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Pe aaa' et ‘6p PGs beth af ol orpah ay aa tsi we maser ay atte keeriat ot d we das THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY G320.7 ITfab UNIVERSITY OF fLNOIS \CRICHITHRE LIBRARY 6 aR Neh seat 7 be + “ly Sees: Tees aah Ugh oe = a ia UNI PRgIT AGRICULTURAL E In cooperation with Division of ¥ génent-and Costs, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U eparth griculture 4an€ 0 DAVIESS EPHEN SON WayWNE BAGO MSHENAY ee 2. MIXED ; LIVESTOCK Sthaxt—aaz arse , AND TRUCK AL: BRE, LASALLE ue [sm MARA 3. LIVESTOCK J] ica) [iamimaston a AND GRAIN FEomA rr ie cad %: 4a |_4. CASH : pemcot GRAIN SCHUYLER ‘A creaky saaT ane ADAMS 4b iy mine Qn on s Douelas | f0GAR 5. GENERAL a ee | FARMING Z| } x wixen oz TATETTE [erranm Brey FARMING MADISON 6} "4 Mm 6. WHEAT, DAIRY CLINTON 7b i AND POULTRY ™ WASH! et way 8. GRAIN AND sesnceatal gy wey ©=6LLIVESTOCK een (a SAL: GALA. 9. FRUIT AND UNION im VEGETABLE r 2: SN The Nine Major Type-of-Farming Areas in Illinois CONTENTS PAGE ENT RODUE TIONG iis src see cesieaa oh co aie an Sher tite pans Spree eee we 97 NATURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE... 99 TANG SUCCES ick cos hie Ota Pah aE TES OR OR CGO ALORS EON SET SAREE 100 PD LAIIA Coes Goa le oe Ha aR HEY GEOR EOE Utes Fe TEE 100 BSB icons oc ah iar SI A Peak Cat soa cna alba a ar aS Seals 103 Raita seers ete scook Seas renee eee ESTOS SG eae Si Ta CDRS 106 A GtVADETACUTO cre end ec orate Cow Sins Ole hae s See Ree eee ELT Sen 108 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE......... 108 Charges: in and V aNee as ic nos ses sad ones ba ee beta san be © uke see 110 Changes. i 9126 Of Bats. 25 yc nec cae pac ensine ew i Minow van aaeoee eos 111 ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING TYPES CO PAR MING wos ciig asee on vs a divvacs Saeed on ON eae aE eH emee ee Reed 115 Economic Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture..............0..000ceee 116 Biological Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture............ rents teres 123 UTILIZATION: OF LANDIN: TELINOUS : as own ea ctacehg cee 50 o-oo ea Saints 124 FLELD CROPS: GROWN-IN: TLUINOIS.S 4 ais srs be ie cwn we vee es 126 CORI Reece tie toe Fc ee les os eee ti Ree ae ena cea Sens 127 MANS eo dp clg toe 0 cecek gto Ss Mee au ya lula ciew ois ewig OMe Math o aeasNE s Si ia er Ror Oe as 130 NVTIGAL oo reine ice oe SA EOS ERO KTR ER es OS EAW RINE Abe Me ee 130 Barley ron oan s cc 6 nee ase Shia AE oe Re Te Vitel Va ein allt na ee 132 SOV CANS foie aie cea ee ese sa Piper OSE EPA GR ONS Ces 132 FIDG (Gud Pasture: CRODS soo oy 5 6 sick ca ec vino kane Nee GRO an wT No dies 133 Grass And epume SOlUS 2. 2 sts a Soieaeom add cues helena Sets 136 Other Picld: Cropesoxcs boron k 2555 a Men Sa eae eat cae Risen 136 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 45:23 sw% ns8 cAceiseeeseessacda 138 PAP DIOS oo eretccs grace Fin eae eNO STA hal Si Set oi talent tien need 139 PCACNOS ok oa ce yen ee ee Ns ne Oe Se CRON en in Rad ao ats 141 POA TS oc, tas a a Ue PDA A ESE NOE EEG Tel a ae eee 141 PHS ANd CRELCIOS 50 oe os cinco bic o bx eae a Solos Sse wwe Uae 142 GEAPESE societies om eis Reiser a SEW Tb aie fei ores AP nora R Sona fa owlel Gs Venetians 142 SA PRONG ec cae Sos d 5. he Tene en SOT ee EUR ER Ce cE os bea es 142 Vewetablesiss onc oe eae Coheed aie aera ec ges lain ech sin Preheat 142 BIVESTOCK PRODUCTION. 255) tek fenc bad Oo Fie etdawensrs thas 143 WV OE Pe EAI ee aioe cia wie Caen enie Re eee ae Hs RA Ev 3 EE 144 Dairy, Cattle sien tre tere cee ce eile Bei shes 1a mae rere aise LASER STIRS 144 BGR E GAO coe la Hoes Ne ences MENS tts CE DES G ATURE eee AES 146 PLOSS einrercn hiker mie errata in ee oirta cin cereale ate Seok acetone 148 SHEED ete ee eae eee kw teers eae TLE unless Sd SIR ate a UD ee 149 OUR ra ya eh ae eet sac teenies aoe Sa ae EN LL gal ns erates 85 bestia aie 149 Cher WVeStOChosc cus Sactmtameruiseu Pes a cue Ra a phar eteSleT ER oti tee 151 CROP AND LIVESTOCK COMBINATIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF TELAINOIS sy ccsievinans «5 PASE Pads Gis te TUR bad ew dies oe Cndearesesinns 151 DOMINANT TYPES OF FARMING IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT... 153 Area 1, Northeastetd Datty at TrQeR cis igencncc cnc chewvecnecese 158 Area 2, Northwestern; Mixed Livestock) ii. Fie oo cc oie ccc escceee 163 Avea 3; Western, Tisventtlr anid Grannis iis cbs ved bivitie soe Gikeseccecss 168 Area 4, East-Central; Catv Grant Fiteaes <6 iive cheeks ono twevecccese 172 Area 5, West-Central, General Fartriing .........ccccccccccccccccccees 178 Area 6, Southwestern, Wheat, Dairy, and Poultry.......,............. 182 Area 7, South-Central, Mixed Farming. fo s5.6iisis cok cccecicccosccnccccees 188 Area 8, Southeastern, Grain and Livestock............. ee ee ere 194 Area 9. Southern, Fruit and Vegetables. 3 5c. cc cscctcvccssscccensccs 198 LTE UE oc slah ig re aie ok Fp BANE NL RE ADAM ae EDAD ORME ES 8 re 204 PP RS LI a oe sk ain vo wine RAE Re REA RRL Aa eee ea ele Dake PEOnies sais 209 Pables 1Os2O is sho sos is ssiaics ale oo .b,5 miei wile via Csvee Gods aicsetd Beeps @ plea ehinis: 64-9 oa 209 Sources: of Datasin Tables and Grapns ...2.5o 0 vc cos d Soin des ace adenivinses's 227 Urbana, Illinois June, 1934 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made by or sponsored by the Experiment Station Types of Farming in Illinois An Analysis of Differences By Areas By H. C. M. Case and K. H. Myers’ LLINOIS ranks high as an agricultural state. It stands fourth [[ sone the states in the acreage of crops grown, third in the value of crops, and second in the value of livestock and livestock prod- ucts. The production of a small acreage of cotton in southern Illinois and the necessity of growing early varieties of corn in northern Illi- nois in order to insure maturity indicate the wide range of climatic conditions found in the state. The average productivity of Illinois soils is high, tho wide differences exist in this respect, some land hav- ing little agricultural value and some being as productive as any in the entire corn belt. The development of transportation facilities has had a direct effect upon the production of perishable products such as whole milk and truck crops. Railroads, waterways, and hard roads provide adequate transportation facilities for practically every community in the state. Chicago and St. Louis, the two leading railway terminal cities in the interior of the United States, provide rapid transportation facilities to all parts of the country and to the seaboard. An area constituting less than one-sixth of the area of the United States, but in which is grouped more than half the population of the country, lies east of the Mississippi river and north of a line extending east from the southern point of Illinois. Thus Illinois is located rela- tively close to the great markets for agricultural products. A large part of the supply of many staple foods for this population of over 60 million people is produced in Illinois. Illinois alone has a population of more than 7 million people, only about one-seventh of whom live on farms. Hence even within the boundaries of the state is a large market for agricultural products. However, with a competitive system of agriculture highly developed thruout the country, Illinois farmers have tried to adjust their production to commodities that will make the best use of their resources and yield the maximum returns under their conditions, thus leaving to producers in other areas the job of supply- ing commodities and services that cannot be economically produced locally. 1H, C. M. Case, Chief in Farm Management; and K. H. Myers, Associate Agricultural Economist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 97 98 Buttetin No. 403 [June, The state lies largely within the great region commonly known _ as the corn belt. Corn, hogs, beef cattle, and dairy cattle form the basis for the organization of farms over a large part of the state, but the relative importance of these products varies greatly in different sections, and in some localities other crops and classes of livestock are of greater importance than these. Only casual observation is neces- sary to make one aware of the differences in crop and livestock pro- duction from one part of the state to another. While these differences may be due in part to accident or to custom, in general they reflect the efforts of farm operators to adjust their production schemes to ex- isting local conditions. In some areas declining soil fertility has led to the introduction of new crops and to the adoption of definite crop- ping systems in an effort to maintain yields. The efforts of Illinois farmers to adjust their production to chang- ing economic conditions is indicated by the changes which they have made and are continually making in relative acreages of different crops grown and in numbers of livestock kept. Market demands, prices, competition with other areas, and costs of production are forces that are constantly shifting, and by their shifting making necessary or advisable various changes in the organization and management of individual farms. This need for the more efficient organization and operation of farms has become especially evident during the recent low-price period. In fact some farmers, in order to cope with current conditions, have been forced temporarily at least to make changes which, continued over a period of years, would be highly undesirable from the standpoint of a permanent agriculture. The development of state, regional, and local agricultural programs of production adjusted to current demands is receiving the attention of research workers, those interested in educational work among farmers, and other groups of farm leaders. Objects of Study.—The objects of this bulletin are: (1) to portray in a general way the agriculture in the state by showing the kind and proportion of crops and livestock produced; (2) to delineate areas within which certain combinations of crops and kinds of livestock pre- dominate; and (3) to show how the predominant types of farm or- ganization in an area are related to the conditions existing in the area. Such a study provides a basis from which farmers, teachers, ex- tension workers, and those interested in research may view more clearly the problems of agricultural readjustment. It should also be of material assistance to those who are endeavoring to interpret the results of research in terms of agricultural practice by enabling them to make more specific recommendations for definite areas. a i 1934] TYPes OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 99 Sources of Information.—The data used as a basis for this study have been obtained largely from the following sources: United States Bureau of the Census; United States Weather Bureau; Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture; Division of Agricultural Statistics, Illinois State Department of Agri- culture; and Illinois State Geological Survey. Much detailed infor- mation has also been obtained from the various departments of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station and by interviews with in- dividuals thruout the state. Definition of Terms.—The term “type of farming,” as used in this study, does not refer to farming methods or practices, but to the general organization of a farm from the standpoint of the emphasis placed on one or several possible farm enterprises. The general or- ganization of a farm is usually indicated by the sources from which the income is derived. It is shown by kinds and acreages of crops grown, kinds and numbers of livestock raised, and the relation between the livestock and crop enterprises. Crop sequence, methods of soil preparation, and the number of litters of pigs raised per sow per year, for example, may vary on different farms and the farms still class as the same type because of the similarity of the sources from which their incomes are derived. By “type-of-farming area” is meant an area in which one or more dominant types of farming can, in most cases, be easily distinguished, and within which natural agricultural resources and biological and economic conditions are highly uniform. In order to describe an area adequately it usually is necessary to indicate at least a major type and one or two minor types. Ordinarily the lines of demarcation between areas cannot be sharply defined, and no distinctly dominant type of farming can be recognized in the localities near the dividing lines. The organization of farms in these “transition zones” is determined by physical and economic conditions in both areas, and consequently the operators in these zones have more latitude in exercising their likes and dislikes than is practical for farmers in the main body of either area. NATURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE Illinois covers an area of 35,867,520 acres, or 56,043 square miles. The great length of the state from north to south, 385 miles, and the varying effects of the different glaciers that once passed over parts of the state have resulted in a wide variation in soil and climatic con- 100 Bu.tetin No. 403 [June, ditions. Four large rivers—the Mississippi, Illinois, Wabash, and Ohio —lie within the state or touch its borders and have been important fac- tors in the development of both industry and agriculture. Land Surface Illinois in remote times was covered by glaciers, with the exception of Calhoun county in the west-central part of the state, Jo Daviess county in the northwest corner, and the seven most southern counties. The last glaciers that covered the northern two-thirds of the state came at a much later date than those that covered the southern one-third. Nearly all the soils of Illinois are derived from the loess that was laid down over the glacial drift left by these enormous ice sheets. Varia- tions in the age and thickness of this loess covering are responsible to an important degree for variations in the character of the soils in different parts of the state. The land surface of Illinois varies from nearly level prairie land, where artificial drainage is necessary to remove the surface water, to rough, hilly areas, much of which cannot be cultivated and over much of which erosion is a serious problem (Fig. 1). Large areas of bot- tom land that are subject to overflow unless they are protected are found along the rivers. These variations in topography can be traced to the action of the glaciers during their advance and to the subse- quent action of wind, rivers, and streams. Small importance can be attached to variations in altitude, so far as types of farming in Illinois are concerned. The altitude varies from less than 300 feet above sea level in the extreme southern part of the state to nearly 1,250 feet in the northwest corner. Thirty-five percent of the land area is between 600 and 700 feet above sea level, and 87.5 percent is between 400 and 800 feet. Drainage Forty-two percent of-the land area in Illinois is drained by the Illinois river or its tributaries, 25 percent by small streams flowing into the Mississippi, 17 percent by the Wabash river, 10 percent by the Kaskaskia river, 5 percent by the Ohio river, and 1 percent by streams flowing into Lake Michigan. Nearly half the land, however, requires additional drainage facilities before it can be made to produce maxi- mum yields of crops. One-third of the farms in the state, and nearly one-third of the total farm land, had artificial drainage in 1930. Nearly 15 percent of the total land area of the state, or 5,032,682 acres, was included in organized drainage districts (Fig. 2). a, ee Se ea ee —e utr A RINE tet le aga eapOnis eos oooan ween Se ce 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 7) U7 xt ‘fe, hy (M. Lorenz) Fic. 1—Retirer Map or ILtrnors 101 The action of glaciers during their advance and the subsequent action of wind, rivers, and streams have resulted in wide variations in the topography of Illinois. 102 BuLietin No. 403 [June, 9i¢ LAKE \ MIC HIGAN 4 4f 40) 3g 36 or 90° 89° 88° Fic. 2.—LocaTion oF LAND IN DRAINAGE PROJECTS Less than one-third of the land area requiring artificial drainage was in organized drainage districts in 1929. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 103 A large proportion of the land which has been drained is at the upper end of the watersheds in east-central Illinois, where the land surface is very flat. Drainage of this land is accomplished by means of open ditches alone or by tile drains which empty into the ditches. Protection of the larger areas of bottom land from overflow and the removal of excess water require levees and pumping plants. A large part of the land in need of further drainage is bottom land, a con- siderable part of which is now in timber. This bottom-land timber soil often is highly productive if cleared and properly drained and pro- tected. Adequate drainage is a serious problem in southern Illinois, where the subsoil on the flat areas is tight clay, which prevents the economi- cal use of tile drains. Also, the naturally low fertility of the soil does not warrant much expense for the reclaiming of many large areas of overflow land. Soils Variations in type and productivity of soils are due to differences in age, in the parent material from which the soils were derived, in the topography and drainage of the land surface, in climate, and in organic activity. The soils of Illinois have been divided into sixteen groups based, in most cases, on the color of the surface soil and the character of the subsoil with reference to permeability and lime content. The geo- graphic location of these soil types, together with the names descrip- tive of their general differences, are shown in Fig. 3. A detailed dis- cussion of each type is not necessary but a knowledge of some of the more important differences between types may help in studying the relation of soils to types of farming. For the purpose of this study the soils may be divided into three groups: dark-colored soils, light-colored soils, and sandy soils. The dark-colored soils are younger and more productive than the older light-colored soils. The light-colored soils in the northern two-thirds of the state are more productive than those in the southern part, owing to the fact that they are younger. The sandy soils vary greatly in productivity, but in general they occupy an intermediate position. The areas of dark soils correspond very closely with the original prairie areas in the northern two-thirds of the state, while the light soils repre- sent the original timber areas (Fig. 4). In the southern third of the state all the soils are light colored except in limited areas of bottom land and upland swamp. Provisional Soil Mep of ° U Sy 9 Nase Ress, ILLINOIS 5 Re University of Iilinols Agricultural Experiment Station September, 928 Revision June, 1929 QS.Smith = LA Norton ges A GML SLE CGS. Gye, ZN, 9 Dark soils with heavy non-celcereous subsoils , os » 4 XS Dark solls with heavy calcareous subsoils 2 53 Derk soils with non-calcareous subsoils TE) cca stis wth. poh snthlbonoss amie me BZ Sect sat sth inpervioes sencacoros 8 Be Slick spots present 3°" Is gong ee ae = with isperviow subiots Fein pom by reclco gs f, Yellowish gray soils with non-calcereous subsoils [3] Sewn Brownish yellow-gray soils with non-calcereous subsoils P oral with impervious subsoils FE) ‘avclunptionsgpey sta anh caberviesn'sancat y Dark-colored bottom lands ‘ fy Light-colored bottom lands ) \ ie 4 gens Sey C3 GFE) sssaty tanme end sents P Ce ater Dee EB imate 13 oe Hilly Forest,orchard and pasture lend GE] Swempy Fic. 3—Sorm Groups AND LOCATION OF EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN ILLINOIS The soils of Illinois have been divided into sixteen groups based, in most cases, on the color of the surface soil and the character of the subsoil with reference to permeability and lime content. GRASSLAND FORESTED UPLAND 525% 270% TERRACE 56 21 BoTTOMLAND36 9.2 & TERRACE SOILS, In Pant Foresteo BBB Bot tom-LANb SOILS, In Parr Foresteo Fic. 4.—DIstTRIBUTION OF PRAIRIE AND WOooDLAND SOILS IN ILLINOIS The Illinois grassland or prairie soils in general are dark colored, while the forest or woodland soils are light. Dark-colored soils are found generally in the northern two-thirds of the state, while the less productive light-colored soils are found in southern Illinois or along streams. 106 Buttetin No. 403 [June, The dark-colored and young soils are much higher in available ni- trogen and phosphorus and require less limestone to correct their acid- ity than do most of the light-colored and older soils where leaching has removed much of the natural fertility. Drainage of the dark soils is a comparatively easy task and is highly profitable, but the presence of a tight subsoil near the surface of some of the light soils in southern Illinois makes the use of tile impossible and on others where tile is effective, the returns often do not justify the drainage cost. Evapora- tion is much more rapid from the light soils than from the dark soils, and with the shallow root system which plants develop as a result of the tight subsoil, there is greater damage during periods of drouth to the crops growing on the light soils than to those on the dark soils. Only small areas of sand are found in Illinois. The relative pro- ductiveness of the sandy areas depends largely on the coarseness of the sand and on the amount of organic matter present. Rainfall The average annual rainfall in Illinois has varied during the fifty- two years 1881-1932 from 25.72 inches to 49.38 inches. The average during this period was 37.26 inches and the average deviation from this amount less than 4 inches (Fig. 5). The annual precipitation varies normally from about 34 inches in the northern part of the state to 44 inches in the southern part (Fig. 6 and Appendix Table 19). 60 55 50 ae aT | << arth a5 NT | ize | | ” RRR || ali i | 3) ‘ HITT ! mT ‘ HHH HITT Hilt Al Hil Hi : Hil ! | | Al HHT | LL | Ol rez es eres ee G7 ee 1000 Bt 92 G2'94 95 96 97 8°99 BOD Or C2 U3 04 05 USOT OSOPBOT I2 13 1330'S! 1932 Fic. 5—ANNUAL RAINFALL IN ILLINOIS From 1881 To 1932 The average annual rainfall in Illinois has varied during 1881-1932 from 25.72 inches in 1901 to 49.38 inches in 1927, with an average during this period of 37.26 inches. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 107 - This amount of rainfall is sufficient to produce abundant crops if properly distributed over the growing season (Appendix Table 20). Dry periods of 3 to 6 weeks during the growing season, however, often occur over the state generally or in small areas and may cut down crop yields materially even during years when the total rainfall is sufficient. Tho the rainfall during the six months April to September is slightly bane ss wimne 8460 jasmener | (Ane RAINFALL S295 fared = \ neat 30-35 INCHES mca sgcat poueias | ebean F oma 35- 40 INCHES |*™ Fic. 6—AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL AND LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON The average total rainfall is sufficient for abundant crop production in all parts of Illinois when properly distributed during the growing season. The number of days from the last killing frost in the spring until the first in the fall normally varies from 150 in northern Illinois to 200 in the southern part of the state. greater in southern than in northern Illinois, crop damage due to drouth is more frequent in the southern part of the state because of the character of the soils and differences in temperature. Winter precipitation in the form of snow is often important in determining the level of crop production. Water from melting snow sinks into unfrozen soil with less run-off than does the same amount of rainfall and, more important, the snow affords protection to winter crops such as wheat, alfalfa, and clover. The average snowfall in 108 Butietin No. 403 [June, southern Illinois is about 15 inches and in the extreme northern part of the state about 35 inches. Temperature Over a long period of years there has been a difference of 11 degrees (F.) in mean temperature from the northern to the southern boundaries of Illinois and a difference of four and one-half weeks in the average length of growing season. The greatest geographical difference in temperature occurs during the winter and spring months. Over a period of years the mean temperature was 21.8° F. during the winter months in the northern part of the state and 70.4° during the summer months. The mean temperatures during the same seasons in the extreme southern part of the state were 37° and 77.4° respectively. The average maximum temperature is 95° in the northern area and 97° in the southern area, but the average minimum temperature is —14° in the northern area and 4° in the southern. The temperature of the soil is important in determining rate of plant growth and biological activities in the soil. Soil temperature differs somewhat from that of the air depending on the following soil conditions: (1) moisture content; (2) color; (3) physical character- istics, such as compactness; (4) vegetative covering or amount of snow; and (5) inclination of the surface to the sun rays. The dark- colored, well-drained soils of central and northern Illinois are rela- tively warmer than the light-colored soils of southern Illinois, where much of the surplus water does not soak into the soil but must evaporate. The temperature of the air, the relative temperature of the soil, and the length of the growing season (Fig. 6) are important factors in determining the crops that can be successfully grown in any given area and the varieties that will produce the highest yields. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE The settlement of Illinois for agricultural purposes started early in the nineteenth century. The population of the state in 1820 was 55,211, and was confined largely to the southern part of the state, chiefly in the vicinity of the Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers (Fig. 7). The early settlers who came into Illinois from the south and east followed a self-sufficient type of agriculture. Because their chief source of food was wild game, and because of the transportation fa- 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 109 cilities afforded, they followed the rivers and streams, avoiding the level prairies on which game was scarce and which were believed to be infertile because of poor drainage and lack of trees. Moreover, timber, to supply lumber and fuel, and drinking water were necessities which could not easily be obtained on the prairies. Following the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, settlers began to come to Illinois from New York, Pennsylvania, and the New 79% 23 * 525 2 2 6%; Fic. 7—Density oF PopuLaTION IN ILLINOIS IN 1820 AND IN 1850 The earlier settlements were made in the southern part of the state, chiefly along the larger rivers which furnished transportation from the south and east. Northern Illinois was opened for settlement with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. As late as 1850, however, the flat prairies in the eastern part of the state and a smaller area in the northwestern part were still sparsely settled. England states. These settlers came from a rigorous climate where a poor soil made industrious habits necessary, and they were naturally thrifty, energetic, and ingenious. They first settled near the timbered areas but soon began to till the prairie land. As late as 1850, how- ever, when the population of the state was 851,470, the flat prairies in the eastern part of the state and a smaller area in the northwest- ern part were still sparsely settled (Fig. 7). During the next ten years the population more than doubled, the acreage of farm land increased 74 percent, and the acreage of improved land increased 160 percent. Much of this increase in farm land was on the flat prairies. In Cham- paign county, a typical prairie county, the area of farm land increased from 58,173 acres in 1850 to 246,806 acres in 1860. 110 | BuLtetin No. 403 [June, The rapid settlement of the prairie land from 1850 to 1860 was due, not only to a scarcity of good land near the rivers, but also to the development of railroads. In 1850 there were only 110 miles of rail- roads in Illinois; rivers provided virtually the only means of getting products to market, and poor roads made it difficult to haul grains and other bulky products long distances to the rivers. By 1860, 2,867 miles of completed railroads provided improved transportation facili- ties to nearly all parts of the state (Fig. 8). Fic. 8.—RaILRoapDs IN ILLINOIS IN 1850 AND IN 1860 — Railroads built during this period provided transportation facilities which led to the complete settlement of prairie land in nearly all parts of the state. Settlement of farm land continued rapidly from 1860 to 1880, when the acreages of all farm land and of improved land in farms were reported as greater than at the present. Much of the improved farm land at that time, however, was not highly productive because it was not naturally well drained; particularly was this true of the level prairies. The full development of some of the most fertile farm land awaited artificial drainage. Changes in Land Values The development of agriculture in Illinois was accompanied by a rapid rise in land values. In 1850 the 12,037,412 acres of land in farms was valued, with improvements, at $8 an acre. In 1880 the value had advanced to $32 an acre, and in 1900 to $54. This advance in price continued until 1920, when farm land and improvements was valued 1934] Types oF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 111 at $188 an acre. With the drop in prices of farm products, however, land values declined and in 1930 the average value of land and im- provements was $109 an acre. The average value of land and buildings per farm in 1880 was $3,948; in 1920 it had increased to $25,289; and in 1930 it had dropped to $15,553. Previous to 1850, before the construction of railroads in Illinois, most of the rich prairie land was practically valueless because of in- adequate transportation facilities. The railroads built during the fifties provided much needed transportation and caused a rapid rise in farm land values. Drainage, which was begun in the seventies and continued rapidly during the next thirty years, also added to the pro- ductivity and value of Illinois farm land. Land values have remained lowest in the southern part of the state where the soil is naturally of low productivity and large areas can be used only for pasture or timber. With the exception of the Chicago area, where land speculation still plays an important part in determining land values, the highest values have developed in the east- central part of the state (Fig. 9). The relation of land values to soil conditions can be seen by comparing Fig. 9 with Fig. 12 which shows the distribution of crop land in 1929, Changes in Size of Farms Another significant development in Illinois agriculture is evidenced by the changes that have taken place in size of farms. During the period from 1850 to 1880 the average size dropped from 158 acres to 124 acres. This can be attributed, in part, to the fact that large tracts of land granted to the Illinois Central railroad were eventually di- vided and sold in small tracts for farming purposes. During this period the number of farms increased nearly three and one-half times, while the acreage in farms increased only two and one-half times. From 1880 to 1900 there was little change either in the number or in the size of farms. Since 1900 the average size of farm has increased from 124 acres to 143 acres, or 15.3 percent. In several southern counties the farms average less than 100 acres, while in Mason and Piatt counties in the central part of the state they average more than 200 acres (Fig. 10). The total number of farms has decreased nearly 20 percent and the acreage in farm land 6 percent. The change in size and number of farms has been more pronounced in some size-groups than in others (Fig. 11). The most conspicuous changes are a constant decrease in the number of farms consisting of 20 to 100 acres and an increase DoLLARS PER AcRE ete, Hs te Ss SS LIE SSS LAS Ls BERS MESES a Z 2l XU SF GY ISS SSS Y, YY SES op 240&UP yi aes 4, PUL CELALLEE FA GA SEBS W OBSSES N NO FARMS ZAR SS SS REPORTED vr Yn GBB 2 Zowes Lh iy YY D YG % ZS y Vp VA YULLIG YO’ VHA UH, Uggs s iY, LYS Ss 3A SY YUU x SY RSS RSS ZZ WR GH WY “pu, WY, 3 tYSGL ty as Yo SS SS SSIES SERVES SE RSA nS ~ S SOE SSS Ses SESS < F SERS SS Ss LESSEE SSS SS gS RN is 70% Sty ee SR NSN ROSEN SESS SERVE SY a NN SYS MALES YYZ ~: Styy £5 RDS 747 SER 4 hy SSS RES ZASEGAZZ & SS SS SS RRR BZA CHES Re SS RSAgass Ss RS ee 2 55 SSS SG RE IZ AST RRS ZAR SY WEG ty Zs “iffy ly Mf S33 Zoe TS Yi SS Ygrrewser lias: Ysa sss YS HASSE Ue SHOWS tf SG CY OSS YG SG YALE ip OIG, yy Lise ¢ y Ye g YY, Sy ELIA tyes SSS SASS FOS WS WIRES SS 4 WISSESSS SST I) ‘ beSSG3 Kit, GEG Vg, Yt, typ B YR A 4 Sey Z RT Y Ys SS Yu, SS: Lon 8 Sy AS SS Yh, TRS SSS: SS SS Yop te tip Ye sd 3 pes GA YJB E SS Y, VAY Yio BS fy Ye Y WL bia eR g thy “iy “NS “ Yy SN Res ess: aS SS ne & 8 SS we 8 JO 0A 4 STE: VESS | ENSON can ROL were. S08 HENRY MERCER y we eNON (3 ~ MC~ | PULTON seat. | DON Coon [OU scHuY MEN ADAMS cass mor- GAN wwe FO MA-~ cove} mn oN cue SY, 0 ‘st. LINTON vest “us INGTON UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Fic. 9.—VALUE OF FARM LAND AND BuILpincs PER ACRE SIZE OF FARMS IN ACRES [__] 80 oR Less 80 - 100 100 - 120 120-140 BY 140-160 BB 160 - 180 BH 180 - 200 HM over 200 Fic. 10.—Size or Farms In IL.inots, 1930 Farms are largest in the central part of the state, where land values are highest and natural conditions are adapted to extensive methods of farming. 114 BuLtetin No. 403 [June, in the number in the 175-to-500-acre group. Farms with 100 to 174 acres are the most common in Illinois, 33.7 percent being in that group. The changes that have taken place in size of farms have been due, in part, to the combining of farms in order to make it possible to use larger implements and power units with greater economy. There were, however, only 88 farms in 1930 that might be classed as large- PERCENTAGE OF FARMS BY SIZE 1900 -1930 YEAR} O-!9 20-49 50-99 100 - 174 175-259 | 260-499 |500 ACRES ACRES ACRES ACRES ACRES ACRES ACRES 10 20 10 2 10 ~=620 fo 20 30 490 10 ~=—20 10 20 fo 20 tT ' ul ‘ , u ul v ’ ul t ~ ij 4 t ' 1930 1925 1920 1910 1900 Fic. 11—CHANGES IN SIZE OF Fars IN ILLrNots, 1900-1930 The most significant changes in the distribution of farms during the past thirty years are the decrease in number of farms from 20 to 99 acres in size, and the increase in number of those from 175 to 259 acres. scale farms on the basis of acreage, income, amount of capital used, and amount of labor employed. Of these 26 were livestock farms, 9 were strictly dairy farms, 11 were cash grain farms, 20 were fruit farms, 13 were farms on which truck crops, principally sweet corn and peas for canning purposes, were important, and 2 were poultry farms. The other 7 farms were general or miscellaneous types. There were 190 farms containing 1,000 acres or more and 2,061 farms with 500 to 999 acres. The value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator’s family in 1929 amounted to $10,000 or more on 1.6 percent of these farms and to $6,000 or more on only 6 percent. The number of farms consisting of less than 20 acres does not change greatly. At the present time such farms constitute only 7.8 percent of all farms in Illinois. A large number of these are truck or poultry farms, tho many are small tracts near towns and cities, which are operated on a part-time basis by urban workers. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 115 ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING TYPES OF FARMING The natural conditions, such as topography, soil, and climate, that have influenced the development of Illinois agriculture have been de- scribed in the foregoing pages. Some of the basic changes that have taken place in the agriculture of the state as a whole have also been briefly indicated. An explanation of the differences that are found in the agriculture of different parts of the state requires, in addition, an understanding of the economic and biological forces that have developed or grown in importance with the industrial and agricultural development of the state. Topography, soil, and climate can be said to determine what crops can be successfully grown in an area, and these, in turn, the kinds of livestock that can be kept. Economic and biological forces help to determine not only the crops and kinds of livestock that will be produced, but the relative amounts of each and the way in which they will be marketed. Competition between areas or regions and competition or interde- pendence of crop and livestock enterprises within an area are the two great forces that determine the most profitable combinations of crop and livestock enterprises for the individual farm. In the case of a single commodity the farm price received for it and the cost of pro- ducing it determine the comparative advantage that one area may have over other areas in its production. As a matter of fact, however, the crops and livestock grown in an area are those which, in combina- tion, will return the most value from the available resources, in so far as individual farmers are able to determine such combinations. Thus while one area may hold a potential advantage over another area in the production of a certain commodity, it may not produce that com- modity because of the greater advantage it has in the production of other commodities; or an area, because there is no product that will fit into its farming scheme and return a better income, may be forced into the production of some crops in direct competition with areas that have superior advantages for those crops. As agriculture has developed from a self-sufficing industry to a highly competitive commercial undertaking, the influence of economic and biological forces on the type of agricultural production in any given area has increased greatly in importance. This competition be- tween regions has led to specialization of products sold from the majority of Illinois farms. 116 BuLtetin No. 403 [June, Economic Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture Some of the more important economic forces that have influenced the type of agriculture to be found in a region include size and prox- imity of markets, transportation facilities, supply of capital, avail- ability of labor, types of land tenure, technic of farming, legislation, and the characteristics of the people. Space will be given to a brief discussion of some of the most important of these forces as they have influenced Illinois agriculture. Markets—Among the states Illinois ranks fourth in the propor- tion of urban dwellers; hence few agricultural areas of the country have close at hand such extensive markets for agricultural products as has Illinois. The population of Illinois has grown from 55,211 in 1820 to 7,630,654 in 1930. Seventy-four percent of the population lives in cities and towns of 2,500 or more. There are 192 cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more and 211 with 1,000 to 2,500 inhabitants. The proportion of people living on farms varies from less than 1 percent in Cook county to 72 percent in Pope county. Omit- ting four counties in the Chicago area, in which 56 percent of the total population of the state lives, 28.7 percent of all the inhabitants live on farms. The industrial centers in Illinois have developed, in a large meas- ure, because of the wealth of natural resources and the ready trans- portation facilities. No other part of the United States is better situated than Illinois with regard to the combined advantages of readily available supplies of food, fuel, iron, and certain other raw products. Illinois is therefore apparently destined to remain both an important industrial state and an important agricultural state, with advantages for both interests enjoyed by few other areas. As agriculture passed from the self-sufficing stage, industrial de- velopments in cities not only took over many of the processes formerly performed upon farms but also provided new markets for agricultural products. Milk condenseries, cheese factories, creameries, vegetable canning plants, soybean oil mills, and other such industries have created special markets for farm products. The development of these industries in certain localities was, no doubt, brought about partly by the type of farming existing in the vicinity; but the presence of these industries has also lent impetus to the production of the particu- lar raw products which they use. Such industries influence the organi- zation of the farms of an area so long as they provide a relatively profitable market for the farm products which they use. ‘ . RSet copier tircccmonictseci ayes, 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 117 After supplying local market demands, Illinois farmers must look to more distant markets for the disposal of their surplus products. The ability to compete with other areas in the sale of products to distant markets is dependent to a large extent upon transportation facilities. Transportation Facilities—Farm products that are low in value in relation to bulk or weight and those of high perishability tend to be produced near consuming centers. The present extensive railroad sys- tem and the extensive construction of hard roads thruout the United States have, however, placed within easy reach of the farms both local and distant markets for large quantities of farm products. Further- more the position of Illinois with relation to population centers of the United States and the advantage which Illinois holds with regard to freight-rate classification make it possible for Illinois farmers to pro- duce many products for more distant markets. Transportation facili- ties have been developed in Illinois until they are seldom limiting factors in agricultural production, even in limited localities. Calhoun is the only county not crossed by one or more railroads. With the extensive system of hard roads, livestock and perishable products are now trucked in large quantities into terminal markets and consuming centers. The freight-rate structure in Illinois is such as to favor certain areas for some products. The part of Illinois north and west of a line drawn from Chicago down the Illinois river to East St. Louis is in the Western Classification Territory and south and east of this line is in the Official Classification Territory. Freight rates on livestock to either Chicago or St. Louis favor the former territory and on grains the latter. Hard roads have extended the area from which whole milk and fresh vegetables are hauled. In some localities this has changed the organization of farms along the roads tho the general type of farm- ing in the area has not greatly changed. Capital.—Availability of capital and the rates which must be paid for its use have not been restraining factors in determining types of farming in Illinois. The large near-by industrial centers represent a ready source of capital for farming purposes in practically all parts of the state. Illinois has been regarded as a good farm loaning territory, as shown by the relatively large volume of loans made on farm prop- erty by insurance companies and the fact that the average farm- mortgage rate in Illinois prior to the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act in 1916 was lower than in most other states. No doubt the 118 Bu.tetin No. 403 [June, proximity of the large population centers was a factor partially re- sponsible for this situation since it assured close at hand a relatively stable demand for certain products. The amount of capital required to finance individual farms depends on the proximity of the farm to large cities, the character of the soil, and on the commodities produced. The capital investment is highest in [FJ 0- 39.9 BS 400-4994 527778 500-599 «Gy BRB 600-699 EB8 700-799 BBS] 80.0 OR MORE Fic. 12.—Crop LAND PER PERSON ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE The crop land area per person ten years old and over gainfully employed in agriculture is greatest in the central part of the state, where grain and live- stock production are common, and is lowest in the fruit and truck farming areas in southern Illinois and near Chicago. areas near large cities, where land values are highest and the type of farming most intensive. The amount of capital for buildings and equipment is larger per acre of farm land in the intensive dairy areas usually found near cities than in the grain-farming areas. During recent years the need to increase farm incomes has in- fluenced the type of farming to some extent in nearly all parts of the state. Larger incomes have frequently been obtained by making more complete or efficient use of the labor already on the farms, and this in turn has required more operating capital. The introduction of dairving on many farms is an example of this change. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 119 Labor.—Neither the supply of farm labor nor the kind of labor required has been a limiting factor in the development of different types of farming in Illinois. The density of population and the high proportion of the population living in cities and small towns make available an adequate supply of labor except in periods of marked industrial activity. There is, however, some competition between in- dustry and agriculture for labor, as is evidenced by the higher farm wages that are usually paid near the industrial centers. The fruit and truck enterprises in southern Illinois and the dairy and truck enterprises near the larger cities in the northern part of the state require relatively more agricultural workers than the less in- tensive systems of livestock and grain production in the central part (Fig. 12). In 1930 the crop land area per person ten years old and over gainfully employed in agriculture was less than 40 acres in the fruit and truck farming areas in southern Illinois and averaged about 50 acres near the larger industrial centers. In parts of central Illinois, where the land is fertile and nearly all tillable and there are no large industrial centers, there were more than 90 acres of crop land per person. Land Tenure.—Forty percent of the farms in Illinois were owner- operated in 1930; 43 percent consisted entirely of rented land; 16 per- cent were rented in part and owned in part by the operator; and 1 percent were operated by hired managers. While there is a definite relationship between the different systems of land tenure that have developed and types of farming, it is difficult to say which is the cause and which is the result. Land tenure, however, is now an important factor in determining changes in types of farming. The sale of land in large tracts by the Illinois Central railroad dur- ing the fifties seems to have been the beginning of tenancy in Illinois. Some of these large tracts were operated as single units for many years, but many were immediately broken up into smaller units and leased on shares. Prior to 1880 land was available at low prices and most farms were owner-operated, only 31.4 percent being operated by tenants. The increase in the amount of tenancy following 1880 was due to several causes: (1) the steady increase in the value of land made it possible for many farmers to retire and lease their farms; (2) many farms were purchased by business men as a permanent investment and leased; (3) with the prospective advance in land values, many speculators bought farms and leased them with the intention of selling as soon as a profit could be realized; and (4) the rapidly rising value 120 BuLietin No. 403 [June, of farm land acted as a growing barrier to ownership for many with limited capital. Since 1920, when land values reached their peak, there has been little change in the amount of tenancy in Illinois (Fig. 13). PERCENTAGE OF FARMS BY TENURE ~ 1880-1930 YEAR OWNERS 38 40 SHARE-TENANTS CASH-TENANTS| 1029 a9 40 1920 T Ul U Pie] 69 Zo = T T 1930 1925 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 Fic. 13—TENuRE oF Farms In ILtinots, 1880-1930 The amount of tenancy in Illinois increased from 1880 until about 1920, when land values and prices of farm products reached their peak. Since 1920 there has been little change. The amount of tenancy is greatest in the east-central and northern parts of the state, where large farms, highly productive soil, and large equipment requirements call for large investments per farm (Fig. 14). Because of limited resources and uncertainty of tenure, a tenant farmer usually cannot make changes in the organization of a farm that require the outlay of much new capital or a period of years to complete. Except on farms where there is unusual cooperation be- tween the landowner and tenant, adjustments to meet changing eco- nomic conditions will be made more slowly on tenant farms than on owner-operated farms. Cash tenancy was most common on Illinois farms about 1910, since which time it has declined. It is most common at present in the live- stock areas, particularly on dairy farms in northern Illinois (Fig. 14). In Cook, Lake, and DuPage counties more than 80 percent of all tenant farms were leased for cash in 1929. Under a cash system of tenancy the landowner has a more constant income and the operator has greater freedom in the management of the farm. Cash tenure is more common on livestock farms than on grain farms for two reasons: (1) labor is a more important factor in live- stock farming, particularly dairying, than in grain farming, and cash tenure enables the operator to use available labor to the fullest extent 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 121 without dividing the proceeds with the landowner; (2) greater risk is involved in livestock production than in grain farming unless the operator is a superior farmer, and frequently the landlord is not will- ing to supply the additional capital necessary for the livestock enter- prises. In grain farming cash tenancy encourages extractive methods: hence a combination of the crop-share form of tenancy with a cash form is the most common arrangement in areas where grain farming TENANT : FARMS RENTED FOR CASH ; ig29 j 44 . 53 44 OGIO = [ [eres yy 5743 z Z OK vee ys “Af. + iy Ya, & . Ga Ww10t GICEXZ mae 5 PERCENT PERCENT 0-199 [-Jo-49 by EJ 20.0-299 EZj50-9.9 6X." ZZ], 30.0-399 Zioo-149 \ roa ERS] 400-499 EB15.0-19.9 y ERB} 500-509 4 fg 20.0- 249 Bes 60.0 OR OVER RB 25.0 OR OVER . Fic. 14—FArMs OPERATED BY TENANTS AND TENANT FARMS RENTED FOR CASH, 1929 The largest percentage of tenant farms is found in the east-central part of the state, where the capital invested per farm is largest. Cash tenancy is most common in northern Illinois, where dairying is important and where on many farms other classes of livestock are produced in large numbers. prevails. Crop-share-cash leases provide for the payment by the tenant of a share of the grain crops as rent and the payment of a cash rental for all pasture and hay land. This arrangement has an advantage in that the main part of the rental is based upon the physical production of the farm, both tenant and landlord sharing in the uncertainty of crop production. It tends to discourage livestock production, however, since the landowner’s share of the crops is usually sold from the farm. The livestock share lease, however, under which the landowner main- 122 Buttetin No, 403 [June, tains a part interest in the livestock, is becoming more general in IIli- nois as the need for greater effort to maintain or improve the soil becomes more apparent. Technical and Scientific Developments. — Level topography, ex- tensive areas of all-tillable land, and good physical conditions of the soil, which are characteristic of a large part of Illinois, favor the use of large-sized mechanical equipment. With the development of this new machinery, Illinois began to gain advantages in the production of many crops over areas having less favorable topography and soil con- ditions. The invention of machines adapted to specific operations, such as the rotary hoe for soybean cultivation and the combine for soybean harvesting, has done much to assure crop profits. Advancing scientific knowledge has led to the introduction into Illinois of many new crops, as well as to the continued profitable pro- duction of older crops in competition with new areas. The develop- ment of methods of controlling diseases and insect pests has been in part responsible for the successful competition with new areas, as has also the building up of the soils by the use of limestone and the pro- duction of legume crops, particularly alfalfa and sweet, red, and alsike clovers. Improved varieties of wheat, barley, oats, and soybeans have encouraged the extension of these crops into areas of Illinois not formerly so well adapted to them. Improved types of livestock, result- ing from careful breeding and better feeding practices, have en- couraged many farmers to expand their livestock production. The control of hog cholera thru vaccination and the control of various hog parasites thru sanitation have been important factors in encouraging a greater production of hogs thruout the state. Apple production would not flourish in many parts of Illinois where it is now an important industry were it not for the control of various insects and diseases thru spraying. Crop rotations have proved effective in wiping out or controlling many crop diseases and pests. Legislation. — Restrictions upon the importation of agricultural products into the United States represents perhaps the chief form of legislation influencing the development of types of farming in Illinois. Tariffs on the importation of soybeans and wool are among the most important legislative measures at the present time directly affect- ing farming in Illinois. The tariff on soybeans has served to protect that industry from competition with soybeans grown in eastern Asia. Tariff protection for this crop was especially important during the experimental period, when varieties were being improved and farmers were attempting to determine the best method of handling the crop. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 123 In order to encourage sheep production in the United States, a tariff was placed on wool, this country having usually been a deficit area so far as wool production is concerned. This tariff has been an important factor in encouraging the raising of sheep, particularly in states like Illinois, where a farmer has considerable latitude in choice of products and type of farming. Restrictions placed by other countries on importations of products from this country are of as much importance to Illinois farmers as are tariff duties placed by this government on importations into this coun- try. The high tariffs recently adopted by certain foreign countries to restrict wheat importations from the United States have greatly re- duced the amount of this crop exported. The resulting decline in the price has led to a reduction of the wheat acreage on many farms. Legislation of any kind that tends to restrict or to expand either domestic or foreign demand for agricultural commodities produced in Illinois will have a direct influence on the types of farming followed in Illinois. Characteristics of the People. — The characteristics of the people settling in different sections of Illinois and their customs have influ- enced, to some degree, the types of farming in areas where there is considerable choice as to the products that may be grown. A good example of this fact is found in Stephenson and Jo Daviess counties, which were early settled by many people from New York state, the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. The dairy industry, particu- larly cheese production, was developed in these counties not only because the industry was better adapted than grain farming to that area but also because of the training and knowledge of these early settlers. The introduction of cotton in southern Illinois was due in part to the presence of some Negro farmers who, because of their experi- ence in growing the crop farther south, undertook its production in Illinois. Personal preferences influence many farmers to continue a certain type of farming rather than adopt some other type for which natural conditions are more favorable. The promptness with which new crops and new methods are adopted in an area is often determined mainly by the racial characteristics of the farm operators. Some adopt new enterprises quickly; others are slow to give up old practices. Biological Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture Insects and diseases attacking plants and animals are the biological factors that may prohibit, temporarily or permanently, the production of certain crops or classes of livestock in some areas, or they may 124 Buttetin No. 403 [June, dictate the crop sequence or method of handling and marketing a product that must be followed in order to obtain satisfactory returns. As the agriculture of an area becomes older, more diseases and insects are introduced that require adjustments in agricultural methods and practices. The introduction of corn diseases and insects, for ex- ample, has been an important influence leading to the adoption of definite crop rotations. In the less favorable localities for apple grow- ing, the San Jose scale has been a direct influence in reducing or elimi- nating apple production, even after the trees were well grown. Losses from animal diseases and parasites, while not severe enough actually to prohibit the production of livestock, have increased until many farm operators have adopted a more definite rotation of pastures and other control measures as a means of maintaining animal production on a profitable basis. UTILIZATION OF LAND IN ILLINOIS Of the total land area of Illinois 85.6 percent, or 30,695,339 acres, was classed as farm land in the 1930 federal Census. The remaining 14.4 percent, or 5,172,181 acres, was occupied by cities, railroads, roads, or public institutions; was used for industrial purposes; was too rough and unproductive to be used for farming; or was used for recreation. In Livingston county, where the soil is highly productive, where 94 percent of the land is tillable, where there are no large cities and only a small amount of manufacturing, 96.6 percent of the total land area was included in farms in 1930. In Cook county only 36 percent of the land was in farms, most of the remainder being in cities or used by industries, railroads, or roads, or devoted to recreational purposes. Much of the land area in the southern part of the state is rough and the soil is low in productivity. Less than 75 percent of the land in some of the southern counties was classed as farm land in the 1930 Census (Fig. 15). Of all Illinois land in farms in 1929, 82.2 percent was classed as tillable, either as crop land or tillable pasture; 11.5 percent as pasture land that could not be cultivated ; 2.4 percent as unpastured woodland ; and 3.9 percent as “other land,” including waste land, building lots, and roadways. The proportion of farm land classed as tillable varied from less than 50 percent in the unglaciated areas and along rivers to more than 95 percent on the prairie land. The proportion of farm land classed as crop land in 1929 varied from 32.6 percent in Hardin county to 84.8 percent in Livingston 1934] LAND IN FARMS 1930 PERCENT OF LAND & IN FARMS 77.4 UNDER 775-824 Feel 825-874 Bead 875-924 Types oF FARMING IN ILLINOIS WOODLAND (i mE NOT af 28 PASTURED ¢. 1929 rats — {oma » [occ ano mee memot exon . . Fic. 15.—DistrisuTIon oF Ittrnors Farm Lanp The land area in farms in 1930 varied from less than 75 percent in many 125 counties in southern Illinois to more than 90 percent in most parts of central Illinois. Crop land, including harvested crops, idle or fallow, and crop failure, equaled 69 percent of all land in farms in 1929; pasture land, 25 percent; and woodland not pastured, less than 3 percent. 126 Buttetin No. 403 [June, county, and averaged 69 percent for the entire state (Fig. 15). The total state areas so classed included 1,480,423 acres of idle or fallow land and 701,147 acres of land on which there was a crop failure. A large part of the land on which there was a crop failure in 1929 was in drainage districts, where good crops are normally raised. Most of the idle land was in the southern one-fourth of the state. Twenty-five percent of the farm land of the state, or 7,607,035 acres, was classed as pasture land in 1929. The proportion varied from 11.1 percent in Mason county to 49.4 percent in Brown county (Fig. 15). Over half the land in pasture was classed as tillable. On many farms in east-central Illinois there is no untillable land, altho some land is devoted to pasture. Along rivers and streams and in unglaciated sections most of the land used for pasture cannot be culti- vated. Some of it has timber growing on it and the rest is too rough to permit cultivation. The carrying capacity of pasture land varies greatly but is usually much higher in the central and northern parts of the state than in the southern part. The farm area in Illinois includes 731,936 acres of timber not used for pasture and 1,216,461 acres of “other land.” Most of the area used for timber only is rough land or the less productive land. “Other land” amounts to less than 6 acres per farm and represents building sites, roadways, and waste land. : FIELD CROPS GROWN IN ILLINOIS During the early period of settlement of-Illinois, corn was the most important grain crop grown. It was easy to grow, readily stored, and produced large quantities of nourishing food for man and feed for animals. Before transportation facilities were available these were im- portant factors in determining types of agriculture. Since livestock, which could be driven to market, were easier to market than grain, cattle and hogs early became important agricultural products. Wheat was the most important crop grown directly for use as food and was hauled long distances overland to waterway markets. With the estab- lishment of mills for grinding the grain, flour entered commercial channels in large quantities. The acreages of corn, oats, wheat, and tame hay grown in Illinois annually from 1866 to 1930 are shown in Fig. 16 and Appendix Table 16. Following 1860 the greatest increases in farm land area were in the prairie sections. When drained, the rich soils in these areas were particularly well adapted to grain farming. Conditions were less 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD Crops 127 favorable for livestock farming. Moreover, fencing and lumber for buildings had to be shipped in and were high in price. From 1860 to 1880, as the prairie areas were drained, the acreage of corn increased rapidly. From 1880 to 1900 the acreages of corn and oats increased, while there was some decline in the wheat acre- age. The most significant changes in agriculture in Illinois since 1900 12 7 Nt 10 L — A y F Roy \ 9 ALYY AY ORN i va ZL “8 S / 57 < aig 5° “5 Z ATS—aAa_] 4 = 4 ea ~ Des LA NN ares 3 WHEAT aK HAY i 3 Swe BS ARS Pe ees WALA 7 70, Ae yN™ ' 2 rt Tee Le Lh | beta acts i) aN a! Are bs Gl A, \ 7 ad 0 aa Vv 3 ' _—— re) 1866 1870 1874 1878 |882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 19301934 Fic. 16.—AcrEAGES OF Corn, Oats, WHEAT, AND Hay IN ILtinors, 1866-1931 During the past thirty years there has been little change in the acreages of the principal grain crops grown except for a marked increase in wheat pro- duction for a short time during the World War period. have been the addition of minor cash or feed crops to the cropping system and the tendency toward specialization, the various crops be- coming most highly concentrated in the areas best suited to their pro- duction. These changes have been prompted or necessitated by soil conditions, by the competition of these areas with other agricultural areas, and by changes in economic and biological conditions. Corn The area of corn grown in Illinois reached a peak of more than 10,500,000 acres during the period 1900-1905 (Fig. 16). During the next twenty years the annual acreage slowly declined until, during the five years 1926-1930, an average of only 8,862,000 acres was grown. A general decline in the acreage of farm land during this period ac- counted in part for the smaller corn acreage tho, with the exception of the northeastern part of the state, the proportion of tillable land in 128 Buttetin No. 403 [June, corn was less in 1929 than in 1899. The decline in corn acreage has been greatest in areas where the natural fertility of the soil is lowest. In such areas a large acreage of legume crops is being grown for soil- improvement purposes or the land is being allowed to stay in grass. Corn was harvested from 8,574,608 acres in Illinois in 1929, an area equal to 45 percent of the total area from which crops were harvested and equal to 34 percent of all tillable land in the state. Corn is grown both as a feed and as a cash crop in Illinois. The farm value of the corn crop was equal to nearly half the value of all crops in 1929; the income from sales of corn amounted to over 40 percent of the income from sales of all crops. Nearly one-third of the crop was shipped out of the county where grown, chiefly to neighboring counties, to the New England and southern states, or for exportation. Much of the corn sold is sold to farms in the same county. The distribution of corn acreage in 1929 is shown in Fig. 17. The relative acreage of corn, its value in relation to the value of all crops, and the proportion which is sold vary widely in different parts of the state. A distinct relationship exists between the acreage of corn and the character of the soil. Highest yields of corn are obtained on the dark-colored prairie soils, which are high in humus and nitro- gen. Total rainfall is sufficient over the entire state for good corn yields, but periods of low rainfall occurring during the growing season often limit corn production. The ability of corn to withstand these periods of drouth depends to a large extent on soil conditions. The shorter growing season and the lower average temperature make the extreme northern part of the state less favorable for corn grow- ing than the central parts and necessitate the use of early maturing varieties in northern Illinois in order to lessen the damage from frost. The relative acreage of corn is greatest in the east-central part of the state, where 45 percent or more of the tillable land area was in corn in 1929. Corn is chiefly a cash crop in this area, from 60 to 70 percent of it being shipped out of the county where grown. From 40 to 45 percent of the tillable land in the north-central part of the state and west of the Illinois river is in corn, but the proportion of tillable land in these areas is lower than in east-central Illinois. From 25 to 30 percent of the tillable land in the extreme northern part is usually in corn. Corn is almost entirely a feed crop in this area, and large acre- ages are cut for silage and fodder. Late corn, which might otherwise be damaged by frost, is saved and utilized in these ways. From 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land in the south-central part of the state is normally in corn, nearly all of which is fed to livestock. Nidan 1934) Types oF FARMING IN IcirNots: Fretp Crops 129 GER oe | xo O40 3S @ [it etalon [wont . . : BARLEY [5 ACREAGE = }taart,~—— 1929 Caml there niwar aunt aw . efe 20Cr 15.am0 e mene . . aa ay Q ® =2500 ACRES Fic. 17—AcREAGES OF Corn, OATS, WHEAT, AND BARLEY Corn is grown thruout the state, with the heaviest production in the east and north-central parts. Oats are important in the northern two-thirds of the state. Wheat is an important crop in central Illinois, in several counties ad- jacent to St. Louis, and in the Ohio and Wabash river valleys. Barley is im- portant only in northern Illinois. 130 Buttetin No. 403 [June, The light-colored poorly drained soils in the southern part of the state are not suitable for extensive corn growing. Only 15 to 20 per- cent of the tillable area is generally in corn, and the amount produced is sufficient only to provide feed for work stock, dairy cattle, poultry, and a few hogs. Corn is the most important crop on the bottom lands along the rivers in all parts of the state. Along the Wabash and Ohio rivers in southeastern Illinois are small areas where 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land is in corn and from which considerable amounts of corn are sold. Oats The acreage of oats in Illinois increased until about 1900, since which time it has remained nearly stationary at about 4 million acres (Fig. 16). Some decrease in oats acreage has taken place in the northern part of the state and some increase in the south-central part. A total of 3,998,589 acres, an area equal to 21.1 percent of the har- vested crop land in Illinois, or to 15.8 percent of all tillable land, was grown in 1929. The importance of oats is due more to their value as a small-grain crop in the rotation than to their value as a cash or feed crop. Oats are sown before work on corn is started and are harvested after most of the corn cultivation is completed. They are an excellent nurse crop for hay and pasture seedings, and follow corn better than does wheat. Oats are an excellent feed for work stock, dairy cattle, and for growing young stock, but the amount of feed produced by an acre of oats is less than half that realized from an acre of corn. The farm value of the oats crop was only 12 percent of the value of all crops during 1924-1928, and while one-third of the crop was shipped out of the county where grown, the value of oats sold made up only 12 per- cent of the income from all crop sales. The east-central and northern parts of the state have the greatest acreages of oats (Fig. 17). Grown in a cropping system with corn as the major crop, oats usually occupy 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land in east-central Illinois. Their value as a feed crop for dairy cattle makes them an important crop in northern Illinois. Since oats grow best in areas where the soil and climate are both cool and moist, they are not an important crop in southern Illinois. Wheat Crop land planted to wheat reached a peak of more than 3 million acres in Illinois about 1880, declined to about 2 million acres during 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD Crops * i! the period from 1890 to 1905, then increased gradually until the de- mand created by the World War brought it to a high peak of over 4 million acres in 1919 (Fig. 16). Since 1920 it has declined to about 2 million acres. The area harvested in 1929 totaled 2,093,399 acres, or 11 percent of the harvested crop land and 8 percent of the tillable land area of the state. Nearly 95 percent of the wheat grown was winter wheat. The value of all wheat harvested was only 9 percent of the value of all crops, but the income from sales of wheat made up 17 percent of the sales of all crops. Wheat is grown in all parts of the state but is especially important in three areas, as shown in Fig. 17. A wheat belt extends entirely across the central part of the state, with the heaviest production centering in Mason and Menard counties near the Illinois river. Wheat was grown on 80 percent of the farms in these counties in 1929 and occupied over 25 percent of the tillable land. From 20 to 25 percent of the tillable land in Cass, Morgan, and Scott counties was in wheat. In the second wheat area centering in Monroe, St. Clair, and Wash- ington counties in the western part of the state over 30 percent of the tillable land area in 1929 was in wheat, and 25 to 30 percent of the area in several other adjoining counties was in wheat. A smaller area is found along the Wabash and Ohio rivers in southeastern IIli- nois. The total acreage in this area is small compared with the acreage in the other two areas, but it ranks next to the corn acreage in this area and is an important crop in the cropping systems. The kind and amount of wheat grown are influenced by soil and climatic conditions as well as by competition with other crops. Pro- duction of winter wheat in the northern part of the state is hazardous because of winterkilling. The same risk is involved in central Illinois to some extent, particularly on the heavier types of soil. Where corn is grown on 50 percent or more of the harvested crop land, wheat does not fit readily into the rotation. Hard winter wheats are commonly grown in the northern part of the state and soft winter wheats in the southern part. The reaction following the general increase in wheat acreage during the war period has been different in different parts of the state. In northern Illinois the acreage has been reduced to about what it was before the war. In the east-central part of the state the acreage, tho still small, has increased about two and a half times; in the central wheat area it has increased about 15 percent; while in some of the southeastern counties it has been reduced to less than 50 percent of the pre-war acreage. 132° BuLtetin No. 403 [June, Barley Barley is a cool weather crop and for highest yields requires a porous, well-drained soil, conditions most nearly found in the northern part of the state. It is grown over the entire northern half of the state but reaches its greatest importance in the northeastern corner, where it is raised mainly as a feed crop for dairy cattle (Fig. 17). In this area it was grown on 10 to 15 percent of the harvested crop land in 1929. Prior to 1917 barley was grown on less fia 60,000 acres in IIli- nois. The acreage increased steadily, 600,000 acres being harvested in 1928. This increase was due largely to the greater use of barley for feed and, in some localities, to the use of barley to replace oats in the rotation. The 1928 barley crop, however, was heavily infested with scab, which caused difficulties in feeding it. With this experience farmers reduced their acreages, and in 1929 barley was harvested from only 369,903 acres on 22,137 farms. Soybeans The acreage of soybeans grown alone increased from a few thousand acres prior to 1917 to 427,175 acres in 1929. In addition, soybeans are used extensively as an interplanted crop, particularly with corn for silage, or they are used for pasture. From 50 to 60 percent of the soybeans grown alone in Illinois are cut for hay, the proportion varying greatly in different parts of the state and from year to year, depending on the need for hay. Soybeans are widely used in many parts of Illinois as an emergency hay crop when the clover does not survive the winter. Soybean oil factories have been the principal market for the grain, tho the amount of grain fed has greatly increased during the last few years. Soybeans are grown thruout the central part of the state but are most important in a relatively small area including and extending from Macoupin and Bond counties to Vermilion county (Fig. 18). In this area the acreage planted to soybeans alone constitutes nearly 7.5 percent of the total harvested crop land, an average of 16 acres of beans being grown on 40 percent or more of the farms. The greatest acreages are in Macoupin and Christian counties, where about 11 per- cent of the harvested crop land was in beans in 1929. Certain characteristics of soybeans have influenced their acreage and distribution in recent years. Soybeans grow well on soils that are too acid to grow alfalfa or clovers and are therefore popular as a hay crop in the southern half of the state. The high nitrogen content of 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD Crops 133 the grain and of the hay has led to the production of soybeans on many livestock farms in the central part of the state. Their adaptation to the poorer types of soil in south-central Illinois has made them a relatively profitable cash grain crop in that area. The high yield of wi Tek SWweTVI ol tdecl et SOYBEANS \— pe CLOVER z ee 1929 : ; ay PASTURE ee 1 ah Se 1929 ANE tafe | ; : : . “f f : __* 5: é @=1000 ACRES 4“ |* . 1, °=1000 ACRES SY * | . 2 Fic. 18—ACcCREAGES OF SOYBEANS AND OF SWEET-CLOVER PASTURE Soybeans, a relatively new crop, are important thruout central Illinois, with the heaviest production in the region from Macoupin county to Cham- paign county where they are grown largely as a grain crop. Sweet clover, within the past fifteen years, has become an important pasture crop thruout the state. In addition a considerable acreage is grown for soil-improvement purposes. soybeans on the more fertile soils in east-central Illinois has made them a profitable grain crop, replacing oats and sometimes corn in the rotation. In this area three-fourths or more of the beans are harvested for grain, while in the southern third of the state a larger proportion is cut for hay. Hay and Pasture Crops One-third of the farm land in Illinois was in hay or pasture crops in 1929. About one-third of this hay and pasture area is timber land or land that is too rough for cultivation. Hay was harvested from 2,917,631 acres in 1929, and 4,091,718 acres of tillable land were used 134 Buttetin No. 403 [/une, for pasture, the total area occupied by these two crops making up 27.7 percent of all tillable land. The proportion of all pasture which is tillable is greatest in the east-central part of the state, where the relative acreage of all pasture is smallest (Fig. 15, page 125). Acreage in pasture gives little indi- cation of the amount of feed produced, the carrying capacity depend- ing on soil conditions, on type of pasture, and on methods of manage- ment. In the northern part of the state mixed timothy and clover pastures are most common, while timothy, redtop, or other native grasses are most common in the southern part. Sweet clover for pasture and for soil improvement has become popular during the last few years in areas where it can be grown. The total area of sweet clover used for pasture in 1929 was reported to be 135,310 acres, on 9,013 farms (Fig. 18). The Illinois State Department of Agriculture estimates that 748,000 acres of sweet clover were sown in 1929. The relative acreage of meadow harvested for hay varies from less than 5 percent of the tillable land area in east-central Illinois to more than 30 percent in the south-central part. Timothy and mixed hays made up 47 percent of the total hay acreage in 1929, clover 20 percent, annual legumes 11 percent, alfalfa 7 percent, and other tame grasses 14 percent. Small amounts of small grains and wild grasses made up the remainder. The average acre-yields reported in 1929 were: timothy and mixed hays, 1.22 tons; clover, 1.45 tons; alfalfa, 2.19 tons; annual legumes, 1.23 tons; and other tame grasses, .62 ton. Timothy and mixed hays were reported on 43 percent of the farms in the state in 1929. These kinds of hay are most important in the area west and north of the Illinois river and in a belt extending east across the south-central part of the state (Fig. 19). From 60 to 70 percent of all hay on most farms in these areas is of this type. Clover hays are grown over most of these same areas, but it is a common practice to sow a seed mixture to insure a stand of grass if the clover should not survive the winter (Fig. 19). Tho limestone is necessary to grow clover in the area adjoining St. Louis, the acreage of clover hay in this area is the highest of all hays. The reason for the high propor- tion of clover hay is that it meets the urgent demand on many farms for leguminous roughage for dairy cattle. Annual legumes harvested for hay consist of soybeans and cow- peas; the importance of these legumes for hay follows closely their distribution for all purposes. “Other tame grasses” harvested for hay in Illinois consist almost entirely of redtop. Redtop is grown in a relatively small area in south- 1934] Types OF FARMING IN sig TIMOTHY & ILLINOIs: FIELD Crops . Te [out oe e=1000 acres 4, B Fic. 19—AcrEAGES OF Hay AND GRASS SEEDS Timothy and mixed hay make up about 50 percent of the total hay acreage of Illinois and are found in all parts of the state; clover hay makes up 20 percent, with the heaviest production in the western half and in the north; and alfalfa hay, 7 percent, with a distribution similar to clover hay. The heaviest production of grass seeds (redtop and timothy) is in southeastern Illinois. 135 136 Bu.tetin No. 403 [June, eastern Illinois where it is threshed for seed and the straw used for hay. Soil conditions make it difficult to grow most legumes in this area, tho some soybeans and cowpeas are grown for hay. Alfalfa is grown on less than 15 percent of the farms in Illinois. _ The total acreage is relatively small, but the higher yield per acre than other legumes and the greater feeding value make it an important crop on many farms. Distribution of the alfalfa acreage has been influenced by soil conditions as well as by demand. The greatest acreage is in the northern part of the state where there are many soils on which alfalfa can be grown successfully without the application of limestone or with very light applications (Fig. 19). Alfalfa is also an important hay crop in the St. Louis area altho here large quantities of limestone are necessary to grow it successfully. Grass and Legume Seeds Grass and legume seeds were harvested from 563,114 acres in IIli- nois in 1929, or from less than 3 percent of the harvested crop land. The clovers, principally red and alsike, together with some sweet clover, made up over 48 percent of the total acreage of harvested grass and legume seeds; timothy seed made up 11 percent; and “other grass seeds,” almost entirely redtop, made up nearly 40 percent (Fig. 19). Clover seed was harvested, however, on less than 10 percent of the farms in the state, timothy seed on only 1.7 percent, and other grass seeds on 2.7 percent. The production of redtop is confined largely to Marion, Clay, Rich- land, and Wayne counties. Over 40 percent of the timothy seed was produced in Effingham, Jasper, and Clay counties, with the remainder produced in small areas over the state. Clover-seed production is fairly evenly distributed over the state except for the northeast corner and the southern part where little or no seed is produced. Other Field Crops The crops that have been discussed occupied over 98 percent of the harvested crop land in Illinois in 1929; their value was equal to 87 percent of the farm value of all crops during the five years 1924-1928 ; and the income from their sales equaled 83 percent of the cash income from all crops. Other field crops, which are grown on a relatively small total area in Illinois but which are important in small localities and on many individual farms, are broomcorn, cowpeas, sunflower seed, rye, cotton, buckwheat, sugar beets, and mixed grains. Broomcorn was grown in 1929 on a total of 21,403 acres on lie farms, an average of 27.7 acres per farm. Its production is confined ——— NR is oh terete teint ein ORY make 1934] im @=1000 ACRES San sf é vo aaness SUNFLOWER SEED 1929 = @=1000 ACRES T} i Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD Crops 137 COWPEAS 1929 @ =1000 ACRES y @ = 1000 ACRES Fic. 20.—AcREAGES OF BrooMcorn, CowPEAS, SUNFLOWER SEED, AND MIxED GRAINS Broomcorn production in Illinois, altho limited to a small area centering in Coles county, is second largest in the United States. Cowpeas are important chiefly in southern Illinois. Sunflower production is confined almost entirely to Moultrie county. Mixed grains, consisting largely of oats and barley, are im- portant as a feed crop in west-central and northwestern Illinois. 138 BuLtetin No. 403 [June, to a small locality in and about Coles county (Fig. 20). It was grown on 14 percent of the farms in this county in 1929 and on 5.2 percent of the harvested crop land, but the value of the crop equals a much greater proportion of the value of all crops in the county. It is an important cash crop. Cowpeas were grown on 11,812 farms in 1929. The total area occupied by cowpeas grown alone was 99,420 acres, while 6,939 acres were grown with other crops. Cowpeas grow well on soil of low productivity, and for this reason are most important in southern IIli- nois (Fig. 20). Mason, Cass, and Tazewell counties, however, form an important center of production in central Illinois, cowpeas being grown on the sandy soils in that area. Cowpeas are raised as a hay crop or as a grain crop. The proportion cut for hay is much larger in the southern part of the state than in the central area. Sunflower seed was reported as grown on 592 farms in 1929. The total area reported was 13,567 acres. Practically this entire area is in Moultrie and surrounding counties (Fig. 20). Rye was grown on 62,051 acres on 4,010 farms in 1929. As a grain crop it is most important in Mason and Cass counties and in northern Illinois. Generally rye is grown on the more sandy soils. It is often used as an early spring pasture crop on livestock farms. Cotton is grown only in the extreme southern part of Illinois. The total area in 1929 of 1,613 acres was grown on 136 farms. The acre- age in 1924 was nearly ten times as great as in 1929, but with the drop that occurred in the price of cotton, production declined. Buckwheat was harvested from 5,738 acres on 440 farms in 1929. It is grown mostly in the northern part of the state, tho some is found — in the south-central part also. Mixed grains, not separated in threshing, were harvested from © 95,220 acres on 4,387 farms in 1929. These grains in most cases are a mixture of oats and barley grown as a feed crop. Frequently some other grain is drilled in a thin stand of wheat. Mixtures are most common in the west-central part of the state and in the northwest corner (Fig. 20). FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION The orchard fruits—apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and plums— — are produced in all parts of the state. Apples are most common, being reported on 44 percent of the farms in 1929. Peaches were grown on 27 percent of the farms, cherries on 21 percent, pears on 20 percent, — 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 139 and plums on 17 percent. Many other farms having only a few fruit trees probably reported none. Commercial production of these fruits, however, is limited to a relatively few farms in selected areas. Less than 1 percent of the land in harvested crops in Illinois was in orchards in 1929, and the value of the fruit was less than 3 percent of the value of all crops. In the commercial fruit areas, however, the value of the fruit was equal to 40 to 60 percent of the value of all crops, and sales of fruit were the most important source of income on many farms. Apples The number of apple trees in Illinois has declined steadily during the past thirty years. The number of trees of bearing age reported in 1930 was less than one-third the number in 1900. Most of this de- crease was due to the abandonment of small farm orchards. The setting of new trees in commercial orchards was heavy during the years 1915 to 1925. A survey in 1928 indicated that 20 percent of all apple trees in commercial orchards that year were set during the four years 1915-1919 and that 45 percent had been set since 1919. Thirty- nine percent of the apple trees reported in the Agricultural Census of 1925 were under bearing age, compared with 32 percent in 1930. During the four years 1924-1927 an average of 5,362 carloads of apples were shipped annually by Illinois producers, the number vary- ing from 3,178 to 6,627 carloads. The three important commercial apple areas in the state are shown in Fig. 21. Sixty percent of the apples shipped during the four years 1924-1927 were grown in the western area, which includes Calhoun, Greene, Jersey, Pike, and Adams counties. Many new trees have been set in this area in the last ten years, particularly in Calhoun county, where the number of trees has more than doubled. Cumberland, Jasper, Richland, Clay, and Marion counties, to- gether with parts of Crawford and Effingham counties, make up the second most important commercial area in the state. Nineteen percent of all shipments made by Illinois growers in 1924-1927 were from those counties. This area was the first important apple-producing center in the state, but the industry here is now distinctly on the decline. The number of trees of bearing age in 1930 was less than 12 percent of the number in 1900. Many early apples are produced in the third area, which includes Union, Johnson, and parts of Jackson and Williamson counties. Car- load shipments from this area made up 13 percent of the state total from 1924 to 1927. The number of trees declined in this area between 140 Buttetin No. 403 APPLE PEACH pede SHIPMENTS us SHIPMENTS \ AVERAGE P|} AVERAGE Lele] ee wd , et fi . ae ing . be emma] ork, = _ | @=25 CARLOADS } se Slead 2 @ = 25 CARLOADS ae ws ¢ VEGETABLES Geel | eA veceTaBLe sete LA HARVESTED Jon | A SHIPMENTS. }oseaxh,, a FOR SALE A° .|*, “|. hotels AVERAGE cs 1929 ee — es J 1924-27 Aker] | Ls so ——a . tA . . gol mencen . 1: ; . Tass ; mae e=1000 ACRES \ . BP * = 25 CARLOADS eae Fic. 21—FRuIt AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS The areas of important commercial apple, peach, and vegetable production are shown in the above maps. Tho the heaviest vegetable shipments are from Union and Pulaski counties, vegetables grown for canning are important in east-central and: northern Illinois, and for direct consumption near Chicago, St. Louis, and in the extreme southern part of the state. [June, ag he a ee 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 141 1900 and 1924 but has increased nearly 30 percent since 1919, the greatest increase occurring in Union and Johnson counties. Peaches The total number of peach trees reported in Illinois in 1930 was 4,027,456, nearly three-fourths of which were trees of bearing age. The number declined more than 50 percent between 1910 and 1920, the greatest decline being in the small farm orchards. From 1920 to 1925 the total number increased from 1,851,037 to 4,139,100 trees. A survey conducted in 1925 indicated that 77 percent of all peach trees in commercial orchards at that time had been set in 1920 or later. From 1925 to 1930 the number of trees declined slightly, and only 25 percent of the trees were of nonbearing age in 1930, compared with 45 percent in 1920. The annual production of peaches in Illinois fluctuates greatly with climatic conditions. During the last ten years it has varied from prac- tically none to 4 million bushels. During the four years 1924-1927 an average of 1,509 carloads of peaches was shipped annually out of peach-producing areas. Shipments varied from 579 carloads in 1925 to 4,636 carloads in 1929, Commercial peach production is limited largely to the two areas shown in Fig. 21. Union county has always been the most important center of peach production in Illinois. Fifty-five percent of the total volume shipped during the four years 1924-1927 was from Union, Johnson, Pulaski, and Jackson counties. The number of trees in this area in 1930 was two and one-half times as large as in 1920. Thirty-eight percent of all carlot shipments of peaches from 1924 to 1927 were from Marion and the adjoining counties. In 1900 there were more peach trees in Marion county than in any other county in the state. The number declined until about 1920, when many new trees were set out. Peach growing in this area is subjected to a greater tisk of frost damage than it is in the areas farther south. Crop fail- ures are common. This fact, coupled with low prices for peaches, has resulted in a rapid decline in the number of trees during the last few years. Pears One-third of the pear trees of bearing age in Illinois are in Marion county, and nearly 60 percent of the carlot shipments of pears during the four years 1924-1927 came from there. Pears are produced on farms in all parts of the state but the crop is of commercial im- portance on few farms. The number of trees in the state declined 142 Butietin No. 403 [June, rapidly from 1910 to 1920, increased somewhat immediately following the war, and then declined about 30 percent between 1925 and 1930. Plums and Cherries Plums and cherries are produced in all parts of Illinois but are of little commercial importance except in local trade. During the last twenty years the number of cherry trees has declined 70 percent and the number of plum trees 65 percent. Forty-one percent of the farms in the state reported cherry trees of bearing age in 1910 and only 21 percent reported them in 1930. Twenty-seven percent reported plums in 1910 and only 17 percent reported them in 1930. Grapes Grapevines of bearing age numbering 1,750,332, and 168,257 vines not of bearing age, were reported on 57,901 farms in 1930. The com- mercial crop of grapes is grown almost entirely in Hancock county, where an average of over 500 vines per farm was reported on 30 per- cent of the farms in 1930. An average of 17 carloads of grapes was shipped from this county annually during the four years 1924-1927. In 1900 there were over 3 million grapevines of bearing age re- ported in Illinois. At that time there were nearly as many vines in Pulaski county as in Hancock county, but the number declined rapidly from 1900 to 1910. The number of vines per farm reported outside of Hancock was only 22 in 1930. Small Fruits Strawberries were reported on 7,800 acres in [Illinois in 1929, raspberries on 1,508 acres, blackberries on 1,270 acres, and other small fruits on 201 acres. An average of 213 carloads of strawberries was shipped annually out of the counties where produced in 1924-1927. Sixty percent of all carlot shipments was from Union, Pulaski, and Massac counties, 25 percent from Fayette and Marion counties, and 12 percent from Adams county. From 1,000 to more than 3,000 quarts of strawberries were produced per farm in these areas in 1929, Vegetables Production of vegetables, including potatoes, may be divided into two classes: those grown only for home use and those grown for sale. The value of vegetables grown in farm gardens for home use was estimated at more than 714 million dollars or $45 per farm in 1929. More than 1414 million dollars’ worth of vegetables and potatoes were harvested from 170,082 acres, and while this acreage is small compared. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLrINoIs: LivEsTOCK 143 with the total crop acreage, it is important in distinguishing the type of farming in some localities. The distribution of vegetables harvested for sale is shown in Fig. 21. In Cook, Peoria, Madison, and St. Clair counties, vegetables are produced largely for immediate consumption in near-by large popu- lation centers. In Union, Pulaski, and Alexander counties they are grown largely for immediate consumption in distant markets. In Iro- quois, Vermilion, Ford, Woodford, and Tazewell counties in the cen- tral part of the state, and in Boone and DeKalb counties in the northern part, large acreages of vegetables are produced exclusively for canning purposes. An average of 1,628 carloads of fresh vegetables were shipped annually from Illinois producing areas during the four years 1924- 1927 (Fig. 21). Fifty-five percent of these were from the Union county area. The acreage of vegetables grown for sale was much greater in Cook county and in St. Clair and Madison counties, but most of the production in these counties is absorbed by local demand. Onions, cabbages, and carrots are the only vegetables shipped out of Cook county in appreciable amounts; asparagus is the only important vegetable crop shipped from Madison county; and mixed vegetables and spinach make up most of the shipments from St. Clair county. Sweet corn, green peas, and pumpkins are the principal vegetable crops grown in Illinois for canning purposes. The acreages of these crops are not large enough to affect the prevailing type of farming in the areas where grown, and yet they occupy important positions in the cropping systems on many farms and affect materially the farm income. White potatoes were reported as harvested from 46,721 acres on - 128,459 Illinois farms in 1929. Most of this acreage represents pro- duction for home use only, tho some potatoes are grown for sale in the area adjacent to St. Louis and in northern Illinois. Sweet potatoes were reported as harvested from 4,764 acres on 19,341 farms in 1929. Nearly two-thirds of the total acreage was in the extreme southern part of the state, 1,147 acres being reported for Union county alone. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Livestock holds an important place in Illinois agriculture. Feed and pasture crops are grown on more than three-fourths of the farm land in the state and a large part of these crops is fed on the farms 144 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, where produced or on other farms in the same locality. Sales of live- stock and livestock products make up nearly 60 percent of all agri- cultural sales, and the meat, dairy, and poultry products consumed in the farm home represent an appreciable part of the family living. The value of all livestock on farms on April 1, 1930, was estimated at $290,199,219, or $1,353 per farm. Sales of livestock and livestock products in 1929 amounted to $280,093,841, or $1,306 per farm. Few farms have less than two classes of livestock contributing to the cash income or providing food for the farm family. Livestock is not of the same importance in all parts of the state, nor does each class of livestock fill the same place in the livestock organization in all areas. The differences that exist are due chiefly to local conditions, such as soil type, topography, pasture and crop combinations, and to market influence. A study of the distribution of each class of livestock brings out more clearly the importance of these factors. [ Work Animals The number of horses and mules on farms in Illinois declined from an average of 1,486,000 during the five years 1911-1915 to an average of 887,000 during the five years 1926-1930. The number of colts born in 1929 was about 60 percent less than the annual average from 1911 to 1915. Horses and mules, however, are still the major source of farm power. On some of the truck farms and on many small farms at the edge of cities and towns, the necessary horse work is hired. Horses and mules are distributed over the entire state, the acres of farm land per horse depending on size of farm, proportion of land cropped, type of farming followed, and use made of motor power. The number of work animals two years old or over that were on farms in 1930 varied in different parts of the state from an average of less than 40 to more than 80 on each 1,000 acres of crop land harvested in 1929 (Fig. 22). The number was lowest in the east-central part of the state, where the acreage per farm is largest, nearly all the land is tillable, the number of tractors is highest, and where a more exten- sive type of farming is practiced. The relative number of work ani- mals is greatest in the southern part of the state, where farms are small, a large proportion of the land is rough, and intensive types of farming are common. Dairy Cattle Dairy cattle are the most common class of productive livestock, excepting poultry, kept on Illinois farms. Cows are kept mainly for eo tt 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINoIs: LIVESTOCK 145 owen aseeagas ~ Yi Le . * Peel tees We eeshtee HA °, 0- 39 WZ, 40-49 EBB so-s9 fal co-69 BBS 70 oR MORE 4 . ve . th 72 7. ARs a fC : Ash Ry 2g, : 64444) 4, bre 4 274 7% AION ey es 77277 y Rae Sees b22257 2% ; b i ty boos SAE DA Ae BGA cir) A SSOe 4g 4 7 Za on Sg 4 £3264 22ebere74 BAAR Me Ae, Fe eV ROA, SOB GO e7ata ad re ot SO47744 ar) 6435) eorse £4 777 VES Oa A rex faa mie a PEA EUOR I AA MTTE 77770 MS A kd ZtAl ese 7% etl FA OO FALL a IESE 293 3h r 4 hes ede 77 4 LS FF oT e 7 72 7 WEA, Cee We 72 oe 34 a a o * bree ee 4+ 770277) AAA Soden aA leas r CIA yr, 2240957, i or5 5% 4% 400 - GALS. PER mai nce 27 LBS PER 42 Peace 1oa9.AcR 2° sss “ PASTURE © ee 22 toes © 5 ae oS ASTURE Sec ana ta, 7) CPE Pail) Sey eee Ce RS rs . LA 5 06 Ez] 0-999 A tee SEA E:Jo-4990 a, WI OADVL wfete Le vA i. ° 1 OF @ ° on 8 Stee ye : : 223 oe ole LN 2 ele e © oe - c A PES ; Fed CE Boe ZA 4000-7999 BRO 7 2 2 Lye 7 VZ7\000-1499 X27 race 724% Rots peed 7 YZ 8000-12999 GA ATA its 2a Y7\500-1999 iL EES 12000-18990 CT gra OA an FES3 2000-2499 4. 4 SARL OMG he Ed 19000-25999 n+ Pe Pa Ej 2500-2999 .* . * «hs 26000 OR MORE hea BBB 3000- ess] oe Oe 3000-OR MORE 4, Fic. 22.—DistTRIBUTION OF WorK ANIMALS, Darry Cows, AND MILK AND CREAM SOLD The number of horses two years old and older per 1,000 acres of crop land harvested in 1929 and the number of dairy cows in Illinois in 1930 are shown in the two upper maps. Gallons of whole milk and pounds of cream sold per 1,000 acres of crop and pasture land are shown in the two lower maps. 146 Buttetin No. 403 [June, ‘milk on more than 90 percent of all farms. The number of cows per farm, however, and the form and the quantities of dairy products sold vary greatly. On some farms dairy cows are kept only to supply milk, cream, and butter for the farm family. On many the dairy enterprise is relatively small but sales of dairy products, principally cream or butter, make up an appreciable part of the total farm in- come. In some parts of the state, and on a few farms in nearly all parts, dairying is a major enterprise and is the principal source of in- come. Whole milk usually is sold from these farms, either for daily consumption or to condenseries or cheese factories. The number of milk cows in the state has changed little during the past thirty years. There were 921,107 cows over two years of age and 166,385 two-year old heifers kept mainly for milk on April 1, 1930 (Fig. 22). More than three-fourths of the milk produced in the state is sold as whole milk or is separated and the cream sold as butterfat (Fig. 22). Less than 5 percent is sold as butter or sweet cream. Farms on which whole milk is sold are found near all cities. Cream is sold in varying quantities in all parts of the state. Sales of cream are of greatest importance in proportion to the total farm income in the southern part of the state, altho the greatest amounts are sold in the south-central and western parts. Sales of dairy products, generally, are lowest in east-central Illinois. Beef Cattle The beef-cattle enterprise is found in several different forms in Illinois, all of which must be considered in studying the distribution and importance of the industry. Beef cattle are most important in the area west of the Illinois river and extending north to the Wisconsin line. Topography in this region is such that a considerable part of the land can be used only for pasture. Most of the soils produce good yields if properly handled, but pasture and hay are usually necessary to maintain yields. The number of all cattle other than milk cows in Illinois declined from about 2 million head in 1900 to 1.5 million in 1910, then increased to over 1.7 million in 1920, and has since declined to about 1.3 million. All classes of beef cattle have declined in numbers but the greatest decline has been in beef cow herds. The type of feeding cattle has also changed, the number of yearling calves fattened for market being much greater now than in 1900. Beef breeding herds are most com- mon in the area west and north of the Illinois river and east of the river in the south-central part of the state (Fig. 23). Beef breeding 147 Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: LIVESTOCK 1934] CATTLE SHIPPED INTO ILLINOIS 1922 @ =25 CARLOADS 2 ‘@ = 500 EWES ine [aaa e =500 COWS Fic. 23.—DIstrIBUTION OF Beer Cows, FEEDER CATTLE, Hocs, AND SHEEP The distribution of beef cows two years old and over and of cattle shipped in for feeding purposes is shown in the upper two maps. The distribution of hogs and sheep in Illinois in 1930 is shown in the lower maps. 148 Buttetin No. 403 [June, herds are usually found on farms with a large proportion of untillable land or land which, for other reasons, must be left in pasture or hay. A type of beef-cattle enterprise in which calves or steers are pur- chased, either locally or from distant markets, is most common thru the area extending from McDonough county to Henry and Bureau counties and up into DeKalb county. Some cattle feeding is scattered over all the heavy corn-producing areas of the state. Feeder cattle may be calves or heavy steers, and they may be fed only a short time or for a long period. Usually this type of cattle is found on farms where nearly all the land is in crops, but pasture may be utilized in carrying light feeders thru the summer and fall. The number of cars of cattle shipped into the different areas of the state in 1922 is shown in Fig. 23. Tho prepared from old data, this map indicates the chief cattle-feeding areas at present, as they have changed little since 1922. Hogs Sales of hogs made up over 40 percent of the cash income from livestock during the five years 1924-1928, and from this standpoint hogs are the most important class of livestock on Illinois farms. They are not found on as many farms as are dairy cattle, but they are a major enterprise and an important source of income on a much larger proportion of the farms. They are important only in areas where rela- tively large quantities of concentrated feeds, particularly corn, are raised. A supplementary relationship often exists between the hog enterprise and other classes of livestock. In the northwest part of the state, where large quantities of cream are sold, the skim milk is fed to hogs. On farms where beef cattle are fed, hogs salvage feed which otherwise would be wasted. The number of hogs has varied from year to year with changes in the relative price of corn, hogs, and beef cattle. From 1910 to 1923 there was a general tendency to increase hog production, but a general decline in numbers has taken place since that time. Pigs usually are raised and finished for market on the same farm, altho some feeder pigs, amounting to about one percent of the total number marketed, are shipped in. Brood sows bred to farrow in the spring of 1930 were reported on the majority of farms (Fig. 23). In McDonough county and in several counties farther north hogs were reported on 70 to 80 percent of the farms in 1930, and 8 to 12 sows were reported as farrowing in the spring on each farm. From Mc- Donough county south to Pike county and extending east to Sangamon county, an average of 6 or 7 brood sows bred to farrow in the spring of 1930 was reported on 60 to 70 percent of the farms. The number a 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLrINoIs: LivEsTocK 149 of sows bred to farrow in the spring does not indicate accurately the relative number of pigs raised in these two areas, however, since the proportion of farms on which two litters of pigs are raised each year is greater in the southern area than farther north. | Sows were reported on 60 to 70 percent of the farms in east-central Illinois in 1930, but the average number per farm was less than 5 in most counties. In the southern part of the state an average of less than 2 sows was reported on about one-third of the farms in most counties; in a few counties where corn is an important crop sows were reported on more than half the farms. Sheep Sheep are not an important class of livestock in Illinois. During the five years 1924-1928 the sales of sheep, lambs, and wool made up less than 2 percent of the sales of all livestock and livestock products. Sheep were reported on only 15 percent of the farms in 1930, and on those farms there was an average of only 16 ewes per farm. On some farms sheep are an important source of income; on others they are important chiefly as a means of marketing low-grade roughages and other unsalable feeds. In general the raising of sheep is most important in areas where there is a high percentage of untillable land and other low-grade pas- ture land and where the production of concentrated feeds in proportion to pasture crops is not great enough to feed beef cattle (Fig. 23). The feeding of lambs is important on a few farms thruout the heavy corn- and oat-producing areas. During the six years 1925-1930 the shipments of sheep and lambs into the state were equal to 36 per- cent of the stockyard receipts from Illinois. Most of these sheep and lambs were fed at a few large feeding stations in DeKalb and Kane counties. From ten to thirty thousand or more lambs are finished for market at some of these stations annually. Poultry Production of poultry and eggs is an important farm enterprise, whether considered from the standpoint of income or from number of farms on which produced. Chickens over three months of age were reported on nearly 95 percent of all farms in the state in 1930. During the five years 1924-1928 the sales of poultry and eggs made up 16 per- cent of the sales of all livestock and livestock products. In addition about one-fourth of the eggs produced and a large number of the chickens raised were consumed on the farms. During the past twenty 150 : Buttetin No. 403 [June, years the number of chickens raised annually has increased nearly 25 percent and the number of eggs has increased 45 percent. Poultry is most important in the south-central part of the state, where an average of more than a thousand hens is kept on each thousand acres of crop and pasture land (Fig. 24). There were more than 200 hens in 23 percent of the flocks in this area on April 1, 1930, Y Fic. 24.—DIstTRIBUTION OF CHICKENS AND OF Eccs SoLp Altho chickens are found on practically every Illinois farm, they make up a larger proportion of the farm income in the southern fourth of the state. Farm sales of eggs in 1929 per 1,000 acres of crop and pasture land are shown on the map at the right. and in only 38 percent were there less than 100 hens. In the central and northern parts of the state poultry is a minor enterprise on most farms, eggs and chickens being produced primarily for consumption on the farms where produced. Fifty percent of the flocks in Illinois had less than 100 hens on April 1, 1930, and on only 11 percent of the farms were there more than 200 hens. The importance of the poultry enterprise in southern Illinois is even greater when the income from sales of poultry and eggs is con- sidered in relation to the total farm income (Fig. 24). Sales of poultry and eggs per farm are not only much larger in southern than in central 1934] Types oF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: COMBINATIONS 151 and northern Illinois but they make up 25 percent or more of the total sales from the farm, compared with less than 10 percent in the central and northern parts of the state. Other Livestock The raising of turkeys, geese, ducks, and goats are minor farm enterprises in Illinois. Turkeys were reported on only 3 percent of the farms in 1930, geese on 14 percent, and ducks on 19 percent. On a few specialized farms these kinds of poultry are important, but in most cases they are found on large farms and contribute only a small part of the total farm income. Goats are found on a few farms. On some farms they are kept in order to utilize brush land which can be used for no other purpose, and on others, particularly on small farms near cities, they are used for milk production. Bees Bees were reported on 12 percent of the farms in Illinois in 1930. These farms were widely distributed over the entire state. An average of 165 pounds of honey, valued at about $25, was produced per farm. CROP AND LIVESTOCK COMBINATIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ILLINOIS The distribution of the various crops and classes of livestock over the state and the relative importance of each in different parts of the state have been shown in the preceding discussion and charts. The next step in determining the principal types of farming and in delineating the areas in which the various types predominate is to ob- serve how these crops and classes of livestock are combined in the productive organization of farms in different parts of the state. The best means of ascertaining in a general way how crops are combined on farms in different parts of the state is to note the distribution of the crop and pasture areas. The relative importance of the various classes of livestock in the different areas is indicated by the number of each class in relation to the extent of the crop and pasture acreages. These relationships are shown in Fig. 25 by counties. In Fig. 25 winter wheat and rye are shown together as fall grain. Oats, barley, spring wheat, and mixed grains are included as spring grain. Fruits, vegetables, soybeans, broomcorn, etc., are classed as “other crops.” Land on which the planted crop failed, or which was idle for other reasons in 1929, is also shown in order to account for 152 Buttetin No. 403 PERCENT OF CROP AND PASTURE LAND [June, [ NUMBER PER 1,000 ACRES CROP AND PASTURE AREA COUNTY [CORN FALL [SPRING] pay OTHE ! Crepe] PASTURE ‘A DAIRY Q ° = a BEEF STEERS Sows BROOD CHICK EWES | ane 4 WINNEBAS GRAIN Tab" ao GRAIN A rT Tr 40} TJo"dol odo" So a STEPHENSON JO DAVIESS CARROLL L ROCK ISLAN WHITESIDE WARREN KNOX 4 a 2. COWS 9 20 J z o — 10 20 oe et diana rT os 40 | 500 1000 4a KANKAKEE IROQUOIS FORD LIVINGSTON WOODFORD M N CHAMPAIGN VERMILION DOUGLAS MOULTRIE COLES EDGAR 4b CASS SANGAMON ADAMS SCHUYLER BROWN PIKE MORGAN SCOTT GREENE SHELBY CHRISTIAN MACOUPIN JERSEY CALHOUN MONTGOMERY EFFINGHAM FAYETTE BOND CLINTON MADISON ST CLAIR WASHINGTON RANDOLPH MONROE 7a CUMBERLAND CLARK CRAWFORD JASPER 7b CLAY MARION RICHLAND WAYNE 7c JEFFERSON PERRY FRANKLIN WILLIAMSON HAMILTON : : | EDWARDS WH GALLATIN SALINE JACKSON UNION = > wv uv > o ALEXANDER HARDIN POPE ne pee Fic. 25.—Crop ANnp LivEstocK PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS BY COUNTIES The crop and pasture land data are for 1929; livestock numbers are for 1930. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 153 the entire crop and pasture area. The relative importance of each class of livestock is indicated by the number of mature animals. Corn, it will be noted, is grown on as large a part of the tillable land as is possible in nearly all parts of the state. Soil fertility definitely limits the acreage that can be grown and yields maintained. Available labor and equipment, the need for small grain and hay crops, and other fac- tors further limit the amount of corn that can profitably be included in a rotation. Where the acreage of wheat is greatest, the acreages of both corn and oats tend to be reduced. Since wheat does not follow corn well in the rotation unless the corn is cut for silage or fodder, a longer rotation that will give place to both oats and wheat is necessary, tho it reduces the acreage of corn that can be grown. In counties where the corn acreage is greatest, the amount of hay and pasture in the rotation and the numbers of livestock kept are lowest. Where the acreages of hay and pasture are largest, dairy cattle, beef cows, and sheep are found. In many counties where a rela- tively large amount of the land can be used only for pasture, the acre- ages both of corn and of hay and pasture are high and the feeding of steers and hogs are important enterprises. Hogs are not fed in large numbers in counties where the corn acreage is small. Neither are hogs always found where corn acreage is high, but they are almost always found in the less intensive dairy areas and where beef cattle, either steers or cow herds, occupy an important place. Poultry is produced over the entire state but is found in largest numbers where acreages of grain crops and numbers of other livestock are low. In such areas some enterprise such as poultry is necessary in order to absorb available labor and to increase the total farm income. DOMINANT TYPES OF FARMING IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT In further analyzing the foregoing facts concerning crop and live- stock combinations in different parts of Illinois, we find that the state may be divided into nine major areas according to type of farming pursued (see frontispiece). These areas are drawn, it will be noted, without reference to county lines, having been determined by data, such as that concerning soil characteristics, which does not follow county lines and by other data available on a township basis. Infor- mation obtained from farmers living in the different areas and from 154 Buttetin No. 403 [June, others intimately acquainted with a particular locality has also been used in delineating the areas. Areas 4 and 7 include some minor areas that have markedly different types of production from the prevailing type in the major areas. The general position of each area and the dominant type of farm- ing’ in each are as follows: . Northeastern, Dairy and truck area . Northwestern, Mixed livestock area . Western, Livestock and grain area . East-central, Cash grain area (a) Corn and oats (b) Corn and wheat . West-central, General farming area . Southwestern, Wheat, dairy, and poultry area . South-central, Mixed-farming area (a) General farming (b) Redtop, fruit, and poultry (c) General and part-time farming 8. Southeast, Grain and livestock area 9. Southern, Fruit and vegetable area WN = NSN O71 The marked differences that exist in the types of farming found in these different areas is indicated by the relative amounts of income re- ceived from different sources (Fig. 26 and Appendix Tables 12 and 13). The average income per farm, including the value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator’s family, varied in 1929 from $842 in Area 7c to $3,321 in Area 4a. Crop sales varied from 58.3 percent of the total income in Area 4a to 11.6 percent in Area 7c. Sales of livestock made up 52.5 percent in Area 3 and 17.3 percent in Area 6. Sales of livestock products, including dairy products, poultry, eggs, and wool, equaled 51.1 percent of the total income in Area 1 but only 13.5 percent in Area 4a. Sales of forest products made up less than one percent of the total income in all areas except Areas 7c and 9, which are in the southern part of the state. The value of farm products used by the operator’s family made up less than 10 percent of the total income in the northern half of the state but constituted nearly 20 percent of the total income in most of southern Illinois and as much as 29.7 percent in Area 7c in southern Illinois. *Nine types of farms recognized by the U. S. Census of 1930 are important in Illinois on the basis of source of income in 1929, namely: cash-grain, animal- specialty, dairy, general, self-sufficing, poultry, crop-specialty, fruit,;and truck. Another group included abnormal farms such as those connected with public institutions, country estates, and part-time farms. For a farm to be classed in a given group it was necessary that it should derive 40 percent or more of the total value of all products grown from the source indicated by the description. When 50 percent or more of the total value of all products was used by the operator’s family, the farm was classed as a self-sufficing farm. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 155 While a dominant type of farm can be recognized in each area, practically all farms in Illinois receive income from more than one source and there are a good many farms in each area that are not of the dominant type. Distribution of farms by type is shown in Figs. 27 and 28. (See also Appendix Tables 14 and 15.) SO DAVIESS SPRENSON INE BAGO MSHENRY dant CARROLL OGLE Dt KAL fl foaled coma ra [9 = Ox WARRI SHALL LIVINGSTON PEORIA x (ROQUIS WOO0D4 IRD FULTON, MSLEAN ) VERMILION 2 PAIGN y OGAN SCHUYLER oewiiT ADAMS (AAM &| MENDERSON i t o i ane oem ear \ DOUGLAS | F0GAR Lea 1 ¥ MACOUPIN 2 a : i oy ; $ 5 ay eR 3 — peu ee etTGnm % ‘ | | MADISON ond © / a Ta AVERAGE iar ay "EN a pee, FOR STATE if | searanine we el & 50 0 \ RANDO! PER, rh: * 4 40 + (CROPS a a 2) b LIVESTOCK = S) | rs 30F IVESTOCK WILLIAMSON] (8 ea. PRODUCTS ; a USED BY 2 lit oe- 10F OPERATOR'S Jf FAMILY — Aunt = yy > 1@) g Fic. 26.—DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME BY FARMING-TyPE AREAS, 1929 The bars indicate the sources of income in the various farming-type areas and the relative amounts received from each source. It can be seen from these figures that livestock farms, which are typical of western Illinois, are found in the grain farming area in eastern Illinois, and that other variations occur in other areas. This does not mean that the off-type farms are not organized to the best advantage; it may mean that their soil and topography are more like 156 Buttetin No. 403 [June, Fic. 27,—DIstRIBUTION OF CASH GRAIN, LIVESTOCK, Datry, AND GENERAL FARMS On cash grain farms more than 40 percent of the gross income comes from the sale of grain crops; on livestock farms, more than 40 percent comes from the sale of beef cattle, hogs, and sheep; on dairy farms, more than 40 percent comes from the sale of dairy products and dairy cows and calves; and on general farms, not as much as 40 percent comes from any one source nor more than 40 percent from two main sources. 1934] Types OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 157 i rel ie ces 4 POULTRY \™ pba SUFTICING = a ="\ FARMS sl 2 — a ee a oe 1929 oft tle beset) A e ee - ee . ted e eet . * br pee . hd . . . : . ss = e@ %e 3 é - . . ioe = ‘or . . p . i « «atl * = oe AS oe ; yee =r, . ate y= EE EEE ea uate es25ranMs “tes: Sh, ¢=25 FARMS i all Dan one FRUIT SER RENE No TRUCK )_ol [TS BS ay PMG fs oc No cae . 3 bed - ° Rete ae yes a weet * 4 a Ee pe raves ee ics. Sy OCT. -S OST: ST 08L, Ss arts a ee eae Hee 9 et £61 $ — OOT § [°° * “Waey Bup20doa sed poseqoand Jost]}}493 Jo yunoUTy 09 vl I's 8°8 ¥ SI it ran 8°FI L yl 8°81 ¥L € 81 ***-quaosed * oand SBA JOZI[I10J YOU UO SULIV est-¢:. vat -# Gl9-8'|. Zot $06: 8: | Oat (S$, “100: S| 98e. 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Diese a syonposd YoOqsaarT 6°21 6°8 ie 4 19 o°8 9'IT eZ am) oo 7°99 Oem eer eee YOOSOAT 0'¢ P 9°ZI £°F8 7S 68 C61 ran re 6L Tar fed goa C ono ates ce sdoig—ul04y @UIONUI JO JUs0I0T 296$ L9¥$ 116$ £08 #$ =: O88 100 I$ §=s: OTT: TS} = SS 996$ OLS:28" SISOS ae en ee Ayrurey 810781000 044 Aq pesn 10 ‘pepez} ‘pros syonpoud ]je jo wie; aed gobs esvVAY Lee T (1) (1) @ qa) $19 I (1) (1) OgF I (1) (Cina be eerie cena tetas 6261 ‘UeZop ‘uLIVy Jed peonposd sBBq LL (1) (1) ) 1) £61 (1) (1) SLI (1) (CO ey ee O€6T ‘ULE; Jed ‘syzuOUT ¢ J2AO ere ri oBBIVAY tee hee che ah ee ane in ea ype I I T if I f 1 I T 1 1 : (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) () (1) (1) (1) suo]es “wey vod poompoxd 5 (1) (1) (1) (i) (i) (i) (1) (i) (1) (1) (9 gens (sce i citi icke eld ads eas we} pig sMor) 61 0% 6'T Lt ot eT rT I 61 6'F Se Ramen | Vacinstae hoaaae wey Zuty10de1 Jad s4[13 pu’ smos Joquinu aFes0Ay £02 aaa! 9°FE 2°ST 9°LT 8° FZ ¢ 68 Fk £08 6°19 ¥ 6h peg aia Start Beer queoied ‘s}]13 pu’ smos Zuryodel suey Ig oe a F OL Ee e¢ 6F og 8'¢ $9 2% “wuIe} BuyjJ0de1 Jed soo joo Jo Joquinu oFeiwAy I'¢ Leg 0'¢ GZ ge Zit 9°81 og OL 1°02 GiQee Assia ste keer ee eae tars queoied ‘sMoo Jooq Butziodel suze, 9% 8'I ig Ze 0% 8% 9'¢ 6T 9°% 6° ve : **"uirey BuyyJ0ded Jed S409 ¥[TUT Jo JoquInu oBvI0Ay 1'&8 0' #8 6°26 0°02 TRE 8°S8 ¢'06 9°9L Z18 ¢°¢g 1°86 weer eres eseesesesesesees queosed SMOO YIU Butysoded suey 6% ed (ans ee 9% 8% og 8° oe tPF Te Fer eR eee WLIe} Butj10de1 Jed sojnul pu’ sasioy soquinu eBeieay 4°88 Z'06 8°96 8°82 2° €8 168 0°96 Lvl 6°08 8°16 o'16 *** *quaosed *(s}[09 ZuIpnjoxe) seynul pu’ sess04 ee 1% £Z £2 0¢ 02 Ze IZ cZ 6z 1g eee eee eee eee EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE 9108 Jed pur] jo one, 191 €II £1Z 182 18 81 89z 90 261 929 ***wlaey Jod yueuidinbe Jo ene, ATT = 106 612 I 20K SZ = S88 S221 86 SLE TT oso FI9T e1Le eee Baie Sees: | Jo onjeA 960/795 SOPSETS: © “208:28|' 900/98) LISTS: -ZI0Ie$s T¥S'c$| 920182) CORSE? CBF 0S) LLP OS se eee ese ses tee aid WLIe} ears r'1Z COT 1°Sz 6°61 9°SI 2°22 8°82 9°6I 9°¢Z 9 ec 6°62 eee eee faaeeete 6661 ‘sou08 ‘ULE; Jed omnysey £ pe 6&3 £°Sh L119 6° £3 vIF 1°99 +61 Z6Z GL CH Rie Pantaa dees gene cota a Wea 626] ‘Ses0¥ ‘wey Jed pure dos) 118 1°99 £°Z01 eras 8°49 9°16 2 cel 6°F9 1&8 LeLt CAOTT ee eee ees Og61 essa igh osBIAV £°8 9°9z TOF oe 0°6 aad £ UF £01 rd | 6° FI SOP [Sue ener sess BoIL Ul SULIV] [[V JO dIv SUITE} pozyBorpul 790107 A14jno d Suroyns [eseuer) ying, a Sulyns 4£14]n0 d [Bsouer) Buroyns A1}]n0, d Ayyeroods [es0uer) ee ROO ee He EEE EH HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EE ESE ERE HEHEHE wey jo adfé af “PS “FPS “31S jeutuy OL OL OL a a aL a - 2 "7 ag (errr re erer OU SSSSSCSTSSSSTOSOSOSOOOOSSSOOOOOOOLO waly panuyuoj—O] ATAVL BuLietin No. 403 [June, ‘212 *poqtodol 4ONr Ts 201 09 39 GL £8 cant $s T° aL a LT 0°01 vreeesscessssqugqsed *yseo 10} poyuel SULIe} JUBUOT, £°3s T #8 161 Vee L°& £ FE LLg 6°62 6 1% 0% 0°88 bat A Sa ha Socket quedied ‘syuvuo} Aq poysiedo sure y Og6 662$ 8Pes Zr I$ or $ LII$ Ze $ £92$ 6Z1$ IZ $ P6I$ g9I$ COIS oe re ha Butjz10de1 sod posty 10qe] jo yuNOUTY 0°09 21g 612 (am | 1 6€ Orr 8°09 0° Sh am § 8°99 p99 63S **quoosed “§ 76] Ul polly SBM JOGE] YOIYA uo SULIET 6261 oor$ 29 $ 8Bz$ tI $ 861$ 81 $ 9ZI$ 69 $ LOI$ LOIS 16 $ 06 $ |” * “Wie; Burjs0de1 Jed poseqomnd Joz11339} Jo.yunoUTY 2&1 1 6h eg 8'T 9° 8 LZ 6 ZI T'& 8° FF 8°82 3°98 yee * quoosed * O1Nd SVM JOZI[IV19} YOryA UO sULIVT oees 98 $ 68I1$ 99 $ g0T$ 08 $ £6 $ 9ZI$ O1z$ 80I$ 902 at feo eines “wliej Burz10ded Jed poseyoind pee jo yunoury 9°29 0 99 0°99 O'1g L'49 T'¢9 6°S¢ 0'CL 9°S8 9°89 18 b dal Seen (eae nae ae quoosed ‘6Z6] Ut pay ee ro SULIT 6261 vr £°&1 09 2°29 $°lZ b 19 ar | got L8t 8'9T 8'SI 6 6I 4oyesodo Aq posn syonpolg ZI L z 9% OZ ¢° L 9° ¢ ¢ eS a oer syon 48010 ae | 4 GR 0ST 6° SZ Lt OT 0°&% 89 Lt 1°89 L'8& ***B,ON|POId YOOPsoAarT gL9 09 0'€ o'6 8°12 $6 6 ZI 1°93 6 26 0' v1 0'9T dhe Sse ** * Yoo#soarT pL Lite 1°98 LL 3° 6S ¢' 9 (an 16 9°8 01g TSE ok 4 Seams (Mateos oe ee ES *sdo1Q)—U101} AUIOOIII JO 7U90I9F $60 2 = 99E ‘TS F69 &$ eses gc6$ eges £82 2$ G0F I$ OOT 1$ Z19 I$ 26 I$ Ore I$|""*** vreseesssesArrurey 8,10zeJed0 04} Aq posn Jo ‘pepel} ‘pjos syonpoad |]e jo wre sod onyea asIoAy 6261 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) & 0) (1) oh9 T (1) 6 ty ECA Et 6261 ‘Werop “ure; Jad peonpoad 633q () (1) (i) (1) (1) 1) (1) (1) 002 (1) D ( O86] ‘UAE Jod ‘syzuoUL ¢ gorge e8 Joquin N & (1) (1) (1) (1) AC) “@ (1) ff f OF (1) Paden treat iae unod ‘use Jed pjos urvasy) ) (1) (1) (1) 8 (1) (1) (1) )) 1») 082 F (Cems accra vaeeiee suoj]es ‘wey Jed pa pa ALET }OU MA, (1) (1) (1) (1) ( (1) é ty (1) (1) 662 ¢ (1) ee das ie * suOTes “une wed poonpoad 3 @ () 9) (3) (1) qd) ) I (1) @) 6L (CO Ogr a fae pag iad ah etl Sal “ULIBy fae 80F) £°¢ ET 9'T aa 8'T GT v8 £3 iT a4 Lt “Lt * wnzey Buyyioder sod #9118 put sMos JoquINu oBtI0AY 119 £ ol 01% LS l$P go’ re oLg 2 19 1&3 T 68 0'8€ Fel dean hearst eh es queoied ‘s}[13 pu’ smos Zutysodes suv y o°8 8T Uy ad ae Lt 97 ey 6° 6'& 9 9°¢ **tawy Suyyiodas Jd sis00 Jooq Jo Joquinu odBVAY 0° F% 4 aa G¢ 9 rT oF 6'F e's 63 9° Ons 7 Ales “++ ****qugored ‘smo jooq Butyi0des suze] Le GZ £3 6 T o's at ¥Z T's 8 1% 7 6L 64 *“uLIe} Buryjioded Jed soo ¥[TUI Jo Jequinu oBes0ay ¥ £8 T' #9 b LL el ¥'68 8°SL 9°62 6°88 £18 8°08 166 a ne Peay *****squgqsed ‘smoo YIU Buty0der suLze,y 6% LZ o's 9% a8 6% 9°¢ (ana 8:8 Ly oF vy uLsey BuyyJoder Jed sojnur pue sesioy Joquinu oBuseAy Zz #6 1°28 9°88 £°¢g 0°86 0° #8 6° #6 2° £6 6° #8 726 1°96 0°96 Pe ee Pe queoled ‘(8}]00 Burpnyjoxe) sejnur pus sesi0yq Buryiodel suey O86r 2 1g 6h ST 61 ¥G g¢ 8é 0€ oo 68 g¢ pine ne ht Sar see ye *-9r98 Jed puvy jo one, 668 OFZ 1) 8°) 18 102 StI 8h9 28k £h% 129 609 bd oe eee SLE ate ee --wuey aod guouldinbe jo one, 096 T 8ge T 609 Z £69 9ge T 926 O&l 2 $06 T 0g9 T 66h Z L109 @ (ICE A a eee a vss taut aed sButpteng Jo anye A Ebr FS LEZ 2 TLI 9$ plz I$ H0E 2 SLL I$ 612 O1$ 662 FS gg 2 Te¢ 8$ ChP S$ 226-78) af tee hast **ULIBy phoebe OnieA 219 68 Z 91 0°02 ¥'1Z Z'0Z 6°02 9°93 esis 8° LI ¥1Z Lacs ies Sao acme *** 6261 ‘solo ‘uliey Jed ainyse gq 9°49 1°92 0°6S 6°02 9°98 L°¥% 6° S21 8° #9 vt 0°66 9° 6L 0°62 SS ol eae oes 6261 ‘souoe ‘uLIe} 10d Ne doip L°90Z 9° TL 8° S2r 1&8 £° 081 TPL Z L181 TSéT 98 6° €9T ¥ OFT 6° SET Seer eee Sts OSGE: sae yr tony pee 8's ¥9 9°6I 168 €or 8° & 8°68 GL 16 61% bP **BaIB Ul SUIIB} [[B JO OIG SULIB} pozBolpUl 4U9010 7 Ayeweds yoniy, qmagq Sutoyyns [Bieuer) Sutygns urei3 ]ea0u94) Ano ureia Arreq [sour eee -* ee . ee ee w1ey Jo ody, [eurray “IPS “HPS yey ysep 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 Stes SCA NTIS Sia biGined CuluTE SS o ar6l 81S Savage “++ aay papnjau0oj— OT AIavL 213 APPENDIX 1934] TABLE 11.—PERCENTAGE OF FARMS OF SPECIFIED TYPES IN EACH County IN ILLINo!Is, 1929 Part- Others! Self- Animal Poul- y Fruit Truck Dairy specialty try sufficing time Gen- Cash Cro) eral _— grain pont County BD OU OD DODD SHDN 49 0D 00 09 4 09 0D Ht OOD a Ot tt 0 BD SHED ID Be ONO 09 OD NID NN IQ ON 41 CO OD OD O50 1 eS SEO boy AS) VIS. ODT ay OO OL er 8) SOA Oks! ERS MENS ON Oe OF 8, iO Ge a ON 8 Oe eee, Tele a? ge 6m er ee See _ VDD OHO HOOD HOO HE ON BS 09 HE 00 00 00.09 09 00 DOD 1 OD OD HOO HID HN HI Ht HOPHOHONN MOONEE NH NNT ORD HHH ADMKNANBNCOMOM RAH FAME _ Poel i> _ Nn N hace! ae Nn ss: - be iad endian aad he By eral JOS eel me abe" Res fom a hs Nc Sala edhe pir deadly FQ OI tt Aron Ae Sei OD wt had Aw - a Pi Ban! ad CAMA CH -OMMM -ONNGOSK -O + OVW cet tetas crit + eI NICO ae SOMO MMA —T.-) i : hon 4 oH “4 at aa COMM 1H COOMA (IN QINED swt Oord + +AOrD +2) OD < OO (AM AHA HHS O91 7" sl rt CN ED CAD ne ~ ae _ _ i>] «MMA eo DOOM OMAIM OD “AOAMOM MIND -MOMO Qt ett oA Oar AMOWOM MN + Cored be ttHOo CO 13 an - Sal AN = oO m= AAT HS LE LOC Rig Ce G ea hg SAO! GOT e AV Pe OES aren ate hae ce PR ORD a seems =a iSuNS pee as SDOAMOGCWDNAMGH DK MAMOSOSCOSOMAAMODWDWAAMYAMOOWDOAOr-OCHBOCOAHEHADSMOWOMOOmID AND Aarne BSYRISGRASISAAA SHS MANOA WOM eH AMOAS ete rtd , institutional or country estate, boarding and lodging, forest product, horse farm, feed lot, or Note.—Where no data are given, the percentage of farms totaled less than one-tenth of 1 percent. 1 ncludes stock ranch, livestock dealer. (Concluded on page 214) BuLtetin No. 403 [June, 214 TABLE 11.—Concluded PET OD EOD OD DOD ADD ED ED 9 1G 19 1 OD ID INI DOO OD DO 1D NI OOD HE Ht 09 09.1 Ot HO OD HEN HI OOD Se MS LO OL ee. OR SoS eee ye OTe Or CS ee ae Te Se Lue 8 Pa Be Ok) Be ee Re, Oe WB Oe a RL OS OF 06LS "eh eg ca 8 weg A OO NA OGM A OMA HWA ‘a Mar w SS ‘com On A SMO AAO MOM GAMMA fein “As AG ES NN CN 00 Qrw Georg rsats ‘ Sg-nsn UENSgacsqweqawscan WMS Cagendgn Leek] CD Ot et OO SCO tO ah A eolind POEANe OH ss $000 © CON (MH MONAN + sO DOO al = oO nN ~ ano oot ot ot AN Ne fs] -_ el oO ae ~_ Nn 60 Nn oa - CDF Ot Mt SOmt ss NOM MASMHAD sO IQ tet ote Nee -ROONR Net _ ee o _ _ Ls) _ ~~ Om ‘A oo al ao bel aie aT nae ae eae et ie a ay A ied ects hee fuser Se ea thee as hima ey fa Neat Pew Ban Vinay pees ea Thai cect on DS aes Deir ve eae eae eet oat ee a baa The hes ttl any ina Set tars OR Be 09 ID 0D HES ORD HSB DO 09 OO OB O94 09 09 09 NO OD NI OD HES Be eH tO 09 09 9 PS 09 SH OD HD SRR AARSRAABRABSTRARAS°R GRAS IABSAANGAARSASASSRAASAA Note.—Where no data are given, the percentage of farms totaled less than one-tenth of 1 percent. Includes stock ranch, institutional or coun’ livestock dealer. try estate, boarding and lodging, forest product, horse farm, feed lot, or 1934] ; APPENDIX 215 TABLE 12.—AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF FARM INCOME! PER FARM IN THE DIFFERENT TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS OF ILLINOIS, 1929 Income from— Rides Products used income : ucts : Livestock Forest Crops Livestock products products by a! ra 8 y Area 1 : Income per farm..............+ $3 186 $567 $750 $1 629 $2 $238 Bist cmnsonanse eee 100 17.8 23.5 51.1 | 7.5 Area 2 Income a GSI on dascctesceuvs 2 805 414 1 336 782 8 265 POOING & se snoscie soe evs sions 100 14.8 47.6 27.9 3 9.4 Area 3 Income per farm...............+ 3 189 805 1 675 449 7 253 hes sp anersiss ees 100 25.2 52.5 14.1 2 8.0 Area 4a Tneonee per farm 3.65655 <2 .5 vise 3 321 1 935 663 449 5 269 MORNE Soo os hece wale us 100 58.3 20.0 13.5 ey | 8.1 Area 4b Income farts cccdee nates 3 140 1 702 714 436 7 281 ercent.........6 A eae ss 100 54.2 22.8 13.9 2 8.9 Area § Tnoome per. farin )iss...60gaseek ves 2 313 545 1 147 354 12 255 se dinaciatssionrne cok 100 23.6 49.6 15.3 5 11.0 Area 6 Income FOP 356 oisssgas ss eset 1 516 362 262 616 10 266 Rovaecsiltctiieneels 100 23.8 17.3 40.7 6 17.6 Area 7a Income TOTMNS 88 Sac ess 1 181 155 413 367 ll 235 Riicaatercrs cairn a ais 100 13.1 35.0 31.1 9 19.9 Area 7b Income ROFON ooo ones ences 1 133 295 231 385 9 213 Rec sacissccaaeevs 100 26.0 20.4 33.9 8 18.9 Area 7¢ Ineomne per farm). 6.55 scciss os a. 842 98 199 285 10 250 eee tstoeceia tice e vibes 100 11.6 23.6 33.9 1.2 29.7 Area 8 Income OFM ocsccee danse 1 569 560 369 324 7 309 ROME Si i cccalewes Bete ik Leer e ode eco ee Siete otal e oe 18 eee, co 8 Bil Ce ON TO" hk OEE LO ele es Sia are SOie tect eg he or tes Sie! 16) 1B 'd.6 Nel bse a! Sey 16. OY ces po 0 OTe, 1s 8 Ve OL er a pete tae lel [ons ) eas Sige) Cole ecw Ne 6016 keen (aie Sel Oe se, LES) PN, Wi Ol LO) 46, Oy 16 LOMO LO: OL EDL bd Wy Le. V6 al (Oe. AS Ol, (e @) Oy SS. NOT Chie! at Welter 46) eyes (we, PSE Mee, Whe eet Oe” oak UR TEN Ay MCR ua TM a Oe es a ee RN eee See hee Aen Pe ed eT me OR ae ee ae ae a ee ae Pam ube at ait Ses Sah Jar OAT A ae Wea Mal gee aN Bee ie ek Te PC Cl St Peet Ma oo eal Vas AY th eh en fat Wt et es es Tat cael eR OL ee aa te A 6" a) edie ere ren ei. Ole + OlEE eb ke ie ae, Idle, fallow, failure [June, Percentage of crop and pasture land in— Fall Spring Other : : Hay crops Pasture grains grains Corn Butvetin No. 403 Percent of farm _ of farm land used land used Percent for crops for pasture TABLE 14.—UTILIZATION OF FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS By CouNTIES, 1929 218 SDH ROD HOD HPA AAMMH OH BHONAPHASAHODAMRVMOMWMWAMHOOSOOMAMAMOOCOOr OS 5 A 8 6 08 HAS RS AE 08 A OD ES ONE 6S SY SH NN AG SOO 09 AQ OO NS CS 09 “_ A onl _ see sel _ | etal ”_ A ol SOM HOM PRO SH HWM OM AHWHARMMONMOM-ANMAMANSCOHHOGOOSOHwHAAHAHOMMOROWDOOMO BRSRSRSRRSARSRRALSRARARAARBARSASAS SRRARRBSSIAAAHSSAR AD OO OOM OSH MS C4 CIO MSO OSOWSOS AM NH AMMO Mg 0 eg “AQ2ooom eS cee ee, be Se ORE Meee SEL Oe a Oe ate Te Oe OL Soe Bl el ee Chee, Fee BT WINS ei ee WY ene De LS ee RLC Le eae © ea Te SAO “Weds tate we SAAOOBOM MSSAAHS “OAridarinigy § “rincies ‘“eomeN SHERRIE SRNSBNN SBRRASSTABRRK FT ARAL ST ARLBES SANTSSRSSBITNS BSASRSAABRSAGARRARSRASARARBARRARTASSRARRRRBGRRASRAARA Soe OTE Eee eR CLT Oe We OO CR WL Oe a Se Tee wl OS EOL eR Ey ETDS. 6) e0 Re RIOR Se See hE Me O82 a Ie, NO aL BSSRERISRSRBSRELBSSESKRSSSSSSSSRSSRSRASSSSSISRLKSSKSE 219 failure Idle, fallow, Hay citer Pasture APPENDIX Percentage of crop and pasture land in— Fall Spring grains grains Corn TABLE 14.—Concluded for crops for pasture 1934] yee epee pei k apce e c ade ipe at bebe act pe are mn _ ee 5 el oe el SABBAASRRALERSRSRAARRASSARRASRBAGHAARTRAAAASRARRAR BOD 0919 SOD HOMO MER DOW RAOAGOANAARHOMMOAMNSOAMHWDOWO AHN HOM IN WHO EE OO 0D EE DSO DO Ft NOD 0D 2S PW OD 09 He HS 19 09 19 Ht O09 09 OD CO OD WO MAM O C9 OID OONR OMY OM ON OSOANS MWOYOWNYYOWOMOM NN YMASNOLOMAMIOOS Ae Ke Ae RE OOMAOANWOASCOAN AAAIA TION OAM HIRO ROOM MOA AN NAM IDMAM WS SOWNGOMNHED SH NOigphktROw lcd co To) a SIONNSH MRO f 00 eeTe SQRZZe ons Boor ee R* mam o Sages ~ Ona 3 aR ar ale Fis cle aivtn ace Cd so Bahn os Meech cee eer 6 oe Gicee oA taeDdnaN nls Scie na Naar apreret O Ce oon Ae fet CP 9 69 GY CU a Ew = —} 09 E54 CRN Oe Oe? jh ant 4 QOarrerc IO HW OO OD WH AOMMOANAN HH HIDE DDOMOHONAAMOHrDH-DOMONADMANOHMOHMBHONWO ay FRSBRIGARAGRASRAARSZARAGRAASAAATRSAABASRAASGARASASBARS C2 WW HIN OAUVOOSOASAOMAMNASAHAMWAHAHPMOAGHOANUOGOOMAAWDAHAOCONAPHAHWOMNAMMOWMOANOM SRARSRARRRRARABALRRAASRAGHRAAASRLARSARARARARRARAASRAS OO tt OD DB 4 O09 O09 0 4 1D OID OH COMM HOEK O-MNA-HOMNANMONn MANO MHOAOCMoOAWOW SRSSSZSRSRRGTSSBS RSSERSTSSSES RSRBSSRERSELSRSSRESSL Sf 1 4 Ol ah Cee! Oe. 6 16: 46 Wale le tet) Sree, wr Ole Orin eye th Cie, Ae inrcen hw PR ee Bile. ew © me (el be a se Rete eerie ete es wer dee er tk ee Tet ee ey ten eee et oh Nae ee) es ee Us ke ee OT ee Oe A ey ks TR ie TM eT eh a ce ON Te hy me es ie? Sane ree S Cas 56 OIG. eA REO Te 16 Ae 8 COS, 8, Dei Sn 0) Gh Der ce) Gey Oi Ol ie ele Ba ea ase Fe NE, Oy OL. OS, Owl, LK ea) iO tee TS 8 hl ioh Ce OS eller eye ete eid a 66, ee) wh Oe len (0M o” TS,wal 6) 8) B meer Ol int , el Bh, WUC) Te le Oe ee 16, ts Vel seule woe, Het el ae OO OL ees Fare) er 58 oe Oe 10) Lee, 65 1S. Cw OL Ue ee sere! 6 ele a, A, sale Oi Bele ae See, ey 's. G6) bs, Cass, 8) (ee Ree. Ss Be TO OLR Ae Ce Remgh, O\ ae Mgt lb ke Le. 0 Met el Ueunn: en fe’ \OL sie, SE ee Ui, SOY. 0-5:0, Vey Ot OL ue SAN iS) UMS. Pearse el 6, Galle ue Oh, JR, FR La CETUS BLO RE NO gr 8) a Oe Sete! (8 Oe ek Se Lo SiO MOL ie Neste! acca, rel seo kOy Le Ke Fee a). er hee NY 96) le. bP eg ey AVE tes, oe OLS, 9, dR an O88 a eh 4) Mek Or pr. ean O] wht G6) 284 alriee agus Our e 1 OOS Ue ng) en ep, /d bree Cel 28, et, 61%, Ooh eia eee nak 106 Ae eacre BC IGM Cra 10 OOS HL Oe tbe Lee tOe Vig es ert @hIe ple bel Leo CU! Jeo wh Od eh) ws Cee ie 2 e2 +e) Or oS SOc ol OL | ar Wl el atues A 9? Se OF RO oO Lew Oks 8 OOO ay Ol 6 Ke ee Oe el a) 8" er OO) Eo WN fe SS Eee a TRL re els Bite el. ee were: Jue Sat ew ee, vent eC mt em Gee at Ps Loy tet aa Pa fot ols Lue ewe ie? er te 27 awe ie we eae GET MO eK Mat Ory ar Cae SOU Tee ee ey ae te Ca Me ee te) ee Sam) O50 RST BN BE LOL OH LO, 918: OR OP L6G Ente? OO, RTA RS eh, BEA, Oreie! VO al mex (6 SY aKa LLSH IS: CO elves ea mrt ey ol Ne ce! 0 By her ey. ore 6) hay ets 60 ie RE: Ne se, Te" a ke BAO OS Be BIAS os MONS Oi OL a; Ge, Opera oe [June, Butietin No. 403 TABLE 15.—NUMBERsS OF LIVESTOCK ON ILLINOIS FARMs ApRIL 1, 1930, By COUNTIES, AND QUANTITIES OF SPECIFIED PRopUCTS SOLD IN 1929 PER 1,000 AcrEs oF CROP AND PASTURE LAND Chickens over 3 months Sows and gilts far- Ewes Bt RRR RRR ee BR BRR RRO ORAS AA PRAIA SLORKSSSAAKAY ROA GALERS HOR SHRM GM Tss KAZ KOKI =” Beef cows pig Steers idan born t over BS 0 HOD BS et HED OD 09. 09 00 HDD DOB © OD 09. 09.19 SHEN OVE 09 09 DS tO 1H.1H AH NOD OD IN I MONO OH A el _ _ _ See -_ _ . . cows Whole milk 2 yrs. oldand sold over 1 283 1 882 3 128 1 184 1 904 2 969 2 194 2 423 2 074 291 1 661 5 185 2 373 182 819 179 2 749 297 1 743 1 623 SAMS ghE2 2888s SS SSSSSS2SSSS5aRseST2k3 i>) AN OMAN FB NH ANS FAFA gSBSERSRSZSIZSRSRASSSBSRIRASAARSSSSAASSSSSSZREGASESR SLSSNHSRSLRASRSRLASBRRSRATSRSSAARRGSRASARAISLSSRASSRA Work animals BRRSSHSRASSRASSGASASRSASRKSSRKARSBRKSSRRSRGRSRARARABSHS 221 APPENDIX 1934] TABLE 15.—Concluded Chickens over 3 months 768 Sows and gilts far- — June 1, over 1929 ROAASAASSRA* MNAORAAKL AK OA MAA SABRES SHS aan” aa 16 © wt HCO CO IAM WONOADPOWMHWOMOIONM~OCWOMmMR MANDWMWOO 09 SH 400 COW OS 18.3 22.0 . and bulls| rowi ¥ oldand bornin | Jan. 1- old and Steers Steers 2 1929 over DVO SED OD NID OO Bw et Ht De Be Ht HOME NOD HON OOD AsPOMOWOAMAWONWIOMOMWTRHOAIr D2 AD et HED OO GR OV 019 OD 019 OO OO OD 4 BD 3 AD 09 1) OD. OOD ID SHS OD SHON HOD OE ODO HH ON N19 09 WIN HOO ~_ _ _ = _ -_ _ PAA AOSCEAM SCAG AAA MANPAASHMONAAPFOOHMAOMOAPOMOOCWMDHHOrHOOWTMMOM WD ADH oOMOe HP MOD AMHAN «MONDE AN RID bea tcoh ah oN ho ers = THIOAIAon DONSHLHGHWSAHP SHH OGOSCSCHSMARBAOAGMAMOANUOANMOCOHMPMOMMBDAONOATPTHMAOMS 7.2 4.0 6.1 Milk band old sad sold over RAABRASSBRARRARSARAR SR SAARRSFASRSARRAASRSRAARKRSRASGSEBS 8 289 = «761 37.8 Work animals BBRARSSRSRRRRSBBRBRSBSSAAASARARRRSRASRSRSRRASRSRRSSS 31.8 o We) fod, One). Hye? M01 ie, OUST ey ke. 6 1) ce. 6, 10. Se Pen Le ee 6, ARIS 1 Lb. PIRI ER Sal OW ager sel eR 6 1458 es Soe ce a Tera ee B00 dr 08 SADT OW. 28). ene OT TR Te. ee et wy bm fe) er eho) ie ree ce Cine) ie om eb Ee BG nel eo ads Ses Lee ene ay oy Ca Pi ay (8 Lees "6; Cre) Ge eh ew, 50 "Sos! ie a) oe “ela. yeN we) wey 6 HST Te COs 18, BO By Se ence) AOU ee) Ole ie ee! Ae 0) 6, BGO. tee tee hay, Oe, Se AS) aby Oy tel ie, 188) el R, Ke. Lot Tor ve" ve" itl 616) piel 6 - ta aS i hea celal ieee s B Rey for 6.38 TO LSS 6 lee we ie WS rel OF aa) Se ce Gal 4.6 kr, (07,28 Va, gy Sh, Ol ee APMP oh he wier ie a BuLtetin No, 403 222 TABLE 16.—UTILIZATION OF FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS BY TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS, 1879 To 1929 1889 1899 1909 1919 1924 1929 1879 Crop coin oN _ mc ax aol m=O oo ar al OO tO tte ae nN bho Sel Ar et tte = Ae - CO = Owr -o x a S20e" iach a) One AMAMS mor 0 Ae Hor nN On mH tol oom Lt} oo -6 eooo -o OR oO Sr) nN aol - ~ — Rw? OR C°MIwMN coco x O10 16 Omi -o ~_ Sl “om mot es mon oe ote - bf St “N 2Oo + Omi -o = be] wooo oO OOD -N -_ _ h- Or ie} tei -0O col COD +o ot Ings -oO —] > td 4 io] ono -h Oo = oor -o ON o N Hee ere CeiQ «i “oe OTA -o | APPENDIX 1934) TABLE 17.—DIsTRIBUTION OF FARMS AND FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS COUNTIES BY TENURE, AND PROPORTION OF TENANTS RELATED TO LANDLORDS, 1930 (Figures indicate percentages) Farm land operated by— Farms operated by— County DV ALD OD 4 WD 0D HOD OD SON OD OO HS ON 0 ot St OO HOD ONO O00 HD DD OEE NID OQ DQ WD SRANBASRASAAASZARAR TIN OID DWM OrN 2 OT Ee So OD 4 19 19) DD HED OS OOD OE OH DOM HH HOM AMOMOWDOWMOMMr~ NWO PAD HANS SNS SDA HDA ID WD DH FH OD 11D 0 SH EEN 1D HID IO DO MOH MODMY RO OOrt oo SH HS OM OHH AHANDWONE OF OL OANMWDRMWOMWAMWHOSOWDOOHBMOMMNBWOMWOOMMm1I9N RASBSRISSRARSSSSSASR BD De DOD OND 4 DO OOD BP HOO OO BO HE OI DP 1D NE OE OM AOAND OHH OMHAN SSRRSIRRABSS DDD DW DOD Pe D2 DOD BH ON © HD 09 1D OB 4 09 D0 19 09 09 19 09 19 OO DOM ODA HIN Ot IHN o BSRRAASASAR BDA DAD OP OS DID Py OW OAS Hh OEP 09 1D © 09 HAD 09 2 OD DIN HOO WAH Ot an 62 CO rt I~ O SSSSSRARS BeSSRSSSS 1Does not include land in part-owned farms. (Concluded on page 224) [June, BuLtetin No. 403 TABLE 17.—Concluded Farm land operated by— Farms operated by— He 3333 E255 Man- Tenant |§ Owner ager Tenant Part Man- ager owner Full owner County LSSRRRSRASSASSBRSARARSRRRTARSRSRKASRARRASLRASRATARRBARS SSLRSSRRSSSLKLASBSSSSSSHLSRRSISSSISHSSSSSRSRZSSIBSSRS ESS Pa are eee ee Taw cel eT Oe Oe) 8 PA a POLITE A Mr ele S's CRE Op eT Rie OLR Oa A AM re 8 el Ge ae R yee Le > er aah we ee Se AMA SSS SSA Stet SMA tH ODN et _ So oe oe oe! o0 OD — MAN Set SHNRSRAKTNSRRSHSTATSSSSNISSRA SLI SSTSTSTASRESLSIRASSS * SESSSRSBREASBSRISLIIISSRSRZRSISARIRITIISSBSISBIRAGSTALS RSAAIteosgesgesanaynsswongwcwox SIBSSStocowmorrsseyrseon 5 nh oe oe ee) ate et et et et et et et et _ | oon on oe eel Om et Sl _ “_ ae A nl TSRASIRSSISSARSSRAGSBRISRISLRISLISRIRARGRABSRGRAIRRSSSA 14.8 28.7 58.2 40.1 1:7 43.1 16.2 1.0 39.7 1Does not include land in part-owned farms. 1934] APPENDIX 225 TABLE 18.—TRENDS IN FARM TENURE IN ILLINOIS BY TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS, 1900 To 1930 1900 1910 1920 1925 1930 Area 1 Percent of farms o cing Ly Senate! fiat cr cieaCccenaecsh 50.5 43.3 42.7 39.9 41.9 Percent of tenant Fented for Oe i535 65.58 5ésccdckeaass 69.5 79.1 1H BY 67.8 72.2 Area 2 Percent of farms o Dey ROMAINE Sis othe ce caeeies Vexce 35.7 39.4 43.0 43.3 45.4 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash..................005 57.4 58.2 54.0 44.7 44.1 Area 3 Percent of farms 0; Dy CONBAAS. 6 ocd Seinicikicn ie deninics 41.6 45.7 48.8 48.7 50.8 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash.................0005 52.5 46.2 34.4 28.2 27.2 Area 4a Percent of farms operated by tenants.................0.0005 50.0 54.8 59.0 59.0 58.3 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash..................00 43.1 $1.1 15.3 7.8 9.4 Area 4b - eo a L Saisie ais aclasacue vereacs 51.7 55.8 56.2 56.4 57 5 arms rented for cash.................0005 36.1 27.5 17.1 12.8 13.5 Area § Percent of farms o DY WORE ccs tees beee cs 38.3 38.0 40.1 38.9 40.6 Percent of tenant farms feated LOR OME Fo cet oe ccs locess 24.2 23.5 17.5 13.1 13.4 Area 6 Percent of farms operated by tenants..................0000 34.1 38.5 40.3 38.3 37.0 Persenk of touant tora fented for GOO). 556555040063 cous se 18.4 17.8 19.2 14.3 15.2 Area 7a Percent of farms y ocarge by ip regont seed cdsistle’ ad's slecties 29.7 30.4 29.3 25.4 26.3 Percent of tenant peated for ced ooo esis ccskaeesaes 16.3 10.5 13.1 10.8 1 Y Area 7b Percent of farms Dy tenants. cscs cs csscaenees ons 23.3 24.8 25.0 24.5 23.5 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash..................005 10.0 10.6 16.3 11.4 12.5 Area Te Percent of farms a Peto ionisie sic ecco meee 27.0 29.0 22.4 21.3 23:7. Percent of tenant Tented for COG ss 6.55 scclcscdsc case ese 9.7 9.3 20.3 20.5 17.0 Area 8 Percent of farms o yoda by senantas< SSascc cc taee easteses 37.9 40.0 37.5 36.3 37.1 Percent of tenant sented for COB scicccesectéees esse 6.5 . 6.0 5:6.: 3.3 4.3 Area 9 Percent of farms operated by tenants..................e0008 29.8 29.4 26.5 29.9 30.0 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash..................4- 16.3 15.2 10.4 6.7 8.0 Buttetin No. 403 TABLE 19.—ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN ILLINOIS, BY DIVISIONS -oom Northern Central Southern division i division BORG No dan Nia a Ose TERRES CANS R OS TORR TE RT CR RaNe Ts eee cuee 27.68 26.99 33.90 MOURN Sccice vaca sscss ce Uctiardcvekwcescea sk FeSbaesbset Jeecees 35.42 43.13 48.61 LL) Cr rere rere LETTE COP YT CET err OED EET ES 35.35 34.69 43.59 LE BPE PERR eEREI TIER T CIEE UE ee Eee ee” 27.23 33.40 37.04 LONG oc oe es Sess pier hewh ce eEeds deus Cine eee RORtibareese rt 32.94 38.56 43.07 SOLE, cusiatacds snes teavaeadehagethrores ics texaets ca caseaea 34.86 35.26 44.80 AGMA So a's Cow saa SEIS TO Ves DOR Mes PEND ELLEN Vases eee ses 27.27 32.42 40.07 MODs i caccco calcd swe ycnescs sab eotaneceneecersaNneevense ae 39.10 40.20 43.66 BERRI Scho sec CRET Ne aed SES CRS R MME SE Re RE RATT SC EMWENECE ONDE DS 28.27 35.20 39.25 tL REO eee paatercine eee Cesar cris here tone OF > AeA ace 30.43 37.56 47.71 MONS cas ivnc cca vende cuctcs voss SPASM aAae bara tect aeeaeees 35.31 36.98 34.64 ORAS EE OAD IRC CACHE OP ROT PEACE aAEe OFF Mee rane ae 29.63 32.34 37.10 BODO. one sc eidas Pach cevice seus Uae sneses cceeswaavenee ess 41.82 46.39 39.14 (Lo PRS ES AO rene ir rl SPAR PIR cine eS 41.00 51.07 57.33 Ly REM rae reer reer rest Ne PCLT TIT COREE CT re 34.73 36.10 42.76 LOD cocci csvavdarnccces seheakG cw aveuetee deen seser sees eee 35.54 43.28 47.89 NOOO: 55 hocsincw'dcoee vee siacce Dees cccigg eee cane bce vasTenbs wei 27.41 26.62 30.34 PYOOGR cc dic veesccsdesss ucarcsetcncstesvestavectect census 33.17 37.07 41.82 RWUESGO GOVIOR. ouigicy sion vin oy sin seas pace tawe cas vis aesilaacee 4.06 4.79 5 65 TABLE 20.—SEASONAL RAINFALL IN ILLINOIS - (Sixty-year average, 1856-1915) District Winter Spring Summer Autumn inches perct. inches perct inches perct. inches perct. Extreme northern........... 5.44 16.0 9.34 27.4 11.22 33.0 7.99 23.6 Central-northern............ 5.80 16.8 9.61 27.9 10.75 31.6 8.11 23.7 Oenrel oe eect esewcces 6.82 18.0 10.43 27.9 11.04 30.7 8.60 23.4 Central-southern............ .80 21.2 11.75 28.3 11.75 28.3 9.18 22.2 Extreme southern........... 10.66 24.8 12.38 28.5 10.70 24.7 9.54 22.0 Sources of Data in Tables, Maps, and Graphs Tables Tables 1 to 18 are based on U. S. Census data. Tables 19 and 20 are com- pilations from U. S. Weather Bureau records. In Tables 1 to 9, 10, 12, 16, and 18, giving analyses of certain Census data by areas, only the counties entirely in an area were used in calculating the data for the area, viz.: Area 1: Boone, Cook, orbs Kane, Lake, McHenry. Area 2: Carroll, JoDaviess, le, Rock Island, Stephenson, Whiteside. Area 3: Bureau, Henderson, eas. Knox, Mercer, Peoria, Stark, Warren. Area 4: Champaign, DeWitt, Douglas, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, Livingston, McLean, Moultrie, Piatt, Vermilion, Woodford. Area 4b: Logan, Macon, Mason, Menard, Tazewell. Area 5: Adams, Brown, Greene, Morgan, Pike, Schuyler, Scott. Area 6: Bond, Clinton, Effingham, Fayette, Madison, Randolph, St. Clair, Washington. Area 7a: Clark, Crawford, Cumberland. Area 7b: Clay, Marion, Richland, Wayne. Area 7c: Franklin, Hamilton, Williamson. Area 8: Gallatin, Wabash, White. Area 9: Alexan er, Hardin, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, Union. Maps and Graphs Figs. 1, 3, and 4 were supplied by the Agronomy Department of this Station. Fig. 3 was prepared by R. S. Smith and E. A. Norton of that department and has appeared previously in several publications of this Station. Fig. 4 was pre- pared by R. S. Smith and E. A. Norton. Fig. 2 is reproduced from the Fifteenth Census (1930), Drainage of Agri- cultural Lands, p. 103. Figs. 5 and 6 are based on U. S. Weather Bureau records. Fig. 6 was furnished by the Agronomy Department. Figs. 7 and 8 are from Bulletin 15 of the Illinois Geological Survey. Fig. 9 is from Bulletin 399, this Station, by C. L. Stewart, and is based on U. S. Census data. Figs. 10 to 15, Figs. 17 to 20, the lower left-hand map in Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23 except the upper right-hand map, Figs. 24 to 28, Figs. 30 to 32, are based on U. S. Census data. Fig. 16 is based on data from the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fig. 21, except lower left-hand map, and Fig. 23, upper right-hand map, are based on data from the Illinois Crop Reporting Service, a joint enterprise of the Illinois State Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Photographs Figs. 29 and 39 were furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fig. 34 was supplied by W. G. Kammlade, Fig. 35 by H. P. Rusk and R. R. Snapp, and Fig. 38 by H. H. Alp, of the Animal Husbandry Department; Fig. 40 by M. J. Dorsey of the Horticultural Department. Fig. 36 was obtained thru courtesy of the Bloomington Panta- graph. Figs. 33 and 37 were supplied by the authors. PRA b 7 cet re ey ee Tt Sl a Y a Re oie ne ey Pega OUR ie tig Pip bathe