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UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM
-
VoLumeE XII, Part 3
ASOD Y OF. T Eh AMERICAN SPECIES OF GRASSES DESCRIBED BY] LINNA US, GRONOVIUS; SLOANE, SWARTZ, AND MICHAUX
ByvA Doar PECHe Oo CK
LIBRARIES
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908
It
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
IssuEpD JUNE 18, 1908
ane ASC.
The accompanying paper, by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, Systematic Agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, entitled ‘‘Types of American grasses: a study of the American species of grasses described by Linneeus, Gronovius, Sloane, Swartz, and Michaux,” is an important contribution to our knowledge of American grasses.
It is regarded as of fundamental importance in the critical sys- tematic investigation of any group of plants that the identity of the species described by earlier authors be determined with certainty. Often this identification can be made only by examining the type specimen, the original description being inconciusive. Under the American code of botanical nomenclature,“ which has been followed by the author of this paper, ‘‘the nomenclatorial type of a species or subspecies is the specimen to which the describer originally applied the name in publication.”
The procedure indicated by the American code, namely, to appeal to the type specimen when the original description is insufficient to identify the species, has been much misunderstood by European botanists. It has been taken to mean, in the case of the Linnean herbarium, for example, that a specimen in that herbarium bearing the same name as a species described by. Linneus in his Species Plantarum must be taken as the type of that species regardless of ali other considerations. In point of fact, the specimen preserved in the herbarium of Linneus is often not the type specimen of the species whose name it bears. Linneeus sometimes based a species on the figure and description of an older author, but by mistake placed in his herbarium a specimen belonging to a similar but distinct species. He sometimes failed to preserve the specimen on which one of his species was based, but later preserved some other specimen incorrectly referred to the species. To consider such specimens types would be quite contrary to the letter and the intent of the American code.
An examination of the methods pursued by Professor Hitchcock in locating and identifying the type specimens of American grasses
a Printed in Bull. Torr. Club 34: 167-178. 1907." UI
WV PREFACE.
in European herbaria is earnestly commended to those botanists who are not familar with the method of types or who are opposed to its application. : Opportunity was given by various curators for the examination of specimens in their charge. Acknowledgment is made, however, to B. Daydon Jackson, Carl A. M. Lindman, P. H. Lecomte, and A. B. Rendle for special courtesies and assistance rendered by them in facilitating the examination of collections in their charge. FREDERICK V. CovILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium.
\
CONTENTS.
HAIER OG UCL OMase epi te en eats crete ar ree ee eens eee Bee oa Nan oe Lene Ba The American grasses deseribed by Linnzeus...-...--..-..-.----------+--+-- iierorasses! Ol Gronovmitisns Elona \VaTeIUNCa 222 eo. ae oe ee Steet ee ithervsrrasses of Sloane's Ebistory.ot Jamaicac. 14.22.0222.) heen esheets esse oe ‘Nhe-W est Indian grasses déseribed by Swartz-..-......2--252.21.-9-22-4-2 66. The grasses of Michaux’s Flora Boreali-Americana.-..........----.----.------- List of new names and those replacing names in current use........---------
TYPES OF AMERICAN GRASSES: A STUDY OF THE AMER- ICAN SPECIES OF GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNAKUS, GRONOVIUS, SLOANE, SWARTZ, AND MICHAUX.
By A.S. Hrroncoc..
INTRODUCTION.
During the spring of 1907 I had the opportunity of examining many types of American species of grasses deposited in European herbaria. In the present paper I have considered the species of grasses described by Linneus, Gronovius, Sloane, Swartz, and Michaux, the first only so far as they are based upon American-ma- terial. No attempt is made to determine the types of Old World species.
Since the older authors did not indicate their types, these must be determined from the records which have been preserved. The type specimen is the specimen or one of the specimens from which the author drew up the description. The specimen often supplements or interprets the description. If the author mentions in his original description a definite specimen, if this specimen has been preserved and its identity certified by the data upon the label and by the name of the species added by the author, it is clear that this specimen is the type. However, it often happens that the evidence is less com- plete. An author may have based his description upon more than one plant (Panicum pubescens Lam., see page 147); the supposed type may not agree perfectly with the description (Andropogon ischaemum L., page 126); the author may have written the name upon more than one sheet or upon a sheet which is not mentioned in the description (Panicum latifolium l., page 118); the locality or other data on the label of the type specimen may not agree with- that published (Zizania fluitans Michx., page 156) ; the type specimen may have been sent to another herbarium (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., page 147); the type specimen may be accompanied by a specimen of a dif- ferent species upon the same sheet (Panicum dichotomum L., page 117) ; or the type specimen may bear a name on the label which is different from the one published (Chloris monostachya Michx., page 152); or
113
114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TH NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
there may be several specimens from which the type must be selected by comparison with the description (Panicum barbulatum Michx., page 148). These and other difficulties complicate the study and make it necessary to examine carefully all the evidence. This evi- dence not infrequently shows that a species has been misunderstood. The original description may be insufficient to identify the species, but the identity can be established by the type specimen (Panictm nitidum Lam., page 148). Tradition may have attached a name to one species, while the description and the type specimen show that the name belongs to another species (Cenchrus tribuloides L., page 127; Agrostis aspera Michx., page 150).
In the following account I have considered each case upon its merits and have presented the evidence upon which I have based my decision. It will be seen that usually the apparent difficulties disappear and we are able to determine the specimen the author had chiefly in mind when he wrote the description. The earlier authors, especially Linneeus, frequently cited descriptions or plates which they considered as referring to the same plant they were describ- ing. Linnzus even based his binomial upon the description or plate of another author. If an author quotes the diagnosis of a species described by another author and gives a name to this, but has no description of his own, the type of the older author becomes the type of the later (Panicum capillare, L., page 118). Linneeus often gave binomial names to species described by others. But if Linnzeus wrote a description and there has been preserved a specimen which the evidence shows must have been seen by him when he drew up the description, this specimen is the type, and not the specimen which is the basis of the synonym (Panicum latifolium L., page 118; Paspalum paniculatum L., page 116). The danger of placing too much weight upon cited synonyms as evidence is shown by the fact that Linneeus sometimes cited a given Sloane plate under different species in different works or even in the same work (Panicum sanguinale L., page 117); or the synonyms may be quite different from the species under which they are cited (Andropogon nutans L., page 125).
Fortunately the grasses left us by the older authors, though often fragmentary, are in a satisfactory state of preservation, and it is usually possible to determine their identity with certainty.
THE AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZAUS.
The herbarium of Linneus, preserved at the rooms of the Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, contains most of his types. In the following article I have considered only those species based wholly or in part upon American material, nearly all of which was furnished by Kalm, Gronovius, Sloane, or Browne. In the case of Old World species the specimens preserved by Linnzeus
>. bs dea
AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS. 115
may not be type specimens, as he often applied a binomial to a species already well known, but his American species may usually be traced back to definite type specimens. The specimens from Kalm are marked by Linneus with a small “K.’’ These specimens are credited to Canada by Linneus, but Kalm traveled as far south as Pennsyl-
= vania and New Jersey. The specimens from Patrick Browne in Jamaica are marked “Br.’’? The Gronovius specimens were collected by Clayton and are described in Gronovius’s Flora Virginica. When Linneus quotes Gronovius’s diagnosis, Gronovius’s species is the type and is represented by a specimen in the British Museum. Often Linneus has a specimen in his own herbarium received from Grono- vius which he describes, citing Gronovius as a synonym. In such cases the Linnean specimen is the type. Linneus often cites Sloane’s plates, but only occasionally quotes his diagnoses. Sloane’s speci- men is the type only when Linneus quotes Sloane’s diagnosis and has no description of his own. In all cases it must be evident that Linneus drew up his description wholly or in part from the preserved specimen, which then becomes the type.
Cinna arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753.
This is the species as described in our manuals. The spikelets are nearly 5 mm. long. Linnzeus states in his description that Kalm obtained the seed in Canada. The sheet is marked ‘“‘H U.”4@
Phalaris oryzoides L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. There are two sheets, both bearing the name in the handwriting of Linnzeus. One of these has a small label pasted on one corner of the sheet, ‘“‘Gramen miliaceum Vol. 1, pag. 350. n. 1.”’ This, which is clearly the type, is Hontalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Munro states that this specimen is from Gronovius. The type locality of the species, as given by Linnzus, is Virginia. The second sheet, on the other hand, marked “Br” and therefore from Jamaica, is Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze. | Sloane’s plate 71, figure 1, cited later by Linneeus® is an Eragrostis. |
Panicum dissectum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. | Upon this sheet Linnzeus wrote ‘‘dimidiatum,’’ which is crossed out, and ‘‘dissec- |
tum,” also ‘‘K.”? The plant is what has been called Paspalum membranaceum Walt. |
Spikes 4, with others hidden in the sheath; spikelets 2 mm. long. | In determining the type of Panicum dissectum L. several points must be taken into
consideration. Linnzeus describes the plant as follows, ‘‘ Panicum spiculis alternis; |
rachi lineari membranacea extrorsum imbricato-florifera.’’. This applies to the her- |
barium specimen. The first synonym cited is ‘“‘ Dactylis spicis alteriiis numerosis
patulis, calycibus unifloris. Roy. lugdb. 56.’? The character ‘“‘spicis numerosis” does
not apply to the Linnzean specimen. The second synonym, Plukenet, ‘‘ Mant. 94. t.
300. f. 2” (from America), can scarcely be the same as the specimen of Linnezeus, for
the blades of the figure are long and gradually narrowed to a point. The third syno-
nym is a citation from Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 112. pl. 69. f. 2. This is the plant now
called Paspalum virgatum, as shown by the plate and by the specimen preserved in
the British Museum. The same plate is cited by Linneeus under Andropogon fascicu-
@ An abbreviation for Hortus Upsalensis, indicating that the specimen was culti- vated in that botanical garden. bSp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762.
ee cee ey CT, ;
16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
latum.2 The habitat of Panicum dissectum is given by Linnzus as ‘“‘in Indiis.’?. We obtain more light by noting how Linnzeus disposed of the species in subsequent works. The next reference is in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae ® where the genus Paspalum is established. The first species is dimidiatum, ‘‘P. spicis subsolitariis, pedunculo communo membranaceo. Panicum dissectum, Sp. Pl. 57. n. 6.”’ Although he bases the new name upon Panicum dissectum, he changes the specific name to dimidiatum. As his species of Panicum No. 7 in the first edition was called P. dimi- diatum, and there is no doubt that this is what we now call Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, Linnzeus apparently became confused, or inadvertently transferred the wrong name. The real Panicum dimidiatum is omitted in the tenth edition of the Systema, but reappears in the second edition of the Species Plantarum. That Linnzeus made a slip of the pen in his citation of 1759 is shown by the fact that in the second edition of his Species Plantarum¢ he restores the name dissectum and we have Paspalum dissectum based on Panicum dissectum of the first edition. Plukenet’s figure is still cited, but the other synonyms are omitted. Sloane’s plant was taken out and given the name Paspalum virgatum L.¢ and the same disposition was made of it in the second edition of the Species Plantarum. In the latter work Linnzeus changes the habitat of Pas- palum dissectum to ‘‘America calidiore,’’? and adds a further description which cer- tainly applies to the specimen from Kalm rather than to any of the others under consideration, ‘‘Gramen prostratum foliosum vaginis fere spathaceis. Spicae paucae rachi membranacea dilatata ad latitudinem spicae ipsius distichae & secundae. Flores orbiculati.”’ ;
From the above it seems clear that Linnzeus had Kalm’s plant before him when he wrote his description of 1753, but that he erred in his synonyms. We must not place too much weight upon the localities, Indies and America calidiore, for at that time there was little knowledge concerning the distribution of American plants. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.¢ from ‘“‘ India orientali” has been considered by some a synonym ot P. dissectum (as Hooker in Fl. Br. Ind. 7: 11. 1896), but. I am unable to find any evidence to support this disposition.
It seems proper that we should regard Kalm’s specimen in Linnzeus’s herbarium as the type of Panicum dissectum L. and that this name should be taken up for the plant we have been calling Paspalum membranaceum Walt., which becomes Paspalum dissectum (L.) L.
Paspalum virgatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759.
-The specimen is from “Br” and is the same as the Sloane plant referred to unde the preceding species. The plant from Browne is the type, for, although Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 69, figure 2 under this species, / he does not quote Sloane’s diagnosis but gives one of his own. '
Paspalum paniculatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759.
The plant is what has been going under that name in the floras of tropical America. Linnzeus here cites Sloane’s plate, but uses his own diagnosis, which is quite different from that of Sloane. His description ‘‘P. paniculae spicis inferioribus subgeneris basi villosis,’’ certainly applies to his own plant received from Browne rather than to the Sloane plant or plate. I can not agree with Mr. Nash, who makes Sloane’s plant (which is Panicum fasciculatum Sw.) the type of this species, and hence calls it Panicum paniculatum (L.) Nash.g This combination could not be used in any case on account of Panicum paniculatum (L.) Kuntze,” which is based on Paspalum pani- culatum L., without regard to its identity.
aSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762. € Mant. 1: 29. 1767. 62: 855. 1759. fLoc. cit.; also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762. e8l. 1762. g Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903.
d Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1: 855. 1759. % Rev. Gen. 3: 363. 1898.
AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINN2US. Vd
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Paspalum distichum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759.
There is no indication on the sheet as to the source of the specimen, though Munro states that it isfrom Browne. The specimen belongs to this species as generally under- stood. Spikes 2 or 3; spikelets 3 mm. long, acute, pubescent on the convex side.
Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.
The type and form / are from the Old World but y is based on ‘‘ Panicum spica simplici, aristis aggregatis flosculo subjectis. Gron. virg. 134.’’ This last form is represented by Clayton no. 579 and is the ordinary form of Chaetochloa glawca (L.) Scribn.
Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
One sheet marked ‘“K” is the ordinary small form of this species. This specimen must be considered the type, since it agrees with the description and is the only one to which Linnzeus has attached the name. Pinned to this are two other sheets both from Gronovius. One is the large-panicled, short-awned form, with stout erect culms and is the same as the plant in the Gronovius herbarium, cited in Gron. Fl. Virg. as Clayton no. 591, and bears the label, ‘591 panicum arvense paniculis fuscis densiori- bus glumis hispidis aristis brevioribus,’?’ which is quoted by Gronovius. On the second sheet is the large-panicled, long-awned form with hispid sheaths, now called Echinochloa waltert (Pursh) Nash.~ It bears the label, ‘579 pl. 2 Panicum arundina- ceum spica ampla densa hispida purpurea longis aristatis Clayt.,’’ which is mentioned by Gronovius,@ who also quotes the Bauhin citation given by Linnzeus under Z. This is, therefore, the specimen upon which the locality ‘“ Virginiae cultis” is based and represents Linnzeus’s idea of Panicum crusgalli ~.
Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.
The specimen upon which Linnzeus has written the name is marked “H U” and is the ordinary form of this species, Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac, as is another sheet pinned to this with a citation from Sloane. Linnzeus cites ‘‘Gron. virg. 154,” in his description. The plant, Clayton no. 457, could not be found at the British Museum, but there is no doubt that Gronovius was describing our ordinary crab-grass—a name which he uses. Linnzeus also cites ‘Sloan. Hist. 1, p. 118. t. 70. f. 2,” a synonym which, however, does not affect the identity of the type. In Sloane’s herbarium two specimens are covered by this citation. One is Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv., the other L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth, but the plate is taken from the former. This plate is cited under Cynosurus virgatus in the Systema Naturae,? and under both Cynosurus virgatus (page 106) and Panicum sangwinale (page 85) in the second edition of the Species Plantarum (1762).
Panicum filiforme L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.
The sheet taken as the type is marked “K’’ and is the ordinary form, Syntherisma jiliformis (.) Nash. A second sheet, also marked “K,”’ has this and a specimen of Muhlenbergia schreberi Ginel. A third sheet marked “HU” is Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac.
Panicum dichotomum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
Linneus’s specimen, marked “K’’, is Panicum microcarpon Muhl. (P. barbulatum of our manuals, not Michaux). Nodes barbed, spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Munro states that this is “the plant described by A. Gray as dichotomum.’’? The latter, however, has smooth nodes and spikelets 2mm. long. It should be noted that since Linnzeus gives no description of his own but quotes that of Gronovius the plant of Gronovius becomes the type. Gronovius’s specimen (Clayton no. 458) consists of two plants, one of which is the P. dichotomum of our manuals and the other P.. oligosanthes Schultes. The description applies better to the former, which should therefore be taken as the type. This retains the name in the traditional sense.
aFl. Virg. ed. 2. 13.1762. 6 Bd.10. 2: 876. 1759.
118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Panicum clandestinum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
The type, from “ K’’, is the autumnal state of this species as commonly understood, Linneeus also cites Sloane, Hist. 1: 120. pl. 80, which is Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze ( Manisuris granularis Sw.), but the description of Linnzeus does not apply to this.
Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 753.
The specimen is from “H U.’’ Since Linnzeus gives no description of his own, but bases the name on ‘‘Gron. virg. 13,”’ the type is Clayton no. 454. This, which is the same as the Linnean plant, is the broad-leaved form with ample panicle, as described in Britton’s Manual. Linneus’s citation@ of Sloane? is Panicum trichoides Sw: A specimen in the Stockholm herbarium marked “ K’’ by Linnzeus is P. philadelphi- cum Bernh:
Panicum latifolium L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
There are two plants from “K’’ upon the sheet on which Linnzeus has written the name. The left-hand plant is Panicum macrocarpon LeConte; the right-hand plant is Panicum clandestinum L., both in the vernal state. Pinned to this is a sheet of Panicum divaricatum L., but Linnzeus has not written the name upon this. There is also a third sheet upon which Linneeus has written the name and “Br.”’ This is Panicum oryzoides Sw., but itshould be excluded from consideration, as Linnzeus appears to have received Browne’s plants after he prepared his Species Plantarum; at least he does not cite Browne’s specimens in the first edition. “Linnzeus ¢ cites Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 114. pl. 71. f. 3, the species referred to being now called Panicum sloanei Griseb. It is the broad-leaved form with large panicle as distinguished from P. divaricatum L. Linnzeus@ gives a rather extended description, which applies to the first sheet mentioned above and not to the others. It would apply, I think, to either of the two plants upon this sheet, but rather better to the left-hand plant (P. macrocarpon LeConte). It has wider blades and the hairs around the base of the blades are as described: “ Folia latitudine Commelinae ad fauces amplexicaulia; extus collo circum fauces villoso, etiam basi foliorum margine pilosa.’”’ Further- more, he has already described Panicum clandestinum. The left-hand plant is there- fore taken as the type and the name Panicum latifolium L. will stand for what we have been calling Panicum macrocarpon LeConte. Some botanists have applied the name P. latifoliwm to the Sloane plant, but Sloane’s polynomial is a synonym incorrectly cited. It should be noted that Sloane’s polynomial is the second syno- nym given by Linnezeus, the first being from Morison’s History, which probably is P. bosevi, but certainly is not the Sloane species. The plant described as Panicum lati- folium by Gray and other early American botanists differs from P. macrocarpon LeConte in having bearded nodes and larger spikelets. This is described in Britton’s Manual as P. porterianum Nash, but an earlier name is P. boscii Poir., the type of which is in the herbarium at Florence.
Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.
The type sheet bears the number 578 and Gronovius’s polynomial which accompa- nies this Clayton number in the Flora Virginica.é It is the species described in our manuals as Panicum virgatum. Pinned to this is a sheet of the same species bearing the number 606 and Gronovius’s polynomial corresponding to this number of Clayton in his Flora. Linnzeus has written the name upon the first sheet only.
aSp. Pl. 58. 1753, and ed 2. 86. 1762. @ Op. cit. 59. Maia dimen, 1G IIS) fall Ws is oko é 2: 133. 1743. c'Sp: Pl. 59. 1753; ed. 2487. 1762:
AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNAEUS. 119
Panicum hirtellum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.
The type, from ‘Br,’ is Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Roem. & Schult., and is more fully described in Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. The axes of the spikes are hispid, as also the spikelets, but not the axis of the inflorescence. Theawns are about 1 cm. long.
Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.
There are two sheets in the herbarium marked by Linneeus, one being from ‘‘ Br.”’ Both are P. colonum as generally understood, though Munro states that one is P. crusgalli. I should consider the specimen from Browne to be the type, as it answers better to Linnzeus’s description. Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 64, figure 2, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Sloane’s plant is not the type.
Panicum reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. This name should replace P. grossarium, as indicated below under that title.
Panicum grossarium L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759.
Nospecimen or locality is cited here by Linnzeus but the plant ismore fully described, later, in his list of Jamaica plants.¢ The specimen in the herbarium is from ‘‘ Br.” The word ‘‘reptans” was written on the sheet and then crossed out. Panicum reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759, has been regarded as of uncertain identity. The description applies to this specimen and, as this name is omitted in all the later works of Linnzeus, it is quite probable that he described the same plant twice. The descrip- tion of Panicum reptans, placed between P. hirtellum and P. sanguinale, is as follows: ““P. panicula racemis simplicibus alternis secundis, flosculis geminis muticis; pilis rarioribus involucratis.’’ On the next page is the character of Panicum grossariwm (between P. miliaceum and P. latifoliwm): ‘‘P. panicula ramis simplicibus, floribus geminis; pedicello altero brevissimo; altero longitudine floris.’? The specimen is not what has been considered Panicum grossarium by most authors but is Panicum prostratum Lam. Ill. Gen. 1: 171. 1791. I propose then to take up the name Panicum reptans L. for the grass which has been known as P. prostratum Lam. Linnzeus’s de- scription quoted above applies perfectly, even to the occasional long hairs on the
rachis. I am assuming that Richter is correct in placing the date of publication of
the tenth edition of the Systema in May, 1759, and the dissertation entitled ‘‘ Pugillus Jamaicensium plantarum” in December, 1759. In the latter work P. grossarium is described, but P. reptans is not mentioned.
The plant which has been called Panicum grossarium and for which a different name must be taken up is Panicum adspersum Trin. Gram. Pan. 146. 1826.
Panicum divaricatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. The specimen is from “Br.’’ It is the small-leaved clambering form which is also found in southern Florida.
Milium punctatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. The type, from “Br,” is Eriochloa punctata (L.) Hamil. Awn about 1 mm. long; axis pubescent but not villous; no conspicuous hairs around the base of the spikelet.
Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. 1: 31. 1767. Cultivated, “H U.”’ This is Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.
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Agrostis virginica L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
The Linnzean specimen, which is the type, is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Lin- neeus cites after his own diagnosis, “Clayt. virg. 507.’’ Clayton’s specimen is the same species. This number is not mentioned by Gronovius in the first edition of his Flora Virginica. In the second edition (page 14. 1762) it occurs under Uniola sub-
spicata, etc. This number of Clayton is cited by Linnzeus under Uniola spicata also.
a@ Amoen. Acad. 5: 392. 1759.
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120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Agrostis indica L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
a The type specimen from “ Br,”’ is Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Linnzeus?@ cites as a synonym, Sloane, Hist. Jam. 1: 115. pl. 73. f. 1. This also is Sporobolus indicus. Linnzeus cites the same plate under Poa ciliaris. ®
Agrostis radiata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759.
The specimen in the Linnzean herbarium from “ Br’’ is Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. as described in Grisebach’s Flora. Chloris radiata (.) Sw. Prod. 26. 1788, is based on Agrostis radiata L. Swartz’s specimen is also this species. After his own description in the Systema Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 68, figure 3, but does not use his diagnosis, hence the Linnzan plant is the type. Sloane’s plant is Chloris eleusinoides Griseb.
Agrostis cruciata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759.
The specimen is from “ Br.’’ Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 69, figure 1 after his own description, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Browne’s plant in the Linnzean her- barium is the type. This and Sloane’s plant are Chloris cruciata (L.) Sw., as generally understood.
Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 64.1758. | b All the species of Aira of Linnzeus are based upon Old World material. Linneeus inadvertently gave the specific name spicata to two species of Aira in the same publi- cation. The first is on page 63. He discovered this error and in the errata, volume 2, changed the name of the first to indica. In the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae he described the first species under the name A.indica and the second he changed to A. subspicata, thus eliminating the name spicata altogether. In the Species Plan- tarum, ed. 2, 1762, the name spicata is retained for the second, probably inadvertently. The two specimens in the herbarium show evidence of these changes. The first sheet, which is Panicum indicum, shows the word Aira with a line drawn through, Panicum written in front, and the final of the specific name changed to “wm.’’ The second sheet, which is Trisetwm subspicatum (.) Beauy., shows that “swb’’ has been later prefixed to “spicata.’”’ The specimen of this is pubescent like Avena mollis Michx. ( 7risetum molle (Michx.) Kunth.) Some authors have restricted the Linnzean name to the glabrous form and used Michaux’s name for the pubescent form, either as a species or a subspecies. It the two forms are considered distinct, the glabrous form must receive a different name.
As Linneeus corrected the name of the first Atra spicata to Aira indica in his list of errata, the latter name is valid for that species. The second Aira spicata is also valid and the name of the species is Trisetum spicatwm (.) Richter, Plant. Europ. 1: 59. 1890 (7. subspicatum (L.) Beauv.; T. molle (Michx.) Kunth.)
Aira aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753 (Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.), A. caespitosa L. loc. cit. (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), and A. flexuosa L. op. cit. 65 (Des- champsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.) appear to be identical with our North American forms.
Poa flava L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.
Based on ‘‘Gron. virg. 13.’’ Gronovius’s specimen, Clayton no. 273, which is the type, is Triodia cuprea Jacq.¢ I do not consider this species congeneric with Triodia R. Br. Beauvois based his genus Tricuspis upon this species, changitig@ Poa caeru- lescens Michx. (a herbarium name for this species) to Tricuspis caroliniana. But on account of Tricuspis Pers. 1807, Roemer and Schultes changed the name of the genus
) Tridens, citing Beauvois’s figure. The type species is Tridens quinquifida (Poa quinquifida Pursh, which is the same as Poa flava L.). Hence the name becomes Tridens flava (L.) Hitche. Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
ripe
z ap. Pl. 63. 1753 and ed. 2. 94. 1762. ¢ Of. Bot. Gaz. 38: 297. 1904.
Bae. Pl. ed. 2. 102. canant, d Agrost. (Mle (lle Tse ~S 10. 1812.
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AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNASUS. 121
Poa capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.
The type specimen, from ‘“‘K,’’ is Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. The Gronovius specimen incorrectly cited by Linngeus (Clayton no. 580) is Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.
Poa ciliaris L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759. The type specimen, from ‘Br,’ is Hragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link. Linnzeus@ cites Sloane’s plate of Sporobolus indicus under this.
Briza eragrostis L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753.
The type specimen, from “K,’’ is Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link. The Gronovius reference (Clayton no. 582) is the same. Both are the more compact- panicled form. Linneeus’s specimen of Poa eragrostis L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753, from Europe is the form with more open panicles, but has the same large spikelets. The European botanists (e. g. Ascherson and Graebner, Syn. Mitteleurop. FI. 2: 372.1900.) consider Poa eragrostis L. to be the allied species (Eragrostis minor Host) with smaller, gland- less spikelets, and quite open panicle. Though the Linnzean specimen is Eragrostis megastachya, yet the name Poa eragrostis may perhaps be considered as applicable to a traditional species rather than to the specimen in his herbarium. This is a question ‘which European botanists will doubtless be prepared to aecide. It seems to me, however, that the description applies better to his specimen (‘‘spiculis serratis decem- floris”) than to Eragrostis minor.
Uniola paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.
~ The type specimen is marked “ Uniola 1,” that is, the first Uniola described in the Species Plantarum. It belongs to this species as generally understood. Linneeus cites Gronovius, ‘ Uniolacalycibus polyphyllis.’? In the first edition of Gronovius this citation is based upon a reference to Hortus Cliffortianus and not upon a Clayton plant. In the second edition a Clayton plant, no. 909, is mentioned, but this number could not be found in the British Museum. There is no doubt, however, as to the identity of the plant; it is the same as that of Linngeus. Gronovius refers to a figure of Plukenet and gives the common name “‘sea-side oat.”
Uniola spicata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.
The type specimen, from “ K,’’ is Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. After his diagnosis Linneeus cites Clayton no. 507, but this is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Linneeus had already cited this number of Clayton under Agrostis virginica.
Dactylis cynosuroides L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.
The Linneean specimen, which is the type, is from Gronovius and is marked with the number 577 and accompanied by Gronovius’s diagnosis. Gronovius’s plant cited by Linngeus (Clayton no. 577) is the same, namely, Se polystachya (Michx.) EIL. and should be called S. cynosuroides (L.) Willd. ¢
Linneeus subjoins a variety / based on a Gronovian citation. The corresponding plant, Clayton no. 583, is Spartina glabra Muhl.
A second sheet pinned to the Linnzean plant mentioned above (no. 577) is marked by Linneeus ‘‘1,’’ that is the first species ot Spartina. There is also a label attached which says ‘‘ Phalaroides spicis linearibus subternis terminalibus secundis adpressis.’’ This citation is from Loefling.¢ The plant appears to be Spartina stricta of Europe, and is probably the basis of the European habitat. (Linneeus gives as habitat, ‘‘ Vir- ginia, Canada, Lusitania.’’?) There is no evidence of his having seen a plant from Canada. Linnzeus’s diagnosis ‘‘spicis sparsis secundis scabris numerosis’’ applies to the first Gronovian pint cited rather than to either of the others.
aSp. Pl. ed. 2. 102. 1762. e Cf. Bot. Gaz. 35: 216. 1903. b Pl. 78.f. 1. d Iter, 115. 1758.
122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Cynosurus virgatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759.
The type specimen, from ‘‘Br,’’ is Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. After his own description Linnzeiis cites Sloane’s plate 70, figure 2, but does not use his diagnosis, hence Sloane’s plant, which is also Leptochloa virgata, is not the type. Linnezeus cites the same plate of Sloane under Panicum sanguinale.@
Bromus purgans L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
One sheet is marked ‘‘3 purgans H U.’’ The specimen has rather sparsely retrorse- pubescent, overlapping sheaths and evenly pubescent spikelets. This is B. latiglwmis (Seribn.) Hitche.6 (Bromus altissimus Pursh, not Gilib.). A second sheet is marked “K 4.”? In this specimen the sheaths are not overlapping, but the spikelets are pubescent all over like the first. This is B. purgans as ordinarily understood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus.¢ A third sheet is marked ‘‘H U 4’’ and is like the first sheet. It will be observed that there is considerable confusion here. Bromus no. 3, as described in the Species Plantarum, is called purgans, and no. 4 is called ciliatus. Both are said to come from Canada, collected by Kalm, the latter (ciliatus) being from seed. But none of the specimens is B. ciliatus as we understand the species@ nor corresponds to the description given by Linneeus, which is unusually ample. In his description he states ‘‘petalorum marginibus (non dorso) valde _pilosis, ” while in the specimens the lemmas are pubescent all over, as described for B. purgans. We must conclude that there is no type of B. ciliatus in'the herbarium and that the specimens marked ‘‘4’’ are not types of this species. Wecan thus retain the name for the species as described in our manuals and in Shear’s Monograph. As to B. purgans, Linneeus’s description does not distinguish between the three specimens; that is, be- tween B. purgans and B. latiglumis. Of these three specimens, two are marked ‘‘H U,”’ indicating that they were cultivated in the garden at Upsala. The third speci- men, marked ‘‘ K 4,’’ is the only one collected by Kalm. This plant, which is Bromus purgans as commonly understood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus,¢ should be taken as the type, in spite of the ‘‘4’’ placed upon the sheet by Linneus, probably inadvertently. In the Stockholm herbarium are two specimens marked B. purgans.€ The second specimen, marked by Solander, is B. latiglwmis (Scribn.) Hitche. The other, marked by Linneeus ‘‘H U 4’’ and ‘‘e semine Canadensi,’’ seems to be the same, though it is only a panicle.
Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
There is no type specimen of this species. The specimens marked ‘‘4,’’ that is, B. ciliatus, which is the fourth species of Bromus, do not agree with Linnzeus’s descrip- tion. The original Linnzean description applies to Bromus ciliatus as currently under- stood and as described in Shear’s Monograph of Bromus./ For a further discussion of this species see notes above under B. purgans.
Stipa avenacea L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753.
The type specimen is from Gronovius, as it bears his diagnosis, “‘ Hordeum spica tenuiorl,’’ etc. It is also marked by Linnzeus ‘‘3 capillata,’’? but does not bear the name avenacea. Apparently Linnus intended first to name the species capillata, but subsequently adopted the name avenacea. This specimen and that of the Grono- vian herbarium (Clayton no. 621) are Stipa avenacea as generally understood.
a@Sp. Pl. 57. 1753; ed. 2. 85. 1762.
6b Rhodora 8: 211. 1906.
¢ U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 39. 1900. d Shear’s Monograph (loc. cit. 31).
ée Cf. Lindman, Arkiv. Bot. 7: 43. 1907.
J U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 28: 31. 1900.
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AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNZEUS. ts
Avena pensylvanica L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. The type specimen, marked “3 K pensylvanica,”’ is Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv.
Avena spicata L. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753.
The specimen is marked ‘“‘ K 10 bromoides.’’? The word bromoides has been scratched |" out with pencil. Since the plant is Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. and answers to the description of his Avena no. 10, A. spicata, we may assume that this is the type and | that there was some error in marking the name bromoides on the sheet. Linneeus || later describes an Avena bromoides from Europe, a different species. F
Arundo phragmites L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. This is based on European material, but there is a reference to Gronovius. In the ’ first edition of Gronovius the number of Clayton’s specimen is given as 481. In the second edition the number is 581. Clayton’s specimen is numbered 581. It is Phragmites phragmites (L:) Karst. (P. communis Trin.).
Aristida americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 879. 1759. : . The type specimen, from “Br,” is Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. (B. litigiosa Lag.).
Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.
The type specimen is not the form described as E. canadensis in recent manuals, but is the allied glaucous form which has been distinguished as E. glaucifolius Mubl. For a discussion of this specimen see note below under E. philadelphicus.
Elymus philadelphicus L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. One sheet is marked by Linneus ‘philadelphicus 3” and ‘‘H U.’? Under the i} latter appears to be the word “‘Canada.’’ The figure 3 appears to be crossed out. This is the glaucous form called E. glaucifolius Muhl. It has a large, pendulous spike, with diverging awns, and blades 1.5 to 2 cm. broad. This is apparently the specimen Linnzeus describes under E. canadensis, which is Elymus no. 3. The diagnosis reads “‘spica flaccida-pendula.’’ A second sheet has a specimen of the same species, but with erect spike and ascending awns. Linnzeus has not written upon this, but there is a transcription of the diagnosis of E. canadensis and also ‘Elymus canadensis, Spec. 3. p. 83,’ and, “ex seminibus canadensis in hortulo meo [then an | illegible word] 1753” followed by ‘‘Leche” in pencil. Leche was professor at Abo. At the Stockholm herbarium there are also two sheets, one marked ‘Elymus phila- delphicus” by Solander and the other “3” by Linneus and “3 canadensis” by the younger Linneus. Both are EF. glaucifolius, but the second is less glaucous, the spike not quite so stout, the awns more ascending. The two specimens correspond very well to the two in the Linnzan herbarium at London, except that the one marked “philadelphicus” at the former place is erect and at the latter place is nodding. It will be noted that in the description of E. philadelphicus it is distinguished from E. canadensis by having a nodding spike and more flexuous awns. While it seems clear that at the time of describing E. philadelphicus Linnzeus wished ‘to apply this name to the nodding form and the name £. canadensis to the erect form, yet we are left in doubt as to the types of the two. The figure 3 on the specimen in the Stockholm herbarium with erect spike and ascending awns, and marked “canadensis” by Linneus fil., is said by Lindman @ to have been written by the elder Linneus. The latter has not marked any specimen with the name canadensis. I suspect that the history of the i specimen is about as follows: Both forms were growing in the Hortus Upsalensis. Linneeus described E. canadensis from the nodding form, and marked the specimen in | his herbarium “‘3.’’ Later he distinguished between the two forms in his garden and . |
@ Arkiv. Bot. 7: 45. 1907,
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124 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
decided to call the erect form canadensis. So he crossed out the ‘‘3” on his specimen and wrote ‘‘philadelphicus,’’ but did not mark a specimen ‘‘canadensis.’”’ In this case the specimen marked ‘“‘philadelphicus” is the nomenclatorial type of both. Each is described in the second edition of the Species Plantarum, but here he fails to distinguish between them. He copies the diagnosis of H. philadelphicus, but not the distinction he has made between that and EH. canadensis. He also copies the descrip- tion of E. canadensis and distinguishes that from EF. sibiricus without mentioning E. philadelphicus. There is no doubt that all thé specimens considered above are the same species, E. glaucifolius Muhl., which name must give way to E. canadensis. Heretofore the green form with more slender spikes has been considered typical £. canadensis. E. philadelphicus becomes a synonym of E. canadensis. It is interesting to note that in an article on ‘‘Demonstrationes Plantarum,’’ @ in which Linnzus gives a list of plants cultivated in the Upsala garden, he says concerning E. canadensis, ‘Duplex in Horto occurrit; alter spica incurvata, alter spica pendula ut in E. sibirico, sed structura plantae vix admittit differentiam specificam.’’*
Elymus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753.
The type specimen is marked ‘‘4 virginicus.’? Glumes and lemmas smooth, the former about 1.5 cm. long, including the awn point of about 5 mm., the latter with awns 1 tol.5cem.long. The Clayton specimen (no. 446), corresponding to the Gronovian synonym cited by Linnzeus, is not in the British Museum.
Elymus hystrix L. Sp. Pl. 560. 1753.
The type specimen is from Gronovius. Linnzeus has written upon it ‘6 Hystrix.”’ The specimen in the Gronovian herbarium at the British Museum (Clayton no. 570) is the same, Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp. (Hystrix patula Moench.).
Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. The type specimen is marked “6 K jubatum.”’ It belongs to this species as described in our manuals.
Coix dactyloides L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753.
The type specimen is marked “2 dactyloides H U.’’ Linneeus later includes this species in his new genus Tripsacum,? of which it is the type. The specimen is the ordinary form of Tripsaewm dactyloides (L.) L. with three spikes.
Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Based upon Browne, Hist. Jam. 367. 1756. I did not find a specimen of this. The species is Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze (A. elegans Schreb.).
Olyra latifolia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759.
This is based on “ Olyra, Sloan. Jam. t. 64, f. 2.’’ Sloane’s plant, which is the type, belongs to the species as usually described. The Linnean specimen from “Br” the same.
Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.
One specimen marked by Linneeus “ Zizania H U’’ and another marked “1 aquatica”’ are both the small narrow-leaved form named Z. aquatica angustifolia Hitche.¢ The blades are not over 7 or 8 mm. wide. Linnzeus gives two synonyms, Gronovius’s Clayton no. 574 and Sloane’s plate 67, both of which are the ordinary wide-leaved form.
Later Linnzeus described a second species, Z. palustris.¢ There is no specimen in the herbarium marked thus. The description is quite ample, but the only character given which would enable us to tell which form he had in mind is that the leaves are wider than those of Arundo phragmites. The latter (Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst.) has blades rarely as narrow as 1 cm. and usually 2 or 3 em. wide. We may conclude, then, that he is describing the wide-leaved form, or what
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AMERICAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNUS. 125
we have been calling Zizania aquatica. The description of Z. aquatica as given by ‘Linneeus is very short, “panicula effusa,’’ and would apply to either form. He prob- ~ ably did not then distinguish between the-two. Both synonyms refer to the broad- leaved form and the habitat given is Jamaica and Virginia, where the narrow-leaved form is not known to occur. However, it seems evident that the only plant that Lin- nzeus saw was the narrow-leaved form. His description was short because he thought there was but one species. The fact that later he described the broad-leaved form as a distinct species confirms the opinion that his idea of Z. aquatica was the narrow- leaved species. Consequently we must call the narrow-leaved species Zizania aquatica _L. and the broad-leaved species Z. palustris L.
Pharus latifolius L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1269. 1759. The type specimen is from “Br,’’? and is the common Jamaican species. Lin- neeus,” following his own diagnosis, cites Sloane’s plate 73, figure 2, which is the same.
Andropogon divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753.
The type specimen is marked “2 divaricatum”’ and is from Gronovius. As pointed out elsewhere,? this is the sameas A. alopecuroides L., whichis an Erianthus. It should be called Erianthus divaricatus (L.) instead of Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Linnzeus also cites a synonym from Gronovius which is based on Clayton no. 600. This is Sorghastrum linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash.
Andropogon nutans L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753.
The type specimen is marked “3 K nutans.”’ It agrees with Linneus’s diagnosis and is Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, as described in Small’s Flora. The panicle is rather compact and the awn bent once. On the back of the sheet is a reference to Gronovius, ‘“ Lagurus Clayton 600,’ but, as indicated above, that is S. linnaeanum (L.) Nash. Linnzus cited two synonyms of his Andropogon nutans, one from Grono- vius based on Clayton no. 621, which is Stipa avenacea L., and one from Sloane (plate 14, figure 2), which is Valota insularis (L.) Chase (Andropogon insulare L.; Panicum leucophaeum H. B. K.).
Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 17538. —
The type specimen is a Gronoyian plant and bears Clayton’s number 601. The “corresponding specimen of Gronovius’s herbarium is the same, Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., but Should be called E. divaricatus, as indicated above in the discussion of And?opogon divaricatum L. Linneeus here © also cites Sloane’s plate 70, figure 1, which is Imperata caudata Trin.
d
Andropogon virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753.
The type specimen is marked ‘‘7 virginicum,’’ but without indication as to its origin. It belongs to this species as usually understood. Gronovius’s specimen (Clayton no. 460) is the same. A second sheet in the herbarium from ‘‘Br.’’ is A. leucostachys H.B.K. Linnzeus¢ cites Sloane’s plate 68, figure 2, which is Andropogon leucostachys H. B. K.
Andropogon bicorne L. Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753.
The type specimen marked by Linnzeus belongs to the West Indian species known by this name. A second sheet with a Gronovius label and numbered 602 is A. sco- parius Michx. The diagnosis of Gronovius, based on this latter specimen, is cited by Linnzeus under A. hirtum, an Old World plant, but not under A. bicorne. Clayton no. 602 in the Gronovius herbarium is also A. scoparius Michx. The Gronovian synonym given by Linneus under A. bicorne is supported by a plant in the Gronovian herbarium (Clayton no. 606) which is Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Lin- nzeus€ cites Sloane, page 42, and later / cites his plate 15.
@ Also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1408. 1762. é dp. Pl.ed. 2. 1482. 1762. 6 Bot. Gaz. 35: 215. 1903. eSp. Pl. 1046. 1753. ¢ Also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1481. 1762. /Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1482. 1762.
126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Andropogon ischaemum L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753.
This is an Old World plant, but the only specimen in the herbarium is marked “11 Ischaemum” and is A. furcatus Mtekx. This should not be taken as the type of the species, since it is not the plant Linnzeus describes.
Andropogon insulare L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1304. 1759.
The type specimen is from “Br.”’ It is Valota insularis(L.) Chase (Panicum leu- cophaeum H. B. K.). After his own description Linnzeus cites Sloane’s plate 14, figure 2, which is also this species, but he does not use Sloane’s diagnosis.
Andropogon barbatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759.
The type specimen, from ‘‘Br,’’ agrees with Linnzeus’s description. It was first marked Andropogon fasciculatum; the specific name was scratched and barbatwm written above. This latter name is also scratched and polydactylon written after. Both changes appear to have been made by Linnzeus. The plant is Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., as described in Grisebach’s Flora.¢ Linneus here cites Sloane, plate 65, figure 2, which he earlier referred to Andropogon fasciculatum, but which in fact is Chloris polydactyla. Later 6 Linnzeus changes the name barbatum to polydactylon, citing Browne and also the plate of Sloane just mentioned. Upon these grounds Nash forms the name Chloris barbata (L.) Nash, ¢ but according to the recent code of nomenclature this name can not be used on.account of Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 300. 1797, which is Andropogon barbatum L. Mant. 2: 302. 1771, from the East Indies.
Andropogon fasciculatum L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753.
Munro®@ states that there are two Linnzean specimens marked with this name, one being Eleusine indica and the other Pollinia ciliata. The only plant from America bearing this name in the Linnean herbarium is the sheet mentioned above under Andropogon barbatum, in which the name fasciculatum was scratched. But this speci- men is marked ‘‘Br’’ and presumably was not available when Linneus drew up his original description, though the description applies well to this specimen. This specimen is, no doubt, the basis of the Browne synonym cited in Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762, under A. polydactylon. Linnzeus ¢ cites Morison, Gramen Dactylon Indicum, etc., but this is an Indian plant and has villous spikes, while Linnzeus remarks that the spikes in his specimen are glabrous. The habitat is given in the original pub- lication as ‘‘Indies,’’ that is, the West Indies. Linnzus/ doubtfully refers here Sloane, plate 65, figure 2, which is Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., cited later under Andropogon barbatumg and <A. polydactylon.k We may therefore eliminate these two synonyms of Morison and Sloane, which are the only ones given. In the Systema Naturae? Linneeus retains A. fasciculatwm along with his new A. barbatum to which he transfers the Sloane citation. In the Pugillus Jamaicensium/ he does not mention A. fasciculatum, but he gives A. barbatum, which is founded on the Browne specimen. In the second edition of the Species Plantarum he still retains A. fasciculatum with the original description and the Morison citation, introduces a new citation (Browne Jam. 365), and changes.the Sloane citation to plate 69, figure 2, which is Paspalum virgatum. It is evident that the type of A. fasciculatum is not from America in spite of the continued reference to American citations.
Holcus laxus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.
The type specimen is a Gronovian plant numbered 589, upon which Linneeus has written ‘6 laxus.’’ It is Uniola lara (L.) B. 8S. P. (Umiola gracilis Michx.).. Clay- ton no. 589 in the Gronovian herbarium is the same.
Se —
a¥F]. Brit. W. Ind. 539. 1864. floc: cit.
bSp. Pl. ed. 2% 1483. 1762. g Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. ¢ Bull. Torr. Club 25: 443. 1898. hSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762. d@ Proc. Linn. Soc. 6: 53. 1862. 7d. 10; 2-13805: 1759:
eSp. Pl. 1047. 1753. j Amoen.: Acad. 5: 389. 1759.
g.
GRASSES OF GRONOVIUS’S FLORA VIRGINICA, 1 DATE
Holcus striatus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.
The type specimen is a Gronovius plant numbered 590, upon which Linnzeus has written ‘‘7 striatus.”’ It is Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash (Panicum gibbum Ell.). Clayton no. 590 in the Gronovius herbarium is the same.
Apluda zeugites L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1306. 1759.
The type specimen is from ‘‘Br.’’ It is Zeugites americana Willd., which, however, must be called Senites zeugites (L.) Nash in litt. Senites Adans. replaces Zeugites R. Br., which is a hyponym.
Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. The type specimen, which belongs to this species as usually understood, is marked
by Linneeus ‘‘echinatus” without indication as to its origin. Following a number of t=} (=)
other synonyms Linnzeus@ cites Sloane, page 108. The habitat given by Linnzeus is ‘Jamaica, Curassao.’’
Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753.
The type specimen, from ‘‘K,’’ is the large-burred species of the Atlantic coast which has been called C. macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn. and to which the Linnean diagnosis ‘‘C. glumis semineis globosis muricato-spinosis hirsutis’’ and habitat ‘‘in Virginiae maritimis’*? better apply than to the inland plant that has been going under the name tribuloides. The inland species must be called C. carolinianus Walt. The Gronovian specimen (Clayton no. 206) is the same as the Linnzean. Sloane’s plate 65, figure 1, is cited by Linnzeus.2 Sloane’s specimen is C. carolinianus Walt.
THE GRASSES OF GRONOVIUS’S FLORA VIRGINICA.
The herbarium of Gronovius is incorporated in the general her- barium of the British Museum of Natural History. The specimens upon which Gronovius based his description in his Flora Virginica were collected in Virginia by John Clayton. Each sheet usually bears a diagnosis and the Clayton number, both of which are given by Gronovius, thus connecting the Clayton specimens with the species described in the Flora Virginica. The species are given below in the sequence in which they occur in the first edition of Gronovius’s Flora Virginica (part 1; 1739; part 2, 1743), the diagnoses being quoted from that work. Many of these polynomials are cited by Linneus as synonyms under his own species in the first edition of the Species Plantarum and are referred to in the discussion of the corresponding Linnean species, in a preceding portion of this article. —
Panicum paniculatum floribus muticis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 1739.
Clayton, no. 381. No specimen was found. I am unable to identify this plant.
Gronovius cites also Pluk. Alm. 176. t. 92. f.7. This appears to bea Panicum resem-
bling P. clandestinum L., but it can not be certainly identified from the figure. This species of Gronovius is not cited by Linnzus.
Panicum panicula capillari erecta, foliis pilosis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 13. 1739. Clayton, no. 454. The specimen is Panicum capillare L., of which it is the type.
Poa spiculis ovatis oblongis nitidis, panicula diffusa. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 13, 1739. Clayton, no. 273. This is cited by Linnzeus under Poa flava, of which it is the type. The specimen is Tridens flava (L.) Hitche. (Triodea cuprea Jacq.).
a Also Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1488. 1762. bSp. Pl. 1050. 1753 and ed. 2. 1489 1762.
‘
128 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Hordeum flosculis omnibus hermaphroditis, involucris flosculos crassitie & longitudine superantibus. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 18. 1739. ; Clayton, no. 446. This is cited by Linneus under Elymus virginicus. The Clayton specimen could not be found.
Coix seminibus ovatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 114. 1739.
Clayton, no. 67. Thisis cited by Linneeus under Coix lachrymajobi. The speci- men in the British Museum is a species of Carex labeled C. folliculata. Gronovius’s further description, ‘‘Gramen Lacrymae Jobi affini, fructu in spicam congesto,’’ ap- plies to this specimen of Carex, and we may consider it an error of determination.
Coix seminibus angulatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. Gyron. Fl. Virg. 1: 114. 1739.
Clayton, no. 445. This is not cited by Linneus in the first edition of his Species Plantarum. In the second edition he cites Gron. 144 [error for 114] under Tripsacum dactyloides. Clayton’s specimen is Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.
Cenchrus capitulis spinosis tomentosis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 1: 122. 1739.
Clayton, no. 206. This is cited by Linnzeus under Cenchrus tribuloides. 'The speci- men is Cenchrus tribuloides L. (C. macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn.), the large-burred, maritime form and not the inland C. carolinianus Wait.
Andrapogon pedunculis conjugatis in medio pilosis, etc. Roy. prodr. Gron. FI. Virg. 2: 1382. 1743.
Under this are included two plants: 1. ‘*Gramen ischaemum spicis plumosis aristatis, e foliorum alis exeuntibus.”? Clayton, no. 460. This is Andropogon virginicus L. In the Species Plantarum (page 1046. 1753) under Andropogon virginicus Lin- neeus cites Roy. lugbd. as above and Gronovius by page only, omitting the Grono- vian diagnosis. 2. ‘¢ Lagurus spicis inter folia brevia ad culmi summitatem dense fasci- culatim congestis,’’ Clayton, no. 606,4 which is Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P. This is not cited by Linnzeus. Gronovius cites the same specimen under Lagurv's spicis oblongis, etc., page 135.
Andrapogon spicis conjugatis, calycibus hirsutis. Roy. prodr. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133. 1743. Clayton, no. 602. This is cited by Linnzeus under Andropogon hirtum. The speci- men is Andropogon scopartus Michx.
Andrapogon culmo paniculato. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133. 1743. Clayton, no. 601. This is cited by Linnzeus under Andropogon alopecuroides. ‘The specimen is Erianthus divaricatus (L.) Hitche. (E. alopecuroides (L.) Ell.).
Andrapogon foliis arundinaceis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133. 1743. Clayton, no. 687. This is not cited by Linnzeus. The specimen is Hrianthus con- tortus Ell.
Andrapogon folio superiori spathaceo, pedunculis lateralibus oppositis uni- floris aristis globosis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133. 1743.
Clayton, no. 621. This is cited by Linnzeus under Andropogon rutans, the last
word of the diagnosis being changed to flexuosis, as globosis is an obvious error. He
=
«There are two sheets marked with this number. The first is Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P. It is referred to by Gronovius (page 132) under ‘‘ Andrapogon pedun- culis,” ete., Roy. prodr., and again (page 135) under ‘‘Lagurus spicis oblongis’’ etc., Linn. Hort. Cliff., the Clayton diagnosis being the same in the two cases. (Laguris spicis inter folia brevia ad culmisummitatem dense fasciculatim congestis. Clayton, 606’’). The second is Panicum virgatum L. referred to by Gronovius (p. 133) under ‘“‘ Pani- cum paniculatum glumis acutis,’’? with the Clayton diagnosis, ‘‘Gramen miliacewm altissimum,’’ etc. In the second edition of the Flora Virginica Gronovius disposes of the two specimens in the same way, except that he omits the citation of the page under ‘“‘ Andrapogon pedunculis,’* ete.
q |
GRASSES OF GRONOVIUS’S FLORA VIRGINICA. 129
also makes the same citation under Stipa avenacea. In the second edition of the Flora Virginica Gronovius refers to Clayton no. 621 under two species, on page 15 under Stipa, and on page 158 under Andropogon. The Clayton specimen is Stipa avenacea.
Panicum paniculatum glumis acutis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133. 1743.
Two specimens are included: 1. Gramen miliaceum altum maritimum foliis Arun- dinis. Clayton, no. 578; and, 2. Gramen miliacewm altissimum, panicula omnium maxima sparsa, etc., Clayton, no. 606. Both are Panicum virgatum. ‘This is cited by Linneus under Panicum virgatum, with the proper Clayton diagnosis, ‘* Panicum pani- culatum, glumis acutis Gron. Virg. 133.’’ Clayton 6064 is also cited by Gronovius under Andrapogon, page 132, but it is a different diagnosis and a different specimen.
Panicum paniculis simplicibus, culmo ramoso subdiviso. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 133= 1743)
Clayton, no. 458. This is cited by Linneeus under Panicum dichotomum, of which it is the type. This sheet has two plants, Panicwm dichotomum L. as usually under- stood and P. oligosanthes Schult. The description apphes better to the former, which, therefore, has been selected as the type specimen. [or further discussion see page 117.
Panicum spica simplici, aristis aggregatis flosculo subjectis. Gron. Fl. Virg. _ 22-134. 1748. Clayton, no. 579. This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum glaucum vy. The specimen is Chaetochloa glauca (.) Scribn.
Panicum spicis alternis oppositisve linearibus patentissimis muticis, etc. Roy. prodr. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2:.134. 1743. ‘‘ Crab-grass.”’ Clayton, no. 457. This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum sanguinale. No speci- men could be found.
Panicum spicis alternis remotis declinatis compositis. Linn. Virid. Gron. FI. Virg. 2: 134. 1743.
Clayton, no.591. This is not cited by Linneeus. Under Panicwm italicwm he cites ““Gron. Virg. 134,’’ but the diagnosis is different from anything given by Gronovius. In the second edition of Gronovius the Clayton number is misprinted 561. The speci- men is Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.
Dactylis spicis secundis alternis erectis approximatis, calycibus unifloris subulatis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 134. 1748.
- He characterizes this further as “Gramen maritimum spicatum foliis longis angus-
tis”, etc. Clayton, no. 583. This is cited by Linneeus under Dactylis cynosuroides (3.
The specimen is Spartina glabra Muhl.
Gronovius here alludes to two other specimens (‘‘ Hujus Generis sunt”). 1. Gramen maritimum spica crassa dactyloide, etc. Clayton no. 577. This is cited by Linneus under Dactylis cynosuroides. The specimen is Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. (Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell.) 2. Gramen avenaceum locustis argenteis spectosis lucidis muticis, uno versu laxe dispositis. Clayton no. 553. There is no specimen of this and I do not find that it is cited by Linnzeus.
Lagurus spicis oblongis pedunculatis, etc. Linn. Hort. Cliff. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 135. 1743. Clayton, no. 606.¢ This specimen is cited by Gronovius under the ‘‘ Andrapogon”’ on his page 132 also. Linneus cites it under Andropogon bicorne. The specimen is Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P.
Lagurus humilior, panicula unica laxe nutante, culmum terminante. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 135. 1743.
Clayton, no. 600. This is cited by Linnzeus under Andropogon divaricatum. The
specimen is Sorghastrum linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash.
a See footnote page 128.
130 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Aira panicula oblonga, floribus muticis, hermaphrodito masculoque, caly- cibus triphyllis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 135. 1743. Clayton, no. 590. This is cited by Linnzeus under Holcus striatus, but he changes the last word of the diagnosis to diphyllis. The specimen is Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash (Panicum gibbum EIl.).
Aira calycibus trivalvibus trifloris. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 136. 1743. Clayton, no. 589. This is cited by Linnzeus under Holcus lavus. The specimen is Uniola laxa (L.) B. S. P. (U. gracilis Michx.).
Poa panicula laxa erecta stricta, spiculis erectis oblongis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 136: 1743. Clayton, no. 581. This is cited by Linnzeus under Poa capillaris. The Clayton number on the sheet is 580, and is so cited in the second edition of Gronovius. The specimen is EHragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.
Uniola calycibus diphyllis, spiculis ovato-lanceolatis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 136. 1745. Clayton, no. 582. This is cited by Linneeus under Briza eragrostis. The specimen is Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link.
Cynosurus spicis quaternis terminatricibus horizontalibus, Roy. prodr. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 136. 1743. Clayton, no. 597. Linnezeus cites the Royen diagnosis under Cynosurus aegyptius, but does not cite Gronovius. The specimen is Hlewsine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Gramen avenaceum locustis aristatis, paniculis forma Echinum referenti- bus. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 136. 1743. Clayton, no. 570. This is cited by Linnzeus under Elymus hystrix (Sp. Pl. 560, 1753). The specimen is Hystrix hystrix (.) Millsp. (Asprella hystrix Willd.; Hystrix patula Moench).
Arundo panicula laxa, calycibus quinquefloris. Roy. prodr. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 137. 1743. Clayton, no. 581. This is cited by Linnzeus under Arundo phragmites. The Clayton number in the second edition of Gronovius is misprinted 481. The specimen is Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. (P. communis Trin.).
Arundo maxima. Ad ripas fluminis Maharin & in Carolina boreali crescit. E caudice geniculis perterebratis Angl calamos piscatorios conficiunt. Clayt. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 137. 1743.
No Clayton number is given and it is not mentioned in the second edition nor is it cited by Linneus. It probably refers to the large cane, Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.
Gramen arundinaceum glumarum apicibus dilute purpureis. Gron. FI. Virg. 2: 137. 1743.
Clayton, no. 596. The specimen of this has not been seen, and I am unable to identify it. It does not appear in the second edition of Gronovius.
Oryza glumis carina hispidis. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 153. 1743.
Clayton, no. 595. This is cited by Linnzeus under Phalaris oryzoides. The Clayton number in the second edition of Gronovius is 395. A specimen without number but bearing this diagnosis is Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll.
Zizania. Gron. Fl. Virg. 2: 189. 1743.
Clayton, no. 574. This is cited by Linnzeus under Z. aquatica. The specimen is
Z. palustris L.
GRASSES OF SLOANE’S HISTORY OF JAMAICA. 131
The following additional species occur in the second edition of Gronovius’s Flora Virginica, 1762:
Poa panicula diffusa angulis rectis, spiculis obtusis, culmo obliquo com- presso. Linn. Fl. Suec. Gron. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 13. 1762. Clayton, no. 936. The specimen is Poa annua L.
Uniola subspicata, foliis involutis rigidis. Linn. Spec. Gron. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 14. 1762. Clayton, no. 507. Linnzeus cites ‘‘Clayt. virg. 507” under Agrostis virginica’ and also under Uniola spicata.6 The specimen is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. In neither case is a Gronovius or Clayton diagnosis quoted.
Uniola paniculata Linn. Spec. Gron. Fl. Virg. ed 2. 14. 1762.
Clayton, no. 909. Linnzeus cites under Unicla paniculata ‘‘ Uniola calycibus poly- phyllis. Gron. virg. 136.’’ Gronovius mentions this polynomial in connection with his preceding species, U. calycibus diphyllis (Eragrostis megastachya). Gronovius’s species is without doubt the same as the Linnzean, that is, Uniola paniculata, although no specimen was found.
THE GRASSES OF SLOANE’S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.
The grasses described by Sloane are preserved in the Sloane her- barium at the British Museum of Natural History. The list given below is in the same sequence as that of Chapter IV, of Sloane’s History of Jamaica,° entitled “Of Herbs with grassie Leaves,’’? from which the diagnoses are quoted. Sloane’s plates are frequently quoted by Linneeus in the first edition of his Species Plantarum, but in only a few cases are Sloane’s specimens the types of the Linnean species. In the following list it is so stated in connection with each species, if the Sloane plate is cited by Linneus, or if the Sloane plant is the type of a Linnzean species:
Oryza. Raii hist. 1240. An account of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as cultivated in Jamaica. The specimen isan awned variety.
Milium Indicum arundinaceo caule granis flavescentibus. Herm. Cat.¢ p. 425.
An account of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) as cultivated in Jamaica, ‘‘for Pro- vision.’’ The specimen is a form with short compact panicles. There is not enough of the stem to show if it be curved.
aS8p. Pl. 63. 1753.
bOp. cit. 71.
c A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, 8. Christophers, and Jamaica, with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, &c., of the last of these islands; to which is prefix’d an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air; water, diseases, trade, &c., of that place, with some relations concerning the neighboring continent and islands of America. By Hans Sloane, M. D. vol. 1, 1707; vol. 2, 1725.
d1: 102. 1707.
é Sloane’s earlier work, Catalogus plantarum, quae in insula Jamaica sponte pro- veniunt, etc. 1696.
‘
132 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicum Indicum spica longissima. ©. B. Theat. Bot. p. 523. An account of pearl millet. Said to be cultivated occasionally. No common name is given. The specimen is Pennisetum americanum (L.) Schum.
Frumentum Indicum Mays dictum. ©. B. Cat. p. 26. Git LEY An account of Indian corn or maize (Zea mays L.) as cultivated in Jamaica. There is no specimen.
Gramen caninum maritimum spicatum quartum. C. B. Cat. p. 29. The specimen is Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.
Gramen spica brizae singulari, locustis majoribus, villosis, purpurascentibus. Cat. p. 30. Tab. 64. Fig. 1. The specimen is the Andropogon secundus of Grisebach’s Flora. The awns are all fallen yas The plate appears to have been taken from this specimen. 4}
Gramen paniceum maximum, spica divisa, aristis armatum. Cat. p. 30.
Sloane gives the common name “Scotch grass.’? The specimen is Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauy. with medium-long awns. Sloane states that this is cultivated all over Jamaica for fodder.
Gramen paniceum majus, spica simplici laevi, granis, petiolis insidentibus. Cat. p. 30. Tab. 64. Fig. 2. ye This is cited by Linnzeus under Olyra latifolia¢ and the Sloane specimen is the type.
Gramen paniceum spica simplici laevi. Raii hist. p. 1261. The specimen is Chaetochloa imberbis (1..) Seribn.
Gramen paniceum minimum humi stratum, spica divisa mutica, foliis varie- gatis. Cat. p. 30. Tab. 64. Fig. 3. This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum colonum. There are two specimens, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, from which the plate is made, and Panicum reptans L. (P. prostratum Lam.).
Gramen echinatum maximum spica rubra vel alba. Cat. p. 30. The specimen is Cenchrus echinatus L., under which it is cited by Linnzeus.
Gramen maritimum echinatum procumbens culmo longiori & spicis stri- gosioribus. Cat. p. 30. Tab. 65. Fig. 1. This is cited by Linnzeus under Cenchrus tribuloides. The specimen is é. caro- linianus Walt.) CG Arundo saccharifera. C. B. Cat. p. 30. Tab. 66. The specimen is sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum 1.) and is cited by Linnzus under Saccharum officinarum.
Arundo maxima folio dentato. Cat. p. 32. There is no specimen. Sloane is evidently describing a bamboo.
Arundo alto gracilis, foliis e viridi caeruleis, locustis minoribus. Cat. p. 33... Tab. 67. Sloane designates this as ‘‘the trumpet reed.’’ The specimen is Phragmites phrag- mites (1.) Karst. (P. communis Trin.).
Gramen dactylon bicorne tomentosum minus. Cat. p. 33. Tab. 68. Fig. 2. This is cited by Linnzeus under Andropogon virginicum.b The specimen is Andro- _ pogon leucostachys H. B. K. .
Gramen dactylon spicis brevibus crassis plerumque quatuor cruciformiter dispositis. Cat. p. 33. - The specimen is Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
aSyst. Nat. ed. 10. 1261. 1759. bSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1482. 1762.
GRASSES OF SLOANE’S HISTORY OF JAMAICA. 135
Gramen dactylon elatius spicis plurimis tomentosis. Cat. p. 33. Tab. 65. Fig. 2 This is red by Linnzeus under Andropogon barbatum4 and under A. polydactylon® and, with a question, under A. fasciculatum.¢ The specimen is Chloris polydactyla of Grisebach’s Flora.
Gramen dactylon procumbens, crassum & viridius, culmo reclinato. Cat. p.- 33. Sloane gives the common name ‘‘ Dutch grass.’’ The specimen is Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Gramen dactylon spicis gracilioribus plerumque quatuor cruciformiter dis- positis. Cat. p. 33. Tab. 68. Fig. 3. This is cited by Linneus under Agrostis radiata. The specimen is Chloris eleusi- noides Griseb.
Gramen dactylon bicorne repens, foliis latis brevibus. Cat. p. 33. There are two specimens, Paspalum conjugatum and Paspalum vaginatum Sw., as described in Small’s Flora. The description applies to the latter. There is no plate.
Gramen dactylon bicorne spicis purpurascentibus majus. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 65.
qabap 3.
The specimen is Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. The same species is described under Gramen dactylon procumbens, etc. The plate appears to be the same. There seems to be some confusion here, as the description does not apply in all respects. The spikes are said to be always two, suggesting Avonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. (Paspalum compressum of Grisebach’s Flora.).
Gramen dactylon bicorne spicis purpurascentibus minus. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 68. Bigwal: The species is Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Gramen dactylon bicorne minimum aristis longis armatum. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 69. Fig. 1. This is cited by Linnzus under Agrostis cruciata.¢ The specimen is Chloris cruciata (L.) Sw.
Gramen dactylon majus, pannicula sone spicis plurimis nudis crassis. Cat. p..34. Tab. 69. Fig. 2. This is cited by Linnzus under Panicum dissectum ¢ and under Paspalum virgatum. The specimen is Paspalum virgatum L. as commonly understood.
Gramen dactylon, alopecuroides facie, pannicula longissima e spicis plu- rimis tomentosis constante. Cat. p. 3. Tab. 70. Fig. This is cited by Linneeus under Andr epodoy One oides. The specimen is Jm- perata caudata Trin.
Gramen dactylon pannicula longa, e spicis plurimis gracilioribus purpureis vel viridibus mollibus constante. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 70. Fig. 2
This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum sanguinale g and under Cynosurus virgatus.?
There are two specimens, Leptochloa virgata and L. mona The description
and plate refer to the former. ea a Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. eSp. Pl. 57. 1753. bSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1483. 1762. F Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: eae 1759. eSp. Pl. 1047. 1753. g Sp. Pl. 57. 1753; ed. 2. 85. 1762.
d$Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. h Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759.
134 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Gramen. dactylon pam longa, one eo Sy quia & longis. Cat. p. 34. Tab.-70. Fig. 3 =} A perfor
The specimen is S2 yntherisma setosa (Desv.) Nashy ao a discussion of the name
to be used for this species see the account of Milium digitatum of the Swartz her-
barium, page 142.
Gramini tremulo affine, panniculatum elegans majus, spicis minoribus & longioribus. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 71. Fig. 1 This is cited by Linnzus under Phalaris oryzoides.¢ The specimen is Eragrostis prolifera (Sw.) Steud., as described in Grisebach’s Flora. The plate was made from the specimen. The spikelets are mostly 8 to 10-flowered, the lemmas about 1.6 mm, long, and the paleas minutely ciliate-keeled.
Gramini tremulo affine, paniculatum elegans minimum. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 71. Fig. 2. This is cited by Swartz under Poa glutinosa.o The specimen is the same as Curtiss, no. 420, from the Isle of Pines, distributed as Eragrostis bahiensis Steud.
Gramen miliaceum, sylvaticum, maximum, semine albo. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 71. Fig. $ This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum latifoliume and by Swartz under P. glutinosum.4 The specimen is Panicum sloanei of Grisebach, who cites Sloane’s plate. Gramen miliaceum majus, panicula minus sparsa, locustis minimis. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 72. Fig. 1. The specimen is Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash (Panicum gibbum EI1.).’
Gramen miliaceum, panicula viridi, velpurpurea. Cat. p. 34. Tab. 72. Fig. 2. This is cited by Linnzeus under Paspalum paniculatum.¢€ The specimen is Panicum fasciculatum Sw.
Gramen miliaceum viridi foliis latis brevibus, panicula capillacea, semine albow (Cait p: con shale (2a omar This is cited by Linneeus under Panicum capillare.f The specimen is Panicum trichoides Sw.
Gramen pratense panicula & foliis angustissimis, spicis brevibus muticis locustis minimis. Oat. p. 35. Tab. 73. Fig. 1. This is cited by Linneeus under Agrostis indica.g The specimen is Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. ;
Gramen avenaceum sylvaticum, foliis latissimis, locustis longis non aris- tatis, glumis spadiceis. Cat. p. 35. Tab. 73. Fig. 2. The specimen is Pharus latifolius L., and Sloane’s plate is cited by Linnzeus under this species.”
Gramen cyperoides polystachion, spicis ad nodos ex utriculis seu foliorum alis echinatis prodeuntibus. Cat. p. 36.
This is cited by Linnzeus under Panicum clandestinum.t. The specimen is Hackel-
ochloa granularis Q. ) Kuntze » ( Manasurs granularis Sw. ).
a Sp. FAL. éd. . 81. 1762: b Prod. 26. 1788. ¢Sp. Pl. 59. 1753; ed. 2. 87. 1762. d Prod. 24. 1788. e Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759; Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762. fSp. Pl. 58. 1753; ed. 2. 86. 1762. 4 Sp. Pl. 63. 1753; ed. 2. 94. 1762. h Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1269. 1759. i Sp. Pl, 58. 17538; ed. 2. 86. 1562.
WEST INDIAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY SWARTZ. 135
In addition to the grasses included in the above chapter, Sloane described four others. Two are from Madeira (Tab. 2. Figs. 4, 5, 6). The other two are described in an account of the plants of the island of Nieves [Nevis].
Gramen dactylon bicorne tomentosum maximum, spicis numerosissimis. Cat. pl. Jam. p. 33. Table 14 [the plate is numbered 15].
This is Andropogon bicorne L. The diagnosis is cited by Linnezeus under that species.¢ In the second edition® the plate is also cited.
Gramen avenaceum, panicula minus sparsa, glumis alba sericea lanugine obductis. Cat. pl. Jam. p. 35. Tab. 14. Fig. 2. This is cited by Linnzus under Andropogon insulare.¢ It is Valota insularis (L.) _ Chase (Panicum leucophaewm H. B. K.).
THE WEST INDIAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY SWARTZ.
Olof Swartz collected in the West Indies, especially Jamaica, from 1783 to 1787. His collections are preserved in the Natural History Museum at Stockholm.’ His first account of his West India plants was published in 1788 in a small work entitled ‘‘Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, seu Prodromus Descriptionum Vegetabilium Maximam Partem Incognitorum quae sub Itinere in Indiam Occi- dentalem annis 1783-87 Digessit Olof Swartz.’”’ This work contains the diagnoses of most of his new species of grasses. A few more appear later in his more comprehensive work entitled ‘‘Flora Indiae ‘Occidentalis.”” © In the later work the descriptions are considerably amplified and often aid in identifying his earlier diagnoses. A few of his types of grasses are missing from his herbarium, but in all cases I have been able to identify the corresponding species from his descriptions or from authentic specimens distributed by Swartz to other herbaria, such as those of Munich and Madrid. In this article the species accredited to Swartz and published by Wikstrém in Adnotationes Botanicae (1829) have not been considered except when these are based on American material.
Clyra pauciflora Sw. Prod. 21. 1788.
The type specimen, labeled ‘‘Jamaica Fl. ind. occ.,’’ belongs to this species as generally understood.
Olyra paniculata Sw. Prod. 21. 1788. The type specimen is Olyra latifolia L. Swartz gives Linneeus’s name as synonym.
Sacharum polystachyon Sw. Prod. 21. 1788. No specimen of this could be found, but it is without doubt the species as generally understood; that is, Paspalum saccharoides Nees, as described in Martius’s Flora Bra-
aSp. Pl. 1046. 1753.
BSp. Pl. ed. 2. 1482. 1762.
c Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1481. 1762.
d A few of the Swartz types, chiefly species of Paspalum, had been loaned to Prof. Carl Mez, who kindly allowed me to examine them at his herbarium in Halle.
€ Vol. 1, 1797; vol. 2, 1800; vol. 3, 1806.
136 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
siliensis.¢ Swartz’s specific name can not be taken up on account of Paspalum polystachyum R. Br.®
Leersia monandra Sw. Prod. 21. 1788.
No specimens of Leersia could be found that were types or in any way authentic. This species and the following are probably correctly understood. This species is now called Homalocenchrus monandrus (Sw.) Kuntze.
Leersia hexandra Sw. Prod. 21. 1788. This is now Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze.
Leersia oryzoides Sw. Prod. 21. 1788. This is based on Phalaris oryzoides L., now called Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll.
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
This is included by Swartz in his Prodromus (page 21). No specimen of it was found in the Stockholm herbarium, but there is at Madrid a specimen sent by Swartz which belongs to this species as usually understood.
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Prod. 21. 1788.
There are two Swartz specimens, on one of which is the name in the handwriting of Swartz, but both are said to have come from Mauritius. They show the characters that distinguish this species, as described in Small’s Flora, from P. distichum L. The spikes are widely spreading or deflexed, the sheaths inflated, the spikelets smooth, the midnerve of the glume on the convex side suppressed. On one specimen the spikelets are 2.5 mm. long, on the other they are 4 mm. long. No specimen from Jamaica was found that appeared to be authentic. In the Copenhagen herbarium is a specimen sent by Swartz to Vahl which is without locality but is labeled Paspalum vaginatum. This has pubescent spikelets and corresponds to P. distichum.
Paspalum filiforme Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
No specimen of this could be found in the Swartz herbarium. At Munich there are two sheets sent by Swartz labeled P. filiforme. One is Paspalum (Paspalus) caespitosum Fliigge and the other is Syntherisma setosa (Desv.) Nash.c Neither of these corresponds to the description of Swartz, which, as amplified in his Flora,¢ is sufficient to identify the species. It is the species described under this name in Grisebach’s Flora. Fligge changed the name to Paspalus swartzianus because of his own Paspalus jiliformis (.) Fliigge based on Panicum filiforme L.,¢ but Swartz’s name is valid.
Paspalum decumbens Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
There is a specimen in the Stockholm herbarium and also specimens in the herbaria of Berlin and Delessert sent by Swartz. All are the species as generally understood. This has been called Paspalum pedunculatum Poir.,f which name must be used on account of Paspalum decumbens Rottb. 1778. Panicum decumbens Roem. & Schult.g is based upon Swartz’s species. Fournier has referred this to his genus Dimorpho- stachys,” but the presence of an outer glume is too variable a character to be used as the basis for separating this group as a genus.
a2; 92. 1877.
b Prod. Fl. Nov. Hol. 188. 1810.
cSee Milium digitatum Sw., p. 142 below.
dy ind Oces 1: W365 97e
é Fliigge, Mon. Pasp. 96. 1810.
/Encycl. Suppl. 4: 315. 1816.
g Syst. 2: 429. 1817.
h D. pedunculata (Poir.) Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 15. 1886. .
WEST INDIAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY SWARTZ. ES7
Paspalum dissectum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 137. 1797.
Fliigge ¢ changes the name of this to Paspalus caespitosus on account of P. dissectum L. (1759), which is a different species. The Swartz specimen is from Jamaica and is marked P. dissectum Sw. and also P. caespitosum Fliigge. It is P. caespitosum as described in Grisebach’s Flora.
Panicum setosum Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
The specimen in the Stockholm herbarium is Chaetochloa setosa (Sw.) Scribn. as described by Scribner and Merrill.o It is also described by Grisebach¢ under Setaria setosa Beauv.
Panicum pilosum Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
The type specimen is labeled ‘Jamaica, Swartz. fl. ind. occ.’’ It belongs to the species described under this name in Martius’s Flora Brasiliensis. It differs from P. laxum in the densely flowered, comparatively short panicle branches (2 to 3 em. long) and in the pilose rachis. Panicwm distichwm Lam.¢ is the same, as indicated by the type specimen at Paris labeled by Lamarck ‘‘ Panicwm distichum lam. dict.’’ Another synonym is Panicum pilisparsum G. F. W. Mey.¢ In the Trinius herbarium there is a specimen of this sent by Meyer, apparently a fragment from the type at Géttingen.
Panicum molle Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
The type specimen is labeled in the handwriting of Swartz ‘‘P. molle fl. ind. occ.”’ This specimen is not the species which has been generally described under this name, but P. velutinosum Nees, fa South American species allied to P. fasciculatum Sw., and not known to occur in the West Indies. Thé panicle is like that of Panicum reticulatum Torr., while the spikelets are very much like those of Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr. The spikelets are 3 mm. long, brown, sparsely reticulate-nerved, and finely velvety-pubescent. The description in the Prodromus under P. molle is brief and applies to this specimen, except that the branches of the panicle are said to be spread- ing, while in the specimen they are erect-appressed. Swartz cites as a synonym “Panicum 2. Brown. Jam. 133,’’ which is the plant commonly understood as Panicum molle, that is, Panicum barbinode Trin. The locality is given by Swartz as ‘‘India occidentalis.’? Swartz gives a more extended description in his Flora, where the habitat is given as ‘‘in pascuis fertilioribus subhumidis Jamaicae.’’ We must decide whether Swartz is describing the specimen he has preserved or whether he is describing the forage plant of Jamaica, that is, the Browne plant. The description of the culm applies to either except ‘‘inferne subdivisus” and ‘‘crassus,’’ which are not true of the Swartz specimen but are true of P. barbinode, and ‘‘pubescens,”’ which does not apply to P. barbinode. The blades are said to be ‘‘ villosa, mollia,’’ which apples only to the Swartz specimen. The spikes are described as ‘‘fuscis,’’ which applies to the Swartz specimen and not to P. barbinode, on which the inflorescence is green or purple tinged. Referring to glumes, ‘‘valvula exterior minuta” applies best to P. barbinode, as, in the specimen, the first glume is half as long as the spikelet, and in P. barbinode only about one-fourth as long. Second glume ‘“‘pubescens” applies to the Swartz specimen; in P. barbinode the spikelets are glabrous. The interior valve (palea) of the neutral flower is said to be minute, but in both species it is well developed. The transversely rugose fertile lemma common to both species is not mentioned. In a note Swartz states that the species is distinguished by its soft pubescence and the thick, somewhat succulent culm, for which latter feature it is much liked by cattle for fodder. He
@Mon. Pasp. 209. 1810.
5 N. A. Species Chaetochloa, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 39. 1900. cFl. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864.
@Encycl. 4: 731. 1797.
é Prim. Fl. Esseq. 57. 1818.
f Agrost. Bras. 121. 1829.
138 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
further states that it is called in Jamaica Dutchgrass and is indigenous in Surinam. Swartz probably thought-his specimen to be the same as Browne’s plant, and, while he described his own specimen, his description was modified by his knowledge of the habit of the other species. Under these circumstances I think we should consider the specimen in Swartz’s herbarium as the type of Panicum molle, which name should be taken up for Panicwm velutinosum Nees. A specimen in the Munich herbarium labeled P. molle from Jamaica, sent by Swartz, is Panicwm sloanei Griseb. or some closely allied species. J am not yet prepared to say whether or not Panicum numi- dianum Lam. (1791) of Africa is the same as Panicum barbinode Trin. (1835) of Brazil. They are made synonymous in Martius’s Flora Brasiliensis. In the type of P. nwmi- dianum the spikes are rather loosely flowered, the rachis lacks bristles, and the lower glume is half as long as the spikelet. According to Hooker,¢ this should be Panicum muticum Forsk. :
Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Prod. 22. 1788. :
There are two forms upon the sheet, which is labeled “Jamaica, Swartz. P. fasci- culatum. fl. ind. oce.’’ The chief specimen (which I accept as the type) is a good match for Maxon no. 1659, collected in Jamaica in 1903. The spike-like racemes are slender and 6 to 8 cm. long, the axis and pedicels pilose with scattered long, white hairs. The spikelets are 2 mm. long, strongly reticulated, glabrous, rather dark brown in color. The right-hand specimen, also P. fasciculatum, has a more compact panicle, with shorter spikes and spikelets about 2.5 mm. long.
Panicum chartaginense Sw. Prod. 22. 1788.
The specimen is marked ‘‘Panicum chartaginense Fl. Ind. Occ. Swartz.’ It is the same as to floral character as the right-hand specimen of P. fasciculatum men- tioned above, and has compact panicles with spikes about 2 cm. long. The habit of the plant is somewhat different. The culms are more or less prostrate-spreading, the leaves short and crowded and more or less pubescent, especially the sheaths; the panicles are somewhat included at the base; the spikelets are 2.5mm.long. The general appearance is that of Panicum reticulatum Torr. of Mexico. This form can be recognized as a subspecies under the name of Panicum fasciculatum chartaginense (Sw.) Doell.6 (Panicum chartaginense Sw.; P. reticulatum Torr.)
Panicum nemorosum §w. Prod. 22. 1788. The type specimen is marked by Swartz with the name and “‘fl. ind. occ.” It is Ichnanthus nemorosus (Sw.) Doell.
Panicum acuminatum Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type sheet is marked by Swartz ‘“P. acuminatum fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz.’’ The plants are all the autumnal state. This has recently been described as Panicum comophyllum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 380. 1903.
Panicum rigens Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type specimen is marked ‘‘P. rigens fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz.’’ It is an Isachne, and is the same as that described by Grisebach in his Flora of the British West Indies under the name of J. rigens Trin. Grisebach’s plant collected by Mac- fadyen in Jamaica, preserved in the herbarium of Grisebach at Géttingen, is the same. Isachne rigens Trin. is based upon Panicum rigens Sw. and the name of our plant is Isachne rigens (Sw.) Trin. Gram. Pan. 252. 1826, although the plant described here and in Martius’s Flora Brasiliensis appears to be Jsachne rigidifolia (Poir.) Urb. (Ag- rostis rigidifolia Poir. The type specimen of Agrostis rigidifolia Poir. was examined in the herbarium at Florence. It has distichous, glabrous leaves, and rigid, spreading, panicle branches quite different from those of Panicum rigens Sw. Sieber no. 265 from Martinique is J. rigidifolia and is cited by Grisebach, indicating that he confused the two species. Some of the plants sent by Swartz to other herbaria under the name of
apy, Brit. Ind. 7273451896: bIn Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 205. 1877.
WEST INDIAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY SWARTZ, 139
Panicum rigens are not the same as the plant in his own herbarium. The specimen at Florence is J. rigidifolia. The specimen from the general herbarium at Stockholm, which was seen by me at Halle, is Panicum acuminatum Sw. The specimen at Berlin I think is the same as the original at Stockholm, though it has longer leaves, the blades being 6 cm. or more long; but, as in the case of the other, the surface of the blades is scabrous to the touch as described by Swartz. There are some points in Swartz’s description which lead one to think that he had seen Jsachne rigidifolia. He says, in the more extended description in his Flora,@ ‘‘Gramen rigiditate peculiare.’? But in the original diagnosis in the Prodromus he states that the leaves are scabrous, which apples to his specimen, but not to Isachne rigidifolia. Swartz’s type at Stockholm is well matched by Fendler no. 1637 from Venezuela (U. S. National Herbarium no. 8225388).
Panicum fuscum Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type specimen is marked ‘‘P. fuscum Flor. ind. occ. Jamaica, Swartz.’’ The panicles are small and compact like those of P. chartaginense-Sw., and the spikelets are like those of P. fasciculatum Sw., but slightly larger. A good match for this is Maxon no. 2361 from Jamaica. It should be considered a synonym of P. fascicu- latum,
Panicum laxum Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type specimen is marked ‘P. larum fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz.’’ It belongs to this species as usually described. Synonyms are: P. agrostidiforme Lam. 1791, type at Paris marked ‘‘lam. ill. gen. ex D. Richard;” P. tenwiculmum Meyer, 1818, portion of type in the herbarium of Trinius at St. Petersburg marked “Prim. Fl. Esseq.,”’ sent by Meyer; P. diandrum Kunth, 1829, type in the Berlin herbarium, collected in Guadaloupe by Balbis (the second specimen cited by Kunth, Rio Janeiro, col- lected by Gaudichaud, is also in the Berlin herbarium); P. ramuliflorum Hochst. in Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glum. 1854, type in the herbarium of Steudel at Paris. This last specimen is also marked Agrostis nigrescens Salzm. and is from Bahia. Steudel’s cited specimen, Kappler Pl. Surin. no. 1523 is the same species (fide specimens seen in various herbaria, such as those of Munich and Leipzig).
Panicum fiavescens Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type specimen is marked ‘‘P. jflavescens fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz.’’ It is the same as P. fasciculatum. The panicle is somewhat more open, but the branches of the panicle are slender, about 8 cm. long, resembling in this respect the specimen of P. fasciculatum rather than that of P. fuscwm, but nearly devoid of bristles. The spikelets are brownish, strongly reticulated, slightly exceeding 2 mm. in length. Panicum flavescens as described by Grisebach® and by Hooker © is very different, being a species of the section Ptychophyllum.,
Panicum diffusum Sw. Prod. 23. 1788. The type specimen is labeled ‘‘diffusum fl. ind. occ.,’’ and belongs to that species as generally understood.
Panicum oryzoides Sw. Prod. 23. 1788.
The type specimen labeled ‘‘P. oryzoides fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz.’’ is the same as P. zizanioides H. B. K. (1815), which name must be usea on account of Panicum oryzoides Ard, Animad. Spec. Alt. 16. 1764.
Panicum pallens Sw. Prod. 23. 1788. The type specimen marked ‘‘P. pallens fl. ind. occ. Munro.
”)
is Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.)
aH Ind. Oce. 1: 154. 17972 c Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 56. 1896. b FI. Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864. 35023—voL 12, pr 83—O8——3
140 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicum lanatum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
The type specimen marked ‘P. lanatum fl. ind. oce. Jamaica. Swartz,’’ is allied to P. divaricatum L. and P. sloanei Griseb. The species is characterized by the densely lanose-velvety sheaths and blades. On account of the earlier Panicum lanatum Rottb. Descr. Pl. 3. 1776 ( Valota insularis (1L.) Chase), I suggest for Swartz’s species the name Panicum swartzianum (Panicum lanatum Sw., not Rottb.).
Panicum arundinaceum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
There are two plants upon the type sheet, which is marked ‘‘ Panicum arundina- ceum fl. ind. occ. Jamaica. Swartz,’’ one with a large spreading panicle, the other with a narrow compact panicle. The description applies better to the first, although they are both Isachne arundinacea (Sw.) Griseb.
Panicum polygamum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788. The type specimen marked ‘ Prodr.’’ is Panicum maximum Jacq., an eaflier name, which Swartz himself uses in his Flora.¢
Panicum glutinosum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788: The type specimen marked ‘P. glutinosum fl. ind. oce.’’ from “Jamaica. Swartz,”’ belongs to this species as generally understood.
Panicum trichoides Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
There are two plants upon the type sheet, which is labeled “ trichoides fl. ind. occ.” from ‘‘ Jamaica. Swartz.’’ The left-hand specimen is the form described as P. brevi- folium in Grisebach’s Flora; the other is the same as the type of Panicum triganthum Nees in the Berlin Herbarium, examined at Halle. The leaf blades of the right-hand speci- men are longer and the spikelets somewhat larger than in the left-hand one. Sloane’s plate’ of Panicum brevifolium is cited by Swartz: Itis evident from the more complete description given later in his Flora that Swartz considered his species the same as P. brevifolium L. and variable enough to include both the plants preserved, but wished to change the name. The type of P. brevifoliwm L. is from India. The species is shown by description and the specimen in the Linnzean herbarium to be P. ovalifolium as described in Hooker’s Flora of British India. Hence we may consider P. trichoides Sw. as applying to the Tropical American species usually described as P. brevifolium L. (P. capillaceum Lam. Tabl. Encyel. 1: 173. 1791), the left-hand plant being taken as the type, and adopt Panicum trichanthum N i for the larger form.
Panicum caespitosum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 149. 1797.
The type specimen marked “ P. caespitoswm fl. ind. occ.”’ from “Jamaica. Swartz” is Panicum prostratum Lam., but, as shown previously (page 119), we should use the name Panicum reptans L, for this species. The Mexican plant which has been dis- tributed under the name P. caespitoswm in recent collections is a different species. ¢
Osta wen lve te e¢ This was brought to my attention by Professor Mez, of Halle, for whom I propose to name this species: ;
BRACHIARIA MEZIANA Sp. Nov.
Perennial; culms cespitose, glabrous, at first erect, 20 to 30 cm. high; later branched and decumbent becoming as much as 70 cm. long; leaves light green, sheaths densely ciliate on the margin, sometimes sparsely pilose on the surface, blades 5 to 12 em. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, moderately stiff and firm, glabrous or sparsely pilose on either sur- face, ciliate on the margin near the base with papillose hairs; early panicles long- exserted, later ones less so or scarcely exserted, consisting of several spike-like racemes 2 to 3 cm. long, along the upper 2 to 3 cm. of the culm; spikelets placed with the first glume toward the axis, arranged in 2 rows on one side of a somewhat flattened narrow rachis interspersed with pilose hairs, nearly sessile, glabrous, 3 mm. long, ovate, subacute; first glume ovate, 3-nerved, 1 mm. long, second glume as long as
ve
WEST INDIAN GRASSES DESCRIBED BY SWARTZ. 141
Panicum hirsutum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 173. 1797.
The type specimen from ‘Jamaica, Swartz’’ is, as described by Swartz, a robust plant with appressed-hirsute sheaths and a large, somewhat compact panicle about 20 cm. long, with glabrous acute spikelets about 2 mm. long. Pringle no. 5573 from Mexico is the same.
Panicum kalmii Sw. Adnot. Bot. 6. 1829. The type specimen, from Kalm marked P. kalmat and also P. heterophyllum, is Pani- cum sphaerocarpon Ell.¢
Panicum compactum Sw. Adnot. Bot. 14. 1829.
The type specimen is from Jamaica, and belongs to ao: species as described i Grisebach.6 Grisebach describes this as a new species “Sw. Herb.,’’ overlooking the description by Wikstrém in the Adnotationes cited above. There is an earlier P. compactum Kit.,¢ but this is mentioned as a synonym under Panicwm germanicum and hence, not being actually published, is not a valid name. Ido not find that Kitaibel’s name was taken up before the publication of P. compactum Swartz.
Milium compressum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
No specimen of this could be found, but the excellent description of Swartz in his Flora@ leaves no room for doubt. It is the common pasture grass of the West Indies called Paspalum compressum Rasp. and Anastrophus compressus Schlecht. The char- acters of the species and its allies seem sufficiently distinct from Paspalum to warrant the segregation of the group as a genus. Schlechtendahl suggested for it the name Anastrophus. Axonopus Beauv. has been rejected by some authors on account of the dubious characters assigned to it; and has been accepted by others for diverse groups, usually centered around Panicum cimicinum Retz. Beauvoisé assigns four species to this new genus, none of which he figures: Miliwm compressum, M. digitatum, M. cimi- cinum, M. paniceum. Inanote he mentionsanother species, Avonopus aureus, which he characterizes very hriefly, and which he says seems to him asif it ought to belong to that genus. He complicates matters somewhat by placing the mark of doubt in the index after all the species of this genus except A. aureus. The type of the genus must be
‘spikelet, convex, prominently 5-nerved, sterile lemma as long as spikelet, flat on back, prominently 5-nerved, the first pair of nerves forming the angle of the incurved edges, the second pair of nerves near the margin, sterile floret with three stamens and a well-developed palea as long as the lemma, fertile lemma and palea minutely rough- ened but not rugose, the former bearing a prominent apiculation about 0.5 mm. long. Low moist places on the. plains of Mexico. Specimens examined: Pringle 9592, Federal District, Cerro de Guadaloupe, altitude 2,770 meters, August 19, 1901; Palmer 533, 254; Conzatti & Gonzales 348; Bourgeau 222, 439; Nelson in 1893; Pringle 375.
Besides these specimens which are in the National Herbarium I have examined the following cited by Fournier under P. caespitosum (Mex. Pl. 2: 18.1886): Bourgeau 679, Berlandier 575, 795, Inebmann 382, Schaffner 190, 317, Virlet 1309.
The type specimen is no, 156925 of the U.S. Notional Herbarium (Pringle’s 9592).
The genus Brachiaria -was established by Grisebach (in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853) with a single species, B. erucaeformis (Sibth.) Griseb., which is the type. Brachiaria differs from Panicum chiefly in having spikelets so placed that the fertile floret stands with its palea toward the axis, i. e., with the first ghume toward the axis. The spikelets are subsessile in one- -sided racemes, these racemose on an con gated axis. n
@Bot Ss, 0:,.& Ga. 1: 125. 1816. Grinds Oce. ts 1832797. dF. Brit. W. Ind. 552. 1864. é Agrost. 12. 1812. ¢In Schultes, Oester. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 212. 1814. ;
142 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
either Miliwm compressum Sw. or Axonopus aureus Beauv. I believe the former should be taken as the type, though I think the two species are congeneric. Swartz species then should be known as Avonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv.
Milium paniceum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788. The type specimen is Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash (Panicum filiforme L.).
Milium digitatum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788. :
The type specimen is Syntherisma setosa (Desy.) Nash as described in Nash’s review of Syntherisma.? ~The long-exserted peduncles bear 2 to 4 slender spikes, with narrow rachis. It is well matched by Heller no. 4398 from Porto Rico and Wright no. 764 from Cuba. The spikelets are narrow, slightly exceeding 2 mm. in length. Swartz’s name is earlier than the other names for this, hence the species becomes Syntherisma digitata (Sw.).
Milium villosum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
The type specimen is Valota insularis (L.) Chase (Andropogon insulare L.; Panicum
leucophacum H. B. K.).
Agrostis purpurascens Sw. Prod. 25. 1788.
The type specimen is Sporobolus purpurascens (Sw.) Hamilt., as described in Grise- bach’s Flora. Manisuris granularis Sw. Prod. 25. 1788.
This is based on Cenchrus granularis L. The specimen belongs to this species, i. e., Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze. ;
Manisuris myuros L. The specimen is a Rottboellia from the East Indies. Swartz gives no locality in the Prodromus.
Chloris cruciata Sw. Prod. 25. 1788. This is based on Agrostis cruciata L. The specimen belongs to this species.
Chloris ciliata Sw. Prod. 25. 1788. The type specimen belongs to this species as generally understood. It is well matched by Curtiss no. 600 from Cuba.
Chloris petraea Sw. Prod. 25. 1788.
The type specimen belongs to this species as generally understood, and as described in Grisebach’s Flora. -Doell® changes the name of this to C. swartziana on account of C. petraca Thunb., which, however, is a later name.
Chloris polydactyla Sw. Prod. 26. 1788. This is based on Andropogon polydactylon L. ‘The specimen belongs to that species.
Chloris radiata Sw. Prod. 26. 1788. /A This is based on Agrostis radiata L. The specimen belongs to that species. ©
Chloris barbata Sw. FI. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797. This is based on Andropogon barbatum L. Mant. 2: 302. 1771. No specimen of this could be found in the Swartz herbarium.
Chloris virgata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797.
There is no spe cimen of this. A cover was found marked with the name, but con- taining nothing, and upon which some one has added an ‘‘0.’’ From the description it would appear to be the species represented by plate 18 in Martius’s Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 2, part 3. Grisebach includes it under C. radiata in his Flora, but from this species ét is excluded by the statement in Swartz’s diagnosis ‘‘corollina exteriore BIVEOS, dorso apiceque ciliata.”’ :
‘
a The genus Seat ga in 1 North Aenea: Bull. Torr. Club 25: 300. 1898. b In Mart. FI. Bras. 23: 68. 1877.
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 1438
Andropogon saccharoides Sw. Prod. 26. 1788.
There is no specimen of this from Swartz at Stockholm, but at Munich there is a specimen sent by Swartz and marked ‘‘prodr.’’ It belongs to the species described under this name in Grisebach’s Flora.
Andropogon fastigiatum Sw. Prod. 26. 1788. _ The type specimen from ‘‘Jamaica, Swartz’’ belongs to this species, as described in Grisebach’s Flora.
Andropogon brevifolium Sw. Prod. 26. 1788.
There is no specimen of this at Stockholm from Swartz, but at Munich there is a sheet of specimens from Jamaica sent by Swartz and marked ‘‘prodr.’’ This is partly A. brevifolium as generally understood and as described by Swartz, and partly A. leucostachys H. B. K. In the absence of other evidence we may consider the Munich specimen as the type, excluding the portion which is A. lewcostachys.
Cenchrus setosus Sw. Prod. 26. 1788.
The type specimen marked ‘‘fl. ind. oce.”’ is Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich. as described in Grisebach’s Flora. Leeke refers this to Pennisetum indicum (Murr.) Kuntze.¢
Poa glutinosa Sw. Prod. 26. 1788. ~The type specimen from Swartz in herbarium Casstrém at Stockholm, marked ‘“e Jamaica”’ 1s Hragrostis glutinosa (Sw.) Trin., E. sudans Griseb.
Poa prolifera Sw. Prod. 27. 1788.
Swartz’s type of this is not in his herbarium, but there is a specimen marked ‘‘ No. 17 Poa prolifera Sw. Carthagena Ins. Manzanillo, Febr. 1826 Billberg’’ which may be a compared specimen, as it is in the Swartz herbarium. It is Eragrostis prolifera (Sw.) Steud. as described in Grisebach’s Flora. This is the same as Sloane’s specimen mentioned under Gramini tremulo affine, etc., and illustrated in his plate 71, figure 1,
THE GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA.
The plants collected by Andreas Michaux in North America in the latter part of the eighteenth century, which form the basis of his Flora Boreali-Americana published in 1803, are deposited in the herbarium of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris.
The species are here considered in the same sequence in which they occur in Michaux’s work. Following the name of the species as published is the habitat as given upon the label accompanying the corresponding specimen in the herbarium. The herbarium contains the types of all except Dilepyrum aristosum Michx., Poa crocata Michx., and Poa pectinacea Michx. Richard distributed some of Michaux’s plants to other herbaria. Many of these duplicates are found’ in the herbarium of Drake de Castillo at Paris. As will be seen from the notes accompanying certain species in the following list, it has not always been easy to determine which is the type specimen, especially in the critical species of Panicum. In certain cases the plant differs slightly from the description, or is from some other locality than the one cited. These cases are considered upon their merits in the notes accompanying each species.
2 a Zeitschr. Naturwiss. 79: 17. 1907.
144 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Cinna arundinacea L.
There is a specimen of C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb., which is the plant described, and — a panicle of C. arwndinacea L. One label, which probably applies to the first speci- men, reads: ‘A Sinu Hudsonis ad Pensylvaniam: praesertim in borealibus Canada juxta lacus.’’ A second label, which probably goes with the panicle, reads: “‘Cinna de Linneus. Cinna envoyé par Linn. a Jussieu qui lui avait eté apporté de Canada par Kalm.”’
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. “In Pensylvania.’? The specimen belongs to this species.
Leersia oryzoides Sw.
“Tn excelsis montibus Carolina.’? The specimen belongs to this species. In another cover is a sheet of L. virginica which is labeled L. oryzoides, but without locality. It is to be noted that Michaux gives L. virginica asa synonym of L. oryzoides. By priority of Homalocenchrus Mieg. the name becomes H. oryzoides (L.) Poll.
Leersia lenticularis Michx.¢
“Tn paludosis regionis Iinoensibus [sign for annual].’’
The specimen belongs to this species, i. e., Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn.
Dilepyrum aristosum Michx.
No specimen of this could be found. It is, according to description and tradition, Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. and is the type of the form known as B. aristatum Roem. & Schult. and Muhlenbergia aristata Pers., though the specific name is altered. :
Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx. “In apricis, pratis Kentucky, Illinoensium pabulum praestantissimum in Ken- tucky.”?. The specimen is Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. 1791 (M. diffusa Willd. 1797).
Aristida dichotoma Michx.
“In Carolina septentrionali juxta Lincoln.’’ The specimen belongs to this species as described in our manuals. Lower glume 5 to 6 mm., upper glume 6 to 7 mm. long, slightly scabrous on keeland sides, the midnerve extended into a very short awn 0.3 mm. long; lemma sparsely appressed-pubescent, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long to base of awns; central awn 4mm. long, curved at base to form a half coil, lateral awns erect, | mm. long.
Aristida stricta Michx. “In Carolina [sign for perennial].’? The specimen belongs to this species as de- . scribed in our manuals. Glumes glabrous, 1-nerved or the lower-obscurely 3-nerved at base, the lower 9 mm., the upper 11 mm. long, each extended into an awn about /\ 5 2 mm. long; lemma glabrous or somewhat hispid below the awns, about 8 mm. long; %».“ awns about equal, spreading, 1.5 to 2.cm. long.
04 Aristida oligantha Michx.
“Tn apricis pratensibus regionis Illinoensium. Route des Illinois au fort Mossac lieux alternativement submergés.’’ The specimen belongs to this species as described in our manuals. <A scant specimen witha few spikelets. Lemma 1.5 cm. long; awns spreading, about 3.5 cm. long, nearly equal, all of them more or less curved or loosely coiled at base. On the same sheet is mounted a specimen of Sporobolus, apparently S. vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood.
aAll the species credited to Michaux were published as new species in his Flora Boreali-Americana, 1803, It is well known that this work was edited by L. C. Richard, for which reason many authors credit the new species to ‘Richard in Michaux.”*
bThespecimens mentioned under the new species are types unless otherwise indicated.
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 145
Trichodium laxiflorum Michx. “ Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. Hab. in pratensibus apricis a Canada ad Floridam * [sign for male].’’ The specimen is Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P.
Trichodium decumbens Michx.
“Hab. in Carolina praesertim in umbrosis ripariis amnium. Trichod. (certissime) majus Cornucopiae perennans Walt.’’ The specimen is Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.
Alopecurus aristulatus Michx.
No specimen labeled with this name could be found, but there is a very poor speci- men of an Alopecurus from which the spikelets have fallen, leaving the axis of the spike, and this is labeled ‘‘ Alopecurus breviaristatus Hab. in Canada ad ripas Lacus Champlain legi [sign for perennial].’’ As Michaux’s description states that the plant has an erect culm and scarcely exserted awns, there is no doubt that the species is Alopecurus aristulatus, as usually understood.
Phaleris arundinacea L. The specimen belongs to this species.
Phalaris villosa Michx. ‘In Sabulosis Carolinae.’’ The specimen is Anthaenantia villosa (Michx.) Beauv. as usually understood.
Paspalum setaceum Michx.
‘Tn aridis apricis Carolina, Georgia [sign for perennial].’’ Terminal spike single, slightly curved; spikelets glabrous, 1.5 mm. long; blades pubescent. It belongs to the species described under this name in Small’s Flora.
Paspalum debile Michx.
“Hab. in Carolina [sign for perennial].’* Blades densely woolly on both sides, about 10 cm. long and 6 mm. wide; spike single, the culm smooth below the spike; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. This is Paspalum villosissimum Nash,¢ which name should give way to that of Michaux. P. debile of Elliott’s herbarium is P. blepharophyllum Nash (P. debile Michx.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 105. 1816.)
Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx.
“Tn Carolina, Georgia.’’ There are three specimens on the sheet. One without spikelets may be eliminated from consideration, also one with pubescent spikelets, since the description states that the spikelets are glabrous. The third specimen has ciliate blades, these somewhat hispid above, more so below, upper sheath ciliate on the margin; spikes 2; spikelets glabrous, 2mm. long. This specimen, which I con- sider the type, is in poor condition, but appears to belong to the species described under this name in Small’s Flora.
Paspalum praecox Walt.
*“A Carolina ad Floridam.’’ The specimen belongs to the species as described in Small’s Flora.
Paspalum laeve Michx. “In Georgia.’? The specimen, consisting of a single culm with three short spikes and smooth foliage, belongs to this species, as described in Small’s Flora.
Paspalum floridanum Michx. }
“Georgia et Florida.’? A single culm about 60 cm. high; lowermost sheath pubes- cent, the remainder glabrous; blades short, the middle blades about 18 cm. long; spikes 3, about 6 cm. long, erect, spikelets smooth, 3mm. wide by 4mm. long. This
a Jn Small, Fl. So. States 73. 1903.
146 ° CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
appears to be described in Small’s Flora as P. altissimwm Le Conte. P. floridanum as described in Small’s Flora is a taller plant, with hirsute sheaths and longer spikes. It may be that these should be considered extreme forms of one species.
Paspalum plicatulum Michx. “Tn Georgia, Florida.’’ The specimen belongs to the species commonly so called. Digitaria sanguinalis [Scop. | " ‘A Pensylvania ad Caroliniam [sign for annual]. Syntherisma precox Walt.” This is Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. (Panicum sanguinale L.) Michaux cites no authority for his combination. It is to be noted that in his Flora he states under habitat: ‘‘in cultis [sign for annual]: in Florida maritima [sign for perennial].’’ 9
Digitaria pilosa Michx. 3
“In sabulosis Carolina, Georgia [sign for perennial].’’ This plant corresponds to the description, and the habitat is similar to that given in the book. The plant is Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash. (Panicum filiforme L.) A second sheet is referred to below under Digitaria serotina.
Digitaria paspalodes Michx.
“In pascuis aridis Carolinae.’’ The specimen is Paspalum distichum L. The spikelets are pubescent.
Scribner,@ misunderstanding this species, transferred the name to Paspalum as P. paspaloides (Michx.) Scribn., giving P. elliottii S. Wats. (which is Paspalus furcatus Fliigge) as synonym. Nash & with the same conception of the species transferred the name to Anastrophus as A. paspaloides (Michx.) Nash, but described P. furcatus Fliigge under it. P. furcatus Fliigge becomes Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge) Hitche. ¢
Digitaria serotina Michx.
There is no sheet thus labeled, but the plant evidently referred to here is in the herbarium accompanied by a label ‘‘Digitaria pilosa. Hab. in Carolina, Georgia. Syntherisma serotina Walt.’? (Compare note under D. pilosa.) This specimen
\ Pp belongs to the species described in Small’s Flora as Syntherisma serotina.
Panicum glaucum L.
Michaux appends to his description the sign for an annual, but all the specimens in his herbarium are Chaetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn., a perennial species common in the Southern States. :
Panicum crus galli L. ‘“Ad ripas rivorum Virginiae, Carolinae.’’ This is the tall form with somewhat hirsute sheaths and long awns, now called ‘‘ Echinochloa waltert (Pursh) Nash.”
Panicum muricatum Michx.
‘Lac. Champlain.’’? This specimen which is the type is Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauy. A second specimen of the same is labeled, ‘‘in Canada, Connecticut [sign for annual].’’ Both have rather short awns, and small panicles like the introduced form. Michaux distinguished this from the last, but applied Linnzeus’s name to the wrong species. Michaux’s specimen is also the type of Panicum pungens Poir.4
Panicum hirtellum L. ( “Tn umbrosis sylvarum a Carolina maritima ad Floridam.’’ The specimen is Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. as described in Small’s Flora.
Panicum molle Michx. ‘In sabulosis maritimis Florida.’’ A second label, with diagnosis, reads ‘‘ Lieux tres humides a 15 miles de St. Augustin.’’? Thespecimen is Hriochloa mollis (Michx.)
@ Mem. Torr. Club 5: 29. 1894. ¢ Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. b In Britton, Man. 75. 1901. d Encycl. Suppl. 4: 273. 1816.
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 147
Kunth as described in Small’s Flora. There is only a panicle, but che pilose rachis is characteristic. According to the American code Hriochloa mollis is nota valid name. ‘It must therefore be changed to Eriochloa michauxii (Roem. & Schult.). (Panicum michauxit Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 427. 1817; P. molle Michx., not Sw., 1788).. I do not find sufficient evidence for taking up the name Monachne @ for this genus, accepted by Nash.b Monachne is based on M. unilateralis Beauv. and Sac- charumreptans Lam. The former species has no description and can not be identified from the plate, though it is evidently some species of Eriochloa, The latter does not belong to the genus Eriochloa.
Panicum capillare L. ‘‘A Pensylvania ad Carolinam.’’ This is similar to the Linnean plant, that is, the large erect form with broad leaves, as commonly understood.
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.
This is the species which in the United States has been going under the name of Panicum proliferum Lam. An examination of the latter plant in Lamarck’s herbarium shows that it has been misunderstood. -Itis-Panicwm miliare of Asia. In the original description¢ the author states that the plant was cultivated in the jardin du Muséum and that its native country was unknown, although he ventured the guess that it might be from Virginia or some other part of North America. He also mentions seeing specimens of this in Vaillant’s herbarium. The plant in Vaillant’s herbarium is the same. This species was distributed in several of the larger herbaria under the name of Panicum proliferum. Pursh took up this name for our plant and has been followed by later authors. Michaux’s name appears to be the oldest for this. The type of P.. dichotomiflorum is in the herbarium of Drake de Castillo. It was sent by Richard, having been collected by Michaux ‘‘ad occidentem montium Alleganis,’’ the type locality as published. The specimen (a very poor one) in the Michaux herbarium
_ is labeled, ‘‘in regione Ilinoensium.’’
Panicum virgatum L.
‘A Pensylvania ad Georgiam ad ripas fluviorum, copiose in occidentalibus regioni- bus [sign for perennial].’’ A second label reads, ‘‘ Pres le Debarquement du vieux * * * Sur Coper River, Carolina. * * * Rare en basse Carolina.’ The speci- men belongs to this species.
Panicum anceps Michx. ‘In herbosis humidis Carolina, Virginiae, Georgiae [sign for perennial]. Mété avec le P. melicarium.” The same as Panicum rostratum Muhl., a later name.
Panicum scoparium Lam.
‘““In pratis sylvestris Carolina |sign-for perennial].’’ The specimen belongs to this species—that is, Panicum viscidum Ell. (1816 )—and is identical with Lamarck’s type, which was received from Michaux.
Panicum latifolium L.
“In pratis sylvestris Virginiae, Carolinae, [sign for perennial}.’’ A somewhat pubescent autumnal state of Panicum boscii Poir. (Panicum portertanum Nash, as described in recent manuals).
Panicum pubescens Lam.
“Tn pratis sylvestris Carolinae [sign for perennial].’’? The autumnal state of Pani- cum scoparium Lam. This was not found in the herbari Tum.of of Lamarck, who states that he saw the plant collected by Michaux in South Car olina** In the Drake de Castillo herbarium is a sheet of specimens from Michaux sent by Richard. The left-hand spec-
@ Beauv. Agrost. 49. 1812. 6 Bull. Torr. Club 80: es Te
RN = gl : Tha sper reat Te
148 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
imen is Panicum lanuginosum Ell. The other specimen is the same as the specimen of P. pubescens in the Michaux herbarium. Lamarck mentions having seen a dwarf speci- men of this species in the herbarium of Vaillant, who received it from Sherard in 1721. This specimen is in the general herbarium of the Paris Museum. I was not able to identify this, but it is apparently different from any of our North American species. Although this Sherard specimen is the first mentioned, I do not think it should be taken as the type, as Lamarck was evidently describing Michaux’s plant, though the descrip- tion is modified by the Sherard plant, e. g., ‘‘La tige qui quelquefois n’a guére plus de six pouces de hauteur [the Sherard plant], s’éléve d’autres fois & la hauteur d’un pied ou un peu plus.’’ It is scarcely surprising that the vernal and autumnal states of Panicum scoparium should be described as different species.
Panicum nitidum Lam. :
“In Pensylvania, Carolina.’? The specimen lacks spikelets, but is evidently Panicum angustifolium Ell. or one of the closely allied species such as P. arenicoloides Ashe. It is the vernal state, somewhat pubescent on lowermost portions, otherwise glabrous.
Panicum nitidum Lam. was first described in 1791.¢ The description is very meager and would not serve to identify the species. Only the panicle is described. The plant was collected by Fraser. A somewhat more extended description is given by Lamarck in the Encyclopedia,® but is only an amplification of the original with the addition of leaf characters. We are told, for example, that the stem is jointed and provided with leaves. The type specimen in the Lamarck herbarium consists of a panicle and the uppermost joint of the culm with its leaf. The blade is reflexéd, and the node shows sparse reflexed hairs. It is Panicum barbulatum Ell., not Michx. (P. subbarbulatum Scribn. & Merrill). The panicle is purplish. The most important character given by Lamarck in his second description is the pubescence at juncture of the blade and sheath. The label on this plant is ‘‘de la Caroline[,] Fraser.’’ This is evidently the type specimen. In the herbarium of Drake de Castillo there is a sheet obtained from Richard marked ‘‘ Herb. Michaux from Pennsylvania’’ which is Panicum tenue Muhl. and probably is the specimen referred to by Lamarcke as a small-flowered variety collected by Michaux in Pennsylvania. Panicum tenue is not known to occur in Pennsylvania, and the location is probably an error. It will be noted that the published locality for P. nitidwm is ‘‘ Pennsylvania et Carolina,’’ which accords with Michaux’s label. Richard in sending out the plant may have shortened the locality to ‘‘Pennsylvania.”’ Panicum tenue Muhl. occurs from southern Virginia southward. Scribner and Merrill@ have discussed Panicum nitidum Lam. and identi- fied it with P. spretum Schult. (P. eatoni Nash and P. paucipilum Nash.). The figure was taken from the plant in the Michaux herbarium, which, as stated above, is P. angustifolium Ell. The name P. nitidwm Lam. must be used for what has been called P. subbarbulatum Scribn. & Merrill, while the plant described by Scribner and Mer- rill as P. nitidum must be called P. spretwm Schult.
Panicum barbulatum Michx.
There are three specimens and two labels upon this sheet. The label upon which the name is written prominently at the top has “Hab. in Canada P. capillari affine ad ripas amnis: Rivierre a Jacques Cartier dicti legi.’’ The other has ‘‘ Rivierre a Jacques Cartier Route a Queb. P. barbulatum.’’ The twe larger plants are the vernal state of P. gravius Hitche. & Chase. There is also a small specimen of P.lindheimeri Nash. In the Drake de Castillo herbarium is a specimen from Michaux sent out by Richard which is labeled P. barbulatum, ‘‘Caroline.’’ This is Panicum ashei Pearson. There
@Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. eEncycl. 4: 748. 1797. b4: 748. 1797. 4U.S8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 31. 1900.
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 149
is also on this sheet a small specimen of P. lindheimert Nash. There are two other sheets from the same source, but without locality. One is P. verrucosum Muhl. The other appears to be P. gravius Hitchc. & Chase, though it may be P. dichotomum. In determining which plant shall be taken as the type it.is to be noted that the locality given in the description is “‘Carolina.’’ The only specimen having this locality upon the label is the one in the herbarium of Drake de Castillo, which is P. ashei. The description, however, mentions that the nodes are barbed, which applies to P. gravius, the plant in the Michaux herbarium, and to none of the others concerned. The speci- men in the Michaux herbarium (excluding the small plant P. lindheimert) has there- fore been taken as the type, although it does not come from Carolina. Michaux evi- dently confused several species, but we must surely apply the name to a species with barbed nodes. The type is not what has been called P. barbulatum in all recent botan- ical works. This latter species has a smaller spikelet (1.5 mm. long), while P. gravius has spikelets 2mm. long. The plant commonly called P. barbulatum must take the name P. microcarpon Muhl.; Ell. Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1816 (not Muhl. Gram. 1817, which is P. polyanthes Schult.).
Panicum ramulosum Michx.
“In pratis, cespitosis Carolinae.’’ A poor specimen without spikelets, but certainly of the angustifolium group, apparently P. angustifolium Ell. This name antedates any of those applied to P. angustifolium and its allies, but on account of the fragmentary condition of the specimen it would not be wise to take itup. There is nothing in the description which will identify the plant any more certainly. In the herbarium of Drake de Castillo are two specimens from Michaux sent by Richard under this name. One is P. dichotomum L., the other is P. lindheimert Nash. There is also a specimen of the latter species in the Berlin herbarium sent by Richard under the name of P. ramulosum.
Panicum melicarium Michx.
“In Carolina ad ripas rivorum affluviente mari inundatus [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is not a Panicum at all, but Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze. The species has been much misunderstood and was rendered doubtful by the character - ~ mentioned in the description of a sterile rudiment of a second flower, a character not found in the genus Panicum. The spikelets of the specimen are past maturity and consist of empty glumes or with the lowermost florets still attached. This floret bears behind it the joint of the rachilla leading to the second floret, thus explaining the character mentioned by Michaux. This species becomes Panicularia melicaria (Michx.)
Panicum divaricatum Michx.
“In cespitosis excelsarum montium Carolinae Septentrionalis [sign for perennial].”’ This is Festuca obtusa Spreng. (F. nutans Spreng.). Michaux doubted that this was referable to Panicum. The spikelets are past maturity and like the preceding species consist of empty glumes or with the addition of the lowermost floret, which bears, of course, the joint of the rachilla. Michaux describes the spikelet as being 2-flowered, the second flower being a sterile pedicel. This species is of course quite different from Panicum divaricatum L.
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.
“In praeruptis et saxosis per tractus montium a sinu Hudsonis ad Canadam [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen belongs to the species described under this name in Gray’s Manual.
Agrostis indica ‘‘Sw. obs.”?
“A Virginia maritima ad Floridam [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is Spo- robolus indicus (.) R. Br.
150 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Agrostis juncea Michx.
“Tn aridis Carolinae.’? The specimen is Sporobolus junceus (Michx.) Kunth, as usually understood.
Since Michaux’s name is untenable on account of Agrostis juncea Lam. 1783, this species should be called Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merrill, Rhodora 4: 48. 1902 (Vilfa gracilis Trin.). I have examined the type in the Trinius herbarium at St. Petersburg, labeled ‘‘ Zimmermann misit Carolina 1836.”’
Agrostis dispar Michx. “Tn Carolina inferiore.’” The specimen is Agrostis alba L.
Agrostis aspera Michx.
“Tllinois.’”’ The specimen is Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood, and not the species to which the name Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth has been applied in recent manuals. The latter grass has an acuminate lemma and long-acuminate palea, while Michaux’s description states that the flowers are muticous.
Apparently the earliest name for the plant which has been going under the name of Sporobolus asper is Agrostis clandestina Spreng. Mant. Prim. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807, which becomes Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.)./,Sprengel’s type has not been ex- amined, but the description leaves scarcely room for doubt. The plant is described as erect, and, what is particularly to the point, as having long-acuminate ‘‘corolla glumes.’’ The plant was received from Muhlenberg, who also describes it in his Descriptio Graminum. Both Muhlenberg and Torrey distinguished between this and Agrostis involuta Muhl. (A. aspera Michx.; A. longifolia Torr.) using among other characters the shape of the lemma and palea, acuminate or awned in the first and obtuse in the second.
Agrostis lateriflora Michx.
“In praecipitibus saxosis fluminis Misissipi ripariis Illinoensibus [sign for peren- nial}.’’ The specimen is Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. The panicles are rather dense, somewhat branched, and more or less included in the sheaths at base.
Agrostis racemosa Michx. “In ripis sabulosis inundatis fluminis Misissipi [sign for perennial]. Affinis A. lateriflora.’”’ The specimen is Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S. P. Glumes
awned, longer than the acuminate lemma; panicle dense, more or less interrupted or lobed.
Stipa barbata Michx.
‘In sylvis Virginiae Carolinae [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is Stipa avenacea L. On this sheet is also a label which doubtless goes with the next,. ‘‘Stipa sericea. Hab. in Carolina, Georgia maritima.”’
Stipa sericea Michx. ; y Daan Ys The specimen is Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin., as described in Small’s Flora. Many of the sheets in Michaux’s herbarium bear two labels, one with name and locality, the other with a diagnosis, and usually also the name written upon it somewhere as if added later. The sheet of Stipa sericea bears a label with diagnosis and name, but the
other label seems to have been transferred to the sheet of S. barbata, mentioned above.
Stipa juncea Michx.
There is no specimen with this label, but among the Avenas is a sheet marked ““Montagnes steril. a la hauteurs du Terres,’’ which without doubt isthe type. It bears the name Avena uniflora with the word juncea written above, and in the manuscript diagnosis it is compared with Avena siberica L., as is the case in the published description of Slipajuncea. ThespecimenisStipamacouniiScribn. The description merely states that the flower is aristate, but the diagnosis upon the sheet states that the awn is three times as long as flower. Michaux’s name can not be used on account of the earlier
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 151
S.juncea L., for which reason it was changed by Poiret to S. canadensis.¢ Hence this species should be called Stipa canadensis Poir. (Stipa macounii Scribn. in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5: 390. 1890.) The species of Britton’s Manual describéd as Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B. 8. P. should be called Oryzopsis pangens (Torr.) (Milium pungens Torr. in opens Neue Entdeck. 2: 102. 1821.)
Erianthus saccharoides Michx.
There are two sheets of this, both labeled by Michaux, but no locality is given. They belong to the species described in Small’s Flora under this name. This species was described by Walter in 1788 as Anthoxanthum giganteum. His specimen is among the few grasses preserved in his herbarium at the British Museum. In both types the panicle is tawny and the awn straight./ The specific name can not be taken up because there is an Hrianthus giganteus Muhl.,o based upon Andropogon alope- curoides L. and described in his Descriptio Gaariinom: ce The awn is there stated to be twisted, as in the Linnean plant.
Erianthus brevibarbis Michx.
“Tn collibus desertis ab amnio Wabash ad Ostium Missouri 5 diebus distantibus.’’ The specimen belongs to the species described in Small’s Flora under we name. The range as originally published is ‘‘in collibus Tennassée et Carolinae.’? The known range is from Delaware southward along the coast to Florida, and west to Louisiana. We do not know of its occurrence in southern [linois, as given on Michaux’s label.
Holcus odoratus L. “In pratensibus Canada [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is Savastana odorata (L.) Seribn.
Andropogon macrourum Michx.
‘‘A Virginia ad Carolina [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is Andropogon glome- ratus (Walt.) B.S. P. This agrees with Walter’s specimen in the British Museum in having roughened spathes, rather loose instead of tightly rolled as in the type speci- men of Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash (A. macrourus corymbosus Chapm.; Hack. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 409. 1889. Curtiss, N. A. Plants 3639c).
Andropogon dissitiflorum Michx. “In Carolina Georgia Florida.’? The specimen is Andropogon virginicus L.
Andropogon ternarium Michx.
“Tn regione Wabash Georgia montosa &c.’? The specimen is Andropogon argyraeus Schult. which is A. argenteus Ell., not DC. There isa single rather fragmentary speci- men which is undoubtedly this species. Besides the label quoted above, the sheet bears two others, but the name A. ternariwm is questioned upon both. One gives the locality as ‘“‘Wabash «& Illinois,’ the other as Florida. As the diagnosis on the first of these two labels states that the staminate flower is pediceled, A. furcatus Muhl. may be referred to. However, the published locality is ‘‘in montosis Carolinae.’’ Some of the awns of the specimen are somewhat twisted. There appears to be no reason why this name (as A. ternarius) should not be taken up in place of A. argyraeus Schult.
Andropogon scoparium Michx.
The label bears the name, but no locality. The published locality is “in aridis sylvarum Carolinae.’? The specimen belongs to this species as generally understood. The sheet bears another label with ‘‘Andropogon ayvenaceum,’’ which has evidently been misplaced.
Andropogon avenaceum Michx.
“In regione Illinoensium [sign for perennial].’’ The specimen is Sorghastrwm nutans (L.) Nash (Andropogon nutans L.), agreeing with the Linn:ean specimen in having once-bent awns.
@Encyel. 7: 452. 1806. b Cat. 4. 1813. ¢192. 1817. ®
152 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ~
Andropogon ambiguum Michx. “In sabulosis Carol.” The specimen is Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P. Branches floriferous from base.
Chloris petraea Sw. ‘*Carolinis & Florida.’? The specimen belongs to this species.
‘Chloris monostachya Michx. .
There is no plant with this name, but there is a good specimen which answers to the description labeled Chloris piperita, without locality, however. The published locality is, ‘fin sylvis Carolinae inferioris.’”’ Michaux states that the fresh plant has a peppery taste. The specimen is Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn.
Chloris mucronata Michx. “Tn cultis Carolinae.’’ The specimen is Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Chloris curtipendula Michx. ““Hauteurs du Missouri et Poste Vincenne.’?’ The specimen is Bouteloua curti- pendula (Michx.) Torr. as usually understood. :
Tripsacum dactyloides L. “Tllinois, Basse Carolina.’’ The specimen is of this species.
Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. “Jn florida.’? The specimen is Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze (Rottboellia cylindrica (Michx.) Chapm. of our manuals).
Rottboellia dimidiata L. No locality is given. The specimen is Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.
Cenchrus tribuloides L.
No locality is given on the sheet but the specimen must have been collected along the seashore, for it has the large villous fruits characteristic of the true C. tribuloides L., which has been named C. macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn. and C. vaginatus Steud. The common inland form which has been going under the name of C. tribuloides should be called C. carolinianus Walt.
Aira flexuosa L.
‘“Connecticut.’? The specimen is Deschampsia fleruosa (L.) Trin. Aira ambigua Michx.
“Riv. que tombent au Lac St. Jean.’’ The specimen is Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.
Aira melicoides Michx. ‘Canada.’’ The specimen is Graphephorum melicoidewm (Michx.) Beauv. as described in Britton’s Manual.
Aira obtusata Michx.
“In sabulosis Carolinae, Georgiae, Floridae [sign for perennial]. In Florida juxta domum Wiggin.’’ The specimen is Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (Hatonia obtusata (Michx.) Gray as described in our manuals).
There are two individuals. One is slender, about a foot high, nearly glabrous throughout, with a narrow rather compact panicle; the other, more robust, but con- sisting only of panicle and upper leaf, is pubescent (under a lens) upon sheath and blade. This panicle, which is attached to a label with ‘‘herb. de M. de Pinckney 11.2,”’ is lobed like the western form called S. obtusata lobata (Trin.) Scribn. The first specimen should be taken as the type, as it no doubt represents Michaux’s own collection from Florida.
Professor Scribner has pointed out@ that Eatonia of Rafinesque could not be the Eatonia of Endlicher and later authors, but he was not able to identify Eatonia Raf.
4 Rhodora 8: 137. 1906. ra
Ny
» GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. 53
~ except as to the point that it was probably based on a species of Panicum. While going through the Panicums of the De Candolle herbarium I found a specimen of Panicum virgatum which was sent by Rafinesque and which was labeled Eatonia pur- purascens. This is undoubtedly a duplicate type and fixes the identity of the genus Eatonia Raf. The original description applies well-to the common purple form of this species found in brackish marshes along the coast.
Melica glabra Michx.
One label reads, ‘‘a Carolina ad dordam: ;’ the other reads, ‘‘ florida f. Matanca No. 5.’ The plants are glabrous and have a File slender raceme of about ten spikelets. Without much doubt M. mutica Walt. is the same.
Trachynotia cynosuroides Michx.
There are two labels, ‘“‘Illinoensis” and ‘“‘hauteurs des terres.’’ The specimen belongs to the inland species with several somewhat scattered spikes and awned glumes, the lower being as long as the spikelet, which in most manuals is described under Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Michaux’s description also applies to this species. Michaux, however, takes up Linnzeus’s specific name and bases his name Trachynotia cynosuroides upon Dactylis cynosuroides L. As has been already pointed out, the Linnean plant is the large seacoast form usually called Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Thisname must become a synonym of Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd.,
while the plant of the inland marshes previously known by this name must receive a different name. The name Spartina michauxiana is therefore proposed for the plant described by Michaux under the name of Trachynotia cynosuroides (not Dactylis cynosuroides L.). It has been proposed to take up the name Spartina pectinata Link, Jahrb. Gewichsk. 1°: 92. 1820, but S. pectinata was collected by Bose probably in South Carolina, where S. michauxiana does not grow.
Trachynotia polystachya Michx.
“Basse Caroline.’’ Another label reads, ‘‘Trachynotia (a dorso valvarum scabro) Dactylis cynosuroides L.’’ Since both this and the preceding species have scabrous- keeled glumes, one suspects that the second label has been misplaced, or that Michaux was uncertain as to the identity of Dactylis cynosuroides L. As stated under the pre-
_ceding species, the name Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. should apply to this species, since Michaux’s type of Trachynotia polystachya is identical with the type of Dactylis cynosuroides L. Spartina cynosuroides Willd. is also founded upon Dactylis cynosu- roides i. Both Michaux and Willdenow describe, through error of determination, a different plant, that is, Spartina michauxiana Hitche.
Trachynotia juncea Michx.
One label has the name only. A second label has ‘‘Dactylis sabulata bords des Creeks salés Basse Caroline.’’ Spikes one or two; spikelets closely appressed upon the rachis. The specimen is Spartina juncea (Michx.) Ell. as described by Merrill. ¢ Eleusine indica [(L.) (Gaertn.)]. ;
‘In cultis a Carolina ad floridam.’’ ‘‘Dans les champs Illinois.’’ The specimen p belongs to this species.
Eleusine mucronata Michx.
“Tllinois.”’? The specimen is Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth as described in the manuals.
This is the same as Leptochloa filiformis (Pers.) Roem. & Schult. (Eleusine filiformis Pers. 1805.), the type of which is from ‘‘Americ. meridion.’”’ It may be the same as Festuca filiformis Lam.¢@ from ‘‘Amer. merid. Comm. D. Richard.’? The description
@ Bot. Gaz. 35: 216. 1903.
6 Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 145. 1906.
cN. A. Spec. Spartina, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 9: 12. 1902. @Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791.
154 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
is insufficient for identification and the type has not been examined. The species does not appear to be described by Lamarck in his Encyclopedia. The name Leptochloa filiformis has been applied to the species of southern Asia, which I think is different from our species.
Elymus virginicus L. There is no locality given. The specimen is similar to the Linnzan type, having smooth lemmas and awns 2 to 2.5 cm. long.
Bromus canadensis Michx. “Canada: Lac St. Jean.’’ The specimen is Bromus ciliatus L. Lemmas pubescent on the margins, glabrous on the back.
Festuca myuros L.?
“Env. de Charleston.’’ There are several specimens on the sheet. Some are Festuca octoflora Walt.; some are F’. sciurea Nutt., the lemmas pubescent toward apex. The description applies to the latter.
Festuca bromoides Ii.? “In pascuis juxta Charleston.
”
The specimen is Festuca octoflora Walt.
Festuca fluitans L. “Canada, Connecticut, Pensylvania.’’ The specimen is Panicularia borealis Nash.
Festuca polystachya Michx. “Tilinois.’” The specimen is Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray, the erect short- awned form.
Festuca distichophylla Michx. “In maritimis Carolinae.’’ The specimen is Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, stami- nate form.
Festuca poaeoides Michx.
“In Canada [sign for perennial].’’ “Herb. de M. Jussieu Fleuve St. Laurent.’’ The specimen is Festuca elatior L., the small form with slender panicle sometimes known as F. pratensis Huds.
Festuca diandra Michx.
“Tllinois.”’ The specimen belongs to the species described as Diarrhena americana Beauv. in Gray’s Manual and Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze in Britton’s Manual. The specific name is invalidated by Festuca diandra Moench. Korycar- pus wag, substituted for Diarrhena by Kuntze 6 on the strength of a citation by Lagasca (“Koryc. arundinaceus Ze. Ac. Matr. 1806’ Lag. Nov. Gen. 4. 1816). I am unable to find any evidence that this name was published earlier than 1816. In the absence of such evidence it is best to use Diarina festucoides Raf. Med. Repos. 5: 252. 1808, based on Festuca diandra Michx.
Poa capillaris L. “Carol.’’ The specimen is Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn.
Poa crocata Michx. No specimen of this could be found. The description applies to Poa triflora Gilib. (P. serotina Erhr.). *
Poa hirsuta Michx. “Carol.’’ The specimen is Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash as described in Small’s Flora.
@Meth. 191. 1794, b Rey. Gen: 2; 4. ae
GRASSES OF MICHAUX’S FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA. Lid
Poa seslerioides Michx. :
The name does not appear on the label, but a sheet which answers to the descrip- tion bears the locality ‘‘Carol.’’ The plant is Tridens flava (L.) Hitche. (Triodeg cuprea Jacq.).%
Poa compressa L. “Environs de Montreal et La Prairie extremité du lac Champlain.’’? The specimen belongs to this species.
Poa striata Michx. “Pensylvania, Virginia, Carolina.’? The specimen is Panicularia nervata (Willd. Ny , is Kuntze (Poa nervata Willd. 1797).
Poa pectinacea Michx.
No specimen of this could be found. This is unfortunate, as the species is some- what uncertain. The description points toward the species generally understood and described under the name Eragrostis pectinacea in our manuals. But this is a peren- nial, while Michaux places the sign for annual after the locality, which is given as Illinois. Research in other herbaria at Paris, such as the General Herbarium and the herbarium of Drake de Castillo, may yield specimens collected by Michaux and sent out by Richard, which will determine the identity of the species.
Poa reptans Michx.
“Rivierre Kaskaskia in limosis ripariis hujus amni,’’ the pistillate plant. “In limosis ripariis amnium regionis Illinoensibus [sign for annual],’’ the staminate plant. These are Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. 8. P. Lamarck © states that his plant is the same as the one collected by Michaux on the Kaskaskia. Lamarck’s first description of this, Poa hypnoides, appeared several years earlier.¢
Uniola latifolia Michx. “Tllinois.’’ This belongs to this species as described in our manuals. No speci- men was found from the published locality, the Alleghany Mountains.
- Uniola gracilis Michx. No locality is given. The same as Holcus laxvus L. in the Linnean herbarium, now called Uniola lava (L.) B.S. P.
Uniola maritima Michx. ‘Carol. sur la bord de lamer. Sea-side oat.’’ Thespecimen is Uniola paniculata L.
Briza canadensis Michx. No locality is given. The specimen is Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze as described in Britton’s Manual.
Briza eragrostis 1. ‘“Carol.’”? The specimen is Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) Karst. (Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link).
Avena mollis Michx.
‘Montreal.’’? The specimen is 7Jrisetum_spicatum (L.) Richter (7. swbspicatum (L.) Beauv.) The sheaths and blades are pubescent. In some manuals the glabrous form is given this name while the pubescent form is made a variety. However, the Linnean specimen of Aira spicata is pubescent.
Avena glumosa Michx. ‘‘A Canada et Carolina [sign for perennial].’’? The specimen is Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. The plant is glabrous.
¢Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185. 1791.
a@See above, page 120. © Encycl. 5: 88. 1804. 350238—voL 12, pt 83—08——4 :
156 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Avena palustris Michx. “Georgia Lieux humides.’’ The specimen is Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.) Seribn. ( Trisetum palustre (Michx.) Torr.).@
Avena striata Michx.
‘A sinu Hudsonis ad Lacus Mistassins,’’ ‘Lac des Cygnes, Montagn. ent. la Baye de Hudson et le Canada Mistassins.’’ The specimen belongs to this species as gen- erally understood. It is, however, a Melica and would be, according to the Vienna Code, M. striata (Michx.) Hitchce.6 By the American Code this name is invalidated by Avena striata Lam. 1783, and must be changed to Melica purpurascens (Torr. )
7
(Trisetum purpurascens Torr. Fl. U. 8. 1: 127. 1823; Avena striata Michx., not Lam.).
Arundo canadensis Michx. ‘‘A Sinu Hudsonis ad Canadam praesertim ad ripas lacuum [sign for perennial].”’ The specimen is Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. as described in our manuals.
Arundo arenaria L. ‘‘Ad ripas fluminis S. Laurentii a mare affluvienti inundatus.’’ The specimen is Ammophila arenarva (L.) Link.
Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.
‘““Gramen altissimum ramosum a Virginia ad Floridam & in occidentalibus juxta fluviis ab Ilinoensibus ad ostium Misissipi [sign for undershrub].’’ The specimen is fragmentary and one can not be certain which species of Arundinaria it represents. Michaux probably included the large and small canes in onespecies. As he described the plants as being very high, we may retain this names for the tall cane, as is done in our manuals.
Zizania miliacea Michx.
There is no sheet bearing this name, but the plant described by Michaux bears the label ‘*Zizania palustris,’’? without locality. It is Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers as described in Small’s Flora.
Zizania clavulosa Michx.
This name does not appear upon any sheet, but a corresponding specimen, answer- ing to the description, is marked Zizania aquatica, ‘* Lac Champlain New Jersey Caro- lines Illinois & Lac d’Am.”’ It is Zizania palustris L., the large, broad-leaved form.
Zizania fluitans Michx.
“In stagnantibus Carolinae Georgiae et alibi copiosissime juxta Charleston.’’ The specimen is Hydrochloa carolinensis Beauy. (1. fluitans (Michx.) Nash.) Michaux’s specific name can not be taken up on account of the earlier H. flwitans Hartm. Michaux’s published locality, ‘‘ad lacum Champlain,’’ must be an error, for the plant is not known to occur in the north.
Manisuris granularis Sw. “In Carolina.’’ The specimen is [ackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze.
“a See Scribner, Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. b Rhodora 8: 211, 1906,
LIST OF NEW NAMES AND THOSE REPLACING NAMES IN CURRENT USE.
[New names in bold-face type. Synonyms in italies.]
Page.
Andropogon termaritiss Mich Mie) fe an eels ete ae He ee de og nce aha a ee 151 A. argyraeus Schult.
AX ONOMUSECOMMPLESSUSH iS We) aD Cally see sce tea ee eal ciate eee Reed ee eee aan 141 Paspalum compressum Rasp.
AXOnOpUSMUTCAtIS? Cle) Seibel o55 2. ss ce eens trea Aa ee sou Saree 146 Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.
Brachiaria, meziana eH itene soe. ea SOC ae, UA ees NER 140
Cenehris Caroli amiusiWal betes cs Mane ees Sie Se ae petted repeat cae ey egulk 127 C. tribuloides American authors, not L.
@enchrusttribulordess sae see os bet aie ees Ee hen ae Nase eee aera a ena 127 C. macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn.
Diarinmaslestucoides ‘Rakes wees tere eet eine iateh LORNA EA eae sey a aun) ewig pigu ears 154 Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze.
Hrianthusidivaricatuss cl: s) sri Ce serie ese vee Beet ei ets ean ee ese 125 LH. alopecuroides (.) Ell.
Mriochkloamnichausxai CRoemi-dcé Schult.) Eiteh@sss2< ee ee ee 147 E. mollis (Michx.) Kunth. ;
Melcaipurpurascens, (Torr) ETtclics 0 er ise Bey ice Vie aul a 156 Avena striata Michx.
OxLryzopsisspungens7@lorr) Elite ieee se ee a ee eee eae por LoL O. juncea Amer. authors, not Stipa juncea Michx.
Panicuianio amelie arias (Mac hixes kell Cli@ ee tse tee ae ee eee Pattee eae 149 P.-elongata (Torr.) Kuntze.
amici aACUImMMa tM SwWices =e. Soc ecg oe iy Be es tel ant ne eae 138 P. comophyllum Nash.
Rami GUTMEACSIOS TS mg Meinl ye Mees caer tein cy cece fee eee glee erg ty eee tes acs eee 119 P. grossaritum American authors, not L.
Panicum anceps Michx..._- jedi A ae oon Am a EY oda mn thicry arcana een VT Cape SE MPG gets 147 P. rostratum Muhl.
ami Gummelo arom OC eileen te eee Lah eee Sa ere gia et ie cen Ae eee yh 137 P. molle American authors, not Sw.
amie umMebaroulat ume ie hms. ele Ace ope ae, 2 eee eee ere, eae 148 P. gravius Hitche. & Chase.
ATC UMAY DO SCL @ Lik Pea eqn men ae oe Feces Daan ate URC AN Bima fas (9S ane aN or 118 P. porterianum Nash.
Rami cima dicho tomutl onumeMilc hexoses ces eee epics Neel oe ea piety ee 147 P. proliferum American authors, not Lam.
HAM CUMMASCICULA LILI: S Wek otc ete ae een Ae ee eS eee 138
P. fuscum Sw. P. flavescens Sw.
158 LIST OF NEW NAMES.
Page
Panicum fasciculatum chartaginense (Sw.) Doell: <=. 2-225. 222s e se esse eee 138 P. reticulatum Torr. r
Panicum Jatifolium, (2.221 eet eee foe ne ee = MS P. macrocarpon Le Conte.
Panicum) nal erocarpom Wii Ses ee re ere 149 P. barbulatum American authors, not Michx.
Panicum molle Sw. cise... ea eB a 137 P. velutinosum Nees.
Panicum nitrdum: Wamies 2. 1-2 2 oe tO eee ent ee 148 P. subbarbulatum Scribn. & Merr.
Panicum reptams Tus:2.-= 32 Rtas ee oe Se ee 119
P. caespitosum Sw. P. prostratum Lam. Panicum spretum Schult. 2.222222 22: 2 se ek ee ee 148 P. eatoni Nash. P. nitidum Lam., err. det., Scribn. & Merr. P. paucipilum Nash.
Panicum swartzianwum Hitches? ii h2.-- 552-5082 - 20 Ae eee 140 P. lanatum Sw., not Rottb.
Panicum irichoid es'Sw: =< 2222... 2 sess ESE ete ee ee eee 140 P. brevifolium American authors, not L.
Paspalum debile Michx?.uo:. <2. 2. 2222 o2- <a. <4 eee ae eee 145 “P. villosissimum Nash. j Paspalum dissectum (L.) Las. .c2 oe. 2. es ae ee ee 195
_ LP. membranaceum Walt.
Senites zeugites (L.) Nash 2... 3 -a<2 sco. 225 ese ts ee ee 127 Zeugites americana Willd.
Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kounth. «.-s 25.2../.2. 32-2 ee Se 150 S. longifolius (Torr.) Wood.
Sporobolus clandestintus (Spreng.) Hitche....-...2.. -2¢ 42s25-25.-- 2 eee 150 S. asper American authors. :
Sporobolus gracilis:(Trin.)Metr. ..:.2 722-4. 2: ae ee eee 150 S. junceus (Michx.) Kunth.
Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd... 222 22338 eS ee ee S. polystachya Michx.
Spartina michausdiania ‘Hhtehe 222 essence ee ce ee ee eee 153 S. cynosuroides American authors, not Dactylis cynosuroides 1.
Stipa ‘canadensis sPoira-c 22 535 sos ae ea ee nee ee 151 S. macounii Seribn. r
Syntherisma digitata (Sw.) Hitche: s......2it.2/2aosn0: 5. ae 142 S. setosa (Desv.) Nash. ;
Tridens. flawa;(L.) Hitehe: 300s . feeb) Ses ee eee 120 Triodea cuprea Jacq. Tricuspis seslerioides (Michx.) Torr.
Tizania aquatica si 2S. ss side. Se hae oe ee ee 124 Z. aquatica angustifolia Hitche.
“Avemveyjepuhorsiiass ieeco5ssusee eee oe Lekine Bol cee eae ae eee 124
Z. aquatica L.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
[Page number of principal entries in bold-face type. Synonyms in italies.]
Page. INSTOSUISSAIID Gee Ree e nees TU aig ct neta eines nes 150 SPC? Dine ears casa Sa tate seas hee oe 150 CLONGEStIN Ges te Nl sear ae Eta 150 CTUCTAUL ENS Se Nea SA 120, 133, 142 COKE OOH ia ek a oe a 150 Vay Cea cuz DRS se Soe ee a ee Pa 145 TVGLUC Cer aes ENS) SS ete MINE LEI 120, 134, 149 ETUOUULO Sree re ea ee me ee Se ay pee 150 SF ULTUC CO en tea ne re ee EE ee gE 150 LOLER T/L OT Cera alee are oe eee Set ert? 156 LONOViOWLO Sets eRe oe ee ee ee 150 IVC LACAN Oe ae Ser eis see oe aes ts 119 MIUGMESCENS= seat =: ees felons Aes rac oe oes Ie 139 DETONM AM Soe ae esis Ne ets Stone ees 145 (DUTDUNGS CONG ae eames oe som Sem eee sae 142 TOCCMOS series Seen oe eae ne ee eee 150 TOOUUO NS AS ea eae cae ae 120, 133, 142 LLGUA UL OUL Ose aaa otic oe eo eee 138 ULE OUILLC Osa ate aa ae ae eee ae 119, 121, 131 PAN TC CLTILO VOU Cas eaters eam ee Temes 152 CO WOLU CO SP nar oe eee Pee 120 CLES PILOS a ee a ee wes em 120 LCL LOS Were ae epee eae ee ee 120,152 | ANOUCH Seer ay ae an WOM aR a ema Anise Aa 120 INCU COLD C Seren mines Saye a ears Sees Be 152 OU EUS CE Serres eects eres ee 152 (polynomial) Sos ese stone nee. 129, 130 SDUCOLO sae ttn per an te Nah eae 120,155 SUDS DUCALO Re ere is eee een i 120 NTOPECURUSTATIStULaA CUS = acne! mss ancl as. 145 eAmmophilaca remy rl eee. sacs cleats = classes 156 Anastrophus ‘compressus=--:--..-...2-..2-- 141 DOSPQLOUE CSjtie noe se cones ee eee ie wee 146 PAN OT ODOG ON Steere eno eo. ee 129 Andrapogon (polynomial) -................- 128
Andropogon alopecuroides.....--
125, 128, 133, 151
CIM OTG UU eee eee een se RIN Nee 152 argenteus .....-- Be Saori a Unet EaN ere NY 151 GEG YT CUS rite Se ye erraga ata erate eee 2 aye 151 UVC TE COCUI Hate a = BN Nets ee ela ee ayo 151 (enon pes Sine a Bue een 126, 133, 142 biG OMe seer ane ass it Saleen 125, 129; 135 PRE WULOM MTN eee ese on een eee, V4e COGVIMDOSUS* tetera sees eee eee ee 151 QiSSUUt LONI Tee ee Bae ersten ei 151 QU OTAUCOLUT emer te are ee 125, 129 BS CLCULOLU Te epee heer pons 115, 126, 133 TAS tI SIA GUM rene Re cca lem ese ee oe iy 14: AUT CALS Sees es ape eee Ege ARNE 126 glomeratus..........- 125, 128, 129, 151 paint: G urine seater tac 2) SA mae eee ee 6125, 128 ATSIC Cae 125, 126, 135, 142 ischaemum..........- npr eran ee ee as cy 126
Page.
Andropogon leucostachys ........---- 125, 132, 143 TUG CTOUTAL Te see Soe e eA eee aE a clays 151 MACTOUTUS COTYMBOSUS.. 2 oe 151
TU UEOLIES robe ar ese eye Sele ra dl BE 125, 128, 151 DOLYARCHY LON So ss ee wee oe 126, 133, 142
SO CCROTOLLESE ee ass neous ees 143
SCO DATUM Ses se' 1 Seas See eee Saree 151 SCOPATIUSSetak oases oes We ees 125, 128
'S CCUNIGAULS 9 (on es rae Se Cee tr ea 132 Ternary ee eres ee eee 151
VAT STAT CUT este a yee a 125, 128, 132, 151 ATG SEN ANG; svi O Sayers ete en ana ae eco 145 Anthephoraeleganssa ts .eses tee oe Soave: 124 hermaphrodite! {2 sce esse ee so cine jens 124 Anthoxanthum gigantewm.- 2.2. .22 2... 5.6 151 odoratime eae ae aS a ee ewe 144
ALD UUCORZCUCILCS semen = nee a eee ae 127 ANT ISULG nO MCRL CON Ce vase ag aaa eres 123 dichotomat Hs os suse os- 05-2 Pee Ne 144 Oligamthia eso ee sae eo a Ss eee mena 144 SUTICb ARs tree Se aeyaee ae atone ae eee t44 Arundinaria macrosperma-.......-.----- 130, 156 AUN GONATENOI1 Gemeente ee a cesar a ters ae 156 COMAMCTSES inane Maer aerse ys ioe ae se are 156
| DAT OGIVILES es et nae ee eee 128, 124, 130 @polymomtall) pase essee esc ee Sauces 130, 132 SOGCCHONUCNO 2 age er Bavaet= Sane names easers 132
SASS DT ELUGLILY SEM Tee pres Re ay ee ale 130 AN CNAAOLOMOIG ES so" oof ine eee eee ee he eee 123 IQLUeMO SCE saya eo aye Rene creme ee 155 EMOLLIS Semis Ae = seicine mee ais mee eee 120, 155 DOLUSUTISS mee tea sro sce ies oy eee e.. 156 DCTUSY WOM U CO Sameer epee sya Seen 123
SOU COL NO asset ars one Sitals, 5 estore 12: SUERTE Pa Mtn Sesame see ie ee Te 156
A ONODUS AUT CUS mete Ssevat ne see fa ele) Weegee nel 141 COMPTESSUS ose teres ty cab eee es 133, 142
He TU TCAUUS Me. Se ti yaks SO BN soci ee ee 146 Bouteloug americana ys.2.8 225 soo oe 123 curtipendulate eases see eee 152 LGELOUO SOLE Se rn spate ae Ree a oh ee 123 Brachiarianerucaerormise s+ 2-2. cote eaten, Lak TING ZU CTL A Meer ray ba RNA Ep eM a mace dL 140 Brachyelytrum, anistaium 203. 22 se tee: 144 ELECU UMS sate Yaa es yee LU cacao ee tee 144 BTIZGNCONOGCENSUS Same oe ese eerie ee 155 CT AO TIO SUSHI acter ine Soe 121, 130, 155
TB ROUMISKOLELS SUVS) sapere ate teeter enter ee 122 CUNMGGCETUSUS tonne ae ee eee eis tee 154 GUTS FG UIS Bene orton ape oes ak area Na Seren dn 122, 154 Mati Slr Seas yore le Pan ie ete oe ae 122 PUT SANS Aes se tetera ale ees crams ote slays ave 122
| Calamagrostis canadensis......./....------ 156
I
II INDEX OF Page. Campulosus aromaticus: 2. 222- 22.2.2 =2=--"- 152 Canexstollieutatas oe cece see eee tee cela 128 Gata Prose ao Ua blCH aes eee ee ee 120 Cenchrus carolinianus..-.-.----.--- 127, 128; 132) 152 eChinabUustes-255see eee 127,132 OT OMAMOTIS 2a pe ae re oe eee 142 MOACTOCE DRAUSS. nae aa eee 127, 128, 152 Cpolynomialies a2 eae eee nee 128 SELO SUS este tans Soe ee See 143 tribmloides oo 24 ose ee 127.128, 132, 152 vaginatus...-. See neh Oe an rene Mis Sloe Saas 152 Chaetochlon elaicke soe. soe a Bee 117, 129 LIN DERDIS se se se setee te see See ee ee 132, 146 Chilorisiharbaite so. eae ete aes ar 126, 142 PEL ES Hc a ey ea rete iy ids eotbomr Nie ns 142 CYUCIAUAES hie eee eee se eee eee 120, 138, 142 CUPTUDEN CALL Gls ree eae eh ete eee - 152 ClEMISIMOLU ES se ae eee cus eee eee 120, 133 MONO SLGCHYG. 2 = se 2 Seas ee ae eae 152 NECTONO LO: Be oo eee tee eee 152 DELTACH a. . = oe so keke secs ees 142, 152 DOLVRC UWA oe acs) cee ee eee 126, 133, 142 LIER O DE age oe, Stes Sahay a eee 120, 142 SWUATIZIGNE Oo 28 e hts as cee 142 It ai ee eee ae: eee f§ 142 Cinna) BIUNCIMsC Ea. = eee oo 2a ee 195, 144 FEY U0) V4: Nees ak re an a he tes Re ae a Pe /. 144 COMIMACIYLOTM ES. oe see oe ee oe eee eee ee 124 itch eigual: ir(3) of bape Si Ses Sees Gee 128 qoyey hysalevoan Nhe ns een i Syma Anbar ee 128 CYNOSUTUS BEGYDIVUS, <5 2 5.050255 =e on dane 130 (DOLYNOMIBL Ss onc lea esse aces teen 130 WINGUDWSis pein eee os Loe cee (titra Ib sales) Dacdylis Cynosuroides- ~~ .- 222-2 44---- 121,129,153 | (DOLYMOMIAL) 22k oot nsec ea eee =r 115, 129 Dactyloctenium aegyptium............-.. 132, 152 Danthonia Spicate..- 9. chee weasel co ee 155 | Deschampsia caespitosa...:-2.....----.---- 120 | MexMIOS i. Mec eee oe Sear teu ewes 120, 152 Dini TESUICOIMOSS = vas. pepstatin c -eae 154 DRGUarue PAS TOLOGES re a. ee Gee ae Seal ee 146 DLO SOs Oo «knees = Scat eee eee pte leis cee 146 SOUORLUIALUSS, sap 8 Cenc ale ope tn ee te 146 CENOLETUD Se eae SSR Oe Se Se ee See 146 Dilepyrum Qristosum. - 25.2. se2222=-5- 143, 144 URUULUL LOT UATE so aye, haope als eae fee 144 Dimorphostachys pedunculata.......-.-.--.- 136 DISTICHA SPIGHUAM. See aes see, sore see ae 154 BONO OOLUSRL Meise. tee ee se eee eee ele 152 DUT PUN OUSCONSS tes oars ete ine ete re en 153 Mehinocnlos ColonSi see, ees aca cco 132 (abcess eee been soe Seemeeoae 129, 132, 146 WHIDGR ce enter ee are eae 117, 146 Mleusine flvfonmisae 2400s. ese cee. se nee 153 TGC tec oes Nee ae eee Sk 126, 130, 133,153. | MET ONO se sere ieee oes esi See oe 153 Dyas CAnaGensis= eee ome ese 2 sce eee 123 QUOT OLIWS - ae sae See ee Mees tone. 123, 124 YB Se Bee: oe See ee eee cee 124, 130 DIUACELDUTCUS. Ao eee eee eee 123 SIPCTICUS 2 = ease geen eee ener ee Se 124 VAEPIMICHS <2.0 2) ibe on Sena eee 124, 128, 154 Pragrostis bahiensis'.2- j.2--ce--ece. pei 134 OULISUIIS Seite ola og Uae Se pe ne 121 caplllaris: boos tot peeccccceeee nee pects 121
SPECIES.
Brags rostisieradsrOstl see eeass essa aoe 155 SlUILINOSdae see eee eee pe ee eae RES 134, 148 MITSUWGAE se SS 2h ee eee ee 154 hypnoidesiai 2622. seoee eee eee 155 Merastachyalewe esse eee eee 121, 130, 155 MANOS 2oe 5 MEAL eS ae ee 121 MECRINA Cea). pauses ao eee he 121, 130, 155 prolifera. 4S edo e hee eee 134, 143 retractaw sows ke ee Jee es ee 154 SUAS HW a at ot Pe hee leis case ere 143
Erianthus alopecuroides.5._.....-.-...--- 125, 128 ibrevilbarbishe "hs: cet Seen ees eee eee 151 Combonhissssatce: ld Ee cae (ae en ee 128 Givaricatust = aw = S22 eee eee 125, 128 GUGANLCUS 22 Sse ee ee ee 151 saccharoides. ils 42355.4.5 kee ee eee 151
IPriochlos amiGhacrRdiliae 2-28 eee 147 MOLES 23ers Be ee ee 146 punctatas = see ee ee eee @19
Hestuca Oromordes= =. 222422222 eae coe 154 Q1GNETO 15.0.9 vis cet as Se ee 154 QUstiGhOPRYUG sso ae < Vee ae eee ee 154 lation 2c. c= Sc ce Rss ee eee 154 filiformis.o 5 22) bot ee ee eee 153 flUtLaNS oars ease eee eee 154 TOU LOS me Soe wn ddan ER ee See eee ee 154 NULONS .. os oe eS deinsinje th sie R eee eee ee 149 ODPUSAR Seo cece eo ate eee 149 OCEOMOTa! 2s5. JE eee ees ee eee 154 PODEOUMES AE 62 Soi heteats cheiei ain chee SS eee 154 DOlYy StAChYO aaa. eee eee eee ee 154 MALENSIS! £.< Jo) e Sea eee a eee 154 scluregic. otis. Sas. See ee ee eee 154
Fraumentum (polynomial). --- 222255522225. 132
Granmien*(polynomial)e= see eee eee 126,128,
129, 130,132,183, 133, 184,135.143
Graphephorum melicoideum......:.-.-.-.- 152
SymNoporon ambiguus. 2225-5. eee aseeeee 152
Hackelochloa granularis...-..-.-- 118, 134, 142, 156
Eloleuswaruses cece ree ape ae 126, 130, 155 OdOratUS a: Sa oe, cee eee 151 StrtMtUs Os ae hae ee ee eee ee 127, 130
romalocench tus: see er eee ee eee eee 144 ORAM ATUS e-alerts 115, 136 lenticularisen Wee... eat ei ee aes 144 INONanNG russ. est soe we ee eee 136 OLY ZOIdeS Soe eee Gace ahew = rieeie 115, 130, 136, 144
FOTrdeuml batt e= an eee eee eee 124 (polynomial) 22) s22 4 seen 128
Hydrochloa caroliniensis........-.-- Laer 156 ULM ONS M2 ae 20 Ds 2s ane eee eee 156
Hiystrimihystrims: 22-2 Sees. ease 124, 130 DUELS esa ors ae iaa Ate cet elie Peer 124, 130
Tehnanthus Wem OrOSust 2s... s2e. ese eases 138 Pallens ye eee see ee eer SAAN: tr AB fe 140
miperditar Cau ava= tee ees ee eee 125, 133
[isachne iran dingiceas ssa. eee ee 140 TIP EM Seco mee -aaee Se eee a eee Heat 138
ONY CON PWS QIGNOTIUS == = eee ae 154
LO GUTUS (Oly WO me) eee eel 128, 129
GCE SIC NCLON ONC a See ee tee 136 LETT CUTOUT TS SS crete are ee erie eee eee 144 TROTME TUT es ANe ee eee sae scene Oe an 136 ONY ZOUES ae wee ee ete Aeeeiee eae 136, 144 WUT GUNICD ais aee neces ce Poses eee 144
INDEX OF
Page eptochloamasciculariss<.2-=-<2sc-.--s22-5- 154 UA FONINE Si seers oe ies Sie tele chee eee Se 153 MUCLONRtAR Hs see = eres 117, 133, 153 VA ACO crs ee co eran. hae aS 117, 122, 133 IManisunis cylInaricusi. sea. s es ae o tees se 152 QTONULGTIS = sae a= ee eee 118, 134, 142, 156 MeN AOD OS ai eee a pe ger Ate NE A 142 Melicarolabran® 22 ees finan Bac. cetec cece 153 TTD UG Ca ay ss eee meee ere esr Ps ote 153 UWE PUTAS COWS er see ears stsya spree eee rece 156 SUERTE Se UE a Ble Seth aee Paanien thas | UNE eo 156 MALLU ME CLINUCT VU aia a meta aie ee ee ee ee = 141 CONT DTES SILI oars re Seer eee eee 141 QiGUGtU Nee a= ae ee 134, 141, 142 DATUCEU TN Saw eee re ai ierare a oats tenner 141, 142 (Dolymommiall) se see areca 131 DUN COLUM aera eg Soe ee ee eee eee 119 DULOSUMUS Sate ute ea ne Ses eset hones ee 142 Monachne unilateralis ...... 2-2. s..2222:- 147 Muhlenbergia aristata...-.........-.-.-..-- 144 CADIlATIS eee se eer eens acne ae eet ae 150 UU TFUES Cert en ee Oe EIEN pu cts ee 144 IMOXICAN Bis, Wrens Aenea cia eee 119,150 TACCINOSAm Cire ccntace Betis eee eer 150 schreberizz.s2 sce coos a aes Hosea 117,144 Olyratlatitoliac 2. a aa oe swe 124, 132,135 PONTCULOLO miata ite ete en pacts see eta a 135 | Paucitlorge ew | ee eel se eee 135 Oplismenus:hirtellus: 2.2.2. 222. cs eccesn 119 SOLATIUS) Ss Sian ak Aaeenc. co emies cs cite ne caine 146 ORY Zoi Sie ar mentees seine ie oe ciettenicers isa 131 (polynomial Si ss :kace aes aece ee ceae 130 BQGUV ss steer vals ol iicic 2 anon esta ac caters 131 Onyzopsis-asperiloliaes28: 222 5--S2ececuese 149 GUN CEO Satseeien wae secionan cs Ee cee Ses Ge 151 UNC CWSEeiheen Masse Nestea oneseoee 151 Panicularia borealis.........-. pets sae eae 154 CAN AAIEN SISter ae eee locate iau 155 CLONG GIG. tarot ose Se ae eaee ieee eee 149 Mel CATI Aree ees 2 Sete Sele eee 149 MEUM AAA iso cies a cicehe sec sascinice Sears 155 Panicum acummatum- 2250 24-22. c2 se 138,139 BAS WEES UMM sarees ese ees oe ee 119 QGROSLLOUIONNG wacom eect eee nace eee 139 DCE D SR cere ecm ae ese as ete area Stee 147 ANSUSTILOMMM sc e.ee enews secs Nese oe 148, 149 ATL OMI CUMMap ye sae mot tote Sees es seein este 137 OTUNGUNGACCUM aren sees ciceee 140 aShelien ewes erase Steet peace ace ere aoe 148 banbinode shew spss Ske aces re bet sets 137 bab lates ates Spec eens cme 117, 148 [DOSCHISRR Ee oes eee oat to eee as 118, 147 OLeVILOLIMMIs sees ce eeko eee eee es 140 | COESDULOSIIT ae ee ae he ae eee ae 141 COD UILG COUN ora ere eae ee ne oe 140 | GCapillare mets ss settee Bees 118, 127, 134, 147 CHOMLOGUILEN'S Crap oe nate te es ae 138, 139 Clandestinumiteecs-=5.0 so eae ease 118, 134 COLONUIMN se Soe rset sos Soe ee ee aeES 119, 132 COTMOD WY LLLIN eect ee a sats pe er eee 138 COM PAC HUTA ie ate etre see eee ests 141 | CTA S=O QLLU en te eye oe ote MEE ena Seas 117,119, 146 ECU TIED EN SB enact e NS Men rel eee ener 136 CINE TUT re eae ea eee eee aoe 139 dichotomiflorumys <2. 02a s0-5 ee eeeeee 147
SPECIES. AU Page.
Panicum. dicho FomiMmiss sess e ee ese 117, 129 CUATUS I ae ees oe ere ede 139 CUINAUCLOLUT te ee i oe eer 116 GUS SECLUTY aE OO aioe os 2 Saas ER 115, 116, 133 QUSEUCH ATU ee Be hay ee eee Ee 137 Givaricatimssssse bess ee = 118, 119, 140, 149 COLO NUR Rt ree ee ae a Poe a Nee 148 fASCICUlAtuUIMe see a eee 116, 134, 1388, 139 Chartarinenseseo: ss. ase eee ae 138 PUBFOTINE Seek Le Were sas, 117, 136, 142, 146 LOVES COTS iia eee ee Pees ey See 139 US CUTIUR So Se MRE ea PEP EE 139 CRU TU UCT ete ae tae sae et eer 141 GUDOUTIS nace Ps Se ot oe gee 127, 130, 134 QLOUCUIN ae ee ee ee Se care 117, 129, 146 Slatin Osim ss Flee eee Se ee ye cele 134, 140 OT CUUUS Eee Is Pee A ore ee eee 148 OTOSSOTIUN Mee. aaa ne Meee mee sees 119 MELERO DULL ee eee eee eee 141 hirsutum ess: Soe ase wee eee 141 OUI ITI | (RB ea I A as Bi AEE 119, 146 COOH ALI (ace aaa Rae Aa at le eae A ES 120 QOL CUING Nos stereos nee ee eee aie 129 KOU Roar oe ee SE 141 LONObU MN ten tk oe ee eee ee een ee 140 la tifoliimece ses ese eee eee 118, 134, 147 1 FEYp. WB 0 Ups pai acre renee oe SV Os 139 TEUCODNOCUT tose sea ee ee oa 125, 126, 135, 142 MA CTOCOT DO Maine ita isinoi= re ieee = 118 MAXIMUM ec erect seen iaee eee eee 140 MELICOTUL TIA ceria iteee cee es ase eee 149 MUCKGUEU Sos tok eae ieee eee cle eee 147 MICKOCATPOMecer eis: cote see eee 117,149 Tilia ree ee ON LN ee Ree Ee eee 147 MOllGSe Ase Roe one ese sees 137, 146 WUT COLUM ee cere aoe eee 146 MUtiCUMet: Pes. Sores oe tS eee 138 NEMOTOSUM raw eee ee ae ee 138 muti umes one. eee ae ee a 148 TUM GAT se eae eee ee at 138 oligosanthes 2222 e eee 117, 129 OTYZOILES Rasa ee sages fe See erence 118, 139 OUGI{OLULTe Sane teen ee ae sae ee ae 140 DOLLCNS wrt laren ee eee eee Serna peat 140 DON CULOULM aes eee sa: pees 116 MOUCLDUUT see eee eas ee eee eee 148 hiladelp ie wna se eee seein ceo 118 DULUS DOT SIUM se wae sree are ei leiere eee ime 137 Pil OSU seer wes see ee ee eee eae eer 137 DOU OCU sae else eee eee eS 140 (polynomial). 115, 116, 117, 127,128,129,129,132 POTLENIOVUM ae ee ee seer eee 118, 147 WTOP ERU Mae er ee te See ae ae eee 147 PTOSLT OU Mare seinem eee ete ia ee ay 119 DUDESCETIS Ae eens eee sees acae 147 ULTEG CTUS= pn ete Pe ole Be eee onan 146 TAMULULORUIMN eee eee eee 139 TOMULOSUIN Saat ae a oeie tin so eee mesic seni 149 Teptamsierccae: os casas = Sec saseereee 119 RELI CULOLUM sam is ss Se oe ee a eee 137, 138 T4 CNS Meee Sas aes oe Ae a ee ee a 138 GLOSEN GLUT etre are erie cere eis nie arate 147 SAONGUINGLC te een- Geseee eae 117,122, 129, 133, 146 SCOPATIUMI ae eee eree eee eese aca ee 147
IS CLOSUMscrecte acca eee cae seen Seecate 137
IV INDEX OF Page. Panicumsloaneie 255-22 ase. eaee 118, 134, 138, 139 SPUAETOCAT POUR = eee ean eer eee 141 SRD Gb ee ar 148 SUDDaTOULAIUAM .. = eo nee ean = eee 148 SWamb Aaa oo ee ee erates 140 benvle:t<+ 6 8 a2 eo eee 148 LONMVUCUUINUTN ae ee bee ee ee eee 139 trichamthemme >t. + os oe eee 140 trichoides=) =~ 5- 3222 ses. eee 140,118, 134 VELULINOSUNUs oa ce sae eee ee eee seat ley VTP AhWMRLs Ae. boo aeipoee ee oe 118.129, 147,153 DLS CLO WM ore Ce eee Ee 147 TAZADIOIIES® = oe = eas ee eee eee ae 139 Paspalum. altissimum. ..-------------------- 146 Dlepharopby lum. 223. es a 145 Caespitosum=s 2. <2. fe oes eee 136, 137 e1ligtifoliuma: 22055 36 -cse. fate eee 145 CONUDT CSSUT Vane es a eae ee ee 133,141 | CONJUPAOUME==se8 - 2 eee re ea ee eee 133,136 GeCIMIDENS = .< slo aan. aes ee 136 delle soe se Os Ses 5 ee eee 145 | WUT AHUMN es ao ao ese eee n= - eee 116 GIsseC TIME. S* Je ocnn cs tan ee eee 116,137 Gistichitm . pac ct se odeee seen cee 117,136, 146 CLS oe eae ee xe 2s A46 PNTOTIIOH a t= oe eee ee 136 | MOVIGSTNITRG oo oc oe eo eee ae 145, 146 PUN COMM fen oan oe cee = eee ae 146 IGOVOS: Sepa e doa bac face Songs seme eels 145 MEMDTANGLEWIMN <<, <<< «c's hee eee eee 115, 116 PaAMiculatumMee = oi ~ jones soc eeses 116, 154 DUBDULOtCE Rane Seriecanal <2 eee: Seo eeee 146 pedmuiculabumic es. 2- 2. 2-e. see aa 136 | licatnlume cess eee eee ee tee 146 | Palystachiywm oo. ose aero ere 136 DLRCCOM eH ee ee Ie oe ee oecee emer 145 SHCCHATOIGCS Sc oe was ac eeue tine posuere 135 SCroDiCwlabumis: < -. ~~ .ccasee Seema 116 RELACOUM: = Sean oo eee a 2 Se 145 VEO INL 2 note one ete aes 133, 186 VULOSTS SIMU Mn si Sa wass a= sees eee 145 Vif PatuUMs os -22---seceeeecce 115, 116, 126,133 | Paspalus caespitosus.....- epee Sn ts ee ‘al OOmbor UP OTIS =o. eee Sane ee eee 136 PUT COWS Se ern - Sewers Hoes 24s eee ee 146 BIDETEC TANAUS ars ails. nd ae ee ae elves 136 Pennisetum americanum... ....:-. =. ..- 2. 132 RGICUM sa te ook ae ene eee 143 SELOSHIN oct altos s.c.tans tices ee aes 148 Phalaris arundineced. o.oo. + 2s. 2 ee eee 145 OTyZotdes: lax 27 = 452s B23. 115, 130, 134, 136 DULOSO ae ee NOR ee aE 145 Phalaroides (polynomial) -.....--.--..--.-- 121 PHaTtiS 1 aiOluss-teceee oa. eee Sen ee 125, 134 Phragmites communis 2.2~-.------ === 123, 1380, 132 phragmites: oo a--shsssees -= oa ee 123, 124, 132 Poarannis,. <2) s.: 225 ee owe eee nee eee 131 COCTULESCENS 9. =~ a. A eee ee 120 COPUNOTUS 2 Nae So ee eee 121, 130, 154 CLOVDT ES hs- ch a Se ie oe es Oe ee 121 COMMPTOSSA) 2 Seo Sa = 2 5c eee ee 155 CYOCHIO". 2 oo Sees cae. Uae ee eee 143, 154 CNOOGTOSIIS= <<. 28 5... 3 32/2205 Bone ee 121 OUD. ee eo eee eee ee eee 120, 127 GULNO SOs eee Dan Rea esaee eee 134, 148
SPECIES.
Page.
Poahirsuta)s 28s oc se6 ae eee eee ee 154 hypnoides =. ssa. ee eee ee 155 NETUAID = 25% 5-2 oo 52k ee eee 155 PeClinace@axc ee ae ee ee 143, 155 (polynomall)s22 329534552 130, 131 PLOUWfCnGs 2 RSs Sen ee 1438 (UINQUUfid GAs Sea 120 TEPLANS S25 55585 cae ae ee 155 SCTOLING.<... Gre SSS: Se soe eee eee 154 SCSLETIOUUES! We Sno sn cos Oe ee 155 SURILO ssa ~ SR a ee 155 UOT. 3. So Bee ee 154 Rottboelita cylinarican a. 2 2 sas52-2 te eee 152 GUINIGUUG 35 ce ac a 152 Sacchartim osncinaintimi es eee see eee ee 132 TeplOns WAM. =. 2S. o tae eee ee 147 Sacciolepis:striatac..-- 42. as ee 127, 130, 134 | Sacharum polystachyon......-..------------ 135 Savastana odorata. << 52% -sese eee eee 151 Senites zeugites: =< 220.2 ss2..4. ese 127 Selariassetosdl sa o2. as 2522 = ee ee ee 137 Sorghastrum linnaeanum..-.-...---.--..- 125, 129 MuUltans: so sc see ee ee 125, 154 Sorghum vwulgares- sss) 5.0 sees see 131 Sphenopholis obtusata. -.......-..-.---.-2- 152 palustris). o 5232522 ose eae 156 Spartina cynosuroides............-.:- 121, 129, 153 glabra sce. ose 2s eee eee 121,129 JUNCCR 22s Sock es oss eo eee eee 1538 michatixiangd...--2a-eadess so Eee 153 PCCHiNOLA 328 Bass ee le) 153 DOVY SHA CNY Oa = hs ee 121, 129, 153 stricta. 22 2235.04 2h.5 4222 ee eee 121 | Sporobolus:asper. 222-2: Jee eee ee ee 150 Clandestinus.... 2232-26 2562 < chee ae eee 150 Pracilis..2 <2. sein ss Sass 36s See 150 inGiCUSsso--ssee sec ase sae 120, 121, 134, 149 FUMCEUS na 305 Os es eee aoe ee REE 150 lOngiiOWUSee eee ee ee 24 /asbae 150 purpurascens 23. .22. 222 555.3 142 virginicus............- Ber ae ee 119, 121, 131, 132 Stenotaphrum dimidiatum..............--- 116 Stipa @avenscea. 2 = esas eee 122, 125, 129, 150 DATDAIGss: - et eee eee 150 CANAGENSIS. ot. 25. 2 oe asa ee seer 151 GUM COD was di nera se Sees ee eee eee ee 150 MOACOUNM =.o1 Sais 2 Soe eens Se oe ee 150 SETICEO 0 25 a eae tne eae a eee 150 Syntherisma digitata ..........-.....-.----- 142 fAlifOmMNS! Se ees ate t ager arate 117, 142, 146 sanguinalis... 222 oct gece eee es 117, 146 Sserobing |. .cc2 5556-255 aaa. eee 146 SCLOSOs ofa adie eae ae ae 134, 136, 142 Trachynotia cynosuroides.........--.------- 153 GUMCED a5 oa. tees oops Sa OSS eee 153 DOV SLOCNY Wake = a ee a a 153 Tri ChOduumMae Cm DETS= aaer 22 2-ee see eres 145 lEXUAOTUNU Sa eos eee ee 145 ADTICUSPIS Hees haem Oe cee eee 120 CONOUTMAN Gs we a store eee eee et eee 120 Tri ONS ise ape tent a= eae tae eee eee 120 MAS Sis (ah Se a He en ee eae 120, 127, 155 IIOUNG IIT Taha hoa eS ok Bs ORE Sse es = 120
DPI OGIG« Massaric ae ee a Se a ater ie 120 CUDNED ee semen eee ee 120, 127, 155
INDEX OF SPECIES. V
Fage TTipSACUMsCYlINGTICUM. <3. 222 o2- 22. eos ee 152 Gactyloidessea sis soe aoe s oe 124, 128, 152 ERIN OP UT OGM =a ons sarees eee ae 124 MriseuumMemMOllen ee sie ce seee Semen aee isle 120 DOLUSET Cre as Sect mye atin Tera ee eS 156 pennsylvanicum = 26 2eae2 saesa--sssececs 123 DUT DUT GS CON Smee ee ae eens eee eee 156 Spicatumias. ase e- oss ceesecorecesseee 120, 155 SILUSDUCOLULT een =e sae ese 120, 155 (Wmiolarg7acilisie =- os eee ee ee 126, 130, 155 latifolias osteo sees ce potas _. 155 [ha Bite hier es te ee a ele Sree 126, 130, 155 MNOTAULING 2 ee eS nee ee Soe 1S ee Sas erg ooa ami Culatae ns see es eases oes 121, 181, 155 @olynomial) ee eesse- oe == 127, 1380, 181, 131
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Page.
eUini olansp7cata ss. eee ene eee 119, 121, 131 Wav kopziborsi pienso eae 125, 126, 135, 142 VALI GQiOTOCILISS een er ayes oe een 150 Li CBT ENN, Sse en atte a ea es Seas ee 132 ZCUG UES Se Mee ree eon see EE Ree ele 127 INVER UC CIV ar ee eos 127
7 Aly Ah dul: Woe ee So Se eee ae ar RP ee eae 130 AQUatICAS =ttseenee tees oe seers = 124, 125, 130, 156 aquatica angustifolia:.'.... -.22 22250... 2- 124
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A LILULOLTL S20 arteries ee oe age See ee 156 TVULUC, CED sistem case ree Oe One eee cee 156 ANUS ELIS Bee aes ge els See oe 124, 125, 130, 156 ZAZATUOVSISAMONIAC CHa so see eee eee eee 156
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