekoe 65 Do 288 1 do Congou 66 Do 290 1 do Pekoe Dust 67 Do 292 1 do Fannings Mr. E. Joun put up for of Commerce Sale-room today, 5th Sept., Weight per Ib. Cc. sale at the Chamber the un- dermentioned lots of Tea (13,328 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. No No. 1 LeVallon 181 4 chests Dust 2 SKR_ 182 3 do Unassorted 3 NHBJN183 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 4 Do 184 3 do Pekoe 5 Do 185 7 do Souchong 6 Do 186 1 do Dust 7 Halloo- wella 187 8 do Org Pekoe 8 Do 189 7 chests Pekoe 9 Do 191 6 do Pekoe Sou 10» DY Vs 193 1 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 11 Do 194 3 do Bro Tea 12ipee Dopp enlenee Heche }Bro.Mixed 13 St. Clair 196 16 chests Bro Pekoe 14 Do 198 16 do Orange Pek 15 Do 200 29 do Pekoe 16 Do 1112 do do 17 Do 13 12 do Pekoe Sou 18 Do 15 12 do do 19 AWG 17 22 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 20. Do Dust 19 1 hf-cht Weight per lb. 456 326 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mr. J. D. Roginson put up for sale at the Oham- EY ; ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 5th Sept., C LON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. the undermentioned lots of,Tea (11,165 Ib.), which sold (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) as under :— | eee poe Priees of ae COFFEE ‘sold in Lot Box Weight incing Lane up to 3rd August 1888 :-— fo, Mark No Pk Se Desoription Bey ah os Ex “Glenorchy” —Deyanillekelle, 5¢ 838 6d. 2 Yahaella 2714 do ro Pekoe 700 64 Ex “Bulimba”—Wattegodde, 1b 81s. 3 Do 2815 do Pekoe Sou 675 53 Ex “‘Benarty”—Goomerakande, 1c 86s; 2¢ 78s. 5 ee 29 1 do Bro Tea 50 a4 ue FRE Se agi NON, 1b 103s; 4c 1t 96s; 9c 1b F s 6d; le 1b 92s. 6 ports Be is ne chs ihe Bakoe ie ue Ex “Rewa”—Del Rey, 1t. 102s; 6c 1b 9838; 13¢ 1b 85s; Te iDN 32 16 do Pekkaei Sou. 1600 57 ge fe Pa 38 1b ae le 1b 71s 6d. Alnwick, 3c 1b 98s; 8 Bloom- c 83s; 2c 83s 6d; 2c 74s 6d; 1c 91s. field 33 20 chests Bro Pekoe 1800 71 Ex “Olyde’—Kotiyagalla, 2c 87s; 4¢ 80s; 2c 1t 728 MONG Mess (2 do. ° Bre Maxed piensa | see NE ol Ex “‘Bengal”—Sirigalla, 29 bags 69s; 16 bags 63s d6; 2 bags 60s 6d; 7 bags 45s. Mr. ©. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the RY, Ohamber of Commerce sale-room today, 5th Sept., CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. the undermentioned lots of Tea (13,035 lb.), which 41, Mincine Lane, August 8rd, 1888. sold as under :— ‘ SuccrrRuBBA. Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description per lb. c. Mark. Natural Renewed. Root. 1. Pamba- Stem. gama 40 5 chests Pekoe 450 40 Tillicoultry 3d to 4d ea bea 2 Do 42 5 do Pekoe Sou 475 38 Dambayastalawa 3d : aon ae 3 0 44 6 hf-chs Dust 360 8934 Queenwood 24d to 4d ony vos 4 Nahalma 46 29 chests Pekoe 2900 53 Marguerita 4d sh fr 5 ‘0 48 19 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 912 73 Torrington 4d to 5d 6d to 74¢d aa 6 Do 50 13 chests Pekoe Sou 1300 50 DS, FN in diamond 4d on 4d 7 °Do 52 4 hf-chs Congou 200 «41 cs, Kin do 2hd to 4d 32d to 6kd “os 8 Do 54 4 do Fannings 184 36 Wavahena 3d 3id = 9 MM 56 36 do Pekoe 1620 64 Lower Haloya 2d to 33d be en 10 Do 58 38 do Bro Pekoe 1900 8672 Agra Hybrid ahd 43d to 53d a a A me 60 18 do Pekoe Sou 810 §=58 Ekolsund Ae 25 3kd to 4d alla- Meddecombra 24d to5d 4d to Aa watta 6226 do Pekoe 11790 453 Gallantenne 2d to 4d 6d. reer oon 13 le) 6413 do Bro Pekoe 654 65 Dotel Oya 4d ase "= Bad 14 Do 66 2 do Dust 100 «25 Wariagalla 33d to5d 3d to 4d ees Thornfield 4id on 4hd Uren sae bd 4 hi a ca Mattalelle 33d to 6 9 a Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the| 2° Ledgeriana 7d to 74d 9d" os Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 5th Sept., porseerat yprid a os aa sb the undermentioned lots of Tea (19,35 lb.), which | medeyodde Calisaya da a A sold as under :— Angroowelle aa re to 4d os BAL 2 ahakanda 44d to 5d : oa Mark ae Pkgs Description ee P {Amanedoys 43d todd =i ase 1 OTM 51 5 chests Unassorted 415 "48 aeCGoge Ge ESS 3dt * d 4a as Q Do 52 2hf-chs Dust 140 22 Sea wa ad ae 3 DG 53 6 do Bro Tea 300 43 Mester ahd t> 3d 2 — 4 Bo 54 4 do Dust PAG #28. 2 || eee a oe ove 5 Wewesse 5519 do Bro Pekoe 950 65 Be ain i AB, ‘. Diyagama 3d ‘ 4¢d ie 6 Oo 57 24 do Pekoe 1200 52 x dal 3d to 34d Bad 7 Do 59 7 do Dust 420 23 BEaea)e oe 3 es 8 Kuruwitty Bulatwatte 3d to 34d spyel ae & gy iowa 368 75 bid WW, W in triangle 1}d to 3d neh 2d to 34d “9 Do 61 28 do Pelioe Sou 1260 51 meen Be oe =! 0 le) Co) jouchon 180 47 . 34 ig li Do 64 4 do Bra Teae 204 43 Poonagalla Hybrid 3d 54dto 6d a5 12 Do 65 2 do © Congou 98 37 OFFICINALIS. 13 Do 66 2 chests Dust 150 37 Eskdale 43d 83d 14 Weera- Dunsinane 4d to 53d 4id to 10d ea Fe es galla 67 30 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1200 78 Dambagastalawa ss 2d ws 15 Do 69 49 do Pekoe 1960 58 BR in diamond JHA 3d to 5d “he 6d 16 Do 71 46 do Pekoe Sou 1840 50 Maria 5d se oo 7sSTC 7311 do Bro Pekoe 605 70 bid } Torrington 4hd 744 aps 18 Do 75 10 do Pekoe 500 56 L in diamond 33d to 4d 63d 4d 19 Do 1 9 do Pekoe Sou 450 50 Dovedale - 33d 83d - 8d 20. Do 78 4 do Bro Mixed 210 32 OKO 2kd bed te 21 Do 79 2 do Pekoe Dust 130 23 Ury 3g 8d Hybrid... 22 Allakolla 80 9 do BroPekoe 540 70 Mahacudagalla 4d 6d to 8$d 93 Do 81 10 chests Pekoe 1000 ~=-60 Thornfield 3d to 64d so 24 Do 83 8 do Pekoe Sou 800 56 Oliphant 3d to 34d 4d = 25. Do 84 3 do Bro Tea 340 31 Lauriston 24d 53d ss a we 85 1 do Congou 100 436 The Park aa ia 104d to1ld 7a 7 Detana- : Stafford 05 ass ; see galla 8616 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 800 75 bid | St. Joho 34d to 10d 103d = 28 Do 8819 do Pekoe Sou 945 62 MCCCo, in dia. Hyd. 6d to 63d an see 29 Chetnole 9012 do Bro Pekeo 480 81 Amanadowa 23d to 3d toe oes 30 Do 9212 do Pekoe 480 65 Gowerakelle 7a Ey ate 81 Do 9414 do PekoeSou 560 54 Diyagama 3d to 34d 43d ss 32 Do 96 3 do Dust 150 28 Coneygar 24a 64d to 73d Fee 33 97 1 hf-cht Bro Mixed 65 34 Albion 35d ace ase 34 98 1 do Pekoe Fags 70 31 bid | Clarendon ove aS ~ 9d to 9hd 85 99 1 do Pekoe Dust 65 29 bid | ROB, Pin diamond aaa 6d ose 36 100 1 do Dust 75 27 Loinorn 4d ses ose “ CEYLON OBSERVER’? PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, CGCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ————— ese No. 17.] COLOMBO. SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Forsres & WALKER put up for saleat the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 5th Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (30,827 Jb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weigh No No, Packages Description per lb, ¢ 1 Bogaha- godawatta 294 1 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 68 50 2 Do 296 2 do Pekoe 88 35 3 Do 298 6 do Pekoe Sou 210 29 4 Do 300 1 do Bro Tea 38 22 b} Do 2 1 do Red Leaf 35 21 6 Ratmahara 4 6 do Bro Pekoe 300 82 7 Do 8 do Pekoe 400 61 bid 8 Do 819 do Pekoe Sou 950 50 3S Do 1013 do Souchong 650 843 10 Ivaenoe 12 16 chests Dust 1280 23 11 Do 14 3 do Congou 270 36 12 Glendon 16 1 chest BroTea 70 27. 18 Do 18 1 do Souchong 75 36 14 Do 20 1 do Dust 90 23 15 Kurundu- watte 22 2 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 140 52 16 Do 24 3 do Pekoe 180 49 17 Do 26-3 do Pekoe Sou 145 48 18 Do 28 5 do Souchong 227 45 19-* Do 30 1 do- Mixed 60 38 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 20 Polata- gama 32 35 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1750 78 21 Do 34 84 do Pekoe 336U 59 22 Do 36 25 do Pekoe Sou 1125 55 23 Warakawa38 9 do Bro Pekoe 450 68 24 Do 40 9 do Pekoe 405 59 25 Do 42 6 do Bro Pek Sou 270 51 26 Do 44 2 do Dust 117 23 27 Do 46 1 chest Red Leaf 50 29 28 Dromoland50 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 176 85 29 Do 52 5 do Pekoe 215 66 30 Do 54 2 do Bro Tea 100 39 81 Monaco 56 1 chest Dust 150 27 82 SSS 58 1 do Pekoe Fans 114 35 33 Do 60 1 do Bro Tea 104 37 34 Do 62 3 chests Red Leaf 279 27 85 Mukeloya 64 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 400 82 36 Do 6614 do Pekoe 700 67 37 Do 68 8 do Pekoe Sou 400 59 38 Agra Oya 70 2 chests Bro Pekoe 200 +67 389 Do 72 2 hf-chs do 100 66 40 Do 74 2 chests Pekoe 200 57 41 Do 76 1 hf-ch Dust 60 29 42 Semba- watte 7811 chests Bro Mixed 1100 not ard 43 Kuralugalla80 2 do Bro Pekoe 200 +67 44 Do 82 2 do Pekoe 200 53 45 Do 84 4 do Pekoe Sou 400 49 46 Do 86 2 do Souchong 180 42, 47 FFB 88 7 do Bro Pekoe 700 73 48 Do 90 5 do Pekoe 500 858 49 Do 9210 do Pekoe No, 2 1000 56 50 Do 9410 do Pekoe Sou 1000 53 51 AK 96 16 do Souchong 1440 48 52 Do 98 7 do Bro Tea 770 88 638 CH P & Co. 100 1 hf-chs Congou 50-28 54 Do 102 2 do Dust 150 16 55 MP 104 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 50 56 Do 106 1 do Pekoe Sou 50 45 67 Kurulu- galla 108 2 chests Bro Pekoe 200 68 58 Do 110 3 do Pekoe 300 54 59 Do 112 5 do Pekoe Soi 500 51 60 MN 114 22 hf-chs do 990 46 61 QS 116 5 chests Bro Mixed 438 34 62 BK 118 1 chest Dust 60 22 638 H 120 9 chests Unassorted 699 48 64 MK 122 1 chest Congou 69 38 65 Avisawella 124 18 boxes Bro Or Pekoe 360 81 66 Do 126 19 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 950 75 67 Do 128 13 chests Pekoo Sou 1170 57 68 Do 139 2 hf-chs Unassorted 90 45 69 Do 132 1 do Bro Tea 50 43 1 do do 50 36 70 Do 134 4 chests Dust 520 28 7 Do 1386 5 do Fanpings 450 38 COLOMBo, SEPTEMBER 24, 1888. eee Pricr :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. ee EE Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 12nd Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,478 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb. c. 1 Nahalma 68 24 chests Pekoe 2400 53 2 Do 70 17 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 816 13 3 Do 72 10 chests Pekoe Sou 1000 50 4 Do 74 5 hf-chs Congon 250 39 5 Do 76 4 hf-chs Pekoe Fags 192 37 6 BL 78 3 do Dust 150 not aré. Ube} 89 1 do Bro Mixed 50 39 Sites $2 1 chest Dust 120 36 9 Aberfoyle 84 25 hf-chs Pekoe 1250 57 10 Do 86 5 do Br Pekoe 250 68 11 Pamba- gama 9 hf-chs Dust 540 24 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 12nd Sept., the under. mentioned lots of Tea (14,228 lb.), which sold aa under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No, Pkgs. Description perlb. ¢c, 1 Cocoa- watte 100 18 hf-chs Pekoe No. 1 900 50 2 Do 102 6 do Pekoe 297 47 3 Do 104 3 do Pekoe Sou 136 45 4 Do 106 1 hf-cht & 1 Box Sou (70 39 5 Amba- tenne 108 1 chest Or Pekoe 110 76 bid 6 Do 110 2 chests Bro Pekoe 200 55 7 Do 112 5 do Pekoe 450 62 8 Do 114 9 do Pekoe Sou 765 53 9 Do 116 2 do Bro Tea No. 1 200 46 10 Do 118 9 do Bro Tea 900 48 li Do 120 2 do Bro Mixed 190 3 12 Do 122 2 do Dust 280 23 132 EF 124 1 chest Bro Tea 96 prs (Bulked.) 14 Lavant 126 24 chests Bro Pekoe 2400 66 15 Do 128 43 do Pekoe 3440 54 16 Do 130 19 do Pekoe Sou 1520 53 17 Do 132 3 do Pekoe Dust 360 25 18 Do 133 1 box Dust Us 16 (factory Bulked.} 19 Kintyre 134 13 hf-chs Pekoe 585 20 Do 136 2 do Fangs 105 not ard, 21 Do 138 6 do Dust 540 (Bulked.) 22 K-C 140 7 chests Bro Pek Sou 560 45 23 Do 141 1 chests Dust 120 22 Messrs. SomMERVILLE- & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 12th Sept... the undermentioned lots of Tea (18,505 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Weight " No. Pkgs. Description, perlb: c. 1 BHG 1 1 chest Dust 130 24 2 Do 2 1 hf-chs Fannings 60 33 3 Do 3 1 do Congou 50 38 4 HEH 47 ae Souchony 349 5 Do 5 5 do ongou 245 6 Do Bal Ge lone 76 (208 ard, 7 Do 7 1.,do Red Leaf 48 8 CC 8 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 47 9 Do 9 2 do Pekoe 100 54 10 Do 10 1 do Unassorted 50 44 1 2L 11 1 chest Souchong 100 41 2 L 12 Tendo) Dust 87 5S iB L 13 1 hf-chs Fannings 30 43 14 Lyndhurst 14 ie paca } Bro Pekoe 246 GT 15 Do 15 4 chests Pekoe 340 55 16) Do 164 chests pe. oe Souchong 585 . 47 Thi ohs e Souchong é Z 17 Hakuru- galla 17 5 do Bro Pekoe 240 63 18 Do 18 11 do Pekoe* 545 50 19K TK 20 13 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 780 60 bic 20 Do 2210 do Pekoe §50 62 21 Do 24 22 do Pekoe Sou 1210 54 22 =Do 26 1 chest Dust 70 20 2 No 23 Penrith 24 Do 25 Do 26 Columbia 27 Do 28 Do 29 Do 30 Lot Mark BOS Packages () 27 12 hf-chs CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 Description Bro Pekoe 29 10 chests Pekoe 31 14 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 33 21 do 35 21 do 37 1 do 38 2 do Bro Pekoe Pekoe Pekoe Sou Dust Harmony 39 12 chests Bro Pekoe Pekoe Pekoe Sou 31 Chetnole 41 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 32 Do 4213 do _ 33 Do 44 20 do 34 Do 46 4 do Dust Weight per lb. c 600 74 900 61 630 52 1050 a not ard. 140 1200 60 bid 320 80 520 66 800 52 200 26 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- Sale-room today, mentioned lots of Tea (50,192 lb.), ‘merce under :— Lot Mark 1 RES 2 Do 3 Do 4 Maria 5 Do 6 Do 7M 8 N ‘oN 10 N li JMY 12 Do 13 Do 14 Kadien- lena 15 Do 16 Do 17 Do 18 Temple- stowe 19 Do 20 Do 21 Do 22 Do 23 Ardlaw 24 Do 25 Do 26 Kanagama 27 Whyddon 28 Do 29 Comer 30 Do 31 Do 32 Do 33 Do 34 Ugieside 35 Do 36 Torrington 37 Do 38 Do 389 Agra Ouvah 49 Do 41 Albion 42 Do 43 Do 44 Do 45 Lorne 46 To 47 Do 48 Do 49 Do 50 Do Box Packages Description No, 20 3 chests Bro Mixed 21 1 chest Souchong 22 4 chests Dust 23 30 boxes Souchong 24 1 chest Bro Mixed 25 1 do Dust 26 1 box Bro Mixed 27.1 do Orange Pekoe 29 5 chests Pekoe Sou 30 1 box Dust 31 6 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 32.13 do Pekoe 34 2 do Bro Mixed 35 42 chests Bro Pekoe 87 37 do Pekoe 39 38 do Pekoe Sou 41 1 chest Congou 42 25 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 44 20 do Pekoe 46 18 do Pekoe Sou 48 1 do Bro Mixed 49 1 do Dust 50 4 do Bro Pekoe 51 2 do Pekoe 52 4 do Pekoe Sou 53 15 chests Bro Mixed 54 17 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 56 13 chests Pekoe 58 9 hf-chs Pekoe 59 13 do Bro Pekoe 61 6 do Pekoe Sou 62 3 do Bro Mixed 63 1 do Dust 64 384 do Bro Pekoe 66 45 do Pekoe Sou 68 21 do Bro Pekoe 70 32 do Pekoe Sou 7218 do Pekoe 74 40 do Bro Pekoe 76 56 do Pekoe 78 23 chests Bro Pekoe 80 26 do Pekoe 82 24 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 84 3 do Dust 85 42 do Bro Pekoe 87 68 do Pekoe 89 33 do Pekoe Sou 102 4 do Red Leaf 103 7 do Dust 104 2 do Congou 12th Sept., the under- which sold as Weight per lb ec. 270 31 90 38 320 20 520 53 bid 85 38 70 25 26 26 15 66 bid 450 53 20 22 270 55 bid 520 47 90 35 3780 75 3145 65 3230 56 100 33 1400 85 1080 64 972 59 70 36 84 22 228 70 114 46 912 50 1500 37 935 63 1235 53 450 49 650 57 300 46 150 34 60 22 1700 56 bid 2025 49 1260 84 1600 58 900 65 aoe not ard. 2530 71 bid 2340 59 bid 1200 55 210 26 2520 3400 1650 | not ard, 200 560. 120 Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at- the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 12th Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (56,839 lb.), which sold as under:— Box Packages Description Lot Mark w He ° ZLZLE BEY N Norton Do HCOwmnanekew ee No. 138 11 chests Bro Mixed 104 19 do Red Leaf 142 3 do do 144 2 do do 146 1 do Dust 148 8 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 150 9 do Pekoe 15219 do Pekoe Sou 154 1 do Bro Mixed 156 10 do do 158 13 do Pekoe Weigh perlb. c. 0 1701 not ard 285 30 124 ~ 30 91 20 430 6-880 540 66 1140 = 55 64 33 500 63 650 54 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Wei; No. No, 3 . a, c. 12 Do 160 11 do Pekoe Sou 440 52 6 ae a2 Za ae Bro Pekoe Fans 100 35 Pek nni ere te) oe Fannings 150 27 orchy 16620 do Bro Pekoe 1100 68 16 Do 168 38 do Pekoe 1900 58 A Waveney se zB ee ’ Bro Pekoe 2145 | 86 chests Pekoe F 19 Hast Holy- ait - rood 174 36 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2232 80 20 Do 176 32 chests Pekoe 3200 60 21 EWAH178 3 do Fannings 420 30 za De 7 2 ae Congou 220 8=39 [0) 2 1 do D 24 Ree Val- ee spars: E ey 184 3 do do 420 25 Frotoft 186 7 hf-chs BroPekoe Fans 385 rs 26 Do 188 1 do Dust 75 24 27 E 190 15 chest Bro Pekoe 1425 64 bid 28 E 192 35 do Pekoe SouPekoe 3150 63 29 JMK 194 4 do Dust 56026 30 Middleton 196 14 do Pekoe Souchong 1400 50 31 Farnham 198 20 hf-chs Bro Or, Pekoe 1000 72 32 Do 200 16 do Bro Pekoe 800 72 Pa a ot zu ae Pekoe 1440 59 Ie) y te} Pek B) mur es oe Souchong 1530 52 ganga 206 24 do Bro Pekoe 1200 =69 36 Do 208 25 do Pekoe 1000 56 37 Do 210 16 do Pekoe Souchong 640 50 38 Do 212 1 do Dust 70 21 39 Lyegrove 214 26 do Bro Pokoe 1300 64 40 Do 216 34 do Pekoe 1700 57 41 Do 218 4 do Dust 260 23 42 KR 220 1 box Bro Pekoe 50 48 43 Theberton 222 12 hf-chs do 600 72 44 Do 224 9 do Pekoe 450 60 45 Do 22612 do PekoeSouchong 600 54 46 Da 228 1 do Bro Pekoe Sou 50 45 47 Do 230 3 do Pekoe Dust 150 23 48 Agraoya 232 6 chests’ Unassorted 580 53 49 Do 234 1 hf-chs Dust 56 26 50 Horagoda 236 10 do Bro Pekoe 55563. 5l © Do 238 20 do Pekoe 912 52 592 Do 210 17 do Pekoe Souchong 765 49 53 Do 42 1 do Dust 55 24 54 Clunes 244 6 do Bro Pekoe ~* 360 60 29 Do 245618 do Pekoe 1080 59 56 Do 24319 do PekoeSouchong 1140 49 57 orwood 250 4 chests Orange Pekoe 380 91 08 =Do 252 9 do Pekoe 720 70 159 Do 254 21 do PekoeSouchong 1890 57 60 Do 256 1 hf-chs Flowery Pekoe 50 1:08 6l Do 258 2 chests Pekoe Fannings 240 59 6 Rat- mahara 260 34 boxes PekoeSouchong 340 49 63 Do 262 32 do Souchong 320 46 64 MN 264 57 hf-chs PekoeSouchong 2565 50 65 Kiri mettia 26614 do Bro Pekoe 700 61 66 Do 268 21 do Pekoe 1050 53 67 Do 270 10 do Souchong 500 46 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 19th Sept., the undermentioned lots of .Tea (10,298 lb.), which sold as under :— (Bulked ) Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. -Pkgs. Description perlb. ec. 1 Kintyre 142 13 hf-chs Pekoe 585 58 2 Do 144 2 do Fannings 108 = 37 3 Do 146 6 do Dust 540 24 (Bulked.) 4 WA _ 148 41 chests Bro Pekoe 3690 =. 64 bid 5 Do 150 18 do Pekoe 1710 53 bid (Bulked.) 6 Bruns- wick 152 27 chests Bro Pekoe 2430 62 bid 7 Do 15413 do Pekoe 1235 53 bid Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 19th Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (12,2111b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. oO. per Ib. ec. 1 Nahalma 88 16 chests Pekoe 1600 53 2 Do 90 16 do Bro Pekoe 768 58. 3 Do 92 8 do Pekoe-Sou 800 47 PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 a Pp CEYLON Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. cc. 4 Do 94 3 do Congou 150 37 5 Do 96 6 do Pekoe Fans 288 37 6 Sunny-— a croft 98 2 hf-chs Unassorted 89 25 7 Do 100 8 chests Bro Tea 720 33 8 Do 2 1 do Red Leaf 90 29 9 Do 4 9 hf-chs Dust 522 29 10 Balmoral 6 (1-24) 24 chests Pekoe 2160 out il Do 8 (889-900) 12 do Bro Pekoe 1200 do 12 Do 10 (25-36) 12 do do 1200 do 13 Do 14 (37-48) 12 do Pekoe Sou 1200 do 14 Do 16 (49-60) 12 do Pekoe 1080 = do 15 L 18 3 hf-chs Dust 150 17 16 Ram- i bodda 20 4 do Bro Tea 194 25 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 19th Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (26,372 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs. Description per lbs ""c- 1R W 41 20 hf-chs Souchong 1000 46 2 Do 43 10 do Bro Mixed 500 33 3 Do 45 2 do Fannings 120 40 4 Do 46 2 chests Dust 160 21 5 CTM 47 7 hf-chs Congou 315 37 (Fy ate 48 13 chests Bro Tea 1300 31 7 Do 50 6 do Fannings 720 34 Colum- bia 51 21 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1050 1:01 9 Do 53 21 do Pekoe 1050 87 10 Do 55 1 do Pekoe Sou 54 86 i Do 56,42 do Dust 140 21 12 Blair- avon 57 22 do Bro Pekoe 1292 65 13 Do 59 26 do Pekoe Sou 1288 51 14 Do 61 5 do Bro Tea 359 25 15 Horagas- kelle 62 2 do Bro Pekoe 88 69 16 Do 63 3 do Pekoe 174 50 17 Do 64 7 do Pekoe Sou 403 46 18 Do 65 1 do SCongou 31 20 19 Logan 66 35 do Pekoe Sou 1575 53 20 BS 68 20 do Pekoe 1000 50 21 Guruoya 70 2 do dc 100 40 22 Penrith 71 6 chests BroTea 780 31 23 Do 72' 2 do Souchong 200 43 24 Vi P 73 1 hf-cht Pekoe 45 34 25 Do 74 1 do Souchong 45 27 26 Comil- lah 75 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 57 27 Do 76 6 do Pekoe 300 49 28 Do Mii da CO: Pekoe Sou 315 44 29 Lauder- dale 78 9 do Bro Pekoe 495 65 bid 30 Do 79 12 do Pekoe 600 56 31 Do 8118 do Pekoe Sou 900 50 32 Glassel 8316 do Bro Pekoe 800 78 33 Do 85 24 do Pekoe 1080 57 34 Do 87 29 do Pekoe Sou 1305 50 35 Stins- ford 89 9 do Bro Pekoe 450 64 bid 36 Do 90 11 do Pekoe 440 50 37 Do 92 7 do Pekoe Sou 315 48 38 H H 93 7 do Souchong 349 47 39 Do 94 5 do Congou 245 45 40 Do 95.1 do Dust 76 23 41 Do 96 1 do Red Leaf 48 28 42 Suria- kande 9716 do Bro Pekoe 960 78 43 Do 99 15 do Pekoe 825 64 44 Do 111 do Pekoe Sou 660 54 45 Naran- : goda 3 8 do Pekoe 400 56 bid 46 Do 411 do Pekoe Sou 550 48 47 LPG 6 7 do Dust 550 21 48 Do 7 3 do Bro Tea 165 36 AQ Do 8 4 do Red Leaf 205 29 50 SD 9 4 chests Bro Tea 400 28 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. Lonpon, Aug. 10th 1888, Broughton, le 2t 988 6d; 10c 1b 98s 6d; 2c 1t 74s; 1ce1t92s 6d. Eltofts, 4c 1t 91s. 3c 84s; 2c Tds; le 93s. Baldamulla, 4c 97s; 5c 63s 6d; 3c 84s; 2c 75s; 1c 93s, Kahagalla, 4c 99s 6d; 2¢ 75s 6d; 1c 1b 93s. Mahapahagalla, 3c 1b 86s 6d; Ic 89s 6d; 1 bag7 7s; 5¢ 778 6d; le 1t 78s; 2c 1b 73s 6d. MPGT, 8 bags 66s. Needwood, 2c 98s 6d; 3c 1b 85s 6d; 1t 74s 6d; 1t 928; 1 bag 79s; 1 bag 76s. Needwood, 1c 1b 99s 6d; 2c 87s; 1c 75s; 1b 91s. Ragalla, 1b 84s; 5b 74s 6d; 1c 1t 74s 6d; 1c 88s. Roeberry, 1c 83s; 3c 78s; le 71s 6d; 1b 87s. Vernon, 5c 94s. Roehampton, 1c 90s 6d. Amherst, 1b 89s, Palli, 1t 86s, Rappahannock, le 91s. MVPH, 1b 82s. Gleucairn, le 85s; le 87s. Nawanagalla, le 88s. Bon Accord, 1b 83s. gowan, 2b 84s. Melton, le 1b 89s 6d. PBNS, le 88s6d. Bluefields, 1t 92s; 1b 81s. Delmar, Ic 91s, Lynford, 2c 90s 6d. Alnwick 4e¢ 82s; 1t 90s 6d. Telbedde, 1b 88s. Somerset, le 1b 91s.Galgama, Lb 89s. BT, lc 1t 67s; 3¢ 1b 55s; 1b 90s. Mausagalla 2c 90s. Pingarawa, 3b 50s. Badullawatte, 1t 885; 1¢ 86s 6d. GNE, lc 68s 6d. Baragalla,1t 87s 6d; 1b 87s 1c 89s 6d. Poolbank, 1c 90s 6d. Powysland,1c1b 91s. Hylton, le 928.—Local ‘‘ Times.” ~ From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 17th August 1888 :— Ex “Oapella”—Mausagalla, 1b 99s; 3¢ 96s; 3¢ 1t 85 6d; 1t 78s; 1693s; 1t 61s; 2 bags 80s. Ex ‘Bengal’—Kelburne, 8c 1t 85s 6d; le 75s; Ic 69s 6d. URY, 1b 89s; 3c 86s;4c 793; le 1t 748 6d; Lt. 88s; lc 60s. JNK, 1c 66s; 1t 6 6s; 1b 71s; 1b2 61s 64. Craig, 4c 91s; 2c 79s 6d; 1b 90s d; 1t 71s; 2c 1t 79s 6d; le 1b 74s; 1b 87s 6d; 1t 66s; 1 bag 75s. Ex “Navarino”—SLR, Ic 1b 59s 6d; 1b 66s; 2b 46 6d’ ix ‘‘Olan Maclean’’—Gampaha, le 96s; 5c 90s; 10c 79s; 2c 743 6d; 1t 87s. Kirklees, 1t 94s; 3c 1b 90s; 5c lb 97s 6d; 1b 86s; le 73s 6d. Ex“Jumna’”’—Macaldenia,6c 1b 84s 64; 5c 1b 77s; 1c 738 6d; 1c 1t 90s 6d.Alnwick, 2c 91s 6d; 7c 84s; 3c 75s; 1c 87s: Ex“ “Bengal’’—Ouvah, 2c 100s; 5c 85s 6d; le 75s; le lb 85s 6d; 1b90s; 1t 88s 6d, 1c 69s 6d; 3 bags 85 6d. Ex “Ohusan”’—Rajawelle, 1b 1t 68s 6d; 2b 1 bag 62s 6 bags 68s 6d; 3 bags$63s; 2 bags 83s. Ouvah, 5c 89ss 9c 1b 83s; le 1b 75s 6d; 1b 90s 6d; 1b S8s 6d; 2b 69s 6d; 5 bags 83s 6d; 2 bags 93s; 5 bags 81s 6d; le lb 75. 6d; 1b 92s; 1t 93s; 1t 69s;3 bags 8ls. Berragalla, lc lb 96s; 1t 74s; 1€94s. Gonamotava, 3c 1b 102s 6d; 15c 86s 6d; 3c 87s;3c 1t 77s; 2c 1b 94s. Ex ‘‘Jumna”—Broughton, Ic 1t 102s 6d; 5c 88s; 2e 88s 6d; le 75s 6d; 1¢ 94s. Amberst, 1b 101s; 2c 1b 93s 6d; 7c 1b 80s; le 74s; 1c 91s. Wiharagalla, 1c 1t 103s 5c 94s 6d; 2c 948; 5c 1b 84s 6d; 1le 75s 6d; !¢ 1b 96s 6d Haldamulla, 4c 97s; 5c 63s 64; Mount Ellen. | Seaton, 5c lb 79s;3c 1b 73s 6d; le 97s; 1c 1t 66s 6d. Ex ‘“Arabia’’—Gowerakellie, le 103s; 5c 1b 96s 6d; 4c 1b 84s Gd; 1c 75s; 1c 96s. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 24th August 1888 :— Ex ‘‘Chusan’’—Kelburne, 2t 99s; 7¢ 1t 87s; 2c 1b 76s; 2t 92s; 1c 1t 68s. Ex “Bengal’—Kelburne, 2c 1t 99s 6d. Craig, 1b 100s; lle 1t 91s 6d; 2c 943; 5c 80s 6d; 1c 1b 81s; 2c 1b 72s. Broughton, 1t 105s; 4c 1b 89s; le 1b 76s; le 66s. Ex “‘India”—Ragalla, 1t 83s; 5c 1b 77s; 12c¢ 75s 6d; 1t 86s; 1b72s; 1b 66s. Blackwood, 2c 1t 98s; 7c 86s; le 1b 76s 6d; le 97s; le 843. Fermoyle, le 1t 95s; le 1t 81s 6d; 1b 73s; 1b 87s; 1 bag 84s. Forest Hill, 5c 1t 83s; le 76s 6d: 1t 90s. Stafford, 1b 885; 3c 833; 2c 76s; 1b 88s. Delmar OBEC, 1b 62s; 1c 97s 6d; 10c 878; le 85s 6d; 5c 1b 76s 6d; 1b 93s; 1c 89s 6d; 2c 1t 67s Gd. Ex “Chusan”—Gordon, 1b 97s; 4c 1b 82s; ic 1t 74s 6d; 1b 928; 2c 683, 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. - Various ships—Thornfield, 4c85s. Kolapatna, 4c 84s 6d. Idulgashena, 5c 82s 6d. Mrks and prices of OFYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 31st August 1888 :— Ex “Port Augusta’”—Rappahannock, 1b 988; 4c 935; 14c 2t 82s; 3c 1b 78s; 1t1¢1b 94s 6d: Ury, 2c 1b 99s; 4c 1b 878 6d; 2c 76s; 1c 95s. Ex ““Hesperia”—Ougaldowa, 1b 112s; 2c 106s 6d; 2c lt 97s; 2c 80s 6d; 1b 99s. Uvakellie, 2c 1b 93s; 4c 86s; 2c1t 78s 6d; 1¢ 74s 6d; 1c 96s. Ex “Port Angusta”—Sarnia, 8c 93s; 5¢ 1b 83s 6d; it 74s; 1e 1b 93s 6d. St. Leonards, 2c 1b 79s; 5¢ 79s; lb 84s 6d. Ex “Parramatta”—Massy, 1b 95s; 3c 91s 6d; 5c 83s; 4c 76s 6d; 1c 95, Kelburne, 1b 91s; Je 1b 86s 6d; 2¢ 9c 97s; le 1695s. DO, 2c 1b 80s 6d; 2c 748 6d; 1b 84s. Ex “Jumna”—Hanipha, 1c 93s; 2c 84s; 1t 74s 64d; 3 bags90s. Mahakanda, 3c 98s; 5¢ 1t 86s 6d; 10 1t 765; lc lb 95s 6d. Hx “India” —Ettrick, 20 1b 108s 6d; 4¢e 193s 6d; 1¢ 78s; 1t 95s. Ex ‘‘Hesperia”—Verelapatna, 3c 90s; le 1b 76s: 1c 1t82s; 1c 92s. Ex “Victoria’—Verelapatna, 1b 100; 3c 96s 6d; 5c 87s; 2c 86s 6d; 1c 1b 77s; 1c 96s. Ex “India.”—Haputale, 18¢ 83s 6d. ES CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. London, Aug. 17th,1888. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem Wattegodde (Hybrid) 33d to4d 5d 43d Merriatenne (Hybrid) 43d ae Tillicoultry 33d to 4d 8d Galata 24d 23d to 3d 2d ST & LO,S in dia- mond 24d 5d 33d Barnagalla 35 6d ons Doomba 23 Be a0 Wavahena 3d 4d 30 Roeberry 45 7zd to 8d ose BN in diamond (Hybrid) 3d 4hd 33d to 4d Agrakande 3d 625 toa Norwood 33d to 43d 6d 4d to 44d Wannerajah aad 268 200 CNN indiamond 23d 4d to 43d 9 Uvakellie 3d 4d to 64d 2s Wariagalla 23d to 3d 4rd 33d Narangolla 13d De a0 TJHJ,D in dia- mond 23d to 3d 5d cos Oobe yo 6d to 63d oot Beauvais 3d 64d ne Manickwatte 4d to 5d oe 5d Tellisgalla 24d er “05 Wevakellie 34d to 4d ate an Hatherleigh 23d to 3d an onc St. Mary’s 24d to 3d es ace Sanquhar 3d to 3id 3¢d to 53d 2% Forres ous 43d to 5d 5b Yarrow ads a 33d Hylton 23d a5 eo OFFICINALIS. Eskdale 8d to 33d 74d to 11d 83d Barnagalla (Led- ger) 3d to 7d 7kd 5 Hope 4d “ Labukellie 4d to 44d ave oon Holmwood 33d 7d 85d Do (Hybrid) 34d 63d to7d 83d Hanipha (Ledger) 1s 5d tes sh Excelsior 3d 64d to 7d 84d Troup (Hybrid) 4d to 44d a5 ver OHde S (mixed) 5kd to 64d a “CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBC. Lonpon, Aug. 3lst 1888, SUCCIRUBRA, Mark. Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Wewesse 23d to 45d 3d to 7d - a Hatton 3d to 5d 4d d Logie 3d to 42d 5d to BEd d Poolbank 35d 6d. 4dto 44d - ST &LC,A india, d 45d oa Erlsmere 34d aoe Mousaheria was 5d ap Kerrimattia an - 63d 3d JJH 3d to 34d oh = Vv 2td on Spring Valley 4d to 43d 64d to 7d “ Hindagalla ee 63d to 7d ove Pittarat Malle 3d to 32d 5d a Glenalpin 3kd zd als Hopton zd to 3d 43d Uva Estate ie 7d to 8d eee Nichola-oya 3) latte: xO 200 Acton 3a 6d sr) Rangbodde 3d 5d to 83d ona Meanagalla +4 one 3d to 3ha Mattakelle, Hybrid 5d 10d eae Lunugalla 23d to 3d 5d ens DPO rrp 63d to 7d Pingarawe “0 73a Esperanze 2d 53d and Gangawatte 3d od 43d CHdeS 3d to 4d e aoe ” Hybrid - 4d os sop Tyersall 24d 25d 2id Diyanellakelle 33d 9d 4d Vedehette nb 44d to 5d . Katooloya 3d a4 ae Raxawa 33d to 44d 43d 43d Lynford, Hybrid 4hd 8d soe Newton Dikoya 4d ee see OFFICINALIS. Eskdale 33d to 4d 8d 10d Poolbank 5d 9d = Erlsmere 4d aot os Tillicoultry 24d to 4d 6d to 64d 5 Glenalpin 54d to7sd 9td 2 Mattakelle arr 7d oa Bs Ledger 93d to 1s a *e Pingarawe oss 9d 25 Mahacudagalla 5 64d 7d Gallantenne 53d 113d a CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, MrncinG Lane, August 17th, 1888. Ex “Bengal’”—Yattawatte, 13 bags 66s; 1 bag 32s 2 bags 69s. ? Mincine Lane, Aug. 31st, 1888. Ex “Jumna”—North Matale, 60 bags 85s. Ex “Bengal”’—Yattawatte, 28 bags 85s; 17 bags 87s 6d. Ex ‘‘Arabia”—Alloowiharie, 17 bags 88s; 18 bags 85s - 3 bags 68s 6d: SD, 3 bags 33s; 2 bags 30s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON; : Lonpon, Aug. 10th, 1888. Victoria, 2cases 1s 9d; 1 case 1s 10d; 5 cases 1s 11d; 2 cases 183d; 1 bag 1s 2d. PL, 2 cases 1s 2d. Cattaratenne, 2 cases Is 10d; 4 cases 1s 4d; 2 cases 1s 2d. os Osborne, 7 cases 1s 4d; 5 cases 1s.—Local “ Times,” (From our Mincing Lane Correspondent.) Lonpon, Aug. 24th, 1888. Ex “Jumna”—Old Madegama, 8 cases 1s 7d; 8 cases 1s 8d; 2 cases 1s 4d. Galaha, 1 case 1s 9d; 2 cases 1s 7d; 2cases1s 38d; 4 cases1s. Kitoolmoola, 2 cases 1s 7d; 2casesls3d; lcasels. _ ess Ex “Rewa’—Elkadua, 4 cases 1s 6d; 7 cases 1s 7d. Ex “Duke of Devonshire”’—Gallantenne. 1 case 2s; 7 cases 1s 10d; 2 cases 1s 11d. Ex “Victoria”—A(J)A, 1 case 1s 4d. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, CCCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. No. 18.] oe COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. SO ToLtomnro, Ocroprr 12, 1888. Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 19th Sept, the un- dermentioned lots of Tea (31,745 lb.), which sold under :— : Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. No No. al $10) 105 2 chests Bro Mixed 2 6 106 1 hf-chs Congou 8 SC 107 5 chests Bro Tea 4 Do 108 2 do Fannings 5 Agra Ouvah 109 40 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 6 Do 111 56 do Pekoe 7 Lorne 11342 do Bro Pekoe 8 Do 115 68 do Pekoe 9 Do 117 33 do Pekoe Sou 10 Do 119 4 do Red Leaf 11 Do 120 3 do Tea Dust 12 Do 121 4-do Dust 13 Do 122 2 do Congou 14 Kanan- gama 123 22 do Bro Pekoe 15 Do 125 16 chests Pekoe 16 Do 127 21 do Pekoe Sou 17: North Cove 129 26 do Pekoe 18 Sher- dale 131 12 hfi-chs Bro Pekoe 19 Do 133 20 do Pekoe Sou 20 Do 1385 -5 .do Unassorted 21 Ottery 136 12 chests Bro Eekoe 22 Do 158 25 do Pekoe 23 Do 140 5 do Souchong 24 Do 140 L ido Dust 25 Do 142 1 do Red Leaf 26 Dale 143 1 hf-chs Dust 27 Do 144 1 do Red Leaf 28 Logan - 145 32 do Pekoe Sou 29 Maria 147 30 boxes Bro Pekoe 30 Do 148 33 do Pekoe 31 . Do 149 30 do Pekoe Sou ‘32 Torring- ton 150 2 hf-chs Bro Tea 33 Do iby aL CG) Congou 34 RES 152 3 chests Bro Mixed 35 Do 153 3 do Dust . 36 Do 154 1 do Souchong as Weight per lb. ¢. 200 29 49 Be 434 31 160 23 2400 62 bid 3136 53 bid 2520 65 bid 3400 50 bid 1650 48 200 35 240 26 320 i 120 36 1100 64 bid 1600 54 bid 2100 48 2340 68 540 rot 840 | arrived 218 46 1320 68 bid 2250 55 450 44 150 23 86 30 70 } not 43) arrived 1440 52 583 59 bid 540, out 520 do 130 not 51| } arrived 270 29 180 21 90 B4 Messrs. Forses & WALKDR put up for sale at the Ohamber of which sold as under :— Commerce Sept., the undermentioned lots of ea (32, Lot Mark Box Packages Tescription No. No. WS 272 3 chests Red Leaf 2 8S 274 1 do Bro Mixed Shots 276 1 do Mixed 4 8 278 7 hf-chs Dust 5 Torwood 280 9 chests Bro Tea 6 Do 282 4 do Bro Mixed 7 Poopras- sie 284 41 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 8 K 286 1 do Bro Tea Chess 288 1 chests do 10 Holm- ‘ wood 290 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 11 Do 292 18 do Pekoe 12 Do 294 13 chests Pekoe Sou 13 Walla Valley 29611 do Bro Pekoe 14 Do 298 14 do Pekoe 15 RL 300 88 do Red Leaf 16 Queen- wood 30212 do Bro Pekoe 17 Do 304 9 do Pekoe 18 Do 306 1 do Souchong 19 Do 808 1 do Dust 20 TN G 310 15 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 21 Do + 312 7 do Fannings 22 Do 314 2 do Pekoe Dust 23 Esper- : ~ anza 316 13 do Bro Orange Pekoe 24 Do 318 30 do Pekoe Sale-room today, 19th 162 Ib.), Weight ver lb. c. 270 28 100 = «38 110 BT 885 22 990 44 340 37 2255 50 50 44 150 44 810 65. bid 810 54 1235 49 1045 70 1330 52 3610 16 1140 68 855 53 98 37 140-23 750 350 tot ard, 1003 650 68 bid 1500 =. 70 bid! FF oe ST { Pricr :—12$ cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies d rupee. ee ee eae SS Ee Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. .c. 25> .G20 Wt 320) 2 do do 100 55 26 322 1 do Bro Mixed 50 45 27 324 1 do Dust 85 25 28 326 4 chests Bro Pekoe 400 70 29 3828 ~8 do Pekoe 800 53 30 330 2 hi-chs Congou 120 49, 31 Do 332- 2 do Bro Mixed 120 36 32 Mukel- oya 334 4 do do 200 37 33 Do 336 6 do Dust 450 22 34 BV A 338 2 do Souchong THO} 39 35 Avisa- wella 34018 do Pekoe 810 58 bid. 36 Do 342 12 chests Pekoe Sou 1080 49 37 Ville- kelle 344 1 do Bro Pekoe 110 54 bid 38 Do 346 1 do Pekoe 100 46 bid 39 Do 348 1 do Pekoe Sou 90 45 40 OK 350 2 do Bro Pekoe 220 55 bid 41 Do 352 4 do Pekoe 400 50 bid 42 Da 334 3 do Pekoe Sou 270 45 438 BK 396 1 do Dust 95 17 44 Do 358 1 hf-cht Congou 42 36 45 C H 360-12 boxes Dust 240 Q1 46 EF H 362 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 240 61 47 Do 364 8 chests Pekoe 640 51 48 Do 366 12 do Pekoe Sou 1200 47 49 © L 368 6 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 360 87 50 Do 370 9 do Pekoe 450 63 51 Do 372 14 do Pekoe Sou 700 56 52 Do 374 2 do Unassorted 106 50 53 Do 376 1 do Bro Tea 55 48 54 Do 378 2 do Dust 124 26 55 Aixburth 380 23 boxes Bro Pekoe 437 \ 56 Do 382 21 hf-chs Pekoe 1050 | 97 Do 384 22 do Bro Pekoe Sou 1100 } not ard. 58 EY EF 386 6 do Bro Mixed 259 59 Do 388 6 do Dust 476 Mr. 0. BH. H. Symons put op for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 26th Sept., the undermentioned lots of Tea (5,678 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark- Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec. 1 Nuahalma 22 17 chests Pekoe 1700 2 Do 24 10 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 150 | 3 Do 26 9 chests Pekoe Sou 900 } not ari 4 Do 28 3 hf-chs Congou 150 5 Do 80 3 do Pekoe Fags 14f 6 A EB 82-2 do Unassorted 94 46 7 Pattie= gama - 34 25 do Pekoe 1247 52 bid 8 Do 36.13 do Bro Pekoe 727 58 bid 9 Do 388 2 chests Dust 145 25 10. 8S 40 1 do Pekoe 91 35 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 26th Sept., the under- mentioned Jots of Tea (11,226 Ib.), which sold as Under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description per lb O,, 1 EF 156 5 hf-chs 250 38 2 Dens- worth 158 15 do Bro Pekoe 750 66 3 Do 160 3 do Dust 210 24 | 4 Lanka 16210 do Bro Pekoe 500 15 | 6 Do 164 9 chests Pekoe 810 53 6 Agra- kande 166 31 hf-chs Unassorted 1550 60 te ares Do 168 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 47 8 Do 170 1 do Pekoe Dust 58 24 9 Do V7 Leido: Dust 58 7 10 Lavant 172 14 ehests Bro Pekoe 1400 64 ll Do 174 29 do Pekoe 2320 57 12 Do 176 2 do Pekoe Dust 260 26 3 Caskie- ben 178 19 do Bro Pekoe : 1710 62 big 14 Do 180 12 do Pekoe 1200 52 bi, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 2 Weight Box ame er tb> c. a om- {Lot Mark . Description Pp * MOMHENO HM ONbbin foe sale at the Chamber of 0: _ | No No sass Bro Mixed m 48 Mr. E. JouN put up 26th Sept., the under- | NO | Abe Rye 507 3h merce Sale-room today, 6,263 Ib.), which sold as 32 C Ghd uso aaa ue 2 mentioned lots of Tea (L6, a) ae Rigs ra 3 do Bro Pekoe 298 51 a ( As eight Pekoe ree Box Packages Description “oer ap eh ep De 30 3 ao Pekoe ae it No , 400 3 ahd | No. : hests Bro Mixed 23 37 Mincing koe 1250 ae eres one 0 eo iso)" A Dale 157 1 hf-cht De ag 43 33 38 Be 55 23 do PekoeSou 4 Do 158 1 do 48 39 Blair- : 650 54 bid 5 Raw- k 850 40 5713 do Pekoe 200 37 reth 16117 do Pekoe cea 200 37 Bre egal OP pee ae - 150-33 6 Do 162 4 do Unanse 50 24 41 GL 60 2 do Dust 7 Do 163 1 do Bro Tea saat? Do peat! ; is atwete her- 540 ye | R put up for sale i waale ge Pekoe Sou" PE joni AEDS MesresgeuEs Waser Sa today, 26th Sept., 9 Do 16620 do Pe 69 bid | Chamber of Oomme lots of Tea (43,318 Ib.), which 10 Teen ee 19 do Bro Pekoe 700 56 the undermentioned ‘Oa Pekoe 52 sold as under:— ripen Weight ae ie ie 5 a Pekoe Sou 5 oe Lot Mark Box Packages Descrip perib. °. My The Yatideria Tea Company, No D 380 1 box Bro Pekoe 3638 13 Yatide- koe Sou pa Bt Do apn 2 de MURaae 62 36 Do? M67 G0, Bro Tes Ai iy 3 Do ap 2 do rie Ne 55 38 7 do 440 Souchong = a ae 5 chests Pekoe Fans is 4 fee 396 2 do ‘ 58 (36 im 600 5 en- do = cy mat GUpapstsit cong nako> GL Ng att oe ae 3 0 BroTea 17 Do 180 14 s0) Palos 126 21 do i) We Tee Teles | fave ised 23026 dalla epee do Red Leaf ae 2 Do 185 2 dob Daa ae Gg G2 bid) | watle 419 do Red Mixed 1100 3 i 186 12 hi-chs 80 i 9 bid 22 Do 188 ta do: Bebeeeon ee eet B28 Sboxes Bro Pekoe 103050 bid 23 Do 190 S AGenoee 10 21 hf-chs Pekoe 1100 48 5 192 1 do eee 34-25 11 Do Bro Pekoe Sou 3 Do 198 1 GO et ere Ueee oan as [12 De 12.22 do Bro Pekoe pirate 2h 26 BBB 194 5 do 4G No. 2 200 2 1: 166 do. — Dust : 195 4 do 50 14 Do 2 bia 2 Do 198 1 do Red Leaf ie Te Gun ats 30 do Bro Pekoe so 52 bid 29 Black- Bro Pekoe 400) 8x8 ae 2046 do Pekoe 1440 50 burn 199 4 chests ED, 630 54 16 Do 2236 do se Pekosisou reas 4 30 Do 200 7 do eae a S50 a. 7 Be 24.6 do Dust _ 270 «43 ee eee STi up te |) k O 26 3 chests Bro Mixed 180 49 an an ee do oSouenens, uD EM IM a ae pga rs 14 1 do 168 20 o Bro Tea = x OW BT15 2 do Unassorted 21 oe, 2 nee Bekoe a ae ri Pekoe 3 Oo. put up for sale at the|/53 ~p, a S ae Souchong oe a Messrs. SOMERVILLE x Sale Seon today, 26th a ae De 38 2 do Mixed ; ‘ of Commerce i which sold | 25 _ 69 Beeariarccitionnd lots of Tea (16,789 lb.), 26 0 Ost 2 40 3 chests ee Fekoe at 50 ie ight 4217 do eke as under: Weigh 27. +Do a Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description. pentp 43 RP NEED oe 5 Becht Bro Pekoe 300 30 AP em 10 9 chests souchone 600 34 29 Do 46 3 chests Pekoe ea name 6 (do dates 30 Thorn \7 hf&chs Bro Pekoe the esoeubid 3 Aadne- Gone Ea Ekae 1 49 ag te peel NEE 392 50 bid yen 12 20 hf-ch kk 1440 : 31 Do Boe Pekoe Sou oy dey We Sees 71 Seige Do Born 140 71 fa 360 Atta- e 1 0 é ee ke 0B | bage S112 chats Bro ete me 4; Glencoe uu g oe Dust 300 34 ae pe a adaaaekosrson ose 29 ieee Do 30 = Dust 26 8 St, An 160 “not ard. 86 ye 16) 2 do = Buea ikon 33 drew 2 chests Dust 37 Y 64 1 hf-chs Pekoe 30 41 es < ches 35 47 a8 i ~ 66 1 do Pekoe Sou 600 not ard, ho- 35 ; 2 Miya” 20 1 bf-cht Poecrene a ee ea AG fae oh Smt eu ae a i aa Congou eR iS oe 12 4 do Pekoe Fans oe 19 Do 248 © ©23 42 4 2 do Dust : ins- : 3 Do 7 12 pee 24 4 do Fannings Fea aa Middle- 622 do Bro Pekoe sae iS 13 gear 9 do Bro Pekoe ae 52° G ae Us 41 do Pekoe S si : 2) 3 £. Mg Dee Bee Sines aah Mate ei Eee coe =< Hay FE bip EE oye do BroTea : 22 Bee 2 21 chests Pekoe 900 49 bid 16 Do “29 4 do Dust ae 40 47 Do g do Pekoe Sou 21 BH .Do 80:1 do Dust 189 48 Do (8410 Dust fe ee 30 18 A 31 2 chests Bokoe 247 28 49 Do 86 1 do tota Tea Co., Limited, 19 A Oh BG Pekoe Sou 112 out The Yatiyan A a 20 A Bly 20 Congou ge ah 50 Polata~ hf-chs Bro Pekoe aie aie Pe) a5 8 do 8 23 Bo 9090 do Pexoe 13935 22 A eC a ne ohegere Mixed We 55 ee eT ee das Beer e ay es : 37 3 do BroTea 290 20 lla 94 5 do TO 680 20 CsA a oy 2 chests Dust : = Be Aiba 5 98, 8 do Dust 25 Laxapana- 495 55 Hardenhuis ““galla 39 9 hf-chs ale ee 180 24 & Lammer- PE 1044 a Bet Ne MECRUD pte. (inor cane tyTb, 32 WE Do. 160 2 do. Red Leaf "38 3k 27 C “A 32 do Pekoe, 1 lb. 1b 12 56 ai 102 2 boxes do 28 © 43 6 do .Pekoe Sou, 2 Ib, ut br 57 ple 4414 do Bor tbs ca 30 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Z wee x No, ae 5 per lb. ec. No. No. per Ib. ¢. 5. Ie) 104 ¢ (0) ongzow 60 39 Z 59 Do 106 3 do Dust Gol) ann | COUN ATSE a Fee Babi i73 60 & thfcht) Bro’ Mixed 50. «46 wa {18211 do Bro Pekoe 55059 108 ht = 2 6l & TO) al Glo Dust 70 26 31 Do 184 11 do Pekoe 495 51 62 Mukel- 32 Do 186 6 do Bro Pekoe Sou 270 46 gg O42 112 chests BroPekoe 250-74 Be nee, 188 1 do Congou 56 36 D 14 12 hf-ch 600 ¢ = : BL: "De ae aoa Eero: Sou ee oe more 190 27 chests Bro Pekoe 2295 76 bid 6JMK 118 3 do Dust 210 35 Do 192 25 do Pekoe Sou 1875 55 reeds é l 36 De 194 2 do Pekoe Dust 150 37 6 eg TTVEN; 1 2 hf-e¢ 5( 39 ie mark) 120 19 chests Bro Pekoe 1045 f notard, a ee 96 12 hf-chs Pekoe So. 600 39 67 Do 12218 do Pekoe Sou 1622 ton 198 9 do Bro Pekoe 450 67 39 Do 200 7 do Pekoe 350 54 Mr. J. D. RostNson put up for sale at the/40 Do 20210 do PekoeSou 500 53 Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 3rd Oct., | 41 Frotoft 204 4 do Fannings 220 42 the undermentioned lots of Tea (1,920 lb.), which a pay ae 8 go Dust aol ee 24 sold as under :— : 44. Do 210 2 do Congou 90 43 a Box nt wee 45 Do 212 2 do Dust 156 31 No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description pert : ig 4G Bentu- 1 WwW 182 1 hf-chs Pekoe z 30 40 ra, 214 13 chests Pekoe 1235 5d 2 W 184 2 do (Bulked.) a ne 26 2 do Bro Mixed @10 0 45 . 0 Co) ekoe Dust 120 28 3 Amba- 49 N 220 8 hf-chs Unassorted 480 36 tenne 186 14 chests Pekoe Sou 1190 49 5C Poopras- a Do 188 6 do Bro Tea 600 46 sie 222 10 do Orange Pekoe 700 7 pes 2 Bo an i: chests art Pekoe 720 68 (o) 226 te) ekoe 1200 67 Mr. C. B. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham-|53 po, 29835 do Pekoe Fete 9800 34 ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 38rd Oct., the wundermentioned lots of Tea (7,084lb.), which sold as under :— : Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weer Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the : -per_Ib. ec. : Noy Nahalma Noes ht-chs Pekoe F 700 50 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 3rd Oct., 1 Bro Pekoe 6 : f * 2 De 7H 10 oe DeLee So 900 46 the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,126 lb.), which 4 Do 46 3 ae Coneew ih 38 sold as under :— 5 Do 48 3 do ekoe Fans eas A o Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 6 Pamba- N N 1b gama 50 8 do Dust 480 28 0. Qo per lb. ¢, Aber- TNC h 50 DE uf ftevle ARS. ty Pakoe 1300 49 k Gee 67 2 chests Dust 160 25 8 Do 54 5 do Bro Pekoe 25062 gama 68 3 do do 210-24 9 Balmo- 3 10 69 2 hf-chs Pekoe Faus 100 32 ra 56 5 do Pekoe Sou 475 46 4 Do 70 3 do Bro Tea 135. 29 10 Do 358 4 do Souetong ae ae 5 Do 71 5 do Unassorted 225 42 Tiere Do 60 5 do Dust EO oy 6 Do 72 7 do Souchong 315 38 12 8 e up aot pro Mixe’ eantas 7 Do 7310 do Pekoe 450 46 13 do us 8 Guru- sha oya 75 1 do Pekoe 50 38 9 Do 76 1 do Congou 5036 Messrs. Fornes & Waker put up for saleat the|10 De 77 1 do Pekoe Dust 63-23 Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 3rd Oct., Bulhked the undermentioned lots of Tea (36,172 lb.), which sold ence (Bulked.) as under :— ; Lané 7825 do Bro Pekoe 1250 76 bid Let Mark Box a Weigh 12 Bo 8021 do Pekoe 1050 60 No No, Packages Description Poo gg «(13 De «= 82.28 do Pekoe Sou 1150 51 1 Sorubs 124 5 hf-chs Bro Tea 300 43 ; 2 Do 126 5 do Dust 375-28 (Bulked.) 3 Down- 6 c G 300 61 14 Broad- ‘ 4 ae 130 3 ee Peres He 300 51 oak 8410 do Bro Pekoe 550-60 bid 5 Do 122 8 de Pekoe Sou 300 47 OS pont eee ovo. Bene 495 49 bid 6 Do (134 6 do Souchong 600. 45 16 ‘0 712 do PekoeSou 600 = 48 7 6 17 Invery 8918 do Bro Pekoe 990 75 bid 7 FFB 136 8 do Bro Pekoe 800 B} 8 Do 138 4 do Pekoe 400 54 i ve a Apencers Pekoe 88 4 1 (0) 1 -chs- Souchong 810 50 Bie toe. ce 8, poy pe eee een Bt AK 14411 do do 990 45 oa alta 95 1 do do 119 30 bid 3 C7 ores : Pe eg toe?) C0 Ee ree ae Hill 96 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 706 80 bid 1). Do. 150 6) do. ‘Red Neat 540 29 a ee 98 15 chests Pekoe Sou 1350 5 15 000 - . ° "00 152 8 do Bro Pekoe 300 16 I gs Sate TOOKsO ‘be chy pro! Eko Wau ser's 16 Do 154 17 do Pekoe Sou 1700 » ses S 2¢ i 17 Morton 156 8 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 376. 60 26 Do 421 do Pekoe Sou 1260 50 18 Do 15822 do Pekoe 7 1034 2 19 Do 160 10 do Bro Mixe 500 a 20 (Tea chest CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. : mark) 152 19 chests Bro. Pekoe 1045 ee bid a a 0 reseHape re ane as ae (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) tale 166 7 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 420 48 . % Bald inant acgltbe do wis Bokos 500 36 Marks and prices of OKYLON OOFFEE sold in 24 Do 17048 do Pekoe Sou 2400 «47 Mincing Lane up to 7th September 1888 :— ® Farn- , ee Ran 172 830 do Pekoe 1350 «59 Ex ‘“Parramatta”—Ouvah, 2c 1b 100s: 5c 87s; 1c 75s 26 Do 17420 do Pekoefiou 900 52 6d; 1b 985; 1b 95s; 1c 69s 6d: 2 bags 85s 6d; 3c 98s 6d; 27 J MK1%6 3 do Dust — 210-28 5e 1b 86s; le 75s; 1b 983; Ho 928; Ic 69s 6d; 3 bags 28 Clunes 17814 do Bro Mixed Bg 40 84s 6d " -Do 180 3 do Dust 5) 24 i 2 4 Ex “Jumna’’—Seaton, 1b 98s; 8c 90s; 1b 61s. Ex ‘‘Pekin”—Wiharagama, 8 bags 69s 6d; 2 bags 55s; 2 bags 51s 6d; 1 bag 55s; 1 bag 44s; 9 bags 67s; 1 bag 46s; 2 bags 55s. Ex “Glenearn”—Battenwella, 1b Sis; 4c 81s 6d. Ex “Port Auzusta”—Ooslanda, 1b 100s; 2c 93s; 2c 1 83s 6d; 1h 73s 6d; 1t 953. Thotulagalla, le 87s; 6e 1¢ 84s 60; 2c 76s 6d; 1¢ 97s. Ex “Patinurus’”—Beauvais, Ib 105s; 1c 1¢ 99s 60; 3c 87s; 1b 76s; 1t 96s 64; 1t 71s; 1b 74s 6d. Ex “Victoria”—Badullawatte, 8c 14 1b 99s; 1 bag 90s; 14c 2b 87s; 2c 2t 76s; 1t 98s 6d; le 1% 94s: 3b 1c 69s. Ex “Port Augusta”—Pingarawe, 2c 988; 1b 88s; 5c 88s 6d; 16 1b 96s; 1c 1b 69s. Ex “Brindisi”—Walton, 4e 77s. Corren:—Excited market 2s to 3s up. Good sorts in demand. : Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 14th September 1888 :— Ex ‘‘Goorkha”—Meeriabedde, 2c 985; 5e 1t 88s; Qe 78s 6d; le 98s; 1 bag 85s. Needwond, le 1b 97s; 19 87s 6d; 5c 78s 6d; 2c 79s; 1¢ 1b 99s. 92s; 4e 85s; le 1b 74s 64; 1b 93s. Deagalla, 2c 1b 90-; Te 33s; 3c 77s; 1t 93s. Tulloes, 1b 101s; 3c 89s; 2c 77s 6d; 1b 95s; 18 bags 70s 6d. Ex ‘‘ Victoria”—-Ouvah JB, 8c 949; 18¢ 1t 84s; 5e lb 70s 6d. Onvah WG, 2c 97s 6d; 4c 86s 6d; 1b 98s Ex “Goorkha”—Kahagajla, 3c 1b 101s; 9¢ 1t 80s 6d; 14e and 1b 91s; 2¢ 100s. ADDITIONAL COFFEE SALES, Delmar, 2b102s 6d; 5c 89s 6d; 2e 77s; 2b 95s; 1c 1b 71s 6d; 1. bag 87s. Mahaberiatenne, 2b 81s 6d; 1b76s; 1b1 bag 65s. Leangawelle, 8c 1b 97s; 5c 86s; 5¢ 87s. 4e 86s 6d; 3c 1b 76s 6d; 2c 97s Gd. ; Amanadowa, 4c 1t 95s 6d; 12c 86s; 4c 76s 6d; 1c 1b 95s 6d. Roehampton, 2c 98s 64; 12¢ 86s 6d; 4c 76s 6d; ic 1b 94s 6d, Palli, 1b 77s; 1e 1b-69s; le 67s 64; 1b’ 64s; 1b 75s. (Liberian), 16 63s; 1b 58s 6d; 1b 54s Amherst, 1b 89s; 1c 1b 85s; 8c.78s; 2¢ 73s; le 8s. Roehampton, 1b 102s; 3c 995; 4c 88s; Ic 76s 6d; 1c ip 94s. Gonamotava, 198s; 5¢ 98s 6d; 8c 7Ys; 1¢ 95s. Galloola, 1t 92s; 4c 1b 89s; 6c 78s 6d; le 1b 74s 6d; le 95s. Agra, le lt 74s; 1c 1t 72s; 2b 84s. Alnwick, 1b 86s; 4c 83s 6d; 3c 75: 6d; it 878 6d. Balagolla Ella, 1b 86s; 3¢ 1b 88s 6d; 5c 1t 81s; le 745 6d; le 94s. Liddesdale, le 1b 77s; 2c 1t 71s; 1b 85s 6d. North Matale (Liberian), 16 bags 78s 6d; 25 bags 71s; 10 bags 60s. Ross (Liberian), 1c 1b €Ss 60; le 1b 61s Gd; 1b 60s. Mahakande, 8c 98s; 5¢ 1b 86s 6d; Ic1t 76s; ic 1b 95s 6d. Mausagalla, 1b 95s; 3c 91s 6d; 4¢ 76s 6d; ic 95s. Leangawelle, 1 bag 64s.—Local “ Times.” CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. London, Sept. 14th,1888. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. . | 1s 8d. Stem Ex “Port Augusta”—Hattanwella, Hadley 4d 4d 5d Meeriatenne,Hybrid 4d es eh 3 cases 1s 4d. ST &LC, A in diamond Bd to 4d ‘ fone Wavaheia fer 4d to 4: Wariagalla Robusta 7d sh 2 cases 9d. Mortlake ate 4id ay = Tonacombe ad Re jd 4d Oualign 4 ie is Terifa, _2 cases Is. Mousaheria 4a 5d 33d to 4d | Local ‘ Times.” “CEYLON OBSERVER”? PRESS, COLOMBO. Mahapahagalila, Ic | CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 25s; 8 bags 76s. Root. Mark Natural | Renewed Stem Angroowelle 4a 5d v8 BWM, JJH 4d to 44d 64 oop Stamford Hill 53d 73a | a Hattanwelle 4d 4d a: Ancombra aed 43d ahd W W,Wintriangle 3d 4d 34d Tellisagalla Bhd ae ae ; D C in Diamond 33d to 644 94 to1ld Middleton Dimbula 3d to 5d 53d to 9d Ellagalla 3d to 44d 62d “ah: MK in diamond Bhd ae Bed Fermoyle 3d to 34 aoe =, MOS, C in dia. 33d to 4d 5dd OFFICINALIS. Eskdale 4d 8d 83a Dambagastalwa 4d a i ST & LLC, Aino diamond 43d 1s 1d 8kd Dunsipane ae 7d ou Do Hybride 7d to 73d Beaumont Ledger 85 8d Glentilt : 7d ao a Belmont 3id 8d 8d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, Mrncine Lane, Sept. 7th, 1888, Ex “Clan Maclean”—Beredewelle, 1 bag 74s 6d; 4 bag 66s 6d; 3 bags 29s. Ex “Parramatta”— Victoria, 30 sags 82s; 1 bag 698; 4 bags 48s. Hunasgeria, 2 bags 20s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Nepaul”—-Hapugahalande, 2 bags66s. Ardutbie, 32 bags 82s 6d; 2 bags 29s: 3 bags 30s 6d. Ex “Oapella”—PalliSD, 2 bags 525 6d; 5 bags 25s. Amba SD, 8 bags 58s; 2 bags 52s 6d; 2 bags 25s. Ex ‘‘Bengal”— Palli, 3 bags 25s; 2 bags 76s; 1 bag Ex “‘Hesperia”—Amba SD, 6 bags 71s; 2 bags 67s; 1 bag 30s; 1 bag 75s 6d; 6 bags 21s; 3 bags 16s. Ex “Port Augusta”—PalliSD, 10 bags 75s; 8 bags 67s; 1 bag 75s 6d; 6 bags 71s 6d; 3 bags 30s; 1 bag 21s, Ex ‘“Parramatta”—KK, 11 bags 60s 6d. DAB, 16 bags 35s. Wariagalla, 1bag 6ls. Suduganga, 17 bags 80s 6d. SD, 2 bags 68s; 9 bags 68s; 1 bag 60s; 7 bags 55s. Ex ‘‘Hesperia”—Ross, 4 bags 45s. Ex “Victoria””—Wariapolla, 6 bags 80s; 30 bags 77s; 12 bags 62s 6d. Ex “India”—Alloowiharie, 2 bags 62s 6d. Wihara> galla, 9 bags 62s. _ Ex “Bengal’”—Rajawelle, 1 bag 78s; 26-bags 65s. Ex “Arabia”’—Hylton, 20 bags 89s 6d; 2 bags 72s 6d; 3 bags 75s 6d; 3 bags 73s. SD, 2 bags 64s. Ex ‘‘Navarino”—Beredewelle, 3 bags 86s: 16 bags 65s; 2 bags 74s 6d; 2 bags 29s; 4 bags 66s 6d. Ex “{ndia”—Beredewelle, 8 bags 86s; 1 bag 74s 6d; 1 bag 29s; 3 bags 66s 6d. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES. IN LONDON. Lonpoy, Sept. 7th, 1888. Ex “Hesperia”—Ellagalla, 1 bag 1s 7d; 1 bag 1s 3d. - Ex “Vega”—DBG, 2 cases is 2d. Ex “Olan Drummond’—WR(KSN)BS&Co., 1 case 2 bags is ld. Gavatenne, 1 case 1s 6d; 1 care Is 2d; 1 case Is 3d; Ex “‘India’”’—Amblamana, 1 case Is 10d; 2 cases 1; 7d; 2 cases 1s; 4 cases 1s; 1 case 1s 2d; 2 cases llds MNO, 2cases1e 6d. Kitoolmoola, 1 case 1s 5d. Wattagella, 3 bases 1s 10d.— COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. SS ES Mr. E. JoHN put up for Sale at the Ohamber -of Oommerce Sale-room today; 3rd Oct,, the under- mentioned lots of Tea (33,246 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weigh No. No. Pkgs. Description per lb. c. 1N 16 5 hf-chs Dust 375 28 2 N 17 2-do Congou 107 49 3 Torring- ton 18 2 do Bro Tea 130 30 4 Do 19 1 do Congou 51 40 5 Bolla- galla 20 6 chests Bro Pekoe 540 57 6 Do iy) .do) Pekoe 560 51 7 Do 22,11 do Pekoe Sou 880 50 8 Cruden 24 47 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 2350 75 bid i) Do 26 18 chests Pekoe 1800 60 bid 10 Do 29,28 do Pekoe Sou 2800 55 bid 11 Do 31 3 do Unastd Bro Mixed 300 46 125) pDo: SZ) ul .do Dust 120 23 13 Mocha 33 50 hf-chs BroPekoe 2500 89 14 Do 35 17 chests Pekoe 1615 72 15 Do 37.13 do Pekoe Sou 1170 62 16 Do Sh) Bac Souchong 720 52 i7 Pera- deniya4l 1 do- do 80 45 18 Do 42 1 do Pekoe Fans 100 30 19 Do 43 1 do Dust 110 26 20 Salem 44 18 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 720 60 bid 21 Do 46 20 do Pekoe 800 49 22 Do 48 1 box Congou 21 29 23. Do 49 3 boxes Pekoe Dust 90 92 24 Longan 50 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 900 95 25 Do 52 20 do Pekoe 900 69 26 Do 54 20 do Pekoe Sou 900 53 27 Do 56 4 do Dust 240 25 28 Do 5711 do Souchong 550.45 29 Do 59 1 do Unassorted 45 46 30 AU 60 7 do Pekoe Sou 392 45 31 Do 61 3 do Dust 231 16 32 Do 62 2 do Red Leaf 106 39 33. Monro- via 63.16 do Pekoe 800 45 B4 Do 65 3 do Bro Mixed 160 40 35 Do 66 1 do Dust 60 22 36 Chert- mseye oi) 9) do Bro Pekoe 450 37 Do 69 23 do Pekoe 920 } not ard. 38 Do 71 6 do Bro Mixed 270 39 Do 72 1 do Dust 60 40 Albion 73 16 chests Bro Pekoe 1600 70 bid 41 Do 75 17 do Pekoe 1360 60 bid 42 T 77 1 hf-cht Unassorted 50 43 B 78 1 do do 40 44 Tarf 79 26 chests Bro Pekoe 2320 45 Do 81 19 hf-chs Pekoe 950 } not ard, 46 Do 83 26 do Pekoe Sou 1300 47 Do 85 2 do Congou 90 4g Do 86 8 do Dust & Fannings 560 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Oham- ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 10th Oct-, the undermentioned lots of Tea (10,310 lb.), which sold as under:— (Bulked.) Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. ‘ per lb, «. 1 Lavant 190 16 chests Bro Pekoe 1900 62 2 Do 192 34 do Pekoe 2720 54 3 Do 19418 do Pekoe Sou 1440 50 4 Do 196 2 do do Dust 260 24 5 Dens- worth 198 24 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1200 67 6 Do 200 16 do Pekoe . 720 56 7 Do 2 8chests do Sou 800 51 8 Cocoa- watte 4 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 700 i) Do 6 7 do Pekoe 350 } not ard. 10 Do 8 3 do do Sou 150 a1 Do 10 1 do Dust 70 COLOMBO, OCTOBER 25, 1888. TA { Prick :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies } rupee, ae, Mr. C. H. H.-Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sgalo-room today, 10th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,017 lb.), which solid as under :— ot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description per lb;..,.c. 1 MM 66 154- 205 52 hf-chs Pekoe 2340 54° bid 2 Do 68 109- 150 42 do Bro Pekoe 2100 63 bid 3 Do 70 210- 238 29 do PekoeSou 1305 50 bid 4 Do 72 239- 294 56 boxes do 1008 50 bid 5 A 74 1 hf-cht Dust 58 19 6 Galla- watta 76 29 do Pekoe 1305 48 7 Do 78 16 do Bro Pekoe 800 59 bid 8 MHWM 80 3 boxes do 75 46 9 Nahal- ma 82 27 chests Pekoe 2700 48 10 Do 84 30 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1800 = 61 bid 11 Do 85 17 chests Pekoe Sou 1700 41 12 Do 88 5 hf-chs Congou 250 36 13 Do 90 12 do Pekoe Fans 576 36 14 D 92 2 do Pekoe Sou 97 out, 15 D 94 3 do Congou 138 36 Mr. HE. Jonn put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 10th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (33,1241b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. per slbee xc: LE 87 1 hf-cht Unassorted 50 43 2 B 88 1 do do 40 65 3 Chertsey J MY 89 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 450 53 bid 4 Do 102 23 do Pekoe 920 45 BS) Do 104 6 do Bro Mixed 270 34 6 Do 105.1. do Dust 60 25 gare 106 26 chests Bro Pekoe 2320 81 8 Do 108 19 hf-chs Pekoe 950 70 9 Do 110 26 do Pekoe Sou 1300 60 10 Do 112 2 do Congou 90 51 11 Do 113 8 do Dust 560 29 12 Kadien- lena 114 39 chests Bro Pekoe 3510 66 bid 13 Do 116 41 do Pekoe 3485 56 bid 14 Do 118 40 do Pekoe Sou 3400 51 15 Do 120 1 de Congou 100 38 16 Kanan- gama 12115 do Bro Mixed 1500 37 17 gra Ouvah 122 34 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1904 67 bid 18 Do 124 48 do Pekoe 2400 53 bid 19 Comer 12610 do do 500 48 20 Do 128 15 do Bro Pekoe 750 58 21 Do 130 8 do Pekoe Sou 400 46 22 Do 131 2 do Bro Mixed 100 28 23 Do 132 2 do Dust 120 26 24 V 133 5 do ¥annings 300, BL 20) Vi 134 2 do Congou 105 38 26 V 135 3 do Red Leaf 150 30 27 ~Ugie- side 136 38 do Bro Pekoe 1900 59 28 Do 138 44 do Pekoe Sou 1980 48 29 North Cove 140 33 chests Pekoe 3300 67 30 Do 142 1 do Congou 90 45 31 Do 140 1 do Dust 120 23 Messrs, Forsres & Watker put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 10th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (28,395 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1 Loona- galla 230 3 hf-chs Bro Mixed 150 41 2 Do 232 4 do Dust 320 22 3.F F 234 9 chests Souchong 810 35 4 Glendon 236 3 hf-chs Orange Pekog 139 68 5 Do 238 4 do Pekoe 200 56 6 Do: 240 38 do Pekoe Sou 135 47 7 Do 242 1 do Bro Tea 30 32 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 0. No. per lb. c. 8 Agra Oya 244 3 chests 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 350 58 9 Do 246 5 chests Pekoe 500 49 10 Do 248 1 hf-chs Dust 60 20 LR 250 9 chests do 630 25 12 R 252 2 hf-chs Red Leaf 100 30 13 Clunes 254 9 do Bro Pekoe 540 60 14 Do 256 15 do Pekoe 900 51 15 Do 258 23 do Pekoe Sou 1380 47 16 East Holy- rood 260 80 do Bro Pekoe 1800 80 17 Do 262 33 chests Pekoe 3300 57 18 Waver- ley 264 34 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2142 87 19 Do 266 29 chests Pekoe 4173 68 20 WSA 268 3 hf-chs Souchong 138 52 21 Do 270 3 do Dust 246 21 22 Do 272 1 do Red Leaf 30 35 23 Tor- wood 274 4 chests Pekoe Sou 860 49 24 276 6 do do 540 48 25 Holm- wood 278 22 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 990 71 26 Do 280 36 do Pekoe 1620 54 bid 27 Do 282 10 chests Pekoe Sou 950 48 bid 28 HS 284 10 hf-chs Pekoe 500 51 bid 29 RH 286 4 do do 200 47 bid 80 Do 288 1 do Pekoe Sou 45 44 81 Kolapat- na 290 10 do Bro Pekoe 518 53 32 Do 292 7 do Pekoe Sou 364 46 88 Do 294 2 do Dust 160)" 20 84 Radella 296 12 chests Bro Pekoe 1200 69 bid 85 Do 298 10 do Pekoe 800 56 36 Do 300 10 do Pekoe Sou 750 49 37 SC 362 7 hf-chs do 350 44 88 Tomma- gong 304 4 do Bro Pekoe 200 84 39 Do 306 5 do Pekoe 225 7A 40 Do 3808 8 do Pekoe Sou 360 65 41 Do 310 1 do Bro Tca 50 60 42 Do 312 2 do Dust 150 28 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 10th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (22,100 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs, Description per lb. ec 1. Ossing- on 6 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 40 -. 54 2 Do if Be ele Pckoe 80 45 3 Do 8 6 do Pekoe Sou 259 42 bid 4 Do 9 3 do Bro Tea 121 32 5 Relu- Ran; 10 7 do Bro Pekoe 385 73 bid 6 Do 11 6 do Pekoe 300 62 7 Do 12 11 chests Pekoe Sou 1500 52 8 K T K 14 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 720 54 9 Do 1613 do Pekoe 715 56 bid 10 Do 18 26 do Pekoe Sou 1430 48 li LH 20 2 chests Red Leaf 160 26 12 do 21 1 do Dust 130 28 13 °C Be do 3 hf-chs Bro Mixed 236 30 14 FB 23 6 chests do 460 Ly 15 Penrith 24 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 900 66 bid 16 Do 26 15 chests Pekoe 1350 55 bid 17 Do 28 20 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 900 49 bid 18 Do 80 1 chest Bro Tea 120 37 bid 19 Hakuru- galla 31 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoo 250 63 20 Do 32 12 do Pekoe 600 53 * 21 BHG 34 1 chest Congou 90 40 22 Do 35 1 do Red Leaf 90 27 23 Do 86 1 hf-cht Dust 50 = -25 2p2¢ D 37 4 do Bro Tea 200 36 to 25 38 3 do’ Dust 180 26 GTM 39 2 do do 140 23 7 Do 40 4 chests Bro Msxed 360 40 22k 41 2hf-chs Dust 120 23 29 Ram- bodde 42 13 do Bro Pekoe 650 66 bid 30 Do 4413 do Pekoe 598 50 bid 1 Alla- f kolla 4517 do Bro Pekoe 1020 66 bid 32 Do 48 5 boxes Orange Pekoe 100 54 bid 23 Do 4911 chests Pekoe 1100 = 54 bid 34 Do 51 a Be Pekoo Sou 1400 48 85 Do 538 Bro Tea 130 28 26 Do 54 i ne ent Congou 50 20 Lot Mark Box i No No Pkgs. Description perlb. c. BY Foote! Oy 55 4 do Bro Pekoe 38 Fried. err land 5615 do do 750 = 88 bid 389 Do 58 28 do Pekoe 1176 = 59 bid 40 Detena- galla 6012 do Bro Pekoe 600 41 Do 6216 do Pekoe Sou 720 - not ard. 42 AFL 64 2 do Congou 95 43 Do 65 1 chest Dust 65 44 Stins- ford 66 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 450 58 bid 45 Do 67 11 do Pekoe 440 52 bid 46 Do 69 8 do Pekoe Sou 560 45 bid 47 Castle 70 6 do Unassorted 290 not ard. Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the - Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 17th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (7,602 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb. c. 1 Nahalma 96 22 chests Pekoe 2090 48 bid 2 Do 98 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1044 63 3 Do 100 30 do do 1800 61 4 Do 2 8 chests Pekoe Sou 760 45 bid 5 Do 4 2hf-chs Congou 120 39 6 Do 6 4 do Pekoe Fags 232 37 7 Pamba- gama 8 8 chests Dust 640 28 8 Galla- watta 10 16 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 800 55 bid 9 AD 12 2 do Bro Tea 116 27 Mr. J. D. Rozinson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 17th Oct., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (16,300 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No. No, Pkgs. Description perlb. cc, 1 Cocoa- watte 4 A ee Bre Pekoe on 2 le) 6 oO ekoe 3 Do 8 3 do Pekoe Sou 1 ard. 7 a Dye) 10 1 do Dust 70 (Bulked.) 5 W 12 26 chests Bro Pekoe 2210 61 bid (Bulked.) 6 WA 14 26 chests Bro Pekoe 2340 61 bid 7 Do 16 8 do | Pekoe 800 55 bid 8 Dens- worth 18 32 hf-chs 83 chests Bro Pekoe 1730 ~=—-66 9 Do 20 25 hf-chs Pekoe 1250 58 10 Do 22 6 chests Pekoe Sou 600 49 11,4, Do 24 2 do Dust 300 27 (Bulked.) bid 12 W 26 16 chests Pekoe 1440 59 13 WA 28 7. do do 700 55 14 Bloom- pid ‘field 3024 do Bro Pekoe 2160 63 3e 15 Do 3213 do Pekoe 1300 55 16 Do 34 2 do Bro Mixed 200 36 Mr. E. JouHN put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 17th Oct., the un- dermentioned lots of Tea (24,057 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. Weight No perlb. c. 1 AU ne u hf-chs Pekoe Sou 550 45 2 Do 147 2 do Dust 160 19 8 Temple= stowe 148 20 do Orange Pekoe 1120 79 4 Do 150 20 do Pekoe 1080 70 5 Do 152 24 do Pekoe Sou 1296 59 6 Do 154 1 do BroMixed 70 ©6©40 7 Do 155 2 do Dust 180 26 The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited. 8 Yatide- ria 156 24 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1344 848 9 Do 158 37 do Pekoe 1850 4944 10 B 160 1 do do 60 63 11 B 161 1 do Pekoe Sou 50047 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 12 Black- burn 162 7 chests Bro Pekoe 700 51 bid 13 Do 164 5 do Pekoe 450 50 (In Metal packages.) 14 Do 165 9 chests Pekoe Sou 810 45 15 Do 167 1 do Dust 150 24 k 16 Ottery 16812 do Bro Pekoe 1320 75 bid 17 Do 170 24 do Pekoe 2160 60 bid 18 Torring- ton 172 27 hf-chs- Bro Pekoe 1620 67 bid 19 Do 174 20 do Pekoe 1000 58 20 Do 176 35 do Pekoe Sou 1750 54 21 Lang- dale 17712 do Bro Fekoe 568 50 bid 22 Do 179 23 do Pekoe 1198 50 bid 23 Do Tsitls do: Dust 80 24 24 Do 182 2 do Congou 100 40. 25 L 183 1 do Bro Mixed 41 31 26 MR 184 1 chests Dust 132 23 27 Do 185 1 do Congou 91 49 28 Do 186 1 do Bro Mixed 112 41 29 Do 187 2 hf-chs Pekoe 172 «56 30 Glen- tilt 188 26 do Pekoe 1139 65 31 Do 109 19 chests Pekoe Sou 1277 53 32 Do 192 17 do Bro Mixed 1597 47 Messrs. Forpes & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 17th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (31,054 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages UDescription Weight No. No perlb. c. 10 814 3 chests Bro Mixed 300 32 2 K VI 31614 do Fannings 1260 843 3 Do 318 5 do Bro Tea 450 38 4 Do 320 5 do Dust 600 24 5 Semba- watte 32213 do Bro Mixed 1365 35 6 Alton and Upeot 32415 do Pekoe 750 not ard 7 Kirimettia LM 326 3 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 150 15 8 Do 328 6 do Pekoe 300 55 9 Do 330 8 do Pekoe Sou 400 48 10 Do 332 7 do Souchong 815 44 11 Do 334 2 do Fannings 100 41 12)5 = Do 336 1 do Red Leaf 48 38 18 Pala- watte 388 2 chests Bro Pekoe 200 14 Do 340 2 do Pekoe 210 not 15 Do 3842 4 do Pekoe Sou 390 [ arrived 16 Do 344 1 do Souchong 110 17 Do 346 1 do Unassorted 90 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 18 Polata- gama 348 39 peels Bro Pekoe 1950 76 19 Do 350 74 Pekoe 2960 61 20 Do 352 32 ag Pekoe Sou 1440 54 21 Glenor- chy 354 1 do Orange Pekoe 60 79 22 Do 356 16 do Bro Pekoe 800 61 23 Do 358 27 do Pekoe 1850 56 24 (Teachest mark) 360 4 chests Sou Dust 300 22 25 Do 362 1 do Pekoe Dust 75 22 26 ©‘Tor- wood 364 2 do Flowery Pekoe ZLOP Lol 27 Do 366 5 do Orange Pekoe 500 82 28 Do 3868 7 do Pekoe 630 56 29 Do 370 12 do Pekoe Sou 1080 47 30 Do 372 2 do Pekoe Fars 220 45 31 Wakwal- la 374 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 50 41 82 =Do 376 1 do Pekoe 50 41 33 Do 378 1 do Pekoe S:cu 54 36 34 Middle- ton 380 23 do Bro Pekoe 1288 69 35 Do 382 36 do Pekoe 180n 68 36 Do 384 12 do Pekoe Sou 1152 46 Slee cLiEN) G: 886 12 do do 600 37 38 Do 388 6 do Pekoe Fans 300 30 39 Do 390 2 do Red Leaf 100 25 40 Frotoft 392 1 do Dust 7 22 41 le} 394 3 do Bro Tea 165 40 42 Agra Oya 396 3 chests f 1 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 380 69 3 Do 398 5 chests Pekoe 500 57 4 Do 400 1 hf-cht Dust 63 24 5 R 2 7 chests Fannings 735 40 6 R ‘ 3 do Bro Mixed 300 42 7 R 1 do Dust 140 23 8 Norton 8 19 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 950 = «67 Weight Lot Mark Box Packages Description No. No, per lb. ec. 49 Do 1019 do Pekoe 950 63 50 Do 12 12 do Pekoe Sou 600 52 51 Do 14 2 do Souchong 80 44 52 Do 16 8 do Pekoe Fans 400 39 538 Keenagaha Ella 18 5 do Bro Orange Pekoe 367 66 54 Do 2018 do Pekoe 1156 55 55 Do 21 do Souchong 66 40 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 17th Oct. the undermentioned lots of Tea (20,995 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Weight No. Ne. Pkgs. Description. perlb- c. 1 FEGC 70 2 hf-chs Pekoe 100 46 2 Do 71 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 40 3 Do 72 1 do Bro Tea 40 29 4 P 73 8 do Unassorted 450 47 5) 2) P 74 1 do Pekoe 50 40 6 Do 75 2 do Unassorted 100 43 7 AE 7619 do Congou 855 39 8 Do 78 3 do Fannings 180 26 9 Do 19 2do Bro Mixed 315 26 10 Do 80 3 chests Dust 225 20 11 Detena- galla 81 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 600 73 bid 12 Do 83 16 do Pekoe Sou 720 57 13 Columbia 85 10 do Pekoe 400 84 14 Do 87 1 do Bro Pekoe 56 62 15 Werea- galla 8812 do do “540 15 16 Do 90 17 chests Pekoe 1530 51 bid 17 Do 9215 do Pekoe Sou 1350 45 bid 18 Lynd- hurst 94 4 do Pro Pekoe 400 6 bid 19 Do 95 6 do Pekoe 540 52 20 Do 96 14 do Pekoe Sou 1250 46 21 L H 98 2 do Souchong 163 39 22 Do 99 1 do Dust 115 27 23 Do 100 1 do Faunings 72 40 24 Do 1 1 ht-cht Red Leaf 45 31 25 DPO 218 boxes Bro Orange Pekoe 306 61 bid 26 Do 4 22 hf-chs Pekoe 1100 56 27 Do 6 4 do Pekoe Dust 260 24 28 Lauder- dale 710 do Bro Pekoe} 550 70 29 Do 915 do Pekoe 750 60 30 Do 1119 do Pekoe Sou 950 50 31 Suria- kande 1315 do Bro Pekoe 900 73 bid 32 Do 15 15 do Pekoe 825 65 33 Do 17 7 do Pekoe Sou 420 53 34 Do 18 2 do Dust 110 23 35 Do LOelado Bro Mixed 65 36 36 A EL 20 2 do Congou 95 42 37 Do 21 1 chest Dust 65 27 38 RW 22 27 hf-chs Souchong 1350 49 39 Do 2410 do Bro Mixed 500 36 40 Do 26 3 do Pekoe Fans 180 45 41 Do 27 1 chest Dust 08 27 42 P 28 1 hf-cht Orange Pekoe 63 57 437 PB: 29 5 do Bro Pekoe 300 47 bid 44 P 30 8 do Pekoe 440 43 bid 45 P 31 21 do Pekoe Sou 1050 41 46 P 33.3 do Congou 135% sco) AT, (B 34 4 do Red Leaf 180 33 48 P 35 1 do Dust 65 23 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 21st Sept. 1888 :— Ex ‘‘Victoria’”—Pittarat Malle, 1b 99s; 5c 91s 6d; 3¢ 1b 80s 63; le 98s; 16 74s. Ambawelle, le 88s; 5c 1b 82ss 6d; 4c 1t 803; 1t 98s. Ex “Khedive’—Ambawelle, 2c lb 87s 6d; Te lt 82s Gd; 1b 80s; le 92s 6d. Goodwood, 1b 95s; 4e 86s; 8c 835; 2c 81s; le 1b 75s 6d. Galella 1b 1¢ 88s 6d; 2c 708; 1 bag 70s. RWA, 1b 99s; 11b 88s 6d; 1lc 1b 83s; 2c 1b 81s; 1c 1b 98s; "80 78s. Wellekelle. 4c 83s 6d; It 90s; le 1t 74s 6d. Ex “Dacca’”’—Fassifern, 1t 81s; 1b 86s; 1b 74s. V lapatna, 1b 99s; 3c 1t 953; 9c 86s 6d; 20 1b 30s 6d 1t 103s; 2c 1t 71s 6d; 5 bags 86s Od. er- i 1e 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ex “Goorkha”’—Httrick, 1c 106s; 3c 97s 6d. 1¢ 82s 64; lb 103s; 1b 86s. Mahakanda, le 95s; 6c 1b 86s; 3¢ 7983 ic 100s; 8bags 72s 6d. Mahadowa (MCCOo.), 4c¢ 97s; 13c 88s; 4¢ 1b 77s 6d. 1c 100s;10 bags 73s. Sherwood, le 1t 103s6d; 8c 93s; 4c 1b 81s 6d; 1c 101s; 3c 73s. Ex “Jumna”—Ragalla, 5¢ 83s 6d. Ex “Parramatta”—(DC), 2c 1b 85s 6d. Ex ‘ Goorka "—Gampaha, 1c 95s 6d; 10c 1t 86s; 5c¢ 785; 1c 1b 101s; 2c 72s6d. Battawatte, 1b 1025; 2c 96s; 2c 79s Ex “ Dacca ”—Wiharagalla, 1b 103s; 4c 1t 100s 6d; 5e 1t 90s 6d; 2t 79s; 1c 103s; 1¢ 1b°7856d; 2 bags 85s. Gowerakellie, 1b 101s; 3c 97s; 8c 16 87s 6d; 3¢ 80s; 2t 102s; 2c 1b 7386d. Niabedde, 1b 104s; 2c 985 6d; 5c 92s; 3c 1t 91s 6d; 4c 845 6d; 1c 1b 100s; 2c 1 49; 4 bags 89s. Ex “ Dacca ”—Ongaldowa, 1 b 100s; 2c 1b 92s; le 1t 80s 6d; 1b 91s; 1b 73s; 1b 743. St. Leonards, 7c 85s; 1t 78s; 2c 94s 6d; 1t 883 1t 90s; 2c 1b 76s 6d. Ex ‘“ Khedive ”—O. K. O., lb 94s; 1t 84s; 3c 1Ib8ls 6d; 1b 86s; 1t 75s. Ex “ Bulimba ’—Kotiyagalla, 1b 97s; 2c 1b 97s; 5c 83s 6d; 1e 1b 97s; 1¢ 98s; 1c 1b 73s. Ex “ Goorkha ”-—Kotiyagalla, 1 87s; 1b 778; 1b 96s; Ib 74s; 4c 16 69s 6d: 2c 16 89s. Ex “ Jumna ’—Ouvah, 3c 103s 6d; 5¢e 93s; 16 78s; 1t 102s; 46 101s; 1c 75s; 2 bags 948 6d; 1c 80s; Le 685. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 28th September 1888 :— Ex “Bengal’’—Del Rey, 1b 102s; 4c 1t 99s; 4b 2c 68s d; 1le¢ 1b 90s 6d; 1¢ 1b 77s 6d; 2c 1b 103s 64; 2c 1b 62s 6d; 1b 83s. t. Ex “Karamania”—Alnwick, 1b 85s; 4c 83s; 6c 1b 81s 6d; 1¢ 92s; 1c 71s 6d; 2 bags 82s 6d, Ex “Dacca’’--FC, 2c 1b 76s 6d; lb 90s; 1b 66s. Wavekelle, 1b 89s; 2c 84s 6d; 2c 1b 75s 6d; lc 1b 73s; 1t 89s; 1c 64s 6d Ex “'Khedive’—Freshwater, 1t 86s; 3c 803 6d; 2b 87s; 2b 70s. Mousava, 20 bags 69s 6d; 11 bags 69s. Ex “Manora’”’—Amherst, 1b 87s; 2¢ 1t 83s; 4c 81s; 1t 83s. Ragalla, 5c 1t 1b 85s; 5c 82s; 5c 83s 6d; 50c 84s; 6c 1t 84s 6d; 2b le 90s. Ex “Karamania”—Amherst, 1b 87s: 5c 85s; 5¢ 1b 82s 6d; 1t 88s. Ouvah GA, 2c 100s; 3c 92s; 8c 1b 91s 64; 4e 82s; 1t 79s 6d; 1b 101s; 1c 98s. Ex “Port Augusta’?—Thotulagalla, 6c 1t 86s 6d. Pingarawe, 5c 86s. Denegama, 1t 96s, 2c 1t 87s 6d; 1b 78s; 1b 102s, Ex “‘India”—Blackwood, 7c 90s. Ex ‘Victoria”—Ballagalla Ella, 5c 1t86s. ADDITIONAL SALES. Lunugalle—2 cks 85s 6d. Kelbourne—5 cks 81s. Poyston—l eck 96s. Mount Vernon—2 cks 1 tre 80s. Logie 2 cks 1 bri 85s. Oraig—2 cks 94s 6d; 13 cks 88s :.1 tre 90s. ““Times.”’ CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. 41, Mincine Lang, Sept. 28th, 1888. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem : Brechin re 6d Rickarton 33d 200 vee Stair 82d to 44d 54d to 8d 4d to éd Pallerakelle A 35d Bao Pine Hill 34d to dd 5id to 64d Do Hybrid 4a to 44d 5id to 103d OBEC, Watta- welle 33d 5d 4d Do Cragie Lea 14d to 2d AS ae Do Delmar 23d das + Bellwood he ad ie Do Naranghena nee 33d Yo TLooleondura ... isd ia Do Nilloomally 3d to 344 5ad Vevon é 3d see ae Kolapatna 5g0. had Bd Tillyrie tn 5sdto 74d ss Amhurst—3cks 87s; 2cks 77s 6d.—Loca) | 2 case 1s 1d; 1 case 1s. Mark Natural Renewed — Root. Stem MCCCo, in diamond, Hybrid ad 5d oe CB a) 53d oo AED Melfort 3d 43d 3d to 334 Sheen 3d dd sie PDO Br 4d to 424d > Coslanda 23d to 4d ay > Nicholaoya 23d to 3d 4d - Rambodde 3a asa = Badulla 3d . Dickoya 3d x Aldourie 3d to 33d 6d i Meeribedde 4d to 44d 53d to 6d Pe Niabedde 33d 103 sae Lynford 3d to 33 53d 5id Lethe nty 53d 6d soe Cabragalla 3d to 4d 43d 3:d Shawlands 3d to 33d 53d. Ey Hapugastenne 42d es 33d Wangie Ova zd 65d re Mossend 8d to 4d 4d one Do Hybrid aed om eee West Holyrood 45d ' 83d to 9d ss Wattagalla oe 5d as Poonagalla 3d 35 ons Wariagalla 33d to 53d 4d Bhd Do Hybrid Bn 6d aia CH de§$ 3d Bes or Abercairney 43d 4d OFFICINALIS. Stair 4d to 5d 113d tolsid 84d to 114d Pine Hill, Ledger 53d 1ld ses OBEC, Glen- devon 33d to 4d 7d 83d OBEGC, Lool- condura 6d to 6% bie oo Kolapatna, Hyd. 6d = on Melfort, Ledger 3d 734 to 8d 73d to 8d Rookwood 2kd to 43d 10d izd Mahakanda 63d to 7d bis ase Lynford 33d. 634 to 7d 734 Loinorn one igd ee Ritnageria 3d 5zd Bee Thornfield 43d 63d to 7d Y. Wangie Oya 2d to 23d 53d 63d Mahacudagalla : 6d to 7d 63d St. Leonards 2d to 33d iA 7d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Lonpon, Sept. 21st, 1888. Ex ‘‘Goorkha’’—Yattawatta, 58 bags 87s; SD 8 bags 1s; 10 bags 64s; 1 bag 21s; 1 bag 76s; 4 bags 66s; 2 bags 46s. Orystal Hill, 18 bags 76s. Ex ‘Port Augusta”—OBEC, Mahaberia, Oeylon, 6 bags 90s; 60 bags 87s; 40 bags 80s; 18 bags 53. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) London, Sept. 21st, 1888. Ex " Palinurus’’—Tonacombe, 1 case Is 8d; 1 case 1s 7d; 1 case 1s 2d; 3 cases 1s 3d. Malvern, 2 cases | 1s 5d; 1 case 1s. Ex “Dacca ”—Hlkadua, 1 case 1s 7d; 2 cases 1s 9d; lease 1s 2d; 8 cases 1s 3d; leasels 11d. Kandanewra, | Lease 2s 2d; 2cases 1s 11d; 1casels6d;1 case 1s; 1 case 1s 1d; 1 case 1s 7d. DPC, 3 cases 2s 7d; 5 case, 1s 9d;1 case 2s;1 case 1s2d. Nagalla, 3 cases 13 8ds 2 cases 23; 1 case 1s; 2 bags 1s 6d;1 bag 1s. Nellaoola; 1 case Is. : Ex “ Kaisow ’’—Angroowelle, 7 cases 1s 9d. Ex “ Manora”’—SW, 1 ease 1s 6d. Ex “ Almora’’’—New Peacock, 1 case ls 11d. Hunas- geria, 6 cases ls 5d. Ex “ Quetta ”—Nagalla, 2 cases 1s 1d. Ex “Olan Lamont’’ and “Ningchow ”—Ballagalla, O C C—2 cases 25 4d. Warriagalla—2 cases 1s 11d, | Deanstone—1 case 1s 8d; 1 casels10d; 1 case Is 6d. St. M—1 case 9d. Hooloo—l case3d. ORP 1bag 3d. —Loeal “Times.” a er ULC TL RR RE SRE AT EN RR SIE EE “OBYLON OBSERVER ”’ PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. 20.] CoLomBo, NovEMBER 13, 1588. Price :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 centa; 6 copie 3 ripee. COLOMEO. SALES OF Wak pee Mark Box Packages Description “Weieht oO. er Ib. c. = ~ a Do 48 39 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 7950, 65 Mr. C, E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham_/|29 Do 50 4 chests Dust 340-27 30 Clontarf 51 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 660 81 ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 24th Oct., |31 Do 53 10 chests Pekoe 900 57 7 F p : c 32 Do 55 5 do Orange Pekoe 475 76 Be penac mentioned lots of Tea (6,0461]b.), which Bai tee Bey Siac SEA re Horne p 3L N 57 1 do Dust 75 29 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 85 N 58 1 hf-cht Copgou 44 49 No. No. per lb. ce. 36 N 59 1 do Red Leaf 39 28 1 Nahalma 14 22 chests Pekoe 2090 50 37 Comar 60 7 do Pekoe 350 50 2 Do 16 18 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1008 60 38 Do 6110 do Bro Pekoe 500 53 3 Do 18 9 chests Pekoe Sou 855 43 49 Do 63 4 do Pekoe Sou 200 42 4 Do 20 2 hf-chs Unassorted 112 29 40 Do 64 2 do Bro Mixed 100 30 5 Do 22) 8. do Fannings 168 34 41 Do 65 2 do Dust 120 24 G Pamba- | The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited, gama 2410 do do 600 28 | 42 Yati- 7 26 1 do Bro Mixed 50 22 | deria 66 7 hf-chs Orange Pekoe 350 70 8 Balmo- 3 Do 69 15 chests Pekoe 1320 46 ral 28 6 chests Pekoe 540 | out. ;4t ~ Do 71 24 hf-chs _ do 1200 49 9 Do 30 6 do PekoeSou 600 5°" 145 Do 73 3 chests Pekoe Sou 255 42 10 M 382 1 box do 23 30 | 45 Do 74 4 do Pekoe Fans 352 24 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the| Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put upfor sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 24th Oct.,| Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 24th Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (8,045 |b.), which sold as under :— (Bulked.) Lot Box Weight No. Mark No, Pkgs. Description perlb. cc. 1 Lavant 36 16 chests Bro Pekoe 1600. 5 2 Do 388 29. do Pekoe 2320 58 3 Do 40 7 do Pekoe Sou 560 51 4 Do 42 2 do Pekoe Dust 280 26 5 Cocoa- watte 44 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 700 46 6 Do 46 7 do Pekoe 350 44 7 Do 48 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 40 8 Do 50 1 do Dust 70 24 (Factory Bulked.) 9 Amba- f tenne 52 8 pests Orange Pekoe 300 72 10 Do 54 2 Bro Pekoe 220 56 11 Do 56 3 ae Pekoe 285 56 12 Do 58 7 do Pekoe Sou 630 45 13 Do 60 4 do Bro Tea 440 44 14 Do 62 1 do Dust 140 26 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- merce Sale-room today, 24th Oct., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (35,420 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight oO, per lb ec. 1NHBSI N 194 38 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 141 60 2 Do 195 do Pekoe 135 49 38 Do 196 4 do Souchong 208 41 4 Raw- reth 197 14 do Pekoe 700 43 5 Do 199) 79) do Unassorted 450 40 6 Do 200 1 do Dust 60 23 if Do iil do: Bro Tea 50 28 8 Kande- - neweral3 4 do Bro Pekoe 240 16 9 Do EN (Gee) Orange Pekoe 350 15 10 Do 15 5 chests Pekoe Sou 450 52 bid 11 Whyd- , don 16 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 720 55 bid 12 Do 1815 do Pekoe 825 60 13 Do 20 17 chests Pekoe Sou 1615 53 14 Do 22 6 hf-chs Dust 450 24 15 Mocha 23 39 do Bro Pekoe 1950 16 Do 25 21 chests Pekoe 1995 >not ard. VW Do 2714 do Pekoe Sou 1260 18 North Cove 30 22 do Pekooe 2200 54 bid 19 Do 32 1 do Dust 147 34 20 Do 83 2 do Congou 200 29 Ql St. Clair 3417 do Bro Pekoe 1020 ‘ 22 Do 3616 do Orange Pekoe 1408 23 Do 38 26 do Pekoe 2288 \ not ard. 24 Do 40 23 do do 2024 25 Do 42 23 do Pekoe Sou 1679 96 Albion 4418 do Bro Pekoe 1800 65 bid 27 Do 46 22 do Pekoe 1760 63 the undermentioned lots of Tea (26,022 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Vescription We'ght YO. No per lb. ¢, 1 Mincing 5 Lane 36 27 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1485 70 bid 2 Do 37 26 do Pekoe 1300 65 3 Do 38 27 do Pekoe Sou 1485 51 4 Invery 39 22 do Bro Pekoe 1210 75 bid By Do 40 26 chests Pekoe 2340 61 bid 6 Do 4116 do Souchong 1408 45 bid {7 Aadne- ven 42 20 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1035 53 bid 8 Do 43 13 chests Pekoe 1ljv 46 bid 9 Ravens- craig 44 30 boxes Bro Pekoe 600 54 bid 10 Do 45 20 hf-chs Pekoe 1000 53 11 Do 46 9 do Pekoe Sot 450 44 12 Do 47 6 do Pekoe Fans 390 30 13 Do 48 3 do Dust 66 31 14 K 49 5 do Congou 240 39 15 K 50 3 do Dust 170 26 16 Rose- neath 51 8 do Bro Pekoe 520 62 bid 17 Do 52 7 do Pekoe 420 48 18 Do 53 7 chests Pekoe Sou 735 49 19 Do 54 1 hf-cht Dust 15 21 20 DG 55 5 do Bro Mixed 225 33 21 B Tor- wood 56 8 chests Fannings 880 39 22 Do 57 2 do Pekoe Fans 220 39 23 Do 58 1 do 1 bf-cht Dust 220 26 24 Do 59 4 chests Bro Mixed 400 31 25 HJ PP 60 8 hf-chs Pekoe 440 41 bid 26 Do 61 5 do Bro Pekoe 300 44 bid 27 Horagas kelle 62 2 do do 110 63 28 Do 63 3 do Pekoe 180 48 29 Do 64 8 do Pekoe Sou 447 © 40 30 Do 65 1 do Congou 34 26 pil ace 66 28 do bro Pekoe ~ 1400 32 Do 67 88 do Pekoe 1900 ¢not ard. 33 Do 68 7 do Dust 350 34 Wilimalu- wa 69 3 do Bro Pekoe 150 50 35 Do 70 1 do do 34 45 36 Do Tlw20 do Pekoe 96 B 37. Do 721 do PekoeSou say 43 38 Do 73 1 do Congou 30 36 39 Mary- , mount 75 5 do Pekoe 200 40 bid 40 Do 76 1 box Bro Tea 20 5 41 Orion 77 9 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 522 66 42 10 78 8 do Pekoe Sou 484 51 43° E 79 2 chests Dust 240 21 44 Salawe 80 1 hf cht Bro Orange Pekoe 52. 15 45 Do 81 3 do B'o Pekoe 173 63 46 Do 82 3 do Pekoe 128 55 47 Do 83.10 do Pekoe Sou 500 50 48 Do 84 1 do do Fans 35 39 49 Do 85 1 do Bro Mixed 54 36 50 Do 86 1 do Dust 66 85 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.- Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 24th Oct., the andermentioned lots of Tea (37,836 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. perlb. c. 1 Pala- watte 24 2 chests Bro Pekoe 200 54 2 Do 26 2 do Pekoe 210 47 3 Do 28 4 do Pekoe Sou 890 42 4 Do 30 1 do Souchong 110 38 5 Do 32 1 do Unassorted 90 33 6 Alton Up- cot 34 15 hf-chs Pekoe 750 68 7 Tor- ; wood 36 6 chests do 600 60 8 Do 38 11 do Pekoe Sou 990 47 9 Atta- eee bage 4015 do Bro Pekoe 1425 65 bid 10 Do 42 32 do Pekoe 2720 59 11 Do 44 31 do Pekoe Sou 2635 48 12 Do 46 2 do Dust 289 27 3 Do 48 1 do Unassorted 73 25 14 Moss--+ c ville 50 32 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1600 60 bid 15 Do 52 33 do Pekoe 1485 56 The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited. 16 Polata- gama 54 32 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1600 74 V7 Do 56 89 do Pekoe 3560 65 18 Do 58 37 do Pekoe Sou 1665 56 19 HS 60 7 chests Pekoe Sou No, 2 630 37 20 Do 62 3 do Bulk 258 38 21 Do 64 1 do Red Leaf 86 withd’n. 22 QD 66 2 do Bro Mixed 200 33 23 BK 68 1 do Pekoe Dust 190 24 24 Do 70 1 do Congou 90 36 25 Waver- : ley 72 21 hf-chs Bro Pokoe 1302 70 bid 26 Do 74 23 chests Pekoe 2461 60 bid 27 DDM 76 1 hf-cht Dust 75 23 28 Wangie Oya 78 5 chests Fannings 625 37 29 Do 80 4 do Bro Tea 360 44 30 Park 82 8 chests Bro Pekoe 1152-49 bid 31 Do 8410 do 1 hf-cht Pekoe 1387 46 bid 32 Do 86 10 chests Pekoe Sou 1270 42 33 Do 88 1 do Congou 105 41 34 Do 90 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 23 26 35 Craig 92 2 do Congou 92 40 36 Do 94 2 do Dust 140 25 37 Do 96 1 do Red Leaf 57 38 Za 98 30 do Bro Orange Pekoe fe not ard. 39 Do 100 37 do Pekoe 1850 ton 10212 do Bro Pekoe 600 48 41 Do 104 14 do Pekoe 700 61 42 Do 10613 do Pekoe Sou 650 851 43, Do 108 3 do Bro Pekoe Sou 150 46 44 Do 110 4 do Pekoe Dust 200 24 4 TNG 112 9 do Pekoe Sou 450 38 46 Mukel- oya 114 3 do Bro Pekoe 150 67 47 Do 116 7 do Pekoe 350 865 48 Do 118 4 do Pekoe Sou 200 53 49 Do 120 3 do Bro Mixed 150 40 = » Mr. J. D. Rospinson put up for sale at the Ohamber o£ Commerce Sale-room today, 31st Oct., the under- mentioned Jots of Tea (2,050 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs. Description perlb. c, ° 1 Yaha Ella 50 19 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 950 58 bid 2 Do 5220 do Pekoe Sou 900 47 3 Do 54 1 chest Dust 80 24 CM 56 2 do Souchong 120 9=631 Mr. O. E. H. Syatons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 31st Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,603 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. 0. perlb. c. 1DM™ 34 20 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1100 56 2 Do 36 23 do Pekoe Sou 1265 48 3 Do 38 1 do Mixed Tea 60 38 4 Do 40 1 do Dust 87 24 5 G 42 li chest Pekoe 91 32 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 31st Oct., the undermentioned lots of Tea (29,464 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No, No. Pkgs. Description per Ib, ec. Relugas 87 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 572 = 70 bid 2 Do 88 5 do Pekoe 240 58 3 Do 89 14 chests Pekoe Sou 1400 49 4 Do 90 1 do Dust 71 25 BIB PULLS 91 28 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1400 45 6 Do 92 38 do Pekoe 1900 40 7 Do 93 7 do Dust 350 24 8 HH 94 1 do Souchong 50 41 9 Do 95 2 do Congou 95 40 10 Do 96 2 do Red Leaf 103 33 11 ANE 97 13 chests Pekoe 1170 46 bid 12 Do 98 20 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1035 54 bid 13 Suria- kande 99 26 do do 1560 72 bid 14 Do 100 26 do Pekoe 1430 57 bid 15 Do 113 do Pekoe Sou 780 51 16 UCS 2 1 chest Souchong 100 41 17 Do 3 10 hf-chs Bro Mixed 500-28 18 Do 4 3 chests Dust 240 26 19 Stinsford 5 12 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 540 } 20 Do 617 do Pekoe 680 ; not ard. 21 Do 717 do Bro Pekoe 850 J 22 Chetnole 8 38 do ° 1520 75 23 Do 9 44 do Pekoe 1760 56 bid 24 Do 10 39 do Pekoe Sou 1560 49 bid 25 Do 11 4 do Dust 200 28 26) 12' 5 do Pekoe 200 41 bid 27 Do 13 1 do Congou 41 28 Do 14 1 do 1 box Dust 59 25 29 KTK 16 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 840 54 30 Do 16 21 do Pekoe Sou 1155 47 31 Depe- dene 17 3 do Bro Pekoe 150) 63 32 Do 18 3 do Pekoe 150 46 33 Do 19 6 do Pekoe Sou 270 42 34 HD 2010 do Bro Sou 500 39 35 Do . 21 .8 do Unassorted 400 ie 36 Do 22 3 do Bro Mixed 150 26 37 Do 23 1 chest Dust 80 23 38 A 24 7 hf-chs Pekoe 343 46 bid 39 A 25 6 chests Dust _ 450 27 40 Allakolla 26 24 do Bro Pekoe 1440 64 bid 41 Do 2715 do Pekoe 1500 50 42 Do 28 15 do Pekoe Sou 1500 45 43 Do 29 1 do Bro Tea 130 32 Mr. E. Jon put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 31st Oct., the nndenmentioned lots of Tea (45,027 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. ; per lb, c. 1 Ampittia 75 2 hf-chs Dust 117 42 2 Do 76 2 do Bro Mixed 100 48642 3 Do 77 1 do Fannings 50 (37 4 N 78 1 chest Dust 165 28 5 N 79 2 do Bro Tea 261 37 6 N 80 1 do Souchong 108 41 7 Florence 81 3 do Bro Mixed 300 27 8 Do 82 1 do Dust 130 23 9 Mocha 83 39 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1950 80 10 Do 85 21 chests Pekoe 1995 65 11 Do 87 14 do Pekoe Sou 1260 55 12 Oodewelle 89 26 do do 2080 48 13 Do 101 8 do Pekoe 640 55 14 Do 103 16 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 800. 63 15 BO 105 12 do do 540 - 57 16 Chertsey 106 11 do Pekoe 550 44 17 Do 108 4 do Bro Mixed 200 39.28 18 Do 109 1 do Dust 60 28 19 B 110 4 do do 300 30 20 B 111 1 do Congou 55 37 21 B 112 1 do Red Leaf 100 27 22 Logan 113 20 do Pekoe Sou 900 48 bid 23 N 115 1 do Pekoe 45 86) 45 24 St. Clair 116 17 chests Bro Pekoe 1020 71 bid 25 Do 11816 do Orange Pekoe 1408-71 bid 26 Do 120 26 do Pekoe 2288 62 27 Do 122 23 do do 2024 6l bid 28 Do 124 23 do Pekoe Sou 1679 - 55 29 Halloo- ’ wella 126 6 do BroPekoe @00. «67 bid 30 Do ‘128 12 do Pekoe 1200 55 bid 31 Do 130 10 do Pekoe Sou 1000 50 32 D 132 10 hf-chs Dust. 500. 27 33 -Ivies 133 15 do Bro Pekoe 750. 65 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight | Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. perlb: = ic: No No Pkgs. Description perlb. c. 34 Do 135 20 do Pekoe ‘: 1000 52 }51 GHO 222 6 boxes Congou 120 32 35 Do 137.19 do Pekoe Sou 855 48 | 52 Do 224 3 do Dust 90 23 36 Do 139 2 do Dust 140 22 53 Do 226 1 do Red Leaf 25 25 37 Torring- 54 Wakwella 228 2 hf-chs Pekoe 96 43 ton 140 28 do Bro Pekoe 1680 64 55 Do 230 2 do Pekoe Sou 80 36 38 Do 142 19 do Pekoe 950 53 bid | 56 Gonae- 39 Do 144 43 do Pekoe Sou 2150 48 nawa 232 38 do Bro Pekoe 1900 58 bid 40 CDL 145 11 do Bro Pekoe 550 42 57 Do 234 36 do Pekoe 1620 50 bid 41 Do 147 10 do Pekoe 400 36 58 Do 236 52 do Pekoe Sou 2080 44 bid 42 Do 149 3 do Pekoe Sou 120 34 59 Do 238 5 do Bro Mixed 225 43 43. Do 150 1 chest Dust 120 924 60 Do 240 3 do Unassorted 150 43 44 Lorne 151 9 do Bro Pekoe 1080 64 61 Do 242 3 do Bro Tea 120 40 45 Do 153 17 do Pekoe 1700 56 62 NP 214 2 chests 46 Do 155 9 do Pekoe Sou 900 = 46 : 1 hf-cht Congou 270 9 34 47 BK 157 5 bf-chs Bro Orange Pekoe 300 61 3 Frotoft 246 1 do Fannings 55 39 48 Do 158 5 do Pekoe 250 50 64 Do 948 2 do Dust 150 24 49 Do 159 10 chests Bro Pekoe Sou 1000 44 65 Nyanza 250 6 do Bro Pekoe 300 50 Do 161 5 hf-chs Bro Tea 825 39 66 Do 252 5 chests Pekoe 500 51 Do 162 15 chests Dust 1350 25 67 Do 25410 do Pekoe Sou 1000 }- not ard. 52 M 163 2 hf-chs Bro Mixed 96 44 68 Do 256 1 do Dust 100 53 M 164 3 do Congou 109 45 69 Do 258 1 do Unassorted 128 ‘54 M 165 1 box Red Leaf 16 24 70 LG 260 5 do Bro Tea 630 85 55 W H 166 3 ht-chs Pekoe Fans 144 37 71 Dromo- ‘ 56 Do 167-1 do Congou 73 38 land 262 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 220 71 bid 57 Do 168 1 do Dust 99 25 72 Do 264 5 do Pekoe 210 Be | 58 Ottery 169 12 chests Pekoe 1080. 55 73 Do 266 8 do Bro Tea 400 44 59 Do 171 12 do Souchong 1080 49 TA Vi O) 268 5 chests do 550 33 ‘60 Ugieside 173 25 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1250 55 75 Farnham 270 22 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1100 67 61 Do 175 23 do Pekoe Sou 1035 45 16 Do 272 42 do Pekoe 1890 56 a 17 Do 274 18 do Pekoe Sou 810 48 Messrs, Forses & Waxxer put up for sale at the | 7 51° BIBS) do, jy Dust 5200 27 19 JMK 278 3 chests do 390 27 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 31st Oct., | s9 Avisa- the undermentioned lots of Tea (48,137 lb.), which sold wella 280 5 do do 650 28 ~bid ‘as under :— 81 Do 282 4 do Fannings 36035 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 82 Do 284 2 hf-chs Unassorted 100 46 No. No. per lb. c. 83 Hillside 28610 do Pekoe 500 468 bid 1 Nyanza 122 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 250 70 2 Do ~ 124 21 pests Eekoe 2100 of bid 3 Do 126 2 do Pekoe Sou 200 4 Mr. ©. E. H. Symons : ] 4 nee a8 ; ge Ungssonted i a Obamber of Gstaneees ee ieaae ate Nee 6 Thorn- ; Ss the undermentioned lots of Tea (10,908 lb.), which field 132 12 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 720 68 bid | sold as under :— fh De) 134 25 do Pekoe 1400 59 Lot Box Weight 8 Do 136 21 do Pekoe Sou 1176 451 No. Mark No. Pkgs Description perlb. ec. 9 Do 138 1 do Pekoe Dust 78 28 1 Nahalma 44 31 chests Pekoe 2790 41 10 Esperanza 140 30 do Bro Orange Pekoe 1500 73 bid 2 Do 46 27 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1512 48 TPO 142 37 do Pekoe 1850 56bid| 3 Do 48 15 chests Pekoe Sou 135037 12 Wedde- 4 Do 50 12 hf-chs Pekoe Fans 504 34 godde 144 4 boxes Bro Pekoe 43 5 _ Do 52 4 do Congou 180 34 13 Do 146 3 do Pekoe 56 46 6 Pamba- : 14 Do 148 2 do Souchong 65 40 gama 54 5 chests Dust 400 26 15 Rat- 7 Pattia- mahara 150 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 200 72 gama 56 25 hf-chs Pekoe 1233 51 16 Do 152 5 do Pekoe 250 54bid}| 8 Do 5815 do Bro Pekoe 824 59 17 Do 15419 do Pekoe Sou 950 47 bid} 9 Galla- 18 Do 15615 d> Souchong 750 48 watta 6024 do Pekoe 1080 46 19 Do 158 1 do Congou 40 35 19 Do 6214 do Bro Pekoe 700 - 57 20 Do 160 1 do Dust 72 26 11 Do 64 2 do Dust 100-34 Oy Ye) 1u2 2 do Mixed 70 925 12 8 66 1 chest Bro Mixed 85-36 22 Agra Oya 164 7 chests Bro Pekoe 700 62 3S 68 1 do Pekoe Dust 150 26 23 Do 166 11 do = 1 hf-cht Berge 1150 a bidk| MAMTA oTOGa has Ln Le 24 le} 168 1 chest ust 100 . - 25 Horagoda 170 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 616 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 26 Do 172 20 do Pekoe 920 Bete aS 27 le) 17410 do Pekoe Sou 460 ( arrived. . . oye st een eataas. Dace i e Ae Our pce Correspondent.) 29 178 5 chests Bro Pekoe 00 Marks and prices of OKYLON OOF i 30 Do 180 3 do Pekoe 300 Mincing Lan B to 5th October 1 gS UF ge ah 31. Do 182 6 do do No. 2 soo 7° ee ‘ 32 Do 184 8 do Pekoe Sou 800 5e Bde Ga:.20 77s: omen, 95s; de 91s 64d; 33 A K 186 9 do Souchong 810) 4 Cie 2s Oa eC Ts; 1t 102s; le 728 6d; 2bags 84s 6d. 34. Do 188 2 do Bro Tea 320 | ° Ex ‘‘Manora”—North Matale, le 1b 77s; le 72s; 1t 35 Doone- 46s; 1b 76s; 1b 64s. Alloowibarie, 15 bags 693; 17 bags vale 190 10 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 500 7778 6d: 6 bags 65s; 2 bags 61s; 3 bags 50s. z PO OM gt teiey cer umnerce EO pl Ex “Diomed”—Lunagalla, 1b 100s 6d; 1b 70 37. Do 194 13 chests Pekoe Sou 1300 Ex “Victoria” —N RAED 8 OG; S. 38 Do 196 4 do Congou 400 x Vie oria’’—. orth Matale, 5c 65s. 39 Kurulu- Ex “Karamania”—Lunugalla, le 97s; lle 1b 89s; 4c galla 198 3 do Bro Pekoe 300 1t 818 6d; 2c 102s; 2c72s6d: le 1t 68s; 1b 753; 3b 74s; Be a ae ee co roca ee | eee | 41 lo) 2 te) ‘ekoe Sou No. 0 7) 7ynae ik . . °° Do ood aeag 40. No.2 200 upturn yaa Be 0385 5c 86s; 4c 87s; le 43 Aigburth 206 23 boxes Bro Pekoe 437 out 8; le 103s; le 73s 6d; 1b 688; 2 bags 87s Gd. 44 Do 208 21 hf-chs Pekoe 1050 55 Ex “Manora”—Cocagalla MOOUo., 2c 90s; 6c 848 6d; S proba aed 210. 19 Ro ae Pekoe 950 70 ports lc 100s 6d. 4 0 . 21216 chests Pekoe . 1600 56 x “Diomed”—Berragalla, le 100s; 8c ; CU gue ay 7 gc9 “ menos Hew ee Bs ta 83s 6d; le 104s 6d. Gouatttara, it Sree Be ub Bde: Mae een eEcea 58 bid | 1¢ 101s, Bliralouvah, 1t 106s; 5c 978; le 1t 86s; 1t 105s. 49 Do 21817 d Pekoe 850 49 bid 50 Do 920 2 as Dust 23 1 | Laymastota, 1¢c104s. Monerakande, 2c81s; 1t 104s. Minoine Lann, October 12th. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 12th October 1888:— Ex “Diomed”—Wiharagalla, 1b 101s; 3c 98s; 11e 89s 6d; 3c 1b 88s 6d; 2c 1b 105s 6d; 2b 74s 6d; 4 bags 87s 6d; 1 bag 89s; 1 bag 828. Gowerakelle, 1b 96s; Ac 84s; 16 105s; le 75s; 2 bags 88s 6d. Niabedda, 1b 102s; 3c 1690s 6d; 10c1t 84s; 1¢ 104s. WHR, lc 80s; Jt 58s; 1t 63s. Udapolla, 5 bags 73s 6d; 17 bags 71s 6d; 10 bags 67s; 5 bags 69s Gd; 6 bags 59s. Oatton, 1b 78s; 2c 89s; 1¢ 82s; 1b 104s Gd; 1t 75s; 1b 74s; 1 bag 75s. Ampittiakande, 1b 98s; 1c 94s; 5c 89s 6d; 1¢ 16 89s; 1c it 81s; le 106s 6d. Ex “Copernic” —Blackwood, le 1t 94s; 7¢ 1t 89s 6d; 4c 1b 83s 6d; 1t 100s. Haldamulla, 1¢ 14 985; 6c 91s; 4e 84s 6d; 1c 105s; ll bags 748 6d. Pillamulla, lb 100s; 3c 1b 88s 6d; 4c 85s; 1b 100s. Ex “Capella”—Mahaouvah, 1c 1b 106s; 9c 95s; 2e 84s; 1c 105s; 2t 76s; le 1t 75s 6d; 1b 74s; lb 80s. Ex ‘Arcadia’ *—Mahaouvah, 5e lb 95s 6d; 5¢ 1b 1c 104s 6d; 2c 78s, Ex “Diomed”—Delmar OBEC, 1c 85s; 3¢ 86s; 1h 99s; 1t 75s; le 2b 5 bags 75s. Newton, le 81s; le 80s; 1b 77s; 1b 96s. Ex pees 0 Ordon, 2c 1b 91s 6d; 1c 1t 88s Gd; 1t 108s; 2c 1b 78s 6d. Ex “Manora”—Roeberry, 1¢ 1b 92s 6d; 5c 89s; 2c 88s 6d; 2c 1b 83s; 1b 104s. Tulloes, 1c it 76s 6d; 3c 86s 6d: 1b 105s. : Bx “Mira’’—Baduallwatte, 1t 1b 82s; 1t 1b 79s; 1b 93s; 1b 65s; le 1b 56s 6d. EBW, 13 bags 698. Ex “Arcadia”—Ouvah GA, 8c 103s; 16¢ 16 1b 90s 64; Ac ib 82s 6d; 1c1t 81s; le lt 105s; 2c 1b 75s; 9 bags 90s. Ouvah JB, 2e 108s Gd; ce 1b 908; 3c 1b 83s; le 81s; 1b 102s; 1c 98s; 1c 75s; 4 bags 90s 6d. Ex “Diomed’—Greymont, it lb 86s 6d, 3c 1b 82s; 1b 103s; 1b 73s 6d. ADDITIONAL COFFEE SALES, St. George, 1b 71s; 1b 74; 1b 67s 6d; 1 bag 67s. - Morar, 2 82s: 1b 100s bd; 1b 70s. New Oocrnwall, 6c 1b 84s; 5¢ 1b 828; le lb 81s 6d; le 1b 191s; le 1t 73s. Brookside, le 85s; 12c 83s 6d; Poonagalla, 1c 91s; 4c 89s; 4c 1t 83s; 103s 6d; 3c 72s; 2 bags 80s; 1 bag 68s. St. Leonard’s, 5c 1b 83s 6d. Veredapatna, 5c 89s. CAV, 1b 69s; 3c 65s 6d; 1t 1b 64s; 1 bag 67s. Roehampton, 1c 86s 6d; le 81s 6d; 1b 938; 1b 71s. GSR (in diamond), 1b 80s; le 1t 77s 6d; 1t 71s; 1c 88s; 1b 68s; le 683; 2c 62s Gd; le 66s; 1c 64s. Happ»gahalande, 6 bags 74s 6d. Arduthie, 5 bags 75s. Sherwood, 1 bag 64s. Uvakellie, le 1b 94s 6d; 2c 1t90s; 5c 85s 6d; 2c 80s; Jo 102s; 1t 68s 6d; 2 bags 90s. Mount Vernon, 1c 1b 828; 1¢ 1b 75s 6d; 1b 89s;1b 66s. Kelburne, 3c 1t 80s; 1c 1b 102s 6d; 1c 1b 74s. KB, 2c 1b 69s 6d; 2c 65s; 1b le 1b 65s; 3c 1b 67s Gd. —Loca) “ Times.” 1b 99s; 1c 1b 73s 6d. le 75s 6d; Ie 1t lb 32s; 2 bags 80s; CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. 41, Mincine Lane, Oct. 12th, 1888. SuccrruBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem Del Rey 38d 5d pps OBEC, KudaOya 33d to Sd 4d to 5d 4d as Bellwood 38d La 3d to 34d fn Loolcondura 34d ae act », Naranghena 34d to 4d Thd i Yapame 4d qd a Lanka Plantations Co. Limited Std to 4d 74 to 104d Bhd G Bin diamond 3a Pt an Kitulkelly, mixed 4d aed if Gigranelle de BY iit my, promoland 5d + | le RR a NE ET “OEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4c lt 89s; | Mark Natural Renewed Root. tem Keerryclare 4d ee 4d | Eriagastenne 3} bed ane Hagalla oer 45d H | Mahaouvah 4d ie am MCC Co, in diamond ... Rid = Keenakelle 22d to 33d Fi | ae Amblangoda 1jd to 2d Bil UE. 2d to 240 Wewehena 33d to 4d oad Derby 2a to 33d 4d to 44d 65d | HSC, P in diamond ost 64d to 7d ees Manickwatte 33d to 6d 3: re | Dunbar het ie 6d Angroowelle 3hd 4td ove | Upper Peak 3d ie 4 OG 2d to 33d 43d S K in diamond 23d to Bd 43d CPC,Gin do 5d ; KTK 3d to 4d ee Fassifern West 24d todd 45d am Dewatura, mixed 2}dto 44d 3d to 34d 3d Park, BFF 3d to 5d 64d to 7d owe Pingarawe 4d to 43d 7d to 73d 4d NW E, Gonavy, Hybrid 4d = OFFICINALIS. Del Rey od 4s Kehelwatta ag 53a | Maria oa Beddegama, Ledger oa (6 1s | Lanka Plantations Co. Limited 4id 83d 10 1s 2d aye Hope 8d 43d Gigranella 3d to. Bid ae ar Doomba 4d ae Goonambil, Ledger 9d MCCCo.in diamond 43d / ” Ledger aes 63d orn Keenakelle 33d to 4d 92d 4d Edinburgh 6d 9d x Aldourie 3d to 33d gh aS Upper Peak, Led. 3d to 33d a 53a S K in diamond, Ledger lld x: Cobo, Ledger 3d 64d Fassifern West 4d 63d to 7d Sts George 44d 63 Badullawatte 5d oe CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Lonpon, Oct. 12th, 1888. Ex.“‘Arcadia”—Sirigalla, 40 bags 84s 6d; 10 bags 88s 2 bags 70s. eke Cameron”—Woodslee S D,2 bags 41s 4 bags 2s 6d. Ex “Goorkha”—Keenakelle, 1 bag 59s; 1 bag 74s, Ex “Valetta’’—Mahaberia, 17 bags67s 6d. Ex “Karamania”—Lesmoir, 1 bag 74s. 4 bags 50s. Ex “Clan Oameron’”—Kondesalle OBEC, 2 bags 96s 6d; 15 bags 90s. SD, 1 bag 75s; 3 bags 72s; 2 bags 51s Dodangalla, 2 bags 96s, 14 bags 895. 645 4 bags 71g 2 bags 51s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) LonDon, Oct. 5th, 1888. Ex “Clan Cameron”—AW(St.M)BS&Co., 6 cases 1g 8d; 7 cases 1s 9d; 2 casesis 2d; 2 cases 1s 11d; 4 cases 1s 5d; 1 case 1s 3d. Kobanella, 6 cases 1s 8d; 1 case Is, 3 cases 7d; 1 case 1s 7d. Ex “Karamania’ ’—Hunasgeria, 3 cases 1s 1d; 1 case 1s 3d; 1 case 1s 1d. Ex ‘‘Manora’’—Sherwood, 6 cases 1s 9d; 4 cases 1g 7d; 4 cases 1s 1d; 9 cases 1s 6d; 4 cases 1s 2d. Ex “Clan Grant”—Wariagalla, 1 case 2s; 2 cases 1s 6d; 2 cases 1s 2d; 1 casa 1s 8d; 1 case Is. Gallantenne, 10 cases 1s 10d; 6 cases 1s 4d; 1 case 1s 3d; 2 cases 1s 1d; 5 casesi1s 4d, LM (seeds), 10 cases 1s 6d,—Local “Times,” COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. , i i : Pricr:—122 cents each; 3 copie? No. 21.] CoLoMBo, DrcreMBER 3, 1388. { 30 égnths 6 Bonres 1 Sede. AP BY AG. | Mr. EH. JoHn put up for Sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 7th Nov., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (46,297 lb.), which ‘sold as COLOMBO: SALES OF Mr. J. D. RopinsoN put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 7th Nov., the ynder:-— \ undermentioned lots of Tea (1,973. 1b.), which sold | Dita as_under:— No. me No. Pk Description Nees ¢ (Bulked.) Re bill Es LEP sates P : ; 3) Tone aie | ogaha- : tae ue Ny Mech wor Stat aso. watte 177 2 hf-chs Dust 160 23 1 ¢ AK 58 32 hf-chs Pekoe 1600 51 lees & Re: 178) 1 do Bro Orange Pekoe 40 , 56 5) Do 60 5 do Pekoe Sou 250 51 NS Do 179 1 do Pekoe Sou 40 47 34. Do 61 1 do Congou 50->- 37 4 BSS 10 B chests Mapesor tee mee pa é lec 7 = 5 [o) 18% fo) ekoe Fans 0 4 pee EOE wade? bride) |bekoe Dust Boeri 6 Do 183 1 do Dust 120. 25 7 Glentilt184 19 do Pekoe Sou 1248 50 Messrs. ForsEs & WatkrEr put up‘for sale at the| 8 _Do — 186 23 hf-chs Pekoe 1008, 56 bid Ohamber | of Commerce Sale-room today, 7th|,° Tomne 60 sheets Bro, Bekoe feng i) Nov., thé undermentioned lots of Tea (46,170 Ib.), 20). PO job 18 Go Beek. pe OV.) ytd -/>{11 - Do,-- 192 8 do, .PekoeSou 800 » 48 which sold as under :— 12. Do 194 1 do Congou 100; 37 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 13 Do NO5y ido, No, = No ‘ Derlb ec. 1 hf-cht Dust 220, 25 1 FFB 288 5 chests Bro Pekoe 500 55 14 Do 196 1 chest 2 Donny 1290) 3) do P: koe 300 55 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 120 26 3 Do 292 6 do do No.2 600 50 15 Sher- 4 Do 294 8 do Pekoe Sou 800 47 dale 197 8 do Bro Pekoe 400 57 5 AK 296 9 do Souchong 810 41 16 Do 198 14 do Pekoe Sou 618 48 6 Do 298 2 do Bro Tea 220 3 17, Salem ~ 200 20 do Bro Pekoe 800 57 7 Doone- 18 Do 202 20 do Pekoe 800 46 vale 300 10 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 500 52 | 19 Do 204 1 box ~—Congou 21 31 8 Do 302 16 do Pekoe 720 47 20 Do 205 2 boxes Dust 61 24 9 Do 304 13 chests Pekoe Sou 1300 46 21 Kanan- 10 Do 306 4 do Congou 400 39 gama 206.15 chests Bro Mixed 1500 Bis} 11 Kurulu- 22 Sau- , galla 308 3 do Bro Pekoe 300 53 bid marez 207 5 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 250 12 Do 310 4 do Pekoe 400 49 23 Do 208 6 do Pekoe 300 not 13.. Do 312 ‘6 do Pekoe Sou No.1 600 47 24 Do 209 5 chests Pekoe Sou 500 arrived 14 Do 314 2 do do No, 2 200 42 25 Do 210 7 do Unassorted 700 15 Nyanza 316 6 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 300 65 26 Do 212 1 do Dust 75 16 Do 318 5 chests Pekoe 500 48 bid | 27 Ginnido- 17 Do 320 10 do Pekoe Sou 1000 43 minie 213 4 do Unassorted 400 do 18 Do 322 1 do Dust 100 26 98 Kadien- : 19.~ Do 324 1 do Unassorted 128 40 lena 214 47 do Bro Pekoe 4230 do 20 Torwood 326 7 do Orange Pekoe 700 75 29°>- Do 216 41 do Pekoe 3485 55 21. Do 328 9 do Pekoe “PLU Bhs) 30 Do 21841 do Pekoe Sou 3425 5U 22. Do 330 20 do Pekoe Sou 1800 45 31 Little 235 Do 832 3 do Fannings 300 37 Valley 220 4 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 220 60 24 N 334 16 hf-chs Unassorted 960 36 32 Do 221 1. do Orange Pekoe 55 51 bid 25 Kalu- 33 Do 222 10 do Pekoe 500 51 ganga 33610 do Bro Pekoe 500 49 bid|34 Do 224 2 do — Pekoe Sou 100 46 26 Do 338 12 do Pekoe 480 47 bid | 35 Do 225 1 do Dust 80 25 27 Do 340 14 do Pekoe Sou 560 44 bid | 36 Albion 226 20 do Bro Pekoe 1100 66 28 Do 342 2 do Bro Sou 100 88 37 Do 228 16 chests Pekoe 1280 52. bid 29 K 8344 5 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 200 39 Bis} Do 230.17 do Pekoe Sou 1530 49 bid 30 K 346 5 do Bro Sou 225 39 39 To 232) 12) da Dust 160 27 31. K 348 4 do Fannings 180 82 40 G 233 3 hf-chs Pekoe Fans 126 37 32 K 350 2 do Dust 140 25 41 Do 234 3 do Congou 90 36 33 Norton 352 18 do Bro Pekoe 900 62 42 Do 235 2 do. ..Dust 136 25 84 Do 354 15 do Pekoe 750 49 bid 35 Do 356 11 do Pekoe. Sou 550 44 bid The Yatideria Tea Co., Limited. 36 Do 358 1 do Souchong 40 41 43 Yati- 37 Do 860 5 do Dust 250 27 deria 236 6 chests Bro Pekoe No. 1 612 38 Kosgaha- 44 Do 238 4 do do No, 2 570 heena 362 2 do Bro Pekoe 100 45 Do 240 14 do Pekoe )288, 39 Do 364 2 do Pekoe 100 \ not ard. | 46 Do 243 3 do Peko Sou 246 } not ard. 40 Do 366 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 47 Do 243 7 do Bro Tea 644 41 Do 868 3 do Souchong 150 48 Do 244 4 hf-chs Orange Pekoe Fans 240 42 (Tea chest 49 Do. 245 21 do Souchong 1176 mark) 370 22 chests Pekoe Sou 1980 50 bid | 50 Temple- 43 Middleton 372 26 hf-cht Bro Pekoe 1456 59 bid stowe 247 18 do Orange Pekoe 936 86 44 Do 374 46 do Pekoe 2300 54 51 Do 24919 do Pekoe 950 67 45 Do 376 6 do Congou 288 40 52 Do 251 21 do Pekoe Sou 1134 59 46 Walla 53 Do 253 1 ~do Bro Mixed 70 43 Valley 378 20 chests Bro Pekoe ~ 1900 68 54 Do 254 2 do Dust 180 26 47 Do 380 14 do Pekoe 1330 54 55 Monrovia 255 19 do Pekoe 950 42 48 Horagoda 382 11 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 616 55 bid|56°. Do 257 2 do Dust 130 3 49 Do 384 20 do Pekoe 920 47 bid | 57 Do 258 2 do Bro Mixed 100 32 50 Do 386 10 do Pekoe Sou 460 43 58 MRA 259 1 do do 60 3l 51 Do 888 1 do Dust 17 25 59 Do 260 3 do Pekoe 150 38 52 Queen- 60 S C 261 4 chests Souchong 332 39 wood ~ 390 16 chests Bro Pekoe 1520 67 61 Do 262 2 do Fannings 232 27 53 Do 392 12 do Pekoe 1140 53 62 Logan 263 20 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 1000 71 54 Poo- 63 Do 265 20 do Pekoe 900 56 bid prassie 39419 do Bro Pekoe 1710 58 bid} 64 Do 267 20 do Pekoe Sou 900 47 bid 55 Do 896 58 do Pekoe 4648 52 65 Do 269 4 do Dust 240 27 66 East Holy- 66 Do 270 6 do Souchong 270 40 rood 398 40 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 2400 72 67 JT 272 8 boxes Pekoe 40 38 bid 57 Do 400 39 chests Pekoe 8900 53 bid | 68 F L 273 22 chests do 2200 50 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 7th Noy.; the undermentioned lots of Tea (21,817 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs. Description. perlb. c. 1 Stins- ford 30 12 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 540 43 2 Do 3117 do Pekoe 680 48 bid 3 Do 3217 do Bro Pekoe 850 57 bid 4 Hiral- ouvah 33 4 do Bro Pekoe 202 80 5 Do 3418 do Pekoe Sou 900 52 bid 6 Penrith 35 22 do Bro Pekoe 1100 63 bid ui Do 36 13 chests Pekoe 1170 50 bid 8 Do 87 18 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 810 42 bid 9 Do 38 1 chest Bro Tea 130 27 10 Hunu- galla 39 5 hf-chs Souchong 925 37 bid 11 Werea- galla 40 23 do Bro Pekoe 1035 12 Do 41 30 chests Pekoe 2700 | aot ard. 13 Do 42 24 do Souchong 2160 14 D ‘43 24 do Unassorted 2400 46 bid 15 STC 44 14 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 770 50 16 Do 45 12 do Pekoe 600 46 bid 17 Do 46 16 do Pekoe Sou 800 45 18 Do 47 5 do Bro Mixed 250 25 19 Do 48 4 do Dust 245 5 20 MAH 49 7 chests Bro Tea 770 32 21 Harmony 5019 do Bro Pekoe 1900 44 bid 22 Detena- galla 51 16 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 800 57 bid 23 Do 5218 do Pekoe Sou 780 50 bid Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room, today r 14th Nov., the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,924 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ee, 1 Sunnycroft 7019 hf-chs Dust 1064 27 2 ° 72 7 do Bro Tea 630 33 3 WG 74 4 do Bro Mixed 240 29 4 Do 76 4 do Pek Fans 200° B6 D Do 78 7 do Red Leaf 335 32 6 Do 80 7 do Pek Dust 455 25 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 14th Nov., the un- -dermentioned lots of Tea (20,986 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Description. “.Weight No No. perlb. ec. 1 Kadienlena 10 1 chest Congou 100. 37 2 Ff ll 8 do Red Leaf 960 30 31E 12 5 do Unassorted 500 839 4A U 13 13 hf-chs Pek Sou 650 48 5 Do 15 2 do Congou 90 41 6 Do 16 2 do Dust 255 24 7 Saumarez 17 5 do Bro Pek 250 62 8 Do 18 6 do Pekoe 300 56 9 Do 19 5 chests Pek Sou 500 47 10) Siz 20 7 do Unassorted 700 46 11 Do 22 1 do Dust 16) 24 1wCcLOPRC 23 4 do Unassorted 400 43 The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited. 13 Yatideria 24 6 chests Bro Pek No.1 612 49 . 14 Do 26 6 do do No.2 570 46 15 Do 29 14 do Pekoe 1288 44 16 Do 31 3 do Pekoe Sou 246 41 7 Do 32 7 do Bro Tea 644 37 18 Do 33 4 hf-chs Orange Pek Fans 240 37 19 Do 34 21 do Souchong 1176 39 20 Kanangama 36 20 do Bro Pek 1000 69 21 Do 38 15 chests Pekoe 150u 55 22 Do 40 15 do Pekoe Sou 1500 45 23 Torrington 43 22 hf-chs Bro Pek 1320 64 24 Do 45 18 do Pekoe 900 55 25 Do 47 36 do Pekoe Sou 1800 46 26 EHilandhu 49 14 chests Orange Pek 1260 57 Pei Do 51 20 hf-chs Pekoe Sou 1000 48 28. Conar 53 9 do Pekoe 450 58 29 Do 55 8 do Bro Pek 400 66 30 Do 56 5 do PekSou 250 48 31 Do 57 1 do Bro Mixed 50 34 Mr J. D. Roxinson put up forsale at the Oham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 14th Nov., the cadre nae lots of Tea (13,355 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs _ Description pethin vac No. No. perlb. c. 1 Cocoawatte 64 3 hf-chs Bro Pek 145 48 2 Do 6610 do Pek 475 43 3 Do 68 3 do do Sou 125 45 (Bulked.) 4 Brunswick 70 47 chests Bro Pek 4230 67 5 Do 7226 do Pekoe 2600 58 bid (Bulked.) 6 Lavant 74 19 chests Bro Pek 1900 67 7 Do 76 33 do Pekoe 2640 54 8 Do 7812 do do Sou 960 49 9 Do 80 2 do do Dust 280 31 Messrs. SomMERVILLE & Co put for sale, at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 14th Nov., the undermentioned lots of Tea (26,941 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Weight No, No. Pkgs. Description per lb. c. 1 Wereagalla 53 33 hf-chs Bro Pek 1485 79 2 Do 54 34 chests Pekoe 3060 49 3 Do 55 28 do Pekoe Sou 2520 «44 4 Dambulagalla 56 21 hf-chs Bro Orange Pek 1050 59 bid 5 Do 57 43 do Bro Pek 150 51 16 Do 58 32 do Pekoe 1600 46 17 Ossington 59 2 do Bro Pek 98 53 18 Do 60 4 do Pekoe 165 46 19 Do 6111 do Pekoe Sou 495 41 10 Do 62 1 do Dust 60 24 jUSCaGe 63 3 do . Bro Pek 120 45 {2.. Do 64 4 do Pekoe 190 54 13 M & H 65 4 do Unassorted 177,39 y4Ve 66 2 do Pekoe 82 39 yp C 67 3 chests Dust 405 25 ]6 Hakuruyalla 68 6 hf-chs Bro Pekoe 300 «559. 17 Do 69 14 do Pekoe 700 8650 18 Do 70 2 do Unassorted 100 40 19 BHG 71 1 do Dust 65 23 20 Do 72 1 do RedLeaf Bi oe, 21 H 73.18 do Pekoe Sou 900 49 bid 922 DG 74 5 do Bro Tea 350 38 23 Do 75 3 do Bro Mixed 150 36 o4 Do 76 4 do Dust 240 25 25 Wewesse 77 24. do Bro Pek 1320 57 bid 26 Do 78 33 do Pekoe 1815 52 27. Do 79 4 do Dust 260 26 28 Lauderdale 8014 do Bro Pek 770 67 29 Ie) 81 6 do Pekoe 300 53 3u D 8214 do Pekoe Sou 700 83: 45 bid 31 RW 8319 do Souchong 950 §=43 32 Do 8410 do Unassorted 500 43 33 Do 85 8 do Bro Mixed 400 35 34 Do 86 2 do Dust 160 25 35 LGE 87 2 do Bro Tea 100 27 36 Salawe 88 5 do Bro Pek 242 65 37 Do 89 3 do Pekoe 124 52 38 Do 90 9 do Pekoe Sou 450 47 39 Do 91 2 do do 112 40 40 Do 92 4 do Bro Mixed 199 40 41 Do 93 1 do Fannings 47 38 42. Ravenscraig 94 5 do 20 boxes Bro Pek 650 54 bid 43 Do 95 24 hf-chs Pekoe 1200 47 hid 44 ‘Do 96 1 chest Pekoe Fans 70 45 Do 97 1 do Dust 65 . 33 Mesaus Forses & Waker put up for saleat the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 14th Nov., the undermentioned lots of Tea (32,920 Ib.), which sold as under :— ; Lot Mark Box Weigh No No. Packages Description per lb. c. 1 Kosgahaheena 2 2 hf-chs Bro Pek 100 45 2 Do 4 2 do Pekoe 100. 43 3 Do 6 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 37 4 Do 8 3 do Souchong 150 36 5 Agraoya 10 5 chests 1 hf-chs Bro Pek 550 62 6 Do 12 8 chests 1 hf-cht Pekoe 856 51 7 Do 14 1 chest Dust 100 28 8 C H 16 5 do do 400 23. 9. -Torwood 18 12 do Pekoe Sou 102048 10 - Do 20 2 do Bro Mixed 180 36 11 Do 22 4 do Pekoe Fans 400 44 12 Do 24 5 do Fannings 50038 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 ist Mark Box Packages Description Weight 0. No. per lb. c. 13 Waverley 26 30 hf-chs Bro Pek 1860 75 bid 14 Do 28 32 chests Pekoe 3424 60 bid The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited. 15 Polatakama 30 59 hf-chs Bro Pek 2950 66 16 Do 32.95 do Pekoe 3800 55 17 Do 34 40 do Pekoe Sou 1800 46 18 Ambamlla 36 7 do Bro Mixed 455 37 19 Do 38 8 do Dust 640 25 20 Mossville 4051 do Pekoe Sou 2244 47 2 ATP) Ke 42 4 chests Bro Tea 480 33 22 Do 44 2 do Dust 252 26 23 Dromolani 46 2 hf-chs Bro Pek 100 68 24 0 48 6 do Pekoe 280 55 25 Beaumont 50 1 chest I hf-cht Bro Tea 235 23 26 N 52 4 chests Unassorted 380 46 27 SSS 54 2 do Bro Tea 281 36 28 Do 56 1 do Dust 150 23 os 58 1 hfi-cht Unassorted 31 42 30 TYE 60 1 do Pekoe 59 46 31 Park 62 3 chests 1 hf-cht Bro Pek 474 48 32 Do 64 4 chests Pekoe 460 47 33 Do 66 4 do Pekoe Sou 444 44 34 Do 68 1 do Dust 124 25 35 Do 70 1 hf-cht Congou 47 40 36 Pansalatenna72 4 do Bro Tea 220 40 37 P DM 74 2 chests Congou 194 43 38 Do 76 1 do Dust 135 29 39 Theberton 78 19 hf-chs Bro Pek 950 64 bid 40 Do 80 19 do Pekoe 950 57 41 Do 82 28 do Pekoe Sou 1400 48 42 Do 84 4 do Bro Sou 200 t ard 43 Do 86 3 do Pek Dust TSO Rfimo eon 44 St. Leonards 88 1 chest Dust 120 25 45 BK 90 1 do Congou 95 37 46 HS 92 6 do Pekoe Sou 540 37 AT eB 94 21 hf-chs Bro Pek 1050 68 48 Do 96 18 do Pekoe 810 59 49 Do 98 14 do Pekoe Sou 630 48 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 19th Oct. 1888 :— Ex “Rewa’”—Ooperunic, 2c 106s 6d; 2c1b 95s 6d; 8c 918 6d; 50 87s; 1c 105s; 1b 78s 6d; 2 bags 89s 6d. Ex “Diomed”—Gracelyn, 1b 92s; 3c 88s 5d; 1b 97s; le 77s; 1 bag 87s. Ex ‘“Oopernic”—Rappahannock, 1b 88s; 3c 1b 86s 6d; 2c 1b 87s; 1t 97s; 1t 76s 6d; le 1b 1t 768 6d; 1b 83s 6d; 1b 748;1¢1b 69s 6d; 1b 77s;1 bag 85s; 1 bag 70s. Ex “‘Rewa’’—Forest Hill, 1c 1b 95s; 4c 8858; 1c 1t 81s 6d; 1t 103s. Needwood, 1b 99s; 3c 1b 91s; 3c 86s 64d; Ib 104s. Fermoyle, Ic 1t 102s; 2c 1b 94s; 1b 81s; 1b 103s. Roseberry, 1b 885; 1c 1b 868; 16 798; 1b 96s; 13 bags 74s. Ravenswood, 3c 1t 100s; 4c 1b 92s; 1c 83s; 1t 98s; i bag 86s. Ex ‘‘Manora’”—Idulgashena, 1c 101s; 5c 1b 86s 6d; 1c 101s; 1 bag 87s. Ex “HAispania”—Verelapatna, 1b 92s; 4c 1t 85s 6d; 2c 70s; 2c 1b 73s; 2 bags 83s. Ex “Rewa”’—RWA, 4c 1b 85s; 1c 85s 6d; 1b 95s; lb | 79s 6d. Braemore, 6 bags 798; 1 bag 80s. Ex “Hispania’”—Ury, 1¢ 95s; 2c 1b 88s 6d; 2c 83s 6d; 1b 92s; 1t 75s. St. Leonards, 1b 89s; 4c 1b 85s 6d; 1b 98s; 1b 73s; 3c 1t 1b 62s. Ex ‘‘Dardanus’’—Mount Vernon ACW, 2¢ 1b 74s. Ex ‘“Diomed”—NM, 9c 73s 6d; 4c 69s 6d. Ex “Karamania”—Lesmoir, 2c 68s 6d; 1c 56s. Fell- side, 1t 87s; le 1t 85s; 1b 808; 1b 968; 1t 76s 6d; 4 bags 72s 6d; 1 bag 83s Ex ‘Olan Cameron’”’—Oarlabeck, 2c 1b 76s 6d; 1 hag 72s. Ex “Copernic’—Haputale, le 1t 95s 6d; 10c 1t 88s:. 8c 84s 6d; lc 1b 1028; 2 bags 86s 6d; 10 bags 76s 6d? 45 bags 77s 6d. Mahadowa MOOOo., 3c 963\5c 91s 6d’ 4c 91s; 3c 1t 858; 1c 105s; 2 bags 90s; 6 bags.76s 6d. Ex ‘‘Rewa”—Ragalla, 8c 88s 6d; 6c 1t 888; le 1b 94s; lb 84s; le 1b 79s! 4c 798; 1c 86s; 10 bags 78s; 1 bag 79s. Various ships—Ury, 2c 81s 6d; Oungaldowa, 2c 83s 6d. Verlapattena, lc It 80s 6d. Ballagolla Ella, 1c 82s. Gallabodde, 1c 78s 6d. OKO, 1b 1028. DW, It 90s. Ragalla, 1b 82s. Niabedde, 1t 105s. Coslanda, 1b 103s. Gampaha, 1c 98s. Verlapattene, 1b 103s. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 26th October 1888 :— Ex “ Hispania”’—Yapame, Ic 93s; 4c 1b 908; 6c 85s; le 1b 81s 6d; 1c 1038; 2c 1b 74s 6d; lb 75s; 2 bags 84g 6d; 1 bag 72s. Ex “Bengal’’—Abbotsford, Dimbula, 2c lb 88s 6d, Ex “Manora”—O&T GSR, 3c 68s. North Matale, 1c 1b 788; 1c 7686d; 1t 74s 6d; 1b 848 6d. Ex “Diomed’’—Morar, 2t 85s. Gonagalla, 1c 88s 6d; 1t 83s. Ex “‘Hispania”—AOJ, 3b 84s; 1b 98s; 1b 74s; 1c 1b ie oe Liddesdale, 1b 86s; 1b 92s; 2c lb 75s 6d bie 9ss Ex “Rewa’—Brookside, 1t 84s; 8c 85s 6d; 1b 98s; 2e 788; 1 bag 82s Ex “Dacca’’—Gowerakelle, 5c 89s 6d; 3c 1t70s 6d. Ex “Rewa’’—Sherwood, 1b 100s; 3c 91s 6d; 3c 86s; 1t 102s; 2 bags 77s: Ex “Anchises”—Theresia S, 1c 82s 6d. Ez “Victoria”—Ouvah JB, 8c 89s. Ex ‘Glenroy”—MGC, Ic 68s. Ex “Glenavon”—Mausagalla, 1t 95s; 4c 88s 6d; 5c 868: 2c 85s 64; 1e 100s 6d; le 75s 6d; 2 bags 89s. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 2nd November 1888 :— Ex “Clan Grant”—Dammeria, le 1b 85s 6d; 1b 79s; 1b 89s; 1b 75s; 3 bags 68s. Ex “Dioined””—Kirklees, 1c 86s; 1b 86s; 1t 74s; 1t 69s 6d; 1b 74s; 1c 69s 6d; 1 bag 838; lbag 67s. Gampsha, 1b 91s; 6c 1b 84s; le 1b 96s; le 75s 6d; 30738; 1t 778; 4c 73s 6d; 1 bag 81s; 1 bag 72s; 1bag 79s; 1 bag 74s. Ex “Glenavon”—Kotekelle, lc 79s; 3c 1t 875; 1 bag 88s; 1b 798; 1b 963; 2c 1b 76s 6d; 1b 71s; 1b 75s, Battawatte, 1t 75s 6d; 1b 86s; 1c 63s 6d; 1b 70s; 1b 85s; Ile 1t 82s; 1 bag 82s: Ex ‘‘Oceana”—Niabedda, It 88s; 2c 87s 6d; 7c 87s; 1c 778 6d; 2 bags 86s. Ex “Glaucus”’—WHG, 1t 83s; 2c 1b 88s. lb 72s; lt 80s; 3c 1b 68s 6d; 2c 70c 6d; 1 bag 74s; 1 bag 76s. Gowerakelle, 5c 77s; 2t 70s; 1c 1b 80s; 5¢ 748 6d; 1c lb 743 6d; 1 bag 77s; 1 bag 65s; Lb 74s; lb 67s. Liddes- dale, 2b 87s; 6c 1b 85s; 1b 88s; 2t 778, 1 bag 88s. Galloola, 1b 90s; 2c 89s 6d; 7c 85s 6d; 2c 80s 6d; 1t 99s; 2c 1b 74s 6d; 1o 1b 6686d. 1t 668; 1 bag 85s; 1 bag 72s, Concordia, 2 bags 84s 6d; 1b 75s. Ex “Goorkha’’—Mahapahagalla, 4c 86s 6d. Deagalla, 2¢ lb 89s. Ex “Khedive”—Galella, 4c 1b 88s. Ex ‘‘Bengal”—Elmshurst, 1c 76s 6d; 1t 74s. Ex “Parramatta’’—Mausagalla, 3c 91s 5d; 1c 1b 75s. Ex “Glaucus’”—Kalupahani, 1t 95s; 2c 87s 6d; 1b 81s; 1b 95s; 1b 76s; 1b 68s; 1 bag 87s. Ormiston, 1b 90s; 1c 1b 87s 6d; 5c 85s; 1c 81s; 1c 93s; 1c 74s 6d; 1t 68s; 2 bags 85s 6d; 1 bag 71s. Arnhall, 1b 99s; le 1t 918 6d; 2c- 87s; 1b 80s 6d; Lb 90s; 1b 74s; 1b 69s; le 73s 6d; 1 bag 87s; 1 bag 72. Thotulagalla, 1b 93s; 2c 87s; 1c 1b 838; lb 92s; 1b 77s. 1t 71s 6d; 1 bag- 84s; lbag 69s. Quvah, 3c 1b 100s; 9c 89s; 2¢ 1b 838; 1c-82s; le 101s; 1¢ 98s; 1c 778; 5 bags 86s; Ibag 76s; de 1t 101s; 5c 90s;- 5c 1t 90s; 2c 85s;. 1b 83s; 1c 105s; 1c¢-1008; le 79s; 5 bags 91s. Ex “Rewa’’— Ouvah, 5c 1t 101s; 6e 86s 6d; 3c 1t 84s 6d; 1c 83s; 1¢ 104s; 1c 99s; le 78s 6d; 3 bags 88s- 6d; 1 bag 75s. ; Ex “Glaucus”—Hillside, 1b 87s; 5c 86s; 5c 86s-.6d; 5o 1t 86s 6d; 1b 99s; le 1b 77; 2 bags 858 6d. Bramley, 1c 1b 86s; 5c 1b 94s; 1b 91s; 2c 77s; 1 bag Sls, Ex ‘‘Victoria”—Pittarat Malle, 3c 1b 86s. Ex “City of Khios’’—Ouragalla, 2c 1t 82s. Ex ‘‘Glenavon”—Elemane, 1c 92s; 2c 87s; 1c 81s; 1b 96s; 1t 77s; 1 bag 86s; 1b 2¢ 82s; 1b 83s; 1b 748, 2c 1b 83s; 1t 79s; 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES -LIST. Ex caine? Amanamulle, 1b 875; 1t 84s: 1e 1t 83s Mark Wee Natural Renewed _—— Root. 6d; 1b 95s; 1b 76s 6d. Stem, : ; waol g1 _ | DIET, D in diamond .. 4d 7d to 73d = Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in oan G 1 eee oon te oy 13d — Mincing Lane up to 9th November 1888 :— ROP’ G r ot a 6d = Ex ‘Glaucus”—Ooncordia, 11e 85s withdrawn, BC » oe 4 ‘a ef “4d oa ‘e nt eee j ‘ : . oe , 151 26 do Pekoe 1040 56 the undermentioned lots of Tea (27,055 lb.), which | 37 wo 153 2 do Congou 140 40 sold as under :— Bi, : The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited. etgiaseegeos Ekgs. |. Descrpiion Wee 38 Yatideria 154 15 chests Bro Pek 1500 46 No, No. Per eae 39 Do 156.16 do Pekoe | 1360 44 tapolla, 30 10 hf-chs Bro Pek 550 61 40 Do 158 6 do» o Sou 480 39 : ” De 8117 do Pek Sou 850 47 41 Do 159 9 do -do Fans 756 26 3 M a Y 32 12 chests Be Fee 1a Fe pa 3 28 hf-chs ° i eral ” 2 36 chests Pekoe 8240 56 * Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at the 6 Do 3518 do Souchoug 1684 46 | Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 28th Nov., 7 Relugas 36 7 hf-chs Bro Pek 385 64 bid | the undermentioned lots of Tea (51,646 lb.), which 8 Do 37 9 do Pekoe 450 53 bid | gold as under:— g Do 38 8 chests Pek Sou 800 46 10 Aadneyen 39 20 hf-chs Bro Pek 1100 ©6438 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 11 Do 40 12 chests Pekoe 1080 40 « No No. perlb. c, 12 Elchico 41 5 hf-chs Orange Pek ae 1 Doonevale 192 7 hf-chs Bro Pek 350 56 A RON hee 42 Ae ANC EE Oe wtp: ay 3 | 22 eeDo 194 4 2do eeePakoa ge 180 47 Lap aoe gn 1 48 14 a0 sasorted 2 3 Do 196 3 chests do 300 46 Meme tent. of: 7, 60. Uassorte ese ty | 4 Mine 2 les 7 does ol 700 43 oe a a he ro ee st |6 Dol R60 saadowaeammne 138 23 Lip aes aa. BhEt 180 24 6 FFB 202 3 do BroPek 300 54 rf CoM re 2 do do 140 4 i Do 204 2 do Pekoe = 200 51 1g C1 Pek F 335 «6 8 Do 206 5 chests do No.2 500 50 29 Stinstord Abo do. eek eos 100 643:~C«‘not ard. Do 13 1 chest Dust 65 f f Lauderdalel4 5 hf-chs Bro Pek 250 55 bid 5 Do 1513 do Unassorted 650 43 6 Do 16 2 chests Dust 160 2a 7 Allakolla 17 20 hf-chs Bro Pek 1200 55 bid Sen Da 1819 do do 1140! 55 bid 9 Do 19 10 chests Pekoe 1000 44 bid 0 Do 20 11 do do Sou 1100 41 11 Castle 21 3 hf-chs Bro Pek 150 12 Do 22 1 do Pekoe 60 | nt ard 13. Do 23 2 do Pek Sou 100 14 Yalta 94 1 chest Congou 90° 1 38) 15 Do 25; do Dust 130! 26° 16- Troy 26 9 do Pek Sou 900 34 17 Do 27 4 do Red Leaf 400. 25 18 Do 28 4 do Pek Dust 600. 21 19 IP 29 8 do © BroTea ‘ 800 26 20 HD 30 7 hf-chs Pekoe = 350)'. 44 21 Do 1 7 do Bro Pek f 350° 48 22 Laxapana- ; 23 galla 32 9 do Pek Dust 495° 25 24 Do 33 4 do Dust 260° 18 25 Do 34 2 do Red Leaf 100 924 | net Mark eee Box Weight No Pkgs Description per lb c 2 Ravenscraig35 5 chests Bro Pek 500 Bir Do 36 10 boxes do 200 28 Do 37 9 chests Pekoe 900 39 Do 388 2 do Pek Sou 200 }notard 30 Do 39 3 do Pek Fans 360 1 Do 40 2 do Bro Tea 182 32 Do 41 1 do Dust 143 Hakuru- galla 42 6 hf-chs Bro Pek 300 52 33. Do 43 14 do Pekoe 700 40 34 Do 44 1 chest Congou 95 32 35 Guruoya 45 3 hf-chs Pek Fans 150 35 36 Do 46 2 do Pek Sou 110 38 37 Suriakande 47 12 chests Bro Pek 1200-65 bid 38 4812 do Pekoe 1200 50 39 De 49 10 do do Sou 1000 44 40 GL 50 5 hf-chs Bro Tea 250 35 41 Do 51 2 do Dust 160 25 42 Penrith 52 20 do Bro Pek 1000 60 bid 43 Do 63 24 do Pekoe 1200 49 bid 44 Do 54 20 do Pek Sou 900 45 45 Do 55 2 do Souchong 120 34 46 Do 56 3 chests Fannings 340. 25 47 Do 57 1 do Pek Dust 60 25 48 Salawe 58 1 box Bro Orange Pek 16 = 65 bid 49 Do 59 3 hf-chs Bro Pek 157 50 bid 50 Do 60 4 do Pekoe 164 40 bid 51 Do 61 9 do Pek Sou 447 39 bid 52 Do 62.1 do Bro Mixed 56 33 53 =Do 63 1 do Fannings 31834 54 Do 64 1 chest Dust 76 24 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 12th Dea., the uadermentioned lots of Tea (42,506 lb 5 which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No. perlb. c, 1 BI 16 2 chests Pekoe No.1 170 36 2d5F 18 9 do Bro Pek 900 42 3 Do 2010 do Pekoe 900 37 4 Do 22 12 do Pek Sou 995 34 5 -Do 24 2 do Bro Pek Sou 160° 25 6 Citrus 26 8 hf-chs Bro Pek 400 57 7 Do 28 7 do Pekooe 350 943 8 Do 3011 do Pek Sou 55041 i) Do 32 1 do Dust 50 31 10 Do 34 1 do Fannings 47-332 11 Do 36 1 do Mixed 50 36 12 M 38 3 chests Unassorted 255 16 bid 13° M 40 5 do Red Leaf 450 25 144 CL 42. 4 hf-chs Bro Pek 240 48673 15 Do 44 8 do Pekoe 400 60 16 Do 4610 do Pek Sou 500 47 17 Do 48 2 do Congou 100 »©40 18 Semba- watte 50 15 chests Rek Fans 1500 notard 19 Ivanhoe 52,10 do Dust 860 21 20 PK 5410 do Congou 880 30 21 N 56 5 do Unassorted 475 = 46 22 VO 58 3 do Bro Tea 330 29 23 Torwood 6018 do Pekoe 1440 51 24 Do 62 32 do do Sou 2720 43 25 Do 64 7 do Fannings 700-35 26 Do 66 4 do Bro Mixed 400 35 27 RPS V 68 3 boxes Orange Pek 24 28 Do 70 3 do Pekoe 34 40 39) Do 72 8 do do Sou 56 30 L 74 1 hf-cht do do 32 36 -|31 UDM 76 1 oes Red Leaf 96 31 32 Do 78 1 do Dust 87 22 33 Attabage 80/11 do Bro Pek 1045 = 65 34. Do 82°28 do Pekoe 2240 48 bid 35 Do 84 25 do do Sou 2000. 42 36 Do -.86 1 do Dust 140 25 37 ~—~dDo 88 1 do Redleaf 80 28 38 Clunes 90 8 hf-chs Dust 560 22 39 Do: 92 21 do Bro Mixed 1050 35 40 Glenorchy 94 32 do BroPek 1760 =52 bid 41 Do 96 46 do Pekoe 2300 45 bid 42 GO 98 1 do Congou 50 = 38 43 GO 100 6 do Dust 420 22 44 GO 102 1 do Red Leaf 50 =. 28 45 Bismark 104 2 chests Fannings 368 27 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. oc. 46 Do 106 1 do Dust 150 21 47 Do 108 2 do Congou 92 35 48 Needwood 110 1 do Bro Mixed 90 37 49 Theberton112 19 hf-chs Bro Pek 950 61 50 Do 114 21 do Pekoe 1050 47 51 Do 116 25 do do Sou 1250 42 62 Do 118 4 do Bro Pek Sou 200 38 53 Do . 120 3 do Pek Dust 150 22 54 Middleton 12218 do Pekoe 900 48 55 Do. 124 4 do Dust 300 23 56 Bearwell126 26 do Bro Pek 1430 62 57 Do 128 13 do Pekoe 650 48 68 Do 130 10 chests PekSou 850 42 569 CB 132 3 hf-chs Bro Mixed 180 35 60 CB 184 2 do Congou 120 = 36 61 CB 136 3 do Dust 240 24 62 BVA 128 1 do Souchong 60 33° 68 _.Do 140 1 do’ Dust’ ” 90 22 64 Walla . Valley 142 44 do Bro Pek 2006 »=-68 65 ,.Do_ , 144 32 do Pekoe 1600 50 66 Kelaneiya 146 1 chest Red Leaf 105 26 67 J MK 148 3 do Dust 390 25 | 68 S 15011 do Pekoe 1045 44 bid Mr. ©. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce sale-room today, 19th Dec., the undermentioned | lots of Tea (5,220 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1\Nahalma 80 21 chests’ Pekoe 1890 46 2 Do 82 15 -hf-chs Bro Pek 900 54 3 Do 84 11 chests PekSou 990 41 4 Do 86 38 hf-chs Pek Fans 165 36 6 Traquhair .88 20 do Unassorted 800 32 6 D 90. 1. chest go 105 4) yA rib} ga” 2 d Fannings 200 29 v-g™D 94 2 hf-chs Dust 170 22 Mr J, D, Rostnson put up forsale at the Oham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 19th Dec., the unermentioned lots of Tra (14,686 lb.), which sold as under :— (Bulked.) Lot. Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb, C. 1 Elfindale 172 3 hfchs Red Leaf 120, 275 2 Do 174 4 do Dust 200,¢; 23 8 WA 176 24 chests Bro Pek 2160 63 bid 4 Do 178 41 do Pekoe 4100 50 (bid 56 EN 180 7 boxes Or Pek 35 60 15 (Bulked.) é 6° Ambatenne 182 16 chests Pekoe 1520 45 7 Is) 184 19 do Pek Sou 1615. 41- 8 Cocoawatte 186 3 hf-chs Bro Pek 125 9 Do 188 8 do Pekoe 383 -net ard. 10 Do 1909 3° do PekSou 150 11 Mohedin 192 5 do Pekoe 233 89° 1 12 YahaElla 194 25 do Bro Pek 1250 47 13 Do 196 23 do Pek Sou 1035 41 (Bulked.) 14. ¥ 198 22 chests Pek Sou 1760 40 bid Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber- of Commerce Sale-room today, 19th Dec, the un- gery ned lots of Tea (22,849 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight: No. No. perlb: c. 1 BBB 10 11 hf-chs No.1BroPek 550). 50 2 Do 12 8 do No.2 do 400 41 3 Do 13. 1: do Dust 504 The Yatideria Tea. Company, Limited. 4 Yatideria 14 14 bf-chs': Bro Pek 840, 48 5 Do 16 15 ‘'do Pekoe 870; 46 6 Do 18 4) do Pek Sou 216; 41 7 Do 19 8 do Souchong 480, 36. 8 Lo 20 3 do Pek Fans 180, ., 28 9 WM 21 31 do Pekoe 1895, ., 41; 10 Do 28 10 do | Pek) Sou 500, «, 37 11 Do 24 2: do Dust 130.:; 23 Lot Mark Box Weight No No, Pkgs Description per lb. cc, ‘12- Mocha 25 42 do Bro Pek 2100 ‘ 13 Do 27 18 chests Pekoe 1620 > withd’n, 14 Do 30 12 do Pek Sou 1020 14 M 32 12 hf-chs Bro Pek 660 43 bid 16 M 34 26 do Pekoe 1300 44 17 M 36 1 do Congou 50 37 18 Albion 387 25 do Bro Pek 1375. 76 19 Do 39 34 do Pekoe 1700 55 20 Do 41 6 do Prk Sou 1300 47 21 Do 43 2 do Dust 150 238 22 MR 44 2 chests Bro Mixed 208 35 23 Do 45 1 do Dust 144 22 24 Chertsey. 46 28 hf-chs Pekoe 1120 940 25 Comar 48 16 do. Bro Pek 800 50 bid 26 Do 50 11 do Pekoe 550 48 bid 27 Do 52 8 do Pek Sou 400 46 28 Do 53 2 do Bro Mixed 100 33 29 Do 54 2 do Dust 120 25 80 Salem 55 27 do Bro Pek 1080 45 bid 81 «. Do 57 28 do Pekoe 1120 42 382, Do 59 2 do Congou 76 35 33 Do 60 2 do Pek Dust 130 24 Messrs, SOMERVILLE & Co. put up forsale at the Chamber of Oommerce $ale-room today, 19th Deo., the undermentioned lots of Tea (39,076 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark, Box Pkgs: Descriptions. Weight No No. perlb. c. it: DOP 65 20 hf-chs Bro Pek 1000 54 2 Do 66 20 do Pek Sou 900 41 3 Do 67 I1chest: Dust 65 23 4 Castle 68 3 hf-chs. Bro Pek 150 45 5 Do 69 1 do Pekoe 50 «41 6 Do 70 2 do Pek Sou 100 37 7 Ravenscraig 71 5 chests Bro Pek 500 46Sbid: 8. Do 72 10 boxes do 200 43, dib 9 Do: 73 9 chests, Pekoe 900 41 10 Do 74 2 do Pek Sou 200 37 11 Do 75 3 do dc Fans 360 20 12... Do vi 2., do Bro Tea 182 29 13 Do) at "two Dust 143 26 14 | Ferandale ; (Rangala 78 14 do Orange Pek 1540 = 50 15... Do 79 26 do Pekoe 600 41 16 ) Invery 80 28 hf-chs | Bro Pek 1540 + 66 bid 17 Do 81 32-chests Pekoe 2880 5 18 Do 82 15 do Souchong 1320 45 19 Wereagalla 83 25 hf-chs Bro Pek 1000 20. Do 84 23 do Pekoe ~ 2070 } not ard. 21 Do. 85 25 chests Pek Sou 250 22) Guruoya 86 5 hf-chs, Bro Pekoe 250 37 bid i238: Do 87 G chests Ked Leaf 540 18 24 Do 88 3 hf-chs Dust 150. 12 25° 8S 89 9 do Pek Sou 446 40 26° 8 90 4. do Pekoe 164 41 bid 27.8 91 3 do Bro Pek 157 7 bid 28: H 92 2 chests Red Leaf 180, 25 29 Horagaskellie 93 2 hf-chs_ Bro Pek 117 44 80 Do 94 3 do Pekoe 180 39 31. Do 95° 7 -do- PekSou 370-39 32S TO 96 13--do Bro Pek 715 46 33 --Do . 97-12) do Pekoe 600, 44 34 Do 98 12 do PekSou 600 40 35 Do 99 11 do Bro Tea 550 27 386 - MK . 100 . 4 chests Dust 280 23 37 Barnagalla 1 6 .do Bro Mixed 600 35 38 WV T 2 38 hf-chs Pekoe 1900 49 bid 39 Do 3 60 do . PekSou 3000 ~ 39 bid 40: Dog 4 6 .do Dust 420. 23° 41 Forest Hill 5 7 hf-chs : 54 bid rs t 1 chest Bro Pek 537 ~—s 443: bid 42. Do 6 14 do Pek Sou 1284 23° 43° Do 7 2 do Dust > 176 ~—- 36 bid 44 Harmony 8 24 do Bro Pek 2400 - 38 45 Do 9 10 do Pek Sou 900 25 46 Do 10 4. do Bro Tea pe AOL OS 147°. Do 11 1 do Dust. ie Ewes 48 ARL 12 3hf-chs Fannings — 171 49 Friedland 13 6 do Souchong 210 -not ard. 50. Do 14 1 do. Dust 54 51 Diganakelle 15 14 do Unassorted § 672 42 bid 52 Do 16 3. do do <= 38F 53. Do 17 2 do. PekSou 90° 41 542 Do 18 1 do Dust 70 24 55" Mount Plea- re f. sant 19 8. do ; l box Bro Pek 422) 56. Do 20 ,.2hf-chs Pek Sou “881 not 57. =Do 21 1 ) ~ Congou © ~ "42 [ arrived. 68 Do 22 1 do ~ Dust 38 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Messrs. ForsEs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 19th Dec., the undermentioned lots of Tea (54,820 Ib.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. perlb. c, 166 15 chests Pek Fans 1500 =. 30 2 Cea 708 20 do do 2900 28 3 Do 170 6 do Dust 870 22 4 Doonevale 172 4 do Bro Pekoe 400 49 5 Do 174 6 do Pekoe 600 41 6 Do 176 13 do Pek Sou 1300 41 7 Do 178. 3 do Oongou 300 34 8 Do 130 2. do Red Leaf 200 = 22 9 CPH&Co, 182 14 hf-chs Bro Pek 700 42 10 Do 184 42 do Pekoe 2100 ~=—-:37 11 Do 186 14 do Pek Sou 690 33 12 Do 188 2 do Congou 100 26 18 Do -1909 7 do Dust 525 21 14 Walhandua 192 11 do Bro Pek 550-60 15 Do 194 8 do Pekoe 400 50 16 Do 196 17 do do Sou 850 42 17 Do 198 39 do Souchong 1950-37 18 AB 900 3 do Mixed 150 33 19 Do 902 3 do Fannings 15031 Do 204 1 go Dust No pes 2 206 «5 to) ouchon »2 25 22 me we 508 3 do Red Leaf 150 17 98 Wevegoda 210 2 do Bro Pek 100 56 24 Do 212 2 do Pekoe 10044 25 Do 214 6 do do Sou 300 = 39 26 Do 216 9 do Souchong 450 36 27 Do 218 +1 do Fannings 50 Q7 28 Do 220 1 a9 a ae & iri ia 2 10 to) ro Pe an Been oe 8 do Pekoe 400 43 31 Do 996 24 do do Sou 1200 = 39 32 Do 2928 2 do Fannings 120 95 33 Do 230 1 do Red Leaf Boe UKaatY: 34 DA 932 14 chests Pekoe 1330 43 bid 35 Do 934 14 hf-chs Unassorted 700 45 bid 36 Do 236 1 chest 1 hf-cht Soutene 130 3 238 1 chest us 100 23 33 biuses 240 18 hf-chs Bro Pek 1080 45 39 lo} 242° 40 do Pekoe 2000 43 40 Do 244 21 do Pek Sou 1050 41 The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited. 6 31 do Bro Pek 1550 61 rr meee 348 50 do Pekoe © 2000 51 43 Do 250 16 do do No.2 640 46 44 Do 252 29 do Pek Sou 1050 845 45 Do 954 383 do Bro Mixed 1485 40 46 RBB 256. 6 do Bro Pek 300 45 bid 47 Do 958 10 do Pekoe 450 45 48 Do 260 3 do Pek Sou 135 42 49 Do 262. 1 do Red Leaf 50 «17 50 Do 264 4 42do Dust 264 25 51 Mukeloya 266 6 do Bro Mixed 300 26 52 Do 68 2 do Dust 150 22 58 Torwood 270. 5chests Orange Pek 500 60 54 Do 272° 2 do Bro Pek 200 56 55 Do 274 11 do Pek Sou 880 43 56 Do 976 2 do Fannings 200 35 57S 978 3. do Red Leaf 220 23 68 3S 280 1 do Bro Mixed 127 31 59 +S 982 4 do . Dust 240 24 so TN. G 284. 11 hf-chs Pek Sou 550 34 61 Do 286 14 do BroTea 700 32 62..- . Do 988 9 do Pek Fans 450 26 63 Kaluganga 290 20°-do Bro.Pek 1000 42 bid 64 Do 292 20 do .Pekoe 800 49 65 Do 294 16 do Pek Sou 640 44 66 To 296 3 do do 150 = 35 67. K 998 1 do Fannings 40 30 6g. K. (300 _2. do ¥ele Dust ne 26 or } 32 do ro Pe i 70 Pein Be 46 do |. Rekoe 2300 44 bid 7 RSVP 306 6 boxes Orange Pek 44 46 72 Mukeloya 308 8hf-chs Bro Pek 400 53 73 ;_ , Do 310 17. do Pekoe 850 46 74 Pooprassie 312 16 chests Bro Pek 1520-61 bid “75 Do 314.25 do Pekoe 2125 — 46 bid 76 Do 316 40 do Pek Sou 3200 459 77 Kurulugalla 318 3 chests Bro Pek 310 35 bid 248 Do 3290 4 do Pekoe 4u0 38 79 Do ‘392. 7 do PekSou No.1 700 36 80 Do 324 4° do do No,2400 34 81 Do 326 1 do 1 hf-cht Pek Fans 150; . 26 82 Do 328 1 do Dust 70 23 Mr. J. D. Ropinson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (1,078 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. c. 1 Lethenty 2 7 hf-chs Dust 420 24 2 Cocoawatte 4 3 do Bro Pek 125 42 3 Do 6 8 do Pekoe 383 27 4 Do 8 3 do Pekoe Sou 150 30 Mr. C. EH. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 4ta Jan,, the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,2551b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec. 1 Nahalma 96 22 chests Pekoe 1980 45 bid 2 Do 98 13 hf-chs Bro Pek 780 54 3 Do 100 11 chests Pek Sou 990 44 4 Do 2 4 hf-chs Congou 240 33 5 Y¥ 4 11 do Pekoe 660 47 6 Y¥ 6 10 do Bro Pek 600 53 hos 8 5, do Pek Sou 280 41 8 Y 10 4 do Bro Tea 240 33 OY: 12 4 do Pek Fans 360 25 10 S 14 1 do Bro Mixed 55 30 11,8 16. 1 do Pek Dust 70 25 cesienaanitindieetmiadinaieemensdndbstienmemaiaiaenmmmemmmstmmmeanmememdimen meme temesee CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Maiks and prices of _CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 23rd November. 1888 :— Ex “Oarthage”—-NB, 1c 1b 77s 6d; Ic 77s; 1b 76s; 6c 748; 2c 1b 76s 6d; 2 bags 77s 6d. Ex ‘‘India”—Gordon B, 1b 91s; 3c 1b 89s 6d; 1b 95s; 1t 79s; 1c 1t 788; 4c 1b 70s 6d. Ex “Clan Lamont’”—Delmar OBEC, 1b 89s; 4c 1b 85s; 1b 95s; 1b 76s; 3c 1b 86s. Glendevon, 2 bags 82s 6d. Kondesalle, 2 bags 81s, 6d; 3 bags 63s 6d; 1 bag 66s. Alnwick, 2b 1c 85s; 2c 1b 84s; 1b 93s; 1c 1b 75s; lbag 80s. ST&LC A, 10 bags 10 bags 74s 6d; 4 bags 59s 6d; 20 bags 73s 6d. Manickwatte, 1t lb 80s; 1b 85s; 5b 70s. Doomoo, le 1b 84s; 4c 1¢ 8286d; 3c 80s; 1t 88s; 1c 1b 749; 1, bag 71s; 2 bags 81s. Ex ‘‘Oarthage’”’—Balagolla Hlla,jlt 1b 84s; 1b 89s; 1b 78s. Ex ‘‘Glaucus”—Gowerakellie, 1c 87s 6d withdrawn; Niabedde, 3 bags 77s, Ex “Diomed”—Berragalla, 8c 91s; 2c 1b 85s. Ex “Khedive’—Wellekellie, 4c 84s 6d. Ex “Oceana’”’—Gonakelle, 1b 89s; 2. cases 88s withdrawn Ex ‘“Rewa”—Kalupahani 1b 97s. Ex “Rohilla’’—Kirkoswald PB, 1b 101s. Ex “Dacca”—Alnwick PB, 4c 86s. Ex ‘“‘India’’—Ragalla, 5c 1b 81s6d. Ex “Arcadia”—Ouvah GA, 4c 1b 83s. Ex “Glaucus’’—Liddesdale, 2 bags 75s 6d. mulle, 1 bag 77s. Ex “Clan Lamont’’—Milnathort, 5¢ 1t 86s; 1c 81s; 1b 798; 1t 74s; Ic 965; 2 bags 82s 6d; 1 bag 67s. EM, 5 bags 67s; 20 bags 77s 6d; 1b 743; 1b 75s. Ouvah JB, 4c 1b 98s 6d; 9c 1b 88s 6d; 2c 2b 84s 6d; 2b 84s; 2b 105s; 2t101s 6d; 2c 78s 6d; 6 bags 87s 6d. Ouvah GA, 2c 99s 6d; 5c 89g; le 1b 89s; 8c 85s: 1c 85s 6d; 1b 105s; 1c 101s; 1c 78s, 3 bags 89s. Dambatenne, 1b 101s; 1c 96s; 4c 90s; 3¢ 1b 85s 6d; 1c 1043; 1b 79s; 1b 80s; 2 bags 90s. Gracelyn, 1b 84s; 1 bag 86s; 1 bag 91s; 1 bag 78s. Ragalla, 1b 85s. 2c 83s; 1b 100s; 2 bags 77s 6d. Amuna- Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Laneup, to 30th Nov. 1888 :— Ex ‘‘India’”’—Cocagalla, 1% 94s; 5c 88s 6d; le 1t 89s; 36 86s; 1t 106s. MOCOo., 1 bag 853; 1 bag 78s 6d; 9 bags 77s 6d. 3 Ex “Olan Lamont”—EM, 18 bags 78s 6d. Ex “Pallas’—Ouvah JB, 4c 99s 6d; 10c 89s 6d; 20 89s; 4c 1b 86s; 1c 1b 86s 6d; 2b 104s 6d; 1e 1t 105s 6d; Qc 81s; 7 bags 90s; 1 bag 78s. OuvahGA, 3c 1b 100s 6d; 9c 92s; 3c 1b. 86s 6d; 1e 87s 6d; 1t 1078 6d; 1c 1078; le 81s; 5 bags 92s; 1 bag 78s; 2c 1b 100s 6d; 5c 90s; lc 1b 86s; 1t 87s; 1b 1t 107s: 1c 80s 64;°3 bags 90s; 3c 1b 100s 6d; 6c 91s; le 1b 1t 863 6d; 1t 107s; 1t 108s; 4 _.. CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES, LIST. le 82s; 3 bags 91s 6d; 2c 1b 100s 64; ke 1b 91s; le 2b 86s 6d; 1b 86s; 1t 107s; 16 80s; “3 bags 91s. u. Ex ‘‘Moyune”—Rajawelle, 1b £98; 4¢ 87s 6d; 1t 81s 6d; 1t 101s; le 1t 77s 6d; 1 bag 81s. Ex “‘India”—GBP, le 87s. Ex “Hispania”—Yapame §, 1c 1b 82s 6d. Ex “Glaucus’”— Woodcote, 1t 87s; 2c 1b 86s; 1b 95s; 1t 79s; 1 bag 76s. Ex “Pallas” —Lauriston, 93s; 1b 80s. Ex “Coromandel’”—RWA, 1b 08s; 1b 86s; 1b 878; 1b 81s; 2b 83s 6d; 1b 82s. Goodwood, le lb 89s; 2c lb 87s; 1c 87s 6d; 1t 102s; 1b 81s; le 1t 80s 6d; 1c 80s; 1b 88s. Ex “Glaucus’—Ambawella, 1¢ 1b 90s; 2c 1t 87s 6d; 1b 86s: 1b 100s; 1b 81s; 1b 87s. Ex “Qlan Lamont”’—Orion O, 12 bags 86s; 28 bags 81s 6d; 6 bags 77s 6d; 4 bags 83s; 10 bags 76s 6d; 4 bags 70s; 2 bags 78s 6d; 1 bag 77s. Pittarat Lille, le 91s; 1t 86s 6d; 1b 95s; 1b Sls; 1 bag 788; 2 bags 69s. Ex “Moyune”—Palli, 1b 88s 6d; 3c 1t 86s 6d; 14c¢ 84;8 le 77s; 2¢ 1b 83s 6d; 1t 73s; 3¢ 99s; 2b 78s; 8c 77s; 1t 74s; 1 bag 80s; 1 bag 85s; 2 bags 79s 6d! 1 bag 768. Ex ‘“‘Ooromandel”—Broughton, 1b 95s; 2c 89s 6d, 2¢ 86s6d: 1b 100s; 1680s; 2b 80s 6d; 1¢ 93s; 1c 80s; lbag 86s. Berragalla, 1t 99s; 8c 1b 91s 6d; 2c 86s 6d; 1b 105s; 1b Sls; 2b 84s; 1t 100s; 1b 80s 6d; 1 bag 84s 6d. Gonamotava, le 1b 93s; 5c 898; 1c 85s; 1b 104s; 16 82s; le 1b 84s; 1c 1b 1003; 1c 1b 80s 6d; 1b 86s; 1b 80s. - Ex “Arcadia”—KB, 1c 79s- 1c 875; 2c 868; 1c 1b 86s; 1b Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 7th December 1888:— Ex “‘Moyune”—Suduganga, 1b 1t 88s; 1c 87s 6d; 1b 99s; 1t 80s. Ex “Iraouaddy”—Haputale, lc 1t 98s withdrawn. Ex “Oceana”—Niabedde, 1c 104s, Ex “Glaucus’—Niabedde, Ic 104s. ix “‘Navarino”—Ooncordia, 19c 88s 6d; 2 bags 87s 6d; 1b 92s; 1t 82s 6d; 1c 1t 83s, ~ Ex “Moyune”—GOP, lc 1b 71s. Ex “Olan Lamont’—Alnwick, 1 bag 80s. Ex “Khedive’—Ambawelle, 7c 1t 89s. Bx “Iraouaddy”—Kahagalla, 7c 1b 94s 6d. Bx “Goorkha’'—Kahagalla’—5c 94s 6d. Ex “Diomed’—Ampittiakande, 6¢ 1t 93s 6d. Ex “Iraouaddy”—Leangawelle, 25¢ 93s. Bx “India’’— Leangawelle, 5c 988 6d; 1c 1b 98s. Ex “Port Augusta”—Pingarawe, lc lt 87s. Ex “Chusan’’—Gordon C, lc 1t 87s. Ex “Moyune”—SDG, 1676s 64; 1b 71s. Ex “Manora”—Oocagalla MOOCo., 2¢ 92s 6d. Ex “Victoria”—Ouvah JB, 3c 99s; 5c 92s. Ex “Widdrington’—OKO, 2c 1b 89s 6d; 1b 82s; 1 bag 87s; 1b 89s; 2c 87s; 1c 1b 85s 64; 1b 96s 6d; Lb 81s. Ex “Clan Lamont”—Sarnia, 1c 92s; 2c 1b 88s; 1b 82s; 1b 95s; 1b' 79s. ST&LC SO, 2b 2678s 6d; 12 bags 828; 2 bags 81s; 1 bag 88s. Ex “India”’—JMK 1 bag 41s. Ex ““Diomed”—Wiharagalla, 5c 95s withdrawn. Ex “Olan Lamont”—Craig ST&LO S MK, 6 bags 77s 6d. Ex “Glaucus”—Hillside, 1 bag 79s. Ex “Ooromandel”—Broughton, 1 bag 79s. galla, 1 bag 79s. Gonamotava, 1 bag 79s. Ex “Clan Grant”—DMR EP, 3 bags 72s. Berra- CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. 41, Mincine Lane, Nov. 23rd, 1888. SucciRvuBRA. Mark. Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Verelapatna 34d to 73d en Scarborough Bed 63d Annandale 34d i -Dambatenne, hybrid 4a qd Laymastotte 34d to 43d oe Moonerakanda, hybrid 34d to 4d bp ie DBG, paint hace hood 64d to 7d an i, , edger 0 1s ode 1s to 1s Forres | , bia to 4d * ye ad King’s Grange, Ledger 1s ae fi Dabragalla 3d Mark Natural Renewed Root. : Stem. ; : Gavatenne 45d 34d yadéhed Caledonia 3d 44d to 5d one Midlothian 33d 55d op Chae Bellongalla, Ledger 24dto4d 43d to 6d . pee Elangowan 3d 5d 2) al Stubton 3d 6d “a Agrakande 3d 53d a K, V in diamond 33d 65d 3d I, Min do a ' hd OFFICINALIS. Verelapatna 3d aan ose Gouatene a 73a aes ose oonerakanda to 6d 5$a to 95d ans MCC Co. in diamond a : son 4 pee », Hybrid 43d are, Goatfell 43d 67d LONDON, Dec, 7th, 1888. SUCOIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem ; Dedugalla 3d ° Horogalla 3d. to 33d ri 5 Meeritenne, hyd, 43d to 5d oa ose Lye Grove 2d to 24d 42d ove Mayfield 3d eee one Elemane 5d 5d to 1s . Laxapana, hybrid 3d ene . KOBO 31d to 4d ; Warleigh 43d to 5d omp . Tulloes 4d 9d A 0G 34d to 42d i a Lunougalla 4d to 44d 4$d to 7d ; Belle Vue 6d to 63d +e . Dunsinane, hyd 53d to 103d 7, ken MC Co.in diamond 6d dag ase Elldalua 3d to 4d 3d to 63d see Hopton, Pubescens 33d 7d Viabapahagalla 43d to 5d 7d ree Ravenswood 2d to 33d 4d to 44d so Palamcotta 23d iss _ 2d Tellisagalla 4d 54d ose JJH re 4d to 5d Wihbaragalla, hyd, 4d to 63d Fee. see Niabedde 43d to7d ze see Diyagama 34d ose Wevabedde 53d 73d OFFICINALIS. Elemane 6d 103d to 1ld Wangie Oya 5d to 6d or. Craig 43d 53d to 6d ° Catton < 930 45 . Oliphant Bi: 4d to 63d : Tulloes 4d to 4id wee A Belle Vue od D Dunsinane 62d to 9d A MC ae in diamond, ybrid 43d 62d to 10 Niabedde 5d. to 7 F ef? : Diyagama 5d 6dto 63d : Ragalla 774 63d Gonukelle 3d to 6d xen HY Wevaebdde, hybrid ... 93d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.- (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, Dec. 7th, 1888. Ex “‘Parramatts”—RR, 11 bags 72s. : Ex “Sarpedon”—AA, 1 bag 22s. Palli, 4 bags 72s. Ex “Capella”—Hylton, 2 bags 71s. - : Ex “Anchises”—S 1, 7 bags 60s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial. Correspondent.) -- MINCING LANE, Nov. 30th 1888.7 Ex “Pallas”—New Peacock, 3 boxes 1s 7d. D Various ships—Elkadua, 3 boxesis 10d, SM, 1 box 1s5d; 1 box 1s 7d. Elkhill, 2 boxes 1s 8d. New Pea; cock, 1 box 1ld. AN(SM)BS&Co., 1 box 2s 11d;-2 boxes 2s 5d. Wattagalla, 1 ‘box 1s 11d.’ Ross, 1 box 1s 8d. Kerimathal, 3 boxes 1s6d. DB&Co. 1, 2boxes 2s bd. Hlkadua, 2 boxes 2s 3d. (1)&4, 2 boxes 1s 5d; 2 boxes 11d; 1 box 94d; 1 box 1s 3d; 1 hox4d. KB &00., 7 bags 21s 2d. ** CEYLON OBSERVER ’’ PRESS, COLOMBO, COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. No. 2.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mr. E. Joxwn put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (8,3231b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1 Sherdale 61 21 hf-chs Bro Pek 1005 51 bid 2 Do 63 13 do Pek Sou 546 43 3 Dale 65 1 box Bro Pek 25 4 Do 66 1 hf-cht Congou wo 27 bid 5 Do 67 1 do Red Leaf 40 6 BK 68 15 chests Pek Sou 1350 43 bid 7LHA 70 24 hf-chs Bro Pek 1320 36 bid 8 Do 72 30 chests Pekoe 2700 38bid 10 MN 75 12 hf-chs Souchong 492 45 11 Do 76 2 do Fannings 90 42 12 Do 77 4 chests Dust 282 26 13 Do 78 1 box Red Leat 17 25 14 WH 79 1 chest Congou 72 37 15 Do 80 2 do Dust 186 26 16 Loinorn 8l 1 do 1 hf-cht Congou 135 37 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tex (25,639 lb.), which sold as under :-— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb. c. 1 Wereagalla 19 35 chests Pek Sou 3150 37 2 Do 20 36 do Pekoe 3420 42 3 Do 21 39 hf-chs Bro Pek 1560 47 bid 4 Mount Plea- sant 22 7 do 1 box Bro Pek 372 40 5 Do 93 2hf-chs Pek Sou 188 35 6 Do 24 1 do Congou 42 27 7 Do 25. 1 do» Dust 38 23 8 Friedland 26 5 do Souchong 210 45 9 Do Zips dO Dust 54 29 10 Hiralouvah 28 5 do Bro Pek 250 47 bid 11 Do 29 7 do Souchong 330 37 12 Do 30 38 do Conugou 142 33 13 Do 311 do Dust 74 23 14 Do 32 1 do Red Leat 48 Q7 15 S 33. 3 do Bro Pek 157 46 bid 16 6S 34 4 do Pekoe 164 42 17 D 35 3 do Unassorted 138 43 18 R 36 9 chests Bro Pek 585 50 bid 19 KMG 37 13 hf-chs do 715 39 20 Do 38 28 chests Pekoe 2520 37 bid 21 Wereagalla 39 6 hf-chs Bro Pek 270 32 Do 40 8 chests Pekoe 720 23 Do 41 4 do Souchong 360 24 Invery 42 24 hf-chs Bro Pek 1320 25 Do 43 27 chests Pekoe 2376 \.not ard. 26 Do 44 17 do Souchong 1496 27 Do 45 3 bf-chs Red Leaf 150 28 Do 46 5 chests Dust 375 29 WGA 47 29 hf-chs Bro Mixed 1740 30 AK 48 39 do Bro Pek 2340 50 bid 31 222 49 5 do Dust 250 25 32 Do 50. 3 do Congou 135 35 Messrs, Forses & Waker put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (34,786 lb.), which sold a8 under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec. DARE 330 1 hf-cht Pekoe 58 44 2 Do 332 1 chest Mixed 100 26 3 Goodhope 334 5 hf-chs Congou 220 35 4 Do 336. 2 do Dust 160 23 5 Do 338 1 do Red Leaf 40 22 6 WED 340 11 chests Fannings 990 24 7 Agra Oya 342 5 do Bro Pek 500 66 8 Do 344 8 do Pekoe 800 54 9 Do 346 1 do Dust 100 29 10 D 348 12 hf-chs Bro Pek 600 36 bid 11 Sembawatte 350 35 chests Pek Sou 3500 44t 12 352 9 hf-chs Or Pek 540 55 bid ee CoLomBo, JANUARY 19, 1889. a { Pricy :—123 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee - Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs Description perlb.. .c. 13. N 354 8 do Pekoe 480 44 14 N 356 16 do Pek Sou 960 41 15 N 358 13 do Unassorted 770 38 16 N 360 1 do Congou 61 28 The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited. 17 Polatagama 362 29 hf-chs BroPek 1450 57 18 Do 364 40 do Pekoe 1600 55 19 Do 366 26 do Pek Sou 910 45 20 Do 368 24 do Bro Mixed 1080 40 21 W W 370 1 do Pekoe 40 37 22 Do 372 1 do do Sou 40 38 23 Sunnycroft 374 7 chests Pekoe 630 32 24 Do 376 15 do Bro Tea 1200 33 25 Do 378 17 hf-chs Dust 850 23 26 Do 380 2 do Unassorted 100 26 27 Lyegrove 382 23 do Bro Pek 1150 46 bid? 28 Do 384 19 do Pekoe 950 44 bid: 29 Do 386 1. do Bro Pek 50 39 30 Do 388 1 do Dust 66 23 31 Frotoft 390 2 do Bro Tea 110 43 32 Do 392 4 do Dust 300 24 33 KB 394. 3 do do 225 27 34 ~=Do 396 1 do Congou 50-36 35 Park 398 6 chests : 2 hf-chs Bro Pek 1003 39 bid 36 Do 400 10 chests 2 hf-chs Pekoe 1375 = 40 bid 37 Do 2 16 chests 1 hf-cht do Sou 1870 8T bids 38 Do 4 1 chest : 1 hf-cht Congou 163 3 39 Do 6 1 do Ped Leaf 39 23 40 Mukeloya 8H 5): do Bro Pek 250 57 41 Do 10 11 do Pekoe 550 51 42 Do 12. 9 do Pek Sou 450 40 43 4G 14 4 do Bro Mixed 200 40 44 G@ 16 2 do Dust 160 27 45 G@ 18k Udo Red Leaf 50 36 4G TW 20. 1 do Congou 50387 Do 22. 1 do Pek Fans 50 40: 48 Torwood 24 5 chests BroPek 500 61 49 Do 26 12 do 1 hf-cht Pekve 1000 51 50 Do 28 13 chests Pek Sou 1105 44, 51 Do 380 1 do Bro Tea 61 35 32 Do 32 1 do Dust 140 26 53 FFB 34 5 do BroPek 500 52 54 Do 36 6 do Pekoe 600 49 oo) Do 38 5 do Pekoe No, 2 500 45 56 Do 40 5 do PekSou 500 41 57 AK 42 18 do Souchong 1620 38 58 Loonogalla 44 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 45 28 59 Do 456 1 do Dust 80 22 60 Do 48 1 do Bro Mixed 5d 36 61 Sunnycroft 50 1 do Pekoe No. 2 50 30 62 Do 52. 1 chest Red Leaf 90 24 63 Do 54.1 do Congou 90 31 64 Do 56 16 hf-chs Dust 960 24 Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 9th Jan... the undermentioned lots of Tea (30,250 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description perilbaccs 1 Nahalma 18 32 chests Pekoe 1980 | 2 Do 20 13 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 780 3 Do 22 11 chests Pek Sou 990 4 Do 24 4 hf-chs Congou 240 5 Do 26 40 chests Pekoe 3600 6 Do 28 21 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 1260 7 Do 30 22 chests Pek Sou 1980 8 Bo 382 2 hf-chs Congou 120 } not ard. 9 Do 34 4 do Pek Fans 08 10 Do 36 8 chests Pekoe ll Do 38 38 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 12 Do 40 4 chests Pek Sou 13 Do 42 1 hf-cht Congou 14 Do 44 1 do Pek Fans 15 Do 46 5 do do Dust 146MM 48 97 do fe) 17 MM 50 68 do Bro Pek 18 MM 52 52 do Pek Sou 19 Balmoral 54 32 chests Pekoe 20 Do 56 26 do Bro Pek 21 Do 58 14 do PekSou 22 Do 60 4 do Souchong 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mr. J. D. Rozinson put up for sale at the Ohamber -of Commerce Sale-room today, 9th Jan., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (8,016 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight Ko, No. perlb. c. 1 Yaha Ella 10 17 hf-chs Bro Pek 850 49 2 Do 12 16 do Pek Sou 720 45 3 Do 14 1 do Dust 80 23 4 Gneiss Rock 16 31 do Or Pek 1550 5 Do 18 35 chests l 1 box Pekoe 2817 »not ard. 6 Do 20 16 chests do Sou 1200 ‘ 7 Da 22 14 hf-chs Bro Pek Sou 694 8 Mohedin 24 2 do Pek Sou 105 37 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- merce Sale-room today, 9th Jan., the wunder- mentioned lots of Tea (43,460 lb.), which sold as ander :— : Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight oO. o, per lb ec. 1 Ottery 82 1 chest ‘Dust 150 26 2 Bogahawatte 83 1 do do 80 = «18 3 Do 84 1 do Pek Dust 80 22 4 EW 85 9 hf-chs Congou 405 36 5 FW 86 6 do Dust 400 26 6 FW 87 4 do Pek Dust 264 28 7 Gonamotava 88 3 chests Dust 270 25 The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited. 8 Yatideria 89 25 hf-chs Bro Pek 1500 48 bid 9 Do 101 30 do Pekoe 1724 45 bid “10 Do 103 17 do do Sou 992 41 il Do 105 2 chests Souchong 210 37 12 Do 106 3 hf-chs Bro Tea 180 32 13 Do 107 5 chests Pek Fans 454 29 14 Do 108 1 do Red Leaf 66 23 -I5 Saumarez 109 12 do Bro Pek 1200 47 bid 16 Do 111 13 do Fekoe 1170 46 bid 17 Do 113 16 do do sou 1440 4l 18 Do 115 6 do Unassorted 540 39-339 19 Do 117 2 do Souchong 180 35 -20 Do 118 #41 do Dust 130 not ard 21 KB 119 1 do Bro Mixed 80 27 22 Albion 120 17 do Bro Pek 1870 60 bid -93 Do 122 24 do Pekoe 2160 56 bid 24 Do 124 42 do do Sou 2100 48. 25 Do 126 3 do Dust 240 98 26 Torrington 127 44 hf-chs Orange Pek 2420 62 27 Do 129 56 do Pek Sou 2800 47 28 Kanagama 131 37 do Bro Pek 1850 29 Lo 133 22 chests Pekoe 2300 30 Do 135 46 do do Sou 4000 } not ard. 31 Do 137 17 do Bro Mixed 1700 32 Do 139 3 hf-cha Dust 300 33 Clontarf 140 21 do Bro Pek 1365 34 Do 142 15 do Pekoe 900 35 Do 144 19 do do Sou 1805 | not ard. 36 Do 146 2 do Bro Mixed 135 37 Lo 147 1 do Dust 55 38 Logan 148 15 do Bro Pek 750 57 bid 39 Do 150 16 do Pekoe 720 48 bid 40 Do 152 36 do do Sou 1620 43 bid 41 Do 154 6 do Duet 360 26 42 Do 155 ll do Souchong 495 36 43 Do 157 2 do Red Leaf 100 26 44 Do 158 2 do Unassorted 90 31 45 Rawreth 159 33 do () 1650 40 46 Do 161 3 do Souchong 150 34 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 9th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (42,658 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs Description per lb c 1 FG 62 17 hf-chs Pekoe 850 43 2 West Hapu- tale 64 16 do Bro Fek 832 3 Do 66 37 do Pek Sou 1794 | ot ard 4 Do 68 5 do Souchong 245 5 Do 70 7 Oe CREO 235 6 R 72 ° ust 675 78 74 3 do Red Lenf To" woven: 8 Warakawa 76 4 do Unassorted 200 39 9 Do 78 2 do Dust 1389-25 10 Do 80 1 do Congou 50 = 38 11 Do 82 1 do Red Leaf 56 28 12 Earnham 84 38 do Bro Pek 1900 50 bid 13 Do 86 58 do Pekoe 2610 47 14 Do 88 25 do do Sou 1125 43 15 Do 909 7 do Dust 455 26 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 0. No. eras; et, 16 Do 92 5 do Red Leaf 225 8927 17 Do 94 2 do Mixed 90 39 18 JMK 96 3 chests Dust 360 27 19) BrT, 98 1 hf-cht Bro Tes 43 38 20 C RD 100 2 do Red Leaf 113 24 Ie Do 102 3 do Dust 201-33 The Yatiyantota Tea Company, Limited. 22 Polatagama 104 27 hf-che Bro Pek 1350 60 23 Do 106 38 do Pekoe 1520 50 24 Do 108 24 do do No.2 960 47 25 Do 110 18 do Pek Sou 665 43 26 Do 112 25 do do No.2 1125 40 27 Abamalla 114 4 do Bro Mixed 220 37 280 [o} 116 3 do ust 255 25 29 Thornfield 118 20 do Bro Pek 1240 68 bid 30 Do 120 28 do Pekoe 1680 57 81 Do 122 18 chests doSou 1836 46 32 Do 124 2hf-chs do Dust 160 30 a8 Waverley 438 51 de Bro Pek 3060 65 bid le) 28 53 chests Pekoe 5) i 35 Hast Holy- HM a bs rood 130 42 hf-chs Bro Pek 2520 60 bid 36 Do 132 44 chests Pekoe 4400 50 bid 37 Craig 134 3 hf-chs Dust 201 notard. 38 Do 136 2 do Cougou 90 8687 39 Do 138 3 do Red Leat 168 37 40 Do 140 4 do Dust 280 27 41 TB 142 1 chest HKed Leaf 90 22 42 AK 144 1 do do 90 22 43 QS 146 1 do Bro Mixed 10026 44 HS 148 2 do Pek SouNo 2 180 36 45 Do 150 1 do Red Leaf 99 23 46 _Do 152 3 boxes Pek Sou 60 37 47 Avisawelle 154 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 50 32 48 (3) 156 3 chests Pek Dust 399 29 49 Do. 158 4 do Fanniugs 360k 50 Queenwood 160 21 hf-chs Bro Pek 1050 = 68 51 lo 162 17 do Pekoe 850 55 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 9th Jan., the undermentioned sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description No. No. 1 Invery 51 5 chests Dust 2 Do 52 3 hf-chs Ked Leaf 3 Do 53 17 chests Souchang 4 Do 54 27 do Pekoe 5 Do 55 23 hf-chs Bro Pek 6 WGA 56 29 do Bro Mixed 7 Relugas 57 18 do Bro Pek 8 Do 58 11 chests Pekoe 9 Do 59 14 do do Sou 10 Do 60 1 do Dust ‘ 11 Wereagalla 61 45 hf-chs Bro Pek 12 Do 62 8 chests Pekoe 13 Do 63 4 do do Sou 14 Depedene 64 4 hf-chs Bro Pek 15 Do 65 4 do Pekoe 16 Do 66 7 do do Sou gfe AB beId) 67 19 do Bro Tea 18 Do 68 3 do Unassorted 19 Do 69 3 do Bro Mixed 20 Do 70 1 chest Dust 21 Kuruwitty 71 5 hf-cht Bro Pek 22 Do 72 3 do Pekoe 23 Do 73 15 do do Sou 24 Do 74 2 do Souchong 25 Do oo edo Bro Tea 26 CTM 76 4 do Bro Mixed 27 Do 77 2 chests Dust 28 Elchico 78 10 hf-chs Unassorted 29 D G@ 79 3 do Bro Mixed 30 Do 80 8 do Bro Tea 31 Do 81 6 chests Dust 32 $8 82 10 hf-chs Unassorted 33 4S 83 1 chest Dust 34 MincingLane 84 28 hf-chs Bro Pek 35 Do 85 26 do Pekoe 36 Do 86 31 do do Sou. 37 Do 87 5 chests Dust 38 Penrith 6&8 35 hf-chs Bro Pek 39 Do 89 40 do 2 chests Pekoe 40 Do 90 38 hf-chs do Sou 41 Do 91 4 chests Fannings 42 Guruoya 92 1 hf-cht Bro Pek 43 Do 93 6 do Unassorted 44 H 94 5 do Bro Pek 45 $S 95 4 do do 46S 96 1 do Pekoo lots of Tea (39,460 lb.), which bid 59 id SOS )]}>7 a a CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No perlb c¢ No. No. per lb. c. 47 S 97) 131,d0, do Sou 144 39 27 MK 45 4 do Bro Or Pek 200 63 48 8 98 6 do Unassorted 305 38 28 Do 46 6 chests Pekoe 600 46 bid 49 S 99 4 do Bro Congou 224 32 29 Do 47 4 do do Sou 400 41 50 S 100 1 do Mixed 59 29 30 Do 48 2 do Bro Mixed 205 33 el S abi aU ecco) Dust 66 24 31 Do 49 1 ae Bro Tea 105 20 52. S 2 1 box Bro Mixed 22 29 32 Do 50 2 Dust 140 22 53 S$ 3) 19 do Congou 22 29 33 Stinsford 51 13 nechs Bro Pek 650 60 54 8S 4 1 do Red Leaf 15 8629 34 Do 52 15 do Pekoe 600 47 55 8B PS 5 3 hf-chs Bro Tea 152 22 35 Do 53 6 do do Sou 300 42 56 ZZ Z 6 6 do Dust 300 36 Forest Hill 54 8 do 37 HWD 7 5 do Bro Pek 200 44 bid 1 chest Bro Pek 604 52 bid 38 Do 8 4 do Pekoe 160 44 bid | 37 Do 55 2 do PekSou 157s 41 59 Do 9 5 do do Sou 200 40 38 JMS 56 9 hf-chs do 360 35 60 Do 10 5 do Congou 200-33 39 Do 57 1 do Bro Tea 3620 61 Do ll 2 do Fannings 80 33 40 Do 58 1 do Dust 33 23 62 Do 12 2 do Dust 90 26 41 Do 59 Lbox Congou 24.- 23 68 Lyndhurst 13 6 chests Bro Pek 600 55 42 GW 60 3 hf-chs Red Leaf 150 26 64 D 14 17 do 43 Allakolla 61 9 do Bro Pek 488 60 ee hf-cht Pekoe 1571 46 44 Do 62 14 chests Pekoe 1400 48 bid 65 Do 15 22 chests do Sou 1980 41 45 Do 63 16 do do Sou 1576 43 66 Do 16 3 do Bro Tea 580 33 46 Do 64 11 hf-chs Bro Pek 605 55 67 Do 17 4 do Dust 434 26 47 Do 65 1 chest 68 Do 18 1 do Fannings 100 32 1 hf-cht Dust 240 26 48 Do 66 1 chest —_—_ 1 hf-cht Congou 126 =. 330 2 és re 67 1 do Unassorted 39 31 68 4 do Bro Tea 204 31 Mr. J. D. Roxsrnson put up for sale at the Ba sae Ban Seneca DOA ip “Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (24,565 lb.), which ‘sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. e. 1 Clarendon 16 1 hf-cht Bro Pek 45 31 2 Do 18 3 do Pekoe 132 32 3 Do 20 2 do Pek Sou 81 28 4 Do 22 ln do Souchong 39 23 & Gneiss 24 31 do Orange Pek 1550 952 bid 6 to) 26 36 chests 1 box Pekoe 2817 46 bid 7 Do 28 16 chests Pek Sou 1200 41 bid 3 Do 30 14 hf-chs Bro Pek Bou 694 33 9 Brunswick 32 15 chests Bro Pek 1350 53 bid 10 Do 34 26 do Pekoe 2600 50 bid (Bulked.) 11 Lavant 36 20 chests Pek Sou 1600 4l 12 WA 38 32 do Bro Pek 2880 52 bid 13 Do 40 16 do Pekoe 1600 51 bid 14 Do 42 49 do Pek Sou 4900 46 bid 15 Do 44 6 do Bro Mixed 600 30 bid 16° DSB 46 22 do Unassorted 2090 44 17 Do 48 2 do Congou 200 33 18 Do 49 1 do Pek Sou 72 37 19 Do 50 1 do Bro Tea 115 32 Messrs. SomeRvittE & Co. put up forsale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (22,778 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Descriptions. Weight No No. jperlb. c. 1 BHG 19 2 chests Dust 140 22 2 Do 20 1 hf-chs Congou 40 83 3 Do 21) ela tdo Red Leaf 50 20 bid 4 Hakurugalla 22 12 do Pekoe 600 40 bid 5 Do a3- 95) 1do Bro Pek 250 44 bid 6 P&I 24 9 do Unassorted 675 33 7 Do 25 l1chest Red Leaf 67 28 8 Ossington 26 3 hf-chs Bro Tea 120 23 9 Do 27 2 do Dust 132 22 10 Do 28 25 do Pek Sou 1125 41 ll Do 29 25 do Pekoe 1250 40 12 Do 30 7 do Bro Pek 350 40 bid 13, K 31 13 do Bro Pek 716 38 14 32 15 chests Pekoe 1350 935 15 Wereagalla 33 1 hf-cht Bro Pek 45 44 16 fn) 34 5 chests Pekoe 450 42 17 Do 85 4 do Pek Sout 360 38 18 Do 36 3 hf-chs Unassor,ed 130 41 19 Do By Cals orete Bro Mix d 48 19 20 Guruoya 38 1 do Pekoe 50 35 21 Do 39 3 chests Pek Sou 300 30 22 Do 40 5 hf-chs do 243 31 23 KMG 41 28 chests Pekoe 2520 37 bid 24 Goonambil 42 9 hf-chs Bro Pek 450 50 bid ~25 Do 43 12 do Pekoe 600 48 26 Do 44 20 do do Sou 1200 42 Mr. C. HK. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, i6th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (17,066 1b.), which sold as under :— . Weight Lot Mark Box Packages Description No. No. per lb. e. 1 Nahalma 62 22 chests Pekoe 1980 2 Do 64 13 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 780 not 3 Do 66 11 chests Pek Sou 990 [ arrived. 4 Do 68 4 hf-chs Congou 240 5 Do 70 40 chests Pekoe 3600 44 bid 6 Do 72 21 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 1260 52 7 Do 74 22 chests Pek Sou 1980 40 8 Do 76 2 hf-chs Congou 120 33 9 Do 78 4 do Pek Fans 208 33 10 Do 80 8 chests Pekoe 720 44 bid il Do 82 3 hi-chs Bro Or Pek 180 49 bid 12 Do 84 4 chests Pek Sou 360 40 13 Do 86 1 hf-cht Congou 60 23 14 Do 88 1 do Pek Fans 52 31 15 Do 90 5 do do Dust 375 25 16 Pambagama 92 9 chests Dust 720 27 17 Sunnycroft 94 1 do Unassorted 90 B Do 96 4 hf-chs Dust 240 not ard, Do 98 4 chests Congou 360 20 Pattiagama 100 33 hf-chs Pekoe 1475 44 bid 21 Do 2 13 do Bro Pek 685 50 bid 22 Do 4 3 do Dust 218 26 23 Do 6 1 box Red Leaf 29 23 24 (A) 06 8 1 hf-cht Pek Sou 47 26 bid 2 AD 10 6 do Red Leaf 297 24 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of OKYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 14th December 1888 :— Ex “Goorkha”—Coslanda, 1c 101s; 6c 98s 6d; 7c lb 90s 6d; 1b 81s; 2c 107s 6d; 1c 1b 81s 6d; 1b 83s 6d. Ex “Manora’’—Idulgashena, 5c 1b 95s withdrawn. Ex ‘“‘Hispania”—Verelapatna, 1t 94s. Ex “Goorkha”—Hanipha, lo 101s; 1c 16 93s 6d; 1b 83s 6d; 1b 100s; 2b 80s 6d. Ex “Widdrington”—Radella, 20 bags 7586d; 20 bags 75s; 4 bags 748; 4 bags 57s. SD, 3 bags 61s 6d. Ex “Duke of Argyll”’— Ouvah JB & AG, 7c 98s; 2c 86s 6d; 16 Ib 1048; 2t 10256; 2c 848; 5 bags 90s 64d; lbag 188s 6d; 1c 84s 6d; 5c 838; lc 92s; 2c 1b 78s 8d; 1t 99s: 1t 95s 6d; 1b 81s; 3 bags 80s 6d; 1 bag 88s 6d Beauvais, 1b 91s; 2c 89s; lc 878; 1b 988; Ib 81; 1 bag 88s: Ex ‘Manora”—Tulloes, lc 1b 91 64. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ex ‘‘Goorkha”’—Kahagalla, 4c 1b 95s. Hx “Oopernic’’—Mahadowa MCCCo., 5c 93s. Ex “Goorkha’”—Meeriabedde, 3c 1t 103 s; 5c 96s; 1c 1t 96s; 1c 90s; 1c: 109s. Coneygar, 1b 898; 4c 89s 6d; 1b 103s; 2 bags 82s. Ex “India”—Mahapahagalla, 2c 85s 6d; 1b 94s 6d. Stafford, 1b 2c 86s; 2c 85s 6d; 1t 948 6d. WNeedwood, 1b 948; 2c 90s; 1c 87s; 1b 94s 6d; 9 bags 80s 6d. Ex ‘‘Widdrington”—Keenagshaella, 1c 1b 97s; 5c 89s; 1t 103s; 1¢ 82s; 1 bag 87s. Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Udahena, 1b 90s; 1t 85s; 1b 94s; 1b 778; 1 bag 82s. Ex ‘‘Widdrington”—Oharley Valley OHdeS, 5c 87s 6d; 10c 87s 6d; 1t17s6d. PB2, 1t90s. T, 1c 81s 6d; 2 bags 84s; 2 bags 84s; 2 bags 83s. Ex “Duke of Argyll’”—Warwick, 1c 88s; 1b 88s; 3c -88s. PB, 1c 988;1¢ 80s. Gonapitiya, le 88s 6d; 2c 888 6d; 16 88s 6d. PB, 1b95s6d. T,1b 81s6d. Warwick, 1bag 87s. Gonapitya, 1 bag 87s. Ex “‘Goorkha”—WPF, 1c 99s 6d; 1b 99s 6d; 5c 93s 6d; 4c 90s6d. S, 1b83s. PB, 2c 108s 6d; 1c 108s 6d. WT, 2c 83s; 2 bags 87s; 4 bags 94s; 1 bag 78s. Ex “Navarino”—Kumaradola A, 3c 80s 6d. B, 3322s 6d; 1b 72s 6d. TT, 1b 68s. y Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Ouvah OJB, 5c 98s; 3t 98s; llc 903; 1b 90s. OuvahAOG, 6c 828-928; 1b 78s 6d, PB, 1t 99s; 1t 998 6d. T, 4 bags 80s 6d. Ex “Dacca”—Gordon B, 2c 918; 1b 91s. Ex “Diomed ’—Catton, 1b 98s; 2c 91s. Ex ‘‘Hispania’”’—Ury, 2c 92s; 1b 92s. Ex “Rewa”—Dambatenne A, 2c 95s; 1b 958; 5c 91s. Ex ‘‘Goorkha’’—Httrick, 3c 94s 6d. Ex “Arcadia”—Ouvah GA, 16c 915; 1b 91s; 1t 91s. Ex “Duke of Argyll’”,—Udahena, 2c 88s; 1b 885; 1t 85s. PB, 1b 94s; 1b 77s; 1 bag \83s- Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Minciug Lane up to 21st December 1888 :— Ex “‘Goorkha’’— Gowerakellie, 1t 97s; 1c 938; 1b 86s; 1b 99s; 1b 81s 6d; 1b 81s; ib 77s. Ex “Clan Lamont’’—Ouvah SQ, 3c 87s. Ex ‘‘Goorkha”—Coslanda, 4 bags 86s. Mahaberia- tenne, 1b 1t 84s 6d; 2c 838; 1b 79s; 1b 83s; 1t 2b 76s. Ex “‘Clan Sinclair’—Ohoisy, 3c 96s withdrawn. Ex “Rosetta’—North Matale, 1b 78s; 1t le 93s 6d; 1c 1t 78s 6d; 2 bags 83s Gd; 1 bag 75s. Ex ‘Widdrington’”—Brookside. 1b 868; 3c 88s 6d; 1b 98s; 1t 81s; 1 bag 82s; 1b 81s; lo 1b 81s; 1s 84s; 16 bags 79s Gd; 7 bags 78s 6d. 1 bag 79s. Ex “Bengal’—Elmshurst, 1c 1b 868 6d Ex ‘‘Hesperia”—Goodwood, 1c 1b 89s. Ex “Clan Drummond”—Ingestre, 1b 97s 6d. Ex “‘Karamania’’—Bittacy, 1b 97s 6d. Ex “Qhusan’’—Gordon, 1b 97s 6d Ex “Diomed”—Gampaha, 1b 92s. Ex ‘‘Navarino”—Concordia, 1 bag 788 Ex “Rosetta’’—North Matale, 10c 84s 6d to 88s; 1b 843 6d to 88s; 1t84s 6d to 88s. Ex “‘Diomed”—Fellside LS, 1t 87s. Ex “Goorkha”—OQBEC MBT, 1b 76s; 1b 76s. Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Ouvah JB, lle 89s 6d; 1b 89s 6d Ex' ‘Goorkha”—Gowerakellie, 1t 978; 1c 90s. Ouvah GA, 5 and le 89s to 938; 1b 89s to 93s; 3c 87s CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON: Mincine Lanz, Dec, 2s1t, 1888. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root Stem 24d. o¢d > ant ea a 94d a 10a Talawakellie 2d to ad 34d to 7Ad 403 allocls d toe d mas mie e' are hae Adain’s Peak 3kd 4hd f Lanka Plantations Co., . Limited 4d 3d to dha Mahaouveh lkd x Root. Mark Natural Renewed ‘} Stem. assaugh bos 4d to 43d L,MHindiamond 23d e Dikoya 8d to 73d BEd Yarrow 3d See Bes Ardlaw 4a 53d a Loinorn 5d a Ba St. Leys 3d 4d 4d to 44 Loonagalla Bhd to 4d 5d “ Mausakelle ate 6d to 64d By. MCC Co. indiamond 4d 6d to 65d Ba Haputale 4d 4d ore Leangwelle 4d 64d 20s Delta 2hd 4d. 23d Gavatenne 34d to 43d 43d to Sd Tis Gonakelle, Ledger 1s 2d ne ‘5 244 to7d b Uva 2hd to 33d 54d to 6d Glentilt 33d 5¢d Coba 7d ~ I M in diamond “5 44d to 5d Rambodde 34d Bhd Amblagoda 14 soe Doteloya 3 3d oe Pen-y-lan 21d a 1}d Rockwood 1} to 2d a one Lower Haloya 2d 23d to 3d tes ¥assifern, Hybrid Be Syd 4 Cattaratenne 4td od 7 Unagalla, Hybrid 3d to 4d 6d oe RJT 23d to 4d 2ed “o: ” Ledger 3d to 10d ae Bie PDO | 23d 4d oa Wangieoya 2d to 53d 2 “eS Creymont 23d 5d to 7d mes Diyanella on 43d Ros Agrakande 22d 6d oo Lunugalla 2d to 24d ae oes OFFICINALIS. KDP 4d Eskdale 4d to 93d Lanka Plantation Co., Limited 3d to 34d Ted Mahaouvah 6d aaa Wangieoya, Hyd. 4id » 2d to 8d Northcove 3d to 5¢d Woodcote 3d to 63d Ory OM 34d to 6d 63d Ardlaw 34d 8d Loinorn 4id to 54d = MCC &Cc.india. 43d wat Leangwelle 4d B53 Gracelyn 4d to 64d 83d to ¥d & Gonakelle 43d to 10id oe OKO 33d § d Rockwood 3d 5} St. Leonards 25d 4d me Devedale 4d 9d 84a Greymont 4d 5dto 63d ase Dukinfield 4d to 44d 94d ge The Park 21d to 3d 4a 8d to Skd: Belle Vue 2d 5d to 54d ie CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, Mincine Lang, Dec. 14th, 1888. Ex “Ohusan’’—E|mshurst, 18 bags 80s. Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Rockhill SD, 1 bag 65s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincina Lane, Dec. 14th, 1888. Ex “Duke of Argy!l”—Vicarton, 5 cases 2s 6d; 2 casso 1s 10d; 1 case 1s 4d. Ex “Navarino”—Dromoland, 4 cases 2s 6d; 6 cases 1s 8d; 2 cases 1s 4d. Meddecombra, 4 cases 2g 3q- 2 cases 1s 6d; 4 cases 2s 5d; 7 cases 1s 7d. Deakers. land, 4 cases 2s 6d; 2 cases 1s 6d; 1 case Is 7d. Mara- galla, 10 cases 2s 4d; 3 cases 1s 6d; 1 case 1s 7d. Various—Hunasgeria, 1 case 1s 9d. Woodslee, 1 case is 7d, VB, 1 casels4d. Carragatenne, 2 cases 2s. 8q- 4 cases 28 1d. is SE SS RS A SS pS ‘* CEYLON OBSERVER ’”’ PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ———— So OOS A g Pee atl .{ Prick :—124 cents each; 3 copies No. 3.] CoLoMBo, Frsrvuary 5, 1889. | BOC cniisnDiconieae rupee: Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Chamber. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. of Commerce Sale-room today, 16th Jan, the un- dermentioned lots of Lea (57,697 lb.), which sold as under :— Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the} for Mark Box Packages Description Weight Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 16th Jan., | No. No per lb. ec. the undermentioned lots of Tea (43,094 lb.), which | 1 Ampittia 163 1 hf-cht Fannings 50 33 sold as under :— y Do 164 1 do Dust ; 60 25 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 3 G Do 1 i 6° Bre pied ms rH No No. Pe ice 5G 167 6 do - Dust 420.27 1 Gondenawa 164 3 chests Bro Mixed 255 35 6 & 168 1 do Red Leaf 47 26 2 Do 166 2 do Unassorted 180 39 7 K@ 169 13 chests Pekoe 1500 48 3 Do 168 3 do Bro Tea 120 33 8 Lorne 171 31 hf-chs Bro Pek 2050 55 4 0 170 3 do Bro Mixed 405 23 9 Do 173: 18 do Pek Sou 720 41 5° R 172 +9 hf-chs Dust 675 26 10 Do 175 381 chests Pekoe 2480 44 Glan 174 3 do Red Leaf 120 27 11 Do 177. «5 bf-chs Dust BYB) 28 7 Norton 176 7 do Fannings 420 28 12 Do 178 3 chests Bro Mixed 250 37 8 Do 178 2.do Souchong 80 41 13 Templestowe 179 27 hf-chs Orange Pek 1404 83 9 Scrubs 180 1 chest Bro Pek 120 54 14 Do 181 23 do Pekoe i 1150 61 10 Do 182 1 do Pekoe 100 46 15 Do 183. 31 do Pek Sou 1674 54 11 Do 184 1 do : 16 Do 185 2 do Bro Mixed 14438 2 hf-chs Bro Tea 258 34 17 Do 186 4 do Dust 300 28 12 Do 186 3 chests Hi 18 Mocha 187 50 do Bro Pek 2500 71 1 hf-cht Dust 532 27 19 Do 189 20 chests Pekoe 1800 58 13 FFB 188 1 chests Bro Pek 100 46 2 Do 191 13 do Pek Sou 1105 46 bid! 14 Do 190 2 do Pek Sou 200 38 21 Do 193 13 do Souchong 1040 44 dib 15 AK 192 15 do Souchong 13850 34 22 Kanangama 195 37 hf-chs Bro Pek 1850 53 bid 16 Do 194 9 do Bro Tea 990 32 23 Do 197 23 chests Pekoe 2300 47 17 Do 196 3 do , Congou 270 24 24 Do 199 40 do Pek Sou 4000 40 bid 18 West Hapu- 25 Do 201 17 do Bro Mixed 1700 35 tale 198 16 hf-chs Bro Pek 832 47 bid } 26 Do 203 5 hf-chs Dust 360 23 19 Do 200 37 do Pek Sou 1794 38 bid | 27 Clontarf 204 21 do Bro Pek 1365 74 Phu Do 902 5 do Souchong 245 38 28 Do 206 14 do Pekoe 840 50 21 Do 204 5 do Congou 235 31 29 Do 208 19 chests Pek Sou 1805 45 22 Radella 206 17 chests Bro Pek 1700 54 bid | 30 Do 210°" 2~do Bro Tea 125 37 23 Do 208 14 do Pekoe 1180 dt | 31 Do 211 1 bf-cht Dust 55 25 24 Do 210 11 do do Sou 880 46 32 Ayr 212 4 do Bro Pek 202 25 Kirimettia 212 12 hf-chs Bro Pek 600 49 33 Do 213 5 do Pekoe 953 26 Do 214 15 do Pekoe 750 41 34 =Do 214 13 do Pek Sou 6091.4 27 Do 216 14 do do Sou 700)6138) aA s5amuDo 216 2 do Unassorted TOO MOE 28 Do 218 10 do Souchong 500 37 36 Do QT 71, do Bro Mixed 47 29 Do 220 5 do Fannings 300 27 37 Do 218) Viido Dust 22 30 Do 222 5 do Red Leaf 250 36 The Yatideria Tea Company, Limited, 31 _ Do 2247, ele do Dust 84. 93 38 Yatideria 219 9 do Bro Pek 540 43 82 Agra Oya 226 7 chests Bro Pek 700 69 39 Do 221 26 *'do Pekoe 360 42 33 Do 228 18 do 40 Do 222 2 do Pek Sou 112 3 J hf-cht Pekoe 1350 49 41 Do 223 “1° do Dust 100 a4 34 Do 230 2 do Dust 710 28 42 Do 224-1 *'do Pek Fans 73 26 35 ¥F 232 37 do Bro Pek 1850 37Qbid | 43 Do 225 1 ebest 36 =F 234 45 do Pekoe 2250 32 bid 4 hf-chs Souchong 45 36 37 =F 236 21 do do Sou 1050 83 bid | 44 Do 226 1 chest 38 sF 238 18 do Bro Mixed 1620 25 bid B 1 hf-cht Bro Tea 173 33 39 Bandara- 45, Do 227 1 chest Unassorted 76 41 polla 240 24 do Bro Pek 1200 46 Comar 228 13 hf-chs Bro Pek 630 56 bid 40 Do 242 25 do Pekoe 1250 47 Do 230 8 do Pekoe 400 51 41 Do 244 19 do do Sou 760} not ard, | 48 Do 231 8 do Pek Sou 400 44 42 Do 246 23 chests Bro Mixed 2070 49 Do 232 1 do Bro Mixed 50 30 43 Do 248 6 do Dust 600 50 Do 233 2 do Dust 120 25 44 3 250 3 hf-chs Mixed 120 37 51 Salem 234 12 do Bro Pek 520 43 45 8S 252 2 chests Red Leaf 180 28 52 Do 236 18 do Pekoe 745 40 46 S 254 2 hf-chs Bro Mixed - 84 32 53 Do 238 1 do Congou 40 32 47 3 256 5 do Dust 330 25 54 Ivies 239 20 do Bro Pek 1000 46 bid 48 Walla Val- 55 Do 241 23 do Pekoe 1035 46 ley 58 83 do Bro Pek 2650 65 bid | 56 Do 243 20 do Pek Sou 900 41 Do 260 36 do Pekoe 1800 51 bid } 57 Do 245 2 do Congou 100 31 50 WoO 262 1 chest Pek Sou 80 36 58 Ugieside 246. 43 do Bro Pek 2150 42 51 Do 264 2 do Bro Tea} 158 28 59 Do 248 63 do Pek Sou 2835 37 52 Do 266 1 hf-cht Fannings 70 27 60 Do 250. Lt do Red Leat 45 BL 53 B 268 4 chests Bro Mixed 400 Gay 251 1 chest do 90 23 54 R 270 4 do Souchong s00| with’dn.|62 L G 252 6 de Bro Mixed 560-37 55 R 272 1 hf-cht do 60 63 Do 253. 2 do Dust 170 25 56 Middleton 274 18 do Bro Pek 1u08 59 64 Do 254 1 do, Red Leaf 100 20 &7 Do 276 33 do Pekoe 1650 52 65 St. Clair 255 11 hf-chs Bro Pek 660 82 58 Do 278 13 chests do Sou 1140 42 66 Do 257 8 chests Orange Pek 704 67 bid 59 Do 280 3 hf-chs Congou 144 40 b7 Do 259. 26 do Pekoe 2282 56 bid 60 Pansalatenne 282 3 do Bro Tea 165 36 68 10 261 14 do 61 Do 284 1 do Dust 80 28 1 hf-cht Pek Sou 1070 50 62 Bismark 286 1 chest do 95 22 69 RWdI 263. 4 do Bro Pek 240 43 63 Do 288 1 hf-cht Congou 60 84 70 Do 264 5 chests Pek Sou 500 41 ga TB 290 1 chest Bro Pek 8088 71 Do 265 3 do Souchong 254 33 65 Do 292 1 do Pekoe 89 34 72 Do 266) aiido Dust 73 25 66 Do 294 1 do Bro Mixed 90 36 73 Langdale 267 10 hf-chs Bro Pek 550 46 bid 67 Do 296 1 do do 82 81 74 Do 269 10 chests Pekoe 900 43 bid 8 Do 298 5 do Dust 550 7 (e) Do 271 15 do do Sou 1350 41 69, , Do 300 «4 hf-cht Vannings 360 23 76 Chertsey 273 11 hf-chs Bro Pek 440 39 bid 60 AK 302 1 chest Pek Sou 90 32 17 Do 875 8 -do Pekoe 320 38 71 Do 304 1 hf-cht Red Leaf 47 165 78 Do 276 2 do Mixed 80 22 2 CEYLON Mr. J. D. Rostnson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 23rd Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,814 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ce. stp oft 50 6 hf-chs Bro Mixed 312 36 2 Do 51 lecbest Dust 112 24 3 Cocoawatte 52 7 hf-chs Bro Pek 333 45 4 Do 54 16 do Pekoe 793 37 5 Do 56 14 do Pek Sou 700 36 6 Do at pele do Bro Tea 57 33 7 Do 58 1 do Red Leaf 18 12 i} vo 59 2 do Pek Dust 79 24 9 Do 60 1 do Dust 43 23 10 Wallaha 61 3 do Bro Pek 186 50 bid ib] Do 62) = ido Pek Sou 46 40 12 Do 63 1 chests Fannings 105 36 13° Do 64 1 hf-cht Dust 30 26 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 2érd Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (11,493 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight o, No. perlb, c. 1 Lauderdale 1 19 hf-chs Unassorted 950 39 2 Do 2 if do Pek Sou 850 42 3 Do 3 13 do Pekoe 650 49 4 Do 4 38 boxes Bro Pek 950 49 bid 5 RW 5 17 hf-chs Unassorted 850 39 6 Do 6 4 do Mixed 200 826 7 Do 7 6 do Dust 450 25 8 Do 8 37 do Pek Sou 850 39 9 Keenagaha- ella 9 11 chests BroPek | 792 48 bid 10 Do 19 25 do Pekoe 1647 0 bid il Do al al” lo} Souchong 74 35 12 Do 12 1 do Fannings 80 27 bid 13 Do 13 1 do Dust 100 4624 14 Esperanza 14 11 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 530 ~©=66 bid 15 Do 15 30 do Pekoe 1500 44 Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 23rd Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (12,420 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description perlb. c. 1 Nahalma 12 13 chests Pekoe _ 1170 45 2 Do 14 6 hf-chs Bro Or Pek 360 57 3 Do 13 9 chests Pek Sou 810 40 bid 4 Sunnyeroft 18 1 do Unassorted 90 24 5 Do 20 4 do Congou 360 32 6 Do 22 4 hf-chs Dust 240 26 7 oR 24 2chests Bro Tea 158 26 8 Balmoral 26 22 do Pekoe 1980 43 9 Do 28 20 do Bro Pek 1991 47 bid 10 Do 30 7 do Pek Sou 700 ©6938 bid 11 Bo 32 4 do Souchong 340-38 12 Lo 34. 8 do Dust 1086 26 13 Dea Ella 36 13 hf-chs Pekoe 585 39 14 Do 38 12 do BroPek 636 40 bid 15 Do 40 25 do Pek Sou 1200 37 16 Do 42 2 do Congou 100 31 17 Do 44 2 do Dust 136 23 18 Do 46 1 do Red Leaf 36 20 19 MK 48 4 do do 200 24 20 Do 50 4 do Dust 220 25 Mr. EH. Jounput up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 23rd Jan., the aundermentioned lots of Tea (26,480 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per Ibs" c: Lae Tt 277 ~=+1 hf-cht Souchong 45 40 2GK 278 2 do do 80 3 3 Do 279 2 do Fannings 90 34 4 Do 280 1 chest 1 hf-cht Dust 170 27 5 SC 281 3 pkgs Souchong 203" (36 6 Sc 282 2 do Dust & Fans 222 27 7 Loxa 283 10 hf-chs Bro Pek 550 53 8 Tart 285 53 do do 2630 67 9 Do 287 12 do Pekoe 492 55 10 Do 289 18 do Pek Sou 828 52 11 Albion 61 25 do Bro Pek 1875 17 12 Do 63 17 chests Pekoe | 1445 61 13 Do 65 16 do Pek Sou 1360 53 4 Do 67 2 do Dust 160 9.27 PRODUCE SALES $LIST: Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. perlb, ec, 15 Mossville 68 9 do Bro Pek 900. 51 bid 16 0 70 5 do Tekoe 475 52 17 Do 71 16 do do Sou 1440 45 18 Do 73 15 do do Sou 1350 43 19 Do iD, 2, do Bro Mixed 200 38 20 Do 76 1 do Dust 120 26 21 Do 77 3 hf-chs Ked Leaf 120 18 22 Great Valley 78 5 chests Bro Pek 500 23 Do 80 9 do Pekoe 855 24 Do 82 25 do do Sou 2125 |. withd’n. 25 Do 84 11 do Dust 1474 26 Do 8 45 do Bro Mixed 400 27 WB 86 18 do Ked Leaf 1800 «25 28 Do 88 12 do Dust 1800 22 29 Fredavagh 89 2 boxes Bro Pek 40 30 Do 90 4 do Pekoe 80 } 37 31 Do 101 1 do do Sou 20 32 WM 102 20 hf-chs Pekoe 1120 «39 33 Do 164 5 do do Sou 250 36 34 Do 105 2 do Bro Mixed 100 433 35 Do 106 2 do Cust 135 23 36 AU 107 17 do Pek Sou 850 44 37 Do 109) 5 edo! Congou 50 36 38 Do 110 3 do Dust 162 22 389 Tarf 111 6 do Souchong 228° «41 40 Do 112 3 do Dust 216 7 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 23rd Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tex (34,206 lb.), wehih sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb. c. 1cCcc 70 4 hf-chs Pek Sou 200 38 2 Do 71 3 do VPekoe 150 40 o, Wo 72) ylides Bro Pek 50 40 4 R 73° 9 do do 585 48 5 Aadneven 74 14 do do 770 48 bid 6 Do 75 10 chests Pekoe 900 47 7 Do 76 20 do do Sou 1800 41 8 Narangoda 77 15 hf-chs do Sou 750-38 ) Do 78 8 do Pekoe 400 45 bid 10 Sj;r Cc 79 6 do Bro Pek 330 41 bid iL Do 80 5 do Pekoe 250 40 2 Do 81 4 do do Sou 200 38 13 Do 82 3 do Bro Tea 165 22 14 Blairavon 83 14 chests Bro Pek 1400 40 15 Do 84 27 do Pekoe 2160 42 16 Do 85 .8 do do Sou 640 B} a7 Do 86 2 do Dust 200 24 18 Do 87 1 do Bro Tea 90 22 19 Columbia 68 15 hf-chs Bro Pek 900 4-03 Do 89 .21 do Pekoe 1050 68 21 Do 90 2 do do Sou 100 52 22 Do 91 1 chest Dust 80 32 23 H 92 5 hf-chs Bro Pek 250 44 Be ais b 93 12 do ekoe 600 40 25 Depedene 94 6 do Bro Pek 300 42 bid 26 Do 95 9 do Pek Sou 405 37 QT Do 96 4 do Pekoe 200 42 23 H D 97 15 do Bro Tea 750 37 29 Do 98 4 do Bro Mixed 200 35 30 Do 99 2 do Unassorted 100 = 330 31 Do 100 1 chests Dust 85 22 32 0 1 7 hf-chs Bro Pek 350 41 33 0 2 25 do Pekoe 1250 40 34 Wewesse 3 29 do Bro Pek 1450 44 bid 35 Do 4 33 do Pekoe 1650 41 bid 36 Do 5 6 do Dust 360 24 37 Panmure 6 4 do ongou 200 ~ 31 38 Do 7 2 do Red Leaf 82 22 dia 39 Do 8 10 chests Dust 760 25 40 A 9 28 do ekoe 2520 37 41 N 10 14 hf-chs Red Leaf 649-24 42 N 11 5 do Dust 284 817 43 RE! 12 9 do Unassorted 675 934 44 Laxapana- galla 13 3 do Pek Dust 165 26 45 Do 14 1 do Dust 60 24 46 Yalta 15 Qehests do 268 29 47 PR 16 35 hf-chs Bro Pek 1750 48 bid 48 omillah 17 4 do do 200 a 49 Do 18 11 do ekoe 550-339 50 Do 19) 49ihudo) tdo Sou 405 37 51 Ravensecraig 20 7 chests Bro Pek 700. +42 52 Do 21 13 do Pekoe 1300 39 53 Do 22 2 do do Sou 200 37 54 Do 23 3 do do Fans 378 = 33 55 Stinsford 24 2 hf-chs Bro Pek 100. «51 56 Do 25 2 do Pekoe 80 45 57 Do 26 4 do do Sou 200 40 58 Do 27 9 do do Dust 609 ©6626 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs Description per lb. ec. 59 Stinsford 28 1 do Bro Tea 50 22, 60 GL 29 4 do Bro Pek 177 32 ‘61 Do 30) 923) do Pek Sou 120 26 62 HF St 9) do Bro Pek 604 53 Messrs, Fornrs & Waker put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 23rd Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (58,096 lb.), which sold as under :— ot Mark Box Pkgs, Description Weight No. No.- per lb. ec. 1 Glendon 306 1 chest Souchong 76 32 2 Campden Hill 308 «64 _hf-chs Pek Sou 288 38 By ONlay 310 1 chest Souchang 80 32 4 Do 312 14 do Dust 1325 26 5) Do 314 2 do do No. 2 160 17 6 Do 316 4 do Red Leaf 205 21 7M 318 1 hf-cht Bro Pek 60 47 8 M 20 1 chest Pekoe 110 42 9 New Peacock 32 1 hf-cht Congou 53 32 10 R apt 4 chests Bro Mixed 400 20 11 BR 326 4 do Souchong 400 34 bid 1B} Rt 328 1 hf-cht do 60 34 bid 13 GTW 330 1 do Fannings 50 40 14 Do BozN Ll 3do Congou 50 39 15 Do BEES Lali iatelo) Dust 80 27 16 CB 336 4 do Bro Mixed 240 37 17 CB 338° 1 do Dust 80 26 18 Marguerita 340 12 do do 960 26 19 Do 342° 7 do Bro Mixed 455 37 20 Do 344 3 do Bro Tea 150 21 21 Do 3456 1 do Congou 60 29 22 Kurulugalla 345 3 chests Bro Pek 300.44 23 Do 350 4 do Pekoe 400 39 24 Do p24 6 do do Sou No,1 600 37 25 Do 354 4 do do Son No.2 360 34 26 Doonevale 356 1 do Bro Pek 100 50 oT Do 858 3 do Pekoe 300 42 28 Do 360 9 do do Sou 900 3 29 Do 362 1 do Congou 100 27 30 Do 364 13 do Unassorted 1300 37 31 Palawatta 366 3 do Bro Pek 320 40 32 Do 368 2 do Pekoe 200 36 33 Do 370 4 do do Sou 400 32 34 Do 372 1 do Souchong 90M. 27. 35 Do 374 3 do ekoe 300 36 36 Do 376 7 do do Sou 700 32 37 Do 3878 1 do Dust 90.°) 21 38 Sembawatte 380 1 do Or Pek No. 11i4 115) 39 Do 382 2 do B. Pek ,, 1115-16 200 40 Do 38st 1° do Pekoe ,, 1113 90 41 Do 386 6 do do Sou ,, 1107-12 600 42 Do 888 16 do Or Pek ,, 1162- 1177 1840 43 Do 390 16 do B. Pek ,, 1178- 1193 1600 44 Do 392 14 do Pekoe ,, 1134- f 1147 1260 Pastivea! 45 Do 394 14 do do Sou ,, 1148- 1161 1400 46 Do 396 17 do do Fns ,, 1117- 1133 2040; 47 Do 398 9 do R. Leaf,, 1194- 1202 1060 48 Do 400 2 do Dust 4, 1203- 1204 236 49 Attabage 2 14 do Or Pek 1330 69 50 Do 4 33 do Pekoo 2640 52 bid 51 Do 6 30 do do Sou 2400 43 52 Do 8 1 hf-cht Unassorted 56 29 53 Do 10 2 chests Dust 235 26 54 Bandarapollal2 24 hf-chs Bro Pek 1200 49 bid 55 Do 14 25 do Pekoe 1250 42 bid 56 Do 16 19 do do Sou 760 39 bid 57 Do 18 23 chests Bro Mixed 2070 37 bid 58 Do 20 6 do Dust 600 23 59 Theberton 22 22 hf-ch, Bro Pek 1100 50 bid 60 Do 24 24 do Pekoe 1200 47 61 Do 26 41 do Pek Sou 2500 40 62 Do 28 5 do Bro Pek Sou 250 37 63 Do 380 5 do Pek Dust 250 26 64 Lyegrove 82 22 do BroPek 1100.54 65 Do 34 17 do ‘Pekoe’ 850 48 66 Do 86 2 do Dust 1300-23 67 TNG 38 14 do Pek Sou 700 8035 68 Do 40 19 do Bro Tea 950 31 69 Do 42 11 do Fannings 550 =. 28 70 Do 44 3 do Pek Dust 150 23 71 Do 46 2 do Red Leaf 100 18 72 Elkadua 48 37 do Bro Pek 1850 73 Do 50 46 ch. Pek Sou 8140 no ard. 74 JM K 52 2 do Dust 260 LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No No. per lb (% 75 Park 54. 9 hf-ch. Bro Pek 558 39 bid 16 Do 56 14 do Pekoe 728 39 bid 77 +2\Do 58 20 do PekSou 940 37 bid 18 Do 60 3 do Dust 228 23 19 Do 62 1 do Congou 43° 28 80 Norwood 64 9 ch, Pekoe 855 55 g1 V O 66 2 do Bro Tea 220 24. 82 Do 68 2 do Bro Mixed 186 22 83 Ingurgalla 70 38 do Bro Pek 215 56 84 Do 12), 9) do Pekoe 855 47 85 Do 74 3 do Pek Sou 315 39 86 Do 76 2 do Bro Mixed 224 27 87 Do 78 1 do Bro Tea 144 29 8g N 80 1 do Unassorted 85 35 89 N 82 1 hf-ch. Bro Mixed 55 23 90 N 84 2 ch. Congou 186 32 91 N 86 3 do Red Leaf 315 24 92 Warwick 88 1 hf-ch. Bro Pek 35 44 93 Do 90 3 do Bro Mixed 180 31 94 SSS 920s TSchr Bro Tea 133 21 95 Do 94 1 do Dust 160 22 9 AL 96 1 do Congou 98 28 97 EH 98 2 do Souchong 200 35 9g Faireland 100 1 box Bro Pek 35 4 99 Do 102 1 do Pekoe 30 35 100 Do i04 1 do Pek Sou 30( 0°? 101 Do 106 3 do Souchong 79 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 30th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (8,995 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. e. 1 Nahalma 52 25 ch pekoe 2550 44 bid 2 Do 54 18 hf-ch bro or pek 1080 50 bid 3 Do 56 20 ch pek sou 1800 38 bid 4 Do 58 4 hf-ch congou 240 37 5 Do 60 5 do pek fans 275 34 6 FE 62 20 ch unassorted 2000 87 bid Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Jom- merce Sale-room today, 30th Jan. the under. mentioned lots of Tea (18,976 lb.), which sold as: under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No, per lb ¢, 1 Tredavagh 113 2 boxes bro pek 40 2 Do 114 4 do pekoe 80 38 3 Do 115.) 1 “do congou 20 4 Bollagalla 116 8 ch bro pek 720-52 5 Do 118 8 do pekoe 640 40 bid 6 Do 120 24 do do sou 1920 41 7 Do 122 1d do dust 130 23 8 BK 124 25 hf-ch pekoe 1259 39 9 Torrington 126 45 do orange pek 2475 72 10 Do 128 55 do pek sou 2750 52 I) Bee 130 25 do bro pek 1364 46 bid 12 Do 132 21 do pekoe 830 41 13 Do 134 3 do dust 141 26 14 Logan 135 21 do bro pek 1020 63 15 Do 137 22 do pekoe 990 3 16 Do 139 47 do do sou 2115 42 bid LN T4ton2) ech: bro tea 240 36 18 N 142 2 do souchong 213 37 19 N 143. 3 do ust 448 28 20 Peradenia 144 5 do souchong 520 37 21 Do 145 1 do fannings 120 27 22 Do 146 1 do dust 150 24 23 TA 147. 3 do bro pek 300 53 24 Do 148 5 do pek sou 500 41 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up forsale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 30th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Tea (7,450 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark. Box Pkgs. Descriptions. Weight Q No. per lb. c. 1 Troy 32 1 ch_ red leat 100 =. 2 Do 33 2 do pek dust 3u0 26 3 Do 34 2 do pek sou 200 34 4 LGE 385 4 hf-ch bro tea 220 24 5 Orange Field 86 16 do bro pek 750 42 6 Do 37 22 do pekoe 1100 35 7 Do 388 3 do brotea 150 29 8 Do 39 4 do bromixed 200 33 9 Do 40 2 ch dust 150 25 10 Roseneath 41 14 hf-ch bro pek 882 il Do 42 8 ch pekoe 816 tact ard, Do 43 7 do pek sou 742 4 CEYLON’ PRODUCE’ ‘SALES’ UIST. eae Mark tox Packages Description Bi : Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 13 Friedland 44 7 hf-ch bro pek 334 74 bid | No- No. per Ib. c. 14 Do 45 16 do pekoe 672 48 bid|71 St. Helier’s 248 6 do bro tea 420 37 1 EVP 46 3 do unassorted 138 42 712 Do 250 4 do dust 384 27 16 Do 47 2 do souchong 70 42 73 Queensland 252 1 do bro mixed 90 43 17 Mutholiya 48 1 ch 74 ANE 254 1hf-ch congou 60 33 2 hf-ch pekoe 200 387 75 Do 256 2 do do 110 «36 18 Do 49 9 do pek sou 426 37 16 N 258 1 do dust 85 24 VON 260 1 do red leaf ve a os Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the | 78 Tommagong262 14 do bro pek 5, 79 bi Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 30th Jan., a 28 A a oP Lg Bi if ee the undermentioned lots of Tea (62,980 lb.), which sold as under :— Tot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weigne FEE SALES IN LONDON oO. No. per ib, ¢ 4 1 Downside 108 6 hf-ch bro pek 300 46 CEYLON COF 2 Do 110 4 do pekoe 205 39 ae a 3 Do 112 4 do pek sou 200 36 4 Do 114 26 do souchong 1305 35 5 Do 116 5 dow. broitlea 250 28 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 2 De Hs é ie red leat 750 a Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in fo} 0 (o} congow pO = 8 FFB 12pduehie brolpeke 400 44 Minciog Lane up to4th January 1889 9 Do 124 5 do pekoe 500 40 Ex “Oapella”’—LSD, 1t 88s; 1b 96s; 1b 2t 82s 6d; 10 Do 126 6 do do No.2 600 39 2b lt 785. ‘ 1 ane tae 3 Ge Pane op 2 Ex “Clan Maclean”—Ouvah, 3c 97s 6d; 5e 90s; de 1b 13. Do 132 3 do bro tea 330 31 90s; 2c lb 878; 1b 104s; 1 102s; 2¢ 1t 838 64; 3 bags 14. Do 134 5 do red leaf 450 22 90s; 1 bag 85s; 1 bag 79s. ’ 15 i 136 1 hfch pekoe 82 44 Ex “‘Ningchow’’—Hapugahalande, 1b 89s; 1b 86s; 2c oan mn ay 9 fo 51 36" | 1b 87s 6d; 1b 80s; 1t 101s; 1c 82s 6d; 1 bag 86s, ee Meg Praaen Ex“ Khedive”—WPF, 2t 103s; 6c 96s 6d; 4c 1b 92s 19 N 144 17 do anes pek 1020 49 6d; 1b 86s; 8c 1b 109s; 3c 86s. 5 6 Pie , 2¢ 87s; lb 87s. 20 N 146 10 do ypekoe 600 46 Ex “Duke of Argyll”—Udahena, 2c A 21 +N 148 18 do pek sou 1080 40 Ze x 150 5 ap unassorted 300 9-87 aay ; Am esi eye Le come Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in 24 GM 154 17 ch bro tea 1530 34 pe GY : 2 ot) 156 12 ae ue: 960 a Mincing Lane up to 11th January 1889 :— : 0 158 3 do pek sou 2400 4 Bx “Olan Lamont”—Ouvah JB, 5c 92s 6d. tes decane i030 Ex “Khedive”—Suduganga, 1b 94s; 1c 1t 91s 60; 20 29 Do 164 3 do souchong 240 © 27 lb 88s 6d; 1b 85s; le 107s; 1c 1t 85s; 1 bag 86s; 1 30 Pooprassie 166 8 do bro pek 960 6u bag 80s. 31 Do 168 19 do pekoe 1690 50 Ex “‘Capella””—Poonagalla, 2t 99s; 5c 1t 94s; 5c 91s; 32 Do 170 29 do pek sou 2440 44 2c 1t 91s; 2t 86s 6d; Ze 108s 6d; 2¢ 84s 6d; 3 bags 87s; 33 Walla Valley 172 Bg biel bees pek 2500 74 Tb 92s: 1 bag 80s 34 Do 174 & ) pekoe 1950 57 ? OS ‘ ° 35 Asolokanda 176 15 ch bro pek 1500 44 Ex ‘“‘Manora”—Hantane, 1t 102s; 2c 94s; le 1t 90s; 36 Do 178 15 do pekoe 1500 38 1b 82s 6d; 1b 1078; le 89s; 1 bag 89s. 37 Do 180 2 do dust 260 923 Ex “Ningchow”—Macaldenia, 5¢1t 93s; 4c 1b 89s 6d; eae te ee ee ee eee LOA ii2e 1b 85s; 1t 107s; 1¢ 85s; 2 bags 90s. etal, ic 102s; 39 1 ) ust 260 7 : . : 108s, le 83s; 3 40 Elkadua 186 37 hf-ch bro pek 1850 65 5e oe bo. Ub 290k; MadeAs iG Teele’, ; 41 Do 188 46 ch pek sou 4140 46 bags 8: a 251. gueGlaiws eneOn 42 Kaluganga 190 23 hf-ch bro pek 1150 390-57 Ex esperia: : g ’ ° 43 Do 192 29 do pekoe 1160 48 Ex “Ooromandel”—Ouvah JB, ic 1b 89s: le 1093; le 44 Do 194 27 do pek sou 108041 105s; 1c 1b 85s; 3 bags 91s 6d; 1 bag 92s; 1 bag 80s. 45 Do 196 3 do fannings 150 38 Ex “Ningchow’—Ouvah JB, 1b 84s; 2c 8ls 6d; 1c BER aon) 2) hee iio, 39 | 80s; 1e 1b 92564; 1t 78s; 1 bag 84s. OuvabGA, It 928; 48 Do 202 3 do Be mae 150 37 Qc 88s; 1c 85s 6d; 1t 98s; 1t 84s 6d; 1 bag 88s. 49 Do 204 2 do dust 1440 «26 Ex “‘Oapella’’—Wewelmadde, 1b 1038; Ib 92s; 1b 89s; . 50 Clunes 206 5 do bro mixed 250 36 Ib 109s; 1b 85s. : 51 ae : avs B Be cash 4 ay a Ex ““Telamon”—Oorfu, 2¢ 89s. 4 52 Horagoda C) TO pe) 00 1 i 53 Do 212 28 do pekoe 1288 45 Ex “Vega”—Uvakellie, 3¢ 85s. 54 Do 214 16 do pek sou 736 38 55 Do 216 2 ae ou se 160 25 J 56 H 218 44 do ro pek ° 2200 57 H 220 25 do pekoe 1250{ not CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 58 H 222 66 do pek sou 3300 { sampled ay ee - A aoe 27 ce sone tene: 1350 0 Sembawatte 2: 1c or pek No, 1114 115 ° fal dent. 61 Do 228 2 do bro pek,. 1115- ) (From Our Commercial Correspon ) » eR ‘ te 200 41, Mincine Lanz, Jan. 11th, 1888. 62 0 230 () ekoe 113 90 & . 63 Do 232 6 do aE sou fa 1107- Ex ‘‘Dorunda”—Gangwarily, 43 bags 96s; 5 bags 12. +600! Ex “Navarino”—Maragalla, 2 bags 66s; 1 bag 20s. 64 Do 234 16 do orpek ,, 1162- \ 65 Do 236 16 do ro pek ,, 1178- ; 1193 1600, not | CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. 66 Do 238 14 do pekoe ,, 1134- sampled j E : 1147 1260 Do 240 14 do peksou ,, 1148- ane # "1161 1400 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 68 De ales APT id ae 2040 1 Mincine LANE, Jan. 11th, 1888. 69 Do 244 9 do redleaf Serra “aren Ex ‘“‘Dorunda”—Callahtenne, 4 cases 28 10d; 8 cases. 50 Do 246 2 do dust’ ;, 1203- 3d; 10 cases 2s 5d. A&C, 7 casesls1ld; 1 case1s 8d; 1204 236 J 1 case 1s 7d. a rc ae 6 EEE er re ace oe ee ee ET REE ‘ CEYLON OBSERVER ”’ PRESS, COLOMBO, COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. No. 4.] CoLoMBo, Fepruary 21, 1889. Se ry Price :—12 cents each; 3 copte 30 cents; 6 copies 3 rupees COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs, KE. Benoam & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 6th Feb., |; the unodermentioned lots of Tea (4,148 lb.), which gold as under :— Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. c, 1 Yaha Ella 2 5 hf-ch unassorted 260 31 2W 4 5 do do 188 36 3 LS G. 2dr red leaf 200 21 4 Yaha Ella 8 21 hf-ch pekoe 1050 45 5 Do 10 9 do pek sou 450 38 6 Yuillefield 12 40 do do 2000 not ard. Messrs. A. H. Taomeson & Ob. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (4,812 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. perlb, cc. 1 Murray River 1 18 hf-ch pek sou 720 37 2 Do 2 2 do dust 140 27 3 Do 3 1 do bro mixed 50 28 4 Pate Rajah 4 5 do bro pek 250 58 5 Do 5 9 do pekoe 450 40 6 vo 6 6 do souchong 270 36 7 Do 7 2 do red leaf 90 22 8 PC 8 5 do orange pek 250 49 9 Do Olmaieach: pekoe 560 42 10 Do 10 8 do souchong 800 36 11 Do LeeLee dust 80 21 12 Do 12eledo! souchong 90 30 13 HJ P. 13 5 hf-ch orange pek 250 51 bid 14 Do 14 8 do pekoe 384 44 15 Do 15 4 do pek sou 192 36 NG 1 16 1 do orange pek 45 Lime Wf a eke) pekoe 44] uy) 18 1 do pek sou 44\. 37 19 Y 19 1 do 0) 56 | 20 Y 20), Ayido! bro mixed 47 Mr. C. EK. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (15,485 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec, 1 Nahalma 64 19 ch pekoe 1710 2 Do 66 9 hf-ch bro or pek 510 | not 3 Do 68 11 ch pek sou 990 ( arrived. 4 Do 70 20. do do 1880 5 MM 72 90 hf-ch pekoe 4050 47 bid 6 Do 74 75 do bro pek 3750 53. bid 7 Do 76 57 do pek sou 2565 41 bid Mr. E. JouN put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- merce Sals-room today, 6th Feb., the under- mentioned lots of Tea (29,055 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No, per lb ec. 1 KL 149 3 ch pek sou 255 35 2 ALE 150 1box bropek 25 41 3 Do 151 1 hf-ch congou 45 27 4 Do 152 i do red leat 40 23 6 Torrington 153 11 do dust 880 28 6 - Do 154 4 do bro tea 268 30 7 Do 155 1 do congou 66 34 8 Do 156 2 do red leaf 87 20 9 Kotagalla 157 14 do bropek 630 1°08 10 Do 159 14 ch pekoe 1260 70 1l Do 161 18 do do sou 1040 538 12 Kadianlena 163 59 do bro pek 5310 58 13 Do 165 58 do pekoe 4930 47 14 Do 167 48 do pek sou 4080 40 15 Do 169 2 do congou 200 25 16 Mahanilu 170 12 ch bro pek 1152.70 bid 17 Do 172 26 hf-ch pekoe 1170 61 18 Do 174 29 ch pek sou 2349 50 19 Do 176 3hf-ch congou 105 41 20 Do 177. «38 «do dust 171 29 | Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec, 21 JT 178 6 box pekoe 30. 41 22 Albion 179 29 hf-ch bro pek 1595 78 23 Do 181 10 ch pekoe No. 593- 602 830 66 24 Do 183 do pekoe No, 603- ‘ A Gl, 765). 72 25 Do 185 8 do pek sou No. 612- ; 619 680 53 26 Do 187 7 do pek sou No. 620- 626 595 53 ) 27 Do 189° 2' do dust 160 34 28 HO 190 1 do. congou 90 82 29 Do 191s do dust 162 27 30 Do 182 1 do red leaf 65 21 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th Feb. the undermentioned lots of Tea (37,008 1b.), whick | sold as under:— Mark. Box Pkgs. Descriptions. Weight ante 0. per lb. .5:c. J Aadneven 50 34 hf-ch bro pek 1870 48 bid. 2 Do 51 16 ch pekoe 1440-39 bid 8 Roseneath 52 14 hf-ch bro pek 882 = 42 bid 4 Do 53. 8 ch pekoe 816 43 B) Do 54 7 do pek sou 742 38 6 Elchico 55 6 hf-ch orange pek 360 47 bid 7 Do 56 4 do pekoe 240 41 8 Do 57 9 do pek sou 540 36 ) Do 58 5 do unassorted 300 22 bid 10 BYorwood 59 6 ch bro pek 600 58 bid ll Do 60 10 do pekoe 800 48 2 Do 61 5. do 1 hf-ch bro tea 529 36 13 2B 62 1 ch bro pek 91 40 bid 14n ie 63 3 hf-ch pekoe 117 37 bid 15 Do 64 4 do bro tea 160 31 16 Rambodde 65 13 do bro pek (Als) pena 17 Do 66 21 do pekoe 1030} 57 bid 18 Horagas- kelle OTP ado: bro pek 111 50 bid 19 Do 68 4 do pekoe 250 39 bid 20 Do 69 10 do pek sou 559. 37 21 Do jORente do, congou 50 out 22 Coodagama 71 12 do unassorted 540 36 23 Do 72 3 do bro tea 135 24 24 Do 73 5 do souchong 225 30 25 Do 74 5 do fannings 225 32 26 Do 75, 2 do red leat 90 23 27 Do 76 2 do dust 120 24 28 Do 11) “3X do unassorted No. 1 135 35 29 Do 18, . 29 do pekoe 90 40 30 St. Andrew’s 79 23 do bro pek 1472 31 Do 80 17 do pekoe 1054 t vitharn, 32 Do 81125. do pek sou 1500 } 33 LF 82 4 ch souchong 320 32 34 Do 83. 4 do bro mixed 320. :22 35 Do 8£ 16 do dust 1360 28 36 ASC 85 3 hf-ch bro pek 165 50 37 Do 86 12 do pekoe 600 37 88 Suriakande 87 66 do bro pek 3960 71 39 Do 88 94 do pekoe 5170 49 bid 40 Do 89 56 do pek sou 2360 44 bid 41 Do 90 4 do dust 260 27 42 Do 91) to do bro tea 250 34 43 Penrith 92 21 do bro pek 1050 65 44 Do 93 15 ch pekoe 1350 47 45 Do 94 23 hf-ch pek sou 1035 44 Messrs. ForsBEs & WALKER put up for aale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (37,289 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. cc. fl Goodhope 268 2 hf-ch dust 15023 2 Do 270 2 do congou 86 82 3) Heo) 272 1box_ red leaf 34). 19 4 AgraOya 274 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 139 «= 74 5 Do 276 2 ch pekoe 180 «56 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. rch) Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the oO. No perlb «4 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th Feb., the 6 H 278 44 hf-ch bropek 2200 45 bid | undermentioned lots of Tea (10,865 lb.), which sold ag 74H 280 25 do pekoe 1250 43 under :— 8 H 282 66 do peksou 3300 37 bid | Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight oo 284 27 do souchong 1350 32 bid | No. No. _ perlb. c. 10 Sembawatte 286 1 ch bro or pek Barra 21 9 hf-ch or pek 450 45 bid No 1114 115 5d 2 Do 22 10 do bro pek 500 44 bid 11 Do 288 2 do bro pek ,, 1115- 3 Do 23 16 ch pekoe . 1440 39 16 200 56 if Do 24 21 do do sou 2100 34 bid 12 Do 290 1 do pekoe ,, 1113 90 47 5 Do 25 2hf-ch dust 160 22 13 Do 292 6 do pek sou ,, 1107- 6 Wereagalla 26 8 ch pek sou 680 12° 600 42 7 ' Do 27 19 do pekoe 1513 bwitha'a, 14 Do 294 16 do orpek ,, 1162- 8 Do 28 9hf-ch bro pek 405 1177 1840 47 bid | 9 Agraoya 29 8, ch pekoe 800 60 15 Do 296 16 do bro pek ,, 1178- 10 Do 30 4 do (ro pek 400 75 1193 1600 48 bid | 11 Do 31 Wado dust 125 31 16 Do 298 14 do pekoe ,,f1134- 12 £ 32 21 do unassorted 1785 35 bid 1147 1260 46 bid |13 AY 33. 3 do bro mixed 405 26 17 Do 300 14 do pek sou ,, 1148- 1161 1400 41 xr 18 Do 302 17 do pek fags, TAG i Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chambe 2 é : of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th Feb., the 19 Do 304 9 do redleaf,, tage ag 3 undermentioned lots of Tea (24,0421b.), which sold 20 Do 306 23 do dust ,, 1203- as under :— 1204 2536 © 24 Mar ‘ sripti i 21 Bandarapola 308 19 hf-ch bro pek oat es fia’ Mou een Box °F Ege Oe or fie Pr 22 Do 310 20 do pekoe 900 49 1 Kirkoswald 193 24 hf-ch bro mixed 1680 36 23 Do 312 13 ch peksou —=—»--:1040—s 41 2 Do 195 17 do dust 1355 9-28 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 3 Mocha 196 35 do bro pek 1750 73 24 Polatagama 314 385 hf-ch bro pek 1750 4 Do 198 16 ch pekoe 1440 60 25 Do 316 52 do pekoe 2080 ot 5 Do 200 12 do pek sou 1020 49 26 Do 318 15 do do Ne, 2 600 sampled | 6 Do 202 5 do dust 650 20 27 Do 320 23 do pek sou 805 7 North Cove 203 58 hf-ch bro pek 3190 46 28 Do 322 25 do do No.2 1125 8 Do 205 22 ch pekoe 1980 43 29 Dong 324 13 do bro pek 806 37 9 Do 207 3 do congou 270 = 30 30 Do 326 10 do pekoe 550 39 0 Do 208 4 do dust 280 25 31 _ Do 328 17 do peksou 850 389637 1 Loxa 209 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 = 47 bid 32 Lindoola 330 4 ch unassorted 440 46 12 Do 211 16 ch pekoe 1440 39 bid 33 Do 332 6 do pek fans 708 47 13 B 213 9 hf-ch bro pek 540 34 Thornfield 334 18 hf-ch bro pek 1080 81 14 B 215 45 do pekoe 2700 ° 35 Do 3386 82 do pekoe 1920 70 1 B 217 2 do congou 110 $ withd’n 36 Do 3388 18 do pek sou 1080 50 16 B 218 5 do dust 315 37 Do 340 14 ch do 1400 49 17 B 219 1 do redleaf 50 38 Frotoft 342 1 hf-ch dust 15 24 18 Sherdale 220 18 do bro pek 810 45 bid 19 Do 222 19 do pek sou 855 37 ——— 10 Do 224 1 ido congou 37 29 11 Comar 225 26 do bro pek 1300 52 bid Messrs, E. BenHAm & Oo. put up for sale atthe Oham- oe oe aa a ae Pe a x bid ber of Oommerce Sale- % 24 Do 230 2 do bro mixed 100 25 e-room today, 13th Feb., the OE ANG DR a aoe. didnt 60 27 undermentioned lots of Tea (6,746 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. per lb, c. 1 KC 12 10 ch bro pek sou 1000 32 2 Kelani 14 11 pkg souchong 990 29 3 Do 16 3 do fannings 210 28 4 Do 17 3 do dust 249 21 5 Brunswick 18 16 ch bro pek 1440 62 bid 6 Do 20 24 do _ pekoe 2400 48 bid 7 Cocoawatte 22 2hfch bro pek 80 43 bid 8 Do 23 3 do pekoe 150 37 bid ; Do 24 4 do peksou 195 34 bid 10 Do 25 1 box congou 32 22 Mr. O. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 13th Feb. the undermentioned lots of Tea (14,739 Ib.), which ‘sold as under :— Lot Box Weight ‘No. Mark No. Pkgs Description per tb. c. 1 Nahalma 78 19 ch pekoe 1710 i 2 Do 80 9 hf-ch bro or pek 540 7 Ba 3 Do 82 11 ch pek sou 990 35 bid 4 Do 84 20 do do 1880 36 bid 5 Do 86 33 do pekoe 2970 38 bid 6 Do 88 15 hf-ch bro or pek 900 45 bid 1 Do 90 9 ch pek sou 855 36 bid 8 Do 92 4 hf-ch congou 240 32 bid 9 Do 94 5 do pek fans 275 34 10 AD 96 5 do bro tea 239 1 i 98 27 do bro pek 1620 not wx 100 28 do pekoe 2520 § arrived. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put upfor sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 13th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (23,293 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb. c. 1 Ossington 95 5 hf-ch bro pek 275 =. 335 bid 2 Do 96 9 do pekoe 450 37 3 Do 97 9 do pek sou 405 36 4 Do 98 2 do unassorted 716 29 bid 5 Do OO pealech dust 80 24 6 HWOD 100 9Q hf-ch bro pek 405 30 bid 7 Do 1) 92P do pekoe 80 30 bid 8 Do 2 6 do pek son 240 31 bid 9 Do 3 3 do congou 120 27 bid 10 Do 4 2 do fannings 80 21 bid 11 Do Dy ldo dust oi” 28 12 ZZ Z 6 4 do congou 160 30 13 Do 7 6 do dust 300 24 144 ES 8 5 ch red leaf 500 out 15 Do 9 6 do bro tea 660 20 bid 16 Do 0 3 do unassorted 300 27 bid 17. Do 11 1 do bropek 74 27 bid 18 12 3 hf-ch pekoe 129 42 19 Penrith 13 18 do bropek 900 866 20 Do 14 14 ch pekoe 1260 47 21 Do 15 20 hf-ch pek sou 900 40 22 Do 16 3 ch bro tea ~ 360 633 23 R 17 14 hfch ropek 882 42 bid 24 St. Andrew’s 18 23 do bro pek 1472 44 bid 25 Do 19 17 do pekoe 1054 41 bid 26 Do 20 25 do pek sou 1500 37 bid 27 K 21 14 do bro pek 770 = 44 bid 28 K 22 20 do do 1100 = 37 _ bid 29 K 23 16 ch pokve 1440 37 bid 30 Allakolla 24 12 hf-ch bro pek 660 67 31 Do 25 11 ch pekoe 1100 «56 32 Do 26 15 do pek sou 1500 46 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ce Lot Mark Box Packages No. No. 33 E 27 34 7 28 35 B 29 36 I 30 37 HGA 31 38 ~=Do 82 39 Scarborough 33 40 HK 34 41 Do 35 42 Do 36 43 Hakuru- galla 37 44 Do 38 4 BHG 39 46 Do 40 47 41 oe can i= do hif-ch PRD NR AWRAD uURewa Description or pek bro pek do pekoe bro mixed dust bro mixed bro pek pekoe congou bro pek pekoe dust red leaf unassorted Weight per lb. 360 600 91 117 630 280 210 lil 250 50 300 600 65 40 300 32 48 37 36 22 00 31 42 34 23 43 41 23 20 bid 18 bid Messrs, Forres & Waker put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 13th Feb,, the undermentioned lots of Tea (51,948 1b.), which sold asunder :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. 1 ™M 344 1 ch pekoe 110 D 346 1 bf-ch dust 61 3 L 348 1 do pek sou 41 4 F 350 1 do bro pek 55 5 F 352 2 do pek sou 100 6 K 354 1 do bro pek 55 8 Doonevale 356 1 ch bropek 100 e Do 358. 3 do pekoe 300 9 Do 360 9 do pek sou 900 10 Do 362 1 do dust 112 11 Radella 364 15 ch bro pek 1500 12300) 366 11 do pekoe 880 13 Do 3608 8 do pek sou 640 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 14 Polatagama 370 ‘5 hi-ch bro pek 1750 15 Do 372 52 do pekoe 2080 16 Do 374 15 do do No.2 600 7 Do 376 23 do peksou 805 18 Do 378 25 do do No.2 1125 19H 380 6 do bro pek 300 20 H 382 24 do pekoe 1200 21 H 384 10 do pek sou 500 22 H 386 2 do red leaf 100 23 H 388 1 do congou 50 24 H 390 do dust 150 25 Waverley 392100 do bro pek 6000 26 Do 394 81 ch pekoe 8100 27 WSA 38956 4 do souchong 480 28 Do 398 3 do dust 360 29 Do 400 1 hi-ch red leaf 60 30 East Holy- __Tocd 2 68 ch pekoe 6800 31 Middleton 4 19 hf-ch bro pek 1064 32 Do 6 59 do pekoe 2950 33 Deo 8 12 ch pek sou 1152 34 =Do 10 2 hf-ch dust 150 35 Do 12 1 do congou 48 36 PD M WE vat ON dust 133 37 Do 161 do congou 100 38 Walla Val- ley 18 36 do bro pek 3420 39 Do 20 19 do pekoe 1805 40 F 22 50 hf-ch = do 2250 41 Mukeloya 24 4 do bro pek 200 42 Do 26 17 do ~~ pekgou 645 48 J S 28 6 ch bro tea 850 44 Do 30 1 do do 740 45 Do 32 2hf-ch dust 18 46 A M 34 27 do pekoe 1269 47 Do 36 3 do fannings 198 48 Do 38 2 do dust 146 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. —_—_— (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 18th January 1889 :— Ex “Rewa’’—Dambatenne, 2c 1b 96s; 5c 92s. Ex ‘‘Dardanus”—Kataboola, 2c 1b 888 6d. Ex “Telemachus”—Orion, 20 bags 86s. Ex “Astronomer”—Lethenty, 4c 90s. Ex “Mira’”’—Laymastotte, 4c 1t 1023; 5¢ 953 6d; 2c lt 92s 6d; 1b 86s; 1c 1b 111s 6d; 1c 86s 6d; 2 bags 89s. Ex ‘‘Olaa Forbes”—IHP, 2c 85s 6d; 4c 84s 6d; 2c 838; 1b 85s. Ex “Mira”—Mausagalla, 1b 93s: 1c 89s; 2c 1t 88s; 2e 1b 86s; 16 1048; 1¢ 83s: 1 bag 87a. Ex “‘Karamania”’—Kelburne, 1c 92s; 2c 1t 86s; lb 84s; le 1b104s 61; Ic 1b 84s; 3 bags 89s 6d; lb Y1s 6a; 1-bag 82s. Dewatura, 1b 978; 2c 90s 6d; 1c 1b 87s 63; le 86s; 1b 104s; 1t84s6d. Kandahena, 1t 97s 6a; 1c 2t 92s 6d; 1e 1t 898; 1b 84s; 1t 103s; lb 84s 6d; 1 bag 90s. Ex ‘‘Olan Forbes’’—Kelburne, 1t 95s; 1b 863; 1c 104s 6d; 1c 84s; 1 bag 90s. Ex “Iberia”—Wannerajah, 1b 102s 6d; 3c 1b 101s; 4c 94s Gd; 1c 87s 6d; le 1t 111s; 1c 86s 6d, 1 bag 96s. Ex ‘‘Clan Forbes’”—Middleton, Dimbula, le 86s; Lb 82s 6d; lc 1b 103s; le 1t 86s. Ex ‘‘Karamania’”—North Matale, 8c 16 90s; 12c 2b 85s 6d; 1b S4s; le 1b 103s; 2c 1b 83s; 1 bag 81s; 4 bags 85s 6d; 1 bag 88s;1 bag 81s. Ex “‘Rosetta”—North Matale, 6c 1b 85s; 1 bag 73s. Ex “‘Mira’’—Yapame, 1b 100s; le 96s; 2c 92s 6d; lb 87s; lb 108s; 2c 2b 25s; 1b 85s; 1 bag 89s; 1t 109s Gonagalia, 4c 105s; 5¢ lb 96s 6d; 1b 88s; 2c 110s 6d le 87s; lb 91s; 1b 94s. Ex “Ningchow’’—North Matale, 20 bags 78s 6d; 1 bag 55s 6d; 4 bags 66s 6d; 1 bag 55s 6d; 1 bag 46s; 3 bags 67s 6d; 1 bag 46s; 1 bag 55s 61. Ex “Britannia’””—Darrawelle OBEC, 1t 102s; le 98s; 2c 92s 6d; 1b 86s; 1t 109s; 1b 107s; 16 86s; 1 bag 90s. Ex ‘“Cyclops’—PDO, 1c104s; 2c 100s 6d; 3c¢91s 6d; lb 85s; 1¢ 106s; 1c 85s 6d; 1b 90s. Coslanda, 1b 103s: 2¢ 1t 93s; 2¢ 1b 90s 6d; 1b 848; 1c 108s; 1t 85s 6d. Ex ‘‘Mira’”’—Sheen, le 107s; le 2t 102s; 1 bag 96s 6d; 4c 98s 6d; 1 bag 96s 6d; 1b 85s; le 110s; 1t 863, BBWD, 1c 108s; 3¢ 102s 6d; 1 bag 100s; 2c 92s 6d; lb 85s; 1c i103; 1t 87s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Glaucus’’—Ouvah, 9c 89s 6d; 10c 1t 91s. Ex “‘Diomed”—Oatton, 2c 90s. Ex “Britannia” —Deyanella OO, 1b 90s; 1c 1t 903; 1b 86s 6d; 1b 99s; 1b 83s d; 1 bag 89s 6d Ex “Manora”—Poonagalla, 1b 97s; 2c 1b 938 6d, 3c 90s; lb 84s; 1c 107s; 1¢ 1b 85s6d. CHdeS C&E, 2c 1b 89s: 5¢ 1b 905 6d; 1b 90s; 1681s; 2 bags 88s 6d; 1 bag 89s. Wiharagalla, 1t 100s; le 888; le 1t 109s; le 1t 84s; 2 bags 89s. Ex ‘“Ningchow”—Gonakelle, 2b 888; 1b 84s; 1b 79s. Ex “Karamania”—Wiharagalla, lc 104s; 6c 1b 90s; le 87s; 1c 1t 1b 109s 6d; 1c 1b 85s 6d. West Holyrood, lc 107s; 3¢ 103s 6d; 2c 1b 95s 6d; 1b 87s; 1¢ 111s; le 87s 6d; 1 bag 92s. Ex “Olan Grant”—DMR EP, 3 bags 70s. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 25th January 1889 :— Ex “Duke of Argyll’”—Warwick, lc 1b 91s; 3c 90s. Ex ‘‘Kaisow’—Norwood, 1t 104s; 5c 103s; 6c 963; le lb 89s; le 1t 113s; 1 bag 95s; 1c 87s; 2 bags 98s. Ex ‘‘Mira”—Kumaradola, 1b 95s, 2c 1t 91s; 3c 873; 1c 107s; le 1t 83s; 2 bags 89s. Ex ‘‘Khedive”—WP, 4 bags 87s 6d. Ex “Oyclops”—Keenagahaella, 1c 91s; ic 1t 898; le 86s: 1b 102s; 1b 82s 6d. Venture, 1b 1068; 2c 1b 102s 6d; 2c 1b 968; 1b 90s; 1t 113s; 1t 88s; l bag 90s 6d. Ex “‘Karamania’””—Morar, 1b 112s; 2c 1t 111s; 103s 6d; 1b 91s; 2t 117s; le 1t 88s 6d; 1 bag 96s Alloowiharie, 4c 1t 1b 93s; 5e 1t 88s 6d; 1b 83s 2b 108s; 2b 104s 6d; 2c 85a; lb 84s; 2b 85s 6d. Ex ‘‘Dacca’—Gordon, 2c 1b 90s 6d. Ex ‘‘Olan Lamont’’—Sarnia, le 87s 6d. Ex “Kaisow’—Mausagalla B, 2c 1025; 3e 1b 94s; 88s; 1c 112s; 1c 84s 6d; 2 bags 90s. Ex “Laertes’’-—Chapelton, 1b 106s; le 1t 100s 6d; 1t 93s; 1b 86s 6d; 1c 114s; 2t 86s 6d. Ex “Kaisow”—Palli, 1t 875; le 1t 848 6d; 1b 838; 90s; 1b 86s; 1b 81s; 1b 80s. Ke) 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ex “Karamania”—Elmshburst, 2c $88; 6¢ 1t 378; 1c | 848; 1b 100s; 1t 99s; 1t 1c 88s 6d; 1 bag 86s. Victoria, 1b 1c 86s 6d; 3c 1b 86s 6d; 1b 87s 6d; 1t 90s; le 83s 6d; 1 bag 86s; 1 bag 85s. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 1st February 1889 :— Ex “Rewa”—Lawrence, 2c 110s 6d; 10c 1b 105s; 5¢ 96s Baio it 1b 96s 6d; 1c1t 90s 6d; 4c 114s; 3c 87s 6d; 1c 86s; 1b 96s; 4 bags 100s 6d; 1 bag 110s; 1 bag 88s; Ic 113s. 13¢ 1b 106s 6d. Del Rey, 9c 1b 98s; 1b 90s; 1c 116s; 1c 87s 6d; 1b 938 5d; 1 bag 97s. Ex “Ningchow”—Del Rey. 1b 110s; 2c 105s 6d; 3c 97s; 1b 89s; 1c 116s; 1t 87s; lb 93s 6d. Ex “Karamania”—North Matale, 1 bag 77s. Ex “Port Augusta”—Ury, 2c 1t 96s. Ex “Oyclops”—PDO, 3c 92s. Ex *““Dacca”—TOPD, 1+ 94s. Ex “Khedive”—Wellekelle, 2c 88s 6d. Ex “Laertes”—-Mahanilu, 1b py Ze ae 6d; 2c 1t 97s 6d: 1b 90s 6d; 4c 115s, 1b 86s; 1 bag 98s. : Ex “Olan Alpine’’—Niabedde, 1b 100s; 5¢ 94s 6d; 3c lb 94s 6d; 3 bags 93s. : Ex gilirzepoie) ,Gowerel Ex “Moyune’—Palli, 5c 88s. Ex Bees “Hey acaran: 1b 114s; 2c¢ 1b 108s 6d; 3c 101s 6d: 1b 91s; 1c 117s 6d; 1b 87s; 1bag 105s. Ex “Taertes”—Ouvah, 2c 1b 95s 6d; 6c1b 90s 6d; 1t 86s; 1b 104s; 1t 102s. 1c 1b 85s; 3 bags 90s. Ex “Oyclops”—Moorlam, 1b 87s; 2¢ 1b 86s; 6d; 1b 92s: 1b 80s; 2 bags 85s 6d; 1 bag 16s. Ex “Widdrington”—Brookside, 3c 91s 6d. Ex “Kaisow’—Meddecombra, 1t 106s; 3c 104s; 8c 1b 95s 6d; 1b 89s; 1c 117s; 1c $8s 6d; 1 bag 94s. Ex “Cyclops”—Blair Athol, 1b 108s; 2c 1b 106s, 4c 1 b96ds: 9b 886d; 1c 116s; 1b 95s; 1t 87s 6d; 1t 86s 6d; 1 bag 96s; 1 bag 68s. x “Orestes” Blair Athol, 1b 105s; 2c 988 6d; 2c 1b 92s 6d: 1b 88s; 1c 112s; 1t 2b 95s; 1 bag 94s.s Ex ‘‘Rewa”_—Ravenswood, 2c 803s; 5¢ 1b 94s; 1c 1b 878 6d; 1c 115s. Hanipha, 2c 104s; 3c 1b 95s; 1c 8ss: 1t 106s; 5 bugs 82s 6d. Ex ‘“Kaisow’—Cabragalla, 1b 96s; 1b 87s; 1c 116s; 1 bag 96s; 1c 87s 6d. Ex “Rewa”—Bridwell, 1b 112s; 2c 107s; 2¢ 1b 90s; 111188; 1b 96s; 1t 89s; 1 bag 98s. Kirkoswald, 90 113s; 7¢1t 107s 6d; 6c 97s 6d; Ib 91s; 2c 118s 64d; 1c 97s; 2c 1b 88s 6d; 1c 1b 84s 6d; 2b 103s 6d; 1b 87s; 2c 80s 6d; 3bags 99s6d. Sheen, 1 bag 865; 1e 113s; 3c It 106s; 3c 1b 97s 7d; 1b 90s. 1c 118s; 1b 97s 1c 89s. Ex “Cyclops”—Coslanda, 2 bags 93s. Ex “Rewa”—Blackwood, 2c 1t 102s; 5¢ 1b 94s 6d; 1c 89s; 1c 115s; 1 bag 93s6d. Meeriabedde, 7c 1b 96s 6d: 1c 91s; lc 1b 116s 6d; 1 bag 93s 6d; 4 bags 85s 6d. Louisa, Ic 111s; 2c 1t 108s 6d; 2c 101s; 1t 115s; 1t 90s; Tb 97s. Galkandawatte, 1c 111s; 3c 1t 107s 6d; 3c lt 96s 6d; 1t 89s; 16 116s; 1c 96s; Ic 1b 89s. Elbedde, 1b 109s; 3c 1t 106s 6d; 5c 90s 6d; 1b 88s; Yc 116s 6d; le 1t 88s 6d; 1b 96s 6d; 2 bags 100s; 1t 76s; 2c ob 1t 69s 6d. Ex “Pallas’—Ouvah GA, 5c 93s. 9c 1t 91s 6d. le 83s 1b 110s; 2¢ 1b 103s 6d; 4e 1 bag 93s; 1b 90s; CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN |LONDON. Mincine LAne, Jan. 18th. 1889. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem 2a 3hd to 44a aa os ‘id 2d to 24d Mari os 63d rr) 2, . . ST «&LOC,A in Qe 1b 98s 6a; |K ‘ Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem. diamond 23d to 33d 44d to 9d Dedugalla oat 3h Raxawa ee 4d to 63d Woodville, hybrid or zd Vedehette fae 34d Hauteville oes 63d to 7d Kateoloya 3d aa Yoxford one 2¢d to 4d Kirkoswald 33d 63d MCCCo, in diamond, hybrid = 7a to Tid MCCCo, in diamond, calisaya 54d Amanadowa MCCCo. in diamond, hybrid ... id Berragalla 24d to 3d F os Blackwood 3d 34d) Fermoyle 3d ae RP in cirele, mixed 22d to 23d pee Diyagama 23d 4d Rangbodde sa 23d Braemore 23d 43d to 53d IMP in diamond # 4a Yarrow 3y Madulsima 22d # Tommiebeg 2d 4d to 43d Ury 24d 43d Agrakande 2d 4d pi Mahakande ar 43 3a Somerset 3d = oP, Kitoolkelle 2a 2d 3d ST& LC§, in diamond 3d ie H O in diamond 2d OD 2d Troup 3d to 33d e VARY KMOK 3d 4kd - Middleton 22d to 34d 23d to 43d OFFICINALIS. Eskdale 3d 7d 63d Hauteville “0 63d to 7d es Woodlake 3d to 3$d ee me Gonamotaya 33 id = St. John’s 35 cas 7d Stafford ase dd to 53d oa Ragalla 3d ie 5d to 55d) Diyagama 33d 5d at Braemore 35 64 6d St. Leonards 2a sae 5d Lauriston aes 43d bid Mattakelle 4d 53d to 6d re Coneygar 27d a see Northeove 33d to 4d ons sa Mahacudagalla oo 4d 6d MOK 4kd 7d om Monkswood 3d to 33d ie 7a CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, Mincine Lane, Jan. 25th, 1889. Ex “Kaisow”—Maria, 12 bags 75s 6d; 2 bags 68s 6d. Palli, 26 bags 64s; 3 bags 76s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON,. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, Jan. 25th, 1889. Ex “Karamania”—Windsor Forest, 2 cases 2s 6d. New. Pracock, 2 cases 3s; 1 case 25 4d; 1 case 2s. Mount Pleasant, 1 case 2s; 5 cases 28 2d; 1 case 1s 7d; 1 case 1s 10d. Ex “Clan Stuart’’—3 boxes 2s 6d. Ex “Cyclops’—Gavatenne, 4 cases 2s 7d; 2 cases 2s. 4d. Ellangowan, 2 cases 2s 5d; 1 case ls 8d. Asgeria, 4, cases 2s 6d. 2 cases 1s 11d. Dromoland, 1 case 2s 8d; 2 cases Is 1ld. Meddecombra, 4 cases 2s 7d; 2 cases Is 9d; 3 cases 2s 10d; 3 cases 2s 1d. Ex “Kaisow’—Yattawatte 3 cases 2s 9d; 9 cases 2s. 7d; 1 case 189d; 1 casels 8d; 1 case 1s 9d. Great Valley, 10 cases 2s 2d; 8 cases 2s 3d; 5 cases 2s 2d; 2 cases. 2s 1d; 2 cases Is 11d. (Tae ene ee eS ‘6 CEYLON OBSERVMR ’’ PRESS, COLOMBO, COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, CGCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. a ELIE CRE IAI PLL I Pricer :—124 cents each; 3 copies : CoLomBo, Marcu 11, 1889. 2 : No. 5 J 2 AES eo 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee: COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Tot Mark Box Packages Description haben ey : EG ae 14 Yatta 58/1... do dust 108 29 Mr. C. HE. H. Symons put up for sale at the) ! 5 hf-ch Ohamber of Commerce sale-room today, 20th Feb., 15 Mutholiya 59 iL puget » pekoe 32235 fs) . -C the undermentioned lots of Tea (9,040 lb.), which 16 Do 604 “oh pek sou 588-38 sold as under :— 1 Do 61 1 hf-ch congou 45 23 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Welene 18 Aadnevyen 62 20 hf-ch bro ate 1100 = 47 bs oO. } ex, ° Cc. 5 4 5) i 1 Demmeria 1 15 hf-ch pekoe ptg25 43 De oa ete i pelve ae lio On BBE Ise22\"do" broypekoe 1210.48 a1) Do), 65 5. ch bro tea 450 29 3 Do 5 3 do mixed tea 165 Bd 22 Penrith 66°32 hf-ch pekoe 1600 45 bid 4x 7 28° do pekoe 2520 38 23° Do 67 23 do pek sou 1035 42 5 xX 9 29 do bro pekoe 1620 40 24 Do 68 1. do bro tea 60 29 6 Nahalma 11 19 chests pekoe 1710 38 Oy 200 By 69... 2° do pekoe 100 37 7 Do 13 11 do peksou 990 36 26 Do 70 1 do bropek 72. 36 27 Blairavon 17 16 ch do 1280 44 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the | 28 Do 72 31 do pekoe 2480 40 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 20th Feb., | 29 Do) Wis a 9E do pek sou LAM so) the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,486 Ib.), which | 30 De ieee a8 preted ED sold as under:— ; peli LY ee Lot a Box Pkgs. Descripti i Na Mark Nour peor east & Messrs. ForBes & WALKER put up for sale at the 1 Barra 1 9 hf-ch — or pekoe 450 39 bid| Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 20th Feb., 25 Do: 2 12 ch pekoe 960 36 bid | the uadermentioned lots of Tea (64,844 1b.), which sold 5 De : 18 cn ‘ bok sou 1500 32 bid! as under :— ; io) -c ust 160 23 ¢ or ipti i 5 cWeresenlla’ 5. /as'ch Bekeou 680 Ot Mark Bor Pkgs Description Wien a 6 Do 6 19 do pekoe 1615} withd’n.| 1 Mahatenne 40 1 hf-ch red leaf y 70. 21 7 Do 7 9 hfch bro pek 405 2° Do 42 3 do dust 225 93 8 D8 8 1 box do 17 3 Pantiya 44 7 ch bro pek 770 48 9 Do 9 1 do pek sou 17 t 30 4 ‘0 46 9 ch ekoe 810 43 10 Do 10 1 do sou 37 5 Do 48 22 ch ek sou 1870 37 11 ‘Do LiGaledo red leaf 15) 622 6aeDo: 50 1 ch Bro tea 1029 12 Rk 12 7 boxes congou 350-30 7 Kirimettiya 52 6 hf-ch bro pek 306 53 13 R 13 4 boxes dust 280 26 5 Be 54 i Re Bekos 600 49 3 ‘0 bi (a) pek sou 800 37 Mr. E. JouNn put up for Sale at the Ohamber | 10 Do 58 14 do souchong 700 32 of Commerce Sale-room today, 20th Feb., the under-| 11 Do 60 id de eam th 200g 28 mentioned lots of Tea (21,257 lb.), which sold as) }% ee Seo B. de roaleat OR zu under :— 4 F 9 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weigh af ay ee 6 a dan at - No. No. per Ib. ec. 16). Do 70 9 ch pek No.2 900 39 11 Temple- 17 Do 72 13 ch peksou 1170 36 stowe 232 27 hf-ch or pek 1620 90 18 AK 74 8 ch souchong 720 33 Do 234 24 do pekoe 1248 70 19 Do 76 3° chi bro tea 330 36 Do 236 32 do pek sou 1792 54. 120 Do 78 5 ch congou 450 29 Do 238 3 do bro mix 213° 37 21 Glenorchy 80 23 hf-ch bropek 1265 48 Do 239 3 do dust 258 = 28 22 Do 82 47 do pekoe 2350 41 Blackburn 240 12 chests bro pek 1200 50 23 LE 84 95 do bropek 4750 50 Do 242 12 do pekoe 1080 43 bid} 24 Do 86 217. do pekoe 10850 41 Do 244 17 do peksou 1360 40 25 Do 88 68 do pek sou 3400 37 Do 246 4 do souchong 400 33 26 Do 90 30 do pek fans 1500 25 Do 247 1 do dust 140 25 27 Galbodde 92 7 do bropek ° 376 43 bid Clontarf 248 8 hf-ch bro pek 490 57 bid | 98 Do 940". 9) do pekoe 404 39 itl Do 250 10 do pekoe 616 49 29. Do 96 11 do peksou 477 36 bid Do 252 V6mech pek sou 571 43 30 Do 98 1 do pek No2 50 2 et t Do 254 1 hf-ch bro mix 49-33 | 31 Do 100 2 do pek sou No 2 88 33 bid Do 255 1 do dust 40 26 3211 Doyen 1102) )ilh, kde pek dust 63 25 BK 256 20 do bro pek 1000 = 48 bid | 33 Do Ton iden ae Heotmnie 115 28 bid Torrington 258 33 do do 1980 73 34 Attabage 106 12 ch or pek 1080 76 Do 260 23 do pekoe 1150-60 35 Do 108 26 ch pekoe 2080 55 Do 262 54 do pek sou 2700 48 36 Do 110 24 ch pek sou 2040 7 Loxa 264 20 do bropek 1100 = 49 bid | 37 Do TOPO each souchong ‘80 ; Do 266 25 ch pekoe 2250 45 | 38 Do 114 «#1 = ~hf-ch aowre. 32 31 —————— 39 Do ll6 1 ch dustin), 140 |. 96 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the | 40 Do 118 1 ch do 36 } = Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 20th Feb., 4! Bandara, ; P é ate the undermentioned lots of Tea (16,087 lb.), which sold | 45 is = ioe aa aoe Bae au road as under:— | 43 Do 124. 24 an mekioe ‘ 1200 51 a Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight | 44 Do 12618 ‘do roe sou 720 4 No No. per lb. c. (45 Do 128 14 ch bro mix 1260 37 dic 45 2 hf-ch bro mix 90 33 AG hula Dow 4130), iSiunch dust 300 28 2 Do 46 2 do dust 130 25 4% . Do 132 4 hf-ch pekfans 240 33 Oa 47 3 do bro pek 156 40 48 Mooloya 134 4 do pekoe 200 dd 4 1 48 1 do pekoe 46 35 49 Do 136 2 do bro mix 100 41 5 Rambodde 49 8 do bro pek 440. 63 50 CB 138 5, do do | 300-38 6 Do 50 13. do pekoe 650-56 51 Do 140 1 do dust "80.24 7 CTM oly 4 Sado! bro mix 160 26 52 Elkadua 142 22 do bro pek 1100 65 bid 8 Do 62 3 ' do dust 195 23 53 Do 144 380 ch pek sou 2700 46 9 P 58 4° do do 320 5 54 Do 146. 3 ch dust "390 28 10 D 54 6 do- bro tea 330 31 55 Invery 148 1. hf-ch pekoe BA!) 46 11 D 5) 2 do bro mix 100 25 56 Craig 150)" i1p4.do: congou 45° 32 12 D 56 2 do bro pek 130 25 57. Do 152 1, ‘do bro tea 64 29 13 Yalta 57 1 chest congou 72 42 58 Theberton 154 10 do bro pek 500 46 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES) LIST. Lot. Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb C 59 Do 156 12 do pekoe 600 41 bid 60 Do 158 47 do pek sou 2350 36 61 Do 160 10 do bro peksou 500 31 62 Do 162 4 do pek dust 200 24 63 Middleton 164 30 do pekoe 1500 55 64 Dunedin 166 2 ch do 170 n’t ard. 65 WV 168 20 ch bro pek 2200 52 66 Do 170 16 ch ekoe 1600 33 67 Pennygalla 172 3ch &1hf-ch pek sou 355 45 68 Gurudaneyal74 2 hf-ch bro pek 114 48 69 Do Gi (2) ch pek son 189 45 70 W 178 2 hfch bro tea Ligases 71 W 180 2 do ust - 156 o4 72 Bogaha- goda 182 1 do bro pek 40 40 73 Do 184 3 do pekoe 104 BL 74 Do 186 6 do pek sou 240 28 75 Do 188 2 do bro tea 80 21 76 Do 199 1 do red leaf 45 21 77 Avisawella 192 3 ch fannings 270 29 78 Do Togs 2) sen pek dust 250 29 719 Do 196 1 ch dust 130 23 80 Bismark 198 1 ch dust 100 25 Mr. ©. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots: of Tea (9,381 lb.), which sold as under :— (Factory Bulked.) Lot Box ; Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs Description per lb. c. 1 P migeyion 15 70 hf-ch pekoe 3150 52 bid 2 17 35 do bropek 1750 60 3 be 19 75 do pek sou 3375 44 4™MK 21 2 do unassorted 600 withd’ (Factory Bulked.) 5 S 23 3 hf-ch bro pek 141 47 6 Traquir 25 2 do do 85 7 Do 27 2 do pek sou 80 38 8 Do 29 4 do bro tea 160 9 Do Bil al els) mixed tea 40 Messrs, E. BenHAm & Oo. put up for sale atthe Oham- ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,515 lb.), which sold as uuder:— (Bulked.) : poe Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight oO, No. per lb. ec. 1 Norton 26 37 hf-ch tro pek 1850 51 bid 2 Do 28 19 do pekoe 950 46 3. Do 30 13 do pek sou 650 40 4 Do 32 10 do pek fans 500 30 5 Doomba 84 18 ch unassorted 1800 42 6 Do 36 1 do 1 hf-ch congou 130 634 “7 Cocoawatte 37 2 do bro pek 80 45 bid 8 Do 38 3 do pekoe 150 40 9 Do 39 4 do pek sou 195 36 10 sft 40 2 do pekoe 98 11 Do Abe fl le pek sou ss} 32 12 Do 42 1 ch souchong 63 Messrs, A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the “Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th Feb., the undermeMpned lots of Tea (20,810 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Bon, Packages Description Weight No, perlb. c. 1 Rk W iL 3 hf-ch fannings 195 337, 2 Do 12. 3 do bro mixed 150 25 3 Do 13 2 do dust 150 95 4 Murray River 14 24 do pek sou 1080 40 5 Do 15 4 do pekoe 200 43 6 Do 16 4 do bro pek 224 44 bid 4 Do 17 2 do dust 160 27 8 Do 18 1 do bro mixed 56 33 9 Cotta 19 1 ch souchong 90 26 10 Do 20 4 hf-ch dust 300 25 11 Do 21 39 ch pek son 3900 34 12 Do 22 31 do pekoe 2530 39 bid 13 Do 23 5 hf-ch bro pek 260 41 bid 14 Do 24 20 do or pek 1000 50 15 Esperanza 25 11 do _ bro pek 550-67 16 Do 26 32 do pekoe 1600 48 Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs Description per lb. ¢ (Factory Bulked.) 17 Lauderdale 27 m3 a pekoe 300 43 18 Do bro pek sou 2100 41 19 Do 29 cr fe bro pek 1350 55 20 Do 30 36 do bro ee sou 1800 41 21 RW 31 3 do fannings 180 40 22 Do 32 3 do bro mixed 150 28 23 Do 33 2) do dust 160) 28 24 Detenagalla34 22 do bro pek 990, 56, bid 25 Do 3527 do pek sou 1215 42 bid 26 Do 36 2 do tannings 120 = 33 bid Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th Heb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (21,381 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per ib. -c. 1 Peradenia 268 3 ch souchong 360 38 2 Do 269 2 do fannings 260 89634 3 Do 270 2 do dust 300-26 4 Mocha 271 58 hf-ch bro pek 2900 75 5 Do 273 25 ch pekoe 2250 459 6 Do 275 14 do pek sou 1190 51 1 ado: 277 16 do souchong 1280 42 8 Albion 279 33 hf-ch bro pek 1815 74 te) Do 281 21 ch _ pekoe 1785 59 10 Do 283 15 do pek sou 1275 53 1l Do 285 2 do dust 160 25 12 Maria 286 18 hf-ch souchong 900 48 13 Do 288 1 ch bro mixed 55 28 14 Do 289 1 do dust 112 °28 15 Tarf 290 43 hf-ch bro pek 2365 «67 16 Do 11 42 do pekoe 2100 5d 17 Do 13’ Leb 1 hf-ch souchong 125 41 18 Do 14 5 do dust 365 30 OD eNee 15 1 do congou 55 «29 20 Do 16 1 do _ read leaf 46 30 21 B Li od) 120) congou 165 32 22 B 18 1 do redleaf 50023 23 B 19 7 do dust 525 925 24 Logan 20 20 do pek sou 900. 44 big Messrs. Forpes & Waker put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (43,508 lb.), which sold as under *:— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. , per lb, ec. 1 Dunedin 202 2 ch pekoe 170 42 2 204 29 ht-ch bro pek 1450 46 bid 3 H 206 30 do pekoe 1500 43 4 H 208 83 do pek sou 4150 39 5 oN 210 16 do or pek 960 50 6 N 212 11 do pekoe 660 40 Ni 214 26 do peksou 1560 38 8 N 216 2 do bro mixed 120 31 9 'Thornfield 218 24 do bro pek 1440 78 10 Do 220 40 do pekoe 2400 58 1l Do 222 36 do pek sou 2160 48 12 Do 224 2 do do dust 150 30 13 Cooroondo- ' watte 226 5 do unassorted 250 39 14 Do 228 1 do dust 10! 25 15 Do 230 1 do congou 50 29 16 Pansala- tenne 932 6 do bro tea 330 36 17 Do 234 J do dust 80 26 18 Lyegrove 236 28 do bro pek 1400 50 19 Do 288 23 do pekoe 1150 43 20 Do 240 2 do dust 130 eS 21 Holmwood 242 32 do bro pek 1760 64 22 Do 244 38 ch pekoe 3800 53 23 Do 246 13 do pek sou 1300 45 24 Do 248 7 hf-ch dust 490 27 25 Farnham 250 23 do pekoe 1035 42 26 Do 252 24 do pek sou 1080 38 27 Middleton 254 25 do bropek 1400 72 28 Do 256 20 do pekoe 1000 59 29 Do 258 2 do dust 150 27 30 Do 260 1 do congou 48 52 31 Gondenawa 262 40 do bro pek 2000 853 bid 32 Do 264 37 ch pekoe 3330 48 33 Do 266 8 do peksou 680 39 34 WO 268 8 do pek fns 1000 40 85 G 270 3 hf-ch bro mixed 150 37 36 G 272 2 do dust 160 28 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Messrs. SOMERVILLE XX Co. ‘Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th Feb. the undermentioned lots of Tea (20,337 lb.), which sold as under Messrs. E. BENHAM & Oo. put up for sale at the | ayia (Bulked ) Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No perjlb.)}-c: 1 Kuruwitty 76 7 box bro or pek 154 90 2 Do 77 14 hf-ch bro pek.. 700 52 3 Do 78 7 do pekoe _ 350 = 43 4 Do 79 19 do pek sou 855 39 5 Do 80) 1 do bro tea 58 35 " Do 8L 2 do congou 96 30 7 Do Capers chi dust 82 27 (Bulked.) 8 WK 83 21 hf-ch souchong 1050 41 9 Do 8f 2. ch dust 150 28 10 Castle 85 2 hf-ch bro pek 120 11 Do 86 2 do pekoe 110 } not ard 12 Do 87 2 do pek sou 100 13 Aadneven 88 20 do bro pek 1100 49 bid 14 Do 89 25 ch pekoe 2250 42 bid 1 8 90 1 do dust 70 25 16 Suriakande 91 46 hfi-ch bro pek 2300 67 bid V4 Do 92 77 do pekoe 34t5 51 18 Do 93° 36 do pek sou 1800 42 bid 19 Mutholiya 94 2 ch 3 hf-ch pekoe 320 33 20 Penrith 95 20 do bro pek 1000 68 21 EC 96 2 do bro mixed 100 27 22 CR 97, °6.ch bro pek” 598 61 23 Do 98 3 hf-ch pekoe 115 40 24 Do 99° 2 do ‘dust - 120. 25 25 Do lu0 1 do pek dust 60. 27 26 Do ih ith do! bro mixed 50 29 27 SK 2 hl) chi me 1 ht-ch bro pek’ 149 46 28 IP Se! Ch bro tea 630 not ard 29 St. Clive 4 13 hf-ch~ bro pek 700 42 30 Do 5 8 do pekoe 400 41 31 Do 6 1 do souchong 50 33 32 Do fie 2 do bro mixed 90 22 33 Do 2 3 do pek fans ee 195 27 ‘ | 3 ch pekoe (1 lb. pkt.) 246 CA e | 4 (1 1b. packet) pekoe 4 35 Do 19) 3 ch pek sou (1 1b, pkt.) 246 : ; ( 4 (1 1b, pkt.) pek sou 4 }withd’n, 38 = Do 11 3 ch ~ bro Mixed 300 8Tieh ing 12) 1 do pek dust (1 1b. pkt.) 100 \ 50 (1 lb. pkt.) pek dust 507 Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 6th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (8,610 lb.), which sold as under Lot No. Mark 1 Cocoawatte 2 Do 3 Do 4 Do 5 Gnueiss 6 Do 7 Do 8 Do 9 Do 10 NN ber of sold as under Lot Mark No. — Nahalma Patiagama Do MK H H SBEONGURWNe _ ox No. Pkgs. 43 4 hf-ch 44 7 do 46 8 do 48 2 do 50 28 do 52 15 ch 54 25 do 56 «7 hf-ch 58 16 do 60 37 do No. Commerce Weight Description perlb. c. bro pek 240), pekoe 350 , not pek sou 480 (arrived. congou 100 or pek 1400 60 bid pekoe 1200 48 bid pek sou 1875 42 bid bro tea 315 34 fannings 800 32 bro pek 1850 51 — Mr. C. EB. H. Symons put up for sale at the Cham- Sale-room today, 6th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (9,769 lb.), which (Factory Bulked.) Box Packages Description Weight per lb. ec. 27 ch pekoe~ 2430 944 18 hf-ch bro pek 990 47 bid 8 ch pek sou 760 40 4 hf-ch congou 180 36 6 do pek fans 330 896.84 62 do pekoe 2871 42 bid 24 do bro pek 1263 ~=—-553_ bid 12 do unagssorted 600 30 1 do congou 45 42 2 ch dust 300 29 } put up for sale at the Messrs, SompeRvitLE & Co. put up for saleat the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 6th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (30,905 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark. Box No. oO. 1 Relugas 13 2 Do 14 3 Do 15 4 Do 16 5 Do 17 6 Penrith 18 7 Do 19 8 Wewesse 20 9 Do 21 10 Do 22 11 Rambodde 238 12 Do 24 13 Do 25 14 I P 26 15 Allakolla 27 16 Do 28 17 Zululand = 29 18 Do 30 19 Do 31 20 BS 32 21 Castle 33 22 Do 34 23 Do 35 24 Horagas- kelle 26 25 Do 37 26 Do 38 27 LBK 39 28 CC 40 29 Do 41 30 P 42 31 Friedland 43 32 Do 44 33 Do 45 84 Do 46 35 Salawe 47 36 Do 48 37 Do 49 38 Do 50 39 Forest Hill 51 40 Do 52 41 Do 53 42 Depedene 54 43 Do 55 44 Do 56 45 HD 57 46 Do 58 47 Do 59 48 Hatdowa 60 49 Do 61 (Bulked ) Pkgs. Deseription, 25 hf-ch bro pek 19. ch pekoe 20 do pek sou 13° do do 2 do dust 23 hf-ch pekoe 20 do pek sou (Bulked.) 26 hf-ch bro pek 389 do pekoe 5 do souchong 10 do bro pek 18 do pekoe 3 ch dust (Bulked.) 7 ch bro tea (Bulked.) 13 ch pekoe 19 do pek sou 22 hf-ch bro pek 17 do pekoe 22 do pek sou 7 box pekoe 2 hf-ch bro pek 2 do pekoe 2 do pek sou (Bulked.) 2 hf-ch bro pek 3 do pekoe - 8 do pek sou (Bulked.) 7 ch red leaf 2 do ‘ 4 hf-ch pekoe 19 seh 2 hf-ch souchong 4 do 1 box unassorted (Bulked.) 18 hf-ch bro pek 25 do pek Nos, 19-43 25 do do do 44-68 2 do souchong (Bulked.) 2 hf-ch bro pek 2 do pekve 1l do pek sou 2° do bro mixed 3 do bro pek Ps ch do 6 do pek sou (Fulked.) 4 hf-ch bro pek 4 do pekoe 12 do pek sou (Bulked.) 16 hf-ch bro tea 4 do bro mixed 1 do dust 3 do pekoe 5 do bro mixed Weight perwbye Cs 1375 72 bid 2090 55 2000 48 1300 notard, 137 25 1150 47 900 41 1300 = 41: bid 1950 35. bid 250, 31 550 48 bi 900 45 bid 195 28 630 28 1300 51 1900 42 bid 1100 47 850 40 1100 37 140 40 120 110} not ard. 100 100 53 193 42 475 36 700 30 335 36 200 31 249 37 900 1050 » withd’n, 1050 92 41 11852 sabe car g 550 40 104 33 180 89 88 50 540 48 200° «54 200 44 540 38 800 32 200 30 82 26 200 36 200 33 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 8th February 1889 :— Ex “Golconda’”’—Mahaberiatenne, 1b 90s; lb 87s: 2b 2s; 1e 105s. Darrawelle, 1¢ 102s; le 1t 95s 6d; 1b 90s; 1t 116s; 1t 88s. Dodangalla, 1¢ 90s; le lb S7s 6d; 1b Kondesalle, 1t le Lb 88s; 1b 85s 6d, 1b 85s 6d; 1b 81s, Naranghena, 2b 93s 6d; 1b 84s; 1b 80s. 81s. Ex “Duke of Buccleuch”—Madewelle, 1t 107s; 3c 104s; 5c 94s; le 1b 89s; 1c 1178; 1c lb 85s; 2 bags 93s; 1 bag 83s; 1t 99s; 2c 2t 93s. WPF, 3c 89s; 1t 86s 64; 2c 109s 6d; 3c 85s; 1 bag 88s; 1 bag 82s 6d. Ex “Goorkha”’—WP, 1b 85s. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ex “‘Golconda”—Gowravilla, 1t 1b 110s; 6c 106s 6d; 4c 97s; 1t 90s; le 2t 121s; le 89s; 2 bags 102s Forres, 1b 106s; 1c 1t 103864; 1c 1b 95s 6d; 1b 90s; 1¢ 120s 6d; Ib 89s; 1 bag 99s. Ex “Hispania”— Wert Holyrood, 1t 110s; 5¢ 105s; 2c 105s 6d; 3c 97s 6d; 1t 90s; lec 1t 121s; le 2t 89s 6d; 2 bags 102s; 1 bag 89s. Ex ‘‘Mamora”—WHG, 1c lt 85s 6d; 2 bags 95s. Ex “Golconda” —Ambawella, 3c 1b 98s; 7c 1t 95s; 1t 90s; 1b 116s; 1c 114s; 1c 1b 883 6d; 1 bag 96s. Ex “Hispania”—RWA, 5¢ 98s; 2c 978 6d; 4c 1t 92s 6d; 1b’ 86s; 1t1b 111s 61; 1t 87s; 1 bag 95. Ex “Orestes”—St. Olair, 1c 16 110s; 7c 1t.105s 6d; 5c 97s 6d; Ic 90s; 2c 118s; 1t 1b 89s 6d; 3 bags 102s 64. Ex “Golconda’—St. Clair, 1c 1b 109s 6d; 5c 104s 6d; Be 104s; 2c 1b 104s; 4c1t lb 96s6d; 1t 91s; 2c 1t117s 6d; 3c 89s; 3 bags 102s 6d; 1 bag 104s; 1 bag 93s. Ex “Hispania”—Kahagalla, 1b 114s; 4c 1078; 2c 1t 988; 1b 91s; 2t 118s 6d; 1c 89s; 2 bags 100s 6d; le 89s. North Matale, 1c 1b 86s; 2b 89s 6d; 4b1c 1 bag 84s. Ex “Duke of Buccleuch’’—Talawakellie, 1c 111s; 3c 1t 105s; 2c 98s; 1b 91s; le 119s; le 89s; 1 bag 102s. Manickwatte, 1 109s; 4c 1t 97s 6d; le 90s; 2c 119s; Ic 1b 89s; 2 bags 103s; 1 bag 91s 6d. : Ex “Oapella”—Poonagalla 3c 91s 6d withdrawn. Ex “Golconda”—Ouvah, 2c 1t 98s 60; 6c 928 6d; 1t 87s; 1b 1138; 1c 108s; le 878; 3 bags 9486d. Ex “Rewa”—Mahadowa, 1c 1t 95s 6d; 3c 928; 1t 89s; 1b 106s; 7 bags 87s.: Ex “Coromandel”—Berragalla, 3c 93s. Ex “‘Moyune”—Rajawelle, 4c 88s 6d. Ex “ Olan Lamont”—Ouvah, 2b 106s 6d. Ex “Golconda’’—CHdeS, 2c¢ 89s; 2c 1t 91s 64; 1b 93s; 1t 85s 6d; 2c 85s 6d; 1c 91s; 1 bag 79s; 1 bag 88s. Grange OO, 1b 90s 6d; 2t1ce 86s 6d; 1t 86s; 1t 1b 94s 6d, 2c 84s 6d. Middieton, Dimbula, 1b 108s; 4c 1t 104s 6d; 1c 1b 98s 6d; 1b 928; 1c 1b 117s 6d; 1c 1t 90s. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 15th February 1889 :— Ex “Buccleuch”—Tillicoultry, 1¢ 1098; 5c 1t 105s; 1 bag 102s; 4c 985; 1 bag 96s; 1t 938; 2c 121s 6d; 3c 91s. Ex “Hispania”—Mount Vernon, 2c 105s; 4c¢ 98s; 1b 90s; 1e 121s: 1c 90s 6d; 2 bags 100s. Ex “Karamania’”—Kelburne O, 5c 90s. Ex “Duke of Buccleuch”—Hylton, 3c 1b 998 6d; 5c 1b 91s; 1b 85s;.1¢c 111s; 2c 87s 6d; 2 bags 92s. Ex “Golconda’”—Ouvah, 1 bag 84s. Ex “Rewa’’/—Meddecombra, lc 117s; 3c 1t 111s; 4e 99s; le 91s 6d; 1c 1228; 1e 1b 908 6d; 2 bags 103s 6d; 1 bag 86s. Ravenswood, 1 bag 91s. CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. Mincine Lanz, Feb. Ist. 1889. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark. Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Ythanside.. .. 2d to 24d he ms Lawrence .. 5 24d 33d to 4d 3d Venture oe 2d 4d Ona Pingarawe on vai 4d Qtd'to 3d Amblamana Be 73 4d re Denegams.. ..24d to. 3d 35d 4 Kirkoswald eg eG 34d to 4d 4 SWK, M in diamond 24d to 54d 33d to 4d ae PDM =H. 3d 64d ts Wariagalla ..34d to 54d‘ 44d to 7d DPN Freshwater, Hybrid 7d 29 Maousakelle ae 4 ce gy Melton . pd to 34 4id B: KTK 24d A Xi Choisy 3d ak 8hd Eton Be 340 4a 34d Lynsted .. 3d 6d fe Blair Athol 5d 5d is LS LN See | 8s 2d;'1 case 2s 8d; 7 cases 2s 5d; 2 cases 2s 10d; 1 case Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem, Windsor Forest .. 2d 31 24d Mattakelle, Hybrid... 24d 34d to 4d oa Mahakanda har, 94d 4d ys St. George... aa as 74d ape IMP in diamond 24d 34d ‘| Deagalle ... oe 3d ay a Glenalpin ... -- 24d to 3d ; 3d m Hybrid ...34d to 544 94d 4 Crowhill --. 2d to 24d en, a Pittarat Malle «240 to 44d a we Ellawatte ... +. 24 to 341 34d to 6d = WWW in triangle ... 2d to 24d see 2d to 24d. Wishford ... np Ban 334d to 4d 34d Tellisgalla... =f 13d ae oo Sanguhar ... 2d 2d - OFFICINALIS. L in diamond 3d 54d 43d Eskdale ... on 740 to 94d oi Pingarawe... ee 8d cae Freshwater “0 4d an F Campion ... 0 ye 6d re » Hybrid... 3d to 34d oe Melton 34d to 4d or cn Preston 6s a0 op 5d to 54d 6d ROB. P in diamond... es 6d to 64d See Lynsted «.. ...44d to 5d aoe £5 Oliphant ... i aa 34d to 4d Mattakelle, Ledger ... 6d to 64d 6d - Kttrick ... ne 4d sae “Hs Glenalpin ... « 6d to 64d 944 to 10d 208 Uva Estate ... 4d to 34d 44d to 5d oe Hiralouvah ae 34d to 4d - Wishford ... ais 5d to 54d 6d Amanadowa MOCOo. in diamond } aad © 8h todd: |) 4d = Ledger... 44d to 5d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, Mincine Lang, Feb. 8th, 1889. Ex ‘“‘Orestes”—Maryland, 4 bags 70s; 1 bags 77s. Ex “Rewa”—Gangwarily, 22 bags 93s; 4 bags 71s. Ex “‘Laertes”—Wiharagama, 4 bags 76s 6d. Ex “Rewa”—Palli, 32 bags 65s; 3 bags 22s; 2 bags 84s. 6d. Amba, 24 bags 82s; 9 bags 65s. Udapolla, 17 bags. 82s 6d; 4cags 22s. Dodangalla, 10 bag 94s 6d; 20 bags 88s; 17 bags 71s; 20 bags 87s 6d. Ex “‘Laertes”—Mahaberia OBEC, 9 bags 885 6d; 16 bags 84s 6d; 60 bags 84s; 20 bags 72s 6d; 8 bags 72s. 41, Mincine Lane, Feb. 15th, 1889. Ex “Duke of Buccleuch” —Maria, 45 bags 90s. Hylton, 17 bags 87s; 3 bags 80s; 1 bag 62s. Ex “Golconda”—Palli, 177 bags 84s; 29 bags 62s 6d; 3 bags 23s; 3 bags8ls.6d. Victoria, 10 bags 71s; 8 bags 60s. Nartakande, 16 bags 87s 6d; 3 bags 62s. Ex “Orestes”—Palli, 21 bags 64s; 4 bags 81s 6d. CEYLON. CARDAMOM SALES -IN LONDON; (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Muinci1NnG LANE, Feb. 8th, 1889. Ex ‘‘Goleonda””—A&O, 1 case 1s 4d; 2 cases 2s 2d; 3 cases 2s; 2 cases 9d; 3 cases Is9d. Bollagalla, 4 cases 38s 1d; 2cases 3s 2d; 7 cases 331d; 11 cases 2s 3d; 3 cases 1s 5d; 1 case ls 94. DCRPB, 2 cases Is d; 2 cases 1s 9d; 2 cases 1s 8d. Ex “Clan Forbes’”—Forest Hill, 1 case 2s 6d; 1 case 1s 91; 1 case 3s 1d. Ex “Clan Grant’—Wariagalla, 1 case 1s 3d. Ex ‘‘Orestes”—Dangkanda OBEO, 3 cases 3s; 3 cases 28 8d; 7 cases 2s 5d; 2 cases 2s 10d; 1 case 2s 8d; 5 cases 2s 4d; 2 cases 25 1d; 1 case 1s 10d, eo OE ee ee ee a!” ** CEYLON OBSERVER ce) PRESS, COLOMBO, COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. I LS IETS No. 6.] Oo CoLomBo, Marcu 23, 1889. Pricr:—12% cents each; copies 30 cents; 6 copies $ mpee: ——_—— COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for saleat the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th March, the undermentioned Jots of Tea (13,278 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 0, No. ‘ 4 perlb, c 1RW 87 53 hf-ch bro pek sou 2650 40 2 Do 38 5 do dust 400 28 83 Do 39 5 do bro mixed 250 28 4 Lauderdale 40 23 do bro pek 1150 56 5 Do — 1 16 do pekoe 750 47 6 Do 42 21 do pek sou 1050s 41, 7 Do 43 6 do pek fan 360 = 338 8 Do 44 18 do bro pek sou 900 39 f9 AM 45 11 do bro pek 572 45 10 Do 46 18 do pekoe 864 38 ll Do 47 3 do pek sou 156 35 12 Do 48 4 do pek fan 264 29 13 HIP 49 5 do or pek 250 57 14 Do 50 10 do pekoe 480 45 15 Do 51 4 do pek sou 192 38 16 Do 52 4 do unassorted 200 35 17 Do ba) 2) do red leaf 100 23 18 Cotta 54 11 do bro pek 620 44 bid 19 Do 55 10 do pekoe 500 40 bid 20 Do 56 20 ch pek sou 1500 35 bid 21 B P Bip ah) 2) do ; 1 box congou 102 30 q lo) 32) 2exdo dust 60 26 8 Mossville 33 12 ch bro pek 1200 59 9 Do 35 14 do pekoe 1400 48 bid 10 Do 37 24 do pek sou 2280 48 ll Do 39 3 do bro mixed 150 35 12 Do 40 2 do dust 140 29 13 Karzangama 41 12 do bro mixed 1200 30 bid 14 6Y 42 22 hf-ch pek sou 1408 38 15 Y¥ 44 4 do bro tea 256 32 16 Y 45 5 ch pek fan 500 29 17 Great Val- ley 46 24 do bro pek 2400 76 18 Do 48 28 do pekoe 2660 53 19 Do 50 68 do pek sou 6120 42 20 K G 52 8 do pekoe 800 50 21 Do 54 2 do dust 260 82 22 Mahanilu 55 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 75 bid 23 Do 57 19 do pekoe 941 62 bid 24 vo 59 32 ch do sou 2560 48 bid 25 Do 61 3 hf-ch souchong 111 42 26 Do 62 2 ust 280 32 27° St. Clair 63 23 hf-ch bro pek 1380 83 28 Ie} 65 14 ch or pek 1232 78 29 Do 67 31 do pek Nos, 356-86 2635 66 30 Do 69 33 do do do 424-456 2805 66 81 Do 71 37 do pek sou 2701 52 82 Cruden 73 26 hf-ch or pek 1300 75 bid 33 Do 75 14 ¢ pekoe 1400 out 34 Do 77 40 do pek sou 4000 out 35 Do 79 7 do bro mixed 700 39 36 Do 80 5 hf-ch dust 300 30 87 Little Val- ley M 81 11 do bro pek 605 46 bid 38 Do 83 5 do bro pek dust 300 36 39 Do 84 32 do pekoe 1600 41 bid 40 Do 86 1 do copgou 50 3 41 Do 87 1 do © dust 82 28 42 Langdale 88 20 do bro pek 1100 61 bid 43 Do 90 25 ch pekoe 2250 50 bid 44 Albion 102 20 do bro pek 2000 16 45 Do 104 22 do pekoe 1870 68 46 Do 106 16 do pek sou 1360 55 47 Do 108 3 do dust 240 33 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No, per lb. 48 RA 109 2 hf-ch pekoe 100 5idb 49 BR 110 3 do souchong 150 3h 0) Do 111 2 do fannings 100 26 51 Do 112 6 do Mixed 225 29 52 Logan 113 18 do bro pek 900 59 53 Do 115 18 do pekoe ~* 810 50 64 Do J17 18 do pek sou 810 43 55 Do 119° 10 do souchong 450 36 Messrs. Forpes & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 6th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (36,325 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs, Description Weight No. No, per lb, c. 1 Rathmahara 282 6 hf-ch bro pek 300-55 2 Do 284 14 do pekoe 700 40 3 Do 286 17 do pek sou 850 37 4 Do 288 27 do souchong 1350 34 5 Do 299 6 do bro tea , 360 39 6 Do 242 9 do fannings 432 31 7 Do 294 4 do red leaf 180 30 8 Do 296 2 do dust 124 25 9 Do 298 2 do pek dust 110 31 10 West Hapu- tale 300 5 do bro pek 260 45 ll Do 802 17 do pekoe 816 37 12 Do 304 4 do unassorted 192 37 13 LE 306 23 do bro pek 1150 53 14 Do 308 71 do pekoe 3550 42 15 Do 310 21 do pek sou 1050 38 16 Do 312 6 do bro tea 210 25 17 Do 314 9 do pek fao 4°0 28 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 18 Polotagama 316 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 ~ 67 19 Do 318 43 do pekoe 1720 53 20 Do 320. 15 do do No. 2 600 47 21 Do 322 25 do pek sou 875 41 22 Do 824 33 do do No.2 1485 38 23 Park 326 6 do bro pek 330 50 24 Do 328 18 do pekoe 990 37 25 Do 330 3 ch pek sou 300 35 26 Do 332 1 do red leat 115 27 27 Walla Valley 334 30 do bro pek 3300 66 28 Do 336 25 do pekoe 2500 59 29 Mukeloya 338 5 hf-ch bro mixed 250 28 30 Do 340 1 de dust 75.26 31 Uva 342, 1 do pekoe 47 35 32 Pennygalla 344 3 do bro pek 164 40 33 Do 346 1 ch 2 bf-ch pek sou 195 38 34 Queensland 348 1 ch bro mixed 100 27 35 T B 350 1 do G) 70 2 36 Queenwood 352 7 do bro pek 725 63 37 Do 354 5 do pekoe 395 52 38 DDM 356 2 hf-ch dust 17027 39 Pooprassie 358 19 ch bro pek 2185 ) 40 Do 360 14 do pekoe 1470 not ard 41 Do 362 42 do pek sou 4200 42 Yellan- gowry 364 31 box do 310-337 43 Do 366 38 do do 190 36 Mr. C. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room today, 13th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (20,100 1b.); which soid as under :~ Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. per lb. cc, 1 Nahalma 53 32 ch pekoe 3040 2 Do 55 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1100 8 Do oY | 98 chy pek sou 900 4 Do 59 4 hf-ch congou 220 5 Pambagama6l 7 ch do 700 6 PM 63 86 hf-ch pekoe 3870 -not ard. 7 ‘Do 65 66 do bro pek 3300! ; 8 Do 67 61 do pek sou 2745 OPK 69 ech bro pek 100 10 K 7 3; ido souchong 285 LES 73 5 do dust 780 12 Y¥ 7 6 hf-ch bropek No2 300 41 13. Y UL Ta pekoe No. 2 450 39 V4 ys 79 7 hf-ch bro pek 420 4] 1 ¥ SL 16) ch pekoe 540 41 16 =Y 83 do pek sou 1350 39 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES, LIST, aan n nner sense eee enn c ene ence nnn cere Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Oo. put up forsale at the | Mr. EK. JoHN put up for Sale at the Ohamber Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th March, | of Oommerce Sale-room today, 13th March, the under- i mentioned lots of Tea (56,296 lb.), which sold as . the undermentioned lots of Tea (3,745 lb.), which | ynder -— ( ) aaa Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weigh sold as under: No No. bo say Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 1 Ottery 122 2 ch redieaf 170... 25 No. No. per lb. c¢. 2 Do 123 1 do dust 140-27 6 ls 0; rot ‘ 5 1 PC 58-5 hf-ch bro pek BIG ,\42k € | Waliicaalon sol Ye age cei Sr OMeeREMe md A Be y] Do 59 3 ch pekoe 270 36 at Te 128.9 do Hi eee BRS 27 3 Do 60 6 do — pek sou 540 35 6 Kotagala. 127.16 do bro pek 720° 85 : 4 Do 61 2 do souchong 180 30, 7 Do’ 129 28 “ch pekod 1890 65 Date) es ey white Cie 8 Do 131 24 hf-ch pek sou 1440 53 J ¢ * Rangala 63 8 ch bro or pek 800 81 A P a BS ee a) “es eae 7 mo Do 64 16 do pekoe 1600 63 ite Do 137 10 ch pekoe 900 «43 12 Do 139 8 do do No.2 720 42 bi i De 141 23 ae pek sou 2070 41 Messre. E. BennAmM & Oo. put up for saleatthe Oham- | 14 Templestowe 143 25 hf-ch or pek 15005) OL ler of QOommerce Sale-room today, 13th March, the | 1° Do 145 22 do pekoe 1232-70 , i 16 Do 147 31 do pek sou 1736 58 ‘undermentioned’ lots of Tea (3,717 lb.), which sold | ;7 Do 149. 3: dott Wigan 219 39 as uvder:— 18 Do 150 2 do — dust 176 © 30 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight - MG Witeaon yeh 0 ae wae pek a 56 No No. per lb. c. 2 od peRNe L 4 , 21 Do 155 18 hf-ch pek sou 990 43 1 Cocoawatte 20 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 46 22 Do 157 “3 ew dust 225 28 2 Do 22 7*do pekoe 850 40 23 Torrington 158 33 hf-ch bro pek 1980 66 3 Do 24 8 do pek sou 480 32 24 Do 160 17 do pekoe 850 = -5b6 4 Do 26 2 do congou 100 =30 25 Do 162 50 do pek sou 2500 46 5 D 27 2 ch souchong 180 28 26 Ivies 164 8 ch bro pek 840 51 6 D 28 7 hf-ch dust 490 28 27 Do 166 12 do pekoe 1200 47 7 Doomba 30 17 ch unassorted 1615 40 28 Do 168 9 do pek sou 900 38638. 8 PRE 32 2 hf-ch do 92 25 29 Do 170 2 hf-ch congou 100 = Bl 9 LH Boe) 2, ch red leaf 170 22 30 Kadienlena 171 67 ch bro pek 6030 65 31 Do 173 55 do pekoe 5225 47 32 Do 175 58 do pek sou 5220 41 Meesrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the | 33 Albion MUL 1S yb6 Oe AbeO Bets Hig ab tae ~“Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th March, |} 3, 5 18115. de ae apse 750°" 50 the undermentioned lots of Tea (24,218 lb.), which sold {3g Do 183. 2 do souchong 145 35 .@8 under:— 37 Do 184 2 do dust 160 30 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight Bs ¥ a2 i Be See Fe ” rr No No. per lb.\c. 40 V 187 1 do dust 80 26 1 Blai Avon 62 25 hf-ch bro pek 112545 41 SC 188 2 ch souchong 184 34 2 Do 63 38 do pekoe © 1710 +8939 42 lo) 189 2 do fannings 278 = 30 3 Do 64 19 do pek sou 843 34 43 Dickapittia 190 18 hf-ch bro pek 990 61 4 Do 65 8 do bro tea 391 23 44 Do 192 25 do . 5 Do 66 6 do dust Sop 24: 1 box pekoe 1394 41 45 Do 194 2hf-ch souchong 100 35 (Bulked.) 46 Do 195 2 do fannings 114 36 ‘6 Blair Avon 67 22 ch pekoe 2200 35 47 Do 196 2 do dust 160 2 : i 48 D 197 8 do uuassorted 430 39 7 Relugas 68 13 do pek sou 1300 44 bid us 198 1 bie dsconeee ll 25 (Bulked.) 50 D 199 1 do dust 29. 24 8 Dambula 51 Comar 200 9 ch bro pek 900 7 oa F 52 Do 202 7 do ekoe 700 galla 69 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 86 58 Do 204 67 tes Sapiekelal 600 41 bid 9), so 70 11+ eh 54 Do 206 1 do bromix 100 27 1 hf-ch pekoe 1150 50 i" 8 55 Do 207 2hf-ch dust 120 2 Or or we. Hh 80! Phi! opel Bow BND oy 8 56 DE 208 6 ch bro mix 600 33 11 Do 72 10 hf-ch souchong 500 39 57 D 209 5 heel dust 425 29 a4 Do 73 4 go fannings 200 32 58 (Triangle) 210 2 do souchong 66 32 io aco ae 7) 2. dow esdush BUY ey 59 211 4 do fannings 163-27 14 -Alton 74 15 ch do 1050 60 Do 212 3 do ust 195 28 lo Do 75 14 do bro tea 1400 >not ard. 61 Do 213 1 box red leaf 15 26 16 Do 76 4 do red leat 400 @ AU 214 5 hf-ch congou 212 38 17 Cw’ 77 4 bf-ch congou 200 80 62 Do 215 6 do dust 456 25 18 Do 78 4 °do unassorted 20 31 s 9 1 do ekoe 5 35 25 F * an 3 do rer 219 26 Messrs. Forspes & WALKaR put up for sale at the ag L 81 7 do _ bro tea 3501 rot ara, | Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 13th March, 22, Do 82 6 ch dust 480 | ‘| the undermentioned lots of Tea (72,528 lb.), which sold 23° Glentaafe 83 2 do bro tea 184837 as under :— 24 MK 84 9 do dust 630 27 4 25 Barnagalla 85 9 hf-ch do 540 28 Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description _ Weight 26 H 86° 4 do bro pek 240 42 No. No. per lb. c. 27 H 87 3 do do No. 2 180 39 1 Glendon 374 3 ch souchong 270 = 335 238 xH 88 3 ch. pekoe 270 39 2 Do 376 2 do dust 249 25 29 H 89 2 do do No. 2 180 28 3 .G 378 8 hf-ch bro mix 400 47 30 H 90 8 do_ pek sou 720 89635 4 G4 380 4 do dust 320 28 31 Forest Hill 91 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 81 5 G 382 2 do red leaf 100 38 32. Do 92 8 ch pek sou 720 48 6 Walahan- . 33 Do 93 1 do dust 80 828° duwa 384 8 do _ bro pek 400 60 wAZ2L 94 1 hf-ch bro pek 50 30 bid | 7 Do 386 10 do pekoe 500 42 35 GH 95 3 do ekoe 165 34 8 Do 388 25 do pek sou 1250 35 36 ©€6Do 96 1 do ust 63 = 25 9 Do 390 19 do souchong 950 31 37 Kuruwitty 98 5 do bropek 250 = 58 SPA 392 4 do unassorted 200 25 38 Do 99 10 do pek sou 450 40 11 Do 394 1 do pek fans 50 =-.28 39 Do 100 1 do pek fans bye te) 12 Do 396 1 do sou fans 50-24 7) Do 1° L go congou 42 27 13 Do 398 1 do dust 50 94 41 Do 2 1 ch dust 75 27 14 Do 400 2 do bro pek 100 24 42 Do 3 1 box red leaf 19 26 15 Wewagoda 2 3 do _ bropek 150 58 CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. 8 Lot Mark Box. Packages Description olen Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at she hsmber No, No per c of Commerce Sale-room today, 20th March, the 16 Wewagedn 4 4 do pekoe 200 43 modermor toned lots of Tea (38,017 Ib.), which sold W7 Do ; Gh ef CO pek sou 50 5 @3 under :— 18 Do +8 f go souchong 300 al Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight 19 Do 0 to) mixe 2 No. No. per lb. c 20 Halpantenne ue 8 gh bro pek 345 46 1 Abbotsford 216 5 hf-ch pek dust et a 21 Do 4 3 do 2 N 217° 3) ch souchong 333 1 hf ch pekoe 380 39 3.N 218 3 do bro tea 281 3t 22 Do 16 11 ch pek sou 1100 36 4 oN 219 3 do dust 360 26 23 Do 18 t ge songhong 88 BO 5 Le vecon 220 8 do pek fans 880 a Do ; to) us 25 6 PD 221; 7%. da dust 00 2 35 FFB 22 do bro pek 700 55 7 Do 222 9 Fh naaeerted OO 4l 26 Do a 6 de pekoes 5 ee a 8 SN 223 1 hf-ch souchong os a 27 Do 65. 6 do do No, 9 Do 224 4 do dust 24 28 Do 28. 13 do pek sou 1170 36 10 Do 225 10 do unassorted 400 40 29 AK 30,10 do souchong 900 = 33 11 Torrington 226 8 do | dust 640 29 30 Do 32 1 do bro tea 110 32 12 Do 227. 3 do bro tea 210 31 e re 34 38 do congou aids 3 3 Do: 228 3 do congo 50 al 2 osgaha- 4 0 229 2 do red lea 10! 1 hena Bg gyhech "browpel 199 cS 15 Sherdale 230 30 do bro pek 1350 48 33 Do to) pekoe 5 16 Do 232 16 do pek sou 152 38 34 Do 40 5 do peksou 250 32 17 Langdale. -. 234 15 do bro pek 825 61 85 Do 42 5 do souchong 25630 18 Do 236 17. ch — pekoe 15380... 55 36 Pooprassie 44 19 ch bro pek 2185 65 19 Do 238 4 do bro tea 320 34 Se TOM nan aa Sekar 2200 43 [at Dol Bd B hfsch red leat 100-7 13 {e) oO pex sou {9} ) nite red lea’ e 39 Kirimettia 50 7 hf-ch bro pek 350 63 22 Tarf 241 25 do bro pek 1400 74 D 52 14 d k 700 44 23. Do 243 17 ch pekoe 1377 56 ri Do 54 18 do Beker 900 37 24 ‘Do 245 5 hf-ch pek sou 32947 42 Do £6 15 do souchong 750, 34 25 Do 247 4 ch fannings 302 a 43 Do 58 4 do fannings 200, 30 26 Do 248 2 do dust 274 3 44 Do 60 2 do red leaf 100 26 | 30 Cruden 254 38 do or pek 1900 75 45 Kaluganga 62 14 do bropek 700. 48 bid} 31 Do .. 256 25 ch — pekoe 2500 61 A 1 s 32 Do 258 35 do pek sou 3500 5 46 Do 64 16 do pekoe 640 44 33 SH 26 -ongou ¢ j Ss 260 2 do congou 168 31 a7 Do 6615 do pek sou 60039 34 Do 2614 do dust 344 48 Do 68 3 do bro sou 150 33 33. Do 262.1 do red leaf 85 (17 49 Do 70 21 do bro pek 105057 36 MR 263 2 3 do’ ° bro mix 309 10 31 50 We PeRee SO pekoe 1160" 45 37 ‘Do 2646 2 do | :dust 232 27 51 Do 1229, do —__ pel sou 1000“ 40". 138 Do 265-22 do. congou 192 5:31 rj & 52. Do 76 2 do fannings 100 37 39°. Do 266-1 do red leat 10219 53 Do 78 2 do dust 140 28 ; = : 54 K 80 2 do pek ‘sou 100 34 55 ¥ ){ o 4 do penn ines : 200 26 Se AAMT LENSING kee +56 2 5 140 7 57 CRD . 86 2 AB area leat 100... 24 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 58 Day Bate ao aut oie 24 ie 59 Radéllai 0! 25. eh bropek 5 Oi) a ‘ Do 82 xo flo Pe ei 1 mm bid (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 62 Walla Val- — 2eR0 Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in 63 Jey. 36 ‘a ae eS tae es Mincing Lane up to 22nd February 1889 :— ca Middleton 309 BS bfeh pekoe 1 M80 58 Me asain }+-Mount’ Vernon, 2c 109s 6d; 1 bag lo 2 15 °¢ pek sou 144! 47 : 66 Pantiya’ 104 7 do bro pek 665 46 bia Ex “‘Vesta”—Kandewatte, lc 1t 98s; 1 bag 89s; lb 67 Dov eX 1062 f9::do pekoe ~ 765 43 1t 113s;,1t 1b 89s; 1 pag 91s. ‘Woodlake, 7c 110s; 7e 68: Dowco 108 13 do | pek son 10404 36 102s; 1b 91s; 2c 1t 1288 6d; le 120s; 2c 91s; 2 bags 103s. 69 Do 110 1 do brotea 100 «30 Galloola, 1b 98s; 1b 943; 1b 893 6d; 1b 107s; 1b 70. Do 1121 hf-ch bro mixed 55. 24 87s 6d. Lr avery pu 46. ae bro pek 2760 -. 74 bid Ex “Olan Lamont”—STOLO, 2 bags 72s ses : ; ; i ae re ef a6 am gine af hid Ex ‘Duke of Buccleuch’”—Manickwatte, 1 bag 82s. 74 WSA ~. 120: 1 do fannings. | 126: ;-32 Ex * Agamemnon”—Middleton, 1b 115s; 4 1b 108s 6d; ue DOL : 122 2 do dust 294; 24 1c 1t 101s 6d; 1b 933; le 1b 122s 6d; le1b 948. st Holy- “Ai Ha ane rood 124 dU hf-ch_ broek, Be a® 70 wa eee Grange, 1 bag 81s. KO, 2 bag uM B WAH ue en en Ee cay Paes Un Ex “Agamemnon”—Henfold, 3¢ 1t 107s 6d; 5c 1b "9 Do’ 130 5 do fannings 700} 102s 6d; ‘lc 1t 97s 6d; 1c 1b 122s 6d; 1c 96s; 2 bags ep areas 158 1 “ae nat i 1804 not 102s 6d. 1 O\j0)))184.\.3 hf-ch \ bro or pe’ \\) 150 farrived. Ex..“‘GJenartney”—OOO 101, 27 bags 878; 14. bags 838 oa eee TRIAL RLTT. Bec aki 550 6d; 4 bags 81s; 1bag 87s. SD,3 bags 85s 6d; 8 bags 84 Bearwell 140 38 do bro a 2099 ,. 60 bia |/838; 4 bags 86s; 7 bags 84s; 4 bags 833; 2 bags 85s 6a; 85 Do 142 10 ch pekoe 900 49 bid | 5 bags 81s 6d; 1 bag 79s 6d. CCC 102, 30 bags 86s 6d; 86 Do 144 14 do pek sou 1260 — 39 bid || 20 bags 84s 6d; 3 bags 81s; 3 bags 87s. SD, 6 bags 858 pa ve 148 , Be peg ita ime 37 6d; 3 bags 83s; 2 bags 79s 6d; 3 bags 85s 8d; 4 bags Sls BRON (7). lc) (bint, bro mized =i joe | ee Seb Ola Ce 90 OB [sou atase tan 242° not ard ‘ Ge as Va ag 3c 1t 104s 6d; 5c 97s 6d; Bc t 97s; 1c 1b 91s; 1c 1188 6d. 91), Angroo- Ex “Vesta”—Tillicoultry, le 111s; 5c 106s; 1 bag 100s; lla 154 1G ok b k esta” —Tillicoultry, 1c 8; 5c 106s; 1 bag 35 O20) LDOW 4.186) Ib hfe pokes, Peed 4c 14100s; 1 bag 985; 1c 93s;2c 1b 124s; ,1 bag 106s; 4c 93 Do 158 8 do bro pek 400 59 1t 93s; 1 bag 90s. 94 7 re Ae s a pekoe 300 46 wigs 95 Bismar ¢ congou 108 35 96 Do 164 1 do dust. 100 »=—-26 Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in oes Do eee e fannings 30033 Mincing Lane up to 1st March 1889 :— 99 RBB 368 13 hf-ch bro‘pek a ae Ex “Glenartney”—Ingestre, 1b 109s; 2c 107s 6d; 3c 100. Do 370 21 do pekoe 105050 1018; 1b 925 6d; 1t 120s; 1b 94s; 1b 928; 2 bags 100s. 101 Do 372 12 do do No.2 600 42 Bathnillokelle, 1c 109s; 4c 106s; 3c 100s; 1b 92s; 1t 120s 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 1t 928. Beredewelle, 1b 20s; 1b 87s; 1b 99s; 1b86s; 1b 87s; 2 bags 83s 6d. Ex “Coromandel”—Ouvah JB, 5c 94s; 4c 95s. Ex “Oopack”—Louisa, le 117s 6d; 3c ib 11ds; 4c 108s; 1b 96s; 1c 1228; 1c 958; 1b 100s; 1 bag 111s; 1 bag 94s; 1c 112s. Elbedde, 5c 1b 107s; 5c 100s; le 1t 100s; 1t 93s; 1t 2c 119s 6d; 1e 1692s; 2 bags 106s. Ex “‘Glenartney”—Fassifern, 1t 2c 1088 6d; 5c 1b 102s 6d; 1c 94s; 1c 1t 118s 6d; 1c Lb 928; 2 bags 107s 6d; 1 bag 93s. Ex “‘Claymore”—Pittarat Malle, 1c 108s 6d; 2c 104s 6d; 8c 99s; lo 1b 93s; 2c 1144 6d; le 1b 90s 6d; 3 bags 98s. Ex “‘Quetta”—Glentilt, 1b 113s; 3¢ 108s; 4¢ 1b 100s; 1b 98s; 1o 1248; 1c 92s; 1b 87s; 1b 1028; 1b 988; 2 bags 108s 6d. Ex “Duke of Buccleuch’’—Madawelle, 1c 1b 86s. Ex “India” —Badullawatte, le 1b 99s; 5c 1t 1b 94s 6 |; gt 89s 6d; 1t 112s; 1b 104s. Ex “Glenartney”—Maousa Hilla, 1c 111s; 4¢ 108s 6d; 5c 1b 100s; 2c 938861; 1¢ 120s. Balmoral, 1b (lis; 3t 1b 109s; 1¢ 100s; 1b 92s; 1t 121s. Ex “Vesta”—Suduganga, lt 91s; 1c 89s; 1b 87s; 1b 95s. Ex “Glenartney”—Chapelton, 1b 1083; 3c 1t 105s; 2c 1b 988; 6d; 1t 92s; 1c 1t 120s 6d. Ex “Vesta”—El Kadua, 1t 1003; 6c 99s; 1e 1t 92s; 1b 92s 6d; 1c 110s. Ex “India”—Mausagalla, 1b 109s; 4c lb 1048 6d; 5c 99s 6d; 4c 99s; 2c 1t 92s 6d; 1c 1t 114s6d. Gowera- kellie, 1b 108s; 5c 2t 106s 6d; 10¢ 99s 6d; 3c 98s 6d; Ic 1t 123s; 2c 91s 6d; 3 bags 89s. Ex “Agamemnon”’—Wiharagalla, 1t 945; le Ib 91s 6d; 1b87s; 1b 98s 6d; 1b 87s; 1b 99s 61; le 1t 938; 1b 86s 6d; 1b 91s; 8c 1b83s6d; 1 bag 80s. Ex “Ningchow”—Gonakelle, 1b 98s 6d. Ex “Glenartney”—Morar, ib 115s 6d; 5c 112s; 4c 105s 6d; 1b 94s; 2c 105s 6d; 4c 95s 6d; 2 bags 105s; 1 bag 92s. Ex “India”—Portree, 1b 103s; 2c 109s 64d; 102s; 1b 93s; le 125s 6d; 1c 1t 92s; 1 bag 103s. 2c 1b CEYi,.ON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. bags 67s. SD, 2 bags 65s. Ex “Vesta’’—Rajawelle, 22 bags 67s. Mincina Lang, Feb. 15th. 1889. neni ; : Mark Serercueee : . , MINcING Lane, March 1st, 1889. ; Ex ‘Vesta”,—Amba, 12 bags 61s; 2 bags}20s; '6 bags Natural Renewed Root 86s. Palli, 31 bags 63s; 2 bags 20s; 3 bags 78s 6d. Sten Rees rug 42 bags 85s; 7 bags 77s; Boomon meres 3d 6d Ex ““Glenartney”—Beredewelle COC, 35 bags* 87s; Belgravia oid ue 3 bags 69s; 7 bags 69s; 2 bags 17s; 6 bags 62s 6d. Pe Bowlana 13d 2d 2a Ex ‘‘Agamemnon”—Mahaberia OBEO, 5 bags 85s; 130 Lanka Plantations bags 89s; 39 ‘bags 67s... Dodangalla, 8 bags 85s; 29 bags A Bical 3d to 34d aa te fe P 81s 6d; 16 bags 66s. Kondesalle, 7 bags 86s; 11 bags 1n aes oe a ppiinyai and Sta . x 82s 6d; 6 bags 65s. Rangbodde pt es 4 24d to 7d Ry SS TE eS ES nH Raberagalle 2 2 4d 3 eo 4a if | CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Spring lees oa to ia 4 53d ittarat Malle to 6d-to 64d ee al Pitter ee eae ee io eta = (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Maniskwatte me os ‘dia ane 4d. Mincine LANE, Feb. 22nd, 1889. BE MnreaKet’s Me 3 . foaat okd _ Ex “Goleconda”—Gallantenne, 2 cases 3s 3d; 6 cases, Wattegodde oka Ao Gobi aa 3s 5d; 12 cases 3s 6d; 4,cases 2s 9d; 2 cases 2s 8d; 3 cases Wannerajab 23d to 3d ‘| 2s 10d; 4 cases3s 3d. Orrtomanis’ Ex ‘‘Duke of Buccleuch’—Gallantenne, 8 cases x '3s 4d; 6 cases 3s 5d; 2 cases 2s 9d; 3cases 2s 8d; 4 cases Deo aa ia 1s10d.| A&Co. S 3, 2 cases 1s. ve ee Plantatitne 20% ap A Ex “Hispania” —Nellaoolla, 5 cases 1s 9d; 2° cases Co., Limited 23d a id 8 Oo. Oar The Park 3d to 3kd 544 to Thd eid Ex “Nyanza”—A&Oo, SN; 7 cases 2s 4d;,'8 cases Wiharagalle 34d to 6d Tad if Is 10d. g ing alley, EK (73 17 7 = . “Ae Ban sa Siavatosa i i ae Tear oa ea 2 cases ls 4d; l.case 1s 6d; MCCOCo. in diamond 1jd 7d to 74d ” Ex “Hispania”—Hunaageria, 3 cases 2s 1d: \1 Apangiows Ledger 3d 1% 1s 64, ee 7 eee Wariagalla, Ledger 53d to 7d i 10d Ex ‘‘Deucalion”—Kitoolmoola, 1 case 2s. OKO 2d 4hd 4d Ex ‘‘Capella’’—Galaha, 1 case 1s 9d. a A A SS SS SS SSS Lonpon, March Ist, 1889. SUCCIRUBRA. Mark Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Holbrook 3d 5a to 74d eee Beaumont 2d 3d 3d Galloola Do 65 Do 66 Lyegrove 7 Do 68 Do 69 Mukeloya 70 Do 71 Wakella 72 Avisawella 73 .Do 74 Do 75 Do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Box Packages Description N 246 95. do pekoe 248 28 do pek sou 250 10 do pek fns 252 102 do pek sou 254 31 do fannings 256 24 do bro pek 258 388 do pekoe 260, 36 do pek sou 262 25 do bro pek 264 33 ch pekoe 266 12 do pek sou 268 3 hf-ch dust 270 8 do bro tea 272 2 do dust 274 6 ch pek fans 276 2 do bro tea 278 23 hf-ch bro or pek 280 46 do pekoe 282 10 do bro pek 284 10 do pekoe 286 24 do . pek sou 288 3 do bro pek sou 290 2 do pek dust 292 22 do bro pek 294 19 do pekoe 296 1 do congou 296 2 do dust 300 44 do bro pek 302 38 do pekoe 304 4 do dust 306 14 do bro pek 308 34 do pek sou 310 5 ch 1 hf-ch do 312 5 ch fannings 314. 3 do dust 316 4 hf-ch bro tea 318 4 ch unassorted. Weight perlb c, 4720 = 48 1400 8636 500 28 5100 36 1550 29 1440 86 2280 69 2160 50 1375 959 3300 48 1200 41 210 27 440 931 150 23 750 36 192 22 1150 55 2070 45 500 45 500 40 1200 37 150 30 100 «25 1232 79 950 66 48 39 150 27 2200 47 1900 40 260 25 700 56 1700 646 553 31 450 33 390 25 200 29 180 30 Mr. C, EH. H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber, of Commerce sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (3,556 lb.), which sold as. under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. "No. per lb. c, 1 Nahalma 20 19 ch pekoe 1805 } 2 Do 22 11 hf-ch bro pek 6055, not 3 Do 24 7 ch pek sou 700 { arrived. 4 Do 26 2 hf-ch congou 110 5 Gallawatte 28 2 do red leaf 84 24 6 AD 30 5 do do 252 19 Messrs. EH, BENHAM & Oo. put up for sale atthe Oham- ‘ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentioned lotsof Tea (10,960 lb.), which sold ‘as upder:— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, No. per lb. c. (Bulked.) 1 Norton 88 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 60 bid 2 Do 40 19 do pekoe 950 47 bid 3 Do 42 25 do pek sou 1250 40 bid 4 Do 44 7 do pek fans 420 29 5 Yuillefield 46 24 ch bro or pek 2160 62 bid 6 Do 48 52 do pekoe 4160 47 bid 7 Do 50 4 do pek sou 320 36 8 Doomba 52 10 hf-ch congou 550 32 Bulked.) 9 NN 54 2 hf-ch souchong 100 35 10 Do 56 1 do congou 50 33 ° Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,549 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. per lb. ec. 1 PC 86 4 hf-ch bro pek 220 39 2 Do 87 6 do pekoe 450 36 3 Do 88 5 do pek sou 50031 4 Do 89 1 do dust 80 25 5 Esperanza 90 16 hf-ch bro or pek 704 81 6 Do 92 16 ch pekoe 1280 60 7 7 94 5 do pek sou 400 35 8s Wr 95 5 box bro pek 100 = 40 bid Lot Mark Weight No. No, Pkgs Description per Ib. cc. 9 . Do 96 5 hf-ch pek sou 250 36 10 Werea- galla 97 6 do bro pek 270 44 11 Do 98 13. ch pekoe 1105 37 12 Do 100 14 do pek sou 1190 32 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (44,701 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, f No. per lb. c. 1 Ampittia 287 4 hf-ch dust 260 825 2 Do 288 1 do bro mix 5538 3 Mocha 289 34 do bro pek 1632 972 4 - Do 10 18 ch pekoe 1566 3660, 5 Do 12 12 do peksou 996 44 6 Do 14 10 do pek fan 1160 34 7 Rk 16 22 hf-ch bro pek 1100. = 45 bid 8 Rk 18 24 do pekoe 1200 38 bid 9 R 20 8 do pek sou 400 38 10 R 21 4 do fannings 200 30 11 Mossyille 22 8 ch bro pek 800 56 12 Do 24 11 do pekoe 1100 = 47 13 Do 26 19 do pek sou 1805 36, 14 Do 29° 2 do bromix 200 36 15 Do 31 1 do dust 120 26 16 Kanangama 32 15 hf-ch bro pek 900 17 Do 34 15 ch pekoe 1500 not 18 Do 36 22 do peksou 2200 [ sampled 19 Do 38 4 do unassorted 400 20 Torrington 39 40 hf-ch bro pek 2400 68 | 21 Do 41 32 do pekoe 1600 56 22 Do 43 85 do peksou 4250 42, 23 Kadienlena 45 26 ch bro pek 2340 62 bid 24 Do 47 19 do pekoe 1710 49 bid 25 Do 49 24 do pek sou 2160 37 bid 26 Albion 51 25 do bro pek 2500 68 bid 27 Do 53 28 do pekoe 2380 56 bid 28 Do 55 20 do pek sou 1700 «(47 29 Do 57 4 do dust 320 28 30 RWI 58 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 out 81 Do 60 24 ch pek sou 2360 34 bid 32 ~=Do 62 8 do souchong 740 = 30 bid 33 Do 64 2 do dust 209 25 384 TOS 65 3 box bropek 60 41 bid 35 Do 66 1 do pekoe 20 38 36 Do 67 8 hf-ch pek sou 38033 37 Wallokelle 68 8 do bro pek 360 89641 38 Do 69 18 do pekoe 720 35 39 Do TL” ado 1 box congou 60 26 40 Do 72 3 hf-ch dust 138 24 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (24,613 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot . Mark Box Packages Description Weight No No. per lb. c. 1 Troy 33 4 ch pek sou 400 23 2 Do 34 2 do pek dust 300 89-25 3 Do 35 1 do red leaf 100 20 4 P 36 9 hf-ch unassorted 514332 5 PB 37 1 box dust 26 24 (Bulked.) 6 Dambula- galla 38 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 50 bid 7 Do 39 12 ch pekoe 1200 45 8 Do 40 21 do, 1 hf-ch pek sou 2150 37 9 C 41 2 ch dust 270 = «25 lo C 42 1 do red leaf 100 20 11 AR 43. 2 do _ bro tea 210 22 12 Do 44 5 do dust 400 24 (Bulked.) 13 Columbia 45 17 hf-ch bro pek 1020: 11 14 ~ Do 46 18 do pekoe 900 86 15 Do 47 2 do pek sou 100 67 16 Do 48 1 ch dust 80 34 17 Rk 49 2hf-ch bro mix 100 23 18 R 50 2 do pek dust 120 25 19 R 51 2 do ust 120 24 20 Rambodde 52 10 do bro pek 550 ~=-50 bid 21 Do 53 19 do pekoe 950 48 bid 22 Forest Hill 54 3 do bro pek 180. 81 23 Do 55 8 ch pek sou 720 47 24 E 56 2 do dust 240 25 25 HWD 57 12 hf-ch bro pek 540 941 PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 CEYLON Lot ~ Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No: No. per lb. c. 26 Do 58 12 do pek sou 480 35 27 Do 59 2 do congou 80 27 28 Do 60 4 do fannings 180 27 29 Do Gl ledo dust 53 24. 30 ZZZ 62 5 do congou 200 31 31 Do 638 4 do dust 200 26 32 C C 64 2 do unassorted 90 29 (Bulked.) 33 Depedene 65 8 hf-ch bro pek 400 44 34 Do 66 10 do pekoe 500 35 35 Do 67 13 do pek sou 585 30 (Bulked.) 36 HD 68 17 hf-ch bro tea 850 31 37 Do 69 3 do bro mix 150 24 38 Do i) uel Cb dust 80 24 39 Aadneven 7l 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 72 40 Do 72°20 ch pekoe 1800 56 44 KMOK 73 9 do dust 675 = 24 42° Do 74 2 do red leaf 180 16 43 Do 75 4 do bro tea 360 22 44 Penrith 76 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 64 45 Do 77 18 box or pek 180 75 46 Do 78 «0 hf-ch pekoe 1000 44 47 Do 79 18 do pek sou 810 40 48 Carney 80 4 do bro pek 220 42 49: Do 81 17 do pekoe 850 34 Messrs. ForBEs & WaLKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 27th March, the undermentione:!. lots of “ea (50,590 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. perp. 1c: 1 IKV 320 4 -ch fannings 360 32 2 Do 322 6 do bro tea 440 25 3 Do 324 14 do unassorted 1260 33 4 Do 326 7 do pek sou 630 34 5 Do 328 7 hf-ch dust 420 25 6 Downside 330 9 do bro pek 500 40 7 Do 332 9 do — pekoe 500 36 8 Do 334 22 do pek sou 1210 32 9 Do 336 6 do bro tea 300 29 10 Aigburth 338 14 ch pekoe 1400 40 bid ll Do 340 24 hf-ch bro pek sou 1200 36 12 FF 342 2 do bro mixed 88 20 13 Do 344 3 do dust 253 24 14 Becherton 346 11 ch bro pek 1045 53 15 Do 348 17 do pekoe 1615 39 16 N 350 33 hf-ch bro pek 1650 57 17 N 352 22 do pekoe 1100 41 1g N 354 45 do pek sou 2250 37 19 N 356 2 do bro mixed 120 26 20 N 358 1 do ust 72 24 21 Galbodde 360 9 do bro pek 486 43 22 Do 362 13 do pekoe 584 37 bid 23 De 364 16 do pek sou 677 35 24 Do 366 1 do pekoeNo. 2 50 29 25 Do 368 2 do pek sou No.2 88 28 26 Do 370 5 do | bro mixed 220°. 27 27 ANE 372 1 do red leaf 55 30 28 Do 3874 3 do congou 165 32 29 Beaumont 3876 1 ch pekoe 98° 52 30 N 378 2 do unassorted 200 33 31 Warwick 380 3hf-ch bro mixed 180 31 32 Do 382 2 do dust 140 30 33 Do 3884 1 box congou 30 33 34 Frogmore 386 40 ch | bro pek 3400 72 85 Do 388 35 do peksou 2625 47 36 Do 390 7 do pek dust 490 29 87 Waverley 392 31 do bro pek 3410 71 bid 38 Do 394 47 do pekoe 4710 =—-52 bid 389 W SA 396 1 do souchong 120 34 40 Do 398 2 do fannings 236 30 41 Do 400 2 do dust 320 23 42 EHolmwood 2.9 do pek sou 900 37 43 Do 4 4hf-ch dust 280 24 44 L E 6 21 do bro pek 1050 54 45 Do 8 66 do pekoe 3300 42 46 Do 10 15 do pek sou 750 36 47 Do 12. 6 do pek fan 300 27 48 Cu 14. 2 do do sou 100 71 49 Do 16 3 do congou 140 835 50 Pennygalla 18 2 ch pek fan 290 24 51 East Holy- rood 20 49 hf-ch bro pek 2940 72 52 Do 22 48 ch pekoe 4800 52 53 Kurundu- watta 24 4 hf-ch bro pek 200 41 54 Do 26 3 do pekoe 143 35 55 Do 28 6 do pek sou 300 33 “56 Do 30 6 do souchong 300. 27 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, March 8th, 1889, Ex “ Oopack ”—Holbrook, 1b 116s; 2c 111s 6d; 2c 1t 107s; 1b 95s 6d; 1c 124s; 16 953 6d; 1b 100s 6d; 1t 1b 89s 6d; 1b 99s; 1 bag 106s. Ex “‘ Vega’’—Freshwater, 3c 2t 1103; 1t 94s 64d; Ie 1t 122s; 1c115s; 3c 95s; 3 bags 103s 6d; 1 bag 103s. Ex ‘ Oopack ”’”—Arnhall,1b 104s; 2c 100s; 3c 94s 6d; 1b 923; 1¢ 114s; 1c 90s; 1 bag 95s. Ex “ Quetta ’—Thotula, 1b 107s; 2c 105s; 4c 1b 99s; 1b 92s; le 119s; 1c 93s; 1 bag 983. Ex ‘“ Laertes ”—Ouvah, 4c 1b 94s 6d. : Ex ‘‘ Claymore ’—Venture, te 111s 6d; 3c 1b 107s; 2c 1b 101s 6d; 1b 94s 6d; le 124s; 1t 92s 6d; 1b 100s 1 bag 103s. Gonagalla, le 114s; 5c 109s; le 1¢ 110s; 6¢ 105s 6; 1b 978; 2c 1t 1045; 2c 93s 6d; 1t 101s; 2 bags 1068; 1 bag 108s; 1 bag 90s. Ex “ Quetta ”—Fordyce, 1b 110s; 2c 105s 6d; 2¢ 104s 6d; 1b 95s 6d; 1c 1228; 1t 92s 6d; 1b 101s 1 bag 101s. Ex ‘“Vega”—Adam’s Peak, Ie 107s; 2c 1b 102s; 1c 97s 6d; 1t 122s; 1b 893; 1 bag 98s. Ex ‘“ Massilia ”—Bambrakelly, 1b 106s; 4¢ 105s 6d; 3c 100s; 1c 963 6d; 2t 115s; Le 1b 91. Ex “ Vega ’’—Agra, 4c 1t 1b 109s; 6c 1t 102s; 2t 958 6d; 2c 120s 6d; 1c 1t 116s 6d; 2c 90s; 1 bag 100s. Ex “Olaymore ”—New Valley, 2c 1t 108s; 2c 103s 6d; 1e 1b 100s 6d; 1b 96s; 1c 122s, 1t 92. Ex ‘ Britannia ”—Tillicoultry, lb 109s; 4c 107s 6d; 1 bag 104s: 8c 1t 102s; 1 bag 101s; 1t 95s 6d; le 1b 1238; 1 bag 108s; 3c 948 6d; 1 bag 91s- Dunsinane, 1b 107s; 2c 106s; 1 bag 100s 1c 94s; 16 116s; 1c 93s 6d. Ex “Quetta’’—Bridwell, 1b 1128; 2c 107s 6d; 2c 1b 103; lb 94s 6d; le 94s; le 94s 6d; 1b 102; 1 bag 105; 1 bag 94s. : Ex ‘‘Claymore’”—P, D. O., le 1b 114s; 4c 1ll1ls 6d; 8c 1b 104s; 1b 95s;1ce 125s; 1t 888; 1b 102s 6d; 2 bags 104s 6d. Keenakelle, 1t 100s; 1c 1b 985; le 1t 94s; 1b 91s; 1b 103s; 1t 89s 6d; 1c 1t 84s 6d; 1 bag 98s. Kirkoswold, le 1188 6d; 3c 109s; 3c 104s; 1b 96s; le 120s; 1¢ 112s; le lb 95s; 2c 95s 6d; 1b 102s 6d; 2: bags 105s 6d; 1 bag 83s. Ex “ Britannia’”’—Yoxford, 1b 107; 2c 107s 6d; 3c 101s 6d; 1b 94s 6d; 1b 113s; 1b 90s; 1b 98s; 1c 92s; 1 bag 98s. Odewelle, 1t 108s: 2c 107s 6d; le 1t 100s; 1b 93s; 1b 116s; 1b 89s; 1b 88s; 1 bag 101s. Ex ‘‘Oopack ”—Diyagama, 1t 117s; 4c 113s; 8c lt 107s 6d; le 998 6d; 2c 125s 6d; le 1t 963; 1b 101s; 3 bags 108s.6d. Ex ‘ Glenartney ”—Ingestre,1 bag 89s. Ex “ Claymore”—OCO, 38 bags 89s; 26 bags 87s 6d; 6 bags 88s 6d; 7 bags 90s. Ex “Vega ”—Newton, Dikoya, 2c 1b 109s; 5c 1t 102s 6d; 1t 95s 6d; le 1b 1233 6d; le 93s 6d; 2 bags 104s. Llanthomas, 2c 109s 6d; 3c 1t 103s 6d; 1b 95s; 1t 124s; 1t 945 6d; 1 bag 104. Ex “Claymore’’—Lindoola 2c 1t 109s 6d; 4c lt 1033; 1b 95s; 161235; 1t 943 2 bags 104s; 1 bag 89s. Ex “Quetta ””—Hton, 3c 1£ 1098; 5c 102s 6d; 3c 102s; 1t 95s; 1c 1b 1245 6d; Ic 1t 94s 6d; Ib 94s; 1b 91s; 3 bags 103s. SF E, 1c 1b 110s 6d; 4c 1b 104s 6d; 1t 965; 1c 1258; Ic 94s 6d; 1b 94s; 2b 848 6d; 2 bags 104s 6d; 1 bag 89s. Ex “ Britannia ”—Lynford, 1b 112s; 1c 1b 113s; 2c lb 1103; le 99s; 1c 123s 6d; 1 bag 105s. Ex ‘‘Cbhusan’’—Mausagalla, 2c 101s 6d; 6c¢-98s; c2 1b 948; 1c 1203; lc 1b 895; 2 bags 958 6d. Wamnne- rajah, 3c 1b 107 6d; 5¢ 102s 6d; 1c 953; le 1t 124s; lc 1b 928; 3 bags 99s. Battallagalla, 1b 106s; 2c 105s; 2c 102s 6d; 1b 94s; 1b 113s; lb 945; 1e 938 6d. Ex ‘‘ Massilia ’—Middleton, 1b 109s; 2c 1b 103s 6d; 1b 93s 6d; 1b 1138; 1c 91s 6d; 1t 2b 92s. Cabara- galla, 1t 1023; 1t 988; 1b 92s; 1b 1063; 2b 90s 6d. Ex “ Chusan”—Norwood, 1b 110s; 2c 1b 108s 6d; 4c 1b 102s; le 1b 105s; 1c 1048; 1¢ 933 6d; 2 bags 102s, Ex “India ”—Leangawelle, 3c 103s. Ex “Ohusan’””—Drayton, 5c 1063 6d; 4c 101s 6d; le 953; Ic 1b 104s 6d; 2c 933 6d; 3b 95s 6a; 1b 100s 6d; 2 bags 107s 6d. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Marks and prices of OHYLON COFFEE sold Mincing Lane up to 15th March 1889 :— Ex “Chollerton”—Maskeliya, 3c 105s 6d; 3c 1b 100s; 1t 94s; 1¢120s. Ex ‘‘Ohusan”—Glassaugh, le 107s; 1c 1t 98s 6d; 1b 95s; 2b 113s 6d; 1t 91s. ‘ Ex “Ohollerton”’—Drayton, 1b 93s; le 1t 115s 6d. PDM, le 118s; le 16-898; 1b 1t 81s 6d; 1b 84s; 1 bag 98s. _ (Ex ‘‘Britannia’”?—Mahanilu, 1b 107s; 1b 2¢ 105s; 2c 1t 99s 6d; 1t 94s; 1¢ 124s; 1b 91s; 1 bag 98s. Ex “Chollerton”—Monnt Pleasant, 1t le 105s 6d; 3c 1t\97s; 1b 97s; 1b 105s; 2 bags 98s6d. Ambawella, 5c 98s; 4c 1b 97s 6d; 1b 1c 93s; le 16 90s; 1 bag 97s. Ex “Britannia”—Braemore, 6c 1b 99s 6d; 1c 93s; 1c 1b 92si6d, Galkandewatte, le 93s 6d; le 1b 122s 6d; 2 bags 99s; 1c 1b 928. Ex “Ohollerton”’—Rahanwatte, 1b 94s; le 90s; 2 bags 96s. Kelburne, 1t 95s; 1c 87s; 4c 3b 2 bags 76s 6d. Ex “Britannia”’—JDHH, 1b 100s; le 98s; 1c 96s; 1b 91s; 1b 103s. : Ex ‘‘Widdrington”—Brookside, 3c 95s. ; Ex “Chusan”—Diyagama, 16 112s; 3c 1b 109s 6d; 8c Ub:106s; 1c 1b 97s; 2c: 1248; 1c 91s; 1b 101s; 1c 88s; 1b 91s; 3 bags 107s 6d. » Ex “Ohollerton”’—Ouvah, 1t 93s; 1c 88s 6d; 2 bags 97s 6d. OOO, 84 bags 86s; 70 bags 838 6d; 6 bags 88s 6d. PDM, le 118s; 1c 1t 89s; lb 1t 8ls 6d; 1b 84s; 1 bag 98s. Ex **Britannia’—Mahanilu, 1b 107s; 1b 2c 105s; 2c 1t 99s 6d; 1t 94s; 1c 124s; 1b 91s; 1 bag 98s. in Ex “ Britannia.”—NRangboda, 1e 113s; 8c 109s; 3c 102s 6d; 1t 96s; 2 125s; 1c 1t 93s 6d; 2 bags 103s 6d. Ex “ Chusan ”—Bogawanne, 1c 1t 110s; 7c 108s; 4c Qb 102s 6d; 1+ 95s 6d; 2% 125s; le 94s; 2 bags 105s6d. Ex ‘“ Massilia ”—Oaledonia, 2b 97s; 1b 91s; 1b 97s; lb 879; 1b 888 6d. Choisy, 1c 113s; 1c 109s; 1e 1t 104s; 1b 96s; 1b.128s; 1b 93s. } Ex “ QOhusan ”—Dunsinane, 1b 111s; 1c 14 106s 6d; 2c 103s; 1t 106 6d; 1b 120s; 1¢ 94s 6d; 1 bag 103s. Ex “ Vega’”’—U. R. Y., 1t 1b 104s; 1c 1b 96s 6d; 1b 112s; 1b 90s. | Ex “Ohollerton ””—Elephant, 4c 122s; le 1b 104s; 1 bag 95s. Berat, 4c 109s; 1 bag 108s;53c 1t 1088; 1 bag 101s; 1t 958 Gd; le 1b 95s; 1 bag 938; 2c 1b 125; 1 bag 109s. Macaldenia, 6c 102s; 7c 96s; le 92s; le 1t 118s; 1c 1t 90s; 2 bags 96s 6d. Oddington, 2b 1c 1t 106s 6d; 1t 1b 101s; 16 958 6d; 1c 118s; 1t 1b 94s. Ex ‘‘Chusan”—St. Olair, 1t 111s; 8c 106s 6d; 5c 1t 101s 6d; 2t 96s; 3t 1225 6d; 1c 1b 943 6d; 1 bag 106s 6d; 1 bag 110s 6d; 1 bag 109s; 1b 106s; 3c 100s. Lawrence, Qe 1t 95s 6d; 2c119s; 1c 1t 935; le 2b 90s; 1 bag 102s, Yapame, 3b 99s; Lb 106s; 2b 92s. Ex “ Britannia” —Wattegodde, 1t 110s; 2c 1t 106s 6d; 2c 101s; 1b 95s; 1c 121s; 2694s 6d; 2 bags 106s 6d. _ Alloowihare, 1c 1b 99s6d; 2c 96s; 1b 95s, 1b 108s; 1b 898; 3b 1c 91s; 1b 95s; 1 bag 98s. Ex *‘ Massilia”—Bambrakelly, 1 bag 88s. CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. Mincine Lane, March 15th. 1889. SUCccIRUBRA. Mark . Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Yapame 13d Derry Clare 2d Hauteville, Hybrid 34d to dd Galaha Dhd ah Kitoolmoola Ne Bhd to 4d Waitalawa 2d to 24d 1d NWE 2hd ae Rangalla at 4d East Holyrood 14d to 34d 4d Kunckles Group _ ahd lsd Tillicoultry lid to 3d 3d B, Tynan 3d 4d Tunisgalla 2d #3 Mark Natural Renewed Root. Stem, Cabragalla 13d ad 2d to2 Mausagalla A a 2d * Deyanella 2d 3d 2a PB, P in diamond 2d as 2d IA in diamond 13d 24d “ay Haputale 13d TA * St. Mary’s 2d is ab Kooroondowatte oe oy 2d IMP in diamond 2d 3d aap Tellisagalla 13d ae ; OFFICINALIS. Maria 24d to 3d oa aaa Dukinfield 3d 83d to 9d ade Sutton pe .. (mix) 33d to 4d Lemagastenne, Ledger 6d ove ove Waverley 23d 6d to 64d 43d Lunugalla 33d 4td to 5d *i5 Tillicoultry ce 33d IA in diamond 23d to 3d 4a Amanadowa, MCCC Co. in diamond oe 3d to 3id Glasgow, Hybrid 23d +5 ove Wevabedde, Ledger 5d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, MrncING Lang, March 8th, 1889. Ex ‘“Oopack”—20 bags 80s 64; 20 bags 81s; 99 bage 81s 6d; 9 bags 84s; 2 bags 71s. . Ex “Claymore”—North Matale 60 bags 79s. Ex “Vega”—Eriagatenne 21 bags 80s. Ex ‘‘Quetta”—Gangwarily 2 bags 70s 6d; 2 bags 44s. Ex ‘‘Vesta”—S W 4 bags 70s6d; 9 bags 56s 6d; 1 bag 60s: Delgolla 46 bags 82s; 2 bags 59s 6d; 9 bags 54s 6d. : Ex “India”—Delgolla 13 bags 55s. 41, Mrncine Lane, March 15th, 1889, Ex ‘“‘Vega’”—Hylton, 19 bags 83s 6d; 10 bags 78s; 1 bag 60s. Maria, 46 bags 83s; 12 bags 80s 6d. Goonam- bil, 17 bags 80s 6d. Ex “‘Oopack”—Palli, 29 bags 75s; 2 bags 16s; 4 bags 86s6d. Amba, 10 bags 75s; 2 bags 16s; 8 bags 84s. Ex “Britannia”—Victoria, 139 bags 83s 6d; 23 bags 65s; 10 bags 57s; 2 bags81s. Ex ‘“‘Olaymore”—Goonambil, 23 bags 80s 6d. 1 ja- gastenne, 38 bags 81s 6d. Ex “Ohollerton”—Rajawelle, 35 bags68s 6d. Wihara- gama, 22 bags 80s; 15 bags 74s; 14 bags 66s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, March 8th, 1889, Ex Duke of “ Buccleuch’’—Katoologa, 1 case 2s 6d; 1 case 2s 3d; 3 casesls 3d; 1 case 11d. Ex ‘‘ Vesta”—Galaha, 2 cases 2s 8d; 2 cases1s 3d. Ex ‘‘ India”—Galaha, 3 cases 2s 9d; 3 cases 25. JG 6 case Is 6d, MRA 3 cases 2s 7d; 1case 1s 9d; 1 cage 1s 8d; 4cases 11d; 1 case 1s 6d. Mahakanda 1 cage ig 1d; leasels 3d. Bie ‘“ Widdrington”—VBG 2 cases 2s6d;2.cases 2g 5d. Ex “ India”—Sherwood 2 boxes 2s 11d;4 boxes 2g 6d; 1 box 2s 7d. Ex “ Nepaul”’—Osborne 4 boxes 28 5d; 2 boxes 2s 4d; 2 boxes 1s 10d. Ex “Glenartney ’—Wawagalla, 3° cases 388 3d; 2 cases 25 6d; 3 cases 1a 7d; 1 case 1s 8d; 1 case 1s 7, Monarakanda, 6 cases 3s; 2 cases 38 1d; 7 cases 2g 4d; 7 cases 1s 9d; 2 cases1s 5d; 2 cases 1s 6d. Ex “ Almora ”’”—Hunasgeria, 3 cases 2s 4d. r AA “ Duke of Devonshire ”—Gallentenne, 3 cases 83d. Hx “City of Bombay ”—Wawagalla, 2 cases 3s 5d: 5 cases 2s 7d. i i pelinuras ”—Tonawarily, 2 cases 2s 1d; 8 cases. s 9d. Ex “ Nyanza”—A T O,2 cases 9d. SS ** CEYLON OBSERVER ”’ PRESS, COLOMBO, COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ————S No. 8.] CoLomBo, May 1, 1389. Prick :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee: | COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs, HE. BenHamM & Jo., put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 3rd | April, the undermentioned lots of Tea (2,910 1b.), which sold as under :— : Lot Mark Box Weight No No Pkgs Description per lb c 1 Yaha Ella 56 9 hf-ch bro pek 450 65 2 Do 58 23 do pekoe 1150 47 3 Do 60 15 do peksou 750 41 4KC 62 7 ch bro pek sou 560 32 Mr. 0. E. H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 3rd April, | the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,705 lb.), which sold as under :— ' Lot Mark Box Weight No. No. Pkgs Description perlb.*' ¢. 1 Nahaima 32 19 c pekoe 1805 Bil 2 Do 34 11 hf-ch bro pek 605 57 bid 3 Do 36 7 ch pek sou 700 39 4 Do 38 2 hf-ch congou LLORES las 5 Gallawatte 40 28 do pekoe 1400 34 bid 6 Do 42 18 do bro pek 900 39 bid q Do 44 1 do dust 50 20 8 Dea Ella 46 14 do pekoe 700 30 bid 9 Do 48 6 do bro pek 330 35 bid 10 Do 50 1 do souchong 45 25 11 Do 52 1 do dust 60 23 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at | the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 3rd April, the andermentioned lots of Tea (11,480 |b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No, \ No. perlb. cc. 1 Dartmoore 110 24 hf-ch pekoe 1080 38 } 2 (6) 112 12 do bro pek 600 38 bid 3 Barra 114 10 do do 600 41 bid 4 Do 115 14 do pekoe 700 37 5 Do 116 20 ch pek sou 1500 = 332 6 Do 118 1 bf-ch fannings 80 24 | if Do 119 +1 do dust 30 23 8 P 120 4 ch fannings 500 = 30 9 H 121 2 hf-ch do 80 24 lo L 122) eG iich! do 100 25 11 C 123 5 hf-ch dust 300-28 12 Keenagsahs- ; | ella 124 25 ch bro pek 1875 j withdn, | 13 Do 125 55 do pekoe 3575 14 Do 127 1), do souchong 70 24 15 Do 128 1 do fannings 80 24 16 Do 129 1 do dust 110 23 17 Do 130 2 do unassorted 150 30 Mr. EK. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Uom- merce Sale-room today, 38rd April, the under- | mentioned lots of Tea (24,620 1b.), which sold as | under :— | Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No, per lb c. | LN 78 1 hf-ch congou 53 4 2 N 79 1 do red leaf 42 17 3 Little Val- ley 80 6 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 625 66 | 4 Do 82 13 ch pekoe 1170 55 5 Do 84 1 do dust 125 23 6 Do 85 1 do ? 1 hf-ch pek fans 165 38 7 Do 86 1 ch 1 hf-ch congou 140 32 $ Cruden 87 20 do or pek 1000 67 bid | 9 Do 89 15 ch pekoe 1500 60 10 Do 101 28 do pek sou 2800 48 bid ily Do 103 6 do bro mixed 600 31 12 Do 104 4 hf-ch dust 290 25 13 Mahanilu 105 42 do or pek 2520 88 14 Do 107 27 ch pekoe 2700 71 15 Do 109 32 do pek sou 2880 53 16 Do Lee aierdo, dust 260 32 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight | No. No perlb oc. 17 Kanangamall2 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 55 81 Do 114 15 ch pekoe 1500 48 19 Do 116 22 do pek sou 2209 36 20 Do 118 4 do unassorted 400 21 21 KEilandhu 119 13 do pekoe 1170 4 22 Do 121 18 hf-ch pek sou 900 35 Messrs, SOMERVILLE & Co. putup for saleat the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 3rd April, the undermentioned lots of Tea (21,607 1).), whieh | sold as under:— Lot. Mark. Box Pkgs. Description, Weight No. No per lb. c. 1 Ossington 82 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 39 2 Do 83 21 do pekoe 1050 36 3 Do 84 28 do pek sou 1257 34 4 Do 85 3 do dust 180 23 5 Hakuru- ) galla 86 9 do bro pek 450 | not ard. 6 Do 87 12 doe pekoe 600 (Bulked.) 7 Blair Avon 88 13 ch pekoe 1300 35 8 Wewesse 89 32 hf-ch bro pek (bulked) 1600 35 bid 9 Do 90 59 do pekoe (bulked) 2950 33 bid 10 Do 91 12 do dust 720 7 (Bulked ) it, ask ae 92 5 hf-ch bro pek 250 36 bid 12 Relugas 93 18 do bro pek 990 93 13 Do 94 15 ch pekoe 1650 70 14 Do 95 17 do pek sou 1700 58 15 M&H 96 19 hf-ch pekoe 950 33 bid 16 Penrith 97 20 do bro pek 1000 59 bid 17 Do 98 21 do pekoe 1050 45 18 Do 99 20 do pek sou 900 38 19 Do 100 5 ch bro tea 675 30 20 Friedland 1 3 hf-ch souchong 132 32 21 Do 25 do. dust 59 26 22 Horagaskelle 3 2 do bro pek 107 46 23 Do 4 4 do pekoe 186 36 24 Do ‘fy 9! do, pek sou 459 32 25 Do 62 do dust 42 25 26 Morningside 7 6 do bro pek 300 39 | 27 Do 8 4 do pekoe 200 32 28 Do 95 3) sido pek sou 150 31 29 Do 10 2 do bre tea 100 21 30 Do iy ido dust 50 23, 381 Do 12}-~1) do unassorted 50 26 Messrs. Forses & WaLkmR put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 3rd April, the uadermentioned lots of Tea (37,474 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description Weight No. No peclb. ec. aa Aidt 32 16 hf-ch congou 768 20 2 Do 34 2 do souchong 96 23 3 Do 36 47 do pek sou 2256 27 4 Do 38 14 do pekoe 700 31 5 Do 40 5 do bro pek 240 32 6 G&G 42 13 do pekoe 584 36 ur 44. 9 do bro pek 486 43 8 FFB 46 9 ch do 900 47 9 Do 48 8 do pekoe 800 40 10 Do 50 8 do do No. 2 800 35 11 Do 52 20 do pek sou 1800 35 The Yatiyantota Tea Co., Limited. 12 Polatagamad4 47 hf-ch bro pek 2350 67 13 Do £6 100 do pekoe 4000 50 14 Do 58 61 do pek sou 3050 40 15 Oraig 60 1 do congou 50 9.29 16 Do 62 1 do dust 70 24 17 Middleton 64 13 ch pekoe 1300 67 18 Walla Val- ley 66 37 do bro pek 4070 7 LS) Do 68 39 do. pekoe 3900 64 20 Cooroondo- watte 70 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 40 21 Do 72 15 do pekoe 750 35 22 Do 74 16 do bro pek sou 800 31 23 CH 76 12 ch bro pek 1200 48 24 Do 73 26 do pekoe 2600 38 25 Do 80 13 do pek sou 1300 33 26 Do 82 3 do souchong 300 29 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Mark Box No. No, Pkgs Description PAL MAM O} in triangle84 2 do 14 hf-ch bro pek 28 Do 86 2 do pekoe 29 Do 88 1 ch 2 hf-ch pek sou 30 GT W 90 3 do congou 31 Do 92 4 do pek fan 32 Do BAT do dust 33 L 96 1 do pekoe 34 OL 98 1 do peksou Weight per lb. 906 100 190 150 200 160 33 35 Cc. Messrs, E, Bennam & Oo. put up for sale atthe Oham- ber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 10th April, the undermentioned lots of Tea (6,056 lb.), as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description ‘No, No. 1 Ekolsund 64 1 ch pekoe 2 Do 65 3 do unassorted 3 Do 66 2 do souchoug 4 Do 67 2 do red leaf 5 Do 68 3 do dust 6 Do 69 2 do dust, bulked 7 Cocoawatte 70 7 hf-ch bro pek 8 fo) 72 10 do pekoe 9 Do 74 20 do pek sou (Bulked.) 00 76 10 hf-ch pekoe 1RM 738 6 do souchong 2 Do 80. 3 do red leaf 3 Doomba Sligscheeh unassorted 4 Do 62 3 do congou 5 Do 83 1 do dust ta) 1 84 3 ch bro mixed “lessrs. A. H. Taompson & Oo. put up for sale at the “Ciamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 10th the andermentioned lots of Tea (6,790 lb.), sold as under:— Weight which sold Weight - Pemlby aes 112 21 336381 224 30 210 16 390 24 340 20 410 40 550 39 1120. 31 500 5 300 24 115 14 760 37 249 30 140 21 300 8=— 23, April, which Weight penilbs ic: 1600 35 300 33 240 24 100 19 300 36 300 33 810 29 80 22 220 46 600 36 270 28 550 56 500 46 800 36 120 20 bid the bid bid Lot Mark Box Pkgs Description No. No. 1 RW 3L 32 hf-ch souchong 2 Do 33 5 do pek fans 3 Do 34 3 do dust 4 Do 35 2 do bro mixed sip 12 (O) 42 5 do bro pek 6 Do 43 4 ch pekoe 7 Do 44 9 do peksou 8 Do 45 1 hf-ch dust 9 Pate Rajah 46 4 do or pek 10 Do 47 12 do bro pek 11 Do 49 6 do souchong 12.Lauderale 50 11 do bro pek 13 Do 52 10 do pekoe 14 Do 54 16 do pek sou 15 H 56 3 do unassorted Mr. E. Jounput up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 10th April, undermentioned lots of Tea (24,7651b.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description No. No. 1 NB 123 1 box wpekoe 2 BH 2 TL nee bro pek 3 Do 125 6 do pekoe 4 Do 126 2 do pek sou 5 Langdale 127 20 do bro pek 6 Do 129 15 do pekoe 7 Do 13l 2 do pek sou 5 Do 132 1 do dust 9 St. Clair 133 13 hf-ch bro pek 10 Do 135 15 do or pek 11 Do 137 -33 ch pekoe 12 Do 139 19 do pek sou 13 Ugieside 141 22 hf-ch bro pek 14 Do 143 47 do pek sou 15 Do 145 1 do red leaf 16 Fernlands 146 1 ch do ty Ge I 147 9 box pekoe 18 Albion 148 18 ch bro pek 19 Do 150 22 do pekoe 20 Do 152 16 do pek sou 21 Do 154 3 do dust 22 Templestowel55 28 hf-ch or pek 23 Do 157 24 do pekoe 24 Do 159 35 do pek sou 25 Do 161 3 do bro mixed 26 Do 162 2 do dust _Mr, ’ O. HE. H. Symons put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room, today 10th April, the undermention sold as under :— ed lots of Tea (19,363 1b.), which ‘Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, put upfor sale at the 10th April, the undermentioned lots of Ten (18,369 lb.), which sold as under :— : Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No per lb. cy WRZON X 13 9 hf-ch bro pek 450 39 2 Do 14 12 do pekoe 600 34 3 Hiralouvah 15 2 do do 87 127 4 Do 16 7 do souchong 322 86-25 (Bulked.) 5 Dambula- : galla WYP mae bro pek 1700 56 6 Do 18 17 do pekoe 1700 400? 7 Do 19 20 do pek sou” ~ © 2000 36 8 Do 20 do -souchong 500 30 9 Do 21 7hf-ch fannings 350-25 10 Mount Plea- - sant 22 5 do bro pek 250 30 11 Do 23 6 do pek sou 283 26 12 Do 24 2 do souchong 85 — 22 13 Do 25 1 do congou 42 20 & 14 Aadneven 26 20 do bro pek 1100 78 15 Do 27 23 ch pekoe 2070 53 16 Forest Hill 28 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 75 17 Do 29 15 ch pek sou 1350 46 (Bulked.) 18 Salawe 30 2 box broor pek 44 65 19 Do 31 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 50 20 Do 32 4 do pekoe 200 37 21 Do 33 9 do pek sou 450 31 22 Do 34 2 do unassorted 108 24 23 Do 35 3 do mixed 141 20 24 Do 36 1 ch dust 80 22 (Bulked.) 25 LPG 37 3 hf-ch red leaf 165 20 26 Do 38 2 do bro tea 100 26 2, DPO 39 20 do bro pek 1000 ~ 64 28 Do 40 20 do pekoe 1000 51 29 Do 41 20 do pek sou 800 42 30 Mutholiya 42 14 do bro pek 700 30 31 Do 43 2 do pekoe 100 not adr, 32 Do 44 2 do pek sou 96 20 33 Do 45 1 ch congo 120 20 34 46 4 hf-ch pekve 186 25 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 10th April the undermentioned lots of Tea (75,900 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark 0. 1 Mahatenne 2 Horagoda 3 Do 4 5 6 Waverley 7 Do 8 WSA Box Pkgs. No. 100 28 ch 102 7 do 104 16 do 106 8 do 108 1 do 1 hf-ch 110 27 ch 112 48 do 114 1 do Description Weight - per lb c. = pek sou 2520 31 bid bro pek 750 43 bid pekoe ' 1568 36 bid pek sou 716 32 bid dust : 225 : bro pek 2970 78 bid bro pek 4800 59 pek sou 118 Lot Box Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs Description perlb. c. | 1 K 54 47 hf-ch pekoe 2115 2 Do 56 20 do bro pek 1100 | 3 Do 58 15 do pek sou 600| with- 4 Do 60 6 do unassorted 255 [ drawn, 5 Do 62 7 do red leaf 350 : 6 Do 64 3 do dust 165 7 PM Ceylon 66 35 do pekoe 1575 557 8 Do 68 50 do bro pek 2500 «64 4 9 Do 70 57 do pek sou 2565 47 10 KL iz) Gedo congou 270. +28 bid 11 Do 74 +6 do dust 450 27 A 12 Patiagama 76 56 do pekoe. 2826 50 13 Do 78 21 do bro pek 1152 63 14 Do 80 3 do dust 214,,, 26 15 Traquair 82 1. do pekoe 50 16 Do 84 1 do bro pek 40 17 Do 86 2 do pek sou - 80 2 18 Do 88 4 do souchong y6e0f 2 19 Do 90 1 do fannings 49 20 Do 92,0 iI dio congou 1 (BT 21 Nahalma 94 18 ch pekoe —: 71710, ol 22 Do 96 12 hf-ch bro pek 600 . 61 23 Do 98 5. ch pek sou 500 38 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description No: No. 9 Do 116 2° do fannings 10 Do 118 1 do dust 11 Thornfield 120 20 hf-ch bro pek 12 Do 122 3ldo pekoe 13 Do 124 28ch pek sou 14 Do 126 2 hf-ch pek dust 15 Do 128 1 do souchong 16 Gondenawa 130 32 do bro pek,; 17 Do T3227. ‘chi pekoe 18 Do 134 24 do pek sou 19 LE 136 29. hf-ch bro pek 20 Do 138.82 do pekoe 21 Do 140 18 do pek sou 22 Do 142..7 do fannings 23 Do 144 7 do bro tea 24 Middleton 146 26 do bro pek: 25 Do 148 13 do pek sou 26 Farnham 150 2% do or pek Py ee 00) 142 25 do pekoe 28 Do 154 24 do pek sou 29 Melrose 156 36 do bro pek 30 Do 158 16 do do 31 Do 160 53 hf-ch pekoe 32 Do 162° 25 ch do 33 Do i64 1hf-ch souchong 34 Lyegrove 166 8 do bro pek 34a 4 do do 35 Do 168 13 do pekoe 36 Do 10 1h do dust 36a 5 do bro pek 37 Do 172 3 do bro pek 38 Do TEE YG RTeNo) bro pek No. 2 39 Do 176 6 do pek sou 40 J MK 178 2 do dust 41 Attabage 180 11 ch or pek 42 Do 1§2 25 do pekoe 43 Do 184 21 do pek sou 44 Do 186 1 do dust 45 Bandaru- polla 188 18 hf-ch bro pek 46 Do 1gv 18 do pekoe 47 Do 192 19 do pek sou 48 Do 194 13 ch bro mix 49 Do 196 3 do dust 60 MK 198 5 hf-ch bro or pek 51 Do 200 21 do pekoe 52 Do 202-18 do pek sou 53 Do 204.2 do souchong 54 Do 206 2 do dust 55 Kirimettia 208 8 do bro pek 56 Do 210 13 do pekoe 57 Do 212 16 do pek sou 58 Do 214 14 do souchong 59 Do 216 4 do fannings 60 Do 218 2.do red leaf Gi ie 220 ch bro tea 62 Done 922 1 hf-ch dust 63 Holmwood 224 27 do bro pek - 64 Do 226 32 ch pekoe 65 Do 228 9 do pek sou 66 Do 230 9 hf-ch dust 67 Walla Val- ley 932) 17 ch bro pek 68 Do 234 17 do pekoe 69 Campden Hill 236 15 do pek_sou No. 2 Mr. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. E. JouN Weight per'lb. °c. 280 25 159 18 1200 85 1860 63 2520 50 170 30 60 25 1600 49 2430 41 2040 37 1450 4100 900 } not ard 350 350 1456 75 1248 48 930 41 bid 1125 37 bid 1080 33 bid 1980 50 1150 45 2915 35 bid 2750 35 bid 55 26 400 37 bid 200 35 bid 650 34 bid 65 20 250 39 150 39 bid 350 31 bid 300 33 bid 130 25 1045 16) 2000 48 1785 40 140 25 810 66 bid 810 50 bid 700 38 bid 1170 32 300 25 250 1050 i 900 } not ard 90 120 400 65 650 35 800 29 ' 700 27 200 25 100 19 125 27 90 23 1485 60 bid 3200 45 bid 900 35 630 21 bid 1870 72 1700 55 1500 32 put up for Sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today; 26th April, the under- mentioned under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. ‘No No, 1 Kandenuweral62 42 ch 38 Maria 164 18 hi-ch 4 DE 165 ~ 6) chi 5 Tellisagalla 166 2 do 6 Do 167 4 do tf Do 168 13 do 8 Do 170.1 do 9 Torrington 171 44 hf-ch 10 Do 173 29 do 11 Do 175 64 do 12 Do l1i7 3 do 13 Pera, 178 #6 ch Description souchong bro pek dust, &c, bro pek pekoe peksou dust fans bro pek pekoe pek sou dust seuchong lots of Tea (24,388 lb.), which sold as Weigh per lb. ec. 3360 32 bid 1008 55 bid 510 26 bid 190 48 340 41 1105 30 bid 80 24 2640 66 1595 52 3200 38 240 22 720 26 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No: per lb. c. 14 Do 179.4 do fannings 480 30 15 Do 180.01 .do dust 165 23. 16 Mocha 181 79 do bro pek 3670 74 17 VO 183,, .30 ch pekoe 2700 5d 18 Do 18 13 do peksou | 1105 41) 19 Do 187 16: do souchong 1280 34 20 Do 189-2: do fannings 220 27 21 Do 190, 7, do dust 910 24 22 Do 191 6 do bro tea 630, 20 23 Kadienlena 192 33, do bro pek 2970 56 bid 24 Do 194 20 do pekoe 1800 40 bid 25 Do 196 34 do pek sou 3066 33 bid 26 Cruden 198 58 bf-ch bro pek 2900 70. bid 27 Doe 200.16 ch or pek 1520 68 bid 28 Do 202 28 do ; 1 hf-ch pekoe 2438 55 bid 29 Do 204° 52 do pek sou 4926 42 bid 30 Do 206 7 do souchong 266 29 bid 31 Do 207 8 do pek fans 350 33° bid 32 Do 208 10 do dust 698 25 33 Mahanilu 209, 28 do, , or pek 1680 84 34 Do 211 25. ch, - pekoe 2250' ~— 68 °¢ 35 Do 213 34 do pek sou 3060 Bis 36 Do 215 2 do bro mix 160 25 37 Do 216 3 do dust 240 26 38 Mossville 217 17 do bro pek 7700 48 39 Do 219 16 do pekoe 1600 46 40 Do 221 26 do pek sou 2470 «=. 30 bid 41 Comer 223 10 do bro pek 1100 36: bid 42 Do 225 9 do pekoe 900-35 bid 43 Do 226 7 do pek sou 700 out 44 Do 227 | 2 do bro mixed 200 PA lis =) 45 Do 228. 4 hf-ch dust 240 23 46 Great Valley 229 17 ch or pek 1700 87 47 Do 231° 23 da pekoe No, 1 2185 55 48 Do 233° 43 do do No, 2 3870 48 49 Peradenia 235° 6 ch souchong 720 not 50 Do 236.4, do fan 480 0 sived 51 Do 23745 Lodo dust 165 = 52 Salem ° 238 19 hf-ch 1 box bro pek 785 31 bid 53 Do 239° 30 hf-ch pekoe 1200 31 bid 54 Do 241 13 do 1 box pek sou 540 26 bid 5d Do 242 12 hf-ch 1, box pek fan 540-26 56 Do “243 ° 1 hf-ch 1 box congou 60 22-00 57 SM 244 8 box bro pek 160 36 58 Do 245 8) do pekoe 160 33 59 Do 246 1 do dust 20 24 60 Kanangama, 247 20, hf-ch bro pek 1200 40 bid 61 Do 249 19 ch pekoe 1900 34 62 Do 251 18 do pek sou 1800 28 bid 63° N 253' 15. eh congou 400 14 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. —— (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, March 8th, 1889... Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE! sold ih Mincing Lane up to 22nd March 1889 :— Ex “Britanpia”—Lunugalla, 3c 102s; 6c 99s lt 93s; le 119s; le 89s 6d.» 9 Ex “Glenartney’ ’—Macoolusa,- 1b 963; le 94s; Ic 1b 92s 6d; 1b 102s; Lb 85s; 1t 84s; 3. bags 80s. ' Ex “Mfassilia” —Lauugalla, 1b 99s; 2c 100s 6d;. 4e ‘Ib 978; 16 93s; le 119s; ic 88s 6d; 10 bags 100s. Ex “Chollerton’ *__Maskeliya, 3 bags 99s 6d. Ex “Britannia”—Newton, 4c 105s; de 100s; 1b 93s;. le 125s; 1t 112s; 1¢ 1t 92s 6d; 1 bag 101s; 1 bag 89s. Bx “Massilia’ >_Castlereagh, 1b 103s; 4c 101s; 5¢ 1b 97s; 1¢ 92s; le lb 112s 6d; 2c 89s 6d; 1 bag 98s. Ex “Vesta’””—Suduganga, lt 95s. Ex ‘“India”—Mausagalla, 2¢ 1t 93s. Ex ‘‘Agamemnon’’—Henfold, le 1t 98s 6d. Ex “Glenartney”—Mausa Ella, 2c 938 6d; Balmoral, 1 bag 85s. Ex “Oceaua’—Kumaradola, 2c 1t 96s 6d; le 92s; 1t 118s; le 993; 1 bag 94s. Norwood, 1c 101s; le 1t 97s 6d; 1c 94s 6d; 1b 116s; 1b 89s. y 4 ‘CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 99s; 1b 94s; le 125s; 1t 90s 6d; 1b 101s 6d; 1 bag 96s. Ex “Navarino”—Kahagalla, 1b 104s; Ie 100s; 2t 98s; 1b 94s; 1b 120s; 1b 90s 6d. Ex “Oceana’”’—Manickwatte, 1b 109s; 2c 1t 105s; 4c 1t 100s 6d; 1c 95s; 1c 1b 122s; le 1t91s; 2 bags 93s 6d. Kintyre, 1b 105s; 2c 1t 103s 6d; 3c 1t 995 6d; le 95s; ie 123s; 1c 1t 91s6d. Meddecombra, le 102s; le 1+ 98s 6d; 1t 94s 6d; 1b 116s; 1b 91s. Ex “Navarino”—Mahakanda, 1c 1t 104s; 2c 1b 109s 6d; 1b 95s; 1b 116s; 2 bags 90s. Bx “Vega”—Ardlaw, le 107s; 4¢ 101s; le 96s: le; 124s: 1e 1b 928. Kinloch, 2c 107s; 4c 1b 101s 6d; 1t 95s le 124s; 1t 90s. Ex “Goorkha”—Talawakellie, 1t 104s; 1c b 101s; Ic 1¢ 97s Gd; 1b 93s; 1b 107s; 2t 91s; 1t 109s. Ex “Navarino”’—Kahagalla, 2c 1b 102s 6d; 5c t 100s; Je 96s; 1c 1b 120s; 1 bag 97s. Haputale, le 101s; 2c ib 99s 6d; le 1b 94s; 1c 123s; 4 bags 99s 6d. Leangawelle, 1c 1t 102s; 5c 100s 6d; 1c 1¢ 100s; le 1b 948 6d; 1c 123s 6d; 2 bags 99s 6d; 4 bags 90s 6d. Ex ‘‘Oceana’”’—Monerakande, 1c 1b 99s; 1c 963; 1¢1b 94s; 1b 928; 1b 109s; 1b 87s; 1b 89s. Ex * Oceana ’’—Dambatenne, 1c 1t 1003 6d; 2c 100s 6d; 2c1t 98s 6d; 1b 93s; 1c 116s; 1b 90s; 1 bag 98s. Ex “Ghollerton ”—J B Ouvah, 2c 100s; 5c 97s; 1b 111s; 1t 110s; 1 bag 86s 6d. Lethenty, 3c 102s; 6c 1b 978 6d; 1c 94s; 16 116s; 16 112s;1e 89s 6d; 1 bag 101s 6d. Ex “Goorkha”—Aldourie, 4c 1b 98s; 1b 109s; 1t 107s; le 91s 6d; 1 bag 100s. 98s; 2b 101s 6d, lo 88s 6d; 1 bag 95s 6d. Bogawan- talawa,!O lt 1c 101s; 3c 1b 985; 1b 928; 2b 107s 6d; le Qls; 198s. Edinburgh, O1b 105s; 5c 1b 1028; 3c 1b 97s 6d; 1c 1b 112s; 1c 92s 6d; 2b 95s; 1b 918; 1 bag 94s ; 1 bag 87s 6d. Ex ‘“Navarino ”—Wariagalla, 1b 95s 6d; 1c 94s 6d; 1c 92s; 1b 888 6d; 1b 98s; 2b 87s. Poonagalla 3c 1t 98s; 4c 1 94s; 1e 89s 6d; 1e1t 104s Gd; le 1t 1b 863 64; 2 bags 938; 1 bag 85s. “ Oceana ’”—Oraig, 1b 95; 3c 98s; 1698s; 1t 110s; 1t 90s; 2 bags 89s; 1b 89s. Marks and prices of OERYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 29th March 1889:— Ex “Goorkha’”—Hlephant, 1c 1b 120s 6d; 1t 101s. Ex “Taroba”—TO, 1t 2b 87s; Ie 1b 87s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Chollerton’”—New Ooruwall, le 90s 6d: 1b 103s; le 101s; le 1t 898; 2 bags 92s 6d. Ex “‘Nayarino”—Poonagalla, 1 97s. Ex “Goorkha”—NO, 5 bags 84s 6d. Ex “‘Taroba”—O&KO, 1b le 93s 6d; 1b 97s; 1b 86s; 1 bag 91s; 1b 98s. EBF, Ic 1t 96s; le 1t 94s 6d; 1b 89s 6d; 1b 102s; 1b 87s. Somerset, 16 107s; 2c 105s 6d; le 1t 99s; 1b 93s 1b 109s; 1t 91s; 2b 87s 6d. Ex “Chingwo”’—Coslanda, 1t 94s; 1c 92s; 1b 865 1b 05s. Ex ‘‘Goorkha”—Amuramulle, le 938s; 1c 1t 91s; 1b 95s; 1b 88s; L bag 92s. WPF, 1b1t 91s; 1t 1b 87s 6d; 1b 85s; 1b 91s; * 2c 2b 2t 84s 6d; 3c 1b 86s; 1b 82s; 1t 878; 1 bag 72s. Ex ‘Oroya”—Gavatenne, bag 96s. Ex “Massilia”—Kotiyagalla, 1b 104s; 3¢ 101s 6d; 3c 1b 97s; 1b 90s; 1b 1!0s; 1¢ 1b 91s 6d. Ex “Goorkha”— Wewelmadde, 1b 96s; 1b 102s; 2b 85s 6d Ex “Oceana””—Rajawelle, 1b 90s; 2c 1t 90s 6d; 1b 86s; 1b 968; 2c 2t 1b 83s. Ex “Chollerton”—Sirigalla, 13 bags 90s 6d; 5 bags 87s 6d; 2 bags 88s; 6d; 4 bags 66s; 4 bags 738 6d. Ex “‘Navarino’’—Fermoyle, 1c 99s 6d; 2c 97s; 1b 91s 6d; 1b 109s; 1 bag 96s; 1t 98s 6d. Forest Hill, 1c 95s; lb 2ls 6d; 1b 1098; 3 bags 89s. Ex “Rosetta”—Bogawanpe, 1t 104s; 5c 102s 6d; 1c 1t 1026 6d; 3c 1t 1b 96s; 1t 928; 1t le 118s; 1e 90s; 1 bag{100s, Ex “Navarino’’—Gonakelle, 1b 102s; 2c 1b 98s 6d; 8¢ 958; 1c 89s 6d; le 118s; le 1b 89s; 1 bag 94s; : Ex “Goorkha”—Ragalla, 1b 948; 2c 948 6d; le 91s; 1b 1b 104s; 8 bags 89s 6d. Ex “Taroba”—St. Clair, 1b 104s; 4c 1028 6d; 3c 1b 96s 6d; 1c 938 6d; 2t 1185; 1t 90s; 2 bags 97s 6d. Morar, 1b 1076; 101+ 1058; 2c 1b 100s; 1b 938; 1t 1178; 2c 928; 1t 110s; 1t 3b 903; -1 RWA, O4ce 1t 99s; 5¢ 97s; 1b: Ex “Oceana” —GWF, 1b 1t 98s 6d; 2t 95s 6d; 1b 89s; 1b 109s; 1b 89s. CEYLON CINCHONA SALES IN LONDON. Mincine Lanz, March 29th. 1889. SUcCIRUBRA. Mark. Natural Renewed. Root. Stem. Hadley 3d 34d to 6d ss ST &LC, Ain dia. 2d Bu to 34d 2d Doomba 2d % ad MOS, C in diamond 2d 2d = S, Kin diamond 2d to 24d naa 23d ECB,Tin do 14d 3d TJEJ,D in do ee 43d a FRS, Kin do 13d to 3d ae one Gonakelle 22d eh ose Elbedde 23d to3d 4d to 6d one SS, M in diamond 24d to 31d 2d vee Cabragalla 2d to 25d 23d an Deyanelle Qhd 3d 34 Tynan 74 wd a Tunisgalla Be 2d to 2id ae I M P in diamond ad 4d ons Dunbar 2d to 24d ae oe KPG 2d to 3d AD 2d Gordon 42d 8d pe WSF, Din diamond ,., 3d to 33d yy Ledger Bae HCSC, Pindiamond 23d 42d to 5d OFFICINALIS. ST & LC, AR in diamond 4d on ST&LC,Bindia. 3d to34d ie MOS, C india. 2d to 24d 33d a Caledonia, Dimboola “or cn 44d to bd 8, K in diamond, Ledger 5d to 54d aie Goonakelle 4d 4d to 44d Rahatungoda,mixed 4d ses oe Gordon 2 83d CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 41, Mincinc Lane, March 22nd, 1889. Ex “Britannia”—Wariapolla, 64 bags 86s 6d; 2lbags 64s; 20 bags 87s 6d. Ex “Navarino”—Wariapolla SD, 7 bags 67si 4 bags. 66s; 3 bags 64s 6d. 41, Mincine LANE, March 29th, 1889. Ex “‘Oceana”’—Rajawelle, 33 bags 71s. Ex “Goorkha”’—Dynevor, 67 bags 87s; 15 bags 63s; 3bags 44s. Wariagalla, 8 bags 86s 6d; 2 bags 55s 6d; 1 bag 58s; 1 bag 60s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, March 22nd, 1889. Ex “Britannia” —Hunasgeria, 2 cases Is 8d; 1 case 1s 6d. Windsor Forest, 2 cases 1s 8d; 1 case 1s 5d. Ex ‘‘Chollerton”—Elkadua, 2 cases 1s 10d; 1 case 1s 5d; 1 case 1s 6d. Delpotonoya, 2 cases 3s; 1 case 3s 1d; 4 cases 2s 5d; 1 cass Is 8d. A&C, 1 case 1s 9d; lcase 1s 10d; 2 cases 10d; 2 cases 1s 5d; 1 case 1s 6d; 1 case 1s 1d; 1 case 1s 2d. Gammadua, 1 case 2s 5d; 1 case 1s 6d. Ex ‘‘Iberia”—Kobanella, 2 cases 2s 2d; 2 cases 103d; 3 cases 1s 104d. Ex “Oopack”— Great Valley, 3 cases Is 5d: ; He “Glenartney”—Kobanella, 6 cases 1s1d; 1 bag s 6d. Ex “‘Kerbela”—(MMM), 2 cases 2s 11d. } Ex iia sa ae 4 cases 1ld; 1 case 1s 8d ase 3d, (From Our ‘‘ OBYLON OBSERVER ’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. COFFEE, TEA, CINCHONA, CGCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. Pricr :—12% cents each; copies. AY 889. No. 9.) Gevonpo, MAT ¢,/Lus { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee: 7 { Messrs. E. BENHAM & Oo. put up for sale at the | Lo: Mark Box gs Weight Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room today, 26th April, NO. ne Nos. ERBE a pesge Dron Ree abe . the undermentioned lots of Tea (4,721 lb.), which | 3) Do 308 51 ast bel eed 2550 28 sold as under :— 3 37 Do 310 8 do 55 sou 400 25 Lot Box 407 Weight 38 Do 312 5 do pek dust 250 24 No. Mark No. Pkgs. Description perlb. ce. 39 Holmwood 314 31 do _ bro pek 1705-60 1 Loinorn 1 1 ch. congou DS Sw 40 Do 316 35 ch pekoe 350037 bid 2 Do 2 1 hf-ch brotea 45° 15 41 Do 318 8 do peksou 800 32 bid 42 Do 320 5 hf-ch dust 350 25 (Butked.) 48 PDM 322 1 ch congou 110 30 8 Ernan 4 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 48 bid | 44 Do 3824 1 do dust 150 25 4 Do 6 36 do pekoe 1620 36 bid | 45 Middleton 326 28 hf-ch bro pek 1568 7A 5 Do 8 28 do bro pek sou 1316 30 bid | 46 Do 328 35 ch pekoe 500 53 6 EF Sienlatchi bro mixed 100 26 47 Do 330 1 hf-ch congou 48 29 7 Do 10 1 do dust 150 23 43 Farnham 332 18 do bro or pekoc 9d 40 8 NN 17. +1 hf-ch pekoe 50 33 49 Do 334 27 do pekoe 1215 33 bid 9 Do 18 1 do pek sou 50 28 50 Do 336 27 do pek sou 1215 30 10 Do 19 2 do congou 100 28 51 East Holy- rood 338 56 do bro pek 3472 55. bid. 52 Do 340 31 ch pekoe 3472 35 bid) Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale atthe By oe ves a rl 3 aa Soe sn 2 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 26th April, the | 55 Do 346 1 do, dust 180 24 undermentioned lots of Tea (8,133 lb.), which sold as |56 Waverley 348 27 do bro pek 2970 = BL under :— 57 Do 350 49 do pekoe 4900 59 Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight 58 W SA 352 1 do souchong 1l4 31 No. No. per lb. c. 59 Do 354 2 do fannings 242 29 1 WWW 057 7 hf-ch bro pek 420 35 bid |60 Do 356 1 do dust 169 «1? 9 Do 58 8 do pekoe 400 33 bid | 61 Thornfield 358 21 hf-ch_ bro pek 1260 81 3 Do 59 23 do peksou 1150 ~—-29 bid | 62 Do 360 26 ch pekoe 2340 60 4 Do 61 4 do bro tea 200 26 63 Do 362 35 hf-ch pek sou 2100 40 5 Do 62 2 do dust 160 22 The Yatiyanto a n imited. ¢ WGA 63 3 ch_ bro mix 390 out ERSTE oe este a : q Do 64 1 hf-ch bro pek 45 out 64 Holategama 364 66 hf-ch bro pek 3300 46 bid 8 Yarrow 65 18 hf-ch do 728 51 bid | 65 366 110 do — pekoe 4400 35 bid 9 Do 67 18 do pekoe 900 ~—-38 bid | 66 Do 368 95 do pek sou 4275 28 bid 10 Ferndale, 6¢ BE 370 8 do bro tea 400 23 Rangalla 69 23 ch pekoe 2300 63 68 Do 372 4 do red leat 216 12 ll Do 71 10 do _ bro pek 1000 = 82 69 HS 374 20 ch bro pek 2400 60 12 Detenagalla 73 3 hf-ch fannings 190 29 70, Do 376 13 do do 1560 64 13 Do 741 do congou 50 25 a Do aie fo peree ee a aa H 9 di Z 0 Co) 0 0 bil 14 75 5 do unassorted 200 29 bid 73 Do 382 47, do. pel ‘cou 3760 33 74 Do 384 10 hf-ch do 400 29 bid 75 Do 386 3 do dust 180 24 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale at the|76 Do 388 1 ch do 172. «19 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 26th April, a Pee oat i oe a9 130 at the undermentioned lots of Tea (145,121 lb.), which | 79 Do 394 2 do fannings 20930 80 Cocagalla 396 7 box pekoe 166 42 sold as under:— 81 Do 398 9 hf-ch pekgou 450 32 aig as 82 Queena 400 2 ch pek fans 200 26 not Mark Box Pkgs. Description wee i 83 SA 2-3 do souchong 27931 " S x r 84 Do A Vado: red leaf 100 14 1MK 238 2 hf-ch dust 120 20 85 Do Ge 1S do dust 105 23 2 Do 240 2 do souchong 90 25 86 Lyegrove 8 21 hf-ch or pek 1050 38 bid 3 Do 242 18 do bro pek sou 900 34 87 Do 10 10 do bropek 500 33 bid 4 Do 244 21 do pekoe 1050 out 88 Do 12 14 do pekoe 700 29 bid 5 Do 246 5 do bro or pek 250 47 bid | 89 Do 14 2 do dust 130 23 6 LE 248 29 do bro pek 1450 50 bid | 90 Do 16 11 do bro pek 550 out vi Do 250 81 do pekoe 4100 38 bid | 91 Do 18 5 do pekoe 241 30 8 Do 252 18 do pek sou 900 32 92 Do 20 1 do dust 65 25 9 Do 254 7 do fannings 350 26 93 Walla Valley 22 33 ch bro pek 3960 not 10 Do 256 7 do bro tea 850 26 94 Do 24 42 do pekoe 4200 f arrived, ll H 258 32 do bro pek 1600 50 95 X 26 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 39 bid 127 260 44 do pekoe 2200 41 96 xX 28 27 ch pekoe 2430 35 bid 13 H 262 74 do pek sou 3700 = 33 OTexs 30 39 do pek sou 3900 9-33 14 H 264 30 do souchong 1500 =26 bid | 98 Queenwood 32 8 do bro pek 960 bi 15 Glenorchy 266 28 do bro pek 1540 42 99 Dori! 34. 3) 4do do 339 + 51 bid 16 Do 268 15 do pekoe 675 33 100 Do 36 3 do pekoe 315 36 bid 17 Do 270 12 do pek sou 600 30 101 Do 38 8 do do 800 f 19) 18 Pooprassie 272 17 ch bro pek 1904 61 |102 Mukeloya 40 13 do bro pek 650 50 19 Do 274 15 do pekoe 1650 945 | 103 Do 42 14 do pekoe 700 «39 20 Do 276 45 do pek sou 4500 36 104 Do 44 28 do pek sou 1400 84 21 Do 278 19 do pek fans 2565.3 10 BVA 46 1 hf-ch bro pek 43. 37 22 Tillyrie 280 16 do bro mixed 1728 29 | 106 Do 48 3 do dust 189 93 23 CH 282 8 do dust 800 24 107 CB 50 6 do bro mix 360 34 24 Campden Hill 284 29 hf-ch souchong 1450 t 108 Do 52 3 do dust Ziv 23 25 Do 286 13 ch pek sou 1300} n9 a LOS aS LD 54 1 ch bro pek 73 BD) 26 Do 288 9 do souchong 900) *Ftivee- | 110 = Do 56 1 do pekoe i aneye 27 Pansalatenne 290 5 hf-ch bro tea 275 26 111 Do 8) Leido pek sou 86 26 28 Do 202 1 do dust 7 23 112 G 60 12 hf-ch bromixed 600 39 2 Frotoft 294 5 ch do 400 25 113. G 62 4 do dust 330 26 Do 295 2 hf-ch bro tea 1l0 33 ll4 G 64 1 do red leaf 5U 23 a Walla Valley 298 18 ch bro pek 2160 67 115 Yellango- 32 Do 800 21 do pekoe 2205 52 wry 66 12 ch bro mixed 1320 28 83 Kaluganga 302 14 hf-ch bro pek 700 45 116 Do 68 7 do or dust 1050 32 34 Theberton 304 19 do do = 950 40 TW »¥ D 70 3 do bro tea 330 21 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, 26th April, the undermentioned lots of Tea (74,575 Ib.), which sold as under:— Lot Mark No : 0. 1 Orange Field 54 2 Do 55 3 Do 56 4 Do 57 5 Do 58 6 EC 59 7 Do 60 8 Wewesse 61 9 Do 62 10 Do 63 Ui bes Bele: 64 12 CLM 65 13 Do 66 14 Do 67 15 Narangoda 68 16 Ie) 69 17 Relugas 70 18 Do 71 19 Do 712 20 0 73 21 Dambula- galla 74 go Do 75 23 Do 76 24 Do 17 25 Do 78 26 Z 79 27 Z 80 28 Z 81 99 St. Andrew’s 82 30 Do 3 31 Do 84 320 TEN C 85 33 Blairavon 86 34 Do 87 35 Do 88 36 Do 89 37 Do 90 38 Do 91 39 Do 92 40 Do 93 41 Do 94 42 Do 95 43 Aadneven 96 44 Do 97 45 Alton 98 46 Do 99 47 Do 100 48 Wevelmadde 1 49 CC 2 50 Do 3 51 Do 4 52 Roseneath 5 53 Do 6 54 Do 7 55 Allakolla 8 56 Do 9 57 Do 10 58 Do 11 59 Do 12 60 Suriakande 13 6 Do 14 62 Do 15 63 Do 16 64 Glentaaffe 17 65 Orion 18 66 Do 19 67 Forest Hill 20 68 Do 21 69 ZZZ 22 70 Lo 23 71 Penrith 24 72 Do 25 73 Do 26 74 Do 27 75 po 28 17 33 7 (Bulked.) Box Packages Description N hf-ch bro pek do pekoe do bro tea do congou ch dust hf-ch congou do dust (Bulked.) hf-ch bro pek do pekoe do pek sou ch pek fans hf-ch bro mixed do upassorted do dust (Bulked.) hf-ch pekoe do pek sou do bro pek ch pekoe (Bulked.) do pek sou do dust ch bro pek do pekoe do hf-ch pek sou ° ch hf-ch souchong do dust do bro pek ' do pekoe do pek sou (Bulked.) hf-ch or pek do bro pek do pek sou ch dust (Bulked.) ch pekoe hf-ch bro pek do pekoe do bro pek do pekoe do pek sou do bro tea eh dust hf-ch red leaf do bro pek No.1 do bro pek ch pekoe (Bulked.) hf-ch .bro tea do dust do red leaf do do ch hf-ch pekoe do pek sou do congou do bro pek ch pekoe do pek sou hf-ch bro pek ch pekoe do pek sou do bro tea do congou do bro pek do pekoe do pek sou hf.ch do ch bro tea hf-ch bro pek do pek sou ch do hf-ch bro pek do congou do dust do bro pek do do do do do pekoe do do Weight per lb, ¢; 850 33 1650 29 350 22 95 22 75 23 56 20 63 23 750 45 500 40 600 33 bid 780 28 200 23 225 25 140 22 650 40 bid 900 29 bid 1210 83 1210 62 bid 1400 42 bid 85 23 1600 60 1500 41 2850 38 550 26 150 25 780 34 bid 750 31 bid 1000 28 bid 952 75 540 60 bid 988 40 bid 375 25 1300 600 {witha 1080 450 38 585 32 315 30 315 21 840 24 100 10 360 44 1540 75 bid 1980 45 bid 450 20 490 26 60 12 121 12 200 32 50 28 120 22 1344 35 bid 1133 37 1288 32 1200 42 bid 1470 37 2200 34 300 26 200 30 3600 64 bid 5600 57 1500 39 2350 36 212 26 1197 38 bid 676 30 bid 540 40 120 85 280 26 300 25 1150 85 bid 1000 85 bid 1450 35 bid 2050 28 bid 2000 28 bid ot Mark Box Packages Description No. No, 76 Do 29 31 do do 17 Do 30 38 do pek sou 78 Do 31 17 do do 79 Do 32 35 do do 80 Do 33 1 ch souchong 81 Do 34 5 hf-ch bro tea 82 AG 35 3 ch pekoe Weight per lb. ¢, 1485 28 bid 1710-25 bid ieee} 25 bid 90 9 21 680 17 300-28 Mr. C. E, H. Symons put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room today, let May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (29,296 lb.), which soid as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description No. No. 1 Nahalma 1 19 ch pekoe 2 Do 3 20 hf-ch bro pek | 3 Do 5 11_.ch pek sou 4 Bo 7 6 hf-ch congou 5 Pambagama 9 ch do 6 PM Ceylon 11 59 hf-ch pekoe 7 Do 13 46 do bro pek 8 Do 15 51 do pek sou 9 Do 17. 4 do. bro mix 10 Do 19 6 do pek fan 11 Do 21' 18° do dust 12 DM 23 22 do pekoe 13 Do 25. 17. do bro pek 14 Do 27 6 do unassorted 15 Aberfoyle. 29 28 do bro pek 16 Do 31 53 do peksou 17 Deaelle 33 26 do pekoe 18 Do 35 13 do bro pek 19 Do 37. 1 do souchong 20 W_G 39, 1 ‘do bro mixed 41 Do AL do red leaf 22 Do 43 1 do pek dust 23 Do 45 2 do bro pek dust 24M K 47 23 do pekoe 25 Do 49 10 do bro pek 26 Do 51 47 do pekoe 27 Do 53 20 do bro pek 28 Do 55 28 do pek sou 29 Do 57 3 do pekfan 30 Do 59 4 do dust 31 Do 61 6 do unassorted 32 Do 63 7 do red leaf Weight per lb, 1805 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room today Ist May, he undermentioned lots of Tea (24,469 lb.), which sold, as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description No. No. 1 AKCA 76 1 hf-ch bro orpek 2 Do Hao) fannings 3 Do 78 3 do bro mixed 4 . Do 79 3 do unassorted 5 FS Do 80 4 aa dust 6 Esperanza 81 5 do 7 Daja: 82u03 ydowil. Sayeuees 8 Do 84 25 ch pekoe 9 Lauderdale 86 25 hf-ch bro pek 10 Do 88 33 do pekoe 11 Do 90 71 do pek sou (Bulked.) 12 Kelani 92 38 hf-ch bro pek 13 Do 94 18 ch pekoe 14 Do 96 25 hfch pek sou 15 Lyndhurst 98 5 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek ls} Do 99 18 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 17 Do 1 23) “eh! 1 hf-ch pek sou 18 Do 3 5 ch bro tea 19 Do 4 3 do cust 20 Do Seco) fannings 21 Do 6 1 do 1 hich unassorted 22 RW 7 23 do pek sou 23 Do 9 8 do pekoe 24 Do 10 7 do tro pek 25 Do 1b 3} (a fannings 26 Do 12 2 do dust 27 Do 13. i hf-ch congou 28 P 14 4 do pekoe 29: Hi 15 3 ch 1 hf-ch wumnagssorted Weight per lb. c. 58 ‘31 50027 162 20 150. 26 261 22 572 91 2000 70 1500 46 bid 1650 41 3550 33 “1976 43 bid 1620 33 bid 950 34 550 42 bid 1665 36 2115 30 450 23 334 22 80 22 130 24 1150 3933 400 withdn 420 46 210 27 160 23 50 not ard 224 2 265 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No’ No. perzlbo ic. 30 W 16) 3) ch bro mix 390 620 31 W 17 1 hf-ch bro pek 45 35 32 ABC 18 13 do pekoe 650 36 33 Do 19 11 do bro pek 550 48 34 Do 20 1 do red leaf 57 15 35 Do Pal Th Ce) congou 55 22 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room today, 1st May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (35,068 lb.), which sold 8&8 under :— Lot Mark Box Packages Description Weight No. No. per lb. c. 1 Kirkoswald 254 3 hf-ch bro mixed 255 26 2 Do 255 2 do dust 190 21 3.°TE 256 3 ch do 240 28 4 Do 257 1 do congou 80 26 5 ~ Do 258 5 do fannings 450 35 6 Kotagalla 259 11 hf-ch bro pek 770 87 vi Do 261 24 do pekoe 1560 62 8 Do 263 23 do pek sou 1380 47 9 Whyddon 265 18 do bro pek 990 57 bid 10 Do 267 18 ch pekoe 1800 44 11 Do 269 21 do pek sou 1050 41 12 Do 271 4 do dust 300 22 13 M 272 11 hf-ch bro pek 605 53 14 Blackburn 274 12 ch do 1200 40 bid 15 Do 276 15 do pekoe 1350 36 bid 16 Do 278 18 do pek sou 1440 32 17 Do 280 2 do souchong 200 24 18 Do 281 1, do dust 140 21 19 Little valley 282 14 do- bropek 1295 67 bid 20 Do 284 20 do pekoe 1760 56 21 . Do 286 1 do dust 65 26 22 Do 287 2 do ~ pek fans 125. 31 23 Do 288 2 do congou 138 30 24 Tarf 289 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 70 bid 25 Do 10 25 do pekoe 1250 53 bid 26 Do 12) 23 -ch pek sou 2000 40 27 Do 14 6 do souchong 480 35 28 Ivies 15 2\ hf-c bro pek 1050 41 bid 29 Do 17 20 ch pekoe 2000 35 30 Do 19 13 do pek sou 1250 31 31 Do 21 4 hf-ch dust 260 22 32 Do 22- 2 do congou 120 18 33 Logan 25 30 do bro pek 1500 45 bid 34 Do 25 30 do pekoe 1350 37 bid 35 Do 27 58 do pek sou 2610 30 36 Do 29* 12. do souchong 540 27 37 Do 31 8 do dust 520 22 38 Laxapana O22 .8) ch bro tea 480 18 39 ON _ 83 7 bfch bro mixed 350 25 40 N O34 2.-do congou 100 25 41 N 35 5 do dust 375 Q1 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up- for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce |Sale-room today, 1s May, the undermentioned lots of Tea (20,970 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Mark Box Pkgs. Description Weight No. No. pereilbio 4,871 packages sold at an average of 113d. per |b. We understand that arrangements have been concluded, whereby Ceylon Tea will be re- sented at the Exhibition to be opened in Paris next year. PESO (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) | ~ . . . . VA. Sales comprised 1,847 packages, in which only two Estates were represented. ‘‘ Ardja eet. ee Sih : z : ¢€~ contributing 1,147 chests and ‘‘ Dramaga”’ 700 chests. No material change has taken place ve market. The 1,847 packages of direct import sold at an average of 73 MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) DURING JUNE. jinninunaans DELIVERIES. STOCK | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887, 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. _ 1888-1889. ato 617,082 1,041,396 1,397,829 4,823,808 5,598,312 5,300,919 16,426,355 18,802,974 20,149,773 Seas | 623,560 1,230,240 2,139,242 560,710 780,579 1,594,208 BOuesO7° Pieiia EC. | SAA . 197,330 387,730 187,950 412,580 287,980 340,620 1,015,779 1,154,160 761,810 5,594,122 4,041,565 6,696,577 10,932,518 8,875,728 8,438,610 | 36,124,685. 38,112,442 42,050,213 cu Se eee? 2 | = 7. i 10,032,694 6,700,931 ‘10,421,898 16,739,006 15,542,500 15,734,357 | 55:485,781 60,806,406 ey me - eee oe ees . ——nes. i eeeennnnenntianEneenene . 24 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight 1s. 42d INDIAN. ia 5 ‘ piss 5 Le i : ie 7 Pekoe aad ( Brok ad || Panni i | Garden, : Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, | Sotelo [Tana Vatons | Total. arch | : pepanuty. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price. || Quntity. | Price. leonantiey: Pik A > 1 ak > ; ee Cagle 8 c| rot 14 11 | 24 | Sedu ae ae = 55 pl ge = Cherideo — . eee pan 7 dle: ae 3 ; 7 -c| 104 14 c| ro2d || I c| 14 5, GabrooPurbut ro ci} 113d 7 | tfoh — 10 rod ( ie oy p cd en ee PM orecl | mg 1/2 AIS) Ve) chp — 3 p| 72-94 || 161 p », Mackeypore = = == = — — — 4 67 | » Mazengah g ci 10f 8 cl 11¢d ]] — —~ — R ; ae 53 : 1 Attaree Khat T Co 27) Cl Osa amet 1/ 20 ¢ 4d fd 0 a Beheating 20 104 4 : 13 € Rad ‘ss ae a ie ets ki g 200 rs) aay: mae = — L BishnauthTCo 2Aq IC) ean LQic| 1/ paw ti as 3 : id BITC Urrunbund Go c| 83 13 ¢| ofd || — = a 77 A | Chubwa T Co AC oid : MANO toe ae ie a : H Craigpark 21 c| gd 21 c| lod || — 2 his 1 c Dad i : ki Deven Co 53° Bp ies 10 up 55° 1/J03-1/3 I Adj; = — || 139 p i =“ 00 A so 22@ 94 Tar | ad 50 cl &L c| 7id || 4 — || o2zci See Se a c We ore tozd s x od «| (JAVA Auctions this week have been the heaviest since March; they have been generally well ‘supported by buyers. ‘The acne consisted almost entirely of New Season’s Teas, many of which are beginning to show improved quality, the selection as a whole being now of very useful quality and good value. Sales have passed with some irregularity, and it is probable that the present heavy auctions being limited to two days a week have somewhat taxed the powers of buyers. The new rule con- cerning sale days will come into operation next week, and it is generally expected that both Indian and Ceylon Teas will benefit by the alteration. TNDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUS: (ene ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 4¢d. 1887, aid 1886, 74d. FANNINGS. (ked to brown, strong rough liquor) sf 52d. oy sd. a) 74d, BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to iblacleistn, strong liquor) Ne 73d. i 7d. a 84d. PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 5 od. ss god. A told. IPN ISON, (Greyish to lecieeln some tip, useful liquor) ,, rod. a) 105@.. 5, 113d. REK SOU G: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) Hf 8d. Bi 7d. ] PRKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, SH@ls ag gd. SEYLON. It is gratifying to note that offerings are beginning to show distinctly improved ‘uality—happily a regular occurrence at this period of the season,—as we have pointed out upon jee ious occasions. It is therefore to be hoped and expected that invoices arriving during the next »w weeks will confirm the experience of former years. The deliveries for July are most encouraging to this enterprise—having not only overtaken the nports, but having also exceeded the deliveries in any previous month by over 40 per cent. | Recent low quotations have evidently driven the Teas very largely into consumption and opened iP new channels; it is significant that the better prices latterly ruling have in no way checked onsumption—deliveries for July having been 40 per cent above those of June, in spite of the higher Irices; it is Mcfore probable that the gradually improving quality has to some extent been the use of the increased deliveries in July. The 9,999 packages sold at an average of 114d. per lb. AVA. Although the quantity brought to auction was not much in excess of last week, a larger number _ Gardens was represented ; the selection on the whole being of fair useful quality. There is very tle change to report in quotations. The 1,412 pkgs. of direct import sold at an average of 74d. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs. DURING JULY. | i MRORS, | DELIVERIES. 1886, 1887. 1888. | 1886. 1887. 1888, TV MANN erates 1,825,782 2,001,690 3,325,743 | 5,039,508 5,661,804 5,923,545 (GEL ONE 380,520 1,050,270 2,040,004 | 760,310 998,590 2,206,106 HW at oes ie f 374,920 233,060 416,920 384,510 365,470 294,350 Gama ete lune fea 31,061,800 19,080,441 22,739,008 | 13,349,259 10,186,943 10,916,691 Totat Ibs,| 34%43)322 22,966,061 28,521,705 IQ, 539: Oe 17,212,807 19,400,692 So FROM ist JUNE TO 31st JULY, 1888. be IMPORTS. | DELIVERIES. | Stock zi 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1857-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. IS38-1889. “SOnnne 2,443,404 3,043,050 417235572 9,863,466 11,260,116 11,284,464 | 13,222,458 15,142,968 17,551,971 iio dd eG 1,504,360 2,880,510 4,179,330 | 1,336,020 1,779,160 3,860,314 | 2,033,480 3,388,510 4,937,528 Sooo 572,250 621,390 604,570 | 797,090 653,450 634,970 1,006, [Bo 1,022,350 $84,380 40,655,922 23,122,006 29,435,885 | 24,282,077 19,062,671 109,355,301 | 53,945,258 47,005,316 54,472,530 _——— — _—___C oe bees | a =—_— | —_—— — - Ibs. 45,170,016 29,666,992 38,943,663 | eo 278,653 32,755,397 35135040 | © 70,107,376 66,559,144 77,846,400 RATE. 2k per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight 1s. 40 ry INDIAN. Re ee Pekoe and Broken and || FPannings, Dust |) | Garden, Unassorted, Broken Pokoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total, | Quantity. Price, |/Quantity.) Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. | | { ii | Bamgaon LOwCl ay Home Ota lh cache gat —— — | — J eS 43 Bannockburn 16 clfired || — —- — — — — Wi 2omcdagdsl Bit ' Borelli T Co 26c 1/2}$-1/6% || — — 17 ¢| 104 — —- 14 c} r1dd]] 57 | Borokai F Cone 28 C) rOduliimmer el! 1/24 ENabci non — — | 24 Cisetdt ge BrahmapootraTC Oe sui ll AO OPM Ih woes well Toy — — | ‘30 c| 88d || 205 British India T Co | os . Dwarbuad 29 (Clg i= = — — | 40 c 74-84 |) 45 cl 82d || 114 » Urrunbund 57 c¢| Shdj}) 23 c| odj| — — 80 c] 72d] — — 160 | CherraT Co B 54 cl 83d |; — — a = == ae oT — 54 | ChotaNagporeTC 22 c| {rod || — — 16), C]) Ga g cl. 7d il tae — 47 | Dooars T Co. | », Bamandanga 7O (C| Ayia 33h i /t4 ll 7 Sy cian soda eS len =" | T8n He 5) Ghatia 26 'C|. aes sire 1/5 58 c| of — — i| 9g ¢| 63-93] 118 c Doom DoomaTCo 20 r/2g |] 314 1/4 16 ¢| oF — — | = — 50 p | GellahattingTCo 18 Clann _ — TANC| Ola. || Ir c] gd} 43 € Goomtee T Co... 281C ime, — — 17 ce] t/os |} — | — = -- I2I p | Jhanzie 25 Cl iene 9/8, 12 c} 102d || — — = — 49 c | IKalabarrie 22 c|. r/os || 20 cl] t1/1$ || 12 c| 114d ||. — — 19 cc] gtd] 73.c | Kolapani sap Bo GPP ai) — — 22 c| gtd |} — ee es — 52 ¢| | Koyahiaie ee 21 c} 10$d || 23 cl okd |! 35 c] 84d] 22 c| 7edi) = _ 116 p | Luckimpore T C POV ya 1! || = — 44.c| 83d |} — Vie — 84 Lushkerpore 69 [83d |) — — 19 73d || — — | — — 88 | Majulighur 21 c} 1o#d || 16 ¢€] 10g 16 cl 84d] — — = -- 5 | Namgaon oe: 26 cit ro¢d || — — 13. c} odj} — = = — 39 | NSTCoBaitakhal 26 cl) 82d erauralmt) Gail a lencys focal ie Se — 52 » Bloomfield 17 Cl] L/Os yy Bie maeliags 3 19 c| ro$d || — —_— | — — 72 + Burjan tc] Gd iians mel o2 dill" 400C| a recelaes ee —- 106 | 9 Dam Dim 52) Cle 154 Ct ia ea ny ABC TOM same Gale — | 170 a” Jafflong 20° ¢}) O40) y rae rodd |) srs ve]\; Ged. ll (aia vel ee Ceaiag a — | & | Nurbong... a 38 c} 1/321) — — 28 c| r14d || 20 c| géd i) — — 104 p} | Nuxaibarrie 82 1 iaee Sr/esclmn iy jel aon CnC Ou ie Sn ee — | 153 | Pathemara 53 cls "od ll sotclmrosd ll a1G. chu etda lin mie) ened 8c] 32d |; 138 | Phoenix T Co +7. 26) cl. 6dii am elurotd ||) 33 ich Sails Seeaa ee 80 ¢€ | Putharjhora —...//37¢ 1/7} 48. Cle D/22 9 troy cles) wii ao ueln wy 20 c| gid GC phan iG he SGtre | Sealkotee 22 c| géd |) — = | i 16 ¢} 18d 59 p | Seeyok ... nant 61 1/1 la a ls as mee pee 80 | Selim T Co are | | | ,, Barnesmorel! 46 c| 104d Bonen t/ 22 i) aioe gd |} — — | — = ir 142 °¢ Selim 28 cl gtd'| 20 cl} i1di) 36 ¢| Sid | | | — |) 170 ¢| os py 60c 1/o}4-1/o2 |) 47 c| 1/4 ey C gd |} — | — — Bets | Bae cary Terai 5O Cilos10#) 28 cl, r/2+ || 52 Cc) 9-94 1) — Baath Aue a 130 Cc SSTCo Goombira 20 Cc) 10}d)|| 2t Ge ofd)|| 20 cl 82d'\|22icl * Sediiig = == gS c - Jagcherra|| 38.¢! gtd | — — tA 6] SSdier7 ¢| Std _ 84 ¢ ,, Phoolcherra! 26 cl o4d 15 cl 1r¢d|} 17 cl 84d | 80 ¢ | Tiphook T Co ... 16ic| Drgin meen tokd || 54.c) Seq ee — |} 81¢ Tukvar T Co _...| 64 cl 1/7h|| 24 cl 1/6 Ase sae — Vie 36 pl6e- 1/2 c69 sp | Westrn CachrT C} 72 c| o#d || 25 c] ofd |) — — — eae) Gluemetide| MAO .c Wilton T Co 14 ¢ gd || — Sara elmer Sl etree | Mem | = mais 49 Pp | ! | ear TRAVANCORE | | | ! GE Pelt 30 gd — — wee zo i zoe I 5id i l tg 1 31 . Nagamally ve) —4 ses 1 84. {84d 9 todd ||) — — — ary 4 jad OF, aga | =| 11 Saal {00 | gd|) — o — = cage age 9 | 44-62 || 109 | 7 i —\ 31 | hr/ | os a ae oe — -—— —- — 31 | ! IL ‘CEYLON. Broken Org, Pek, Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various, Total. |Average, Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity.) Price. |/Quantity.} Price. |/Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price, bbotsford sooll == = 15 ¢| trod AC (50) 40 ¢| gzd | — = 16%) 87d || 85 c| tod berdeen soll so t/of | 52 |1ox10z| — Ta 18 93 Fas oral 10 64d || 110 104d dams’ Peak .../|) — == 50 ¢| 1/ mS) C} so) ||| GONE merely ae 2¢| 52d || 100 ¢ 1/04 ae Pe nl eu AB, @) WOR 19 c| 1/4¢ || 30 c| roid — — g2 c| 113d Mirapolakande ...) — | — 55 ¢| tod Bec ny e 21 Cl OF = aaa Bie cam 108 c} 11¢d Wrdlaw ... peel cee — 10 Mller 9 1/1 15 tid || — — 2 6id || 36 113d (Barnagalla alll 3O 1/44 29 Cc) 1/o% 25 1/5 45 ¢| 104d cam Tae 129 p} r/o Pee || ah — 32 ¢/ ged || 41 MG! || MAP) Corel mam | ms go p| 114d \3eaumont ol = 23)¢). xed TIC} OF | Race 5s oT aa ris aa 36 c). i1d |Sellongalla cy) au 12 c| 103d |) — = 12 c} of oe pe 2\e sid||' 26 cl 10d Blackwater patting es fue ATue| Los 50 clrostit]]/ 21 c| 10d uit ate — — 112 c} todd Sogawantalawa — — 23 p 1//3-1/43|) 31 1/8 15 ¢| afta) — an 4 O73 eg “astlemilk Salo = 54 ¢| lozd aa ed eran sai ae aa ak ain — || 54 ¢| 104 Beeld | Wy, Mamiawattell’ 20 cl 1/2 || 49.¢ (Os ra 84 P| 93-92 || — == eat ia 153 pj 114d {chetnole... Ah 24 1/ 20 1/4z || 21 rod | — aa ei ie 65 1/o§% q-ulloden... eo Gl Os 35 c| tozd ca ae aah aia = ca an Ta OC) mee palleagles a aa 88 | ted] 33 1/5 =n Bai ca ca a 6d |) 123 1/og aes 15 1/350 — ain 20 1/ 35 CRG! |) ee — a aaa 70 1/ Mea ew wee A ZA Cl (7G) OM O GAN ae Macey ieee le, 24 ¢ 87d) 68 pj) ogd “)epedene — a rod || 18 zd |) 18 83d) — ira Tae oa 40 OF ‘bigalla me | 62) | 9-On amen woud (i. — | — 3. 4-8 || 92) 1) 93 oranakande zal = A) Ce ay) = Pas Ob Cl OG I an rat 50 Cc] 10% derapolla Pm a SO 10x 22 [rid || 43 gd jj) — = me) al LOO 10d “| itofts ea eg, |) 32 off? 29) Wise aa 78 tonteal 8 fd|| 3 6d |) 139 pj 112 aly adale odulll” BO 1/1 11) | itod 34 11g He) il — = Sie a TM tee ‘ fla! 2 aul nes tle A2 g2d 18 rtd |; — — sah Baste — — 60 rot 1 lebodde Meainentich| 1/5.) 93. Pat 11g) — Tati 41 c| tod — = 14 @| 83d || 172 pj 11d ngwarily well — || 36 | 9% 32 EON a Nae os cas aa ae 68 Oz ee ye ik afe | G7 | tee) 24 | rosa] 2 | — | 7 Wlet-se | 136 | 2/03 . Western -— — | 60 |10%-11) 103 |1/-1/oz) — ra = == || 9 d'| 169 | 113 Maneranoya ...|| — Be Ke CS ane 267) 1/oz!|| 44 c¢| Ged) — i. 1 aise 57 €| 1is ‘Watdenhuish andi | | | yammermoor | — — | 38 rigd | — Mairi: 20 gid isa = air ie FSP jo sae “pytmony RE =) Re nee | a eyparmevel || SE A esa — — || 26 Gq) nek 41" atherley (= = | 87 | t0gd |) 24 1/4 oa ca ee = 13 |9-tog |) 124 | 113 Te Meloya BAe Pee ah | == 34 tod 24 1/04 Se Weel ee == ng ae 55 urd | *olankande redline ke 2/42 || 102 bi2/-2/0%] — Sei ENN |i YO Hee a ae Lo#d || 129 p| 1/10% | ‘pe as Be aeedoc|l Geta om clean /G — |e 16 c| 1/28|| 39 ¢ 1/ 126 c| 1/23 pjenugalia ao amen 2 | 92-9x || 36 1/24 Weide = ae ie ==), LA 11d VT urana = =F 33 Cl 98d || 55 10} 55 € Gal — 5 5d || 148 p| od Winhoe {pga Seo. cia hOeduinwa7, |) T/omMm@Grel gedit) ) | 14 Sid || 116 p| iid ae Py gece 24, cl tokd || 17 c| 118 cas ae yy) atl — i) = — fat) -i8sG | bragalla M|| 36 1/2 70 ti4d 34 tr/ot || 79 ntoeel SI ae Re! 219 | rrhd | angama ...||, — ie ClyouGaeG) I) 2'5 WObedal ff cee aa — = ar a 42 p| 103d ( OM okelle ee were Nl 2 ulwyion || BOR Mosc i igmes f) — We || 59° | 2124 (| j ss Ol TG Oat an Oo mel mete — — we ah 34 C| odd|| 164 c| 114d aun em 27 -Cl- “okd 22 11d I2 Cc edule we — ey || OPD| aged hl eee uke 19 10d 12 1/o8 69 82 ails fs — —_ 100 | gd ity aco aes sel aye Gli aie 38 cl 1/3h 21 cl tod ik Pitt 21 WienO-oy || TID P| x Mladenia ace a 25 ¢| tod] 19 ¢|. t/t ZOUG fala Hell = = ''|| 64 c} ro#d ) iyagalla soll Ss — go Lidd || 133 t/q |) — — gi = aaa me || 22 I/O | Jukelle el ee) — | 25 ¢ t14d 2OuGla 8/3 18 c] todd oe ones: a = || 72 ¢ z/os jiderdale jo — || 66 tokd || 52 ti¢d || 16 toe Bec osdalie — || 138 p| togd | jJapana as au 35 Cir inan aac] me | 28 cl no a — a Bara! Soke | ‘Yon a pes 215 RG hemes’ Cl ORC MsTOda| een | — Be — || 132 ¢| rogd i 24 aa pie tr cit 104d 22°C! t/t i Ells!) aera! Load =u lie =o 54 ¢| rofd | aya po — ||30 c 1jo¢xr/o}}| 31 1/44 pul vey si en en } ne 61 p| 1/o | tta Toe ee 14 c) 112d || -— — Tord jt -S-8)\)—- | 4o py amd mbra ES aa 21 Cl ,roed) |) Hey cl) r/ok || rSeciokd |) a= = —|| — | 66c¢| 1 ane ...|| — == = — m5 Cl 1/22 || 12)e) od | |. — = — || 27 ¢| 1/08 Gees NE 40 c} trod 17 c| t/44]| - - a egy || > 14 c| 34-93 || 72 ¢ t14d | | | pe eel | CEYLON,—Continued. “a 4 Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken || Pannings, Dust + Garden, or Flo very Here Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total. | Aver a Quanti y, ipatasy [vanity | Pete, Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. [Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Pr ' Morton ... ...(| — B= 43 tod || 20 1/o% || — — 5 7id 8 g3d || 76 Mossville vee{} — 23 p| totd || 20 c| a1dj| 13 c/ 82d) — — — — | 56p Mottingham .../| — — 16 c| ard || 11 ¢| 1/28]! 55 cl g2d 2 63d 6 c= 5d) “oop Narangalla soelll = = 19 114d aI r/t¥ i) 55 gid |} — — 5 64d | 100 New Peacock <.;|| — as 12 c} 114d || 13 1/34 || — — — — — oo 25p New Valley ...||_ 13p} 1/3 15 pit rozd ||) — a 14 c| todd |} — — — -— 42 p Norwood _ = — _ 12 c¢| 1/12 || 19 c| 1o¢d || — — — — 37°C) iam OBEC CragieLea —- = 25 c\t/-1/14]| 12 c| 1/3 13 c| rofd 5 cl gsd]) — — 55 cl IB », Darrawella|) — — 31 c 1//ot-1/3/| 12 cl] 1/84] 29 c} 104d — — — | 72¢c ve » Glendeyon|| — — 20 c| 10#d || — — — — — — — — || 20 cl 1@ Oolanakande ...// — — 24 g?d || — — = a liktoms — I 7id || 25 d Parusella wef — 25,1C|s Ox 20 | 102d) 22 83d |) — — — — 67 p d Penrith vel] — || 13 ¢ 1od]|| 23 1/3 rr cl 88d || — ee — || 47p 1d Mueensheruy. || — — 29 1/24 || 23 1/42 || 40 c| 11d 2 8id |} 2c 64d] 96p r Rangalla sol == = 29 cj to#d |) 23 c| t1/oh | — — — —_— 1) 52chcaaae | Rangwelle | — 14 gid || 14 | 102 12 83d || — — -- — 40 ‘7 ea venscraie Wire| = — = 32 bj) 108 Bye) 1D) Worl) a — = —- — | job gq - | WE 6 | ott 2 2) ae | See : Raxawa | = — 28 tod |} 18 od |; — — — — | 46 id Rookwood alll nae 1/3 68 121/14) — — 78 rod |} -— | — |) sae). 4d]! 282i aaa St. Helen | — ie 50 C\1of-11|| 30)/¢| 1/28) 42 c) ofall == — || 15 c| 74d || 137 ¢ St. Ley’s Sas Se == |t0c x/jot1/t4\| 16 1/42 4.¢| rofd |) ==) == ie 6d} 32 pi Scrubs see|| Oo = 29 c| rod || 21 cj t/ot |! toc} osd}) — — | — — | boc Somerset Syl ee sos 14 c| 113 ISNCh T/T9 il) ate) told) |). a) = — | 50¢ Tillyrie a — |83p 1/jo}1/13//28 c 1\/3-1/34]| 38 clr1-114/) — — || irc} 8d] 160p Torwood sani ee = 12 c| 10$d |} 20 1/34 || 31 c| od} — — — | 63p Tyspany sal — 16 c| 102d || 57 1/34 || t1 c| it0od|) — | — _- — | 84p Upeot. ... | - a 21 Cc) 1osd | mie) L1edallem2h cl aigsd 9. aed od 3 cl 64d) 56p Wallaha eS — 40 c| 108d} 25 c| 1/2 | 18 c 10kd |; — — -- — | 83c Warwick || ~— — a 1g | r14d\j| 40 tod|} — | — jl 5 74d || 64 | Wattakelly ssall, 3 — || 29 c 118 32 1/22 || — == — | — | — —- |) 61-p Westhall ele — || 44 c) 113d]) 31 ¢| 1/3 52 Cc fd |) — — 3c| 6di| r30¢ Ythanside i] 32 @ 1/324) — -—— 35 c| 114d || 28 c| rotd 2 ¢l 82diilimes 63d || 99 p JAVA. Garden, Fine & Flowry Pek,|| Medium Pekoe. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong. |\Cong. Bro, & Dust.!| Total. ————— et == || e ‘] ‘ Quantiey| Price. ||Quantity. Pine. Quantity. Price. |Quantity. Price. ‘Quantity.| Price. j|Quantity. | Price. iQuantity. | q- | Dramaga desl|l Tate) c| 1/1t({| 80 c| 74-82 ||. 38 c) 8d || 31 cl _62 121 c| 64-64 || 12 c| 7d|! 300 | Nangoeng —) = 27 Cl\7-1jok |, 2c) ~ 8d) 68) e6s-62 + LOZ Parakan Salak . —F|; — — | 300 c! 74-73 || 200 cl 63-7 | — — || 500 Soekamana_ || «6 §|_-1/okl}] — — 7 | toed | "19 ec) (Gedy 37kc) ietaa ee — | 69p Tjikoya ... ...|| — i — 17 c| 1ofd]) x1 cc) 7ad|| 74 cl 64d}. 38 ci 58d}, — -— 140 Tjiogreg a) —/| — 42 cl gtd] 2rc} ofd]} 67 c| 78d 53 c) Fdii — — | 183 Tjiomas [| — FP — 20 ci} trod}i 30 c| 6%d/| 47 c| 64d 5 cl “Gedung 6d |, 113 In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices 4 © thus represent the highest offer in the room. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. | Ju W. Parnins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, Fi i oo fo “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. lugust roth, 1888. 13, Roop Lang, Lonpon, E.C. | QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist June To Date, Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 70,740 packages. 52,458 packages. 9,710 packages. 1888. 83,527 56 83,128 6 9,306 7 ‘uring the week 5,095 packages INDIAN AAO SM Ceyton| Total 10,483 packages have been offered in public auction. 1,090 Be Java 4 i Bank Holiday falling in this week, auctions were held only on Wednesday and Thursday. The small supply of Indians was easily taken by the trade, and prices generally ruled firm at ist weeks rates. Broken Pekoes still offer exceptionally good value. ap INDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— aa DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 43d. 1887, 44d. 1886, 74d. at FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 55 Pela ne 5d. “6 74d. : i P BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) i Tle oy, 7d. ; 8d. oy ) PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 5 od. . oda; 10+d tf i PEKOES (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, TOG 5, Lidge... 113d. oy | PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 5 8d. » 74d. ae PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, EKG lh he gid. fy | f al EYLON. The selection was of fair quality, and arrivals now appear to show that a pretty ?/neral improvement in quality has set in. Competition was animated and last week’s rates were ly maintained. Broken Pekoes are dearer, especially those with good liquors. A few invoices ich stood out from the rest on account of fine flavor, attracted considerable attention. Amongst oa “most noticeable invoices may be mentioned the following :—‘ Goatfell,” 1/4; “The Sogama oj ate Y of the “Ceylon Co., Limited,” 1/34; ‘‘ Yuillefield,” 1/24; ‘‘ Mayfield,” 1/2; ‘‘ Mooloya,” ot P . The 4,298 packages cold at an average of 114d. per lb. oat VA. The Javas passed at about previous rates, good Liquoring parcels selling readily, but an (© descriptions showing a rather dragging tendency. Some very fair Teas were catalogued from #0) ‘odjonagara ” and ‘‘ Djatti Nangor” '5"\ 3 968 pkgs. of direct import sold at an average of 73d. per Ib. T | MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM 1st JUNE TO 31st JULY, 1888. + Price r Imports. DELIVERIES. STock \ 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. Fbcoor See 2,443,464 3,043,086 4,723,572 9,863,466 11,260,116 11,284,464 13,222,458 15,142,968 17,551,971 Newseeeee 1,504,380 2,880,510 4,179,336 1,336,020 1,779,160 3,860,314 2,033,480 3,388,510 41937525 Pettis cern aie: 572,250 621,390 604,870 797,090 653,450 634,970 1,000,18Q 1,022,350 884,380 PL eee 40,655,922 23,122,006 29,435,885 24,282,077 19,062,671 19,355,301 53,845,253) 47,005,310 54:472,530 45,176,016 29,666,992 38,943,063 36; 278, 653 _32755)397 _ 351135,049 70,107,396 66,559,144 77,840,409 ket ee Se ee —— = — RATE. 3 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London hike tens aan ES: 43d. Garden, Agra Oya Atherfield Barra Berragalla Blackwater Bambrakelly and Dell... Ceylon Co Sogama ; Vellai Oya Cey.T PlntnsC Ld ,, Dewalakanda Dunedin Mariawatte ” | Cyprus oe Dolosbage G ‘ W Doteloya Elfindale Ernan | Gallaheria Goatfell ... Hoonoocotua Hunasgeria Kandenewera Lamiliere Ss Laxapanagalla ... Mahalia | Mayfield... Middleton | Midlands Mooloya RDS OBEC Havilland », Nuilloomally | Oonoonagalla | Osborne | Pambagama Penrhos Pen-y-lan | Rambodde Rangbodde Taprobana | Torwood | Wallaha Waltrim... Wewelmadde Yuillefield Garden, Bodjonagara Djatti Nangor ...| Soegemah Tjiboengoer Tjiloear .. CEYLON. ee | Broken Org, Pek Pekoe and = | i Broken Pannings, Dust, i a Flowery Pekoe Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total. |A | Quant. | Price. i| Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.! Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. 4 x | Som g c| tod 6c) iu1d]) — _ — _- — — | 5c = — 20 .¢/. Tod |\.22yc| 11d.) 5c) odd je = — Ic] 5$dj) 58 c¢ + - 14 c| gid} 20 rd! 12 ¢) ofd | — | — = 46 p ~ = == — 47 P|, 1/24 |) 63 p) Tosd || — Ne —— = 43 c\t{rozd]}/ 42 c| tird | 21 c} ro¢d || — — — rae cl | — — 2N4 C\) TOs Gallemetes pate elul i ~- eee as — _— — | 36¢ | | | 2Mme) 1/54 |} 20.¢| 1/0} |) — —- — — | — — — — | 48 c 3@me| 1/5 55 clr1¢1i4|| — _- 31 c] 104 ==. || eae | — || 46c 10d] 33 ¢| 118d]| 70 pjgt-of] — | — | — | — || 9p 2@b} a/t} |) 147 p| g#-11 29 °C| 1) 87 p| 9-10 a — 32 6d || 315 p 3@fe) 1/24), 50 clrrg-1/ || — — 10g pl1o- 102 — == == 7) Qua ae | 25 | 8 36) fod | | tea oe aaa -= — 40 c| 1ofd |; 60 c} r/oZ]} 33 c] ofd ||) — _ 3.c| 53d | 136 ¢ — — BO» CHOP UT || seo aay sea ee — — — 44. Cc} 53-94 | 155 C = uae Ag t/o8 ||. 57 1/t¥ || 28 inal We a — —) || 132 | — = 99 |10-To0+]} 40 TOs Or Yeh ee nes ae == Zoo | os 22 TIALS, 1/34 || 29 94 — |e —- 64 — = 13° c| reed | Tae! T/TE 25 cl. osd es (2 cel. adams — 52 C| -- — | 22 c| 1/2 DSR C a ie Nee — — — — | 37 c| — || 19. Cl LoOsil) 26 1/3 28 c| 1o$d |) — — — — 73 P —— —- 42 cjg2-1o$]| 14 c) rf Ig c| ot — — 2c}. 44d j} 77 ¢ — — T2sC! LOR ON Nc — ZAC) dele —— — 42 ¢ 8id|| 73 ¢ a oan a eer ONG eC! == ha — fo 54 | — -— 16 tod || 18 r/ 12 gd || — — — — | 46 — = 12 (cl od || 26°) “o8d i-7 —— ~— 18 c| 84d] 12 cc) zed] 8 ¢ — = ZINN ral | 22 Ti 5a. Vee Lew Oe On| tees = == =r ll - Gueaal — I 21 Mea 20 jee — -— — — — 41 — — 21 c| rofd || 15 1/2 2 Caos = — sare 6d |, 40 p i — 307] COONS | Nit] aa Mere teed Serif le 3 73d || 68 = = 20 Arata Bit n/ox |... 20) | 1p 14 gid |) — — 75 = — 20 €| 1/1 13 Cc} r/22)) 22 c) 11d a — — = 55 ¢ = — 15 c| ridj}'13 ¢) 1/14) 24 c| gtd ||) — — — — 52 ¢ | ae — 49. | 9-10], 22 t1id | 27 83 — — 18 b| 64d | 116 p — Fat ||) SONG] Toad a 28.) 41/32 22 clang = 6c) 73d || 94 p —f; — 28 t/o$¥ |} 13 1/54) 50 todd || — = 8 || 62-84 || 99 — | — 16 ¢| 103d} 12,¢| -r/ot 4 C| Toy — = a 32'¢ } 3 | Hl = — 20 Tye) == 24 frrd | — — — — A4 26fe| 1/24 || 19 cl 10% -- — 4I cl} .g$di) — — — — 86 ¢ mae a ee ae at a MT 553 Ti 1g C| I1¢¢ 13C|, T/4e lL 08% Cl OnGi a ty ae P Asif 99g pee — 51 TeTial py exe 1/24 || 31 tod || — — — — 118 = — 2Biic|! TOPCASE! Dpto — — — —- — 49 C —_ ae esa 11d || 28 t/2i |) — = = — -- Sena Pag —Pe— | 65 cl 2/08] 4aue] a/s2 | 24 c 118d] | ere ‘| 1 JAVA. ‘Pine & Flowry Pek.) Medium Pekoe, || Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, Cong, Bro, & Dust,/| Total. lQuantit | Price. Quantity. Price | Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity, Price, || Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity. ..| 109 # rod |) 139 pl 74-9 70 C gd 36 leh “ved = = — 4") —f) 26. ¢}, r/oh | 28 cf zed) 32 c} 168d). — a Tad aa lst , x BF chs Gab WeeO Ces. iN estes — 97 c| t52d |} 106 cl4}-t58 Pen GOL awk — — — = oe | 1,504,380 2,880,510 4,179,336 1,336,020 1,779,160 3,860,314 2,033,480 3,385,510 4,937,528 ie |. ee 572,250 621,390 604,870 797,090 653,450 634,970 1,006, 180 1,022,350 884,380 ( WEN etc... .. | 40,655,922 23,122,006 209,435,885 24,282,077 19,062,671 19,355,301 53,845,258 47,005,316 54,472,530 P) Dorar Ibs. | 45,176,016 29,666,992 38,943,663 36,278,653 32,755,397 35,135,049 70,107,376 66,550,144 77,846,409 /ANK RATE. 3 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 47d. CEYLON. Broken Org. Pek, Pekoe and Broken Panuings, Dust, | Garden. or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, |! Pekoe Souchong, aud Souchong, and Various. Total. |Avera; Quantit y.| Price. ||Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price, |jQuantity.} Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Pric Aberfoyle 12 t/ot || — = — — — — 61 It Ardross ... 26 c| rid]} 23 c| 1o¢d |) — — — — 67 p| 11 Barra 29 103 19 c| gtd |) — — — a= 71 p| 104 Beaumont 13 c} 1/1$]|| —- — — a — — 40 ¢| 11% Bramley ... i) 1/2} || — — — — 2 64d || 46 I/o Brunswick ie TOme |e L/5 SOC id || — — 5 cl 84d]} 93 ¢| a1 Campden Hill ... LZ Cet ee 10 c| gtd 3c 84d} — = 52 c| rid Coolbawn — — {28 ¢ 1/0-1/62 |) — _ — — 28) -¢el\. 8 Damblagolla 30 1/24 || — — — — 26 ro3d || 56 1/o Dedugalla = — — — — — 43 114d || 131 1/2 Delta Sis 23 13d || — = == — 8 p| 6-94 54 p| 10k | Dolosbage M 42 c| 1/1 _ — — = 27 c| 58-94 || 102 ¢| rid Dunsinane — a Qig inte tte el Nee — = — 99 p) 1/I Frogmore 20%e| 11/2 26 c| tod |) — -- 2 744 | 48 pj) 1/ Gallebodde — — I5 c|. 10d || — — — a ATS pl t/e Gavatenne a — 1g c| tIod||) — — 7c 5td || 54 p| tok -Geddes ... 17 c| 1/44 || 25 c| rofd |} — — 7O ¢| i/o Glencoe .:. 26 | 41/ 23 of 4 gd] — — 75 rit Glengariffe 23 1/2 — = = 4c| 63d] 97 p) 11 Glentaffe 12 c| 1/1d || r2c] 9¢d]) — — — — 36 cl 11k Gondenawa . 3 1/1 50 gt = = = PM TOL toss Happugahalande 20 r/o} || — — — — 3 54d | 52 p| rode Hunasgeria 12 c| 1/14]] 16 c} g4d})) — — tc} 44d || 65 cl 116 Imboolpittia 53 1/14 || 73 p| 92-10 || — — _ — || 208 pl 1/ Kandal Oya 100 t/o% || 173 gd} — — — | — | 487 Io¢ Katooloya 30 T/Opuliny 20) Gilaz — — — -—— 77 p| 11k | KAW 48 cl 104d || — — — — 44 c| 64-92 |] 155 c| x11 Kelvin 27 c| I/of¢ 2c] g3d|) — — 3c} 54d] 60 c| 11k Laxapana 25 c| 1/32 || 27 c| 1o4d]) — _ — — 93 c|_ 1/03 Leangapella 23 104 — oa — — — — 89 p| 104¢ -Lebanon &c. 66 clr0o-101] 67 c|/ gdj — — — — || 221 c¢ got =f 26 c| roid 28 c| 83d |) — — == = goc 3¢ | Longford — — 25 gtd || — _- 12 9 C | Madoolkelly 12 c| 114d |} 12 c} gd) — — — — Melfort — — 5c] 114 —— — 3 Minna 27 1 22a to#d || — —— 7 Mipitiakande 12 c} 1/54 || — a a — aa | Nilambe 14 cl t1/34 || 32 c] r0d]| — = — Norton aoe 19 1/24 || — = = = = | OBEC Dangknde 40 1/ 49 g3d |} — — are Havilland 18 1/14 || 20 tod || — — | ,, Loolecondera 12,c| 1/to ||. 12 c} 1/34 |) — — Poengalla i 20 c| 1/4 — = aoe — | Polgahakande ...|| II 1/84 || — — 8 cl of | Rahatungoda 15 c| 1/5t]} 22 1/ — | Riverside Al 25 ford || — — — | Scarborough _...|| 20 1/24 || ae ae | Strathellie — -- — — — | St. Vigeans 35 t/o4]] 14 c] rod |) — | Templestowe — — 31 gid || — INDIAN. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and | | Broken and || Fannings, Dust |; Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. Souchong. and Various, || Total, Average Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. |'Quantity.| Price. Attaree Khat T Co] — = 25 c| 1/1¢]) — —— 21 ic] o#d|| 13 c| 8id/| go c| ofd || 79 c| rod BITC Maunkotta) — — AQ) (Ay oxi Vee) Ol 3/2 34 c| 83d] — — — — FOU Loe = Sessal) — — 20 c| g#d || — -— 30 c| 82 — — = — 50) c|s | 2od | , Urrunbund) — — 39 c| 83 16 c] g4d || — -= 55 Cc Sd| = — 110 c| 84d aul Borolvardh Co. :).|| — — ZO) Gli HOG Il 1D) Cl. tA MW eh 3) toycl i — 26 c| gd! 89 c| tot ] BorpukriTCo == == MSC |) 0 il, Gh WOee I-A, Cl weorel — = — 51 c} 1/1 | | Castleton vol BS YP oh saber | ae 13 ¢] 10g 7a aa er aa gt ec} 1/52 ‘1 | Darjeeling Co ... l » Ambootia|| — — 52 c| 1/4 27,€| 3/9 52 C| 10% 31 c| Std] — _ Oe (CH e/a 1 He Ging|| — == 56 c] 1/34 || 32 Tela 24-6) nord: || >= fu A ais 122 p| 1/23 Dejoo T Co —- = AGC Wise || AS Cl ues. | SV Cle rs wes as = aus 106 c| 1/04 *)| Dilkoosha — | — 22 Gay ns aac Toi eG ii) || Ma 7ad)||| 06). 38 ‘| Doloo ee | ed — 40 c| 10¢d 28 c| 11+ 78 c| 83 DE © 8d || — = 169 c| ot A Dooars T Co. Ti — — 45 c| 11¢d ANG ete 82 c| gid plat a a — 167 c| «1d 4]! Doolahat ehh — 18 cl gtd || 20 c} ros 28 c| 84 ame a 13 c| 84d 79 C od ‘1 DoomDomaTC BI, — — GO) el) w/a 29 ct 114 ae El oat =e a = TBM |r 4 $5 elie 7 AOrell| Koy |) Hau/AB, ||| ws) |) wpe || ue). Cp shes — — — — 84 p| 1/4t ip mottichke memes) 5.\\) — — 46 cl g$d || 17 c| 10s 20 @| Shale ae ek 93 c| oid it | GellahattingTCo || — — 20) Cl 1/22) rae a7 5 Cla tds) = — = — 49 c| 1/3 “) Ghillidari 14 c| t1/64 || 21 cl 1/12 |) > 13 ¢] {1/12 )) — — = — — — 48 c| 1/3 il) Goomtee T Co ...|47p 1/|5-2/14 ||) 30 c] 1/52] — a 20 c| 114 ns = = as 97 -p| 1/5 id) Harmutty veel] aaa 13 ¢| 1/24 _ — 15) Cle od: 930 cl )82d|| wane 8td_)| 7o c| 10d it) Ind. T Co Cachar| — —— mer) serstal ||| 28 Cl sole Pega © orel ee == 62 c| gd || 218 c} 103 vd Iringmara Sool) = — yl Ee Gal il 24. ©) ypuool IP Gy @| yal = a. = BIG) Clo od oid) JetingaValleyTCo|| — — Rap || OPEL | i) 1/t 29 corel A — = = 83 104 il) Tetookia oe fl — 34 cl of 15 cj 114d || 20 c| 84 10 c| 64d]; 20 ce 8% 99 c| of ! | Jhanzie Bi — — 40 c} 1/5% || — — 2D Gl (Oe Il) = — | 12 ¢} 1/gt|| 74 cl] 1/43 ‘| Joyhing | - — AE Cll) 0/2 8 Gl aaa — — slit = — == 33 ¢c| 1/13 i) Kaline ef — MEN. OMG 22 Gl aesy// — 49 c| 82 118 c| g3d il) Kettela sles seal =r 73 c| t/2z || — — ag ©) seal I = — 1Gmel Od | enr ETc}. or/n ud} Khobong T Co...) — = go Cc} 9-10 30 c| 1/4t |) — — _ 120 Cc} 11+ ‘| Kolopani Aa — BSc eu a — a 25 Cl iosdi|| y= = — — 60 c| 114 typ Xondoli AE Cor. 15 refresh eee sefige | ch 1/4 24 c| 103d || 14 c| 8% = — || 214 pi a/oz o i LZ Lattakoojan|) — — 27 ©| Oe 15) Cl, euadi|| a4eci fod, conc) Skd || 18fe) 7d tog eof \= Moondakote|) — — 60 c| 1/5$|| 13 ¢| r/o? || 20 c| 112 16 c| 114 = — || 109 c} 1/4 10), Morapore|| — — AOAC Oa 18 ¢| 92 35 cl) 82 OMG OGa|| a -- 113 c| 88d ll Lower Assam Co. 7c} 1/24 17 c| 84d 12 c} 82 20 € Sal |} = — 4 cl 74d|| 60 c¢c gd a == — 33 clo#1/od| 13 c| t1¢dj/ 31 c] 82 12 Cl 92h |e = 89 c| OF | = — 36 nif! ||" 2) 1/54 || 66 p| gd-10 || — -— — =< 131 p| 11g BINC|. DOr || 26-c| 1/5 15 c| 1/10$]]/ 28 c) ifoh |) — — = — || 100 ec} 1/6 = — 40 c| 10d|| 30 c] 11¢d|| 25 c| 84d] = — 15 c| 83d || 110 c] 103d — = II c|t 10} 13 1/4+|| 17 c| odd ar a 41 p| 11d = — 31 c] 1/4 BOMC et) 7 32 ¢c| 112 — — 27) CMO Ch E2ORC ln 20am ny Munjha ... — — 29) C\ a ROdn enna 1/25) 220). 88 — == 25 g¢d || 119 pj 1d (iNahor Rani ...|| — a 19) Cl a Saaliputae c| 1/6 Ig c| god || — — 16 c} gtd|} 68 c| 1/1 ¢ M)S&C Chandpore|| — el 86 |gt-tro]] 32 1/ wig rN ne pa = || 8 todd y wWPhoenix T Co . — — 27 c| g#d]| 28 c) i0d|| 43 c| 88d|| — — = — |} 98 cl of 0| @utharjhora — _ 69 c| t/ot|| 43 c| 1/34] 43 cl] ro4d || 29 c] gtd 5 ¢| 7dj} 189 ¢ 1/ | OA uttareah ss 30 ¢| 8dd|| 20 c, rodd | 35 cl] 8d] — — = = 85 c| 8d | IGS Hilika 34. c| 1/54 || 56 c| togd || — ke 60 c| 82-9 ee a 42 c| 72d || 192 c| roid i.) Lalup Biz eh aafllsA (ale) ll {picwval |) a 30 c| 84d!) — | — 15 c| t6$d)) 148 c; 11d omai_... aa 23 cl ofd]| — | — Ai Cte — |— = | See cs 9d") ottish AssamColl23 c 1//3%-1/6|| 61 cl1ot104%]) 12 c| gd|j 68 c| 84-83 |) — — || =| | 164 c} rogd | ottporeTCo ... he l | », Dhubeedha — = 41 c| 182d — ati ee puns en —— 34 cl zed | 75 c| 84d > | = = 27 ClatOed ip —— i 25 cl +8td || — — || 21c¢|, 7dj} 73 ¢| 83d INDIAN ,—Continued. Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden. or Flo very Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. Total, | Averag Quanti v4 Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity, | Price, |/Quantity. Phiten Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Selim T Co Ki — 54 c 1//22-1/3] 28 c| 1/64] 39 ¢| gd} — == — i WIZ Cc] Xa Singlijan, Sekar = 20 c| 54d/|) 12 c| g$d|| 12 c|° 8¢d]) — a = =| 4acel Bae Sookerating |87ptrft-1/44 || 24 cl to? — | — 2OVG| ORME ents) re 14 8¢d || 145 p| 112¢ Tarapore T Co...) — —— 76 c| g$-10 || 62 c] r/o] 38 cl od|| — -- — — | 176 cl rode Tukvar T Co 12 G1/10t |} 54 c| 1/6 15 c| 1/2t]] 34 c| 114d] — —_ — — || 115 c| 1/4 i | TRAVANCORE | } | EG — — 48 | t7ad |) — — — —= — —- 3 6d) 51 7c Penshurst — = == — — — 20 c| rod] — — —_ — 2OLL), TOG Poonmudi — — 89 dj — — — — — -~ Il | 52-7 || 100 82c TPC ce | lamers ae | eee ee 25 | of | | JAVA. Garden, | Fine & Flowry Pek.|| Medium Pekoe. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. || Souchong, Cong, Bro. & Dust.|} Total, |Averag Quantity, | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity.| Price. jQuantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Bodjonagara — — 88 p| 83-94 || 84 c] 82d][ 22 c| 83d||) — — — — || 194 p| 82d Djattie Nangor...| 21 q¢ t/ot|) 47 c| 73d] — — 60 c} 62 — — —- — 128 5¢},6 8d Sindang Sarie ... == 19 od | rmcite 72d gare ge 29 c, 62 aa — 111 p| 74d Tyiogreg — — 22 c|. gtd|| 21 c gd}; 69 c| 72d} 65 ¢ 7d |) — = 177 c| 7d Tjiomas — — 15 cl soxdi, gone, Odi boleh Gd 7 c| 43di| 11 c| 68d]| 123 cl 6% ; In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. { Prices marked thus represent the highest offer in the room. ARRIVALS. Sup. INDIAN. CEYLON. Nepaul — *175,000 Grebe - — Widgeon —_ — Total lbs. *1'75,000 * Approximate. GOW, WILSON & Java. ARRIVED. — Aug. 14th. 35,700 Aug. 15th. 39,340 Aug. 15th. 75,040 J. W. Parnins, Printer & Stationer, r & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe> ¢ ‘ STANTON, Brokers. Bupplement fo “CEYLON OBSERVER.” |, GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. —— August 24th, 1888. 13, Roop Lang, Lonpon, EC, | QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JUNE TO Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 102,487 packages. 63,715 packages. 12,761 packages, 1888. 127,837 a 95,205 Hn 11,756 a During the week — | 16,835 packages INDIAN | EROOONI”(, CryLon: Total 24,012 packages have been offered in public auction. A temporary reduction in the weight of Tea placed on the market this week has had the effect f modifying the irregularity in prices noticed last week. Quotations for most descriptions have emained practically unaltered. The few fine Teas catalogued met with a better demand and for nese kinds more satisfactory prices have been obtained. |. Lhe exceptional value in Old Seasons Tea has attracted more attention and prices have some- ‘hat improved from the low level current during the last few weeks. “JNDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— a DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 43d. 1887, 4d. 1886, 74d. af | FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) Es 53d. i, Asdeea |, 74d. cat BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) Cicada” GLU Sead, ay PIRI S(O WKER (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) nt od. FA od. 0 todd. — EIKO E,. Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid. a tokd. ,, 1/- Pik SOUG. tBlackish greyish, inferior liquor) Me TEGO ins 7Ad. he PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 84d. ie 82d. IEYLLON. Again only a moderate amount has been placed on the market, and this, having pnsisted principally of useful liquoring kinds, has attracted the attention of buyers of Fine ea, who have taken the offerings at slightly hardening rates. Among the most noticeable leas, invoices may be mentioned from ‘‘ Portswood,” averaging 1/4 ; ‘‘ Mayfield,” 1/32; ‘‘ Hillside,” It; ‘ Kellie,” 1/14. There were also some invoices of particularly Fine Teas, selected from the blombo market, “The 5,660 packages sold at an average of 113d. per lb. NWA. Of the 1,517 packages brought to auction, 1,221 were of direct import, representing voices from Ardja Sarie, Dramaga, Jonlapa, and Semplak gardens. They consisted for the fst part of poor liquoring Teas, but were well competed for at slighly improved rates. Catalogues 2 issued for 3,516 packages to be sold next week. 1€ 1,221 pkgs. of direct import sold at an average of 7d. per lb. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM 1st JUNE TO 31st JULY, 1888. Imports. DELIVERIES. STock | | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887, 1887-1888. 1888-1889. MEIN ioc alo «. | 2,443,404 3,043,086 4,723,572 9,863,466 11,260,116 11,284,464 | 13,222,453 15,142,968 17,551,971 LON.......- 1,504,380 2,380,510 4,179,336 1,330,020 1,779,160 3,860,314 2,033,480 3,388,510 4,937,528 Stepsister stars | 572,250 621,390 604,870 797,090 653,450 634,970 1,006,180 1,022,350 884,350 INA, Etc. ..-- | 40,655,922 23,122,006 29,435,885 24,282,077 19,062,671 19,355,301 53,845,255 47,005,316 54,472,530 ) TovAat lbs. | 45,176,016 29,666,992 38,943,663 36,278,653 32,755,397 35,135,049 70,107,370 66,559,144 77,846,409 | - = —— re ———s MANK)RATE. 3 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 43d. Se hha 0 ESTOS SIRS 21 ea st OY i eb INDIAN. 3 ; : i a . MG Bes Brokei Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and || Fannings, Dust |j 7 Gardens or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. || Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong, and Various, Total. |Averag Fa Quantify, | Price. Bes Price. ||Quantity.| Price. || Quantity. Price, Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price Attaree Khat ...|| 2m 2/o4 || 39 cl 1/14 |) — -— 30 c} gtd |) — — 29 c| 82d/| 119 p | BishnauthTCo D] 358} 1/54 || 39 cl{ 114 TOV) 1/0 114 139, cl 10s - — 13 c| gtd|) 142 p - Pi —y. - - 28 c| 10d} — _ 2arc| > gd|| — a= — — 49 c 5 Pl —) — 23 c| 104d] 13 c] t/o2] 20 c| 83d) — — — — 56c | Borelli T Co », Harchurch} —)} — |flaac 11/2-1/52]| 12 c} 1/6 12 c| g#d]. — — — — 48 c 5 Panipoota/ — — {139 ¢ 1|/-1/10d]/ 18 c} 1/52]|| 29 c| o#d]) — = 16 cl. 78d || 102 ¢ BITC Dwarbund] — |, — 24 Cc] OF = = — — |,23 cl 88dl| 71 cj] 84-82 || 118 c Corramore ../| ay — 20.¢| Tod’ Zee) 1odi| "Zone Ss — — 20.¢}" - 8d) Sexe Darjeeling Co 33 Ambootia]}) — — 5h Chima — — 63 c| 104 _ — — — 118 c ,, Phoobsering}| — = 38 1/43 || 23 1/44 || 20 c| gf — — — — 81 p Futtickcherrie .../| — — 64 c| gtd |) — — 27 c| 8h — _ — — gic Geetingy [42 1ftit-1/24 || 31 c}| trod |} — — 23 c| 83 = — Io c| 7id/|| 106 p Harmutty .. || — — 35 ¢| 1/14] 23 e|'12/8 29 c} tod | — sen 12 ¢ trod || 89 ¢ Hattigor | —- 60 c} gd |} — == 25 cl] gd) — — 20 C| 84d || 105 c Jhanzie Sil 14 9B r/82 4-42 c} 1/1 U2) (el) acl al) seakeirel| ey) — — 13 cj r/1¥]] 94 € Jorehaut T Co », Bokahoola|| — — 48 c} 1/2$ || — —- 30 c] gf 18 c} 83d) — — 96 c »;: Cinnamara||. — ie — 48 c} 1/1 = — 20) Cl fod Si@mel Sadia — 96 c »» DhekiyaJuli}| — = 42 C|-r/ox | — — 30 c| 82 30 c| 84d || — =U r32%¢ Kalabarrie .-{| — — 35 c| t/od || 17 ce] t1/32|| 15 c| 10fd } — — — = 67 ¢ Kolopani ae | ee — 26 c| 1/32) — | — 23 c| to4d |) — = — = 49 ¢ ANY Chongtong};/ —| | — 51. we 23 1G). 1/78 30:c) Tox | 250G) 49d i) —— — {29° /™. Xolabarree|| —)| — 11 c| gtd] 4o c} 10o#d |} 4oc} od|| 20 c| 8t — — It ¢ -; Kurseong] — | — |/80 1/5/4-1/5$]) 36 |a3/114]) — = — = _ Bee ne », Lattakoojan|| — as 44 c| ro#d || 20 c} 1/ot]| 60 ec} 88 iit © od || -14 c} 84d || 149 ¢ ,», Moondakotee|| — as 7a Che Wo 14 e1/11d ZANE! aay 21 c| 102d a= pete 130 C 2 Nagril| — = 59 ¢| 1/5 == = DIM 30) — a II c| gd ||- 93 ¢ Luckimpore Mj], — — | 35 cl 1/7 PARCEL AG Nera Cha LC pe — 33 cl] gtd} tig ¢ | Majulighur || — FP — 42 Clo$-108|/ 16 c| 114 30 ce} = =6gd |) — =: — = 838 ¢! | Marionbaree ...|| — @ — 33 €| o4d || 26 c) r/ohl 22 cl] 8hd)) — — — a 75 Cc | Mim T Co wef] — of DE NE Ra it 24 1/3S (Me TScl gael = a ce 63.-p | NSTCo Burjan|) 19 | of BSC Gd owe odiiv a6 cy iat Tee adj) — = 120 ic ahs Dam Dim]| 39 €) 11d || 63 c] of 27 | 114d | 67 cl) ed i" 36 cl) Bids a — eel 222, Wl oe Khadim], — |} — A0y GC! {Bede 22veiy oldil. anyeli 7 sd == ae es) es 93 c | ,, Rungamattee|/39c ifjo$-1/7 | 35 c| rod 30 c| t1/oh]] 41 cl of 20 c| +82d |) — a 165 Cc Nuxaibarrie ...|). — = AB C\ tosGy|\ aie AyeCliS cll ee Ld Cle ager GD .C| |RGS Talup _...|/r18cro#t-1/62 || 41 c| 82 we Ee 27 C\ weed |e == ea ets ee 196 c | ScottporeTCo Pi — 9 — 76 ¢| 188 G6Ncl 192d’) 62) ce) 8k — a DOC god ||-224 Selim T Co oe Barnesmore| — — FOnC| Toa 34 c} 1/at 58 c| 84-84 ||. — me a8 eer 1626 z My — Biel) oi c tfte 4 Banc t/42 || 59 elgs0n |e 0 ok eee ee ” Selim! oa? i Ee 34..¢ ot 22 C 1/1 Bu 8id a = | =. Tee 87 c e) Menai) = _— ZONC\ Todi ZG eT 33:c| 84d es = pei OB |SSTCo Baliseral 23 @iia/i#|| 30:c) ofdi!' 15 c] 10d) 47 cl odil- 18 c| Bt — cos T23G | ,, Deanston Al I57 c Io-1/74 Pe gtd | 25 c} rod 40 c| gtd 22 c| 84d = — 7 ee | 4, sagurnal ...|| — — | 6oc) 8#di| 16 c} 104d 23 c| 61d 24 C d bird shell 123 C | Tarapore T Co...|| | | sf Dewan|| — — || 76 cl 984) 75 clfirkd]) 42 cl odi] 27 c| 83d} — ig 220 C a Burtoll|| — — || 93 c\gt-94|| 64 ¢ t/t-1/2|| 43 c| 82 baal —_ ZOWG 3d || 226 c jameallons:.:| — — || 30 c} gd | 36°¢ 411d 26 c|’.8id || 38 ¢ 8d ae = 12 OFC ) »» Larraporel|| — — | 55 c¢| 88d|| 40 ero8d || 30 c| 84d) — eth ee — 125° ¢ | Tiphook T Co ...|| — —— || II cl 2/o4 | 17 ¢| 2/1 74. c| 104d as — 8 c| 1/o#]] Ito c | Turzum || 8 M/rad || 12 1/54 || 18 1/14 || 30 todd || 24 82d v2 4d || 104 TRAVANCORE | | | | Fairfield eee 6 ¢ 1/0}. | 15 e trd i! b bic: ees 26-¢ gid ae wos es eee cs Seafield eel a — | 16 |1/toh|| 26 | 1/3¢ |. — ~ 2 7d. | | | } | Broken Org. Pek, Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. Total. |Average. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.) Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price, Abbotsford = = £5 JO) eel a aE Tas wea rar = ae 15 pj tid Aberdeen — 52 | 102d || 30 1/1t || 18 gd || — -- — —— || 100 Serr sa Ardross .... 21 1/2 ||) — — 25 c| rid|| 22 c) g8dj) — — = = 68 p| xd Avisawella = == a1 TO2¢G|| )—— aor 1A Opxsi |) 7a a cam 33 P| tod Balmoral 20) (| 1/i T5 c} 103d ]|/ — — 34 c| gtd]} — -- — — 69 c| 103d Bambrakelly and Dell...||) — — 15 Gl seh || am cl) aE — Iz c} go4d || — — 47 c| i/o Binoya coll BLA opel || 4. | afte ee Te uae 7 P| 5-8z || 43 pj tozd Bismark °.. — iO) G1 // 1082 gc} rid|} — — — — 19 c| 1/oh Calsayan.c: veef) — 40 €| 103d || 36 c| r/2k |) — — — —_ — — 76 c| 1/os Campden Hill ...|| — — 3 cl 114d 3c] +1/34 3 C| 104 — — _ — 9g c| 1/04 Castlereagh — —- 12 c| t/1$}} 13 c] 1/td || 21 c) xr1d |} — = — — 46 c| r/ot Culloden... 25 (Cla au) 25 c] gsd|| 30 TAB EN co — IO 74d || — — go pj 112 Dalleagles — — — — 35 1/22 |) 64 11d I 84d) — — 100 t/ot Deanstone —- 37 to#d ||. 30 WIG! |} — = ae — — 67 itd | | Degalessa 15 t/oz || — -- — — = — — — 10 | 6-93 25 11d Delta Wels i) Gat} 14 1/54 || — — — — TE p\52-10z|| 41 p| r/os i) | Dolosbage G|| — — 31 c| r1dd|] 44 ¢| 2r/1 23 C| of =: = Qc) 54d!|| 100 c| 114 s)| Doon Vale -- —_ ii ¢| 1/os 7c) t/43|| 12 ¢) 10d] — — = = 30 c| r/ot *|| Elkadua ... — —- — _- 19 1/44 || 22 todd 24. | 104d || 65 1/0} Elston — — 45 c| 10o$d |] 24 c| x/th |} 43 cl of a = = == TI2RC\ 102 Fl Galata neal) ss — 7 gd || 25 to4¢d || 38 oid — — 70 ed || Gikiyanakanda ...) — — 1g c/t 104 QS) |) pea 231.6 ox == = 18 cj 82d|| 88p} tod Fi Giencairn —— -- 22 Cc) 112 40 13} 50 ¢| 102 — — — 112 p| 112 | Glengariffe — ~ 307 || Los 44 Tite! LOSWalio£-92 == —- 4 6¢d || 186 | ro4sd muGrorthie: .... — | — 54. | sf) AT | tr/62)) — — == a mee 7d |) Loz. pax } Great Valley -— — 5S CG) queue | 73 Me 160) |f92= 10, == ==) || wae 55-0) 240 pl tr i Eanes) 9)... — =: 40 1/o% || 46 1/22 || 56 |10-19|| 30 gid |) — — 172 112 a Hillside a = ANG OL ||| 27 fet |) — — — | — — 44 p| 1/1k ,) Hunugalla — = 46 92 18 1/22 || — = as == — == 64. tid id Indurana scale == DEC) AYelill Ako) ans ZOMG Ss: == = 6 5d || 98 p| gad 4 Kabragalla MS a 1/4 || 18 t/o% || 10 t/ot || 19 to3d || — le — 61 t/oz af IKAW zl ane 5oe|roz1/2\| 59 cl ture || = = — || 26c¢ gd || 144 c| r14d ad Kellie 39p 1\/8-1/84] 20 t/o4 || — a AS Gl ingle — || toc) gdjj 92 p| 1/12 i, Kuruiugalla = poe 8 c) 102d 5) Cleary an 7 Ch Moe 2c| 83d) — ae 22 laT old at Labugama — == 32 IO4 15 1/2 — dae el rae = aur Ag 114 d Labukelle == a 37, | isd |) | 4 eae 34° ¢| togd || —— — — — L2G Sc ) Lethenty pea Bed 24 c| t11d |) — — =e — — == 7 54d 31 p} roid ad Loonagalla a deat 16 t/o2 || — a to tot nan | 26 1/ tit Marguerita —= ies 36 1/T 20 1/3 83 told pe net = Jes 139 rr3d a Mayfield... — = 26 c| 1/4 22 1/82 || 22 cl) rfok |) — == 4 cl gid)| 64 p| 1/3$ ij ipitiakande — == Gere turd OC U/ 49) ieee — 8c} 8d] 38 c| 63-94 || 117 ¢} rokd "IVottingham see ae ose a Dey (yee alla 26 cl o2d stl ws — ee ousiienr = " Nartakande — = 61 9% 27 tiid — me pices sats — == || Ss tod | ‘d Nayabedde ....||_ — — 52 aerate: a6 dee cg ae rae he ia ie eS Whe: | PBEC Kuda-Oya] — = ey C}) ris T4 ¢| 1/34 12 c| to$d Ir ¢| 93d |} — = SOnC| auf he -ambagama pa bul, 27 c| +10d 13 1/44 11 c| to4d =| 7 cl 84-8 | 58 p| r04d fp amure == = Zour | tae 33» | Hr/oeNl| 122 tod || — | — |] 29 | 6%-8% || 203° | rotd “ipatiagama — — 23 tod || 13 1/I ca — — Se | ee = | See! | !Parusella — — 20 €| roid || 22 t/t |) 18 gd |} — — | — So p} r0gd } i 'ortswood ae ah 8 r/42 || 15 1/84 || 29 el | ee = | = = Beaker /4 | if iseland ae ee 4b Ge Saker! 3c) Tree) 6 cl Sod; — | = | gc: 54d} abc) © od | itrathellie = = QONCi Oecil|vOUc|) clemmk ancl yd) ||) — a) ae ae 86 c| 10d | Byspany -— — 14 ¢|{ 10+ 37, | tifte — | — — "lhe shew pS hd 28) | [Valtrim.. ayes 26 cl xrd|| 27 ¢} 1/3 |}. 59 c| odd!) — | — || 2c) 63d} 314 cc) rid _ Plesthall — = 43 DitoxdiliesOpier/24 |\8 33°ph okd |) — — || «36 7d |} 115 pj 113d ataderia — a 20 tod ai |tro4d —— _— os — | — | — | 42 1od 0h | | a CEL a SU a mt i ea CEYLON. JAVA. Garden, Fine & Flomy Pek.|| Medium Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe. | Pekoe Souchong, Souchoug, Cong. Bro, & Dust. Total, Average, | J ee ‘Quantity. : Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity, | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. | | | Ardja Sarie — 208 c| 84-97 || — — | — — 275 c| 54-52 — 483 c ad CGR Sa = Brel 62d) go mcimMyG I o/c 14 c| 54d |} 27 c| 44-5 || 102 c| 6d | | Dramaga || — |i 64 c| 7#-10 || 30 ¢, 84d 226 3 97 ¢ 7d TO-e 7d || 230 c| 734d | Jonlapa HM! 17 cg 60 c} 5-5# gc 5d} 12 c}) 4#d}| 38 cl4t-t4d 4cl 4d]j 140 c| 54d lptiee es * g ci 7d || 44 c| 6-63 Sc 5td} 8c) 54d} 18 c 44-04 | gc] 48d)/ 96c¢ 6d Semplak ue 2c 4/32 72 c| 72-94 || 37 c| 73-83 || 29 cl 73d |} roo c} 52-63 || 20 c| 63-62 | 260 c| 74d \ { 4 | i In these tables all the packagm are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; ¢ for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked thus represent the highest offer in the room. ARRIVALS. Sir. INDIAN. CEYLON. Java. ARRIVED. India’ nae as 412,164 122,517 — Aug. 16th. Clan Beienzie ie 346,984 — — Aug. 18th. Parramatta as 758,450 406,683 — Aug. 2oth. Hesperia ... Sie 55,700 170,962 — Aug. 20th. City of London ... 5,264,290 28,507 — Aug. 2othk. Sutlez au a 32,200 _ — Aug. 20th. Pallas ae is 1,269,200 — — Aug. 20th. Clan Mackintosh ... 428,815 — — Aug. 21st. Port Angusta i — 341,028 — Aug. 22nd. Clan Gordon ae I1,120 — — Aug. 22nd. Total lbs. 4,578,923 1,069,697 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. W. PARKINS, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St, Mary Axe. fe jist, 1888. 13, Roop Layz, Lonpon, E.C.. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON, g From ist June to Date, | Indian. Ceylon. Java. a | [Supplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER,"¥i6)0 | GOW, WILSON a STANTON’S INDIAN, “CRYLON,, AND JAVA. TEA REPORT, 1887. 126,255 packages. 67,092 packages. 13,531 packages, 1888. 161,849 ” 105,518 ” 15,272 ” During the week mone gem nnn nena 34,012 packages INDIAN TO, 10) Ks Cryton: Total 47,841 packages have been offered in public auction. RIN x Awa) The heavy weight of Indian Tea brought to auction has consisted principally of medium and veak liquoring descriptions, and these coming on an already depressed market have caused a urther decline in values. Teas for price have again suffered least, only 4d. decline being established on the week; all > 1d. per pound lower. INDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— IDIUISe (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 43d. 1887, 4d. 1886, 74d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 5 pada: Tues Pe 74d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) 0) 7d. i odd. de 84d. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 3 Sediaiey hs, od. = roid. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, gid. te to#d. ,, 1/- PERS OUG,. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 5 TMG lieth 7id. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, Sade Gi 83d. hm YILON. The large sales which have taken place have been composed for the most part of 0d liquoring descriptions, a sprinkling of less desirable kinds was however noticeable, doubtless presenting Invoices of earlier manufacture which had been detained in Ceylon. Competition has been brisk and prices are fully maintained for all useful Teas, the commonest nds alone showing anyirregularity. The following Invoices may be mentioned :—‘‘ Blackstone,” 1/44; jHope,” 1/44; ‘‘ Bogawantalawa,” 1/4; ‘‘ Goatfell,” 1/4. The 10,313 packages sold at an average x14d. per lb. AVA. A better selection was offered consisting of Invoices of direct import from nine Estates, jaongst which Sinagar and Bagelen were the most attractive. Bidding was brisk and the offerings sre all disposed of at slightly hardening rates. luxe 3,288 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 84d. per lb. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE TO 31st ae 1888. IMPoRTS. I ~ DELIVERIES. | STOCK 1856-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1885-1889. ANNE date sare | 2,443,464 3,043,086 4,723,572 | 9,863,466 11,260,116 11,284,464 | 13,222,458 15,142,968 17,551,971 PEON sf. cin ieiss.< | 1,504,380 2,880,5£0 4,179,330 | 1,330,020 1,779,160 3,860,314 | 2,033,450 3,395,510 4, 937,528 (3 ee ey ene 572,250 621,390 604,870 | 797,090 653,450 634,970 | T,006,150 1,022,350 884,350 HMAVEELCn Ue te | 40,055,922 hae 29,435, ee | 24,282,077 19,062,671 19,355,301 | 5318459258 47,005,310 54,472,530 Tora lbs. 45,176,016 29, 666,992 38,943, 663 | 30:278;053 32,755.397 35:135,049 Hae} 107, 37° €6, 359: T44 77,846,409 a wieet = ee | Pm lela Se es = S! = ll67 c irat/4el aavel? 1/22) 83 cl) ord 42 c) Bed Castleton a eas || 28°C) 1/53 ieee — 18 c} 114d |} — as Dooars T Co. B = 64 c| gid|| 52 cl rofd)| 81 c 83d] — we N — 38 ‘cl Qed s5uelh T/2E 187 cl SE — == | Geetingy 1/62 || 20 cj 1032 = — || 14 cl gtd |) — 233 | JetingaValleyTCo sae 39 | 10% 19 |fr0¢d || 39 83 — — | Jokai Co. Bokel Bee | 150) iC (Tee — aa = — — f Jamira ros |) — — — 46 c gd! 33 c} 84d Jokai — 11 c} gtd] —— || 21 c) “82d |) — = | Jorehaut T CoE — 30 cl 3/5 || wae; t1/4e | 130 ce) tod) |) = = | ,,.. Cinnamara — 36 cl t/of |) 24 ¢| brid || 30 c| 84d) 24ic| 8id | ,,HatteeChongie | 30. Cle i 200 ee a oreo tee ON gd || 24 c] 8d | ,, Numalighur Be) 42 c) .1/oF | euameintord 2) Cl arodhl| Sianeli Bae | » . Rungagora See .Cl 7h LOCH tiem aa ican car 36 c} 83-94 | ease “SWeOLlyee: ze 36 cl. 1/ 24) aev ely tose |i) 30) c) Saal: Make 8d ee — 74. Clos-113\| 26) 1/5 me ae — — Dye Chongtong —— 55.c| 1/22] 9 el 1/62]. 18 cl wogd |) 16 Cc) eed Diffloo — at cl! dil) 20ne|| tozd|\ 19 Ie) 982 43 ¢| 74-73 likes Jalingah ae 123 C|\ 82-9) |wasmelOs LO oa 58 cl 72-8 [i iae Kurseong, =o eo ec) a4 49 | 1/74 || aa ike Sa acu oes Morapore! Bi | 39 ¢) od: samielh, Todal® 2g con ere elall ieanuncie eesd (bar, Salgunga et 30 c| 84d Brel | O24 ||) AgOVe 8id 20 € 8d | Margaret’s Hope 1/64 || 20 c| 1/2 12 ¢| -1/8 |p 448 Tog == = | Naharani f = 25 ch, GEC: Wi OmGl TOL Nei ae = == | NSTCo Bytagool BW 79-c| (32d aguek toed: ||) 1S ic) wig ede ih Cial mand | u Dam Dim Brfo2l 75 c/. gd ll, sore) gtd 263 cl S3d i) (44 chased betas Nakhatili30 c} Tos 1/44) 34 c| tod TAMGl |, TOCE|Mg2 Tenor 21 c| 82d | PhoenixCo Appin — 32 ¢ Sd | Borel: | gd || 25 cl 48d. —— pea | , Bundookmarra! — 24 0c) wodyiiinag cit rodd | 2c) 84d |RGS Hilika jo — — S7eriad) s5erG)) Sadi). — | ,, Hokungoorie mOz || “45. cl, ofd |) t2atel) todd i) — == a |; 99 ash Bias || 140 cl) « Sed igi — = — — == 2 Talup eI 1/72 || 124 c| g4-92|| 37 cl 1/62|| 78 Cl 82-82) 25°C) BEd |Samdang T Co | | BO UCN T/A Sen Me — || 2Q-c) 1/og ]} — —- |SSTCo Amrail 45 cl 88 mewel | tod" aire i iSliih a msm cll aamscl » Balisera oct fe-1/68 52 c| gtd) 29€| osd) 47 ¢| 8d) 17 © 8d | ,, Deanston ...|74 cWjo-1/54 || 46 cl gkd|] 22 ¢, trod} Goce 8$d|| 37 ¢ 8d | ,, Goombira...|| 41 lfo- 10} Go c| T8tdie goren~ ofa, sarchiyediigebrci ed | » Hollicherra | 28 cl todd |] 15 c| rod] 37 c) f8e 15 c| tyed | = Jagcherra tord || 60 c} gdd i} 18 c| 8h 27s Clit aoe cella otic 8d » Phulcherra rod 29 c| 8% 25 ¢| to#d |) 23 c] Std — — Tukvar T Co a = — | 18 C tr$d}} 49 cl 113 at sia i| | 4 | I 1 i | | | NEILGHERRY | | / | of | | | i | / i} | ) i wee oO Um | — 26 c| 184d) — | = — os = 1S, ease a a | 20 gd eae i —— i ws La aes | i | 'TRAVANCORE||/|| | | ! i | Mount |) — - | — | = | 19 | b1/ 27 | 7d |) — — tee : 2m | ee 12 Chard / aa | Fo ea ce| gtd] 13 ¢| T8ed | oom nyeeeetnenrapeepnnwenmanenenencmenaes Fannings, Dost 7 and Various. Quantity. | Price, 19g c| 83d 31 erated 22 &d ar RLS | TOLG gd ie 5 Ne alien Seay 20 c| +74d ar c| id pees pelea pas See} 22 c| 74d ) | sal Quantity. 26 5! Anan n DO OO lvoe Pric <_GERLG. OL OL One i SE tat © G*SIGEG: 6 GEO56. 0. O Ot CeorOrG2GnG, 6) OO Guo ©-OLo - CEYLON. Garden, Abbotsford Aberdeen Adams’ Peak Agar’s Land Alcona 155 Atherfield Avisawella Barra Blackstone Blackwater Blair Athol Bogahawatte Bogawantalawa |} Bunyan ... Castlemilk Bee CeylonCo Sogama Cey. I PlntnsC Ld Dunedin Mariawatte » Sembawattie Chapelton || Cooroondawatta Dalleagles | Dambulagalla ; Deanstone -Dolosbage | Doragalla d Doranakande 4 Eastland 4q derapolla ieliva) ... ® Elkadua ... be ee) G | Epplewatte | erndale @ l°ernlands ff Preidiand § Gallaheria Gallawatta (datherleigh ayes Jiindagalla |itiralouvah IKallebokka ff | sandenewera fxeenagaha Ella \ennington qaorkoswald Yrotiyagalla |.agalla We Vallon Jindoola Broken Org, Pek. Pekoe and Broken | Fannings, Dust, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total, |Average, jj Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.] Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price, a itl a Gl Mol | 12 6 r/ ZAIGNC| Ni OsC — — mac) Sad i) 55) (ce) o8d Zio) | |) thay) 52 todd || — — 18 OG — 10 6d || r10 103 ae = Onrc |edy/ ASCH of Mi/itee || a) sy (Cl aaecore lll) aa — == ze 98 c} r/od UL Muy 32 1/2 ZO ie II it} pe _— 2 74 71 1/13 ues wast arc} 1/1t om, Ol qa T3G) o]e ai oid A cl 62 56 p 1/ ie we Zone! Todi 20rcl musi) 18) cle ivotdh|| aie 3c| 63 Baie ie tae 20 b| 1/24 ||) — = 18 1/1 25 ed | — = == — 63 p}| m4 i 26 ¢| ged|| 31 urd || 19 cl gtd) — | — |e | — 7© p| todd Mee _— TAN CH TOs zie hh vay AA (| ty) ae = me vans 60 p| 1/44 — —= ey | uO,C! || AQ Cl wari a7) el costal) — 15 c| 64d |] 142 c| tod ae dat 30 c} 104 HOG TIAN Mes nCly NGS ch tian ee — 4 64d || 55 pl iid eee a 17 t/ok |] 31 1/2 g c| roid | — == 57 P| 1/o% — | 18 | 1/5¢ i) 19 | 1/88) 15 c) a/1e]} — | — 2c] 62-72 || 54 P| x4 | des pat 29 ¢|. 1/o£)\|) 24 1/22 || 18 OCG) ie = ee ae 72 p| t/od ea Kala = = ZENG GOs. GOuCliNe Tod \) iio — — —_ Bey Gl seal eace|) ay 17 | aero! | | = 33 ¢} 1/34 | {| 2 blame | £20) LO-/ot) || 2me |) 1/ox | 46 P\Qz- 1O}|| — ae w= eae 214 p) 104 OMe ny Gea 50) (C\ CL SU a art a 79 P 9298 | op inn || Seed: |e SOepine cand OE ae ans ale an — cae 2m) Gull = = | 27 € d mut ule 7 © ae ss ua i Bo © 113d, ae = | 18 p 69% WAP), §0) ve ev Wve 12 rot 2 1/1 Ss = — a | eR 4d aaa dud ul ns 20 Pp 1/44 a) EMEC) eee ef | 2 oid 5 P a OCLs eo ee re Ne | — | Ma) -64d|| 80 pl a/5 i = 32 103 28 t13d | i 60 114d a as 42 c) 1osd | 56 c¢) 1fod |) — Sie} et Wemel 5202 || 133 cl aid — |o— 257i) MonaMOZ IN| Mager I 201 osc: — || 140 | i1hd = | = AU CCH ite Ol) See oe 38 c| gtd) — | — | [z3 | 54-9 || 92 Pp] rodd Sa BE ees SB 85 ied) | 99 | 113 ae Se a) to#d || 32 rid | 44 gd | 6 | 72d Ee Lee LOS 1otd aa eel laurel | MM td 933 |. rok aan Finis De iain “9 i 1/54 | 17 Cc tozd Hl | 30 Pp 1/of¢ wn see 34 Ws | 20 4) ee Go aiid ier rr == ———s mT 107 aan aS | ore BIS ll a uel \| Ox Ig jtirdd]) 4c ofd)) 19 tod) 4 ¢ gtd) — | i 46 p) rd = | = 21 Cc) OF os Cyaied | o.e) oh | — | el sh-82 I) 48 cl” rod Hull ne 2) |p sere bacl fats ie seal) — She — | ie 30 | r/og Sant naa 12 ¢| 1/oy 7 Ci rae | 17 toad || 9 i cl 74d | PAC Safa) +2 C ae i ela 3 eaGl UD et: ead ae ll re - | 6d || 45 | 10d I gue tal — at 307 Nae? Pigg clinoed yg || GeO BI taf Saeed AS eaMor Aon yee | | | | — | 86 | a/2 salts pees 26 c| rot 20 C 713 Dal ClO = ceee el = nl OF ©). wud Mica Halt LOC a/ee| 15 Clep waied: a a on | Tame] x/r 45 ¢| r/4 es ae, 60 |irtid|) 40 | 1/3 47 eG oe ee ! 6 GFE BOOS Boe sul ae BOMah) rosaui 60. ))) tnfol yes a 62d || 128 | 114d Wee — — ae ZC ridj — eee | Beem mC arod a DSich pumamiee 25. Cl) iio hora cluTokd I) 2s — | =} — |i 52 ¢| s/o eases cmon 2 yea el, — |e || MMS-of || 58 9) goga eae OO UU ary t/oh ||, 34 | t1/22]| 82 tod || | a ee t4S t14d Ba ae ean esac e ere 8a Nayoe 5 v! to8d|| wemlgerod ||. 9 1/23 Bend BEES tN (ate SS BO | 102d We 4g 93d I eri Ne — | a TS rod il eae Ue ee ee || Bagel a/rd || 45 Cl or/ad 26 if/j221/52) 29 C 1 OR so | — | | rT | 83d| 5 P r/1d Se ee 9 oe | TC oii Gla = i 47 c| 6-82 || 4° ¢ 8d See 20) HivoSa)i| 33: Dirogers|| 24 | tod |v | — I 54d || 78 P| roid = =i] 17 Gl gtd! 17 Dee A Chui Ga yes}, — 4 ¢| 64-63) 59 P|} 103d Sonibenae each afr i a. | P| yo ead a ne 31/ c). 108d |} 93) Pjp n/1 Ieee an ee 88 rid jj 36 of atl ee eee | eee = =e — bad 1/03 Saat ae 27 SEM SN tos 27°) god |) 4 od | 5. | Gt-7 |) 94 | xd — — L7 Cl ried) |i 2 Chi trid |} 29 cl rofd}} — : 3 Che 6rd | {2 c pS — |= I2 ¢| rgd jj 22°¢) t/r || 21 cl} rodd |] — pei 2 63d || 57 P| 113d i {| | i H i { | | { ' | In these tables Broken O@Pekoe|} Pekoe and Broken Garden, or Flo vemPekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, ea y.| ice Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity. Lippakelle | — © ¢| 9-10 |) 29 e] Z/os 1] — — | — — ive) fe d]| 129 c Lower Haloya .../| — | fe Cc Ae (6) Oe g cl gtd} — — r.¢ 64d ay c Lynsted oo 17 1/ 26 1/2t | 33 ro4¢d || — — 1G : Mahacoodagalla lies eee 'l40c 1/1/4-1/34 Zor ely 1/64 5r c| r1d/| — = co oes 24c1/1/8-1/2¢ || 8 e) G/42)| 38°c| rid) — zo == Mattakelly | | ll 37 c| o8d | )30 e) tuad || 27 c}] ody) = — = Meddecombra ...|| — | 20 c] 108 22 G| 1/22 || 13 cl] g3d})/ — — a Midlothian os 28 c] rokd || 24 1/14) — seal — 16 ¢ Minna = 20 | 114d }| 23 1/2 21 tod || — —- 7a Mooloya: — 42 1/12 || 32 1/44 |) — — — | — rr | 83 Moray — 41 c| iifd ||) 31 ¢| 2/34 || 40 c| ro¢d ||) — —- 3 Mossville — cane mi — — 45 gdj) — =) Nanoo-Oya — 38) | ri 2d |i 2 7amaiey cS oie On Celiaiee: — 4 | Nartakande == 54 |9$-92|| 29° | 114 == — — — — | New Peacock — W xr ¢| 1rd) r/ = _- — — = New Peradeniya || — | 36 cl 11d} 23 ¢} z/1¢]| 38 ¢] gtd] — pple OBECSinnapittia!| — 397 CL 1-2Id Gite lames + lo! Icio — | — Okehampton = 8 cl of D2) Wh tosd | 4 cl gid wife Sd! jw Oliphant ell g c| tggd || 39 {tro Wael ia lvoye\ hy Ihc cnet Oodewelle — 18 c, Iot 71 II 24 c| gd] — — | 8e Oononagalla — g: cit 108d) sO Keiay 2: \ |e icien rod DG 7S Ose ae Ouvah Kellie — Lo ¢|. Tradl 7c in Oe Siclvtomal |i ia — ie Peradenia — 21 c| 10#d |/53c1/oj¢-1/os || 23 c) ro¢d || — — — Rangwelle = a 9+ 15 Bod jit it gd |} — — — Ravenscraig Poo gy gad Tl gid |} — met ny ine et Raxawa = I, 35 roid ||) — ae | 27 gid |} — = — Rickarton (| — IE 27 c| 10ofd |) — ay IPS =e = — — | — Rookwood --|| 25 (Mg 143° zire1/2h) — —- || 19 | 114d | St. Leonards ...|/ — |§ — a r4 ci ined ||. 13 a g¢d |) — — ste St. Vigeans veel] 18 pj 114d || 27 1/o} | 9¢ g3d |) — — 2p Spring Valley ...|) — Bs 42 t/2ah] 29 1/44 || 40 t/o4 |} — ae 14 Stirling ... = ee 77 | 4-10 — — io gid |} — = — Summerville — |Me— | 4arel 1/ | 22c¢ 1/8h)) — — a ss 12 ¢ Troy — a 32 c\. otd | 12 cbaidd yy — — — — == — Lipo — (| is qtead 7 1G) ele worl I's gid 24h va — |i || 95 10 — | — a lp i = ” | 13 | x/ot 1 Valera exe) cha 27 1/7t || 2 ieeial p= — — Verelapatna i = == a) = — | 43 pitgd-10] 2 62d 7. 82 Venture .../64p 1/o}fer/44 || 62 cir/-1/o%] — — || 57 cl 10% — — — Wattakelly | = |e 27 cl rfot || 35 Mik | oes — 1c} gtd I Weariagalla | —— ea Lae 3 t1/o4 | 12 TOLdall| y= any 3 7 Wewelmadde ...) — Been 42 todd || 25 me) | es ate =4 = — | Wootton 20 |Mr/6% || 37 1/13 |} — == || 419 11gd |} — — —— | JAVA. i Garden, ||/Bine & Ploy py Pek Medinm Pokoe, an Broken Pekoe, '| Pekoe Souchong. Souchong, [Coney Bro. & Dust. { Total. |Quantity. | Price. ipaantity. Price, {Suaaey | | Price. "Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. | Quantity. | Price. ae j | | if 3agelen ... Lol = | — | 17.5 cl\tos-5/ |e = || 387 tcl 7h-Fe | — | — — Bodjonagara | — _— | 73 c| 84-94 50 c| 8-9 40 C 8d —_ — == == Djattie Nangoe...|) — =! 40 cl 74d 16 c gd 50 c| 63d] — — — = Parakan Salak z = at. _ pane 50 cL Fad | — peal ee elt Bhd ual oaee -+||500D 1/77 192 Cc oa 63 c| 88-9 || 294 c| 74-8 || 335 ¢ ee 220 a S74 fe |) — WR |) 42 cl 79-85 | —~|— | — | — | 176 19 clf4d- |. Tendjo Aijoe oe g cli1/ || 39 c| 8d}! 19 c BRd | 58 cl Fed} 36c 62d 22 Cl 5-54% Tjarennang {| — |— || 65 ¢| 72-83 40 c) W7ed |) Saec Wasi 02 'C 61d 17 c| 5-6 | Tjisalak a | =. j 70 c| 84d | -- it 53 cl 72 50 ¢ who pene Ws i j ‘oid | GEYLOWN,—Continued. ." Fannings, Dust all the packages are e half- chest 5 unles ss ; otherwi ise st tated, ig atanee fon hone Kes } thus represent the highest offer in the room. 7 WwW. “PanKIN is, Printer &S Stationer, T ke GOW, WILSON & STANTON c for chests ; ¢ 2, Pury ‘Street, Sr Mary A Axe. p for packages. + Prices marke Brokers. LASS sian Abe a pew a i. © eo bplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” | “0M, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. peptember 7th, 1888. 13, Roop Lange, Lonpon, EC. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To Date, Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 149,855 packages. 73,369 packages. 14,001 packages, 1888. 189,708 ss 115,889 5p 17,391 A ues the week rr 27,859 packages INDIAN 10,371 4, Cryton- Total 40,349 packages have been offered in public auction. 2,119 Me Java The bulk of the offerings has again consisted of inferior and unattactive Teas, which have tended io further accentuate the depressed condition of the market noticed last week. Prices for all but finest liquoring Teas have shown a cheapening tendency, but owing toa narked irregularity in quotations, it is difficult to accurately gauge what actual fall in values jas taken place. | In considering the figures for last month the most striking feature is the increase of 4 jillion Ibs. in the stock as ‘compared with the corresponding date last year, thisis to be accounted fr, not by any shrinkage in the consumption, but by increased imports, the Teas having come to and more rapidly than last season, when a large proportion was shipped in slow Steamers. The delivery of over 2 million Ibs. of Ceylon Tea is a most satisfactory feature. INDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Jea in London we quote :— DW Sak. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 43d. 1887, 4d. 1886, 74d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) Gaenuy 44s, 7id. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) i 7Ad. a odd. hy 84d. BREke SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) ai 84d. i Cade, g2d. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, oid. BS 1otd. ,, ridd. PBT SOUG: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 7d. Ne 7d. PHKOL. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Side Aue: 84d. JEYLON., Again these growths have been in fairly large supply and the improved quality ame “undesirable” and “ over- Hedy Teascomplained ofa few months back; pricesfor these have shown fall of $d. per lb. during the week, but really attractive liquoring Teas have fetched fully previous lalues. Invoices from ‘ Erroll,” avetaseynig; “lope, 1/2). Wabragdilas M,’” 1/0; were |oticeable, while ‘‘ Glendevon,” average 1/54; and ‘‘ Portswood,’’ average 1/sh; ; sent exceptionally Ihoice Teas. The 10,371 packages sold at an average of 11d. per lb. JAVA. The selection offered represented consignments from four Estates, the most attractive Jnvoice being 919 packages from Tyjicadjang, which were of nice flavor and quality. | Whe bidding for the better sorts was brisk, other kinds were rather weak in sympathy with Indian growths. The 2,119 packages. of direct import sold at an average of gd. per Ib. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in IDSs) DURING AUGUST. IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. ; 1886. 1887. 1888. 1886. 1887. 1888. iSO an he 4,392,078 6,799,812 9,822,483 4,844,214 5,704,200 6,440,949 GEMTON a sieishe-e 513,870 1,178,610 2,412,362 817,780 1,341,790 2,116,702 Rah ee nee 556,040 230,370 674,870 356,580 281,330 405,930 re TOME | 20,789,308 17,893,420 15,017,927 11,947,812 10,978,728 10,206,323 ‘| ToraL lbs 26,551,956 26,102,218 27,927,642 17,966,386 18,306, OM 19, 9,169, 904 5 a | = — = =. — ——___.__ ————— FROM ist JUNE TO 31st AUGUST, a IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. | STOCK ‘ | 1886-1887. 1887-1885. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 \ (DIAN. < ¢ | oe ses : 46 c) 104d || 25 c) rfot | all pte y 3 | bane an a t | 18 O20) 25 tod | Darnagalia 162 I 1/311 ey (El AP aed == — > Mi t , HI 2 j | Beaumont | Bear) | 23 Cl) Ton | 4 2 Vea Es eam | 110 gsd || — — | oe ae i — - | 29 Cc) 10$d || 25 114 rae — 20 1/1# || 20 dy Brunswick | t i G a 1s Salles | 14 ci rosd ||.“ 20 elisa) | Cey.T PlntnsC Ld A |» Dewalakanda; — |§ 39 cl of 33 ¢] 114 Le 3 ef goof | 20 Cc} 104 ZOOM Ty) | Craig — SS | — 5 era ae eal — 18 rod | Culloden... 1. 43 |ied |) 42 c] ted] 20 42/32 pee cueve --| 60 bi Br 26 94d etnega seal : 7 3 noes a | AT 11g 20 1/4. | a ae renee E/ts 19 11Z¢ ia 7 ae |) — | 36 ¢| tokd |) 23 p) 1/ | Ligalla ... ote ease 29 82d | 23 géd | | Dimbula i keri? B23 i) Il cj) id — | | Diyagama ascii) ei 43 2 Osea | Daten Jes 9 1 | T 7 i J | . me Pall | AS | tard 8 tridd | | Eilandhu == == — — | | Ribed | Eibedde ..: = — | 63 1/14 1 a ghee Z Elchico 10 tid 19 1/12 | | Erroll = ee Ms = | Fetteresso Su Ch) an = | | Gallebodd P ilo21/ | gels odde BOD MOe TOF || a Pee 35°C! T/TEA123 cu | Glassel Se gid | Ui | ies fences de. Sail 27 rid 20 | Glenti j 1D 4} 1 ; | Glentilt a Bia 9 Pl todd 19 |Glenugie ~ al 64c 11)/o4-7/1]165 | Hardenhuish and/ 1 a | Lammermoor | — aE iui fs 2 | j | 34 | Heatherley ! BA LOG Mane | Helbodde | 89 C\r/-1/o2| / - | SN ry Ora rary | Hoonoocotua | OD rudy o | Hope oe || BS Ch riot di mae / pase Pie | 5 P Virr-rid 45 Ingurugalla :.|| 23, C| 1o#d |, 22 ¢ Kabragalla M |) 25 1/1 2) Kandal-Oy | lro-Todl 2 | id ae | 113 fO-TOf| 32 pee a Be 56 1/1 25 ' 1! q Oy | ae ae on a 63 C\roh 1/1/54 ¢ 1 i ean} ve alk — 38) Cc! to4d | 31 ¢ Kelliewattie ...|| 8 — we Be) Gomes 1} r ie ne Semen mejoo, 1 Co. 4 20 c) tos |) 62 citrigd |) 24 ci tx/4s | 63 cc) ofd ||. — — || 6mfeNG2-82 || 230 c) riid jhoolie ... seal ig — 51 cjri$1/1|i38c 1/ol\-1/o8 || 63 ci g4-94 ]) — — | Sa 5d] 160 pj) xrd Hilkoosha seit = = |) 23, 6) tosd || 22 cl .rfm 20 ¢| 84d — — 24 ¢| 174d || 89 c| toid foloo vee oe = 4are| Tokd | ao ci yiyee || aazc|) 88d i) .13 c} 8d) | | — i emer cod foolahat veel) — || 34 cl odd] 15 cl} 108d || 24 cl 8di — = a = 73 ¢| od Jooteriah wef] Hl BO WCl Mifde i 55 3c) TAGE 32 cl. T/tt | — = _ 120 ¢) 1/45 Hoomtee T Co ...!47p 1/4) +1/84|| 3 ;rzrd || — = Ve quseiel I = = = — gO} eee ol Me -/ 47P1/4)b [1/8E) 34 c} drt 15 cl t84c 96 |] ie unwal Tf Co. oo 22 2/td | — — 43.¢ 1/08 102 ¢c ad | ee oF eC! 4. -§1 273 P Todd ; . D ‘ 1 } 7 ee haut Co eas Ta aC mes OKC anes i s0Ncl: |. Gail), 42. c) 73-8 || ft = 150 C) Iigd Koreekuttea} — aoe aha S Ach / rauiiimme Pl 2c gd|| “24 cl 8d be 114 c} 104d » Rungajan; — eat MS RSTO) erty} — — PGi cs dil — — go c ro4d ” Sycotta | a aa | 48 c itid (oo — || 48 c Std PHC) 4 *d s —— 120 ¢| gid ee! | | i { | t Pe wes ee ee = is NDIAN. Ceenn iad {| cat ie . Res * ee Ps Pekoe and |, eh Broken and || Fannings, Dust | pe" Garden. Unassorted. || Broken Pekoe, BoM Souchong, Souchong, | and Various. | Total, Average \ ; | | i : ‘Quantity. Price. || Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. | Quantity.) Price ||Quantity. Price. | Quantity. Price Kettela foc) trid i MvAme ea tS —- — oO Hnopont TaCowe is clo# 1/02 ie c tes — — -— _ — — es : whee L/ Chong Tong 46 c| 1/2 zr c| 1/82/| 25 c| ofd|) 15 c} gid} — — 97 Cc 1/08 Kolabaree 67 Cc] 9-92 oer = 26'c| 73d] — ~- 93 ¢| od 5 Kurseong BOC mat 35 1/54) — — = = — = 71 pl -1/2% | ,, Lattakoojan 39 c| gfd]] 22 €] a1d|| 79 cl 8d]| 14 cl 84d]] 13 c| bad] 167 cc] 83d] » Lebong BOvC| 1 /Oenl| Me = 50 c| od} — — — — |} 100 ¢ a1d | _,,MineralSpring 54 C |. aE, a — 20 c| 88d) — — — -- 88 c} 113 |», Moondakotee 88 cl 1/8} || 15 €| 2/2 23 ¢] 1/1Z]} 21 ¢| x/oh |] — _ 147 Cc 1/54 ak >> Nagri Se Gh ae lO 17 C/1/t1d]] 44 ¢| tid] — = 15 c| t7id | 131 c} 1/3 lies» Salgunga 46 c] 84d]| 58 ¢} ofd] 37 cl 78d] 40 cl 7ddj| 11 cl 84dj| 192 cl 8kd Majulighur 70 cigs1/ok 12 C| t1/ 63 | 8-84 12 cl 74d |) — — | 187 p) 104d | Meenglas 39 c} i0d}|} 13°C} riz 23°C gd e2ec 8d || Ir cl) 4-t72 |) 172 c| 113d Mim T Co ae i) 22 eG) ridd 925 1/2$ || 20 ¢) gf — — — _ 67 p rid ee cette S S| 33 cl 88 19 C} 114d} 27 c] 84d) — — 12°C) -Bd4l\ 103 rod |Munjha ... 24c| gd|| 25 | x/2 | 23¢l 78d) — | — | 26 pl4a-73ll 18 p| od New Terai ; 36 cit 10¢d || 13 ¢] 1/4 38 c 88d) — — | — — 82 cj 104d | NSTC Bloomfield TOC). 1/32 | 215 Chews = || usc itcies — — | — — 70 cl 1/38 {iy aoe Burjan ZOUC 8d}; 20 ¢] 7td] 4o cc) 74 30 C ad | — i 175 Cc 8d | = geeebytagooll.:. S82 € 84d_\| 2a) eired ||, sone 8d] — — | — = lig c| 83 3 Jafflong AR el Oa == — 25) Cl) 8a LZ ely 73d | = — go c| gd | op Enechian. ... | 3° c} 84d 19 C} 838d 20 c| 73d|i 21c v4di) — eae tog c| 84d | Geeeeallakhali isa .c 4 | 93 cl 8-84 || 30Rel etd | 38 cll zed 46) mead |= = 261 cl) Be |» Nowera Nuddy|43¢ ti 47 c| tod|| 16 Cl+irdd | 29 cl gtd] 30 c| 84d 3, ¢ 53d | 168 c 108 | 5, Rungamutteel| 44, ¢| \+83d || 20 €) Vod'\\; 65 cl Sidi an ced |= — || 195 c| 84d | Nuxalbarrie if 79 c| gfd/| 22 Cl r/6$]| 26 c]. 8tdy — Pe tT eae 74d || 140 c| 103d OS&C Chandporel| 58 ¢| 84-91 || 48 Ci83-104]| 24 c 8d || — | ae 130 c| od Luayuni 1@) Ch Sel 17 €| gf 35 Cc 8d || — | re cl 81d | 86 cl 84 | Pathecherra | 53 cl 8td|i 48 ¢ otd |) — — 18 Cc) ada = ale 149 = gid | Putharjhora | 49 C| 92-10 ||52 € llog1/43)) — — | — | 61 cl 82d} 174 cl 102d | Rajmai ... i 23 ¢ 11 27 C| r/22|| 17 ¢ 8dd i} — — || 18 cj g-114 |] 85 cl 1/ | RGS Hilika 167 c 143 cl gi-g3 || 16 ¢ 113d] 160 cl 8-82 || 56 cl 72-841! 442 cl “rod |Samdang T Co — — 20 €| T/5¢ | > 20 ce) n/ a= — — =~ || 40 cl “aegen Selimbong 30, | t/1os |), 18) Word |) 32 1/1 = i a 80 1/7 | Shapore.. AI gd || 34 ¢| fird]) 17 c t74d] — aga iy — 92 p|_ gtd | Tarapore TCO Dl 62¢ I/lort/os|| 45 ©) sayz. B76) ogdy — | = — | 144 1/12 | Tukvar T Co ...|/76c 1/4 — | — ZENS ieee 34 c| rid} — = | = — || 124 c}| 4/34 | Wilton Tow. 2>i| 49 clg}-10 || 38 ciro%1/1] 55 c| 84-82 || — — _ — || 239 p} 11d eterna | | | | | Kotagherry all IIo p| 84-92 |) — = o cl’ 84dii Ioc 8di| rac 2 I | 84d Prospect \ 122 : So = el an tN fee val i a 7 hs P é gd | i TRAVANCORE | | | | | Arnakel ... _ 34 cl g2d |) — — = = = Ta Sulla ea 34 cl gidg JAVA. : ) Garden, ‘(Pine & Ploway Pek., medium Pekoe, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe See ne | ee Cong. Bro, & Dust,| Total, | Average, Quantity. | Price, [Que antity. pace) | Quantity. Brice. |\Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. | Pee! Wee te | Price. bostnity Price. © Ardja Sarie ~~ — || 146 cl|gt-10 |) — -—— | — -— -- — — — | 164 c| g3d Bodjonagara_ ...| 42 |@1od|| 95 p| 84-821 40 c 84d | 26 c| t73d | —- — — — | 203 p| 84d Parakan Salak ...)700b 1/ 4#1/4%!| 300 c| 7-1 14 | = - Se — 220 c| 52-81 || 30 c] 72d |lt250 p gid | a Vjicadjang | f - || 129 plo?-114) 118 p| 8-104 || 205 p| 72-10 | — == 67 p| 64-7 || 519 Pp) Scr ih ail { in thes “se t2 ible 2s all the pack Ages are h alf-chests niles otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; thus represent the highest offer in the room. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. W. Parwins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. c for chests; p for sa ee ee t+ Prices marked “ oe Ome era GOIN OB SiS ie Vab ih. GOW, WILSON @ STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT, September 14th, 1888. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From rst June To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 179,607 packages. 76,082 packages. 14,001 packages, 1888. 220,312 Be 122,162 He 19,525 i, } During the week ——— joe 30,604 packages INDIAN 6,273 . Cryton} Total 39,011 packages have been offered in public auction. Cea aeyh " Java | The lower prices established for Indian Tea last week have been maintained without notice- | able alteration in any grade. The general selection has continued somewhat poor in quality, varied by an occasional invoice Hof fine Tea, amongst which some Darjeelings proved most attractive, the following averages |} being worthy of note :—‘‘ Dooteriah,” 1/11; ‘‘ Poobong,” 1/9. | The recent fall in quotations is not surprising, when it is remembered that since the rst June |} public auctions have exceeded those of the corresponding period last year, by 40,000 packages Indian, 1 jand 46,000 packages Ceylon Tea. | INDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— d (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 44d. 1887, 4d. 1886, 74d. OCuGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) a 6d. nA 44d. a 7id. ii BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) Be 7d. a8 64d. aA 84d. a PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) ¥ Side. ,, Galea 3 3d. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid. See Gl, oes rr4d, fl IPB SONGS (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) a 7d. A pe 3 PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 8d. > ae ICHYLON. The smaller supply catalogued consisted of only 4,784 packages on Garden account, ithe remainder being Invoices bought in the Colombo market. The demand has been brisk for all }lescriptions, the better liquoring sorts again attracting most attention, though no advancc can be }quoted : a better tone however prevails and the market is decidedly hardening, Arrivals are small, in fact at present hardly sufficient to meet the requirements of the trade. The following Invoices fealized high averages :—‘‘ Hoolankande,” 1/114; ‘‘ Pundaloya,” 1/2; ‘‘ New Valley,” 1/1}. Ihe 6,273 packages ‘sold at an average of 114d. per |b. 7 VAVA. The 2,134 packages were disposed of without quotable change in rates current last week. }>f the total offerings ‘‘ Sinagar”’ contributed 1,295 packages. Che 2,134 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 8d. per lb. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs) FROM tst JUNE TO 31st AUGUST, 1888. IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. Stock gi! 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887, 1887-1888. 1888-1889. “il j 7 7 Ti 7 9 7 7 C OMBMECDIAN sae. ase | 6,835,542 9,842,898 14,546,055 14,707,680 16,964,316 17,725,413 12,771,666 16,238,580 20,933,505 gid DLO sigigb oid on } 2,318,250 4,059,120 6,591,698 2,153,800 3,120,950 5,977,016 2,029,750 3,225,010 5,233,185 Gid\ INA oc. senses | 1,128,890 851,760 1,279,740 | 1,153,670 934,780 1,040,900 I, 200,240 975,380 1,153,320 ' \$HInaA, ete | 61,445,290 41,015,432 44,453,812 | 36,229,889 30,041,399 29,561,624 62,686\S14 53,917,734 59,284,734 aa | La aan ——————————— ee oF (eth Torat lbs. | 71,727,972 55,709,210 66,871, 305 pars 4 245,039 5%, 061,445 54,304,953 | 7% a 7413571304 86,604,147 yas | ee | _—_—_CC a BANK < RATE. 4 per Roan EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London 1 three months sight 1 Is. 4% ad. CEYLON. Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, and Sonchoug, and Various, Total. |Average. Quantity.| Price. -|Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. cele Abbotsford : 8 c| o2d c] 102 Zone Paes ea 2a 1 Ampittiakande ... 32 oe ie a = i — — 3 : see a | aad Beaumont 26) rsd || raeeai2= || a — — — — als 40 C 1/02 Bloomield 15 c| 113d] 26 c} 1/o$]| 28 c} todd || — — Cleat 07 1d Broad Oak 19 gid 13 1/24 aS a _ — 3 73d ae Bee Came ay cee eee 25 c| 113d || 32 ¢ 1/24 12 c| 102d |} — — — ae a c 1/1 | Campden Hill ... 17 c| rofd || 15 cl t/t || — — — — — as 32 c| 11$d | Campion... 51 c| 1otd || 14 p 1/22 53 P ad — — 5 pl 54d || 142 p) rid | Castlemilk hes — _ 17 p| ti2d || 26 cl o#d || — — — id | Cey.T PintnsC Ld i ae fetes a | ,, Mariawatte 95 piio-113)} — — 120 p 4d — 23 | 5, sembawattie 24 € gid — — 36 c Sid — — = — ae Oa (tbs i Bs 61 c| gid 18 c| rogd || — — —_ aoe “= — 79 cl gtd | | Cooroondawatta 13 tiid || 17 DTS |e — — = 10 tod || 40 Dp | Damblagolla = -—— 29 WLS |]. _ — — 29 2d jj 58 112 | ce 5 hel 22] 2 | | 1teS see / og ae Som Gi iar Seana ——- — 3 O Ba | Dolosbage M LA Cl) OFC) |< NOW IOs li cam — —~ _ a c 6-9 44 C aes A WE 35 cl gf 2S. JCWe IO, ||" | = —_ = 39 Cl 5-9 102 Cc 16d | Dunkeld... 17. C] wri) Tancimeuess|) enela Gs ae al — a I cj 113d ¥ | Elbedde ... eee ce) aja er uae = : oem | Ellengowan — — alt == 1 Cc ‘ea tt ati 9 fe a : oe | Galata . aan — ime) t/o% || 21 93 aul a — | Gangwarily 30 Ge! |) 0S} |) Te _ — —- a | Glen Alpin 62 1121/23 40 1 eeu A) || ae ite — — 10 | Goorookelle Bois) pale 20 r/o |} 20 Gada. eum — ~ aes 16 ro#d 33 se 42 gid ous hut) ae Hangranoya _ ...|| 22 Ci9O5- 105) 20 e) 1/15 || = = = = = | Happugahalande 28 c| 1ogd || 23 1/24 ae — — = 4 Hoolankande 49 by) 2/12) — se’ 13 Cl) 7/63 |) —— aul I | Hunasgeria 29 C/i0-102|| 13 c) 1/34 12) ¢ gtd — — I _Imboolpittia 63 p| 11-1/|| 41 p| t/os]) 55 P g-10 — — ae | Katooloya 16 c} 103 23 Tod ||| 23\ Ci Vord 2c} 84d 6 KAW 50 Ciro¢1/1|) 4o c t/o4 ass a Aa les 44. Kew 14 | 104 se) DiSa) | BOW a 82 — — a Ps Lindoola .| 15 Cc} 1/o# 33 1/32 || 29: ¢) 11d |) = — 3} Maha Eliya 7 E 5G CL OF= iin 2. (Clan ie = — — — ae Morton ... .| 33 | 84-94} 18 113 = = I New Valley... 19 clo}-1/2 — ms 15) Cline a a 3 Nilambe Pn | — — — 10 c| fr/ok || 39 ¢ gid peas oes —- Okehampton ...|| — |) — 7 ¢| to¢d |} — — 5 Cc ga Ic ad 4 Pambagama ...|| — — 51 c| gd 20 ¢c| t1/o2 Ig c od pu eh 6 Panmure | — ig ri¢d || 24 | t1/ot |] go tod |} — — ae Pundaloya eel) «16 1/52 || 32 cl) 1/1s]) — — 14 €) r14d || — — ar Riverside .| — | 20.) xox |hir7 lama: ||) ay ee Be 2 = Spring Valley .../ — |—§— 25 1/24 || 27 1/32 || 36 r/ -- — 14 Tillyrie | == — | 18 c| 1/04 26: Clam 3 17 c| rotd ae pt 16 Venture veel] — || 20¢ 1/1 18 1/2 20 C) tokd |} — = ane Waltrim ... vl] — |e- || 24 c] rofd]] 22 cl n/18]) 33. ¢ gtd ae = I Wangie Oya ...|| — e- || 23° cl gd! 26cl Mard || 27ucl oma) — = a Warwick ile — || 20 r14d |} — — — =! — — a | Wayweltalawa ...|| — — 28 | ro#d |) 2 1/1 g ‘d || — — ie Yellangowry al 48 £ x/ 28 c roKd “n i c eb — — 8 Yuillefield wel] — — || 46 eff ried |) 22 cl t/4¢ |) 03 ¢} togd i — — Te INDIAN. a ete Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and i Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, Souchong. and Various. Total. |Average Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.] Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. || Attaree Khat TCo] — — 35 c| rosd 2D Gh rare 30 c| 84d 18) cl zed || gancle sd || 126 cy rod i Bargang EF Co:...|| — a 57 C| 10% Ire r/tg] 46 ¢) 8% BCH Nad: || gam aa I19 C| of WAN @hargolall:) 37 Olu u w/e II) OL) CI eee 1 Bib gid 81 c| 73d 1a (ol Ges M7 C 8d || 291 c| 84d 1) 72&00\. Mookham||38 c 1lo$1/1z) 98 c) 8% 40 © Gai Oanclay neal (ate) 7s MOM) 52d) |) 262"ct 83 i Singlal30 c 1/1¢1/43]| 97 © Sad |) 44 cl oF 2G 7e dull Zou ad Aa c|)) 53 27a od | BishnauthTCo Dj) — — 20 c| 113d || 28 c| r/o%|| 98 ¢] g$d Ly Be Naaenel 104 ef 2 = 26 c| rid ORC Mein Belay |i a 20 c| 8} 72m) und | os Pi — pal 20) Cl) iTS eae] 1/9, 26 c| 102 = pt 12 c| tod/|| 78 c| 1/23 | | Borbarrie wel] — as 17 clt{rofd || 12 c| f1/4s |) 39 c| 8d} — om — — 68 c| rod Mieeei mes i | — 4c olhtifogll 12 ¢] 1/3 12 cl Bed) 15 c) 8d] | — || 03 4 toad a IP — 33 c| rotd SG aay sel WB ANCl NOs Gully) 22:1C) 88s = = To2 c| rot eborolkar ol, Co... .\) — — Be Ch ag el) ak) /2) 23 ¢| rid}} — sill Amel n/t | 198) Cl). 1/3 ‘} BorpukritCo oa a= 40 c| 1/r HQC ea hte nee C |) Oa Zone Sd || xe cl) 11d BITC Urrunbund| — = 80 c| 83 35 c| rid || — ly 85 cl 74-72 || — nee 200 c| 84d ‘}Bungala Gor 18 cl) 1/42 || 21 c} 10g — — 2A C| sel || 25 Cl GEE ie = 86 ¢| 104d ‘|. Corramore pelle — Bo) Gl CEI Be Cc). rnclii, 2o.c) 9 Sac! |) ae 60 ¢| 74d|| 170 cj od Darjeeling Co Al. — | — S75 BO ioe sar cliaeuudiian34 jc) Sid || sain || 240 pl 3/15 wy Ging) — — Colle!) 0/3 30 THON || eel LO. == a 21 8d || 158 pi 1/73 | ) ehoowsering|| — — BBuel 1/7 Zu |. Bick Wo a el armel |p — ue 89 p| 1/54 Deepling — = DB OW Tee ca — 36 c| gfd 16 c| 73d {|| wee roe || 88 ¢| 112 Dilkoosha weeff — By COs BL Ch tilos | 3m 84 — = some 7sdi || 230 sp| rot Dooars f Co. By] — — 73 c| 82d 45 cl) 108d || — oa aes aus = wee 118 c| 84d x Ghatial| — — Art c| 83d ||. 39 ¢} qo#d || 96 c eral 12 c| 81d/| 188 c| 84d jj Newaicailleetensall| eo = WANG OSCul eS i Chi TOgC |i lr _- = ail 49) c| 73d 78 c\| 84d Dooteriah © — — 77 C| 1/84 |) 50 Cc] 2/4 23) 1/33 |) = ies = a 1S) | ae/fiei Ghillidari 16, cl 1/ot|| 29 ¢| tfoz || 13 ¢ tf Dse Ml 2g Ch Or — ia — = 85 c| 1/14 Bolattigor Riera 20 eflove If CO Opdel If. er — Z5G 8d|| 20 cl 7id|| 29 ¢l 7-72 || 154 P| gad 1nd: & Co Cachar| — = 26 C| aiot ||, Ze el. ayn 47 c| 84d |) — ana Sone! gtd’ || FOr Cc) r/oz | ringmara sel) — 2B eo Gl 27 ro8d || 53 ¢| 72d\) — se 2one| 7id'\| 123 pj 84 | hanzie By — — Ae) OI sf i a — 14 c| o#d Tomer /2 39°77 Cl 1/5 | Bs Silene. 1/5 AG) (GI) ape Mh — 14 c| 10d || — au YMC wa! Q2.-C\| vi /r Borehaut TCo G| — = 24 c| 113 — — 18 c| 83 TOMCIae sc ||. a — 60 c| 9% ,, Khor: Kutteal) — — BOnGly lis, 12), ey) 2d. ¢| 82 BONG yeya"|| om = g6 c| of , Numalghur|) — i 26 cl) 11+ MOC | eety/ 36 c| 84d|| 1t2c| 74d|| 24 | 7-74 || 126 c oad im, Rungajan| — | — BG) cl 1] 12 c| iid|| 30 c] 84d fs a 78 c| rodd iol M\Chonikor a= == lag © nose i = = 23 c| Sid mo 62 c| rrid ot colapani Qe) mma | 28 el i1t¢d)| — atc} 8sd\) — pi 1GNel nod || 68 c| 113d moyah ... wall QB} 1/2 36 Cl] 9-9F 51 c| 84d 59 c| 72-8 B60) cl 64d ||. — 215 p od 10; BNE Diffloo|, — — Aq CW Graan LO Cl mand, 22 cl (Sdn bole 72-72 || = 130 c] 83d i! DX® rratticoolee — — BO rciNOsaalis LO ely Time Iii Zo. el) (Sd Z0"c wid || — — wig, (| ORRC! of ,, Jalingah| — — 59 c| 8-8} 53 c| 83-1/ — es 25 c| 7id ae 137 c| 82d iif ,, Lattakoojan|| — — 63 Cl g2-94|| 43 c| todd|] 123 cl 8d]} 35 cl 8dl| 22e} 6d] 286 c 84d cl, Lebong|| — — 30 clt rot BONE a x2 loc cea: ame os 45me| 7zd || tr4.¢c| gad aia, Morapore|| — — Vole Seauimumigncliord,|| am vel etc) toile) 7ed || “aie || 104 elo 18d Ru) |e Salgunga||) — — .|| 100 c| 84-83 || » — — AQ Cl 72 44 c| vid || 20 €) 54d || 213 ¢|.- 7éd | ,, chabazporel|) — —- i (il 1 dexol i BL OA oy AB Ch Geel Ih — || — || ro8 c 83d - 2 Muckimpore Bi — — GGG |My 12) Cl T/6L4| 25 (c| ) St _— Cuan @ 1/32 || 119 C| 1/1 i > Ne Nill 55 cl 1/4hll 25 c| 1/7h|| 25 c| rod] — | — || 28 @) ogd]| 126 ¢ 1/23 i) ajulighur rap be 59 Cloki1z || 126 c) 1/oz|) 56 | 7%- DAN Cle Zed || ay — || 145 ¢| 93d ¢ ie(fanabarrie — = 40 tod || 40 1/14 || 30 84 20 c| 8id/| — — || 130 p| rosd | tigam TL Co _— ass 22 ¢| g¢d |) 20 c\tridd || 20°c}/ 82d |) — = | 1am sd 77 ¢ gid fl ygaga Dhoolie —- —— 66 ¢ GNA SiC! sia 17 c| 84d} — — || 2gme| 73d }/ 160 c} ofd ¢ 0 Jahor Kutia — — DRC TOG he) Cl) “OmaliliiN.45 ¢ gd || 24 c] 104d || | = 96c} gtd i\§STCo_ Burjan| 20 ¢| 9gd|| 20 c¢] 7edj) 15 ¢ Bea 30 cl dil 25 cl 7d|| = — || 110 ¢| 73d \ ab My, Dam Dimi) 74 c} 9-1/4 | 125 c| 18d|| 42 c t8¢d)) 12 ¢ 72 Ir c| id } +4} — || 264 ¢) Sid er Road 65 Cl Ite: 42 Chie Sdi20 Clo ged |ly 25 cl) 7d} — —— \\~sy| —_ \\ 202 ¢ od | (| ait Nowera Nuddy]! 39 cig$1/3h 39 c gd mS} I} wil 29 c| 88d z0\c| 84d {3 \| 53d jj 158 P oid : s) Runegamuttee!! » 20 c g3d 40 c| 84d 25 c| g8d|| 60 c Sid | 25 c| 73d\| 20 } 61d || 190 Pp Sid | zs INDIAN.—Continued. Broken and | (Broken OmPekoe || | Pekoe and Fannings, Dust || I Garden. or Flowb1gPekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, || Souchong, || and Various, Total, | Average, | peti re | ||Quantity,| Price. |Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price : | | | | Pathemara | 12 CMB/ii |) 55 c| 8hd]] 28 c| todd 19 ¢| {72d || 33 | 7Ad 4 cl 524d] 151 c| gd | Phoobong 55 2/2/63! 44 cl 1/9¢ |) — == ca = fe eee 25 c| 1/t || 124 c 1/9 Putharjhora | 12 cCiMt/od |) 51 c] odd] 85 e7#1/og| — =e — — — | = 148 c] o8d Rajmai ... — |j— 47-C\ 11d ||. 2aNcwain 23" 2OKcl Seana — 13 c| g#d]| 103 c| 114d RGS Hilika ...|| 41 c{ff8-1/9|| 130 cl] 94-93 | 19 ¢] 1/0$]] 115 c| 8-82 — _ 16 c| 7$d]] 321 c| 10¢d ee Hokungoorie] 29 c\h1/7 49 c| 84-83 || 30 c| 102 54 Cc 3d], — = = = 162 c| «a1d |2., )Talup 45 Cier/7 67 c| 9% Po ane 39 c| Sad] 34 c¢/ 7ed]) — a 185 c) 113d Scottish AssamCo}}/ — — 28 c| gfd|| 24 c g#d|| 30 c| 72d) — — — — 82 c 9 |ScottporeTCo Dj) — |F— go c| 84d} 25 cl trid|) 26 c) 74d]} — — 28 c) 84d || 169 c| 83 | i P|) — fe AQ (c| 84-82 |) 2onciauos dS ACR lG ies Vas 45 ¢|/5¢-7z|| 177 ¢| 8d - S| — ie 52 c| g8d|| 27 c| t/o#|| 26 c) 84d] — — — — || 105 c} 104d Sealkotee 33 81/72 || 65 cig4-1/2 | — = 38 cl 84d\) — — 18 c| gid || 154 p| i1d Selim T Co B] — |P— 31 c| rod) \ 27ielimnits | 925) cle edaliie — — — 83 c] 114d 55 Selim] — |) — 41 c| 108d || 27 cl 1/64]) 36 c) 8d] — —— — — || 104 c| 1/ 5p Terai) — I — 22 c| 84d] 16 c) 114d || 21 c} 73d |) — — aS — 59 c| 83 Singlo — —— 43 c| I/oh]| 34 c| 1/1$]|] 34 c| 10d]) -- — 13 c} 182d |] 124 c| 113 Sonapore — | — 67 c| 83-10 || 20 ¢| Z/1 52 c| . Sdiil 2orel odi||, = — || 159 c] gad Sookerating 103 fa 1/to/| 68 ci1o-114|| 16 c| 82 — — — — — — 187 pj} 1/2 SSdi@e —Baliserall, 37 q tozd 45 c| 88d|) 26 cl 84d]} 65 c| 74d} 27 c¢ t7d]) — — 200 c| 8h », Deanston...|tgoc HBet1/ || 119 c|/ +t8d|| 74 cl gtd || 162 cl 74d]} gt cl t7d|| 25 c| 524d|| 671 cl od »» Phulcherra || 79 qf 83d|| 83 c| t73d]] 48 cl +8d]| 66 c) t7dd|) 15 c 64d) — — | 291 cl 72 | >, Sagurnal ...|/ 31 qos 36 c| t8id) — — 36 c 73d || — —= Be — || 103 c| 84idg | \ . | ieee / TRAVANCORE) \ | Nagamally — WP — | sspit7e-8) 17 | rad — | — | — | — 3 P| 43-54) 75 P | Le ae vast ——— JAVA. Garden, | Fine & Howry Pek.|| Medium Pekoe. | Broken Pekoe. Trina. amet Souchong, \Cong. Bro, & Dust,}} Total. |Averag | ‘(Quantity | Price. Quantity, Prices Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. Pricell \i | Jasinga ...|| 19 @utjom || 29 c] 84d iP 30% 6d)| 28 c¢ 6d {| 76 ci 54-52 {| 21 c] 5§d|| 203 p) 6k | Parakan Salak ...|| — — 75,.C\7 Scie — 150 c| 7id|| too c| 64d || — — | 325 cl 7 | Sinagar ...||12aci/14-1/4|| 278 c] 74-9 || 72 c| 74-84 || 235 c) 74-8 || 244 cl] 64-7 || 174 Cc) 6-7 |I1134 cl B m ...|| 39 Mua/22 i] 45 ¢| odjii 22c) 8d| — — — — 55 c| 64-74 || 161 c} od | Sindang Sarie ...||) — )) — Ir.cj 84d|| 17 c| 7d} 107 c] 63-7 || — — — —- 135 Cl. ae | Tjiboengoer — Be — 115 b) x1d]}/ — — — — —_ — -- —- 115 b] 11 Tjisalak 8 @ 114d} 30 c; odd 8 cl 73d) — — TSG 7d || — — 61 c | | In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marke d thus represent the highest offer in the room. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, if) Ww. Parkins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. Brokers. * =F | id . ‘A A ate 5 bh -f » it io GIB NIL OIN OBSERV 2} ys OM WILSON & STANTON INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. | September atst, 1888. : eG Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. i QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JuNz To Date, Ijdian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 211,27 packages. 79,994 packages. 14,460 packages, 1888. 127,023 95 21,649 | During the week — 23,147 packages INDIAN. 4,861 a Cevton} Tofal 30,132 packages have been offered in public auction. Qe 2a bi JAva ) | The amount brought to audion has been smaller than for some weeks past, a decrease having j-aken place in offerings of both{ndian and Ceylon Teas. | The smaller supply of Indjans was mostly disposed of, at prices showing a slight recovery from jhe lowest point, the irreeularfy so noticeable during the last few weeks having disappeared. | Generally speaking, Teas of fine quality are “somewhat dearer, owing in a measure to the jJomparatively small proportifn of this description. Offerings have includef a few very desirable Teas from Assam and Darjeeling. | Calcutta telegrams plate the exports to 15th inst., at a million and a quarter pounds only in cess of last season. t TN DIAN. Asan idea ¢ the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— i DUSa. (fay ordinary, dark liquor) MOOS UASG | T8S7, Mie WT SsO. Ged: ol FANNINGS. (R¢l to brown, strong rough liquor) is GdiseK on pL Chaar 7id. iY BROKEN TEA. (Bfownish to Giciacn strong liquor) uw Faden 33 Gd. -,, 8d. ul ME SOUG. (Hlackish greyish, useful liquor) i Std. a Sd. ,, oid. PEKOE. (@reyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, oid. 4 Hodes i rid. IPAK, SOUWGL (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) i 7d. a odd. PEKOE. ‘Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 8d. Bh 8d. EYILON. A furtler diminution in supplies has accentuated the tendency of prices to harden, Juich was noticed Dhue ek. Bidding for all sorts has been brisk, and has in some instances es ee advanced quotations. The quality of offerings generally has been medium, very Biticient to meet requirements, fae that ae willin consequence be eo, ee ne it seems bable that impojts for some months to come will scarcely exceed their present rate, it is doubt- ij whether the Market for Ceylon Tea can suffer much from any over pressure of Indian Pea, the —oltlets where CeyJon Tea constitutes a speciality being apparently sufficient to obviate any serious “d)ression in priges. pe Very roe nvoice of Charley Valley Tea attracted considerable attention, and sold at an | taprage of 1/64 1 per lb. “he following averages may also be mentioned :—‘‘Sogama, 1/24; ‘‘Mocha,” ig PO Silver Kandy,’ PV2 Mii heme Son packages sold at an average of 114d. per Ib. 1) VA. Thirteen different estates were represented in the auctions. With few exceptions the | pak comprised Teas of poor quality. Sales in consequence passed with rather a dragging 4 eency, prices for the inferior grades being lower, especially when the liquors were indifferent. | 2,089 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 74d. per lb. 4 MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs) FROM ist JUNE TO ae AUGUST, 1888. mathe DMM Gein RIn RT estos Rie aa eee ARE WERK. Lad Tiiepe TSG CLO aM Gl Pes > = mS Imports. | DELIVERIES. Stock 1886-1887. 1887-1885. 1588-1889. | 1885-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. TS88-1S8q. Ait RU SIRI Biog 6,835,542 9,542,898 14,546,055 14,707,080 16,964,310 17,725,413 12,771,006 16,238,580 20,933,505 EDMON 0.0.5. 2,315,250 4,059,120 6,591,695 |; 2,153,900 3,120,950 5,977,016 2,020,750 3,225,010 5,233,188 FANNER fils) scnilate e001 1,125,890 $51,760 1,279,740 1,153,670 934,750 1,040,900 1,200,240 975,380 1,153,320 Hg\, etc. .... 61,445,290 41,015, 432 44,453,812 | 36,229,859 30,041,309 29,561,624 Bes y ax 53,917,734 50,284,134 fora lbs. | 71,727,972 55: re 66,871,305 54,2 24 45) 039 51,061,445 54,304,053 78 ‘bod 470 & 74,357,304 SON ae SSM a a = J | ae —— i _* RATE. 4 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight Tse 4e.G: > | CEYLON. || Broken 0 p, Pek, i i Pekoe and | i Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden. | or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong.|} anl Souchong. | and Various. Total. |Average. Quantity. Tice. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. |Quantity. Price. |Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. Price, | | | Annfield ... — 22 cl 14d || 34 cf a/2t |) 38 cl ofd |) — = 6c} gid|| 100 c | Arapolakande ...|| — BOWC|, LOL |i) zhane egy eran ae eal -~ — 15 c| gtd|}| 72 c Ardross ... 18 - we 26 c| told 23 c| od 2 as ees ed 67 p Balgownie — 60 gid |} i9 1p = — — 30 8d || 109 Blackwood re 8 tod 10 tit 21 92 t 3 13 3 Campden Hill ...|) — Ao c| red ||, 27 cy nix 13 c| g4d 3c | Charley Valley ... I aj) 11 1/9 5 TOS | 14 1/44 4 Dunsinane 16 4} 28 c} 1/08 || — __ 19, ¢| 1oxd | 23 Eilandhu | 16 (di) eS ead Eval oat 18 cis | Elfindale 51 ofd || 14 TO Mh = can | Elkadua ... — BO Digmyire |e 1/321] 57 | toed |) —- | Erlsmere — T4 t/od || 18 | t1/2 19 tid || — | Ernan — = 1g Tos 21 1/23 20 g3d || — Erroll ae 8 1/32 12 r/o} ||} — Gikiyanakanda...||) — A T2EC| are naG|| ia ee 1/34 || 12 c| rotd || — | Glassaugh : — 12 ¢| a/rd|| 14 1/54 || 13 ¢| 113 —- Glendon ... ...|| 18 (a2) 37 p) roid ||) — wes 118 (Cl aoa es | Hardenhuish and | Lammermoor — & Ey 1/1 — == 24. g2d || — | Hoonoocotua = — |)30 € 1d 1/08) 27 1/2$ | — aa s | Ingurugalle = i OPN ncelilll pea} i 10 c god || — | Kandanewera — = me) ¢) Tied || 030 mend ie O7el Aros, -— | Kelvin ci totd || 16) cifiisd || more odalin | Labukelle Cl reds) Aye eee a == — | Lebanon &c. Cc] of 18 c| ro3d || 22 ¢| ofd |) — _Loonagalla 1/1 — — 12 | togd || — | Luccombe 94-92 || 26 11d || 56 id || — | Mahatenne 18 | retd och \ord | Mattakelly Cenjiot | 22 (cies g c| gid | Mocha c| x/1d]] 26 1/8 14 c| 102 — | Mottingham — 23 c| 1/o2 |) 26 c| 10d it Opalgalla — 6 p| 1/42) 13 ¢| rid — Pansalatenne fofr1d|| 24 1/54) —.| — 3 Parusella c] rotd || 20 c] 1/2 20 c¢| g4d || — Pen-y-lan c| r/ok |] 23 ¢| xr/2 12 c| zid/| — Relugas 113d 6 07 8c] 92 == Rookwood ye -- = 18, | 1ofd |} — St. Helen Cl 10-11 || 22 c| z/2k i} 46 c| odd |) — St. Ley’s c| ro4d 4c) 1/2d 3 1G| TOL Tee Silver Kandy 1/2i 6 1/64 || — — 24 | Sogama Magis aN. = — =a = — Sterling ... HE iworsl ies aay ahaa) aa — 16 p Strathellie C} odd || 218 c| rr4d |) 30 c) ° od ji — Templestowe rod || — — 28 g$d || —. Udabage gid || 53 todd || — — I Vellai-Oya c} 1ofd || — — 19 c} gtd || — Wereagalla P|ro- ro}|| 20 1/34 6 Cli aagd — Westhall cl 1o#d || 27 c| 1/3 21 c| rod|| — Woodcote |r14d || 26 1/24 || 26 | 1rokd || — Ythanside — Zp As yl 20 cj1o#114 i INDIAN, Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe pnd (| Broken and Fannings, Dust || Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unass¢ted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various. | Total. |Average Quantity, | Price. |/Quantity./ Price. ||Quantity.| Price. || Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price, ||Quantity, | Price. lOuamtity, | Price. Assam Company | | Cherideo|} — — 35 f| 112d i); 36 1/11) — — — — 22 c| o#d}| 93 pl 1/2 i Gelakey|, — — |62e //3%1/82/58p t/jok-2/7 | 32 c| gd |) — = gt c}| gtd} 243 p| 1/22 Nee Miawencal||))) —— = 4yc| 1/9t |) — — TA GO MO g|| 2 26) a0 /5Ko) ||| = — 12g c| 1/34 B Rookang|) — ans e|1/-1/o2|) — TRG el 7] I12 C| 94-94 || 210 c t1id Bannockburn 60 p|1/-1/54 — — — 25 c| 8dj — = 21 ¢| 174d || 106 p| 94 BishnauthTCo Dj35 p 1)/74-1/8] f8 c| 11d || 2t c| 1d} roo c| 83-84 = | P234 jo] eel : eS eh cl wt || gc) 1/74) 34 cl aa | Br c| 1/08 Bowell: Co. wei — |13f4-c r/1-1/54 |) 16 c| 1/5 2X El GxeGl || = — T4 c| §S4d]]/ 85 c t/ot IBorolkan I Cos sey —= — 26 c| 1/42 || — ae WOM Cl el) On| — Ig €| I/10}/ 63 c| x/5 BITC Dwarbund|) — = 38 cl) 83d) 20 c| 112 = —= 28 c|. 73d) 74 c| 74-82 || 160 c aq PO reriumltonanel |= — = 67 c| 84d || 33 ec] I04 = = 46 c) 7dj) — 146 c) 84d | | Budderpore — Byil CI ae itt IS) (Ol BU bac] 8ad 12, G| i@al | | | Chandpore -- BOC | MOTE ia tOe|) O21 mor Cha Och 81 cl rod | 1 | Chubwa T Co ...Jig5c¢ 11 TS Ol ovals = — 73 Elo CCN — 28 ¢| 84d|| 224 cl o8d oy | Darjeeling Co T) — 69 clr13-z/ 30 1/42 || 48 c| 84d DD {C| ape —- — 169) p}) 102d)" 1] | Dhoolie ... Bia iia) es 23 c| 1/as MOMe)| 1,6 31 c| 83d 15 ¢ d SSyelgeu) i | Doloo =. orell 78 c| yosd || 41 c| 1/12) 72 c| 8-82 2016) 754 I 29 Cl52-82 || 240 cl gtd b \ Dieoanie Il (Cos) 1 ees 57 c| 88d" a7 cl, 113 it €C 8d 165 c| oid ds on Ghatia — 43 C¢ gd "22 © 1/22 “ik, © id peskees wes: 24 ¢C| to2d 163 c gid i 1| Dooloogram 25 ¢ 55 Cc gd 48 c| gid 54 c| 73d 132 Cl oes 41; DoomDoomaC Bi 81 | } 82 ClIO-104| 4o c| 8+ a 203 p| 112d De mtamswaira,.’. 30 [8 39 cl 114 ZQEMG en) Lo OO. Cle ogi i= 171 p| 1712 «| Dooteriah oS — 68 c) r/4t || 61 ce] 1/74|| 20 c| 113d nays i170) C1) ¢4| GellahattingTCo || 20 2/3 yl ey nha If) = = 2B Cle nOs 67 -p\ n/a 5 | luowls 10 (Co Catelnaya|) == — WA Cl ui2ee |) ae Cl AEE ere op = — AT CW WOGl he ¢| 1/12 i jetookia ... veal == -— UCONC OS Opal oAmcl Osa a4yic| Zecdiiina — | Imeziel 72d | 200%cl \9d a) [hanzie Sji26c wi5s-1/7 || 39. c| 11d mo) G| wie I 3s Ch eel |) = _— — — 97 ¢| 1/1t i@@inglan TL Co .../| 2 to?d || 40 c| 92 & Cl porkel 28 Cl] > pail i Se = Wee cir jad 1o8.cl a iodt) i # Jokai T Co Bilger 2/54 || 39 c| 98 oes, == ORCA Sail = — i} 41 c) 82-82 || rir c| rod fos Muttuck|/24c #/tjo4 1/toli2 37 c] 88-9 || — —- U2 CI SG Vi eRG ree cto wearer im, . Lippook 2 t/ot || 34 ¢| 2/12 || 20 1/9t || — — -~ - 83 Pp} 1/5 it} Jorehaut Co Dj ale BAKO Tre | AA | ai 30%c| 82d |) 42 c| 8-8t iu2 c| - 7d ii, 156 cyer0d 0 } Joyhing oe — S5U Ch liad Zone men S 2 |) 55 1c Gt — — |Me4s cc) Stn | 159) clorre (| Khobong T Co... = g© ¢| 9-ti |) 30 el) 1/5 PP — | —*}\-120 cl trad H | my a Diffloo | 30 c| gs iy Cl ie AG Cl Fel ||| ial Gece | — 116 c| 83d Wt 7 Jalingah|| / — — 66%¢| 8d) 19 cl) gtd 40 ¢| 4-73 | | 125 c 8d lf », Lattakoojan|/ — — Hak 4 59 Cl1o#-11|) 76 c| 72-8 63 ¢ Sd |en7 se 6d || 289 c| god 1! », Moondakotee! - — — Fe TN 2th; 42 c| 1/62 — ORME ai —- | — — 113 ¢c| 1/74 ih » Morapor¢), — — 37 C\ pearl i3hc) rot CBG Guia2 cl 4td | ame = 85 c Sid i » Nagfil) — — |P84e 1/43-7/8|| — oe AO) Ose ieel |) — | 15 c| 73d || 239 ¢| 1/48 1, |Lower Assam Co.|| 12 c WOpalig AON Gy cdale 20 cl 1¢2dllin26"c 8d}; — — | MLaacin Ged) |26 7c) ig? i¢ JLuckimpore T Col] 10 c} 2/64 |) 72 Clg-1/22 || — — 74 Cc) 8$-94 |) — — | — | — HO Cl aa ; |Meleng oe {| — 109 Cl gz-9% || 7oc| roed|| 7O c| 74d)! 24 c| 163d'|\ 36 e| 72d || 300 c| 88d |) Mim T Co — —.|| 25 ¢| rokd |v 25 THOM Cowen Bedi — | ier) OS pl “rod |; Moran T Co. 20 2/54 1/68 ¢ r/oh-1/5]) 17 c| todd || — — GIG 8-O= | camel |) LOO) Cle n/a ) /¥MungledyeTCo S) 15 c} r13d 35) °C gd 16 c| 102 33 cl 88d}; — — | 12 cl] 8d]! 109 c} gad atiesa Go) yi |) — — —= 52 | 41/24 || 40 tod 19 gd] — | Ry) rai 1/ NoLC: Battakhall) ——.<| — AOc| Sadi 116 cl] Vofd |’ 14 c F7id| 17 ch. 63d ||) — aan! 96 cl Sid be PlgomMmeld||) t7 ch n/72 || 15 ¢| x/as|| 19 cl 1/84] 15 cl “tid || — || 66 cl} 1/5 jn Burjan|ig5 ¢ tlot1/8t) S80 c] 78-8 | 45 cl Sd] 75 cl 7-74 || 60 ei 67d | e— me 355 <| Sad mE yitabool™. £.{)— — 5irc}| 84d] 18 c| rod ra ¢) 7d Wi to c| 4 63d | §— — |) 91 c| . 84d us Jatflong|| 45 ciok-1/4 || 36 cl 8d) 16 cl odji 46 cl 78d]| 59 cl 7d) — =ae| 202 cl — — 95 ¢ Sd Yo» Lallalhal...' 35 Ci/10g-2/|| 34 ¢ od Tach tied |) 14.c) T7ed || 12 cl. 74d hal — 107 ¢ 11d urbong... Sealey oN 2/5) \) 20) Gh. 7a/7 a — || 16c) g4d|| — Si ye cl +68d 66 p}| 1/t S&C Chandpore — — 69 c| 8-9 55 ¢| St-10 || 23 ¢) 7edi) — | — | - — 147 c| 84d | athecherra 30 1/84 || 51 cl] 84-88 Be) TOP) 33.Gle yea — 2» one 165 p| 104d \ | {| } iF | .———~— —____ ee IN DIAN .—Continued. ‘3 (Broken Org. Pike | Poker and ales : i | Brdken and | Fannings, Dust Meth . I or Flowery Pq te, | Unassorted, | Poon ase Pekoe Souchong, Sohchong | and Various. | Total. Average. Quantity. /Quantisy.| Price. | Quantity. | Price, || Quantity,| Price. | Quantit | Price | Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Price ie i ie ia 1 Aap | RGS Talup g2c1/6}4-1f78 |} 153 cl 11114) — — Agu cle Sadalmae — 18 c| 7d || 306 cj} 1/1 'Salonah T Co , 52 cl] imk} 161 clig3-10/ 7o c| 11d || 171 c| 8-84 77 74d || — — 53% ¢| Tom Samdang T Co...) 20 rf 20 C| 1/4+||, 2orcinn/62 | Zore) ride — — | — 80 pi 1/4t Scottish AssamCo| 46 ¢ 1//33% Bo c| ‘odd || 23 Velma ra a One| an julia ms a — | 168 c r0$d | Singliyjan ellie 27 eh Ti BOC) Lnde||i4s 17a ci 8d] — |\— | — | — | Boel} ax | SSTCoGoombira} 38 cj10 a Go cl 8d) 35 ef.) Sadiii35 cl “7edli sacl @ 7di\ ees 198 c| 81d le ikayolvat 22cl &§ Bac Sd) ||> 28 re\) Pedi 63) cl 74 Cae remem 2d) — 165 c¢ 8d J | 9 Sagurnal .../i51 c 1/1-1f 43) c|. 82d il) Aztec lienan hes Oucl iE: — fp — — | 141 c| 10d | Tarrapore I CoB) ~— : 49 c} 1/1% || 30 ¢] 1/92) (25 c! tegd |) — — 29 c| 10¢d || 133 c| 1/2 | __,, Lallong...]) — Be) 37 cl rozd |) 35 cl a/2e 33°c) Sed) gore 7id| — — | 145 c} 104d | | Tiphook T Co .../) — ‘30 c] 1/521] 25 ci 2/o2 | 88 Cc 83- —) |\\= 12 c| g8d |} 155 c| 1/1¢ @ | Tukvar T Co QO Cc I /a-tfpe — — r6\e}) Todt 75 cl) oa culine —— — — | = W153.) t/a _Turzum —— : | 42 1/8 tex =a il) 30 11dd |} 24 gid 1c} 64d 97 pl z/2t } 4 | ] NEILGHERRY | | | | | | Khotagherry | ae m= 20) 8d | — — — — 50) Cop Guin == — S0 e 749 ) ver ! JAVA. | Garden, Fine & FlowryPek,|| Medium Pekoe, Byokea Pelee, | Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong. |\Coig, Bro, & Dust,|| Total. |Average. | ||Quantity. Price, Baonuty. Boe ‘Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity,| Price. |jQuantity.| Price, {|Quantity. paces 4 i | | Dramaga -..| 16 ¢| Mame 43 Cl 72-8 22 Cl V7ade 23 cn atdsl 7Oucl Node ee. — | 180 cl 74dQ@ | Jasinga ..26c. t1\1- Hox || 28 cl t8id) 31 c) t54d || 28 c] 62 g6 c| 54d/| 20c 5d || 229 c| 38d ouiave 9 c| 7d 3) Olay jel 6c Sd eye ial Ic 44d j) — — 30. Cc) Gal | Leuwiliang [= — Bayc! Od"; sone onal LONc 5d) — 25 c| 34-4 | 107 C) 5ad i | Nangoeng 33 b| 2/64] 148 pi7z-1/1 || 64 bl) 8d} go c| 6-64 — — 16 ¢| 54d ]| 351 py ‘gd | [easapembangan — — | 1c 1t/ — — — — — — — — || rc} 1/ @ | Parakan Salak ...| 150 b| 1/3 — — 50 c| 64d) — — — — || 100 ch 54-7 |i 300 pj 8d | Perbakti | 36 b) /tt! 41 bl od} — == 3r c} 62d) — — _ — | 108 pj 8 | Semplak el] — | 15 cl gtd] 55 c] 6-7 14 cj. 62d] 100 ¢ 54-52 ]| 11 ce) \wed | a95 c) 6d Sindang Sarie ...| ce || 16 7h 11 c| 6d] 61 c| 64-64.) 30 cl 5d) — | 4x8 pl og Soekamana | 83d | — — = — 13 cl 64d] 17 ¢ 6d) — — | 42p 63d Tendjo Aijoe | 21 cl fosd || 50 ¢ 74-74 || 28 ¢ t6%d || 84 cj 64-6 | 84 c/ 54-52] 40 cl 45-5 || 307 € 64d © | Tjiomas | — | 18 cl 7#d|| 25 cl t44d]}) 48 ci 54d 8c) 4id 5 cl 34d | 104 c| 5309 ae : In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked ~ thus represent the highest offer in the room. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, if! W. PARKINS, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, Oe Oo or crteercras % oor Brokers. Supplemen to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON @ STANTON’S INDIAN, SEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT, 12 Poon LANE, iLonpon, —,C. QUANTITY HROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st June To Date. ndian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 244/933 packages. 82,590 packages. 14,901 packages. 1888. 133,041 oe) 22,473 ” |Seplember 28th, 1888. 29,721 packages INDIAN ) 6,018 i Creyton; Iptal 36,563 packages have been offered in public auction. 824 i Java We dthenerismery little ilies ion to notice in the condition of the Indian market, the feeling being ee towards increased firnness. Teas for price are in strong demand, and all kinds with really re average of ae was pbtained i the “ Naeri” garden, and of 1/7 bythe ‘‘ Moondakotee ” irden, of the Land Morteage Bank. Tea from the ‘‘ Glendale ” Estate, in the Neilgherries, sold at unusually e 6/-, and another 7/6 per |b. It is worthy of notethat recent Calcutta telegrams give the increase over last seasons exports 4 only one million poynds, while the arrivals in London to the end of August were nearly two «lion pounds in exces¢ of last season’s. It is therefore improbable that the weight of Tea to be Jered during the nextfsix weeks, can be heavier than that of last year. INDIAN. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— A few boxes of Fancy, igh prices, one lot bring : IDS) Ae (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 44d. 1887, 4gey 1886, 7d. a FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i éd. Aiea Glen al: ay | BROKEN TE (Brownish to iblachuel. strong liquor) ant 7ad. 45 od. “i 8d. i | PEK. SOUG (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) We 84d. mn 8id. A gid. d oe PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, gid. a tod. uh rid. PRE SOUG (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) BA 7d. A 63d. sd PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 8d. a 8d. g4line Liquoring Invoices has been greater than last week and the quality generally is superior; ail ice with a firm market the average for the week has reached a higher figure than has been sHonicled sincé the middle of last May. The following Invoices obtained high averages :— foaely wg: “oNinwick,” 1/625 ““Glenugie,” 1/44’; “Blackstone,” t/a Chapelton, Tus ahatungoda, ’ Wigne “! Hope, ii 1/3. The 6,018 packages sold at an average of 1/- per lb. uY LON. re a continuance of small supplies prices have become harder. The proportion daVA. Only 824 packages were brought to auction, the small sale passing at about previous ‘abs. A good liquoring Invoice from Tyiboloe, sold at firm prices. fl; 824 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 73d. per lb. / 5 MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in a FROM ist JUNE TO 31st AUGUST 1888. IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STock 1886-1887. 1887-1858. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1857. 1587-1888. 1888-1889. RAUB ss)» wie oe 6,835,542 9,842,898 14,546,055 14,707,080 16,964,316 17,725,413 | 12,771,066 16,238,580 20,933,505 PHONievec ccslansie 2,318,250 4,059,120 6,591,698 2,153,800 3,120,950 5,977,016 2,020,750 3 ae 610 5,233,185 ‘Wodacoeead 1,128,890 551,760 £,279,740 | 1,153,670 934,780 1,040,900 1,200,240 975,380 I,153,320 1 @tC. «--. | 61,445,290 41,015,432 44,453,812 | 36,229,889 30,041,399 209,501,624 62,686,814 53,917,734 50,294,134 | ———___— — SLT), Sail SG USNR cs J - : : ‘orauilbs. | 71,727,972 55:769,210 66,871,305 | 54,245,039 51,061,445 54,304,953 78,694,470 \ 74.357,304 86,604,147 .NK RATE. ty per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight Is. 42d. \ >»: WS Ye ee y Pan SRT a Sa ey at re» ow , CEYLON. | | - See Pekoe and | || \ Broken Fannings, Dust, | B Garden, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchone, hud Souchong, |, and Various. Total. |Average. llguantity. Price. |jQuantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Qu{ntity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price, | | 7 4 -- - | Abbotsleigh DAC TOs Gulls - 30 c| gsd = 5c) 5¢d]| 75 cl 103d Adams’ Peak 4 ¢| 1ogd Orel pn/ 2 Ir c| gd awe 1c} 54d]) 32 c| 1rogd] | Alnwick ... 2 = Faie|a2/ 32) Que a sy aes cl a8 2 clg-104]] 31 cl 1/62) | Ardlaw ... 5 9% 8 1i3d Il |)osdy—— = 2 53d || 26 10d | | Bambrakelly and Dell. . T3 Ct 1IsGs| ee Omiel iia) Zee ee 4 — 3 cl 54d]| 34 cc} r/od]) Barnagalla 24 Cl T/Op alas 1/2$ || 21 ¢| 1otd | — a — — || 106 p| 1/os Barra 36 p| g#d |] 44 iigd|| 31 p| ofd|) = mae 6 3¢d | 117 p| tod} | Becherton 19) Cl GF 18 1/4t |} 12 c] gd 3 cli 83d 3 pl sid]! 60 pj 103d Blackstone ric t1/O2 | gama lhe, On Clie — — — = 44 p| 1/4 Cey.T PlntnsC Ld tee Dunedin 98 pjrob-11]) 20 c] 1/14|) 45 pj 9gz-92 ) — en — 188 p) 114d] | ,, Dewalakanda 52 c| 1ogd || 24 c] 1/1¢|| 40 gad | = a! a aus 116 c| iz1d# » Mariawatte 98 c| 1i¢d — — 145 p} 94-92 || — —_ a= — 265 p| iid ]- » sembawattie A3) C| 82-9 || 23 Reins, — _- —= z= pe = 66 c| gid | Chapelton 17 ¢| t/44 |} 41 1/9$ |} 40 c) 1/7¢] — = — -—— 98 p| 1/4 | Cottaganga 9 p| 9-104 6c} 1/0% 8 cl g$d || — = 6 p| 64-8 29 p| 10d} | Dahanaike 58 Tid lyn SOP eae |e — st) gd |} — — | 127 | 114d Dedugalla he — — -- — 41 1o4d || 94 ToL) | Dolosbage M 23 /C| LO4d) || = 3OmChieG Osa tea — —- — 20 C| 5-9F 73, c| 104d | Doragalla eal 19 p| tg2d | — | — 28 P| 9F —= eee. le 47 P| od Dunlow Sell — | — 19 1/34 || 24 c}] 114d | — | — 43 p) 1/1t | Fruit Hill 2a a ee 7 | 2/8% |) 51 godin ae ay ae 85 | 112d] | Gallebodde 72 cjrogri3| — — — — — — | — — go cl) 1/ | Galloola .. 15 |. ard) 42, bieua 50 | 10% ae == 3 6$d |) 110 p| 113d} 'Glenugie 32) C| 1/3 Zysy [cir — 8 730 Vee —— — 65 p : Goatfell . Dig alla) r4 c| I/t0of|| 17 Cc) 1/3% = | = 55 c | Goorookelle wa — a — — 35 Or —- — 15 | 53-8 57 | Gorthie ... cer 61 cl t1/ Hay |) pil Se == 5 cl gtd — — || 109 p | Hantane... | 16 ¢) rid |) 13 cl wos |) 20 eW mod = —_ mechs, 5G io 5One | Hatale — — 13h Clmenige ||: VA Cee ares ate aes wep — Py fiers | Hope TON C| yn U/At 17 c| 1/5¢]) — = — — 1 cl’ I 52 C¢ _ Imboolpittia 79 plrogir$| 23 c| 1/14 |) tor pjgz-104) — = 8 52d || 211 p | Indurana 50 | 104d || — — 50 94 = os = — 100 Paes ee a: 33 cl. F1d’ll ar7zecl anos Sneed is ae aS 58 ¢ Kabragalla M 20 1/04 || 12 1/1 2M triad || — a= aa O18) | Kataboola Heol = i2 Cc) t/ox || Jr@ Jel Ws 1g C| 10% — — — = 50 ¢ KAW es _— 45 c/ro$ 1/1 57c 1/|r ui ee eae alas ta pet ins FO 2G Kelbourne Sent — 18 |TOPTO# (23 T/lox jos! ~30 9+ — = — visi Kintyre ... ...|| — lee || 23 c| 124 46 T/32 || EOre|* 105 ats ae 5 cl ofd|| 84 p | Kurulugalla --- — || 4c! rotd 5 cl 1/14 AG enely. —= mre a LHe Kurunduwatta ...| 4 ciaidd|) 5c} gtd 2 c| - gtd Gna) 82d meee = = — 17, | Mipitiakande — Be | 73 ctr14d] 22 cl 13/3 —' | = = = 18 c| fo#d |} 113 ¢ Moray .. — Be | 54 ¢ 21/2 22) Cl iOpen 93Q)/Cl, Loe — — 5 8d | 130 p Nartakande eel] ae, || 54 tod 23 t/ok || — = as gies — — 77 |} OBEC Dangknde| — fe | 16 | 108d)! so) | zikd || 47 rod || — — — sae Oliphant = — || gc; gtd] 39 | 104d) — — ae as — — 48 p Orwell — om || 22 cl o#d|| 20 c) t/. ||) 30 c) ofd)) — i) as — PLC Ovoca — |Mee | 18.c) 1/2p]) 18. alae rane] 118 pg — | — 48 p Penrhos aoe — | 14 Dod |) v8 1/5% || 23 g4d || — a 6), 1 | S62=q 51 Pine Hill == — 18 | 1/o4 as = 18 ti4d ond fale sea ie 36 Rahatungoda -- — 17 Cl 1/22) 13 chmiae | 27 1/1 — = 3 7id || 60p Riseland — 8 cl gtd 7 Gl) L/OF TONG gd punt eu pee =: 25 ¢ St. John Del Rey| ay 1/44 |} 23 ¢) 1/14) — — 25 c\t ro%d)|| — ue 3 cl] 53-64 || 8838p Somerset || — |} 31 if 28 1/2 5 trod peat jab ey = 110) Summerville al -— — || 25 c} 1/ 12 c| 1/64 || x1 c| r1¢d |) — — — ae 48 c Sunnycroft | 8/7 1/ a 17 ¢| 10d) 0 tow siemoddy paagoucliniond 8 cl 84d )| 12 74|| 95P Tillyrie wll) fi \— 2t cl 1/1 7 clea 5 Perce aacn||e1— ae a 56 ¢ Tommagong ...{ — || —J}]l 24 | 1/ 15 r/o || 26 | 10%d ||) — = 8 93d || 737°) Troy ee ad) — | —\I} 27 ce gtd] — — — — — — | — 27 C Tyspany 4 \ ee fo pal to#d 55 t14d Io g4d == TBM ed lok cae Tad 86 \| | | : Quire Qa Oa INDIAN. / Ta Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe a: | | Broken and Fanni Dus Garden. or Flowery Pekoe, at Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Seen | Souchong.. : vse | Total. |Average Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | rice. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price. || Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. | ae Amchong Pelle 20 2/3 30 cl 103 MSc) ii/te | e25 cp 83dii) = = I 1 Attaree Khat Dj] 32 2/14 || 44 G rot — LOT as dal WL) Geel a - LG ai p He a Py] — — 25 1/tZ || 16 c| 1/5¢/| 1t9 c} 0d || — = = ne eB Z tia Bargang ay Co ... — — gd 26 c| 1/3$ 42 c| +73 Ay | ea ag ae ie | Z\. | Hingajea 46 c 1|1-1/34 ce] S8$dj| 36 c od |i 39 cl 73d|; — ne MONE! Ge ee C He £280 Magural| 26 c| 94-11 @| 38x! |) = 18 c 7d 13 c} 63d |) — ia Bic || Beheating All —— — c| gtd || — = — == 26 ¢ wad 24 ¢; 74d ea gt ae pe aes c| 11¢d || 22 c] 1/54 || 27 c| rot — i 16 c 83d iH : =) (Pererampore) = 22.) — == ) yekel|| = 40 c| 64d]| 2 51 BishnauthTCo Dj/l68c 1/|44'1/73 c 103 at oa a Li ee is pe : a so : Hh | ; P|) — c} 1/14]) — — 27, C| TOs — H , 4, ee 3 3 | BITC Maunkotta]) — 26 C od — — Be c alll 25 aa ds ; Ss oe : ae palin Sessa|| 20 | 2/34 ||/ 26 c| 1ro?d ONG ene silane a y Rae b 32 4 3 2 12 Cc] 8td\} 88 p| 114d {Borel Coy 2 El) —— Z25eC Ody acorc! T/A) tOPclua7ed)||, 12isc) 82d |i ne 79 : id 7 Pamipootal) — — BONG ihe LAN reflOeealh BO e oval iff ae Ms Ae se ; 2 FA 3 9 14 C| gid|) 86 c, 11d Borokai T Co. ...]}/ — — BA Cl iider | 18 Ch GARI AG (cl veoh I ea aa 19g ¢€ 1/74 84 c, 1/64 | BramapootraT Co}; -- 98) c it41/8s| 14 cl) 1/92 || 63 c) 83d || — phe 42 C wad 217 alls a lo3 i AN 40 c| r/of}] 24 c| r/od || 38 ce] 83d 25 ¢| 73d|| 127 c| we ss R veal 72 C 1/04 1/35|| 218 c| 1/14 53 cl 72d AQNC sd 185 ¢ 10d | i Sie 218) (Cl) OE Diss hi a0) 5O. Clu72a 17 €| -74d || 120 c| odd | | 55 S15) 40 c| 1/14 15 cj 1/8 80 c| 84 ee Rs 25°C Sid 160 al a | Debrooghur C Co) — 73 ¢| Qed) 61 ¢| tof) 47 c| 8d) 23 c) 74d | — = || 204 ¢ 16d | Doloo wef] 179 €| told || 37 ¢| 1/22 20 C 1d c| 84-83 é Spanien TE 74 C€| 84-83 || 210 c) rod | Doola at | ZR GE) OnGeil Que reese ade) Cp ee ekall a DES at Gp arte lil ie 1 |} DoomDooma C B 5 Sell) 53 Cl osdil 42.c\ ‘1/3t i) 25 c 8id || — zi ues se, TGR Cl aE j_»» Hansura ... t1/ptix/4it rode} 83-9 || 72 ¢ 1/02 a9 ¢ Sade iligiass his wa, we Be zl se Eraligool Om Brie Glacieedulilia7c| g1d\|) aorc|) 73di|\ = vee 6 cl f«d Be z oR |Puttickcherrie ... — WA € gd |} -— — Bi C 71d = == 13 ¢ 32 6 “| i | Geetingy tr/4 ZOMG saul i ey ee 81d ne a 13 ot 116 ¢| Oo Hapjan == 20 c| gid 20 C| 114d 20 c| 84d ZOE 8d || — — 20 a ae \Hautley ... mn — 29 c| 102d || 24 c| ridjj — — 25 ¢ 8d || — 8c a Ind. T Co Cachar = ZENE TOF kom (eC) 2/13 11) 3i5.'C Gl} = =| 30) ad is ie Jokai Co. Bokel Mm eeicanc aoa /seume my | cc uml ils 2 a Sins ee Jamira c| 1/62 || 29 ¢c od || — — 42 € 8d _ ae Hee: A Kamptee G cos B271C| Od 24 ¢| $1/14 30 gid Tas fe Ts wee t/ Kakaja aL bal i 3 i etc) 729 |, 22O-Ri es Sakajan PCy BOAGA a ROMGl nan (451) Om Cl 82 2c) 7sd\) — 6 z Kalabarres soll) — AS (10/31 14 C 1/74 set ue ‘ Ue ay Tee ees mo Cc} — — 65, el t0Fdil| 77 ¢ Hen 37 c| 88 ee 4 1/3 etella == = 7 i i ae ce fi ew TO aes 3 ] 2) rAd 7X0) (Cl) anil 26 c| 1/42 Ig ¢ 3d — | + Ff] jo o 84-10] 114 ¢c rid ) : | | } | INDIAN .—Continued. | Broken Org Pekoe and | Faunnings, Dust Garden. || or Flowery ioe. Unasgorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Various, Total, aH _ ||Quantity. |Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. || Quantity.) Price, Quantity.; Price. ||Quantity. RGS Hilika 34 C 58 c| 83- 25 c| 114d |) — — | 53 ¢| 7-84 || 170 c » Hokungoorie] 38 c Bn cl) Ox) | ees7Aie anata Ni a — 126 c » Lalup — SOUC EEOC — — 56 c| 84d pee ae 196 c Rookenee — 38 cl 83 42 °C) lis Gilencl we eed 45 cl], 74d || 176 c | Rungli Ting — 12 c| 1/14 L2)Cl D2 nee er a see ae 36 c Sealkotee = ed ats 27 1/72 || 26 c| 8d 15 c| 83d] 68 p Sookerating —.../43c 1/4/48 55 cl10+¢104]/ — — == = — — 98 c | SSTCo _ Baliseral| 87¢ of to4 c| 84dj| 50.c| 8d] 133 c¢| 73d 30 c] 524d ]| 440 c | 5, Dukingole — 20 c| S84d|| 5 c} rogd || 15 c| 7d — — 50 ¢c Roe Jagcherraj 18 c 52 c| 184 — — Ba Chad 2 Clea dleh Tay ge », Phulcherral| 59c 8 29 ¢) 73d || 130 Cl aGliA7 Cig eellle = 20 c} 5d/]j 194 ¢ | Teok a seal ee 32 c| 1/14 18\¢] 1/7k || 36 cl B8ed\| 16 @Y 78d | — a 102 ¢ Tukvar T Co _.../118c1/ aes — 19 c| gtd] 74 cl 84-83 || — — 21 6d || 232 p Upper Assam TC! » Maijan ...) 62 c| Mr || ros ciro-174]) 47 1/ 33 cl 88d) — — — — | 247p | »» Naga Goolie/i79 1/9)2- JS) CG aaa Cl If) — 40 c} gtd |) — \. — — 167 p }_s, Rungagoral) 32 c| ff 83 Cl O-114 || 42 oie = — — — — 156 c Wiest Jakinga ys.|) = 47 c| god] 21 c} ried || 24 ci 74d! 20 c| 93d) — _ Ti2c | | NEILGHERRY | Glendale ae 36 3/134 abe ae pues nue: Gabe ae, es: ue, Alas ce 36 b JAVA. Garden, [Pine & FlowspBek. Medium Pekoe, || Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, \Cong, Bro, & Dust.|| Total. Average. 'lQuantity. Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. |Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.} Price. 7 Ardja Sarie all = — — — _— == — 155 c) 63d] — — {155 ¢ | Bodjonagara_ ...|| — 45 c| 7#di 50 cl 8d) 54 ¢ Zid |) — — — | — I4g c | Tjiboloe oP | 45 c| gd-1/ 46 c] 9-104 || 70 c/84-10%|)) — —- 37 Cc] 63-10 || 198 C | Tyjikoia ... veel] Tr c| 8tdi) jie 5d]/ 85 cl 54d]]/ 45 cl 5d] 25 c 48d] 178 c Tjiloear ... eee] a FO Opes Wo — 44 cl 6d] 24 c) 54d) — — 144 C : | thus represent the highest offer in the room. ; GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. / { \ j. W. Pansans, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe: | | ‘ | | nae tt ee are * Uh on eae Supplement to ‘CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. | October sth, 1888. j 13, Roop Lang, Lonpon, E.C. ~ QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JuNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887 1g packages. 86,757 packages. 14,901 packages. 1888 137,048 ” 22,595 ” During the week 28,720 packages INDIAN 4,007 1 Cryton: Total 33,449 packages have been offered in public auction. 22 eo lava 3!) The positon of both India I] The increase over last seagon in the receipts of Tea from India, which at the end of August was ‘hearly five million pounds, hag now been reduced to slightly over two millions above last season’s ,|4tivals ;—the deliveries to date exceeding last season’s by a million and a quarter. s, and with only a moderate quantity of Tea offering, and that showing ather more useful quality, if is not surprising that the firmness noted last week should be more pronounced. The value ofall grades has hardened, and finest kinds show a distinct advance, many 'f these Teas being of a patticularly attractive character. DUST: Fajr ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 42d. 1887, Md) 1886, 7t FANNINGS. (Réd to brown, strong rough liquor) s 6d. ‘s 16 Wee 7id w | BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) A 74d. He 64d. Ae 8d. | PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) im Sad. 0 ;, Berd cs odd. @ PEKOE. reyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, 94d. ie roid. ,, 11d PEK. SOUG. Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) : 7id. 9 64d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Sid. 5,. aed. JE YDON,. The position of Ceylon Tea is strong. The deliveries during September exceeded le imports, and the stock is consequently less than at the end of August. Should deliveries con- nue at the present sate, it appears probable that stocks must suffer considerable reduction. 4) Owing to the generally fair quality of arrivals, and the continuance of a strong demand, the “|verage price for the week is again comparatively satisfactory. Many Invoices of good flavor have zen disposed of, and where quality has been at all exceptional, high prices have been readily paid. he following averages may be mentioned :—‘‘ Sheen,” 1/64; ‘‘ Bogawantalawa,” 1/6; ‘‘ Hope,” 1/33. jhe 4,607 packages sold at an average of 1/- per lb. NAVA. Only a small sale was held; the quality of the Teas being poor, low prices only were i ntained. The 63 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 64d. per lb. ul i MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) DURING SEPTEMBER. Imports. DELIVERIES. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1886. 1887. 1888. TNDPAN GE ote 9,162,834 13,132,536 10,674,126 5,143,398 7,014,066 7,494,951 Ganon j 681,400 781,570 1,452,408 786,520 1,197,220 1,873,396 JAVA BS El 366,730 69,510 170,730 321,650 318,850 451,080 CHINA. ete | 19,311,571 10,660,600 8,653,049 12,180,221 10,189,220 9,197,344 NA, jada || es | : Torat Ibs, | 29,522,535 24,644,216 20,951,213 18,431,789 18,719,956 19,016,771 Ree eh SS eee FROM rst JUNE TO 30th SEPTEMBER, 1888. j IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STock ry 1886-1887. 1587-1588. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. SDAIN ey syiete-a {toa 15,998,376 22,975,434 25,220,181 | 20,121,078 23,978,682 25,220,364 10,521,204 22,356,450 24,112,680 (RESON ot ehapatot eter 2,999,650 4,840,690 8,044,106 2,940,320 4,328,170 7,950,412 1,924)450 2,809,960 4,812,200 traliplaeyaiiaia\ ois 1,495,620 921,270 1,450,470 1,475,320 1,253,930 1,491,980 1,251,320 726,040 872,970 INA, ett. .... 80,756,861 51,676,032 53,107,761 48,410,110 40,230,619 38,758,968 69,818,844 54,380,114 58,760,685 Tor\r lbs. 10,250,507 80,413,426 87,822,518 | 72,946,828 69,791,401 73,321,724 $9,515,908 $0,281,564 88,558,535 ~ — = -—— ~ | — —— ~~ Ew — _ — — — — —_ — ——s a — ah ue “aD |, a Re. ee 3A RATE. 5 Percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three montis sight 1s. 477d. w) D> ; = a ee: ay : pee UE = , Broken Org Pekoe and Me Garden, or Flowery Tnassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, |Quantity. e. || Quantity. Price. /Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Abbotsford veel II cl rot 12 !¢l) Dioz\||"28 cl ‘oka 8c} 83d] 59 Adams’ Peak ...|| — 47 c| 114d |) at cl) 4/52) 22) cl 'gadt = == go Beaumont | 27 ¢| j rauGtit amelie 3 — ahs — rac 40 C Bismark ... wef poe — 12 1/1 10 rid — — 22 Bitterne ... | = — — — — a 4 24. c| 64-84 || 27 ¢ Blackwater wef} ECM or | 25 |. Wizzell 9 oy Cpe nate! — — — 81 Bogawantalawa — 19 1/72 | 6 io) ay OTN AN el ua 8 — I 84d || 53 Pp Bramley ... vee{] = — || 14 1/5% || 27 1/24 — || 2c} 84d] 43 p Bunyan ... ite Ol” 3e//2 18 1/4¢ | —- —- — 13 cl. gfd || 4g p | Caskieben oe IP i MavICl LOs HOCH L/2e) 1g2) sc) tod) ie —- 2c) 824d || .66.¢ Choisy ea 36 c| x/t2]]) 2 cl 1/4e |) — —_ 2cl 98d) — — | 50¢ Delta “24 Sos Ss 17 .¢|. T/2d ren 1/6 121 0e| Tae = — ae ty o. S 47 Pp Dolosbage Gi — go cl 03d | 58 of s/os] — | — | —\) —_ |] 37 cl hos || 35 » WF) — 37 ¢| tofd |) 34 cl 4/14 | — ai c| 64-9%) 92 ¢ | Doranakande .. |) — BEG — — | 30 cl gf — — — — || 57 ¢ Dunsinane sell ae 39 — | — hc we, hy) == li a 64d '| 71 p Sy ee oo M3. .tl/-tifog 14 | Taf Ze, tod || — — |: .5 qed | 84 | E.P.&E.Co. Lt a i Hope — a2 ¢ 1/22] 25 cl 1/6h\) — = = AL 47 cy 1/2 || 94 ¢ ee Bee 13 roc ae — ae 12 ce} tod], — — — f|i'— | 44c pcorapals saa re | 21 | roud 2t t/oe || 5 togd |}; ~— — — —— 97. Elnndale ; OA. |. TOG mans lo ia) ee — — — — — 69 Emelina ... eo 22 ‘cl 1 /O; zo 1/32.) 18 c| afoe |) — — 8 | 64-84 |). 68 p | Epplewatte ee | aes i00) Te ee 4a gd |; — = sie | GO. Ganewarily,) 0 2).5\|) == 26 | rosa || zs silo! HEE a ei ~ — — 4 Gikiyanakanda ...|| — Ts) Ele aeRC! tr/2 (6) todd | = -— eae) | Glencairn eel Ty ch LO! ai wae 1/24 ||. °35 ¢).10#d i) — — — — | gi p Glencoe 52 es | 18 | rod || — eames. 23 gid 25 tfok | — | — 56 Gleatilt ... ol) 53 b) 1/3t || — -— 12 cl ri4d |) — — = 65 p Great Valley ...|| — 26 cl) t/ok | 17 cl eur G7 clainotd 6' cl 8hd 4 Bre. Need ron | Gt. Vestern anil 2X) 57 tid || 60 1/ == oe Be) Se 8s} Zed || 154 | Hatherleigh .../) — 34 Tord || 23 t/ot || — ery abso lee 8 | 43-82 55 | Heatherley aa) = 58 | w¢d | 17 1/6 - ; |’ Wl sare A. 62 | Hiralouvah fhe = — 18 in ater 65 HOG Me ee Pees ae — 83 |Kelani ... | 20 | “Gt — : Kellie... | 12 Kirklees ce 19 | Kirkoswald ln Zo 21 | Labugama ah es 31 | Laxapanagalla .../ — 20 | Le Vallon TA = 14 | Maddakelle Sees 25 | Mooloya ee 3 ' Morton Hh eo 25 | Mutolla | — = | New Peacock .../| —- 20 | Newton sf ae 9 Nilambe |e It Okehampton 3 Oolanakande ...||. - 22 Pambagama ...|| —- 35,.¢ Putupaula tell om 34 Oueensland al 4. Riverside aes is anton 27 Sheen ee 13 22 Strathellie bists - a») Uva <» eee 3@ 3 | Waltrim... veel] — 19 Wangie Oya mee oy ls 14 Wellekelle ..| + 49 Wiltshire aa 19 Yatideria T Co... y| 39 Pogrer INDIAN. auas ot ss egeulst nar gi uk uy. iG Broken Ore. Pekoe)|... Pexce and ve) es fos Ke Broken andy i Fanutmes, Dust || Garden. - or Flowery Pekoe, || -Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || PekooSouchong, Souchang, _ and-Various,— |--Total, |Average ee ata ea : ae ae 4 a wh =i} can Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. : Price-}Quantity. i Pricer Quantity.|- Price. (Gute Price. = = ; = = 4 aco 'Attaree Khat Dj >7-, ae 45 C 17 ¢c| 1/23 L©) G SEO cll 7d _|| Mac vad (age elivor Bagracote | j4:|| +. = 38 Da Cl auch O76) Fed Way | || OS S| 192d || r92 c| “8ed | Z\. Chatgolal72 c 1\14-1/6 || 150 54,¢| togd || g9 c| | 8d] i25.c) i7td |)—_ | |— || 400 c| 93d Z 86° Mookham||29.,c, 1131/43] 61. BANC VOsGuilie Stel A sOdallir3iicl syed ace uGxal lh swoje oll coptch Se eoelal) 52 c) a/3e) 1238 50 ¢| oad 7S € cra Enel aire all Buch Sell 332 7¢|,2 led Bishnauth Co Pi —— = © ZOVC| MMOL) 20 fel gk =) a Se fe ‘78-¢| 1/3 VBITC Urginbund) -— ~— ie 30 c| 108 —— == Go-c! 74-72 || ee | 137 ¢| 84 BBorcligt Co; Ei — = € 50 c| r/4t || 57 c] 8S a 44 © OG! ||: Bow GC) seal (|Bramapootra Co}| — = Cc 16 c| 1/54 )) 80 e 8-8F |) — — 1,48 ¢| 74d || 258 cl 104 | |/Budderpore = — C 25 ¢c| 1/94|| 66 c| 84d Ne) ee BO Cl 7a ||, Ox ic). /4 i|Castleton maibeiaq. 3 15/53 . ¢| fod |} — See ie ZONE Nineteen — a == — || 87 cl] 1/ (iChubwa T Ce ...)/35¢1/1/$1/114 CG] Ofds| 926 .c) 8$d i} to ¢) 8d) — — | — —— «||. 249,,c|. 11d t|Corramore see = Cc Goi 19 (ce) 1/4 30 c| {8sd ||; — —— || morc Wed) 151. cl 10d d|Darjeeling Co Aj) — — GC) /O= Meg 52 1/4$ || 47 ¢| 83d]| 31 cl. 73d) )— --- 185 p| 11d i Ging €} ti) 40 eth CO eel — 22 ‘7éd || 189 p; 113 st i Tukdah c) rgd]; — — || 43 c] 82 — — ==), | £17 Gl 108 avejoo: ll Coma... Bel ¥/ Be ene) 2/4. || 44 c\ ogd.|| oe | oe ae) ere: d|Dhoolie ... ge Cli Os llieamseel (nite lho 25, Cl od) — || (2 p| 64-74), 98 p) 108d dPoloo .... ate .¢| 10% BBG L/ 2s) sac sd 13.¢) 72d"|| Gane c| Sid |] 134 E| tod 1 Pooars T Co. B; €| g-oy |iS1c 11/8-r/o¥ || 192 c) 72 eae | WACO} Ci od df ,, Nagrakatta Ci POG anc) wits —Stcl os 8d | | |. kI@ cl tod Waa et bendoo c| od |i7o.c 1\/2-1/24), 147 c) 83dj| — SS = ol) | om Cp ton! i Poodputiee ... ce} gdi) 38 c| r/ok | — — — |@eac 8d 95 ¢ tod 4d Poolahat Clmned 3.¢| 1/o2|| 31 cl 74d | Maercl’ gid i120 cl od id Pooteriah Ca Sorel) a/at |! 30 €| 1/224) 162: C t/9 larmutty Ole sey) HONG L/S 69 c} 84d) — — || 5 c| 84d |} 193 c) 112d idftunwal T Co. 31 /34 1) 60 c| r/ok || 64 c| r14d |} gi cl 88dj| — =. || $eO c\ 6-8k || 326 p) 103d liaglany T Co ie tasyime tiid 17 Gh ig7 Gui! 21 c) “rozds| 32 c) vad - — ||| Qc Gl Wk iri | gd dkai Co. Bokell| 20 2/55)\| 68 cl od |), — — — | Bs cl 82d ]| 123 c| i/os oa Jamira) — = 78 ¢/8trfoh} — = AB Ol. Gil as a | RRC el) el aos ie emaprce GI 17 kc) 1/8k|| 44 c] togd) |, 21 c| r/9 26 cl 84d |) — | Wace) | 8d iarga cl ee ps Muttuck, 13/c| 2/ ONGC LON MPC Sd ll r7 yc, 1 Sd | 83 cl] rid ddprehaut T Co C! 19 1/72 || 54 clrokro2) = — 36 c) 84 60 ¢| 74-72 || | 6 c¢ 64d || 168 p ad ft |, Dhekiyajyuli! -+ a 42 c| r/ot |) 36 ec] t/4d || 30 cl odi| 48 c| 73-8 || Ee — PSN ICI| ay agent it], HatteeChongie|| + — AQ Gl TISG Ni) 2A elt Ae. ||,\224..C gd || 30 ci 74-81 | ©6 c] 6¥d |) 126 c| aiid iid] ;,horee Kuttea|) £— = 36 cl 1/2 — — AS. ell) (ost Dae e8d | — 96 c| tod 70d Numalighur| /— oe 4206) T/osay = AD, Ol EUG! II — <= He BYE eater al ‘ Oating||/ — == PANG) Gea 24 clu nio2 I aac] 8d 24 cl 8d | Ee Se GONG ay Os 1/0 He li ~- 7© c| to$d || 44 c} 1/4 — a — —— ||| Be Sod |) 181% id jgamar Koochee || — = inte} @Ii/. i) LOMO wi T4’c| ofd || 13 cl) 73d) = — 55 c| I13¢ ndganeraValleyT C|| 12 c| 10d) 47-c|. 104d], 54 clt 108 44. c| gtd || — —_ — — || 157 c| rotd idistetla .., ei gman 2/OsaP TS tcl rar s cl’ 1/2 12 cl §td 9 ¢| od|| toe Sdj/--88 c| 1/od ie Lopone, MiCo..|| == = 120 cig-tro#]] 4o ¢| 1/3 28 ¢ + widonilcor | 045. b| 2/tok a7 ¢ 1a-1/63)| ca 24 C idfpndoi T Co ...), 40 t/9 || 203 c| 84-95 || 50 c| rr$d || 93 ¢ \iptalgoorie —.../| -— — 74 c\ri41/5) 26 | 1/88]) 38 c¢ | a Aa 1) aitioglh) = ee 35 c| gfd || 20 c| 1/1 30 Cc | olf Xo Hatticoolee|] — a AAs} lene) ee cm 29 ¢ ae Lattakoojan|| “— == 36 c| todd 37 cl t/of BUG ey! Morapore|| — —- 40) (Cl) Sado 2 Cc} wosd ||, 3 0)/€ ans Salgunga}} — 105 c| 82-94 35 cl rid 46 C | /4gekimporeCo Bi) Toc} | 2/12\| 100''c) a 13d) — col Winey cnn: a shkerpore | aS mess 5iNG bid 1151 to-1/o% \| 26 ¢ eet sla Sd 55ND) mSE eae chgtd || 27.) r/ rd 276 -- — 22 c| od ThA Wie br 18 ¢ So — 37 c| 8kd 39 112 38 c 2 4 | f2/2d 33. ¢| 1/44 1 ¢) 1/7 Pyevae TY SE a |, OS INDIAN ,—Continued. Pekoe and | a | | Broken and Fannings, Dust | ‘he Garden, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, || ouchong, and Various, | Total, | Ave: ! Iguantiey Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. [Guan Price \|Quantity, Price. \Quantity. Pri } NSTC DamDim 33.c) 84d) 30%c) Tedd) 50 c) Fed 45 cl? 7d 5 cl 5d) 205 c »Nowrea Nuddy LON} 8d 22 c| -fod|| 24 ¢ 72d) 27\cl 74d) aaa 164 c OS&C Heronchra 38 cl Sidi Ave wiged |) = —\) — 20) Clin 6d." Or Du Putharjhora AO Cl) Odi|aeniic ars Chai = — — 44 c| 74d/| 117 ¢€ Puttareah 42 cl gid] 25 c} 1/3¢]] 4o cl 7¥d] — \y — — —— 107 ¢ Rajmai ... 16 c| rodd || 15 e) 1/3 14 c| 8id]} — — 29 c| g-1r |] 74 € RGS Dholla 25 cj tosd || 29 1/44 || — — 16 c} 73d ||) — -— 7O Pp > Hilika 89 c| od] — os 66 c} 73d — 51 c| 7-84 || 271 c » _Talup 78 cl 92-10 || 74 cl] 1/4t] 43 c¢| 84d] — | — | — | — fi agse Romai ... 29 c| gtd || 60 r/jo¢1/13/) 39 ¢ 74d]] Inc dj) — — 139 p Salonah T Co .. 4157 c| todd |] 65 c} 11¢d || 136 c ea 1O3a 472d || 2gue 5dj| 519 c Scottish AssamCo 56 c| gtd]} 21 c gd jj 58 c| 74-741) — — — 188 c 2 ” ae |) ee 17 cl ad || 50 Ch 7d) a — | — 69 ¢ ScottporeCo § 27 c| 83d] 19 c] 113d || 22 cq 73d|| — =e —_ Bee 68 ¢ » Pallorbund 83 cl 8$-82 ]] 50 c| 1/o28] 56 cl 74d) — — 24 c| 7td |] 235 ¢c Sookerating 45 € 1|t-1/o2 || — — — — — — — 61 c SSTCo. Deanston 228 c| 84d]} 87 c| 9-92 || 176 ¢| 74-73 |) 181 c| 62-7 rg aie 928 c TaraporeC Burtoll 48 c}| 1/42 || 30 c] 1/1tt|| 32 ¢| 114d] 25 ce] 88d || — — 135 c 59 Dewan 85 c| 1/22 |l65c1/7is-1/72 || 49 Cc] 113 35 cl of = — 234 € » Lallong... 54 c| rf 48 ci 1/5¢]] 46 c| od]! 56 cl Bt — — || 204 ¢ 5, lLarapore 35 cl gtd}} 23 c| 1/2t]| 20 c) 83d) — — — — 80 c | Tiok ue Aa - 49 c} 112d || 32 2/02, 30 cl) 9rd) “ro el> meduiiy—= — || 1330p | Tukvar T Co ...|93c 1/o\3Mifa3), — — 17 c| todd || 51 c} 84d |) — aaa — Sees ec er ec Washabarrie = | zvoc: 8d] — — 30 c¢ «74d ]) — — — || 100s NEILGHERRY | | | | Khotagherry saeil 22 c| 114d |] — — — — 11 c| 8d 7 c| 74d/) 40 c Seaforth .,, anal 20 gd || — — — — — — Tove] 272d | 36-p TRAVANCORE| Nagamally barl| 25 viol — _— — -- — -- — 25 JAVA. Garden, ||Eine & Flowy Medium Pekoe, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, | Cong. Bro, & Dust.|| Total, | Averag)) Hfouantity. Pri Quantity. | Price. [{Quantity.| Price. |Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price & | | i eo | | | SVB sa ae | 25 cl 74d | ~ | = | ae | — |, 20¢ fd] 18 a9 os i | eae! | In these tables all the packagesare half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; c for chests; p for packages. f Prices markedfy7 thus represent the highest offer in the room. AY GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. | J. W PARK ins, Printe ry & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Strret, St. Mary Axe, ARIGIN “Supplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CHYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT, | October 12th, 1888. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C, pay’ 9 QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE ro Darr. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 303,375 packages. 88,085 packages. 15,181 packages. 1888. 334,914» HENS IS) 22,605 ,, : 33,014 packages INDIAN 5,931 R Cryvton| Total 38,955 packages have been offered in public auction. Ke) JAvA j Now that the present season is well advanced, it is interesting to know that the Home Consumption \ i}of Tea during the past nine months showsa substantial increase over the corresponding period of last year. The following figures, illustrating this expansion, show the increased proportion of British Grown Tea which has been consumed. The Indian deliveries appear to indicate the absorption of this seasons crop without difficulty. The increase in the use of Ceylon Tea is remarkable. Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from ist January to 30th September. 1886. 1887. 1888. adianig, 325.5) 6) 4 3:047,,000 58,910,000 62,658,000 (Crestor ae: Vee 4,524,000 7,401,000 13,570,000 @himak etc: 79,410,000 69,811,000 62,204,000 Mawallaliss. ian On Oo@ 130,122,000 138,492,000 | Taking these facts into consideration the active demand lately developing for Indian and Ceylon rowths is not surprising, and with Indian Tea at its present low quotations the tendency towards jzaction in price is natural. “NDIAN. During the week a firmer tone has been evinced for all grades—High class Teas 10w an advance, specially attractive parcels being keenly competed for. As an idea of the omparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUST: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) TOGO AC TOS7, HC iL SSoul iad. I ANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) * 6d. » wad. 3 7id. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) Peis, MRC oe cB cl: PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) rit 84d. fn Sid. A gid. PEKOR. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, gid. a totd. ,, 11d. PBI SOUG: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 744. ” 64d. BIO E. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 8id. g, = Sd. (iY LON. The great increase in the consumption of Ceylon Tea, alluded to above, is | fficient evidence of Portswood, "1/44; ‘“Agar’s Land,” 1/22; and the ‘‘Andangoddie Estate ” of the Ceylon Land and mid} duce Co. 1/2. The 5,931 packages sold at an average of 1/o4 per |b. i. VA. No auctions have been held. Catalogues are issued for 732 packages to be offered next week EES lbs) BP REM ast (UNE TO ‘goth SER BE MERE 1888. IMPORTS. | DELIVERIES. | STocK 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1885. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-18809. 15,998,376 22,975,434 25,220,181 | 20,121,078 23,978,682 25,220,364 | 16,52%j294 22,356,450 24,112,680 2,999,650 4,840,690 8,044,106 | 2,940,320 4,328,170 7,850,412 | 1,924)450 2,809,960 4,812,200 1,495,620 921,270 15450;470) 1,475,320 1,253,030 1,49f,950 | . bso 726,040 872,970 80,750,361 51,676,032 53,107,761 | 48,410,110 40,230,619 38,758,968 | 69,828,844 54,389,114 58,760,685 101,250,507 80,413,420 87,822,518 | 72,946,828 69,791,401 73,321,724 | 80,515,908 30,281,564 88,558,535 wea — iam a res LT ase — — eee ee { LAN RATE. 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three montis sight Is. 423d. CEYLON. te eat | Br Pekoe and Broken Tannen Dust, one Garden, UTnassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchone, and Souchong, and Various, Total. |Aver: ! Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.} Price. | Quantity.| Price. /Quantity. - Aberdeen 52 ti3d — — 13 ro¢d = — — —- 100 Agar’s Land... 29 1/34 || 20 1/6 18 1/ 2, tod 6 53d || 75 Ampittiakande ... 27 1/it || — — = a ae — 4 | 64-9 49 Balmoral 27 iC} TiC#)|| NANA) ely 2 moe) Ns ee a — | 51 c Barra 34 | Todd || 55 imagen). 320 cl “oad ay — ~- == 4) EO" Binoya 40 c|-Iotd | 19 1/2 faa ~ — —_ 6 cl 53-gi | 65 p Brae 24 t/1d || 19 1/54 || 60 11d || — — — 103 Braemore 8 c} 1/14 9 1/5% || — == = — — = 17 P| Brunswick : 14 c| 10¢d |), Zovel t/a == — — — ~— ERE te CeyLand&Prod C | | », Andangoddie 20 c| 1/12 |) \ ages wy 5e NW yay Cl aig =F — =e —- 50 Cc »,NewPeradeniya Us Cp eye 19 c| 1/4 14 c| trod |} — — 2c{ 64d]). 50c¢c Cey.T PlntnsC Ld », Sembawattie 55 clgi-10}) — ZOE Ga Gi iia — — — 81 c¢ Cyprus 23 ae ice 1/1 rar Tae 7 i 38 | 54-92 || 100 Dalhousie ae — || 32 112d |; 30 rod ri aoe 5 63d 67 Dalleagles — — || 39 1/3 75, Celta — I 6d || 115 Delta 20.c| 1/144] 20 D/Ae || T2chvidd y) — he 11 c|64-10|| 63 p Digalla 31 | o#-92]] 19 mI | os — | — — | 2 7id |} 52 | Doteloya 39 | r14d |! 60 Ui) LOe a erosd race ws — | 118 | E.P.&E.Co. Ltd | | », Arapolakande 30 Cl rid5)> ariel = — | — —— 2i-c| 98d.) 78°c| 5B Koladeuia 20 ¢| ~ T0d)||)) TO el mea Osall), LA Wel ae ee aie — — | 47 € 9 Sogama BOG | cte/ — — a = = — a aes 45 ¢ » Vellai-Oyai AG C|) uf — = ees AGC! | — — | 95 ¢ Elston Be ¢ 43 cl 1nd || y TO GiaayAs | Orc sods 1 — 5 ¢| 52d || 104 ¢ Fetteresso 18 c| 1/24|| 18 t/2k || 18 c} 114d} — — — | 54 Pp Fordyce ... HO Ch awGl jf. 0S fla Ii cl} rod|) — = 32 pj 63-74 11 7ip Galella 18 1/42 || — — =e SS ae — — = 18 Glengariffe BO | 2a Ne aut TA | 20 “Pe tOce tit — == — 80 Gneiss Rock 33 cl 10o$d || 36 wor || I otd | =- 9 72d || 89 p| 10 Goomera xa} any — MeCN yl Aa tay ME UMC | ee a or fae: Wet Smee Goorookelle 28 t/ot || 26 Ljte ||) 47 Cl) osd) — — | Forge) am liGoorsokaya 51 (itrrtd |) 36 w/At || 4B rod | — — 5 gd || 135 Gt. Western 44 r1¢d || 64 1/jo41/o#, — — | = 3 74G |; 111 | Hayes | 300 tBr/14! 28 1/64 || 62 | 104d} 33 g4d || 24 gtd | 185 | | Heeloya .. Beil 25.) riddill’) 2a) Ge Wo ES a ee em alr | Katooloya apa 18 ¢) 1/oh|) 16)¢) are | 18 c) cod) —— ee My Semel ee | | KAW 57¢ tfjod1/2d) 65 c| 1/2e i) — — | — — | 43 C7$-104|| 165 c) ! Lamiliere a as ee 2 1/42 || 22 1/02 \ — a — i 42. | | Lebanon Kelp el 50 cl “red |!) 28 kelsien 42 c] gtd |) — — aaa — || 142 pj ro Lynsted ll ci t/1z} 3 1/4¢ || 28 r/ok |) — = — — | 55 Marguerita All ae aii oe 1/3% || 49 Ore |) _ — = air 21 | Melfort sell a = es 12 C| 1if = = 2 6id! 37'p | Mooloya | 22 1/22 || 22 TS == — 2 8id || 46 Mottingham _...| — | Tqc) Majo 13 Cl tobd | = elle tee ae ee) ae | Mutotta Ded — — |, 15 roid 3 8d} — — jit 8 | 3208" 26 | New Forest __...|| 20 c| i/of || 16 °c) ae s — 2 AN as i oom /OBECDarrawella| 49 c| 1/1¢} 16 c| 1/84] 46 c|tokd)) — = — — | Trr ¢| aer Havilland | 40 titd || 20 1/3 24. tod || — ees BO) gid |) 104 I 5s Kuda-Oya | Iq c| t/od|| 13 ch /38)| 20 c| rogd |) — = 6c) 63d) ae chm | Portswood 6 1/64 & 1/9+ 18 1/24 = _— —- — | 32 | Rangalla 55 Pi1/1-1/3}| 21 ¢! 1/54 | — a — — — = 76 p Rangwell I zod || )— | a 17 ged | — — — — 30 | Ravenscraig 28 gid || 12 tod 6 Bed Ca 7 | t2e5EA 58 Rookwood 59 1/it4 1/34!| a Ra: 21 T 14d | — vee ee sak 80 St. John Del Rey 16 cl 3/22), 3 | ropdi@e2c) mrad ||) <=) |r ches p | St. Vigeans Tider]. Miarclal Na aie cline + ¢| rod ||) — BUM Nbapehste (cr 5d Peeet7 si) Spring Valley 50 | rE Selif 49 t/o¥ | 10) Tokd 5 63d || 149° Taprobana 16 | 1/ & 1/64 || — ‘ara sai ae ae oa SH! arr Torrington 15 |) tlof| 20.7) n/S4y 3a) tip _- as OG a Tunisgalla 47 | 1/14 : —— )|| mai aver _— ca: = 47 Verelapatna 69 p lod 10Fi) 932 | 114d |) — cate IM a —— = Ol, pi) a | Waltrim | ong ri4d | 18 cl 1/3¢]| 35 tod jj — oe 1c} 54d]| 75 ¢| 1 Yellanzowrv 15 cht ar | OR ae | LQ 4G gtd | noo met ao Dink 62. 84 | af ge (© =i || | 3h) INDIAN. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and ; Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Rates pars Gaels H| Total. ee OR SREEY: Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity. mee Quantity.| Price. ||(Quantity. ae |; Assam Company + Gelakey|| — -— |/80c1/3}4-1/42 OC}. 2/2 — = Ete 1 | » Mazengah 50 € ne iy c ee 69 c} 10$d on F 2/73 Bs E 949 241 p) 1/4 || Attabarree i) a5 |3/rr8|| 28 c| rogd|) 33 cl 1r4d || 22 c| 72d |) — as. re Oza |: 2mm el 1/2 4/ Attaree Khat Pi) — 25ic| 1/1h|| 24 c| 1/84|| 22 cl odd ea oe TO 98 p 113d | Bamgaon | = 40 c|84102|] 16 c| 1/33|| 13 .c ll onl me z c; gd/| 105 c| 1/oZ | Borokai T Co. = — BB ch t/2 14 ¢| 2/64|| 27 cl rréd]] — i aig Be 69 c] 11d ee ee el 2) BE | 7B a escunbund)|) —— — 20) Gl eel || (22 Cl miekel | bith Wie ead 1 5% 62 c| od Budderpore — -- 73 clio311|| 38 cl] 1/7 761 c|8-8h || == 7 Alea too c| 83d 4 Bungala Gor 18 1/34 || 21 c| odd]| —- — 28 c| 84d || 24 c] 72d ee i ale 222 c| to+d Chubwa T Co ...|77 ¢ t\1141/8]| o1 ci gt 12 c| {7#d || 68 c Sat a: Bee a LO7RC|) Od Darjeeling Co A — Ay Gl) woe l|. as T/Se | Bn cl ond || = us me 54d || 260 c} 10} cs Ging|| — — 52 c| tidd || 48 1/64 50 al Geel es a ing 96 p) 1/04 5 Phoobsering a aus 32 c| 113d oe Baer his lide ia oa E Coma 150 p tied ” Tukdah — — 53.¢ 1OZ11 40 1/52 27 81d ang XS Pp 74103 68 Pp tozd ‘DoomDooma C BI66 1/6)$-1/7¢ || 94 c| 10d ||) — 35 ¢ 84d blee oy Be aid 120 p| 117d Pelenatrapee ii so Cll 1/48 || 106) cl 92-94 |) 30 c| 1/22 |) 4a cl. 8d|| c Re. 7 195 p| 113d Dooria —_ _—- 60e of4-1/34 fe dia Ba el. Bd ees Fae, Ai) | 3K Geetingy 18 TiGe fe 2o) cl D/ a ae aa Seales —— |mzo c) 84d too c) 11d Gielle mM, Co 46c1/5|$-2/oh || 45 c| 1/24 ia Beg a 12) 7 Gs) Jol sete! Ind. T Co Cachar]) — = 37 c| tf/okl] 29 cl 2/2k] 4o cl 83 ae Ee 3 a OPAC (ea 5 (tringmara oe aa 57 cl 82d || 20 c] r14d |) 51 c 73 aw et 5 Se tie ae Jinglam DCO AV ihe) 29 c| 1/14 Be) 5 42 ee bd ik c a 150 c] oid ae Gonesalceli) 20 ‘c} o1/7 81 clg2-1/2 a sh wa tal SEM vee BH A 95 P| 1/24 » Hria Bareel|751/34\-1/114 || 64 c| 93 wi eal! és a Bh Ae oe rte BC les 146 c| 113d al Jamiral] 55 cj 1/1 ao el) 8d) ene 42 ¢ ad Ae | aie eee 225 p ie! ” Joka, == — 39 ¢ g#114 Matt pan Bi) © BL } Phish “a Be i I8I ¢ oid ” Panitolaj|) — Ba 85 c| iid ||Z00c 1/|3$1/32]| 148 c 88-9 Nagy el eet mune 56 One MNorehaut T Co Ci — 48 ¢ 1/34 Bc “t/ad | 36 c oad a 5 e181 s0, re RA | at sil eginoni mm Kentiea||) —— = 48 c| 114 Bek 1/33 | Aa aad ae ‘ ae | a) ae 144 c| 1/ot » Numalighur] — = 42 c| 113d a 48} Sid ay 72-74 | ic, sca 150 c} 10d 9 Sycotta BAe == a 48 C 1/1 = —, 36 Cc gid oc Be ne ine 90 C€ gid Kakajan — — 75.C) A TOGuI Mi akanc| 10/6 59 ¢ 83d | a2 é 2d ‘ss isp Lag |. ders i 24°C) 7 od Il 13 UC Mays 13.6) + 8d I= — 22°C) 8d 72:¢€ Borokai T Co, ... BAN clus £2 Clay, 29 c}| 114d j) — — 28 c| 1/9¢]| 103 ¢ BramapootraT Co Inge 1o-1/2k || 20 c] 1/22)| g2 cj 8-82 || — — 65 c| 72d || 286 ci SB Ai Cc), 1/12 |) Oke as 72 ¢} od} — — 30 c| 84d] 159 c BITC Clavyrhouse; 7o c| 73 55 Cc] oF — _ 75.¢ 7-72 || — — || 200 ¢ », Dwarbund 26 c| gdj| — — — — _- — 20 cc) 72 46 c » Maunkotta 2atc| gtd] 63 1/24 || 47 c| 8dj — — 14 c| 7$d/| 145 p! 10 “ Sessa 30 c| 10h 17 c| 1/1$/| 29 c} 84d]} — — = — g6 p Corramore 58 c} 1/1 — — at OG —— — 50 c| 82d] 149 c| 104 Cossipore 36 oy —- — — 28 c| 6d] 102 p ; Doloo ay 49 Cc} 1of 2I c| 1/12}] 52 c| 84-84 15 c| 74d |) — — Tac | Dooloogram _.,. 46 c} 83d/) 45 cl o#dj| 69 c 72-8 || — — _ — 182 c DoomDooma C B 169 cio#-104]] 75 c) 1/2%]| 77 c} 8-84 |} — — _ sar bry eg we blLanctiray ss. gi c| gtd] 38 c] s/o8|) 46 cl 8d] — _- — — | 216 c¢ | Endogram 60 c| 84 Aovela esd |||. _ — — 25 c| 7djj 140 c 1. | Ghillidari ZQN S| a) 15 c} t/os|] 28 c] of — — —- — 89 cl 1/ap | Hattigor Bi 74 c| 104d |] 20 €| 1/3 30 cl (82d) ‘4o ce) 7-72 ee — 164 c) 92 i Ind, T Co Cachar 23.G| i /2 1g c] 2/23 || 36 c) odd || — = 4onc| tod "129 7c) maga Jhanzie S 87 c| 114d || 25 c] 1/62 ||- 21 c| of — — 39 c| 114d || 186 c} 1/1 |jorehautCo H ADC) 3 18 c} t/7$|| 30 c] gid|| 24 c}| 84d |) — — 114 c) 112 | Kaline hee 98 ¢| 114d ||" 53-cRauiy — = — | — 95 ¢| 83d|| 246 c 1/ Bp wry Chong Tong - 53 c| r/ok]| 18 c| 1/6 _- = — — — ~- vr cl age Jalingah - 51 ci 82d 133 c 1lo$a/5h/] 11 cl Sid] 18 c] 8d]]/ — — || I13 ¢ | 5, Lattakoojan}| — | = 37 c| todd || 63 cl] 113d || 33 c] 84d] 30 c] 82d ]] 31 ec] 6$d]] 194 c Wet 55 Lebong| — | 44 c| rfodll .14 ¢| 1/64 || 25 ci 84d j) — — 12 ch. 73d ||. 95%) 1134 | ,,MineralSpring|| 15 1/82 || 97 ¢ +1/ Soe a 33 cl odd!) 34 c| gid|) — — ||.179 cl 114¢ | ,, Moondakotee] — a 76 c| 1/54 16 c} i/o¢ |) — — — = == ae g2 c| 1/64 ” Nagri|| — — ys) fel nufo — — 3r cc} 1fos|) — - 36 cj 8-102 || 125 c} 1/33 lyase _ Salunga|;) — = 60 c| odd atl — 27 c| 84 48 c| 73d == = 1351. Z |LebgCBadamtam]| 46 midj} 43 c¢| o2d| — = 40 c| 84d — || 129 ¢| 92 » Barnesbeg | 30 #/7s || 3° ¢] 1/ a —- 30 C| 10d || —= — —- — go ¢| 1/2 | Mechi tf 28 cl fie ZAR) gd) ||) == — 25.c) 8d|j.— — 18 p| 64-72 || 95 p| 9: |Meleng ., _..,|| — | «Mai 170 ¢| 94-92 || 80 clrogro#l| 80 cl 8-82 || 30 cl 7d |, wo cl Badiiegoa cl oe NSTC Baitakhal|| — — 54 ¢| rod|| 39°c| r1d}} 35 c| 84d) 20 cc} 73d] — — 148 c | »» Bloomfield 16 c| mei] 15 c] 1/1 18 c| 1/6 15 c| 10fd || — — — | — 64 c} 1/23 » Bytagool...| — — || 117 c} 84-82 | 30 cltz1dd || 17 c| 73 16 cl 7id |, — See JO) te »» Dam Dim...|65 c o£ 1/54|| 100 c gdj} 30 c| o#d NC 8d 15 c| 74d) — — ZOONC fy Khadim| — | = 25 cl © 8d il 15 el Meraat) 2nkel 72 = = = — 64 c} 84h. », Lallakhal...||48 ¢ 1/o8@/tp| 58 c] 88d|| 17 cl 1/2k|| 19 cl 84d]/ 20 c| 78dj) — — 162 c| . 11dme | ,Nowrea Nuddy| 48 clo-mo#|| 40 cl 84d]]/ 15 cl gd] 27 c| 84d]] 33 c| 7dd 4 64d || 167 pj 83dh. | __»» Rungamuttee|| 131 cl1/-§ || 93 c| odd || — a 105 c| 84-82 || 59 c| 84d || — — || 388 c) 114d} | Nuxalbarrie = = | 24 cl gtd]} 51 cl 1/34 |) 21 ec} Zed ||) — fae i ami 96 c 1/ 4 Pathecherra 30 Tok || 53 c| 83- 72 c\tr08d || 26 c Beret a EN wae al 181 p PhoenixCo Appin|| — | eZenc gid oo ae. 23 c| 84d — — 20 c| 7#d 69 c| 84d : ,, bundookmarra a || 35 Cc g4d 40 € 114d 40 C 81d — a iin 53d 126 c o3d dl Puttareah || — bY 46 c} gid 25 C) 1/34 41 Cc 8d ra a = — To Ze ‘log f RGS Hilika 3t y/1p4 54 ¢ ghd || 24 ¢} 1/ Rael Std) x2.e)) 168d — || 185 p| 104d INDIAN ,.—Continued. | Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and | Broken and | Fannings, Dust Garden, | or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, | and Various, Total, | Average, | Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price. / Quantity. Price. | Quantity.} Price. \lQuantity. Price | Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price | eameaiMatn ei: 2. -:.\| >: — — 30 ¢ 1\o$1/54) — — — — — — — — BORG ant] 2 ' Salonah T Co ...|| 15 c| 1/112 ||r06c 1\121/74]] 25 c) 1/ 85 c| g-ot || 51 cl 8d} — — || 282 c| 114d ‘Samdang IT Co...|| 20 B/82)\)) 20) cl /4 20 c| 1/44 || 20 c) rofd ||) — — = = 80 p]| 1/34 fsoapakaud Co,...||) — — 36 c| 88d 132 | 41/22 || 17 ¢| 8d) 14 ¢| 74d | — wus 99 p| oad | Shapore |e — AO (Xl | 400 tod |} 34 c| 7d 20 c| 7id|| 119 p| 8k |Sookerating ...|| 39 cl 1/64 || 50 cjro$103]) — — = = = — — SONe|/2 * SSTCo. Deanston]73 c 1jo-1/62 || 56 c gd|| 19 c| i1d|| 44 c| 8h 34 c| 74d|| 30 52d || 256 p| odd Wee isacimmaly, si) 33 cif t1td | 36 c gd |} — — 52 c] 8t — — — — I2I c| of gj Larapore T Co Di — — ||129¢ 1|/1-1/14]} 96 c 1/34 74. ¢| 11d -— — — —- 299 c| 1/14 eee Taraporel]) — — 60 c| 82-9 40 c| 113d |) 35 c 8d ||} — -- _- — 135 c| odd | Asli pool MaGoy-,.'|| — — 33 c| 1/52 \l23 € 1\/4-2/o$| 84 c| o¥d _- ro c| g#d |} 150 c| 1/12 iioninecommeD hi7t jtt/te | Ag ce) od ean cl sted |) 41 ¢ 8djj 13 cl) 73d |e — || 209 p| gd | 4 Wii 19 1/4 Be Al) ysl) = — 20 c¢| 8d|| — == = — 63 p| tod NEILGHERRY | | Bon Ami — — I c| 10}d Te er" 3 cl 83d] — — — — 5c 104 Chenkara - — 40 | to4d || — —— — — — 2 e AZ a etOG Surzon a eed || | a ro | ad Me | 74d) o7 | 84a 1h | | 5 | |CRAVANCORE | |, prigton voelll eee — 19) 1/34) — — — — 13 tod || — — 30 1/1 “ wsinmylies cal) = 32 113d || — —- a —- — — — — 32 113 “?oonmudi seolll = 94 | 104d |) — — — = — — 8 | 54-61 )) 102 tod | | JAVA. | : hen ee | Fine & Flowry Pek, Tei Poke, i Broken Pekoe, ||Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong, Cong, Bro, & Dust,|| Total. Average, ‘Quantity.| Price. |Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity, Price. ||Quantity. | Price, Quantity. ‘Price. = I | | { | cdja Sarie = == || 328 el f7-10 ||, = = se ek “= — | => | = || 328 a ae! ramaga 13 Cj) t/1$ || 21 €| Zed || ir c| /8d|) 12 ¢) 7ed|| 34 cl 63d) G6 c 62d to7 cl 8d 2uwiliang 18 cl 84d\| toc 7H Tr. ch aed 8c 64d) — -—— | @oc WG sc ve ingoeng Se 77 biog jos 25 bi) — 8d|i 34 cl 6-7 | — | =~ | Bec) 4éd 182 p) 63d thajoe TKS 8d 4c 6d} — _- — — 5) ci. Od| H- | Eeeeri to ec 6id mplak — T5 c) 83d 7.c| 7d ||) — — 24. C| 63d) @2 ci" 53d]; 58 cl 7d LJ { CEYLON. Broken Oy, Pok, || © Pekoe and Broken | Fannings, Dust, Garden, or Flowery! Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, || and Souchong, and Various, Total, |Average. Quantity | Price Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price, |jQuantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price, Adams’ Peak — = Genera) 25 c\'ti/48 |) 28 c] 1ofdy — —- 2 ¢|) 63d |.107 cl t/2 Atherfield — 20 c| 11d |] 20 ¢ 1/2 20 ¢| 104d || — — 1c} 64d) 61 ce} 112 Beaumont — — gp acl) aia 13 CMO eer a) — — — — = i) 40cm Benveula — | 20 tod || — — = — — — — — || 20 1od Blackwater 14 C|Mij2d |) ror clridi1}| 67 c| rfot]] 58 cl rod}; — — — 240 c| 114d Bowhill ... — |e 13 c| gdd]| 25 tod || — — tc} 84d) — — 39 P| gd. Campion... — | 33 1/3 35 1/64] 35 1/0% ||" el 74d || 106 1/3 | | Culloden... 35 C})4/r 24 c| 114d || 15 L/7ee|| — — — —- —_ 74 Dalleagles — | — 33 1/24 ||) — — 59 113d || — —- 2 7id || 94 Deanstone = = 17 1/3 10 1/34 || 29 1/o2 || — — = 56 | Dickoya ... | — i 17 Cl, c/22 iy Tae my 22 c| r1id |} — —_— | — — SI Dolosbage G| — — AO) Cc) nitdl|i) Sone mmm a — -- — = 35 C| 64-10 || 125 c | Doone Vale — — 8 | 11¢d 8 1/2 14 c| ofd|) — — 1 cl 64d] 31 p | E.Prod.&Ests.Co. | Hope] — |x 2D El a TOW Ce eed | ne — 15 c| tr/o2|| 26 el 41fo2]| 79 © »Meddecombra — = 28 c] 114d || 30 c| f1/13 14 c| rogd || — — — ee eee | FFB _- — 16 cilrog1038|| 7 c| 1/1 Io c| todd || — — — — 33 € |; Gammadua — = — — 4 1/22 7 c| rogd |) — — — == II p | Glencairn — | — LAN C| 1 /O2. Mad 1/44 | 29 c] 104d || — — 3c] 64d] 7op Goorookelle — je 26 | | .98-1/-|) 22 1/2 37. | togd || — = oa -— 85 | Gorthie ..: — = 50) C| rf 1 as 1/7 — — —- — 8 84d || 93 Pp Happugahalande — — 8} (Oy sei 7 Tt — = —- — |) — Bee Ah (Nate OP) | Hunasgeria — | — “= ns — ae a= = 5° C)) | OCMMMR, si clmaera BC Hunugalla — — 62 |113-1/|| 30 1/24|| — — oe — — g2 | Kandenewera — — - — — 44 c| 113 31 c| togd |] -75 © Kataboola — -- 7 Cl aati 27 C| aay AAO mnt We — 62.¢| | Kelaneiya -- — 25 c| t/os]| 20 1/5 — — -- — — 45 P| | Kotiyagalla — — 59 1/1¥|| 27 1/82 |} — —- — — — == 86 | Laxapana — |F— | 43 ¢ a/1 || 23 cl 2/32]) 35 c| rofd ) = = — eee | Longford eee] — 22 tod 6 t/ot || 41 gtd | 22 7-9 — =o ilps | Lower Haloya ...||) — — 9 c| 114d 5 €| r/1s]| 13 ¢ r0ogd |) — = rc} dj 28 ¢ | Mattakelly — | — 33 P| 1t/ok|| 28 p| 1/34 Mie sacl a= — Bc] — wad 2-68, p | Minna — — 23 1/2 28 1/32 |) — nae = == — = 51 | Morar _ — — — 17 1/4 Gel aay gl == pa ane oe Soe Nanoo-Oya = — 39 1/1 31 1/2 27 | 114d} — — | 3 74d || 100 | Narangalla = — 27 1/1 56 t/th}, 57 | 114d) — = Io | 64-63 | 160 | Nartakande waa = — 53 wil || 22 1/t — — | 76 Nayabedde soalll eee OO r/2t|| 18 1/34 )) — ek ea ke = pe 78 OBECDarrawella| — — — nes as — a = 32 p| 84-9 32 Pp | Pambagama — | — 25 C\ 98 15 t/ox || ir eG] odd || == — Io cj 74-8 61 p | Rambodde | — (ee | 28 | i1dd |) 18 1/3 a == = — — — 46 | Rangbodde | 18 che t/42} 16 cl 1/24 |) — — 26 c| 112d a neers) Sunnycroft ee 2 in 26 c| «1d 18 Toni) e2becl ofall. == fea ais len 69 p Uva Sola 1/2 32 t1dd || 16 1/34 || 33 Pp) 1osd | — = == 94 P Verelapatna ...| — — — — 30 bitizdd |] 45 |.104d || 39 | to#d ||) — — | 114 p | Wavendon | — — | 26 |t118 Zs) Noi — — = =e ae — |) 51 In these table J. W. s all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; thus represent the highest offer in the room. PARKING, GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Printer & Stationery, 7 & abby Strret, St. Mary Axe, c for chests ; p for packages. + Prices markedHlE ] - Brokers. _ - Supplement to ‘CEYLON OBSERVER.” ) GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAYA TEA REPORT. October 20th, 1888. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JUNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887, 362,191 packages. 93,370 packages. 16,916 packages, 1888. 398,357 o5 152,881 95 24,869 5 During the week ~ a = 37,146 packages INDIAN 5,532 ” Ceyton; Total 44,210 packages have been offered in public auction. 1 a f Java The Indian sales this week have been the heaviest recorded, and Wednesdays auction comprised ihe largest quantity of Indian Tea ever offered in one day viz., 14,275 packages. Latest telegraphic advices now place the exports from Calcutta at 23 millions over the same iad exceeded those of last season to same date by 24 million lbs. [NDIAN. In spite of the volume of Téa prices have been well maintained, although here and here some slight irregularity has been manifested. Teas for price show a further advance of fully farthing per pound, while fine dark liquoring descriptions of Broken Pekoe are again higher, as ,j2uch as twopence to threepence per pound advance having in some instances been paid. Asan idea ajf the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— F DUS Th: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) EO8o. 5d. 95887, Hd.” 1886, Zid: Hi FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 5 Ordre, Bedarra, 74d. Bt BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) x wa : 5 63d. ms 8d. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) Se od. % Beds 2 +d. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, Odie; Todd. ,, 103d. eke: SOU G: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 2 TG ah 62d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Sedan, 83d. HYGLON. The market continues strong, and last weeks rates are fully maintained, good jqjounng Pekoes and Broken Pekoes being still very keenly competed for and showing a further wiivance. The selection has comprised a large proportion of Tea from Estates which generally obtain /pmparatively high averages on account of quality and flavour, and as the arrivals have been of good meral quality throughout, the weeks average shows a marked increase, which must be very |tisfactory to growers. The following averages ay be mentioned :=*Chapelton,” 1/44 ; | WGeddes,” 1/44; ‘* Moray,” 1/4; ‘‘Hindagalla,” 1/33: “ Yuillefield,” 1/34; and the ‘‘ Andangoddie » wistate,’’ of the Ceylon Land and Produce Co, 1/23. lhe 5,532 packages sold at an average of 1/1 per Ib. WAV A. The quality of the offerings shows some improvement, and some ofthe Teas from ‘‘ Parakan qiak” and “‘ Sinagar,” were especially noticeable for attractive liquors. “The market has continued tong, Teas for price fully maintaining the late advance. “se 1,532 packages. of direct import scl at an average of 8d. per lb. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE TO goth SEPTEMBER, 1888. Imports. | DELIVERIES. Stock | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. RIGA, cjoveiesie\s | 15,998,370 22,075,434 25,220,181 20,121,078 23,978,682 25,220,304 | 16,521,294 22,350,450 24,112,680 LON SOAR SOO j 2,999,650 4,840,690 8,044,106 2,940,320 4,328,170 7,850,412 I,924)450 2,809,960 4,812,200 t Desa sincecrnyaeaci } 1,495,620 921,270 1,450,470 | 1,475,320 1,253,930 1,491,980 ,251\320 726,040 872,970 80,756,861 51,676,032 53,107,701 | 48,410,110 40,230,619 38,758,968 | 69,318,544 54,389,114 58,700,085 101,250,507 80,413,426 S7ezeors 72,946,828 69,791,401 73,321,724 | 89,515,908 80,281,564 88,558,535 SANK RATE. 5 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on anaed dee. toute eS 435 2d, CEYLON. _. Broken Org) Pek Pekoe and i Broken Fannings, Dust, ry, ; Garden. or Flowery. Pékoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total, |Average, ||Quantity. ic Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.]| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price, | Agra ves ay —. | &E MOMtcron| 22 c) an 12 c| ofdj) — — = — 4 52 p| 114d Annfield ... P| ed - (- T2'c| 3/14 || | TO eli aiden 8) c}] 11 gds a a= 3, Cl yagi 1/13 Barnagalla ——.../[51_ 1/3/}2-01 Dai pany ies pe ee — 16 c| t1d/|) — — 9 8d || 97 pl 1/2. Beaumont et | = 27 c| 1/02 || 14 ¢| 11/3 — ss — — — — 41 | Castlemilk seal — g ¢| 1rdd I] 24 ch Wiee |) dove) mi5d)) — | — — | 7 | CeyLand&Prod C fe », Andangoddie]| — = 28 c| 1/2 21 c| 1/5¢ 20 c| 112d == = tc] 74d | 70 2p Fetteresso]| 18 1/44 1G) 4/2 = = 20 c| 114d] — pa sea So Seg | Cey.T PlntnsC Ld : | | | 4, Mariawatte|| 16 1/44 Bap 1/\Os 1/1 en 1 g6 py10-103|| — ae EE Ta) 205? », Sembawattie| — = 2G) OC ilies = = =a done — | — — | 27 | Chapelton | — | & 75 Cl 1/4 | eAsg wige || 46 c\ Tiel — — — | 102 p Damblagolla ...)_ — = 26 1/34 || — _ i earetnll eaaes — 29 tid}. 55 Dedugalla [50 1/33 || — = = — 50 | 1/o%|| 100 Detenagalla...| — a — — | 16 1/24 = = — 18 | t78ddl 34 Dolosbage Mi — — i5.c| 14d |) 2uncl sage mel ch mond HG — 2c} 62d} 50 » WF] — — 3 c| 114d || 26 c sjat — seats ak 24 cl64-104] 83 | East Holyrood ...) — — — — 33 1/34 || — — — — _ — | 33 | EP&EC Norwood] — — — | — TA Cl eos 27! Cl Waa — — Sa AT ee skoeconucaitel|) =~ — To c| tidd Q c| 1/24 TAC) AOE aye = a — 26 ,s Meddecombra|) — i 35 c| rrdd |) Ale] mune 25) ciated i) — _— == ||| 100 | Elbedde ... [| 16 | tftrg | — — 12 €] w/e || 65 cl 1/2 — = 13 pl 52-82 || 106 p | Elchico ... ee 9 1/72 || 10 1/2 = = 25). |) Mele cam — - 44 Erroll sale Lie || = a = ; I = — = = 8 | 5p1/2t-1/7k 13 ell 35 p | Gallaheria soc eee — 12) Cl.) 1/ Te || oa MOGI aR ees ONT 5 Cl tore eas — _ _ a7, | Gallebodde ..-154D 1/|6$a78 ligt p 1j1-1/24 ]) — — = 14, c) gid]! 159 | Geddes ... sola a 2o¢| 1/42|ll| Vraiiclimm ees) 25 ¢) U/onaa a — | 2 | rokd]} 49 | Glen Alpin well = | 49 1/141/33) 32 1/44 || 26 r/o4 || — —) 116 gd |} 113 | Glendon ... 9 P| He. 19 c) 119d) = _ rr cj} 1ofd || — = | — Pe ag | Glentilt nae Seah ss] 57 b t/4e |] — == 7. (Glen ei — — = — 74. | Goatfell ... Soail), = ei (24 cl 1/9 _- = 30 pig-t/4 ) 5 | Gonakelle oe | ee — 18 t/oh || 18 1/ 18 10% = == 2 6id || 56 |Gt.Westem ..|| 30 | Mm || 30 cl{ ro¢d Il), One maiets = — = _ 8 8d || 108 | Hatale ... 5) _- — _ 120 Clip mlyee 12) (Cl te aely oe = = = 24 | Hattanwella ...) — — | 22 1/0} 5 We i 24° | vozd |= —— = 2 8d i 53 | Helbodde ;..\|26¢ 1/\6gmee «649 cl r/2d | — 50 cl 114d as — = — 125 | Hillside Ll oe — 13 r/ 29 1/32] 23 TO Gale — — 65 | Hindagalla | = 21 1/44 19 Weve ©O 1/12 5 11d 6 |7t-104!) 69 | Hunasgeria | = 43 c iltdifos$] 15 c} 1/3 14 e. tid |) — = — || 72 | Imboolpittia ...), — ee 78 P. 1/14 1/3211, 17 eh 2/2 82 p/1o-104]| — — 7 c| gtd || 184 | Karagastalawa...} — | eeroy 14 Tid II 1/2 aes = pe = = ae 25 | Katooloya {| — |S "qh 29 c} t1/ | 18 c|-1/24]) 25 cl 104d | — — — —- 62 | Kew Jas | —— | See gO. | 114 2B Alagoa 2O NC LOCn ies. — — — 87 | Kintyre ... | — |/ ee 37 cl} 1/14 30 | 11/2t\ — — == — 26. c| rogd |} 93 _Madool Kelly = 6 = — — TOsc ewig 17 c| 114d) — = = — } 33 | Mahanilu — — Bi 2he | 1/o# 30 1/ on: 28 ridd pa pina 3 rid 82 Moray , —- — 44 c| 1/44 | 26 ¢ 1/8 32 c, 1/08 |) — _- 6 1oid || 108 p | Mousakelle = — | 44 ¢) 11d] 27 1/3 — = ou ae 3 52d || 74 p | New Peacock —~ — | TA sc 1/08 14 1/0} sa — gains wie ee 28 p New Valley ome} 1/o} || Magee). 1/24 asi =~ || 16ic), 1/08 ae pes eat sail 54 p Oliphant io — |; — Oj me 114d 30 1/0} ee to4d poet pel’ cui co 84 p Oononagalla wa — _—— TO c| 1/14 | Tae 1/3% | OMe 114d eps eal faut 46 Cc OBEC Darawella — (73¢+1/041/34| 16 c} 1/84], 52 c) 11¢d |) — — 8 cj) 84-82 || 149 c », Sinnapittia -- 37 Cl Tf SA 2m Clped/5e)\( 330 Cl 104d |} — —- gc) 7+d|| 104 ¢ Pambagama _ 34 c| Iofd || 20 1/o# 20 c} tod || — — tr c| 84-9 85 p Pansalatenne ...| — — 60 r/o# || 20 1/64.}) -- I 81d I 63d || 82 Pittarat Malle ...| — == |\48 a1-1/131| 22 1/34 | _— -— cal 3 | nOsaGaeal ams Queensberry ~...| — 19s Wes (od || 13 £/ Feel ea ON areal, oe = 4 c, 6$-8% || 60 pl Queensland coll eee IA Cyr ae 19 c| 1/1# ieee — ote ae ae 33.¢ Scarborough ...|| \— // |) 27 c 1/04, 20 1/44. a —- _ — 10 c| 104d |)... 57-p Summerville ...'| + {, Sell go c] ‘1 /o# Wager a0 14 c]| rid || — — — — | 7o Wallaha | (— lp = | 100! |.42/22'. = —.|| too $|t ried |) — — | — —- 200 Wattakelly ll f— fe — | 20 ¢} .1/4h || 22 1/74 || = — 1 .| ti4d]) — -— 43 p Westhall | 53 ¢| to#d || 39 4 tr1/tk |] 26 c) 9% — a 2c) 6$d'|| 120\6 VYuillefield i 20 ch) 1/74 D 39 cl Tied ices INDIAN. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Brok a j - Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, i Pekoe SELONONE | Secon: | ica ‘ Total, |Average Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.) Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | peice. || denen, Price. licen Price. Attaree Khat D|| — 2a Aor iid) = = ia 3q aA LENS Chargolal| 44 c\z/-1/9s|| 64 © gad 933) ch ried |) 50, cl ) 82d)! 13 1c 8d a i ie i ne ZB&OON Eraligoolli28 c 1j1¥1/5$|| 31 € id 19 c| 113d 18 ¢ 8d 12 ¢| 7$d 4 c| 52d || 112 ¢ 104d Hingajeal) 50 cj1/-1/8 |) 118 c gtd || 48 c} ro$d |) 55 c| 82d 15 cl 73d || x 286 c vend Maguralj28 c 1joz1/6%) 40 C| OF — — 39 Cc 8d ||} — a — LONG nord Peon rox 20 cay rodt| Wma el uid 6c) Sed))) 1 — — ||\¥20 c| 8d] 89 p rtd Bishnauth T Co Diizgp 1/1jof1/11\¢ 26 c} 1/1 21 c| 1/54 18 c}| oF — — 20 C 8id | 12 1/22 | WsBromolian: IP (Cros Seale =. BY) ©) anfidige |) — a el) nel = 25 C 1/43 | ar 1/23 | Borooncherra ...|| 16 ¢] 1/5 76 € gd De} | uKoral Bi G| FXG Ai Ch FAxau 22 83d 173, a4 BramapootraT Col] — == ||t12c tjo-1/1$ || 20 ¢c| 1/5# || 100 cj) 82-385 || — pees 69 Cc 8d 300 C He ts Wl) Se = 41 ¢ 10g Z2ORE| ie) 3 7Cl ead BON 8d || 143 c| 98 a Pi) es — 80 ¢| 93-10 || 41 c| 1/2 63 c| 81d 61 cl 74-72 || 245 c id | 99 SOc itil 31 (¢| ied | i2,¢) 1/3 7 eo Sa crawl 34 ¢ 73d | i c Z | Chandpore nec — BO ey endl 27 Cl a2 45 c| S82dii 12 c| 7hd || = ing 140 C oe PM Chubweaxl Co ...)| 17 cl) x/ 50) Cox GC nO Gull matatel Sect = = — (7) Xe i | Corramore Sal = Cole) 1/T yi 2onc|) 1/7 40 € 95 — — || Bo cl toed 140 c ve i} Darjeeling Co Al — rie 37 €| fog || 27 1/6z || 40 c p2d Tir ag s 104 p} 1/ ‘ rs Ging] — eS OuCl \Lrauieamadmen/ 32 Il OsVe; 2Oad | — = 29 84d || 175 p| 104d | Debrooghur C Co} — ane 81 c) of 62 c| 1/14 64\c] Std). 25 cl 72d || e= a c tod Dilkoosha ef — 53) Cl nor 22) Oars Ale AS (SE — ag 24 C $d || 150 c| trod Page es ae 52 (eh 1O2 ai lZonGlyat/ 32 || 62)\¢ 481d || 19 ¢ 3d ‘Dooars F Co. Bi) .— — || 146 c| oid) r20 ¢ a ZB si a Ze | a - & ee : ae 1 Ghatial) — — 2811) Osi Maney m4 SA. Sidi == 16 c| 102d |] 120 c ee Indong| — == 26) e) .84 34 c| 10% 40 € Sq) — == — we 100 C d | a ‘Romckoolh) = — || 49 ¢| 10d}; 60 cl f/2$)) 135 c| 82-9 Facet — | — — 244 € nee | DoomDooma CH|/64 p 1 /341/5 | 120 Cl g4-94 |] 43 ¢] 1/1h]] 59 € 8id | — 286 p 102 + fDooteriah “| — 95 ¢| 1/6 a El Qireely aay Col ae ee8| |i 7 — || fe SS!) ffl MOC 1/74 — ao Aly seach] AG) Ch he all ASR) | eral arte, 8d || — EE |puzsiclyrosd | tate NOON NSS 40 c| 83d — |= ~ 135 ¢ 4 : JGeetingy eal ays) ela) Nh Bae | toy xe) = 15 c| gtd|| — | 5 oi G@iahai Patha ...//) 22 1/22 || 16 cl, 84d 16 c) 112 Gl Ntsteli fies | — | ee : 103 inglam T fe Sena Cl). 0/2 25) Cl oda 15 cl) 1/ot |) 25.) (8 = — | — — Get 108 ve r H fi oka oe. Bokel — -— 55 ¢ Tord = — = — — —- 45 c| 84d | 100 c| odd Ema Baree| — — 54 C| g#-10 || — — 53 cl 8$d]} — == || Bo 84d || 147 p| gid Pb jamira7o c 11¢1/4d) 35 c| 38 = _ BBC Sl fw ae SA as © ad 183 c tata ae Tippook aS HLL 5k Ch 4/3 5G) 1/5igt/TOs|| 32 c t12d || — — ! — i 201 p 1/44 aaa Co Clips. 2/1t|| 48 C| Ue shan _ Z0Nc| rod | izo.c| (Sed || Miene 7 see igay) Mauffae - HS ants — — BONG DT) aren clan/74:||" 30 cl gid) 36)cl) Std Bae = Teal Gti m6, Whor:Kutteall — = 2 nioL 18 e| 1/13 | 2 ot 3 333 | = lees ifX p Yoran Ae none | 11,182,974 12,953,928 15,563,913 6,619,604. 8,294,004 §,926,065 | 21,059000 27,016,284 30,761,211 MON. 2.03: | 427) 160 815,810 1,691,792 683,770 1,008,950 1,885,440 T,O03}000 2,615,980 4,010,530 y FROM ist JUNE TO 31st OCTOBER, 1888. ee ae i DELIVERIES. 1886-1887. 1887-1888, 1888-18809. | 1886-1857. 1887-1888. 1§8S-188o. INDIAN vee eee | 27,181,000 35,929,362 40,784,094 | 26,741,000 32,272,90 3 34,140,420 CEYLON. 3,427,000 5,055,800 9:735,898 | 3,024,000 oes a 9,735,932 3ANK RATE. 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London thrpe e months sight 1s. 433d. Garden, Abbotsford ¥ Alton and Upcot Amawatura Ardross): Bitterne ... Blackstone Bogahawatte Bramley ... Bunyan ... Campden Hill . Cey.Plnts. Mwatte Coolbawn Dimbula Diyagama Doragalla Doteloya Dunsinane An EP eEC Hope Kirrimattia sy Sogama lassen Vellat-Oval | Epplewatte | Eltamorey Florence | Fordyce . Fruit Hill Gangwarily Glassaugh | Glenalla ... Glengariffe Glentafie Glenugie Gingranoya Gona | Gonamotava | Goorookelle | Hangranoya | Hantane.. | Hardenhuish, &L | Hoonoocotua., || | Indurana Kabragalla Kandal-Oya 3 | M | CEYLON. Fannings, Dust, ; Katooloya a es | Kelani Sait eciey WE atte! tot wabugama ; te ankapura | Le Vallon | Lindoola Bh Madacoodagalla Ma iia. Loe oie Mayfielc te Me ifort OBEC ‘CragieLea a Ov [Oca Parusella goa lan Peradenia Pol: saha-Kande... IR ingbodde Rookwood Seruns Pekoe and Broken or Flowery Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, Quantity Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. eer tA) Gi rrgd))) | age aa 58 c} 10¢d amis — 27 c| I/1s]) 18 cl 3/4 Higbee. a 9 roid = 44 TOF 1/'t)|3 0) 1 ee a |e i en — oo — 20 c| 1/1d || 36 c| todd || — — = 24 cl t/of]] 22 1/3 13 c| 10% — aiB = 17 1C| 1A 33. | t1/72 || 27 ¢c| tfokl] — — — 40 1/2 20 1/7t || 12 c] 114d ||) — — = mes _— 22 1/3 19 1/1 die aoe —_ 19 c| f1/1d — = 16 c| 113d a zens ri 59 p| 119d || 35 pl 1/22 || 13 P| 10g 3.¢ gad 25 Cc 38 c| 114d || — — 104 pj10-104)) — — — Ag (Cl abeeGt iil = = — = 4 c| 6-82 15 Ig p 1/12 — — 14 c| 113 =e a rs AQ | L/Oz)| (7S ene alle Oley Gain — Ts elles sift 25 ¢| Fij/2 25 c\{10gd || — — = CLUS RMR ean 0250 Meee 8 re ee Dy 48 1/1 = -= 18 c} 114d | — — i a7 c| 1/34 || 22 cl eet = ee — 14 7C| U/te) || Gc ieu Ae et — — — ne € BOC yy i — — — — — — AB 62 c| t/of]] — -— 24c\ Tez || = — 17 ti2d || — — 34 104d | — — — 12 c| 1/2$|,) toc) 1/o2]| 10 c}| 11¢dj) — == — 18) ¢| Tied), 174 1/5% || — — — — an | £5 C) TIS Aas a Nae Tei aa — |F 25 r/td || 11 1/84 || 10 c} tosd |) — — _- . 22 r12d |} 20 r/1- || — oo = 27 i 17 c} 1/13 )) — 12 c} 1/op || — = Di 1 28 cl} 102 27 Cl TESGull WEA cl ross) = — — ; 38 1/1z || 18 1/5+ || 23 ti¢dy — | — — | - 2 BWC! s TOS Ih Aa nCNnat ia 22) Cle ti tel) eee — = : Bec Lid 23 | 1/t0£ ||. — — a — = f _ —~ 26 alll 25), Cheeni) = — 8 bj fi 12 b} r/i$}) — —- -— — = _— — if 28 1/22 || 13 1/75 || 40 1/1; }) — —- =— | = 20 Ty ie ry FEY ae) auoetel Il a — | = a4 cl wiodi|aicla tg) eel acne = — — | 1B ‘e| Tigi weve) uot yo) Chm rca — — | i= SON | 2/2 nO Teas ayy ina se es ag — | i= 220 0|) 22/ Lae 1/4 24 C| 11} — ~- — |. 12) Cl rrsd) VAG) chia ionc ordain — 32 | wae |frorpr/|1¢41/2/4 to r/oz || 45 r/ Saal se — go |r12-1/ || 46 1/32 || 12 105¢q) = — = 2 Zoe! 1/02) 16 cles ll azo eh rosd i — — — 60 cl11#1/2| 68 c} 1/1% | — Se — — e | 26 c| 10#d] 18 1/2 g cl. 92d 4 cl 84d ee ee — — | 8 r1d 19 1/1 || 52 rot — — — ae 27 1/ 20 r/o4 || — — che ae — =| “4c Dida yee iG Tot eae ptereeclulliy aes — — me || 20 cl) 1/34) 44. 1/4. BOUC| diosa ~— — || | org cl 1/4h || 34 ch 2/64] (12, ch n/a) -- - | 30 b) 1/2 |} 30 b) a/ak | — a 30 b) 118d — | | 30 c] 1/34]| 23 1/8 II c| t/oh ||) — — 18 | B/4t)) — — - — 2c}, 22 — — -- | M7 || 20 cl T/re i Dechy aim ZMIe | AT oo — =>. ee B34 | fg 8S my ee iy Sie 20 (f)t/5t || 23 cl 119d) — om TAS alt SU Om | apne — + Hi— | 26 c¢) t/t | 23 cho r/aei r2%e) argd) — — 1b ch 1/8h Mera c| t/ahal — Ne ee a Eel aia ee - ft — lies c| 119d) ory 1/4. — — 2 84d 20 cH 1/9 |} 16 c| 1/4# \ a 24 ch t/td i == = bp a | 45 1\/1-1/3%]) 20 1/24 || (26 1/ — —- | 33 | 1/o# |) 25 1/24 || 20 to}d ||) — aa and Various, Quantity. | Price. tne Ame I 8d 20 74d 420 a) set (| Seine 2 62d 1c) 63d 4 $id Se || ee | t cl +64d 2 ¢| 64d ° 39 c| 1osd 4 | 6$-62 eine ei 74..c| Som TAG 8d | ig a 3 84d Total, Avei Quantity. 103 o fle S0 p 56 ¢ 58 p 77 P 72°P. 42 35 ¢ 110 p 187 p chige 48 p 195 64. ¢ 8) 93 P oh ¢ 4I Cc re i 129 ¢ 51 I Ce a ft 32 Pi TA 59 Pp If). 46 pj) If- 44 12 56 py tf igh | 79 | the 69 c| 1/iP 60 p| 1/ : 51 pj) t/fy. 20 bl r/ar om 1/H- 63 1/ : 47 | xf 49 €) IT}, 88 p| 1/ 7" 70; CG}, 1 7 188 p| 1/ % 265 .| ie 66 c, 1/@° 167 c| 1/@ 61 Di. om ‘ 40 pl off 79 7 53. ae 63 C| I/ 100 p} Wee 61 cl 1/f* go b} 1/8 62 p| 1/9" 30: | ae 6o c| 1/4" 84 p} 1/4) 58 p) ty. 62. Cc}. 1/9 30 c) 1/GF 44 Pj) t/q. 60 c| 1/#- 94 | Tf 79 ee Seal oe CEYLON.—Continued. | , a Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flo very Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total. | Average, Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.} Price. |Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. 4| St. Ley’s ‘ed 6 ¢/ r/o# ||) 10 c) 1/ (6p 1/3/2-1/4 5 cj 114d || — —— |e Word Mop Mazo? |_| Tillyrie ote llaus 20 Pei Cx 45pm/ss-0/45 | 4G pitre se |) 6r pl 2/1 BieProye As, | os A El HOAG.||) 2 SP wf aise | — — —- — 36 c| 114d '| | Tyspany coal = — 52 c} 104d |] 80 1/ 24 c| totd || — — — — 156 p| «iid : | Udabage .| = — 38 tos 28 t/ot || — — = — |— == 66 Tit Venture wef] — ZO) Ch iT /iea| ine 1/34 || 30 c) 114d /}) — — | — — 78 p| 1/1 | Wallaha scot = = 52 c] r/te|) 44 cl) 1/42 17 c} t/of}) — =— i _— = 113 c| 1/22 I) Wallolkelle ...|| 20 | 112d|/ 23 | 10% — —- —- -~ — — |— 3 | 7-84 | 46 | 103d ‘4 Waltrim .. ef) — 22K) Tene cin t/524\ 380 ce) ured |) — |B 2c 7d! tog c} 1/13 i Wavendon | — 26 r/ok || 25 t/2t |) — — == = | — — 51 1/1z ‘ Weyweltalawa ... 18 1/54) 32 | t/o2)) — == aie |) resale — | = 75 t/t '¢ Yatideria well 40 | ti1od|; 20 Tee =) |e = — | — |e | — 60 | 1o#d Ythanside Palsorc. T/st || — = 27 c| 1/14 22MC aa Osea aE ! 2 7id St p| 1/24 : Yuillefield alo) cl) 2/6 63 c| 1/1} — | — LC eh — | -— |= | — || 106 cc} x/2t 1 ut i INDIAN. 11 er Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and || Fannings, Dusit | I Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted,. Broken Pekoe, 1 Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong, | and Various. | Total. |Average | i! i} i Quantity.| Price. | Quantity.} Price. Quantity-| Price. || Quantity. Price. | Quantity.| Price. Quantity.) Price. | Quantity.) Price. 1 ; = . \ Amluckie T Co|| — For [OMe g$dj| 46 c 114d]| 39 c| 84d]|) — — |e ¢€) 72d 249 cl okd i Attaree Khat Dj) 28 2/32 ||. 31 c| 114d || — — 20 c| 9s — — 26 c| 82d} 105 p| 1/08 P| — _ 2S CN / 25 een onG 1/83 25 CSOs 14 ¢) 82d|| Mg c| o2d | 104 c| 1/0? ‘| Badulipar elf — SOuC wT 20 c} 1/3¢]) — _- — = |} = —- 7OUG| supe il Bamgaon amee in: 40 C)O-TTE U8 (ce) (1/25 || — ae Ae 8d i — Face ud 1) TS Chargola 43cTI/|-1/92 || 86 cl tot A2Vcitrsd ||, 62 e| 82d) 12 ¢ 8d) ee — 245 c| tod Bi TEES Hingajea 28c i/jos-1/8)| 66 c| od) 28 cl] r14d ||) 30 cl! 83d} — ee ers2ec) red a » Mookhami4oc +1/1+1/32/ 145 c| 9d) 60 c] fogd|| 102 c) 7§-8 | u4¢C] 72d | Mac) 6rd) 365 -e} od Bi Woes Singla|} 22 c| 1/6 S7AG Me OG mec Trdslicryar vel 8d | 1g cl t74d, — —= || 196 c| 10d . q Behora ... — — 29.¢| Doz Ware! 1/54 Ibi 22, cl", g2d |) — | B2rc) 8s? SOnc ered ,Bishnauth T Co Pp 55. i2/-2/44| 60 c| i/te i} 23 | 1/84} 36 cl tod || — — — — | 174 pj 1/42 q \Bongong | == Hl ee) ok 20 GC) Tod; 24 cl 73d|| 20 cl) 7id | = 96 c| 84d BorelliT Co Pi — — 62 c 1/t-1/84)) 28 c| 1/82)| 55 cl odj| — — | @BQ c- od) 184 cjo112d ip iqeorpukrilCo. .../| — — || 40 c] 8 BR Ci ured || 2a ici Sed | 13 ce) 73d 99 ¢ ghd ‘ |Budderpore | — | 47 ¢| 114 28 c| 1/9 || 57 ¢| 83d) — — | 2cl 84d] 144 cl 1/ i (hota N: Blie 28 1/4i | 19 c| 102 — — BR ©) ieeai il, = — — — || S0p) iid Chota Nagpore...|| — a) I AG) 8d a i 24 cl 73d || Bem el 6hd 64 c| 74d ehubwa I Co igre 1ol8t1/44), 53-¢ adj) 25 ci) 82d|| 20 ¢) 8% ties — | cant 29. Che ged i Corramore ---| 13 ¢| 2/22 60 c 1\/1-1/id)) — — AO Te) LOda |S —— — G0 cjI0-103] 173 c} 1/ {Pahingeapar Meee) to: 314 1/ox |) —— — | go cq od} — | — 24 c| Sid]! 107 c} r14d Dang gua Jhar +152 era Osul roe! Sed VaArvel e820.) -53°¢\ 73-72 I —. | — 5c} 6%d|| 200 p) 83 Va Debrapar | — aa ny MOLE c\rr-ti2] 16 c 1/84) 72 c| S3dj) 18 c| 8d = | — || 170 c 104d : ee oe | Se eeS7 Ch sOecay 23 2c) cer/. ail = i = | | HZocl 8d | 80 ¢ rod janes Ss on — 59 c| 1/22]| 30 cl r/92|| 19 c| rod) — | — | 35 ce} gid |i 143 ¢} 1/22 jpooars T Co. Bi) — — | 88c| 9d {68 c 1\1-1/o# || 104 c| 8-54 | — | — | = | — | 260 c} o8d : ‘b Ghatial — — | 55 ¢ id 19 C 1/53 | 88 cl Sod Noes | >. || Bepech@-TOs || 193 cl red : *boolahat — aa EONChite aula tanc) Tr /5t 2s cc Std) i — — || Buel Todi) 73 card BE. 'Pooteriah salt ae OCNC OPM mGum Oot (Srl 27 ch TIsdi ly )— — | = | = jf 134 €| x/s5 | padogram | 20.c] r/2t |) 4oc} Bid] 6o cl] S83d|| — Soe eol —— | Game! tomlin t20 (e|. oad 'b futtickcherrie ...|| — — || 72 ¢| o$d]) — == Ales a MSioel es — — | — || 103 c| 88d a rellahattingTCo = = 22ech nr / 25 cl 1/7%|| 20 cl ged , = 19 c| Std] 86c 1/1 if al ‘oomrah Selb Sea lin Late ne ye Clan| es a ona | ale _- Fis ‘8d | 274 c| o8d He | reenwood wel] — | 45 ¢| 1r¢d || 34 c| 1/62|| 35 c| 83d] — = 24 ci 8id W238 ¢ 1 ‘ nik lahai Patha ...|| 26 t/10}/ 26 cl 8%dj| 49 c| t/ot]) 42 c 8d 1 = | —" ae 3 -p| rd :, mh lattigor serie 20 2/3% || 100 c} roid — |} 30¢ od | 50 ci 74-8 | — soo pi rold th lanzie Bil 42. cl] 1/44) 46 cl’ rr8d || — yl 297). tod | | 36 c 5/3R 153 cl x/14 Ts ica Co. Bokell| 24 cj 2/34 64 c zlohz/x3]) — | — || 17 ¢/ 88d | aa — | 43 Co Sid r48 c} 1/03 4 oe Kamptee Gi — _ 60 c| ghd || 34 c| 1/2 4o cl 83d) — |. — 27 c| 84d] 161 c|_ tod i Tippuk 36° |tz/9 |} 30 ¢ x/18]) 45 | t1/5 || — eel ore peels Pierdlte B es Co By — — 36 c| 1/4 18 c¢| 1/to}} 30 c¢ ro#d 24c| Sd || | — — 108 c| r/2 38 Rungajan| — — 42 C 1/ot —— Lo 36 C gtd 54 C 73-$4 —_ —s TLR2EC gid Beeesycotra ...// — — 2c} r/2at}}) — == 36 cl o#d | 42:c; 8-9) — == 120 c} 11d 4 | {alabarrie | — 22 Giirtokd || 17 c| 3/34 || r6 c) Sidi — — i — — 55 ¢| r1dd qe ane . fa 105 Ci\rOx-Itl| 53 c| 1/54 | ae es | Mi = |} 92. G 88d || 250 c 114d yctella 4. He | 35 ¢ r/o8}) — — at G gid | — lle 15°Ce Fea 71 co] 311d somlal,.. | -—— | Bo Gl) mrodye 25 cijrred}| 36 c] 8d] — | — | ——- — 9gI c}| rod Vis th — | 37. ¢ gid _50 tof bd 51 Cc __ 8d "25 ci 74q) 16 cl 7Ad || 179 p' o8d INDIAN —Continued. | i|Broken Org)Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden. or FloweryPekoe, Unagsorted, Broken’ Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. | Average, Quantity.} "Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price ||Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.) Price L Diffloo|| — |§ 21 cl gf wp 1/24 35 (cl) S2auit Ate s Faye LEW ae mXe Jalingah]} — |f 60 c| gid |j27 ¢ 101/44} 28 c] 8d] — = aay ats 115 c », Kolabarrie] — | —=— 60 cl gd) 15 \e| m/Gea 15c| Zed irs ce 7d) a= = | pogke ie Kurseong]|| — | —— 65 cl 1/1d || 63 1/64 || — — —_ — — — 128 p ,», Lattakoojan]) — | — 62 c|_ tod 54 c| 1/os]} 56 c) 84d] 82 c}| 84d it c 7d || 265 c = Lebong|| — — 50 c} rodd |] — =: 50 c| 84d a= — = = 100 c »» Moondakotee|,/ — | f= |/83c 1/\441/42) 16 c} 1/52 ]|/ — — 13 ¢| ro¢d || == ate II2 c » Shabazpore/|| — | 7— 29 c|] 84d/| 43 tiid TEEC| eye de os a at 83 p | Lanode — | 38 gid || 26 ope == cas — — — — 64 | Luckimpre Behali| — | 83 c} 1/1 12 c| 1/62] 18 c} ged || — — 25 c| 1/1%]] 138 c , Mijica|| — | 42 cl 1/4d |) — — 25 ¢| 114d || — — — — 77 é s| _ iz 40 c| t/oh|| 12 el 2/7 LG) Clues calla peee — 18 c| 1/2i|| 89 c Moabund T Co...) — | 7 1/83 ¢ 1/1-1/32 || 33 ¢| 1/5 — == — _ 22 c| gtd] 138 c Moran T Co. ...||54p2/5)$#2/82 |/75 ¢ 1|/1-1/54]| — — 81 Cig¢-104]/ — — 52 cl74-113]) 262 p | Mungledye Co Pj — | — 36 c| 104 12 (Ci aie.) 16) cl 8s 17 Cieeod | — 81 c at Gi — |e 64 c] 82 20 c\tii¢d || 24 ¢] 73 — — 48 c| 74d|| 156 c | 5 S|] 20 c| Mae || 50 c} rr2 26 c}] r/2k i} 51 ¢| gtd |) — — 33 c| 84d] 180 c | NSTC Baitakhal|) — — 6c| 8d 4 (cod ZEEE: = == — — 14 Cc | >, Bloomfield! 15 c/MMyAe || 15 cl 1/14 |) 15 ¢| t2/5 16 ¢) 114 — — II 84d || 72p ies Burjan|i5oc roj$1/trd]]/ 50 c| 84 30 c} 108d || 45 c| 72 4o cj id] 15 6d || 230 p i Jafflong] 82 ciggqr/2i| 61 c| 84d || 24 c| ofd|| 62 c/ 8d]| 54 cl 7ed]| — — || 283 c - Khadim]} 20 c/(Mg@fd |} 20 c| 84d/| 15 c| ro#d |] 15 ¢ #d || 20 ¢e] 7idy) — — go c ys Lallakhali53 c rjo@/at || 55 cl 83d]| 20 c| 1/o8|/) 15 c| 8d]i 18 cl] 78d ]) — — I6I ¢ | __,, Rungamatteell6g c rlatt/o} || 104 c} gtd |} 69 cir0-104]] 120 c| 88d]! 75 c| 84d|| 30 7d || 467 p | Nuxalbarrie .../| — — 46 c] of 30 c| 1/28]! 57 cj] 84-84 || — — — — 133 C OS&CBallacherral| 33 c} 1/1 46 cl 832 == -— 47 c] 8d} — — — — | 126c | PhoenixCo Appin|| — -- 29 c| gtd|| 24 c| 1/ 28 c| 84d|) — — We 6d || 88 c », Bundookmarra|| — — 37 ci od! 46 clt}rot#d || 49 c| 8d]} — — 26 c) 7$d/} 158 c | Poobong -..|40 1/8)H2/1d |} 20 c| 1/42 = — — — — 60 p Rajmai ... wef] — 56 c} r14d || 36 c| 1/14 || 38 cc) 8 26 c| gtd] 26 ¢| r0¢d || 182 c PG Salto yee es|| 0s —— — || 222 c} 92-10 |l110cT/\441/54)/ 59 c| 84d/| 80 cl] 73 27 c| 74d || 498 c Scottpore Co DI} 20 c| f/rod || 120 clro-1ro4] 56 c}| 1/42 ce) 8dilin = —- 49 Cl 6-94 || 254 c » Pallorbund|| 37 c//frid|| 97 c| 83-9 34 c| trid || 66 c| 8d|| — -— 51 c| 6-74 || 285 c % Scottpore] 27 c|/t/od |] 34 cl 83d|) — — 29 C| 7# — —- — — go c | Selim T Co Selim) — |) — 35 c| 84 32 c| rofd |} 56 cl 74d) — — — — || 123 c », Barnesmore|| — |e 36 c| 84d || 30) ciaaia AUG) TH. Gi = — — =. iste c | Selim Hill -e<{| — | ONC a0) 20 t/o# || 12 c} ro#d | — — — = 82 p | Shapore .. = — 12 c| 8% 18 1/ 18 c} 74d || — — 12) Gl eed: 360." SSTC Holicherral — || — 39 c| gtd] 15 c/tr/2t || 28 c] 84 17 c| 74di) — — 99 c », Rajghat ...|| 154 cifo-1/8 |] 75 c} otd|| 84 c] todd || 177 c| 84-82]/ 85 c| 7dd]] 16 c| 64d]| 59r-c /_4, Sagurnal ...| 57 clif/-t/74|| 35 cl odd) — — 40 cl 8h ~ — — — 132 C TaraporeC Burtolll —— — 65 c} 1/ 30° Ch 1/5 39 c| gtd] 36 c} 84d) — 170 C 5 -Lallong...|| — |i 47 ¢| 108d'\| @9.el mais ZOO. (OF lle a 53 Cl mod) £65 c o Tarapore|| — — 45 c] 8% 30 c} 112 45 Cc 8d|} 25 c| 74d|| — — 145 C Teesta Valley Co|| — — |/I20c tig-tro%|| 40 ¢} 1/4 — — — — — — 160 c EO © lh = — 80 c| 1/ ZOMe 7 75 c| 83d]/ 48 c| 84d |) — — |) 223. ¢ Tukvar T Co_ ...//88c_1/|1$1/74]| — — 15 c| g#d]|/ 48 c| ‘g4d |, — — — — || 151 c¢ UpperAssamCoB] 55 | 1/10#|/ 41 ci 1/24|} 39 cl] 118 — — 33 cl gtd] — — 168 p i Rungagora) = — || 97 cj1o-114]/ 38 c) 2/3#]] 38 cl 82 — — — — 17306 NEILGHERRY | J | one OKA = — | 21 -c| rokdia — — — _- — _ 21 ¢ Ji i, | | ! | Lovedale ~ — |— | 17¢ 84d || — pe heeu Me to c| 48d hey ie: 27 C TRAVANCORE | Be Isfield = [ ee | ee) t/o2|| 13 t/oL |] 18 tid 2 8d 8 | 58-73 )) 53 ae Nagz ame lly Ae wie — || 35 ¢ 84d 13p 114 4-1 /o4 9 Pl 84-98 | ae Tamale tk 57 Pp a x oe In these tables all the phe kz age: 3 are half-chests ‘unles 1s otherwise stated, b PEED for boxes | c > for chests; p for packages. + Prices marke 1 Pi thus represent the highest offer in the room. ae GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. W. PARKIN 4, Printer & Statione r,t & 2, Bury Strret, St. Mary Axe, \ | EL ipplonent io (Cle \ILOIN! (Olea i io” GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND 1A TEA REPORT. November oth, 1888. 1a, Rood Lane, Lonpon, EC. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 418,989 packages. 100,800 packages. 16,916 packages. 1688. 482,620 ae 165,972 4 PAST) 3 During the week 2 ne penne ener ee : ckages INDIA) : y ames bes ou leiall 47,309 packages have been offered in public auction. 5,172 s CEYLON) > The weight of Indian Tea brought to auction during the week has exceeded the heavy total of | last week. The power of the market to cope with these enormously increased supplies can be more | readily comprehended by reference to the following figures, which illustrate in striking contrast the increased Home Consumption of British Grown Tea and the falling off in the use of China Tea. 2 ) Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from 1st FE am to 31st October. : | 1886. 1887. 1888. | Inndianey = 5A 006,004 67,204,094 71,584,005 Coyome =. 5,207 770 8,409,950 15,455,440 China, etc. 88,595,258 771751327 09,159,311 Total lbs. 148,469,032 NO? 2789, 371 150, 198,8 816 LNDIAN. A general irrecularity has been noticeable in the bidding. The Teas least effected iiiare the finest liquoring kinds and Teas for price. Medium Broken “Peldaee have declined full | q I : yi apne Penny, poor liquoring Pekoes a half-penny, and Darjeelings of poor quality fully twopence per lb. Ei\s an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— | aid p P q nt | DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) T8688. 5d. 1887, Md) 1886; 74d. 0 | FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) BS 6id. $d. an 62d. p sd] BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) i 7ic ; e 7d. i 74d. ¢ ott IP ITI SOUOKES (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) a 8id. ; od. a 82d. gf BEKO. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, oid. 49 to¢d. ,, roid. | uk Hae Ke) SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 5 yids. ,, jqule re | PRKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 8id. 85 od. t aon DE YLON. Offerings have again been on a moderate scale. Although Tuesday’s auction passed ith some irregularity, the tone was recovered on Thursday, when the small quantity offering and ;¢ the prospect of licht auctions next week, had the effect of ‘inducing a iirmermeene. The following < a l0 t 2 if i werages may be mentioned :—‘' Alnwick. BN Bick Loolecondera,” 1/6; * Portswood,” 1/6 ; st ‘3) Rahatungoda, ie [3h and amongst the lowe country gardens an invoice from ‘ Mipitiakande,” "» Falized t/o}. The 5,172 packages sold at an average of 1/- per |b. AAV A. No auctions have been held. Catalogues are issued for 2,610 packages next week. ay | 1Oge as F y mee MOVEMENTS (or TE es (in ibs.) ea rst Jee HON og OGTOBER, pees. 27 C\ v inane. | DELIVERIES: STOCK 40 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. |; 1886-1§87, 1857-1888. 1888-1880. | MOAN 23) SRL, | 27,181,000 35,929,362 40,784,004 26,741{000 32,272,968 34,146,42 21,085f000 27,016,284 30,761,211 { \MMRIELO Neda). nll 3,427,000 5,655,800 95735:895.. | 3,624,000 5,327,020 9:735:052. | I ,668j00 2,015,980 4,019,530 at \ RMI gel Savexeneter » 1,659,000 1,078,350 1,796,270 1,878,000 1,480,430 1,890,140 | T, OIF 000 056,320 $31,250 nD MINA, etc. .... 95,010,000 66,935,197 60,835,856 | ee 402,000 51,252,526 50,229,257 70,080,000 58; 626,795 54,917,525 2) as a au ah par oar aa Soe eons -_ = Oe 333 ses” Torar lbs. 127,277,000 109,598,709 113,152,118 his 95,645,000 90,333,34 96,001,708 93,845,000 88,015, 379 = OI, 126,516 Pri 77 5995706 315 | 5,945) 333,344 { ene ee ne a Ce eet eae menace | — AN K RATE. ; 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta ‘on London three months sight Is. 4 sd. CEYLON. Broken Org; Pek, Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, | Garden. or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, || and Souchong, and Various. Total. |Average. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.} Price. ||Quantity.} Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price, Aberdeen spoilt £0) 1/2 42 113d |) — — 18 104d) — — | Io 7d || 110 1/ Arar ess: Seal — 18 | 1o#d'| 30 1/ 13 c} 104d || — — £ Che gaa. Gaps rad Alnwick . well fo 16 c| 1/6 4 Cl f2/ 3c — = — — | — —_ 20 c| 1/8 Warr as ef] — | 36 c| ro#d || 39 1/ 32 c} rod] — — | — — || 107 p| 108d Blair Athol § 2.4) = — 9 ch trid' ) 23 11) fuera 13) Clitoral aa se 64d |} 47 pj 113d Brunswick | £3) C| titd)||), 27ecepnim — a — — — — i 40 c| 1/od | Castlereagh --.| — | ZOwC| ye Tit 1g c| 1/34 /| 17 cl 114d] — — — —_ 56 c| 1/14 Cey.T PlntnsC Ld | », Mariawatte] 25 c| t/22|| 60 c} 114d) — — 73 p) to¢d || — ss 20 7d || 178 p| 113d | , Sembawattiel| — _— 39 cj told || 22 c} ard} 66 c/gt-10|/ — = — -- 127:.C| 100 Choisy eee] — 42 c| fi/oh|| 12 ¢| t1/23 2 C| Todds == — — — 56 ¢} 1/oz | Degalessa wef] — 30 b} 1/34) — — = — — — —— 30 b} 1/34 Delta“ ee wf] — — 12, GC T/1F |) 14 1/44 || 21 c] 114d) — — 8 cl7#-10¢]| 55 p| t/ot | Depedene eel] — 3 103d 7, 1/ 10 o#d |} — — = — 20 11d | Doranakande ..|| — _ 28 c}| t/os ||) — — 25 Cc} 102 — = — ae 53 cj 113d | Eastland a] — — 34 r/ 33 | tr/ok |] 32 |tr0dd || — a 3 8id || 102 | 114d | Ederapolla wef} _ 18 | rot 17 TG elWan 15 $d) — = 8 | 64-811 58 rod | Elbedde ... .../ 6 | rfiot |) — — — — 30 c| t/ok] — = — — 36 p} 1/1 | Elfindale ot — 64 | rofd)|/ 14 | f1/oh ||) — — — — — | — 78 tid | Galata \ 1... — _ — — | mr 1/3 26 tid) — = — — 37 r/o | Gikiyanakanda . — — 2c). 1f 28 |e Bee ts Ci sounds Zech erences == 75 pl 1/ | Glendon .. | 14 | titel} 16 p| rrdd}) — — 9 c| 104 == _ — — 39 pi 114d | Goomera wef — | -- _ 14 Cl). L/2eae Le Cl sey i ee ale — -—- Bare kaye | Goonambil well — LOM) hardy aa firdaie top| t6sdyy == = _— — 40 p) 108d | Hatdowa wll — — — | 3 1/ — — a pe 7 | 54-9 10 o3d | Hiralouvah Peay 12 tid || — — ~= — || 35 113 = — — — 47 | 113d eae ae well Beo4c 1118 tr/rsi6re raz r/rs —— — 59 ci88-103] 12 ¢ 7d]! 196 Cc} 112 Kirkoswald | 33 | tween 37 1/22 ||) — — — —— 44 c| 114d |) — — |} 114 p} 1/1 | Kotiyagalla | — 71 t/ok || 34 | t1/2h]} -- = — —— |) £05 1/I | Lebanon M & ‘ts — = || 75 c| 104d] 44 clrz-11$/ 41 cl ofd i) — — | — — 160 c| 10% | Mahacoodagalla | — | = BOP! 11/Lia i NQMC tet) AaaIN — | — -— 57 ¢| 1/2 Mipitiakande ...|| — — || 69 ¢| rt/o¥] 18 c 1/5 — — 34 c| 10%d -= I2I c} 1/0} |Mottingham ....||_— — = 36 c} 103d | 34. ¢] 1/of} 46 c) od |) = — 8 pl 5-62 || 124 c| 103d | Nayabedde oo — Somer L/S = == = = =e = — |} 30 1/3 | OBEC Dangknde) — = I 1/2}|| 38 r/i4|| 38 r/ = ‘ane 12 | 7-92 || 101 1/o ,, Loolecondera|) — — |\16c t1)/2$-1/9) 1. c) 1/104 Qe) 1/45) = —. lrg. € ri/t-1/ael 51 cl onje eas ase | -— Mey, thc) r/3h 8 ch or iat | rn |e). t/od | -_ I 83d} 48 p| 1/3 | Oodewelle — — 20 ¢| 1/22 || 42 1/3 || 35 ¢| 1/ — = _ —_ O7 Pl .1/2k Orion = — ~- — || 14. | t1/2 18 ti4d 6 toid | — — | 38 | t/o ; Orwell a = t14d]// gc] 1/ 20 G\ rid)||) 7 > ci iead 3c 68d]| 50 c| 10¢d | Portswood — — 5H iy eta ame 1/92 || 16 1/34 |) — — — - B38 1/6 | Rahatungoda — | = 1/34 || 13 chy 1/42 || 18 ye os — —- 44 p} 1/3 Rangwell — = Lids 6 1/o# 7 tod || — = — -— 20 II Ravenscraig | gid |) 9 1osd ]}) — | — | — Se ek 4d 2 odd | Strathellie aa | g#d jj) — 49 b| tokd’||) 3 gtd |) — — 78 pj 10 Tillyrie ele =e Ir} 1/o}|/26c ts/fch taf Ses ee a ee oe Wallaha vast .39 cl +a /t-t/t4). — 16 c}) 114d — — oa — || 83 c¢ 1/2 Wewelmadde ...| — | 1/1} |) 50 nog | 56 r14dj) — — — a 152 1/ Woodstock a == ! ry cl fzr/tt |] 14 c| r1¢d)) — — 3 P| 6t-9 || 28 p) 2/9 Yatideria Ae 7 | to#d | 20 Trai? Hes tod Ear mul Tate calles / 100°, 1ofd act ee SaaS. oh INDIAN. Garden! eee iB ekee and ‘ na i | eae = ssorted Brokez Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Ronee || Fannings, Dust |) eee Osan = y-| cs || Quantity. Price. Quantity.| Buea Quantity | ae S and Various, Total. |Average = . 1cé. i . | | sane Khat D P 2/8 2/52 ag re 1/Sé 189 1|/7-2/54|| 148 cjro- 104 ai _ — Quintity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price | Badulipar Pe 1ogd || 27 c| 1/oy - 103)|781p 9)-1/103 ) — | — Be 7 Noeeharecol ey 70 €| Q%-10 || 35 € a 2g cj Sad} 25 ¢ sd|| 2 1629 p| 1/13 | 4223. Braligool gsetrilit/84] So | gtd| 44 cli ro8d|| 48 c) 83 Garcia id|| Wael edill coo tod |) Mookham) 47 clrrd1 at c| gd 16 c| todd 48 ¢| 8td|| 14 cl 73d] fg Cee ei ged |} Beheating s we nee ue 139 ¢| 183d]; 60 c¢ tod OG ee Gar ea, _ af 250 By 1Oe ||Behora ... ay us 1/9F || 25 ¢| 9F 23 ¢ gid B3eCl eG igsel 7d) Bac Ged 52 ¢| 8 - \Bhogotpore Bi see 2K) told oe CES al me lat a | 324 c| od i Bramapootra M a, 35 © 1/42 TANG 2 1: jel —— ane 26 $QL Pp tid — vat 4 2/73 26 c| tfot Ol AeseeGh |p uishe fe R 25 €| odd || 16\¢ Jo || 26 c) 1/43 ]) — gd i is is ik TARE asd ul BA CES tdi 25.5c 3q Te alleLOTe Ch 2/55 ” Ss ese OF 37 Cc {1/02 GaN a es — ak I 2 d| ” SB ps RAE 130 Cig3-t1/ 20 C 41/23 J x eae 44 Cc 71d & ale pie G 4d d SANG: Maunkotta e's hae 45 cl} 113d 15 Cc 1/78 94 3 Sid 67 Cc 7h - 3 By ae: Io Cc gi | , Uicruinwnncl) == ea 23 C| o4d 26 Hr/2- 75 84d 25 cl 73d|| = a 311 c| gtd “| Bungala Gor Ee a 31 ci 83 Bye! ead| 32 te 8d 14 ¢| 7id|| = ey 160 c] Iotd i se % : c| 1/3t |] 26 c| gtd |) — be NG ae 47 c| 7id|| £ Be 95 P| gad " Vhandpore Chitt | — ee gee al al | a oe ee a | ‘hubwa T Co ...ll4oc rolt aa 70 c| ro4d || 30 c| r/ods ie Se! | cae = igh e C| OF id raigpark z oe oj$1/10F/ 41 c) 9g re uicd 4 B Br Va ae = == Pu nes =) peckajult 1S UE NGES 42 c| 10d || 38 c| 1/34 ie Ce ere ela | Ga 170 ¢| tod i! ejoo T Co |) 2g cl Geil = 3 || 19 cl 83d|| 12 cl 73d) = 113 ¢| 113d i - «|| 20 2/84 i 2 ine * Say eT El) sean oF QodrsmiaCon. S|) + Fi 50).¢| 1/4 31 cl1/1oh |] 25 ¢ q # ang 5 i iioh 1? Ghatia|| — atl 80 c| 84d |50 c 1lo}1/64) 122 ae eS ad|| = I acl gad hy Nag Mae 53 © 3 2 . 748 Karn — ss Aran oe 1/6 + a grakattal| — Oe Zoe! 1/31 || 85 cl | 8d AW al Ge wld (2? Tondoo|, — ae 32 ¢| gd|| 26 cc i/2t|| 55 ¢ 8 a ae 26 c| 102d || 184 c Ba ie soloogram ||. 26.c ie 44 Pp) 92 Borel aioe ae % a oa a aie ae 8id ees 23 | Se BA Bg bet sc sia — | — | Melos | aos) on uy jo Hansura S3)C| U/ba)l|| GHG work ago) xe or he alae Spel °-92 || 25° P| oad | TE Nase seat) 20 ee is | sy Boda _ poteriah |: — iss c 9/8-1/32| 20 ¢| 1/1 AO Cl el Se a 189 C| 112 1) Dooar ee | i 220 C15 Hl once sd iis 2i7e | — |) 186 pj od ANY, Wieoriciar 3S (Coo ee 1/5+ || 63 cl) 2/ot 8d |) — ey, nh Hite ISTE RICecs.. — 12 c| 84d 18 af 40 Ci1/-1/o% bas gue z Teel DES Cl kG 4 ni | jilidoubah ah 7) Sl oes 17 c| 112d || 38 C| 72-74 | Sa Pape (iS pnburn me aM 36 clok-rok|74 c 103 ae SG ans nis: | 3 ie: 42 p| 8d f ee omtee ae Go 50 (aed 25 Cc 8id ae 21/08 58 Cc 84 aod ee | a eer Cc gid ‘ A eenwood Co ja t5P TORT 1/55 37 | 194 = a : x le: Tie cc | Se ot gue ¢ Greenwood) — ape 230i Gf EN) E7 KE!) Dito le oe are | a OV Ne 3 glmirah El ee re 36-c robd | 34 cl a) 22 © odd || 23 ¢ Sid | es 96 p| 104 ‘ Armutty =- || 39 c\tro¢d || 24 me | eee 83d il go cl Std || Saye — C5 Gl aes c 1” Gowal T Co. 58 ae 84 c| to8d'| 22 cl He i BOC Sidi) mci Sidi). 135 c| rogd Mecha) fF oS SR ae 1/5 | 86 cl 8-82 | 25 cl 7id ciieiec® Clee 4 1 emara oe Hap ws 39 Cc ot Ric toze 77 C| 8-84 || 67 ¢ Qt a c Tesi 276 c| tod it Hinzie pee Tamme set eel | ape he | 45 cl gdjj 50 c od | c| 63d || 336 pj gad “gai Co. Bokel 31 €| I/4e || 141 c) 1r¢d |, 21 ¢ ye Beg TERS 23.¢ wid — vi sa Wale if tar as ae eae. 61 c ghi12 | eee imeconchtord i, a he Ba) 156 c| . 83 c e | op! 2it+r/7h ‘as 4 aaa — {| ae ast \| s pep {| / 3-1) | 289 p r/ al, okaill 2 di 677 c|.. gtd |, — ee | | imecomclmered || 2 Det Oe eae Gs Be c| 3/7$|| 42 ¢ ae Lets | 58¢ 8d 2 es |. 4 c| 8d ! 168 c| r/ot Meee cea Palee 55 cl gdli 37 c¢ ae Waiere"tn fiscal =< | 2 eee rd a Panitoolal,, 1/6$1/tt}| 54 c| 84-10) — BD ee S| 8id || 30 c| 78d | Grice): r/oF Mody De rs — || 24 cl tohd |I cr. DR Ci XG, # | ae 16g c| tod Yo TAS Be \\ tg4d |iggce 1/\rd-1/14 2 i} = Ie 1 | doli T Co 29 | 1/83 po cursed iii saite ee | Osnemecdi a) = | 7id |) 123 ce r1$d BO otaleoore = | 82 || 95 ¢| 83-9 || SEU 23uC) Ged. | Bale. os Z Chone nent a — |l7o ¢ 1 ei pl 32 C¢ 1/04 1 THOuG 8.84 A: 4 me 4 c Std lRate.c old BT attakoojan oy: Sis | 126 ¢ 1/ ; = c ee Hine cl gtd) 25 C| Sid | — iy “99 P| oid |lineralSpring|} 17 c rere 46 cl ofd|| 21 ¢ wea | 79 ¢ [Sid |) 17 ¢ sid || a p67 pl 1 Moondakotec|| fr/2e || 45 ¢| rid) — Be allo Sid |) 25 a eRMeLe YS Oa | SS Morapore} hi, — sulle 9O).C| t/a) rac} 1/ Ai gota 8d || — is BS Va eee gid Shabazpore| Crs oki 47 ¢| 9d|| 20 todd th eg ON ae MN 1m) \ We ee Lofd aaa sa 3 cli rotd || 32 C Sid 21 + ee SET 7id 20 c 74d Bo a 104, ¢ 1/3 zl ipare see LA Sa 2 tod || 19 c| 7d eam ws 114 c| S4d oe Soe — Wt ie We 85 pl od IN DIAN .—Continued. Pekoe and i || Broken and || Fannings, Dust Garden, Unassorted. Broken-Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, | and Various. || Total. | Averag Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity,| Price, || Quantity. Price Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price | Lepetkatta i 41 cj8i- +83] 15 c 8d 6 cl 74d — — — — 106 p Longai mie 30 c| 84d) — — Bil el iugee II 64d || — — 107 p Luckwah B/7 || 111 c| 83-9 46 ros#d || 39 ¢ 8d |} — — 14 c| 74d] 255 p Margaret’s Hope /10 Duera eg 13 Cl) 2/Bd I) gn e) rigd — 12 c| 114d] too c Meenglas ae 8) |) 137 ci 94-94 | — — 165 c| 84-84 || 29 ¢ 8d} t0 c| 7d | 392 c Moddanpore T C 10 Ciit/os || 30 c gd || 22 1/74 || 23 cl 84d) — ee | 85 pi Moran T Co. '...// 30 cHM/33 || 40 c t/ot || — — 30 c| 94d |! 25 el Sid | = — 125 c| Munjha ... 27 .c| 82 27, \\itORG |) 27 ei) areola = — || 16 c}6}-73|| 97p Naharanee | 45 c} 83d] 60 cl] rod] — — | — — 20 ¢ 8d t25°¢ Nahor Rani _... Ly) cel aac 2:5 (Cl VTi 1°25 °C Proc POC Manse er Sake NSTC DamDimijz 50 c| 8t 24 c| totd |] 12 cl 8d} 12 c} t74d)| — — | 122 c¢ ,, Rungamuttee ws cial Ars el ol ||) = os ae a — —= 70.C Nurbong... we 20 cl{ tod || — — 20 c| gt 12 cj 84d] — 70 p OS&CBallacherra 70 c| 84d 34 cl 1/8 64 c| 74-72 || — 53 C| 74d || 259 c | 5, Chandpore III c| 8-82 94 c| 8-114] 32 c) 74d |) — _- — 227 ake |» _Endogram Ffelolipeatsteld|( x0) Cll | Sal} — — | ee 125 ¢ » Kannyhatti 80 c| 88-9 Love) qo2d 20 cl 72 uae —_ 20 c} 72d i} 140.c 1 Piss Narencherra 39 c| 83d 37 c| 113d — — — == 35 c| 6-8 Tet Dae | Pathecherra 41 c| 824d 64 c| rokd || — — 23 c| 74 — — 168 c | Pathemara ae 78 p| 83-82 || 55 cl 10d 25 ¢ 8d 67 cl 74d 8c} 64d ]| 257 p | Phoenix daCom ss Al c| 83d) Ao ce ed 57 Cl Fe a —_ — — 138 Cc Putharjhora Ioo c od 50 ct 114d 80 ¢ 8d || 138 c| 73-84 34 cl 72d || 335 c| | Rajmai ae 36 c| 10$d || 24 ic) a2 22 cl 84dj| 20 c}| otd|} 23 c| 103d || 125 c | RGSHokungorie Io4 c| gid 36 c| rod] — == 95 cl 75-72) — — || 247 c Salonah T Come 88 c rio-1/64 20 c| 1/oh 62 c| 84-84 39 Cc 8d |e — 219 C | Sapakati T Co Bs 35 c| 88d] 53 |trrdd|| 18 cl 7#d}| 22 c) 7ed\) — — 8 pi Sealkotee ss = ae ar ose 32 ¢ 83d] 17 c) 85d | == aa | ScottporeTCo iP 34 c} 8hd]} 28 cit 108 30 c| 73d]} 26 cl) 7d — | Shakamato T Co 60 ¢) 93d \) 2oveiinioni) 30 cl aed ia anuic 7d) — SSTCo. Deanston IO1 ¢) ofdll) Sr icieaudll, O5 cl 8Sdh\| ermine = z Jagcherra 68 c .o¢d | 22 cl 88d] 44 cl Sidi) 63 c! id gee | Tiphook T Co ... 33 Cl Toe 27) clue) Gere) sondnllia = 10 c | Tukvar T Co ...|lr00c r/o +] — == TP Oly Tcl Bel “oye il) Se — _ | Wilton T Co D 18 cl. odd Ti cl etd iS 15 ic) Os mS aa 12 ¢ Pee aad W 21 Cl od du ie == 2aic} 8dj — — 25 C | ps oodbine 76 c\g4- 112 wo sats DC Salli = — | Zurrantee | | 20 c| 84d] — — 72 c| 73d) — can ce ae | | TRAVANCORE | ae | Parvithi | 43 TOG —— pea ats aay ==: = — — 43 I In these tables all the pack wes are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices mark : thus represent the highest offerin the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weig to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, |) a ’ Brokers...4 “Ws Tou LOY, > a he, ; eine ee a ee gh si ae eco | ‘i J. W. Pauwins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bary Strret, St. Mary Axe, \ Alp), ee aes h / ae of Sia seacul aaa | Supplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA THA REPORT, | November 16th, 1888. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From rst JUNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. ie 1887. 455,502 packages. 105,069 packages. 17,793 packages. wn 1888. 512,755 PA 169,195 of 27,487 i During the week ee — if 30,135 packages INDIAN | is) 3,026 , Ceyiton}Total 35,771 packages have been offered in public auction. . PROMO 5 Java 1 Although auctions have been much lighter, the recent strain upon the market has severely taxed il ts streneth, and late abundant supplies have proved rather more than adequate to immediate necessities. [NDIAN. The lower level of prices established last week has been about maintained, although some irregularity has taken place in the bidding. Teas for price, which remained steady during he previous week, have now been affected by the general weakness. Speaking generally, the quality bn offer has not been quite as attractive as arrivals of a few weeks since. a | IDWS We. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) Toss. 5d. 1887,—ad. 1886, 72 Cait FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i GCMs 5 5d. Bs 2d. » gf BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) Y 7 eae, BEG ce tihes ad. c hd PASI SOMES (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) i 83d. 9 gd. Me 84d. | PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, oid. 5 104 e rod 1084 Pies OU G. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) se TEey i 5, 7d. ¢ PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Sid. ,, fod. » OHEYLON. Very few garden invoices were comprised in the limited selection. The proportion » Nf Colombo bought Teas, reprints, and second hand lots, amounted to nearly one half of the offerings. \¢ Wittle change has taken place from last weeks rates ; wherever invoices stoodiout through prominence H Ht liquor the bidding was generally animated. The following averages may be ‘mentioned — sq Moilver Kandy,” 1/34; ‘‘Chapelton,” 1/3. An average of 1/o% per lb. was obtained. JAVA. The assortment has been larger and more varied, comprising many very useful liquoring leas. An invoice of 1,240 packages from “ Sinagar ”’ included a large proportion of white tipped mskoe in boxes. The market continues fairly steady for all orades, medium Pekoes however, ung still comparatively cheap owing to the limited shipping demand. lhe “2,610 packages. of direct import sold at an average of 8d. per lb. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) DURING OCTOBER. | Imports. DELIVERIES 1886. 1887. 1888. | 1886. 1887. 1888. TENT AUNG vere et eietal te 11,182,974 12,953,928 15,563,913. | 6,619,604 8,294,094 8,926,065 (Cim'srOrto dias co.ac | 427,160 815,510 1,691,792 | 683,779 1,008,950 1,885,440 JENA Leas 38 oft 163,730 157,080 345,500 | 402,550 226,500 395,160 GEUINA, Ctl ask. 15,252,940 15,259,165 7,728,095 | 14,992,215 II,022,167 ~T1,490,319 e pel a a | nes TDoraTs ibs) 27)026;700 “ey ueep 983 25,329,000 | 22,698,439 20,552,041 22,699,984 qa ———~— FROM Ist JUNE ino) “gist OCTOBER, 1888. IMPORTS. | DE LIVERIES, STock 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887 1887-1888. ISS88-rSSo. BING siaieieeicie.s 27,181,000 35929, 362 40,754,094 26,741,000 32,272,965 34,140,429 21,095,000 27,010,254 30,761,211 MOSON Seok 3,427,000 5,655,800 95735898 3,624,000 5,327,120 9,735:852 1,668,000 2,615,980 4,616,530 . - Ves 1,659,000 1,078,350 1,796,270 1,878,000 1,480,430 1,890,140 r,0f2,000 656,320 $31,250 ‘,, Cx aS 95,010,000 66,935,197 60,535,556 | 63,402,000 51,252,826 50,220,287 70,080,000 58,626,795 54,917,525 i Pa Th pou a ae. s = \-_ -.... see ! Toran lbs. 127,277,000 109,598,709 I 113) I 52, TIS | = 95,645,000 —- 90,333,344 ~=—- 96,001,708 13,345,000 88,915,379 = 91, 126,516 — = | ——<—— ——. —————_____ a REZSs ay ia ANK RATE. 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight Is. 423d a, Garden, | Adulpore T Co... Attaree Khat D | Bannockburn .. Bishnauth T Co D See? 33 ll Bongong oe Borbarrie sacl = Boreli T Co Hi} — BorpukciG@o, 11 — Bramapootra SB} — BITC Sessa | .«..|| — Bungala Gor ...|| 17 Choonsali Eels 291 Corramore Soh Dahingeapar ...||_ 12 Darjeeling Co Aj; — A Tukdah|) — | DoomDoomaC Bj] 42 etansubas -s.||) 238 Dooteriah eof} | Endogram Sabo aes | Gajilidoubah — | Geetingy 18 | Greenwood T Ee | Hattigor —....|J’ — | Hautley . ‘ eff aeeibank sail == Inds deo .Gachanl|) = | JetingaValleyTCo|| — | | Jinglam T Co ...|/ 24 | Jorehaut Go Ci ,, 'Bokhahoola}| — ¥ Rungajan) — | Kanikoar etc. -...!| ° 20 | Khobong Core —— | Kondoli ae Comal tert Kotalgoorie| — Konikor at Qi | Koomtai.. i Lepetkatta | 13 | Lower Assam Co,|| 12 Lushkerpore ...|} — Majulighur | Meleng .. | | Moabund T Co...!| — Moonee = Mungledye Co G “= Namgaon Nonoi eae is 16 c NSTC Nakhati |l59 c Nuxalbarrie | a Oaklands Hg | Me 4 OS&CBallacherra)) 35 Heroncherra Narencherra Quantity. Borokai T Co. .:./|) — 4 Si} 15 c| INDIAN. Broken Org\Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and Pannings, Dust { . or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. |} Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various. Total, |Average Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity, | Price. || Quantity. Price. | Quantity. | Price. | Quantity.| Price 25 c| 8id|}) — — 14 c}]. 7$d |} — — 10 c| 63d]|}| 65 ¢ 44 c| 103d |) — — 25 ¢| 82 15 c| 74d 10g p 16 c| 84 — — 18 c| 73d || — — 18): eva. BO — — SC ae call OC 83 c}| 72-8 — _ 22 51 c| 1/o+]]/ — — 30 C| ) Osdull’ = Zane 8d |) — — 126 p 60 cl108-11|, 29 Cc} 1/3%]] 43 cl 8#d]} — —- — — I32e 42 c| 84 --- — 22 c| 7éd|| 20 c| 74d) —— 104 p = 15 c| gid 15 C|iufta|| 00 C\7e-8) ls iameen 724 Ir c| 68d/| 113 c | T2 cl, Od) Tap clPanigeal. 19..Cl a eed) isi ame — 50 c — Z0 ¢c| 1/54 '|| 13.cl eas 20 c| 1/o¥|| 27 ec} 1/44 || — — go c — DBC god || 25 c| 104d || 25 c] 82d]}. 25 c| 7ad|) — — g8 c — A5 c| 104 15 c] 31/72 || 78 c| 84d} 22 c| 74d) — — 160 ¢ — 44 C| 102 17) Chemaa 38 c| 84d 12 c| 7td)) — — TAT Cl! fj2s || 27 cl 82 _ — 28 c| 8d} 25 c| ved] — — 97 C c| yez || 71 c| gdjj 78 c| r0z¢ 79 c| 68d] 38 c| zed) — Agee = Coy rs Tic) aya. 40 Che igd ll 56 Gc) are — — 160 ¢ c}| {1/4 29 C| Ot — — — aaa 46 c| 8¢d]}) — — 7c — 44 c| 113 26 | {t1/12}) 38 cl gdd|| 19 c| 73d} — = 127 p ee) 05 C| 10nd | 40 7) 9a/go)) 30° cl, AB al eae Cc} 3 84 c} +82 40 c| 1/14.) 36-cl 7% — — = 202 ec C| fe || to2 c| gd/| 32 c| trfog || 38 c| 72 = — — — |laro.e fe 73. C\ Miz || 50. Cle taal 3 ClO Cg Na is 63 c| 11¢d || 223 ¢ c\t@igd || 50 c| +8d]/ 60 c| 18d 3. Clamnod rai Bac | = 46 Cc] OF 60 c| rot || 17 c| 7% 14 c| 83d} —- — MipleAC (a/72 || 22 c| trrd|) — — 15 c| gt = = = = 55 p — To3 cjl1d-1/ || 30 c| 1/6 39 c| oF 28 c| 84d}} — = 200 C |— 60 Cl 95-92 || 40 c| 8-115] 25 cl oF 20) cl ¢) Od) |e == 145 °c == 43 c| to 32 c| 10d |} — — 39 c| 74-72 |) — Ba Pag ee _ 50 c| 11d 23 cl 1/2h || 45 cl 82 15 c| g4d]) — — MEGS | aay Cll ike 24 c| 2/1¢ || 30 c] 84d]| 30 c] gd|j — a sipigayre — 22 c| 183 — — Agere Gl. |r == = a — Ae c| gd |] 39 c| 182 18 c| 184 25 Cl 7s — — == Se econ me || 48) 1/22] 18 ¢) a/5k || 36 cl ofd|) goc) Std) =) aga ic Mee | 42 ¢| 1/1d|| 18 cl a/s2 || 42 cl gtd} 48 ci 7$°8 || =a) = di sare i 42 c| 1osd]| 18 c| 11¢dj| 4a‘c) 84 60 c| 74-73 || — — TZ gtd || 18 Sal f= — |i 25 74 10 7d || — — 73 = || 125 cj84-tot]] 4o cl tr1d|| 26 c) 73d P| tez-c 1/|741/72|| 260 c| 83-95 || 47 ¢| 103d || 199 c| 8-82 | t19 c| 7ed|| 7 | 63d)| 713 P — (68 c 1\1¢1/o}|| 33 1/7 36 c| od 18 c| 83d] — = 155p C| fame || 44-c| t8td | 31 cl rod |) 23 ¢ 73d 12306 — 60 c| trod |} 15 cl/t112 25 c| 82 50.c|) Zed |t) aoc) Reed: |e 17ere 2/2 27c| 8di 19 c| 8éd] — — 17 c}| 74d]; — — 76 p c}| )1/6 36 c| 84d)|| 20 c] ofd]] 40 c 8d 1) (0) 7d || — = 120 C — 38 c| 84d) 34 c} rokd |) 25 c| 74d] — — — — o7.¢ Mm | 49 ¢ 8F-08 | — | are) 73d), 29 clea7ad 112 ¢ =» || 170 c} gtd || 85 cl} odd) 74 cl 738 71 ct 7-74 || — — || 400 ¢ = |\89c {1\0}1/22]| 32 ¢| 1/5 33 c| obd|| 27 c] 8di) — ere De fe || 79 cl 2 od il.25-G\ i rods) Abc) a.Sdaly == — a a | phate -- 70 c| 84d ]| 12 cl} t/1d|) 27 c}| 84d) 35 cl 74d] — ee) || Senate cl afm || 54 c/10$-11)/ 32 ¢ 1/o4 35 c| gtd|| 50 c| 8-9 — — 186 c = || | gfd | 1 tan bet cha ISR WS i ie | 50 cl gf Io c} 1/34)]/ 32 c + 9 c| taf7# || 107 c| 84-82]| 13 c} od |] 20-c} 74d —- — Bee icee(s) VoeR/44|| 41 c) 8Hd || 31 c] “11d]/ 44 c¢ 8di|) 180) ic 8d 6 4d || 220 p}' je || 5rc gd || 27 clt 114d || 66 c] 72-8 14 cl 74d || 158.c] \t/24 || — — — oa eet a — — ee 1253; ¢| t/ok || 65 c| 18d]) — 1 38 cl 73d ]) — ~- — — 138 ¢ |} — | 81 c| 84d)| 43 cl] 10d]} 30 ¢) t74d | — — 55 p| 64-84 || 209 p | 49 C1 88d || 28 cj) tosd |). Arsh 7adhiiee ee — 14 ee 132 p | Tc ——— SURE nneneeaeReRRe ieee aa INDIAN .—Continued. ||Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and Fannings, Dust | Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, and Various, Total. | Average. F 5 Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity,| Price. | Quantity. Price |/Quantity.| Price. | Quantity.| Price dy] P aoe = = 40 C Sali — BOmC 7d _ == 22)'c|) 63d 98 c al Poobong 53 1/7i-1/9x || 26 c| 1/3 — —— 20 c\f{1osd || — — = ae 99 p| 1/33 44]] RGS Hilika 53 cl 1/63 80 c| 83- 33 ¢| tod ||. 138 c 73d — = = ee 304 c| rotd ol ,, Hokungooriel 38 c| 1/5$ |) too c| t84-9 | 33 cl 92 — — 60 c| 74-73 || — — 231 c| 104d Ei Talup 53 e| 11/5 || 131 cl t84d || 79 c| gtd] 61 c 73d ||) — — BG” GRC Ir Bon Toll oF ‘df; Salonah T Co 25 c| 1/74|| 265 cigt1/43)| 78 c 11¢d || 209 ¢ 82-85 || 158 c| 73-73 | — == 735 ce. ‘red ‘ Sapakati T Co -- = = = Bore) rods 16 ¢|: 73d i) 14) ¢|\) 73d. — == 60 p| 84d id] SelimCoKurseong|| — = 29nC|) 85d) |Magwel coed "36 cl) 72 — a a ne 88 ¢|. od i Terai] — _ 47 c| 8td)| 31 et 104 82 c. 74d |) — — — — 160 c| 84d ls Scottish AssamCo]/58c 1/4/3-1/8 94 c|] gtd|| 32 c¢ gfd|| 100 c 73-8 || — — — — || 284 c¢ 83 i == — 35 cl ged) = — 85 cl 8dj| — 120 c¢ 684 oid ‘Sookerating — 2D Gl syle Mi 7s) Clery — — = | = — — — = LOL (ell) wp id Tukvar T Co 83en/o|s-1/72 || —— = il FOC) Wopxeh |i ava el sire — = 25 63d || 168 p| 114d gd | Turzum — — 24 1/7 == — — |= 24. od 2c 63d] 50 p| 1/14 i UpperAssamCoN AD (Cl safety |} VAZE epyel | 22a ely sy) 54 c) 8h 28 .¢| 74d | = W7ONc ard ad WiionminCoe Dit 6n if rr4d || “39 cl 84d) 30 c gd | 32 cl 72 12 ¢| 74d |x [= 174 p| od cid | | | roy | | wid TRAVANCORE | | 0} | io /Arnakel . —— — 25 c| 112 — | ee wale pie | = : 25 ¢| rr ov Hi 45b1/1}2-1/33 | — Se ee lean EDI 5-8) “4 Bs Bol iq \ \\ 10h a Ee x i} it} CEYLON. 0 ' i Broken Org, Pek. Pekoe and | Broken | Fannings, Dust, Aan Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. | and Souchong, | and Various, Total. |Average. | qT Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. Quantity. hee | Quantity. Price, C \ | \) | : fi therfield : ~ — 18 ¢| 113d || 17 c| 1/iZ|| 19 c| 108d | — -— ! Banc ari ,| Jey. P PlntnsC Ld | | 4), Mariawatte|) 25 1/2} | 50 |103-11\| — — — = — | Se GT ay eff ! ‘Whapelton -— -— TOMG| eA. 30 1/84 || 46 c| 3/14) — — | 8 ahd | 103 p| 1/3 i!) ahanaike — — 45 113 32 1/14 |) — = ||. © rod aie leer’ / i “ alleagles — — 62 113 36 1/1 —— — 2 t13d |= 7| — || roo | x/o2 0° Wilkadua ... — — —- — TOMG| iy /2a4 asec) ero. ce — == ll 44 cl -r/ DD | Iston — —_ 33 C| t/ot || 15 cl} 1/34 ]| 32 c| 104d) — -—- Ac] 63d ||. 84 c 1/ | Vatroll 25p 11/3 41/72 18 1/ ise — | — _ Same | 43) pp. 1/24 ic : -otoft —- — || 42 |trotd |) 12 j|tirdd]. — — | — — == |e aenieey! 11d 20 | flencairn —- a ue) Jy a /iat 15 p} t/48]} 40 cl itd} — | — 3p 7d|| 76 p} x/os 0° | @orookoya — sa 53- rudiiiee ss) | jr/2 49 |t10$d | — — 5 | gtd | 142 114d 1) @rthie = — 62 c| t/o}) 4o | t1/5$\) — — || 6c} 10o}d) — — || 108 py 1/18 9° | Iindenewera — — 13 ¢c| r/2z TONG TS) TONG Ligdy srr cleroid 9 Wrsady 53 be Wa) co to one chest. ARRIVALS. ARRIVED. Novy. toth. Nov. toth. Nov. 12th. Nov. 12th. Nov. 13th. STANTON, Brokers. Wsupplement fo “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT, : | November 30th, 1888. 13, Roop) Lane, Lonpon, E.C. a QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 507,162 packages. 109,545 packages. 18,281 packages. | 1888. 566,291 Re 181,794 . 27,529 Sy /During the week a | 21,940 packages INDIAN } Total 25,285 packages have been offered in public auction | 3,339 Ls CEYLON) as against 40,889 packages last week and 35, 771 packages during the previous week; while the ageregate for the fortnight ending 8th inst., totalled 97,362 packages. The auctions for the week have thus been upon a very moderate scale. With so considerable a [INDIANS remain without material alteration from last week’s rates, except that all Teas leficient in liquor are somewhat weaker, especially the lower grades of Pekoes and Broken Pekoes. [eas with character and point in cup being on the other hand more enquired for. High averages ere obtained by the following gardens :—‘“ Dootariah,” 1/44; ‘‘ Borokai,”’ 1/3. Travancore has been represented by a larger number of invoices than usual. An average of i Dem eas obtained for P.-C.” offrezd. for “* Penshurst’, and ‘of 1o¥@e for “ C.E.”’ Ss an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— IDO Sabs (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) T1888. 52d. 1887, Ade | 1886, . 74d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) sf 6id. ie 5d. Pa 61d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) » TeaCki tenes «Glo (h uae 62d. BEG SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) i 8d. .: Bede: ,, 8id. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, od. 5 Ro daic: g3d. BER SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) — ; iN ziae ar 7d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 8d. >. geek EYLON. The decline noticed last week has become more pronounced. Although the auctions ere very light, prices were irregular and showed considerable weakness in Medium Pekoes and roken Pekoes. Pekoe Souchongs show a fractional decline, the lowest grades of Tea for price lone maintaining their value. Quality has been generally fair, although there have been few invoices hich have stood out from amongst the rest. The following averages may be mentioned :— \Court Lodge,” 1/2%; ‘ Kabragalla M,” 1/-; ‘‘ Culloden,” 1/-. average of 114d. per lb. was obtained. AV AS have not been represented. 362 packages ex ‘‘ Jason”’ are printed for sale next week. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs), FROM ist JUNE TO 3ist OCTOBER, 1888. IMPORTS, | DELIVERIES. STOCK | | 1886-1887. 1887-1885. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887 1887-1888. 1885-1889. BIUAING 5 co. 0s = 27,181,000 35,929,362 40,784,094 | 26,741,000 32,272,968 34,146,429 | 21,055,000 27,016,284 30,761,211 MONE Wee ioe 3,427,000 5,055,800 9,735,898 — | 3,024,000 5,327,120 9,735,852 1,668,000 2,015,980 4,616,530 Seholer= tate) 1,659,000 1,078,350 1,796,270 | 1,878,000 1,480,430 1,890,140 1,012,000 656,320 $31,250 NA, etc. .... | 95,010,000 66,935,197 60,835,856 | 63,402,000 . 51,252,826 50,229,287 70,080,000 58,626,795 = 54,917,525 Tora lbs. | 127,277,000 109,598,709 113,152,118 95,645,000 90,333,344 96,001,708 | 93,845,000 85,915,379 91,126,516 ee —_ \. |, ~shoae BANK RATE. 5 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London thred¢ months sight ts. 433d. INDIAN. ert Pekoe and Broken and Fannings, Dust |) ‘ Garden, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Bonchouey Souchong, and Various, | Total, |Average Quantity. |Quantity Price. Quantity. | Price. '|Quantity. Price. ||Quantity. | Price. |Quantity.| Price. | Quantity.| Price 7 \.. *Chargelallas5 eur esse ofdlle 7 re i aude) -— 79 c| 74-84 || — — || 246 c| 10d 7 P&CON\ - Hingajeall35 c 1 84 c| gtd] 35 c] 114d) 40 cl 84d) — — 6 64d || 200 p| 104d | i Singla||37 c + 98 cl-+8-84 || “32%e) mierda, 52°c) s7edul) sagmcl 74d 6c} 64d |] 248 c| 8% Behora — 1D Ch Or 12 ¢| 1/44 || 12 c} 84d || 1t2 cc} 74d] — —— 48 c) 104d | Bicrampore wel] 27 cl 74d || M3anel ordain 52 *Cis OFa)lste — 30 c| 64d || 142 c} 74d Bishnauth T CoD|| — To5 cl o8d |) 136ncl aye 50 Clas 30 c| 73d] — — 227 c| 104d = PI} — 61-c| o#d'|) 4ole) rigdl, 37 € 6d 26Rey 73d y—= — 164 c| gid Borbarrie weelf T7 cl) -, Od || susie Mama 5 Clie — — — — 83 c| 83d Borelli T Co Pi) — 50 cl gt 27 c| 1/34]| 53 c] 84d /| 28 ce} 74d] — — | 158 c| gd Borokai T Co. .../| — 28 c| 1/4t || — — 25-¢|. 1fof || 34 cl 1/32 || — —— 87 c| 1/3 | Bramapootra TCo|| — : 141 c| 84-11 21 Ce), 5 97 ¢ 3. 53 cl 74d /| — — 312 c| 83d . M|; — - 45 e| ofd || ws ciierdal: 40 ce soci 25 cies |) fe — 125 cj 84d S)) = Q 60 c| 10d || 21 cl x/o¢ || too c| 8d) 33 ci gad || = Meee ec eae cf | | BITC Sessa 20 2) 34 c}| tot coe = 30 c) 8d]} — = — — 84 pid », Claverhouse]] — E 25 c| 74d || 29 ¢| 8hd]]) — a 20 c| aay 4 = 74. c| °8d | Bungala Gor 18 c] Mgt|| 30 c} 84d || — — 28) Cn 51 Cl 7-7% = — | 127 ¢ 83d Burrumsal af — 35 ot 34) Cl quires ae 31) Cae om Too pj gid Chundeecherra ...//24 c 1/oga/2 || 61 cl 73 oe — 15, SC ee = — — — 100 c|, 83d Degubber - 32 c| od || 27 eunuch 22 Clay onliie — = — 75 Cit: Gd | Dhoohe ... _— - Bn cl: a1d)\| LOC eieralls 46 ClmesGe. 2676) 27 5Ga —— 125 c| 92 Dilkoosha — — 45 cl tot | 933 Cle medal, 38) Clsedaie — 27 c| 74d |} 143 cj) 82 | Doolahat — = 23 c| osd 15 Clapwi2ealt 27.6 8d AMO pS EXC Be 78 C| ak Dooteriah a my || 103 cl 1/42 || “47 C| 1/tox || 56 c| 113d =| 206).c) ‘rat Futtickcherrie ...|| — | [Bl 95 cj 82-83:|| 12 c| tod] 32°c) 7 — — = — 139 c| 84d FF Gajilidoubah — = 58) cl). Sidil|*. 39 \cloamumaalie 20 Cie. 20,c| 74+ ts — 138 cl -od® Goorah — = || 119 c| 84-9 ZO Cle yeas. —— — 45 c| 73 — | gO Clas Oe: Greenwood T Coll — s 41 c Gault” S7nclaeates AZ G Sdulgasuc 8d = — 145 c| 10d Harmutty = = 67 ic|_.g2-g# || 35, Cl T/2eale 03) Cian 12 Cc 8d 14 gd || 187 ¢ ed PpeezePank oe = 33 c| 112 — — 20 Cc] 84 sits} (el) cele | = == 71 ¢| tod | JetingaValleyTCo|] — = 20 c| 83 ZO) C) Wore 22 C 3d 22 ¢| 74d{| 84\c) . oda \Jorehaut TeCoweT pea A 48 c| 104d || 24 c] 1/6 || 36c| 82d |) 48 cl 7 6 c| 74d || 162 c] 10d | ,, Numalighur|| .— fe 54. cl 92-10 || 36 ¢c) a/1 48 cl 73d|| 60 cl 74dj| 12 e| 7td || 210 c ei, Rungagora = = 36 c| 103 24 C| 112 42-c|. 82 42 c| Fe 12 c| 84d} 156 c | Kaline ... = = 83 cl o# BOE ayidize is a — 66 c} 84d ]| — = 740) (© Khobong T Cou ge A 25 120 c| 84-94 —- — — }; — | aut tA) (e | Kolapami ee ae 47 c| 102 115 Clit ToxGaiiey 30) Cle) Sdilimeaaweli7 sas = a 125 C Koomber BS | Magee S| r12 c| +84 49 €| 188d] 105 ¢c| 74-72 | 95 cl 7rd |) = a |S cicae | | Koomtal... | 30 | tam 80 c] 4 36 c| .ofd |) — — 184 c| 74$d|| — = 330 p Koyah ... Hehe 22 1/3 20 c| gid|| 14 c}. 84dji 30 ¢) 7ed || x2) 7ed)| — — 98 p mB Diffloo|| — = 32 c| 8% 23 c| todd || 56 c| 74-74] 23 € 7a = 134K NS Hatticoolee|| — — 53 cl o+d || 25 c| r0¢d ||) — — 6c” 7st = 145 C 9 Kurseong)| — = AgnG| 112 44 1/14 || — — —- a= a — gi p 5, Lattakoojan|| — Me 50 cl ofd ||, 26 cl! 11d || 62, eyed a = 138 c ,, Moondakotee}|| — => || 107 c| 1/32 17 c| 1/63!) — — — == == —- 124 C - Salgunga|| — = || 100 c}| 8td]] 50 ¢ Vol ae Gallery elle tcc) |p) BE eto Cc LebgCBadamtam|| 39 c} g#d|| 38 c} 84d|) — — 48 c| 74d)j} — ae = = 125 ¢ », Barnesbeg || — — FF} 40 cc} 10d|) — — 40 .c| 83d || — aa = — 80 c Luckimpre Mijica)) 14 c| 2/4Ml| 44 cl 1/34|/ 38 ¢] 1/5¢]] 32 cl gd] 46 cl 8d|| toc) 6$d)) 184 ¢ Mokalbari ...\'75p 1/|6¢2/5a 34 cl 184d || 24 ¢] ofd |) — = 1G) ©]! Fo ane = 152 p 7 ‘die Hill i — Sa) ae 72c| 74d |) — -— — —~ 23\ ¢| 64d) ||" =e 95 cl. Naharanee | 25 c| 84d )| 50 pig-1/1% || — —— — ai 20 C| Zid! 95 p NSTC DamDim 65 c 8 |1/09| 50 c 8d || 30 ¢| 184d | 50 c| t74d 1} Gol oe sees —_ 200 OS&CBallacherra| 110 c| +1o@}) 136 c 8d ||50c |11/6- 1/85 126 cl) vhd || — aa 28 C| 84d |] 450 ¢ Mechi 27 c\{1@mm || 22 cl] 8dj) — 21 74d || — a 18 Pp} 63-7 88 p Pathecherra 40 | 1f\| 49 c| Bhd) 75 ¢ fond aie 8d jj) — — 6 ¢ 7d || 201 p Poobong 30 | +952 || .34 cl 1/2 mo — —_ — = =F 20 C| to4d || 84 pi Putharjhora — | + || fo8 cl] 84-83 |) 51 c} To¢d || — —- 78 cl 74-7% || 40 Cj 63-72 || 277 ¢ Puttareah ; 44 c| 84d|) 20 c} 1/1 86 c| 74d -— — — — 150 Cc Rajmai 22 2fo% || 79 c| 114d || 32 ¢| 1/3 55 c|.. 8d|| 22 cl 8$d| 75 cl. ged) Boman a INDIAN --Continued. Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and _ Broken and | Fannings, Dust || Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong. | and Various. || Total. | Average, Quantity.) Price. |\Quantity.| Price. /Quantity. Price. Quantity.| Price. “Quantity, Price | Quantity. Price. ‘Quantity. Price | RGS Talup ABWic) (2/52) 265 c) 83d | 45 ¢)| gtd) 35 cl) 7ed || 67 : 74-73 | 31 ¢| 7d|| 486 ¢ oF '#) | Salbaree iD O| n/t | BS Ce) stall ra Cl oRGt |) | — — 52 c!_ tod «| | Sealkotee .|| 34 | t/tad]]) — —- — — 23) 6 = 88dil| 74 c| 8d |— = 70 p| Le al ScottporeCo Dj — — 63 C 87d Sie ClaeL Os 2 —— — 34 ¢) 73d | — 128 c| gs nq]| Seam T Co By = — 37 C| 8s 25 c\t{ro¢d | 38 c| 74d) — | — |lf 23 cl] 7d|| 123 c| 84d : 0 Selim) — | — || 82 €| 9-92 || 34 | 9gad|) 71 ¢| 72-73 | | | 187 c| 84 : Shakamato soll == — 70 C gd 20 c| 113 20 c| 7d 20 C| id 130 Cc od a SSTCo Baliserall69 ¢ +/9-1/84 |] 69 ¢| T84d)) 47 c 182d) 97 ¢ 7#d)) 32) 7d |p — — || 314 cl 82 4 ,, Deamston ...jg6 c 8)f-{1/4 || 70 c 172d) 24 cl gtd] 62 c) i73d|| 37 e| 7d \ on — || 295 c| 84d ie » Phulcherralj68 c 1/84-1/7 42 ¢| 84 37 c| 8d EG Cl) GE! 29 C| 74 |} 7 7d || 237 p gd a Tarrapore T CoB) — — 69 cl1o+104|| 39 c| 1/5 35 cl gd|| 38 c| 73d \)—28 c| 84d|| 209 c 102 Mis «Dewan| — | — | 77¢| 108d|| 60 cl] 2/34 43 ¢| odd] 58 c) Bia] 238 ¢| rid - Tarapore|| — == AON) OF 25 ¢| I/o¢|| 40.cl 82 45 ¢| 72d | = | 15° ¢| ot a Tiphook T Co ...| —- 40 c| 1/ok|| 20 ¢| 1/74|| goc| 83d) — | — |MB25 ¢| gid | 175 © ro? gj | UpperAssamCoM/94 2/Joz2/03/ 60 c) 82d | | | 154 P| 1/34 i WashabarrieT Co wc) 82d gow | infor || 33 cl) 72d) 25 c) tdi | — | 172p| 8% | \ { ") TRAVANCORE | WEG soll inal etiam ee 8d ea | 33 8d uy GE — _— 20 103 —- I 64d |) 21 | ros i Linwood Sy peta | 7 eel || lex | Gta) 28 od ‘Mount as pe 54 TOds| eae See ee i Be Me cE I rod i!) Penshurst — ~- 44 cl11d}t/|| — — || 13 ¢c| od 5 7d |e = |) 62 Go ail Wee _- — _- —- 10 1/22 || 31 t14d | — — 2 63d | 43 r/ ‘ | Vembenard 1& ci} rod || - — — — — || 23 cl 8&8 21 c| +74d 6 c| 61d] 68 c| 84d Gol ~ utaeT er = eral uss l CEYLON. ‘dl Broken Org. Pek. Pekoe and | | Broken | Fannings, Dust, 1 At Garden, | or Flowery Pekoe.: Unassorted, \ Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. | and Various. otal Average, vail Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Price. | Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price, nll a Fra con wh PAlton and Upcot, — — Ai Cl UG I OH ae 23 p| rotd 9 osd 5 c| 72d || 71 p rid i |Beaumont i o— — || 56 c¢ aid|| 25 c| {1/14 | | Weer Cae E / 100 ipamidenmraill. ... = ©) -G} HOSol I | | | 19 c}| 103 gl Wey Land&Prod C| | | | i | gl) ,, Andangoddie| — — TONG TCA munca 't/2) i (Tone) to2d m2 c) 74d) 50 cl 11gd ey. T PlntnsC Ldji50__-1/)14-1/2 || 100 }\104102 | — 1 150. | 113d ji ee Maniawanrell) 22 c\ 1/14} 33%) rd |) — = | FS 1D) OF Xeli||| — — |—— | — || 133 pj 10% 9 ,, Sembawattie|| — — 31 c| tot ea | et ee ae | isuacimoud - MI Bocogalla | 24 bj 11¢d || 96 | ged | | | | 126 p| 98 ) 9 Wourt Lodge — sei 23 1/3 16 mV Mh 26 r/o | 3 rod jm 4 gid Noor | 1/2% p Wulloden — — 28 c| 1f/1¢||} to | 1/64 22) (cl) Tosd' || 20 gid | Da 7d } 83 p) 1/ ¢ !Walleagles — — 46 || 103 34 \trrdd || 23 | 104d fo ORY Ie maa c fd Pelta — == 16 ¢| +11d'||- 20 THe 16 ¢| rozd || — ae Io pj 62-10 || 62 p| t14d p 1/0} Wkolsund —_ ae 13 el sence 1a Cl afr ii ZO C| tosd — | — 2 C| 64d 48 cl rid ¢ i kadua ... = -- ee 25 (iy igo lier sec ldaeTancl a a a 40 p| 14d | c 14 frikiyanakanda .../|) — = 05 e| 11d |; 23 1/12 | 14 ¢| Iogd |} — | — — a le 52 0p) EISd: | ¢ WMauteville , - a 9 CG) mall] 3 Cuore on bags 1 iael aa re 6td]} 1c 1r4d | ¢ WwMLillside | — || 15 | 104d |\78p t/|ot r/o) 66 lel | = a — || 159 p ranital ¢ gi abragalla M|| 14 /24 || 24° | sfod. 14 x/ 45, \tro4d || — ES mee a 97 r/ ic i anangama hal ee SSP 2) worl ey t/od || 34 gtd} — | — oo = So ro}d 1p 1h i ew aon i == = 14 c 1/1+ | 23 | 1/22 It ae el todd | 2 ¢ 10d — — (G6) Jo\l y/o “ 7 aippakelle ee = BOMCIMIORGals woztrc| ser! | Hiaee= | | | — ee 83 c| 11d pM ftelfort | 2% 1/34 | —- I2 clerrtd ie —— — = — 33 PY Yt 5¢ fy inna | =e BOR tor | 72 ta | ae. lemodd | as j ghd || 187 11d dW ottingham — oss 16 c| trod || 14 c/} 103d || 20 ¢ ghd | t 54d 3, c| 6359 || 54 p} - rod ye ‘ousakelle — — 21 ¢| 114d || ar 1/1 | 19 ¢ roid | Ria 1 64d 62 p|_ rid ? sold) ueensland — — 15 el {rod || 28 c 11}d | os nes — |P— = 45ucimel td 1%) ib }rathelbe — —— 15 c| 10#d 13.¢} z/o¥]] 36 cl otd || — a = ea 64 c| Lo$d ¢ sl angie Oya —— — 20 c] rokd || 73 ri$d || 17 ¢| tod ll m2 a IIo p|. 1d 0 id} festhall | SS == i 27 5 1otd \ 23 ¢| tid | 20 ¢ rod th 2c zd Src roid 25? | i! | | ! | | ou , ‘ 2 In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stand thus represent the highest offer in the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four | to one chest. s for boxes ; c for chest§; p for packages. + Prices marked pORES are taken as equal in weight TUE) Uae ee] eel OTE Cee 0 Son Se So eee inte oe eat, oe ak Co “ARRIVALS. — Ixpian. CEYLON. Java. ARRIVED. Moyune . os 258,294 = Novy. 21st. Coromfftel — eg — Nov. 21st. Chusa J : 774,234 48,472 — Nov, 21st. City of Khios 1,620,374 — — Nov. 21st. Clan Buchanan 145,581 30,990 = Nov. 24th, Navarih 441,070 ° 150,000 — Nov. 24th. Kangra 14,070 — — Nov. a7th. Rome q 144,760 = = Nov. 28th. Total lbs. 3,140,089 697,174 4 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, 4 | Brokers. a ee ele ES ae ] W. Parxins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, ‘pana Supp plement to ‘““CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. December qth, 1888. Aw ees 73, Roopf#ane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JuNE To Dare. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 536,492 packages. 114,165 packages. 18,929 packages. 1885. 588,053 4 189,067 % eh SgI 59 During the week Tn 7 a 21,762 packages INDIAN ) TOUR y CEYLON, Total 29,397 packages have been offered in public auction 362 Mi Java Auctions have again been comparatively hight, but ample for immediate requirements. Buyers re reluctant to further accumulate stock so near the close of the year. Figures for November show slightly increased delivery of Indian Tea over last November, and a marked increase in the jonsumption of Ceylon Tea; the statistics from the commencement of the season still more forcibly lustrate both these points. INDIAN, Ouotations are nearly the same as last week, but competition is somewhat better, nd during the last day or two a slightly improved tone has been noticeable, with more disposition ) compete for desirable parcels. Teas for price are very steady and the demand is strong for Fine iroken Pekoes; Weak Liquoring Pekoes and Broken Pekoes continue depressed. As an idea of ne comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote: IDIUS INS (Fair ordinary, dark lquor) 1888. 52d. 1887, gtd. 1886, 64d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i Gidh oer, Caan 64d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) ¥ 74d. Be id. Ns 63d. RISK, SOWG: (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) Ms 8d. ae gd. Fe 8d. EKO. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _ ,, gd. ie Hod?) 5, g2d. IPI, SOMWGea (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) ‘a Tle BS 7d. PEKOE: (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) __,, 8d. af Sid. IEFYLON. We have again to chronicle a depressed and falling market. Broken Pekoes show a Irther decline of a halfpenny to a penny per lb., Medium Pekoes of nearly a halfpenny, and Pekoe buchongs a farthing. The lowest grades for price still maintain their value. The quality continues ir and With present low quotations, further impetus may be given to the increasing consumption. 1s worthy of note that deliveries from Ist June to date have exceeded the imports. The tollowing werages may be mentioned :—‘‘ Hoolankande,” 1/9%; ‘‘ Glendevon,” 1/5}; “ Mipitiakande,” 1/o3. The imports from China to date are eleven million Ibs. less than last year, and the deficiency us created is to a great extent being supplied from Ceylon Tea. #1 average of 113d. per lb. was obtained. JAVA. Only one auction has been held, comprising 353 packages from the ‘‘ Ardja Sarie”’ Estate. lie sale passed without quotable change in price. An average of 72d. per lb. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (ia Ibs-) DIOIUNG NOVEMBER. Imports. “pp IVERIES. 1586, 1887. 1885. T8386. 1887. 1888. INHUN Gab obooeo IT, 300,028 10,636,998 11,437,035 7,158,408 8,602,236 5,622,891 (COMMON og eocods 499,750 872,330 1,588,964. 566,240 790,010 1,689,480 JEANS osptienis ontte 197,330 155,470 196,420 241,710 173,110 253,750 (OWING, oe a 9,215,554 14,586,964 5,915,670 12,035,295 9,605,873 9,012,572 TotaL lbs, 21,272,962 26,251,762 22,138,089 20,001,713 109,171,229 109,608,723 FROM st _ JUNE “ne 30th NOVEMBER, 1888. IMPORTS. Dr LIVERIES. STOCK 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1887 1887-18858 T888-1S88o BVBIN, «0h iejeyecsie = 35,541,378 46,566, 360 52,221,129 33,899,250 40,875,204 42,769,320 25,31 §,060 29,051,040 33.575.355 TOU ie rots sane scshsi.e 3,920,560 6,528,130 11,324,562 4, 190,330 6,117,130 11,425,332 1,007,350 2,098,300 4,522,050 Blais « «' ! aifove 1,556,330 1,233,020 1,992,690 2,119,710 1,653,540 2,173,920 oi7 520 638,050 743,890 WAyete. .... | 104,225,854 81,522,161 69,751,526 75,437,295 60,858,690 59,241,959 67,210,019 63,607,886 54,520,623 | : 3 : : ee = } Ee. net wees ——— =-s"- = Tovat lbs. 148,5 5501 122 135,850,471 135,290,207 | 115,646,585 109,504,573 115,010,431 95,045,949 95,995,912 93,662,518 ——— | | Oo A en SANK RATE. 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 42d. Garden, or FloweryPekoe. Pekoe and Unassorted, | Pek. || Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, Fannings, Dust, || ae Total. |Average, | Abbotsford | Allerton Be | Ampittiakande ... Ardross ... met Balgownie | Barnagalla | Berragalla | Bittacy ... | Blackstone | Blackwater | Blair Athol | Bloomfield | Brae Boe | Broad Oak | Castlemilk oii /Cey.PlIns Mwatte | Chapelton | Choisy | Craig ; | Damblagolla | Digalla | Dunkeld... Dunlow axe EP&ECoLd Hope} ,, Arapolakande, ae Koladeunia| | Labukelle! > Sogama rr Vellai-Oyal Ederapolla Sel Elbedde ... : Elfindale | Erlsmere Fordyce ... Gallaheria Gallebodde Quantity. Gangwarily Gavatenne Gingranoya | Glenalla ... Glen Alpin Glencairn Gonamotova Goorookoya Great Valley Holmwood Hoolankande [mboolpittia Kandenewera KAW Kellie Kelliewattie Langdale Maria } Midlothian Mipitiakande Morton Mutotta Nanoo-Oya New Caledonia... Newton New Valley Okehampton ] _airdd | 10$d rice. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. 27 C| tod 20 23 3 ¢| sd 3 8 epi O08 ee == 22 motel ||. 20 34 = AO. Chay, Ciel TAG = 1§t/33| 19 cl 1/02) — 4 ; pert tN eae 35 P 69 a cae II 89 16 c| t1/1$ || 31 2hAe /ayas|| 17 c| todd || 21 ayo OC, Lox 22 8 - 13 c| tofd || 24 ¢€ = 14 | r/oe|] 25 39 8 10+ 10 36 1/ 18. OR it || 55 Cc] 10% —_ III 21 c| 1/3 30 41 : 37 cl 10% 12 € = Gr. aan, ee 39 = ——— i — 30 —— E || 62 plo-r03)) 7 = — 7 1G) arene aang 13 = = 18 24 = EC aes iif BC — a o Cc 20 € — 4 17 € 194 TAG — — 17 c| 108 AO (C 30 is 25 c| rid) — — Be| 47.¢ 113d |) — 24 —- 21 g4d || 20 16 {ie 612 cl)06gd |) 4c 68 I a 45 tod || 18 30 - £3) Cl -L/ 3 © 27 E 31 cit 1o0Z 50 10 : 12) (Cl) iy 12 € 18 3441/9 109 pigz-114) — e 2 todd || 20 — id) — | — — 22 — AGC). TT SCal eae 24 — 14 c| 10d Ws 7 = {49 10)4-1/o4 20 27 || 2° P| 10o#d]) 19 pit 47 — 50 nenfal | it 2 30 — 14 11d 13 |. 16 — 40 clit 102d || 29 cit 82 | ml 6366 | todd |) — 10 | (2pge BF Clr / TOs | 144p | =e flo3p 10/4-1/o4 |l27p t1 81 1/o} Paw ~- 23 = 976 c toh-1/1 60 ¢ aie |} 20 i14d || — 16 1 > | 277, 25 23 p| jo#d'|| 12 _ -- — || 30 bj ies 7 ct10¢d | 3 ¢| ak 41 c| r1#d]) 15 ¢ a Cc 17 ¢| tofd || 13 a — —" | 37 — 39 114d || 27 30 18 cit 10#d || 18 ¢| + 12 12 c} 114d || 26 25 r8.c) 114d) — 12 - ons ame | 18 iy a i Price, g3d 84d 8id 1/02 10d rod 1/1 1ozd If] 103d fy rid 1/ 1/o4 CEYLON _—Continued, Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flo very Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various, Total. | Average, i /||Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price, ||Quantity.| Price. i ‘Oononagalla ~- — BD € 11¢d 16 cf 1/14 || 24 c) 1rotd - | 62 cj 113d JOBEC Darawella — —— |60c ro}d-1/o# || 21 c} 1/4¢ || 26 c 4 — — 12 c/ 74-84 || 119 c rid ee | Wise cl 1/58 || 20 €} 1/8], 35 ¢ 3/3t| — | — | Be | — | 75 | xia a Orwell os = 14 c| 1o¢d | 2t ¢ to3d | 28 ¢ 93d | #3 c) td) 66 ce) rod )Parusella — -- 40 tod || 19 fr1d || — ; 59 104d i Putupaula ae ae [2 cl\rd||- tase 1/1 12 Ch o8cl if) == — = — || 38 e¢] 114d WS aes — 40 Tel I) 82 t/1¢ |; 30 | 10$d |; — — 7 74d || 109 ti4d a 20 C104 1/1 5 c| tr/ot 7 c| ro4d 2c) 8d) — ues 34 t1id 19 1136 18 todd 15 1/34 | — aut ican — — — 52 t/ot oe a OL pizo- 104) | Ol olr1e-1) | 34 € 3d |) — — | — || 186 p| tod 6 c| 1/6 8 Gl 103 aa = 26 c| todd — — 40 c| rit Mes ou 68 c| fod || 135 pitgztro| 38 c| tod 7 241 p| g4d Sp u/imeuies | 30eeh isd li Tet 35 c| rofd | — — — —= || r13 p} mrad = | = 24 al AO | ACRE lee 3 63d} 47 gd — — 20 %¢). rid || *29 ce) }1/14 || 49 cl o#d | #2 cl 7d) 110 cid = — 25 1/ 30 1/oz 6 ro3d | #2 Fal | OB 113 30P1/3e1/11F) 36 | 11s — ~- BAR LOL dy) —— | | 100 p} 1/ot je — 34 clit 102 il)! Gls ae! 9 c} tod || | 59 c| 114d | JAVA. Fine & Flowry Pek. Medium Pekoe. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong, (Ooge Bro, & Dust, Total, ECGS: | | z tt mee rele ! Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. “Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. é | | | | a | ae 199 c| 8-93 || 94 ¢| 5-64 | | 60l'¢ ead = — || 353 ¢| 73d | | | | | | UN ets Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken and || Fannings, Dust | or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, | Byten Lomo | Sennen and Various. Total, |Average Quantity. | mee il Quantity. | | Gees Quantity.) ee em ree i ceeue Price. otemtity.| Price. | Quantity. ae Dee |) see Moral) Tove mrsd || ro eye Aare) 772 | RE 34 P| 104 P| — — | ZA eer Annee, ClileTOy oi 377 1C gd) 38! ¢) 78-9 || Be — | 121 t14d i VG Eraligoolj24c {o/#-1/32 || 31 c| 84d 15 ¢ 2d || 16 c| 74d | Meorc| 62d4 %G6 cl o4d idparscoN. Magura |24c Igit/3e |) 7 e 8ad| 55 \e|. gtd |) 15 c|- 74d | 166¢ 72d || HA cl. 6d! 184-c) od ie | lop Mookham Aaeyan-1/ 5% || 167 ¢| 8-85 || 59 cl, oad) 7o c| gad) toc id) Bac) 6gd | 371 c) 82d iid Ishnauth T CoD) — = || 69 €)9F-10)|) 38 ci1/52) 43 c| Sed} 42 © 720 | Settle oi 202 C todd 1084 is P| — — | 43 ¢| tod | CUM CRM Au Ca istell — || 98 ec oid it Iprbarrie Veto ae eal SONI oatinmuby cyan i) 47 cl 7ede | i | Bee ha7ouche aod } Hoc C On) |) |, —— BUG LA ==) aie el 25 c| 1/44] Ee | — Gp AO ay 3 ui brooncherra See 32 ¢ 8td)| 37 Cedi 32 cl azad Neuer / —- — Ior c| 8id jo ee Ormumbund)) ——- | —- || 30 ¢ 84dji' 24 c gd ||) — — || 46 c} 74-74) = = Too c| 84d iil Idderpore ollie SN) sorely osd)|) 3 "c} 1/8261 | Std 20 cl 74d )| Ee — 162) ¢) and ndfingala Gor ...| 18 c} 1/14 | 30 cl 84 pe Bach adil; 46\cl 7-74 || Me = 125 c| 8id : wi @ubwa T Co 16 ¢/ 1/5) | 67 c| 84d), 45 cl 78d)! 14 cl 73d |) — | — pec! -- Od |) 144 Cc od » sol @underpore _— — | 54 cl 82 41 cig-1/5¢ || 59 cl - 74d |) | — | — | 154 ¢ gd » 10 Wkoosha Haan ea eChNGTd garcia ood) ||) ag lek\ 7d ii =.) |. 35 ¢] dij. t54 c| Sd » wiilploo ... wef wate OF Gee Gadi gr tel r/t) || 107 cl 8-82)" 47 | 74-83 | Bigec| fd} 316 c od ? id olahat Soll Sani IN 22 c| gtd} I9 ¢ 1/33 | 20 Gl. (Odi 12 c) 73d || Be = 83 ci rod mpoloogram -.) 20 ¢ ofd|) 58 ¢ 84d) 47 cj) od| 55 ¢] 78d) — | — = —— |) 180y¢; gtd » od omDoomaC ip 42) Gh 2/42) 126) ec) 83d)" 36 cl 1/, || 36 cl). zed | — = — — 240.c] rod 9 idl » Hansura ...|| 36 clrigd} 84 c 84-84 |} 25 c} 1/ 24 c| 74d i) — = 7 7 I7Q ci go3d p off Icherra see tie NL AC Ord), 360), r/o aero Sd 25 c| 74d) oe - 138 c| god | ui Dooars T Co. T8in\" Ged); 2c) adi) 186 |. 7d || x2 ¢|. 74a |i 86 p| 74d , o@uahattingTCo | 26 | 2/44) 28 cl 1/ BG) t/52 25 °c) Std, 12 c| @8ia) He 116 p, 1/2 cial Villidari ‘| 28 c) 2/0) 33 ¢| 114d 16 c| ard} — a ay c| 97id| oe 84 ¢ rofd nl ‘gid omtee 153 pt TI 11/33 33 ¢| gid ee ie TOC) set |, — = — LOsEpl end 5 \ soll tmirah >a eae Nei 2a ast ted c| 118d) 30 c 73d | 25 c\ 63-73 Rac, G4d |) 124 cl Std ) wd Jemutty ; — | — | Ing ¢| 9#-94 1) 39 c| 1/641) 128 cl 73d] 21 eG}. 74d | 36.e) 7-92 || 338 ¢. gtd Bata utley 2 clit 104d | 65 c gtd | A2 c| 114d ae 49 C|. 7-74 - = 165 c| oid 60) 1 vokia ... | _ go c| 84d] 30 cc} 10d 35 c| 7id 45 ¢ 74d || — — 200 c) Sid me in aiCo Tippuk 66 trrdd |, 78 c| tgsd || go |} 10}d 18 c| 8d 15 c) 7d yf! — - 267 p) odd so gigigtaValleyT Ci) 16 c Std || 72 c| t73d We 51 cl 78-9) 54 ¢ 7d = = | = 193 c| 74d aaa | { | | ee | =a a : : _ =) ree INDIAN,--Continued. Broken Org (Pek Pekoe and | Broken and || Fannings, Dust | | Garden, || or Flowery Bak Unassorted, | Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, | and Various, | Total. | Average, ||Quantity. iquantity. Price. || Quantity. Price. | Quantity. Price, || Quantity. Price |Quantity. Price, (Quantity. Prices’ 7 Khobone th Co's) —— | 120 c| 72-83 || 40 c| 9% _- — = — a 2S 160 ¢) 83d | Khonikor .../|7Qp 11 4o c| 84 18 c| gtd|} 27 c| 74d]) — —- — — 164 p| 11d | SEZ Chong Tong} — ee Ce sy) 22 c| 1/4$]) 17 c| gofd}| 14 c| 84d] — — 138 c hee NG olapanrielly -—— 150 c| 8 29 Ch | mduiin 27. (Cla) 7ediin 2 Ane 7 all aero — 230 ¢ » Lattakoojan|| — 45 ¢ gd |} 27 c| r1#d || 64 c| 73-8 28 c| 74d 13 c| 6$d]/ 177 ¢ ,»,MineralSpring|} 28 c 54 cl. toed ||) — — — — 36 cl) 73d = Se) TER ah Morapore]| 20 ¢ 46 c| 8% —- — AZ C) 7a Nee ropes ekclaliae a — 124 ¢ ei Nagri|/} — 69 c| 1/5 25 ¢, 2/33 31 c} 83d |) — — 13 C) oad | rate Luckimpre Miica|} — 32 c| 1/42 ]/ — —— 27°C), \i9eGal® -20Ne|-, Sida 2) ae 79 C Margaret’s Hope|} 26 c 2I cl 1/td 16 c| 1/92 37 c| gtd || — — = —_ 100 c | Meenglas tee uel 29 Cl Sid || 28 cl — = =e — — —— 114 C | Mirzapore T Co 20 C 35 c| 82 — _ 27 c| 7idi — — | 30 c gtd |iiri2 c Moabund T Co ...|| — go c/8$-11d|/ 38 c] 1/5t || 21 c| 7ed|| 22 ¢| 74d ]}) — — epee NSTCo Bytagool|| — 82 c} 73- 27 c| tot 20 c| 74d 1D (C rel:\| — — TATA beasts Jafflong]} 59 ¢ ZguNG 8d ||} 29 c| 84d]. 39 c] 7éd || 46 cl] Zid 12,¢} 63d" orere ieee Khadim||27 c 8 42 C fd ]} 20 c| 92 25 c| 7d 12 © 7d 14 c| 64d]} 140 c He Monts Nakhatil|44 ¢ 1 By cl) od:il a7 cane 29 c| 84d| 23 cl’ 8d : 64d || 155 p | ,,Nowrea Nuddy/|[51 c 1|8§ BON Clie 21 c} 82 26 c| 74d /| 36 c ad } 4 7A 170 p | », Rungamutteel, 25 c 41 c| 84 36 c} 108 7O c| . Sid || “45 cl) Zed — DLT | Nurbong... alee 0S 20 ¢| 10¢d . 20 c| 88 =< = — 58 p | Nuxalbarrie 40 C gd || 23 c| t/tei| 45 cl) 73d iD € FEN LAO Oaklands soni! FOO) 19 45 C gd |} — = — — — — — == 145 p /} OS&C Chandpore|| — 63 c| 72-84 || 50 ci74-11d|| 25 c| 74d |). — — — — 138 c (osu Emdosramill.: 25..cl TOE 8d || 50 c} 84d) = — = — 30-¢c} ed || T750€ Wasa Nateuchenra)| a ZINA sie 13) Cl) "oeaaieed3: 'C 4d || — -- DEG 8d || 100 c | ,,Shumshernuger|| 40 75 c| 184d |} 35 c] od|i 25 cl 7éd |) — — 38 c| 74d |} 233 p Pathecherra ...||_ 40 50 C 8d || 77 c} 92-10 || — — 1g c 74 == = 186 p | Pathemara Gel ene 33 c| 8id 65p 18/4-11/6 |] 30 c] 7edi) 44 c) 7id 6c} 64d) 178 p Putharhora)— .:2\|) 1206 76 c| 8&8 25. Clap —— = 45 c| 72d) — — 158 ¢ | Rajmai ... vel] 34 cl] rdd]} 14 cl)‘ r/4t]} 30 c] 8dji 15 cl 84d — — 93 Cc | RGS Dholla eff 21 c| 82 22 cl {r/oe || — S| Sy So Gaek || — 58 °c pe tdi ler saa 170 c| {84 B10) © gd; 80: cl 7Adil| eam c| 7idUiS Zone 8d || 437 ¢ pa ANID oo coal aac gi c} 84 47 Cc dj} 33 c| 7ad/| 57 cl] 64-72) — — || 264 ¢ | Romai... ; — 21 c} 83d ji47 — 1\/o8-1/1 Dec) 7s Li eC 7d || — — 80 p | Rungmook veel] 27°C) 1/95) — 2B Cl Titer 12 c| 8d |) — == | (62: 1¢ Samdang T Co...|| 20 20 ¢| 1/6 20 c| 1/6$]| 60 ¢}t 10t == = Se i PAO |} ScottporefCo Sj| — AAC Nel | | a Sua) zed || 28ec FGI |i) = = 152 ¢ | Sookerating 143 © I 55 c| t8ed oo — — 37 cl. 72d || -135 € | SSTCo Amrail || 39 ¢ TQ) c} 8dr; 27 cl sod, Axpime ieec7eralall) 3 0: °C eiariclaemeren 64d || 173 p pon balisera 4/136" C 48 c} 84d/| 30 c| 88 74 Cl w78d| 22 cl zed i 37 Ich iGRael eae », Deanston...|| 76 c 40 c) 84d|l° 306 ec} s98dili. 43 cl Fadil) 33 cl) | 7d) )aniee aa metre sy aeajghat> Na. 2oe 20 c| 81d] 24 c} of 560 ¢| 73 Bac! 7a eee = 161 oc Sagurnal ...|| 24 ¢ 25 c| 82d \29 cl Marais tcl.” VSdaligae as 4 c| 52d|| 117 ¢ Tarrapore T CoL)| — 59 c| gtd || 66 c a/1¢]| 30 ¢ 83d) 106 c| 73-8 == =— Ail C ) .. Burtoll) — 57.e| tod || 32: °cliuani7 ssa ameins Ocal nere tune amt: = x tell tener Tiphook T Co ...|) — 45 cl} 1/1d || 20 cl). riot ll oa) cKss-82 |) = — -— 155 ¢ | UpperAssamCoN]] 20 c 7c) gdi| 20 c)-1o¢d || go c! 8d); 40 ej e7e — = 246 ¢ Nagaghoolie|| — eT Chhy eH = | 46 cl] 98 — — iS Fate Rungagora 27 ¢ sermon 52 C¢ 113d a el a ceed roa 79 C| ye eeaner || — «| 22 c| isd D5 GC gd tc} 8#d i) —— = = == 49 C West Jalinga ...|| - Bi} 67 c] 88d || 20 c] 1otd || 44 .c| 74d = 10 c| 64d] 141 c Wilton TCo Dji72 115MM 645 c| 84d) 39 cl] 88d|| 44 c} 7d) 15 ¢ 7d |; — —_- 215 p ‘> Wil 49 H 45 « 8d || 29 c| *88d |), 38 ¢| 74d — —- — T61 pl: NEILGHERRY 4 | | 1 | Red Hill Ws j IO | 64d oon ee Ml fy : 4 =o 10 Seaforth ... 27 g#d i} — | — ie, Sah Loe 74d — — 42 p TRAVANCORE | | | Perrintotta «|| 8 cl aed |, — ieee — — 14 c| {74d 8 cl 74d Techs Oba 31 ¢ In these tables all the packages pre half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. t+ Prices marked thus represent the highest offer ih the room, In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. W. Pai kins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Strect, St. Mary Axe. | Supplement MCE VLLON OBSERVER.” COW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. December 14h, 1888. “13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C i QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON { From ist JUNE To Dare. Indian. Ceylon. Java. id 1887. 563,284 packages. 117,803 packages. 19,621 packages. F 1888. 615,961 a" 199,016 5 27,891 A |During the week RN. ae eo Re SR en a4 a Coion| Tom! 38,457 packages have been offered in public auction. i This cuantity although heavier than last week has not been excessive; buyers however con- }inue to oferate with caution, and little disposition is manifested to increase stock at the present “lime of year. ‘ The undermentioned figures showing the Home Consumption during the past eleven months 4 lire instructive. It is also satisfactory to note an increase over last year in the quantity exported fi com Great Britain. Amount of Tea (in Ibs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from 1st January to 30th November. a 1886.05 2 1887. 1888. ad | alii ee Or 8255072 75,806, 330 80,206,956 Ba | Cevlon 32: 5)774,010 9,199,960 17,144,920 a | China, etc. 97,308,041 84,399,143 7 520,424 | 3 Motal Wbs! 164,907,123 169,405,433 172,618, 300 “| aE eS nae 4 Amount EXPORTED from ist January to 30th November. wd | 1886. 1887. 1888. ad | Al, 587, 677 lbs. Bil 7/0), ADB MOS, 351031, 875 Ibs. wl | — oo —- i INDIAN. The steadiness noticeable at the closing sales of last week has been maintained, good +, ljworing kinds occasionally showing an advance, especially in Teas over 1/6. Pekoe Souchongs yi4id Brokens for price continue in strong demand, but low Pekoes with poor liquor are somewhat i;§elected. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— a DUST: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1888. 6d. 1887, (44d. 1886, 64d. By FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) . Cid}; Beda y: 67d. roe BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) a 7ad. ty 7id. Fs 63 seats, | PBK SOU G: (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 5 8d. ». [joa 3 8d aan PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gd. * tod ” gid soe PBI, SOWEs (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) is 7d. > oe ¢ 3 PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, qid. ,, Bad. We Ieiaacee Larger SUNIL OMS have somewhat further depressed the market, and prices generally Medium Pekoes are tally a pane ova; Broken Pe koes uy ‘las Beatinue in request. Cavin Tea asa Gael is now cheaper, oe usa into cones ation, : "t jn it has been for some considerable time, and present prices are likely to cause increased , wegisumption. Quality this week has not been quite equal to that-ot the last few weeks. The ¢ M@Oowing averages may be mentioned :—“ Charley Valley,” 1/94; ‘‘ Hope,” 1/24; ‘* Oodewelle,” 1/14; ; 4 wars Land, ” t/ok. An average of 1o#d. per lb. was obtained. TVA Tea has not been represented. 1,633 packages are advertised for public auction next week. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (inlbs.) FROM 1st JUNE TO 30th NOVEMBER, 1888. feo Lapa J A er ar aa = ag g a a a4 : - i Imports. | DELIVERIES. STOCK 2 Dy > 29 229 c > Ke) +0 eke] xO 20 220 v2) y Y 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887 1557-1558. I88S8-188o9 PBN: vce eteeyers 38,541,378 46,566,360 52,221,129 33,899,250 40,875,204 42,769,320 25,318,560 29,051,046 3315751355 ch PIN Geyalteyeialeirais 3,920,560 6,528,130 11,324,562 4,190,330 6,117,130 11,425,332 1,001,350 2,095, 300 4,522,050 AG) Za RS oe «ole 1,856,330 1,233,820 1,992,690 | 2,119,710 1,653,540 2,173,920 gQ7,.920 639,060 743,500 snl BENGRG: |s.c0s © 104,225,554 81,522,161 69,751,526 | 75,437,205 60,858,699 509,241,859 67,260,019 63,607,886 54,820,623 pes \y e: | = " F. 7 r x 3 - — —_——— = —— \ Porat lbs. 148,550,122 135,950,471 135,290,207 115,646,585 109,504,573 115,010,431 95,145,049 95,995,912 93,662,518 —_ —_ — a — —a _ + ene ee - Pa, \NK RATE. 5 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcauta Peiemidon three months sight a aad. aavraitiurn{ Carrey MUTTON SIS TT ro, a Su. INDIAN. a Pekoe and || Broken and Fannings, Dust | Garden, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total, ¥ : ||Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price, ‘Quantity. Price 4\ Chargolay 75 c¢ gtd | 41 ¢t10td) 60 c) {8d} 15 c| 74d} — —) lie235 7 8&0o\ Hingajeall: 6. € gd? 33 €| iGedi| 37 ¢ 8d || 16 c) 74d] — =o) Hl QA i Singla 105 c| 84d]! 38 cl fod|| 59 c| t74d | 22 cl 7d] 7 cleierdll 280 c gd}. | BITC Dwarbund 26 c| 8£d || 21 c| 104d ||...— -— 24 c| 74d|| 30 c| 62-63) 101 c Sd]. » Maunkotta +24 c| 83d]|| 36 |f1ro#d| 30 ce] 8d go p ; Bongong as 26 ci 84d|| 20 c] 83d]) 26 c) 74d) — — fo — FOV i! Borelligl Go) oe 53 clott/4d]] 24.c] t/44j] 52 cl 8d] 33 cl 8d — = | £02" dj) | Doloo ae 560 cl gdj] 34 c} 1/o8]] 59 c, 8-84 24.c} 7id| — <> |-173 ¢| 9am DoomDoomaC B 126 c| 84-82 || 36 c| 119 — — 36 c) 74d] — | 27OMG |) 2, °-Hlansunai. 7 107 c| 84-84 || 32 c] 114d]} 4o c| 74d | = =) \ \207.\9 | Eastern AssamCo 21 Cl 8eGil Nh melo Grall 2c, 25me|. 72d | 131 p | Endogram 60 c| +72 40 c, t73d]}) — a= — _ 20 c| $d |/142 ¢ Futtickcherrie ... 86 cl gd|| 18°e) rast) 37 e| 78d y — oo — — | 141 ¢ Goorah ne 66 c} 83- Ae CO 9 Fas || a 28) cleared ||) — |) 118 c) 10} GreenwoodTCoB 2g c| i1d|| 27 ¢| t/ro|| 28 c¢ 84d!| 45 cl 74d || — — 99 c », Greenwood) 46 c] 82d || 45 cl. r/2ak i] 51-c) 8d) 34 ¢| 73d || — — |/176 c¢ | Hattigor eel 58 c| 83-9 20 iCiMamoden)) G2 Cie =s 40.¢| 72-72 |] — == Iiweyey fe 5 | Iringmara 38 c) 84d || 24 c} 104 52 cl 7ed]} 27 c] Zid} — i EAL Ce ed | Jetookia ... 78 c| 84-82 || 4o c] gf 30 cj 72d] 50 c} 7-73 |) — — | 198 c| 84dB | Kalabarrie 29 c| g#d]) 17 et rit 20 cl 8d) — _ — — 66 c| g3dB | Kaline se 71 C| g#-g2 || 30 cl 1/5 —- — 57 cl 84d); — —- 158 -¢ | KanyaraPlntation — -- 12 c| gtd} 84 c| 7-74 || — _ — — gO cla | Khobong T Co... 220 c| 72-9 80 c| rot _— — — — — — 300 ‘c| 83 | Kolapani 24 c| 1/oh || 12. ¢).1/22)| 20 cl.....8d-, 13 ¢| 73d — —- d9 ¢ ; | Kondoli TCo ;. + 97 c| 8t- 30: cl areds| 86, ¢l.. 72a 25 cl 7d i TO ee maedaln2be: 4y,Chong Tong gt c] 1/o% || 16 cl] 1/5$]) 20 c] gd ji — 127 cl 1 lee ae Diffloo 38 cl St a -— 61 c| 7t 25 c| 7d|| — — Tio te) Ga | ,, Lettakoojan| 59 cl od) 2o tena: BC) Mepe 16 c}| 74 — 17a am 'Luckimpore T Co} 20°C) titd || 12 cl aie 40 c| 8b T2cle 75. 12 c| 104d |) c6c | Mim T Co ne 25 (C\ LOG iia acl meg 22 c| 8% LOG 7d Oe 8d |}. a5 |Mungledye Co § 50 ch 10d)|\) wi claioaay 28 sel Oech aie 7 mae cs ew ge | Naga Dhoolie ...|| 33 Cl .ofd |) 22ecleaui2 27 Ch. Bde ome) = 77a 3c) 64d]! 131 p | NSTC DamDim| 100 c| 82d|| 80. cl 83 77 cl 73d i. - 3 64d || 330 p| 8:3 », Lulleecherra| 55 cl: t8d'\| 45 cl) rod; 50 cl ta 50 C Gal) = age 255 C ,», Nowrea Nuddy| AG) cl) 7s Ai Of 8S 2:30 C| Nene |” Be) He Gh a ea 64d || 174 p C | ,, Rungamuttee|| 60 c} 8t 25 c| g8d|| 60 c. 8d) 45 cl 73d) — — || 224 c} 8 | Nuxalbarrie pees 28 57 1c gd |; 32 c| 1/12 42, c| 73d eas ies = = T31\c : OS&C Heronchral — | HB || 71 cl 8-84 || 39 cl todl) 67 cl 7d 26 ¢ 73d || 203 ¢ », Dallacherra|) 54 c| Mfod|| 83 c| 73- mu ps, 65 cl 74 = = 33 ch -7edeie 235. c Rajmai || — | Be 32.c] xrd |) 15 cl =n/aei 18 cl. °18diio asc) “8h moe eee 96 t 'RGS Hokungorie 81c 1/|5#a/58)| 152 c| 8-82 65 c| 84d yf ee 68 c) 7-74 a aaa 366 c Rungli Ting || 12 ¢ltgogd 225p 1\/24-1/4}o4 —| — AS OV nye = = — — 265 p Salonah T Co = — |\106c 5)$-1/22 || 45 c} 114d || gi c| 8-84 | 73 ¢| 72-74 || — — 315 Cc Sathgas ... || — | He 30 cl Std || 75’ cl rod wa7ick. 7d |, == == ane} Liddy) i 2aRle scottporeTCo P| 23 ¢| o#d |) 47 c. 84d || 25 cl to4d'l|,-32 ¢ 4 BA 7d | Me|| 1592 C Sonapura =f = ee 34 Cl gid lk Popa 1/o¥ 24 C 73d SOONG Sookerating ..102p t\1/2h-1/\4 1538p 84-9 pa, ies aot ao Is Cc 7Ad | — 278 p| 10% SSTC Holicherra|} — =e] 34 c| 82d om ou 22 zi eal oe == 50 ¢ ,, Goombira... co C\Q8-ma || 1- | 1. | Dukingole 2 113 é ie Jagcherra 46 © 'g-10 Phulcherra 50 ¢ 84d Tarapore LEiCo D — — Tuky att Co -\|76c 1/1\4 1/114 Wilton TCo W) 18 | road / TRAVANCORE isfield = Nagamally - Poonmudi CEYLON. Broken Org. Pek.|/ Pekoe and | Broken | Fannings, Dust, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. ||| and Various, Total, |Average, Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. |Quantity. Price, ) Abbotsford =o5i = 48 ¢ QFd)| 13 cf 104 Irc, 8d — _ = — 72 ¢| oid ll Abbotsleigh ...|| 12 cltrr4d]| 13 ¢| tofd |) — — 25 c| gtd || — = — — 50 c| 10d iM] Adams’ Peak ...|| — = 7i eC) tod ||) 30) ¢) fi/ 1s || 42.6| 292d) — = 3.C| 64d j| 155 c| rod vi Agar’s Land ...||) — = 20°) | irensid 16 1/34 9 rod I tod ||) 1 7d || 47 1/o4 ad ‘Agra oy Peale. Sst 18 rod || 20 |+104 18 Goad — ae 56 p|_ tod WAibiom i) )) ie) — | = uy) Gl jn Nip store) = a 28 ja) sia 4] Allerton AN ie a 5 ¢| goed 5) 94 SCS eee oo || ee me 15 p| ged i AGnunamtalle) ...|| — —_ 27 tod || 18 tidd || 18 géd || — — I c| 74d|| 64 p| 10d ol) Annandale eel] — — — ZO UUs — — | — — — ZO anne al iM )A nnfield ... | — 13/e|) 1 1g c| 1/2d 24 c| totd 3. c| 8d) — ee 59 c| 113d WiBarra... call = 23 Cl OF 16 |{ 105 Zone gd ars 7 © 6-7¢ 66 p| gad “d |2eaumont elie —— — 30 c| tofd || 12 cit 102 — ais 42 c| tod il 13entura eel — = — IO Cc] rod |) — — 3c} 84d) — teal Ig cl o8d WBinoya ... -.-/| — | — Ai Gj atopxcl |) we) sega) Oe) ea 69 pj i1d 10 }ismark ... coal! == — -—— — 35 |trodd || 35 4d || — — — — 70 rod il ovahawatte ...|| 19 1/2i || 16 ¢| 114d 16 104d = 51 pi x/ “Bogawantalawa = = TED aye lll 24. | qiau ere i ade) lhe seis ol th Te 4 7a 72 BP) 9a i Braemore | — 5 Cp aul 5 1/14 2) Oh Ore a | — ~— 13 pj 104 “Wieoad Oak aaa pa 7 Gh tere Wt Ls 8 c| tosd 2c} 74d] p= ane DUETS sof! ill |unyan oe. caolll Ss wees 16 cl {rod 13 c\f 113d 19 o3d etal 05 || ie 48 p| 104 illamden Hill ...| — = 25 c| gtd|} 20 ¢| t0od|) — — = = — as Wseelicar il lastlemilk cool == su 26 c| 104 17 ¢c\f 114 20 c| odd a — — as 63 cl rod ‘id | ]_L&PC Fettereso|| 20 trrdd | 30 cif 103d 35 cl to3 — — | — = 85 p| 104 ini ey.Plns|Dunedin|| \ 24 bj +2/ 102 p|tg2103]| 20 |+ 102 20 | of — —— — = 166 p| 11d lf, Mariawattel] 25 r/oZ || 50 104d — = == -— 75 rid it Vharley Valley ae eee 20 | a/ros Boh | (2/2 ax 3 a/6E) 5 | 1/4 || SS oor i \yprus = aie 24 1od || 29°) 114d 21 gid || ia Gel Wie ey tod ‘I Jalhousie “Gell ioe wee = aus Tale Todi an, 14\) io ae 29 ad i Jambulagalla ...|| 42 |tro4d |) 27 oF 38 |tg4-10]) 64 | 94-10 |) — oo — = 1 ee Od al Jalta ; eff ey |) LA COs daiee 200 unde iiam7ic\) @2da| = — 9 p| 64-82 || 60 p) tod ad stenagalla == a — a 12 t/od || — = = — | SEA eaaaie|: aioe | losbage INU a TC MOGI |i LS.) C|.4 1 — — to c| gid) — — || 41 c| 103d ) SPpragalla soa _— 22 c| tgS¢ 36 c| todd 28 'C| ofd | tei 86 c) 94 ¢ 9 $insinane soolleiys fiid|| 54 j|trogd jj) — — DEE, OFX 56) gid) te — 122 p} ro p “P&ECoLdHope|| — = 15) Cl 12% 13 ¢| 1/54], — — 23 |e 1/03 || te — |} 451 ¢c}] .1/2t c 84, Arapolakande| — ms 23 C| 104d 16 €) 1/o% | a Bon clar: ($9), Kirrimattial| — tea 14 C| ro#d |} 16 ¢| 1/12 )) — | Se ae ei | Sa abukellie; == os 15 C| to#d 1) (Sl aesich |) ao) tell Coal i <= il Bly Sy saute c. § J, Meddecombra}} — ts 45 ¢| 93d 134 ¢ tHr1-114|| 19 c| otd 5 cl 52d| eae) LOR Cl 1 LOG De | Norwood]; — at) 27 ¢|{ 102 BAEC At reff he = 4 cl t7d| Se Miya els, Kol enti ga mie fs Sogama}) 18 c) 1/4 42 C| 102 —— — =| 1X08) se arkore 5) (Hhelina ... — 24 C| 102 TAC NL /Os sacle Tod 2¢| 7id| we 7d || 71 p| 104d ;¢ §F[nlands all — ey QZOTe HN) siaral ff totuehs yp me reiecaly, — r.c| oid] Me ch 82d {| 40 c} r0ld 2¢ §Glella — — 24 | 108d |) — ae = _ = — = 2 rod jt “Ginalla ... al = TOME MGS anes! Cl }rodil* 14) Cl kot 3 cl 73-8 | Me cle Gad || 55 c| ‘94d .¢ WGin Alpin cas ee 61 |rod113|| 23 TH) Tage 37 todd |; 2 gd 6 7d ! 129 rid 5p Gp nta fhe Bello, — 2PNcepntd)|| \2ene| nits ||) 28 °c\\ rod) |), = — — = 73 c| 114d 6c ‘Gjnugie Sells = 37 C) 1/1t ||, 29 t/9 || — | — =. || 66 p| 1/34 yotapiss Rock ...)) 22 |}11rdd 25 ¢| gid |i = ] 12 €| gid} 10 74d || = ast 69 p! gd -<¢ ‘Ghakelle cel Gall 19 tozd || 18 rf |) — i SS 37 rid 2) Gimera oye |} 14 ¢) r/1d}) 18 ¢} rosd ie a — | — 32 c| 113d D ie; rookelle Kael ee pees 29 ro2d | 41 fle aia gee gid) — | — = eo | 124 | 10hd c WKomthie ... oe — Go cj} rogd || 34 1/44 || tee 6 7d |) too p} 114d (¢ Wdieranoya ...|| 12 c| tr/o8 12 €; todd 6c) ti4d}| 13 ¢| ‘r0od}) — | — 7 ¢ 8-83 50 c| ro%d pi tid @tane... soul) = — 18 ¢| 311d j| 24 c| 114d || 18 c|. o8d 1 c| 64d 51 c¢; ro4d WO Mdenhuish, & Lip 2 | 38 to 20 |{ro8d |i 5 told || — - 3 > 63 102d Mile... welf = — — jl29 © t11-+1/ || 31 ¢| 98-10 |] — — om 60 ¢} tofd dnerleigh os 37 tofd || 14 gid) — ee a 5 | 64-8 56 Tod r»odde 23 c| t1/2° 44 p tjr$1/14]} — ule ag Gl etkd. |. — el Ty T14 p) 1 side — 39 tod} 55 | az4d |} gq | 9-94 || — | aa |. 193 10d noocotua ee ene 22 Gemord:|) 35° |frrkd ih ar cl. g#d || satel 7d + € 74} 84 p| rotd asgeria — — iQ) Ch roed:|| Sr c) r6¥d)|| 16 c| “i94d 2c| 8d +c 63-7 | 58 ¢ 10d jl@ olpittia — — 75 pittosi1|| 33 1o#d || 74 p| 9¢-92 || — : ) 6$d | 191 p| tod hoe | oe — 37 c| 104d] 37 |tro8d i) 14 c} gtd) — 3 744; 91 p|_ rod ingama_—...||_ — ae 25 Ted, |G lapsed |) tagelbetoudims— | + — a 68" p! rok ee. " th Sb i He oe MSS. a S| Sxsc cy MPCMeMS SIS Te us. 4 ful. CEYLON.—Continued, cs aa ess Broken 0 Pekoe and : Broken Pannings, Dust’ Garden. or Flo vewP ; Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various, || Total, | Average Quanti y. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Kandal-Oya _...//| — 42 11d || 29 1/14 || 99 c| 9+ — — — —_ 170 104d Kataboola weeff 14 cjtro%d || 19 c] f1/og]] 20 c] 9# — — — — 530) aa Katooloya wes] — 16 c| rodd || 20 c} arid|} 30 c} odd] — — — — 66 c| rod} Kellie ~... so5l|l A 22 = a= — — 32 c| gd 6c)! od 6c] gfd|| 66 pi 1d Kirkoswald shale 2G) 24 | t1/oe || — —— — — 36 c| todd || — — 79 p| 114d Kotiyagalla,” 2.) == 65 |t1odd || 4% 1/34 || — — — — — —- || 106 1/079 | Leangapella ...||_ 22 17 c| to# == 3 a5 ain ae iz Ta — .|| 39 Pp]. tod Lebanon M & Li — 41 c}| g3d|| 20 ¢| tod]|} 22 c} gdj| — se oa ae 83 cl 93di | Loonagalla wool oe 43 iO — = 22 gtd |} — — _- 65 1ozdy Mahacoodagalla = i) | ase 14. .¢| Py/ges| 12 cl) motd = = ie 42 C| 1/0% Matha OB bina <5, 31 clrod-1/ |] 14 c/fr1gd || — == a = aa = 45 c) 114di Mahanilu Saal 20) 17 c| Io 24 Tae! 52 rod || — — 5 cl 97d ||. 118 pl) 104d | Mayfield... hall See 25 |p ras 28 | 1/34 ]} 11 c} rid — — 3 ci 84d|| 67 pl t/o% Minna ue 25 ee 29 t/ot || 37 g2d || 13 8d |} — — 104 rotdg Morar... wale a — A) | “rit 39 clt1odd |} — — — — 64 p| 103df Mottingham’ .../|}_ _— 16 c| todd 14 cl/f1o$d. || 20 c] fod |} — a 6 c| 5-74 56 c| gidf Narangalla | 18 | 114d || 18 1/34 || 22 tod 2 84d 7 73. 67 | 113d Nartakande .../|_ — 56 94 24 11d || — — -—— — 3 4d || 83 g2d Nayabedde veef] 38 |tid 21 1/34 || — = = — = = 59 1/0 | Newton seal rr c} 11d 23 1/1 17 c| 9 — — 8 74d || 69 p}) 11dq Oliphant Heal hie 7 Ch Osean moGu||. \21 'e gd || — = I 62d || 51 p| gitdi Oodewelle || — i BAN Cha 24) 2 32 1/34 || 18 c} 102 — — — — 64 p| 1/1gg Oolanakande ...| — |= 16 oneal I — — a I 7a ee ee Tf, 92q) OBEC Darawella|| — | a 137¢ t/1041/1||28c 1/2}$-1/32 || 101 c| 92-10 7 c| 74-72 6 c| 84d || 279 c| 11dg§ i Havilland} — |F— ay Wail 32 1/34 || 50 tod || — _ — — || 119 1/ @ Kuda-Oyal]) — -— TONG POL 15 c| t/opl) 50 ¢| os — a= 9g c| 62-83 || 93 c 37 Sinnapittial — | BBncli mos 23 lNiguig 20 elon a a a: rae 89 ¢ II Ovoca .-|| — | 14 ¢| 114 = — 18 gid |} — pop a a 52x} 29 Pambagama_ ...||_ — - 55 Cl of Bu Tidy -18 cl oF a aig TO ¢| 74-83 || I14 p is | = = 44 Cc) 92 21 |tro8d 18 c| gtd — = 10 8id 93 P | Panmure |) —- | za 8 | 108 nce! | ap 2) 16 gtd |} — ~— — — 35 | Park | — |i 11 p| 84 8 c| 8d || — ae = = = a Ig p | Penrhos a 20 103 4 1i¢d 19 tod == = — 53 103 Pen-y-lan | — 38 c}| 104d |] 36 c| rod 12 ¢l-= nod |) (—= — 2cl| 63d/| 88 c} Io Pine Hill Bee . 19 ole ees sua 19. | aod — — — 38 | Pitiagama | ie — 25 ceca lmnne ri¢d |} —.| — — — — — 38 | Rangbodde ---[] IT cl gg 12 e\7 00s =e = ms TO) wal ||) — — — 38 Cc | Rangwell veel] = 8 p| rod || 12 (\ smo! rep). odtliie== — — — 39 P| 93 | Riverside ee oe = 21 +92 18 -|tr104 — —_ — 39 fo) Rookwood ..|| 40 |filiiekd || 60 11d By t/o#|| 39° tod || — — 4c} 82d]| 180 p I | Scarborough |) = = 43 c\104103 atc }r1/lo}-1/2 23 C| OF 3 cl 84d) — — go) cl ! Summerville vf] — ois 49 c| 102 20 c| 1/3 Zuc| Oe wee ee = — 94 c| itt | Tillyrie i = 24 c| 104d 21 c}] 113 15'¢| o§d oo — == “== 60 c| 10mm | Uva ee ||. = 42 104d aril eh 74 p| gad mee eats 44p gd 160 p| gf hi | Wallaha | oe 36 cl1od103/ 29 c| 1/ 20 c| gtd — — — Sse 85 C| 10% . Waverley pall) ae ee. 23 c| 113d aI 1/34 ee a sail wc, aes = 44 p| If e ) Wellekelle ei ae = || 27 I tid 5 1/2 eta, aes Aiea iets, 3 7d 35 ii Rit Westhall ‘col + 43 c| trod|| 36 c] 114d]| 48 c] gd || — — — — 12 7ac\ ae p West Holyrood... - Ey 19 to3d 19 t ro4d sae =e ahe ca see = 38 10 Py, Wewelmadde ..|| —— pS 65 9-9 As gh-11 cS jee ay eee, = 11O of | Wiltshire if — i) = 18 todd || 20 tod || — — = = 38 c( 4 | Woodstock | ae — gt | 16 11d 37 p| t/os]] 56 tod it © 8d 2 64d || 112 p) Tage | Yuillefield ..|| 36 cl Mmm || “70 cl Yrod)|| »— Le arene) « Geaali = — — -- — 117 cl We AY 7 a = Sr In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marke thus represent the highest offerin'the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. W Parwins, Printel & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, pplement to Y TOW. WILSON qe ‘STANTON'S “INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA THA REPORT. December 2ist, 1888. ae 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E,C QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JuNE to Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887. 589,092 packages. 122,700 packages, 19,621 packages. 1888. 038) 045 96 204,336 “9 29,524 During the week iva Moree A PAU eT he | | 22,084 packages INDIAN \ | 4,720 i Creyton- Total 28,437 packages have been offered in public. auction. BOGS), | JAVA dt The offerings, which were not excessive, have sufficed for immediate necessities of the trade ‘] With yesterdays auctions the market Biosed for Christmas. Last week we gave the figures for ‘)} Home Consumption and Export from rst January to date. The following table gives finale figures ‘ for the present season. i Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from ist June to 30th November. id] 1886000 | 1887. 1888. i iicichiana) et) 33;899,250 40,875,204 42,709,320 4 Ceylon: aa. 4,190,330 OL LZ XO 11,45, 332 if | China, etc. Au es 887 46,259,207 40, 05141 120 MNovalglibsan. @2,200 407 93,251,001 04, Sas,7 778 1/1) (aE ae a ee ay Amount EXPORTED from ist June to 30th November. ri 1886. 1887. 1888. " | 25,389, DGD Movs. 18 375,974 lbs. 21 908,92 + Ibs. my Stocks of Tea at the end of November compared more favour: ably with previous years than : vould appear from the figures given at foot, for the following reasons :— "4 In 1886 about 4,700,000 lbs. had arrived which were not paolededi in Stock, About 4,250,000 lbs. of this quantity being Indian and Ceylon. ae | In 1887 about 4,000,000 lbs. had arrived which were not included in Stock, about 2,800,000 lbs. being Indian and Ceylon. 10% In 1888 everything was included in the Stock. : INDIAN. The better disposition to buy Teas for price which was noticeable last week, still “Vontinues. The supply of good liquoring Teas over 1/6 is small, and fine Teas generally are wanted iis an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— ee DUS: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) ‘i 1888. 6fd. 1887me4rd. 1886, 54d. a FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) a 61d. » mead. ne 6a. ; ; BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) | ” Tox v ” 74d. Be 63d. 14 IPB IK SONOKE (Bkackish greyish, singel liquor) 3. - 8d EEO 55 8id a i ley CON a (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) 3 od » Memo o3d } i Pili. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) ia 7td. ,, Byed. il PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 72d... BBs me © VEX YDLON,. Quotations are again lower, and buyers would only take the/small offerings at prices ») 9 Jhich show a further reduction. The decline, which until this week had been most pronounced in | Jekoes and Broken Pekoes, has now become very prominent in Pekoe Southongs, this class having \! |tterly sold at relatively better prices than the higher grades. Although several Estates with poor -, | Mality have been represented in the auctions, the average quality continuesto be about maintained. 3 | Ixceptional value is now obtainable in Broken Pekoes, which are now ely cheaper than 0 |4Ndian Tea. 39 packages from the ‘‘ Portswood”’ Estate realized an average of 1/53. } #1 average of 10d. per |b. was obtained. 0p) ycOGAVA. The 1,633 packages were nearly all sold, with good competition. the Simasar’’ Estate __ Ws represented by an invoice possessing excellent qui lity’. An average of 7$d. per Ib. was obtained. + scitathel MOVEMENTS OF TEA (inlbs.) FROM ist JUNE TO 30th NOVEMBER, 1888. FICES - . = = < vig welatl IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STock oo 22 2g 2Q eked woe i 2 ze =| 1886-1887. 1857-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1986-1557. 1S$$7-1S88 1888-188 ¥ / BSN el hevcliei in! « 38,541,378 46,566,360 52,221,129 33,599,250 40,575,204 12,769,320 . S60 29,051,046 Sriceain TRON! Se. cvcieini's « | 3,926,560 6,525,130 11,324,862 4,190,330 6,117,130 11,425,332 1.601.380 2,698,200 1,522,050 ia Sib cai 1,556,330 1,233,520 1,992,690 2,119,710 1,053,540 2,173,920 7 S20 638,680 12.80 VAWERG ghee ay. T04,2253854 81,522,161 69,751,526 13 : 755437295 60,858,699 59,241,850 O7.2.O8G = G3,007,550 54,520,6 ets: } Torar Ibs. 148,550,122 135,850,471 135,290,207 115,046,585 109,504,573 115,010,431 05,1), 089 95,995,912 93,062, So ee ANK RATE. 5 per ‘cent. —_-—_——- a ee EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London thre months sight ts. asd. INDIAN. homarat: Broken Org, Péite Pokoe and Broken and Fannings, Dust |, Garden. or Flowery Pek Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. |Average | | Quantity. | Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price, ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.) Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. Price | Alyne ae oie 26) ci 84 66 ORGH AL Cy 7a lee — = ae 260 p 8d : Assam Co Ri — 1O6c 1\1-1/13 || 40 Ayes | — 135 C| 73-8 — — || 281 p| ii¢d ? Awon Grove Shek — Ig c gid 56 1/o4 Ii c 8d = — — — 86 Pp 103d | Bamgaou Pelee 49 c| 84-94 || 18 c| 11¢d]/ 13 ¢| Zed ||) — — a — 80 c| gtd | Z\. Eraligool||) — Gr Cl) 8-82 16 c| od|| 28 c| 74d} — at — = 95 c| 8d |Z BkoONS |) Magurall g12' ¢ Bi socl 8di| 30 cl 48id 31 c| Fhd || 15 ef. ad 4c| 6d]/ 142 c] . 84d » Mookhamli4rc 11/3-1/B} 113 c| 83d} 51 c| go#d|| 75 c| 73d || 13 € ad 3 cl 64d || 296 c} g#d Baal asc) ea dl LL lietiog: ele tged | Chubwa ANC OL ea AF NC 185 c| 82d] 141 c\ 7$-72 || 32 c| 7d 2 IC | gia 8 cl 53d] 425 c| 84d | Craigpark wel Agec| 8édi||-40)c ya) L8)/C| a 2G, Ld = de ae Om. | Darjeeling Co Gi) — 43 Cl 10+ 32 t/2ati| 49 c, 82 25 aida a 149 p| tod aeons, Tukdah|) — mm, 49 C| «ook 30 1 Meaeal > —_ 22C\ (ead eae a 107 P| of |Debrooghur ....||_ — my. 50 Cc} 8h 58 c\t 103 AALS 8x! ||| == ae a a 158 cl “ied | Dhajea sail = a 54 cl «8h 72 td || 16 c] wad} — ae 8c 8d) 150 p) 84d |DooarsT Co. Bil 16 c 1 [i E73 C| 72 g2 c) 8h 245 cl) Ftd, — peat a. = 526 c| 73 eee Ghatial| — 57 c} 8h — — || 105 c| vid |} — mat 8 leno. Gly yom Hes Indong} 45 | 1/gmi] 93 ¢| 8d], 53 c| to8d|| 82 ¢) wad] — | — || 27 cl 53-781] 300p|_ od ieee Tondoo| — _- 44 cl 82 37 €| jae) 128 cl 73d) — Mas, 31 c| 8d] 240 c) ot | Doolahat eel} a 33.¢| =f 18 c) r/tdj 27 ¢) 8d} 16 ¢) 78d || — = 94 Cc) o4d | Dooteriah ‘s/o a 93 C] 1/44 |] 36 c| 2/ 24 C) t/os |] — — = aa 153 Cl 1/58 | Dulcherra | = 39-C| ot 25 ¢| afoz]| 28 c) 8d]|i 24 cl yay) — Bae ea ips oa petaey |Ellenbarrie ...||_ 66 1ffo|} 76 ¢| of = — 49 8d || — ae = Se Gl) LOO Mean | Gajilidoubah ...||_ ~— a 28 c| 8t 32 c| r1¢d || 20 C) vid} — gos 80°C} gt | Geetingy | 18 | +18 20 C| o8 — — Ee 8d == wae 14 c| 7d 66 p| gt Hapjan |e a 21 Cc) 83dj| 20 C| to# 25 € 8dj) 22°¢) 43d — =e 88 c) 84d , Hattigor ale 22O 1ftr || 149 © od 20) C| sq?) 55 C| 74-73 || 66 ¢| 7-74 ees ale 310 p| 83 Hunwal T Co. ...!| 20 13 a7 Cl. 8S 82 c| 84d || 59 ¢| 72d || 94 C) a 42 sea BO gO eats; | Ind. T CoCachar) — ss 34 C] 108d 23 Cl) 1/11$|| 40 C| 88d || 73 ¢| 74-82) — — 170 Cc) 104d [ringmara yeh Se - 35 C| Bid || 22.cl nodMe149°€| 73d’) 25=c) ~ Fadil) = ca, Wee Jetookia ... ea = 80 c| 8%d 35 C| gtd 30 €) | 78 55 C) 7-74 Basie == 200 € | Jinglam T Co ...|| 17 c| 1/ag 23 ¢ 10d 25 rod || 23 ¢ 8d], — ws an pe 88 p |JorehautCo Oj}; — = 30 C| od! 12 c) ofd)|) 12.) 8d! 18 cl) gad || == — 72 € 9 Rungajan| — | — 36 c} trotd || — a 306 c} 84d || 60 Cl yi ye] — = 13256 » sycotta...| — |) -@ 54 cl] trrd || 12 ¢} 1/3¢ |. 40 Cl) 82d || 48 ¢ 7h-73 | — — 162 ¢ Joyhing of] o— i aa 50 C| od 31 c} 1/43 5A C\ \oddi\| 30 c ad = — 165 c Kettela ... || — | i 56 ¢} to#d | -- — 33] 84d || 18 ¢} 7Ad |) — a 107 C me Diffloo| — 2 40 c| 84d 23 c| «1d 50 Co} 74d || 54°C) 7.74 we 167 C 7/™ Hatticoolie| — | = 62 c gAd 24 c| 114d Some 7S Cele sa 16 c}) 74d] 155 ¢ 7. Jalingah 2} 116 c) 8-84 |46c 18/4 41/14) 24°C] 74d)| 20 ¢| 74d) — — || 206\¢ ip Kurseong | £ 51 c) 10}d 35 1/24 ae oss a ee pes ue 86 p », Lattakoojan = } 84 c¢ 9-94 37 C| 114d || 114 C) 74-8 11 c) 74d 17 c| 74d |; 263 ¢ ‘, Lebong | | = 47 c| 114d || 18 cl} 1/1] 43 C¢ 8dj} 15 ¢ vdi| — —— | iam , Moondakotee| - —Wyr00c 1)/5-1/54)) 14 c) 1/64 |) — A = aaa i Itq ¢|. Nagri|| — —H 57 c| 1/38) — — 33 © od a c| i Salgungah| — | SP] 150 cit72-84 75 clto-to4|| 24 c| 74d | c Shabazpore | | oa { 25c 48d} 15 c] Jo¥d || 12 ¢/ 74d | c Longai ... 5 e277 ghd} 30 c¢ 8d 26 c) 74d 25 ¢ 4d p Lushkerpore ...| — c= 1} 982 c 8d 28.¢) rod | — — | c Meleng .. “Pe — | B11" 45 cl 94d 25 c| gd4d 65 c aad | c Moabund TCo.,..| — | B-| ||| 7§ clo#1/o#] 35 ¢} 1/5 38 ¢ 8d ¢ Muddanpore.../| — | B— (|) 35 ¢ 84d | 40 cl} t/1t || 35 c| 78d c Mungledye Co Gi — : I. 51 cl ofd L3ner {rod 17 c| Wad Cc} Si 15 c] (4/12 40 cl ghd | 16 c t8ad alt Bids: 4 Fe FF oe eh tee j ND IA N. --Continued. 4 | | Broken and '|Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and | | | Fannings, Dust |) Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, || Souchong, and Various. | Total, | Average. 4 Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. | Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. Price /|Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. Price : \Naga Dhoolie to. | 1/114 || 87 cl] oft 32 c| tosd || 44 Gl cl | Zo cl Fic 2 c| 6td|| 204 p| odd _ |Naharanee -— — ZBClaiion 22 c| t84d = = = 45 c| 8d Nahor Rani — — 17 Clin || 1 Ancien Sa ||. LO Cc) 8edil|) 20,.c 8d || — — 7oO.c| 114d ; |Nono1 Pelle Ay Cl 1/8 156 c| 84-84 || 33 ¢ gd || 87 c| 74d ||) — == A= = 290 c| 82 ‘| YSTC DamDimij59 c 8)3-1/24 || 129 c| 8-84 63 c| 184 II5 c| 74-74 || 60 Cc 7d || — — 426 c| 84d F i Jatflong|| 108 c| 84-1/ 520 Clea Cull eon ee 62 c| 74-74 || 64 c) 7-7¢ |) = -— 308 ¢ 8d fl by Lallakhal||50 c t1jo-2/44 || 54 ¢ gd || 20 c| 114d 14 c] 84+ 34 c| 72-84 || = — 172 Cc). 104 | He . Nakhatil53ctod-t1/22 || 48 c] 84d] 27 c] od] 25 ¢ 8d || 38 ¢ 8d || BS 6d || 195 p|_ gd 1 ,,Nowrea Nuddy|| 53 c/8t{11 AS | GEC ZO Cl) ters AG Cl GAGES Sie 7a.|| BA 6d || 180 p 8d , [uxalbarrie .. |) — 45 c| 9d} 26 c\tr11r4d || 62 cc) 73d) — — | = —— 1388 gd ia S&C Heronchraj|| — — 64 e| $8d|| 34 cl] t83d || 27 c| 7$d\) — — | = = T25C 8d “||, Narencherra] — = 50 c| 82-84 || 38 cl g8d|| 63 c| 74d | @2c| 8d 173 c| 8% 4 /janbarry peal tare} wi i 48 c| gsd | 52 ¢ frodd || 34 c| 74% toc} 74d) = — || 157 p| 10d ‘l thoenix IT Co Ay — — Lp C\ Srealiily 22 Gl’ soos 35 Cl Geel — — -- 97 c| 84 «| utharjhora 13 ¢| t/oz|| go c| 84-82 | 23 c| 114d || — _- 124 c| 74-72 |) = — 250 c| 8t | GS Hilika — == 180 c] 8-81 33 c| 183 8rcl 74 43 cl 7d|| = — || 337 c| 72 i Pes apathoney 62 c| 1/62 |] 235 Cc} 84-84 || 56 c| 84-82 || 82 c Fai 53 ec) 7d) Borcl 62d) 527 c\ ord Hl rojanleil pM age = == 2) G\ eee) = TONG ne =f Sy - — | 48 cl 8t aa 2okenee wef] — Bare 824) | ae plg-105 |) 50. cl) ad ||. 153, ¢| Czd || Be = 210 p 8d a Horpore Commas 24 7c) otd | 34 cl 8id\\ 26 cl 92d || 31 c| gd) 23 cl . 7d] Ee — || 138 c| 8 a [aes mes) 22 cl, ro2 23 c| 84d|| 24 c 64d|| — | | = — 69 ¢ od ti jalkotee 156 1//32-2/1]]) — | == i, ayn Ce) ee 15 cl 73d| = — || 105 p| 1/03 u | ¥lim T Co Bi — == 35 ¢| 8éd || 29 c|. 104 32 c| 74d|) — | - — | g6c) 838 1 GPCo Amrail SACRO Secor StdulieerOvel™ std) m8 ci 7d ||" 20 °c) gid | Ee — || 104 p| gt i t Deanston|) 123 cig 11/5) 120 c| 82d) (34 c| ‘10d || 100 c| 73-8 ASC| end — cap AAG Ie od Pe Goombira|i45 ¢ 9/2-1/42 || 80 c| 83-84 || 23 ¢c od 40 € 72d | 42 ¢| 7Ad 1 | 230 © od ey te Rajghat||156c gj {1/53|) 61-c| 84d)| 74 c| 82d || tog c| 73-8 51 ci gad) 6d || 468 c od al |, Sagurnall) 44 clrrt1/4) 26 c| 83d 33 ch 73d || 18 c| 972d | = — || tat cl 98d | oid dihet T Co ZOMG |utea|| 38) Clay edi Aone (8+ 29 c| 7d | | Pec 7d) tar c} BF a | ! yhook T Co — — 49 ¢| 11¢d}| 20 c| 1/72 || 91 cl 74-82 || 10 c| 83d] = — || 170 c} 102 1% ‘Poling a _ — = ae ee 54 c| 74d | | Meecl odii-72 cl 8d oH iperAssamCo B\|77p_ 1/|/8-2/44 || — == —- — 45 cl od| — | — | = = Hl Sie fo) 30 ee ae |. Maijan|| 72 WiOz|) 124 ec\ red.) -— - || oe Se QO pie u/s H ,Naga Ghoolie|| 217 pjr/7-2/1/) 47 c| 93 84 ¢ 93-93 | AA | SEeCle|| S| | e390 Sy U/32 4 | | eae | eae y YY | ILGHERRY | | p Gaiforth’... call eee = TANG ATO) lise = if ee = 4) T3056) at0d rod 3 | | | | | | es : TVAVANCORE | | | | | 1 A ue jail hy ee = — = Siac anid 9 C 7d | II P 62d | jac 64d | 32 P| 63d il : 7 = = a = ea — cg co -( al Hee JAVA. Pie 6? rit Garden ||Fine & Flowry Pek, | Medium Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, = Cotg, Bro. & Dnst.|| Total, | Average, 26 Quantity, | Price. Quantity, | Price. | Quantity. | Price, Quantity, | Price. | Quantity. Price. Quantity Price. |'Quantity.| Price. : al 36, od) — | — | 325 vid] 22c) 6) E [— 7] Sop ad | 73. 1c 10d | 31 C| 88d || 57 c| gtd]|| 52 c| 8-8} B6c 7d) 229 c| gd — —- | 8 C) 64d | 30 c| 63d]| 30 c¢ 61d | 4S cl 4¥-52 |) 116 c 6d 20 ¢| 74d 17 c| 63d j| 27 cl 64d]| 32 c 6d); B2%c)!"* Skaters 64d Goc) gd Goxc) 7-74 || 80'c] 7-74 — -| oa = |.200.c) 7d | 32 c| 174d || 29 bd). 7dj) 19 c} 64d 18 ¢ 6d | — 98 p, 68d B5 cl 7e-7k |) 8c] 7d} 45 cl 64d] 27 cl Oli) 126) Sad ar8p) 7A 144 piot- to] 24 c| t64d | 166 c| 73-74 myc} 6idi| - — 405 p|. 74d 23, C| g#d ij 28 c| - 6d| 52 c| 64d Sc 5¢d $i sedi rr5 cc) 7d 25 Cl 8d ro c| 73d ieee — -- ' — 35 ¢| Kc i | { tg) 2 ) CEYLON. Pekoe and | Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchoneg, and Souchong, and Various. || Total, Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. | Aadnevon Tac S3dn ze gid || — — — — — — 33 p | Aberfoyle 38 g2d 6 | ri3d]) — ~- — — — — || 44 | Avisawella 10 TOs jain nod 26 41) gd |e — — — | 4 | Beverley... 20 tod || — — 14 83d — 34 | Bismark ... — == 16.c} to¢d || 21 ¢ gd || — — —~ fire 1.39 © | Bogahawatte 20 c| «11d jj — — 23 todd | — | — — | — | 64p | Bowhill ... atc} 83d 18 od I 84 4 p| 84d 5 p| 64-634 || 49 p | Bunyan ... soa 16 c] tod/|| 19- \fuezd ||: 12 cl] ofd’|| ‘rgmc) 8d) aapcieed sons | Cey.Plns Mwatte|l 4o 36 cl gd] — aa 94 p| 82-t9 || — — 22 7d | 192 p », Dewalakandal| — 47 c| gtd || 23 cl rofd |} 27 c| ‘83d | a — || 97 € y Dunedin|| — 141 pjg¢1/o8l47p 11}et1/od]| 26 gid || 214 p | Delpotonoya~ .../| 60 : — 40 tod || — — — — | 100 p | Dolosbage WF] — 49 c} gtd || 42 c) a1rd|| — — 25 ¢| 83d 2c} 64d || 118 ¢ _Doteloya el] 47 | 11dd |} 54 | rogd+| 22 | ro¢d || —— | — 2.c| 64d /| 125 p EP&ECVelaiOyall 32 54 ce} 108d || — — 25 c} odd |} — — — — 1iT-¢ | Elkadua ... veel] = — 27: (Gl matpelel| *.5 A: (Cliaiore. — — Be ae Whee Elston — 35 ¢| 1otd'| 16) cla 40 c] g3d }-— |} 93 ¢ | Ernan | 197 to#d |} 21 Teme 2 gtd — |) 50 merrill: ue. ALLA) -- — | = -— 37 | 94-94 ]| 10 84d |} 6 | 64d|) 83 p | Florence Al eee 76 ©| zoel 18 1/1 a — — — — 34 p Frotoft ea 19 tod i r/ 41 TOT eee — = 67 Glenugie = 48 c] r/o$|| 38 1/74 || — - — -— bie | Ok a kom Hillside — gd jj 11 todd || 49 gd |) — — — | 66 Hunugalla == 66 tod || 26 t/oz || — — _- — — 92 | Indurana = ONC) >) Ted ee 11¢d || 31 c| od Z 7id || 83 p _ Invery ne, AoE Mscitelil|) 22 1/2$ || “16 °c] | o¥d || )— — 64 p | Maria at 30 bit todd — = — = 30 b} to3d ose) 8 60 b | Mattakelly a 53. Cl. rodhil 7 7omms ita 7 ¢| osd 4 c| 62d} 134 p | Meanagalla mes 19 €| red) 2Oueh masta — == 13 c| odd BiG) ogee SQ c Moray wef {4 Cl] 112 29 cj 1/3+]| 26 c] 104d) — fs 82d || 104 p! Nartakande UN pee 56 gtd || 24 roid — = Gee So Oliphant ee 20 C| géd ii 19 node 26 ely ods == =. — — 65 Pp) 9 | Ovoca Wye 18| cl v/ot4| 1ayclaeum 12 cl) 93d! take etd) — 55 Cle |Pambagama_...||_ — 37 -C| ghd || 21 liz TO cased —- 4 cl gédi/°72 pl 9 Pansalatenne .../| — |i 74. g4d || 21 1/14] — a — == — — Ogee | 1 es Poengalla mate - 30 Clg$-tio]] 19 cjrr}1/r\) — pel put a oat os 4g%e) Portswood as = Gf 1/7e || 13) ey ate 19 1/1 a as cig re | 39 1/ Rookwood — — 33 tod || 35 TG! | 2 gid || — — gp) 84d] 108 pl g | St. Andrews — — 31 |tot-g3|| 21 ti¢d || — i — | 52 Ic Sunnycrcft pie) ae 47 Cl{84-83|| 30 pitg-93|| 43 c| 84-88 ||; — gun 2a 120 p C Tillyrie well — 27 C| o#d || 25 ciiokds| 27 c) odie — — 12 c| 63d|| 91 c| ogy Troy Se ogee mm 30 cl od) 12 cli1os — — — —- — a 42 Cl] Ogml » Tunisgalla oll ae Met || 27 102d || — = 22 Peo |||) <= Pi Tas ad ee H if Wattakelly al ee = || 30 cl} rotd 30 «| 1/12 = — eu — == = 60 p) 11am | Yatideria ha — | 8 gd 14 c| otd Shs = wes, ale} = == 22 p) ogml Ms | Ythanside ..|| 30 cl] Pate || 23 cl rod|| 29 cltrotd || — — — — 2 64d |} 84 pl 1m > | ]. In these tables all the packages a . half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marke FS thus represent the highest offerin the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weig to one chest. gi GOW, WILSON & STANTON, = = ¥W “fT ; | Brokers. ap fi W, Pau KINS, Printer KiStatlonar, t & 2, Pury Street, St. Mary Axe, ee eee | ] Sw aoe we es | Ss x se S S) =) AV | es Wel 1D a) 12 : | o oy acs ML val xk 10) Ne) ie | EI Ss = 3 Des ement to “CEYLON OBSERVER." 3 29 sas =H =i = G > = Se) = . t 2) 2 > = © ) S) a S ice) D cel b y O A an) ae) of) a A oD. oo oS ; = Slee Sg ee 28th, 1888. = 2 2 an ap) Ap) — - eo. SS sae) ok Ef SS eh ee oss 379 ¢ 13, R a) St Wece tl e Bae ! Sop em aS ae Sse a | ax i 4 QUANTITY 3, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E,C oO Colmer as nie = S oN as eS nl in (0) Yer) oS Le 4 ic Spe es te So adam aaa BROUGHT TO, AUCTIONS Tay oS a SS aS 5 5 S > 1d) ~— Ap a | Sc R Se eee ee = pea wenee Fro 1st June ro Date = a = : z =I io = = ot i = = } : : S So S GN aX : Ee Se Spas, Ss =) es. See S| eg Engen, Ceylon, Java ay ee os ae ee Naas.” oy Se) Se 5 = GH = a | at) Ae 1887. 589,092 packages , 2 Bs E a | 4 | o) ,092 packages. 122,700 packag 3 ioe. eS EL Ge Gl eon, ACN pe epee oie a) to) Sez »700 packages. 9,621 packages = = © =e ae i =) @ ol e9) S oO S 2 1a |} r T8838. 628,04 Ses. on on S © wo) Ne) ca 39,045 ” 20. 6 i =i 2 hs ans me “ oS ie) To) Oa 33 us 29,524, ” ee ETS co <= = ij > a ip D XS) a ia) ro) So 4 ial ical | —7 | Hi es — r=) oO fos =H ma el nas) el es om. ng > D ns 1 aN = = en) = = = D The marke Bes 2 s—) gS Ses eee ts em ee t has remained closed since our last report, and wil : eS (eR <5) = i D ss ea | OX’ port, and will not re-open until Mond > a = Coy oy ey eh 1 wi iS With this ciieewall onday next. = sa ee 2 ne g i s ar we print a table, showing the Imports and Deliveries of - = = =) = =) S iS) G io i c e€liveries 0 1 - i es = Ss Si a % 2 2 s a oa SS a uring each month of the past few years, with the Stocl | Indian and Ceylon Tea : m= Se = = 1 oy > 5 ae wD eo SH . Ss ‘ ’ ocks at the end of < ae oO L e= =e may AAO Paice 2 ) uf a i the pid, nd of each n . sad = Se) co ices vee Se Sa eS ico eS) ora) & e China figures for the total seaso nonth ; and giving also ag 2 —~ o3 e) a So — SI mS Se & mo inal fs) <= = - ns. a = Ss a = XN aa) ee fa} ca o = : = - ee ; | ss a = ba: = eels © Since the ist June the Home C : és > | ) S S = = = Sy G e Comsumptio f a 0G : ae SI eo See = DH =] = = = S S = s =a 2 ilar ts ption of Tea in Great Britain has consis a names oe. } eae 2s = Smee fs STS | ving proportions :— as consisted of the eet Se Se SS Oe an eal S So) 6 = a fe) t Wo) = a : 4 a) = | 15 = Dw ge DQ = go S 2 er) = 1D — = H INDIAN. CEYLON. Cran & is 2 =H No} Me) i ~ | fet Perv cent. Pepe rom HINA, ETC. | = x oa a fi = = hk st June to 30th November, 1888 45 16 : Pey cent. cyt ces SS oD es = D Ta ma = S S =) C : = | w = CD. cE i ae 9 1» Sige = = S: = = S | ist June to 30th November, 1857 Ad 43 ae eras) mea cS 2S SD. eG 1 ee ou a | | : = | = al on = ah D Ey % ae) 19 Oo oO iow ao it ist June to 30th November, 1886 50 | éM an) = = ae) =] al Ht 28 a eA mal AN lapinl|| 37 q 59 : ea ee eee a Se 3 gS a0 =H | oa | g : -~ mS) oN = a D ai ae ine) i) TH i 4 = 5 o = S S S a 3 ne comparison for E iadesai 2 © Z a § Se S = 8 Ree i 1 Hor the three periods given above is instructive, and appears to indi 8 Do =" oy a = 36 oA = avy fallin the price of Indian Tea in the latter period of 38 te ae pee SS S > on 9) a S = : pcb ¢ eriod O1 I 6 aes 4 S =e 3 6 = 3 Consumption, a similar effect follo ine tl : : ; 7, caused a rapid increase i Ni x a a ) wine the fall in tl ~ . = e in 23 a a x = a = % i g he price of Ceylon Tea during 1888 ”n = ee oS ees Oa HES wis Ss ae a As an idea of the com % SO 1 Sey 1D Ee AS CO. | eas 2 2 S a | ot parative prices of Indian Tea i B = iS eS eM A cas Ou me! 6ce cee zg DUST n Tea in London we quote :— Do g D S 8p) 3 Ro} ss ~)) aes 255 2 : Fe >) a Al 19 & D = = GS oo © wa) =H S 2 ee 2 : 3 (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) fee be 5 a = = 2 - < eee Se a * = S\= 5 ENN (Red to brown, strong rough liquo 1888. 6;d. 1887, 44d. 1886, 544 : = { i r he im = “o cEN TE : > uor 4a. O = = ve i = 5 E ee a ze ic] a | st a, Ce (Brownish to blackish, strong rece ‘ oe zy ad. ” 64, 0, SS See Sas. & Se Son S| ag SEC Or ine (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 0 Ee oe STAC AS oad. S| ee ee: eS oe ae aaa | 2 PEROP ST ee [owe eae ee irl ee ame ce 2 = = So xD oe D a os Ss on | Ge eS) es ae PEKOE com OMS seaticonrore thyegoton) ‘ sa go ee Pee a 2S 6 E R eH Ss cee es = = 2 3 Ie | S . ackish, greyish, some tip, inferior li 2 a ” 74d. i etl > = = o 3 iS iat ? rior liquor) 5, 7d. 33d ee ‘= aoe 2. || rs) ” o7d. S =) S — Ls. So SS See : 4, 3 eee Bene 2) oS Seis Sy cll= MOVEMENTS) Ob TEA (nibs) ERO ee ees =) Pit Te = oe) Ld I oS we = = = = = = 3 BER, 1888 a ma a = pe te in mo 2 = nt ‘ah = ie = S , 4 oo) 2s aa es = oo oS Ba tH @ Ved Seles S ImPoRTS. ~ Lot by eu Se) ae Oo ee ou -- Ses @ | 8 © | 1886-1887. 1887-1888, 1888-185 . ike | Sock E Ciao 2 . ; er = | © eS ie u S sarare 2 1886-1887, 1887-1888. 1888-1889, | 1886-1887, 188 ; = = e 4 1S ae Seganda || SeheCRNSVAS 46) 500) 360 52,221,129 | 86-1887. 1887-1885. 1888-188 ak Te) GEYEON..----+ \ 926,500 238 a 33,899,250 0,87 5,20: 2,769, 32 TeP9 \ M% E } 3,926,5) 6,525,130 40,875,204 42,769,320 2 : (=} 3 } A 2 3 11,324,562 L a 2 25,315,860 29,051,046 5 2 Mm > 3) Nees "11 | 7856,330 1243820 1,992,690 | 4,190,330 6 117430 1714251332 ame awe ges 1392 ‘ 0 % {x fa] = tv a tol CHINA, ete, —> | 104,225,854 1,522,161 69 sil ma ,119,710 peg 2,173,920 | seen aoe ee 4,522,050 i n | tC 437,295 60,858,099 59,241,859 | 6 5 38,680 5 743,890 Vs = fx = 6 w —— Es 35 c| tod | Bambrakelly and Dell... — || gc} aid 20 c| 1/1 ae arg ait “ae Sa ri 29 c| 1/0 Barnagalla 64 tri|d-1/2%|] 27 cl] 113 — = 24 c] tg4d || — -- 9 7d || 124 p| 114d | Barra = B23. ¢) 9d] 35 | toed 35 cl Sed) 4) Bad |) a) Of plaod Beaumont = — Mee! ofd | 12c¢)); a) — — — ‘5 c| 7#d || 32 c} 10hd | Campion... wf — 22 t/o4 |] 38 1/22'|| 21 Ta! lee = we 81 1/1 | Cooroondawatta == — |}. 23 | 104d 29 113d |} — — 13 gi — we 65 tod |} Dalleagles — — 68 Lod || 32 ridd || — — 2 3 = — 102 103d | Dedugalla 15 1/33) — 36 1/1¢ |} -— = 35 totd || — — 86 1/04 | Degalessa 18 |tro$dqy — = = acl ame = = rae == — 18 | 103d | Detenagalla wef] — — — 16 1id/}| 18 g3d |) — ss ~e 34 | 102d |i | Dolosbage G|| . — — 68 c| 94-92 || 100 cj 114d || — — ee od 3 ¢c| 74d || 224 cl rodd Galata — — enc] E/T 17 c| 1/02 7 ¢| 10d]; — — ao 37 ¢| 1/oh | Gingranoya — — |} 2q-c) rit 12 Gls ay2 12 c| rod] — — = — ||- 48-c} 114d | Glencoe ... = — | 36 j1o-ro}]/ 18 | 11d 18 gid || — — a | 72 Or ae | Goorookelle =: —— fiee20) |g2-104], — — 54 ere) ||} Be 4 71d || 78 gid |p. _Goorookoya — |. — Wf s2 [trod] 60 | s1ga]) 48 | odd = I reo 4 woe Hantane.. — — iP m9 cl: 104 16 c| 11% 30 c| géd Tac 8d 1 c| 64d/| 67 c} 104d Ff | Hardenhuish, ete ees = eo inal) I} Ao) tid |} 25 ged care == = 74 | 103d fp | Hauteville — —- fens ci). 1/12) 12 ¢] t/2ei 8 el O8di> —— — a= _ 33 ¢} 3/1 | Hoonoocotua — — } 33 ¢] 102 61 ig 26 cl Odi tage == — — — 120 p| iid Ivanhoe ... — — || 28 c¢| ro} 22 rrédiii 19g ec} oxd |: — = = eb, 69 p| 102d fy | Katooloya = — || 24 c| 10% 23 c|. Ifo || 23 cl. of a = aa ey 70 c| 1d * Kelani = <— Pioo c| +83d || 43 1/\re2/oeie ai ¢|. 84-83) — — = — | 184 p| oad & Kirkoswald 22 1/4 fey 32 1/ — -— — | — 25°C) @8d {| — — 78 p| 113d f. | Labugama a = a =— 27 | “erodeliine ss dei yas = 2 Teo gid hh. | Lameliere == = = _- 220 C\. a 21 c| todd = — 43 ¢} 103d fh. | Lankapura — — 29 TOds mee 114d || — — Gi 82d |} — as 69 104d Ik. | Laxapanagalla ...| — — pee! | Tod: eas) + Tidings tod |= 67 tod fy, Le Vallon — — m7 c|) Tit 18 c) 112 Baie peed ihe — — _- 68 c| 103d f, | Mahacoodagalla — — 2) CG) 1/ ZUG nls) 2 12 c], tid jj — _. — — 45.C| 2/% Wie. Mipitiakande = oo 54 c| 112 22ae| pT) 4. = — 37, Cl sgsd 8 cl 7-174 || 121 ¢ a Nyanza — — mec] o3d || 22 r/t 7 c| gtd |) — — 3" Clmam@e ed a ora OBECCragieLea — — 17 c| 11d 17 Clem) 20 300Cl) Todas == — — —— 64. ¢ Z: » Darrawella|| — — [48c |1jot1/1d]) 12 c| 21/22 || 33 ¢| todd Buse -sial 3c] 73d ||, 99 ¢ x ~ Havilland] — 23 1/os || 29 1/34 || 42 tod || — -- a 94 Kuda-Oya|| — pas 17 Cc} rot TAM) 21 c| - gtd — —_ 52 », Sinnapittiall — ae Bp cl. 11d). — 39 Gl -o4 aa mal es — 65 ita | Pambagama a = 43 ¢| g?d]| 4o t/ot || 15 ¢ Odie — 12 c| 84d]|| 110 p % * = at 34 c| go8d] 24 T/Oe eno l= @d ||) = a 5 cl 83 73 P % | Pen-y-Jan st aes ces 40 c| 11d || 43 c] r0%d]/ 12 c) g¥d S.C sod 2. C|.. ai rO2 on Pundaloya | 19 c| t1/12 P 39 cl ridd |] — — 14 c} 10d |} — — — -- 72 . Raxawa — ae 18 tod. || ‘T8eaiaiog||s) 37 g4d || — = = — 7B i | Tillyrie a= <3 32 c| 10d|| 32 c} rodsd]| 33 c| 94d |] — — — -- 97 7 Wallaha = = 44 C\o#-103|| 37 c] Ifo} || 30 c]| 93d || — — — — III Pi 7 Peale eas — 58 1\/o}-1/1|| -22 c| 1/34 |, 22 cl ted) —— a oaiag — ir2)p A Wewelmadde ...|| — — | 43 9-94 24 1/ aoe aa re pan mi ra 67 Mp “45 Wiltshire = — 23 rod 30 b| 10$d — — == = ae =a 53 Pp te Re JAVA. Garden, Pine & Plowry Pek, "Medium Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, bcc Boupkoust | Rouchong.. (Cong: B Bro, & Dust,|| Total, |Aver Rte Quantity. Price, Quantity, | Price, | Quantity. Price, » | Quantity.| Price. Price. [Giant | Price. ||Quantity.|) Pri ice ell ———— om em Ardja Sarie - — 18 c| rf | 50 c 64d || 50 fad 122 ¢ 68. 7 128 c| 43d | 368 » é | L -iNDIAN. Pr ei Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and || Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. Souchong, and Various. || Total. |Average ae Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity, | Price, ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. Price, ‘Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. | Atal ues els 24 C 8d || 12 c|. 1/1t || 20 c¢| 74d] — | 56 c gd /Attabarree Sal, = 27 c) 84d 60 c| 84d i777 C| 7d 104 c| 8t BITC Dwarbund|| — 25 C 8d — = = aa 35 Cc SaulE Boch mdi oor, 72 Sessal] 40 ZO MEANS, Cl) Opel i. a a ore 45 ¢| 73d 130 p| 113 {Borokai T Co Om, AS Cl aul Wich, 2/8elle 23:/c) Tes. | 25 |. 1/5 LS bh 86 c| 1/6 Bundla =. wef] — == — 40 c¢| tod] 69 c} 74d) — 10g c| 73d Chandpore Chitt :|| — ba © ali) a5 ial jl Al Gl ae oe repay ols? Cheerie Valley .../) — oe 45 c| 832d 34 cl I/oz 20 c| 73d == OONCIi od \Cossipore Ba C| tea — = - as = | 66 c 8d i}. — = 99 c| trod \Craigpark = — Gemel oda lone eis 17 c| 114d 108 c| gd \Dejoo T Co — — Boome! -1/ —= — 33 c| 82 AQ. | feehe! a 89 c| 10d IDooars T Co. Bil — a LOK Cp eli) OA Cl x OF 120 c| 74d | 345 € 8d » Ghar |) — jl 75) 82-85 | 38) c] 1/1 || 146 cl 72-74 18 c 72d|| 277 c| 83d a Indong|| — — 34: ‘cl, 82 30 Cl’ 98 40 ¢| 73d 16 ¢] 6-72 || 120 c| 83d » Nagrakatta||) — aes 69 c|. 83 a4 C|. 1/12 || 124 c| 73d Be Gl Seal |p Ao CG) GE Pie Tondoo|l — pal Gia al || Be) ©) dfx S5 ¢ 8d || — = Boe Ora: 2LONC| igs |Doodputlee eet an 61 cl od|| 25 c¢| 1/2t\}. — ~ B2NC| 7 ul ius | oF oomDooma€ Bi) 33 cl 1/12] 96 c| 83% Abra e | 1r/ 42 ¢| 74di| 40 c| 74d | DED Ell. op | ,, Hansura 85 plr/-1/ot| 125 c| 8-84 51 cif rod ||. 52 c| 7d i; — || 313 p| gid |Pooteriah Fe ee epeiae Cl. iy Ts Peel uly As || 240 Gl Tod sunt «Cl 30 ‘Dulcherra ee] oS elit Cl) Ort Nea 7mc eri all 22 0ch. /8dil 30) el) 7edel) — 148 cl of i Dooars Co.) 20 od|| 17 cl 7% 59 Fal | a-e| Ox 108 p| 7+ rellahattingTCo || — — BA O| whee || an Cl ies AS Cl. eel ll) = = = — 81 c| 1/1t rreenwoodlCoB|| — — 34 c] todd || — -- 25 c| 8 — = = — SOUCIG= Ne, Greenwood] — | — 48 cl 83 AOmCiit 2uleaSachn Sdulliz2 (clo 7 Mallet | 116) cl) os. Tazelbank = ey Gl ate || al} Ch aye 28 c| 81 14 C| 104 _- _- 94 cl todd \hanzie Sill 277 Cl aye G2C aos BP El a/R B2nc 8d |) — — 33 cl g#d|} 216 c}| rok i oyhing — — BONG samo |i 30) Clot 4a) dove 74d:\| 4oc| gdait: —= — 140 c} rot vakajan — — 1o6 c| g¢d i} 39 c| 1/2$]| 91 c/72-72|| 83 cl] 74d ZIG) Gi. Gel Khobong T Co —— — T58riC| O-9 Go) | sore | GA cl Gach == 22 Cl Ord i\"hongea — — — — 1A Cl. hy 80 c| 74d |) — —- — — || 226 c| 8d oyah 20 E/4+ || 23, c| 83dj| 24 c| 8t 41 c| 7d} 60 c| 62 _- 168 p| 8d '\Tarionbaree — — AAMC 72 a| |e Zac. 102 22 c| 63d) — —- Ig cj 7td |] 108 c| §=68d !\Ioran T Co. 31 2/3 Time gediwasucits Se 105 c| 8-8+ 18 c| 72 = — 253 p| sod (ionoi 20 c| t1/64 || 121 c| 84-84 | — = 16 c| 7id - — —- 157 c| gtd hat co dae Ge = By tia TSC 7s |) 15 Chu Ged) rac) gedal 17 cl 1/2$ |) 96 cl wat AWS&Co Mertingal 33 c 1/2t || 132 c| 73-82 || 23 c| 84 Ir c| 7td||) — — — —- 199 c| od ” Loobah|| — — 46 c] gt AQ Ls. 50 C 8d 138 c| of uttareah oo | — 58 cl od} 25 c| 1/14]] 83 c| 74-72) — | 166 c| od iyuttiya mass eo ce alli 20 cl vosdill 13) el “73d = 79 ¢| 88 ll ajmai 20 2 24s SC! ames c |) 16) Cll 1/325 i220 c 8d]. 17 c| 84d]| 22 c| zed || 128 p} rx3d t oopabally == — 29 C 8d |} 28 c) of 23 aera 21 7d || — Iol p| 84d sottish AssamCo||69 c 1|/63-1/8|| 58 cjrot10%| 23 ¢ 4d || 102 c| 8d] — “a a ane 252)G\eu) illpconee = | — I 30c od 30 x/1h| 54 c\74-72| 24 c| rd] — | — | 138 cl gtd llonee Baree Sea sill oncyetgedai 5 clitr2d || Src 73-8 || (32° cl 7288) 37 clt7- 192] 187 ¢| 83d nglyjan 29 1/3 15 c| 83d) 20 to ene cle gd) |e — | — — || 88 p| rtotd tpokerating 38 1/54 || 50 c gd || — — —- — _- — 19 c| 74d || 117 p} rotd MlaraporeC Burtoll|| — oo 56)c) 1rd || 31 c| 1/42} 30 c} “ogd || — == => irz ¢| -2/ » Dewan|) — — g6 c| r/ot | 63 ¢ 1/14 | 45 ¢ 10fd}) — | — — — || 204 c} 1r/ol pperAssamCo B|| 46 1/84 | 36 c| ro4d | — — | — — =— | a — 82 p| 1/24 |» Maijan| 59 | 1/114} 81 c} 83d = eke _ = | = = 140 p| t/o8 » Rungagorall) — -— 97 c| 8$-94 || 84 clr141/2] 65 c 73-8 1g c| 7d ||) — 265 c| g8d to one chest. A \ tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked Fs, \ a the highest offer in the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight ARRIVALS. | SHIP. | INDIAN. CEYLON. Java. ARRIVED. City of Agr ou 1,742,199 -— -- Dec. 27th. Navigator I a 168,048 — — Deéci27the Clan Matheson ... 1,090,813 — — Dec. 31st. Britannia q fae — * 200,000 — Dec.3ast: Manora A se 815,296 219,010 — Dec gas Amstelstroom saa —— — 39,490 Jan. 2nd. Mandiooee | ae — an 35,280 Jan. 2nd. Mirzapore 4 ia 1,320,272 = ao Jan. 2nd. Total Ibs. 5,136,628 419,010 74,770 * Approximate. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. J. Ww. PARKING, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. plement (EOE VLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. Lary 11th, 1880. ey Roop LANE, Lonpon, E.C., QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JuNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 628,657 packages. 133,340 packages. 22,073 packages. 1888-1889. 684,804 Fr 218,378 55 29,892 a3 ing the week . eee a 34,451 packages Inp1aANn | id : : 9,534 . CEYLON) otal 43,985 packages have been offered in public auction. It is satisfactory to learn that the Home Consumption of Tea during the past twelve months, le heaviest on record, being 185,556,214 lbs., against 183,635,885 lbs. in 1887, and 178,894,151 lbs. 386. The poor deliveries of all Tea which took place last month, and which gave rise to much ypointment, appear therefore to indicate only a temporary slackness in trade, which must be terbalanced sooner or later by more extensive clearances. Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from ist January to 31st December. 1886. 1887. 1888. naam 9...) O8i410,618 Sanz 2 37,210,294 @eylon «.... 6,245,220 9,941,860 18,553,054 China, etc. 104,220,313 90,581,753 79,792,866 Moral Vbpsim 178,804,151 183,635,885 185,550,214 Notice has been issued by the Customs to the effect that the name of the country of production d be stated, when Tea is removed from any warehouse, either for Export or Home Con- tion. This will doubtless enable the Customs to distinguish the Evforis of Indian and Ceylon ‘rom those of China Tea, a matter which has now become of great importance to the Tea trade. bTAN. Auctions, although heavier than for many weeks past, have not been excessive. The aty was easily absorbed, and prices all round have remained very firm, the higher grades of 2 and Broken Pekoe, with marked point in cup being decidedly dearer. As an idea of the arative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 6d. 1888, 44d. 1887, 54d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i 6d. 90 6d. 6a. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) ae 7d. F 8d. 7d. BEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 6 SHicl, la Od. yy 84d. PE ICOR. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid. Ms Told. ,,; tod. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) ah 7id. 99 73d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _ ,, Fishy | ee gd. ‘LON. Under the influence of larger auctions, the market has lost the recovery noticed last |and prices have receded to their former level. Good liquoring and flavory Teas alone com- )steady rates and attract competition, all other kinds being neglected by buyers. erage of 10}d. per lb. was obtained. JA. No auctions have been held, catalogues are issued for 727 packages, to be offered on the . . . ? 5 / . ; ” ~ “ jist, amongst which are invoices from the ‘‘ Bagelen” and ‘‘ Bodjonagara” Estates. Catalogues Iso just been issued for 922 packages to be sold on the 21st and 22nd inst. MO VEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM 1st JUNE TO 31st DECEMBER, 1888. IMPURTS. | DELIVERIES. STOCK 1886. 1887. 888. 1886. 1887. r8ss. iBS6. 1887. S88 Bicheyex ae 52,654,065 59,664,018 65,680,188 40,493,796 48,151,146 49,772,058 | 32.0Piagas 34:542,762 40,031,076 Mint cater 4,450,880 7,721,160 13,340,324 4,061,540 6,859,030 12,833,466 1,090,460 3,149,430 5,129,978 Bes tein | 1,984,220 1,477,500 2,165,310 2,271,050 1,766,730 2,323,020 994:37° 769,230 707,410 PAA | 114,268,320 91,783,850 80,191,821 | $5,086,928 70,031,449 66,014,847 67,601,552 04,007,065 58,457,930 he a ee ee aa Ve Rs Ses ES | Re ee ; 1 Ibs. | 173,364,388 160,646,588 161,377,643 | 132,513,314 126,838,355 130,943,991 103,153,999 103,458,487 104,416,394 F cmc | = - a , KRATE. 4 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight rs. 43d. \ CEYLON. Ba bait Broken Org. P Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, | Garden, or Flowery Pek Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total, ‘ : ‘Quantity. Pric y Quantity.| Price. Quantity, | Price. Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.] Price. ||Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | Agra == | = -— = Alyy KOy 1O)e 2) gai _- 2c| O¢d} 39 c Agrakande a) == — Bip 21 1/ pee ee 8 gd | — its pel Bs a | Ampittiakande ...]/ 18 1/34]) 28 | ro¥ . ae ie | Becherton — BF 12 c| otd|| 16 cl) ard}. 10 c| 88d mee at 38 c | Bellongalla = — yy — — 12 e| togd|).12..¢)... 94d]. — - Ibo24c | Berragalla — —- — —-- 14 cl 794d || 47 c| 183d 1 cl 63d||:. 62 c | Bitterne ... — 28 c| 9g 22 t/ozt || 12 c gd GZ 64d." 69 p | Blackwater 46 2Q Ol nicl 1g c| 114 75 cltgttgs| — wht ped ee 169 p | Bogawantalawa — eC) 0/2 an 1/4. || ¢12,c| rosd |) — — I 64d || 56 p | Brae Se 25 Tid | 27 t/2k || 55 igad eo — || 107 | Bramley ... soilless = ae 23. |t 104d 15 +92 ey Bese I 62d || 39 | Campden TSG oss eS HAW! (ox II ic]. oFd == oe ee ae ae aaa 25 ¢ zs wef] 12 c| gtd 8 cl. gt 16 c} 84d 5 c| 74d 5c] 64d] 46c 'CeyLd Andngodie| — 35 c/trogd |] 30 ¢| 1/3 30 c| tosd || — SHES: 5 ¢| 7ed|| 100 ¢c Cey.PlnsDunedin}} — QI plgt-10%|| 63 plro#11g]| 28 84 — = = sa 182 p | »» Mariawattel] 45 p TL3 P| gé-10 || 20 Cl Ma/3eUT7 pli 85-9 — — — = 295 p | ,, Sembawattie|| — — Bt 29 c| tg-92 as Mig hone cay ete hon 29 C | Chapelton — 22 c/ 1/12|| 36 1/54 || 45 c}| tid|| — _ =< seh 103 p | Choisy = 32 c| to4 15 ¢|. 11d — = 2.cl Sida, —— cat 49 C | Diyagama = 56 tod || 93 | 10? 56 c| totd |) — _ — — || 205 p | Doragalla — A2 citg-+o4]| 48 cl tod |) 65 ci 83d). — 22 Bec oe 155 C | Dunsinane Sballl ato) mo) |) t14d |) — —- — — 17 c| g3d || — a 92 p | EP&ECoLdHope|| — t3 cl x/t |/24 © 1//3e-r/4lle — — 27 ¢| g4-11 || — cen 64.¢ ,. Kirrimattia|}) — Weet2 c| tod 12) ¢| (mia GQ) Climo ball a Baa 33 C ,. Labukelliel|] — ioc tid). — — 34 cl ofd |} — = — = Te , Wellai-Oyal}’ 30 ¢ |} 51 c| todd 25 c| gtd || — — — — 106 c Eastland eee{f h 39 fg2d || 30 | rrtdy 33 el || — 3 83d || 105 Ederapolla — iP 25 94 23. |+10+ 14 gd || — as — Beaks 62 Ekolsund — mas, cl tofd || 15-c) j10d We 8d || — —= — 29 ¢ Elkadua ... —- — —— — 44. 11d 53 c| gtd |) — = 2c 64d/! Tog p Elbedde ... 6 1/64 ||) — -— 12, 1C}) 1 tOea lie — 37 HOS Gales — 55 Pp Eltofts a — iie33 1/2 24 t/2t |] 44 | 108 = aa — Be ronnie Emelina ... — —— ea) Cc) 10d |) 14 cl) aie 18 c| gt 3.¢| 7d 4 64d || 61 p Epplewatte -- — (Bro | trod) — — 30 gad |} — == — = 46 Esperanza 29g | {1/1 lege ro3d |} — — == — — == = — 59° Fordyce .. veel] — { 24 C\10-104||79 +1)/o4-1/1]]| 24 Cc) — — =O ES Che” TOG: Rungli Ting ...|| — — toz 12 c| tot 12.c] _72d|| 12 ¢ 7d || — — 48 c| 82d Scottish AssamCo|]_ — pa) Eod ||. 34 cl] rodilitegpeci), Sd |“. = = STO guicl aed Sharpore ee | — — 74d || 24 gtd ie 32,c| 63d) 12-¢| 6sd\) — — 84 p| 7id | Sookerating _....||._ 69 p} +1/3 84-84 || —- = — ~- = = — eR | itch 0) mee SSTCo Balisera||\126c g/8-1/11 81d || 113 | 83-9 |] 277 ¢| 74-72 || 89 ¢| 74d |) — == MO ZHCl, 82a | 3 Deanston) 117 cjg3-1/8 84d || 30 c] rosd nnepelimasdil| “O5°c)) Fda ane 64d || 467 p| 83d | | TeestaValleyT Co} — — Beit ri4d || 32 cl txr/od |] 18 cl toed) — — — = 85 c| I1t Tukvar T Co ...||77 ¢ 1//13-1/g|| -§ == TA c| 12$d'||" 38 Ch ona ||, — — = = 120): C| a West Jalinga ...||) — — |) 4am 88d || -23.c) oka i) vagucii 7a | 423.C) a7dalie Se) Ga awetal Wilton T Co W)| 34 |t114d |. 10M t8d |) 15 ci) od] aoc) 73d) — — = 84 p| gd TRAVANCORE | BM s, SAN? aac — a 2 tosd || — pres jee jens — = — = 20 103d Corrimonny | — || 2 to4d || — — — — aaa — I 64d || 27 | g3d Fairfield ae | A = c| 114d |} — ae 34 C od 2c| 63d — 44 C gid Glenmore x = i id /Oe. || — ae a ae — |e — 19 1/ok Seafield bas - ae 74 / trod || — — — ~- — = 2 | 64-7 76 rod W oodlands $2 — || 11 4 o4d | 6 | 1/24 4 74d — —— I 6d DD 104d | | | A | } , | \ In these tables all the packages are half-tbees unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked thus represent the highest offer in the room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal. in: weight | to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, | Brokers. J. W. PAnKING; Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. ome. an cupe ee to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON : STANTON'S pan CEYLON, aly JAVA TEA REPORT. SS Sase. — —— — Fanuary 18th, 1889. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To DatTE. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 666,766 packages. 137,005 packages. 22,740 packages. 1888-1889. 715,625 i 227,436 oF 30,619 Ae During the week aeeeeeiieiion FSS SST SETS SES SS ST 30,821 packages INDIAN ) 9,058 ‘ Sean Tvl 40,606 packages have been offered in public auction. 727 M9 Java The slightly brisker tone noticed last week has not been quite so pronounced, and auctions nave thus passed with some irregularity. As an outcome of a movement amongst the trade, a public auction was held on Thursday, in which the Indian Teas were sold without the Mark, Dock number, or Ship’s name, being printed in the catalogue. The sale passed off with spirit, and the [Deas were well competed for. Several catalogues are already issued in similar style for next week. INDIAN. The offerings have been fully adequate to requirements, and except where special quality has been noticeable, prices have been slightly weaker. Taken as a whole the quality has hot been attractive, and has thus resulted in a somewhat lower scale of quotations. As an idea of [he comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— Dw ST: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 6d. 1888, 44d. 1887, 54d. FANNINGS. (Ked to brown, strong rough liquor) ss 6d. 35 GpHGle: 0 He 61d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) i Fn A 5, Side. 7d. EES SOU G. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) ie 8d. R oidiew,, 84d. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid. e WOHHGle = Ap tod PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) a ale . 7Ad. REKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _ ,, AGS amy od. SE YLON. The market remains without quotable change except for Teas with special flavor, or joint in liquor, which continue to be much sought after and command enhanced prices. The supply fsuch Teas is very limited, and the general quality does not quite come up to the standard eS y buyers. The following averages may be mentioned :—‘ Portswood,” 1/23 ; ‘‘ Bogahawaitte,” 1/2; Chapelton,” 1/o#; ‘‘ Dimbula, ” t/ok. An average of todd. per lb. was obtained. AVA. Sales have passed with spirit, and prices for all good liquoring Teas are distinctly firmer. ln invoice from ‘‘ Bagelen”’ comprising many Teas of nice flavor, met with good competition, and salized fair prices. An average of gd. per Ib. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE TO 31st DECEMBER, 1888. | IMPORTS. | DELIVERIES. STOCK C | vel > 1886. 1887. 1888. 1886, 1887. r88s. 1886. 1887. rSSs. PIN isis) ciel ofa. 52,054,908 509,664,018 65,680,188 | 40,493,796 48,181,146 49,772,658 82,887,308 34,542,762 40,03 | BYLON......-. | 4,450,880 7,721,160 13,340,324 4, 601,540 6,859,030 12,833,466 1,600,460 3,149,430 5,129,078 | BAVA cece ee sees 1,954,220 1,477,560 2,165,310 2,271,050 1,766,730 2,323,020 } 094,370 _ 769,230 767,410 | MEDINA, etc. ...- | 114,268,320 91,783,850 80,191,821 | 85,086,928 70,031,440 66,014, 847 |.4 67,661 852 64 ,.G07,065 58.aS>.020 Torat lbs. is 173,364,388 160,646,588 161,377,643 £ 132,513,314 126,838,355 130,043,901 103,153,990 103,458,487 104,416,304 — ———. —_——— | ———— —S=——— OS OS ANK RATE. 4 percent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 422d. a ee eT i Z aN il NY A Oa ee! tr ee ee ee : CEYLON. _ | Broken Org. Pek. || Pekoe and . Broken Fannings, Dust, | 1? ie Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, |} Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total, Average. Quantity.| Prite. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price, | Aadnevon wl] od Di gd) — — — — = Abbotsford | oat TES) pO! | — 8c] 74d 2 | Aberfoyle ela = oF Ree ie mel | — = -— ~- Agra “tg wef) gd || 20 c) ged] (12 cl 18% —- — — Alton and Upcot]) — or ro c| 108d GPG eye — = Amblakanda_...||_ — o4d |} 17 ancl i) ys 83d} — — — Ampittiakande....|| 19 tid || — — = ae — “= Ardross ... seals: 2 ome toid AGN Cir ~ “= — Pp Bambrakelly | aunel IDYsllils 3) = EE |Iy £4 1G] ey er a == i A — c Beaumont | OE BAe ialox | — — | — ar c | Bellongalla wef] == 12 c] ot in © gd 2c 72d 2 c | Berragalla {| _— 25 C)TOeanlty 32) Cle Gece elis — = c | Binoya ... ays TOG ||) 9200 Cl ae Aaa 22:1) 50 cleed || c Bismark ... | — perece) PCIE 7 AT cl ada — — c | Blair Athol e|| tod || 37 |i uozdal 21 cl od tae 7id ||) — P | Bloomfield eg] Tod ||| 17) Clair 2 cl eno nd 2cl 74d)) — Cc | Bogahawatte ...// 21 1/14 || — ae 22 Toca aie ale Pp | Bramley ... | =: 22 9? 29 gd || — — ve _ Broad Oak ef] gs 14 1/02 18 gid 5 73d || — | Caskie Ben | nes 22 c| 114 20 c| gid) — = ae | Chapelton pao ee r/2i'|| 32 1/7 40 +e) rnda i 05 ee od | = | Cruden see A 114d 28 Cc] 10% ae = — | Culloden... wef] — frotd || 10 |t10% 24 c| totd 18 82d == Dahanaike wel] OSG) |l934) lNsuOGei els — 10 82d ||) — | Dalleagles eel] to2 34. VET ae — = — —- 'Dambalagalla .../|) — gd || 23 104 31 83d | — — 3 | Delta... eel] tot TS Cli aes 2Oc| koe — 7 | Dimbula asalll 22 1/1 — — 12) Cl LOS Ga is — — Dolosbage G|) — gid || 48 ¢) 105 = 2a4cl 88d] 2 E.Prod.&Ests.Co. | | ,, Arapolakande|| — g2d || 20 e| T/1¢|| 20 ¢ od —- — a Labukelle}|| — - 45 p|{ rotd 13, cl zed |) — ‘y 9 ..{| ofd || 21 c) 114 23 c| gid —- — ,,.Meddecombra|| — O44) 25) Cl aay 22 c| gid || 12 ¢| 1ogd)) — e Norwood) Lj rs gy he a1 — — = — | — Ps Sogama||. 22 od — = 13 c| 83d |) — » WVellai-Oyal] 47 TOLIOF|| — —- BT 3C\ en Os Gall tiem = = Edinburgh well tos 2 a ONG -—— : Elbedde ... Seat ea aa 14, C| > Doral, (44 ¢) loz — nae — : Emelina ... | 114d || 12 cl anes 26%) ged c| 73d Florence ot == gid || 20 oe. = | Frontoft ... oo r/ 17 t/ot || 68 CrNer ||) == — Gallaheria aaa en gid 12h Cleans, 1@) © od Lae 8d } I Gangwarily eA gid || 32 mael || == — = — 3 Gikiyanakanda ...!|| — ro8d || 32 1/ TSAI wa2 Cl osdi|| a Glassaugh el] — totd || 27 ro#d || 20 ¢ exo fa — —— Glengariffe eof] — gd |} 23 mys a (oXaliy fe. == — 7 Gt.Western ....||_ 24 g$d | 48 c) sod] — — — _- 10 Great Valley — todd || 39 cll 114d || 139 ¢}| 83-9 — I Hantane... | to#d || . 149 |) tandil) 124 Closed. t— — I Hatherleigh ...|) — gd || 18 93d || — = 9 I Heatherley || | ro}d 12 1/62 || — — 13 c| od a C Helbodde | 2s) tid |} — — BL Chatoe ui vice : = Hillside . || — gtd | 83 pitod104d|| 64 Sed || — — — \ Hindagalla 114d |, 26: || ‘r/oeA 26 rod 4 3d 3 Holmwood g#d || 24 t/o} folie (ofall eae = = Hunasgeria rod |) (22 "el erid is a6" Gr oda — 3 . Kaluganga oe to4d IO }rod 14. oid as —— ae KAW \of- f11] 103 ¢€| 114d) > — 12 Kellie 7. Be || 30) I as — a7 Cc 3 Koladenia || — {84d || m1 c} tofd |) 12 ¢ ae Kotiyagalla as — : 1o#d |/3 t\/2-1/24 = aa Lameliere tee — a i oe -— | 20 | rod 25 apes || 7G Lindoola ‘oj — 24.¢| 114d | 954 _ ei; emore CEYLON.—Continued. | Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust ‘* Garden, or Flo very Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various. Total. | Average, Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | ee eae a gy if aca | gi) ff sated!) On foZd| 2 7id |) — Sr 5 104 | Madool Kelley .. — —_ ~- —- IO) Oh au! 12 c| gid] — — 22 C| 104 Mahanilu ee — 37 |t1otd |} 22 |f114d]) 33 tox: — = +7-+94|, 98 p) tod Melfort Al rE. Cl T/ios.||. —— —— — — 14 c|{ 10d —- — — 27 c| 11d Minna velo — 26 mil |) xo) r/t¢ || — a we aes aa 56 t/oL Mottingham ...||_ — — 15 c| gtd 13 c| todd 18 c|. 832d I cl 54d 4 € 7d 52 c| ofd Nanoo-Oya call Gea 43 el | SIO) valle 32 1@Gl ||| —= = 4 id || 109 to2d New Caledonia...| — | — Aye Gi 16Gl || Are cigs) — — =— |e] — — AD cin mane New Forest 28 — — 32 c| 103 24. 1/3 Ol |au OBECSinnapittia — Als | wOxGl || 22 Cay war ely opr Bq ¢|_ 1/ Oononagalla ...|/| 20 1/ TQM | eelOGs| | I2ne|s 112d BANG od 2 cl Bed) — = 72 p| Tod Oiuyalielites) <,,|!---— — 9 104 7G meal 5) Cl oer SE ae sh abut 22 c| 108d Pambagama ...|) — -— aa € gd |} 26 tid || 19 c| 84d) — = Ir c| 8-84 89 p| g4d || Parusella | — 65 ot 26 t/ok || — | — — gi tod | | PDM | — i Op aged) et 1/32 |) — — — = — — 36 p| 1/2t || Portswood wel] — IO 1/32 |) 18 1/74 || 26 rid 54 1/24 ‘| Queensland vel] _ ZC tO: 1D Gi IOVS) 1. Cl) Oe — — — | — 36 cj 10d |) Rookwood Sh sea hie 72 Ores uh AO t/ok || 51 ope — -_ 4c) 73d|| 199 p| iid Somerset Boel ees — 18 || roz 34 rigd || 62 ‘or |) == BS. fas sais iad roid WUdabage 6 .../) — = 35 gt 37 todd || | 72 10d ij Villekelly wef) —— 2 Ol & aero 2s) CNN RM I cl -84d || — = els <= ii) © eke! {| Wallaha oS are A2NGl 94-95 |eseuc| Lord ||, 28) cle Sede) ——) | =e oe Wl sto Cl. oa ‘Wallolkelle = — 31 82 23 gid || Gus | 64-74 || 60 82 i{ Warwick = — Del tod | I pedal Bue 28 rod {| Westhall ee veclece iimcael tot | orci gd | Bee |= 103, cl tod {| Wewelmadde | == 22 OFC yaar trod || 20 SE ia ae inl Hie 83 93 i Wootton sh BAS ed Teen Bly es seasl — || 20 | todd ll Gael WOE! pl ucunseatal snelll) Qap Ge 3 se — 27 C| Ios | 18 c| g4d| Zhou Gel uC 7d || 87 c| 112d INDIAN. oe Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and | Broken and Fannings, Dust | 5 Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe poncho. Souchone. | and Various. | Total. jevereee % | (Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity.) Price. ‘Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. iouanniey: Beice, Onn, Price ailAttabarree gel aan BONG Sabiimesancl) 73d | TAve 7d | SOLelae 7dr | 1} \ttaree Khat T Co 25 Oss ioc TOGu| Miata! TOF dll) 22hic sid 51 cll 7age 157 7| gtd iJBamgaon | a 65..c) 8-94 || 35 c| 1t/od|| —— ees) || ae = — 100 c}_ tod g = = — a TAME! Nt Or ll) -2OKC Sdeiemancl|) Esai = — 47 c| i/os || \| Simglaj34c 18i$-1/32)| 7a ci 8d) 22 'c) 182d!) 30 ¢| t7ed |) a4 cll tad] — — || 271 ¢| 83d | Bishnauth Co Ply — —- 54 clrodrodi49g c r\r$1/1$)) 47 c) 84d oo 29 c| 6#d|| 179 ¢| rod i tAerG| 22) 2ee i Mees teal ae SU Peirce oid acc . gdh H 88 cl}. 2/r$ all = AOC Ss) 22 2c) “xr1dli| 67 cl 7t7ei| 15 cll ged 10 cl 6$d |) 154 c) 8d H = DOMME i712 1c) a /Ae 25 ici Sid -33 ci] Aad — — || 88 c| 93d | 27 ¢| 1/52]| 33 ¢| g8d/| 52 clo-102]| 30c] 73d ) a | aga el aotd — 39 c| 72 Sig OSU I eNy Le Fd) || eae a raec|, “Osd || 149Vc| “3d — 31 ¢}| 84d 12 c| todd |) — = 64, cll 7E-ge || — | — |} 107.¢ Sd 172C) 1/o+ | 25 ¢| 84d || — 2k ec) kcal) 62 ee — | | ORG] uae ad = eR odil|aaec| Tikdi| = =) 38 %icl| 7a) = —* > ||-r24 cls okd oolie Koossie 20) Efe wewexal | az) cde) —— — |) az ec ad i || 85 cl 83d j.orre c= = Conch Tes) 2i char/6 9) 301c) VSkdi 758 cl 7k i Bee = || 169 c| 104d qossipore Boyan et 22 Meee Cage ee ze cll 7g — | ==) 145 pj od raigpark a irs — || 53 cl 82-84 || 46 clltokd |, 26 ¢| 74d] 22 ad || — | 147 p|. 83d i yarjeeling Co Pile = 86 p/roit1o03)| — Te eoonGime Odi 27 c\l 7#a | — — || 129 p| gid Ae Jebrooghur | aes — 50 c| 8id] 40 ¢ 1/O% ees Ouey gah |e — 6 cl 5d 142 ¢| od | f 18 c} {gtd || 93 t74d || 42 ci t7$dj| 135 ci 7d|) — - - —— 288 c| 7Ad Ghatiall — || 38c¢ 8dj] 44 cltrokd || 81 cl] 7d] 24 c] 74d) — -- 187 ¢ 8d » Nagrakatta| — a 37 c| Skd|) 29 c\trosd|) 82 cl 74d)) — . — — 148 c} Sid mB) be ‘Pondco|| == —— 50 c| 8$d i) 30 c| t/ot || 90 cl 73-73 pea trace awe 40 ¢ Sd jj 210 .c} Sid Bi: yglahat see — = BONG gd | | 18 c 1/ 32 cl 7d 0 C 7d = _ 106 ¢c ad 0 gh oo a eee SD 5aeC un 4a GONG) 2/Oe"| > on cl t/ok 4 = = 380 c} 1/63 ip Recs ane Cen le ae Seen ORC Edy) 12 °C wd |i r2 cl] 9d - — fo C 7d sc Mastern AssamCo|| — = SER =i 8id 20°C} sl 23.ch id - ~ — ae 68 c} ofd | _ IBY — ||-.20 c¢ 8d |} 20 ¢ od | 27 ci wid || 18 c; Gad |) — = 85 c) 73d |} | INDI A N.- Cantata: "Broken Org, Pekoe || Pekoe and : Broken and ‘Pannings, Dust ||) 2 9) ae Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. | Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price | Quantity. Price. GellahattingTCo || 24 2/52) 924 c 1/74 || — 24sec a). 14 ¢ gid | Harmutty eel] a 75 cl 104 ZI Cl -T/5E i 10d ic] ego 236 7d | Joyhing wef — 54 C Qdilll),: 50 clea 65 c| 74d|| 20 c 7d (celine: ts. soll! = — |My clg2-10]) 35 ¢| 1/42 i — — 76 c| 84d ‘Kelly Den | — |N59 c| 8-84 50 efi Me Ge Gexel | == — | Khobong T Co...) — — | 150 c| 73- 7O\C|) FOSS OC Ngee Mil — | | LuckimporeCo G| = — (37 c| 1/oe]) — — || 26c¢ 8 I2¢ 72d || - Majulighur cet eee / 82 c| 8-9t 25 C| 10x BOC!) iCal — |Medla_... All BO 10 aes } 30 c] odji — -— 20/36) G7 Rea = — | Meenglas ...|) 41 c] tr/od 62 c} gf 20 Cl aylOpule 107. 1c ef) || — Moabund T Co .../) — — | 93 cjrotirt] 35 c} 1/6 AONC|N sox 27 G 74d | | Moonee ec — 70 c| 84d]| 51 c to# 29 c| 7d Moran anos 7.4" gus 2/1 BO c| od|| 35 cl 83 ye] een AG Ca 72c || Mungledye Co P/ — _ 50 ci 84d] 12 c 112 Seiler 19 Clams ad | Nahor Rani _...|| — — 18 12d |Z Cl | Wea 21 CeO Gel maaan 8d NSTC Baitakhal) — — B5 ci Std} 33 cl t8dill’ 38 cl 172 34 Cima eas Burjan) 25 c} togd [935 ¢| t72d/) 25 cl fotd|i 25 cl t72d|) 25 4 7d ,, Bytagool ...|| — — 93 cl t72 27 c| t8$d]} 45 c al — » Dam Dim...]45 c 1{/8$1/24/ 60 c| +72 31 cl Bhd) 54 cl Ged 435¢) ae %» Jafflong) 72 c8s1/34) 31 cl 7d] 34 ¢ 84d) 31 c)-7ed]}) 38 -¢| 7d 5 Khadim] 15 cl 83d fiee4 ci t74d| 20 cl gd 30 c| Zed) — = Lallakhal] 30 ¢ 1/ mci gd 16 Cli ayia —— = 13 ¢ © 8d s Nakhatil54 c 1/821/22} 49 c| 82 Pe © oal ||| Biel Gel |) = | ,,Nowrea Nuddy|| 46 c/+73-+9] 30 c} +74 25) Clear 75. Clipe 7 ee ee -- | ,, Rungamuttee| 79 c/83-t1/ | 94 c) 84d]; 65 c| otd || — == 94 cl 72d | Nuxalbarrie — — Wa C Od. || 23) Cl Sera 352) Cl 7 ee 7iea ica = | | Raj mal so! — [29 c) t/o4]] 32 ¢} 2/1 24 c| 84d] 15 c 84d | RGS Hilika — ...|108c 1//7#1/84]/ 110 cj 84-81] 40 ¢] 83 — == HAYS eae (6! 5 yes | 52 cj 1/8 [163 Cc} 8-84 48 cl 83 193 c| 74d 42 c| 62d Romai ... : 45 t/ We3o c) 84 — — a5 Ol). Fee ra == | Salonah T Co ...|| 29 c| 1/74 r67c 8/8-1/42 |] 47 cl 1/ ZO! Jae 81 c| 74-74 | Samdang T Co...|| 20 1/toj/ 20 c| 1/48]) 20 ¢| $2/3 20 c| tod]| 20 c} 84d | Scottish ‘AssamCo 44 c x\/73-1/qlmmo2 Cl todd. || 25 c| itoed|| 78 oF = an Scottpore Co D) — == 39 c| 184d || 20 ¢ fot — = 33 c| 7d 29 Pl) 44 c| tg-g4l] 129 c| 172-8 || 93 cltg-tod|| 48 clt72-73) 59 ¢| fOzd | S|} 21 c| r/o3 Mas cl ° 82d] 17 c| totd |: 77. cl 72-74 || 22 €| toed | Sealkotee - 43P 1/}622/o4, — — — — 20° ch, *Sadi\|* tA ch Sea | Sonarupa oe | — | 73 C| gtd] 37 clod1/12|~ 75 ¢| 74-72 'SSiCa Amraill Ig cl gsdMmeeo ci 81d)| 19 cll 8kdil 35 cl Fed) “28) ce gd ee Dukingolel| 1 = — fego cl 8td)) 15 cl-r0dd || 15 ci Zed i) — = ss Jagcherra|| 46 c| xzod}/ 88 c| +82 5 Cleat ed 50 c| 74d 79) Gin ead ,», Phulcherra72 c 8/4 t1/4gh 65 c] 8d] 46 | 184d || 65 cl t7ad|| 45 cl 7d ~ Rajghat|156c{8|2+1/54) 62 c| +8d|| 67 c| od]! 77 cl] 174d | 29 ¢ .7d Tarrapore T CoB] — — B45 c| rtrd} 34.c) a/5t) 27 cl Bhd |) 51 e978 3 Dewan, — — fi) 80 c| 1/ ay Cala Han (el coral We — » Jeallong...|) —= = 92 c| ro¢d || 112 cit 114d 36 cl 84d || 128.cl 7-72 Tarapore|| — | \— 60 c| ghd Piss ols aaj 60 ¢c 8d 35 c| 74d Tok! veel] ef #3 Cc] todd 8 34 Cli n/t Tales Cl yediin23 Nel aid Tukvar T Co .., 83c1/3\4 1/10] — | — 16, (Cl coy an clator dy Rae ar Wilton T Co _...!| 64 | todd | 51 c| 74-73 45 € 173d 46 c 4 14 cl] 64d JAVA. Garden, (Pine & Plowry Pol | - Medinm Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, Pettoe Souchong, | Souchong, ‘Cong. Bro, & Dust.|| Total. | Avep Quantity.| Price, a ca Price, | Quantity, | Prae JOvanciey | 3 Saeed ‘Quantity, Price, Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. Bagelen... st 205 C\9-1/14 no ZEN agaie a4: 84 — — Sap el Ot - g Bodjonagara «... | 38 c) 84d) 4x C| 81d) 38 ¢ wad = = = I | TI7 Cc Tjikoija ... | “6 cl ofd acl 7d) a5 well yada et 7 Sls ea Or lias a | 61 mE Dis Tjiloear ... ill 14 Choe tdelenng b ar 7a ORI oY A 970 o-cl 6d || -— a ee In these tables all the packages are ich hz aif: chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices ma ; thus represent the nites it offer inthe room, In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weij it to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. pave PARKINS, Printer & Stationer, p&l2 , Bury Siract, St. Mi: wy Axe. | upplement to “ CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON J STANTON’ INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. anuary asth, 1889. 13, Roop Lanz, Lonpon, E.C, | QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JuNE To Dare. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 694,264 packages. 143,597 packages. 23,120 packages. 1888-1889. 746,033 0 237,513 of 31,505 5 uring the week : —_—!__—— a 30,408 packages INDIAN ) | 10,077 ia Creyton; Total 41,431 packages have been offered in public auction. | 946 . java The new style of printing catalogues without Mark, Dock Number or Ship’s name has been ightly modified, and Indian Garden Teas are now being generally printed with the Mark, but with- at name of Ship or Dock Numbers—a plan which has also in some cases been adopted with ralcutta bought Teas. A few Ceylon Garden Invoices have also been pmnted in similar style. JNDIAN. The general tone of the market has lacked animation for any Teas except such as ,jossess striking quality or point in liquor. Such Teas continue to be sought after, and to command {|ir prices, but other kinds are neglected, and sell at easier rates. Pekoes for price and Low Broken i}ekoes have declined in value, as also the poorer liquoring kinds of Pekoe Souchong. Closing iavoices were offered from three of the Land Mortgage Bank’s Darjeeling Estates ; the “Teas being Ay excellent quality realized a high average; 2/0} being obtained by the “ Moondakotee ” Estate, jad 1/43 by the “‘ Nagri” Estate - an average of 1/6 was also obtained by the ‘“‘Luckimpore Tea Co,” jad 1/53 by the ‘“ Borokai Tea Co.” As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in ‘london we quote :— DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 6d. 1888, 43d. 1887, 54d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 5 52d. ¥ 6idi— =; 6d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) 35 7d. f Beds 2555 7d. PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) a 8d. % id. 8id. PEISOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gd. # told. ,, rod. PEK SOUG: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 62d. 74d. IPSN OIS, (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 7ad. § gd. “EYLON. A rather larger quantity has been offered, making the week’s offerings unusually gleavy, although not in excess of probable supplies in the near future. The quality was about on a ar with the Teas sold last week. Fine liquoring Teas still continue scarce and are badly wanted, ma that account commanding high prices, while poor liquoring or Medium descriptions, w hich are in (11 supply, sell about previous rates with an occasional easier tendency. The follow ing averages lay be mentioned :—** Hoolankande,” 1/114; ‘‘ Sheen,” 1/64; ‘‘ Goatfell,” 1/42; ‘‘ May fi eld,” 1/2; qi@ampion,’’ 1/14; and. “ Rahatungoda, 3 r/th. An average of roid. per lb. was obtained. NAVA, The Ji iva selection contained many useful liquoring Teas. A good invoice from ‘‘ Sinagar ”’ alized firm prices, and rates generally continue steady with brisk competition. The export market as of late been somewhat more animated, and Pekoes with tip have recently been in better demand lt rather improved rates. An average of 74d. per lb. was obtained. MOVEMENTS Ce TER (in ibs.) SOM Ist JET NURS LO" erst BECEMBER, 1888. iter RTS. ane LIVERIES. Stock 1886. 1887. 1588. 1886. 1887. 1888s. 186. 1887. r888 STAN cs cles 0 0's 52,054,908 59,664,018 65,680,188 40,493,706 48,181,146 409,772,655 32,557,305 34,542,762 40,031,076 AEYLON....5.).. 4,456,850 7,721,160 13,340,324 4,061,540 6 5,859, 030 =—-12, 833,460 1,660,460 3,149,430 5,129,078 \ SS Gio a Ot. a 1,984,220 T,477,500 2,165,310 2,271,050 ,766,730 2,323,020 994,379 7©9;239 707,410 Wa INA, etc. .... | 124,268,320 91,783,850 80,191,821 85,086,928 70 aes 449 66,014,847 67,661,852 64,097,065 55,457,930 Moran lbs. | 173; 364) See 160 90,646, 588 161 377 7,643 | 132,513,314 126,838,355 130,943,001 103,153,990 103,458,487 104,416,394 - eee ae Sotutenieieitecmemett ——— 3ANK RATE. aia per cent. EXCHANGE, @uledita 0 on London three ae ee si ent Is. 433d. INDIAN. | 144 € | 120°C ah Broken Org. Poko Pekoe and | : Broken and || FPannings, Dust | Garden. or Flowery Pekoe; Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, -Pekoe Rouchong, Souchong, and Various, Quantity. Price| ye | eee | Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price Quantity. | Price. Assam Companyj| 40 1/108 | By 7c ti9k1/24)130P 1/2-2/1\t — — 1432c 73-1/64; — eS Attaree Khat T Co|| — —|] 41 c) g4d 26 c|. 10fd |) 33.c]. 72d ij). 44 c] 63-72 | — — | Bamgaon ; — —- Bie53 Cl 72-92 — DD AS vd f{ +- — | Bicrampore coal —/] 43 c¢ rial 2/3) 8d |} — — — = 25 c| 63d | Bishnauth TCo...|| 57 p| 1/72) — = 45 ¢| i/2t |) — — Tigec| 74d0 xs BITC Urrunbund|| — — Beet cl 8id|| 22 cl rozd |) — — 625¢| 7-74 gaa Borbarrie — — fl 26 c] {84d | 28 cif rog¢d |, go c] 7% = mee un ae Borelli T Co — — Meror ci ogodj| 29 ¢ 1/28 86 ci 73 55 chige7e ee ae IBXoreolkein Il (C@s anal] == — Wiee32 c| 1/52 TOC ee2iy7 Agi AC 13040 25 cl] 1/4 aes — | BorpukriTCo — |} 30 c| tod] 25 ¢) ros 25 cj 8d] 57 70 | eee | BrahmapootraTC}| 15 cj 1/1op}/ 43 ¢ rid 32 c| 82d! 14 c 10g igh as | . Mi- == — 40 c| 10d || 20 ¢| loz 40 c| 73d} 20 ¢ - 7d | = = | | le Ri - ss ee 25 C 3) 2One| Pay Meraliee 27 C) aoa 5c} 74d) — — SB) — — 36 c| gid || 12 ¢} [1/2 56 cl 72 TOC Fel) = Recipes .|] — 44. c] 82 32 Cl. OFd ||. 45:(C| 7501) 24 -c) ibe sie =a | DoomDoomaC Boe — |i} 89 ci 82-84) 36 c) 10% — — 49) Chengdu ee | ,,. HMansura ...|)) — — ey7 cl 8id | 35 c| -o8d | 32 °c| Zed — pais ae: pee Dooloogram ....||__ 20 c} 1/2k]} 20 c 8d |} 20 c} 82 Bore } —~ ss es == EasternAssamCR 41 1/3. Weer c| . 82 22 Ch Waal 20. C| ai yee 24 ¢| 7id | — ae | Ellenbarrie 25 2/ fiees5 tod || — — 114 pit74-73]| 78 c| t7d| 25 64d | Gajilidoubah =| 2. Bo cl 8d} 30: c}" 98 a7 cl. 7ad|| > 28 ch 7d eee | Geetingy 18 r/2eqeea4 cl 98 — = 12 c| 8h — me a au | Ghillidari 18 c| 2/ Pies c) :/2 LOC) pre 26 c| 82 — aa a ss | Hahai Patha 20 t/odmeue3 Cl) 72-8 58 c| rod|} 35 c| 7td]| 53 ¢| 74-74 4 cl 52d | Ind. T Co Cachar|| — — B2)c| 11s 20 C| 1/84|| 37 c| Sid) 81 c 7-8 — aa BE Co. Bokell| 18 c| +x/14)er24 c/83- 103) — — Da 8d | 49 cl 7d] 220€ 8d » Hukanpukri] 47 c} 1/43/f 75 ¢ +8d 74 c| +84d pes, pe Ee pase y es jee ,», Kamptie Gj) 22 c| 1/rg// 51 ¢ ot 50 cl t8d]|. 34.c) Zada, 23 | 462d) — ss Muttuck||27c }1/|424 a pec) 72- — — 25 cl. 7td || — — 20 c| +63d 5s Panitola|) — m0-c| 8s 99 ¢| 108d || 268 c| 73d /} 62 c| 72d) — = Tippuk|) 59 ¢|t9- r/3| 46 c eel = — — 118 wid | — is Pee ValleyTC|| —- —— fie72 cl 74-74 || 29 c| 83-93 || 58 cl 62 =f el a = | KanyaraPIntation — — = ane Pe ao 60 cit 53t6p a See KettelaTCo — = feyore| tigd)| — = 38: ¢| 72d-\i ‘12 ¢) 7tda) =e zas | Khobong T Co...!| — — |i)150 cl 72-82) 50 Cc) otd || — ae ae as aie ss SE Diffloo...|| “= = 35. € 8d || 22 ¢l fred || 33 el Zt 60 ¢| 64-7 en ae yy CP Jalingah.... | == ae 50 c}}74- 2 64 G 8-11+ 65 Cc 7d paeic ists nahi avis 3 Pea oan — eee) 39 c| odd 25 C} t/oZl| 47 © 8d || 29 cl. 7td |= pias ” ” atotst| || Ses = 45 ¢ gd 22 C 112 69 Cc 73-8 — = — == ee Moondakotee|| — <5 67 c| 2/54 |i16 ¢ 1\/o4-2/8!|~ 25. ¢ 1/44 6c 1/14} — pie ,, Morapore...|| — = 53 clt7#t8h]| 15 cl tod i] 20 c) 7id|| 14 c] 72d} — rat kan Nagrt veel) = hy |: t/or ||) 17 G5 9/4 Secs 1/it tr c}.. 8d| 28°¢74-T0s », oalgunga.,.| — — 50 Cc} 82 33 (Cl. Telarc a =a eu es », Shabazpore||) — | — BQ Cc) 72 26 c| g4d 13 € 7d = ees = Lepetkatta salle 9A t/o8Mmero Cl gd} rr ce) 8dj* 27 ce) zed — — Luckimpore T Co!) — ie BO c| 1/8 Bes nN 34nC| ety 3 Ean da aL Manabarrie Wee r/oh! 54 | 1/34) — pl 5g c| 84d|| 100 p| 74d) — Meenglas Se 50 ci11d114 == 71 c| 8% Be ae T2 ¢ Moonee =: | — 22 °C 8d j| 12 cl ‘10d inayat wid es oe Ex Naharanee i 3 orc! t7ed)) == = fee oS 13 c| 164d NSTCo 3urjan)) 78 clgj 12/24 93 ©| 74-74 || 60 c| gtd\| yo c| 74d|| 6o cl 63d s; Khadim|27 c se 2/0k 50 ¢ $d || 30 cl 88 56 c 7d || 32 c| 68d Nurbong... 20 | t/9 20 C wi/2 = ee ie 94d 32 © 74-84 Nuxalbarrie — | — 49 c| gtd 27 cl 1/ te 46 c| 74-72 aus eee os OS&C Chandpore'||) — | - } gt c| 74-84 || 76 cl741 108] 20 c ad Be oa Io2 Endogram) 20 c!} is4d 60 c| 74d || 50 cl 168 60 gal | es meen Putharjhora — 71 Cl 84-94 25 C 1/13 70 Cc 84d 40 Cc 73d ae RGS Talup — 9 186 c} 74-84) tro ciB8t1/6| — | — 51 Cc 7du\ -360c Salbarrie | 12 cl rid} 4gocl 74d]) 4c) 84d il 32 cc] 68d) — — 8 ¢ Samdang T Co...\| 20 2/ 40c 1/\64 1/6% lag — +) 20° ch.103d em. aa 30. C|7: Sathgao ... i] — ft ile 35 ce) 8d ers el rad || 40 cl) Fada i ScottporeTCo Pi 25 c| 8#d || 63 c| 7#d 48 c 18d | 50 c| 63-7 5g Cc end pie SSTCo_ Baliseral;) 35 c} 10d || 73-c| 8d||.47.¢ gd || 108. cl 7-74 || 47 c| 628d). 33 ¢ 9 Deanston)132c 9|}-1/7} || 102 c| 8-84 ar cl gfd|| tig cl Fed || 71 closed) go Tiok oll —- |< ) lego cl rod 23 Cc) 1/11 | 48 cl +73d — — me 144 C 75 © 97 © 216 Ci T16 c 204 ¢ g6 c 137 ¢ 104 C O32 120 145 ¢ 174. C 144 C go c 138 p al nr (e) Wiel aw ekiok lek ieklehtetiwlsakienhi elicit ioiiering = Pric | 979 ¢ __ INDIAN. =-Continued. Broken Org, Pekoe ji Pekoe and : } t Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. || Unassorted. Broken Pekoe.- || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. | Average, | é {[feeestces | iY Quantity.| Price. [antics | Price. ‘Quantity, | Price. | Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price | Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price, wehulcyvarde Go .-..\/70c 1/6|, 1/114)| — — Uy) (S| at) AO) © ieee! |i) —_— = == ign Oly fae i|/ WestrnCachrC G| — — 108 C| 9-9¢ Zoe Ginn! S — — 52 c| wedi — — 186 c| 104d | i NEILGHERRY | | | | GHTE == == _- —- — — SS 10 ¢| 7d) — - KON Ce sez | TRAVANCORE | | | 'Arnakel . — Set) 25.C|> t/Oe ll = = — — _ — — 25 c| r/o iq * Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season, iy , CEYLON. Broken Org. Pek. Pekoe and Brokea Fannings, Dust, | | 4 Garden, |or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, || Total, |Average. 1) Quantity.| Price. Qi) Price, |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.; Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price, i) Abbotsford a= = 84 C od tg c| {rod 25 c, 8hdy — a — | 128 c od | lj Agar’s Land = <= | 20) net |b 28 1/02 6 ORG! |) == a 2 83d | 56 | 113d | | Agra-Oya — Se 2 Gh ofl 8 eh mmelkeh yy — | — a TEC eOs Gulla Clio i) Annfield == — ai c| 10fd | 4o ci ittd}) 40 c} otd ||) — 4. — a Ior cj 104d | Balgownie = as AS Gj eel yp dL Cp Opal I —- 5c 74d | 44 c| 83d | Barnagalla 23 1/1 26\c| {rod || =41 103d || 24 ¢ dj; — = -|) — = 114 p| 104d i) Barra — — 22 c| 83d] 34 g3d || 31 c) 84d) — — 7 & 5ed- >) of pi, 8d 2| Blackstone = — — — 44 | t1/1¥ |) 20 c| fo#d |) — _ — = 64 p| 112d | Blackwater HS Sumiy/ 212 2O.Ci Lorde = aorc| | 10d || 60 Clan gda| | 135 p| rotd y| Bunyan pile == 20 Cc} 104d || 19 114d 14 € gd || 18 $3d |} — =p zd ‘| Campion... oc ee — 54 Lfo2 |) 77 1/34 2) THONG! if va jad |} — =|) 168 1/14 i Castlemilk ———— ae 57. \ti-112]) 19 ¢€| 1/2d)| 28 c) odd 10 84d 114 p| 114d id Caskie Ben = = 12 €| gfdjj 12 c¢ 113d) — — | — | 24 c| 508 i] CL&PC Fettereso|; — — || 35 cl to#d|| 30 |tr14d|| 35 ¢| tod |i = || 100 pj} 92 i) ,, NewPeradeniya|| — = 28 Oo rorGl!) an cme ahs! ol 2 =i 3, ¢€| 6d! || 3807€) rot ee os Rkicharton| — SSF 20 6) ajo ||, 2o Ge || ae Orel 64d | 2 7d || 59 p| x/ox i\Cey.1 PlntnsC Ld | | | ,, Mariawattel| 22 1/54 || 124 plgd- 103) — — | 124 pj 84-94 || — = 20 64d || 290 pI 93d i] Court Lodge _ ant 17 t/oL || 10 1/4 2 er ordh| (ae a 2 8d || 50 U/iG- | ujCraig —.. = = i = — se) tod |} 38 83 = — = -- 48 od Delta = — 12¢)2" 168d)\| 78 eEAGL |) G7 © gd! || == = TO ¢] 64-84) 57 p| old | iq Digalla == — 78 P| 83-9 || 29 ot — == — — 4 | 6-7#. || 111 p| od | i Dunlow = — || 23 ¢) o#d] 18 1/1 = — — — = —_ 4i p} rid | yl Dunsinane 35 1/12 |} 59 rid = ae: 25 | 92d — | = = ees 122 p| r1id | i EP&ECoLdHope as = i BO Cy aes) | aie aye) — a 36 c| 1¢¢d |) — — 77 Cl sfot Elfindale sl = — | 76 | 9-94 2) trod || 42 3d | = 144 | odd | Elston = —— i 35 €| of 18 ¢) r/ot |) 35 | od|| —— = 4 €| 63d]| ‘92 cl 93: oid Eltamorcy = — | 21 ¢ tfop|) 18 | t/o8} 14 ¢} 98 — | = See te esen cla rire | Esperanza 12 r/t¥ |} 29 | tofd) — — | — — — |= => =| An 103 jFordyce is 19 €| 104d |; 40 1/1 32 €| od 7 c| Std i} — -—— “|| 98 p| rot (|/Progmore = — | — = 34 C| ti/oh |] 26 C| todd || — ee 3 | td | 63 cl x14 jjEruit Hill Allie. Bes a= i) 8) Cl ©=-70 Piet sTere 20 C eal =e ahs = | — || 59P 92d (Galaha 1). some — || 16 -c} {10d }) 23 cit 108 9 | gtd) 20cl Bai —.| — || 68c4 fod ydG@allaheria = — | 12) okdj) 12 cl) 1038 HONS! ol | = -|- — — || 40°¢cl 98d {Glassel a =e i) BR rod || 20 |{tr1z$d}j 32 83d | — a = = 87 (irred yGlen Alpin tie Some Serer sOe t/t 40 Se otd i> | Saag 64d | 153 | rod sgGlencairn | — — | 22 C| 103d | 23h r/o | 57 &| gid I pee — | ence osd | 105 Pp) roid i Glentaffe | | 20 C] rrtd || anc) r/2t]) 28 c) o8d|| — =} — | — | 69 ¢ r14d pfGoattell Seelam = |) 17 © 1/64 13 ¢| 11/54 14 C 1/13 | a i 44 cl y/43 “ Great Valley si — | 40 c) to$d || 22 c/t 108 = = 4 7 Cl J| ae = 69 © rod Hangranoya |) G2 c), 1/3h)) 15 ¢| 1rd || «7 cltr1o$d 15 ¢| 3d} — — 4c] 73-8 53 ©} r14d i{Hardenhuish, & | == — || 34 | zo4d|| 21 | ro4d |! 19 | ofd) — — = yi] eee 74 told jjHatale | — | — — || 16 Clit rodd TOECi aod) == = — == 32 C] o8d Hauteville = aos ieawe XC todd | Q Cl rohd i Teac gd ss — LG 7d 32. 93d jjHindagalla | — my i hana 1/ot || 28 | 1/1 I 31 tod 9 od a — 95° 4 trid iif olmwood —- ORS ORGyh 2081 cP rr Cl Bad a 9 73d || 58 P|, o8d loolankande ...|| 12 2/6 || 19. \ inet Slee ie ty =Cl: 7/8 i 45 xe om 48 pl r/rrt | Imboolpittia ...| — cenia| #d |} | rokd | 40 P, 88-9 Be FF — — 128 p} gid ; Ivanhoe ... Z| — = 4 feeoeche'otd.|| — i. — an 94 P) rold EeaMemiicka 4 oe — | be | I hid || — a 64 P) r1id Y | .O WN — “oni mued. Broken Org. Pekoe|}- Pekoe -and AU Broken - Fannings, Dust || Garden, or Flo very Pekoe. |) Wnassorted, Broken ator | Pekoe Senators, and Souchong, and Various. || Total. | Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. | Price, Quantity. Price, || Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity. Kanangama = — | 1d || 24 11d 50. | 84-82 |) — — — — 119 Karagastalawa ...|| — — |i 1/08 6 Ty) 22a = - 21 ‘1/1¢ | Katooloya — — |e cl icd|} 20 cit1o8d|| 27 e| t8¢d | — -~ — — 67 c| g3d KAW — = | Bpeciot-112|| 73 c| 113d) — == 69 c| 84-82 || — —. || 225 c} 1od Kelhe — R23 / rr3d] 23 | 1/3 || 43 ¢/to-og| 16 c| 8-82) 5c) Bed) 108 p) ged Kelliewattie -— — | 19 r14d — == 21 c| gid rc} 64d] 64 p| 11d | Kew — — | 13 c| 114d |) 20 trid |r. 14 ¢| tod 3c 7d} — — ||. 50 p| roid | | Kirkoswald Be 1/4% |B c| 1/0} ea 35 ce; d | <= gt p| 1/0§ | Kelvin — — || 25 cl ot MeoMeenvorwal||| ine) el) ox fel ||) — 5 cl 7ad]| 50 ¢| gtd | Leangapella 30 | 114d :, Batod | Loner, a — — 73 p| 10d Le Vallon — a4 c| 113 22 c|- tod || 31 c| ged\| — a — -- 67 c| 104d | | Lyndhurst Ah es — seis fecha! || aacl Geli == -—- — — 29 c| gtd |Mahacoodagalla || — — |Me@ cl ofd] 25 c| 1/08) 13.c]. tod] — — -- — 50 c| 11d | Mahousa |i 2) 1/1t i 19 tod Fi 9% GEC gd 6c} 73d) — — 61 pl 104 | Mayfield... —— — |Mec| 1/24) 14 cl 1/521] 15 €| 11g — — 3 ¢| gid]) 54 cl 1/2 | Minna — — ier tgd || 52 | todd || 29 83d ]| 11 7id || — — 143 gd | Morningside = — me | ofd|| 10 | 114 5 gd 3 8d 2 64d || 32- gid | Mottingham — — |r6 cl of 12 c\{ 103 aic| gdj) — — 6 cl 68diF 55 cl--o4d | Mousakelle = — |f26 cl of as = 23 c} gdi) — — == = 49 c|_ gid | New Peacock — — |e c| +84 40 gd} — — os — — — 80 p| 88 | New Valley — — |e p| tiod |) 15 c| s/oz|| 25 cl toe — — — — 68 p| 10¢d | OBECCragieLea|| — = \Meerc|, i/ot || 13 c| 1/3f]| .20 c) Tedhie — — — — 53 cl. r/oF |, Darrawellal — | — [BBs clro riflcel| ase eh 1/2 38 c| ofd 2 Cl 7c ee 73d || 108 c| ro$d ,, Glendevon|| — — |e cit 113 26 cl tr Zea ee la ess — 73 c| 1/od | a Kuda-Oyal| — = /; el) rod. 27 cl) T1/oeee5o © gd |} — — | — — 110 ¢| 10d § Oodewelle i as 27 c| 1/ti || 36 720 || == == = = —- 63 pj) 1/34 Oolanakande = 30 gid = = I 53d || — = 40 id | Oononagalla 20 aes a, ee totd || 14 cl mudgim2ey cues. — — 1c} 7d |) 72 p| 10d Ff | Ovoca — 23 elo t/ot |) 12 ch we 24 c| gtd 5 |. 68d_| a5 ie eoidall==o5 3) aes | Pen-y-lan — — |Mee-c| o3d|| 38 c| of 13 c| gt -- — 3 cl 68d]| 87 cl ogd | Penrhos = 20 todd || 14 tiod || 27 gd ||. — — | — — 6r-c| oF | Peradenia 12 c| 1/4 |fme cj) 11d — = 28 c} tod 3c) 83d) — = 61 c| 114d Poengalla — — lMo cl odi 23 c} tiod|| — —- — _- — — 53 cl gd Poolbank 28 | +1/od |r 93 — — — — = _ — LN Age aaa | Rahatungoda — — 24 1/12 || 20 1/3$ || 16 | 10% — — 2¢| 7id || 62 p| 1/id _Rangalla -— — |MAa cl] 94-10 |132c tijodtr14| 16 c] od) — — = — g2 c| 10d Riverside = — _|ao 133 36 |t1otd = = — == — —_ 75 g3d Scagporouch .5.\/) = — .|g6 c}. trod 18 GC) “HOsale 20 Gl) ox BE 8d |} — == 76 c| todd Sheen .l| 14 cl 1/92 |3o cl 1/62 |) — — 14 ¢| 1/2 — -- — — 58 c| 1/64 Spring Valley ...|| — — |e 3d| 28 1/ T5 g2d — 5 63d |} 74 — Stinsford Pees — |e gid | 36 rigd|| 15 83d || — == = eae 74 | Summerville one — |e cl 104d 19 c| 1t/2¢ 24 cl gd eae aes pa gI Sunnycroft ‘|| —— — |eAe pl) 83d 29 gd 14-C| 8+ aa pa aa meaty 75 Strathellie || 34 ¢| xz/ok |ENg@ c| 8d AO fel || ae ae et go Suriakanda ae ao a 18 trid — — — = a= es 18 Tillyrie Whee — |yo cl od. 62 pl to-94|] 56 p| 82d) 2c) 83d 209 p Venture || 30 b| xid |g c} tofd |) 18° | frid|) 35 €) tod). — — — al ap Wariagala (ieee _— =e 4 rid || 13 CUI ee ce 2 74d) 19 Wattakelly | — | == |mc! ro}d | 22 t/t || — — Lc. 7idiia=— = 54 P Wavahena i) ee et Td 19 1/5% || 26 g4d ||) — == as = 63 Yellangowry 40 cl I/ |i22 ¢| lo4d || — — 26 ¢ gd 6 cl 84d| — — 94 Cc | JAVA. Garden, Fine & Plowry Pek, Medinm Pekoe, | Broken Pekoo, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong Cong. Bro, & Dust,|| Total, |Average Quantity.| Price. “|/Quantity. Price. | Que pene | Prcen Quantity. | Price. (Susmnity: Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Ardja Sarie — (em | oa ap - — 51 «| gtd || 145 c| 44- 73 — — || 196'c 74 Dramaga 5c 1/12 | 43 cl 7f-10 || 41 c 7d\| "20 cl ad iia c 14 c| 54d] 146 ¢} 7tqhy ” Jasinga a | age 1/24 ;— EP hitb eer Gell gs 49 ¢ ed 18 c| 54d] 106 p 7 Apts, « Sinagar ro |) 86 clros10#! 33° ¢ 18: Sei earerene ar 2 Kotha] ty on allie ee ie 28 wad | o— — | 8c 74d slpcllinemy Cll sae 8 ci 54d 52 In these tables all the packages are half- che re unles ss otherwise stated. hus represent the highest offer in the room. J. W. Parkin bi Mi ance) for Base? to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Broke [ c fae eneaa: | Printer . Stationer, 1 Te a 2, Bury Sirect, Si Mary Axe. eee 7 dae naenes) In He ulating these averages two half- chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight t Pri ices iaackeee ' a Supplement to ‘CEYLON OBSERVER." GOW, WILSON & wee INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. RR IE ee oe pS ry Vebruary ist, 1889. 13, Roop Lange, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To Dare. Indian. Ceylon. Java. _ 1887-1888. 714,831 packages. 149,282 packages. 25,000 packages. 1888-1889. 768,514 99 246,758 5 32,852 3 During the week SS aaa _ | 22,481 packages INDIAN 9,245 3 Cryton; Total 33,013 packages have been offered in public auction. Zou; sp Java Smaller auctions coupled with some revival of trade in the country had the effect of creating nproved competition and a better tone was thus imparted to the market. | Asa general rule both Indian and Ceylon Teas are now being printed with name of estate, but ‘|nthout name of ship or dock numbers. INDIAN, The Indian Teas sold at firm rates; the bidding being generally animated produced | sight hardening in prices, except for poorer liquoring Broken Teas. Good lquoring and really lavory Teas continue to attract marked attention and command relatively high prices. Invoices ifom the following estates were noticeable and realized the following averages :—‘‘ Rungmook,” 1/5 ; (1) Borokai,” 1/54; ‘‘ Borboroah”’ division of the Upper Assam Co., 1/5; and the ‘‘ Scottish '}ssam Co.,” 1/34; As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— d DwWSit: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 6d. 1888, 44d. 1887, 54d. i FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) » 53d. GPGls hn 61d. d BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) A 7d. b Sidra, 7d. AY Ee SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 5 8d. : ony gd. df PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, oid. * THORNE, 5p todd. id | PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 55 3d. 3 74d. id | PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, Tad: od. #javored Teas continue in strong demand and sell at full valuations. Common kinds are practically lnaltered although some slight irregularity has taken place in the bidding. The quality remains {pout the same. The following averages may be mentioned ; ‘‘ Mayfield,” 1/24; ‘- New Forest,” 1/23 ; ie roroit. 1/2; and ‘ Pine Hill, ” 7/14. An average of 1o}d. per lb. was obtained. ( a AVA. The Javas sold at firm prices. The selection being varied and comprising a number of mir lquoring Teas elicited considerable competition. The ‘‘ Bagelen” Estate was represented by ilo packages, amongst which were several fine flavored Teas. ‘ Tjarennang,” ‘‘ Tjikembang,”’ ilo Z sO D 5 a en and ‘‘ Tjiomas,” were also represented in the auctions. 1 MOVEMENTS gO TEA (in lbs.) FROM 1st JUNE TO us DECEMBER, 1888. Tun RTS. DELIVERIES. | ‘Srock 1886. 1887. 1888. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1886. 1887. 1888. SIDIAN «+ ..00- 52,654,968 59,664,018 65,680,188 40,493,796 48,181,146 49,772,658 | 32,887,308 — 34,842,762 40,031,076 SUE ON) tatinielelaie 4:450,8850 7,721,100 13,340,324 4,001,540 6,859,030 12,833,466 1,660,460 3,149,430 5,129,978 we Blane eieieies: 1,984,220 1,477,500 2,165,310 2,271,050 1,766,730 2,323,020 994,379 _ 799,230 707,410 i WNA, etc. oe. I14,268,320 91,783,850 80,191,821 85,086,928 70,031,449 66,014,847 |. "67,061,852 64,697,065 58,487,930 Tora lbs. 173:304.388 160,646,588 161,377,643 732)513:314 126,838,355 130,943,991 103,153,990 103,458,487 104,416,394 ~~ ao —s = TY ete eee + ee ee wd ¥ = —_ Fy M“BANK RATE. 3 per cent. EX HANGE. ce « on London three months sight ts. 42d. ike! \ 4 (NDUAN.2 aaa es Sa —— Broken Org. Pekod|j Pekoe and Brokentennd Canine Dar = Garden, or Flowery Pekoe.|| Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. |Average | | Quantity. | Price. | Price. Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Adam Tila =e 38 aid || — — 24 cl 63d]| — ed 2b Vi Cl wok) 12 ‘chs aie Aiea a2 eer Meee =" | toa el aed He RS c| 83 17 c| tfox|| 51 cl 7edj| 923. ¢ ro ee eel) 136 c| 84 » S| €| 1/2$ | 12 c| aie AB > Ces == | 22-e) 7d 28-c| 63 ai yas) 73 cl] 7id | Chandpore Chitt :||_ — el. 83d || 32 ¢| modi] 70 Cl 75-725), sre mae gai eee — | 190 cl 83d Chundeecherra ...|| 32 73-84 || — — 40 C 7d || — — i= ae 180 p) gid | ) Debrooghur oes) ane Cc gd || 33 ¢l top: Ol c) 75-72 326 Cl eae, tem La 164 c| 84d F | Dilkoosha ssa) == c| 83d; 30-c| o#d)) 38 c| 7ed|) 32 cl 62 1 5 738 cl -6dae | Doodputlee wa Clot-os || 32 Claws salie ee eee Ge we c : | EasternAssamCB)| 21 c| 8id || — aus AS close a te ih in cl 33 | Gajilidoubah_...||_ €| 8di| 52 cl rosd)) 37-€| Zed — = ae iy c | Goomtee ... 162 1/3/8 Clin/2t || == — 23 c| 83d |) — ee net KE p | Greenwood | c| 84d|| 52 ¢| 1/32 ]] 75 ¢| 74-72] 63 ¢| 74d |) — ges c | Halmirah sal += c| odd || 31 c| t1dd || 21 c| 73d 12 Cc 8d |} —_— iy c Iringmara ml = e| 8hd || 21 ¢| todd). 54 clize-7e || 24 © * 7d jy) =e av c | Joyhing seo | gd.) 40 cl aj8iil Tur ¢) yealzoe = adieu ier c | Kellyden : = cli Std || 27 ¢| -uloeiiesO.C) tye callie — 5 es c | Khobong T Co. — c] 72-9 Eo) | Ol || == = — pss pe eae c | Koomtat... Ally L5yh-© c| 9-94 30 clrotto3|| 46 c| 7d}| 64 c| 63- see, Lf c | Lebong T Co B 54 C c| gid AS Ch 8diy — = in eae c | Mahmarah soll Gy © c| rod|; — — 36 c| 74d 5O2C| GeTOs ||; (Ae iat | Maimalli belli cer eee | —— — — — — = om a | Majulighur ae He55 C\ot-114|| — == 5a Clee aiee a fet a | Meenglas ...||64 © 1|/48-2/a58e 1/|0% 1/02 68 cl 92 LG sae Reel oe |Moran T Co. ...|| 19 c| gf 34 Cc] od || 48-¢| 42 ain lel eds ee | Naga Dhoolie. ... 4 c| 114d || 16 c| 118 76 cl aed Qeclaeerd 2cl 62 Nahor Rami 23)" >— ie 1/2 TOC ig 27 (Ge eade 23mC| 7a dale ae | Noahbarrie ...{l45p 11 c| 84d 10g ¢| Zid || “= a mR 2s NSTC Bloomfield|| 15 ¢ e| f1/ 17 ¢| 1x/3 19 €} fot ee pals 2 : Be Dytagool ,2))) == Cl 72 Axo) (| inal 14 c| {63d 14 C| 64d a Nakhati| IOI C ce} 84d]} 47 ¢ of 60 ¢ 8d||- 79 ¢| 74d! 16 Miowues Nuddy|) 31 ¢} Glestod 15 c| +64d 27 ie| 6d 40 ¢ d 4 Nuxalbarrie zal —- c| tod 19 ¢| r/ax 47 ¢| 74-73 snp Be Puttareah | c} 84 26 c| 1/2 62eclae. = ae se Rajmai ... Ves c}1/-1/1 250) (Clie any i ay eee leer DiC 8d || 16 c RGS Hokungorie| 43 ¢| + clt73-48]| 36 c] 82d y) °>— = Ait Sle 8 acl 7 Rungmook | — c| 2/24 — aes 25 Ct} 2 12 .C 8d a Sc ottish MeseamaiCay 61% e| 1/14 18 c} 103 59 c| oid =e er at Sillonee Baree || — 5 c| i0od|| — — DRE): Gs — <= Hina” © SSTCo Amraili| 33 ¢ c| 83d DONC $d || 132 -¢ id 3B Cc 7d 4 Dukingole|| — c| 84d 15 Cc] zod Tey Cel) apa ats aes ae Jagcherra|,) 40 C c| 184d 15 c] gd|| 48 cl Fed || 52 C id 8 Phulcherra)11ic 8)4- fel) Gueyel g6 cj] 84-84 |] 113 c| 74- 8 || TO3 ~€ 7d 6 ‘9 Rajghat|150c I c| 478d || 76) cl. +78 123 c| 64d || 79 ¢ 6% T5 p < Sagurnal)) 30 ¢| c|. 84d || 20°c| rodgliga cl) 7d |e — — c Tarrapore T CoB) — c| 1/14 —- ce 26 c| gd 46 c 84d — Cc a Dewan ~ Clu a ne ron 11/1$-1/2 + g4 Cc 94d — — pa c| Pe Tarapore| — c! 94-92 HAfe} 1eh| aa) 50 c| 73d i| — = a me Tiph hook T Co ...|| — 1/jo41/o8|| 30 c| 1/74] 99 c| 84d )| 20 c 8d ||} — ge U iamees amCoB) gt c| 1/64 28 c| 114d — one 83, Cle ioxd ae Cc I Maijan, 10% -- 103 C)Lo}rI Ts 91.c|.. 84d pee. AMI milere) Nagig re a rig c Gl 39 c| 84d] 38°C) 7¥d) — B Nowgong 25 ¢ cl 10d || 28 cl] 10sd || 50 c] 8d) 22 ¢ 74d) — c Rungagoral — | - c| x/st|| 35 ¢| 3/38] 50¢| 84d) 25 c] zed] — : | | INDIAN .--Continued. ¥ Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and | Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total. | Average. i |Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. Price | Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. Price NEILGHERRY | Glenmorgan = = = — 12 c| 64d 60 c| 74d = = = pe 72 C| ad Prospect = = 240 C t7id a= ere Tae =e =a —— = — 240 C| 74d / Red Hill — — re) 43d |) — — — — — = = oe if0) 4id TRAVANCORE Corrimonny — — 26 +84d |) — — = = _— = I 64d || 27 84 Glenelg = — 12 g3d || — — — — — = I 7id 13 gad | Linwood _— = 66 |18-+84]) — = = = ees = 4 | 54-61 || 70 8d Mount — —_ 56 to#d || — — = == = 56 103 Penshurst — —— 79 pi9#-104] — — — — 4 74d 3 52-7 86 p| 92 Poonmudi — - 58 |+8er08|| 15 tod 9 gd |) — — 6 64-7 88 g Seafield — a 20 | +82d|| 20 t/o2 || 37 | t7#d] — = 3 | 64-64] 80 gid Woodlands — — 59 clt7$-9d]|13¢ 1/11/03] — — TC). 77a 2c| 54d] 75 c] 84d CEYLON. Broken Org, Pek. Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. and Souchong, and Various, Total, |Average, Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.; Price. |/Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price, 1A bbotsford — — | 44 c| 83 14 ¢| trod|| 22 cl 8id)\| — = = ame 80 c| 82d '/\ bbotsleigh —- — — —~ 16 c| 102d || 32 cc) gdij —- = = ate 48 c| od '}\dams’ Peak — — 48 c| gd 30 c| 113d 2OEG gd — — | 2 Cc 64d|| 100 7.c| ted Alton and Upcotl] — — 28 c] 103 Di (Cy seae! It c| oF 8 c| 84d TOC Ally Sire nel 11\ mblakanda — — 9 gd 16 |{1otd 29 p| 62-84 = | zee 54 od 114 nnfield == = 15 c| 114d Ase (Cll agit 32 c| gd 4 c| 8d —_ se 72 c| 11d ')3eaumont Sf Sy Sis | 20 Chimay 4c) 83d) 1c) gsd|) 1c} 64d) 79 c} rod (3inoya — — 25 c| 104d || 20 t/2t |) — — | 6c 8dj — — Bir DP. sen d)3itterne .. — —_ 24 c| gd ne) (Cl aaa ae — — — — = —_ Be c\=. stad (lair Athol = — 12 c| 102 32 1/ 1g c| gd 9 eas || — == 72 p| 104d ()3runswick [| —- IQ ye) ods) 13 -c| Loz |) — —— — -— _ ea 32 c| xd ) eyLand&Prod C},. | i , NewPeradeniyal 34 c| 1/2 64 c| todd |) 42 ‘rod || 60 c| ¢84d |) — = 8c} 64d || 208 p} tod id Sey.-PlnsDunedin|| 35 b| 1/94 || 116 pj8Z-104)) — — == 151 p| 104d il] | Dewalakandal| — = 24a) (95d)|) 2oKc| 108 20 83d | — = -- — 64 p| tod il] |, Mariawatte|| 20 c| 1/23|| 82 pj8%-103] at c| 1/5 99 P| 83-94 7 =e ae 222 p| 11d \hetnole = —- B7 |. Tox 33 r/ 28 gaa) == = pes ee Gs aa homer ... veal — 11 | to93 16 rrd || — -—~ — = = | oe etotd i{|Sooroondawatta — — 30 gd || 31 tod || — — 13 84d || — cats FE Gp ‘MPottaganga — 12 c| 10 II c| 104d || 14 c| odd — = ae 37 cl tod it yprus — — 15 od || 15 toad || — — 20 83d || — ae 50. 40. od Petenagalla — = = = 14 rod aI sisal |p = 2 74d || 37 gd oloragalla = — 77 C| 84-94 || 68 cl gd-10|| 33 c| 84d = ae Ss ger Aa pid))oranakande — — 31 c| tod jj, — = 22 c| t83d 6 73d || — — || 5opl_ od | ii Pover see] == — 24 gid || — ee —_ wt a 1 | Seale a fPunkeld ... on ae = Pam Meo Calameec| osc! areicc| odi|ia= = | ai = 7 = i asicl odd i} P&ECLabukele| — | — 29 c¢; +tod|| 24 clt rod Bo edie |- Me Wa | yancl etd gy, Ingurugalle|| — = 23 Cl OF 13 c| r/ot 7 cl 8td} — | sy — 43 c| tod 4d] |, Meddecombra|!) — —— 39 c| gtd 24 c| t/2t|| 24 c| t8$d)) — | ey) 2c} z1d|| gg c| 104d Si} Ibedde ... 9 t/9$ |] 31 c| 82d|| 13 c| 1/ B5 cl ged) a c| 7am) ac] 68d]! gop] roid i) kadua — = = = 44 r/o} || 62 Cc ode — — — || 106 p| tod id] pplewatte = ca 20 rozd || — a 31 gid} — | = je x pill aoe gtd gill. roan — — 22 gid 22 1/ 22 yal {Pe — — — || 66 | tod 10h}: rroll — 21 Sau —— a = — | 63 p| 1x i} air Lawn 14 1/34 || 25 | rofd ||) — | = == 49 1/o4 reidland 18 1/2i || — 8 ee = | — — | 56 t/ol rit} rotoft II 1/4. 20 Diora) — =| — Se ae |r] ih} allaheria 12 c| 113d 16 GH oed) 2 cl 7g = — || 46 c| r1o}d | mmadua 16. |t ro4d PENG osd i) — +l] 2 64d |} 69 p| od a ngwarily 32 104d 3 al oe ere ali 70 *| 93d | kiyanakanda ... 34 1/1 || — is zee as = ae 55 py 1 i} lassel ie 24 t/t} || 33 83d ||} — -- — — 92 told | flenalla 31 c| totd || — — — | = e= |\ 62°cl° ‘ad = 6 8d — 2) Tee 6d | C lendon \ Cc! 40 p' _ tod Broken Org. Pekoe|] CEYLON.—Continued. Pannings, Dust and Various. Total. | A Price. — 150 AS) ie) se De PU et a repre) Ieee elie! sek] ililGaies ae) Hel slow et tal Quantity. 52 P — 25 b — III p 100 p Cong, Bro, & Dust. to one chest. vam ante Se sl a P for paciamas, €s are taken as Pekoe and Broken Garden. or Flo very Pekoe Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, Quanti y.| Price. | Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. | Glentilt — — Pes t1id 21 cj gd — Gona — — m4 b] ridd-|| 11 b) t/4e yo — — — — Goorookoya = — 62 todd || 54 | 114d] 30 | 18sd 4 7id Gorthie ... —- 64 c} 104 4r 7} 1/4e |) — _ 6c} 84d Gt.Western ho 22 rit 29 c| od] 42 c| g#d|) — — — Hardenhuish,& Li — 43 rid ||} — 23 tod || — — Heatherley — — 2i cl tod/| 11 ¢| f1/4ei) — _ 5 c| 84d | Hillside — — 1g oda) 21 to8d || 29 |163-84) — — | Hoonoocotua = == 22 C| 82-91 || 47 "| g-107 || 20 cl 7a- — — Ivanhoe ... — — 35 Cc] 102 31 114d || 29 c] g$d || — — | Kanangama — a 20 Od || AT oe eyue giao. 82 a= — Kataboola = — Bx Clos ||) 260%e) n/a 28 c| gtd | — —- Katooloya — — B2 Cc) ofd || 23%c| 11gd\| 247 ce) Saod 4) — KAW — —~ 87 cil94-113]) 36 c) 113d) — — 16\c| 84d Kelaneiya — — 23 c| 182 51 trod || 20 c} 84d |; — — | Kintyre ... — = 66 c| of 55 to4d || -— — 30 c) 83d. Lameliere -- — — = DA trod || 22 92 — — Laxapana — — 56 c| iid 2S Cl u//2 37 Cl 92 — — Maha Eliya — — 34 clog-113]| 19 c] 118d) — oa = = Mahatenne o — _— — 20 tfok]} 12 cc] od] — — | Mayfield... _- — 30 1/3 22 1/6 ZY 1/ — — | Melfort — — — — 46~ |114113|| 25 ce] ofd |} — — Morar a= = Be cl 10; |) 20-45 aa a= = = — Mousakelle — — wg cl rod ||, 32 1/o% |} 22 c| gd 5 73d | Nartakande —- — 57 83 25 g#d || — = —_ —- | Needwood — — 6c) oF Di Ol WO 17 c| 83d] — — New Forest — — 20 c¢| r/2t]] 19 c) 1/34] — = 2 “cl. gid |OBEC Havilland] — — — _ — -- — — 40 “84d » Sinnapittial| — — Bowe! ind || 27 cease 20 vem. — — Oononagalla _ = 14 c| g#d|| 13 c¢ 114 21 (c) ) od 9 = = Orion — = — == 20 104 14. gtd |} — —— | Orwell — — HBC) ~~ gdii 19 €) 16% 34 cj) 8h 4\c| 74d | Osborne — ae 33 103 29 1/32 || 38 gid || — — | Pambagama — = 46 c] 82 34 rid wie 8d) — _ Pansalatenne — — 95 g4d || 26 1/14] — =< 3 td | Pen-y-Jan a B2 C| o4d || 40°C. o8d 12 c| ot — = Pine Hill 18 t/7i th 23 r/td || - - — 35 tod | — —_ Putupaula — Mis cl 93 ASG) ary ou 23 83d || 20 8d Rambodde — = 39 tod 8 114 — —_ — — Rangbodde 19 c| 1/45 21 c| 1/08 — 29 c| gd 5 c| 84d SE John Del Rey 40 1/ 28 Cc), 1/14 20 C| 104d 2 c| 64-74 St. Ley’s — — ro c| t/ot]| 14 c| xs/of Ase aod 2c| 8d Suriakanda — = — — 12 c| 1/23 ||/ — -—— — — Tunisgalla 20 1/1 45 pitgottos — = == — = = Wallaha = b> C\LOZT12| AoC) aaa 37 c| 10d | — — Wangie-Oya — — 14 cj ot 81 tod] 34 c| 84d) — — Wavendon = 15 t/o% || 25 1/1 2: $d) — — Wereagalla — } 34 c) 188d) — — — — _- -= Yellangowry 30 c| r/ohBe 17 c| 92 = aa EEC OG, 3c] 83d an Z = ¢ JAVA. Garden, ine & Plowny Pek Medium Pekoe, | Broke ‘Pekoes Pekoe Bonencne Sperone Quantity. | Price, HOuantity. | | Price. | Que el | Prices | Quantity. | Price. cae eee, | sagelen.. — | - 289 cl7t3/1#] 21-c| 7kd || 510 c) 63-82 | — a Bodjonagara 49 | 83d 39 ¢ 8d), 29 cl aaein 361 ¢ “yd 8 ¢ 6d Tjarennang wi) — | — 17 c| 10d]| 30 cl hdl} 25 cl v8d]] 24 c| 64-62 Tjikeribang | 18] 10F 49. | 84d] 34 | 838d || 17.c| ved ||) — = Tjiomas b AL see 35 4 c| tod 20 © 64d 35 of kdl In these tables all the packages are ¥ ft. chests unless otherwise state d. b mantis fort hoves c Pa chesig ames thus represent the highest offer in the room. In calculating these averages two half-chets or four box GOW, Ww-LSON J. W. PARKING, Printer & Stationer, I & 2, 2, “Bury Strey » St. Mary Axe, a ~ ie STANTON, Brok | Total, |Aver: Quantity. Pric 8: F Price. + Prices ma equal in wej ee 0 “§CEYLON OBSERVER.” “Ou, "WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. dipry 8th, , 1889. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON FRom ist JUNE To Date. if Indian. Ceylon. Java. \. 1887-1888. 737,965 packages. 153,681 packages. 25,497 packages. 1] ie 1888-1889. 794,986 $6 256,302 Hs 32,949 s uring the week ee || 20,472 packages Inpran | 9,544 Ms vee Total 36,113 packages have been offered in public auction. ji 107 of Java i After a period of quiet, business in the country has somewhat revived, and deliveries of British jsrown Tea during January were again upon an encouraging scale, Indian Teas especially being so jargely cleared as to exceed the deliveries of any previous month. i On the whole bidding in the auctions was more general and there was evidence of a desire on jhe part of the trade to purchase at fully current rates for all Teas with any character. INDIAN. Indians ruled with a somewhat improved tone, Teas with quality being very firm Park thick liquoring Broken Pekoes over 1/1 are in strong demand, and show a marked recovery Wom recent depressed rates. [here is a scarcity of fine liquoring Pekoes, and the few on offer yous command steady rates. he following averages are worthy of note, * Tukvar,” 1/52; a) Pusumbing,” 1/54; a Margaret’s Hope,” r/sh ae ihc ar. Sag ‘ne Barnesbes a dmision of ave Webonge Lea'Co.,’’ We ands theme Darjeeling Co 1/3¢- As an idea of the comparative mrices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) r88q. Gide) 7888, 443d. 1887, 54d. # FANNINGS. (ed to brown, strong rough liquor) i, 3d; Orden 64d. i BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) A 7d. 3 8id i‘ 7d. i PAE Is ASONONG (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) - 8d. a gid od. H PEKOE, (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid. AS TOPOL yp, tod. PIB: SOWEE (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 0 63d Hn 74d. 4 PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 74a. |, gid. 11 SEYLON. Wave Ceylons, wherever the liquor was attractive, commanded attention and sold with good competition at firm rates. Poor Teas and low Pekoe Souchongs are easier, showing a drop in Mme instances of a farthing to a halfpenny per pound. There is not much change to note in regard %) quality ; although there is a slight sprinkling of good Teas, a large proportion of the offerings ipnsisted of medium and poor kinds. The following averages may be mentioned, ‘‘ Chapelton, i 1/2; m Geddes,” 1/1%; “‘ Bogawantalawa,” 1/14; “ Kew,” Whe and (Madlamds,” 1/ ; “TL ippakelle e,” r/o. i in average of tod. per lb. was obtained. rif JAVA. INjO: leas! off direct import have been brought to auction. Catalogues are issued for 1735 ickages. 10} EON UE CODING OF TEA in ibs: DURING jae i a aS aa aa = | ; Imports. DELIVE RIES. 1a 1887. 1888. 1889. 1887. 1888. 1889. ‘i INDIAN ......-. 9:998,154 11,273,718 12,282,363 | 7,409,835 8,105,118 8,931,927 wl CEYGONGS sores 578,250 1,350,784 2,660,244 | 535.280 1,029,318 I,945,932 7 ANON Be oeleigd ohne 271,670 227,430 196,700 | 161,950 199,010 212,240 GRINAS (CTCs aster 7,493,055 8,169,723 8,114,592 11,048,244 9,702,322 8,838,404 Tora lbs, TS; Z3u 720. 20 peeps 23,253,899 | 19,155,342 19,035,768 109,928,503 a — 5,035,130 9,077,944 16,000,568 | SG 7,888,348 I ‘it 1779305 | 1,703,470 3,07 3,192 5,544,200 * AC s.c:s olalaimmisl® | 2,255,590 1,704,990 2,302,010 | 1433,030 1,905,740 2,535,200 1,054,060 797,050 751,570 p Miwa, etc. .---| T20%51,9075 99,953,573 88,306,413 | 96, 135,272 791733773 74,853) i i 64,100,536 57,704,3 | Ee cai = “ Bi git SoS 181,674,243 184,631,542 | 151,668,756 145,874,123 150,872.44 102,339,450 a | yer cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on L ondon ee months si ght 1s. 477d. INDIAN. as marked | Broken Org. Pekoe Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various, Total, | Quantity.| Price. Quantity.) Price. ; Quantity. Price, |/Quantity.| Price. |Quantity. Price. |)Quantity.| Price, ' Assam Co saall| == — 320 1|/3-2/22|| 230 ¢| 74-8 {1463 cj6g-1/8 || — —- ||2908 p| 103d | Attaree Khat T Col]; 26 | 1/114 = ie 27) Glen fen 5I c| 64-7 = = 140 p| gad} | Bamgaon sae = — = — 28 Ch Se 7a merece O28 24 c| 73d|| 140 c]. gd |*Bannockburn ...|/28 1/4|¢-1/6 Bb | Getel P= — 52 c| 64d]] 140 p| gfdf | Baree fet Ac 6d 1c) 52d 1c}. 54d ]} — =o Es mee 16 c| 54d | BITC Urrunbund|| — — 25 1C| oa — 50 c} 7id == = 117 cl Bad |Borelli T Co...) — | — 18 c| 1/4 || 43 -¢€| 84d] 36 ¢)/63-72 |) — | — || 238 c| rogdy pongala Gomer. — — — 2S Cane 25¢| 7d] — — a eh ae | Burrumsal | — TQuic|” Ss eelal ie = 22 ¢| 74d|) — — 65 c| 84d | Corramore Salis as — 25 cl 1/54 ]| 60 ¢ gd |} 20 c] 8#d|) — _- 165)<|. -7/ a Darjeeling Co .../) 64 b) 3/1 62 1\/44-2/8]. 93.cl721/54| 41 pl 64-94 || 63 p| 62-83 || 454 Pp} 1/32 Doolahat soo = — 20. |) aGle(23°°C|, 97 lal al] (°C ammee Cll ts = 94 c| 84df HDoolang ramp es ita — 25° ¢| Sedu 30"Ci) 7d aa = — — 85° ce] — Sala *“Dooteriah , — 62 c|1/tok || 38 cl 1/2$]] 82 c| rod || 49 ¢| 10d || 300 ce} 1/32) Dulcherra wel] — _- 58 ¢ 112 2/2e 58)¢ 8d]} 56 c} 7$d|| — — 267 c| roid} Ellenbarrie peal 29 2/04 ane = 100 Gl -— — —- || 175 rid | Puttickcherrie <..|| — 2d Cl TIBHM IIR 45“ C|lomin Octal ei — 23 ¢| osdi| 167-cl. 92 Gatoonga alll — 31c| t/tony 96: C) ) 8diin 53) cl aged 207 At | Ghillidari Seale a Cll ere 20 c|) i/4¢ || 21 c| Ii Gam — -- — G30 15 | GreenwoodTCoD|| — -— t5gc{1jost104]] 100 Cc} 7% Ot c 7d || — = 440 c| 843df Hahai Patha™ <..|| 20 1/25 AS Cl) Weal ee oy Cle eves al = 3c 5ad|| 180 p). sdg Hattigor Plt 2O Mey UTS AC OG! Ill: GE. Gee 74 C| 64-7 — — 246 p| 83d Hazelbank Ae | ed — 21 C| Tae i29 Cc) 8s 26 c| gid 115 c| 114d Jorehaut T Co ...|| 24 2/4% 30 clr1d113|| 162 c| 72-10 || 162 c) 63-8 6 c| 63d}| 558 p| 102d f Kalabarrie oS — 17 (Cl aaa Zo C|, ee 40 ¢ 7d |) — _— 114 C gd} Kellyden T Co ...|| — 44 cl txrd || 4o cl 7ed 18.c| 63d || 147 c| 84d Kobira elf — 20) | {moses y Cl. 7a iis — — — 80 p) 83df Lebong T Co Bi 30 ¢} 1/9 48 c| 1/odh 123 c| 1/335 a Tukvar||79p 1/2|¢-1/23 = ae QQ) Cc) TOF" 5 3B) SIZ a lI ae aa 328 Di tae Luckimpore T Co|) — — 15 ¢| t/o@ ||, 59 e| t0fd |) AB e\72-92. |) doKe 7-1/3 || 275 €| 1/2 Pushketpere Ses =. cae 38 pi t8stse 86 p| 82d) Mahmara ellen hon cl, mies 7c ha wos 25 c| 7d Ag €|. 65-7 — ee 129 c| 83dB “Manabarrie ...|| 40 | 11/84 || —4 — 43 cl 7ed|| 25 c| 84d], 50©¢ ee a 158 p) g3dP Margaret’s Hopel| 22 c| 2/34 || rae) 1/64 || 13 cl 1/84] 18 ¢) std || — == zi p| 8-94 || 92 P| 1/5a8 Moran T° Co. -3.,|) 26 reset V7 mae. TId 26c¢ gd 38 Cc 3 =_— = ass = 107 p| 103d Mungledye Co . .|| — == 14 c| tod 12) cles cele tO 7c 8 48 ¢ gel ||| == —= 179 Cc Wassau i Com); — — 14 c| gid 52 c| +84 13 © ad a = == a= | -80 c} 82 NSTC DamDim|| 92 c/841/o}|| 120M) 74-7% || 66 cl 72- MAC i. Gal ||| 2 CG] OR OMG 7d || 492 c| 77dh ,, Rungamuttee|| 63 c| 82-10 74 cl 7c 84 c| 84d | 143 ¢| +72 GO Cl jad || 425 e743 a Nuxalbarrie ——...|| — — 6dpe} 1d )} 35 c) tx/2t|| 80 ¢ = ce ies — | 175 ¢ trode OS&CBallacherra|} 75 c| 10d|| — — Peawcel Nee i cae — a= ae ae: ae g8 ¢ 1/0 4 Chandpore|| — = 107me| 74-94 || 96 clt7+110]| 47 © 7d || — = — === Z5ONEIE 7a Pusumbing 50 1/6)4-1/9t || 53 1/5+ —- 20 tS Ca a > 1/53¢ Rajmai... 9...) — | — pamelet/t2 || 25 cl t/of|| 22 ¢ 84d ||) — jae — | — 82 ¢} .1/ Rookeence | ee — 240c) 81d || 81 cl 7h-11 || 45 ¢| 7ad |) 72 © 64d || — == 222 C) 7 Roopabally veel] — 28 Cc Bd’ 32 Clee dill Sa = 20 63d || — — Pp Salbarrie vA 63 cl. dill” aad || 2c) (Sida ereecl Ofd ie Tome Ciel Scottish AssamCol — | — 57m) 1/44 ou ne 973 c| gtd — — — c Selim T Co Selim|| — ~- 5dme) told || qr ci i1gd |) 58 ¢) 778) — =e = Cc Terai — | — |e 1Aiieiadd 7 ei 7D © 8d 18 c| 54d Cc Singlijan || 13 ¢| t1/43 20 C gd |} — — 15 cl. 74d — 12 C c TaraporeCDewan|| — | — 6g e| 1/24 62 "¢) auig 54 Ci\li-114\| —— = © Tukvar T Co ...||79c 1/1/142/o$|| — — | — -- Bye! L/D) 2meel) oad i 22 P| || ; | | TRAVANCORE | | | Arnakel 24''c| 1/o4 — — — — — se — G ‘ a | rord ||) = —_ oe oe = aii I ee — | @ | sob) ae a a a CEYLON. Broken Org. Pek. Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust, : Garden, or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. Total, |Averages F Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.} Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |jQuantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price, Abbotsford — | — Bol clad enue Fitgsd | 2 cosa iro ker) 7d) | 75 c| 84 ji Adams’ Peak Ge ae Ag) uci ||| 2O Cl apes] 125 C) eal rn 2 ¢| 64d || 101 c| 103d \|| Agra-Oya = = I2C€ gd 7 © 104d Tay rar a ie Ic 7d 20 c| 93d I Avisawella - = T4 8d 34 | 193d 14 iad = = 62 gd ||| Beaumont == = 37 © toid 18 ¢| {1/1 ais eS am cane sai at 55 €}) 10s i] Bismark ... aie ae rie ae 17 cl togd || 51 c] 83 ve fa ae a 68 c} 82 || Blackstone Ba cam TOM C merrell este L/h ORCC Be oe 76 p| 14 |) Bogawantalawa — = TANCE 2 emoy, 1/4z || 25 €| OF I 73d I 64d || 68 p| 1/14 || Braemore ae a 15 €| ggdj 18 1/1 gc 83d aa 422i Lod i| Bunyan ... eee 4 SD OF eee a. |) 12 eci oad ce ee 57 p| 114 (Cey.T PlntnsC Ld i, Mariawatte|) — = 43 Ci93-10g|| 20 cl 1/4z | 50 € 87d 20 FGA 133 Pl Ss || Chapelton = =a 20 ¢€| 1/3 3D 1/8 45 c| 113d TOO! p| 2/2 1} Cruden 38 1/24 27 c\85- 114) : AMO Cp ORCL] rae 3 8d || 114 pl tad i || Dalhousie — —— 21 tosd 18 tod 26 183d 5 6d aan == i) FO 82 i ‘Damblagolla = a aac Tai Za OE Ga | cag 36) | 183 iam | 61) gd {|} Dedugalla — | — ean 34 | 11gd 22 Od aa 56 | toed | Delpotonoya — = 20 i9¢d || 20 tgsd 2) 183d 60 od | Dickoya .. = = Tae c/82-97 AK (Ol Vay) 50 ¢| 184d ak Tl2 Cl Ge Dolosbage G — —- Bie Ae gd) 43 (c) 10rd 23 \e| 84d 1 cj 64d || 97 c| gd dy ti M 28 pee 7 Cl Os Galike22uc |) TOs l= — 13 /c| 84d i C 7d 54 cl 93 3 NES pa aul 56 c| 82-9 ASC LOGIN| — 27 c| 81d A Cl Cxal iil was) C od | |Doteloya = = 52 | 1ogd || or |rog10%) 25 94 a Be ta 2) €\ 62d} 770: | 105 {JEPXEC Sogama 23 c| 1/6 ASC TOG: ai 7 Cl ex0b||( ae Ti oma aoa 7OuC| LOL af Wielate ve 45 ¢ 1/24 67 c|ro-104|| — — 28 C gd = 140 c| rit | /Elfndale | — 77 \ OQ Bel | aes 51 8t —- = — ae 152 ot \j|Eltamorcy — = 13 Cla aud 8 1/22 etl Os-cl 2 ¢| 114 i| |Eltofts = = Be aie BAT 1/Ot || aeAuenn|ozd 113 1rd 4 |Esperanza 8 refx foes gd || — = = aR = = = — 26 rit {|Pernlands — ~— 27 C\ Ox 15, Gl sxe | = = 2 fei Sd 44 c| 104d h Grallaiae) — — 18 c} 1okd 18 cl 11d 6 ¢| ofd Ig c od BO Ch GAG 64 ¢| tod (| zallebodde 20 ¢| t/2t|| 93 pitgstos) — — 40 ¢| 83d 153 p| 94 id Geddes ... — 37 c| tr/os 25 c| 1/8 25 Cig4-t10]) — pas 3 gid go p| 1/13 il|slasgow — —- 27 Nelle 18 EI — 45 1/1t if Biacsaush — ze 14 c| r/od || 22 1/24 18 c| toid || — — a ae 54 pl x/ dj tondenawa -- — 42 | 72-83 || At gd || 78 Oe 7 me 75 7 64d || 185 8id i 300d Hope = = Bor bl Sods) 7 rad nr 50 b| gd ug oomera — o = — 16 c| tod || 19 c| gtd || — — — nt 35 c| tod “i somite! ..: = = 74 C| 104 44 | 1/5¢]) — = — | — 72d || 125 p| 113d “dj Jantane .. -- — Elo OFF 12 |e} 1osd || 220%e,, 83d i el) 6Ldi\*" 50 ¢|- ofc id] Latale — == = = 14 c| rotd || 15 c| 82d 29 c| oid 1h dunasgeria pas sgh, 19 c| gd 19 c| 104d 15 c| 83 = is pets si 53 c| oid At /mboolpittia — = 66 pigt-104! 53 totd || 58 p| 83-832 7 64d || 184 p| oid | geen = — we Eh OVI ae tod || 25 c| 84d|} — —— 25C Orde 72) pln od | |Sadien-Lena — = 51 c| rodd}| 39 c| 1/ 47 c| gdjj| — — -— SSS aye eo ajXallebokka — = 16 c| tod 15 1/14] — — || 34-p) 11k sandal Oya — — 27 ro#d || 19 t/2$ || 65 84d | 111 rod iit CA: en =F 118 -clg-f103|| 53 c| z1d|| — — — — 16 c| 62d} 187 c| o#d 84 c| 84d); 25 | 10% 30 c| T7ed | 139 p| Sid 20 t/o+ || — = BEC id II cj 74-8 6 cl 8kd|| 72 p) gad 16 c| 114d 19 1/ 18 c| gd} — — | 3c} 64d | 56 p| 104d 18 ¢| 1/1 ore oats == == || 31f totd| — | — 81 pl 1/1 66 |108-11|| 29 1/42 || — ee 10 MOGs eee ees 105 , 1/os 69 clrod-1/ || 25 c| 1/24 || - | — | - rc} ofd || 95 cl 1/ot 9 tr 20 1/14 40 o¢d | — | 69 11d 71 c| g-9t gti TOFdy|) ss Acc reds - — || 5 cl v7td| 172 pl gtd aad 14 c| gtd|| - - | - | 27 c rosd 24uc) “tod || iro rigd ||. 14 cl 8hdj| — — || 2 7d || 59 p|. oid 18 1/ 21 Ee a 2 83d i} 5 Sd jj 46 r/1 50 Cc 114d 28 ¢ 1/32 i 28 ¢ ged zi — =: ae 106 ¢ I 24. gd 21 1rd || 27 od 3 74d 2 vid 78 rod 14 ¢| {1od|j 28 |{ 114d | 14 c] {83d |; = — 2 56 p tod { | | { | CEYLON.—Continuel, rn -: = Broken Org, Pekoe koe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden, or Flo very Pekoe. “Wnassorted, | Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong. and Souchong, and Various. Total, de yorae Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price. as | Nilambe | a BcitS8t-ot/ 14 c| 11d 4 cl 8id Te Bade) eee id Bi as od | Nyanza Vaal ee = e| tod 25 1/ 24 c| 843d —_ — — woe 63 p| g2d Okehampton ...|) — —- = 34 pl 84-94] — | — _- — = es 34 p| 82d | Oliphant oe = 84d || 26 gd || 32 ¢) 8d] — oa — — 80 p| 8d OBECDarrawella|| — — eu/is|| 12 C) a2 37 ¢| 184 5 c| 64d 4c} 63d] 104 c| rod nt Kuda-Oyal — = noe 12 ¢c/{ ro 26 c| 184 — — 8cl 4d] 62 c 84d Ouvahkellie ...])/ — == rod 6 c|} ro¢d 6c} 82 — rc} 84d || 19 cl- 98 @saca i eilay eas eral L-3/14 I2 c| 9? 12 c| 84d] — — 69 p| rodd Queensland eel] — ROFd |!) /TAGC| ViGaaioeL2 ic gd == ae wy 38 c| 102 Spring Valley ...| — — tot 34 >| Tigdaie 25 94 -- -- 6 96 | 104d St. Vigeans wf) — 93d || 18 i Tige Woh See — _ I 2d 43 p| 103d |Summerville ...) — = Tot104|| 23 c| 1/34] — — — == eee 77, c| 114d | Sunnycreft Paap eee = +8d || 20 93 22 c| +74 = == = = 72 8d | Taprobana Sealing aay toid od. 26 2); a/m — —— = — — Tot, | 102d Tillyrie cal oS — gtd] 31 c| ged 19 c| 83d] — —— — — | 74 ¢ odd Tyspany ..-| 44 bl tz/ot os 21 t/oz || 31 c| 83d) — — — | 128 p) 9% Uva we) — ah 19 8d I 74 — — 2 62d || 55 id Vellekellie wef] — 1/ 2 C| ened rol voicl ee _ — — | 13 c) 104d Venture | a= tot 20 1/o2 || 30 ¢ . gd} = — = —-|| 85 p). g#d Wallaha wef — froti1| 28 c| 1/2k}) 27 c| of = — — — 89 c) 114d Waltrim ... vee — ot 36 cl T/ofe 79 cl) 8s — — See. 7d ll -r57 cle eed Warleigh sony —_ 102 — — 14 €| got —_ — — — || 26 c| rod Wellekelle wo — totd = = —_ — I 6d | 24 104 Whyddon sf] — | ot II t1d||_ 19 84d = — — — | 57 p| gt t bh In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked thus represent the highest offer in the room, In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight f to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. 2ST EE RTERTS j. WwW. PARKIN, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St, Mary Axe, j ik = f , S f j Supplement to MCE VLON ase her.” Y "aot WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AN) JAVA TEA REPORT. February ae 1889. 13, Roop Lanz, Lonpon, E.C. Tr a ~ QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JUNE To Date. Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 761,954 packages. 157,033 packages. 25,063 packages. i} 1888-1889: 817,424° a 262,578 ts 34,717 ‘ | During the week a ] 22,438 packages INDIAN | Total 30,582 packages have been offered in public auction, 6,270 Ma CryLonragainst 26,472 packages Indian, 9,544 packages Ceylon and 97 | 1,768 33 Java packages Java, catalogued last week. The increased activity noted last week has been somewhat accentuated and a He dod upward jJnovement has taken place in the price of all Teas with quality or flavor. | oe Amount of Tea (in Ibs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from 1st June to 3ist January. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. Nine «147,003,080 50,286,264 581704,595 Cevioni ss 5,190,820 7,888, 348 14,779,398 China, etc. 69,742,002 59,0551274 51,414,330 | sRoral: libs) 122, 8428506 123,4 829,88! 886 mi24, 898, 319 | Amount EXPORTED from ist June to 31st January. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 29, 980,343 lbs. 23,770,574 Ibs. 260,970,259 lbs. NDIAN. Good liquoring Teas show a distinct AGN Ae, most noticeable in Pekoes and Broken lekoes over a shilling, these Teas being just now in very strong demand. Amongst the week’s fferings there was a larger proportion of fair liquoring Teas, which was most marked in recent rivals from “Darjeeling ” and; they @Dooars. ):lhis improvement in the average quality has ppreciably effected the bidding and produced somewhat better quotations. As an idea of the dmparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— IDS Aue (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 61d, 1888, 43d. 1887, 5d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) Fe 53dme ,, GEGES 45 6d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) b 62d. * Sidi=,, 62d. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) iS Sid, OWiGle=nd 55 83d. FABIO = (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gid Ci, 10) 10 to#d. IPI, SOUG: (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) H 7d 5 7d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 73dh ord (EY LON. Catalogues were mostly composed of Teas with onlg poor quality, and thus quota- jons for the week are somewhat disappointing. The proportion of better lquoring and Flavory eas was small, and the demand for such descriptions strong; the improvement which consequently curred in price helped to steady quotations for the week. * Lower grade Teas continue depressed, id rates must be quoted easier, the poorer descriptions showing in some instances a further ‘op of a farthing to a halfpenny per pound. We would again impress upon Planters the importance of maintaining the standard of quality, id of steadily upholding the good reputation which Ceylon Tea has acquired. The following rerages may be mentioned :—‘‘ Glenugie,” 1/5% ; ‘‘ Waverley,?/1/23-; ‘“Agrakande,” 1/2}; Kotagal a,” 1/14; ‘“ Mahanilu,” 1/14. An average of roid. per lbi was obtained. AVA. The selection comprised several fair liquoring Teas and the sales passed at firm rates. sven Estates were represented in the auctions, and the general quality was about up to the qual average. Very few Tippy Pekoes were offered. An average of 73d. per Ib. was obtained. i MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE TO 31st JANUARY. IMPoRTS. DELIVERIES. STOCK 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1859. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. STAN eieekerey eisai 62,653,122 79,937+736 77,962,551 47,903,634 56¥: 286,264 58,704,585 35,481,384 38,114,143 43,381,512 RrTeON|s Oa are tel asl || = een TG 81 ¢ sane terres Srsit Pius aaNet SMe | 25 1°) oh OR Norn PO at a Gaeta ae Beer Butharhors af il ea g Mies. 4°. (Sad ote ee oe 13 € eee fer Puttareah Fees eee 4. Ve | 32 | “1/28 7a'cl| ) Seda) 36%er 7rd Be Cc ae eS RGS Hilika J oe an oe ag 27°C] z/o8 | 31-c| 7id || — ue ne 6d || 214 ¢ ” Tal | : : i AD rT ae. aaa] — 5 eee on oot one T Ge el roe Hart 1/5 a 2 8f-83 || 59 ¢ gd || .169,,¢) 7-77 pa es espa: nasi ScottporeT Co P| 24. C} Ae | edie ed ee | Gee roid 40 C 82 | ie "| ae an i Sealkotee 2 al Aza eae | Ic) +8d Cc sal 1 a es Sitlfonee Batee | 15 | up 3 to#d ies) 2/ok 47 iG 34 M oe I = |, ae 235 ¢ Sonapore | ey (aie a | fae a8 pee can tae 35 = 33°C) 7775 12 c 63d se TaraporeCDewan| — eee. | Aej83 1/13 | 45;¢ t/o4 Be ints Waie 3-84 oe 2G |) £05 2c) 7 Lallong... _ a ‘ae Bi \| 44 i 1/24 fi? 3 117d pu = ie iw a 3 UpperAssamCoR | ll oad 1 42 c| 114d || | 22 c djj 88 Be oe “| Wilton T Co oe "4 bees 39¢ 1/44 | 145 1/2 | 46 c 4 ae . ee Lain ra 200 “a7 | eb ame, Bid | |S aa) ae el cia || 3: cael x60 9) NEILGHERRY me ; dale: | COA sae Pr oi “| Prospect se: 3 ca be | dees |} to bjt 3 = Os 3) |- = 8-¢}. 7-74 59-p| gad ; |Deyanella Hey Ai sev ee a 12 c| todd 18 92 — — — — — 30 p| roid MDolosbage Gy 9 | P27 ¢) “gtd | 39°e} 108d =. 19@ Sadie toc) 67d ).186e) 93d | 1 |Ederapolla hae = 19 pl... 18d. 53. p) tos 14 p| t73d ;— 2p| 64d]| 48 p 8d i WEP&ECoLdHopell — T26C) 1/3 — | — 20 q 114d | 25 Cy 0 i ,,Arapolakande || — ==: || 36 c} of A Cle aye ||| 2o C| Gk S| == = 76 c| rot ,,Meddecombra|| — — 227 ClaKOG ||etOncle. 1/341|\) 13) amelie —— = — 51 c| r14d ,oogama vj[ 22 € 1/52 || 37 Cl tof = — 6¢€ 8d | | 65 c| x/od sj ,,Vellai-Oya ...) 32 c] 1/4 46 c| tod _ — 29 € dal —— = — = 107 ¢c| 112 |aallebodde 30 c| 1/o8 || 105 pj gf-11 || — — 40 c| 84d | 25 ©). ZB 1g0 p Bol i [aalloola ... sol) == — 12 HOG || a7 jp seas 40 od 3 Wea 7 3 2 6d || 74 94 i7 |zikiyanakanda ...|| — — 108) ©] i iee! 24 1/14 || 12 ¢| oid 7¢ vad 59 P| 10% 4 jatenalla vou HO) 1/1 BOE IC gd || 33 cl totd || 20 c| 84d 2 q 43-62 | 26 64d || 99 p gd | i |zlenugie || = 3 @) ufdty ||) ay adore ||| —— — - oes 84d || 116 p| 1/52 ujqoteat Western...) 24 rid} 34 ¢| tod || 45 cit 104d} -— — | 9 74d || 112 p; 10d ij |Larmony ee ee 24-c| 48d || — — = = 2 Cl Sel “| | Lolmwood oe | — Ah Ci Oy! pr 27 || sows 10 G| ol = 61 p| tod *; |Lolyrood | — 3 | ioral i) AA t/o4 || — —— — — — — GE TD\ ~ suai! ie mboolpittia ...), — — 39 pi) gid|| 29 c| 102 57 | 8-84 — — | = 125 p od sf \Sabragalla Mi 13 1/3 29 1/1d || 21 1/od || 35 93d 98 1/ yj (sendal-Oya _ == 18 10+ TAL apap Xo 82d 68 toid fs clhe BE 20) 1/5 WON Gian Gl 38 Cigz-104]/ 13 7-84 | 4 c| 83-94]/ 85 p; 108d 2{ |Sotagala cublfl S eaee lie ae ee 19 1/44 || 13) €| Maid —— 32 p| 1/ik | cq |Surundu Watta... — = 7 74 4 83d || 4 7d 7 meo-64 = — 22 7ad | py eetpeete wef] — 23 wea 18 c} 1/44 || 39 | 10t — = | — 80 p} 1/1t | ee sande 27 1/42]| 45 ¢| rid j| — — = — 26 ¢| 8-94 ie ee 8d || 100 p| irid | ‘a( [orton wef HOLE 6G 9 tid Saclae cd 2 +d ||. — Did SO caval uf Wartakande | ees — 60 8d 20 gid — = = — — — || 80 | 81d 44 PBEC Lolecndeaj) —. — |i24e1/c\t}1/ai|, 12 c| t1/23 || 16 c| rokd 4 e rot — — ‘i 567 ¢) 1/08 ‘ =f Nilloomally — —- 21 C 1/ = 1@) € gid —_ | 40 € to3d is -arusella erie ey 70 +82 2 ried : pe Si SA PO od ‘4 ’enthos Set ean LS t14d 8 1/1t|| 30 84d || — SS Oe et en rod ih ‘oengalla = = 24. Cl 88 18 c| rto4d es ge — 42 ¢| gad a olgahakande ...|| - - = 40 c| +73d 20 gd as fae 5 @ 63d — "| — | 65p 8d aietmahara | — | — || to) od] 3 | s/s 33 | 8di) a5ffyoh | 3 | 6d] 84 | 83d Hy faxawa sol, == == “Il 20 83 AIS) «|| Sats 33 sda — co ae ae 92d ‘i ookwood hae — -— 51 tgtto4 27 { 102d 35 81d pale pee. | 5 8d Tis gid Hi omerset sda) == = 18 t/od || 20 1/14 || 25 tod || — — | — 1) Sa hes 113d Mieticlicr’s 4] — | — | x3 Poafokl] xq [oafo8 | 13-4} ord |] — Jf — | — | — || 40 | rxda | }tinsford — — 15 84d || 14 t/o$ || 13 iooe|= — — — || 44 | 98d Jillyrie aes = 24 c|. gtd || 21 cl -93d || 23 cl 88d|}) — fy — 13 c| 64d]/ 81 c] Sed , Wallolkelle — — 18 8d |; 18 84d - a —— ee a Sid Mg Waverleye ts 9.) — _— 59 ¢| r/o8|| 49 1/64 || — ce: a at as — || 108 p| 1/2} | tiivayweltalawa ...|) 27 1/2 38 tohd || — — 60 83d || — — | — — || 125 | roid i \esthall , al ee = 44 cietotd liz4.cl 1/o2 || 30 cl +8id|| — fe — || — — || 98c| 92d { | Garden. | | Jasinga Joulapa | : | Panoembangan... Sinagar Tjiboengoer Tjisalak | | { Parakan Salak ...| ! Quantity. Fine & Flowry Pek, Price. ||Quaifity. c| r14d Io c| 7#d Lan QUGLeLOlenG OLoOLe | In these tables all the packages are half-e thus represent the highest offer in the roo to ane chest. sts unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight SHIP. Kirbela Clyde i Anchises Agamemnon Parramatta .. Batavier F : 5 Total Ibs E&P ere nertiga” ARRIVALS. INDIAN. CEYLON. 29,120 -— 47,200 Pa 931,844 —- 864,694 268,017 11,680 Bie — 106,273 aa T1449 1,884,538 381,730 Java. 88,880 88,880 ARRIVED. Feb. 8th. Feb. 8th. Feb. gth. ; Feb. 1ith. Feb. 11th. Feb. tk Feb. 12th. Feb. 13th. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, j. WwW. Parkins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. _ Brokers. JAVA. Mifinm Pekoe, i Broken Pekoe. ° | Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, | Cong, Bro. & Dust,|| Total, ee: | hee. | Quantity. | Price, |Quantity. | Price. [Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. (Quantity. Price. | 9-92 || — — “= — 33 c| 6d}]} — _ 128 c| 8d ofd | 14 cl O6td || 2c 7d |} 35° cl 52d)| — — 85 c 74d Sid | 13 c} 5éd} 32 cl 53d) — | — || 46 c/4$-741| 107 p| 64d 7a) 3.C| Saal 7 Acne: BEC) SRC car an een oS) ee tig? — |") eal | ee ee | 16. cl 3/7 gd || 12 c| 7$d]j 210 c| 74-8 | 210 c| 6-7 — — | 452 c¢ 83- 63 ¢| 74-84 || 114 c| 7d |) 160 c| 6-7 19 c| 53d} 478 c| 74d tosd || roc; 7td |) — — 5c) 7d|} — — 65 ¢, gid i 19 c| 54d || 202 c| 6$-72 | 73 c| 63-63] — | — || 404 ¢] 7 Supplement to “ CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AN JAVA TEA REPORT. | February 22nd, 18809. if ee Lane, Lonpon, E.C. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION INLONDON From ist JuNe To Date. Indian. Ceylon: iva. 1887-1888. 783,295 packages. 162,554 packages. 2761 packages. 1888-1889. 840,506 _,, 267,940 4, 2 0 a Juring the week ———EEEE———————E 23,082 packages INDIAN 5,362 3 CEYLON; Total 29,728 packages have ben offered in public auction, 1,284 “ Java With moderate auctions anda good demand from the provinces, hyers have been ready operators athe sales. ‘The chief feature in the market continues to be theincreasing competition for all eas with quality and flavor. Telegraphic advices from Calcutta pace the amount of this season’s rop available for London at ninety-one million pounds. NDIAN. About the same quantity was offered as last week. As the selection comprised a jumber of fair liquoring Teas, mostly of recent'import, the auction passed with spirit and rates jere generally firm, strong and flavory Broken Pekoes and Pekoes ommanding in many instances xtreme prices. The improvement in quality is pretty general, anl not ‘confined to any district r locality. Ihe following averages are worthy of note :—‘‘ Meenas,” 1/62; ‘‘ Dooteriah,” 1/5; Wanjeelime Co... c/2t: “ “Chae iB ‘Tak: “Nahor Rani,” 1/13; and @Mokalbari,” 1/od. RAVANCORE. A larger number of gardens than usual was reresented in the auctions, and ie better liquoring -Teas attracted good competition. _ This distiect is now commanding some tention on account of the good eeneral quality of the Tea. As anidea of the comparative prices 4 Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 61d 1888, 44d. 1887, - 5d. FANNINGS. . (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i 53(a ,, Gidsies,, 6a. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) i 624. a Sid. es 63d. PK SOUG* (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) “ 8A: e gid. ” 53d. BEKOE, (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, olds, roid. ,, roid. PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) a 71>, 74d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) __,, Sia, gid. EYLON. Smaller auctions, combined with better quality, have resulted in generally higher jiotations. All Teas with flavory liquor are again dearer, Pekoes and Broken Pekoes being in jrticularly strong demand. Teas with poor quality are also firm at last week’s prices, ‘and casionally eit a tendency to harder rates. The following averages may be mentioned : = Wlayaeld,’ 1/3; “ Wavendon,” 1/14: “ Lagalla,” 1/1; “Queens! yerty,”” L/id; “Summerville,” 1/1; Caimpion.” 1/o%.5.. % Nilloomally, f t/o4 Pde Mipitiakande, ” Yor ; ‘‘ Woodstock,’’ 1/o% Wallaha,” 1/0}; and ‘‘ Dunsinane,” 1/- An average of 103d. perlb. was obtained. VA. the offerings were mainly of only poor quality, the Teas selling with fair competition at out previous rates. Teas with good liquor are wanted. An average of 64d. per lb. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in Ibs.) FROM ist JUNE TO 31st JANUARY. TE RTS. SIBYSun RIES. | STOCK 1886/1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. MAVANS saiciiersys) o's 62,653,122 70,937,736 77,962,551 47,903,634 56,286,264 58,704,585 | 35: 481,384 — 38,114,143 43,351,512 PEON I cs ns «| 5,035,130 9,077,944 16,000,568 5,196,520 7,888,348 14,779,399 1,703,479 3,073,192 5,544,290 Seat aetatires | 2,255,890 1,704,990 2,302,010 2,4.33,030 1,965,740 2,535,200 | 1,054,060 a oF ,650 751,870 7 NA, etc. enc LAky7 Sans 99.953:+573 $8,306,413 | 96,935,272 79:733)771 74,853,2519 } 64,100, 536 64.282,3 306 57.704,.352 | ~ Tora lbs. eg 181,674,243 184,031,542 151,668,756 145,874,123 150,872,404 102,339,450 106,867,291 107,742,024 i | = —S — —= —————[—[[ re ee ee ee 3ANK RATE. \per cent. . EXCHANGE. Gale utta on London three senthe Sight a Is. 4% td. VINE UAIN ss see ae || Broken Org, Pekoe koe and Haas | _ Broken and Fannings, Dust | a Garden, _ || or Flowery Pekoe. ||. Wassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, |. and Various, | Total, arena! i | Quantity. Price, Quaifty.| Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price, | Quantity. _ Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. | PAlyne* “c wll: glo ridd || Bec) 84d 4 73, gga 2r87c) ir7ed ie Se = ae aa. 387 p 8d | Assam Co | — | — |]363Mol8-1/14 1327 1/522/48i| 60 cl 84d 11037 cl74-1/9 || — | == 1787 p) axaded | Attaree KhatTCo] — | — e| 1/ok| 24 cf toRl] 34 c} Bad] 49 c/64-74 |] — | = 135 c) gad | o~ / ! } eo peel? Igzc 1/loL 1/93)| 11fhc) 84-82 || 50 c 94 51 c} 78d) — — 6 64d || 264 p| rod Bhergaon 20 1/52 ||. 2c} 83d] 16 cl. -8dj| 20 3d-||. 20 ¢ a at ae 96 p|_ od | Bishnauth TCo.. 24 | TOR ARG en/ TS || 20 Ch ae ee 52 Cl Sehed)| Coach 7s dale = 228 p| 104d | | Boreli T Co ...]} — — c| togd |} 31 c] 1/4 80 c} 8-84 srs epee th — || 227 c) .92d | | BrahmapootraTC]} — — Zoe L/G || 16 cl a1 29 c| 84 25 ¢ 4d ore es roo c| 113d | | Bungala Gor ...]/ 20 c} t1/oh|| 2c odd |) — — 23. ¢} 8d. 42 cl 64-7 ae mae Io7 c, 81d | Chandpore cal) = — 2Bc| 72d]| 65 cj7#-{tg3\| 36 c 7d || — = eae a 126 c &d Corramore eel) — Shc) 61/63 20 C\ oF $0 c} tod 60 c| 74 20 c| 88d || 230 c} 113d Darjeeling Co ...]) — | —_ |) 18%e|nog1/9), 106 1|/33-2/3]) 93 Clod 1/12) 43° cl. 7éd}} — | == || 425 pl -a/ad | Dooloogram = .../) 25 c] 1/34 || 2—e gd || — = 30 Cc td] — BA | ht seis 80 c) 103d 7 _DoomDoomaT Co] 43 1/34 || T2BC\8t}103) 36 c} 1/2 56 c} 7td |) — = se a | ae *“Dooteriah —..4|) += ope! i/7t |) 44 c} 2/223 130cr/\r41/1h) — Ass 30 c| 108d 297 € Gajuidoubah BO a — 2gc| 8id/} 26 c} rodd]|/ 24 ¢| 72 Dare gical iarees ars 99 ¢ Hattigor i] — | —- |i 6fRel 9-9 || 20 cl rod} 59 c| 74d]} 52 cl 62-7 ae es 200 € Iringmara ~~...) — = ||- 4c} totd |) 51 todd |} 53 c¢ 3 2c 162d ee 168 p Jetookia -... meee i, OME oFd ||) 30 ¢) tordi 25 re) ad ia cl 62e7e) ie wile, 150 € gotehaut: PF Cov ss) <= —— | TOMel9s 1/35/36 c 1/1¢1/ 75] 1260 cl 7B-oF | 72 c\ 74-78 I Bee ad | 414 C| ' Kellyden eal] oc) Amc) 84d |) 32 cl] t/ot|| 32.c) 73d) — = = as 106 ¢) Kolapani .-l| 16 cl 2foh} — | 18 c| 102 aa | eee MeO a aa 12 c| 64d G2) Kondoli Ti@oy || 26, ce 7, Cc] rod|| — — 64 c| 74-73 |) — — | IAI ¢ *“Lebong T Co 34 € 2 1-1/o+ @c) ti1¢d)) — — 35 .C| © 82d lh 4Oeco2°8 ae a 144 ¢ Mahmarah D| — = eeritd || — was 40 c| 84d 61 Cc} 74-94 peat oe 130 cl | Majulighur Reale se — [84 Qeie-1/22 \65p 1\/2-1/42|| 51 ¢) dd |i 19 cp 6id |) — == Fl 2t@-p. | Meenglas ...||T2€ 1/tjo4.2/23! Bc) 3/34] 10 c} 2/62 }] 14 c} 1/12}, — eas PE = 70 € Mokalbari wll 50 1/78 2/44 e 83d) 32 c} 114 aie — LQ, Grice Se as 134 p MungledyeT Co. .|| — — ee ord || 13 cl) rosdymiG cle | 2c id ra Lge Naga Dhoolie .../| — — et/5t || 12 cl 1/5) 28 cord | 29 cad) ee a5: 88 cl Naharanee Pi: @2as PET OB mee Ssd || 27 c| $3d)) 7] — |} — Sea | = =e 82 p| Nahor Rani | — — B) 1/4 22 c| 1/42) 22 c| 108 220C| Told) == ae 89 ¢ Namgaon S| SS -— ac} rid) 12 c! r/4t)| 36 ce 8t I2.CEeAG 2a ee = g2 c¢ {Nassau T Co...) — — P7e|| 113 cl 7edili 63: cl] 46s. BOA A Ga Nee ee See ea ae Ohat 55 | — — {58 qin/4z-1/5]) 14 cl 1/65]|° 16 c| 11¢d) 26-c] 98dj) 29 c| t/es |) 143 ¢ Poobong } 3r | tr/5t me / 2) — —- 26..c) 492d) — ae 33 c| to2d |} 140 p Putharjhora 39 c 1//33-r1/4 ates = == 49 ¢ $d || 52 cjto-r02)| 140 c Rajmai ... vell — |\76pBij2t1/54)) 35 c] 1/2ki| 31 ¢ gd |} 28 ¢ odi|| 2c id || 182 p KGS Hilika || 52-¢| t1/5% || || Soe | ROBES oaee — pas 75 c| {63d || 258 c _y» Talup ©...) 41 ec} {r/o 84d || — — FoOie| zidij= ns 72 c| +63d || 257 ¢} Salonah T Co .../|) — — |\247@ipl4-1/44 || 41 cl 1/ 178'+C 8d || 209 c} 63-74]. — ye pa 07-5. Sealkotee Wineedeja eS gl 2 a | 38 c} 82 12 c}_ 84d Shey ane 66 c¢c TeestaV alleyT Co| —. | — T/Ok || 32 |) L/OF || talzeelieanod aegis | ea ae 79 Cc, Wilton T Co --| 47 P| 93-10 7a-7% || 48 cl 7d eee WG) Take esha aaeee pres 235 pi || || Babb bee | | H Brigton = a | ire || er etd 20 gd a na aoe ee me CMR — | rid — ss — a — sin inet pie 24. GE — — | t74d || — — Toe here —- — I 3d 18 [shield — al 114d 4c} 1/rd 2c. 7d) — — reMelMnayeelc|| @ 7 -S Kinmylies a i ae it 1/44 aa pee LAs aoe es nts raRs 32 Linwood ee aint Sl ag ea | 2? 84d a wa eats bet eins real I 53d 23° Mount ... mas Bhs) || | 104d — us aoe =a se 33 eat 53 Penshurst us - one ¢ gd Wiha == — ee — o— a 31 cl Poonmudi .e/| — | OS® |od-112!) 14 1/24 7. gid Ee = 10. | 64- ed 96 I Rockwood, rsp fom} hy) od |] tt] afb Ne gl) eae ea PC ve : — || ho Bad || 13 t/o4 || — — —- — 3 64d || 56 | I | EES. itn. Sen Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. i y CEYLON. - Broken Org. Pek, Pekoe and | ¢ | Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, : Price. Quantity. | | Quantity.| Price. ||) Annandale . gd || 23 c) 108d]; 16 €| 84d | Batra. ... al Sid: 32 g2d | 28 8d } ]| Campion... ee t/ot || 71 Pe Ast 4d '}) CeyLand& Prod C | | | | ,, Andangoddie' | todd || 25 c | 25 sid | », Fetteresso todd || 35 | 30 83d l|| Cey.T Plntns€ Ld Im’ 4s) Mariawatte ae 1o¢104 — 124 84d 26 |] Craig — | 14 — = —. i | Dalleagles Od: |=235 — — = | Dickoya ... ee gt-104] 14 ¢ ee SS) 8id 26 _ | Dolosbage M TO) ||S22 3 d ) Dunlow rs — 20 4 ( | Dunsinane r/2t | — 34 c| 1odd 7 d | Eastland 10d | 10 17 $84 = ( | Ekolsund $82d | 17 ¢ 5 Ad 2 d | Ellengowan — — 12 73. — d | Elston 103 1A 29 84 aaa | ruit Hill Io- 10%] 20 12 gd = d | Gavatenne — — 26 gd {| | Glencairn 103 Ait 49 82 I il | Glengariffe gd} 36 Bul 8d 3 id |}Goomera — 2c 12 tod (§|Great Valley gd |} 13 55 84d of | Hillside TOG | tere | 20 83 l } Hoonoocotua rosd || 38 228 gd i{ |Kataboola tosd || 20 °c 21 gid MP KAV/ $i/ot] 45 c — — I Kelani 82 29 23 73d od |Kotiyagalla todd | 39 | il |Labugama tosd || i9 61 8td jt |Lagalla 113 — 20 riid oj [Lavant tod jj 28 c 22 8+ ij |Laxapana a rit 25 1G 48 ad | \Lower Haloya ...' 82d} 18 c a == yd |Lygrove ial 8k 23 a at oid Mattakelly $-94 || 116 5 73d ad Mayfield... 1/44 | 20 ¢ | 20 /ot af (Middleton call tid || 27 ee 12 gid | Vipitiakande a Oo | ee = = e783 ai |New Valley | gd tear ees od — | 53 BEC CragieLea r/ 17 ¢ | 29 rod || — || 72 1] ,, Darrawella | TDS) | ane 4G i 46 81d 7d |} 145 \],, Havilland 1/ 35 ae, gid ESR py i », Kuda-Oya Tides 36 8 74-8 || 63 id} >» Nilloomally | T/T rs .c (78 9 re 46 “ll Jueensberry bate eat 34 | 34 114d | 68-7 2 ii perubs mi tod |} 20 c¢ ig 8id core 65 (| Leonrds-on-Sea 73d || 30 ¢ ues = 52 sid fummerville t/ok || 23 ¢ 22 ghd | 83 wold] Vallaha oft/oh}] 82 52 ghd || 222 Vangie-Oya ae 64. 2 8d | 89 4))Vavendon 1/o4 25 I od | 42 at V oodstocl | TSE Tt 42 11d 7oO Garden, | Dramaga | Nangoeng | Semplak | Tendjo Aijoe | Dyjiloear 2. iS wise JAVA. Te using ec, Poko, Broken Pekeoweall Perce Souchong. | — Souchong, ‘Gong, Bro. & Dust.|| Total, Avvageal Quantity.| Price. Price. | Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. ‘Quantity. Price. | Quantity.| Price. as = ee 73d || 16 c 64d gic 6d] — —_ | oo — 145 c| 64d ace — |) 22@5\8-1/o4.] 17 c|. 64d || 176 cl 53-53 || 22 ¢ 4a | 26 c| 43d || 466 p| 61d = | 3 gdj| 19 €| sed} 39 e| 63d) 52 c| 5-53 | —- | —= I 45 c] 64d 21 c| gtd) 5@c) 74-74 || 22 ¢) 62 66 c| 64-64 || 119 Cc} 5-5} 19-c} 54d || 303 c|. 64d —<|| THB) 78d} 19-b] 7Ed | 9c] 6h] B%e) > Gad ee ee ee os 4 62d) 29 c) 7dii 38 ch 52d] 26 c| 54d ]| 38 cl Zed aso cy P6a In these tables all the packages are half-ch thus represent the highest offer in the roo to one chest. ARRIVALS. SHIP. INDIAN. CEYLON. City of Oxford | 1,849,280 = Orient 57,458 Nepaul = - 233,623 Giese — 152,765 Electrician 395,548 — India 669,040 64,314 Ystroom — — Oopack ..... — 224,053 Peshawur ... 33,840 — Total 2,947,708 73272. fi} | ; SU Se ee EEE J. W. Parxins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, Java. 4,900 ARRIVED. Feb, 14th. | Feb. 14th. Feb. 15th. Bab. I oon Feb. 15th. Feb, tothe Feb. 18th. Feb. 19th. 20th. Feb. s unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. t Supplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON q STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AN JAVA TEA REPORT, Mig 1850. eae Doxcos EC. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION INLONDON From ist JUNE To Dats. Indian. Ceylon. ava. 1887-1888. 803,754 packages. 165,810 packages. 2050 packages. 1888-1889. 866,214 ff 277,095 46 3803 3 During the week a RS 25,708 packages INDIAN Total 36,265 packages have ben offered in public auction, 9,755 em See 23,082 Indian ; 5,362 Ceylm; and 1,284 packages Java 802 oe Java last week. The quantity brought forward has been somewhat in excess of derings of the past few weeks, out has not been sufficient to overweight the market. Buying ontinues general and operators ippear to have more confidence now that. importers are not overburening them with an unnecessary veight of Tea. (INDIAN. The shiehtly larger quantity consisted mainly of useul Teas from recent imports, showing a continuance of the good quality noticed last week, and tus maintaining the improved f8. juotations lately current. Teas with poor or undesirable liquor hay not as yet participated to any ppreciable extent in the late advance in price, except for the lowerrades of Pekoe, which are now peng taken more freely for export. The following averages are wortly of note :—‘‘ Dooteriah,” 2/13 ; | Meenelas,” er Warjecling Co; 1/84.5 Rungmook, fie: Bowokar Coe sii3e-; ~Turzum,” i gee Ns an idea ot the comparative prices of Indian Ta in ‘London we quote :— ISOS, (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 641% 1888, 44d. 1887, 5d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) $5 Sie, Gidigee. 6d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) re 64, a did. a 62d. IPB. SONGS (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) a sie, gidie is 82d. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, Tal. “ told. ,, roid. PDA SOMO E (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 4 a ;, 74d. PEKOB. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, ie ,, oid. WEYLON. Auctions have been comparatively heavy. Good liquoring Teas continue firm, javory kinds being in special demand. ‘Teas with poor quality are depressed and difficult of sale, xcept at slightly reduced rates. Quality continues without materal alteration, except that here ad there an improvement is noticeable, giving rise to the hope that better Teas will shortly be in rger supply. The following averages may be mentioned :—“ Portswood,”’ 1/5 ; ‘‘ Norwood,”’ 1/43 ; Bogahawatte,’’ 1/33; “ Chapelton, ae “We Wallon,” 1/ge °‘ Kirkoswald,”’ 1/2t and Bogawantalawa,”’ 1/2. An average of 103d. per lb. was obtained, AVA. Only one auction was held, comprising Teas from two different Estates, the quality of hich was indifferent, and hence, although - competition was faitly good, low averages were stained. Catalogues are issued for 1 608 packages to be sold dumng next week. n average of 6#d. per Ib. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in Sy) FROM Ist JUNE TO 31st JANUARY. IMPORTS: | DELIVERIES. i Stock | 2 > > el sO 500 0 f ere) a) > 700 " 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1S5g% 1886-1887. 1857-1888. 1888-1889. SIVAN) aveyersierers)= | 962,653,122 70,937,736 77,962,552 | 47,903,634 56,286,264 58,704,589 35,481,384 38,114,143 43,381,512 Ca ON) eretarete <1 = 5,035,130 9,077,944 16,000,568 5,190,820 7,888,348 14,779,309 1,793,470 3,073,192 5,544,290 VA vasa Gyetopeitebin:.e dis | 2,255,890 1,704,990 2,362,010 | 2,433,030 1,965,740 2,535,200 1,054,060 797,050 751,870 MINA NOUGs islets 4 121,751,975 99953573. 88,306,413 | 96,135,272 79,733,771 74,853,258 64,100,536 64,282,306 57,704,352 Torar lbs. nom — slat — 2243 184, 631,542 | 151,668,756 145,874,123 150,872 » y,, 102,339,450 106,867,291 107,742,024 = = 3 —__—. \eankK RATE 3 per cent. EXCHANGE, Calcutta on L.dadon three months sight ts. 4/id. | | ~ INDIAN ato oe Broken and Fannings, Dust { Sa Broken Org, Pekoe oe and The = Garden. or Flowery Pekoe, (Bssorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, | and Various, || Total. Average Quantity. | Price. ||Quanfy.| Price. Quantity.| Price, | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity, | Price. 4 Price. | | Adulpore Perai EC, sae fe baal Ame Sao)” 15 c) T7e Bier 7a ye -—- gc 6d} 86c 84d | | Attaree Khat TCo}) — Amc'84-103]| 21 c| I/oy || — = 37 c| 68-73 || — —- 104 c| gad | Bargang veal — 162 Baj/5-1/54)) 18 cl 1/9$ |} 63.¢)Z0-10g}, 18 ce] 72d || — =U DOT cf fre aN { ZBk0ON. Chargolal|53c 1/3/8-1/94 | 7mc| 83d'| 32 c| 113d || 148 ¢| 72-8 —_ — 29 152d || 340 p|_ 10d Behora — — aes totd || 17 4e) T/ip Wer ee 7edain Ze 7d 5) — == 84 c} gd | Bicrampore —— — 3 7A 26 c| +7 45 c| 64d.) — — 20 ¢ 6d jj 127 cl- 63d | BorelliT Co . :..// — — |(58e@ris-1/12 || 13 cl] I/4e]) — = 52 c¢) 8d) — — 123 c| 114d | Borokai T Co. ...||/ — _— 2 1/54 |} — — a2) Me | ete an 31 c} 1/2d || — — 66 c] 1/34 | BorpukriTCo ; _ 3@c| 1/13!) 20 c| 1/44 ]| 25 cl 8td]) — — 73 6id || 148 p| 10d | Bundla — — — 22 c| &éd | 57 € 74-75 || ar cl 62 — — 120 c| 7d Bungala Gor 18 c}| 1/of]|] 2 gd'||. — on ZQC\” Fea aa, CtOs-7 a — || 118 c| 84d | Chandpore ee | ee — 4@e| 72-81 || 20 c] Zed} 21 e ydy- — — — — 89 c} 73 | Cheerie Valley ...|| — —— 4a GGe |] 27 Cl St a eee ete, Tg cj 7d |) — —- 106 92 eeoconsat 12 ¢]| 1/10% || 2 tii 36. 6} 1ozd 1h e23" Cle sodas geric) ined tiie — || 131.¢) 103d. | as Sie = ale) 7 gd 69 ¢| rd Bl AC; 7a == = as — {| 197°C] "odd | |*Daryeeling Co...|| — — 3 2/34 \| 11 2/2 29 1/34 || 13 7d || — —_ go 1/8t | | Dejoo T Co po as 6¢ t/1d || 29 c} a/odl] 55 cl gd} — — = =) t44ce|° t/a eg poor a 40 @j-t1/22 || 20 c] t1/oZ|| 25 ce) 7% 30 c| 7id |! 24 cl 5$-62|| 139 Cl od | *“Dooteriah ...|/70c 1/1]o 2/64 —- — — | — = —— _- — | 7o.cl 2/144 i Gagliaoustl TERS lage 4¢ r/. 36 c| t/2t || 21 c] 1o¢d || 18 c| B3d]| 34 clas= 762 140 c) tosd 4 | GreenwoodTCo BI]; — — 24 1/4 18 c] t/g2ll) 22 cl 10d) 24 cl Bid — ||. 84 cl x/rh 4 ) “i Gi — 5a ot 38 c| 1/3%]| 30 ¢ Sd 2c aed = — 157 C| tod | | Hahai Patha | 20 t/4t || 1 84 22°C Adare). gees s= — 3c] 5¢dl) Srp! ‘ed | _Jokai Co. Bokelj) 42 c} 2/32 |) r11@ejg-1/32 || — — 6o'cl 8d] 47 ci 73d) areel 47k) 308°¢) aad ,, Hukanpukri| 32 c} 1/8% || 7e) 84-82 |) — — 200 8d |j- — — — |-— 307 Pp) toid 5, Jamira '56c 1/11/1704] 5 8id 68 cl) 7s — “= 49 c| 54-64 || 228 c) rod ,, Kamptie G| 29 c| 1/32] 5 Sie GONE ss 50 c| > 72 22°C 7d — — || 209 cl go3d 4 5, Muttuck .../|47¢1/4)$-1/73 5 8-84 DsE CI) fey — — 38 -c| 64-7 || 170 Cc] 104d Jorehaut T Co ...|| 24 2/ok \l1g5@tlr31/64\i4ac 1//2t1/44| 168 c| 8$-10 || 78 c| 74-84]! 12 c| 62d] 519 p) 114 Joyhing Bias = 34 84d |) 22 cl r/1z|| 81 c| 63d} 55 cl 6id\| ro cl 52d |] 204 c| 7id P| — — | ir i /OL | 124 Cl. TOON Syke! yada —= = — |)g95ec): (11id4g Kapnaphar | = 5@me 64-82 || 25. c) 1/1¢ i) — | — 20 ¢| gdij}. — — || 95 cl ‘gad ‘Kettela T Co Ld 14 c} 2/13 || 9 1/42 18 clro$1/t]| 55 cl o#d|| 28 c| 75-82 6 cl 54d]/ 218 c| 1/13 Be Khonikor |gIp 1/|2-2/64 (oye 4d 22 9 Age Cl feral == — || 228 p| roa 1 Kondoli fT Co Ki — — |lrg4od@@jrd.1/34)} 66 c| 1/84) 76 cq" 84dli 35 c| 73d i} — — | 317. €| afit Medla | 49 b| 2/8 Mie) 94-92 || 46 T/OL i Sorc han adn e = = g c| 6¢d || 198 pj 114d BF Meenglas ...|/35¢ r/1j1¢2/ro|| 11 1/7 cs — BC, EiOe a — |l5 © Tog-1/42 || 54 Cl 1/17 ay Mokalbari | 20 1/9 4ipe| 183d || 30 cit 108d oe — — | — A Sipe || — — 24ec| 173 31 tod lit 1q cl). Oedninw= ae 10 cj 5-152 NoakachareeT Co) ee — 6a t/o2 || 30 c| 1/64 )| 40 c| 83d 60:¢] 7id|| — == * “N urbong 26 t/4h |) vgeh /th || — — 26 c] todd |) 43 -c/+62- 82 3 Nuxalbarrie —= ae ir 12 ‘C| T/2e| 19 ce]; ed == — : Pathemara Pea a) 1/64 || 39m 8d!) 38 c) 8id)| 32 c 74d apie 7d Phoemxe#t Co. .,.\|..— — j|/.-2 gtd || 27 cl sotG eer che gad ls 2e.c etd Puttareah — — 3mm 692d) 26 cl r/oky) Bre) 7d) > — — Rajmai — a 49 1/3$ || 30 c) 1/1f |) — |) — 37 c| 83 RGS Hilika 70. c| 1/5. || 2308] 84-84 | 30 clrod104]| 186 c| 74-7$ || 57 C| 64-64 Romai — —- 2d gid Ig c] oF Toe 7d || 14 cl 62 Rungmook 38 | 2/5 — | — — 17 Cc) I/5h4) waite Samdang — | — || 2q 1/6} || — — — — 20°C Sealkotee 16 c} 1/7d]] 3 toid || 19 2/1+ || — — Diln.e Selimbong ; — | — 4Amt t/t0k) — ~- 47 t/o# || 34 South Sylhe tT Col 158 cig 1/84) 150 84d || 119 « gd || 107 c| 7#d || 107 Tiphook T Co ,..]| — | — ||8r oqMii/t-1/14!| 34 c| 1/74 || 148 c) 8h) 2 Turzum ; Steen Sc 1/94 |. 20 1/o} || 30 todd || 27 NEILGHERRY. | | | Kotagherry 7 5 84d || | Bid || 12 11d| 18 c 8d 5 Lie ae phe dassddes / / | Arnakel -|| oe | pts ern Cl all ats bl ee pa pes, Glenelg | eae | 1o}d || — — a — a Nagamally | a 17, ¢| 12d 7 \frogd || ah OP 88d), -— Penshurst sa pti, 33 ¢| 104d) — pores ate: — 4 — | — 55 c| 18d — om Sas fe Vembenard : -< Tens marked thus at are printed a as last of the Sea seine Garden, BrokontOra: Pox: | zi or Heaton Pekoe and Al Quantit = Unassorted. Broke bbotsford y.| Price. Quantity. | Pri en Pekoe, Pekoe § a f Aberfo rle as Be rice, |/Quantit ; puchongs ini Fannin: A y 38 y.| Price ‘uchong, gs, Dust gta Ouvah ape == e gd 12 - ||Quantity.; Price aud Various, : T | Ambatenne aT mea 22 {82 G Tid ase . Quanti Price. ona otal, Average. Amblakand ae eas 45 1/14 Zeal eC 84d.| (12:| 74 y.| Price. || Quantit Amen ksi ae TiC told 39 | 11/2 Lee er is Ted | ; Ni ees | Balgownie = pei 6 tod ae ae saan | coca | ne coe i . OS | Beau nee 31 pl +84- 9 rot 8td — sell 4 Sid | eaumont — 2-9 18 4 14 4) ad larg 2 Binoya — avass 20 € 82 b Pp rid 18 8d re 209 | 2) id {| 54 1/12 | Bismark =| = | x64] toga] os fry — | Se | oles 35 | Bitterne te = a 26 c| 104d : tr/224| - e| 8d 6 7 p| 6-74 9 gd {Blair Athol - | 2 la ee eo ‘|BI sin = 22 1A 11/0), (Cant ee — | t pl 84 ee = ts ig] Gen) | ee & 6) Sia] ac ort) 6c rid e = 2 4 ¢ = || a Bogawantalaw aos fees | 12 C tod 16 1/25 23. es | fee; | es : Ig ee ee ee wal oe oa | oa | | unyan . su en c 1/3 a 5 9 I. g | tod [Campden Hill iF aaa 2 1idd i rr jad = 2 ae a 73d | ce tid | gs art 2) i ue oF Nes ci } |)? ewPeradeniya | 84) = ta || 28 | 488d | 3) sid | 3 4) 8a 01 8 ae eed — |}; — | 6 | orce| o4a 16 5s-73 | 78 5 i jess) Dewalakand i | | 9 c tod 42 72 eee a 5 © 61d 95 2 | , [hapelton — 2 | roll 56. renal el oe | , [hetnole a= ace 35 € 1d 45 | ised i = i One 8d | [Phoisy eae Tg cl 1/42 Gy. ord | | | | | | [poor s lS 20 ies |, 22 I/ 28 pi} 8d| — 166 p) 94d id | oondawatt — 7 I g 47 Cc 3 — | 2, Hee ee | re vad | = a i [oes = 2 gd}; 39 oe A — | - | gop} 93 4 [ulleden... Age | vi2d 5 | 82d Zo me ioe od | = a Se | of | aes ee 4 ee ae eee aks 56 ; aS 18 | 1/34 28 c\ [ged = osc a 7d || 109 p| os | ieee ig —- 1G 22 i 4 = meee 6 es | mi eee Mee | a ed |e ee = ee ees Bao | oe luge) = 1 | c= 2 pide ol came rf P&ECoLdHope 29 Ges e qe T14113|| 56 cl 9-94 a Bil of gzd | il » Koladeuia ES hee —- | 2 e gid I c Rory I4 (© ae ae ari == | 23 rod | a »Labuk aoe ae AC) at) 4 113d c ofd ee = all od | adyy 7 ay elle 28c 256 3 I if », Meddecomb Tat as 16 c| 48d c 1/j1#1/34)| — 83 9 — bal ee p| rod | id », Norwood alle aa a C192 - : + gad | TOMe tod 320 cs AL 63 ie a »Sogama a Be “Oa aye fr/o2 || 30 ¢ om ee | ee ord) ntl ,,Wellai- Oya ol 15 cl a/4d 4 €| 1/3 a sf || At) © 2 10 -- 4s [os | ‘}inburgh Wal mel lnga. C|h 5 iT a 35 Ci 104 ig Cnet = gd = sney Sl Brey od rol g [4 4 9 128 ¢| aes z || 49 °¢} 10g¢ ae 3 || a a ee ro; | yt Le 18 # aa ger c| 84d “alt == iene @ Cl) T1zG | Rt esac 10d 31°¢ ("25 ¢ ee qaan roe | — orel | Loy MINEEEOTGIS Sg 1/44 | dur L 41/311 8 Som aS hee | 11d | soll a aa ps a8 {\rof¢ros|| — eae ae | 114 €) rf | be otoft / os c| gd Bin Eient|| Bs ; xidd | ee ue 1/3 > 8d Bee ak 61d ae | 1/ ph Whee P| ae te ORE Ae Barer Gute 1/34 care = ar ie | | od at Lak pis 1/34 esis 113d toy } Eel ae \ ALp uy | Paee == See it 8 / ) i encairn r/oz | 20 a pees aT eaeahs | + P| 9d Pan | 2 een. ) ol@makell 1/14 rsa re = be. Sal aes | Iigc¢ Hunk mam : 1/23 ue g3d Be I 61d || 48 c| roid ; otava 4 id 40. | t iy ¢ rthie ee —— a 3 61d od . Hntane || 3 Sa 7 cela eon ee , dppugahalande Some Ce aber iM therleigh ca 1/54 || — 83d || — — | — 88 p| 104d Hlbodde- | | ee gq Beet ae ae gid Wilside at | ee BAe. | To ae WYodagalla gad || — — —— 1c} 53d 03 Pi 3 ralouvah ass 46 ¢ | ae That 5d 49 C| rod ll anhoe to$d ‘ e}) 184d 4) — to 54-83 25 p gid t/o8 | 5 84d — eS Sd ati ae 1o}d |, p | ao | es | 102 ¢}.. 11d 3 ‘ool A - j|. 3 1/1} || 31 ¢ gd |} — 4 wid ae p}...o4d gtd pa Rr = 32 } tiid M - | 7 2 23 od 83 p| ro4d Pens, CEYLON Continued. ae Fannings, Dust || : ||Broken Org. Pekoe|| foe and or ee tea } Broken Garden, or Flo very Pekoe, Bssorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong. |) and Souchong. and Various. Quanti y.| Price. |/Qua) | Price. : Quantity,| Price. | Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. || Quantity. [ Price. ||Quantity. | ; | 3 : | | Le | | | z | Kabragalla NH) ippieeees 2 ra frrd | 25 Tuleh eg Jane }83d | sea} sea aye ao2 / 7d | 106 | ged ; _Katookella allo os = i 18 oad 24. 8d) — So ee 42 | Sid | FAW Es ef) poe Jgdtr14]/ 64 ¢| F2/ aes Me cae a rae 12.c, 74d] 218 c| rod | Kelaneiya Pelle adj 39 L/oxa) 11 %c). 83d 4 Ne 64-7 || 73 P| 107d © Kirkoswald SAU Ze 1/74 1/34 ||. — ae 32 C 11g tae Tide ae pages || 96 P 1/23 Lameliere sad ats as 20 1/14 || 20 ot = Stale = — | 40 | 114d | Lankapura M| — = 20 rgd || 20 7 aed eee ates | a es 8d | Le Vallon el oe tt ee 1/6 || 13 ¢} 1/32] 25 ¢ 1/ of Se ele ee | Lynsted peal oe =e 32 ITT AO mea 3 6d {seamen 11d | Madoolkelly ©...) = |: = Be 12 ¢|t104d || 13 ¢ 82 ee 25 c| gad Mebane ele as froid || 22 1/O% 33 tod aes — —. || 92 103d eens lh ee =a 83 52. - |) SCC oes — ae = aa 1035 ad 2 ottingham ....||/ — —_ +94 22 c\+ 102 22°C} 4 8a tc} 4¢d} 3° 7d |; 62 | g3d (Mousakelleg tae 1od || 26:| 1/2#]| 17 e| 8ad | |e 62d| 67 p, togd i ava bilge es ae 30 a 40, | ofd 9 == — | 5 erate | 122° aa Nartakande— ...) — = id || 17 104 an ana 74 9 | Newton a Ee — | trod || 30 1/1 183d | — a ed aca Seale 50D) ea ee | as wats call oe a) Cc ae BLE AC on — Teh — — 80 c) 11z¢ sae avillan —— = ie // reba} 1/3 10 as cars ee Sei eo. ' Oodewelle ee ae ak ele 20 | 1/34 = — = = — ;} — | -32p | Oolanakande wl pee 9 — Bs |e Ace === = — | = 4 = | 28 | |Oononagalla ...| 20 | 1/13] g2d || 10 c} art 20 83d Be lemme ell at — | 64 .p Orwell .... pol ee ses op 16 c| 11g 39 c| 82d 5 cl 73d 2c 7d| 83 ¢ | sepomns ere ae Be 114 22 Me 46 oes he == — Toi ) | eRe 535 (pee ae i 31 He == — LIC) Ga Galle es _ 144 ¢ I Jlie | Pees pene 1/o4 5 Ci ask = — = = ea: a Boee Pansalatenne ...|) — Es +83 21 T/T == — = — = 105 | PDM | Cr Saqlmlot 1/43) 20°) 2/6 | | i | Peradenia Aes | eno kere) Tos |) — — 2O.C\, VOGM ae ee, 46 ¢ | Portswood vee lf — 1/6 18 L/ Oceana 1/220 en on | 394 / Bane ae pega aes told T4 ‘clo Tac io bt igs de) aa = = Se ee Oa he | Rolleston a teed Glee = 183¢ 27 ‘rid aa 2 7d || 497) Somerset co | a 1/12 j) 18 1/24 || 20 rogd == —— gies SF | St. Ley’s 25 ee m/TS | 13 Pl pifOs A ee = 2c 8d rc gd 25 p Pa ie eM ie 3 I ri 28 ewe 10% i z 4 == = = sat Vellekellie yl. rord || 26 He Ao} GE | et) a ee re Wangie-Oya_...|| — == g3d| 27 tot II SEeGh Nee ee a ae 70 Pp Warriapolla, 4.2) .— arial 84- 10% 7 1/1 5 83d aS Pas — | 69 Wellekelle BPA oc BS || Bede lier pas ee pias I id 2 64d | 23 Wereagall | rrr a | ereagalla 4) ees | oe Ab a ears — = — | — — | 45 Westhall a ae a | to4d || 24 c 1/2 AO Gl UGC isa aa = = Itq © West Holyrood...|| — al gid || 15 cl{ 102 = — or eal re a8 ger Wewelmadde .../ — | — || 83d || 32 mit || Ae (S¥al | = Te =a g° P. Wiltshire A | = ee BA ||. 34 bl 10k, a — | = —. |. =) G4eR Wootton Ae 25. \| fetuses | Me) told] —- oa 18 +84d — as = —. | 69 Pi). Yellangowry ... |41c +7/4-1 103] ie) to}d || — a 24 c| +8ade\. Aree t7sd | eS Ythanside r.: 38 ic 1/3 j — | 29 C r/ DUA totd — ice Go Hon AS: 63d gic l| ; ; i JAVA. 3 ere RS Garden, ‘Pine & Plowry Pek,| Mégnm Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong. _ Sonchong, i|Gong, Bro. & Dust, Total, | Averay : blr: |p Seas Bes : — Quantity.| Price! |/Qua 1) Price, | Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. \Quantity. _ Price a ST Saeene CT a T zi aE oi ; | | | oe Dramaga vt — || 14m) 63-94 |). 53 ¢| 6d} 50 c| 64d]} 208 c| 54d] 24 ¢ 5d |) 460 6 Nangoeng da — | 1aepi7ti/o} 48 b| 68d 1,120 Cc} 6-62 |) se oe — | 342 Pi 7 In these tables all the packages are halfhests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes cc for chests ; * for packages. 1 eo thus represent the highest offer in the nr In calculating these averages twowhalf-chests to one chest. ea GOW, WILSON Loree age taken, aa ’ = . Si |. W, Parwins, Printer & Stationers, 1 & 2, Bury Surcet, St. Mary Axe. ; od " ane te er Eon to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S | INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. March 8th, 1889. a 889. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, EC. ~ QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To DarTE. i | eee Indian, | Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 820,010 packages. 171,942 packages. 27,773 packages. | 1888-1889. 698,871 | ,, 284,522 9 38,492 ‘i ‘During the week 325 ae packages Lae Total 41,173 packages have been offered in public auction, z py, | Tava against 25) 708 Indian, 9,755 Ceylon, 802 Java last week. The deliveries of both Indian WN Ceylon Tea during February were good, and ‘totalled 922,123 lbs., as against 8,453,860 lbs, in February, 1888. The week’s auctions have again been heavy, and exceeded the large offerings of last week. ‘he market was unprepared for so great a volume of Tea, and showed decided signs of weakness. It is not unlikely that the publication of last months satisfactory deliveries will induce many nporters to supply the market somewhat less abundantly. NDIAN. Monday’s auction passed with fair spirit, but the large quantity brought forward on \/ednesday—12,460 packages—proved more than buyers were willing to take at current rates. As iany sellers declined to accept the prices offered, an unusually large proportion was withdrawn. |hursday’s sale showed little recovery, and prices for the week closed “— with a drooping dency for all but specially attractive parcels. 4s an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— rh) 4 Tusa, (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 64 1888, 43d. 1887, 5d. 4 FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 5ad. etd.) =, 5id. a BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) 4 62d. Ai Sdaxie,; 64d. “ PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) an 84d. ie oid. i 8id. i PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, 2d. = tot 3 o3d. ie PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) GS > Me ged. ie PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Si ap gd. EYLON. The offerings were more moderate than last week, and contained a fair sprinkling of ues with quality and flavor. Competition was good for all Teas with ‘point,’ Teas for price i ing also very steady at last week’s rates. The improvement in quality noticed last week continues. yllhe following averages may be mentioned : —‘‘ Agrakande,” 1/44 ; ‘‘ Wattegodde,” 1/33 i one eu 1/2 ‘Goattell,” 1/23. An average of 11d. per lb. was obfaaned. ? An average s oad. per os was Uihened ANK RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE. cheat on hcadod thte MOVEMENTS OF TEA in lbs. PC INS FEBRUARY. Imports. DELIVERIES. | 1887. 1888, _ 1889. 1887. 1888. 1889. INDIAN woe ee ne 6,911,226 7,263,772 8,669,115 6,886,680 7,393,314 8,007,009 CEYEONGs ons eine 733,490 1,261,250 1,971,772 494,520 1,060,546 I,QI5,114 AWE a ee erin one 350,420 297,500 596,750 289,800 234,010 284,340 GEMiN Ay CLC utes 6,773,41I 10,173,016 6,432,017 9,149,365 9,623,536 7,400,025 ae | at eee aes ad ——F — —————S———— , [asta Totar lbs,!} 14,748,547 18,995,538 BONS, 1 SSCS 18,311, oe 17,606,488 i FROM ist BONE, TO 28th FEBRUARY. | See i IMPURTS, DELIVERIES. Sroc K H 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. —— ENG Ainieie pists 69,564,348 78,201,508 86,631,666 54,790,314 63,679,578 66,711,594 35,505,930 37,884,591 44,043,618 sé) PEON. ss. es 5,748,020 10,339,194 17,972,340 5,691,340 8,948,894 16,694,512 T,922,440 3,873,596 5,900,945 oth AE Boca astorate 2,606,310 2,002,490 2,958,760 2,722,830 2,199,750 2,819,600 1,114,680 861,140 1,064,280 A, etc, ....| 128,525,386 110,126,589 . 94,738,430 105,284,537. 80,357,307 82,253,276 03,202 64,849,740 56,796,402 Torat lbs ete ee Ce ae 202,301,196 Ct aeetion 164,185,529 168,478,982 10,246,342 107,469,367 107,805,248 Broken Org. Pekoe ; Broken and Pannings, Dust {| . Garden, or Flowery Pekoes Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong. and Various. Total. |Average Quantity.| Price. |Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. |Assam Co. —_.-.|/159 1)/9$-2/5|[380¢ 8g-1/12 |317p1/|2¢ 2/23) — | —_ |j111¢e 6/2-1/63 || — | — |\1967 p| 113d | Attaree haemo — AseGleu/Or || 29 Cl SOP 25 7c), Bedi ya eiek ae ie oe — 170 c| gid | Bamgaon : — — 62 ‘c} 8-10 26eGla Tod 26:c|. 74d 27-¢| 63d we po 141 c| 83d Bichnauth b@o. — — |/84c1/3/4-1/34 || — -— 37 c| gdj|; — = pis nae 12i0 Ce w/e BIvC Ursaboud | oo 1Q.Cle. od'|| 21 Cc) Ted I — 75 C| 68-74 || — — |} 115 c¢} 73d | Borelli T Co — | =) || 96cumega/52||. 33.€) t/3e || Toole! 72-8 4) 7ane). ed | eel coeeeiaed | Borjan |... — — 27 ¢| t7#d ||) — _ 34.c\- iyd|! 49 cl 6td | —— — 110 cl 7d Borokai T Co. — — 39-¢| 1/74 12 ¢/ 2/62 |\24 CyhIMS Ao. e| afadal ene 115 ¢| 1/64 Bungala Gor Le Clty, ZAC Gs || —— — 26c) 73d || 45 c| 64-7 = — 114 c| 81d Burrumsal ree ac 24.c¢| gd 19 c| 18d || — =I 22 C/ 64-73 || — or 65 c| 83d Bygnauth ee aes a 40 OF 25 726 || 39° Gf a am — |] 104 p) 64d |Chunderpore Ki; 4 c/t1/3 || 39 €| 82d}; 13 c| 8$d]|-33 c} Jad 8: Cl) Gd ees — 97 cl 8d § | Corramore i ee a 50 ¢} 1/64], 20 c) t/9 || 60 ¢} Ing 50°C\o. gad |i — —. || 180 ¢) 1/14 Ff |*Darjeeling Co...|| — ra 43 ¢| r/oz|| 23 1/23 || 21 c} od|) 15 cl. 63 arc 123 p| 103d | | Dhoolie ... — — 34 Cl 1/4 17 c/ t1/5¢]} 50 ¢| $84d\| 28 cl 74d cl t58d|| 136 c| rid fh | Dilkoosha — > 25eel Os || 22° cl {ox 33°C) Fa 24 c| t6dd || — — || to4 c} 81d : Docmboommlcs 32 “1/34 || - 98 C| 83-1/. 35 c\ti14d 4ic| 74d \\ —— a ices =7 1 20B-p gid *GellahattingTC || 16 | 2/68 |) 47 ¢| 1/84} 22 c| 1/104) 48 cl 1/1$])\ 11 c} ro8d|| — | — | a4 pl a/6 | Hunwal T Gooey ‘3iGh1od ||; 61 GEG! 5a Ce) 8dr we ch =. ydalae= Ee iy ote Ind. T Co Cachar|) — = = ie — — Ig c] 93 74 Cc) 84d | — eek 93 ¢ | JokaiTC Panitola|| 113 ¢jg-1/24 | 92 ¢ 8-84 | — — || 129 ¢) 74-73 || — = 43 c| +6d || 377 ¢| Tippuk|| 61 oud |)’ 7isei) Sd — Sap -Q5:C| 7-74 ie =a = — QO Jorehaut T Co ...)},. — — |i221e 1121/42)\t20ct1/041/84|| 186 c|82-10$|] 144 c| 74-8 12 c| 68d, 683 ¢ | Kobira — — 2OuGl os 30 OCU Nees — 40% OC) GETG | — | gop | \_/ Assam dis — 126 Cl10-104|| 62 c/10- 10$|| Ico c| 73- 143 c| 7ad 24 c} 64d |) 455 c "AS Cachar |g || 2ToReizs-O 1174 © 7/2-1/52 1" 30 cl \O8d'|| 93 el6e 73 |) a Se eae » Darjeeling — — SCO 26 c| +88 38 c| -\ 7d" 79: C)6b7 a ae I7I C Sylhet — -- 27 6G On 13 C\~ Odie 227 ¢) eda a5 cl Ged) = oes 77. Letekojan = 60 c} 84 30.c] 74 a= ash Gs wee eae Leen go Cc “LowerAssamCo.|| 11 ¢ t/ot TOMGimey a 20C| 7a 50 cl 67d|); 9 €| -64d =e Be 103 C beat ES) — |} 50 ¢ 1/75), 15 c] t/7t)- 44 Cc] 11dd) 14 ¢| 94d} 30 cl 1/4h || 153 cl | Lushkerpore —- — 30 C 8d 21c| 72d 49 Cc 7d == — — — IoO Cc] ) es = — |\40 © t173-{72]| 12 cl 8h 5c jal | es, 24 c|-t54d ||’ 91 ¢ “Madoora se = 31 c) 8$d]| toc} rodd |} 23, c| 7d II c| 68 17. | 6-64 92 ch Meleng . . — | — |). go eo rOgd 4! soc] gid] t10 cl) 74-72 |] r00'el\7-74 || — | = | ano ef} MesaiTCo wll 40> eH 1g! Aprelae Bed |) — 7-5 2OuCio 7 — ~- 20 c| 643d || 124 c Moabund T Co.;..\;- — -= |155¢ 1pei/1d]) 42 cl 1/5h || 26 c| 82 335 Ch S adie ae 256 c Mokalbari F || 29 C 1/72 27. cl 8t 23) C T 72d == = 25. C t63d — os 104 C Mungledye Zeta —- TACet/ot || 14 cl red'|| te] E> 81d ll sic yeh |e ae pes, 179 C Naharanee || o— — 18. c} +84d 14 cl. 83 — == 33 c| 64d ise iste 65 c Namgaon jo —# 40 eeaioge tO?" 12 cl) a/a2-l)) gaa 8d il tania de == = 99 Cc NSTCo Dooars 325 t)72 1/84|| 258 cl7h1/o3]272c 1631/34] 434 cly-1/oh|| 307 clf64134) 128 [455 74llz704 e| Sylhet | 34 c} 119d || 72 ¢| 184-9 || 52 c/}8-fol| Or clf7-173)|)° 50 clt64-74l|) 13 cl P iS we Ohat ||) — —2 || 28m er) 5" 12 c) 1/64|| — — Sn ch 7d a7: & c OS&CBallacherra 54 c| 109d || 88 eq) Zid |) — |) — ie ee pas pass 20 S Heroncherra}) — — || 57 ei 84d.|| 45 cl odd Wi — — — 34 cl. Pathemara |) 18 | {r/R || 33re td: 33 ¢|. Stdal “25 elf gid ll 45 cl 62d |) pl Perindotty — e || Joma 7ad |) tee 12 ¢| 64d || 208: p} 6-62 || — RGS Jokingorie! 33 ct1/g 50 cl 172d || © — — = — 62: c} 64-7 peak Rungli Ting — — || Mpcieritd || 16 pl +80"). 22am ord |e a pled Scotti ar AssamCo) 41 ¢ 2|/2-2/34) 47 ¢/ 1/54 26 c| r1$d || 70 ¢}. todd || > — — — ScottporeTCo P| = | -4 || 46 c)7#-84|' 24 ¢): 74d ||: 28 el 68d || 26 ch. 64d) ||) — x S|) 18 c) 14d || 2 el. 7 8d) — rs 20 C\ | PAN eRe eg Ba Gs. oa Seeyok ... a2 tft 2 2 36., | 1/to0F |} > — ae 26 cl) 1/4 Bid pi it Selim T Co BI — || 29 ¢ r1o¢d ||, 20 ¢} 1/3 21 c| 7d 2c} 54d|| 18 Il) * = || 44 ¢| rod]! 32 citro#d | 36 cl 74d 6 c}) 63d /| 13 =| ioe ee We een eee one ea “Ep _ gc) 58d] 22 Sonarupa - ~ | 84 c| gtd ji57¢ 17)}-1/o} || 64 c} 68-7 — — | ) i : ‘it nee INDIAN, Pekoe and INDIAN --Continued. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoo and Broken and Fannings, Dust | Garden. or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong. Souchong, and Various, | Total, | Average, : Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price. || Quantity. | Price. Quantity,| Price. Quantity.| Price Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Price, : SSTCo Sylhet ...\/181ct1jo} {1/8||t 348c| 8-194 }) 144 c\8Z-fos| 276 c| 174-8 |] 103 cj6%-'72] 55 cl 54-6 ||1107 p od TeestaValleyT Col] 20. | 1/ Bul el CERO BAC “afore lp aveigiatelp tsb clalis oa — — — GL pie rid Wilton T Co, 24. | toed || 2c) 7hd | 27 c Od] 22 c| tod — | — | — | — | 95D] 74d NEILGHERRY | | CS> — — — — 34 *63d {| 16 cl +63 59 \t6-16$) — = || tag 61d | Kotagherry 2 7Ad 4 ¢|. 7ad 7 63d Ser Ge 29 ce} 64d] — = || 50 pj 63d | | | | TRAVANCORE i | |] Bison Valley a — 80 cl 74-74 || — — — — 1 c| 43d 2 A3d || - 83 pl. 7id-| ') Bon Ami — — 5 c| iid |/34p 1/joh1/14) — — — a Ir c| 62d|| 50 p) itd | Corrimony — — 33 8d |; — —- — — -— ~— I 53d || 34 8d l\Isfield — — 1o c| todd 5G) 114d || _— = 3° 7d |) — = 18 c| of i Nagamally — — 6 c} 104d 7 L/OF || src) ase rec). 6a 28 p| gd | | Seafield — — 2c| 84dii 20 |ftr1odd || 37 fod || — m | we 6d || 60 ox : Woodlands — _- 65 cl 74- 14 clr/-1/13! — — ht -- — |e — — l 79 c! 84d 4 * Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. a 14 id CEYLON. id ne Broken Org, Pek, Pekoe and Broken Fanuings, Dust, id | Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. | Total. |Average. K Quantity.| Price. |Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. lQuanitity, Price, Oey ; ; ud 4 oid Agrakande jf — 27 1/64 || — _ 13 r/1¢ |) — = — 40 1/44 «{Ampittiakande ...)| 19 1/€Z || 31 1/ — = — a is 3 es ps 50 1/24 «(Ardross ll eXe) 1/ 25 c| todd |) — _- 44 c| 81d 2 cl éd 3c] 54d/} 111 p| odd ,, |Bambrakelly ‘A and Dell. |) — — IC) WOss||= 30 (c| 1/2 — a == a — || 48 ¢ 1/13 -, |Barnagalla Bayt) tal are ard) | at cl odie | ae to | 7pd|| s04 p} road i Blackstone — — TE Cy 1/2e5) 19 4G) t/4e || 17 x¢|" rod =a — — 47 P| 1/1 | 3lackwater 21 1/3 13 c| 9% 18 c| todd || 46 c} fod|| 21 c) 7¥@}) 11 c| 73d||-:130 p} oid y |-ampion... = — 54 T/ot |) 42 1/34 || 30 tod 8id = en 3T t/o2 | 4 -astlemilk elf ees — 21 Taner gecl T/T 28 c| 84-93 || — — — = 62 p| rodd | eeey-E PlntnsC Ld a)» Mariawatte; — —. || 100 |rodro$#||, 50 1\/52-1/6)) 157 p| 84-82 | — — — || 307 p| rodd. | Gd.» _Tillyrie — — 22 Clo tod) 17. cl, t/ox || -2r ec) 84de- — = — — 60 ¢}| 10d | | | Sulloden — — 27 cl ird|| — — 24 c| +82 — -- — — || 51-c) ofd | i ( Jelta aa a TAG eure 218 1/1 Toe G\ = OG = 6 cl t7ad |} 49 p| rodd | | { Petenagalla — — — — 20 114d |} 21 sd: — — B: 88d || 43 tod y Pigalla 7 g3d |} 71 | 8-84 || 26 gd || — — = — 17 | 53-62 || 121 8id _, Promoland — — 26 |84-10%|/ 14 | 1/od|] — — 19 | 63-74 5 | t64d || 64 | 88d | q , ’derapolla = — 18 p} gdj|i 29 p| rot 12 p| 84d] — =a 3 64d || 62 p| gid. | q ( ‘bedde ... 6 | 1/104}; — — 12 c| 113d || 78 c| 83-93 2c| 74d] “10 74d || 108 p| trod | |p lfindale —- ~- 54 | 104d |} 18 1/14 || 39 84d | | © 8 p| 54-62 || 119 p}. rod I (ismere a — 13 ¢| 108 17 ¢| 114d} 25 c/ ° 9d|/) — | — 2 c| 68d || 57 ¢ xod ‘ |qiston eff — 27NGigemEdely LO. ci) 1/3+ 1.29 ‘c/ gd || : — — 2cl 64d/| 68 c} 104d & \\-P&ECoLdHope|| — — T2sewemiaswee T2 °c! 1/3-.\\.— = 20 c|| 109d | Sey ie eats Wado Pi} ,, Arapolakande|) — -- 36 c| ofd) 24 c} 1/12|| 23 c| 84d 2c 6@dy #3 ¢ 7d || 88 c}| rod ay | », Kirrimattia}}) — — 17 cl rid} 8c] 1/34] — — 1r.c| S¥dj| -— — 46.c| 1/ol |" ‘i pplewatte — -- 18 | r1dd}) — — 21 od) — | = | — || 39 | 10d 1° (rroll 47pt1/|241/34) — oe aaa — 48 | 1ofd|) rg | 8d} jar 74d || 135 p| 113d |, angwarily |) = _- BB aN gd || 24 11d || — —- —= — 4 | 63d j) 63 gtd ikiyanakanda ...|) — - 21 cj) 1/1Z || 40 1/te |) see ch oid | — > 2c 7d ii 85 pl 1/ ingranoya — =— 32 C 11d 23 C 1/o4 23 C oid == 1S _ 78 c rid oatfell — _- 19 c| 1/64) — — 15 c| 1/14 13 c} id | — a 47 cl 1/23 onakelle as — 19 {84d} 17 toad | — _ =o) = 38 36 c od CEYLON.— Continued. i | ; Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden. or Flo very Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various. Total, | Average. ieeeen y.| Price, Quantity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.) Price. Great Western ...|| 20 1/oky) 23 ¢ 98d 30 ct10#d]| —- — — — 5 $d || 78 pj 10o3¢d Hardenhuish,& Li] — — 46 tidd || 24 1/2 19 tod || — — TZ 7d || tor p| 114d | | | Harmony ee eee 14, €) Bid| 24 cl 8-84 | == = 2p| 4% tcl 52d] 42 pl sd Hatale a = — -— 22 ¢|. Tot 19 c| 84d 126 8d} — — 42 c| gtd Holyrood |= Bl 44 Cieged 420 hoe ee ens cae Ivanhoe — = 13 ¢} ridd || 12 r/o% || 14 ¢|. 83d} 12° 74d || 18 c| 54-72] 69 p} oid Kallebokka — — 12 c} 114 14 1/2 — — I 64 = 27 p| t/oz Kelliewattie a == 20 tid || 20 1/42 || — — TQ VCs -OfdeH ec —= 59 p| 114d _Kolapatna = = — = Tt g3d ie gid |} — — — === 22 gid | Loinorn = = _ — 15 1/62 | 18 c) 114d) — — _— _ 33 p| 1/14 Meria Cotta — — 20 Cc} .Iod || 18 1/12 || 16 c) 8$d) — — — — 54 p| 10% | Minna — 31 tid |} 32 t/ot |] 42 | 83d] — | — — _ 105 104d New Valley 21 p| 1/1t]]/ 30 c} osd || — aa 28) Cl8e — — _- — 79 p| 10+d Norton | 4 20 92 34. | ro¢d |, 18 83d) — — — — 72 org | OBECWattawele|. — — 12 €| todd |}. 14 c| 1/2 10 c| 82 8 cl 83d I t64d | 45 c| 11d Pambagama — 46 c| -+9d |} 35 ridj/ 13 cl) 84d}, — a 6 cl 63-7 || 100 p} gt Pittarat Malie .../ 21 |+113d || 63 gtd || — —- — — — — a 63 87 1od Selegama 19 od || — — _— — — — -— — 19 gd Sunnyercft a see 16.-C) ee Sael|s- 16 tid. 22 c} 7id |) — = oe aa 57 pj 8id Troy ae 42 Cligaeoa 6 cl 88 — _ — — _ — 48 c| 8d | Tunisgalla ate = 20 C| g-I0 — — — — — — — — 20 c| gid | Wallaha ee ae 69 c] 113d|} 58 c} r/1¢]) 4o c} god || 27 pj 72-83 ]] 27 pl 54-72 || 221 p| aiid | Wallokelle — — 39 73d || 21 83 — = — = 7 Pp} 54-6 67..p\> 720 Warwick BBS ae == 1g 93 14 ,| trod || 23 3d | > — — — — 56 gid Wattegodde Aas ss = 29 1/5 18 1/74 || 33 |}. 1/14 2 gid 5 |9-1/ot}) 87 1/32 | Waverley a - 53 Cl B/re | 51 1/6 — —- — ce = — || to4 p| 1/23 By. Wayweltalawa ...|| 30 1/29], 34 |. 1ogd)| — — 33 od] — — — — 97 | 119d # | Yataderia se 122 ener 9 1/12 || 6 tod. || ~ — — — — 27 I/ 1 JAVA. Garden, ||Pine & Plowry Pek,|| Medium Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, | Pekoo Souchong. Souchong. Cong. Bro, & Dust,|| Total. | Average |Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. , Ardja Sarie ..f| — 3046 gee. | 31 c 7d 13. cj 84d]) 21 c| 8td{/ — — | 95 ¢| 84d ny Bodjonagara | 25 otd] 28 .| 7d}. 20 c 3 ‘2r cl , 62 —_ — | — = 94 p| 74d. | Jonlapa abe ag Cl 7q) «TONE 4 c| t44d 8 c| t5ad. 3 cl 5d] — — 32 c| -6dm Parakan Salak ...|) — — a — — — §|l-200 ¢|- 78 —~ — — — || 200 c}) 72d” ; — -- _- — — too c} 7id || — — at — ||‘100 c} 7edmM Sinagar — | —F] 53} o8d} 34) 83d] 45 | 74-78 176 | 6-72 | 24° | 58d]) 332 c] yee Sindang Sarie -— — 10 c| gofd}) 10 c} 64d] 136 c| 64-74]] 34 c) 5#d]) — — 190 c| =. 7h», Tendjo Aijoe 36 c| 114d] 48 c| 73¥d4 27 cl 62d || 63 c| 68d || 121 c/ 54-62) 19 cl 53d ]) 314 c} ya AV Tjiloear ... — — go c| 74d) 21 b| go4d]] 35 c 6d |} 23 cl) 54d) — = 169 py 62day | Ljioma a 7 c| 88d}\ 17 c] 6d]| 50 cl] 68-7 || 4goc} 5-52 | — | — | 114 cl 644 " - ‘ a iT) 80 pale to one chest. et tt Nn cn TL i i RR A Re EONS J. W. Panning, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Maty Axe GOW, WILSON & STANTON, ~— Brokers. ||" euppeens t LO ‘CEYLON OBSER VER” Wel GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, “CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT, ‘March 15th, 1889. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, EC. ies ee Ns, QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JUNE To Date. pipes: Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 839,952 packages. 175,200 packages. 29,445 packages. 1888-1889. 924,114 3 294,404 FA 41,674 3 During the week 25,243 packages INDIAN 9,882 a CEYLON Br82 - Java Auctions have again been heavy, although not quite equal to last week’s. A depresséd tone pas characterized the heat for all but the best liquoring tes the supply of which is somewhat Total 38,307 packages have been offered in public auction, jagaimst 32,057 Indian, 6,827 Ceylon, 1,689 Java last week. ‘jimited. ‘Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from ist June to 28th February. — 1886-1887. 1887- 1888. 1888-1889. PUNGIAN 4 4.0. 54°700;, 214 ~~ 63,679,578 60,711,594 Ceylow ois, SOO SAD, 2 8,948,894 10,694,512 Cinna sere 70,078, 470 : 66,456, 099 > 552, 623 | Total Ibs. 137, 160 124 139, 084,5 571 130) 327) 1729 | , Amount EXPORTED from ist June to 28th February. | 13886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. i 32,327,910 lbs. 26,544,746 lbs. 29,839,950 lbs ( eae ——————— oe (INDIAN. Although the quantity brought forward showed considerable oon com: week, was above the immediate requirements ‘of. the trade, and as the offerings consisted mainly. of ‘eas with only poor quality, bidding was very slack and numerous parcels were withdrawn, the larket being slightly lower for all but really good liquoring descriptions. s an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote DUS: (air ordinary, dark liquor) 1989. 6d. 188mm add. 1887; < 5d: | FANNINGS, (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) » 52d. ya Ogd. ” 5G. BROKEN TEA. (Brow nish to blackish, strong liquor) — ‘ Heeosc: ,, Srd.. 4, 6d. BEB SOU G. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) o 8d. i ORGS Moric Sid. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, ged. tozd. ,, gid. — TP ea eS OLOKE (Blackish Aa inferior liquor) 3 ~—sO8 dd. 1 ieean7a Cs en BEKO, (Blaclash, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _.,, 7d. gid. EYDON. The larger auctions met with good attention from tl re trade. Wherever Teas were und to possess quality or flavor. they were well competed for and prices were frequently higher ; or and weak Teas ruled slightly under last week’s rates. Quality shows little alteration from last ek, the proportion of attractive Teas although small continuing to be noticeable. The following ni erages may be mentioned :—* Glenugie,’ » T/sh “Drayton aD, ; Ties Wallaha,”’ Estate of a Ceylon Tea, Plantations Co: Limited, 1/23 : and ‘ Mayfiel d, Bo) 2 iAi average of 104d. per Ib: was obtained, i KMVA, The laree supply consisted principally of only poor Teas as frequently occurs at this | is ison of the year. The market was slightly easier for all but strong oF flavory kinds. A very nudsome Vippy Flowery Pekoe in boxes from the “ Nangoeng Estate’ realized 2/8} per pound. —M average of 63d. per lb. was obtained. ; tke MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE, TO 28th FEBRUARY. yet IMPORTS. . DELIVERIES. Stock 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887; 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1987 1887-1888 T888-1SSo BIND ote wife, oc arnle 69,564,348 78,201,508 86,631,666 54,790,314 63,679,578 66,711,594 35,505,930 37,554,591 44,043,618 WE CON! ctrerlatens | 5,748,020 10,339,194 17,972,340 5,691,340 8,048,894 16,694,512 1,922,440 3,873,896 5,900,948 sence eens 2,606,310 2,002,490 2,958,760 2,722,530 2,199,750 2,519,600 | E1T14,050 dO1,140 1,064,250 TETAS CLC. © 3) sheie 128,525,386 110,126,589 94,738,430 105,284,537 89, 357) 307 $2,253,276 61,703,292 64,849,740 56,796,402 4, —— — = a = Sia eT RS Zo 5 eee ee ket 4 Torat lbs. 206 did 200,669,781 202,301,196 | 168,489,021 venaees) 2G 168,478,982 10,246,342 107,469,367 - 107,805,248 —— —— = ———— | ANK RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE, Calcutta on London tlree months sight Is. 423d. INDIAN. | ‘Broken and ; Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and ~ ie i rae Dat | Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Sonchong, and Various, Hi Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quintity.| Price, | | *Bargang TCo...| 6 | 2/28) 25 | 3/52] 2 | 12/5 || 22 | ofd]) 19 ¢ 6ga]) — |) ooh yoN | | Z#800\. Mookhamll64c_ +1/14-1/3 |] 199 t73d |; 62 c) {7$d || 167-c| f7d || 32 e| 164d 7 ¢ 6d | | BrahmapootraTC | | i*),, Borkolla .../) — — 47 Clete del| 14 C| }i/ok || 72 Cl gea |) aie sel bs 6 cl 53d Messamara — —= || 44 ¢) aj/at 16 c} gid B33 ac Sa 2arc 7d 1 eee *,, Rungamutty|| — = 50 ¢] totd |} 18 c} 1/2, 46 cl] 73d/i 45 c 70 ig cl ena * |, Sokla Tinga] — = 62 c| 1/1d ley Le gd |} 123 c 8d |} 34 c 63djj/ 23 ¢ 6d BITC Maunkotta — — 2g cl 8td]} 54 c) 18d {| 34 c| gdd| 22 | 63d/] 29 pj 64-63 *Bongong p22) t1/me 35.c\ apedilie 24. ci 63d |/_ 38 G1 9d4| 29 ef tee | open | “Borpukri T Co... 2c} 1/5|| 14 c| t/o$|31c 72-t1/1d || 25 c| gfd | 78 cl€$-173]| 319 p) 5-62 || Castleton | 34 | t1/@bi 21 cit regd || — — 34 cl * Bd) — Sl ona Saeed 'Cheerie Valley ...|| — — 51 c| 83-84 || 33 Cc) 1/of}] 29 c] 78d] 17 ¢ +d} = ieee | Chubwa T Go: ....49 ¢ ti1/-tr/2|| 83 -c} 8-82 — = 123,-¢} 72d || 63 c| 62-64 | 29 pl 5-74 || Coolie Koossie ... — || 50 c| 73-8 25 ¢|. t74d 50 c| 64d }) — eee Per rere ae — | Craigpark — _ 43 c} god|| 43 ¢) 113d 12 c) 73d]; 12 c¢ 7d|} — | — / | Dejoo T Co — 42 -¢) ym gqeel 1/730" Ch. s@giate | tees Peer Acs 2, | Diudarpar —— —f || 20 cf todd 8 cl 1/4 15.c) 7adi. 15 cl 62d) ai *“Doolahat veel] — 37-¢ ) Seder; ; od|| 40 ¢| . 7#dd 33 cl "6id || 15 seyeueem : 'East DooarsTCo || 22 8d}; 16 c¢c Sd} 15 -¢ Zale 13 7c 7a ea pe aoe ee _Gajilidoubah B] — — 20 ¢| rigd ie 23) 1/32) 18 ch od | =) oe ae Fall , “Gielle T Co 61e r/jof1/34|| — — a — = a — ee Jhanzie T Ass...|, 27 c| 1/19!) 174 cjok- 10} 37 -€| x/7 49 Cc] 7% = ee 28 cl 73d |i Jokai Co.-Bokell]) 23 c) {1/5$ |/113ct8/4-1/o2 |) — — 39 c| {74d | 34¢) gid | 30ne| = 9d | aa Hukanpukrij) — — 78 c| +82d |] 164°C) +74d || 72 c] t72d |] — | — — | — | | 5). Jamura 79 ¢ +\1/-1/84]|, 64 c/8-fird}]} — = 132 clt7-t7Z/80 c {/64-464]) 34 c, +€d | lee". efokan Pig cl. 0/4 42 -ci72eeees = ae 29, Ck adie — || .35-¢), 6-684] [5 5. Mauttuck==-33)) = — fF |iz25c t74- +73) — ae 47 7 ee ee ee oy Es = eaninolaee a = 186 c} 83-83 ||208¢ Ijo3-113]/ 145 c} 72d ]) — | — om — | | *Jorehaut T CoN}; — — 52 ¢] tf/2t}} 28 ¢| 4 58 c}| gtd|| 45 ¢] 7-74 || 9 e| 64d i ee Oating}; — == 30. c) Bed |) TZ c} Bid) 36 cl 7dd || 32. c} 54-7 |) 5 cl gad I Kaas Koochee — = 26 ¢} 2/1 15 ¢) +1/7t |, 18 c] odd 5 cl 74d | 3c} 62d ]| | Kangra Valley Tre) +74 33 C| t6dd|) 5° Cit7-t74]| 27 cl 61d || — ea eee ee | Khongea Align Ws 1/3 gc 8d}| 28 ¢ 7d 61 cl) 63d | ees ay a oddars — — 10 €| 1/od 5 Clit 104d 8c t73d || 4g-e 54-7 9p 6d |, Kondoli T Co amee). 61 /'7 83 ¢/8$-1o4| 30 ¢ rodd || 54 ¢ 7id}) 41 cl 68d} — | = |] | Mahmarah T Plns| j Papen |* >, Kakottees2 a yrgecl 11dii 20 7c 78 20 Cl 83d ||- — A 75 Cl 6 ee 3c} 58d] Koliabur ...!| — — 97 €{10- Fo#|| 24 c| 83. — | — 40 cl 7d|| — Bsc. aad Medla | — — |) — 25MG| 7d gc} 64 22C\-7 aed Nassau T Co... == eee 20 c] 6#d 1/192 c { 7z-tiol,, 20 c| +62d 15 ¢| *6id Bee se NoakachareeT Coj|. — — too ¢} 114d 23 € 1/2 7a Gl 73d 85 cl 53- Se per Nonoi | 24 cl 1/48]/ 106 c| 83d ]| 30°C) }8d!| 84'c Ld: San Bes a NSTCo Darjeling T4 Cc) 1/4Hi| 18 c) t/ph ll 18.c) r/ape | 35 cl 88d] 2c 48d Ic) 53d f a) Sylhet ...|/86c 78/37 1/10 123 clt7at zal. 72) C| +8-to 97 cit68-+7|| 24 c| t6id 24 isa +53 Pathecherra 40 | 1/4 Bh 48 ¢ 8d |} 61 Cc) 9-92 32. 1C 7d jj) 6 eh ed “Poobong FXO) 1//632/oM) 72 ch) t/4k i | 7 eh) rod] 1a €| 48d) =" Putharjhora i 19 ¢C} 1/oM13 c fi9d-f11) — — || 99 ¢)7$-183]| 34 ¢| 73d i! 34 pl 7-11 RGS Hilika i 4g c| tr/2 —. | se So 4 |) Tra eh! gtd || 80 eles eth 53°cl- 63g *Rookeence } = — a oo: — OIC) it 7h. lia) Bale 64d |} — = | — op = Salonah AT Ora i ah ; 281c gi4-1/34 I16c Ho8-11% 194 c 73- 175 ¢€ 2.7 } 95 4 43- Simring PERC 1O4dM, 31 Cie ged ie | arc 64d == Sy 15 cl 53-6 “Sonapore a |e -— J 20 1e 84d 14 C rod | 35 Cc 7d 23 7d pars pase Sookerating 746 11/04 1/1F 128 c| 48-84 || — ey 2Q Gitta ls see SO Orgy SSTCo Sylhet is 182c 9 t- 1/645 120 € 84d I6) (e totd | 151 c| 74-73 55 ¢ 63d 18 61 ‘TeestaValleyT Ci) 14 c| 11d§} 45 ¢ tod || 27 €| todd) 24°c Sill atl i ee ais, Wilton T Co | eee zi a 62 c) 83d — — || 35 ce) 7td 16 c 7d jj) 51 cl5a-}7t Red Hill Po WE tO | Add Hoc ee Biss san a sei as 10. | 34d TRAVANCORE. | i | Fairfield : | Z | \54 c| ofa = Eons al sami peaks web BS shea i vy a) eee cn engine TSBs marked thus are printed as last of the Season, ees 74 | 531 158 / 118 | 174 | Quantity. | P ie) wmwanao Q:0-0'D asd a e000 0ta0 aonoaooga, eee) OOBUWeVananonvoao CEYLON. | Broken Org. Pek. || Pekoe and } Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, Total, |Average. | Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. | Price. |(Quantity.; Price, |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price, Agarsland —- —- 35 foitd) 34 |tro8dy 16 84d — = cae a 85 Tod Agra eae ses 26 c] {8&2 61 cif 114d || 46 ¢ 8d || — — 3 63d || 136 c| odd || Agrakande 2 ff — 32 1/t = == Qo) 1Gad | —— = 2 AN MOE Ws AB A ign : | Alton and mee os — AS) CO! 20 Ch LOG ||) 117 cl 2 Sed 7c) 84d ASC) = 65d) |) 75. clangt | Barra 8 ord | 17 C.\7ad | 91 | Sad |) 3g. | gd | adj 5 | sadj) 89 p| 72 | Balgownie — — 14 ¢|. tod 2c} 10kd |) — — — — = -— TOnClseod | Bambrakelly | and Dell. .|/ — — 15 c| trod || 25 c] 1/14 || — ao 40 c| 1/ | Bandarapolla — — 25 gd.|| 24 113d 19 Org) 23.-c.. 7 2dahe = gI p od Beaumont — = — BO. C) 1Gad |) aA ey 1/2 = = 44. c| 114 Brae as — | 13 .| tohdal) 227 tiid|| 36 84d | 106 83 | Brunswick = — 26.C| tod 15 ¢| tr/o$ = = ale 4 Cl etOna ; CeyLand&Prod C ‘| I! | | ,, Andangoddie| — = 25 (Cl {10d 20).G| 1/25 || 20 ¢ 82d |) =— — 2 °C 7d 68 c} 103 },,NewPeradeniyal) — ae 44 cl to3 30.c; I/td |] 34 ¢| 82d ]}) — = 6c 63d/| 114 ¢| 10d : ese Richarton|| — = BOnC aTidula.23 1/7% || 14 ¢| 84d 2 72d 3 74 || 72 pl 1/ , Cey.T PlntnsC Ld Ae | ieee Dunedin .../| -—— =e 113 pji8e-82) 85 plrog11g]) 20 c) 8d) — a 71 P| ©2-72| 289 pj 84d i] _Tillyrie Se |) Ac) Gad |e 31 G utgd:| 26) eid =) |) OE Cleo (ee SV allaliaes: |, -— = 45C Ula aah Sycl| 1/54 |, 9) Cl cure i a ca =e Ou Cl tae : |Chetnole = — 20 tgd j| 18 1/ 22 84d || — — — == |) rod Cottaganga = — LOG eee ar TOC) 1/25 )||. 13 ch aiot = oe oe ‘as 23 Cl. i ourt Lodge Bee = 19 1/1 23 1/2) 42 SG) = = 6 | 63-8 | go | rr i | Dalhousie ae “= 21 +84 = — i 2 74d || — — — He Aer 72 )Dambulagalla = — 60 | 84 40 De ol 23 Chesed ers 113 p|_ of i Densworth = ae a7, 93 Ogee) toed | 37. Oda pas 18 7d |) 155 gid de Jiyagama quit — 67 see | 57) t/og || 31 ¢| gid] = 155 p} id id Poragalla ne = 48 c\g3-108]| 39 cl 1/ 58 c| 8-54 145 cl gd il Poteloya — | — 39 gzd || 78 | 9%-10}) 21 See 4 63d || 142 gad il Drayton 29 1/74-1/8L |) 21 c| tr/2 = = 8c] 10fd |) — -- — —- 58 pl 1/3 il Junlow ee 22 Clos WS IAP wake ok — = — 2eC adj]) 42 pl fd |l-kolsund = — 12 ¢) 84 fA. C) pesd i= Lasctyhd = — 2c) 64d|| 40 cl 8d sd MEltofts Bees fed UAMie taut Oa page 19 | 194 7 8d 4 64d || 60 pj) rrd | Al ltamorcy ee = 21 c| tjoe|| 8 cl 1/4 = I 7a sBOnel an pret Ad |Perndale |j22c 1/jo21/td|| 30 c| 183d | Buca tye dale = Bie ro 7d || 70 p| tod ddifordyce sas = 237 Ci) ol OGM a8 1/3 24 c| 8id 9 ¢|. 72dh | 94 p| tosd ||rogmore ae ee ease) 1/22 34 1c) 88 — a 6c) 8td}) 83 c xrrd Ad \fralaha “= = BOC LOT done {1/25 ll 234 Cl votdl| s== -- Br Cina 7a 107; el r/ oli jrammadua as == — — || g t/og || 13 cl 73 eeu —— 2p) 44-6 |} 24 p| 82d tdifteddes ... == os Boe Lua Zanes 1/445 23 cl o2delan = -- 8 8d || go p} 113 7d} lassel aa aes Ba 10d 19 r/1s 34 81d =u Saale “Tod gij}len Alpin ae, aus 27 g#d |}. 38-4 rid {58 8d 3 3 64d || 126 | gt ud | lencoe ak == 24 Hod 20) vised | asc Bt 4p) 528 Ap 7di|h -66=pl- = od | |lendon = = C7 CeemOcell: Lo. Che /i r4 ¢| 82 — = Bol "7d lz O2-C| told {i Jlenugie == = 80 ¢ r/4e ir 54 TO ie — = — 7. 7ad|| tar ph 1/ 5h gi Ineiss Rock 31 r/th ik 36 pl t8kd 4 — - | * — 16 cy 8id — 83 p| odd 5 \reat Valley SO CenOG bch t/32 1 25-cr. Sid 5 cl Seamer cc) Ghd 55 cp 82 sil Jattanwella | i | Wee a esG ae ~- ee = pill 2S) waa ji jolmwood — aoa 26 cl gt 26 TO 2 ene ede y — Bi 8id || 71 pl o8d il Junugalla | | — | — | 53 gd} 20 t/2e}) — = == = eee ee i735... bred gi jaboolpittia | — Seer 7 PL OalOs is 32%) 11ed 41 pl -Be88 — | — § 64d || 138 p| gid wy durana so oe 20 Cl Sead ||. 27 ‘ce 10¢d | 50 4c SE ee. - — || Io3 cl 688d j\gandenewera .../|34p1/1}4-1/12 ||. — =i — yp 46°C) 8kd > etic} - 74 _— — || ror p|_ 93d SFA V/ 4] — | — | 18 clgd-r18i} 51 1/ ieee — || 38 ic) 8dr = — || 207.c} rold Wgellie — Sica a echt Tess) == _ 35 ¢| rod ||, 10 cl 164-88] cl odd]! 61 c 103d gw = — || 29 ¢| t11d/| 27 1/2t || 30 c| tod 5c} ode) 2 | == ll ox pl rodd , dgntyre a SS 867 ch 2 Oda 725 che egtd: pe yi oe '39.c) ° 8d) fo c| 64-62) 187 c] od Ptiyagalla pases a Adi Gls tod Moet). ir — =: a ae See 84 p| amid Jivant sft —- 24 Cc) rod |) 13 c| rz3d |} — = = | ie Me 37 ¢| rodd \ixapanagalla ...|| -— a 26. |, «= 9d, bq. ; |- badd aI 8d — | + ae 6r | od ndoola wf = “38¢| “rid 1/58 p1/t21/od\! 40 Ogi | . eee 136 p) 10$d olecondera ..) — —- 15 ejlrigd | Gp2 cl) 1/4 16 cl to¢d || — | 7 = 2 43 ch 1/od . olpwer Haloya ...| — 2 Dene) | SF} Meso! chord TOC) ytd || — | [aha cl .64d |) 38 c 84d _ Mihacoodagalla | — — 22 Gis Qf0ia22 el ar Sdil pec) 4 gd, — 7 ae Me As 59 ¢| todd — Vireuerita pit ae sat 58 | totd || — — 41 8d || — Be 1 ae 99 od } C EY LO N==Continued. Fannings, Dust Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and ; : Broken Garden. or Flo rery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe SCO and Souchong, and Various, || Total. | Average, |Quanti y. Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity.! Price. |/Quantity.| Price Mayfield ... a ee eee eee ie eg a ee eA gd 68 p 1/2 Morar = a 8 cl 1/1$|} 16°] 1/2 30 c} ard ie = — | 54 pl 1/ | Nayabedde = a 38 gt 15 AG lea EW apee el ee oh mae 64d} 55 New Peacock ae = 53°C 4d || 54 84d | — — cn sale eee ee — || 107 p Nichalaoya = a 12 €| (hye || Se] 10% — = — —_ i — — | 20c¢ 83 Nilambe > pe — 29 c| 82d|| 29 c| 10¢d | 51 °c} 773d — | — — | 109 c| 8 Nyanza lt — 17 C| Yo? 12. Chane 29 c| 84d] — — | 6 Cl 54-621" 64 c OBEC CragieLea| — —= | 22 c rr3djj 13 ¢) a/2%]) 24-c) rod || — — | — es 59 c| 112 Dawei | = 1/52 e-o/f-1/13']] 15 c) 1/24 28 c| 84d) 2° Ch O20 Qe 7d || 100 c| 10%d », Kuda-Oya | — — 12, Cia 15. Cl P/2F i" -237e\. “gt Se Ne Be = — | 50 c¢ 11% > Sinnapittial]) — = 28 cl 11gd | %24 c| 1/62 || 28>c) 8% mart WA ore ae = 80 c| 1/03 Oxoes fel cae _s 19 c| 11d 15 c| t/2$|| 11 c| o2d i) 11 pj 5-73 | 6 74d || 62 p) x12 Pambagama — =F 54 Ch came 40 tod 17 ¢ 8d | — | 10 cl] 6-62.) 121 pl 8: Panmure Cl rode 23 1/1 —_ — — — | 1 6id || 48 pl i11d@ | Yuillefield 152 et 11gd || 108 c| fosd || — a TOs aoe eee ee ee == 1173-cl. 10dam /'NATAL TEA | | | } | Kearsney I 8 ro8-1/2 3 |! rofd | — = == — SS _- rr cl 11¢d@ JAVA. Garden, eine Flowzy Pek Medium Pekoe. | Broken Pekoe, 1 Pekoe Souchong. | Souchong. |/Cong. Bro. & Dust.|| Total, Average ‘ Quantity. | Prices q || Qvancies. ae ‘prides | Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. Price. ‘Quantity. Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity. Price. ) Dramaga Ae ane) C| BI 134 c| 7-93 || 79g c| 6d) 57 cl 52- 234 c| 5id|) 26 cl 4ad |) 550 cl Luewierandjie ...|: — | — — — a 108 cl 54-6 || 61 Gc} 52-53 | bl H SG Cli Nangoeng _steaeg b 214 129 b| 8-1/2) — —- 42c| 5% 1g\¢| .4¢d |) 11 cle 5el e226 Parakan Salak val ee | 75 cl 8% 100 c} 64-72 |; — a 220 C| 52-74 || | = EI 4 Qe O: Semplak } — | 43 c| 74-92 || 24 c] 52d] 98 c}) 6-68 79 ¢| 44-52), — | — 244 C Sinagar — =| | 270 c| 8b-16)| 27 cl . gd ||, 280 ¢| 63-94 || 321 c| 58-731) — | —-]) 898 cl Sindang Sarie — Bi 615 cl) sd || 19 63 61 c| 61d) — ee 95 Pp Tjiampea — = 31 (Chmanea 4c]. 53d ly re cli. 5d) 9a €)a-5. 1 3 che aed evs Say Tyiogreg — — 43 c| 83-9 31 c) 6-74 || 115 cl] 64-7 63 cl 53-6 eeu 252 ¢| -— el 69d!) 18.c) 7d it 25 cl Sed) 07. cl. sad 23 ¢ 43d qiaesec! In these tables a]l the packages are Wall-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; c for chests; p for packages. + Pricés marked 4 thus represent the highest offer in tl +4 room ‘to one chest. Ando oH i Ww. Panktns, "Printor & Stationen, 1 & 2, Puy Str ‘set, St. Mary fran SH In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as PENS in weigl Gow, WILSON & STANTON, | Supplement to ‘CEYLON OBSERVER.” GOW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. March 22nd, 1889. 13, Roop Lanz, Lonpon, E.C. | QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist JuNe To Dare. | Indian. Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888. 866,592 packages. 180,739 packages. 31,807 packages. | . 1888-1889. 940,413 5, 391,429. 42,594 9 | During the week ——— ~ | 16,299 packages INDIAN . 7,025 5 CEYLON| Total 24,244 packages have been offered in public auction, 920 sy AVA With a total a of Tea in the London warehouses no greater than at this time last year, and comparatively little to come forward, there seems no occasion to hurriedly force sales or to over- weight the market with excessive supplies. While the stock of Indian and Ceylon Tea exceeds that at the corresponding period of last season, it is well to bear in mind that the China stock is ;junusually light. The contingency must not be overlooked that the shortage in the export from i China may throw a still larger proportion of the trade upon Indian and Ceylon Tea. d The market just now is sensitive to a degree, and responds almost immediately to the great 7 rreeularities occurring in the volume of Tea with which it is supplied. ah . Z s . .| The auctions for the past few weeks have been far above trade requirements, but during the | present week have fallen to almost the lowest point yet recorded this season, 'NDIAN,. With unusually moderate offerings the market has somewhat recovered its tone, and ,_jeod competition was maintained throughout. Quotations closed firm for all grades, with an upward «| jendency tor any Teas with attractive liquor. An invoice of 95 packages from the‘‘ Luckimpore” T Co. vi jealized an average of 1/7}; another invoice of 390 packages from the same Company realized an wlverage of 1/3. Asan idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— fr Sa (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 6d. 1888, 43d. 1887, 5d. nid FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) ‘i Gic «° ,,MeOtd: 4, Bae ind BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) me Gd: ,, Me Std. .,, 6d. PEG SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) a Sd. 94 gid. 84d. TASC) See (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gd. “1 told. ,, o#d. “i Pinks SOU G. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) a 62ds. ,, 74d. ae PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, ee <5 oid. VWEYDLON. The offerings were lighter than last week,. The position has scarcely altered, but 41 good Teas command attention, and anything with special character in liquor meets with keen »mpetition at hardening rates. Common or undesirable Teas are unchanged in value, although _-prhaps not selling quite so freely. Several parcels of extremely low grade Tea have recently been “iceived from Ceylon and sold at prices under five-pence per pound. The export of such Teas ‘we) the London market can do no good to the name which Ceylon Tea has acquired for its high Sa - % na s a ) " > Pe Gidqiality. The following averages may be mentioned : —‘‘ Hoolankande,” 2/2$; ‘‘ Karagastalawa,”’ 3 2 : - 3 hee Maytetds anja.) Alnwick’ 1/2 : and’ ‘ Taprobana,” 1/1 ) Gyn average of rod. per lb. was obtained. wWAVA. Only 920 packages were brought to auction, mostly from the “ Bagelen”’ estate which . Aijis represented by an invoice of 818 packages, the Teas being mostly of fair quality realized an » Merage of 8¢d. A small invoice was also sold from the ‘‘ Perbawatie” estate, which was very ¢ Mmilar in quality to Indian, and realized an average of rrd. Anaverage of 82d. per lb. was obtained MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM 1st JUNE, TO 28th FEBRUARY. uel IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STOCK hed 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 with . 2 . . S 2 - ) 29 a ies ae WAN «/«) clepetatens 69,564,348 78,201,505 86,631,666 54,790,314 63,679,578 66,711,594 35:505,9030 37,884,501 44,043,618 YLON...s ees 5,748,620 10,339,194 ere Y feOatsne) 5,691,340 8,948,894 16,694,512 1,922,440 3,873,806 5,900,948 Re care | 2,606,310 2,002,490 2,958,700 2,722,530 .. 2,199,750 2,819,600 + \ (B,114,680 861,140 1,064,280 HINA, etc. ....) 128,525,386 110,120,589 94,738,430 | 105,284,537 89,357,307 82,253,276 | (1,703,292 64,849,740 56,796,402 | — ———— — | - — |j)—— —_—— q Torat lbs. | 206,444,064 200,669,751 202,301,196 | 168,489,021 164,185,529 168,478,982 190,246,342 107,469,367 107,805,248 ronctay | se ae eee 3ANK RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London thtee months sight Is. 43d, | INDIAN. ues +] Brokon Org. Pakoe Pokoe and Broken and Pannings; Dustiiy. 9) iho oe 4 Garden, or Flowery Pekoo. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, | and Various, | Total, eile 25 3 | Quantity. | Price, Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.} Price. Quantity. | Price, ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. i | Quantity. | Price. Attaree KhatT Co] — | — 37 Cc} I/t 19) 1/74 || (39 el 72d) © 65 ely 6-72" oa sand | Badulipar -—- — 60 clro+10#|/ 4o cc) gdj} — a OO -¢) 02-7271 eae ie | 200 c| 84d | dX | ZB&OON, Synalar r/l4-3/7 3a 58 cl tagdil erp el radii” 33-c>~ ogdi —— —- 235 Cpa | | Beheating 25 bj 1/229 25 ¢| 8d} 25 ¢ 7ad\| 28 ¢ 7d) a5 c 64d | — | ete a fees Bishnauth Feast = 70 cl. t/2t|| 24 cl 1/o% || 104 ¢| todd || 128 c| 73d | — || 326 c| 104d . “BITC Sessa 48 |t1/8$}} 66 c| 83d |) 7o | togd |) 112 c) 72 12 ¢ ne 37 © 62-74 || 345 P| gd | Borbarrie — — 34 Cl Ord aiesgone! 172d || 12h Co 7dileet onc ioe 10 c} 54d |} 220 c| 74d Borelli T Co = 63 clto-1oz]| 43 c) 1/3 || 90 4 8d} 6oc) 7ed}) — | — || 256 ce gad | | Bungala Gor ...|| 15 ¢} Iz — — — = High Ohiy 9f 95 cl 6- éa | | ed aioe ead oe 'Chandpore ee | — Ge 27 chs 7aG Ul Sapper 7e-82 4) | eel ee CherraTCo Iie 30. cle. Oodle. 50 Cle 7da = = = = — 50 c| 6-64 | 130 c| 7d | Corramore — = 37 C) 1/Oz | 1k cl 1/34 33. ¢| -1/o¢]| 40 c jis = =a IaI cj, L/og | DoomDoomaTCo 28, |41/2ime 261 Clhi7ertdll) FO ee ioe 60 ¢ 7d |} 60 ¢ 7a 48x p| 84d Eastern Assam Ci} — — 16 c| 113 4i cl721/23]) 61 cl 7-72 — — 5 c| 54d] 123 c gd *Ghillidari || 12 cl. 2/2eg 26 c| 1/65) 518°C 1/3t]]/ 18 cl: 1/1} 21 c, 63d|| 12 ¢| 53d} 107 cl) x/2e | Hattigor We Le r/7i@p 40. cl, rrd 20. c| 10d 30.c| 84d |, 70. c| 64-72 || — — 0770p od | Hunwal T Co. 17 1/34} -18 c| g3d 39 c| 72 32 c| 74d 83 c) 6-64 = ae 189 c| 74d *Ind. T € Cachar|| — 2 fe 13 Cea. 12 ¢| 1/1rit 12 c| 84d 63. | 02°84 a= 100 c| 103d _Iringmara —- — r7 c} 78d |l 222 \-t7td || 47 cl 7d 20 c) 62d) — — || 106 cl 7d *JorehautTC GH|| — | — ff) 34 ¢| rogd |] 18 ¢| a/12]| 28 cl 82d] 39 c 62-7 || 10 o| 44-6 | 129 | od | Kaline — | — Pe 58 ci r/ab) 26 erie | oh 55 en 82-04) a enone yee | Kolapani == = 40 c] 112 15. Clas to@ 28 c| 84d 38 c] 6-72 3 cl 454d }} 124 c gd | Koyah ... ——— — fF 9 ¢ od 28 c| 72 45 c| 74d 19 Cc 6d = — |l-r11 cl 74d LuckimporeTCo 8 c| 2/o$]] 140 c 1/72 8 c| 1/84 || 104° cl 1/14 68 c| 7-10 62 c\5$1/Td] 390 cl} 1/3 | We | "Be 39 clafth lt — | 2 98 cl 2/8 a8 cl aye | | eel ges *“Majulighur — |}; — 75 Clgt-ttr|| 55 clozt/2al| 89 c| 74d || 29 c| 64d |) 44 6d || 292 p} 8% Naga. Dhoolie 4 cl 1/64 fe 27 cl 82 16. Cl Gadalg uo. Cc| 7d gome| aod 3 Cl aed 07 ec) 2 yed | Noahbarrie 33 cl 1/ok MP 45-c| ofd 1 eae zo c) 62d) 50nc) 7-72, || 625 ee | 7a pines NSTC Lallakhal 34 e| 1/ Be 5t chitgtd | 18 cit riddim ch: Sdal\ 2eKcha7s — Sa ic): 18d te haces Sylhet ...)|67c103|} 1/103] 60. c) +84d || 22 ¢| ggd|| 38 cl 7edj} 41 ef 7d | — Nt oa 8 el gad RGS Hokungorie 28 c| t1/2 78, Clanige: 32 cl +72 = = a dees easel eae Salonah T Co 51 c| t1/44]) 212 c| 83-94 82 .c| 74-73 || 202 cl 64-62 | 25 cl 8d) 572 cl 8s *Selim Hill Ne — 40, Clo2fr1e2||) 2 ici) 2 — — 36 ‘c) Ode) =e 88 c| ot Westrn CachrT C}) . — = 47.¢| 10% — — BOC). 740 )\ “Az-c iO ne 125 c| 83d NEILGHERRY | | | | Prospect ; — — 76 clt62-74i1 — — — — = pie us uae 76 cl. 7id * | Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. CEYLON. || Broken Org, | Pek, Pekoe and 7 Broken ‘Fannings, Dust, Garden, or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. Total, |Average. ereneye pe Price. E I Price. |/Quantity. | ones Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |Quantity.) Price, Abbotsleigh — - i _ SS Rb) ci. 1 OPA 24ate Ss dai = = os owe) a inool Alnwick. ... ~- — —— —- g cl 1/54] 14 ¢| 1/03 Tee Tyee 2 c| 84-9 26. cl} (1/20 Annfield ... a — BH 15.c| tod} 21.c) 1/04) 31% 84d ACs 730i — 7i° Clas oda sambrakelly | | i and Delil..:|| — - II Cl tOGM gic] 1 /ORM ies a — ian Byles One 35. ci 108dM 55 aconsfield - ~ 13 c| 88d g c| otd 10 c 986 3 c| 64d 1 c| 64d|}. 36 c, 82d Beary vel | — —- 16 c| 84d)| 66 tod || 23 ¢ =2 aa == — 105 p} od Bogawantalawa |} — - 15 c} 1/34 34 1/44 || 26 ¢ ae 2 63d 2 64d || 79 p 1/14 usenore — - 25 cl’ ‘o4d || 22- | and’ T5yc 81d --- — 2 83d || 64 p) gd Camden Hill - | - }83 ¢| 8-84 61 cl 94-98) “2h cl). 7a 2° cl. KOzds | — —- |) 181. c) : Sta CeyLand&Prod C | ' - Fetteresso — /\ 25 p| rozd]) 18 9s mK uty <0 ce ae 14 c| 64-62 || 77 P Cey.T PintnsC Ld / | | | | Dewalakanda! — pe | ] 30 c| 84d | 23Gl) TLe 22 73d — —_ = — 752 Tillyrie — — "\o8 cl gd] 25 cl] r0ogd i! 31 cl 8d “ts ea 84. Ce CEYLON ,.— Continued. ; : Broken Fannings, Dust Canton, one Goren Bee ed. Broken Pekoe. |} Pekoe Souchong. and Souchong, and ieee Total, | Average, Quanti y.| Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity, | Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price, Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.) Price, 1 | | Walley.) — abe 34 pitrizd || 34 bd) t1fos] 13 | to4d Be | 7 a 86 p| rid Ce a] ee) od role ge ol 3 | zadl crs 5) (al ate al a= lt) peered || 70 84 — | | We, | 197s Be as: — | 20 1/1 20 8d | 40 rot Gi — 32 Cl osdy | Sumeieno;d || — | — 22 c| 8idi| 4c) 64d | 199 c| 92 ae Au 46 cl 84d} 44 e| 0d} — — 28 c| 73d AG Gal | 120 ¢ 82d Niece | ee | ce | ad | HM 2 | bh) an pl Bed | eG 2/1 — — | 2c} I1d|| 69 c/83-103] — = = — | 87 p} 104d | seal = 13.C| Tit omennite || 17 cl. tod r 74 | 53 ¢| 1/oh | nog @esovamalie 31 c) 1/42 || Orc) 10ogd || — — — — — — 8c 8d || 100 c} r/o pyellai-Oyas..|/ 42.cl 1/42 || 63 clros103), — — 44.¢/ 83d) — 149 c| 113 S54 DP iit/-1/52\) — ee ig 40 9% 04 pik) — — 20 1/34 7 B2o)) 38 | unde | 65 1 1/02 — — I5 c| 10g 10 c}| ri4d|} 16 c} 84d) — — — met Acs xed: | — = Woy ep auf 36 1/3 18 c| rot ; 73 pi /o# | 9 1/34 || 21 clrog113] 32 clg3-104] 13 cl 8% I cl 44d 3°¢| 63d]| 61 pj ted | H2eC| 1/28 12 C| Iid Gucile tod 12 cl = 93d = 44 ¢| 11d =) SS 37 8d |} 13 Cle ee || 9 Bacal 5. by he vel) — 25 c| g4d|| 26 Td 14 c| 84d — | 65 pl 10d: foolankande ... 8 3/13 |131p1/1jo4 2/63), = —- = er | 39 pl 2/22 [unasgeria oe a 25eC| 94d: || mazec| 11d I4 € 8d |} — — = ee 61 c|_ g2d == = B25 Clea) 24 1/6 22 c| g3d|| — 78 p| 1/04 coo 55 104 27 I{tt || 40 c] 84d |) — | 122 p| tod andapolla = ...|_ —— — || 116 |tiogd]} 38 | 1/3 27 {82d ||) — == -- — | 18r r1rd aragastalawa ...|| — —- 20 1/24 8 t/9t || — —_ = = 2 64d || 30 1/34 lami 3: wef) — 81 c| 184 25 tidd || 26 c| Zid |) — = -- — 132 p 84d ‘elles Dee ee Toc) T/4t m7 Cc) -1/of || | 55, cl odd || > — — 12 cl) Samm] —= aes oz ¢| 11d eameapella ys.) 134. | todd || 33 c| 48d) 19 {8d |) — — — = DE ag He oO 84 i¥ebanon Group || 25 c| 84d|| 96 c) 7ad|| 44 c| 74 82 c| 643d = A PORT Ce ee jongford ele. — = 19 84d || ro EG eg 73d || — | 52. , 8 rs 32 1/24 || 16 1/6 16 rit — = Bye Ga ie 67 pie 1/2 42 1/3 — = == = 21 c} rod |} — = — — 63 p| 1/04 Cases 1) 2G /22)\| AU sCROn Cui | — 12 cl 84d]} 85 co r13d — — 20 gtd || 25 ve 18 82d 2 | 7H 2 6yd || 67 | 10d | ew Caledonia ...|| — = TA ch | oxd eA Te) ora Ton Clee OC een | | — 46 c} rod | S = — 1 Gl iat 12°C) 1/35 i 7c 8d 2c) 6d) — = 460 ¢ tid | —- oe 119) (El) co 24 | 10% 2ONCemOCa er | = 63 p| od == Ss 19 ¢| 83d) 19 rod || 16 ¢ 7% mal od Ic) 5d] 55 p| 83d = = 37 83d | 12 rit 12 4 6r |. 82 cael ade} 1/1 || 22 TOG tiem wit =, ll ualeganc Sdi ||) — + Sse a Go)! kee: Heenan es. |) — eae ele) Chiged| 2123) cl rns — == — -- Tcl 6gd| 42 c| x08 ip lSlivere is ag ee = ROE! = ero SAC te) Mien SWZ fe IS == — || 50 ¢). 114 onyclhff i — | 60 MOG 3 (pera Rani a 8id |} — | = Spee Sa ee3 93 rathelbe Pealaeticy) Bae d | 21 itd || 24 c| 84 — | = — 95 ¢ 104d tprobana Bet nO! 1/3 A7 ia ats? pee |e A — == SN aes 99 1/12 ioe eeu || Sid 6 | sad | —— | I | ts | aad 18 c} 113d} 3z c} ro#d | — ==} 2 c¢ 84d) — | -@ == =—— 51 cl rogd | { | | JAVA. Garden, ||Fine & Flowry Pek. Medium Pekoe, Broken Pekos, | Pekoe Souchong, | Souchongy || Cong. Bro. & Dust.|| Total, we Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. Price. ||Quantity. | Price. ‘Quantity. Pace. | Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Bae: | | | | 321 c\84-1/4 || — ~- | 497 c} 64-84 || — = Se ay Sats tet. 20 ¢| t/ok|| ro cl: 83d || 13 cl rod |) — _ eae) eel AS Caer acl 22..c¢ 7d 18 b 7d IIc 6éd|| 8 ¢| $d|| — lila | 59°p| 64d 1 these tables all the Packages are h 'uS Tepresent the highest offer in th alf-chests unless otherwise stated, €room. In calculating these aver: to one chest. b stands for boxes ; ¢ for chests ; p for packages. t+ Prices marked uges two half-chests or fo eS ee ae ur boxes are taken as equal in weight be Es, EN is abe Sake oe a te ee eee rr bs - . Ha ASN Aly GS f paces ; » a PS ray, | ~ EARIRIVAILG Gr ee ee Suip. ote EN DIAN. CRYLON. oe Java. ARRIVED. Goorkha E. Vere cie ' 45,699 164,080 — Mar. 15th. Taroba | it — 239,228 284,760 Mar. 18th. Ystroom | ot — ase | 40,040 Mar. 18th. Bengal 3 15,280 — — Mar. 18th, Clan Buchanan ous 240 32,078 — Mar. 18th. Batavia... eu PO io ae 2,590 Mar. 21st. Total lbs. 61,219 435,386 327,390 | 3 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, 4 | | | Brokers. . ; ; Pes of _ eT i a Sup tenga to PCE VEON O5SERVER.” “COW, WILSON & STANTON'S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA THA REPORT. 135 Roop Lane, Lonpon, E C. March 29th, 1889, QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From-ist June to Darts. Indian. by Ceylon: : Java. 1887-1888. 877,789 packages. 184,886 packages. 32, fog packages. ; 1888-1839. 961,897 ai 308,775 je AB 7 2 eas During the week — wen ee _ 21,484 packages INDIAN ol UB AS shag. CEYLON; Total 29,962 packages have been offered in public auction, egies 2 - Java The position of the market has experienced very little change from last week. Auctions, although slightly heavier have not been excessive, but trade has been-too quiet to induce buyers to Operate extensively, even at the very low prices current. This has resulted in - slightly weakening quotations for poor, characterless Teas and still further wideming the gap between these and the few attractive parcels offering, which even in the present 2 state of the market continue to command steady rates. ‘The events of the past months of this season illustrate more forcibly han has ever before been the case—the absolute necessity that exists for Planters to make every effort to uphold the quality of their Teas. The trade has been disappointed with this season’s Indian crop and Planters have ‘\suffered heavily on this account; a recurrence of similar experience next season might bee be accompanied with more serious results to the Tea producing community. INDIAN. The week's offerings comprised 21,484 packages, against 16,299 last week. - The quality as a rule was unattractive, and prices were inclined to drag, except for the few Teas with point in cup. Poor liquoring Pe koes and Brokens are a shade easier. Low Brokens were in larger jupply and sold at easier rates. The Final Invoice from the ‘‘ Scottish Assam Co.” realized an jiverage of 1/4¢. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea im London we quote :— IDAUIS 50 (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 54d. 1888, 43d. 1887, 5d. FANNINGS. (Red.to brown, strong rough liquor) ~ 5d. ye 6fd. 5d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) ‘i 6sd. . iy 8id. ss 6d. Pel SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) <7; e 72d. Bee gtd. 8id. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ae Od. 3 HOPGIS= 5 g2d. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) ° 64d. Bey 74d. FICO, (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) 5p 74d. oid. SHYLON. 7,346 packages were brought forward against 7,025 last week, Bidding as a rule ‘as Carried on with but little animation, except when an invoice of exceptional quality was under \ffer—At such times competition became spirited and prices were generally strong; but for ndesirable and poor Teas rates current last week were difficult to obtain, and many lots were in }pbnsequence withdrawn trom sale. The following averages may be mentioned :—“ Portsw ood,” 1/5; ihe ““ Wallaha’’ Estate of the Ceylon Tea. Plantations Co., Limited; T/L ‘“ Drayton,” 1/12: Seema vel | Wirkoswald,” 1/14. An average of 10}d. per lb. was obtained. JAVA. Java was represented by 1,132 packages, all of which were of direct import with the «ception of 130 packages second hand Tea. Six Estates were represented, the quality of hich was about on a par with recent arrivals. The market continues fairly firm, for all but the orest descriptions, the export demand helping to steady quotations. 3,120 packags are advertized @ sale during next week. An average of 64d. per lb. was obtained. _MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE, TO %th FEBRUARY. a IMPouRts. | DELIVERIES. STOCK | | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 | | 2 ban MM NDAGN: e's.) wiece | 69,564,348 78,207,508 86,631,666 | 54,790,314 63,679,578 66,711,594 35)505,930 37,954,591 - 44,043,618 CON IeIGii cs! «ce | 5:748,020 10,339,194 17,972,340 © | 5,691,340 8,948,804 16,694,512 1,922,440 3,873,806 5,900,948 PRS ofa: a eS fax | 2,606,310 2,002,490 2,958,760 | 2,722,830 2,199,750 2,819,600 I,114,680 861 ,140 1,064,280 + Bete. -.-.| 128,525,386 BRC SES On ZSS Simei 505,284.53 7505895357, 307 82,253,270 ; 61,703,292 64,849,740 56,796,402 uae [ *S TH4AOOF 56,665,785 202 - > 9 oes eT . re } . Se my ies d= eZ ee ih Siig 1 ais NS OF Te 168,459,02T 164, 185,529 168,475,982 } f00,246,342 107, 460, 367. 107, 805, 248 7, — = __ | = oe: Seuememeiaeee sae 5. ay IAN K RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE. Venleatts on London three months sight 1 ray 42 id. ANK RATE. 2pner cent RWCLA TKR no INDIAN. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and | oe pie | Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden. | Total. |Average || or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe. || Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various. |Quantity.| Price Quantity, Price. Quantity. | Price. 5 Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘|Quantity. | Price. Assam Co _... 840 p) 108d [4h 1/2)5-1/78 |]390€ o12-1/24 |J243 1/j2h2/0%] 31 © 72d [0131 pisdt/g4) — ) — /~. Chargola || 292 c| gfd |44c1/2/$-t1/5 | 129 c| 83d || 34 tod} = 70. ¢) 494d | 15 cl etd ae — Zak\Hingajea | 221 p| 104d |39ctx1/Jo$1/74/ 95 c| toad || 29 c/ rozd | 44 c| t72d] 6 | t7d] 8 | 163d Bicrampore _...| 182 c| 64d || | — — 40 c] 62d || 30 c}| 64d || 75 c| 6-64 == 37: e| 54d *BITCDwarbund]) 131 c| . 74d ||| — = 2A Cle Gall euO. Cla O2Ga es 60 c| 6-7% || 29 c} 54-64 *“BrahmapotraTC]| 421 p 8d _ — 96 c rjo¢1/0F) 28. pi5z1/13)) 147 c| 74-72 || 112 c| 58-62 | 38 cl 4dd Burrumsal 22 7d |) | — — 6 c| -84 6c) 72d). — _ 10 c| 33-63 | — — Chandpore 79: P|. 6ed:)| F— — 2: .C\ Vga. 7. pp). tadule 26.2 esd 7 c| 43d) 8c} 54d Cossipore 154 p| 64d }j | — — “72 | g-ot — — — — | 22 c) 48d] 6bo0c 5d | *Craigpark 120 p| 83d ]) — — 31 Cc) OGan Ag pl -Ta2des ize eli. dnl eae 62d || 12 c) 54d | Dejoo T Co 113 ¢c} r/oe]] |— — 43 ¢| -1/1¢ || 21 c| 1/64]| 49 c gd |) — — = — |Dhamai ... 81 c] 7td || |— — 51.c| t7dilgo cl). Sid tesco Gdaist—— — — — Dhudarpar 2§,¢| 74d) i — 25 G4 Tua 1.) {:1/a 3c) of 8 cl 6-7 Io c| 54 *“Dibroo ... 47, p|. 6d |) fs 62d) — _ — — gc 64 — | — 20 p| 5d _Doodputlee ‘|| 74 c| 104d] Ee == THe) (oll ae mon) : T/A ee pl 40" Cr" ein ons | GreenwoodTCoB|| 76 c} rrd jj |— — ar c| +1/o48 14 c| 1/4t|| 21 c| of 202 Cl) edn ue | Hazelbank ||. 132 ¢| r/o#] ee — 40 C}’ 1/034)" 36 ¢e} -1/4ki) 28 c gd || 28 ¢| 42-92 || — = | *Joyhing T|| 236 c| ofd ||, B= ae 63-e)) «ned 5O.C) 1/2 By © 8d} 49 cl 7 29 C 6d ea ae Pi 244 c| ~8d |). e- — 36 c| 104d ||. 39 cl 1odd || 52 ¢ 4 Ta 64-74 | = — L/ Hatticoolee;| 41 c] 82d || | — — 20 CG TOF — = = = 21 6) Se aie = e Ke Jalingah...|| 116 c| 63 — — 50 c| 74 BAG 4d 2aMc|! x6z — — 16 c| 43d * ,, Kolabarree...|/ 145 c| 62 = — 86 c| 63- Te Wda\) P27. C\s 268d |. Same (fel | -- * ,, Lattakoojan || 154 cl 72 3 = 41 c| gtd || 24 c| +84 52 cl - 7hd.||, 78 ch 6-8 11 c| 43d * ,, Morapore ...|| 109 ¢ 7d | > — — 41 cl. 73 15 c) 73 28 co. 7d.|| 18 ci eoe 7c] 54d * ,, Shabazpore 94 cl]. 74d || —— = 41 c| 7dd |} 22 c| of its} 7d 7c) 52 6c sd | Mertinga... 122 c| 7d | $6 c| toed) 79 cl 63-47 || —= — 12 c| 64 15 c}| 64 — — | Moheema go p 8d |) e— — 26 cl {8% 21 C| ‘10+ Bit © 7d:|| 1lo Cle ed 3 5d | Mokalbari '' 80°p} 94d] BBs. | tr/r2 | 29 c] t7ad') 16 c) of — = — — — — *Moran T Co. ...!| 394-p gd |} 55 |1/92-2/)/55 © tlos1/od]] 43 c 3 129 c) 7#d|| 78 c| 63- 34 C| 54- Mount Somerset|! 30 64d || — = ge) 64d || — a 20 63d || — -- — — *“NoakachareeT Ci} 254 cj 9g} | = — 97. C\. todd |) are! 1/33\) 132° | “7ed > 24 cr 262 — — NSTC DamDim) 935 p} 64d || 337 ¢| +t7-7#'||. 177 ¢|- 63d‘ 28 c) +6d/| 216 c] 64d|| 304 cl 6d]! 79 pita? OS&CBallacherral}) 115 c} 8% 27 c| gtd] 48 cl) 9 7d jj) 20 ¢) t1/2t]. — — — — 20°C : ,, Heroncherra||. 144. c 7d ||, —— == 5D. Ch Zaz oleae. Cl ee _ — _ — 58 c| 54- »5 WNarencherral| r14 ¢| 74d || Ee — 52 cl 7idiie a5 ec f8de = — — 27 C| 6d. ,,Shumshernuger|| 202 p| 84d) [gq | +1/6$ |) 81 p| +74 Bo, Cl. Sd leaenel Hows |= = 30 c|_ +6d | Pathecherra | 153 pr 83cd'l Bo. | tr/2 A2C oe 56 c) 84-55) — a= 15 c| 64d |) — — ‘Rajmai ...l| 122 p 8d. |. eet 38: c| rid || ax ph 73-82.) — — 46 c|) 64d) 17 ¢ *“Roopabally ...|| 66. p} 73d || F— ses atc. Fadil 2e.c 8d |} 23 64d |) — — — —_ *Scottish AssamC/ 159 c| 1/43 |l44e1/1/142/34|| 44 cl 1/5 13 ¢| 1/1d|) 58 cl aid) — —— — — * Sealkotee 100 p| . 74d || [27 gd|| 22 c| 88d]| 26 8d || — — 35 C\ 44-65 |) — _- ‘Seconee 129 c dd |} — — Ig c| : 88di) 16-c) itd) 322cl. Yd || - 36) cae Gall 26.¢ Salonah T Co 354 c| 8d] 21 e| trfoh |) 85 ci841/14]| 45 cl 7h-9h || 82 cl 74-74 || rrr c| 33-6 1o c| 43d Sonarupa 106 c| 8d:|| — 34 c| 88d]| 23 'c| Modd |) 49 cl Fd |, == — — — Sookerating -+-|| 253 cl 84d ate} 10}2-br rh, 163c }\7h-4+7%) — == == == — — | 19 ¢| t5dd SSTC Phulcherra}) 370 p} 8d || for cl84-1/5 | 85 cl +73 68 c| .73d) 48 c| 7td]| 68 cl 63d) 10 54d “ Rajghat|| 203 c| gtd |lg@c tjo-1/64 || 21 c| od] 36 cl 82d! 35 c| 84di) ar cl Fd) = _— Talup .--|| 264 cl 88d°i) MBo. of +1/'5 93. cl} 84d || agicl 84d! 69 c} 7d |). — — 28 Cl-54d5 Tarrapore T Col]|,.311 c| gid || — 88 clit 104d || 82 c) 114d} 63 c74-184) 74 Cc} 3-8 4 c| 53d Wilton T Co 246 p 6§d.|| 27 | t1/2 54 c| 74-84 ],,—— | — || 38 ¢ 62-72) 48 c) 53-521 79 Cl 32-659 TRAVANCORE | | | Isfield 18 cl 84di\| F— a 14 cl. 84d; 2 c| 104d || — =a Tee 7d rc CEYLON. Broken Org. Pek. Pekoe and | | Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden, Total, |Average. || or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchmg,-|| and Souchong, and Various. | Quantity.| Price, ||Quantity. | Price: | Quantity.| Price, \iQuantity.| Price, Quantity.| Price,, ||Quantity.|. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Abbotsford |) 56. ec]. gtd} — —- 2896), gdi||; 18:c| 10dd1o-c| gay — uaa wee = Adams’ Peak ...|| 86 cf rod || — =| deeeeord-||--22-c|- 1/4 20 c| dj} — —= 2c| 64d Ardross ... ell 50 Gh « 10d: || — — =| ee 30 c| 113d || 26 c) dj) — ws: — = Avisawella —...|| 66 8id || — —- 18 8d || 24 gfd |) 24 | d\| — was Bt eke eaummonte, » ...|| 77 Cl 10x — cea Cle ee 22 c| 1/1s|| — || ne Sismark . || 58 cl g3d]} — — — a 22 c| 114d || 36 c) Sd} — eerie ee wae 3lair Athol Palle 8Q) pi. OF — — ua C EU) 32 1/oy | 42 C| Shar} 3 54d — ivi 3loomfield pall sigh 1c Marder — aie 20 C\ Of 32 Cp Tidy eae | ame 1c GiGi |elree aig Bosahawatte, ...|| 86 p| 1/1 || 26 | 1/8.) 34%) ) 11e — — 26- ga|| — ae a= zat 3road Oak Pall, 92 Tas) = — ~- Ig | 112 23 1/3¢ || 48 gd 2 54 aa ies SHUMSWekKi« ...| 4o.c) “92 ae = 24 c| 18id || 16 ci\tiz3d || — | - oe se Bee) vaskie Ben 50 cl gt pee — BAC On 16..¢| Tita Gye | 8 as ae = — | vey. T PlntnsC Ld : q | » Alton si) »30-cl. Q¢d'|) — — Mowe 19d)|| ro cl tad lene cl ‘aki. —— it =e | » Mariawatte || 156 cj 1/ 40 ¢|1/6-1/7|| 58 c\ttodz/||) — | — || 58 c| dj} — a malt — | » Wallaha .../| 124 c| 1/1Z|| — — |\48 c 1|/o41/2 || 38 c} 1/4¢ |] 28 c| 14d ||) — = ae eae MlUMeS) sa || 104 c| 83d aa — ||. 51 | 8} 20 totd || 31 vid ae ny jee | lSoroondawatte 68 84d ee = 26 8d 30 gid 12 Sid |} — ieee = Ea sated | Yalhousie Pmie7sO: a\. Sedu = a 8id || zo Adi 25 | Si 4 54d || — eee | vamblagolla 75 83 = = = a 32 3 meters. —o 43 Rat lens pea | eyanella 35 p| t/oz || — — r2 c| 112 22 t/o2 || — — I Sae|ae = ee Nickoya ope Si. —— — 17 c| 184d ||) — a 60 c| {7a ||; — ee ae asthe | Yoranakande 40 c| 82d pas — 22 c| tot aes setts 7S |. (7 — ante ois) ae | Prayton OBB Mia 3911/51/55, abe) tte | -— |e 16 cl rom) — | | '||derapolla eh. Ge = 21 gd || 34 gid i| 11 8td |} — — re} 6$d | | Ichicho ; II 8d) 6 gt 5 54 ese ae i ae soa. ea seat Pe P&C Sogama 74 cl t/ok|| 15 cl 1/44 || 59 clzo-1/1 || — a ae Ss |e ee ae ie . ,,Meddecombra Ouec|) TOs = — 26 c| to? 32 cl fr/2t || 36 c| t8d}| — a ne pass | |pplewatte -soill 8 Qt == — — — 18 tid |} 20 84d || — ae = ei Jair Lawn gait 09, |) 10e ae = 16° | 102d || 23 Tiealieeso: | +7 ae. — Sat mes Bs iapey | Jangwarily 60 gd 35 +84d || 25 toxde||) <== 4 athe pas me abst | Javatenne 62 p| gt 26 t/ok || — = —— — 31 84d || — — src] . 6d 4 'jlenalla Sell) Sie oy =F an 15 c| trod] 15 c} 10g 20.c| 84d. 3 c| 6kd 3 clemord: | | Joatfell 36 c| 1/4k || x4 ec} t2/5 22 c| t1/4 we ae is + ne wee oi a2 | |oomera allsAO; cl G2 = — — _- 24 c| Lie 25 c| Sfd|| — a aa eale lorthie -..|| 102 p| 11z — —- 60 c| rod || 37 | tx/4 — = = aa ig 6d. |reat Western ...|| 107 p| tod |} — a= 37 ef tod]| 59 cit 104 ss =a ee oe II 7id | si appugahalande Gap) Sd | = 34. c| 73 27 Sede a ee eae 3 53d | || |armony Boel bere 8d =e Ea Ec) tod 12 $73 te _§ es a — Matalewene Ss. \ur 24. cl, | Ot a — — sat 12 c| 10$d || x2 cl t7ea —- ae ee sed | }eatherley 34 p| ro¢d || — =e) 15 c| t84d 4 | 4 ad -E |. 63d | olmwood .|| 77 pl) 10¢d || — = 33 c| 93d} 34 1/14 oc) 7aaei — Te. | ecstacy abragalla M|| 80 Ex tl| ese salt 29 103d || 19 t14d|| 32 | Shi) — ene | ‘eee te elle 63d |) — —- — -- == — |e —~ eho ga bag tS dJAVT ... ...|| 330 c} 114d] — — |lr94cto}#t1/02|} 103 ¢| t1/14 || — — 21 .c| +82 me (Chace 7d iwfelliewatte ...|| 69 p| 1/ — == a2 | 114d || 27 1/5 — — 20 c| of eee intyre 94 c| gad ass Zona rOG:|\|: 322 Chama —a 20 c| 84d 4 € 7d | | irkoswald Pal) ce ccleeeg aes 25 1/64 20, c| 1/23 ams nee 37 c| 108d =a af otiyagalla ...|| TOO rot = — || 69 cl ftod || 31 |t 112 S| =a aes fis: i an _ |feangapella 5r pl 72 20 fod || 20 c| t73d II tsa) — | -/ Ss wane = = \Jifebanon Group || 42 c| 7id || — ae pe = 42 cl aye — | a ee = - i] Jippakelle ...|| 127 c}| 1/08 |} — — |l92 c rjo$1/14|| 30 cl] 1/24]) — | = == = EG) 83d" | (i ynsted a afiie dows told 2 i7d 18 11? 24 1/1 67 | |gtd 3 16d == Al) ee laha Eliya ...|| 64 cl 84d] — — 44 clt7£{8$!| 20 clfrogd || — +* a TSfeell Wires ee ahousa Kallebokha 59 p ti4d 22. tr/14 14 | roid 9 1/24 14 ¢| ‘gd cone Ses | pa ee a attakelly -. || 165 p| g3d ||) — _- 72 c| otd 81 cjrofrof) 7 c| 7adi) — —_ 5 cl 64d | id inna pool MlNlst7/ 84d || — — 46 tod 42 trod 47 We | 22 7d Se A pitiakande ...||, .96 p]| rid |i3rp 1t/|/1¢1/43)) 35 cjtrrid — — |} 25 cl\tgfd 2c! 64d Zeca ad jeedwood lf 46 gzd |) 21 |trr¢d 7 gid |} — — | 8 | 8d} — | — | = ae qewton . ll) 83 piped t — — a5c| todd | 37 Ntargd |! 3 | 48d) = 1 — IL 8. lt 63d RANK RATE. 2 per cen s ax C TANGER Gala Pee T ees BRE. > =a itd uC ¥ CEYLON,—Continued. i [ | Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and ee: Broken _j| Pannings, Dust Garden. Total. [Averages or Flo very Pekoe. Unassorted. - Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, || and Souchong, | and Various. vy Quantity. . |{Quanti y.| Price. Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price. penne | Ptice: Quantity.} Price, Quantity. | Price. - /OBEC Havilland|| 63 — —- — — — — 20 | +84 32 74d || rr | Oodewelle 44 p = 12 c| o$d|| 20 G25) 12 cays pia Se et | Oononagalla 67 p 20.:.|. T/Ta 13 Cl Bord 12: er Mini | a2 ones a evi es | Osborne _ 102 = 20) -o)- 2 OFe lie 27 T/3F |) 5a 1 Belg = ag BAN | Ottery FO Cc uae ues 33 cl 104d 10.¢} rz | 27 ct sail — es iy ' Ouvahkellie 32 C — — 14 cr xr/t¥ 8 ef 1/22 10 votd. | = i if: | PDM 30 p eee ween pri ee | Penrhos 79 = a 23 TCE ek E/T 633 81 2 isk | Portswood 55 — — 9. 1/62 18 1/8 || 28 1/2 eee Seite ca | Rangalla BORG — — 225 tofd 17 c} t/as|) — st seh ok ee as | Rookwood 95 P| = = 30 |g8-113// 21 1/4 30 72. IO tod 4 ¢ Scarborough 83 C| —- — Ai ¢} +8d\\| 20 cl 11d = as 22, Clo aise | St. Vigeans 72 Pl — — 20h tod 25 \ aa 16 ¢ 8d. 2 53d || — | Stinford 30 ~ — Tae ch odaieeet 1 t/o8 Seat seeps cilog === is ne | Tillyrie 63 ¢ — == ZOVCh Ode 2A Ce os igic eu ae an nae Tomagong | 40 a= — —— Nhe 14 | 1osd|| 26 84 — = — |. Vellekellie 27 C — — Ir c| 1/02 6 cy 1/12 Io 92 om isiad aod | Wariagala . 2rc¢ =e — oP 3 c| totd || 16 73. = 2s or ure | Wav ahena 79 18 1/7 OTe any), i oe 34 | tok as mle ee: | Wavendon 47 P = ae 15 rigd ||. 28 | ¢x/z 3a aord | at Pain | Westhall rele — — 61 cl gt-9$ || 11 c| 1/1d |) 39 ¢ {73 a 28 are | Wewelmadde 63 — = 37 84d 26 14a] eas pe scab x. ae | Ythanside 93 P| 36 c| i1/2e |) — — | 32 c|| 104d 23 gid oa pas JAVA. _ Garden. Total. |Average,||Fine & Flowry Pek. Medium Pekoe, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, ‘Cong, Bro. & Dust. |Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. | ies, ‘Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. : r Hi it y FF = | Ardja Sarie --|| 335 pl 100 c| 68d} 49 cc} 663d || 30 cl 74d | 156 ch 6-6f Bodjonagara_...|| 173 P| 59 c| 64d||° 30 ct Fadil 25 54 me == — | Djatti Nangoe .../| 155 p Fac vid 6 Mrs del a9. | 63-8 | — pee Jasinga || 104. ¢ 25 Ch OG 42 ch Sade ea ee _sgd) SVB 7° © UA Se 7 t||| a es 7 5d || 49 cl48-t5h 7 | Tjikoya ... | 165 Cc 18 c| 84d|) 12 c} 53d]) 89 c ft5d}} 44 e| 44-48 2-¢cl In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes; ¢ for chests ; p for packages. thus represent the highest offer in the room. th to one one GOW, WILSON & STANTON, if W. PARKINs, Printer & Stationer, i & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe. + In calculating these averages two half-chests or- four boxes are taken as equal in weight 2 Prices marked — Brokers. ! | | } | | } | | } it i h mi i ad “dl tke ight ef, : jin excess of last Season. A |an invoice of 148 packages from the ‘‘ Upper Assam Tea Co.” (' TRAVANCORE was fairly represented in the auctions, but the Teas are somewhat disappointing Jairly well maintained. The following averages may be mentioned :—‘‘Sheen,”’ “COW. WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. 13, Rout ie, Lonpon, E C. April 5th, 1889. QUANTITY Se, june peo IN DUNDON Indian. Ceylon. Jaw. 1887-1888. 878,269 packages. 184,886 packages. 32,53 packages, 1888-1889. 978,105 ” 314,645 ” 46,05 ” During the week 16,208 packages INDIAN ie 5,870 CEYLON 2,309 a Java Judging from the figures just issued it would appear that last mont’s low prices have stimulated the consumption of British Grown Tea, the quantity delivered aggregating 10,281,737 lbs., against 8,517,074 lbs. in March last year. Of this quantity Indian contibuted 8,143, 899 lbs. against 7,432,224 lbs. last March, and Ceylon 2,137,838 lbs., against only 1,08,,850 lbs. in the same month last year. The fact that the stock of all Tea is rather below last year’samount should not be over- looked, especially when it is remembered that the quantity to arrive tom India and China is now extremely limited. The market this week was not over supplied, and buyes were more willing operators at the low prices current, fine flavored Teas still continuing to engross tie largest share of attention. |} INDIAN. The lighter auctions have resulted in better competitiar and slightly firmer rates. Offerings consisted principally of Garden invoices, Calcutta bought TI2as being just now brought forward only sparingly. The proportion of “ last of the Season ” invoies sold up to date, is rather A last invoice from the ‘‘ Moabund Tea Co.’ realized an average of 1/51; also realzed 1/54. Total 24,387 packages have been offered in public auction, ”) lin quality. As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— ID OsS Abe (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 54d. 1888, 43d. 1887, 5d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) in 5d. a 6rd. 5, 5d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) 5 64 a Sidi so: 6d. PEGS OW G. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 5 7ad. Fy ord. ;, 84d. REIKOE, (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, od. Bs tot < g3d. PIB SOOKE (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 45 63d. & 72d. RPEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 7id. oid. ICRYLON. Offerings were slightly below last week. The average selection shows little altera- ‘Jion as regards quality, whatever change there is being towards improvement; advices from —\Ceylon appear to indicate that a larger proportion of good Tea may soon be arriving.. The market jas remained steady for all but the poorest liquoring Teas, and competition has on the whole been 1/34; ‘‘Chapelton,”’ Ae inoLottyy 1/2, and the ‘“Wallaha” Estate of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Limited, 1/14. An average of totd. per lb. was obtained. TAVA. Offerings this week were upon a more extensive scale, but operators found no difficulty _jn absorbing the rather larger quantity without any quotable alteration taking place in the market “price. Java Teas at the present low prices usually attract competition from a number of foreign narkets, which help to steady quotations. An average of 64d. per |b. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA in Ibs. DURING MARCH. | Imports. DELIVERIES. 1587. 1888. 1889. 1887. T8835 1889. INDIAN ...+++.. 5,489,484 5,495,313 51456, 388 7,251,304 7,432\224 3,143,899 GEMIEONI chia se) ote 749,280 1,243,966 2,476,842 616,230 1,084,850 2,137,838 AESVA rateneisitn accel 383,320 468,720 415,940 307,650 241;430 396,060 CHINA, etc. .... 3,555,915 4,835,798 3,273,444 10,156,830 9, 160,676 7,938,307 Torat lbs, 10,174,999 11,622,614 18,232.074 17,910180 18,616,104 12,043,797 MOVEMENTS _ OF TEA (in Ibs.) FROM 1st JUNE, TO 31st MARCH. Tora lbs. t 1886-1887. 751053832 6,494,900 2,989,630 132,081,301 216,619,663 _————— Imports. 1887-1888. 83,696,821 11,583,160 2,471,210 114,962,387 212,713,578 ae Se -_—_—_—_—_ r888-1889. 92,088,054 20,449,182 3:374,790 98,011,874 213,923,310 1886-1887. 61,941,314 6,307,570 3,030,480 | 115,441,367 | | | 186,720,731 92,191,643 101,593,984 DELIVERIES. STOCK 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 71,111,802 74,855,493 33,844,626 35,947,080 41,356,107 10,030,744 18,832,350 2,054,290 4,033,012 6,239,952 2,441,180 3,215,660 1,190,350 1,088,430 1,084,160 98,517,983 90,196,325 55,102,377 60,524,862 52,136,281 182,104,709 187,099,828 100,816,500 LS eS ee re 8e & tz " 3 v if i INDIAN. ||Broken Org. Pekoe I Pekoe and Ta) : | Broken and Pannings, Dust Garden. | Total. |Average ||br Flowery Pekoe. || Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Rouges, Souchong, and Various. VOnantiy: Price Price. Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. I esa | Priee. Z Quanta Price. ‘Quantity. Price. | Attaree Khat T Coll 138 p| 92 paseo = kevow Yolk acetal IP ==. ||-..29,¢) 82d I 24 eagle am : | **Bamgaon — 146 c| 84 — 60 c/8$-113]} 30 c] 82 7A 7d ||. -39 cl 64d |} — is AS Eraligool 74 c| 7d = 42 cl], +74 17 Ch SOG. at cl 8d) 2p ¢) ged | *Kobira — all, 128 piesa a 46 t73d ||. 21 tod || 29 +63 32-617 Gee per *“Kolapani ...|| 59 ¢} Loz — 35 c| 1red || -—- -. || 24.c) 8d] — | — sai is *Kondoli T Co...|| 298 cl. 73d 1/4¢ || 41 c] 8-82 BHC Oe 69 c| 7¢d || 118 cl 3$-62 1] ‘12 c} 44d | LuckimporeTCo 72 P|. 1/4 2/24 || — — || 29 ¢ 1/84) — = 16. ¢| +. 7d {|°-13 .p) 33-64 |Lushkerpore_ .../ 78-p), 7d — 40 cl . 7d |/38p 4163-172) — — ee | *Moabund TCo.. 7 194 c| 1/54 — ||139c¢ 1|/2-1/84|| 35, c| 2/o¢]| — — 20°C) ae ett | Mokalbari_ | 78 ¢ 8d 53) C72 vOs|| eee 25 c| 6id | — we |" MungledyeTCo G] 253 C| 7% — || 72 ¢ 62-9) 6 cl. a) |: 93 COs 7a ll / 722c. oes EE Rani ...|| 147 c| 1/02 potas 33,.Cl) loa 33.c|. 1/23 A2°C) and 39 ¢| of pte Bee | *Namgaon ...|| 148 cl 82 oat 35 cl ord 89, cl, U/12 | 3a, € Sd] “20.6 6d |i 24 c| _5id_ | NoakachareeT C | | 344 c| 88 a 107 ¢|10- 118)]27¢ r1[$-1/24 || too c| 73-84 |] 110 c| 6-78 || — Me NSTC Baitakhal| 70 c| 81d | — 34 c| t8ed i 12 c) Hod || 12 cl) fosd-|) 12) el perder pe | 5, Jafflong 222 c| od tr/gs || 62 c) 8F ric) t8ed)|- dice) agtd | 45seb Maeda », Nakhati | 203. p gd 1/84 47 Cadell: 26°C gd 30 C Sill Ae oal aaa 16 52d | , Rungamuttee|) 260 p}| 8d 8-1/14 || 25 ¢ 8d 20 c|-;. 11d ||. 61rc}, 84d.| 49 eG] BSdq) 75 58d *Puttareah | 130 cl! 74d — 32). Clo moe 22 C\ 1Osdalls 33 ¢ 2 Tie) Sede eric) nae /RGS Hokungorie!) 313 c| 83 tr/2k|| 139 c|/ Zed || 46 cl t7-73 1) = TOR | sieie ter |) es ee *Romai 46 c} 63 — 19 c| -8d ye = 5 |) se 43 ic). Odd: |) omy 6) ged ne Sookerating ...|) 198 c]/ 84d 4- {103|| 142,c| 74-72 Se |) ae Il ee | ~ Ai SSTCo Amrail|) 110 p} 83 todd || 25 cl, gd|| 25 c] .83 25 ¢ 2 ae », Balisera 195 c| g4d 4-2/2k|| 51,c) Od ll 22 cl f8Fd |) 67%) “zed ahs », Deanston ...|| 277 c| gtd 4-1/74|| 60 ¢) “Sed We ar che gad Ne 975 (cl) 7 Bal ney »» Jagcherra...||.223 p|- ‘9d 2-t1/|| 20 ch :otd 4: 85 cl gsd7l.35 °c) 1 7ad a *Tarrapore T Co|| 612 p| g#d 157 clot1/42|| 116 pl9s-1/7 |) 120 cl\7e- 112 == UpperAssamTCo)}) 68 p} 1/o3 — {20 c 1|1-1/3% |l12p 1\/2-1/74|| 30 c| rod 6 - 148 p| 1/54 g$-2/2 || 27 cl 1/32 8 c| 1/04}, 28 cl t/ot 3 %» 143 p| 113d = 36° | -T/tk || 662 | u/s 28 c| gtd we 9 237 ¢| 1/241] — . ||130c 1/jok 5/63) 53 c} 1/tod |). — —_— 6 NEILGHERRY : CKTK 114 p| 64d lt c} 74-84 || 33 6$d | 14 cl 74d || 20 c| 5éd TRAVANCORE; i | of: Fairfield 20 c} od J ea — || 20, cl,,-94d pa a pzst oe Maimalli 35 84d | = — 35. 1 ordi” _# om — | Penshurst ortho L Sul gd — one se-1e)famofa! ae a Bik 2 ne Poonmudi 79 ¢| 103d f = — AG TOW iy oa lun / 2 | faci 934 | SK 17 LOC yi ~~ — 4, Tian BN 3) a ae % bipee eT Teas marked thus are printed a as = last of the Season, - ates ome Oe AO OM eee cae te CEYLON. — = Broken Org. Pek, Pokoe and | AL a re a Garden. Total, |Average. || or Flowery Pekoe. Unagsorted. | Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Soucong, a Ramee, eae Quantity.| Price, Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price, {Quantity.| Price,’ |/Quantity.} rice. © Quantity. Price. il Quantity, Price. Aadnevon Pel 5Oxp) gid — — 16 ie Sali ey aitoplereic yp = = aig ae | ale rae Abbotsford _...| tor c} 93d) — 7 47,c| t10d|| 17 c| 1fok|| 25 c} 84d || 12 cl 73d] — es Agarsland Soest ie 75 DD gd | — — 48 p/t84-94|| 16 2} 104d 5c} 8d 3c] 64d] 3 cl 6% Annfield ... jal ifO- Geeta a Petia tise Te LO7G| 20 ela) a 37 c| 34d uel Sale ie ee oles esi) od | — — \neugee! “82d |i ro cl rid E2cl eel — 54d yy | | Heal 5 ame. Dell. 3||> 36,.c\- 1/ — | — £6,\C| rizd||, 20 c| 1/og = i = | bliss io ee Be Pall BOnC on) os = vOme) iGSd) ||. ae iea| Wet dc | eee as | ae 2 ey | | | CK ee ee ee) se (Gy Damedin= || 203 p| 92d || 48 bj 11/34] 128 cl 8-83 | 27 bl ti/x || — | B } — | — eae », Mariawatte || 135 cj 11+ | 24 ¢ 1/52 || 62 c/t1-114, — = 49 Cc} 3B ae ae | es 3 ae » Wallaha .../ 86 ci 1/12] — — |[32c1/1}h-1/28 |) 32 c] r/4 2m) eeael|! eee | Ns na ee ...|| 106 p|. 1/2° || — — agec|2-1/32 | 39 | 1/82i\ 46 cht med || « — va een sie ates vo ---|} 29 ond Wes pa = ea sg tidd |} 21 ed | — ai | ase ie | ee cae Peale a3 Sed i= = 42 84d) — rae ~- 1 ee NM sl ot sid | _| Densworth ll. 94 | LO} = — 31 tod.|/° 39 | 11$d- 20 ea |} — aE, Baer be Dickoya ... Palle 72 Ch LO = = 34 c| gd] 16 cl rat) 22 cl) wea || —_ SS AE ia ae mee call) CO jo iad 49 1/14 || 39 c| 103 —- == 18 cl +d || — Air | aes ate cae BES oe ae € oad 0 ead 50 c} 8d] 45 c| ofd | — =e | 28 c| Zid | 2 c| 5id | eis oe Peele On| or Uiligen|| = 177 1/7 25 c| 1/34 )) — ae 30 C| 1g || ey eaten eed ee ee ey | ee | | ee eet 4 cont — | — | — | — | te ee ee | 100 c| ro¢d |} — = 1 ate Hod | 17" ¢\ sia | 37 ¢| Std || — Haars Pa 53 | i | ; | } » Koladental| 45 c| 8id|| — == Wee! Teint 2 102d || 16 cl Mai) — ! | | eee Pelee OBMpl 1/2 48 p t/24-1/a) — — = & 20 C iF eee a 1 oe iz ! oe acs 2 2 = — 51 I 1} 18 1/5 13 108d Pete el aac Ss jEruit Ai ...|) 64 pl) Toyz — ee eco Cl Oz Gs 20 ahewieremieeeley = c| MMi ee eae | Woks eee all iat tod zl Se Sponge ae — || 12 ¢| ined} 19 ¢ gd | aera IRA ei “VWaantel 3° oEe seh 15 ¢j\trogd || 20 cl Sed GeO yp oll ee | mbool Gee E Ue8 oF re ZO) Ai Mao 15 cae 222C\ ie — j| «rc 64d 3 nee fa 3 126 p) gad); — | — 55 pj 8ed}) 22 ¢} t/t BOs! MEM sete ewe ec Sas : ae ae | 69 ¢ ine — ee 1@ Cl wil | (08 -c)srigei= 32 c| {qm el | a3 Mes: WMeianeigs a8 p me | ee | Bee SP ‘ IO a a 29 cl {8s 34 1/14 \) — a: page| 3 di Wellie 3) | SO Xe GAS ea eS | oa | 5. pp 6-6 "| 4 feeac oda) pea 41 cl t@id it 15 cl. vai ae : me call AGade oz — oe pet Cl 10d |) 6 sc) array 12 c| ia ae | ae ! = : fd 4 pate. || 52 p oe aa = 5 tod | 31 ro#d || 33 8d 2s OLdaine er 5id alee | 75 C 9 rn BCRc odi|) | 167c) Smeg 22 cl 7am == Be NS bec! Gd : | ie ee Zoup: |} 2 € oe — == 42 C 72d | 49 clt8s-83/ — | = |) aaa eee ei e | lount Pleasant! See Aa a peer 22523 Cee | He 38 ¢) 114d] 6 c} 10}d Gd {flew Caledonia...| 38 | 7d 3 52d — |!ilambe val 16 ¢ a = SS Bee al [rwell | BOC) pe et jd Jansalatenne 42 C¢| i Orc}. 8d 2: & 6d Fa ta Ratmalie aa ; | ee “a (id Jundaloya er : te 2 546 , Jueensberry 10 co ie ny Re jookwood 33 © gd || — i Re 6d feen ae 33 ¢ 7d 18 ord 6 < 7d | iid . John Del Rey 9c a. — a = — |§Leonrds-on-Sea) 20 ¢ 10h 2c 7d 2c 64d . ‘Vallokelle | ri ; oo = . ) -mlaltrim ... < | [a eae + 45-0 angie-Oya gd c Std | a its 3 ( od arleigh © 10.¢| 73M) 18 c| 7h |} = eae attegodde eS c , Sd = cee pote — averley ao isa] — ~- 3 p 64-72 oodcote | Re i - ets 71% 73°74 4 5d 4 sid } Garden, Dramaga Nangoeng Semplak | Sinagar Soekamana | Tyiboengoer + In these tables all the packages are Total, Average {Fine & Flowry Pek,|| Medium Pekoe. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong, Rae! Bro, & Dust, | ||Quantity.] Price. -fQuantity Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ‘Quanity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. 580 c — — 142 ¢| 7-94 78 c| 64-64 || 62 c 6d |} 278 c] 5-54'|| 20 c sd 360 p = —_ 217 bj8-1/14 ||. 41 b] 62d) to2 c| 53-6 _— — — — 255 C| — | — | 69 cl 74-98) 24 c| 62d] 81 c/ 53-64 || 81 c/ 42-52) — | — 784 Pp 44 b| 1/22) 192 cl 73-94 || 139 © 63-75 | 99 c\l63-63) 251 Cc) 5-64 || 59 Cc) 53-6 go c a er ane mee 54:¢) Bad.) 136 C) ae aa TiS eC — — 70 cl104-t1i} 10 c| 82d) 25 8d] roc) 64d\) — — T25)C arc| 72d | t2-c 7d 13 el 6f0 | 30 cl “Sedil oie eae ere 4a as lf-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked thus represent the highest offer in th€room. In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Brokers. yo 0 if CEVILON: OBSER VER. 9 | Beas ete OW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, cBYLON AND JAVA TEA REPORT. 113, Roop Lane, Lonpon, EC. April tath, 1889, QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JUNE To Date. Indian. © Ceylon. Java. 1887-1888, 895,012 packages. 193,044 packages. 36,309 packages. 1888-1889. 995,586 ay 326,558 i 47,709 is During the week 20,781 packages INDIAN iol, Oi3 tS CEYLON Total 34,428 packages have been offered in public auction, eyo iF Java j : The heavier auctions of the week met with a fair demand from the trade, but the quantity srought forward is above immediate requirements, especially when the near approach of the holidays sconsidered. The official figures published since ist January, show that 29,591,595 lbs. of ‘mdian and Ceylon Tea were taken for Home Consumption during the first three months of this lear, against only 10,046,460 lbs. of Chimaea. They also indicate that a considerable quantity f Indian and Ceylon Tea has been re-exported from this country. Amount of Tea (in lbs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from (1st June to 3ist March, 1880-1887. 1887-1888. — 1888-1889. Lnidiaqmeees 10 ncuaere: 71, LTO Oe 744855,493 Ceylon anes 6,307,570 10,030,744 18,832,350 China, etc. 83,897,889 72.73.2070 60,635,924 Votal dbs: 152,1a0;778 153, 875,416 1 545323,707 Amount EXPORTED from ist June to 31st March. 886-1887. 1887-1858. 1888-1889. 354940, 201 lbs. 29,475,745 |I lbs. 33,270,920 Ibs. INDIAN. IE he Econ ion prices wee at leneth promoted better competition, ean a somewhat nproved feeling has been manifested. The scarcity of Teas over 1/- is now commencing to be felt ith the result that many leas of this class are being disposed of at rather higher rates, Some \xceptionally fine Teas from the ‘‘ Chardwar ” Estate, realized high prices, the Pekoe fetching 2/83; jc Broken Pekoe, 2/74; and the Pekoe Souchong, 2/ TH. s an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DU Sas: (fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 53d. 1838, 44d. 1887, 44d. FANNINGS (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 3 a 3 OS.) ms. 55 54d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) a5 64d. Sid. ,, 63d. PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) ss gad 4 On olaneen 82d. PEKOE. (Greyish to bl ackish some tip, useful hquor) _,, gd. of To ls ies todd. Bi. SOUG,. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) , OaGeu iy 8d. BEKO. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, Tadley g3d. HY iGsON. Sales have been very heavy, and in consequence some little irregularity has occurred, it only the lower and miedium grades have suffered to any appreciable extent. Good liquoring did Fine flavoured Yeas continue to meet with the chief attention, and realize steady rates. The @iality is about on a par with last weeks. The following averagés’ may be me sntioned : aViayneld,”” 1/14; “ Bogawantalawa,” 1/14; ‘‘ Chapelton,” 1/1; and ‘“‘ Waverley,” 1/1. #1 average of g#d. per lb. was obtained. QAVA. A large selection was offered this week. Prices were irregular and rates tended in favor }buyers for all the lower grades. Finest liquoring or tippy parcels commanded better attention. #. average of 64d. per lb. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) FROM ist JUNE, TO gist MARCH. IMPorRtTs. DELIVERIES. STOCK 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1887. 1887-1888 1888-1889 i 7 7 0 7 7 7 TINIAN «2 eeeee 75,053,832 $3,696,821 92,088,054 61,941,314 71,111,802 745955,493 33,844,626 35,947,680 41,356,107 [SM ILO ip eteeie wie 6,494,900 11,553,160 20,449,182 6,307,570 10,030,744 18,832,350 2,054,290 4,033,012 6,230,052 Nein DOo coon 2,989,630 2,471,210 313745700 3,030,450 2,441,150 31215,000 1,190,350 1,088, 430 1,054,160 AINA, etc. ...., 132,081,301 114,962,387 98,011, om 115,441,367 98,517,983 90,196,325 9351021377 60,524,862 52,130,281 Torat lbs. eeena ahs 212 17131578 Bi o23,800 | 186,720,731 182,104,709. 187,099,828 191,643 101,503,984 100,816,500 - ------— eo ——— ' WANK RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 47d. | Peas Oleh alia ee ae a Broken Org. Faxes Ppkostaud 7) hrf ieee ee ee Ce Garden, | Total. Average || or Flowery EHO: Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, |- Pekoe Souchong, |} ! Quantity. Price i Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. |iQuantity. Aly ne 348 p| 64d ]) 12 83d}, 25 ¢ 8d || 49 8d |) 259 P 64-64 / — | — y 3c | Attaree Khat T Co Sze). 82 — — 38 c| o3d ee bee Ne ec i We = {2a gd Di 67 p) rd | = _- 43 ¢] 108 24 CIO-114)) — — a eles a | Baagiees | 160 ¢ 8d || — — 51 c| 84-94 || 30 c gd] — — 79 c|- 6-7. | at | Baraoora | 108 c 8d 12 c| 1/12 66 c} 62-74 ee seit 30 cl 63d)" => eee ee ike | Baroora | 204 cj 84 25 1/12 || 119 c| 7-74 Gorc\rnge tale eee Bie! te NRE ONE Yeen ¢ kee Chargola 217 p| 83d \i39¢ tr1 11/44] 86 c) t8zd ||. 22 c| t88d || 43 c| 74d) 13 cl F6tai) ta |) 44d | Z98e0\ Hingajea 205 p| 744]| 32 €821/17] 69 c| Sd}, 21 c) 6% 4c} 6%d) 36c) 5-6 | 6 | 143d fe Maguras..|- 982 c) 93d] Susie) So. || 40, Clin eel ee 20 ¢| f6%d | = 7] pes ae cee aidl ss Mookham| 315 c| 7d |l4g ete 1/0] 100 -c| | F68d|| 38 ¢ 7d!) 102%c) SOFda) (27) Gi a ee acne | Beheating MORGH yOs — —- 25.c| 7$d]] 20 c] 7$d}| 29 c| 63d) 31 cl 54d) — | — *Behora | 164 p|. gtd | m4 t/7¥ || 30 cl] t1d || 28°+1721/18l| 29 cl 6-72.) 63 ‘eae ee oS | Bishwanth Cox. Te yAgeO)) anole 53 1)/54-1/6) — — — — — | = | = | 124 pl 44-7 | 3 “BITC Urunbund Ba3ne 7d |} — — Tae Cl, Fan O! We LOL COs Sean a — | 158 c| 54-62) — So Bordeobam eta. cl. 77 Cues — 1G 8d || 44 -c) tod] 42 cl 73d|| 46c¢ 6d] 5c) 43d | *Borokar T Co....|/ 52 c| 1/of |) == = 12 c| 1/22 1) eae o) css SeenON oh ote csc peeegee ee | Borooncherra .../ 104 p) 6% — — 33 ¢| Tad ||. 37 %c) 6-7 31 c| 53d |) —- = i 3 44d | Chandpore z| Teghiel 7p am —_ 45 c| 63-7211 42 ¢| 7-472 || 26 ¢ 6d |; — i ae _Cheerie V alley ...|| 118 ¢| 73d 50. c) 7d 22 c| 104d 20 C 7d 260 "\Chy Badia oh *Cossipore 106 p| 63d || — — — — — 106 p| 62d |) — as Biaalao eran | Gt cl 727 eae — T8..C] Zed 8 she) ae 38 cl 64d] — | = | 2 cl 68d DoomDoomaT Co) 406 p| 84 82 p| 1/1 193 pi7stio+]] 4oc! tod] 49 c G6hd || 42 63d La ag yee *Dulcherra a |l-228\c] - 82 — — 58 c| 93-92 || 48 cl10-1/7 || 50 c¢} 73 72.6| (Oe ae eta | Greenwood TCoD 117 c| 83d - 53 c| 10d 21. 8d 33. c¢ 0 7d *Kaline.... | 113 p| 11¢d |) — -— 41 c| r/t$|] 18 c| 1/44], — — |) 48-cl 88d] 6 | 42 *Khobong Co. | 282 c| 8% — — 144 c/8t-108]|/ 32 e/ rid] 38 cl 7d i ae OO Cet oe 7luekimpare Coll 73-c\ t1di|ise — |frrc 1/lo21/3428 c rlth1/7t] “11 cl8$-1o0$) 18 c) 54-7 5 c| td Rae S| 62: c} 64 — 14 Cc] Yad 25 c| 7d — = pre 63d | 12 c 43d |Moddanpore...|| 195 ¢, 74d vo | 114d] 30 c| t72d]/ 47 | to 69 ¢)" G3d. | 9Q, GC) eae eee mee | Moheema | 146-p| 73d ie — 45 cl {88d || 35 ¢ tod] 38 cl 63 25 GR eeeGel 3 4d 'Mowdie Hill ...|| 108 c| 72 — — 74 c| 8-84 == = Bess ||; - 94° cle SG ey =e eh = *“Mungledye T Co} 174. c| 7d || ~— _ 37° c| 72-98 || 12 eh p11 78 ¢| 62-73, 47 Chgatbs | *N aharanee 43 p) 53d) — == 4. 7d 13 6id — — | oy P eer ale Ze S| sd | Nahartoli ul 89 c¢ 66d jp = — 23 c| t64d || 28 c\ 454d]|| 38 cl 6-63 ge a ea eee *NoakachareeT C| 167 c} 84d )| — a 58 c| 1o¢d 12 € 11g 59 | Sd 4g eda ar | NSTCo Khadim | 178 p| 84d/| 25 elg-1/92|| 40 c| t7#d || 39 c 84d! 46 c¢ 63d 15 c) t53d)) 13 | +43 Pathemara 187 pl 72d igen 1/14 27) C 7d 42 C 7d 28 c 63d | 51 cl) 64d) 8 ¢ 3d *PhoenixC Appin) 95 cc 63d] — = TOE Clee 25 ¢| 62d. 5c) Od, 34°el eiped 13 ce sd *SamdangTCo..., 50 p| 7d 9 1/54 6 cl 114 oes soo: We acl i 2 25 | 44d) x0 c|.. 63d Sephinjuri | 92 cl 64d | eoremiged || 40 c) f7dy) — ae 43c¢ 6d) — — }| ~ | — Simla 61 c 7d) — eT OA 8d TH) °E d 14.c). Ghd “18 Ce Gd hi) ag | = SSTCo Goombiral 106 p| 9d |Imzeneing-1/3 1, 49 c| t7di\. 12" cagord 6 ¢| 164d | | zo 5d Phulcherra) 338 p| 8d 81 ci8+1/64)) 85 c}| 74d\| 65 c| 84d 38 cl +68 63 c| 6hd] 6 t4ad ; Rajghat) 556 p 8d 181c 18/2 11/64 74. c| }72d || 104 c] t72d | 126 c| 74d |) 53 ¢, 64 | 78 |. 53d NEILGH aide | | Cullaocoray 24 8d || — — 24 8d || — — --- sana aes Se — i | TRAVANCORE | \ | Pz rvithi 87 84d | — —- 17 1/14 5 g3d || 44 mad | 21 7id | — Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. CEYLON. || Broken Org. Pok, | Pekoe and _ Broken Fannings, Dast, y Garden, Total, |Average.||or = lowery Pekoe, Ai Unassorted, Broken eg Pekoe Souchong. and Souchong. and Various, ji Quantity.| Price. los antily, ie Bice | Quantity. bin? Saab Price. Quantity a Price. (Quantity | Price. Quantity. | Price 7 | | | Parnagalla go p| gtd 42 1 1/14 1/ok| 22 c| odd Ve es) eee! a Beaumont 78 cl r1d\i}) — — | 61 cl] 10d 17 c| 1/2$\) — = wed Beckerton 57 c| zed) — | — oY Wee} 7d || 23 c| 83d | — — —— Beverley 64 | 84d — | — 15 od 18 gtd 31 74d pee Binoya 61 p| to4d a — | 26 cl{ 104d 19 1/3 ius ae Ms Dittacy 59 sq) — 72. | hea ee? 1rd || — — Blackstone 75 Pi. t/oe| — | — |W toe) or/1 33 1/6 23 cl 83d) — Blackwater 110 p} gtd} 38 | 1/34 15 c| 18$d 17 c| 184d }} 4o c} t7#d |) — | | | C EYLON,—Continued. Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden. Total. | Average,||or Flo very Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various, S : Quantity.) Price. jQuanti y.| Price. uantity,| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price, |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price, | Bogawantalawa 100 p, t/1dty — -- 20 ¢ /1/tz 43 D/4t 1, 33 ¢) 119¢ Te 7d; -3.s«| 54-64 | Bramley Pai OS Ge xel ||| a ous es ze 38 84d || 30 7a || — — | — — ) | Castlemilk ...| 98 pl 94 — — 86 pl72-1o#|| 12 cl] 1/ — = — = — —_ i CeyLand&Prod C | (i) .,, Andangoddie}} 90 c| 93 — = 34 c| todd || 24 c/tirdd || 29 c} {8d|| — — | 3c 64d f | ,, Fetteresso Fc erste ys a 21 Gla mi@de ike ane) eih/2 27 c| {84d 4 cl. 64d] — aa | | Cey.T PlntnsC Ld | | d oie Alton .|| 110 ¢| 8hd jy) — No 42nCiwerdaiy each 1O5d || 30 c) {7a 13 cl 4-7 || 7 cl 52d » Mariawatte || 153 ¢| tod) 20 cl 4£/5h]} 53 clrox10s/| — — 80 c| 8d|| — — — Tillyrie On -C oyal Pp 25 c| gd|| 22 c) 11¢d)| — — 34 cl 74d) — — 233 -D) /E — 21 c| 1/32|| 40 Se 57 Cl Tom aE eet ole hee -— | 7° Gen 23 | toed || t9 | Boz || 28 '8d == 85 gd ||) — == 44 8id || 22 ti4d || 19 7d || — Ss es aie — BrCl eilod 12 c| 1/12 ||) — _— 17 Cl 7a DG Wace ie eas FO | LOL. sare Sera de |le =—— oe AG | sik ahs ee al Bid | — a 52 p| tod 12 c| to# 21 ui fli 17 c| 84d | etd FG es A te) cl | sie eae | a 29 Iotd || 29 roid = — - — -— — — 58 9 ee == AAS pe Te yGl Wh Bae 4) Shae — = — — — — 41 c| 84d 15 c| {8s WAG) ORG) 12) Cc) 7) — — AT 84d 14 1t4d; 9 8d || — — 18 4d |} — | — By |e 11g 8id || — = 55 tod |) 17 mua in 38 7d 2 ad 64 = 6d 24 Cl @8dii t2c| oid) — 12 c) tae = — ln Dir TO -- 12 cif 11s 27 |4f1/2t]) 32 cl tgdl} — — SS le ; M66) Di osc = ZAC) (NOI rie Chewits | 24. c\ ia Bc ged || 473 54d (a EP.&E.Co. Ltd | | } | U9 Arapolakande| 82 c| gtd!) — == 41 c| 84 20-€), fis |) 21 cl 7a eae -{) ,,Meddecombral) 58 ¢| ro#d || — — 24 c| iod |; 28 c| r/1$]|, 24 c|. 8hd i} 12 c} r0o$d |) — | — ul a » Wellai-Oya ...|| 147 ¢| 114d || 42 cl} 1/341 74 c| todd a7 cl al — || =P # | Ernan welt 4 8id || — — 23 8d 17, trod ||. 14 7) — | — | — ee ~ Ji] Bordyce Pal ieee| a onds\)) 23 THE || Teel = Os — = roteny || aa 7 | 64d il}! Galata 37 gd || — -- — — 18 | rofd|| ro | Bd} — | — | — | — ~ Gallawatte 42 gd || — = 27 St 15 ro2d || — = — | | Gallebodde 174 p) g#d | 23 %c} 1/34] gt p| 9-92 — a 60 c) 7473) — | — | — | — al ty PIS: PIE 98 28 c| 1/24 || 103 p} g-10 — == 42 cl A ——- | |] oa | ‘| Glasgow val 44 | 1r$d]} — — 26 tod || 18 1/14 | — — — i — | — |) — “il My Glassel ee eeal. 93 rod || — he ee totd |) 23 1/2 37 Vf se le lessee id el Glen Alpin poet oar rod || — — 32 gd || 29 t/t, || 63 |. Ba Seu ato enc 2apee Se! - | | Glencoe voll aay S| Saeeuts lme ss — 19 73. 21 rod || 13 ¢c| ‘@d Tech” 6fde) ol 6) 5h0 - | | Glengariffe Fe. 708 9% — — 21 Oldie sees Tred) 35 | fees ye 111 Glentaffe Melee gOr ce) raed = <= tg) (Chae T2aGhy mie 12 c) od — ; — | — 5 — ul) Great Western ...|| 123 Pj 104d = — 48) CG) Todi 65 cine 144) — . | ae — | — | ro |. 97d | Haneranoya .../ 5° Cl. ofd| — mere 2 Cle OFGy | tS cl nme) 14 Cc) ae aii Se 5 ee _| Hantane | 76 ¢| rofd |) — — 22 €| I/ot || “It e€| xr/2t || 41 c} Fede) — Wee) 58 Happugahalande | 57 P| 8d |; — — 29 c| zad|} 25 c| i0d|| — | & SS ge. 1S 5de | —~ |) Hardenhuish,& L}} 119 Pp} rod}) — 54. | 114 13 1/34 |; 41 | t8ed yj) — — | 8c 6d | Helbodde ...// 277 P| rod || 25 c} 1/34) 48 pirrdrr4|) ~— — 104 clt7eBs — is = }|| Hindagalla ay aes) odi| — 19 gid || 40 tod || 20 | 8d! to 63d) 4 53d <4); Hoonoocotua’ .. || 102 P| sr0d ||; — == 31 cl o8di| 43 t/ot || 28 c| 8d || — -- — | Hunasgeria alco. Cl Ok ae oun || 221i) 82 15 c| 114d || 28 c| fed) 3c 4-6 8 c) 44-52 | | Indurana a 55 Bie sed | ~ = lee isteciar aad I n23 Tosd || 17 cl 7 — EME Sarg) 54d || Kandenewera ...|| 54 ¢| 74d | — = 39 c| jadi) x15 cl -64d || — — — ma SAN oe. pel 279) cls roxd || = — — ||213ctol$+z1/0#) 49 ¢| 3/14 |) — = |} — — 17 c) 163d mo Kew vl 256 P| rofd |} — ee ikego clerked || 18. | 4 1/14 | 18 c| Gea) — — — _ a Kotiyagalla || 92 Pl gid he = 54. ¢| od | 38) PI 1 a = —— wel ) Lagalla meet AoE od} —— | — 25 | gid|| 21 | t10d|| 28 Zid || — — —- = ~ | Lameliere 5) | eel TOvd, |) o— =e ea "| 22 1/24 || 64 gtd || — “= — = 4 Laxapanagalla ...|| 42 HOGE| |e = MS nena Pen le ri/ II {8d |} — - _Leangapella ivelle 37% Pi S¥4) ||. na 114d |} 16 c| 74d 7 | 184d = — --- —— — _}) Loinorn vol) 43 PP raged yp — i — == || 2g | “1/34 20 ¢\/ gad) — a pb eb _}) Loonagalla eye loner, Cee yi a 25. | apd hh — || 12 rod}. — — — = F oe = | 63 € ro¥d |) — | — T6¢) 1/2 || 12 ¢ trdd | 35 ch std} = st ae Ee | \Madoolkelly ...!|, 28 ¢ 84d |) — =a 7a — || 13 c) ofd|) 15 cl, 74d) — -- — — _| Mahacoodagalla 48 C) rofd || — — |f24c To$-1/oh || 12 c} r/o] 12 ¢ 8d : |M ayia _ al 83 pl /4 | — --- 45. orfep 18)! xr/st 4}. r7 | todd | = — Zc Sd | —$— s : -. .CEYLON.- = — 50 Cle arid ouche 1/1 “We 2ometeae Galea == a a & | Morton 21 p| 72 —— — TO Cl, 7ed 7 11d Wy Cle neG Aa. ea pe Ni eae | Mottingham 66 c}. 84 — — 26 ¢| 1rozd || — -— 34.cl 478d) ]| area 5 c| 64d | Mousakelle apie TOd ie = 23. C)s.@gs 32 U2. Gd) 976 oc) ae Se seem cel ema) Tjiomas 110 c| 64d | g— 11 -c| 1/od|| 20 cl 54d ]) 41 cl t52d]) 38 c] 43-53 4° — = T jisalak 89 c} 6#d | 9e- ee 16 c| od gc} 54d). 40 c) 7d) 16 c| 6td 8 cl .4dae in these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; ¢ for chests; p for packages. + Pricesmarked thus represent the highest offer in the room. a A geet J. W. Parkins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, Sty Mary Axe, ne Nee na 8 a me Oo to one chest. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, ee { Brokers. — In calculating these averages two half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in weight Suppmaee io (CEYLON OBSERVER.” OW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C. | April i8th, 1889, QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From 1st JuNE to Date, indian, Ceylon. Java, 1887-1888. 917,940 packages. 196,971 packages, 38,078 packages, 1888-1889. 1,009,986 5 331,979 3 48,355 96 During the week T1,100 packages INDIAN 5,421 5 CN Total 17,107 packages have been offered in public auction, OO 5), JAVA The light auctions held, in view of the nearness of Easter, were well supported by the trade, and the more general bidding which is noticeable, points to the depletion of dealers stocks through increased sales in the country. INDIAN. ‘The auctions consisted to a great extent of poor and medium Teas. As the opinion is gaining ground, that prices are unlikely to further recede, but that any changes will rather be in ‘the direction of firmness, the bidding was fairly Boe All Teas with point in cup, and especially ) Teas over 1/- are badly wanted. The closing sales of the ‘‘Assam Co." were held this week—three } weeks earlier than last season and realized an average of 1od. per |b. ‘As an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— WIS. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 53d. 1888, 42d. 1887, 4qdd. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) ie 5d. i 63d. 3 5d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to Binelachs strong liquor) i td. .§ d3d. Pa 62d. PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) i 72d. Cee tod. <-,, 82d, PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, od. i TANG Detter told. ADIN: S\OHOLER (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) 64d. § Sid. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, gid. § gid. ]CHYLON. Sales have been lighter than last week and passed with spirit for all Teas with quality, poor liquoring kinds also se elling without difficulty at about last weeks rates. The market jis practically unchanged, but the tendency is towards harder prices for all Teas with quality and @ flavour.* The attention of Exporters is now being more drawn towards Ceylon Tea. The following Baverages may be mentioned :—‘‘ Labukelle,” 1/3; ‘‘Glenugie,” 1/23; afd the ‘‘ Wallaha’’ Estate | of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Limited, 1/2}. An average of to}di per lb. was obtained. | JAVA. Only one sale has been held, and prices ruled firm. The pel ty shows a slight j}improvement in some instances. A white tipped Pekoe from ‘‘ Tendjo Ayjoe” sold at 1/2 per |b. | An average of 6d. per lb. was obtained. MOVEMENTS OE. TEA, ue Ibs.) FROM 1st JEINE: TO 3rst SCE | “IMPORTS: | DELIVERIES. STock i | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1885-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1885, 1888-1880 * 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. INDIAN ....,.-- | 75,053,932 83,690,821 92,088,054 |} 61,941,314 71,111,802 74,855,493 33:844,626 35,947,680 41,356,107 WEICEYLON....5... 6,494,900 11,583,160 20,449,182 6,307,579 10,030,744 18,832,350 2,054,290 4,033,012 6,239,952 q |Java Ben efietittaa tade | 2,989,630 2,471,210 3:374,700 3,030,480 2,441,180 3,215,660 I,190,350 1,088,430 1,084,160 # CHINA, etc. ....- 132,¢ 081,30 I 14,962,387 98,011,874 } 125,441 367 98,517,983 90,196,325 55,102,377 60,524,862 52,136,281 Tora. lbs. 216 felero,662 212,713,578 213,923,810 186,720,731 182,104,709 187,099,828 92,191,643 101,593,984 100,816,500 SiN ee _ ———— ———<———~ —_——— oe —————— —- —— | BANK RATE. 3 per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 43d. cae oe - TAR a INDIAN. eae Pe om (pe hes ~~ Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and | Broken and Pannings, Dust Garden, | Total. |Average || or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various. ne teacty, Price | Quantity. Price. Quantity. | Price. |{Quantity.| Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity. Price: | | “Assam Co -..2131 p| rod ]}66p1/7/2-2/3 |/534p 8lg-1/72 |216p 8ie-2/22 || 1 ¢ 73d |258p 4|3-1/74)| 14 pj 5-54 '*Attaree KhatTC]| 110 pl) 820 2o eee 13 c1/-1/oz} 29 c) 1ogd]) 14 c] 83d] 54 p) 6f-8f | — ie {etieeaaeNe | x Z6806\ Chargola 168 p} 94d [39¢1/olg-1/32 || 63 cl 182d 26 c 83d) 35 c¢ f7d)) — | — 5 | 42d | |*BishnauthTC Dj} 168 p| 92d] 4 1/1/-1/32 50 c| 1/04 |] 13 t/oZ|| 47 cl} 9d 49 cl 9d 5 pi 43-52 | i *Borelli T Co Hj} 47 p| gtd |) — poe oes ue 18 1/4 poke — |) 23 Cl Fea 6 elie eae | Bungala Gor Q5 ¢| 7a |) sUspelenosd |) —— — a = 25 cl 7d il 55 cl 55-641] —— aie ee ecoste 25 Ce Ce = ee, 7 c| t7id gc} 72 13:C| Ge 8 cl 53d] — a “Koyah. ..: | 35 c| 68d] — — 5 c| 84d MC es 15 c| 63 6G igh 5 ae | *Lushkerpore 118 p} 54 — a 36 64d 15 c| 54d 12 c| t53d || 46 cl 4be5 gc 4kd *Nonoi . 435 c| 7 36 cl10o8+1/}) 196 c|. 7-74 26. cj 63-75 || 121 c) 62-62 |] 45 cl 15$-B 1] 11 ec] 34d [=NST Co Jafflong| 122 c} gtd] 31 clos1/10] 26 c} 8d 18 cl 7$d|| 22 c) 7td/| 25 cl 54-64 )) — ee Boe Lallakhall| 137 c| 1/, |143c¢1/ojd-2/o} || 37 cl] 98d ]] 25 c| 1/ot Qc od}, 17 c| 7#d 6c 5d ScottporeTCo [a S55) SCOLEPOLE}}, 100..C 7d || — —_ 1g c| 7td|! 30: c| 82 2g c| 64 Ig c| 54d 2.8 4d | *“Sonarupa 17ip| 7dj) — — 18 c| 84d} 60 c| 64-10]/ 67 cl 68d — | — 26 c| 43d Serco, Deanston 647 p| 84d |irg2c (831/84) 148 c| +8d 57 c| +84 TC |e ee 62-c| }+64d 15 sed ees 189 p} 8id]} 15 c} 1/3 27 ¢) totd |; gi’ cl..xod | 62 cl 78-82) 20sec mies 23 33-4 *WestrnCachrTC|| 163 p| 10} = || 79 Clee U/ 2a 27. Pp lOz 4 / Osi» Thue saz ae 42 p 63-83 || — es | | TRAVANCORE | | ; | Isfield 17 c! ~ odie — 14) = oy) 3c) g#d || — — 1c 63d] — ce Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season, CEYLON. a } | Broken Org, Pek. Pekoe and Broken F annings, Dust, a tarien: I Total, | Average, || or Flowery Pekoe, Unassorted, Broken Pekoe. || Pekee Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. ‘Quantity. | Price, ||Quantily.| Price. ||Quantity.| ‘Price. |Quantity, .” Price, Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. | Quantity. | Price. | AA “| 35 103d |} — = Ih 29 ti4d | — — 84d || — —_ I 63d Agrakande | 64 p| 1/ = — | 47 | 41/2 == a 16 c| tgo#d ||) — — I ¢} 64d Bambrakelly | and Dell. .|| 53 c t/oh |} — a=, 2 25 ch tia) 28e elmore — — — a a 3eaumont 9 73°c| 11d eee — | 60c g2-1/ 13: c) 1/at} — | — = =e mee oe Berragalla Too c| gtd — — || 22 ¢) 10d) 23 cl aie8 |\|--55 cl Fea == = x: sg Cey.T PintnsC Ld | bee | | 3, Mariawatte | 156 p| g4d|| 2 cl 1/4 43 cl1od104)) — — | 52¢ 74d) — a 40: | 6-62 », .Wallaha ...|| 134 p| 1/24) — — 57¢ t/t 1 /4e) 30 cl ees!) 946 ic) aarid | ae — — — Cooroondawatte || 75 | gd — = | 27 83d 32 -gid}|. — ws 16 4d es ue Cyprus ... 1 95 8d — —- 23 73d | 33 tod'|| »22 7id 9 5id 8 54d E Pé -ECoL dHopel Mg.c), rid ~ -- | 30 c| 1o#%d 36 c| t1/12 |) — WR BGG @ait ae Ses ,,Kirrimattia ...) 40 c, 103d) — — | I14¢ gd} 13 c}! 1/34 |) — aa DSC 72 |e a. ‘Labukelle imeOAne| 1/3 -— — | 20 cl] 1/18|| 32 c} t/4$|) 12 e} 1/0og |) — = == = »,Meddecombra} 68 c| 104d E ares phe pee 32) Cc). We. 9205c\ Zed — — — ee ‘ierenia Qt Pp) 1/14 Br2 cl 1/4 |) 43 clods/t2| 36%bi tims |) ee Florence 6g c 7d ~- — 35 C€ 74d 18 gd 16 c¢c 64d faa oo a= a Gangwarily 60 | od ie— — | 35 {8d 25 Tod! || = pala ass ‘os pale tee Glassaugh 89 p| rigd | a — | 25 clit 114d 43 1/2 ZTE od — — ees ava Glencoe _ 65 pi EC may 24 74d || 26 84d |} 15 c 7d |) — — —— yiuls Glengariffe 84 | ~oddi| te — || 30 gid} 25 114d || 26 8d |} — — 3 61d Glentilt gt p| 944 | = — 25 c| go#d|| 22 1/12 || 35 c| 73d Q“c), “Std == er CEYLON.—Continued. In these tables all the packages are half-chests unless otherwise stated. thus represent the highest offer in the room. to one chest. ||Broken Org. Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust Garden, Total. | Average.||or Flo very Pekoe. Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong. and Various, Quantity.| Price. ||Quanti y. Price. uantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. ||(QJuantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. pee: Glenugie 1246) 1) EE = 74 c| t1/t 58 1/72 || — — oa ra 7 74d Good Hope 22 jul AyCl ||| — Ae [Oe opyal | = — ia pt 3 ss tis ie te Gona 60 p} 104d || — — a1 b| told 1) [3], OR =" 5 bea 8d 5 bl 58d ERG a, 50 p|) ‘tid ||. 18 1/42 || r9 c| tofd | == || 13 c\. 17m) ek ess = Imboolpittia 115 pl, ged || — - | — 72 p|gz-1o}| 14 c} t/oz¥|| 31 p| 7H) wa Ivanhoe gi cj 382 — = Bure gd m5 ¢| 11d || 45 c| 7H pall ee Rey ao Kallebokka Bi Di tO iy a = 18 ¢c|. tod: 2718 rf ||) — =s I ead | ie Kanangama 65 p| 72d - 2 73 20 g?d || 20 c]| 6d eae as Sa et KAV/ 184 c| 114 -— = 89 clod-1/t |65¢1/1}4-1/14 | — a woah ace | ae Se Kirkoswald 86 p| i/e2|| 27 1/62 |} 16 c| 1/1$ |) — = 37 c| 108d B 7id 3 61d Lameliere TR Lies a -s a = 21 1/22} 52 | 10ad wad Laxapana 125 C| 9% rae —= || 54 ¢| {9ogd | 28heniajie | 43.c al . ee Longford go 74d || an we Creat || 2 | teapot ae gd || 34 | 6-64 — — Mayfield... 105 p| 1/ = — |i71p tilog-t1/ || 16 ¢| $1/33 || 14 clt+10fd || — sei 4 € 8d Wimeime lane =..|) 57 p| tod ||" — — 20 c| gtd |) 24 Wits = 0o.c| aime 2 2 ae Suse North Cove || 83 pl - gd i} — — 23 c| 18td|| 53 rot = = eu 7 c| 6-64 OBEC CragieLeal| 96 c 1/ — — 39 Cl LOL | aaemeemes i 3's Cc) imme = ee mae ea , Dangkande...|| 98 tod — — 53. \9-1/24)) — = Ba 8d 8 d A 528d ,, Darrawella...|| 158 c gd |; — — 78 c\t8$114]] 15 c] 1/3 56 cl ved 4 c| 62d 5c id wiGlendeyen —-||. 77 ¢|-10o%d || — — ZOnC| TOL eerie 1/3 34 cl ad a 5, Wuda-Oya...| 65 c| “104% -- — 22Ch 1.) 13 cj}. 1/o8|| 30 c| 8d ,, Loolecondera|| 60 c| 1/ot ||) — — 28 clr1-1/2 7 ¢| 1/74 || 18 c| Sed 7 -c| to¢d ||) — at ,», Nilloomally Zi C gd |} — — 16 c) tiod |) — = 15. ¢c| +8mgel| = ee = ach Pesimmapiuuar. | O7 Gl stod || —— — 28 5Cl TOG) || Onclan/ a5 5 245c| Gi, —— 9) 5 c| 62d | Pambagama 102 p| 84d]; — — 48 c} 8+ 29 Peedi 25.C| ae 2 | ea | eee Pen-y-lan ale 70 Clee Trds|| = = 24 C| 114d | 31 ¢| i/o] 12 cl ay — a= Ae Clee OC olemuakandey | 97 P| 72d ||) — — 64 c| 74-74 || 28 el) a 5 ee = Rambodde 28 g3d || — — 18 3d 10 OG || = aa we ae || Saumarez OC dd |) — 24 c| 182 Be cl ras | 37 cl Aa — ee =e ea || Taprobana 98 rit 23 1/2 || 40 tod || 18 1/2i || 17 ea) — ane act a || Theresia 57 p| g3d |) — — 13 cl rofd)|| x2 Tae 32 cl {ae — ae aah es Tillyrie 134 c| 83d 65 c/84-104]| 22 c} 1/ = — Ay cll. Zed || -—= ede Wattakelly 59 p| 113d 26 c| 103 32 1/14 ||) — -- 64d |) — Wewelmadde 105 8d ae = 38 8d 24 tid 43 Gd || — See fale cae Wootton 97 p| g4d]| 29 112d || 38 c} gdj) — — 30 6d} — = oo ee JAVA. Garden, Total. Average.| Fine & Flowry Pek.|| Medium Pekoe, | Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, | Souchong. |\Cong. Bro, & Dust. Quantity.| Price. |Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. Price, | Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity. Price. | Sinagar soul [Peake 7d |} — | — 84 c| 84-83 || 22 cl 74d) 92 cl] GEd]} 138 c| 6-6: | — | — | }Tendjo Aijoe 102 c| 74d DA. Cl} Be iieatetel eae xc TOMC 6d 21 cl G$d}| 42 c Gh i rn | Tjiloear . 148 c| 64d] — | — 98 c| 64d ae — || 34 cl Hed Tole). 54d | — | — | b stands for boxes ; ¢ for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked In calculating these averages two half-chests or four’ boxes are taken as equal in weight : “a ARRIVALS. SHIP. : INDIAN. CryLon, - Java, Arriven. — ELesperidig s-§4) 94s = 183,099, —_ April 13th. Liguria @ ... oa oo 249,425 — April 13th. Glenburti...6” oa 130,385 oath ae a April 13th, Manora — go ee AGOG yeas tena — April 15th. Shannon .. etn 40,320 OO oo April 16th. : Total Ibs. 216,865 658,439 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, © a : - Brokers. — Vega eres if W. Parkins, Printer &/Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St, Mary Axe, 7 upplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER," GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA THA REPORT. 3, Roep Lanz, Lonpon, EC, April 26th, 1889. QUANTITY BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON From ist June ro Darts. Indian, Ceylon, Java. 39,595 packages. 48,355 ) 1887-1838. 1888-1889. 936,645 packages. 202,720 packages, TO 39s ” 3345929 uring the week — 1,408 packages INDIAN | Total 8 packages have been offered in public auctior 2,950 ” CEYLON) po, Paces is ton, | The market remained closed for the holidays until yesterday, when sales of both Indian and feylon Tea were held. Very little alteration has taken place in quotations, but the bidding at ysterday’s auction was fairly animated. NNDIAN. The small amount catalogued for this week was readily disposed of at steady rates, yith occasionally a tendency to advance upon Teas for price. Is an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— » DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 52d. 1888) 43d. 1887, 44d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) o 5d. 3 Yair ey 54d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) a 64d. ‘6 gd. e 62d. Bie, SO UG, (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) 7 gid. 5, Beerod...-,, 83d. PEKOE, (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) ,, gd. » Med. -y, todd. PEK SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) - 64d. ,, ee d4d. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) ,, 7id. ,, B o2d. The auction on Thursday passed with fair spirit at previous rates, the only change 12,595 package§ are advertised for sale HYLON. hing a somewhat improved demand for Broken Pekoes. The following averages may be mentioned:—The ‘ Wallaha” Estate of the Ceylon and ‘ Bellwood,” 1/-. xt week. lea Plantations Co., Limited, 1/2 ; Jn average of iod. per lb. was obtained. AVA. No auctions have been held, but 2,841 packages are catalogued for next and the following ek, MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in ibs.) FROM ist JUNE, TO 31st MARCH. IMPURTS. DELIVERIES, STOCK | u OC > Q hers) e0 | 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889 1886-1887. 1887-1885. 1888-18809. UB) LAIN. vi deus gee | 75,053,832 83,696,821 92,088,054 61,941,314 71,111,802 74,855,493 33:544,626 35,947,680 41,356,107 NGO cicem inate 6,494,900 11,553,160 20,449,182 6,307,570 10,030,744 18,832,350 2,054,290 4,033,012 6,239,952 ERISA Coo Ob i 2,959,630 2,471,210 3:374,700 3,030,480 2,441,180 3,215,600 1,190,350 1,085,430 1,084,160 HINGE TAO, Sitar ot 132,081,301 114,962,387 98,011,874 115,441,367 98,517,983 90,196,325 §5:102,377 60,524,862 52,136,281 Torat lbs. _ 216,619,663 212,713,578 213,923,810 | 186,720,731 182,104,709 187,099,828 92,191,643 101,593,984 100,816,500 alist aoa Se Se | = ————— — SS 3ANK RATE. 2} per cent. EXCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight ts. 42d. INDIAN. Broken and In these tables the all the packages represent the highest offer in the #aom. are half-ehests unless otherwise stated. 3 5 | = Broken Org. , Pekoe ine Meee sO eet . Ht BBG A= Garden, Total. “Average | oF a oven Pekos,|, Unassorted. |, Broken Pekos, Pekoo Sonahougs Souchong, ie Si = | ee a eee : Sal Feet baste See TS | } Quan ay: | Price eRe yA | Price. [Quantity | [ Brice, [Quantity ob Pride, lGuaaneyl | nee Quantity. Price, | ie SB) el re eo ne rm penne ene | a ii | |. 2 oe | foe | | | i | b | | | *Chandpore | i7 pl 6$d], — a — | — ) up 6d) — | — fo . —- *Puttareah =} <23 Cl. Qala |) Soak 2 CI NCL ia aera ot ie |) Renee aa / | | | | i NEILGHERRY | | | | | > sia | / | } e | i ] H { / _ Prospect a 30 c| Gd} — — 30) Cl Oda, | ee bes es — jf = | _ _ | sa Seaforth ... 89 p) 63d) — — 44°p; 74d || 12.) +6¢d | ra ae i 23 | Gid || 10 | 54d : bat | | | | | fe snipe i Aeros tease: be nah i i} {I | : { | = * Teas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. CEYLON. ee | || Broken On Bers ||) Bekgeran cares Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden. Total, (Average, || or Flowery . Pekoe, Unassorted, | Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Sonchong, and Souchong, and Various, — Quantity. | ; Price, ‘Quantity. | Price. { Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. liohecs ee Price. |/Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price, ; Aberdeen mt: IO Sida 32 | trod |) 50 Sid | 18 77d <= eee Calsay. .: 79 c| dele — — | 19 ¢| -8idib Sao, ehlerot dah 20.0) 072d) a Cey.T PlntnsC Ld_ | | | i | +7 1 SORES 78 cl olde) = 40 c| 8kd|| 23 ¢| xf £5 cl. 7d | = ae t Waliaha 108 c} 1/2 Bie Sas | ae 1/|2¢ 1/33! 28 c| u/4t | 39 cl 11¢d4.— foe i Choisy gi p}) .1od]) — — 53 cl; gd}| 36 1/o2 | — — Wy ed Cl Seite ee Delta 71 p) 83d qo — — HO G| Gad tae 112 18 c| 7k — | == |} 13 °¢ Doragalla 84 cl odd] hee 23 c| 9-92 || 21 ¢| s/o}||. 40 cl 7ed\) —— / aia Erroll 65 c rozd@ie rs et 11gd 4) — = = = 30 bl 11g Loe jadi 74 Hardenhuish and | ae Lammermoor || 61 gd || — — 29 | 10} — B27 EC es — Heeloya... 80 p gid} — — 60. pj 8Z-10 | 20 todd | | eee a rs JP |p Te gd |} — — Pi 72 22 ros == Se pes Ci =e Kabragalla M | 70 gid |} — — 28 todd || 16 tidd || 26 Sd) oe Kandapolla 259 104d i — cas 156 todd || 56 |} r/th | 47 ea a = a ees Kataboola 76 c, . o3d fe — — ily a4 cl Pods rae) Tia |= 34 eeh a) Ode ee ae eee — — Mipitiakande Ior p, 104d | — -— 28 cl tidire2s5 1/5¢'] 34 Cl) 8ad || 2c) =) Ge iee 2 Ci OG OBEC Bellwood) 57 1/ — — 29 tigd || 12 Ess Ieee 10) gd jj. — oe Wattawelle 39 c oid Re awe 12 C gd GG) wal") ac 8d ee —— — —_— Os borne 149 11d if — wate tl 55 ritd ||) 24 1/34 | 59 gid heer Sa 8 63d Pansalatenne 144 ghd — meee Tal ee etl, rz eerie ea — 5) SG cre Rolleston 54 Pi o4d a 30. clei Lar iitdj) > — — rc 64d TC) ae 1 orwood 45 C Bid ae) —— hit THO Gale St 2G AC 7d nee pus zee ESS Weredgalla 83 p) 8d re) 40 c| 72d || 26 rofd |} 17 c| 64d) — — — —_— - | | z a a pene ae Soe j { Prices marked Elston |] 64 gid re 1/54 in gid || 73 as 16 ¢ aid & eu can 552 Eltamorcy © alt LOO) c gi ay — - © te: 2a : 32 82d xe Eltofts scielhe Oeeelle su = 4+fgh|| 13 It 104 46 c} tod 18 pl eh E aut Rie? ae 45 © feeeal Or 18 ie P| 52-7 eee Pale eee Pia eee aS r/td Loy a? 2 is ; ” i 11g 36 Bae fili/os-1/3 | ac) — shee ee ee 8? * ale 1/33 || 80 ee iGee se rar p\7eot | 4 c| 64 ee eo Fernlands || 94 | r1¢d Bie ali Liea, | eyare To el yay i 40 c| fd é ad ee Obed Fordyce _ -/ 56 c| 10d ue ey 2 oe 28 ¢ ad eae D bd ee AR 98 p| Trt y Bee) fe ae 28 1/4 25 | Tad aoa ruit Hill “|| 4 | Togd Aa | ach ne a eS 84d Galaha Gah 64 p rol as a i: ee rae v3 4 162d I Wate GU etodie a Ee fate al eee al 37 | Bad fonds 2 ti emer | od De ee 1/2 ; Zea pete | 2) Se cc ec 19 ¢| Med|) — : le ae 33 ees SI oe ie? © 82d ae hg a eee neiss Ro k ies 8 Pp ut ie aay ‘ I (@ aks) © id we or Goomera elie ee 2 gad 2 T/A go 8d 18 cl 54d 3 : bed | Goorook seal REPS p 28 111d 2c ged 1/27 | 65 BL ae = 54d eae | BoP es Had | ot5 oo Be ce a oe H : Be 2 12 Cc 3 Bia a es A 2 iy Cl a8a: ieee cl eee! @ PB oe baat aL 3226 a 2 cl] ritd oo ‘| & Seach, ones — we Hayes igh Seale LO va = “ile 32 C rotd i tozd one iid 2) Ch. 62d | ar — Hindagall =++{/ E50 3 aie == 34 TIy 20 1/2g 22 C| al ibs Gallia gid (0 tr Z 9% ses Helbodde eae 9d S GES Nee ie 25 | ¥8zd oe Homey 7a e| 9 aS tod | 30. | 38 — | 4 | 64 ugalla c| odd 1/3% | 229) 43° | Fo: =| 7° |e (ec pee Kalle i Co lege) % MR |e Ere Kallebolke | 3h] sa] — Sa oe] ao oly | =F i eae ec r ame se 1e ee fous ie 43. ¢ 1/14 on Wee | =| rae 31 c| 74d | K i aes OF ned Nome 1 a iS t/ct Seen all THe Sell nae = ae a ESS Umeha 1 38 fae is ae alae 26 c) tozd ! ew Sel Gee! yo) Ff tight 94 1/14 44 as pas 63d Kirk Ws I gtd RAS BOnG Qu 2 35 ¢€ 1/14 | eal | Ce ok ay = | 33¢ Sd] 39 | mad) — |B ; ie Kurul Salle ao 2 — 1 Cc gd 114d} — 16 c LAM cae | Serlicetls 3 P| 1/08 3 18 || 3/24 = | x76 62d | Lameliere -|| 28 c} 72d Boll 27 ox ee sie 34 /2e| 18 ciigd Seated 2 2 Leangapella ...|| 56 p| r14d en a c| 1r/2t rate 1/T% | 42 cll 88d oe | 5d Lebanon, Group 78.P| ged)| 40 _ ti bad 4 °C 14 cl 16d Gia Cea EABAP OM ASEOER, || 208) 7B Ih rgd || 24 ef pid 24 aged) 13 Bie Siegal | 6 Lower Halo A Veale cone 114d th —— 97 e 7d 14 das 43 tod aXe, +52-61 ab 6d | Luccombe OVA sail i82,S 73d |, — ay Ig € 727% || 93 ¢| L- | =a 4 Ot ie eee | re ae eh ae] 2a] ay ahah ab tS | Beloit. emer] oI a yea, Sal oRe soe unge. “dees = = 2r ’ ar ire 36 c 64d seo Bee ,| TE ca Gan | saa) Se bb a ae CEYLON,—Continued. Waltrim ... e223 1c -9oF Wattakelly Pele 73) Pls Wavendon oy | peace! roid Westhall ...| 139 cl odd | Wayweltalawa...|| too | 10d Woodstock eH 87. pi QO 0 Om [to AIH Q. Qs token Org, Pekoe Pekoe and Broken Fannings, Dust * ‘ Garden. Total, |Average.|or Flo very Pekoe Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various, | Quantity.| Price. uanti y.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price, Quantity. | Price. Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Mahacoodagalla g8 c} 104 — — 46 c| gt-11 || 26 c} 1/1¢]] 26 74d || — — am ey Maha Eliya... 8: cl . od [B— |. — 61 c) 74-94 | 20 c| 11¢d)) — | — — | — Pa) Mattakelly .. || 159 c| gd |e — — 73 c| gtd] 74 c| 104d Oe fol yt) aus 4 cl 64d Mooloya sai ke) 1/12 | — — 20 1/ 20 1/64 || — = 2 81d 7 73d Moray wcll 193, ¢| 17d |e ite, 83 c| 108d || 49 cl 1/12|| a5 cl 83d] — ee io 6ad | Mottingham ....||_ 64 c| 8% _ — 26 c| oF _— — 34 c| 7h == ae. 4 6d | New Forest ..-|| 53 c| 1/02 |i — ae 2OSE)| Si 13 ¢/-)1/5 14. c| 84 a zal ale PeaIEE Newton bei|, 72 pl. -10d = 23 gid || 34 1/ 15 Fol == i Lut aw New Valley ...| 8r p} 94d |IR20 pl r/od || 32 p god || — ene 29 C Quite bee ile oe Er Nilambe Soclliagt. Cl: 8e — ca I4 c| 102 — == Tre Gol | a Eile eux North Cove ...|| 146 p} 82d || §— — 78 c| 73d] 55 Ig#-r14]) — — = pie 13 p| 52-64 Nyanza i] 76-p) od || — 15 c| gs 2 t/od |) 30 c] 74d} — 8 6cl 53d OBEC CragieLeaj| 72 c| ro3d || = pai 28 c| 114d || 16 c| ti/od|] 28 c 9 Ba os re aa ,», Dangkande...||, 78 r/ er Be 204 LOSGn nS 1/44 || 13 83 8 7 vist au », Kuda-Oya cat] 86: c| ° gtd || esl 26 cl tod 19 c| 114d 4I Cc 3 ated “ot ad pec ,, Loolcondera }| 28 c}/_ tod || fe— a 15 114d |} — — eye Bde cA ahs ss 5, Nilloomally || 45 c} 1132 a — LOM! a) 12: Cl eT /2e ie 17 Ch Baik la aa ae — Oodewelle peteO2-D 1/oz = Cites 18 cl] tod 44 1/3 feats pede pts a Helin: ahs PDM .-|| 42 pl] 1/3 || fee — 17 cl) 1/2 ai 1/64 ||) — 3 Cok ee a Portswood | 86 1/3 e — 13 r/54 || 24 1/64 || 49 | t1/os |) — pa nas os Rahatungoda ...|| 81 p| 113d || He = 18 c| fied || 19 Cl) 1/2 || 44-5 d|| — aos pe = Rangwell ec tend 8+ = — 20 +72 24 +83 cae ss fies, ae ia est, Riseland .|| 46 c| 8d |) = 12) GC) a7 15°C): otd || 19) ¢) => ty a ae a= Sanquhar =| 70 todd || = — 21 ti3d || 15 r/oZ || 34 83d || — a os = Scarborough ...|/ 75 c} 84% — == Bec 8d ||} 22 c| rid|) — a 18 adil; to B38 Selegama eel 23 73d | = as 2B 73d | — — == = = aes as pest Somerset | 76 c| 11d || Be — 13, Cc} T/O# || 15) Cc) “tee le 48ec|~ oF a — = Spring Valley ...|| 132 84 = = 31 84 44 g#d || 40 8d 3 63d || 14 5d | St. Vigeans ..-| 69 p| ot = ae 28 ¢ Gi) 25 t/oz || 14 c| 72 2 6id | — Ss Sunnycroft ...l| 159 p| 84 = = 40 c| 84 76 of 43 C| 62 — = = Tillyrie ..|| 77 c| 8id |) Ee — 12 c| od 13, cl] a1 pe a 34 c| 74d || 18 c] 6d * | 116 c| 84 — — 63 Cc] 74-9 28 c| ri4d |) — — 25 c| 64 — — Udabage srl aC 74 — — 60 74 43 rod |} — — 4 64d 3 5d | Venture ..-|| 106 p|. ro¢d |] = — AB] CleatOdas||<. 39 t/oz |) 24 c) 84 — — — — Verelapatna ...|| 64 84¢ = — 1g +84 ar |trit 24 +62 Bae pie a anes a 3 — I PS 2 9 — 35 ay . | JAVA. Garden, - Py “Total. | Average, ||Fing& Flowzy Pek. Medium Pekoe. | Broken Pekoe, | Pekoo Souchong, Souchong, Cong, Bro. & Dust. | ae Quantity. Price, oun Price. Quantity, Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. |Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. (4 [ aa _ Ardja Sarie || 595 pl 63d) =e — || 276 p| 74-92) 7o c] 6d]] 109 p| 6-64 || 140 pit5z-52)) — | — Bodjonagara_...|| 141 c 64d, = _ 61 c| 64d) 4o cl’ zed | ao cl 53d) — — | — | — | Djatti Nangor ...|/| 213 c| 7d) = — 110 c| 7d. 32 cl). 6d) 71 c). 64d |) — — Sel Sindang Sarie ...|| 298 c| 64d) = — L2G 4d || 33 ¢| 54-64 || 202 c} 6-64 51 cl 54-54 || — — SVB bi| SPLONC 6d | = — 27 c| 72-84 |) — —_ 4 cl 4$dj| 79 c| 5-6 — — | Tjisalak ...{| 416 cl 64d : c} 1o#d || 16.¢ gd 10 c| 7#d || 190 c| 63-7 || 164 c) 5-52 — — | In these tables all the packages are half-dhests unless otherwise stated. b stands for boxes ; c for chests; p for packages. + Prices marked — thus represent the highest offer in the room . In calculating these Bees mal half-chests or four boxes are taken as equal in - eight to one chest, : uf an GOW, WILSON & STANTON, | ee 7, W. Panuins, Printer & Stationer, 1 & 2, Bury Street, St. Mary Axes ; Pg oh epee GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA REPORT. Se Roop Lane, Lonpon. EC. May ioth, 1889. SE eae euekury BROUGHT TO AUCTION IN LONDON oe From rst June To Dare. Indian. ' Ceylon. - Java. 1887-1888. .. 966,771 packages. 216,778. packages. 4.2}, 301 pigleages. ‘ 1888-1889. 1,055,032 Pe RETOUR 2O 2 a ar 52,868 uring the week —_——_——_________- : 20,559 packages Eypran : Some ae 10,288 |; CEYLON | _ Total 45,587 packages have been offered in public auction. tae :740 12 Java ) : ; As regards quantity, this week’s offerings have ranged sinnerman the’ Reavicdt of the season. Phe entire stock of Tea in London is now very little above last years figures, owing to the hrinkage in the imports from China, which are eighteen millions less than last season ;—a feature vhich is not without its effect upon the Indian Tea. market. ‘NDIAN. The auctions which were much heavier than last week B tined a number of losing invoices, and were largely composed of Calcutta bought Teas. Bidding was fairly brisk, and ny ‘Teas with at all attractive. liquors were slightly dearer, Feas with fine quality being specially | vanted. Common Broken kinds are in full supply and rather cheaper; several Calcutta bought nyoices which had been held over for some time also sold at lower quotations. \s an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :—_ DUST. (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 5d. 888, 44d. 1887, 4id. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) i 4idu = .,, Mee O8d. <2 4, 5G. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) fe 6d. yee 03d. 55 74 ae SOLU IG, (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) ” Te me Gad. .,, ox Je ONE (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gd. pReHOnG.. 255, rid. Pik. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) bs 65d. > |, we ord. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 7d. ne Ozd. JE YLON. This weeks was the heaviest sale yet held. Pa days ifeton of 15,953 packages, jontained 657 breaks, a number which it was physically impossible for buyers to taste carefully in the mited time at their command. A fall in price was inevitable under the circumstances, and all “eas have suffered, especially such as through quality or flavor, required une valuing; Good -ekoes and Broken Pekoes have frequently sold from 1d. to 2d. under last weeks rates, and Pekoe iouchongs as much as a halfpenny. Parcels withdrawn from the auctionand leisurely tasted later hn, were in many instances disposed of at an advance of 2d. to 3d. per Ib. over bids made in the ale. Many of the Teas now coming forward are of attractive quality, and on this account equally ood value has never before been obtainable in Ceylon Teas; it is howeverto be regretted that there 5 still a large proportion of Tea with unsatisfactory quality. The follows, averages may be men- loned :—“ Goattfell,” 1/3 ; and “‘ Tommagong,” 1/12. An average of o@. per lb. was obtained. AVAS passed at firm rates and were readily disposed of, Pekoes being slightly dearer. A fine avored parcel of Flowery Pekoe in boxes, from ‘ Parakan Salak ” realized 1/5%; and an Orange /ekoe in boxes, from “‘ Dramaga,” 1/54 per lb. The general quality shows sa slight improvement upon arlier arrivals. An average of 7d. per lb. was obtained. ‘ MOVEMENTS OF TEA (in lbs.) DURING APRIL. IMPURTS. f DELIVERIES. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1887. 1888, 1889. INDIAN vee 23 00: 2,141,448 2,474,169 —- 2,449,266 6,765,972 7:470950 7,726,908 GEYLONe Ren ere 679,000 1,106,462 3,257,796 657,420 1,239,420 2,105,016 JS WA eer 271,040 424,020 410,500 284,480 3338)380 362,180 CHINA; /CiGhiy ss: 4,052,488 1,070,172 293,743 9,680,042 9,355:791 7,567,466 Totats Ibs) 7:243:975) = 5,075,423 "6,417,305 17,387,914 _ 18,400)341 17,761,570 FROM ist JUNE, TO 30th APRIL. _ Imports, DELIVERIES. STockK 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887, 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. rS85-1889 DIAN «+ -+--e- 77,195,280 86,170,990 94,537,320 68,707,286 78,582,552 82,582,401 29,220,678 30,951,099 36,078,465 tYLON..+--.-- 7:173,900 12,689,622 23,707,938 6,964,990 11,272,864 20,937,366 © | 2,075,870 '3,901,054 4,405,692 SRB EHE OB 3,260,070 2,895,830 3,791,200 35314,960 2,779,560 35577840 — | 1,176,910 1,174,670 I, 138, 480 HINA, etc. -...| 136,133,789 116 1032,559 98,208,705 125,221,409 107,876,774 97,763,791 | | 49:483,103 52,236,711 44,855,846 Tora lbs. 223,703,039 217,789,001 \220,335, 163 204,208) 645 200,511,050 205 861,398 © 81,956,561 88,263,534 89, 478: 483 SANK. cRETE: ag per ae EXCHANGE. “~Galeutta on Condom ihre months Seht ts. Ai. 5 eae ee INDIAN. Bet. ah ; * “Ba ( Broken Org, Pekoe Pekoe and ; | Broken and Fannings, Dust Garden. | Total. |Average |) or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted. Broken Pekoe, | Pekoe Souchong, Souchong, and Various. | Quantity. Price” ||Quantity.| Price: ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. ZN. Eraligool|) 103 p| 74 23 cl} toid ||’ 59 cl 462d || 17 cl 74d || — Bie = sat gel fag Z*&°\ Mookham|| 291 c]_ 7d |I30c t7|f-1/12 |] 123 ct62-63] 35 cl 74d] 79 c| 64d] 21 cl shd]) 3c] 48d 5» Singla 162 c| 73d \l27c $7/4-1/o+ ||, 76. cl 7d] 31 c| {6d 18 c| 64d 7 c| t53d 20). ead | Borooncherra 87 cl 540 3 3d || 15 c] 64d] 25 c| 6-74 14 cl] 5id|) — — 30 Cl 4-5 | *Borelli T Co 423 p| 114 — — |¥47p1/|1Z1/1oe 45 cj1/4-1/7]| 112 c| gd]! 119 c| 6-74 = a |*Bungala Gor ...| 83 c| 73d} — | — 24 Cl ORG Ne aie t8.c) "728 |) 40 Cle i ee | Chandpore ...|| 233 c| 63d — 25 54. c| 68 79 Gil’ 57 el Oem Nea se? 48 c| 43d |*CherraTCo Nj 415 p — — 42 c| 64d] 31 c} 7d || 287 c| 6-64 25 c) 4$d|| 30 p| 44-53 | *Cooliekoossie ...| 377 p| O62dl4tp tjo-1/74 || 64 c| 74-74 || — — 138 c| 64d) 79 c| 5-54 || 55 cl . 53d | *Debrooghur CC} 60 c} 64dq) — == — — || 60 c} 64d )) — — _ — as == , DoomDoomaTCo}} 442 p| 83dr08 11/2-1/13 || 144 c/72-103)| 84 c] 94 25 c| 68d|| 81 cl 64d|| — _ '*Doloo 135.C — — arc} t8L 34 cl 84 21 c| +63 44 c| 54-64 || 15 cl 5d | *Harmutty 435) © a as TIO C/5$-10$144 C 16-1/5% || 171 €| 74-74 || 53 Cl 5-7 57 ¢| 4-84 | Hoolmaree T Col] 110 p|_ 1/o _ — 30 c| r/48]| 19 c] 2/ ~|} 25 c] ro¢d |) — -— 36 p} 5464 |*Jhanzie T Ass...| 315 c| 1/ 438c1/4/3-1/54 || 116 clro$r1d] 31 c| 1/7 52 c] 74-84 |) — — 78 c) 8-114 Jokai Co. Bokell| 326 c 26 c| 1/52 || 164 cl73-1/1 || — — 37. C290! GAC) eee ara cage ere », Hukanpukri] 164 c} 73d] — — 80 c| 84d] — — 84. c| 7d |) — 2D ao = | 4, Jamira 227 c| 7id 47 ti4d || 38-c} 74d || — — log c\}52-64]| — — 33 c| 524d | ,, Kamptie G/| 140 c} 73d] — — 56 c| 74d]}° 55 c| gid|| — — 20 .C| aan _ | +4, Muttuck .../) 179 c| 93d |/74ct1/jo¢ t1/2/|4 ro5c) {63- — — Sit — — —- — — |. ,,. Panitola .::.429 c| 74d ih —— — — == 108 cj{ ro¢d || 253 c| 64-7 || 68 c] 64d} — — _*JorehautTCo B| 196 c| to4d | — — 5Q. Cl. L/2dss a2 ci Gre Gib ec gd || 70 c| 64-74] — — |* ,, Khori Kuttea|} 163 c} 114d. — — 47 Cc} 1/42 gc} 1/34 || 49 c] tod]} 58 c| 7-74 — — }* ,, Rungajan ...) 177 c| 84d i —— == 36. cl] tf oi a4gceh rfid |) eho Bhd |. 7. cl Grassi cle ad * 5, Sycotta 178 c| 114 2S — 45 c, 1/4¢|) 16 c| 2/7 46 c, tod|| 60 c| 64-74} a1 c| 62d Khonikor ...|| 161 pj) ro3d |77p1/o}et2/24|| 36 cl 7% 23 c|) 84d} 25 c} 64 — — — — *MahmaraPlns D| 155 c| tofd} 18 c| 1/94 |] 37 cl 114d] — _— 26 c 8d} 56 c| 74-94] 18 c 6d | *Meleng -| 225 cl] 82 — — 49 c} r/o2|| 28 c| fo4d|| 75 cl 7ad || 67 cl 54-62 6c). 43 *Mertinga Set Cl. 7a = 17 ¢| 7id|) — — — — — — *Ohat Peto. cl 1rd — — 73:6). 0/3 II c| 1/72|| 20 c|. 88d 6c} 6$d|| 13 cl 447 | | OS&C Endogram|| 250 p| 64d | 51 tod || 60 c| 64d || 119 p| 6-64 = — — — || 2ocl 54d 4 Pathemara | 107 p|_ 64 15 p|trodd || 20 c] 64 18 cl 64d |) 16 cl. 64d) 2 350ch asee aPC) 4Sd RGS Dholla 79 c| 62d jee -- 25 Cc] 7h 13 cl 7d] — — 28 c| 44-52 || 13 c) 4$d | » Hilika 630 c| 74d |ea46 ci +1/24 || 182 cl 8d] 31 cl tod | 262 c| 63-7 74 C\ Re oN gegen! --Olim », Hokungoorie|! 93 c| 7diie 15 c| r/ot || 43 c| +62 — = 7 clo 954d | 28: cle geo =e — ,, Talup “| 143 C) g3d 32 cf 1/52 || 47 c| +72 Bi | eae ea ere al ae ole tees 33. ¢| 48 *Scottpore Co Dj) 270 p| 8 BZ t/5t || 116 p| 74d ||. 41 p| rz4dj. — — 71 C| 6-64 Io c 44 Sephinjuri 219 Cc 7d 100 c| 9 73 61 c| 64-62 || —- == 58 52 = — — — Singlo 289 c| gd he — — 70 c\r1d-1/ || 84 ¢/+8h-11)) 51 c| r1-1/ 84 clf5t- 74) — —_— Sookerating --| 134 ¢| 74d |22c tlos-112|| go clt7-+7#]1 — | — ae =e a = 22 c| $42-6 | SSTCo Balisera| 615 p, gd |7Be t1/|-+2/12 || 195 c| 84d 69 c| 10d] 193 c| 7ad|| 59 c| 6hd 2x 5rd © Rajghat 173 p| gtdie 75 c| todd || 31 c| gtd} 24 c} 8 — = 33 c] 84d]} 0 5d | Tiphook T Co 160 c) 1/ok | — 60 c} 1/14 || 30 c] 1/84) O6o'c}| 84d} 10 c} 8d} — an West Jalinga ...| 67 c| 63d |e — Ire}. 8kd Aah Fes 20. c|.63d'|) 18 cl 27d ec, 4dda | % iTeas marked thus are printed as last of the Season. CEYLON. ‘| Broken Org. Pok. Pekoo and yl Broken Fannings, Dust, Garden, Total, Average. ||or Flowery Poke, | Unassorted, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, and Souchong, and Various. Quantity.| Price, 9 nitity. | Price, Quantity. | Price. Quantity, Price, Quantity. | Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. Aberfoyle 64. 74d a t7d Ts OeC | ta Adams’ Peak 146 c) ro4d || F — tod.||. 34 ¢| tr/1Z || — Agrakande 38 pi md a 1/14 ane he) 12°¢ | Agra Ouvah 173 | 104d | ey we 11d 62 rid || 34 Ampittiakande ool £33 | 11d |} 34. ; : gid Ny — : a2 Avisawella 61 7d — | aid Th jambrakelly | bt Mh En erage SEE ie and Dell -.f 30: 119d tf 20 a6 uel cuad || xg) et jon | Pay eae anc ata CEY LO N_.--Continued. , : P yee e Heo ‘Broken Org. Pekoe || Pekoe and j ea ee ; Broken and || F , Dust ses Garden | Total: : Average. or Flowery Pekoe. Unassorted, | Broken Pekoe. ‘i Pekoe Sonong. | Saher, ds at : Boe - Quantity. Price Quantity.| Price. Quantity. | Price. |/Quantity.| Price. || Quantity.) >rice lo tik Pric | Fatt ; s | | 1 : E uantity. ; uantity.| Price Quantity.| Price. Bismark pee 55aC) Lose | Eee Bie ee ey d . Bitterne ah heya ot — — 38 c| 8s re : a ee. - | Ee a ae he Castlemilk fl 2p OF ss ae Ba 2 cae |. an et = se — Mee el oe fal = poe | 14 Cae Mea | | gel es 9 35 c| tod 18 c| ri4d 22° c|}73d I c| ta3d 61d ,, Fetteresso...||/ 66 ¢ gid a sas 26 cl +84 22 c| t1/oh “3 all a \4¢ AL 4 ,, Richarton .../| t10 °c]. 11d || 40 1\/2-1/82]/ 4o c a 23-C 3d seas \¢ oF a ae zl Cey.I PCo Alton] 194 c| 74 es oe a1 cl 72 ae oe 3 ea 3 67d 4 ord aia », Dewalakanda 86 c| 8d] — 33.¢ - = : 9% 98 c as = — = ee » ee ei 2to'p| St 20 b} {1/14 || 121 p 7210} 26 ¢ tea i : éid ne Bs ae fie ap Ea yaciiS me SoC), 62 eae pee Deal eal o: 3 2 ae Tat aE sa es fl ies go p 11? so a 4 ae ae Cc e a 4 5 — = pete acs arley Valley .../| 167 p| 1/o (ol ae fee 1 Pee Fae oR ee Ghemolera so... Be aT ae 43 | e 1/24 a Pp 1/44 28 ged ae 63-8 | eo -| Claverton eel 50 5c T6sd) | = = an ec a 4 mee 41 |e Ree 2 cam Clova ele Ds 7h Bae |e ae aE 2 © 144 14 ¢| ged || — —- 2 c| 6-63 Gomer | 68 cl a) ce a ee ee 2 ga) = to cls-tea | ar et Be) 29 ¢| B ae 8-19 Teel tae ta c\ teed || — Court Lodge ...)| 120 102 — — |} 0 Told i3 + "|? Culloden — Ball 165)p Fou = cee 13 nee ay f 1h 43 | & an aa oe == | Dickoya Pll unOeC| Secs \y = He Ge chen 61 2 i aa a c rod 22 bee I sid Dolosbage G|| 62 c}| 84d eaaits Tee es 284 a é ae 30 C¢ 7d = = —_— = t peeve. tis ¢| (Sad ie! ie 61 cl. 7ad a 7 58 4 Hy =G 7d Tcl 5a ( | Drayton .-|| 88 p| 1/t {136 1/4}4-1/48 |) 37 clt/-1/o$|| — 4 a ae == ZAC 5d Dunkeld SR yi Pp Ox ram : aaa 25 C I 4 | if Sp ee g3d coe re tee Ederapolla al 50 74 ie ie : f peel 1/O% 14 c qed 6 Bedok) = — | | Elbedde OO EU a ee ee || | Elfindale walle op 8 ies ea i See a ae 96 ¢ 992 Tay ae == = EP&ECoLdHope}| 103 c i eae ee te a : seas 30 74 == os 5 Ades ,, Arapolakande]] 10g c} 8? niga Be ae a : Cc 10% >— |e 47 c| 81d eee i 2 | a | ee 7d} — | — Mcwain Ova @:.|!127 c|-rodd || 377) 1/3 sone es 3t Cetin 25 C 73d | Erlsmere ls 87°C) 84 Sie Laee fre z as 20 C 7d i Ernan _ teal 00 revel ea aoe ae 36 Se = c ce ¢| ies _- = as shi a4 Galllaentag a. ..||-136 ¢ Gal bee be Hees toad 2 I 22 Meee en are SEs Gammadua_.... Gale a ee Ba cC\. ha 55 ¢| Gad Decl) Ocal ies —— = d : 34 P 9 sae = GXe| ar) 26 c| gid | : | Gangwarily ...|| 64 Reieee far ee ae 20 0 Fe cae |e 73d 4 || Gawatenne = s-| 8r S| ropd 37 | t/t | — Cen oa ga | ee 8h Sed | i Geddes || 95 ¢] 10d came — 38 cl 10oLd || 2 ae ed i a | @ineear ce onl ean a oe ne 3 c 1/03 25 c| Med | — EOGEs oncl.-6id : Glenalla Per ee on Bi se ae 2 : ia 36 1\/24-1/3)} 96 | i ae -¢ | Glen Alpin Salle 26 gad Oa 25 c| B8d TO: ¢|.32-11 |] 12 c| 64-94 16 : 4 24. 8d 2 ae | | tf Glencairn sulle Qo Cl.*oe ES ea a ere i 1/03 69 | 77% 2 63d |) 4 53d i Glendon soll 616) Ef 12 c| 81 — _ 10 ¢| 52-62 Polgahakande ...|| 62 pj. 10d | §— eee 28. c| 84 33 r/1t |) — Eas T Cl nee ee Putupaula 52 p|_ 1od| fe — OUe|.. (Os 17 C| 1/02) — _— to | 63d) — n: | 41-c| od | ie = 13 c| 84d]| 14 c) 11$d |} 14 c] t6dd |) — — _ Rangalla pert 5 Che Lie — = 28 c| of 17 c 1/2e)) — — — — rf ..-| 54 p} 114 — — BS. Cl OC, ||| 2 Se Cah — — — — 3 Selegama een DA: 7d) = = 24. TiS — — — — — Sheen s-.| 65 C|.-113d || Mio-c) 1/3 32 clt Tit = — 17 Cl Oe _— — — St. Andrews ....|| 83 ged |i5 — 28 9+ 25 t/ot || 30 | t7t — — = St. Helier’s ...|| 102 p| gd || Be = 37 cl bord || 33° Ci) a/t 22 c) 73 5 ¢| 62 5 St. Ley’s .-.| 39 c| 102d || #— — 14 c| togd || 20 c| fot |) — — 5c) 68d | — Suriakande “.a[p 82 102 —_— = 36 7id || 46 1/14 |) — a ae Pa ae Tommagong....|| 55 p|_ 1/12 || S— = TAC let 3 20 1/6 17 c\t 102d 5 8d |) — Torwood | 65 c| 8d|| fee — 25 c| iod || — — 33) Clay TC| ee es Troy sl] -30 c| 73d )| Bee — 25 c| 7id 5.Cl. od |: = — — — — Venture | 94 p| od] Se — 43 c| géd|| 20 | fr/ok || 31 e| t74 — — — Wangie-Oya ...|| 75 c| 8% — — 12 ¢| Tod" no) Clr 1& c| 72 26 c) 68d] — Westhall ---| 97 c| 84d) Bee = Ig c| told In c| 1/od 64 ¢| t7z ay fe 3" Wewelmadde ...!) 67 | 8d| He 18 7A ||; 22 todd 27 64 nine LB pias. Yellangowry at 83 ¢| id} 30 |54-+83)| 21 c| t74id — — 25 cl. +63 7c 64d is Yuillefield --| 139 C| gtd || 40 c| 1/14 82 c] 18d = ss T7ec! fos pans pea sie! | ’ | JAVA. Garden. | Total, |Average,| ino & Flowry Pek,|| Medium Pekoe, 4 Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong, f Souchong, Cong. Bro, & Dust. | Quantity. | Price, Quantity. Price. ||Quantity.| Price. |/Quantity.| Price. ||Quantity.| Price. Quantity. Price. Quantity. Price. Bagelen ...| 528. cl 74d | 3 = 148 c|7#-114|| 43 c| 63d) 337 c| 6-74 || — — | — — Dramaga | 460 c] 64 td | $60 b) 1/54], 98 c| 62-95 || 68 c 6d |}, 43 c, 6d|| 162 c}| 54d || 29 c 4éd Jasinga reel DOT Cl sid |i _ —- — — — — — 10o7 c| 54d |) — a Nangoeng 265 p| 74d | "86 b) 1/1} || 65 b 8d |} 25 b) 73d] 78.c) 54-52] rr ee) 4¢d|) — — Parakan Salak . 528 p| gd | | 178b 1/|34 1/5#|| 100 ¢| 1/ _ — 150 c| 64-62 || Too c| 54 — — | Semplak v1) 211 cl 64d | He — 67 c| 74-94 || 24 cl 64d |) 42 c| 6-64 78 Cl 53-54) — — ; Sinagar 1 342 ¢ 7d) a — || 79 ¢| 84-84 || 44 c| 74d |) 100 c| 64-62 || 119 c| 54-6 — — - Sockamana 1, 132 €} 5d | So a Ae — eile a 57 ¢} 54d |) 75 ¢| 42-5 om Fo Tyiogreg .. 167 ¢ 64d |) — || 20¢ 1/ Zone) 7247). 85 -C, . 6d) 42 (cl Soe Co aa | d leg to CEYLON OBSERVER! “GOW, WILSON & STANTON’S INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JVYA TEA REPORT. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E C. : ; - May 17th, 1889. ratenn bic 62 oS QUANTITY aes AUCTION IN gg his Se Tnclian eee te Ceylon. java. a = . 1887-1888. 975,458 packages. 223,467 packages. 43,081 ackages. Se | 1888-1889." 1,076,139 4,66 1 378,991 4, | 53,095 eos During the week ee aa rg 20,507 packages INDIAN) ~ eae ; : fi oles - 11,789 -., —CryLon} -.Total 33,123 packages have been ffered in public. auction. 827 R93 Java rote eis ing é : -- Auctions -have again been very heavy, although lighter than last wek, nevertheless their effect upon the market has been gieater, and has caused a relapse in quottions of all but the best liquoring Teas. ‘ ' The lower grades of fair liquoring Whole Leaf Tea both Indian aid Ceylon, are now cheaper than they have ever been. ! p Amount of Tea (in Ibs.) taken for HOME CONSUMPTION, from 1st dume to 30th April. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. (888-1889. indiaa 3 08,707,280 78,582,552 §29582,401 Conon 3025: 6,964,990 1 L272 On! 20,937 300 China, etc. 91,634,826 79,910,523 65572,971 poral lips. 107,307,102 169,771,239 16g;092,638 Amount EXPORTED from 1st June to 30th Apzil 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 38,735,580 Ibs. 2,527 O82) as. 36,003,718 lbs. NDIAN. The market has fallen for all but specially attractive Teas; other kinds are difficult |to quit even at a reduction of a halfpenny on recent prices ;—the large quantity of earlier Calcutta bought Teas in the auctions having overweighted the market with pointless and weak Teas, both \Whole Leaf and Broken. Travancore was represented by a fair selection | The first sale of the New Season was held in Calcutta yesterday, andtomprised 4,000 packages, _ |n sympathy with London good Teas sold fairly well, but common kinds were depressed. jAs an idea of the comparative prices of Indian Tea in London we quote :— DUST: (Fair ordinary, dark liquor) 1889. 42d. 1888, add. 1887, 5d. FANNINGS. (Red to brown, strong rough liquor) 53 wed. Bil Sh 6d. BROKEN TEA. (Brownish to blackish, strong liquor) a cad." 72d. 5 74d. ERK SOU-G, (Blackish greyish, useful liquor) - i 7nd. feeord. — ,, tod. PEKOE. (Greyish to blackish some tip, useful liquor) _,, gd. ‘tod. 5 ridd. | PEK. SOUG. (Blackish greyish, inferior liquor) ae éd. ee zed. PEKOE. (Blackish, greyish, some tip, inferior liquor) _,, 64d. ae od. SHY LON. Auctions although heavy were lighter than the two previous weeks, and probably »ss than must be expected in the near future. (Quality as a rule was fairyalthough there were but sw striking invoices. The lower grades, and poor liquoring Teas generally are again easier, but 1e most desirable parcels remain firm. The following averages May be mentioned :—The Wallaha” Estate of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Limited, 1/2}# and ‘‘ Labukelle,” 1/13. n average of gid. per lb. was obtained. AVA. Only one auction has been held. Three Gardens were represented, and the Teas sold ithout change in prices. Catalogues for 2,821 packages are advertised for next and the following eek. Some of the Teas now come to hand are beginning to show thé improvement in quality hich usually takes place at this season of the year. An average of 6}d. per lb. was obtained. FROM ist JUNE, TO 30th APRIL. Imports. DELIVERIES. STOCK 1 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1889. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 1888-1880. 1886-1887. 1887-1888. 888-1859. ae | (DANAE al See saital 77,195,280 86,170,990 94,537:320 68,707,286 78,582,552 82,582,401 29,220,678 30,951,099 36,078,465 ied PG@ULON 7. 1 seine 7,173,900. 12,089,622 23,707,938 6,964,990 11,272,164 20,937,366 2,075,870 3,901,054 7:405,692 ahh JPA eee ee eee 3,260,670 2,895,839 3,791,200 3,314,960 2,779,560 = 3,577,840 j Rinzo.grS 1,174,670 1,138,480 ‘NA, etc. -..+| 136,133,789 116,032,559 98,298,705 125,121,409 107,876,774 97,763,791 | 9,483,103 52,236,711 44,855,846 Ne EEE eo 7 Ne a a a — ; _—_—_— SS =e TorTAat lbs, | 223,763,639 217,789,001 220,335,163 204,108,645 200,511,050 204,861,398 | | 81,956,561 88,263,534 89,478,483 els: ——————S iE = | = — : =e fa. ee SANK RATE. 23 per cent. . XCHANGE. Calcutta on London three months sight Is. 42d. C EY LON,.—Continued. roken Or > Pekee me P k d a Se ; anning Gavik 0 g ekoe an } Zé F arden ee ee Flo very Pekoe, Le das Broken Pekoe. Pekoe Souchong, and uaa a net ae ; aie ee una = aut, |, Price. Quantity. | Price. Quantity, | Price. _ | Quantity.| Price. % Quantity, | Price. Quantity.| Price, Sanam i } 92 } es 6 - : iti 2 ai Kelliewattie 3 106 p or ges : ie 2 Hf Bellen ad es ae 5 | 34-63 mee Reap! of = ee Palos See ar, 29 c| 83d|| 1 | 52 eget ee 2 19 : ae? We |e gone “Ba. Se 4c) 4ad Laxapanagalla Beles: wid cas se Sid ae St all, me e oe ee sal 4-ey:) 6d Lev = 4 34 se rceak. AA a ie I a 4 Bas ey aap ie eee oa — | 25-¢ ahd} x4 eh tx/4z]} 820) 8d ae “i adeolkelly | se tk edd Lo 2a = ee a e. fee pe | ee snadeols -+ =| 2 alls — 3 cl 101 13°C 7 igen © sah ie ! ee c 736 — 43 ct 7atSe 18° o)- how 29 c| 64 — = — ats cee ‘ =| . p a = aie ged) 2) ted | 2c 65a eae 3 | 6d Mepitiakande |< Pi It 1/5% || 37 €} 114 — —_— 24 C 8d 1c} 4d 2C|- 58 Nartakande ...| 75 ¢} 74 56 c| +63 14 cl gtd) — | — fee 5 cl 23-34 aoa | i , ue els vi : ae 17 1/3¢ oa ae uate li a 358 OBEC Havilland od Po | So eae 1 gadeee eee avillan 97 gd cosy ZO tO, 7 1/14 || 40 73d || 20 6id || — = ; , Loolecondera) 60 cl Itfa = 1g ¢| +1/23 5 Cl amige We sag icleaead 3° | TIO ee — », Nilloomally || 63 c| 11d = 25 C] riz TOC) 43/4eo\e2Oncin wes Gallic — — a pambopa ne ...| I10 pl 7% oa OTC: Fer 25 rot 24 cl 64d] — — — = Ee Laie 1€ oe Cc a ats Wi 8id |. 30 ro4sd || — == se ph ad Bin. Poongala =| coe) geile | — | 329) fal ane get) = | S| eee : veel) 2 zz OR 1 7£ == — — —_— — — —_ — ee het 65 c| 103d |} c| t1/2t 34 C| 104d Ss see 14 c| +74d pitas see we ae ose aie oo 77 c a a= Se seo; iQ. C)a/ Th | (G5 SCepaeC Sl ea | ree 3c, 4-6 Bane Ee | z Chee : AI C| + 10d B77 Cli aot == — = — — — eter i iene la ae 85 13 gad || oa ae or 2 5d Ya y ae: 1laWa ... 9+ ae peed 38 7id eae eee: 6 62d +e (8) Bo he | | | | ee | = oie. a c| 104 — = 28 c| od 2) C\-a. Poe 4 7d uillefield Cc +73 eo ae — — — poe — a Garden, | Total, |Average,| &Flowry Pek.|| Medium Pekoe, Broken Pekoe, || Pekoe Souchong. Souchong. |\Gong. Bro. & Dast. | Quantity. | Price. | tity. | Aa ‘Quantity. Price. ‘Quantity. | Price. Quantity. | Price. | Quantity. | Price. Quantity. Price, | | | Jasinga -++| 122 pl 7d] a/3¢ || 28 cl abd 47 (cl oi seai tinea 2 7d | 5 cl 64d) t7:-c 95d) == — | x rashes wa 394 cl ofa = — 100, c|, 84d |) — — || r40 c| 64-63 || 154 ¢| 53-52 || — ae pe eo ang weell 277 | a #7 c|. gid || 89,c| 64-6% 26 cl 52d || 124 cl 54-52 | 21 ¢ 51d |) — —_— In these tables all the packages are halfghests unless otherwise stated, b stands for boxes ; c for chests; p for packages. t Prices marked 3 thus represent the highest offer in the rfom. In calculating these averages two haleHeets or four boxes are aa as. equal'i in weight | -st aigetyipthoeeh ams ep ao to one chest. : J i , GALLE, ee For Bapurta and Maussns, OARGILL & Co, 30 Maussas. JORDAN & Co, » MoaLAREN & Co, LInpoxa, », Nuwara Exrya, ee », KosuaANDe & Harorarz,,, E. W. FERDINANDS. . VANDERSPAR & Ge, BANK OF MADRAS. (Established 1843.) Oonstituted and regulated by Government of India Act No. 11 of 1875. (‘‘ The Presidency Banks Act.” R5,000,000. R1,200,000. HE BANK undertakes general Banking Agency Business and issues Drafts and purchases approved Bills on the principal towns of India. The Bank receives money on Current Accounts and Fixed Deposits at rates of interest which may be ascertained on application. Agents in Oeylon of the Agra Bank, Ltd, W.T. HOLMES, Agent in Colombo. "BLAZE, REIDEL & CO., PENANG, GENERAL DEALERS, Agents for the TROPIOAL AGRIOULLURIST, H. HEWETSON & CO, IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS AND GENERAL MERCHANTS, 59, MARK LANE, LONDON, E. C. CONSIGNMENTS RECEIVED. ALLIANCE BANK, Lrp,, LONDON. ADVERTISEMENTS. xiii EDUCATION. Board and Edueation at Bournemouth. [The mild climate of BOURNEMOUTH has been the subject of special letters to the London Yimes during the present winter scasgon.] R. & MRS. FRED. HORSFALL, assisted by a well-qualified Governess, receive a few children between the ages of 6 and 12 at their home in Bournemouth, to be educated in the usual branches of English and Latin. Tue Cuimate of this beautiful place on the South Coast is peculiarly suited for children from the tropics,and for those of delicate con- sitution. Yerms moderate and ferences kindly permitted to the parents of for- mer pupils. Apprrss: Mrs, F. HORSFALL, Tue HERMITAGE, BovurNEMOUTH: Office. or, c/o “ Ceylon Observer” 1 moo Education in Wimbledon, near London, HE Wife of a Medical man wishes to meet with TWO LITTLE GIRLS, 10 or 12 years of age. to EDUCATE with her own. Excellent references WIMBLEDON, c/o Mussrs, J. HADDON & Co.,, ta 3, Bouverie St., Fleet St., London. WOODLANDS, HIGHGATE, ISS GOSBELL receives a limited number of Young Gentlemen as Resident Pupils. FEES, including all the essentials of a thorough English Education, with Latin, French, Part Singing, Drilling, Seat in Church, and Laundress, Fourteen Guineas per Term. THE EDUCATIONAL YEAR Is DIVIDED INTO THREE TERMS. EXTRAS: Music, Drawing, and Dancing. References kindly permitted to Messrs. A. ML, Ferguson, C. M. G., and J, Ferguson, Colombo. A TERM’S NOTICE PREVIOUS TO REMOVAL, RS. SYDNEY ROBJOHNS, living on the borders of Surrey Commons, will be glad to RECEIVE ONE OR TWO LITTLE GIRLS to have educated with her own, by a Governess at home. Healthful locality, motherly care, and a Christian home. References kindly allowed to the Eprrors of the Ceylon Observer. Address: 3, Kirk- stall Road, Streatham Hill, Surrey, England. £153 inclusive. Re- . Boots & Shoes! Boots & Shoes !! Important Notice. M. K- RETTIEC & Cov» Madras Boot and Shoemakers, CoLomBo, 13, Barnuiz Srreet, Fort, YT AVE recently received a fresh supply of ENGLISH and MADRAS LEATHERS of all sorts, and keep always on hand ready-made Boots and Shoes of different sizes, and hold highest Testimonials from various European residents in Ceylon.—Inspnotion SoLicireD. f tu HATTON DISPENSARY. WE HAVE RECEIVED A FULL SUPPLY OF DRUGS, DRUGGISTS’ SUNDRIES, PATENT MEDICINES, HOM@OPATHIC MEDICINES, PERFUMERY, &e. PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY PRHPARED AND ORDERS EXECUTED AT ALL HOURS. THOME & Co, tu £ 160 MERU Sink, OL Grbr RaS? HOME FOR INDIAN AYAHS, No: 6, JEWRY STREET, ALDGATE, LON DON. ESTABLISHED 1825. Ayahs boarded, Lodged and taken care of at 14s. per week, until their return passage is paid or a place secured for them to return. Ladies proceeding to INDIA or Curna requiring an AYAH can always obtain one by applying at the above address, [By paying down £5, an Ayah can usually be handed over to this home, the owner undertaking to get her sent back with some lady and keeping meanwhile A BARGAIN IN A FAVORITE TEA DISTRICT. ‘Tea Land for Sale IN DOLOSBAGE. OR SALE.—A portion of Coorsxpoo Warrr Estate 225 acres more or less. Prite R10,000 Cash on transfer, or the whole sum ¢an remain, on Primary Mortgage at 9 per cent interest payable yearly in advance, provided 50 acres are planted up the first year, and another 50 acres the second year. JOHN STEPHENS, toota te Gampeo.a, XLV ADVERTISEMENTS. ~OFFORD & SONS. 67, GEORGE ST., PORTMAN SQUARE. 92 & 94, GLOUCESTER ROAD, SOUTH KENSINGTON, Factory—FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, ‘ . ts SA be i of es @, rene Ni f ——| i} _\ | \ AY : E J | y mote rere eS J.c. COOPER . SPECIALITE— THE MODEL LANDAU; Weight from 83 cwts. Suitable for Hot Olimates. Roll-up B.ack and Syce Board and Self-acting Head, complete Price (in any colours) from 180 Guineas. VENTILATED BROUGHAMS FOR INDIA, Weight from 74 cwts Fitted with Syce Board complete. From 120 Guineas. Twenty-Six Prize Medals. OFFORD’S PATENT RUBBER TYRES: Perfect’ for Invalids. Cheapest and Best. QFFORD'S PATENT RUBBER BRAKE SKIDS. SILENT: DURABLE. POWERFUL: Send for Illustrated Price List. AGENTS: KING, KING, & Co. BOMBAY; KING, HAMILTON, & Co, CALCUTTA. AGRICULTURAL ANALYTICAL CHEMIST. Messrs. JAMES INGLIS & Cor JOHN ene F.C, a i 1. C., SUTTON’S BUILDINGS, DEAN’S PLACH, Fellow of the Institute o hemistrry - Consulting Chemist to the Ocylon Plantes’ Wisdoelation! SYDNHY, H*Y been appointed Acrents for the Tropical Samples of Soil, Artificial Manures, Feeding Agriculturist for New South Wales and Queens- Materials, Guano, Phosphatie Rocks, Water, &c., | land, and reecipts granted by thom for Subscriptions &e,, carefully analysed and reported on, or Advertisements will be binding on 3 ANALYTIOAL LABoRnAtoRY, A, M. & J, FERGUSON. 79 Mark Lane, London, E.C, Colombo, Ceylon, 2nd May 1887, ~ ”y ADVERTISEMENTS. XV ADVANTAGES OF ASSURING WITH THE SOrteNT AL, LIPE OFFICE All that Experience has proved Practicable and Prudent in the Modern System of Life As- urance can be obtained with perfect safety, combined with the following :— FIVE NEW AND IMPORTANT FEATURES Not granted by any other Company whatever:— 1—Policy-holders can Vote at Meetings. 2—Amalgamations Impossible. 3—Funds in Government Securities only, and remain in India. 4—Native Lives assured at European Rates. 5—Premiums reduced to English Rates from date of leaving any port in India, Ceylon, or China. LAST 12 MONTHS’ NEW BUSINESS: 996 Proposals for R34,86,275. ANNUAL PREMIUM FOR ASSURANCE OF R1,000 UNDER NEW SYSTEM. Age G3 80 a 35 ze) 40 oy 45 Premium ... - R21-5-4 a RD45G:Che es | RES IOVO be. .¢ R99A14-8, Lower Safe Rates than any other Office. 80 per cent of Premia invested in Trust for Policy-holders with the Official Trustee of Bombay. ‘* The ‘Oriental,’ by its carefuland equitable management, is rapidly gaining the confidence of the Native Community.” Intending Assurers or Investore—Native or Kuropean—are invited to compare the Rates and Conditions to the ‘‘ Oriental” with those of any other Company, Full particulars and forms on application to the Head Office of the Gompany, BOMBAY: OR, W.M. Smith & Co., Colombo, 9g—89 Agents for Ceylon. WRITE FOR PRICE LIST. | THE NEW EDITION OF OUR VOL. NO. 29. MSTA, BFBICK & AUSTBAULIK, IS NOW COMPILING, All Names Inserted Free of Charge, RICE 30s. Subscribers 20s. Adver- tisements } page £1; % page £1 10s; 1 page £2 10s. Vol. No. 27, England, and Vol. No. 27a, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, now IN 36 VOLUMES Leuchs ENCEANID in the press. Price 45s. Subscribers 30s. f the f 4 + ] : SCOTLAND&IRELAND|| | wo. vols Hii} || @EDITION 1386-1889 a7 To vit C.LEUCHS&Cc? =| Coie WE FS: & Co; " | & NUREMBERG BRANCH OFFICE, TABLISHED 1294, 17, BARRETT'S GROVE, “98 LONDON N. ADVERTISEMENTS. V lke and Company, Ceylon, LACTINERY. ENGINES, BOILERS, &C. XVI tee ae 4 MESSRS. Ehave pleasure. in We intenttina © Tea JOHN WALKER P ES itersand others that ae 0. Wwe made arrange- g nents with. our Agents, i Golombo, Ceylon, to: hold a stock. fl of our Machines, so as to ensure IMPYr DELIVERY. piscine epee er ORDERS PLACED WITH OUR AGENTS WiLL THEREFORE®BE PROMPTLY EXECUTED AND ON FAVOURABLE TERMS. MARSHAL, SONS & Co, Lz. W.& J. JACKSON, GAINSBOROUGH: FNGIAN I. SUTTON’S SEEDS IN USE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. Collections of Vegetable and Flower Seeds Specially Selected and Packed for India and the East. Price 5/- to £10 10s Od. PARTIOULARS ON APPLICATION. SUTTON & SONS, READING & LONDON, ENGLAND. 10-89 : ADVERTISEMENTS. Xvii x BOOKS FOR PLANTERS. R. Tropical Agriculturist, Seven Annual hee 00 Volumes, 1881 to 1887-8, ap each Tea Planter’s Manual, with Plans of Tea Factories (T. C. Owen).. 4 12 Planter’s Note Book (Planting Molesworth) 3 04 Coffee Planter’s Manual, by Alex. Brown, with special additions ‘by A.M. & J. Fer- © guson and others So 00 Jo 08 ‘Coffee Grub, with Illustrations. ... Gn6 54 Tea Cultivation in Assam, by H. Cottam ... 52 Cinchona Planter’s Manual, by Owen 000 10 Cinchona Cultivation (Prize Heed); bye? N. Christie Boe All about the Coconut Palm 50 All about. Indiarubber & Gutta- Percha, 2nd Edition enlarged . aia Bo 58 All About Tobacco : cc Gold, Gems, and Pearls in ‘Ceylon.. O6 fe 10 Cardamoms—Notes on Cultivation (Owen) First Year’s Work on a Coffee Plantation, by A. L. Cross 600 On the Manuring of Estates by E. s. Grigson Mr. Hughes’ Analyses, First and Second Series, Manures and Limestone ‘Ceylon Coffee Soil and Manures, by Hughes Coffee Planting in Southern India and Ceylon, by E. C. P. Hull Book-keeping for Planters, a system of Accounts (by ‘‘Double Entry”) adapted ao FO FE FBRRD WOH Hee Ow ox i) to the requirements of Coffee Planters 1 79 Liability of Hstate Owners & Superintendents 1 177 Ceylon in Fifties and Highties Jo 1 54 Fifteen Hundred Conversational Sentences in Tamil, with English Translation 2 56 Uva: An Inauguration of the New Province 1 04 “Inge Val’’ or the Sinna Durai’s Pocket Tamil Guide. [Greatly enlarged, 170 pages.] By A. M. Ferguson, jr. 2 The Coffee Tree and its Knemies, by Niet- ner (2nd Edition, revised by Mr. 8. Green) 1 52 Brazil as a Coffee- -growing Country coo) yal Liberian Coffee its History and Cullti- vation, with beautiful coloured drawings 65 Map of Ceylon with Uva Province: mounted on Rollers and Varnished ae Oo) ie) ialé! Do. on good paper 1 Medical Hints for Superintendents for the Treatment of Diseases Peculiar to Ceylon 0 50 (These are cash prices and include local postage.) Post Office orders from India or elsewhere for above amounis will secure the books as ordered. A.M. & J. Ferguson, ‘ Observer’ Office, Colombo. CEYLON IN 1887-46 AND 1847-60, TWO LECTURES DELIVERED AT THE Cinnamon Gardens Baptist Church, BY A. M. FERGUSON, ESQ., c.tLa., of the “ Ceylon Observer,” Se. {Delivered in aid of the effort made to clear oh the debt on the building, to the improvement of whic] the proceeds of the sale of this pamphlet will be devoted. Price Rl; postage 2c each, THE BURIED CITES OF CRYLON: A GUIDE BOOK TO ANURADHAPURA AND POLONNARUWA; WITH CHAPTERS ON DAMBULLA, KALAWEWA, MIHINTALE, & SIGIRI, WITH LITHOGRAPHED PLAN OF ANURADHAPURA, BY S. M. BURROWS, ma. oxon., CEYLON CIVIL SERVICE. Price—Stiff paper cover, R2; boards, R2-50; postage 8c. Published by A. M. & J. Fereuson, Observer Office, Colombo ; and Triibner & Co., London. Also to be bad of Resthouskeeper, Anuradha- pura; Stationmaster, Matale; and O. M.S. Book Depot, Kandy; and of H. W. Cave & Co., Colombo; Messrs. d’Hsterre & Co., Agents, Kandy. THE PLANTING POCKET MODESWORTH, THE PLANTERS NOTE-BOOK, WITH EVERYDAY INFORMATION FOR THE THA PLANTER; AND ALSO FOR PLANTERS OF Coffee, Cinchona, Cacao, Rubber, Cardamoma, Coconuts, Cinnamon, &c. Walle ii CRSee EO Et EN Tes ON MACHINERY, BUILDING, &c., ALSO MANUSCRIPT KC. NOTE-BOOK; FOR FIELD AND FACTORY OK STORE, gas= [Jith strong leather cover and elastic band and calendar for 1588.) Price R3°50, cash R3; postage 4e. “ CBsERVER” OFFIC, t¢ . ‘Gold, Gems and Pearls in Ceylon.” LL ABOUT GOLD, GEMS, AND PHARES (also A Minerals generally) in Ceylon and Southern India, compile 2d by the Publishers, from a yariety of available authorities, with special reference to the Mining Industry, as well as to the extension of the present Gem-digging, and to the commencement of a Gold Enterprise in Ceylon. (Second Edition greatly enlarged.) With two Maps, showing tha Pearl Fishery Banks and the Sites of the Gem.~ digging Industry and Gold Exploration Operations, —Credit RE 50, cash R4; postage 18e. “ OBSERYER"’ OFFICE, xvili ADVERTISEMENTS. SILVER MEDALS INTERNATIONAL HEALTH (1884) AND INVENTIONS (1885) EXHIBITIONS. | KEENAN’S PATENT Non-ConDUCTING VEGETABLE PULP. COVERING STEAM AND LIQUOR BOILERS, STEAM COPPERS, PIPES, &c. It prevents the radia- ductor. It adheres to. . GISTER; tion of heat and conden- we ES ED vessels of every shape sation of steam, and | and in every position, hi i a MARK Vithout any external. ed ||. castings,—Weight when dry, 1 1/2) “na. “ohnelk. effects a large saving im fuel and labour. It is not affected by exposure to Weather, and is the 3 1/2 lb. per super square only effective non-con- i atoote FOR SAMPLES, REFERENCES, AND FURTHER PARTICULARS, APPLY TG MATTHEW KEENAN, SOLE MANUFACTURER, ARMAGH WORKS, TREDEGAR ROAD, ,NORTH BOW, LONDON, E. ee ADVERTISEMENTS. XIX “CEYLON IN THE JUBILEE YEAR?’ BY J. FERGUSON. PRICE FIVE RUPEES. TWO MAPS (Worth the price of the Volume) and 42 other Illustrations; 428 pages letterpress, (By , post 5:26 ; outside of Island R6,) Rorat AcKNOWLEDGMENT.—Windsor Oastle, March 12, 1888.—Sir Henry Ponsonby is commanded by the Queen to thank Messrs, Haddon & Co. for the copy of Mr. John Ferguson’s “ Ceylon in the Jubilee Year,’ which they have had the kindness to present to Her Majesty. Opinons of the Press. Everything of interest about Oeylon has been carefully collected in this volume, and for any one who wishes to visit the island a better guide book is not to be found.—Pall Mall Gazette. Ceylon in the Jubilee Year, by Jobn Ferguson (Haddon & Co., London; Ferguson, Oolombo), “a third edition, revised, enlarged, and brought down to date,” gives an account of the present condition of the island, its resources, and the prospects which it holds out for the remunerative investment of capital.—Spectator. 5 To the cultured class who study Oriental history and Buddhist archeology, and to the large frater- nity who are concerned in tea, coffee, cocoa, cinnamon, cinchona, and the many fragrant and spicy products of our colonial Eden, the work-is invaluable.—Christian World. Previous editions of Mr. Ferguson’s valuable book have received full review in these columns, but the present edition contains much more matter—among other additions being strong criticism ofthe administra- tion of the present Governor, Sir Arthur Gordon.—Colonies and India. . Mr. Ferguson’s book on Ceylon seems to us a most valuable one, and it ought to be in the hands of every one in any way interested in the island. It gives an excellent account of the country, its in- habitants, railways, government, pearl fisheries, exports, &e., with notices of archwological remains and of the picturesque districts most worthy the attention of visitors.-—-Literury World. The first part consists of some sixteen chapters, in which Mr. Ferguson shows himself possessed of the instincts of the true journalist. There seems scarcely a subject relating to the “spicy isle” which is not touched upon, the treatment being always effective, if sometimes brief. Anything like an outline of the various chapters is, as we have indicated, impossible in the space at our command.—Alerdeen Free Press. TuI3 is a very complete haudbook of Ceylon and everything Cinghalese from Government to snakes or tortoises, and from tea, sugar, coffee, and cinchona to polyandry, shooting, races, clubs, Buddhism and missionaries—in fact about as complete a fund of information about the island as it is possible to pack into 400 pages, of a handsome volume, with good maps and many illustrations. Any one who wishes to visi¢ Ceylon, or employ his capital there, would do well to get this book.—Overland Mail. Mr. John Ferguson has published a very handsome volume with the above title. For an account of the climate, scenery, and natural advantages of Ceylon, we must refer our readers to the work itself, merely adding that Mr. Ferguson’s statements can be accepted with confidence, as no one knows Ceylon and its re- sources better than he does. The new volume will be welcomed especially by old Colonists who have wit. nessed the rise and the depression of Oeylon, and who may probably agree with the author that fortune seems about to smile on the old isle once more.—Wuirnshire Teleyraph. Sn this re-issue of his book on Ce;lon, Mr. Ferguson has brought the mass of information respect- ing the Oolony contained in former issues up to the most recent date, and he has fitly given ita desig- nation commemorative of the present eventful year. No eifort has been spared by Mr. Ferguson to make his latest work as complete in every respect as possible, and the result has been that no book can be more replete with information about this valuable island. As the most important of our Crown Colonies, Ceylon has 9, special claim to consideration, and we can strongly recommend ‘Ceylon in the Jubilee Year” to everyono who takes an interest in colonial matters. A word must be said in praise of the numerous illustrations.— European Mail. Mr. Ferguson, of Colombo, published a considerable time ago a careful and much-needed description of the island, but there was quite room for the full, clear, and picturesque statement which he has now made of the actual condition of Cry.oy IN THE JuBILEK YeEAR. The earlier chapters of a book which is crowded from cover to cover with interesting facts and impressive statistics, is devoted to the political and social history cf Ceylon both before and since it came under the English flag. The concluding portion gives a curiously minute and vivid picture of the life, customs, caste, and occupations of the natives, and also describes the tea industry, Jife on the plantations, the pearl fisheries, the legislative progress of England’s chief tropical colouy, and the present condition and prospects of the trade of the island. Ths book presents a vivid picture of every phase of the lite of the colony, and so far as we can discover, there is not a singly point on which information is likely to be needed which has been slurred over, much less neglected. The maps and illustratious heighten the value of an extremely interesting volume.— Leeds Mercury, April 9th. ; I got your most charming book, ‘‘Ceylon in the Jubilee Year” the other day, and have gone most carefully and delightedly through it. The get-up of the book is really first-class, and so many pictures make it very lightsome. To me, an old Oeylon man, every line was of interest, andI fear your ook had to answer for a considerable quantity of midnight oil burned in my establishment. In fact, I think your ‘‘Ceylon” is Emerson Tennent brought up to the present date, and put into a more handy and readable style, and when I was reading it, I, more than once wished I was back in the dear - little island.—A. H. D. “CEYLON OBSERVER” OFFICE, COLOMBO, CEYLON, 30th APRIL 1888. Also to be had at Messrs H. W. Cave & Co. and Colombo Apothecaries’ Company, Colombo; d’Esterre, & Co.. Kandy. hit GS JOHN HADDON «& Co., Loxpon. “Xx ADVERTISEMENTS. ENGLISH SEEDS DELIVERED FREE TO YOUR OWN DOOR, — Ca SERS BOXES OF “TESTED” ENGLISH SEEDS, The selection is specially made to comprise those varieties best adapted to the different ae VEGETABLE SEEDS. Peas Spinach |. Parsnip | Parsley Melon : Broccoli Beans Turnip | Vegetable Marrow Radish . Cauliflower Beet Kale Brussels Sprouts Carrot : Kohl Rabi Celery Cabbage Savoy Herbs Onions Leek Lettuce Cucumber. Tomato Mustard. Cress. d CARTERS’ BOX OF ‘‘TESTED’” ENGLISH VEGETABLE SEEDS. COMPRISING THE ABOVE VARIETIES, Sent packiug and postage free to all parts within the Parcel Post Union, On receipt of remittance or an order for payment in Englund, price 16s, Boxes, containing large packets, price 23s., 43S., 56s., 79S., 90S,, and 120s, FLOWER SEEDS. Aster Cobea Godetia | Marvel of Peru Polyanthus Amaranthus Convolvulus Golden Feather Maurandya Portulaca Antirrhinum Dahlia Heartsease RISC a An eet Salpiglossis Balsam Delphinium Heliotrope Mignonette Stock Calliopsis Dianthus Larkspur Nasturtion Sweet Pea Canary Creeper Eschschaltzia Linum | Nemophila 9 Sweet William Candytuft Everlasting flower Lobelia Perilla Verbena Celosia Gaillardia Lupinus | Petunia Wallflower Chrysanthemum Globe Amaranthus Marigold ‘ ' Carters’ box of ‘‘Tested’’ English Flower Seeds, comprising the above varieties, sent packing and postage free to all parts within the Parcel Post Union. On receipt of cash, or an order to pay in England, price 22s. Smaller Boxes, containing selections from the above list, price 5s. 6d., r1s., and 17s. For Further Particulars, see ‘‘CARTERS’ ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of GARDEN & FARM SEEDS. Gratis and Post Free to any reliable address. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H. M. THE QUEEN AND H.R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, ENGLAND. : TO TEA PLANTERS AND MERCHANTS. G. FARMILOE & SONS. YuhES" LONBe ms E.C. Phlox Zea. Zinnia. ’ - ‘O-M ‘NOGNO'T ‘ouvy supra 39 ‘eor S LIMEHOUSE, LONDON, E. SHUYOM LHOIT Gaavial'l = sd WorkKsS:—ISLAND LEAD MILLS, MANUFACTURERS. EST Incorrodible TEA LEAD Sheet Lead, Lead Pipe, Tin lined Lead Pipe oe Solder, Sheet Zinc, White Lead, Pane Colors and Varnishes. ch Please Indent :-—“ISLAND OF CEYLON BRAND” TEA LEAD. — © OLOMBLO : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY A, M. & J. FERGUSOY, “ CEYLON OBSHRYER ” PRESS, sd nt +) 4h ae t t ie Ey) i Se Poe EOL LOVS POPP PAP 9 Y, dalled Uhdddadddddididilididdddddiidd RPL ODDO ODD DDDDPODODPEEP_D_ DOOD PDD DODO LLL POO OOD LLL ; . , Adda on cain ec, “mee teal tanec eben iat ata WEA Atego h AS” ~ eaten py vaca ee ibid a cei ie get ea A iM Fd ei tet , - { NS 4 ae ‘ “oR \