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Hitchcock, Systematic Agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, entitled ‘‘Types of American grasses: a study of the American species of grasses described by Linneeus, Gronovius, Sloane, Swartz, and Michaux,” is an important contribution to our knowledge of American grasses. It is regarded as of fundamental importance in the critical sys- tematic investigation of any group of plants that the identity of the species described by earlier authors be determined with certainty. Often this identification can be made only by examining the type specimen, the original description being inconciusive. Under the American code of botanical nomenclature,“ which has been followed by the author of this paper, ‘‘the nomenclatorial type of a species or subspecies is the specimen to which the describer originally applied the name in publication.” The procedure indicated by the American code, namely, to appeal to the type specimen when the original description is insufficient to identify the species, has been much misunderstood by European botanists. It has been taken to mean, in the case of the Linnean herbarium, for example, that a specimen in that herbarium bearing the same name as a species described by. Linneus in his Species Plantarum must be taken as the type of that species regardless of ali other considerations. In point of fact, the specimen preserved in the herbarium of Linneus is often not the type specimen of the species whose name it bears. Linneeus sometimes based a species on the figure and description of an older author, but by mistake placed in his herbarium a specimen belonging to a similar but distinct species. He sometimes failed to preserve the specimen on which one of his species was based, but later preserved some other specimen incorrectly referred to the species. To consider such specimens types would be quite contrary to the letter and the intent of the American code. An examination of the methods pursued by Professor Hitchcock in locating and identifying the type specimens of American grasses a Printed in Bull. Torr. Club 34: 167-178. 1907." UI WV PREFACE. in European herbaria is earnestly commended to those botanists who are not familar with the method of types or who are opposed to its application. : Opportunity was given by various curators for the examination of specimens in their charge. Acknowledgment is made, however, to B. Daydon Jackson, Carl A. M. Lindman, P. H. Lecomte, and A. B. Rendle for special courtesies and assistance rendered by them in facilitating the examination of collections in their charge. FREDERICK V. CovILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. \ CONTENTS. HAIER OG UCL OMase epi te en eats crete ar ree ee eens eee Bee oa Nan oe Lene Ba The American grasses deseribed by Linnzeus...-...--..-..-.----------+--+-- iierorasses! Ol Gronovmitisns Elona \VaTeIUNCa 222 eo. ae oe ee Steet ee ithervsrrasses of Sloane's Ebistory.ot Jamaicac. 14.22.0222.) heen esheets esse oe ‘Nhe-W est Indian grasses déseribed by Swartz-..-......2--252.21.-9-22-4-2 66. The grasses of Michaux’s Flora Boreali-Americana.-..........----.----.------- List of new names and those replacing names in current use........--------- TYPES OF AMERICAN GRASSES: A STUDY OF THE AMER- ICAN SPECIES OF GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNAKUS, GRONOVIUS, SLOANE, SWARTZ, AND MICHAUX. By A.S. Hrroncoc.. INTRODUCTION. During the spring of 1907 I had the opportunity of examining many types of American species of grasses deposited in European herbaria. In the present paper I have considered the species of grasses described by Linneus, Gronovius, Sloane, Swartz, and Michaux, the first only so far as they are based upon American-ma- terial. No attempt is made to determine the types of Old World species. Since the older authors did not indicate their types, these must be determined from the records which have been preserved. The type specimen is the specimen or one of the specimens from which the author drew up the description. The specimen often supplements or interprets the description. If the author mentions in his original description a definite specimen, if this specimen has been preserved and its identity certified by the data upon the label and by the name of the species added by the author, it is clear that this specimen is the type. However, it often happens that the evidence is less com- plete. An author may have based his description upon more than one plant (Panicum pubescens Lam., see page 147); the supposed type may not agree perfectly with the description (Andropogon ischaemum L., page 126); the author may have written the name upon more than one sheet or upon a sheet which is not mentioned in the description (Panicum latifolium l., page 118); the locality or other data on the label of the type specimen may not agree with- that published (Zizania fluitans Michx., page 156) ; the type specimen may have been sent to another herbarium (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., page 147); the type specimen may be accompanied by a specimen of a dif- ferent species upon the same sheet (Panicum dichotomum L., page 117) ; or the type specimen may bear a name on the label which is different from the one published (Chloris monostachya Michx., page 152); or 113 114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TH NATIONAL HERBARIUM. there may be several specimens from which the type must be selected by comparison with the description (Panicum barbulatum Michx., page 148). These and other difficulties complicate the study and make it necessary to examine carefully all the evidence. This evi- dence not infrequently shows that a species has been misunderstood. The original description may be insufficient to identify the species, but the identity can be established by the type specimen (Panictm nitidum Lam., page 148). Tradition may have attached a name to one species, while the description and the type specimen show that the name belongs to another species (Cenchrus tribuloides L., page 127; Agrostis aspera Michx., page 150). In the following account I have considered each case upon its merits and have presented the evidence upon which I have based my decision. It will be seen that usually the apparent difficulties disappear and we are able to determine the specimen the author had chiefly in mind when he wrote the description. The earlier authors, especially Linneeus, frequently cited descriptions or plates which they considered as referring to the same plant they were describ- ing. Linnzus even based his binomial upon the description or plate of another author. If an author quotes the diagnosis of a species described by another author and gives a name to this, but has no description of his own, the type of the older author becomes the type of the later (Panicum capillare, L., page 118). Linneeus often gave binomial names to species described by others. But if Linnzeus wrote a description and there has been preserved a specimen which the evidence shows must have been seen by him when he drew up the description, this specimen is the type, and not the specimen which is the basis of the synonym (Panicum latifolium L., page 118; Paspalum paniculatum L., page 116). The danger of placing too much weight upon cited synonyms as evidence is shown by the fact that Linneeus sometimes cited a given Sloane plate under different species in different works or even in the same work (Panicum sanguinale L., page 117); or the synonyms may be quite different from the species under which they are cited (Andropogon nutans L., page 125). Fortunately the grasses left us by the older authors, though often fragmentary, are in a satisfactory state of preservation, and it is usually possible to determine their identity with certainty. THE AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZAUS. The herbarium of Linneus, preserved at the rooms of the Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, contains most of his types. In the following article I have considered only those species based wholly or in part upon American material, nearly all of which was furnished by Kalm, Gronovius, Sloane, or Browne. In the case of Old World species the specimens preserved by Linnzeus >. bs dea AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS. 115 may not be type specimens, as he often applied a binomial to a species already well known, but his American species may usually be traced back to definite type specimens. The specimens from Kalm are marked by Linneus with a small “K.’’ These specimens are credited to Canada by Linneus, but Kalm traveled as far south as Pennsyl- = vania and New Jersey. The specimens from Patrick Browne in Jamaica are marked “Br.’’? The Gronovius specimens were collected by Clayton and are described in Gronovius’s Flora Virginica. When Linneus quotes Gronovius’s diagnosis, Gronovius’s species is the type and is represented by a specimen in the British Museum. Often Linneus has a specimen in his own herbarium received from Grono- vius which he describes, citing Gronovius as a synonym. In such cases the Linnean specimen is the type. Linneus often cites Sloane’s plates, but only occasionally quotes his diagnoses. Sloane’s speci- men is the type only when Linneus quotes Sloane’s diagnosis and has no description of his own. In all cases it must be evident that Linneus drew up his description wholly or in part from the preserved specimen, which then becomes the type. Cinna arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753. This is the species as described in our manuals. The spikelets are nearly 5 mm. long. Linnzeus states in his description that Kalm obtained the seed in Canada. The sheet is marked ‘“‘H U.”4@ Phalaris oryzoides L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. There are two sheets, both bearing the name in the handwriting of Linnzeus. One of these has a small label pasted on one corner of the sheet, ‘“‘Gramen miliaceum Vol. 1, pag. 350. n. 1.”’ This, which is clearly the type, is Hontalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Munro states that this specimen is from Gronovius. The type locality of the species, as given by Linnzus, is Virginia. The second sheet, on the other hand, marked “Br” and therefore from Jamaica, is Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze. | Sloane’s plate 71, figure 1, cited later by Linneeus® is an Eragrostis. | Panicum dissectum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. | Upon this sheet Linnzeus wrote ‘‘dimidiatum,’’ which is crossed out, and ‘‘dissec- | tum,” also ‘‘K.”? The plant is what has been called Paspalum membranaceum Walt. | Spikes 4, with others hidden in the sheath; spikelets 2 mm. long. | In determining the type of Panicum dissectum L. several points must be taken into consideration. Linnzeus describes the plant as follows, ‘‘ Panicum spiculis alternis; | rachi lineari membranacea extrorsum imbricato-florifera.’’. This applies to the her- | barium specimen. The first synonym cited is ‘“‘ Dactylis spicis alteriiis numerosis patulis, calycibus unifloris. Roy. lugdb. 56.’? The character ‘“‘spicis numerosis” does not apply to the Linnzean specimen. The second synonym, Plukenet, ‘‘ Mant. 94. t. 300. f. 2” (from America), can scarcely be the same as the specimen of Linnezeus, for the blades of the figure are long and gradually narrowed to a point. The third syno- nym is a citation from Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 112. pl. 69. f. 2. This is the plant now called Paspalum virgatum, as shown by the plate and by the specimen preserved in the British Museum. The same plate is cited by Linneeus under Andropogon fascicu- @ An abbreviation for Hortus Upsalensis, indicating that the specimen was culti- vated in that botanical garden. bSp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762. ee cee ey CT, ; 16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. latum.2 The habitat of Panicum dissectum is given by Linnzus as ‘“‘in Indiis.’?. We obtain more light by noting how Linnzeus disposed of the species in subsequent works. The next reference is in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae ® where the genus Paspalum is established. The first species is dimidiatum, ‘‘P. spicis subsolitariis, pedunculo communo membranaceo. Panicum dissectum, Sp. Pl. 57. n. 6.”’ Although he bases the new name upon Panicum dissectum, he changes the specific name to dimidiatum. As his species of Panicum No. 7 in the first edition was called P. dimi- diatum, and there is no doubt that this is what we now call Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, Linnzeus apparently became confused, or inadvertently transferred the wrong name. The real Panicum dimidiatum is omitted in the tenth edition of the Systema, but reappears in the second edition of the Species Plantarum. That Linnzeus made a slip of the pen in his citation of 1759 is shown by the fact that in the second edition of his Species Plantarum¢ he restores the name dissectum and we have Paspalum dissectum based on Panicum dissectum of the first edition. Plukenet’s figure is still cited, but the other synonyms are omitted. Sloane’s plant was taken out and given the name Paspalum virgatum L.¢ and the same disposition was made of it in the second edition of the Species Plantarum. In the latter work Linnzeus changes the habitat of Pas- palum dissectum to ‘‘America calidiore,’’? and adds a further description which cer- tainly applies to the specimen from Kalm rather than to any of the others under consideration, ‘‘Gramen prostratum foliosum vaginis fere spathaceis. Spicae paucae rachi membranacea dilatata ad latitudinem spicae ipsius distichae & secundae. Flores orbiculati.”’ ; From the above it seems clear that Linnzeus had Kalm’s plant before him when he wrote his description of 1753, but that he erred in his synonyms. We must not place too much weight upon the localities, Indies and America calidiore, for at that time there was little knowledge concerning the distribution of American plants. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.¢ from ‘“‘ India orientali” has been considered by some a synonym ot P. dissectum (as Hooker in Fl. Br. Ind. 7: 11. 1896), but. I am unable to find any evidence to support this disposition. It seems proper that we should regard Kalm’s specimen in Linnzeus’s herbarium as the type of Panicum dissectum L. and that this name should be taken up for the plant we have been calling Paspalum membranaceum Walt., which becomes Paspalum dissectum (L.) L. Paspalum virgatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. -The specimen is from “Br” and is the same as the Sloane plant referred to unde the preceding species. The plant from Browne is the type, for, although Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 69, figure 2 under this species, / he does not quote Sloane’s diagnosis but gives one of his own. ' Paspalum paniculatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. The plant is what has been going under that name in the floras of tropical America. Linnzeus here cites Sloane’s plate, but uses his own diagnosis, which is quite different from that of Sloane. His description ‘‘P. paniculae spicis inferioribus subgeneris basi villosis,’’ certainly applies to his own plant received from Browne rather than to the Sloane plant or plate. I can not agree with Mr. Nash, who makes Sloane’s plant (which is Panicum fasciculatum Sw.) the type of this species, and hence calls it Panicum paniculatum (L.) Nash.g This combination could not be used in any case on account of Panicum paniculatum (L.) Kuntze,” which is based on Paspalum pani- culatum L., without regard to its identity. aSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762. € Mant. 1: 29. 1767. 62: 855. 1759. fLoc. cit.; also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762. e8l. 1762. g Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903. d Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1: 855. 1759. % Rev. Gen. 3: 363. 1898. AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINN2US. Vd ~I Paspalum distichum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. There is no indication on the sheet as to the source of the specimen, though Munro states that it isfrom Browne. The specimen belongs to this species as generally under- stood. Spikes 2 or 3; spikelets 3 mm. long, acute, pubescent on the convex side. Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. The type and form / are from the Old World but y is based on ‘‘ Panicum spica simplici, aristis aggregatis flosculo subjectis. Gron. virg. 134.’’ This last form is represented by Clayton no. 579 and is the ordinary form of Chaetochloa glawca (L.) Scribn. Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. One sheet marked ‘“K” is the ordinary small form of this species. This specimen must be considered the type, since it agrees with the description and is the only one to which Linnzeus has attached the name. Pinned to this are two other sheets both from Gronovius. One is the large-panicled, short-awned form, with stout erect culms and is the same as the plant in the Gronovius herbarium, cited in Gron. Fl. Virg. as Clayton no. 591, and bears the label, ‘591 panicum arvense paniculis fuscis densiori- bus glumis hispidis aristis brevioribus,’?’ which is quoted by Gronovius. On the second sheet is the large-panicled, long-awned form with hispid sheaths, now called Echinochloa waltert (Pursh) Nash.~ It bears the label, ‘579 pl. 2 Panicum arundina- ceum spica ampla densa hispida purpurea longis aristatis Clayt.,’’ which is mentioned by Gronovius,@ who also quotes the Bauhin citation given by Linnzeus under Z. This is, therefore, the specimen upon which the locality ‘“ Virginiae cultis” is based and represents Linnzeus’s idea of Panicum crusgalli ~. Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. The specimen upon which Linnzeus has written the name is marked “H U” and is the ordinary form of this species, Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac, as is another sheet pinned to this with a citation from Sloane. Linnzeus cites ‘‘Gron. virg. 154,” in his description. The plant, Clayton no. 457, could not be found at the British Museum, but there is no doubt that Gronovius was describing our ordinary crab-grass—a name which he uses. Linnzeus also cites ‘Sloan. Hist. 1, p. 118. t. 70. f. 2,” a synonym which, however, does not affect the identity of the type. In Sloane’s herbarium two specimens are covered by this citation. One is Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv., the other L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth, but the plate is taken from the former. This plate is cited under Cynosurus virgatus in the Systema Naturae,? and under both Cynosurus virgatus (page 106) and Panicum sangwinale (page 85) in the second edition of the Species Plantarum (1762). Panicum filiforme L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. The sheet taken as the type is marked “K’’ and is the ordinary form, Syntherisma jiliformis (.) Nash. A second sheet, also marked “K,”’ has this and a specimen of Muhlenbergia schreberi Ginel. A third sheet marked “HU” is Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. Panicum dichotomum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Linneus’s specimen, marked “K’’, is Panicum microcarpon Muhl. (P. barbulatum of our manuals, not Michaux). Nodes barbed, spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Munro states that this is “the plant described by A. Gray as dichotomum.’’? The latter, however, has smooth nodes and spikelets 2mm. long. It should be noted that since Linnzeus gives no description of his own but quotes that of Gronovius the plant of Gronovius becomes the type. Gronovius’s specimen (Clayton no. 458) consists of two plants, one of which is the P. dichotomum of our manuals and the other P.. oligosanthes Schultes. The description applies better to the former, which should therefore be taken as the type. This retains the name in the traditional sense. aFl. Virg. ed. 2. 13.1762. 6 Bd.10. 2: 876. 1759. 118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Panicum clandestinum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. The type, from “ K’’, is the autumnal state of this species as commonly understood, Linneeus also cites Sloane, Hist. 1: 120. pl. 80, which is Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze ( Manisuris granularis Sw.), but the description of Linnzeus does not apply to this. Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 753. The specimen is from “H U.’’ Since Linnzeus gives no description of his own, but bases the name on ‘‘Gron. virg. 13,”’ the type is Clayton no. 454. This, which is the same as the Linnean plant, is the broad-leaved form with ample panicle, as described in Britton’s Manual. Linneus’s citation@ of Sloane? is Panicum trichoides Sw: A specimen in the Stockholm herbarium marked “ K’’ by Linnzeus is P. philadelphi- cum Bernh: Panicum latifolium L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. There are two plants from “K’’ upon the sheet on which Linnzeus has written the name. The left-hand plant is Panicum macrocarpon LeConte; the right-hand plant is Panicum clandestinum L., both in the vernal state. Pinned to this is a sheet of Panicum divaricatum L., but Linnzeus has not written the name upon this. There is also a third sheet upon which Linneeus has written the name and “Br.”’ This is Panicum oryzoides Sw., but itshould be excluded from consideration, as Linnzeus appears to have received Browne’s plants after he prepared his Species Plantarum; at least he does not cite Browne’s specimens in the first edition. “Linnzeus ¢ cites Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 114. pl. 71. f. 3, the species referred to being now called Panicum sloanei Griseb. It is the broad-leaved form with large panicle as distinguished from P. divaricatum L. Linnzeus@ gives a rather extended description, which applies to the first sheet mentioned above and not to the others. It would apply, I think, to either of the two plants upon this sheet, but rather better to the left-hand plant (P. macrocarpon LeConte). It has wider blades and the hairs around the base of the blades are as described: “ Folia latitudine Commelinae ad fauces amplexicaulia; extus collo circum fauces villoso, etiam basi foliorum margine pilosa.’”’ Further- more, he has already described Panicum clandestinum. The left-hand plant is there- fore taken as the type and the name Panicum latifolium L. will stand for what we have been calling Panicum macrocarpon LeConte. Some botanists have applied the name P. latifoliwm to the Sloane plant, but Sloane’s polynomial is a synonym incorrectly cited. It should be noted that Sloane’s polynomial is the second syno- nym given by Linnezeus, the first being from Morison’s History, which probably is P. bosevi, but certainly is not the Sloane species. The plant described as Panicum lati- folium by Gray and other early American botanists differs from P. macrocarpon LeConte in having bearded nodes and larger spikelets. This is described in Britton’s Manual as P. porterianum Nash, but an earlier name is P. boscii Poir., the type of which is in the herbarium at Florence. Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. The type sheet bears the number 578 and Gronovius’s polynomial which accompa- nies this Clayton number in the Flora Virginica.é It is the species described in our manuals as Panicum virgatum. Pinned to this is a sheet of the same species bearing the number 606 and Gronovius’s polynomial corresponding to this number of Clayton in his Flora. Linnzeus has written the name upon the first sheet only. aSp. Pl. 58. 1753, and ed 2. 86. 1762. @ Op. cit. 59. Maia dimen, 1G IIS) fall Ws is oko é 2: 133. 1743. c'Sp: Pl. 59. 1753; ed. 2487. 1762: AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNAEUS. 119 Panicum hirtellum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. The type, from ‘Br,’ is Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Roem. & Schult., and is more fully described in Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. The axes of the spikes are hispid, as also the spikelets, but not the axis of the inflorescence. Theawns are about 1 cm. long. Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. There are two sheets in the herbarium marked by Linneeus, one being from ‘‘ Br.”’ Both are P. colonum as generally understood, though Munro states that one is P. crusgalli. I should consider the specimen from Browne to be the type, as it answers better to Linnzeus’s description. Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 64, figure 2, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Sloane’s plant is not the type. Panicum reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. This name should replace P. grossarium, as indicated below under that title. Panicum grossarium L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. Nospecimen or locality is cited here by Linnzeus but the plant ismore fully described, later, in his list of Jamaica plants.¢ The specimen in the herbarium is from ‘‘ Br.” The word ‘‘reptans” was written on the sheet and then crossed out. Panicum reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759, has been regarded as of uncertain identity. The description applies to this specimen and, as this name is omitted in all the later works of Linnzeus, it is quite probable that he described the same plant twice. The descrip- tion of Panicum reptans, placed between P. hirtellum and P. sanguinale, is as follows: ““P. panicula racemis simplicibus alternis secundis, flosculis geminis muticis; pilis rarioribus involucratis.’’ On the next page is the character of Panicum grossariwm (between P. miliaceum and P. latifoliwm): ‘‘P. panicula ramis simplicibus, floribus geminis; pedicello altero brevissimo; altero longitudine floris.’? The specimen is not what has been considered Panicum grossarium by most authors but is Panicum prostratum Lam. Ill. Gen. 1: 171. 1791. I propose then to take up the name Panicum reptans L. for the grass which has been known as P. prostratum Lam. Linnzeus’s de- scription quoted above applies perfectly, even to the occasional long hairs on the rachis. I am assuming that Richter is correct in placing the date of publication of the tenth edition of the Systema in May, 1759, and the dissertation entitled ‘‘ Pugillus Jamaicensium plantarum” in December, 1759. In the latter work P. grossarium is described, but P. reptans is not mentioned. The plant which has been called Panicum grossarium and for which a different name must be taken up is Panicum adspersum Trin. Gram. Pan. 146. 1826. Panicum divaricatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. The specimen is from “Br.’’ It is the small-leaved clambering form which is also found in southern Florida. Milium punctatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. The type, from “Br,” is Eriochloa punctata (L.) Hamil. Awn about 1 mm. long; axis pubescent but not villous; no conspicuous hairs around the base of the spikelet. Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. 1: 31. 1767. Cultivated, “H U.”’ This is Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. yKQ Agrostis virginica L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. The Linnzean specimen, which is the type, is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Lin- neeus cites after his own diagnosis, “Clayt. virg. 507.’’ Clayton’s specimen is the same species. This number is not mentioned by Gronovius in the first edition of his Flora Virginica. In the second edition (page 14. 1762) it occurs under Uniola sub- spicata, etc. This number of Clayton is cited by Linnzeus under Uniola spicata also. a@ Amoen. Acad. 5: 392. 1759. cue ‘ > ~ _ wet sores ae > ae or § wt F< a aa - pee e 7 2 x Aa, . & . — ~~ Par i a «= t ik = ee « = * wort has 5 » AMBS 2 Ls 120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Agrostis indica L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. a The type specimen from “ Br,”’ is Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Linnzeus?@ cites as a synonym, Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 115. pl. 73. f. 1. This also is Sporobolus indicus. Linnzeus cites the same plate under Poa ciliaris. ® Agrostis radiata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. The specimen in the Linnzean herbarium from “ Br’’ is Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. as described in Grisebach’s Flora. Chloris radiata (.) Sw. Prod. 26. 1788, is based on Agrostis radiata L. Swartz’s specimen is also this species. After his own description in the Systema Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 68, figure 3, but does not use his diagnosis, hence the Linnzan plant is the type. Sloane’s plant is Chloris eleusinoides Griseb. Agrostis cruciata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. The specimen is from “ Br.’’ Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 69, figure 1 after his own description, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Browne’s plant in the Linnzean her- barium is the type. This and Sloane’s plant are Chloris cruciata (L.) Sw., as generally understood. Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 64.1758. | b All the species of Aira of Linnzeus are based upon Old World material. Linneeus inadvertently gave the specific name spicata to two species of Aira in the same publi- cation. The first is on page 63. He discovered this error and in the errata, volume 2, changed the name of the first to indica. In the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae he described the first species under the name A.indica and the second he changed to A. subspicata, thus eliminating the name spicata altogether. In the Species Plan- tarum, ed. 2, 1762, the name spicata is retained for the second, probably inadvertently. The two specimens in the herbarium show evidence of these changes. The first sheet, which is Panicum indicum, shows the word Aira with a line drawn through, Panicum written in front, and the final of the specific name changed to “wm.’’ The second sheet, which is Trisetwm subspicatum (.) Beauy., shows that “swb’’ has been later prefixed to “spicata.’”’ The specimen of this is pubescent like Avena mollis Michx. ( 7risetum molle (Michx.) Kunth.) Some authors have restricted the Linnzean name to the glabrous form and used Michaux’s name for the pubescent form, either as a species or a subspecies. It the two forms are considered distinct, the glabrous form must receive a different name. As Linneeus corrected the name of the first Atra spicata to Aira indica in his list of errata, the latter name is valid for that species. The second Aira spicata is also valid and the name of the species is Trisetum spicatwm (.) Richter, Plant. Europ. 1: 59. 1890 (7. subspicatum (L.) Beauv.; T. molle (Michx.) Kunth.) Aira aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753 (Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.), A. caespitosa L. loc. cit. (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), and A. flexuosa L. op. cit. 65 (Des- champsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.) appear to be identical with our North American forms. Poa flava L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Based on ‘‘Gron. virg. 13.’’ Gronovius’s specimen, Clayton no. 273, which is the type, is Triodia cuprea Jacq.¢ I do not consider this species congeneric with Triodia R. Br. Beauvois based his genus Tricuspis upon this species, changitig@ Poa caeru- lescens Michx. (a herbarium name for this species) to Tricuspis caroliniana. But on account of Tricuspis Pers. 1807, Roemer and Schultes changed the name of the genus ) Tridens, citing Beauvois’s figure. The type species is Tridens quinquifida (Poa quinquifida Pursh, which is the same as Poa flava L.). Hence the name becomes Tridens flava (L.) Hitche. Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. ripe z ap. Pl. 63. 1753 and ed. 2. 94. 1762. ¢ Of. Bot. Gaz. 38: 297. 1904. Bae. Pl. ed. 2. 102. canant, d Agrost. (Mle (lle Tse ~S 10. 1812. Lapin. “~ Sa at ote rx oo eed cc an? Be oe wall, Goustinn- Poe Zeer tac hn, oe ou On Cfceoes te, b, GL FOR ela AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNASUS. 121 Poa capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. The type specimen, from ‘“‘K,’’ is Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. The Gronovius specimen incorrectly cited by Linngeus (Clayton no. 580) is Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Poa ciliaris L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759. The type specimen, from ‘Br,’ is Hragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link. Linnzeus@ cites Sloane’s plate of Sporobolus indicus under this. Briza eragrostis L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. The type specimen, from “K,’’ is Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link. The Gronovius reference (Clayton no. 582) is the same. Both are the more compact- panicled form. Linneeus’s specimen of Poa eragrostis L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753, from Europe is the form with more open panicles, but has the same large spikelets. The European botanists (e. g. Ascherson and Graebner, Syn. Mitteleurop. FI. 2: 372.1900.) consider Poa eragrostis L. to be the allied species (Eragrostis minor Host) with smaller, gland- less spikelets, and quite open panicle. Though the Linnzean specimen is Eragrostis megastachya, yet the name Poa eragrostis may perhaps be considered as applicable to a traditional species rather than to the specimen in his herbarium. This is a question ‘which European botanists will doubtless be prepared to aecide. It seems to me, however, that the description applies better to his specimen (‘‘spiculis serratis decem- floris”) than to Eragrostis minor. Uniola paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. ~ The type specimen is marked “ Uniola 1,” that is, the first Uniola described in the Species Plantarum. It belongs to this species as generally understood. Linneeus cites Gronovius, ‘ Uniolacalycibus polyphyllis.’? In the first edition of Gronovius this citation is based upon a reference to Hortus Cliffortianus and not upon a Clayton plant. In the second edition a Clayton plant, no. 909, is mentioned, but this number could not be found in the British Museum. There is no doubt, however, as to the identity of the plant; it is the same as that of Linngeus. Gronovius refers to a figure of Plukenet and gives the common name “‘sea-side oat.” Uniola spicata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. The type specimen, from “ K,’’ is Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. After his diagnosis Linneeus cites Clayton no. 507, but this is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Linneeus had already cited this number of Clayton under Agrostis virginica. Dactylis cynosuroides L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. The Linneean specimen, which is the type, is from Gronovius and is marked with the number 577 and accompanied by Gronovius’s diagnosis. Gronovius’s plant cited by Linngeus (Clayton no. 577) is the same, namely, Se polystachya (Michx.) EIL. and should be called S. cynosuroides (L.) Willd. ¢ Linneeus subjoins a variety / based on a Gronovian citation. The corresponding plant, Clayton no. 583, is Spartina glabra Muhl. A second sheet pinned to the Linnzean plant mentioned above (no. 577) is marked by Linneeus ‘‘1,’’ that is the first species ot Spartina. There is also a label attached which says ‘‘ Phalaroides spicis linearibus subternis terminalibus secundis adpressis.’’ This citation is from Loefling.¢ The plant appears to be Spartina stricta of Europe, and is probably the basis of the European habitat. (Linneeus gives as habitat, ‘‘ Vir- ginia, Canada, Lusitania.’’?) There is no evidence of his having seen a plant from Canada. Linnzeus’s diagnosis ‘‘spicis sparsis secundis scabris numerosis’’ applies to the first Gronovian pint cited rather than to either of the others. aSp. Pl. ed. 2. 102. 1762. e Cf. Bot. Gaz. 35: 216. 1903. b Pl. 78.f. 1. d Iter, 115. 1758. 122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Cynosurus virgatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759. The type specimen, from ‘‘Br,’’ is Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. After his own description Linnzeiis cites Sloane’s plate 70, figure 2, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Sloane’s plant, which is also Leptochloa virgata, is not the type. Linnezeus cites the same plate of Sloane under Panicum sanguinale.@ Bromus purgans L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. One sheet is marked ‘‘3 purgans H U.’’ The specimen has rather sparsely retrorse- pubescent, overlapping sheaths and evenly pubescent spikelets. This is B. latiglwmis (Seribn.) Hitche.6 (Bromus altissimus Pursh, not Gilib.). A second sheet is marked “K 4.”? In this specimen the sheaths are not overlapping, but the spikelets are pubescent all over like the first. This is B. purgans as ordinarily understood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus.¢ A third sheet is marked ‘‘H U 4’’ and is like the first sheet. It will be observed that there is considerable confusion here. Bromus no. 3, as described in the Species Plantarum, is called purgans, and no. 4 is called ciliatus. Both are said to come from Canada, collected by Kalm, the latter (ciliatus) being from seed. But none of the specimens is B. ciliatus as we understand the species@ nor corresponds to the description given by Linneeus, which is unusually ample. In his description he states ‘‘petalorum marginibus (non dorso) valde _pilosis, ” while in the specimens the lemmas are pubescent all over, as described for B. purgans. We must conclude that there is no type of B. ciliatus in'the herbarium and that the specimens marked ‘‘4’’ are not types of this species. Wecan thus retain the name for the species as described in our manuals and in Shear’s Monograph. As to B. purgans, Linneeus’s description does not distinguish between the three specimens; that is, be- tween B. purgans and B. latiglumis. Of these three specimens, two are marked ‘‘H U,”’ indicating that they were cultivated in the garden at Upsala. The third speci- men, marked ‘‘ K 4,’’ is the only one collected by Kalm. This plant, which is Bromus purgans as commonly understood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus,¢ should be taken as the type, in spite of the ‘‘4’’ placed upon the sheet by Linneus, probably inadvertently. In the Stockholm herbarium are two specimens marked B. purgans.€ The second specimen, marked by Solander, is B. latiglwmis (Scribn.) Hitche. The other, marked by Linneeus ‘‘H U 4’’ and ‘‘e semine Canadensi,’’ seems to be the same, though it is only a panicle. Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. There is no type specimen of this species. The specimens marked ‘‘4,’’ that is, B. ciliatus, which is the fourth species of Bromus, do not agree with Linnzeus’s descrip- tion. The original Linnzean description applies to Bromus ciliatus as currently under- stood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus./ For a further discussion of this species see notes above under B. purgans. Stipa avenacea L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. The type specimen is from Gronovius, as it bears his diagnosis, “‘ Hordeum spica tenuiorl,’’ etc. It is also marked by Linnzeus ‘‘3 capillata,’’? but does not bear the name avenacea. Apparently Linnus intended first to name the species capillata, but subsequently adopted the name avenacea. This specimen and that of the Grono- vian herbarium (Clayton no. 621) are Stipa avenacea as generally understood. a@Sp. Pl. 57. 1753; ed. 2. 85. 1762. 6b Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. ¢ U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 39. 1900. d Shear’s Monograph (loc. cit. 31). ée Cf. Lindman, Arkiv. Bot. 7: 43. 1907. J U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 28: 31. 1900. / ; iiie—0* AAAMA We yO jt y ao AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZEUS. ts Avena pensylvanica L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. The type specimen, marked “3 K pensylvanica,”’ is Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Avena spicata L. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. The specimen is marked ‘“‘ K 10 bromoides.’’? The word bromoides has been scratched |" out with pencil. Since the plant is Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. and answers to the description of his Avena no. 10, A. spicata, we may assume that this is the type and | that there was some error in marking the name bromoides on the sheet. Linneeus || later describes an Avena bromoides from Europe, a different species. F Arundo phragmites L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. This is based on European material, but there is a reference to Gronovius. In the ’ first edition of Gronovius the number of Clayton’s specimen is given as 481. In the second edition the number is 581. Clayton’s specimen is numbered 581. It is Phragmites phragmites (L:) Karst. (P. communis Trin.). Aristida americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 879. 1759. : . The type specimen, from “Br,” is Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. (B. litigiosa Lag.). Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. The type specimen is not the form described as E. canadensis in recent manuals, but is the allied glaucous form which has been distinguished as E. glaucifolius Mubl. For a discussion of this specimen see note below under E. philadelphicus. Elymus philadelphicus L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. One sheet is marked by Linneus ‘philadelphicus 3” and ‘‘H U.’? Under the i} latter appears to be the word “‘Canada.’’ The figure 3 appears to be crossed out. This is the glaucous form called E. glaucifolius Muhl. It has a large, pendulous spike, with diverging awns, and blades 1.5 to 2 cm. broad. This is apparently the specimen Linnzeus describes under E. canadensis, which is Elymus no. 3. The diagnosis reads “‘spica flaccida-pendula.’’ A second sheet has a specimen of the same species, but with erect spike and ascending awns. Linnzeus has not written upon this, but there is a transcription of the diagnosis of E. canadensis and also ‘Elymus canadensis, Spec. 3. p. 83,’ and, “ex seminibus canadensis in hortulo meo [then an | illegible word] 1753” followed by ‘‘Leche” in pencil. Leche was professor at Abo. At the Stockholm herbarium there are also two sheets, one marked ‘Elymus phila- delphicus” by Solander and the other “3” by Linneus and “3 canadensis” by the younger Linneus. Both are EF. glaucifolius, but the second is less glaucous, the spike not quite so stout, the awns more ascending. The two specimens correspond very well to the two in the Linnzan herbarium at London, except that the one marked “philadelphicus” at the former place is erect and at the latter place is nodding. It will be noted that in the description of E. philadelphicus it is distinguished from E. canadensis by having a nodding spike and more flexuous awns. While it seems clear that at the time of describing E. philadelphicus Linnzeus wished ‘to apply this name to the nodding form and the name £. canadensis to the erect form, yet we are left in doubt as to the types of the two. The figure 3 on the specimen in the Stockholm herbarium with erect spike and ascending awns, and marked “canadensis” by Linneus fil., is said by Lindman @ to have been written by the elder Linneus. The latter has not marked any specimen with the name canadensis. I suspect that the history of the i specimen is about as follows: Both forms were growing in the Hortus Upsalensis. Linneeus described E. canadensis from the nodding form, and marked the specimen in | his herbarium “‘3.’’ Later he distinguished between the two forms in his garden and . | @ Arkiv. Bot. 7: 45. 1907, Cone sistan hs — ee Mee aa a na peclark Sree lige es | a [gy Masa OeN eae ag a are a | 124 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. decided to call the erect form canadensis. So he crossed out the ‘‘3” on his specimen and wrote ‘‘philadelphicus,’’ but did not mark a specimen ‘‘canadensis.’”’ In this case the specimen marked ‘“‘philadelphicus” is the nomenclatorial type of both. Each is described in the second edition of the Species Plantarum, but here he fails to distinguish between them. He copies the diagnosis of H. philadelphicus, but not the distinction he has made between that and EH. canadensis. He also copies the descrip- tion of E. canadensis and distinguishes that from EF. sibiricus without mentioning E. philadelphicus. There is no doubt that all thé specimens considered above are the same species, E. glaucifolius Muhl., which name must give way to E. canadensis. Heretofore the green form with more slender spikes has been considered typical £. canadensis. E. philadelphicus becomes a synonym of E. canadensis. It is interesting to note that in an article on ‘‘Demonstrationes Plantarum,’’ @ in which Linnzus gives a list of plants cultivated in the Upsala garden, he says concerning E. canadensis, ‘Duplex in Horto occurrit; alter spica incurvata, alter spica pendula ut in E. sibirico, sed structura plantae vix admittit differentiam specificam.’’* Elymus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. The type specimen is marked ‘‘4 virginicus.’? Glumes and lemmas smooth, the former about 1.5 cm. long, including the awn point of about 5 mm., the latter with awns 1 tol.5cem.long. The Clayton specimen (no. 446), corresponding to the Gronovian synonym cited by Linnzeus, is not in the British Museum. Elymus hystrix L. Sp. Pl. 560. 1753. The type specimen is from Gronovius. Linnzeus has written upon it ‘6 Hystrix.”’ The specimen in the Gronovian herbarium at the British Museum (Clayton no. 570) is the same, Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp. (Hystrix patula Moench.). Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. The type specimen is marked “6 K jubatum.”’ It belongs to this species as described in our manuals. Coix dactyloides L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753. The type specimen is marked “2 dactyloides H U.’’ Linneeus later includes this species in his new genus Tripsacum,? of which it is the type. The specimen is the ordinary form of Tripsaewm dactyloides (L.) L. with three spikes. Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Based upon Browne, Hist. Jam. 367. 1756. I did not find a specimen of this. The species is Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze (A. elegans Schreb.). Olyra latifolia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. This is based on “ Olyra, Sloan. Jam. t. 64, f. 2.’’ Sloane’s plant, which is the type, belongs to the species as usually described. The Linnean specimen from “Br” the same. Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753. One specimen marked by Linneeus “ Zizania H U’’ and another marked “1 aquatica”’ are both the small narrow-leaved form named Z. aquatica angustifolia Hitche.¢ The blades are not over 7 or 8 mm. wide. Linnzeus gives two synonyms, Gronovius’s Clayton no. 574 and Sloane’s plate 67, both of which are the ordinary wide-leaved form. Later Linnzeus described a second species, Z. palustris.¢ There is no specimen in the herbarium marked thus. The description is quite ample, but the only character given which would enable us to tell which form he had in mind is that the leaves are wider than those of Arundo phragmites. The latter (Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst.) has blades rarely as narrow as 1 cm. and usually 2 or 3 em. wide. We may conclude, then, that he is describing the wide-leaved form, or what is ——e = a Amoen. Acad. 8: 401. 1756. ¢ Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. b Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. d Mant. 2: 295. 1771. a eee ee ~ eP TA Te” Le ey ee . Petotee 35 aed f- i, cs ‘ ae es & 3 > ot ke eo ss? ' { ve) < _— i pi - Pas? 4 > : 4 t eh ‘ ll el wengesh et, a ‘ isd ‘ a = - s a Pe, , pie a ByrMiec. | POW LAG : AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNUS. 125 we have been calling Zizania aquatica. The description of Z. aquatica as given by ‘Linneeus is very short, “panicula effusa,’’ and would apply to either form. He prob- ~ ably did not then distinguish between the-two. Both synonyms refer to the broad- leaved form and the habitat given is Jamaica and Virginia, where the narrow-leaved form is not known to occur. However, it seems evident that the only plant that Lin- nzeus saw was the narrow-leaved form. His description was short because he thought there was but one species. The fact that later he described the broad-leaved form as a distinct species confirms the opinion that his idea of Z. aquatica was the narrow- leaved species. Consequently we must call the narrow-leaved species Zizania aquatica _L. and the broad-leaved species Z. palustris L. Pharus latifolius L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1269. 1759. The type specimen is from “Br,’’? and is the common Jamaican species. Lin- neeus,” following his own diagnosis, cites Sloane’s plate 73, figure 2, which is the same. Andropogon divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. The type specimen is marked “2 divaricatum”’ and is from Gronovius. As pointed out elsewhere,? this is the sameas A. alopecuroides L., whichis an Erianthus. It should be called Erianthus divaricatus (L.) instead of Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Linnzeus also cites a synonym from Gronovius which is based on Clayton no. 600. This is Sorghastrum linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash. Andropogon nutans L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. The type specimen is marked “3 K nutans.”’ It agrees with Linneus’s diagnosis and is Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, as described in Small’s Flora. The panicle is rather compact and the awn bent once. On the back of the sheet is a reference to Gronovius, ‘“ Lagurus Clayton 600,’ but, as indicated above, that is S. linnaeanum (L.) Nash. Linnzus cited two synonyms of his Andropogon nutans, one from Grono- vius based on Clayton no. 621, which is Stipa avenacea L., and one from Sloane (plate 14, figure 2), which is Valota insularis (L.) Chase (Andropogon insulare L.; Panicum leucophaeum H. B. K.). Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 17538. — The type specimen is a Gronoyian plant and bears Clayton’s number 601. The “corresponding specimen of Gronovius’s herbarium is the same, Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., but Should be called E. divaricatus, as indicated above in the discussion of And?opogon divaricatum L. Linneeus here © also cites Sloane’s plate 70, figure 1, which is Imperata caudata Trin. d Andropogon virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. The type specimen is marked ‘‘7 virginicum,’’ but without indication as to its origin. It belongs to this species as usually understood. Gronovius’s specimen (Clayton no. 460) is the same. A second sheet in the herbarium from ‘‘Br.’’ is A. leucostachys H.B.K. Linnzeus¢ cites Sloane’s plate 68, figure 2, which is Andropogon leucostachys H. B. K. Andropogon bicorne L. Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. The type specimen marked by Linnzeus belongs to the West Indian species known by this name. A second sheet with a Gronovius label and numbered 602 is A. sco- parius Michx. The diagnosis of Gronovius, based on this latter specimen, is cited by Linnzeus under A. hirtum, an Old World plant, but not under A. bicorne. Clayton no. 602 in the Gronovius herbarium is also A. scoparius Michx. The Gronovian synonym given by Linneus under A. bicorne is supported by a plant in the Gronovian herbarium (Clayton no. 606) which is Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Lin- nzeus€ cites Sloane, page 42, and later / cites his plate 15. @ Also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1408. 1762. é dp. Pl.ed. 2. 1482. 1762. 6 Bot. Gaz. 35: 215. 1903. eSp. Pl. 1046. 1753. ¢ Also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1481. 1762. /Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1482. 1762. 126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Andropogon ischaemum L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. This is an Old World plant, but the only specimen in the herbarium is marked “11 Ischaemum” and is A. furcatus Mtekx. This should not be taken as the type of the species, since it is not the plant Linnzeus describes. Andropogon insulare L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1304. 1759. The type specimen is from “Br.”’ It is Valota insularis(L.) Chase (Panicum leu- cophaeum H. B. K.). After his own description Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 14, figure 2, which is also this species, but he does not use Sloane’s diagnosis. Andropogon barbatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. The type specimen, from ‘‘Br,’’ agrees with Linnzeus’s description. It was first marked Andropogon fasciculatum; the specific name was scratched and barbatwm written above. This latter name is also scratched and polydactylon written after. Both changes appear to have been made by Linnzeus. The plant is Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., as described in Grisebach’s Flora.¢ Linneus here cites Sloane, plate 65, figure 2, which he earlier referred to Andropogon fasciculatum, but which in fact is Chloris polydactyla. Later 6 Linnzeus changes the name barbatum to polydactylon, citing Browne and also the plate of Sloane just mentioned. Upon these grounds Nash forms the name Chloris barbata (L.) Nash, ¢ but according to the recent code of nomenclature this name can not be used on.account of Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 300. 1797, which is Andropogon barbatum L. Mant. 2: 302. 1771, from the East Indies. Andropogon fasciculatum L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. Munro®@ states that there are two Linnzean specimens marked with this name, one being Eleusine indica and the other Pollinia ciliata. The only plant from America bearing this name in the Linnean herbarium is the sheet mentioned above under Andropogon barbatum, in which the name fasciculatum was scratched. But this speci- men is marked ‘‘Br’’ and presumably was not available when Linneus drew up his original description, though the description applies well to this specimen. This specimen is, no doubt, the basis of the Browne synonym cited in Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762, under A. polydactylon. Linnzeus ¢ cites Morison, Gramen Dactylon Indicum, etc., but this is an Indian plant and has villous spikes, while Linnzeus remarks that the spikes in his specimen are glabrous. The habitat is given in the original pub- lication as ‘‘Indies,’’ that is, the West Indies. Linnzus/ doubtfully refers here Sloane, plate 65, figure 2, which is Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., cited later under Andropogon barbatumg and t. + os oe eee 140 trichoides=) =~ 5- 3222 ses. eee 140,118, 134 VELULINOSUNUs oa ce sae eee ee eee seat ley VTP AhWMRLs Ae. boo aeipoee ee oe 118.129, 147,153 DLS CLO WM ore Ce eee Ee 147 TAZADIOIIES® = oe = eas ee eee eee ae 139 Paspalum. altissimum. ..-------------------- 146 Dlepharopby lum. 223. es a 145 Caespitosum=s 2. <2. fe oes eee 136, 137 e1ligtifoliuma: 22055 36 -cse. fate eee 145 CONUDT CSSUT Vane es a eae ee ee 133,141 | CONJUPAOUME==se8 - 2 eee re ea ee eee 133,136 GeCIMIDENS = .< slo aan. aes ee 136 delle soe se Os Ses 5 ee eee 145 | WUT AHUMN es ao ao ese eee n= - eee 116 GIsseC TIME. S* Je ocnn cs tan ee eee 116,137 Gistichitm . pac ct se odeee seen cee 117,136, 146 CLS oe eae ee xe 2s A46 PNTOTIIOH a t= oe eee ee 136 | MOVIGSTNITRG oo oc oe eo eee ae 145, 146 PUN COMM fen oan oe cee = eee ae 146 IGOVOS: Sepa e doa bac face Songs seme eels 145 MEMDTANGLEWIMN <<, <<< «c's hee eee eee 115, 116 PaAMiculatumMee = oi ~ jones soc eeses 116, 154 DUBDULOtCE Rane Seriecanal <2 eee: Seo eeee 146 pedmuiculabumic es. 2- 2. 2-e. see aa 136 | licatnlume cess eee eee ee tee 146 | Palystachiywm oo. ose aero ere 136 DLRCCOM eH ee ee Ie oe ee oecee emer 145 SHCCHATOIGCS Sc oe was ac eeue tine posuere 135 SCroDiCwlabumis: < -. ~~ .ccasee Seema 116 RELACOUM: = Sean oo eee a 2 Se 145 VEO INL 2 note one ete aes 133, 186 VULOSTS SIMU Mn si Sa wass a= sees eee 145 Vif PatuUMs os -22---seceeeecce 115, 116, 126,133 | Paspalus caespitosus.....- epee Sn ts ee ‘al OOmbor UP OTIS =o. eee Sane ee eee 136 PUT COWS Se ern - Sewers Hoes 24s eee ee 146 BIDETEC TANAUS ars ails. nd ae ee ae elves 136 Pennisetum americanum... ....:-. =. ..- 2. 132 RGICUM sa te ook ae ene eee 143 SELOSHIN oct altos s.c.tans tices ee aes 148 Phalaris arundineced. o.oo. + 2s. 2 ee eee 145 OTyZotdes: lax 27 = 452s B23. 115, 130, 134, 136 DULOSO ae ee NOR ee aE 145 Phalaroides (polynomial) -.....--.--..--.-- 121 PHaTtiS 1 aiOluss-teceee oa. eee Sen ee 125, 134 Phragmites communis 2.2~-.------ === 123, 1380, 132 phragmites: oo a--shsssees -= oa ee 123, 124, 132 Poarannis,. <2) s.: 225 ee owe eee nee eee 131 COCTULESCENS 9. =~ a. A eee ee 120 COPUNOTUS 2 Nae So ee eee 121, 130, 154 CLOVDT ES hs- ch a Se ie oe es Oe ee 121 COMMPTOSSA) 2 Seo Sa = 2 5c eee ee 155 CYOCHIO". 2 oo Sees cae. Uae ee eee 143, 154 CNOOGTOSIIS= <<. 28 5... 3 32/2205 Bone ee 121 OUD. ee eo eee eee ee eee 120, 127 GULNO SOs eee Dan Rea esaee eee 134, 148 SPECIES. Page. Poahirsuta)s 28s oc se6 ae eee eee ee 154 hypnoides =. ssa. ee eee ee 155 NETUAID = 25% 5-2 oo 52k ee eee 155 PeClinace@axc ee ae ee ee 143, 155 (polynomall)s22 329534552 130, 131 PLOUWfCnGs 2 RSs Sen ee 1438 (UINQUUfid GAs Sea 120 TEPLANS S25 55585 cae ae ee 155 SCTOLING.<... Gre SSS: Se soe eee eee 154 SCSLETIOUUES! We Sno sn cos Oe ee 155 SURILO ssa ~ SR a ee 155 UOT. 3. So Bee ee 154 Rottboelita cylinarican a. 2 2 sas52-2 te eee 152 GUINIGUUG 35 ce ac a 152 Sacchartim osncinaintimi es eee see eee ee 132 TeplOns WAM. =. 2S. o tae eee ee 147 Sacciolepis:striatac..-- 42. as ee 127, 130, 134 | Sacharum polystachyon......-..------------ 135 Savastana odorata. << 52% -sese eee eee 151 Senites zeugites: =< 220.2 ss2..4. ese 127 Selariassetosdl sa o2. as 2522 = ee ee ee 137 Sorghastrum linnaeanum..-.-...---.--..- 125, 129 MuUltans: so sc see ee ee 125, 154 Sorghum vwulgares- sss) 5.0 sees see 131 Sphenopholis obtusata. -.......-..-.---.-2- 152 palustris). o 5232522 ose eae 156 Spartina cynosuroides............-.:- 121, 129, 153 glabra sce. ose 2s eee eee 121,129 JUNCCR 22s Sock es oss eo eee eee 1538 michatixiangd...--2a-eadess so Eee 153 PCCHiNOLA 328 Bass ee le) 153 DOVY SHA CNY Oa = hs ee 121, 129, 153 stricta. 22 2235.04 2h.5 4222 ee eee 121 | Sporobolus:asper. 222-2: Jee eee ee ee 150 Clandestinus.... 2232-26 2562 < chee ae eee 150 Pracilis..2 <2. sein ss Sass 36s See 150 inGiCUSsso--ssee sec ase sae 120, 121, 134, 149 FUMCEUS na 305 Os es eee aoe ee REE 150 lOngiiOWUSee eee ee ee 24 /asbae 150 purpurascens 23. .22. 222 555.3 142 virginicus............- Ber ae ee 119, 121, 131, 132 Stenotaphrum dimidiatum..............--- 116 Stipa @avenscea. 2 = esas eee 122, 125, 129, 150 DATDAIGss: - et eee eee 150 CANAGENSIS. ot. 25. 2 oe asa ee seer 151 GUM COD was di nera se Sees ee eee eee ee 150 MOACOUNM =.o1 Sais 2 Soe eens Se oe ee 150 SETICEO 0 25 a eae tne eae a eee 150 Syntherisma digitata ..........-.....-.----- 142 fAlifOmMNS! Se ees ate t ager arate 117, 142, 146 sanguinalis... 222 oct gece eee es 117, 146 Sserobing |. .cc2 5556-255 aaa. eee 146 SCLOSOs ofa adie eae ae ae 134, 136, 142 Trachynotia cynosuroides.........--.------- 153 GUMCED a5 oa. tees oops Sa OSS eee 153 DOV SLOCNY Wake = a ee a a 153 Tri ChOduumMae Cm DETS= aaer 22 2-ee see eres 145 lEXUAOTUNU Sa eos eee ee 145 ADTICUSPIS Hees haem Oe cee eee 120 CONOUTMAN Gs we a store eee eee et eee 120 Tri ONS ise ape tent a= eae tae eee eee 120 MAS Sis (ah Se a He en ee eae 120, 127, 155 IIOUNG IIT Taha hoa eS ok Bs ORE Sse es = 120 DPI OGIG« Massaric ae ee a Se a ater ie 120 CUDNED ee semen eee ee 120, 127, 155 INDEX OF SPECIES. V Fage TTipSACUMsCYlINGTICUM. <3. 222 o2- 22. eos ee 152 Gactyloidessea sis soe aoe s oe 124, 128, 152 ERIN OP UT OGM =a ons sarees eee ae 124 MriseuumMemMOllen ee sie ce seee Semen aee isle 120 DOLUSET Cre as Sect mye atin Tera ee eS 156 pennsylvanicum = 26 2eae2 saesa--sssececs 123 DUT DUT GS CON Smee ee ae eens eee eee 156 Spicatumias. ase e- oss ceesecorecesseee 120, 155 SILUSDUCOLULT een =e sae ese 120, 155 (Wmiolarg7acilisie =- os eee ee ee 126, 130, 155 latifolias osteo sees ce potas _. 155 [ha Bite hier es te ee a ele Sree 126, 130, 155 MNOTAULING 2 ee eS nee ee Soe 1S ee Sas erg ooa ami Culatae ns see es eases oes 121, 181, 155 @olynomial) ee eesse- oe == 127, 1380, 181, 131 O Page. eUini olansp7cata ss. eee ene eee 119, 121, 131 Wav kopziborsi pienso eae 125, 126, 135, 142 VALI GQiOTOCILISS een er ayes oe een 150 Li CBT ENN, Sse en atte a ea es Seas ee 132 ZCUG UES Se Mee ree eon see EE Ree ele 127 INVER UC CIV ar ee eos 127 7 Aly Ah dul: Woe ee So Se eee ae ar RP ee eae 130 AQUatICAS =ttseenee tees oe seers = 124, 125, 130, 156 aquatica angustifolia:.'.... -.22 22250... 2- 124 CLO UULOS CN cae eee See oe pee eee 156 A LILULOLTL S20 arteries ee oe age See ee 156 TVULUC, CED sistem case ree Oe One eee cee 156 ANUS ELIS Bee aes ge els See oe 124, 125, 130, 156 ZAZATUOVSISAMONIAC CHa so see eee eee eee 156 ‘ 4 oh es pe, Boe were Lihy 22) Yo WUOsD JL ‘£I048T ET jeanqyeny +: wpOyypV0Ig af ‘TOTO, “WA pue AysurmMaeyy is av 4 yo sjuvjd uo peseq sodA} §,.1otmddno wy WFLA _\) Toprey [Roluejod oy} 7W UOTJOOT[OD [BIOTIOS K eq} pue soouetog Jo Auloproy [etsedwuy oy} ‘48 SNIULIT, UNUeqteyT :oarnqsiojogq “4S ~ *po}WsaLsos SI UNTIeq.oy MOTOPTILM OL, (jizergq wWoury syueTd MOT[EG) Sean PUR AT ony ‘QO ‘Qyuny ‘fesuerdg ‘yurry yo sodAy, ‘MaTYe yw uayTeyH doypstuvjog + urptog ‘Chossq TA “Wl ) dofoyy JO pue (evuljuesiy wor soddy pue syuejd ueqny 8,4IEslIA\ ) Yowqostary) Fo sodAy, “Wore ALOOSIUBJO +: UIST} OL) ‘eoLtouly WoIy sodA} gsBis ON ‘UopTey Aoyostuejod :.o1zdtory “SuOT} -NYTJSUL [BIOAOS Aq wy peuroy umorueg Fo SUOT}OIT[OO OY} J[MSUOD 0} OU POAMOT[V Zo] IOSsefolg ‘“UojIVH AoystuBJog + o[[PH ‘UNOS, [BINJeN uUeRtueyod oy} qe qavd puv AjISIOATUL] URULIOL ot} JO Uap -IeK) TeotuRjog oy} ye yaed ‘ sodA} 8, [Serg ‘489 'ON ‘ITAXX AOA '§ “J HONAIOS 7 ie Wl sdrame—p i meng... om S a eee qyunyy ‘pIeVYyoIy ‘jepney}g ‘xneasoq jo soddé} :umntaieqdtoy [erous4) ‘QT[oINYVN AALOSTFT, P WhysnypL + sueg peo wogal! 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i An Nl ue My i} vi 1 ALLL te i ni ‘i fh Wil ht fi i iW iy) “i OR i aye Ki ry Nis ‘tah NN bagran: AN Sieh Mt vay tans ‘ ii $ie oF eie* “ow 2 £ $e vay | | an SE atest a etae ao ee Ain 18. 3 9088 00623 | Oia Gan eon + et an ll | i 16m | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Lh | | le ie Pars Lae eh bcteitee hn oe be <_2 4 LALPes Tae ie ie Corel Se Rare Se bebe ine fa sted Leben ee a eine pe ere. a ha hearinie teat skeet ete ST Patetate etek . re, RR ne - LAUR FLAS atebtatatatetenateses = » te ry pe aia ++ 2-2-4 = = ey Sy ee ey | ee