i£x HtbrtH SEYMOUR DURST IVben you leave, please leave this book Because it has been said "Ever'thing comes t' him who waits Except a loaned book." OLD YORK LIBRARY — OLD YORK FOUNDATION Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/undergroundwaterOOveat_0 > 59th CONGRESS : •: 1st SESSION DECEMBER 4, 1905-JUNE 30, 1906 WASHINGTON : : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : : 1906 Cn CONTENTS Xo. 200. Geological Survey, professional paper 44; underground water resources of Long Island, X. Y. 201. same, 45; geography and geology of Alaska. 3 59th Congress, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. J Document 1st Session. ) , I No. 200. Professional Paper No. 44 Series { J uXSndwiteA DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES 1). VVALCOTT, DIRECTOR UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK BY A. C. VEATCH, C. S. SLICHTER, ISAIAH BOWMAN, W. O. CROSBY, and R: E. HORTON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 0 6 66 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal 13 Chapter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch 15 Introduction 15 Topography 15 Literature 16 The basement rocks •- 16 Cretaceous 18 Conditions of deposition 18 Character of deposits 18 Structural relations. 18 Present distribution 19 Stratigraphic succession. , 20 Relation to adjacent areas 21 Age of the Raritan formation. 25 Summary : 26 Tertiary 26 General conditions 26 Eocene erosion 27 Miocene submergence , , 27 Distribution of Miocene deposits 27 Earl}' Pliocene erosion 28 Lafayette submergence 28 Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion 28 Development of topographic features 28 Wolds and vales 30 Deflection of the rivers in Hightstown Vale 31 Quaternary 33 Mannetto gravel 33 Conditions of deposition 33 Character of deposits 34 Present distribution 34 Post-Mannetto and pre-Jameco interval 34 Jameco gravel 34 Conditions of deposition 34 Character of deposits 34 Present distribution 35 Sankaty formation 36 Conditions of deposition 36 Character of deposits 36 Present distribution 36 Gay Head folding 37 Description 37 Cause of folding 38 Gardiner interval 40 Tisbury (Manhasset) gravel 41 Conditions of deposition _ 41 Character of deposits 41 Present distribution _ _ 41 3 4 CONTENTS. Chapter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch — Continued. Page. Quaternary — Continued. Vineyard interval 43 Character of surface at beginning of interval 43 Major drainage 43 Reexcavation of north shore valleys 43 Length of interval 44 Wisconsin epoch 44 General conditions of deposition 44 Character of deposits 45 Thickness 45 Development of topographic features 46 Transportation and deposition 47 Erosion 47 Folding 47 Post-Glacial and Recent 48 Summary 48 Geologic history 48 Topographic history 50 Chapter II. Underground water conditions of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch 53 General principles 53 Source of underground water 53 Transmission 53 Ground-water table 54 Requisite conditions for flowing wells 54 Conditions on Long Island 55 Geologic conditions. 55 Ground-water tables 57 Perched water tables 57 The main water table 58 Springs 58 Springs dependent on perched water tables 58 Springs dependent on the main water table '. . 58 Mineral springs 59 Streams... 60 Origin " 60 Water powers 60 Ponds and lakes 61 Ponds and lakes dependent on perched water tables 61 Ponds and lakes dependent on the main water table 62 Artesian and deep wells 63 Shallow north-shore artesian wells 63 Cause 63 Distribution 64 Predictions 64 The Jameco artesian wells 64 Cause 1 64 Distribution 65 Predictions 65 The Cretaceous artesian wells 65 Cause ; 65 Distribution 65 Predictions 67 Requisite conditions for successful wells on Long Island 67 Source of the underground water on Long Island 67 CONTENTS. 5 Chapter II. Underground water conditions of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch — Continued. Page. Conditions on Long Island — Continued. Causes producing fluctuations of the ground-water table 69 Natural causes - - 69 Rainfall 69 . Tides 71 Thennometric and barometric changes 72 Artificial causes 73 Dams 73 Pumping 73 Blowing wells 7-1 Waterworks 74 Chapter III. Measurements of velocity of underflow on Long Island, by Charles S. Slichter 86 District investigated 86 Apparatus used 88 Test wells 88 Forms of meters 90 Direct-reading meters — . 90 Application of principles 92 Self-recording meter 97 Principles involved 99 Results and conclusions 100 Existence of underflow 100 Effect of rainfall on rate of motion of ground water 104 Effect of seepage water from ponds and reservoirs on rate of motion 106 Effect of pumping on rate of motion Ill Specific capacity 114 Conclusion 115 Chapter IV. Well records, compiled by A. C. Veatch and Isaiah Bowman 116 Introduction 116 Acknowledgments 1 16 Representative wells 118 Descriptive notes 168 Chapter V. Results of sizing and filtration tests, by W. O. Crosby. 338 Sizing tests 338 Filtration tests 354 Chapter VI. The surface streams of Long Island, by R. E. Horton 361 Character of Long Island streams _ 361 Utilization of Long Island streams 362 Water supply of Brooklyn 363 Gagings of Long Island streams 365 East Meadow Brook near Freeport 368 Newbridge streams near Merrick 370 Wantagh streams at Wantagh 370 Massapequa Creek at Farmingdale and Freeport 371 Carlls River at Babylon 373 Sampawams Creek 375 Orowoc and Doxsee creeks, Islip 376 Connetquot Brook, near Great River 378 Lake Ronkonkoma and adjacent streams 379 Carmans River (or Connecticut River of Long Island) 380 Peconic River 381 Hydrologic conditions on Long Island during 1903 383 Index 387 TABLES. Page. I. Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of New Jersey 21 II. Pleistocene formations on Long Island 33 III. Tbirkness of lnte Pleistocene deposits in well-; on the north shore of Long Island 42 IV. Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island 46 V. Wells in the Lloyd gravel 65 VI. Analyses showing difference between water from the Lloyd sand and from the rock wells of Connecticut .' 68 VTL The effect of ground-water pumping in diminishing stream flow from 1873 to 1889 in the old watershed of the Brooklyn waterworks, comparing qve-year periods 73 VIII. Waterworks systems on Long Island 76 IX. Station No. 1 , Massapequa, Long Island, June 21, 1903: Field record of electric current reading in amperes, obtained with direct-reading underflow meter 9o X. Underflow measurements on Long Island 104 XI. Representative wells on Long Island 118 XII. Results of sizing tests 339 XIII. Results of filtration tests 354 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Map showing data bearing on the position of bed rock in western Long Island, and vicinity 16 II. Map showing structure of the basal Cretaceous beds on Long Island, and their relation to the Cretaceous of New Jersey 18 III. Map showing the distribution of the Cretaceous on western Long Island 20 IV. A, Mannetto gravel near top of Melville section; B, Cretaceous sand near the base of the Mel- ville section 22 V. Comparative cross sections of Long Island and New Jersey, along lines shown in fig. 8, show- ing relations of the topographic features 30 VI. Development of the major drainage of the North Atlantic coastal plain 32 VII. Broken Grounds, near Fresh Pond, Long Island 38 VIII. A and B, King's sand pit, Hempstead Harbor, showing the Manhasset bowlder bed 40 LX. A, A portion of the Harbor Hill outwash plain over the Tisbury terrace, south of Huntington, N. Y.; B, A bowldery portion of the Harbor Hill moraine near Creedmoor, N. Y 44 X. Hooked sand spit at entrance to Smithtown Harbor, Long Island 52 XI. Cross sections of Long Island, along lines given on PI. XII .* 58 XII. Map showing position of the main ground-water table on Long Island, on July 1, 1903. . In pocket. XIII. Views showing head developed in the north shore artesian wells: A, At Oyster Bay, Burgess well ; B, At Cold Spring Harbor, Jones well 64 XIV. Head developed by a 40-foot artesian well, near Douglaston, IS. Y 66 XV. Map of Long Island, showing north shore and Jameco artesian well areas 66 XVI. Map of Long Island, showing probable Cretaceous artesian well area, and depth of Lloyd gravel below sea level 68 XVII. Fluctuations of the main ground-water table on Long Island 70 XVIII. Examples of fluctuations due to thermometric and barometric changes 72 XLX. Waterworks systems of Long Island In pocket. XX. Electrode and perforated brass buckets used in charging wells 90 XXI. A, Underflow meter showing connections when used as direct reading apparatus; B, Commu- tator clock for use with recording ammeter 92 XXII. A, Commutator clock for use with recording ammeter ; B, View of recording ammeter, commu- tator clock, and battery box in use in the field 98 XXIII. Charts made by recording ammeter 100 XXIV. Map of Long Island, showing locations of wells. In pocket. XXV. Plan and longitudinal section of strata encountered in the South Brooklyn sewer tunnel 168 XXVI. Test borings of Rapid Transit Railroad Commission across East River 170 XXVII. Test borings of Rapid Transit Railroad Commission from East River to De Kalb avenue, Brooklyn 172 XXVIII. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tun- nel, Thomson avenue to Arch street, Long Island City 182 XXLX. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tun- nel, Arch street to Vernon avenue, Long Island City 182 9 10 ILLUSTRATIONS. Pago. Plate XXX. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tunnel, Vernon avenue to East River, Long Island City 184 XXXI. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tunnel, eastern half of East River 184 XXXII. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tunnel, western half of East River 186 XXXIII. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tunnel, East River to First avenue, New York City 186 XXXIY. Record of test borings made at Long Island City pumping station No. 3 (No. 99) 188 Fig. 1. Sections from Hudson River to Long Island, showing the general folded and eroded character of the bed rock underlying Long Island 17 2. Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y 19 3. Section from Delaware River to Pipers Corner. N.J 22 4. Sketch map showing known distribution of the Miocene near Long Island 27 5. Stereogram of eastern England showing the development of wolds and vales 28 6. Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment"' as applied to wold 29 7. Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada 29 8. Sketch map showing locations of sections shown on PI. Y 30 9. Comparative maps, showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Yale, and the deflection which would be produced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated 32 10. Section from near Ridgewood, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing position of the Wisconsin, Tisbury,Sankatv, Jameco, and Cretaceous beds, and the east side of the Sound River Valley 34 11. Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, New York 35 12. Section on west side of the hollow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther west 35 13. Section from Wards Island to Barnums Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and relations of the (1) Sankaty, (2) Jameco, (3) Cretaceous, and (4) "bed rock" 36 14. Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardiners Island, New York 37 15. Section near Cherry Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing location of fossil-bearing stratum . . 37 16. Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water- bearing horizons encountered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd gravel in the Center Island wells 38 17. Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard 39 18. Sections exposed at Browns Point, after storm of October 11 and 12, 1836 39 19. Diagram illustrating factors giving spring phenomena great power in reexcavating the north shore valleys : 43 20. Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill stages of the Wisconsin period 44 21. Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface features 54 22. Diagram showing water table cut by valleys 54 23. Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells 55 24. Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flow- ing wells 56 25. Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills, and source of Mountain Mist Springs 57 26. Diagrams showing analog}- between a well and a channel that cuts the ground-water table... 58 27. Sketch map showing increase in spring flow along Hempstead Brook. From data collected by the Brooklyn waterworks 59 28. Sketch map of Long Island, showing distribution of water power developments, 1800-1900. . 60 29. Lake Success: an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on local impervious strata 61 30. Diagram showing effect of a pond on the ground-water table, and the consequent decrease in spring flow on southern Long Island 62 31. Diagram showing loss of water by leakage from pond whose surface is above the adjacent ground-water table 62 ILLUSTRATIONS. 1 1 Page. Fig. 32. Lake Ronkonkoma; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on the main ground-water table 63 33. Artesian well or spring (No. 335) at Manhasset. from a drawing by J. H. L'Hommedieu 64 34. Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, X. Y.. showing fluctua- tions due to tides 70 35. Record of water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens' Water Supply Company at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek 71 36. Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station, and its efl'ect on a nearby pond and well 72 37 Map of southern Long Island showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of flow of underground water were made 87 38. Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground water 88 39. Diagram showing electric method of determining the velocity of underground water 89 40. Curve of velocity and underflow measurements. San Gabriel River, California 91 41. Curves showing the possibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. 92 42. Diagram showing manner in which the electrolyte spreads in passing downstream 93 43. Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well in which the water is moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42 94 44. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh pumping station 98 45. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (station 5) 99 46. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (station 6) 100 47. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at East Meadow Brook and Babylon road (station 7) 101 48. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (station 8) 102 49. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (station 10) 103 50. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook (station 12) 105 51. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 14) 106 52. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15) 107 53. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x) 108 54. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water south of Wantagh Pond (station 13) 109 55. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x) 110 56. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 17) Ill 57. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond (station 21) 112 58. Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 with reference to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond 113 59. Vertical section through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in Agawam Pond, shown in fig. 58. . 113 60. Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond 114 61. Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the Fleischmann Manufacturing Company at Long Island City 180 12 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 62 Index map showing location of Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII 182 63. Type of well used at the Montauk waterworks plant, at Dunton, X. Y 213 64. Sketch map showing location of test borings at Bayside pumping station 217 65. Sketch map giving locations of wells of the Queens County Water Company, shown in fig. 66. . 223 66. Sections of wells of the Queens County Water Company, by Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer. 225 67. Sketch map showing location of wells described at Oyster Bay 281 68. Long Island marsh stream valley 362 69. Ideal Long Island stream profile 362 . 70. Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey. Orowoc Creek, Islip, Long Island, June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed 367 71. Weir on private pond, Cutting Creek, near Great River, Long Island 378 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior. United States Geological Survey, Hydrographic Branch, Washington, D. C, July 7, 1904. Sir: I transmit herewith the manuscript of a paper entitled "The Underground Water Resources of Long Island, New York," by Messrs. A. C. Veatch, Charles S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. The field work upon which the report is based formed a part of a detailed investigation of the geology and water resources of the island conducted by Mr. M. L. Fuller, chief of the eastern section of the division of hydrology, assisted by Mr. Veatch, to whom was given the immediate supervision of problems relating to underground waters. The paper deals with an area in which the problems relating to underground waters are of great importance, especially as they affect city and town supplies. Great interest is manifested in such waters throughout the area, and it is thought that the report, which is the result of unusually detailed work, will prove of great value to engineers and others who may be interested in public or private supplies from underground sources. A separate report, treating the geology of the island in more detail, has been prepared by Mr. Fuller and will soon be transmitted for publication. Very respectfully, F. H. Newell, Chief Engineer. Hon. Charles D. Walcott, Director United States Geological Survey. 13 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. By A. C. Veatch, Charles S. Slighter, Isaiah Bowmax, TV. O. Crosby, and R. E. Hortox. CHAPTER I. OUTEIXES OF THE GEOLOGY OF LONG IfSLAXD. By A. C. Veatch.*1 INTRODUCTION. As Long Island is the largest island on the eastern coast of the United States, and is of such size, 120 miles long and 23 miles wide, that it is a more or less noticeable feature on even very small-scale* maps, little need be said of its general geographic position. TOPOGRAPHY. In shape Long Island resembles a huge fish, with the head toward New York. This rude resemblance caused the early whalers to apply the names North Fluke and South Fluke to the two projections which form the tail. A range of hills having a relief of from 100 to 200 feet gives topographic expres- sion to each of the flukes; and continuing westward, these ranges coalesce north of the center of the island near the Suffolk-Nassau county line, where they reach their maximum elevation of 420 feet at High Hill. Westward a group of rolling hills, occasionally reaching a height of over 300 feet, and not separable into distinct lines, continues to the Narrows at Brooklyn. South of these hill ranges the land is comparatively level and slopes off gently to the sea or forms more or less elevated table-lands between the two lines of hills. The northern shore, skirted by the hills, is rugged and precipitous, with long, narrow bays, while the southern shore passes gradually from a gently sloping plain into a salt marsh inclosing broad, shallow bays, beyond which is a barrier beach. " A more detailed report on the geology of Long Island is now in preparation, and the discussion of local data, as well as questions of correlation, has therefore been omitted in this outline, which has been condensed from the writer's complete report on the geology. 16 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. The hills are very irregular and even the plains between the two ranges of hills are by no means level, but are pitted by somewhat circular depressions found in glaciated regions and commonly called "kettle holes." On Long Island many of those contain water, forming charming little lakes and ponds, which add much to the picturesqueness of the region. In general the topography has a glacial aspect, and the glacial forms are so prominent that the fact that the major topographic features are of pre-Glacial origin is commonly overlooked. LITERATURE. The literature dealing with the geology and water resources of Long Island is very extensive, and will be presented in detail in a paper on the Geology of Long Island, now in preparation. Only a few of the more important titles are presented in the accompanying list : Mather, W. W. Geology of the first geological district. Geol. New York, pt. 1, 1843. Lewis, E. Ups and downs of Long Island. Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877. pp. 434-446. Upham, Warren. Terminal moraines of the North American ice sheet. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 18, 1879, pp. 81-92, 197-209. Dana, J. D. Long Island Sound in the Quaternary age, with observations on the submarine Hudson River channel. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, 1890, pp. 425-437. Merrill, F. J. H. Geology of Long Island. Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, pp. 341-364. Hollick, Arthur. Preliminary contributions to our knowledge of the Cretaceous formation of Long Island and eastward. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 222-237. Some further notes on the geology of the north shore of Long Island. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 1894, pp. 122-130. Dislocations in certain portions of the Atlantic coastal plain strata and their probable causes. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 14, 1894, pp. 8-20. De Varoxa, I. M. History and description of the water supply of the city of Brooklyn. 1896, 306 pp., 8 tables, 45 pis. (Gives bibliography of the Brooklyn waterworks on pp. 301-306.) Freeman-, John R. Report upon New York's water supply. New York, 1900, .587 pp., 113 figs. The Merchants' Association. The water supply of the city of New York. 1900, 62 pp., 25 pis. Ries, Heixrich. Clays of New York. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 35, 1900, pp. 495, 572, 573, 595-607, 692, 817-822" Woodworth, Jay Backus. Pleistocene geology of portions of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 48, 1901. Salisbury, R. D. Description of New York City. Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 83, O. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. Spear, Walter E. Long Island sources. Rept. Commission on Additional Water Supply for the City of New York, Nov. 30, 1903, New York, 1904, appendix 7, pp. 617-806. THE BASEMENT ROCKS. Although bed rock underlies all Long Island at a greater or less depth, it outcrops only along East River, at Long Island City and Astoria, where Merrill has recognized two divisions — the Fordham gray gneiss and the Stockbridge dolo- mite, the former of probable pre-Cambrian and the latter of Silurian or Cambro- Silurian age/' In the Fordham gray gneiss are occasional dikes and bosses of granite and intrusions of diorite. These rocks are the remnants of strata which were profoundly altered by pressure and heat, by folding and faulting, and then reduced by erosion (fig. 1), dur- a Merrill, F. J. H., Description New York City, Geologic Atlas U. B„ folio 83, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 3-5. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL I LEGEND 7100' MAP SHOWING DATA BEARING OX THE POSITION OF BED ROCK IN WESTERN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, AND VICINITY. By A. C. Veatch. 1904. Scale 5 0 5 10 miles zp BASEMENT EOCKS. 17 ing the ages that elapsed between the Silurian and the Cretaceous periods. The many changes of this old land surface and its topographic aspect at different stages before the Cretaceous can only be partly outlined, but the history since the begin- ning of the Cretaceous can be inferred more or less completely. The surface of these older beds, so far as it has been revealed on Long Island by borings that penetrate the mantle which has protected it from erosion since the early Cretaceous, has a few minor irregularities, but, on the whole, slopes gently to the south and east at a rate of about 100 feet per mile. The unevenness of the present surface is very slight when compared with the great irregularity (fig. 1) indicated by the structure. On PI. I is shown the depth to bed rock in the western portion of the island; in the eastern part of the island the depths at which bed rock was encountered, at 655 feet at Greenport (892") and at 150 feet at Fishers Island (919°), show a similar slope. Scale 0 )4 1 2 miles I I I , — — i Pig. 1. — Sections from Hudson River to Long Island, showing in a general way the folded and eroded character of bed rock underlying Long Island (Merrill 1902); fgn. Fordham gneiss (pre-Cambrian) ; 6Ss, Stockbridge dolomite (Cambro- Silurian); Sh, Hudson schist (Silurian). This sloping surface, with its minor irregularities, was probably at one time nearly horizontal and formed a part of the great, almost level, plain known as the Schooley peneplain,* which extended over a large part of the eastern United States and which resulted from long-continued erosion under very uniform con- ditions. It owes its present slope or dip to the very broad folding which began near the beginning of the Cretaceous and which, after several minor halts and fluctuations, elevated the Schooley Mountain in New Jersey 1,500 feet and depressed the old surface in the Long Island region. "■The numbers given in parentheses throughout this paper correspond with those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV, where detailed records are given. f>Davis, W. M., and Wood, J. W., Geographic development of northern New Jersey: Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, 1890, pp. 365-423. Willis, Bailey, The northern Appalachians: Mon. Nat. Geog. Soc, vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 1G9-202, 1895; Salis- bury, R. D. Phys. Geog. New Jersey: Final report State geologist New Jersey, vol. 4, 1898, pp. 83-85. 1- UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CRETACEOUS. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. Bv this change of level at the beginning of the Cretaceous period the sea again covered this area, and the rejuvenated streams carried into it the deeply weathered material from the surface of the old Schooley peneplain. The strata for 300 or 400 feet above the bed rock are therefore composed almost entirely of the products of long-continued weathering and present a peculiar mingling of sand and plastic clays, often brightly colored, which are more or less distinct from the beds that follow. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. These irregular-bedded varicolored clays with light-colored quartz sands and gravels, which characterize the base of the Cretaceous system in this region, show an increasing percentage of sand in their upper portions, and pass more or less gradually, on the north shore, into the light-colored quartz sands with occasional irregular clay beds which form the upper strata of the pre-Pleistocene series, and, on the south shore, into the fine gray lignite-bearing sands and clays of the same age. The thick greensand marls of the New Jersey section are almost wholly absent, their presence being merely suggested in the West Hills, at Quogue and Bridgehampton. The absence of greensand marls, the extreme scarcity of marine fossils, and the presence of plant remains, indicate shoal water, or near-shore conditions during the several epochs in which these rocks were deposited. As a result of the long-continued weathering to which all the material compos- ing these beds has been subjected, the sand beds lack the readily broken-down minerals so common in glacial deposits, and the gravel beds do not contain compound crystalline or transported clastic pebbles. The gravels from the lowest to the highest (with but one doubtful exception) are composed of quartz or locally derived quartz-conglomerate, with occasional very much decomposed milk-white chert fragments. This difference in composition is the most serviceable criterion for separating the pre-Pleistocene from the Pleistocene beds in this region. STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. These Cretaceous beds are now not only almost entirely hidden by Pleistocene deposits, but are so disturbed in the few limited outcrops on the north shore (PI. Ill) that neither the original slope of the strata, the amount of deformation, either horizontal or vertical, nor the relation of one outcrop to another can be satis- factorily determined. The apparently undisturbed outcrop in the West Hills fur- nishes no extended exposure, and even here the structure is concealed by hill creep and landslides. Any knowledge of the structure is, therefore, dependent upon well records, and these have fortunately revealed a key bed that is not only satisfactorily persist- ent on the island, but continues in New Jersey, and furnishes a new basis for a comparison of the stratigraphy. A critical study showed that the top of a water- bearing sand situated 150 to 200 feet above bed rock in 14 north shore wells (see PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. II MAP SHOWING BASAL CRETACEOUS BEDS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK ELATION TO THE CRETACEOUS OF NEW JERSEY ByA.C.Veatch 1904 Scale 30 miles LEGEND ,7.0° ltnouth.Rancocas Successful wells Lloyd sand horizon • Unsuccessful wells Basal Malawan Figures in red Blue contours indicate uiasquan formations horizon indicate depth in approximate top of the easand marl series feet below sea level Lloyd sand; figures give depths below sea level JULIUS S I EN « CO. LITH.N.Y. CRETACEOUS BOCKS. 19 p. 65) has a very regular southeastward dip (PI. II) and a continuation of the lines of equal depth parallel to the line of strike showed that not only the nonwater- bearing gravels of the Woodhaven well (143) and the good water carriers of the Barren Island wells (129-132) belonged to the same horizon, hut also the water- bearing beds in certain wells in New Jersey, which encounter a gravel horizon at a somewhat similar height above bed rock. The position of the top of this gravel and sand, which it will be convenient to call the Lloyd sand from its fossiliferous development in the well (633) on Lloyd Neck, is shown in PI. II. As indicated on PI. II, in northern Long Island on a 6-mile line, the dip is as much as 80 feet per mile, while in New Jersey on a 22-mile line it is only half so much. It is quite prob- able, therefore, that the dip on Long Island becomes somewhat less to the south, and that on the south shore, about Amityville and Baby- lon, wells will strike this sand at even a less depth than indicated on Pis. II and XVI. Some additional evi- dence bearing on the gen- eral structure of this region is furnished by the dip indi- cated by a few wTells near Setauket (fig. 2), which reach a coarse sand and gravel about 600 or 700 feet above the Lloyd sand. The original calculation of the dip, based on the similarity suggested by the Cox (763), Rowland (760), and Emmett (752) records, has been confirmed by the record and samples from the Port Jefferson Company well (811). A comparison of the strike of this bed (fig. 2) with that of the Lloyd sand (PI. II) shows it to be very nearly parallel, although the dip is much nearer that usually found in New Jersey— about 40 feet per mile. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the Cretaceous on Long Island is, like the determination of the structure, almost wholly dependent on well records. The available data are shown on PL III. This map emphasizes two points: Although (1) the Cretaceous beds have determined the major topographic relief of the island (see also PI. V, A-A), (2) near the western end they have been deeply trenched by a broad north-south vallev, representing the outlet of the Sound River (PI. VI). The most important outcrop of Cretaceous rocks is in the West Hills, on the road leading from Melville to Hicksville (PI. Ill) . The following section was observed Pig. 2.— Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y. Figures at wells give depth of water-bearing stratum below sea level. 20 rXDERGROl/XD WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAXD. NEW TORE. at this point early in the spring of 1903. just after the landslips of the previous winter had been removed by road graders and the section further cleaned up with a spade: Section just west of MelviRe. .V. T . [Top of section about 300 feet above tide.] Pleistocene: , Feet. 1. Horizontally bedded yellow sand and quartz gravel, with a few very much weathered compound pebbles. Xear the upper pan of the section the gravel is a very bright orange. ( PI. IV, A) . . 35 Miocene (I): Fluffy (.Beacon Hill) sand: 2. Orange clayey sands, fine, micaceous, containing iron scales and small gravel: closely resembles sand at Kirkwood. X. J 3 Cretaceous: 3. Dark-colored, lavender, green, and black sandy clay, weathering yeiiow 3 4. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated red clayey sand, with a few rounded quartz pebbles i weathering product of bed below \ 2. 5 5. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated green, white, and pink clayey sand, containing some greensand grains and rounded quartz pebbles 3 6. Ferruginous sandstones 0. 3 7. Yellow sand with ferruginous plates 0. 5 8. Irregularly bedded gray clayey sand, blotched with red and yellow, becoming more sandy above. and passing into a pink or red sand with lens-shaped masses of white clay 9. 5 9. Covered - 0. 5 10. White clayey sand with large quartz gravel 2 1 1 . Covered 1 12. Stratified orange-colored sandy clay, with ferruginous plates 1 13. Very black sand and gravel, stained, probably with manganese dioxide 0. 2 14. Coarse white sand and yellow clayey sand, horizontally, though rather irregularly, bedded, the bedding lines being darker and rather more clayey than the rest. (PI. B) 19 STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION. A study of the local data indicates that from a stratigraphic standpoint the greensand beds in the Quogue (858-859 1 and Bridgehampton (897) wells, and the impure greensand marls in the Melville section (p. 20) are to be regarded as the highest beds of the pre-Pleistocene series which have thus far been recognized. Wells which might show younger beds may be looked for east of Babylon, but the wells in this region, except those at Quogue and Bridgehampton. are so shallow and the data so meager that the lignitiferous sands of the Pleistocene can not with certainty be separated from the older, and while a portion of these sands are doubt- less pre-Pleistocene. their thickness can not be very great and a generalized section of the pre-Pleistocene beds may be commenced with the greensand layer above mentioned. iTtiemlizfi itdion of pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island. Feet. 1. Impure greensand marl developed in about the same stratigraphic position in the Melville section and in the wells at Quogue and Bridgehampton 50= 2. Sands with irregular clay beds. The beds, though showing considerable lignitic material, are commonly lighter on the north shore and in the lull lands than on the south shore. They are shown in detail in the many shallow wells in northern Oyster Bay Township, in the Lake Suc- cess well (317 ), the Hollis well (220), the Wheatley Hill wells (particularly 431). in the Mel- ville section, in the Barren Island wells, and in many of the test wells of the Brooklyn water- works east of Jameco, as well as in the Long Beach. Bamum Island. Quogue. and Riverhead wells l,000d= CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 21 3. Varicolored clay, often bright red, in wells on the north shore; may be entirely absent or very Feet. thin, as in the Cox well (.564) in Hempstead Harbor, and the Bevin well (670) on Eaton Neck; with the clay layers in the succeeding beds it sometimes reaches a thickness of between 400 and .500 feet, as in the Ward well (628) near Huntington, but this thickness, as shown by near-by wells (620), is abnormal, the average thickness being about 100 to 1.50 feet. 0-150 4. Llovd sand. Yellow to white quartz sand and gravel, with occasional clay layers, as at Wood- haven; separated from bed rock by clay beds, but at Greenport apparently resting directly upon it; contains much decayed white chert, and in one case (633) marine fossils. Maxi- mum thickness shown at Peacock Point and Lake Success (317). Lithologically this gravel is identical with the older portions of the yellow gravel of New Jersey, and suggests that a part of this complex may represent undisturbed Cretaceous outcrops 80-90 5. Probable thickness of beds between the Lloyd gravel and bed rock 100-200 RELATION TO ADJACENT AREAS. Fortunately for the purposes of this study the pre-Pleistocene beds in New Jersey, particularly those belonging to the Cretaceous, are not only well developed but well known, and furnish a ready near-by standard with which to compare the Long Island section. Before undertaking this comparison in detail, it will be necessary to review briefly the geologic succession in that region, and to give the thickness and general character of the main lithologic units. In various reports of the New Jersey geological survey these details are given at length, and it is from this source that the following abstract has been prepared : Table I. — Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of New Jersey. Salisbury." Clark.'' Cook.' Bridsreton Lafayette (Yellow Gravel in part ) Yellow gravel. Beacon Hill Miocene Chesapeake Miocene (glass sands and sandy clays, astringent clays). Shark River (Eocene) L i >Upper marl Marl series C'lav marl formation Manasquan Rancocas. jVincentown lime-sands >Middle marl. tSewell marls IRedbank sands Red sand. Navesink marls Mount Laurel sands rHazlet sands Lower marl. Matawan ICrosswick clays •Marine series. Raritan I Raritan. |Clay marl. Plastic clays — Nonmarine series. "Final Rept. State Geol. Survey N.J., vol. 4, Physical Geography, 1898, p. 117. Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, dp- 13-15, 1898. yV l' Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey p. 334, 1894; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, pp. 315-358, 1897; Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey p. 174, 1898. '' Geology of New Jersey, 1868, and subsequent publications. The "yellow sand" has been omitted, as Clark has shown that it has not the stratigraphie position indicated by Cook. The Miocene strata which unconformably overlie the Cretaceous and Eocene beds are as a rule coarse and lighter colored at the outcrop than in the embed. At the outcrop these beds are commonly yellow or brown, while in the embed they are darker and the percentage of clay material is greater. They cap many of the 22 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. high hills of the coastal plain as outliers in the Cretaceous area, and underlie all of the plain south of the Cretaceous outcrop. The Cretaceous, including the lithologically similar Eocene Shark River beds, may be divided on lithologic grounds into (1) the marl series or greensand beds, (2) the clay marls (or Matawan), and (3) the plastic clays (or Raritan). The general character and relation of these beds are well shown graphically in fig. 3 and PI. II, and may be briefly stated as follows : Feet. 1. Marl series. Greensand marl, sometimes with some clayey material which produces gray or chocolate-colored marls, generally quite fossiliferous, and at times calcareous. Toward the hase the amount of sandy material increases and the beds take on a ferruginous aspect with a decreasing percentage of glauconite 262-'' 430 2. Clay marls or Matawan. Highly ferruginous brown sands, at times coarse and white, passing into slate and drab-colored clays interstratified with white sand, and finally into dark-colored or black clays. Marine fossils are by no means as abundant as in the overlying layers, and are as a rule poorly preserved 275-524 3. Plastic clays or Raritan. Clays and sands, often brightly colored: beds generally become more sandy in the upper portion, though they sometimes contain dark-colored clay, and are then not separable from the overlying Matawan or clay marl. The differentiation of this hori- zon has rested on the plastic clays which it contains, and its general nonmarine character 347 A comparison of this section with the general section found on Long Island shows little similarity. In part this difference is due to the relatively small amount New Albany Moorestown 107' RARITAN FORMATION CLAY MARL FORMATION MARL SERIES Horizontal scale _8 miles Fig. 3.— Section from Delaware River to Pipers Corner, N. J., showing character and relation of Cretaceous horizons. (Salisbury, 1896. >>) Black represents surficial deposits. Length, 20 miles; height, 473 feet. of information available regarding the older beds on Long Island, and will probably disappear as the data increase. In part, however, it is real; for although the Pleis- tocene deposits effectually mantle almost the entire island and prevent a careful study of the older beds, the well data are now complete enough to positively indicate the absence of any great fossiliferous greensand marl bed 250 to 450 feet thick, such as occurs in New Jersey. Only in the lower beds is there any similarity, and these have thus far furnished the only bases for the correlation of the two sec- tions. The manifest lithologic resemblance of the few outcrops on the north shore to the Raritan beds of New Jersey caused Mather at a very early date to correlate them. Later the work of Newberry, Hollick, and White on the fossil plants of Long Island and the New England islands confirmed this tentative correlation. To these data it is now possible to add direct stratigraphic evidence, which con- firms the conclusion reached by Ward from a study of the flora: That the beds furnishing the fossil leaves on Long Island (the Island series) are somewhat younger, and therefore stratigraphically higher than the Amboy clays.6' a For thickness shown in the Asbury Park well, sec Rept. N.J. Geol. Survey, 18%, p. 73. * Ann Rept. New Jersey Geol Survey for 1895, 1896, PI II ■ Ward, lister F., The Potomac formation: Fifteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, p. 335; Age of the Island series: Science, new ser., vol.4, 1896, pp. 757-760. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IV CRETACEOUS SAND NEAR BASE OF MELVILLE SECTION CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 23 In this work the top of the Lloyd sand has proved a convenient plane of reference, and a study of the New Jersey records shows that it continues into New Jersey and can therefore be made a basis of correlation between the two sections. This exten- sion is graphically shown in PI. II. The considerations on which the prolongation of these lines from Long Island were based are: (1) The general line of strike of the Cretaceous beds; (2) a water horizon in the wells at Runyon" (white sand beneath 100 feet of white, red, and blue clay), Yardville/' Hightstown/ Jamesburg/' Asbury Park/ and Ocean Grove/ which is 150 to 200 feet below the base of the Matawan. Woolman ' has suggested that the Woodhaven and Barren Island horizons are a continuation of the horizons developed at Keyport/ Matawan/' Atlantic Highlands,' Brookdale-; (644 feet), Holmdel/ Seabright/ and Asbury Park'" (1,083 feet), but an attempt to include the horizon developed in these New7 Jersey wells causes the lines of equal depth to diverge from the general line of strike, and does not account for the depth reached in the Asbury Park and Ocean Grove wells. Woolman explains this greater depth by an assumed thickening of the Matawan, but Clark in reviewing the evidence is inclined to give to the Matawan in these wells a thickness of only about 400 feet.'" According to this hypothesis the lowest water-bearing layer would have about the position of the beds which were struck by the Runyon, Jamesburg, Hightstown, and Yardville wells, and which are 200 feet below the beds of the Matawan. More- over, a water-bearing sand occurs in the Asbury Park well at a depth of 954 feet which seems the true continuation of this upper horizon. If the 200-foot line on PI. II is called 0 and the other lines renumbered accordingly, the position of this upper horizon will be approximately indicated in all of the wells. Thus, near the 200-foot line will be found the Matawan and Keyport wells (215-220); near the 400-fobt line, the Holmdel well (450) ;" near the 500-foot line the 465-foot horizon in the Atlantic Highlands well; near the 600, the 606 horizon of the Brookdale well; near the 700, the 670 of the Seabright well, and near the 900, the 954 Asbury Park horizon. The Lloyd sand is therefore equivalent to the lower horizon in the Asbury Park and Ocean Grove wells and is about 200 feet below the horizon in the other wells to which Woolman referred it . This upper horizon is regarded as either basal Matawan or uppermost Raritan, and the Lloyd sand is therefore a horizon in the Raritan about 200 feet below the base of the Matawan. In a general way, then, the 200 or 300-foot line marks the line of parting between the so-called marine and nonmarine « Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geo]. Survey for 1897-98, p. 246. Moid., p. 281. « Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 200, 201; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 66-67. rtAnn. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1880, pp. 166-168; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 67, 68. < Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Sur vey 1896, pp. 72-75. S Woolman, Lewis, Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol Survey, 1900, p. 77. u Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1898, pp. 245-246. ft Ibid., p. 246. 'Ibid., p. 244 j Ibid , p. 228. * Ibid., 1897, pp. 147-148. 1 Ibid... 1900, pp. 76-77. '» Ibid., 1898, pp. 176-177. "The difference in this case is clearly due to the generalized character of the record; quicksand is reported for some distance above the water-bearing layer, and doubtless in part represents the upward extension of the sand bed. 24 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous, and Cretaceous fossils would be expected south of this line on Long Island. From these data the outcrops at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff are to be regarded as uppermost Raritan which has been, perhaps, slightly disturbed by folding, while the gray sands and clays at Greenwood are clearly Matawan, and the Terebratula found in the Roslyn well0 naturally falls near the base of the Matawan. In the same way the Lloyd Beach clays are to be regarded as Matawan, unless they have been more profoundly disturbed by ice pressure than now appears; and the Little Neck and Fresh Pond areas fall far south in the Matawan. On account of the leaf remains found at Little Neck this locality has been referred to the Raritan, but the recent collections of Berry 6 in the Matawan show essentially the same fauna, and there is therefore no conflict between the paleontologic and stratigraphic evidence. In all cases there is the ever present question of how much the beds may have been disturbed, and as the folding amounts to as much as 100 or 200 feet in the islands to the east, this is not always a negligible factor. In the wells on the south shore, as was early noticed by Woolman, the somber-colored lignite-bearing sands and clays are fair lithologic representatives of the Matawan, but in this region greensand must be almost entirely absent in the Matawan, for it is not represented in any of the samples from the wells of the Brooklyn waterworks or from any of the neighboring wells, the only suggestion of it being in the Pleistocene deposits in the Queens County well at Valley Stream (273) and at Long Beach (373), in both of which it occurs in coarse sand, evidently redeposited. This occurrence is so sug- gestive that it is confidently expected that fossiliferous greensand will be found in wells north and east of these localities. The Cretaceous fossils found at different points in the drift at Brooklyn are also suggestive, though in all cases they are so separated from the Cretaceous beds that their real source can be only conjectured. They are perhaps Matawan, and may even be in part representatives of the occasional forms which are known to occur in the upper part of the Raritan. On the north shore the beds in the same position as a rule more strongly resemble the underlying Raritan, though in the dark clays at Greenwood, Little Neck, West Neck (in the Ward well), and possibly at Elm Point, the darker beds are suggested. The sandy layers in part correspond to the Hazlet sands, but above the Matawan there is absolutely no similarity in the two sections. In place of from 250 to 450 feet of greensand marls there are sands and clays in no way different from the underlying beds which are known to be Matawan because of their lithologic character and position with relation to the Lloyd sand. Greensand beds have been reported only in the West Hills and in the Quogue and Bridgehampton wells, and in the latter cases there are some reasons for believing them similar to the Miocene greensands of Marthas Vineyard. ' So radical a change in the character of the deposits naturally raises the question of the cause. In some respects these light sands in the hills and the dark clays a See well No. 437, p 281 6 Berry, E. \\ '., Am. Nat., ,ol. 37, 1rk Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-37; Bull. Torrpy Bot. Club, vol. 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-5. o Bull (ieol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, 1897, pp. 202, 203. CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 25 of the south shore above the beds regarded as Matawan suggest Miocene, but a comparison with the known position of the Miocene in adjacent areas renders tins correlation very doubtful. It will be seen from fig. 4 and PI. V that, so far as present knowledge goes, Long Island lies north of the main Miocene deposits, and that if the Miocene occurs at all it is to be expected as mere erosion outliers occupying the highest hills. Moreover, Mr. G. N. Knapp, who, by reason of his long and extensive field work in New Jersey, is well fitted to judge, has examined the beds in the Melville section (p. 20) and regards them as Cretaceous, with the possible exception of a thin la3"er between the upper gravel and the impure marl, which resembles Miocene. In order that any other portion of these beds may be Miocene, it is necessary to assume a much greater discordance of structure than is known to exist anywhere in this region between the Miocene and Cretaceous. These facts, with the agreement of the thickness of the beds below the Miocene (?) of the West Hill section with the thickness of the Cretaceous deposits of northern New Jersey, and the fact that Long Island is to be regarded as the normal continuation of New Jersey, both geologically and topographically, with the addition of a mantle of glacial deposits, throw the burden of proof on the person arguing for the Miocene age of these beds. The total absence of large greensand beds indicates a change in the local conditions. Perhaps the ancestral Hudson and Connecticut rivers may have had something to do with it ; perhaps the ocean currents are responsible, for it is well known that both these factors tend to interfere with the formation of greensand, and glauconitic deposits are therefore seldom continuous over great areas." This sandy phase reappears on Marthas Vineyard above the basal plant - bearing beds, though at this point it contains fossils,'' and while the data are not conclusive, they furnish further evidence of the change from the New Jersey conditions which is indicated on Long Island. AGE OF THE RARITAN FORMATION. After the early correlations, which were based on very meager data, the Raritan was referred to the Upper Cretaceous, and it was not until the work of Ward in connection with the much disputed Potomac group that it was referred to the Lower Cretaceous/ It was shown by Newberry d and Hollick'' to be rather closely related to the Dakota and the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland, all of which are regarded as Upper Cretaceous. The work of Berry has now shown that there is no essential break between this fauna and that of the Cliffwood section, which is clearly Upper Cretaceous/ a Clark, W. B., New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 225. b Woodworth, J. B., Bull. Geol. Soe. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 199-200. < Ward, L. F., The Potomac Formation: Fifteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 345-346; Age of the Island series, Sci., new series, vol. 4, 1896, pp. 757-760; Professor Fontaine and Professor Newberry on the age of the Potomac for- mations, Sci., new series, vol. 5, 1897, p. 420. d Newberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clay, a posthumous work edited by Arthur Hollick: Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 26, 1895, pp. 23, 33. ' Hollick, Arthur: Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol 47, 1898, pp. 292-293; Science, new series, vol 7, 1898, pp. 467-468; Am. Geol., vol. 22, 1898, pp. 255-256. /Berry, Edward W., Plants from the Matawan: Am. Nat., vol. 37, pp. 677-684, 1903; Flora of the Matawan formation (Crosswick's clays) : Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-57: Additions to the flora of the Matawan formation: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-5. 26 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCE? OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. Mr. David White informs me that he regards the Marthas Vineyard flora, on winch Ward based his Island series, as essentially the same as the Cliffwood. The Long Island plant remains described by Hollick represent a horizon 100 or 200 feet above the Lloyd sand, and are therefore stratigraphically between the Amboy clays (Woodbridge. South Amboy. and Sayreville horizons) and the Cliffwood or basal Matawan. The stratigraphic sequence is. then, as follows: (1) Ambov clavs: (2) Long Island red leaf-bearing concretions: (3) Cliffwood. Marthas Vineyard, East Xeck." The few fragmentary marine remains obtained from the Lloyd sand at Lloyd Point are regarded by Stanton as Upper Cretaceous, and therefore confirm the general drift of the plant evidence, as do the molluscan remains (including Exogyra) reported by Woolman from a similar horizon in the Asbury Park well.6 On the one hand marine fossils indicate the flora in the upper beds as clearly Upper Cre- taceous; on the other, the flora shows that there is no essential break between the upper and lower beds of the Raritan. There is. however, a sharp floral break at the base of the Raritan and it seems, therefore, necessary to return to the view of Newberry and regard the Raritan as basal Upper Cretaceous, and essentially equivalent to the Dakota and the Woodbine.** SUMMARY OF THE CRETACEOUS. The more important points relative to the pre-Pleistocene on Long Island may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The bulk of the pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island are Cretaceous. 2. The basal beds are the stratigraphic equivalents of the Raritan. and are Upper Cretaceous. 3. The Matawan beds are apparently well represented, but their lithological character changes in going eastward. -4. No greensand beds comparable to the great greensand marl beds of New Jersey have been found, their stratigraphic position being occupied by fine lignitiferous sand with occasional clay beds. TERTIARY. GENERAL CONDITIONS. Although there are no indications on Long Island of any break in the sedi- mentation during the Cretaceous, Doctor Clark has found in New Jersey evidence of perhaps two unconformities which indicate land periods of comparatively short duration/ It was. however, not until rather late Tertian- time that this region commenced to undergo the profound erosion which has given rise to the present land forms. These stages are imperfectly shown on Long Island, but in adjoining portions of the coastal plain the following major stages have been found: Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion, Lafayette submergence, early Pliocene erosion. Miocene submergence. Eocene erosion. « The East Xeck locality is perhaps a little higher stratigraphically than the other two. t Ann. Rept. X. J. Geol. Survey, 1895. pp. 72-75, 1896. « .Science, new series, vol. 4. 1896, p. 759. «* Twenty-first Ann. Rept. V. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, 1901. pp. 31S-322. « Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 8, 1897. pp. 328. 337-33S. TERTIARY PERIOD. 27 EOCENE EROSION. The absence of the greater portion of the Eocene in New Jersey indicates a period of elevation, but the absence of any great unconformity between the Cretaceous or Eocene and the Miocene strata indicates that either this elevation was slight or that the period was of such a duration that the land was essentially base-leveled. MIOCENE SUBMERGENCE. While the deposits of the Miocene were clearly very thick toward the sea and thin toward the land, the exact position of their landward edge is uncertain. Fig. 4. — Sketch map showing known distribution of the Miocene near Long Island. Shaded area is underlain by Miocene Heavy black line gives general direction of strike and shows approximate point at which base of Miocene reaches sea level. It may, however, be regarded as reasonably certain that over most of the Atlantic coastal plain they were of sufficient extent and thickness to obliterate the low features developed in the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene beds during the preceding erosion period. Distribution of Miocene deposits. — In the Long Island region and in the New Jersey region the Miocene sediments were deposited under similar conditions, and as these two areas have been subjected to the same forces, except glacial action, their distribution in both should be similar. The only bed thus far seen on Long 28 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Island which is regarded as possibly Miocene is a thin bed of "fluffy sand" which Mr. G. N. Knapp recognized in the upper part of the Melville section (p. 20), and which is the counterpart of certain sands occurring in the Miocene of New Jersey. A comparison of the sections shown in PI. V indicates that if the structure is normal, and there is every reason to believe it is, a Miocene outlier should be expected at this point. The same evidence shows the absence of the Miocene above sea level (fig. 4 and PI. V) on southern Long Island, except possibly along a portion of the South Fluke. This line of argument is important, for it shows that the Tertiary deposits can not be expected on the north shore any more than in the Hightstown Vale (p. 30) in New Jersey, and that the occurrences on Long Island are probably limited to erosion outliers, with the embed beneath the Atlantic. In the succeeding erosion period the first forerunners of the present topography were developed. Erosion was active, the mantle of Miocene beds was parity removed and the underlying Cretaceous exposed near the old shore line. During Lafayette time the rather low topography developed in this region was buried by a mantle of littoral deposits. The smaller depressions were oblit- erated but the broader features persisted. After the Lafayette submergence there was a long period of erosion in which the land stood relatively high and the essential features of the present topography were developed. DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The most pronounced topographic feature resulting from or accentuated by the early and late Pliocene erosion epochs is a more or less persistent line of hills regions of gently inclined rocks of unequal hardness. By weathering and erosion the softer beds are removed and the more resistant ones stand out as chains of hills. Marked topographic forms depending on these factors extend over wide areas and it seems desirable to have distinctive topographic terms for them. EARLY PLIOCENE EROSION. LAFAYETTE SUBMERGENCE. . LATE PLIOCENE (POST-LAFAYETTF.) EROSION. Fig. 5. Stereogram of eastern England (after Davis), showing the development of wolds and vales. B, D, vales; C, E, wolds. overlooking a landward depression which extends from the Mannetto (West) and Wheatley hills on Long Island through the highlands in the coastal plain of New Jersey and Maryland to the Potomac River near Washington. Such a degradational fea- ture is common in all TERTIARY PERIOD. 29 Fortunately names are readily obtainable by analogy with eastern England wbere, in the gently sloping rocks of the post-Paleozoic series, similar features are well developed (fig. 5) . There the ranges of hills are in many places called wolds — as the Cotswold Hills and the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire wolds — and the accompanying longitudinal depressions have been termed vales — as the vales of Pickering, Blackmore, White Horse, Red Horse, Pewsey, and Wardour. These terms are, therefore, appropriate for lines of hills and parallel valleys of a similar i I* III 2H Fig. 6. — Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment " as applied to topographic features. type and origin. As a definite physiographic term wold may then be defined as a range of hills produced by differential erosion from inclined sedimentary rocks, and vale as the accompanying depression or strike valley (fig. 7). Wold has, so far as the writer is aware, never before been used as a distinct term for a definite topographic form, but vale has been extensively employed by Woodward in describing the longitudinal valleys in eastern England/' As a geographic term, vale, although generally applied to these strike valleys, has occasionally been used for valleys of other origin — as the Vale of Eden, in Westmoreland and Cumberland, in which a portion of the depression has been |< Wold * Fig. 7. — Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada. produced by faulting4 — but these may be regarded as exceptional cases, and the word used in a physiographic sense as the direct antithesis of wold, or wolds, without confusion. To the feature here defined as a wold, the term escarpment has often been applied, but, as already pointed out by Davis,' this usage is objectionable, for when escarpment is used for the whole hill feature it is given a meaning quite different from that usually associated with it. It is commonly used for a very steep declivity or cliff/' but has been extended to mean: (1) The steeper slope of a oWoodward, Horace B., The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey Gt. Brit., vol. 3. 1893, pp. 309-313; vol.4, 1894, p. 459; vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p 599. hMarr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, London, 1900, p. 113. Ramsey, A. C, Physical geology and geography of Great Britain, 6th ed., 1899, pp. 362-363, fig. 129. <• Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond., vol. 16, 1899, p. 77. Marr, John E , The scientific study of scenery, 1900, p. 117. e Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, pp. 66, 70, fig. 23. Woodward, Horace H.. The geology of England and Wales. 1887, p. 599; The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey of United Kingdom, vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; ibid., vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. <* Hill, R. T., Description of topographic terms of Spanish America: Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 295. < Davis, W. M., The drainage of cuestas: Proc. Geol. Assoc. London, vol. 16, 1899, pp. 76, 77. / Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 297. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. V ■ I llllll I I I COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONS OF LONG ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY ALONG LINES SHOWN IN FIGURE 8, SHOWING RELATIONS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. By A. C. Veatch, 1904. Dotted portion of sections A-A and B-B represents Pleistocene deposits Broken line marked Cr. shows p'e-Cretaceous peneplain. 1711G— No. 44— 0G— 3 TERTIARY PERIOD 31 Long Island, but gradually becoming lower and of less importance topographically to the south. This range of hills is typically developed at Perrineville, in Monmouth County, N. J., 5 or 6 miles east of Hightstown, and is, therefore, named the Perrine- ville Wold. Both the Hightstown Vale and Perrineville Wold have been produced by the differential erosion of Cretaceous strata. Of the minor and but partly devel- oped vale and wold to the east of the Perrineville Wold little need be said at this time, except to point out then- general resemblance to the major topographic features of this type. DEFLECTION OF RIVERS IN HIGHTSTOWN VALE. In s'tudying the abnormal deflection of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale it is nec- essary to commence with the uplift which marked the beginning of the post-Miocene erosion cycle. At that time the streams issuing from the valleys of the older land followed the retreating sea directly across the emerging coastal plain and adapted themselves to its minor irregularities and gentle slope (PI. VI, A). During this period, in the region north of Virginia, the streams near the landward edge of the Miocene rocks cut through the Miocene and reached the Cretaceous. The soft basal Cretaceous rocks were more easily eroded than the overlying ones, and a shallow vale, overlooked by a low, northwest-facing wold broken by the transverse or dip valleys of the main streams, was developed parallel to the old shore line. This ancestral Hights- town Vale and Perrineville Wold was farther inland than to-day and, though not prominent, was doubtless well marked. In the succeeding Lafayette submergence a mantle of littoral sediments was spread over the coastal plain. The narrow transverse valleys through the wold (fig. 5) were more nearly obliterated by this mantle than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the ancestral Connecticut, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Potomac rivers discharged into a slightly depressed trough. Had there been no tilting in either direction in this uplift these rivers would have overflowed the barrier afforded by the wold and the more or less completely filled, narrow, trans- verse valleys and cut new channels directly to the sea; but if there was tilting in cither direction the rivers would have flowed down the vale in direction of the tilting and finally escaped seaward through the partly filled depressions of lower transverse stream valleys. As these streams were favored by softer strata and by greater volumes, they maintained their ascendancy over the smaller streams which developed east of the crest of the Perrineville Wold, and so persisted in their deflected courses (PI. VI, B). In much of Virginia and North Carolina where the more recent deposits overlying these Cretaceous beds have not been removed, no such deflection of the rivers occurs; but in Alabama where this mantle is no longer present the Coosa is deflected into an east-west course at the point where it leaves the older land ; farther north the Ten- nessee is deflected under conditions very similar to those on the North Atlantic coast. Two other explanations have been offered for this deflection, the first by McGee," and the second by Darton.6 In the first the deflection is attributed to faulting and in the second to the action of coastal bars. In the first case it must be regarded as a i McGee, W J, The geology of the head of Chesapeake Bay: Seventh Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 616-634. ftDarton, N. H., Jour, geol., vol. 2, 1894, p. 581; also Newsom, J. F., The effect of sea harriers upon ultimate drainage: Jour. Geol., vol. 7, 1899, pp. 445-451. 32 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. very strange coincidence that a fault should follow the curved line of strike of the Cretaceous when this is not parallel to the mountain chains and produce a valley just where a vale should he produced by differential erosion. Moreover, the rock surface beneath the plain and the remnants of the old surface preserved in the crests or flat tops of the hills through New Jersey show no break such as would have been pro- duced by a fault. Darton's explanation was proposed when further field work had proved the non- existence of this hypothetical fault, and was based on the prevailing southward drift of the sands of the Atlantic coast. This is assumed to have prevailed since early Cretaceous time, and to have produced the ultimate deflection of the rivers by build- ing spits or bars along the shores. There are two objections to this hypothesis: (1) it does not explain why the deflection is confined to the outcrop of the soft layers of the Cretaceous — why it does not extend continuously southward through the coastal plain, but reappears when the Cretaceous is again exposed ; (2) all the coastal bars now 97= S -A Oy Mm V t ^\ 1 V V I \ \> V;- 0 0 0 V \ if V Fig. 9. — Comparative maps showing deflection of streams duced by the large Texas in the Hightstown Vale and the deflection which would be pro- bars if the land were elevated. forming are cut by important breaks, or tidal guts, and while these might, if the land were elevated, produce minor deflections under certain favorable conditions, they could not cause deflections of this magnitude, and the deflections would not have the same uniformity in direction. The long Texas bars offer, perhaps, the closest analogy to hypothetical bars necessary for the diversion of these northern rivers, both in the length of the bars and the size of the rivers discharging into the coastal lagoon behind them. However, careful study of the Coast Survey charts shows that where the rivers are carrying a moderate amount of sediment, as the Brazos and the Rio Grande, they have extended their mouths to the coastal barrier, and that where they are not so laden there is always a deep channel or tidal gut in the bar so situated that the deflection on elevation would be comparatively small. The comparatively insig- nificant effect that these bars would have in case the land were elevated is shown in fig. 9. Rivers may be deflected, as in the case of the Colorado, but it is regarded as extremely improbable that they could be deflected to the extent and with the regu- larity of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale. 100 SO 25 0 PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. VI (Bi POST - LAFAYETTE EROSION INTERVAL OF NORTH ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN SATCH 14 le 200 300 miles QUATERNARY DEPOSITS. 33 QUATERNARY. While during the Cretaceous and Tertiary the portion of the Atlantic coastal plain between Cape Hatteras and Nantucket was subjected to very nearly the same conditions and the development was therefore the same in both periods, in the Quaternary new factors arose which affected only the region from Long Island east- ward, and gave to it a surficial aspect differing decidedly from that of the other portions of the coastal plain to the south. Although the several ice advances directly affected Long Island and the region eastward, none of them reached the coastal plain of New Jersey and Maryland, and here the only records of Pleistocene time are therefore the terraces formed in such positions that they were not destroyed by subsequent submergences. In the region affected by the glaciers the following divisions of the Pleistocene have been recognized : Table II. — Ple istocene formations on Long Island. Division. Tisbury stage. Gardiner interval. Gay Head folding. Sankatv stage Jameco stage. Post-Manrietto and pre-Jameco erosion . Mannetto stage Characterization. Wisconsin stage Late: Harbor Hill Moraine. Early: Ronkonkoma Moraine. Vineyard interval. (Glacial: Formation of two lines of terminal moraines, with [ accompanying outwash and kettle plains. Interglacial: Elevation of land 150 to 200 feet above the present sea level, and profound erosion of Tisbury. Glacial: Depression 200 to 250 feet below sea level, and forma- tion of great deposit of outwash sand and gravel. Interglacial: Land somewhat lower than to-day: erosion of folds produced by the Gay Head folding. Glacial : Folding of surficial portions of all older formations. Interglacial: Formation of clay and sand beds with land slightly above the present sea level. Glacial: Partial filling of Sound Valley in western Long Island, and deposition of gravel with large bowlders on Gardiners and New England islands. Interglacial: A long erosion period, with land about 300 feet above the present sea level. Glacial: Depression of 300 feet; deposition of old gravel in West and Wheatlev hills. MANNETTO GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. Following the long post-Lafayette erosion epoch, when the drainage was approxi- mately as showm in PI. VI, B, the land was submerged to a depth of about 300 feet at Long Island, and a mantle of gravel and loam spread over the irregular surface developed during the Tertiaiy. 34 UNDEEG ROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. In this region these deposits are for the most part composed of quartz gravel, but contain also some very much decayed pebbles and bowlders of probable glacial origin, in which respect they agree with the earliest Pleistocene deposits which Salisbury has recognized in New Jersey. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Because of the destructive and reconstructive effects of the succeeding periods the deposits of this age are now recognizable, as a rule, only in the higher levels, and the typical examples on Long Island are, therefore, on the highest hills of the pre- Pleistocene, as in the Mannetto (West) and Wheatley lulls, from the first of which the formation has been named. POST-MANNETTO AND PRE-JAMECO INTERVAL. Following the deposition of the Mannetto gravel the land was again lifted, this time to a height of something of over 250 feet, and the work of the preceding erosion epochs was continued. The Mannetto deposits were to a large extent removed and the valleys somewhat deepened. JAMECO GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. Ov CO CO CO The ice sheet, again advancing, appears to have about reached the present north shore of Long Island, and to have extended well down toward Block Island s and Marthas Vineyard. On western Long Island the Sound River Valley (PI. VI) offered a natural outlet for the detrital-laden streams issuing from the ice front, and as the land probably stood somewhat lower than in the preceding erosion epoch, the old valley was partly filled with liighly erratic sand and gravel (fig. 10). This glacial debris was deposited along the north shore and in the region to the east, but not south of the nucleus of older upland. The deposits are then thickest in and near the old valley; they are poorly developed on the south shore east of this valley, but reappear in force on eastern Long Island and the islands to the east, where they have been brought up by folding. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. In western Long Island the Jameco gravels consist of dark-colored sands and gravels that vary considerably in coarseness and are distinguished by the small per- Fig. 10.— Section from near Ridgeway, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing po- sition of (1) Wisconsin, (2) Tisbury, (3) Sankaty, (4) Jameco, (5) Cretaceous lieds, and the east side of the Sound River Valley. Figures correspond with those used in PI XXIV and in Chapter IV. JAMECO GRAVEL. 35 Fig. 11.— Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, N. Y.; (0) black Cretaceous clay; (1) fine gray micaceous sand (Cretaceous); (2) Jameco grave); (3) red clay (Sankaty); (4) silty sand (Sankaty); (5) Wisconsin till and outwash gravel. Height of section, 60 feet centage of quartz which they contain. Even the surface gravel, which represents the outwash when the ice was but a few miles to the north, contains a very much higher percentage of quartz; the only gravel beds on the island resem- bling these occur in the Wisconsin deposits in and north of the moraine. So pronounced was the gla- cial character of these old gravels that when they were first examined it was thought they surely represented surface Wisconsin deposits, and that some careless clerk had inverted the tube and labeled it upside down;" but this theory became untenable as well record after well record was examined, and all, in certain regions, showed the following succession: Geologic succession in wells in western Long Island. 1. Quartz sand and gravel with a noticeable percentage of erratic material (Wisconsin). 2. Quartz sand, gray or yellow, with little if any material of recognizable glacial origin (Tisbury). 3. Blue clay with wood (Sankaty). 4. Dark, multicolored, highly erratic gravel (Jameco). East of this valley and the delta-like extension at its opening the only repre- sentatives of this period are the normal coastal sands and gravels simi- lar- to the beds above and below, and seldom separable from them. At Gardiners Island and on Marthas Vine- yard the percentage of fine, yellow, gravel is much greater, and the beds contain very large bowlders of compound quartz crystalline rocks, indicating the nearness of the ice. These beds, which are here brought up by folding, are likewise separated from the younger gravels by the clay deposits of the Sankaty (figs. 11, 12). PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. On the north shore the Jameco beds have been considerably eroded and dis- turbed and are not always readily separable from the succeeding deposits. Occa- sional remnants of considerable local importance as sources of water supply, how- ever, have been encountered, as indicated in the well records. On the south shore where the Jameco beds have not been eroded and are typically developed in the region of the old valley (fig. 10) they form one of the most important water horizons of the island. Fig. 12. — Section on west side of hollow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther west The numerals indicate same beds as in fig 11 « The samples of the borings of the Brooklyn waterworks are preserved in the Municipal Building, Brooklyn, N. Y., in glass tubes representing miniature reproductions of the borings. 36 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. SAXKATY FORMATION. CONDITION'S OF DEPOSITION. The effect of the Jameco epoch was to partly fill the Sound Valley on western Long Island and to spread a relatively thin cover of gravel and sand over the areas not in the lee of the old land masses. With the continuance of the progressive subsidence, which appears to have begun near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, the coarser beds of the Jameco were succeeded by finer sediments, and as the ice retreated, temperate water forms similar to those living to-day occupied the waters. The land stood about 50 feet higher than to-day, and there existed an ancestral Long Island rudely resembling the present island. The beds forming near its shore were predominantly swampy and in many ways similar to those accumulating on a minor scale at present. These swamp conditions gave place in deeper water to more truly marine ones, where marine forms were included, in greater or less numbers, in the sediments deposited. ^1 Sea level tS^OO feet 400 " 600 " Sankaty Jameco Cretaceous Bed rock Fig. 13.— Section from Wards Island to Barnum Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and the relations of the Sankaty. Jameco, Cretaceous, and "bed rock." Figures correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. These sediments therefore vary from truly swampy deposits on the one hand to relatively fine sands and clays, which show no trace of swamp origin, and which con- tain shallow-water mollusks on the other; thus on western Long Island, where the partly filled channel of the Sound Valley favors the formation of swamp deposits, there are irregular beds of dark-colored clay (figs. 10, 13), containing considerable lignite and lignitized wood, occasional lenticular beds of silty sand and gravel from 5 to 10 feet thick, and, toward the coast, a few marine shells. On the other band, the beds of this age on (iardiners Island (figs. 14, 15), which have been brought u p by folding, were formed farther from the shore, contain no lignitic material, and carry a good molluscan fauna. In general this formation is about 50 feet thick, although some of the Brooklyn waterworks test borings show a thickness of 150 feet near the axis of the old valley. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION . The Sankaty deposits, like the Jameco, occur on the north shore merely as erosion remnants, more or less disturbed by folding, and associated with some- GAY HEAD FOLDING. 87 what similar Cretaceous deposits. They afford some of the local clay layers which are the retaining layers in some of the shallow north shore artesian wells (fig. 16). On the south shore these beds are most typically developed in the region of the old valley, where they form the retaining layer for the water in the Jameco gravels (fig. 13). East of Springfield they are less t}Tpical, although well developed at the Queens County Water Company's plant and under Rockaway Ridge. Their presence is suggested by the silty clays overlying the artesian horizons at a number of the Brooklyn plants east of Millburn. GAY HEAD FOLDING. DESCRIPTION. The exact conditions immediately following the deposition of the Sankaty are not known, but there is no evidence indicating that the relative positions of Fig. 14.— Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Oardiners Island, N. Y. 1, Cretaceous; 2, Jameco gravel; 3, red clay (San- katy); 4, fossil ted with bowlders (Sankaty). Height, 20 feet; length, 1 ,200 ± feet. Surface beds omitted. the land and sea were materially changed. The increasing sandiness of the upper part of the Sankaty on Gardiners Island suggests a slight change from the progress- ive subsidence which began in the post-Mannetto interval, but the X change was not of a very great \ order. The important and dis- \ tinctive feature of this period is / i the wonderful folding and disturb- / j ance of the beds along the north / shore of Long Island and the / islands eastward. These folded and faulted strata can now best be seen at Gay Head on Marthas Vineyard (fig. 1 7) and on Gardiners Island (figs. 11, 12, 14, 15). At Gay Head Woodworth has very carefully worked out a section showing a deformation of more than 200 feet and a wonderful series of closely compacted folds and faults. On Gardiners Island the folds are as complicated as on Marthas Vineyard, and the opportunities for study even better. It is regarded as particularly unfortunate that time was not available in which to work out the detailed maps and sections, which are urgently needed at this locality. At present u /= i • :x / •» tltbJ s //// '///ffK u- Sea level h 1 ?v / ' / 1 1 Beach s nil £•>>' 1 2 3 Fig. 15. — Section near Cherry Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing location of fossil-bearing stratum. 1, Laminated red clay and sand; 2, mottled-gray, brown, and yellow sand; 3, dark, yellowish-brown, silty clay; 4, till. 1-3 are Sankaty; 4 is Wisconsin. 38 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG TSLAND, NEW YORK. it can only be stated that while the axes of a series of adjacent folds are generally parallel, they are not parallel to the axes of a series at no very great distance. Thus, near the center of the northeast shore a series of four folds was seen whose axes are N. 20° W., while a little farther east, near Eastern Plain Point, the axis of three or four sharp overturned folds is almost due east and west. Ries observed a similar folded structure on Fishers Island, where excavation has shown that the folding does not extend downward over 20 or 30 feet/' On Long Island, near Orient, Mather observed' the same phenomena (fig. 18) and noted their superficial character. b Some folding and disturbance of strata can be observed in nearly all of the outcrops of the older beds on the north shore, among which should be noted particularly those near Lloyd Beach in Cold Spring Harbor, at the .southern end of Center Island, and at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff. In these regions well borings have clearly shown that the folding is entirely superficial (PI. II, fig. 16). CAUSE OF FOLDING. In studying the cause of tins folding four principal points need to be considered: (1) As the folding involves glacial deposits, it is clearly Pleistocene; (2) it is essen- OS " - z H lu Z o FA I u. LL Li O o AS Ll UJ O I 1- 15 cc Z O Z z o~ DC z LU O □ a. Z _l < < Q- o 1- UJ Z5 Q CO a. 3 CO a z < _l a. GAT? HEAD FOLDING. 39 the folding is essentially local, and presents neither the characteristics nor the magnitude of the occurrences at Gardiners Island, Block Island, and Marthas Vine- yard, where the materials have been forced up — not let down. Moreover, no analogous foldings occur in the southward extension of the coastal plain beyond the limits of ice action. The theory of orogenic origin is not only ruled out by the superficial character of the folding, but has other insurmountable objections. Fig. 17.— Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard. After Woodworth. A, Cretaceous; B, Miocene, with probably Pliocene; C, Jameco and Sankaty; D, thrust planes and faults. Surface morainal deposits omitted. Height, 120 feet: length, 1 mile The only hypothesis which explains all of the phenomena observed is that the folding was produced by the thrust or drag of a continental ice sheet. As the major portion of the folding occurred at one time, or in the same epoch, and J5^vg~^~e" c ^0^q^— -^^rT^Grave^l and )// UWl Reddish brown clay, ii with some stripes of ^^^V-, Clay and sand colored __ west of Oyster Point, Long Island, N.Y. Sections, exposed by encroachments of the sea near Browns Point, Pettys Bight, Long Island, N.Y. Section exposed after the storm of 1 1 th and 1 2th of October, 1 836. 200 yds. south of Browns Point Long Island N Y. Fig. 18. — Sections exposed at Browns Point after storm of October 11 and 12. 1836. After Mather, 1843. as later deposits show only minor disturbances, it is necessary to suppose that the conditions were more favorable during the Gay Head stage than during the Wis- consin stage, which is the only other advance which approached this one in extent. Among the conditions which may have been effective in producing this difference in results, the following may be enumerated: (1) The ice producing this folding extended farther south than any previous advance, and therefore was resisted by more of the original irregularities of the surface; (2) the clayey character of the strata against which it pressed was particularly favorable for the production and preservation of the folds, while before the Wisconsin all the older beds had been covered with a heavy mantle of Tisbury gravels which did not lend themselves so readily either to deformation, or the preservation of records of deformation. 40 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. In the two most noted. examples of disturbance by glacial action in Europe — the Norfolk Cliffs in England, and the cliffs of the islands of Moen and Riigen" in Denmark and Germany — the conditions were very similar to these in this region. The ice, coming from the harder. pre-Cretaceous rocks, passed across a depression, which may have been filled with water, and. impinging against the higher upper Cretaceous beds covered with glacial sands and clays of a former advance, produced very remarkable dislocations and contortions. The Cretaceous chalk, being more brittle than the Cretaceous clays of the coast of the United States, was more often broken, and great masses were pushed up bodily and commingled with the glacial beds. The same suggestions of origin have been proposed for these European ice- made folds and faults, with the addition, in England, of an iceberg hypothesis. This theory, first proposed by'Lyell,* was widely adopted in England, and it was not until the extended, careful work of Reid that it was shown to be untenable. GARDINER INTERVAL. After the Gay Head folding the tops of the folds were truncated. While this truncation might be produced by the overriding of the ice. the exposures on Gardiners Island show no evidence that it was accomplished in tins manner. The truncation is clean, not dragged as it would be if it had been produced by ice, and bears all the aspects of having been produced by water erosion. Woodworth has arrived at a similar conclusion from a study of the exposures on the Xew England islands, and feels that a considerable erosion period is indicated.' The truncation, as was first observed by Mr. Isaiah Bowman, is more nearly that which would be produced on a slowly subsiding coast by wave action than that caused by stream erosion at a high level. Of course, very long-continued erosion would eventually produce a base-level condition, but the decapitation of the folds on such limited areas as Gardiner. Block, and Nantucket islands, and Marthas Vineyard, under such favorable conditions as must have existed there, would be much more quickly and normally accomplished by wave action than by run-off.'' It is therefore felt that the land during this erosion interval, instead of standing higher than to-day.' was 50 to 100 feet lower. As the name Gay Head belongs more properly to the folding * than to the erosion interval which followed, the name Gardiner interval is suggested for the latter, from Gardiners Island, where the truncated folds can be well observed. ° Johnstrup, F., t'berdie Lagerungsverhaltnisse und die Hebungsphiinomene in die Kreidefelsen auf M<>cn und Riigen: Zeitschrift Deutschen C.eol. Gesell.. Band 26, 1874, pp. 533-5*5. Reid. Clement. The glacial deposits of (Tomer: Geol. Mag., new series, vol. 7. 1880. pp. 55-66, 238-239; The geology of the country around Cromer: Memoirs Geol. Survey England and Wales, 1882. Geikie. James, The Great Ice Age, 1894, pp. 339-341. 426-130. hLyell, Charles. On the bowlder formation or drift and the associated fresh-water deposits composing the mud cliffs of eastern Norfolk, London, and Edinburg: Phil. Mag., vol. 16, 3d ser., 184C. p. 379. t Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8. 1897, pp. 207-211. i See references to destruction of European coast by wave action in Lyell. Principles of geology, vol. 1, 1872. pp. 507-564: Geikie, Text-book of geology, vol. 1. 1903, pp. 571-593; also Chamberlain and Salisbury. Geology, 1904, pp. 326-331: Shaler, Sea and land, pp. 1-30; Tarr, Physical geography, pp. 332-333. 'Seventeenth Ann. Rept. I'. S. Geol. Survey, pt 1. 1896, table facing p. 988. /Sec usage of - Gay Head diastrophe." by Woodworth, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8. 1897, pp. 207-210. Professoi Woodworth write*. December 5. 1904: " In regard to the use of the phrase " Gay Head folding " or its synonym, "Gay Head diastrophe" I agree with you that it is desirable to restrict it to the mere fact of the episode of the dislocation and to free it from the idea of erosion which followed the time of folding. It was an oversight on my part in not specifically abandon- ing the earlier term of the " Gay Head interval," which covered the whole question of the unconformity." U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PA^ER NO. 44 PL. VII' Jl HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED TISBURY [ MAN H ASSET ) SAND AND GRAVEL BEDS, WITH INCLUDED LAYER OF BOWLDER CLAY (DARK-COLORED BAND), MANHASSET BOWLDER BED, KINGS SANDPIT, HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, N. Y. TISBURY GRAVEL. 41 TISBURY (MANHASSET) GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The subsidence that began near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, and gradually increased during the Jameco, the Sankaty, the Clay Head, and the Gardiner culminated in the Tisbury epoch, with a total depression of 200 to 250 feet below the present sea level. The ice again advancing passed beyond the continental border and deposited great beds of out w ash gravel in the border of the sea and around the higher parts of Long Island, then a group of rather small islands. As these deposits were perhaps laid down to a great extent by a retreating ice sheet, it is possible that the ice extended south of the Sound and that the gravel capping the Half Hollow Hills south of the Wisconsin deposits, and lapping around the southern edge of the West Hills was deposited in this earlier greater advance. The greater portion, however, was formed when the ice was but a short distance north of the present shore, the northern edge of these deposits terminating along this line in the rather abrupt scarp of a sand plain. The deposition took place very near sea level, and at times the submergence was sufficient to allow floating ice. Such conditions are thought to have controlled the formation of the bowlder bed in the midst of the stratified gravels in the region about Hempstead Harbor and caused the irregular distribution of bowlders through beds of the same age on Marthas Vineyard. (See PL VIII.) CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. The deposits of this epoch consist of quartz sand and gravel, containing a relatively small proportion of slightly weathered compound crystalline pebbles. They lie horizontally on the truncated folds produced by the Gay Head folding and Gardiner erosion and are separated from the Wisconsin deposits by a marked unconformity. On Long Island they differ from the Jameco in the small amount of erratic material which they contain and from the still older Mannetto in the very slight weathering of the compound pebbles. These lithological distinctions can not. however, be regarded as absolute, and confirmatory stratigraphic evidence must be sought in all cases. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Wood worth has shown that on the north shore of Long Island the Tisbury sands were deposited as a comparatively level, plateau-like plain, reaching a height of over 200 feet. In this region the beds are most characteristically developed and attain a maximum thickness of 150 to 250 feet. Deposits are commonly thinner near the axes of the peninsulas and thicken toward the valleys, as would be expected from their deposition over an antecedent topography. The surface exposures show that the Wisconsin is relatively thin, and while there is alw ays a chance of correlating some Mannetto or Cretaceous with this gravel, or of including stratified sand and gravel of Wisconsin age, the following table may be regarded as giving a fair approximation of the thickness of these beds in this region. 42 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Thickness of late Pleistocene deposits in wells on the north shore of Long Island. Xo " 151 239 241 246 247 326 457 459 460 465 476 477 484 485 564 596 601 613 624 628 629 633 651 652 654 659 660 666 667 683 686 687 720 724 750 751 763 811 825 s(l_> Location. Total depth. Recent to Wisconsin. Tisbury. Corona Whitestone do Kim Point do Thomaston Glen Cove do.. do 1 >osoris Lattingtown do do do Mill Neck Cold Spring Harbor. do.* do Huntington do do Lloyd Point Huntington do Centerport Greenlawn North port Little Neck do Kings Park Fort Salonga do Smithtown Stony Brook St. James do Setauket Port Jefferson Wardenclvfle (ireenport 190 | 90 ± 95 25± 120 15 45 104 12 44+ 67 30 36? 79 27 14 186. 9- 149 170 41 109 108 1 90± 215 6- lOOib 265 7 100 110 ! 100± 108 0 108 ± 110 0 100+: 330 j 100± 228 0 190 N 195 0 195± 176 14 86 181 80 75±: 498 10 78 97 25 60 250 (0- 95) 102 » 102 75 10 70 185 175 186 0 ''186 196 0 196 143 130 127 127 -f 152 4 152 120 115 106 106zb 212 0 130 110 0 110 150 60? 90 250 30 <-220? 320 0 85 370 11? 2704- 347 | 135 ± 690 20 80 '■ These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional details will be found. ''Outwash and Tisburv. ■ Ulat-ial, may be in part older than Tisbury. VINEYARD INTERVAL. 43 On the south shore the thick beds of sand with only a slight percentage of glacial material, which occur between the Sankaty clay and the surface Wisconsin gravel, are regarded as largely Tisbury. VINEYARD INTERVAL." CHARACTER OF SURFACE AT BEGINNING OF INTERVAL. On Long Island the Tisbury deposits to a large extent buried the older topography. They continued the filling of the Sound Valley across western Long Island, which was begun in the Jameco epoch, and buried the deep valleys which had been developed in the northern portion of Long Island by streams flowing into the Sound River. It does not seem probable that the deposits extended entirely across the Sound, as they would have done had they been normal marine deposits. MAJOR DRAINAGE. With the retreat of the ice and the elevation of the land the rivers from the mainland discharged into the depression overlooked by the sharp edge of the great Tisbury sand plain. The old channel across western Long Island having been com- pletely filled by these deposits, the Housa- tonic must have discharged either through East River or to the east. The latter direc- tion is indicated by the soundings in Long Island Sound.6 Dana has suggested that those soundings indicate that the river crossed the North Fluke near Mattituck. If such was its course, it probably continued south- ward, as indicated in PI. VI, D. There is, however, no reason for regarding this course as any more probable than a continuation eastward to a juncture with the Con- necticut. The normal course for the Connecticut under these conditions would be between Plum and Fishers islands and Montauk Point and Block Island, and the present deep channel between these points is believed to be ultimately traceable to this cause. Moreover, the soundings of the Coast Survey show, at a depth which other considerations caused to be selected for the supposed shore line during this epoch, a distinct deltaform projection at the point where the Connecticut must have discharged (PI. VI, D). REEXCAVATION OF THE NORTH SHORE VALLEYS. With the establishment of these new drainage lines the reexcavation of the valleys on the north shore began along lines determined by the position of the buried valleys of the northward-flowing streams of the pre-Tisbury epoch. This reexcavation was greatly aided by the great porosity of the materials filling the val- leys, which concentrated the underground waters in the older depressions and gave Fig* 19. — Diagram illustrating factors giving spring phenomena great power in reexcavating the north shore valleys. o Woodworth, Seventeenth Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1896, p. 979. b Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 40, 1890, pp. 426-431. ii UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. rise to large springs " (fig. 19). According to this idea the deep reentrant valleys on the north shore represent only partly resurrected pre-Jameco valleys, whose upper portions are still partially buried and whose present heads represent the limit to which the Tisbury sand and gravel has been removed, with perhaps some minor modifications produced by the Wisconsin ice. LENGTH OF INTERVAL. The amount of erosion represented is many times greater than that accomp- lished in post-Wisconsin time, though considerably less than that inferred to have been accomplished in the post-Mannetto or post-Lafayette. WISCONSIN EPOCH. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. At the close of the long Vineyard erosion interval the ice again advanced, passed over the irregular remnants of the Tisbury beds, rounded out, but did not 74- 73° 72 71" 70° .Sanrtij Huuk 74- 73" 72" 7fJ 70° Fig. 20.— Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill stages of the Wisconsin period. greatly modify, the valleys redeveloped in the Vineyard interval, and extended southward to the remnants of the Perrineville Wold, page 31 (Pis. V and IX, A). As the Wisconsin deposits have not been greatly modified by erosion nor buried under nor commingled with younger deposits, the records of this ice advance are much more complete than those of the preceding periods. It is known that the ice advanced to a line roughly extending from Long Island City to Montauk Point, Block Island. Marthas Vineyard, and Nantucket (Ronkonkoma morauLd, fig. 20) ; that it then retreated and, the relative source of supply changing, advanced along a different line, passing the first advance in western Long Island, but not reaching it from Lake Success eastward (Harbor Hill moraine).6 The ice then retreated and the records of its minor halts have been found by Woodworth near Port Washington and College Point. o On the effect of springs, see Mather, W. \\\, Geology of the first district, 1843, p. 33; Stone, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 34, 1899. p. 19. b Woodworth, Bull. X. Y. State Mils., Xo. 48, 1901. pp. 041,642. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEH NO. 44 PL. IX BOWLDERY PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL MORAINE NEAR CREEDMOOR N. Y. WISCONSIN EPOCH 45 CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. The Wisconsin deposits on Long Island do not differ in any respect from those on the adjoining mainland, which have been fully described by Salisbury in his report on the glacial geology of New Jersey." They show the same major divisions of till (unstratified drift or bowlder clay) and stratified drift, forming terminal moraines, till' plains or ground moraines, outwash plains, kettle plains, deltas, etc. Terminal moraines (PI. IX, B) represent more or less hilly accumu- lations formed at the end of an ice sheet during a halt ; they are for the most part composed of till or unstratified material, but may under some circumstances show considerable stratification, when the}* become known as kames. Deposits which are formed under the ice, or when the ice is moving at such a uniform rate that it does not form a hilly accumulation in well-defined belts, are called till plains or ground moraines. When the ice is melting rapidly the outflowing water carries oft" a great amount of detrital material, which is spread out as alluvial fans, and when many streams are concerned in this action the adjoining fans coalesce and give rise to a comparatively level plain, called a sand or outwash plain, at the edge of which the more important fans produce a distinct lobate effect. If detached masses of ice are buried in this outwash plain, when the ice retreats these masses melt and produce a pitted or kettle plain. Deltas differ from sand plains in their more limited size and in the fact that they are formed in water by one major stream rather than by a great number of streams of about the same size. The materials composing these several types on Long Island are largely derived from the local beds, for the most part from the Tisbury, and it is therefore not always possible to distinguish between the Tisbury and the reworked Tisbury belonging to the Wisconsin. The Wisconsin, however, as a rule contains a greater percentage of erratic material, shows decided morainic characteristics, and presents more or less pronounced topographic and stratigraphic distinc tions. Thickness. — The deposits of the Wisconsin, although widespread, are rela- tively thin. The till, which is regarded as its most characteristic deposit, has a thickness of 100 feet in places, and averages perhaps 10 to 20 feet. The extreme thinness of the Wisconsin can be well observed along the north shore, where the waves expose bluff sections. In the outwash plains the distinction is not so sharp, and considerable difficulty is experienced in drawing a line between the Tisbury and the Wisconsin outwash. If the more erratic portion of the plain is regarded as Wisconsin, the thickness of the deposits increases from only a few feet near Babylon to 192 feet at Ridgewood (fig. 10). In the following table the more noteworthy occurrences have been brought together. Additional data will be found in the table, page 118, and in the detailed well records, page 168. a Final Rept. State Geol. New Jersey, vol. 5, 1902. 17116— No. 44—06 1 46 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table IV. — Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island. No.o Location. Pleistocene (Recent to llannetto). 3 Brooklyn (sewer tun- nel) Sixty-fourth and Sixty-second streets. 23 Brooklyn 90 135- Wisconsin. Till. 80 4.5 Stratified gravel. Tisbury. Remarks. 10= 90= Stratified gravel may be in part Tisbury. 30=b | Do. (?) 39= (?) Sand from 23-105. All sand. 192= 97= 30 25 (?) (?) 29 55 53 (?) 15 (?) (?) (?) 0 0 80= 100= (?) (?) 15 ? (?) 'Ml 30- 20- 12+ 46 ery few wells report till in this region. n Numbers correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV, where additional data will be found. DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The ell'ect of the Wisconsin deposits on the topography of Long Island is almost everywhere visible. It is shown in the mam- local details, which in the aggregate are so pronounced that they cause one to lose sight of the fact that the major topo- graphic features are older and that the Wisconsin deposits have caused but surface WISCONSIN DEPOSITS. 47 changes in the topography of the island. Even had there been no Wisconsin ice and no terminal moraine Long Island would have existed and would have been roughly similar to the island of to-day. The island would have had a "backbone" and would have shown pronounced cliffs on the north shore, but many of the steep hills rising about 50 feet above the surrounding country would have been absent, as would the many lakes in funnel-shaped depressions and the immense bowlders which add so much to the picturesqueness of certain areas. These effects have been produced largely by transportation and deposition, though some features are traceable to erosion and folding. Transportation and deposition. — The general effect of the Wisconsin epoch was to build up rather than to tear down. In some places it added materially to the relief, as in Brooklyn, which, without the moraine, would have been comparatively flat. In others, as in the West Hills, the older topography was so pronounced that it was not materially affected. The two lines of morainic hills, which have at times been regarded as the main skeleton of Long Island, are as a whole to be regarded as only surface deposits which are recognizable because of their peculiar minor topographic forms. Associated with these morainic hills are kettle-shaped depressions, now the sites of many lakes, representing the positions of buried ice blocks which melted when the ice retreated. These depressions contain water when they satisfy either one of two conditions: (1) When they are lined with relatively impervious strata, which prevents the rapid outward passage of the water falling in them or draining from the adjacent hills, as Lake Success; and (2) when a portion of the depression lies below the main water table (pp. 61-63) . In the latter case the level of the water represents the main ground-water table, and the character of the sides is therefore immaterial. Lake Ronkonkoma is an example of this class. Erosion. — One of the most marked features of the southern plain are the dry stream channels slightly creasing it. These are now generally regarded as the work of glacial streams of late Wisconsin age. They are clearly not due to causes now in operation and contain streams only in their lower portions where the valleys cut the ground-water table. Folding. — The wrinkling of the beds on Long Island by the Wisconsin ice was slight compared with the Gay Head folding, from which, as a rule, it may be readily separated. The most evident wrinkle, and the one which is of greatest topographic importance, is a low ridge which extends from Far Rockaway to Lynbrook. On the one hand the Sankaty clay underlying it shows that it is a true fold (fig. 13), and on the other the coarse Tisbury gravel at the surface shows that the folding is post-Tisbury, for had a fold existed in Tisbury time this coarse gravel would have been deposited in the hollow rather than on the crest. The axis of this fold is, moreover, exactly parallel to the Wisconsin moraine to the north, all of which indicates that it is due to the weight of the Wisconsin ice. The Sankaty clay, with its underlying water-logged gravel, furnished the favorable conditions nec- essary for the production of a phenomenon of .this sort. The accompanying depression of Jamaica Bay is but slightly connected with this folding. It represents for the most part a partly filled portion of the old Sound River depression. 48 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. POST-GLACIAL AND RECENT. After the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the land stood somewhat above its present elevation. The only evidence indicating that this elevation was very considerable is that afforded by the close botanical affinities between the plants found in the sand hills of New Jersey, Long Island, and the New England islands. Hollick believes that the only explanation of this distribution is that since the Glacial epoch a land connection, broken only by the channels of the Hudson and Connecticut rivers, existed for a sufficient period to allowr the migration of these plants." This would involve an elevation of from 100 to 200 feet, and so recent an elevation should have left very pronounced channels on the sea bottom. Thus far no channels have been found which can be referred definitely to this epoch, and it is this lack of corroborative evidence that is the strongest argument against so high an elevation. There is, moreover, the natural question whether a land connection is really necessary to account for this distribution of the " pine-barren flora." Another line of evidence pointing to a higher elevation, though not to the total amount, is offered by the drowned forests along the south shore and by the less conclusive though corroborative phenomena of barrier bars and receding sea cliffs. While buried vegetable deposits, barrier bars, and receding sea cliffs may, and often do, occur under conditions which do not indicate subsidence, the evi- dence at this point will bear no other interpretation/' The tree stumps are not driftwood, but are clearly in the places where they grew. The swamp deposits are being exposed on the beach as the barrier bars migrate inland. Indian shell heaps or "kitchen middens" are found which are now covered at very high tide. Most of these data are available in the bays and marshes along the south shore, where the conditions were particularly favorable for the preservation of records of this sort, but even here the subsidence recorded is scarcely greater than 30 feet. The work of Cook in New Jersey has led him to estimate the rate of subsid- ence at that point at about 2 feet per century, and a somewhat similar rate must affect Long Island. SUMMARY. GEOLOGIC HISTORY. Although Long Island is underlain by metamorphosed rocks which range from Archean to Silurian in age and which represent a long and complex history, its geologic history begins more properly with the Cretaceous deposits. At ilii< time the warping of the old land surface permitted a northward trans- gression of the sea, into which the rejuvenated streams carried the residual material formed in the preceding long period of erosion and weathering. In this region the basal Cretaceous beds are of the same age as the Raritan in New Jersey and belong to the upper Cretaceous; above these are more nearly normal sands and days of Cretaceous age, the whole series having an aggregate thickness of 1,300 a BoUlck, Arthur, Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geologic phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 189-202. b Lewis, B., Pop. Sci Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-439. GEOLOGIC HISTORY. 49 to 1,400 feet. These beds are correlated with the New Jersey formations in part by paleontologic and in part by stratigraphic evidence. The great greensand marl beds which occur in the upper part oi the Cretaceous in New Jersey are absent on Long Island, their place being taken by fine sands with local clay beds, indi- cating a considerable change in the local conditions of deposition. These beds form the substructure of the island and are responsible for its major topographic features, the Pleistocene beds only mantling the older deposits. During the greater part of the Eocene this part of the coastal plain was above water, but late in the Miocene it was again submerged and received a covering of the same beds which are now found along the New Jersey coast. On Long Island these beds have been almost entirely removed by erosion and are now- recognized only in the top of the West Hills section. This distribution is similar to that found in New Jersey, of which Long Island is but the normal geologic continuation; and unless there is a much greater discordance in structure between the Miocene and underlying beds than is now known, the Tertiary can not occur on the north shore of Long Island and will be found only as elevated outliers, with the possible exception of a portion of the South Fluke. After the early Pliocene erosion interval the Appomattox or Lafayette formation was spread as a littoral deposit over the coastal plain. Deposits of this age have not been recognized on Long Island, unless they are represented by the Mannetto, which is regarded as younger — probably Pleistocene. In the succeeding very long erosion interval the land stood higher than before and was more deeply eroded. The events of the early Pleistocene were very similar to those of the late Tertiary; the Mannetto, though containing compound crys- talline pebbles, which have caused it to be referred to the Pleistocene, is appar- ently a littoral deposit, similar to the Lafayette, and the succeeding long erosion period resembles to a great degree the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion inter- val. On Long Island the results would have been essentially the same, whether there was one submergence and one erosion or two submergences (Lafayette and Mannetto) and two erosion periods. All of the beds were profoundly eroded, and in the gradual subsidence following this uplift a continental glacier advanced well toward the north shore of Long Island, and the streams issuing from it deposited great beds of gravel (Jameco) in the old Sound River V alley across western Long Island and over eastern Long Island and the New England islands. As the ice retreated and the submergence continued beds of sands and clay (Sankaty) were deposited around the nuclei of older uplands. In this epoch the land stood about 50 feet higher than at present, and the climatic conditions, as indicated by marine fossils, were much the same as to-day. A very extensive and important deglacia- tion is, therefore, represented. With the return of the ice in the period of the Gay Head folding some of these older beds were overridden and a wonderful series of superficial folds produced which involve alike the pre-Cretaceous beds, the Jameco gravel, and the Sankaty clay. The tops of these folds in such exposed localities as Gardiners Island and the New England islands were then truncated by wave action, with the land about 100 feet below the present sea level. An estimate of the time involved in this 50 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. wave cutting gives it a length of perhaps 40,000 years more than that which has elapsed since the Wisconsin. The progressive subsidence continued throughout the next glacial epoch, the Tisbury, when the land was about 200 feet below the present sea level. In this epoch great outwash gravel beds were deposited horizontally on the truncated folds of the older deposits and around the islands of the older land. In the Vineyard interval, when the Tisbury glacier had retreated, the lands stood perhaps 200 feet higher than to-day, and the older valleys were partially reexcavated. The erosion of this epoch, although very great when compared with that which has occurred in post- Wisconsin time, is very small when compared with that of the post-Mannetto or the post-Lafayette. After this period of erosion and high elevation the Wisconsin glacier approached Long Island, and after an initial advance, when the ice reached a line extending from Long Island through Montauk Point to Block Island, Marthas Vineyard, and Nantucket, the ice retreated and returned again with the relative position of the ice front somewhat altered. In this readvance it passed the limit reached by the first advance in western Long Island, but did not reach so far south to the east (fig. 20). In the comparatively short time which has elapsed since the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the changes have been almost entirely those produced b}- wind and wave action along exposed shores. The relative position of the land and sea undoubtedly changed on the retreat of the ice, and while, according to certain peculiarities of the distribution of the flora, this change may have amounted to as much as 100 or 200 feet, there is no corroborative evidence of so high an elevation. TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. While the Atlantic coastal plain, of which Long Island forms a part, was subjected .to some erosion during the Eocene, the elevation was either so slight that it left no pronounced record or the interval was so long that the country was essentially peneplained, and the beginnings of the present topography were not made until the post-Miocene uplift, when the streams emerging from the older land flowed directly across the coastal plain (PI. VI, ^4). As the erosion progressed the thinner portions of the Miocene deposits near the Cretaceous con- tact were cut through, and the topography developed in this section began to show the effect of the differences in the hardness of the underlying strata. A low, longitudinal valley, or vale, was developed from the softer basal Cretaceous layers, and a belt of hill land, or wold, cut by the narrow transverse valleys of the coast- flowing streams, was formed from the overlying harder ones. To the south of Washington, where the cover of Miocene sediments was greater, the underlying Cretaceous was not reached, and the topography showed no distinctive features. In the Lafayette submergence, which followed, a littoral deposit was spread over the coastal plain, mantling the low topography developed in the post-Miocene. The narrow transverse valleys were obliterated more completely than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the rivers discharged into a longi- tudinal trough. Had there been no deflection the streams must have cut new TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. 51 channels through the harriers afforded by this ancestral Perrineville Wold (see p. 31 ) and by the nidre or less filled channels through it, but as there was a tilting to the south the rivers flowed down the partly filled Hightstown Vale until they found a partly filled break of a lower stream through which they could turn seaw ard. As the land rose higher and higher these streams trenched deeper and deeper, and at the end of the long late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion interval the present topographic features of the coastal plain were well developed (PI. VI, B). The Hightstow n Vale was strongly marked, being more pronounced on the north than on the south, owing to the greater thickness of the Miocene deposits in the southern region. In it were found the northeast-southwest portions of the Potomac, Sus- quehanna, Delaware, and Sound rivers. Seaward of this vale was the range of hills now recognized as the Perrineville Wold, considerably dissected, but essentially continuous from southern New England to Virginia. The breaks in this range were of two kinds — those due to the present channels of the rivers where they turned seaward from the Hightstown Vale, and those possibly representing coast- ward channels of these streams in pre-Lafayette times before their deflection, which have persisted because of this slight initial advantage. Of such an ultimate origin may be the depression in the Perrineville Wold across Newr Jersey along Rancocas and Mullica rivers, and in Delaware and Maryland between Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. As the subsidence which followed the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) uplift progressed the Hightstown Vale became a coastal sound and the Perrineville Wold developed into a chain of islands. One of these was the first Long Island, and while it was somewhat different in shape from the present island, it showed many points of similarity. It was from this nucleus that the present island was developed. In the Jameco, Sankaty, Gardiner, and Tisbury epochs the portion of the Sound Valley crossing western Long Island wras largely filled, some of the beds were profoundly folded, the position of some of the more prominent points of the archipelago to the eastward changed, and a great deposit of gravel was laid down about the older nuclei. When the land was again elevated, Long Island showed more nearly its present outline. The Tisbury had filled in and rounded out the older topography and made a body of land somewhat larger than that of to-day. with a northward-facing scarp not far from the present bluff line. The short, deep valleys running northward from the crest of the wold were buried, and there were, therefore, no deep, reentrant bays or valleys such as now char- acterize this shore. The Connecticut, no longer able to discharge westward, cut a new channel directly seaward between Fishers and Plum islands on t he one side and Block Island and Montauk Point on the other. The Housatonic probably flowed eastward and joined the Connecticut near Fishers Island. As the elevation continued the excavation of valleys in the Tisbury began along lines determined by the preexisting valleys, in which, because of the differ- ence in the porosity of the Tisbury gravel and the Cretaceous sands, the under- ground waters were concentrated. It is to this exeavation, in which springs played a large part, that the present shape of the north shore valleys is in a large measure due. 52 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. After this period of elevation the ice again advanced, and, by means of its rela- tively thin superficial deposits gave to Long Island its present glacial topography. The moraines were deposited without regard to previous topography, and therefore filled the Sound River Valley in Brooklyn, and to the east covered the older hills, giving rise to the erroneous correlation of the whole hill mass as moraine. In the outwash deposits accompanying these moraines, as well as in the moraines them- selves, masses of ice were buried which, on the final retreat of the glacier, melted, and produced the many picturesque kettle holes which now dot the island. The channels across the southern plain were also produced at this time, and the shape of the north shore valleys was probably slightly modified. The changes since the retreat of the ice have been relatively slight and largely restricted to the shores; the waves have worn back the headlands, and the winds and tidal currents have carried this debris along the shore to form bars and spits, sometimes long, with but one end fixed, as the great barrier bar which extends from Mont auk Point to Fire Island, sometimes fixed at both ends, as the bars which connect the former islands of Lloyd Neck, Eaton Xeck, and Center Island, with the mainland. Behind these bars marshes have formed which, with the silt brought down by the streams, have been struggling to reclaim such areas from the sea. Along the beaches and in the areas laid bare of vegetation by man, or forest fires, the winds have taken up the loose sands and piled them into dunes. CHAPTER II UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS OF LONG ISLAND. By A. C. Veatch. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND WATER. The water that falls on the land in part flows off on the surface and in part sinks into the ground. In both cases a portion is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation, and another portion is consumed by living organisms and in chemical work. The water which flows on the surface is called the run-off, though this term is used to include also the water which returns to the surface after a greater or less underground passage. The water which sinks into the ground through the interstices of the soil or rock, and furnishes the supply for springs and wells and in some cases for ponds and lakes, is called the ground water. TRANSMISSION. The "channels" through which this underground water moves are, with rare exceptions, the small spaces between the particles of which the rock is composed, as the sand of a sand bed or sandstone, or the gravel of a gravel bed or conglom- erate; therefore, the coarser or more porous the bed the greater its water-carrying power. Water that travels through breaks in the rocks such as joint planes or fractures is rarely of very considerable economic importance and never, except in the case of limestones in which caverns have been developed, forms an under- ground stream in the usual sense. In the study of underground water it is therefore necessary at the outset to abandon the idea of underground streams resembling surface streams, and to conceive of the water as passing through the very small interstices of sand or gravel or other porous bed, rather than in great open channels or conduits. The motion of underground water, like that of surface water, depends entirely on gravitation, and the rate of motion — or rapidity of flow — depends on two prin- cipal factors — slope and resistance. Surface waters are entirely unrestricted in one direction and their channels therefore readily adjust themselves to any amount of water, the only resistance being that of the bed and banks; underground waters, on the other hand, are carried in a "channel" composed of an infinite number of small openings, each of which offers a resistance that varies inversely as its size, the 53 5-i V N DERG ROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Fig. 21.— Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface features. whole resistance being in a way the sum total of these separate resistances. It therefore happens that while surface water commonly moves at the rate of a few miles a day underground water moves at the rate of only a few feet. GROUND-WATER TABLE. The upper surface of the beds saturated by this percolating water is called the ground-water table. Its depth from the surface of the ground varies with the character of the beds, whether relatively porous or impermeable; with the rain- fall, whether heavy or light, and with the relief of the country. In regions of low rainfall and low relief the water table is very deep seated and relatively horizontal (fig. 21). In regions of greater rainfall and greater relief it is relatively near the surface, and may be directly affected by the topography. If the valleys cut the water table the ground water moves toward the vahW, producing springs (fig. 22). REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOR FLOWING WELLS. Underground water in passing downward ma}T go beneath a relatively imper- vious layer which tends to confine it and produce a hydraulic head. In this respect underground waters differ from surface waters, which are al- ways free on one side and can not, except where artificially confined, as by closed flumes, produce analogous phenom- ena. This natural confine- ment of the ground water causes water in wells to stand above the porous layer in which it is encountered, and is of vast economic importance, especially in arid regions where the water is very deep seated and has been transferred from a region of more bountiful rainfall. In order that a well may flow, it is necessary that the following conditions be satisfied : 1. There should be sufficient rainfall. 2. There should be relatively porous beds suitably exposed to collect and transmit the w ater. 3 There should be less porous or relatively impervious layers so placed that they may confine the water collected. 4. The level of t he ground water at the source should be at a sufficient height about, the mouth of the well to compensate for the loss of head due to resistance and leakage. Diagram showing ground-water table cut by valleys. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS. 56 The arrangement of the factors which produce a flow is by no means constant These factors vary considerahh" from point to point, and relatively new combina- tions are to be constantly expected. Probably the commonest combination is that shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 23). Here the confining beds are clay and the porous bed is a sand which dips regularly in the direction in which the Catchment Fig. 23.— Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells. A, Artesian wells; B, head of water if there l>e no loss by resistance or leakage; C, actual head or hydraulic gradient: D, ground-water table at outcrop. surface slopes. Water falling in the region marked "catchment area" sinks into the sands and supplies the artesian wells on lower ground. While this arrangement of the factors may he taken as typical of a large class of artesian wells, and is, perhaps, the one most commonly expounded and understood, a radical rearrangement of the factors, such as is found in some wells on Long Island, will produce results depending on the same general principles. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND. GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. The geologic factors which affect the water supply of Long Island are graph- ically shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 24), and may be briefly sum- marized as follows : 1. Above a rock floor which underlies the island at a greater or less depth, but which is of little importance except as a more or less complete ultimate barrier to the downward passage of water, Long Island is composed of a nucleus of Creta- ceous beds. These are for the most part sand, but contain some discontinuous clay masses, and dip, except for minor disturbances produced by ice thrust, regu- larly southward. 2. Beds of glacial gravel deposited in an early ice advance surround this nucleus, except in a portion of the southern side of the island, which the older hill land protected from direct currents and in other places where they have been removed by subsequent erosion. This format ion, which has been called the Jameco gravel, is particularly well developed near the western end of the island, where it has partially filled a deep, broad valley in the older beds (fig. 10). 3. Over this gravel and around the edge of the Cretaceous beds is a layer of blue clay, the Sankaty — a deposit somewhat similar to, but of greater extent than the coastal marsh deposits of to-day, and at present situated from 50 to 100 feet below them. 4. Covering both the nucleus of Cretaceous beds and the younger blue clay, with its underlying early glacial gravel, are deposits of more recent ice 56 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. advances — the Tisbury and Wisconsin. These are, for the most part, sand and gravels, though here and there are local beds of clayey material which, while they give rise to local water tables that may be of value for local wells, ponds, or springs, are of no general importance. The more important results of these geologic conditions are: 1 . The rain water sinks directly into the very porous surface gravels and produces, therefore, practically no run-off, except that supplied by springs. Since all streams are spring fed there is great difficulty in determining the exact limits of the watersheds, which depend on the relief of the ground-water table and only indirectly on the shape of the surface. 2. As the greater portion of the water of the island is under ground, and as the 25 to 30 per cent which normally returns to the surface is exposed for but a relatively short distance, the percentage of the total rainfall lost by evaporation Fig. 24 — Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general wa ter conditions and cause of flowing wells. is abnormally small and the yield of this watershed, could all the water be econom- ically obtained, would, therefore, be larger per square mile than in any adjoining areas. 3. As there is no uniform "blue-clay floor," or other extensive geologic barrier, a port ion of the ground water passes coastward in the upper gravels and another portion, and by no means a* negligible one, sinks into the Jameco and Cretaceous sands and finally escapes in the form of suboceanic springs. This transmission of water is one of the more important factors of the underground conditions of Long Island. There is no geologic reason why a relatively important portion of the rainfall should not pass seaward in the beds below the surface gravel, and that this occurs has been proved by the many deep wells on the island and by the work of Prof. Charles S. Slichter, who has shown that there is a greater velocity beneath the bed of blue clay than in the surface gravel, page 102. UNDKRORorNI) WATER CONDITIONS. 57 GROUND-W ATER TABLES . As all the water on the island is of ultimate ground-water origin, one of the most important points to be determined is the exact position of the ground-water table, since on it depends the stream flow, the depth to permanent water in wells, and the pressure in artesian, or flowing, wells. Were the island entirely homoge- neous in ( (imposition there would be but one water table, which would be a< ocean level on either side and would gradually rise tow ard the highlands in a curve entirely symmetrical with the surface, and at a depth determined by the porosity of the soil and the amount of rainfall. No wells, or springs, or ponds would be possible, except where this ground-water table was reached, and no water in any well would • c » *! 5 0 Sea level 1/2 1 mile Fig. 25.— Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills and source of Mountain Mist Springs. A, unsaturated strata: B, perched water table; C, saturated strata: I), relatively impervious till rise above the ground water at that point. There would, therefore, be no artesian wells. As the island is not entirely homogeneous, the upper limit of the zone of com- plete saturation — that is, the main ground-water table, or "main spring," as it is locally called — is not entirely symmetrical w ith the curve of the surface, and there are, moreover, a number of more or less limited areas of saturated beds above the main one. PERCHED GROUND-WATER TABLES. These perched ground-water tables are for the most part confined to the moraine where local clay or other relatively impervious layers have arrested the flowT of the underground water and prevented it from reaching the main ground- water table. One of the best examples of such a perched water table is found in the northern end of the West Hills, where a relatively impervious bed is furnished by the Wisconsin till (fig. 25). Other examples are shown in fig. 24 and PI. XI. 58 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. The general character and position of the main ground-water table is shown in Pis. XI and XII. which are based on the careful work during the summer of 1903 of the Long Island division of the New York commission on additional water supply. This work has developed the interesting point that while the slope of the ground- water table is in a general way the same as that of the surface, the divide of the ground water is farther to the north than the surface divide. SPRINGS. Whenever the main water table, or one of the perched water tables, is inter- cepted by the surface a spring is formed. SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON" PERCHED WATER TABLES. The water of springs dependent upon perched water tables penetrates the earth until it reaches a relatively impermeable stratum above which it collects, and along which it passes until it finds an outlet. Springs of this type are common wherever a perched water table occurs, and represent essentially the overflow of these underground basins. The much talked of springs that occur at the summits of hills or mountains are invariably of this class, and examination always shows that, though rela- tively at the top of the hill, there is always an appreciable area of higher ground above them which serves as a reservoir. The Mountain Mist Springs in the West Hills are of this type, and while they arc >ituated at a height of about 280 feet above sea level, the hill behind them rises 140 feet higher, and there are several hundred acres of land to serve as a catchment area and reservoir (fig. 25). Springs of this type are found in mam- places along the north shore, and are particularly abundant where the fine Creta- ceous beds are overlain bv coarser Pleistocene gravels. table i i / i i Fig. 2f>.— Diagram showing analogy between a well and a channel that cuts the ground-water table. SPRINGS DEPENDENT CPON THE MAIN GROUND— WATER TABLE. The water of springs formed by the cutting of the main water table escapes from the top of the water-logged beds, rather than at their base, as in the springs just discussed. The channels which cut this water table may be regarded as large wells, with one side open, into which the water is flowing and escaping dig. 20). The old glacial channels across the southern plain invariably cut the ground-water table near their lower ends, and at the point where this occurs little streams start which grow very rapidly as the channel gets deeper into the satu- rated layers. A quantitative determination of this increase in Hempstead Brook Was made by the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks in LS95. This valley, which was perfectly dry just above Hempstead village, showed an average dis- SPRINGS. 59 charge of 229,278 gallons per day at the Jackson street crossing and 675,907 gallons a mile lower down, near Mill road and Grove street, while at the efflux chamber at the end of the reservoir the discharge was 5,618,603 gallons— an increase of five and a half million gallons" in ahont 3 miles (fig. 27): and, as explained on page 62, had there been no dam at this point the flow would have been much greater. On the north shore the reentrant bays cut deep into the main water table, and large springs are abundant at, and near, high-tide level. Surveys made in the early fifties by Daniel Marsh, under the direction of Gen. W. B. Burnett, showed a spring discharge available for water supply amounting to 23.617,824 gallons per day between Long Island City and Glen Cove.'' At the Fresh Pond pumping station (old Whitestone station) the spring flow amounts to 500,000 to 600.000 gallons per da}*, and the spring-fed pond at the Bayside (old Flushing) pumping station yields an average of 1,700.000 gallons. A small spring area on the east side of Alley Creek, opposite the Bayside pump- ing station, and belonging to Mr. Wil- liam Cony, was gaged in September, 1903, in connection with a study of the fluctuations of the wells of the Citizens Water Supply Company, and a yield of 365,000 gallons a day was indicated. MINERAL SPRINGS. The well-known solvent power of water, especially when containing car- bonic acid, causes it to dissolve what- ever soluble salts are contained in the beds through which it passes. Thus, all springs and well waters contain a greater or less amount of mineral matter in solu- tion. Sometimes the ingredients have medicinal value, or the water is of so great relative purity that its use is recommended, and the springs are developed com- mercially. This forms "mineral water." So far as has been learned from a rather extensive inquiry, the waters of but four springs on Long Island have been put on the market, namely: (643 ' ) The Colonial Spring, one-half mile west of Wyandanch. (643) The Mo-mo-ne Spring, one-half mile northwest of Wyandanch. (593) The Mountain Mist Spring, 2 miles south of Huntington station. (226) Deep Glen Spring. 1] miles northeast of Richmond Hill. a History and Description of the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, 18%, p. .58. * Op. cit.. p. 150. • These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional data will be found. 60 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. STREAMS. ORIGIN. As has already been indicated, the streams on Long Island are fed almost entirely by ground water. The valleys in which they flow were not formed by the present streams, but under conditions which existed in the Wisconsin and Vineyard epochs (pp. 43, 44), and the present streams may, almost without excep- tion, be said to be the result, rather than the cause, of the valleys which they occupy. In other words, had not the channels across the southern plain been cut during the Wisconsin epoch, there would now either be no streams, or the streams would be of small magnitude, and the water which is now collected in them would appear as springs along the shores. The drainage areas of such streams depend entirely upon underground conditions, and, as was early appreciated in the study of tins region, they can not be outlined with certainty from surface condi- tions. Another point of importance in such streams is that the flow is unusually uniform; the great beds of sand and gravel act as equalizing reservoirs in winch the intermittent rainfall is stored and distributed throughout the year. ' 74" 00' ?3"*Q' 'VOO' 7S'3Q' ~ 72"'°0O' I Scale 0 5 10 15 20 m Co** J ft Jf J) 1 PLUM up* r * i / '"W'^M ' ^ ^1 I %& -i -■- Mf Si :J 8 I'NDEROROIND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. siime horizon on the north and south shores. If the water came from below, as is very generally imagined, the pressure should decrease from bed rock upward for mi appreciable distance, the pressure near bed rock being greater because of the loss in head in transmission through the sand; while if the water came from above it would be expected thai the head would either remain the same or decrease with the depth. As it decreases it furnishes conclusive proof of the insular source of the water. The geologic structure of the region (fig. 24), moreover, forbids the transporta- tion <>f water from New England, except through bed rock, and the metamorphosed and highly folded character of these beds makes such transmission very doubtful. Early in the consideration of the possible reason for the deep flowing wells from the Lloyd gravel, after it had been found that the Cretaceous beds dip regularly south- ward, and before it was known that the clay beds were not continuous, it was sug- gested by Prof. W. II. Hobbs, of the University of Wisconsin, and Prof. H. E. Gregory, of Vale University, that if the faulted structure found in Connecticut continued under Long Island, and if the fault springs which are common in I he former region were present, then the water furnished by these springs would be retained beneath the clay layer and give rise to an artesian condition. Fault springs, or natural artesian wells, produced under the proper conditions by the cutting of a porous water-bearing layer by a fault line, are comparatively simple phenomena, but the hypothesis that such springs occur under Long Island must rest on the assumption of a complexity of horizontal fault ing of which there is no evidence. Moreover, the water obtained from these deep wells runs exceptionally low in chlorine, alkalinity, and hardness, while waters from the rock wells in the western part of the island and ir neighboring regions of New York and Connecticut have, as a rule, a much higher mineral content. TABU VI. Analysts showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of Connecticut. [Pin ts per million.] Location Chlorine, hard- ness. Center Island, Long Island 3.54 (55!)). Center Island. Long Island I 3.89 (588). Center Island, Long Island I 25 (554). Peaioook Point, Long Island' 5 83 dim. Lattlngtown, Long Island | 4. 60 (473) . I.onc Island City (75) 1,902, 1 Connecticut i Greenwich How ay I on Norwalk Norwalk Norwalk West port Fairfield Fairfield 9.28 32. IK) 25.0 20.0 5.6 12.0 31.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Alka- linity. Analyst. 62.9 60.0 45.7 74.3 121.0 164.3 Remarks. 19.0 C. S. Siichter. 20.0 do. Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 318 feet deep. Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 351 feet deep. Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 378 feet deep. 27-2 do ' Flowing well in Llovd sand; 230 feet deep. 17-6 do 1 Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 342 feet deep. Jacob B'limer, Oct. 12, 1888 I Well in rock; 275 feet deep. 22.0 H. T. Vnlte. H. E. Smith I \ven Well in rock; 177 feet deep. S. P. Wheeler. ....do.. ....do .. S. P. Wheeler. I in roek; 395 feet deep. Artesian well. Do. Do. Do. Do. FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. 69 Table VI. — Analyses showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of Connecticut — Continued. Location, Chlorine. Connecticut— Continued. West Bridgeport Bridgeport East Bridgeport Woodmont Deep River Niantic Middletown Hartford Hartford Hartford Hartford Hartford 26.0 32.9 7.0 28.7 5.5 9.1 14.5 6.6 22.5 13.0 11.0 30.7 Hard- ness. 167.5 60.0 36.4 56. 0 54.0 15. 0 160.0 28.5 C) 24.0 72.9 128.6 Alka- linity. Analyst Remarks Artesian well. Rock well; 125 feet deep. Artesian well. Rock well; 52 feet deep. S. P. Wheeler ....do ....do H. E. Smith R. B. Riggs Artesian well. A. B. Bryant Deep artesian well. do Do. Henry Souther Artesian well; 350 feet deep. Artesian well; 242 feet deep. H. E. Smith 1 Artesian well; 250 feet deep. S. P. Wheeler I R. B. Riggs i Artesian well. a Very hard. On the* whole, there is absolutely no evidence of a Connecticut source for the underground water on Long Island. The water is derived entirely from rainfall on the island, and all the water phenomena observed can be directly traced to this source, except that a slight amount may be transmitted through the Lloyd gravel from New Jersey. CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION OF THE GROUND- WATER TABLE." The causes which produce fluctuations of the ground-water table on Long Island may be subdivided as follows: A. Natural : Rainfall. Sympathetic tides. Thermometrie changes. Barometric changes. B. Artificial : Dams. Pumping. NATURAL CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION . Rainfall. — As rainfall is the source of ground water, it would seem self-evident that the ground-water level must vary directly with the rainfall, heavy rains raising it and long periods of drought lowering it. While this is true in a broad way, the relation between the rainfall and the changes in level of the ground-water table is not such a simple one as this statement might imply. In the summer of 1903 the engineers of the Long Island division of the com- mission on additional water supply made daily observations on the water levels in wells in many parts of Long Island and accumulated much definite data on this point. Fortunately the observations began just before the exceptional period of drought which extended from April 16 to June 7. The wells observed were o Preliminary statement; a more complete report on the observations on these fluctuations made during the summer of 1903 is now in press as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No 155. 70 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. largely open dug wells depending on the main ground-water level, which, as already indicated, rises from sea level on each side of the island to a summit somewhat north of the surface divide (p. 57). From these records the typical hydrographs shown on PI. XVII have been selected. This group of wells, with the possible exception of Xo. 6, are all south of the ground-water divide and in a region where the direction of underflow is southward. In shallow wells near the south shore, such as Xos. 1 and 2, the relation between the rainfall and the fluctuation of the ground-water table is very apparent. Fig. 34. — Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, X. Y., showing fluctuations due to tides. Record from a Means nilometer in charge of F. D. Rathbun, field assistant. Elevations indicated are approximate. Five or six days after the heavy rains of April 14 and 15 the water, after rising for a few days, fell steadily through the period of dry weather. Three or four days after the rain of June 7, which ended the drought, the water in both wells began to rise and continued to rise during the rainy weather which followed. Farther inland, a gradual change is noted in the behavior of the surface of the ground-water, wells 7 or 8 miles from the shore, such as Xos. 3, 4, and 7. showing an entirely different curve. In these the water rose steadily during the drought and began to fall when the heavy rains commenced. In wells still farther inland, as Xos. 5, 6, and S, the water rose steadily for the whole period shown. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. ** PL. XVII FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE ON LONG ISLAND. From observations of the Long Island division of the New York City commission on additional water supply. March-June, 1 903. KLl'CTUATIONS OF GROUND- WATKK LEVEL. 71 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 1 Zero — 3 well No. 8 actually rising over 2 feet during the greatest drought this section had ever experienced. These curves indicate that the deeper the ground-water table and the farther it is from the shore (or the higher it is above sea level) the more slowly it responds to the rainfall. The retardation is entirely out of proportion to the thickness of the unsaturated beds above the main water table. In the wells at Lynbrook and Massapequa, which are from 4 to 8 feet deep, rain water should, according to the rate of flow deter- mined by laboratory tests, reach the ground-water table in a few minutes, yet the water table did not begin to rise until four or five days after the heavy rains. As the thickness of the unsaturated beds increases, this retardation is multiplied at an astonishing rate. Thus, while the 4 and 8 foot wells at Lynbrook and Massapequa began to fall seven days after the close of the rainy period in April, the 32-foot well at Mineola did not begin to fall until after thirty-five days, the. 34-foot Creedmoor well after about fifty-five days, and the 55-foot Hicksville well after about sixty-five days, while the 70- and 90-foot wells at Lake Suc- cess and Hicksville showed no tendency to fall after seventy-five days, but were still rising from the effects of the March and April rains. In this delayed transmission the effects of single showers is almost wholly neutralized, the sand acting as so perfect an equalizer that only the mass results of long periods of rain or drought are indicated. The question involved here is apparently not so much how fast a constant stream of water under a given pressure will flow through a column of earth of a given height as how long it will take a given quantity of water precipitated on the top of this column during a relatively short time to entirely or almost entirely run out at its base. Tides. — Nearly all the wells in the neighborhood of the shores, both shallow and deep, show a sym- pathetic vibration with the tides. The nature of this vibration and its clearly tidal character are shown in figs. 34 and 35. Fig. 34 represents a 386-foot well at Long Beach and fig. 35 a 40-foot well at Douglaston. This fluctuation is commonly greatest at the shore and becomes less on passing inland, but this rule is by no means invariable, and many very peculiar local variations are found. AUG. 25 LOGIC*1! SURVEY i AUG. 26 AUG. 27 TIDE CURVE Fig. 35. — Record of water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens' Water Supply Com- pany at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek. Record from Friez tide gages in charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. 72 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The tidal curves in the wells are miniatures of those in the near-by body of water, but are generally somewhat behind them. Thus, at Oyster Bay, where the water is under sufficient hydraulic head to lift it considerably above the surface of the ground (see PI. XIII, A), the tide in the Casino well, which is in the very edge of the water, is five to ten minutes behind that in the bay, while in the Underbill well, which is only 300 feet from the shore, it shows a lag of from sixty-five to seventy-five minutes. While this great increase in the amount of lag in very sihall distances indicates that the factors concerned in the formation of these sympathetic tides are rather complex, it is not felt that the phenomenon necessarily involves a free outlet of the underground water into the ocean, as is very commonly held in this region. On the contrary, it is thought to be conceivable that the clay layers, rendered more or less sensitive by the water-logged artesian sands beneath them, may act as large diaphragms and respond directly to the al- ternate loading and un- loading caused by the flood and ebb tides. Therm ometric and ba- rometric changes. — Self- recording gages placed on the wells of the Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook (277) dur- ing the summer of 1903 showed very regular daily fluctuations of the ground- water table, which were clearly due neither to rain- fall nor tidal action. A comparison of these curves with the thermograph and barograph records obtained at Floral Park and Brentwood by the commission on additional water supply (PI. XVIII) shows that the fluctuations closely correspond to the changes in temperature and only remotely to those of air pressure, except in the case of the 504-foot well. It was at first thought that the daily fluctuations in the temperature might produce minor barometric fluctuations and that the changes in the water level might be ultimately due to changes in air pressure, but a study of the data forces the conclusion that the normal fluctuation shown in curves 1 and 2 are directly due to temperature. Thus the important barometric depression indicated on July 26 produced no effect on the water level in the 14- and 72-foot wells, although clearly noticeable in the 504-foot well. Even the sudden rise of the water, which occurred during the storm of July 30 and which has many aspects of being due to a change in air pressure, has a sharpness and definition not indicated by the barograph curve, although suggested by the thermograph curve. Fig. 36. — Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station and its effect on a near-by pond or well. FLUCTUATIONS OF (iKOUND-WATKR LEV KL. 7:? AKTIFICIAL CAUSES OF FIACTIATION. Dams. — The first important cause producing a change in the normal level oi the ground-water table was the construction of dams for mill purposes. These, without exception, raised the ground-water table and decreased the spring flow in the valley above the points at which they were constructed (see p. 62). The crest flow in every case was less than the normal flow of the stream at the same point. The enlargement of these ponds for storage purposes by the Brooklyn waterworks but emphasized this condition. Pumping. — When pumping stations were established a diametrically opposite effect was produced. A pumping station instead of hindering the outward flow of the water helps it, and as the group of wells connected with a pumping station is usually restricted to a relatively small area, a more or less symmetrical cone of depression is produced with the group of the wells as a center. All wells, springs and ponds which depend on this main water table and which arc in the radius of the cone of depression are directly influenced. As a result preexisting wells have had to be driven to a depth slightly greater than that of the new water table (fig. 36), the spring flow is decreased, and adjacent ponds and marsh areas are more or less completely drained. Mr. L. B. Ward has compiled the following table showing the decrease in stream flow on southern Long Island between 1873 and 1899, which must be largely due to the effect of the pumping stations: Table VII. — The effect of (/round-water pumping in diminishing stream flow from 1873 to 1899 in the old water, shed of the Brooklyn waterworks, comparing five-year periods. [By L. B. Ward.] Period. Aver- age annual rain- fall. Average annual rainfall col- lected, referred to watershed as a whole. Area of water- shed. Driven-well supply. Other pumped sources of supply. Daily total per square mile derived from all sources in thev.ater- shed. Water collected as stream flow, referred to 50 square miles of watershed. Ex- pressed as rain- fall. Daily per square mile. Ex- pressed as rain- fall. Daily per square mile. Daily per square mile. Expressed as rain- fall. Propor- Araount. tion of total. Per Sqt.are Inches. cent. Inches. miles. Inches. Gallons. Inches. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Inches. Per cent. 1873-1877 43.33 25.07 10.86 52.30 (■) («) 0. 18 8,659 517,206 532,034 11.17 25.79 1878-1882 41.58 29.60 12.31 55. 14 («0 (o) .99 47,063 585,978 594,310 12.48 30.02 1883-1887 43.30 31.60 13.68 64.42 2.95 140,392 2.30 109,041 651,506 518,071 10.88 25.13 45.05 38.43 17.31 65.54 5.85 278,383 4.17 198,605 824,195 455,153 9.56 21.22 189.5-1899 43.14 36.32 15.67 66.44 7.76 369,581 2.74 130,224 745,983 327, 122 6.89 15.96 " Began in 1SS3. While a decrease in spring flow must follow any extensive method of removing the ground water in this region, it should be borne in mind that the cost of such a removal will probably be less than its collection from surface ponds and the subsequent filtration which must necessarily follow. A subterranean system will, moreover, result in the more or less complete reclamation of the swampy lands along many of the brooks. The effect which the lowering of the ground-water table by a few feet in this region may have on farm products is not very clear. It is certainly true that 74 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. plants thrive where the ground-water table is 25 to 100 or more feet below the surface, and it is difficult to see how the lowering of the water table a few feet will very definitely affect farm products, except where it makes swamp land cultivable. BLOWING WELLS. Mr. William Jaegle, a well driller of Hicksville, reports a number of blowing wells about Woodbury (519, 588, 589, 590). These blow intermittently, generally before a storm, and are clearly very similar to the blowing wells reported from the Western States. " The cause of this blowing seems to a large extent to be due to changes in baro- metric pressure, an outflow of air occurring when the surface pressure is relatively Low, and an inflow when it is relatively high. A careful examination was made of the wells at Woodbury by Mr. R. D. Rathbun, field assistant, with a view to attaching a recording instrument and carefully studying this phenomenon, but the conditions were found not to be favorable. WATERWORKS. The porous nature of Long Island, which causes it to readily absorb . filter, and store the rain water, admirably fits it for furnishing large quantities of very pure water. As has been pointed out, the total loss by evaporation is relatively small, and the run-off is almost wholly that supplied by springs. These short, steady- flowing, spring-fed streams, which were first utilized for small saw and grist mills, were the most natural source for water when the growing city of Brooklyn began to demand a water supply. The original Brooklyn system, completed in 1862, derived its supply wholly from a number of surface streams between Brooklyn and Lynbrook. which were intercepted by a conduit in which the water flowed by gravity to Ridgewood, where it was lifted into reservoirs which supply a simple gravity system. As the demand increased, it became necessary to utilize other ponds and streams which were too low to flow naturally into the conduit, and in 1872 pumping stations were established at Watts Pond and Smiths Pond. In the same year a private system supplied by springs was established at Sea Cliff. This was the first waterworks plant on Long Island after the Brooklyn system. In 1874 plants were completed by three villages: College Point, Flushing, and Long Island City ; of these, the first two depended on spring and stream supply, and the last on a single large well. This last was the first plant using the ground water as a source of supply. Garden City followed in a few years with a system depending on a single large well. In 1880 the surface supply of the Brooklyn waterworks was supplemented by open-well stations at Springfield and Watts Pond, and in 1882 gang-well stations were established at Spring Creek and Baisleys. Since that time the " Water-Sap. and Irr. Paper Xo. 67, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 72, 7:i; Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 1. 1903, pp. 93-97; Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper, Xo. 101, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 60-61. WATERWORKS. 75 development of the ground water has been comparatively rapid; many local plants have been erected, which, with scarcely an exception, depend on wells. Of the plants of the five cities — Brooklyn, College Point , Flushing, Sea Cliff, and Nbrthport— which originally depended largely on surface water, the last three now depend wholly on wells. The plans for the change of the College Point (Fresh Meadow station) to a driven-well plant have been approved, and Brooklyn has so supple- mented her supply by driven-well stations that at present only about two-thirds of the supply is derived from surface waters. At Sag Harbor it has been found advisable to abandon the wells, and the plant there is now the only one on the island wholly dependent on a surface supply. The amount of water taken from Long Island lor waterworks purposes during 1902 may be roughly estimated at 120,000,000 gallons per day, of which 65,000,000 was from springs or spring-fed streams and 55,000,000 was from wells. The Brooklyn Water Company consumed almost the whole of the surface water utilized and slightly more than 50 per cent of the well water. The distribution of the various water systems on Long Island, the area covered by each, and the location of the pumping stations and other sources of supply, are shown on the accompanying map (PI. XIX). Other data are presented in the following table and in the detailed records given on pages 116-337. 17116— No. 44—06 6 76 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table VIII. — Waterworks No. a 16 135 138 139 194 198 200 201 196 290 288 286 Owner. Description. New York City, department of water supply, gas, and elec- tricity (Bor- ough of Brook- lyn). do New Utrecht sta- tion. do ! Gravesend station do .do. New Lots sta- tion. ' Ridgewood sta- tion. .do Spring Creek (old) .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Spring Creek(tem- porary). Shetucket station. Oconee station . . . Baisley's station . Baisley's supply pond. Jameco station. . . /Springfield sta- l tion. Springfield Pond Forest Stream station Simonson's sup- ply pond. /Clear Stream sup- l ply pond. Clear Stream sta- tion. Watts Pond Co- ordi- nates (.») Serv- . ice Source of supply. Estimated capacity of station per day. Average yield per day for year given in last column. began. Wells. Springs. Streams c Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 1858 (Driven wells and( I streams. J ■'125,000,000 2 B . il885 120 2-inch wells, 30 2,000,000 1,120,596 feet deep. 2 B 113 2-inch wells, 50 feet deep. 2,600,000 2,444,032 3 C 1881 22 2-inch wells, 45 to 50 feet; 14 6-inch wells. 80 to 90 feet: 4 6_inch wolls s. t oottoin of 1 open well, 29 by 24 feet. 4,330,600 3C. 1862 Ridgewood aque- duct; force main from Millburn. 28,581,383 63,761,017 3 C. 1882 100 2-inch wells, 36 5,000,000 3,973, 160 feet deep; 1 6-inch well, 150 feet deep; 7 8-inch wells, 150 feet deep. 3 C. 1894 13 6-inch wells, 42 to 75 feet deep. 4,500,000 2,997,945 4 B 1897 12 8-inch wells, 195 3 500 000 1,678,219 feet deep. 4C. . 1897 12 8-inch wells, 195 2,. 500, 000 1,634,408 feet deep. 4 C. . 1882 100 2-inch wells, 44 feet deep. 2,500,000 1,527,051 4 C. . m 1858 Surface water 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 4C 1888 16 8- and 10-inch 4,935,482 wells, 160 feet deep; 100 ^-iiicii vveiib,z/ to 73 feet deep; 4 4-inch wells, 160 feet deep; 3 6-inch urcil 1 c 1 faaf H Don Wcllo, lOO IccL Ucc^i. Y B . ( 1880 (20 8-inch wells, 170 | feet deep. 2, 133,890 I" 1897 4 B . 1880 Surface water 2,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 5 B . 1885 1 1U Z-U1CI1 wens, *il feet deep. 3,439,039 5 C. 1862 Surface water 2,000,000 200,000 h C 1862 do 200,000 J 5 B . 1885 150 2-inch wells, 38 feet deep. 5,000,000 2,568,055 5 B . 0 1872 840,000 }5B . f 1872 jnl894 Watts Pond 2,500,000 2,500,000 12 6-inch wells, 50 feet deep. |/.2,213,703 1,000,000 K 1862 Surface water 1,300,000 Watts Pond sta- tion. Valley Stream supply pond. n Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xfac, xxiv. See Pis. xix, xxiv. c Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. d Whole system. ' Ridgewood. / Mount Prospect. 9 Mount Prospect standpipe. * 1H99. I Original station established in 1880. WATERWORKS. 77 systems on Long Island. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Capacity. Size. Gallons, i Feet. <■ 304,000,000 (Gravity and direct pump- I y 19j j^nno 111,500 64.4 by 16 Direct, connecting with . Mount Prospect reser- voir. Direct Direct service, connect- ing with reservoir. Ridgewood reservoir. Ridgewood aqueduct . do do do do Not used Ridgewood aqueduc t . .do. Springfield station Ridgewood aqueduct . do .do. .do. Ridgewood aqueduct . .do. 304,000,000 7,199,000 . 9,879,000 . 977,500 . 3,750,000 . 10,850,000 . Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of Fire by- mains, drants. Authority. Feet. el70 / 198.5 \ a 204-278. 4 I. M. De Varona. L. B. Ward 194 5.08 J 1.74 i" 13. 11 1 7.05 I 13.19 10.19 6.5 | 2.7 1 *35 L.B.Ward. *17 A. 144| '•49 L.B.Ward. .do . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do I. M. De Varona. L. B. Ward I. II. De Varona. do L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona. Date. No." 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1896 1899 1894 1894 1899 1894 L. B. Ward 1899 1 14. 5S ] 10.5 I. M. De Varona. . 1896 i 250 feet high, 16 and 8 feet in diameter. Xot used. k In 1896. I Formerly Long Island Water Supply Company. m Sole source of supply from November, 1858, to July, I860. « Driven-well station installed. o Temporary station; permanent station established in 1880. p Allowing 1,000,000 for yield of Watts Pond. 16 135 1899 140 1899 138 139 194 198 200 I. M. De Varona 1896 L.B.Ward 1899 | 201 196 290 288 286 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table VIII. — Waterworks Owner. Description. New York City department of water supply gas, and elec tricity (Bor- ough of Brook- lyn). .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. New York City, department of water supply, gas, and elec- tricity (Bor- o u g h of Queens) . do .do. .do. Co- ordi- nates (») .Smiths Pond . 6 B. f Smiths Pond sta- ilg g I tion. I J Pine's supply II. r \ pond. r Schodack Brook..' 6 C. |6 C. 6 C. [Hempstead sup i ply pond. Hempstead stor age reservoir. Millburn reservoir /Millburn pump- \ ingsUtion. | Millburn supply \ pond. /East Meadow \ supply pond. Agawam station. . Merrick station. . . {Matowa (new bridge) supply pond. Matowa station . . IWantagh supply \ pond. | Seaman's supply \ pond Wantage station. Massapequa sup- ply pond. Massapequa sta- tion. Long Island City, station No. 1. Long Island City, station No. 2. Long Island City, station No. 3. Freeh M e a d o w Station (for- merly College Point station). 6 B }6 B }6 B }7 B 7 B 7 B >7 C. 8C. 2C. 3 D 3 D Serv- ice began. Source of supply. 1872 1872 1862 1873 1862 IS! 12 1896 1896 j-7 BC 1892 7 B . 1896 to c. . 1892 to c. . 1892 7 C. 1896 1892 1896 1874 ISM, 1894 Estimated capacity of station per day. Surface water . Gallons. 4,500,000 Smiths Pond . . Surface water. .do. .do. 600,000 1,000,000 Average yield per day for year given in last column. Wells. Gallons. Springs. Gallons. 8,000,000 Streams, Millburn to Massapequa. Streams, Millburn to Massapequa, and driven-well sta- tions given below. Surface .do. 32 6-ineh wells, 33 to 91 feet deep. 624^-inch wells, 40 to 100 feet deep. Surface f' 4, 518, 951 ''4,693,432 46 4J-inch wells, 38 to 97 feet deep. Surface .do. 43 4j-mchwells,24to 89 feet deep: 6 6- inch wells, 92 feet deep. Surface 53 4J-inch wells, 37 to 106 feet deep. 7 6-inch wells, 70 feet deep; 1 open well, 47J feet diameter by 30 feet deep. 28 4-inch wells,45 feet deep; 1 16-foot well, 22 feet deep. 12 4-inch wells, 41 feet deep. I S74 Springs. ''4,495,622 d 3,998,844 3,114,739 520, 305 325, 813 890,939 1,37T 682 Streams < Gallons. 8,517,299 8, 000, 000 30,450,000 36,974.474' ''5,373, 196 w 682,800 / 803,000 . 621,000 . 2,500,000 970, 783 622, 700 " Numbers correspond to those used In the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. i> See Pis. xix, xxiv. « Streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. '' Average daily yield for test of July-December, 1896. WATERWORKS. 79 systems on Lout; Island — Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. Capacity. Size. Smiths Pond station . . . . Gallons. 41,580,000 Feet. Feet. | 5.09 1 1*3 I 5.09 j -.33 f 13.68 1 9. 57 1896 1899 1896 J 1 1j. 1 , . »> HI O. ......... . do 9,046,000 I. M. De Varona do do do 26,900,000 1,000,000,000 373,000,000 J 12.21 1 8.42 1 do do 1894 1896 1894 1899 1896 1896 1899 1899 1899 1899 1896 1896 1899 1896 1899 1899 1902? 1899 do To Ridgewood pumping station. do do It. B. Ward | i u iviiiiijiii 11 j ) u i ii y ' \ station. | 11,100,000 18,830,000 f 4.0 1 1-4 1 7.7 I 3.77 I. M. De Varona 1 1 do MiUburn aqueduct I L. B. Ward do do do 11 428,000 f 8.5 4. 17 I. M. De Varona do 1 L. B. Ward do 15,030,000 28,990,000 | 9.7 1 4.87 [ 14.9 i 6.9 I. M. De Varona do ! \ do do J L. B. Ward do 19,000,000 | 5.0 1 3.5 I. M. De Varona do ! L. B. Ward 23.19 L. B. Ward do Sanborn Map Co.ff L. B. Ward ....do Direct; overflowing to standpipe. do 936,000 188.8 15. 42 231 e Not running. / Destroyed by boiler explosion in 1900 and not rebuilt. (/ Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York. vol. 5, 1903. 80 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table VIII. — Waterworks No. a Owner. Description. j Co- ' ordi- nates (0) 238 239 242 4 New York City, department of water supply, gas. and elec- tricity (Bor- o u g h of Queens). Bavside station (formerly Flush- ^4 D . ing station). do Whitestone. No. 1 do Whitestone No. 2 (reserve station). Blythebourne Principal station . Water Co. .do . 18 22 H. C. Pfalzgraf estate. Flatbush Wa- terworks Co. Reserve station (German Amer- . 134 i ican Improve- I men t Co. 142 223 213 213 219A 158 162 225 150 151 153 161 178 W o o d h a v e n Water Supply Co. I Pumping plant at ) works of Agate I Nickel Steel I Ware Co. Montauk Water Dunton. Co. Jamaica Water Supply Co. .do. llolliswood pri- vate high service. Citizens Water Supply Co. do Jamaica. .do... .do. .do. .do. Woodside Wa- ter Co. do do 4D 4 D . 1 B . 2 B . 2B.. 2B.. 3 B 3C. 4C. 4C. 4C. Hollis I 4C. Station No. 1 ! 3 C. Station No. 2 1 3D Station No. 3 4 C. Station No 4 3C. 1900 3 C. 1901 Station No. 1 3 C. 1897 Station No. 2 3 D 3 D Serv- ice began. Source of supply. Estimated capacity of station per day. 1874 1892 1892 1891 1882 1892 1894 1895 1887 1887 1894 1897 1S09 Gallons. [21 3-, 4-, and 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep. Oakland Lake' 3,000,000 1,780,000 Average yield per day for year given in last column. Wells. Gallons. 980,000 1,206,584 [17 4- and 6-inch wells, I 55 to 75 feet deep. 5 3- and 4-inch wells, 80 feet deep. 1 open well 5 feet di- ameter by 90 feet deep; 1 open well, 20 feet diameter by 90 feet deep. 2 7-inch wells, 70 feet deep. Brooklyn water- works. 1,000,000 Single well. 3 5-inch wells. 18 feet deep; in each of 12 open wells, 8 feet diameter by 26 feet deep; 19 5-inch wells. .55 feet deep. {3 6-inch wells, 60, 65, and 70 feet deep. Island Water Sup- ply Co.ft 10 4-inch and 6 6-inch wells, 80 to 150 feet deep. 17 10-inch wells, 30 to 50 feet deep. 7 10-inch, 12 5-inch wells, 50 to 60 feet deep. [1 8-inch well, 57 feet deep; 1 10-inch well, 150 feet deep; 1 8- inch well, 50 feet [ deep; 5-inch wells. Jamaica Water Sup- ply Co. 28 6-inch wells, 45 to 62 feet deep. 78 4i-inch wells, 45 to 80 feet deep. 31 6-inch wells, 45 to 90 feet deep. 56 6-inch wells, 45 to 90 feet deep. 16 6-inch wells 13 4$ and 6 inch wells 178 shallow driven > wells. 70,000 181,000 196,551 Springs. Streams e Gallons. Gallons. jni 1. 1 ii id 1,780,000 106,000 ,111111,0111) 75.000 2, 155, 400, . 70,000!. 90, 600 . 548,000 . 1,800,000 . 1,500,000 . 2,275.000 . 608,000 . 1,510,000. 2,067,700 . 3,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 Small Not used. Not used. □ Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. ''See Pis. xix, xxiv. (•Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. a Also called Douglass Pond; used only for reserve in case of fire. « Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. / Five elevated tanks. a In 1897. M. N. Baker. * Now New Lots pumping station of the Brooklyn waterworks. WATERWORKS. systems on Long Island — Continued. 81 Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Capacity. ' Size. Gallons. Feel. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Direct : overflowing to standpipe. 762,000 135 by 33. Feet. 218 Miles of mains. Direct; overflowing to standpipe. do do 212,000 95 by 20. Direct: overflowing to / 125,000 tanks. 1S2.3 10.4 Direct: overflowing to standpipe. To standpipe and mains. 239,700 20 by 102. 160i 30 194 Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. L.B.Ward. 1899 Sanborn Map Co.* . . . 10021 Chief engineer 1902 L. B. Ward Sanborn Map Co.' 1899 1902 ' L. B. Ward. I. M. De Varona . .... L. B. Ward do '590; do 1899 18% 1899 1899 1899 No.'" 238 239 /Direct service: overflow- I '4,000,000 1 \ ing to reservoir. [ 500, 000 )' Direct service; overflow- 2 stand- ing to standpipe. pipes do do.fc . 125 32 175 9. 5 175 ' 60-!- J'493 L. B. Ward. .do. .do 511,000 40 by 50. Direct . do. do. 183,600 25 by 50'" .... 62 210 2 "56.92 C. A. Lockwood. . . 640 Sanborn Map Co..;'. L. B.Ward. L. B. Ward. 1899 1899 1899 1903 1903 1899 1899 perintendent. ...do ...do Direct . L. B. Ward. i Statement of F. H. Luce, superintendent. 1 Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York. vol. 4, 1903. *•■ Combined capacity about 1,000.000 gallons. ' In Greater Xew York. Manual of American Waterworks, 1897, p. 123. n In 1899 delivered 2,336,400 gallons to the citv for use in Long Island City. 1903 1903 150 1903 151 f 153 1899 | 161 | 1.78 82 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Waterworks No.a 174 176 273 379 375 397 490 405 414 442 452 466 455 525 503 579 568 674 650 658 675 Owner. Description. Co- ordi- nates I (») SteinwayA Son d Bowery Bay North Beach . Building and Improvement Co. (Queens County I 1 Water Co. f Valley Stream 3 D 3 D 5 B 6 B 6 B {R$S£ Center [Rockville Center Long Beach As- ! East Rocka way. sociation./ Freeport village Freeport 6B. Merrick 7 B . {Hg^steadvil- ^empstead 6 C. . Garden City Wa- Garden Citv 6 C. . ter Supply Co.j . C. H. Mackay... Roslyn 6D. J Sea Cliff Water L_ 1 Co. [Sea Cliff 6E . Merrick Water Co. Serv- ice began. Pratt estate. I Water Co. Glen Cove. E . .do. Amityville Wa- ter Works Co. Babylon Sump- wams Water I Co. irthpo ;er Wc 1884 1896 1894 1896 1890 1876 1872 J.... do 6 E . (J) Oyster Bay 7 E . (*> HicksvUle 7 D . (fc) Farmingdale 8C. (*) Amityville 8C. 1893 jBabylon io c. 1893 j-IIuntington 8E. . 1893 jNorthport 9 E.. 1893 Source of supply. Wells 17 6-inch wells, 65 to 70 feet deep. 16 3 and 4 inch wells, 145 to 180 feet deep; 45 3-inch wells 30 to 50 feet deep. 32 4 and 5 inch wells, 33 feet deep. 19 6-inch wells, 150 to 190 feet deep. 2 wells, 50 feet deep. . 4 8-inch wells, 40 to 50 feet deep. Shallow wells 2 6-inch wells. 35 feet deep; 2 10-inch wells, 35 feet deep. Shallow wells [Wells 18 6-inch wells, 50 feet I deep. Well 50 feet diameter by 35 feet deep. Shallow wells 6 6-inch wells, 60 feet deep. 1 6-inch wells Estimated capacity of station per day. Gallons. .".(10,000 500,000 3 driven wells 3 6-inch wells, 38 to 48 feet deep. 1 6-inch well, 82 feet deep. 14 10-inch wells, 45 to 1 60 feet dee]>. Driven wells 2 8-inch wells, 85 feet deep. Driven wells 6- inch wells, 40 feet deep. (Driven wells 1 4 8-inch wells, 60 feet I deep. 3 8-inch wells, 60 feet deep. |2 8-inch wells, 47 feet t deep. {XwaVVco.|Ksh™ 10 C. 1889 90 f'^ 20 5-inch wells, 40 to feet deep. 1,000,000 + 500, 000 1.000,000 I Ml. 01 ll I Average yield per day for year given in last column. Wells. Gallons. 500,000 1,123,581 1,634,000 25,000 1.50, 466 60,000 Springs. Gallons. Streams c Gallons. ji in. in in 75,000 500.000 (*) 75, 000 100,000 104.000 175,000 66, 274 96, 280 2,250,000 . CO « Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. b See Pis. xix, xxiv. < stu iiins arc very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. '' A small private plant supplying houses in the vicinity of the Steinway piano factory. « Two standpipes. /Private plant, supplying Long Beach. (/Manual of American Waterworks, 1897. WATERWORKS. 83 system.i on Long Island — Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- Capacity. Size. standpipe. Miles of Fire hy- mains. drants. Gallons. Feet. Feet. To tank. Direct . . . A uthoritv. Date. No." L. C. L. Smith, eon- 1903 suiting engineer. Direct and lo standpipes. 37.17-1- L. B. Ward. 235.000 20 by 100. 93,000 12 by 100. (Direct, overflowing to [ standpipe. To standpipe at Long Beach. Direct, overflowing to standpipe. Pumped by windmill to tanks. jDirect pumping and to j standpipe. Direct pressure 235,000 50 20 bv 100. 258,000 20 by 110. To tanks To standpijie. 235,000 20 by 100. To reservoir and stand- pipe. I To standpipe .do. .do. 158,000 ....do Acme system . ....do To standpipe. Acme system . do To reservoir. 282,000 235,000 25,000 25,000 300,000 (') 100,000 30 by 30. 20 by 120. 20 bv 100. 1 190 j 1 160 ] 265 \ 145 | It 245 \ 145 I 250,000 [Ground reservoir . }Acme system 20 by 125. 170 To standpipe. 250,000 25,000 I 350,000 20 by 150. 16 49 35 C. R. Bettes. M. N. Baker. Village clerk. 1899 1902 1897 1902 Engineer 1902 M. N. Baker!/. Engineer If. X. Baker u . 1897 1903 1897 J. T. Pirie. president . . Sanborn Map Co M. X. Baker D. M. Munger super- intendent. fW. F. Clapton, super- l intendent. (Oscar Darling, con- 49 | suiting engineer. 1903 1902 1897 1903 1903 1903 49 . :,o . .do. .do. 33 1 10 Solomon Ketchen;. 1902 secretary.. M. X. Baker 1897 Oscar Darling, con- 1903 sulting engineer. Chief engineer 1903 Oscar Darling, con- 1903 sulting engineer. J. Irwin, treasurer. . . . 1903 Oscar Darling j 1903 S. L. Ackerly C. A. Lockwood, sec- 1903 retary. Sanborn Map Co. "... 1902 * Originally supplied by springs. 'Reservoir, 120,000 gallons; elevation, 175 feet; standpipe, 235,000 gallons; elevation, 250 feet, j Construction well advanced in September, 1903. *•■ Under construction September, 1903. ' Two 7.000-gallon tanks. >» The springs which formerly supolied this plant were abandoned in 1903. n Maps of Bayshore and Islip. 174 176 273 379 375 397 490 405 414 442 452 466 455 525 503 579 568 650 658 84 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Waterworks N'o.o Owner. Description. began. 777 Great S o u t h ; Patchogue 13 D 1887 BavWaterCo.d 803 I'ort Jefferson Water Co. 863 861 879 (Riverhead War I ter Works. Port Jefferson 11 F. 1898 Riverhead 18 E 1892 Quantuck Wa- Quogue 18 D. » 1903 ter Co. Southampton Southampton 21 E 1894 Waterworks Co. 910 Easthampton Easthampton 23 F. 1899 Home Water Co. | j 903 Sag Harbor Sag Harbor 22 F. 1889 Water Co. 889 Shelter Island Shelter Island 21 H Heights Asso- 890 892 Manhasset do ' 21 HI House. Green port vil- Greenport 21 H I m 1889 lage. Source of supply. Estimated Average yield per day for capacity vear given in last column, of station per day. Wells. Springs. Streams ej Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 2 6-inch wells, 54 feet deep. 1 8-inch well. 225 feet deep; 16-inch well, 305 feet deep.*- 6 8-inch wells, 40 feet deep. 3 6-inch wells, 80 feet deep. 3 4-inch wells, 70 to 75 feet deep. Ligonee Brook 200,000 SO.OOO . 6,000 . 500,000 . OpeD well, 21 feet deep, with 6-inch pipe to a depth of 33 feet. Group of 18 wells 1,000,000 340,500. 250,000 '250,000. V) L (96,000 . 120,000 (') 9 6- inch wells, 28 to 48 feet deep. 150.000 a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. * See Pis. xix, xxiv. e Streams are very short and spring fed, and differ verv little from springs d Until 1894 the Suffolk County Water Company. t Statement of driller, N. W. Davis. 1 Pumped by water power. 9 June 1 1903. WATERWORKS. 85 systems on Long Island — Continued. Delivery of water. To standpipe. To tank/ j....do To standpipe. Acme system. To standpipe. .do. To reservoir and tanks . To standpipe. Reservoir or standpipe. Capacity. Gallons. 272,000 40,000 235.000 8,5.000 Size. Feet. 20 by 115. 20 by 100. 235,000 20 by 100. fc 400, 000 235,000 20 by 100. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Feet. 100+ 120 + 1 Hi 100 .\i lies ot mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. I >!l tC. 47 Sanborn Map Co W. T. Wheeler, secre- tary. .7. R. Perkins Sanborn Map Co 1 1. Gardner, treasurer Geo. Elliston, engi- neer. B. H. Van Scoy, presi- dent. H. F. Cook, president . Wesley Smith, super- [ intendent. W. H. Havens, chief engineer. 1902 1902 1903 1902 1903 1902 1903 1902 1903 No.a 777 803 863 861 879 910 903 889 h Three 10,000-gallon tanks. i Yield in summer, 1903. Average for year much less. i Well supply abandoned. Ground reservoir. There are also three storage tanks in this system, i Not known. "i Built by Greenport Water Company. Purchased by village 1899. CHAPTER III. MEASUREMENTS OF THE RATE OF UNDERFLOW OX LONG ISLAM). By Charles S. Slichter. DISTRICT INVESTIGATED. The following determinations of ground- water velocities were made along the south side of Long Island, between the villages of Freeport and Massapequa. These places are located about 6 miles apart on the Montauk division of the Long Island Railroad, which between these points runs nearly east and west about 1 mile north of the edge of the extensive salt marshes which border the Atlantic Ocean. (See fig. 37.) Freeport is about 24 miles from Brooklyn Bridge, and Massapequa, 6 miles east of Freeport, is within 2 miles of the western line of Suffolk County. Within the 6-mile stretch above mentioned the city of Brooklyn has 5 pumping stations, drawing water from extensive batteries of driven wells. The names of these stations, from the wrest, are: Agawam, Merrick, Matowa, Wantagh, and Massapequa. A brick conduit on the north side of the right of way of the Long Island Railroad receives the water from the pumping station and carries it by gravity to a pumping station at Millburn, just west of Freeport, where an additional lift sends it into the city of Brooklyn. Within the 6 miles from Freeport to Massapequa the conduit crosses several small surface streams, four of which have been ponded and their waters gated into the conduit. These surface waters flow into the conduit the year round, the driven wells constituting an auxiliary supply for the summer months, the period of use extending usually from July to December, but varying with the rainfall and other climatic conditions. The particular district under discussion was selected as the object of study because, first, the region seemed typical of conditions on the south side of the island, and second, because the ground water was substantially in normal condition, owing to the fact that the driven-well plants had not been operated since the previous December. The purpose of the work was to determine the principal facts concerning the underground drainage of the island, so that a preliminary basis might be established from wiiich an estimate of the amount of ground waters available for municipal supply could be made. The determination of ground-water velocities was made at certain selected stations or localities, following in general an east-west line. The stations were 86 MEASUREMENTS OF RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 87 restricted for the most part to the highways or other public lands, but this fact did not interfere materially with the selection of the best sites for the work. One set of stations was placed south of the railroad and just north of the line of wells of the driven-well stations, it being considered of importance to measure velocities in the immediate neighborhood of the pumping plants both before and after pumping had commenced. Other stations were located north of the railroad and conduit, out of range of any extensive influence of the pumping plants. 73°30' 73°3S' 73"30' 73°25' Fig. 37.— Map of southern Long Island, showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of flow of underground water were made. Measurements were made by the electrical method described by the writer in Engineering News for February 20, 1902, and in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 67 of the United States Geological Survey. The test wells were driven by the commission on additional water supply, and the measurements were in charge of the writer and of Mr. Henry C. Wolff. 88 DNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. APPARATUS USED. The apparatus used comprised a series of test wells and various electrical devices for ascertaining the conditions that obtained in them. TEST WELLS. Test wells may be common lj-inch or 2-inch drive wells if the soil and water- bearing material is easily penetrated and if the depths desired to be reached do not exceed 30 or 40 feet; for greater depths and more difficult materials wells of heavier construction are necessary. The test wells put down by the commission on additional water supply for Greater New York in 1903 for the work described herewith are suitable for ordinary conditions as met with in the eastern part of the United States or in any place where the gravels are not too coarse or too compact. In them there was used full-weight standard wrought-iron 2-inch pipe Fig. 38.— Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground waters. A, B, C, D are the test wells. The direction A C is the direction of probable motion of the ground waters. The dimensions given in plan (a) are suitable for depths up to about 25 or 30 feet; those in plan (6) for depths up to about 75 feet. For greater depths the distances A B, A C, A D, should be increased to 9 or 10 feet and the distances B C and C D to 4 feet. The well A is the "salt well " or well in which the electrolyte is placed. in lengths of 6 or 7 feet, with long threads (li-inch) and heavy wrought nipples which could be screwed up until the ends of the pipe abutted. The well points were 4-foot standard brass jacket points, No. 60 gauze. For wells no deeper than 30 feet closed-end points were driven, but for deeper work open-end points were used. The test wells were driven in place by use of a ram from 150 to 250 pounds in weight, simultaneously hydraulicking a passage for the pipe with water jet in $-ineh standard wash pipe. In fine material there were coupled ahead of the open-end well point 3 or 4 feet of pipe carry- ing a shoe coupling, so that the sand in running in through the open end of the pipe would not rise above the bottom of the screen inside of the finished well, i The test wells were grouped as shown in figure 38. In case the wells are not driven deeper than 25 feet, an "upstream" or "salt" well. A. i- located, and three other wells, B, C, and D, are driven at a distance of •1 feet from A. I he distance between B and C and between C and D being about 2 feet. The well C is located so that the line from A to C will coincide with the APPARATUS USED IN MEASURING UNDERFLOW. probable direction of tbe expected ground-water movement. This direction should coincide, of course, with the local slope of the water plane. For deeper work the wells should be located farther apart, as. shown in the right portion of figure 38. For depths exceeding 75 feet, a radius of 8 or 9 feet and chords of 4 feet should be used, the general requirement being that the wells should be as close together as possible, so as to cut down to a minimum the time required for Fig. 39.— Diagram showing electrical method of determining the velocity of ground water. The ground water is supposed to be moving in the direction of the arrow. The upstream well is charged with an electrolyte. The gradual motion of the ground water toward the lower we'l and its final arrival at that well are registered by the ammeter A. B is the battery and C a commutator clock which is used when A is a recording ammeter a single measurement, but not so close that important errors are liable to be introduced from the inability to drive the wells perfectly straight and plumb. On this account, the deeper the wells the farther apart they should be placed. The angles B A C and CAD should not exceed 30°. Electrical connection is made with the casing of each test well by means of a drilled coupling carrying a binding post. Each of the downstream wells. B, C, D, 90 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. contains within the well point or screen section an electrode consisting of a nickeled brass rod three-eighths inch by 4 feet, insulated from the casing by wooden spools. This electrode communicates with the surface by means of a rubber-covered copper wire. Fig. 39 illustrates the arrangement of electric circuits between the upstream well and one of the downstream wells. An electrode is shown in PI. XX Each of the downstream wells is connected to the upstream well in the manner shown in that plate. FORMS OF METERS. The meters used were of two types: (1) Direct reading or hand, which required the personal presence of the operator every hour for reading, and (2) self-recording, which required attention but once a day. DIRECT-READING METERS. A photograph of the direct-reading underflow meter is shown in PI. XXI, A. Six standard dry cells are contained in the bottom of the box, their poles being connected to the 6 switches shown at the rear of the case. By means of these switches any number of the 6 cells may be thrown into the circuit in series. One side of the circuit terminates in 8 press keys, shown at the left end of the box. The other side of the circuit passes through an ammeter shown in the center of the box, to 2 three-way switches at right end of the box. Four of the binding posts at the left end of the box are connected to the casing of well A, and to the three electrodes of w ells B, C, and I), in order. The binding posts at the right end of the box are connected to the casings of wells B, C, and D. There are enough binding posts so that two different groups of wells can be connected to the same instrument. When the three-way switch occupies the position shown in photograph, pressing the first key at left end of box will cause the ammeter to show the amount of current between casing of well A and casing of well B. When the next key is pressed the ammeter will indicate the current between the casing of well B and the electrode contained within it. In one case the current is conducted between the two well casings by means of the ground water in the soil ; in the second case by means of the water within well B. By putting the three-way switch in second position and pressing the first and the third keys in turn, similar readings can be had for the current between casings A and C, and between casing C and its internal electrode. Similarly with the switch in the third position readings are taken by pressing the f i rst and the fourth keys. The results may be entered in a notebook, as shown in Table IX, p. 95. The electrolyte docs not appear at one of the downstream wells with very great abruptness, but its appearance there is somewhat gradual, as shown in the curves in figs. 40 and 41. The time required for the electrolyte to reach its max- imum strength in one of the downstream wells (and, hence, for the current to reach its maximum value) may vary from a few minutes in a case of high ground-water velocity to several hours in a case of low velocity. The writer formerly supposed that the gradual appearance of the electrolyte at the downstream well was largely due to the diffusion of the dissolved salt , but it is now evident that diffusion plays but a small part in the result . The principal cause of the phenomenon is now FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. <>1 known to be the fact that the central thread of water in each capillary pore of the soil moves faster than the water at the walls of the capillary pore, just as the water near the central line of a river channel usually flows faster than the water Dear the banks. For this reason, if the water of a river suddenly be made muddy at a certain upstream point, the muddy character of the water at a downstream point will appear somewhat gradually, being first brought down by the rapidly C s, O.90 0.80 o.ro 0.60 J 5 0.50 ( 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 10 12 A.M. M. AUG 5 AMPEF *E CUF iVE Wf LL "B / t 1 -t >?/ k -VEL. = i- — ="5.3 HR9. FT PER ; / ' / ±-t 18 BAV -i M II "a A / 1 / 1 / i / i i i i i i / / / 10 P.M. 2 4 AJA. 6 AUG. 6 8 10 A.M. FIG. 40. — Curves showing electric current between casing of well A and casing of well B (heavy curves), and between casing of well B and its internal electrode (dotted curve) at station No. 5, San Gabriel River, California. These curves illustrate results made with the hand form of apparatus. moving water in the center of the channel, and later by the more slowly moving water near the banks. The effect of the analogous gradual rise in the electrolyte in the downstream well requires us to select the "point of inflection" of the curve of electric current as the proper point to determine the true time at which the 17116— No. 44—06 7 V>2 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. arrival of the electrolyte should be counted. This point is designated b}* the letter "M " in figs. 40 and 41. Owing to the repeated branching and subdivision of the capillary pores around the grains of the sand or gravel, the stream of electrolyte issuing from the well will gradually broaden as it passes downstream. The actual width of this charged water varies somewhat with the velocity of the ground water, but in no case is the rate of the divergence very great. Figures 42 and 43 show some actual deter- minations of the spread of the electrolyte around a well in a coarse sand, in one case the ground water moving 12 feet per day, and in the other case moving 23 feet per day. Samples of ground water were taken from small test wells placed only 6 inches apart, and the amount of salt or electrolyte was determined chem- 6 QUARTS 1 WATER TAKE N FRC IM WE LL V 2 QV> TAKE RTS V 1 FRO YATEF M WEI L -r 1 2 Q UART ; WAT ER TA KEN ROM VELL CASir G LECTRODE - 1 1 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 .80 .60 .40 .20 0 10 12 A.M. 12 4 (J 8 10 12 VELOCITY 5.5 FEET PER DAY 2 4 6 8 10 JUNE 21 & 22, 1903 Fig. 41.— Curves showing possibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. The casing in this instance consisted of common black 2-inch pipe, with a few small holes in 'bottom section. The "casing" curve must be relied upon for determining velocity. The "electrode" curve was obtained by drawing water from well C, as shown on diagram, the charged water penetrating the well through small holes and the open end of well. This diagram shows the velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Massapequa, L. I., Station No. 1. Velocity 5.5 feet a day, S. 10° K. ically. The amount at any point is indicated by the area of the circles shown in the diagrams. It will he seen that the salt barely showed itself at a distance of 3 inches upstream from the well. Three feet downstream from the well the width of the salt stream was about 3 feet in the first case and about 2 feet in the other case. Application of principles. —It is possible to dispense with the circuits from the casing of well A to those of the other wells, as the short circuit between the well and the electrode forms the best possible indication of the arrival of the electrolyte at DIRECT-READING APPARATUS. FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. 93 the downstream well. For cases in which the velocity of ground water is high the circuit to well A is practically of no value, but for slow motions this circuit shows a rising current before the arrival of the electrolyte at the lower well, often giving indications of much value to the observer. The method can be used quite successfully even though nothing but common WELL SALTED AT 2:00 P.M. 4 P.M. O o oV o O o o O o o O o Fig. 42. — Diagram showing the manner in which the electrolyte spreads in passing downstream with the groundwater. The shaded circle shows the location of the salted well, and samples were taken from the sand at the comers of li-inch squares, shown by dots in the diagram. The areas of the circles are proportional to the strength of the electro- lyte found at their centers. The rough outline indicates the area covered by the charged water at the times specified. The velocity of the ground water (in the direction of the arrows) was 12 feet a day. It can be seen that the electro- lyte barely reached a distance of 3 inches against the direction of flow. pipe be used for the wells. In this case, however, the absence of screen or per- forations in the wells renders the internal electrodes useless, and one must depend upon the circuit from well casing of the upstream well to well casing of downstream well 94 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The results in the table on page 95 and fig. 41 present such a case. In this case the wells were not provided with well points, but merely possessed a 4-foot length of pipe, provided with 4 or 5 holes on opposite sides of the pipe containing small i-inch washer screens. These few openings are not sufficient to permit the electrolyte to freely enter the well, so that readings between casings were relied Fig. 43.— Diagram showing or 22.9 feet a day. upon for results, well to give smal given in the table holding about 6 well into the per 10:15 A.M. WELL SALTED spread of electrolyte from a well with ground water moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42, The electrolyte spreads less rapidly for the higher velocity, as is shown at a glance. As a matter of fact, enough of the electrolyte did get into the increased readings, but in order to secure the electrode readings , water was removed from the downstream wells by a small bucket ounces, so as to force a quantity of the water surrounding the forated sections. RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS. 95 Table LX. — Station No. 1, Massapequa , Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903. FIELD RECORD OP ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT READING UNDERFLOW METER. Time. Casing B. Electrode B. Casing C. Electrode C. Casing I). Electrode D. IllltO O 1 O T> * ■ O 11I1L _ 1 . U . Ill . 0 03 u. uo 0 OS U. Uo o na 0. 10 0 03 U. UO 0 OQ yj. yjtf Qfl y.ou " 04 . u^t oa 04 uy.j 03fl . uoo 088 1U . . 04 07Q . u/ y 03Q . uoy 0Q9 03fi 088 10 ^0 04. . u^ 07Q . u/ y 04 0Q7 . uy/ . uoy 087 . Uo/ 1 1 . U^r 07Q . u/ y 04 . uoy 087 . Uo/ 1 1 ^0 04 . U^ 07Q . u/ y 04 . u^ OQ1 03Q . uoy 087 . Uo/ 19 041 07 Q 04 0Q9 040 . U^rU 087 . Uo/ .Til fit* 91 f» m • v U 1 II _ 1, L. 111. 1 049 07Q . u/ y 04 000 040 . UrfU 088 . Uoo 1 ^0 049 07Q . u/ y 04 092 040 . U^U 088 . Uoo o 043 . u^o 07Q 04 0Q9 040 . u^±u 08Q . uoy 9 20 043 . UIO 078 . u/o 041 0Q4 040 . u^u 088 . uoo 3 6 043 078 . u/ o 041 094 040 . u^u 0Q0 3 30 043 . u^o I 178 040 . u^u 0Q4 041 0QO . uyu 4 043 . UtO 078 . u/ o 042 094 041 OQO . uyu a in *fc.dU . U4o . U/ a . (HZ . uyo (HI . Ut»U 5 .043 .078 .042 .096 .041 .090 5.30 .045 .078 .043 .096 .041 .090 6.30 .045 .078 .043 .097 .042 .091 7... .045 .078 .046 .099 .041 .091 730''... .045 .078 .046 .099 .041 .090 8 .045 .080 .048 .099 .042 .093 8.30 .049 .080 .049 . 100 .043 .094 9 .048 .079 .0.50 . 100 .043 .094 10.30 .0.50 .079 .070 . 101 .045 .095 12 .050 .079 .095 . 106 .047 .095 a 10 pounds of sal ammoniac placed in well A. 6 2 pounds of sal ammoniac placed in well A. 96 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table IX..— Station Xo. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903— Continued. FIELD RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT READING UNDERFLOW METER — Continued. Time. Casing B. Electrode B. Casing C. Electrode C. Casing D. Electrode D. June 22, a. w. 1 0. 051 0. 079 0. 120 0. 122 0. 049 0.099 2 ' .051 .079 . 147 . 152 .050 . 100 3" 050 .079 . 168 . 19.5 .050 . 100 4 -.053 .079 . 178 .430 .050 . 100 a an .0.53 .079 . 188 .470 .050 . 1<)0 i .in &1.3 5 053 .075 .200 1.4 .0.50 . 100 fi .200 1.4 7.45 - .260 1.5 8 .052 .075 .260 <1.9 .050 'M00 8.15 '2.20 8.30 <2.20 i u is .26 2.20 .049 .099 10 .0.50 .072 2.20 .049 .099 10 .25 ''2.30 11 .245 2.30 11 ''2.30 1 <> 2 pounds of sal ammoniac placed in well A. b Before this reading some water was taken from well C. <• About 2 quarts of water were taken from well C before this reading. <1 After 6 quarts of water were taken from well C. In cases where good well points are used the ground water charged with the electrolyte finds its way gradually and naturally into the well. The well point should be clean enough to allow as free passage into the well as through the soil itself. Second-hand points used for this purpose may show a marked lag in the entry of the electrolyte. By comparing the curves for station No. 1 (fig. 41) with those of stations No. 6 (fig. 46) and No. 21 (fig. 57), where good well points were used, the lag caused by insufficient perforations in the well of station No. 1 is brought out very clearly. Granulated sal ammoniac is used in well A, a single charge varying from 4 to 10 pounds. If common pipe without points or screens is used for the wells, so I hat internal electrodes must be dispensed with, about 2 pounds should be used every hour. The dry salt should not be poured directly into the well, but should be lowered in perforated buckets, shown in PI. XX. These buckets are If by 30 inches and hold about 2 pounds of the salt. Two of these buckets may be tied one above the other for the initial change, followed by two more in ten or twenty minutes. If the wells are not too deep, the sal ammoniac may be introduced into the well in the form of a solution. A common bucketful of saturated solution is suffi- UNDERFLOW METERS. 97 cient. There is an uncertainty in introducing the sal ammoniac in solution in deep wells, as the time required for the solution to sink to the bottom of the well may be considerable. The ammeter used in the work has two scales, one reading from 0 to 1.5 amperes and the other from 0 to 5 amperes. With a given number of cells, the amount of current between the upstream and downstream wells will -depend, of course, upon several factors, such as the depth of the wells and their distance apart, but more especially upon the amount of dissolved mineral matter in the ground water. The initial strength of the current can be readily adjusted, however, after the wells have been connected with the instruments, by turning on or off some of the battery cells by means of the switches at the rear of the box. A good rule is to use enough cells to make the initial current, if practicable, about one-tenth of an ampere. SELF-RECORDING METER. In the second form of underflow meter, self-recording instruments are used so as to do away with the tedious work of taking the frequent observations day and night, required when direct-reading instruments are used. The arrangement of the apparatus is not materially different from that described above. In the place of the direct-reading ammeter a special recording ammeter is used, of range 0 to 2 amperes. It has been found practicable, although a matter of no small difficulty, to construct an instrument of this low range sufficiently portable for field use and not too delicate for the purpose for which it is intended. The ammeter has a resistance of about 1.6 ohms and is provided with an oil dash pot to dampen swing of arm carrying the recording pen. The instruments were manufactured by the Bristol Company; the}- have gone through hard usage in the field without breakage or mishap. The portability of the instruments will be materially increased by changes in design which are now being made. The methods of wiring the wells when the recording instruments are used is slightly changed. In this case one side of the battery circuit is connected to casing of well A and to all of the electrodes of wells B, C. and D. The other side of the battery is run through the recording ammeter to a commutator clock, which, once every hour, makes a contact and completes the circuits, one after the other, to a series of binding posts. One of these binding posts is connected to the casing of well B, one to the casing of well C, and one to the casing of well D. The time of contact is ten seconds, which gives the pen abundant time to reach its proper position and to properly ink its record. Pis. XXI, B, and XXII, A, show two commutator clocks made for this purpose by the instrument maker of the college of engineering, University of Wisconsin. The clock movement is a standard movement of fair grade, costing about $5. It can readily be taken from the case for cleaning or oiling and as quickly replaced. A seven-day marine movement with powerful springs is best for this purpose. It will be seen from the method of wiring the wells that the record will show the sum of the current between well A and well B added to the current between 98 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. the casing of well B and its electrode. The removal of the connection to well A would permit the record to show the current between the casing of a downstream well and its electrode, but the connection to the upstream well involves no addi- tional trouble and occasionally its indications are of much service, especially if the velocities are low. All of the instruments above mentioned can be placed in a common box, 16 by 22 by 36 inches, covered with tar paper and locked up. PI. XXII, B, shows a photograph of the instruments thus arranged. The shelf contains the recording ammeter (shown at left of cut) and the commutator clock (shown at right of cut). The contacts of the commutator clock are arranged about five minutes apart, so that the record made for the wells will appear on the chart as a group of lines, one for each downstream well, of length cor- responding to the strength of the current. The increasing current corresponding to one of the wells will finally be indicated by the lengthening of the record lines for that well. This can be seen by consulting the photo- graphs of records shown in PI. XXIII. Light- green ink is used for record charts and red ink in the recording pen, so that record lines can be distinguished when superimposed upon the lines of the chart. A special chart has been designed for this work, and is fur- nished by the Bristol Company as Chart 458. The recording instruments in use have given perfect satisfaction, and the method is a great improvement in accuracy and con- venience over the direct-reading method. The highest as well as the lowest ground- water velocities yet found have been success- fully measured by the recording instru- ments. By using one or two additional dry cells the instrument is quite as sensitive as the direct-reading type. In using the recording instruments but a single charge of salt need be placed in the upstream well. If the wells are deep it is important to use enough salt solution to be sure that the salt reaches as far down as the screen of the well point immediately alter the solution is poured into the well. A gallon of solution will fill about 6 feet of 2-inch wrought-iron pipe, so that 10 gallons of solution should be used if well is 60 feet deep. If the proper amount of solution be not used it will take an appreciable time for the solution to reach the bottom of the well by convection currents and the results will be vitiated to that extent. As before stated, it is preferable to introduce into the well granulated sal ammoniac contained in a suitable bucket, in case the depth of the well renders the use of a solution uncertain. 5 < .to VELOCITY 6UFEET PER DAY. Fig. 44. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh pumping station. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXII B. RECORDING AMMETER, COMMUTATOR CLOCK, AND BATTERY BOX IN USE IN THE FIELD. UNDERFLOW METERS. 99 PRINCIPLES INVOLVED. The principles involved in the working of the apparatus are quite simple. The upstream well A is charged with a strong electrolyte, such as sal ammoniac, which passes downstream with the moving ground water, rendering the ground water a good electrolytic conductor of electricity. If the ground water moves in the direction of one of the lower wells, B, C, D, etc., the electric current between A and B, A and C, or A and D will gradually rise, mounting rapidly when the f> 1.40 — "li'* 4: > \ C V EcOCIT Y 6.4 F T. PER DAY J VEL DCITY t FT. PE R DAY 'VELO :ity 5 4 FT. P :r DAY JULY 3 auu iy JUNE 2 3 JUNE 29 10A.M. 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 JULY 3 12 M. 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 AUG. 19 4 P.M. 6 8 10 12 2 « 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 Fig. 45. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (.Station 5). electrolyte begins to touch one of the lower wells. "When the electrolyte finally reaches and enters one of the wells B. C, D, it forms a short circuit between the casing of the well and the internal electrode, causing an abrupt rise in the electric current. The result can be easily understood by consulting fig. 40, in which the current is depicted graphically. The time which elapses from the charging of the well A, to the arrival of the electrolyte at the lower well, gives the time necessary for the ground water to cover the distance between these two wells. Hence, if the distance between the wells be divided by this elapsed time, the result will be the velocity of the ground water. 100 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. The 6-mile line from Freeport to Massapequa is, as has been stated, about 1 mile distant from the edge of the tidal marshes bordering the Atlantic Ocean. North of this line for a distance of 9 or 10 miles the natural surface drainage of the land is toward the south, the slope for nearly 8 miles of the distance being almost exactly 15 feet to the mile. This drainage plain is not only very flat and unbroken, but the surface conditions are exceedingly favorable for the absorption of a large percentage of the rainfall. The soil for the most part is coarse and sandy and i.eo 1.40 1.20 f / / / / -Elec :rode // / Case 11 A. M. 1 ■« JULY 1- * JULY 2- VELOCITY 5 FEET PER DAY. FlG. 4f>.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (Station 6). very porous. The slope of the water plane is somewhat less than that of the surface of the land, being approximately 10 or 12 feet to the mile. The underground drainage is in general toward the south, the main east-west underground water- shed probably coinciding within a mile or two with the surface watershed. The average rainfall is about 44 inches, a very large share of which enters the ground. In the localities where the test wells were bored the material for the first 30 to 40 feet was yellow sand and gravel, quite clean and uniform, but growing finer with the depth. The first 20 feet below the water plane seemed in every case to be of high transmission capacity, and the material below this level was usually of increas- ing fineness, finally changing into a fine, dark-colored, micaceous sand. At a depth of from 40 to 60 feet a compact layer of clave}- and bog-like material was U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. *4 PL. XXIII CHARTS MADE BY RECORDING AMMETER. EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 101 often met with, and in driving the test wells into and through this layer the water rose continuously in the wells until a marked artesian head was developed. Imme- diately below this compact layer good sands were again encountered. In the report on New York's water supply made by Jolm R. Freeman in the year 1900 it is stated as probable that the layer of clayey material referred to above is distributed as a wide and practically unbroken sheet 40 to 60 feet beneath the surface of the south-sloping drainage plain of the island. One of the objects of the measurement of ground-water velocities was to determine whether or not there was a considerable southerly movement to this water in the sands and gravels above the supposed clay sheet and to determine the order of magnitude of such a movement if it existed. Whenever there IIIM 29* Center tine of road Hi ^ 3 \ o \ t ol 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 P.M. 591591591591591 * JULY 5 * JULY 6 * JULY T- ■ »± VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 47. — Diagram showing direction and velocity of flow of underground water at Kast Meadow Brook and Babylon road (Station 7). exists in any drainage area a body of ground water which does not escape into the beds of surface streams as seepage water but continues seaward through the sands and gravels independent of the surface streams, this moving sheet of water is known as the underflow. One of the problems was, therefore, to determine whether or not a true underflow existed in this part of Long Island, and to learn something of its magnitude if it was found to exist. Another problem was to discover, if practicable, if any part of the underground drainage existed below the bed of clay; in other words, it was sought to determine whether the underground drainage consisted only of a surface zone of flow, or whether a deeper zone of flow — or possibly several deeper zones — were also present. 102 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In respect to the first problem above mentioned — the existence of an underflow — there can be no question but that a true underflow of considerable importance exists witliin a depth below the surface of from 40 to 50 feet. In practically all of the stations established a good movement was found to exist, having a strong southerly component, in many cases surprisingly free from the influence of neighbor- ing surface streams. The velocity near the surface — from 16 to 24 feet below the water plane — ran as high as 5 to 12 feet per day. At greater depths the velocities ran much less; at two stations, at depths of 30 and 42 feet, the velocities were each about 15 inches per day. At station No. 9 the sand was so fine at a depth of 45 feet Pipe lin 4 P.M. 8 12 i-JULY 14-~— 12 —JULY 15— — JULY ie DAY VELOCITY 3.1 FEET PER _ Fig. 48.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (Station 8) . that it could not be prevented from running into the bottom of the well above the top of the screen so that the wells could not be used. The existence of a deep zone of flow was also established. At station No. 15 day was encountered at a depth of about 44 feet. These wells were driven to a depth of about 62 feet, when an artesian head of about 30 inches developed. A measurement was then made, the screens on the wells being just below the imper- vious layer. A velocity of 6 feet per day was found to exist, in a direction about 10° west of south. The rate of flow at the same point just above the clay was only 18 inches per day, so that a true deep zone of flow undoubtedly exists at this point. This result, although very important, was not a surprise, as it had already been quite well established by the work of Mr. A. C. Veatch, of the United States Geological Survey, and others, that the clay layer, formerly supposed to be of EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 103 wide expanse and quite unbroken, is, as a matter of fact, absent over considerable areas of the island, so that no reason exists why a part of the underground drain- age should not exist below this impervious bed. The surface zone of flow of the underground waters is probably divided into a number of drainage areas, although it is exceedingly doubtful if the underground drainage basins coincide very closely with the drainage areas of the surface streams. In general, the velocities seemed to increase from west to east, the lowest velocities, however, being in a middle area, where the yellow gravels contain a quantity of .10 6 P.M. 9 15 81 8 9 15 915 91 ■ VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 49. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (Station 10). fine, clay-like silt. The Wantagh area seemed to have the largest underflow. It would be exceedingly interesting to have series of measurements extended eastward into Suffolk County. By increasing somewhat the number of stations in the area already covered and comparing with results from drainage areas in Suffolk County, a comparative study of underground drainage systems would result which ought to have much value in planning new sources of supply for Brooklyn. The details of the measurements are given in the reports on individual stations contained in the following table. The locations of the stations are shown in fig. 37 (p. 87), and the curves of electrical current for various stations are given in fig. 41 and figs. 44 to 57. 104 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table X. — Under /low measurements on Long laid nil. (lumber of station. I. 2. 2x 3. 4. 5. 5x 5y 6. 7. 8. 8' 10. LI. 12. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15x 16. 16x Mix 17. 18. 21. 22. Velocity of ground water per day. Feel. 5.5 2. 0 0.0 2.0 <2.0 6.4 5.4 8.0 5.0 2.6 .0 3. 1 2.6 .0 1.07 96.00 6.90 9.30 1.53 6.00 .00 77.00 11.60 10.60 1.00 21.30 5.60 Direction. Date, !<)<«. Depth of wells below water plane. Kind of point. S. 10° E June 21 June 24 S. 40° E August 21 June 26 June 27 S. 8° W June 29 S. 8° W July 3,4 S. 22° E August 19 S. 8° W July 1,2 S... July 5, 6 S July 9, 11, 11 N. 34° W July 14, 15, 16, 17. . . S. 37° E July 17, 18, 19,20... July 27-August 8. . . S. 3°E July 27-August 1 . . S August 3, 4 S August 3, 4 S August 5, 8 S August 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. S. 15° W August 17, 18, 19. - . S. 30° E August 10, 11 S. 60° E August 13, 14 S. 60° E August 13, 14 S. 30° W August 12, 13 S August 15-21 1 S. 50° E August 18, 19 S. 30° E August 20,21 Feet. 22 Perforated pipe. 22 Do. 22 Do. 22 Do. 22 Do. 22 Common point. 22 Do. 22 Do. 34 Do. 20 Do. 21.6 Open-end point. 21.6 Do. 28.0 Common point. 22.0 Do. 27.0 Open-end point. 16.0 Common point. 16.0 Do. 17.0 Do. 42.0 Open-end point. 62.5 Do. 16.0 Common point. 16.0 Do. 16.0 Do. 20.0 Do. 62.0 Open-end point. 16.5 Common point. 16.0 Do EFFECT OF THE RAINFALL ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. An excellent opportunity was presented at one of the stations for noting the influence of a heavy rain upon the velocity of ground waters. At station No. 5, at Agawarn pumping station (see figs. 45 and 58), the upstream well A was salted at 9.45 a. m., June 27, 1903. Between 9 a. in. and 1 p. m. nearly 3 incites of rain fell, so that the heavy precipitation coincided with the early part of the ground-water measurements. The velocity found was 6.4 feet per day. On July 3 the experiment was repeated, there heing no rain in the intervening time. The velocity found in the second trial was 5.4 feet per day. The change in velocity was undoubtedly due to the enormous, rainfall during the first experiment. Part of the liigh velocity during the rainstorm may he attrih- EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 105 uted to the effect of the low barometer accompanying the storm, but part of it should be assigned to the increased head of ground-water pressure caused by the heavy rainfall upon the receiving area. As I have shown in another place," ground waters move very much as electricity is conducted in a good conductor, the most striking quality in ground-water motion being an almost complete absence of true inertia. The motion of a mass of ground water, even for the highest velocities, is so slow that the resistance presented by the inertia of the ground water to an accelerating force is almost nothing when compared with the component of the retarding force, consisting of the capillary resistance in the small pores of the sand 2.00 1.80 s < .80 < — y Grand Avenue T , 12 M. -AUG.t- 12 M. — 2— 12 M. — 3— VELOCITY 1.07 FEET PER DAY Fig. 50. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook (station 12). or gravel. Actual computation will show that in a uniform sand of diameter of grain of one-half millimeter the ground water will reach within 1 per cent of its final maximum velocity by a sudden application of pressure or head in approxi- mately thirty seconds of time. This surprising result of the theory of ground-water motions receives a very striking verification in the increase in velocity noted during the rain storm as described above. These results have important bearings on our knowledge of ground-water phenomena in the neighborhood of a well. They indicate that the velocity of the a Slichter, C S., Theoretical investigation of motion of ground waters: Nineteenth Ann. Rept. V. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1899, p. 331. 106 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. ground waters in the neighborhood of a well reaches a maximum value soon after pumping is commenced. The gradual formation of the cone of depression near the well shows that there must be a progressive augmentation to the initial velocity of the ground waters toward the well. Nevertheless, the rate of depression of the water table is so slow that the ground-water motion established soon after the pumping has begun is substantially the same as after prolonged pumping. These remarks have their most important bearing upon the phenomena of the mutual interference of wells. The interference of one well with the supply of a neighboring well is thus seen to come into existence almost instantaneously and .need not wait for the establishment of a cone of depression of large area. The phenomena of the cone of depression have much to do with the permanent supply of the well, but have slight bearing upon the proper spacing of the wrells or the percentage of inter- ference of one well with another. Center line of road- 2 .60 < EFFECT OF SEEPAGE WATERS FROM.PONDS AND RESERVOIRS ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. Some unusually good opportunities occurred during the work on Long Island of determining the rate of seepage below the impounding dams of some of the storage ponds which the Brooklyn water- works has established north of the con- duit line referred to in the opening pages of this chapter. The batteries of driven wells which have been placed a few hun- dred feet south of nearly all of these ponds were quiescent during the summer of 1903, as the heavy rains furnished a sufficient quantity of surface water, and the auxiliary supply from the wells was not drawn upon, as usual, during July and August. At station No. 5, below East Meadow Pond and somewhat within its line of seepage (see fig. 58), the normal velocity of the ground water is 5.4 feet per day. At station No. 7, just north of the pond, the velocity was 2.6 feet per day. It seems clear that the natural velocity at these points, if the influence of the dam and pond were removed, would be about 4 feel per day. The velocity at station No. 6, located but a few feet from No. 5, at a depth of 34 feet, was 5 feet per day, as compared with 5.4 feet per day at a depth of 22 feet. The dam has the effect of making the water table nearly level in the immediate neighborhood of the pond, and also of greatly augmenting the slope of the water table for a short distance below the pond. The lower velocity above the pond and the higher velocity below the pond correspond with these facts. "When there was no How over the waste weir of the dam I measured the flow of the small M J 1P.M. 3 5 7 9 II 1 3 5 7 9 < AUQ.-5 x AUQr6 > VELOCITY 8.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 51.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at liellevue road (station 14). EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 107 stream which rises below the clam at the bridge marked "A" in fig. 58. On July 10 this flow was 1.2 second-feet, practically all of which represented seepage water from the reservoir. This amount, 1.2 second-feet, or 103,680 cubic feet per day, represents the amount of water that would flow through a bed of sand 30 feet deep and 1,000 feet wide at a velocity of 1 foot per day, the porosity of the sand being supposed equal to one-third. The normal velocity of the ground water is augmented, as shown by the measurement quoted above, by somewhat more than 1 foot per day. lhe width of the lower end of the pond, or the length of the earthen dam, is about 1,400 feet; basing the estimate on this minimum length and on a minimum depth of 30 feet, and augmented velocity of 1 foot per day, gives a minimum esti- 1.40 1.20 .20 o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 12 M. 12 M. 12 M. 12 M. 12 M. «-Aug. 6-x.- Aug. 7 x Aug. 8 x Aug. 9 x- Aug. 1 0 * — ► VELOCITY 1.53 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 52. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15). mate of the seepage from the dam of 1.6 second-feet; since 1.2 feet are known to actually come to the surface to feed the stream below the dam, it is evident that this estimate of seepage is a minimum. It seems evident that a considerable volume of seepage water could be recovered, without seriously lowering the water plane, by extending the line of driven wells to the east of the present terminus a distance of 600 or 700 feet. A test well was driven in the lower south end of East Meadow Pond to a depth of 10 feet to determine the pressure gradient of ground water beneath the surface of the pond. The water in this test well stood about 1 foot lower than the water in the pond itself, showing a slope of the water plane, or a hydraulic gradient, of 7 feet to a mile. These facts are shown in fig. 59 (p. 113). 17116— No. 44—06 8 108 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The gradient of the water plane below the dam — that is, between the dam and station No. 5 — was 17 feet to the mile, so that the velocities to be compared are: Pressure gradients and velocities above and below East Meadow Pond, Long Island. Station. Gradient of water plane per mile. Velocity of ground water per day. No. 7, above pond No. 5, below pond Feet. 7 17 Feet. 2.6 5.4 These results check very favorably, especially when it is considered that the gradient above or north of station No. 7 was probably 10 or 12 feet per mile, which a -3c cr ul | .20 < 2 P.M. 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 «— AUG.17- * ; AUG.18 AUG. 19 <— » VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. S3.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x). would make the effective gradient at this station somewhat greater than 7 feet per mile. Very striking results were obtained below the dam at the Wantagh Pond, where measurements were undertaken especially to determine the rate of seepage. The dam of the Wantagh Pond runs parallel to the right of way of the Long [sland Railroad about 75 feet north of the latter, and has an extreme length of 500 or 600 feet, About 150 feet south of the railroad, downstream from the res- ervoir, the city of Brooklyn began in the summer of 1903 the construction of an infiltration gallery, consisting of a line of 36-inch double-strength tile laid at a depth of 1 6 feet below the water plane. It is purposed to extend this gallery for a mile east and west from the Wantagh pumping station. Stations Nos. 13, 16, and 17 were EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF FNDERFLOW. established for the purpose of measuring the normal ground-water velocities at the depth (16 feet) of the purposed gallery. Two of these stations are immediately south of the pond and in the apparent direct line of seepage, while station No. 17 is located slightly to the east of the edge of the pond, and, as seems evident from fig. 60, just on the edge of the main influence of seepage from the ponds. The seepage velocities at stations No. 13 and 16 turned out to be enormous, the velocity at Xo. 13 being 96 feet per day, S., while at station No. 16 it was 77 feet per day. about S. 30° E., the deflection being toward the neighboring stream as shown in fig. 60. These velocities are the highest the writer has determined, and may be regarded as record-making rates for the horizontal motion of ground waters. Both measure- ments were made with the re- cording instruments; by consult- ing the curves in figs. 54, 55, and 56 it will be noted that each curve has two maximum points, which must correspond to the velocities in two distinct layers of gravel. The secondary velocity for station No. 13 was 7.4 feet per day and for station No. 16, 11.3 feet per day. A very strik- ing verification of the fact that the high movements here found were due to the escape of water from the pond will be noted when the temperatures of the waters in the wells of these sta- tions are compared with the tem- peratures of the water in the pond and the water in wells outside of the influence of seepage from the pond. Practically all water from wells on Long Island has a tem- perature between 58° and 60° F. In the present case, the tempera- ture of water drawn from H. A. Russell's well, 22 feet deep, located just west of the Wantagh Pond (see fig. 60), was 59° F. cm August 8, 1903, while the temperature of water from well D. of station No. 17, just east and slightly below the pond, was 61.2° F. on August 11, 1903. This well was 20 feet deep, the bottom being at the same depth as the wells of stations Nos. 13 and 16. The temperature of water in the pond varies more or less, especially the temperature of the surface layer. The temperature of the pond water on August 8, a cloudy day, was 72.5° F., and on July 30, a sunny day. 80° F. The temperature of water from the wells of station No. 13 was 65.8° F. on July 30, and that from the wells of station No. 16 on Augu>t 8 was 69.5° F. These high temperatures at stations Nos. 13 and 16 show that a large portion of the moving ground water must come directly from the pond, and .20 .01 — i 1 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 6 P.M. 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 * 6 < AUG-3 * AUG.-4 » VELOCITY ••(!) 96 FEET PER DAY;',2i 6.9 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 54. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of under- ground water south of Wantagh Pond at station 13. 110 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. that the rate of motion is so great that the ground water has not time to be reduced to the normal temperature of the ground. Ai station No. 17 the water had a velocity of 10.6 feet per day in a direction S. 30° W., and a temperature of 61.5° F. The ground water at this point is probably not entirely free from the seepage water from the pond. The direction of flow, the velocity, and the temperature of the water all indicate, however, that a con- siderable part of the water is the natural underflow which at this point is diverted toward the lowland occupied by the streams below the pond. There can be no doubt but wastabh posh that the proposed infiltration gallery will . intercept a large amount of seepage water from the pond which at present runs entirely to waste. The amount of seepage in the first 16 feet of depth is probably somewhat less than 3 second-feet per 1,000 feet of length of cross section, or about 2 million gallons per twenty-four hours. At station Xo. 21, located just above the Wantagh Pond, the velocity at a depth of 17 feet w as 21.3 feet per day in a direc- tion 60° east of south. This station is near the west bank of the main brook that feeds the pond, and the greater share of the ground water at this point percolates into the bed of the stream. The true underflow at this point can be found by tak- ing the southerly component of this velocity, which gives 10.6 feet per day. The temperature of the ground water at this point was 58° F. The increase of underflow rate at the Wantagh Pond from 10.6 feet per day to 96 and 77 feet per day, as compared with velocities above and below East Meadow Pond of 2.6 and 5.3 feet per day, respectively, are easily understood when the material constituting the bottom of the ponds is inspected. The material of the bed of the pond at Agawam is good, the soil being fine and compact, while at Wantagh the bottom of the pond is very sandy, in some places having a closer resemblance to a filter bed than to a puddled floor. -AU0.3 VELOCITY: (1) 77 FEET PER DAY; (2) 11.6 FEET PER DAY. Flo. 55.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x) RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. Ill EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. Through the courtesy of Mr. I. M. De Varona, an excellent opportunity was furnished the writer of making some observations upon the influence of pumping Upon the normal rate of motion of ground water in the neighborhood of some of the Brooklyn driven-well stations. For this special purpose, the pumping stations at Agawam and Wantagh, which had been idle since December, 1902, were started up for two days each in August, 1902. Agawam was operated continuously from 7 a. m., August 19, to 7 a. m., August 21, and Wantagh was operated from 7 a. m., Au- gust 22, to 7 a. m., August 24. At the Agawam station observations were made at station No. 5, by means of the recording instrument. Well A was charged at 4 p. m., August 19, or after nine hours of continuous pumping, an interval supposed to be suffi- cient for the establishment of the maximum rate of flow of the ground water, although, of course, the cone of depres- sion near the wells would still be changing quite rapidly. Station No. 5 is 30 feet north of the intersection of the chief suction mains com- municating with the line of driven wells and 12 feet east of the central discharge main (see fig. 58). The depth of the test wells was 22 feet, while the depth of the 30 sup- ply wells of the Agawam sta- tion system varies from 30 to 105 feet, the wells being arranged at intervals of 50 feet along two suction mains, each 750 feet long. The rate of pumping during the 48-hour test was very uniform, this average being 2,250,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The vacuum at the pump was maintained at 24 inches, while that at the first well east of the engine house was 23.2 inches. The charge of the centrifugal pump was dropped from 4 p. m. to 4.40 ]). m. August 19, during which time the vacuum fell to 7 inches. This was the only interruption during the test. < AUQ.-12 * — AUG.-13 VELOCITY 10.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 5fi.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 17). 112 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Fifth telephone pole south of grist mill The velocity determined at station No. 5 during the test was 8 feet per day, in a direction S. 22° E. The normal velocity at this station is 5.4 feet per day, S. 8° W., so that the influence of the pumping was to increase the velocity by 2.6 feet per day, or an increase of about 50 per cent. The actual velocity found and the percentage of increase are both very moderate, and indicate that the pumping station is not making an unreasonable draft upon the ground-water supply at this point. The 30 wells of the Agawam supply station have screens each 10 feet long, or altogether about 730 square feet of screen. The maximum velocity of ground water as it enters these screens must be at the rate of 1,230 feet per day, since the actual pumpage was 2,250,000 gallons or 300,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours. The mean velocity in the area, 10 by 1,500 feet cross section, immediately drawn upon by the wells (the supply wells covering an expanse of about 1,500 feet) was about 30 feet per day. The reduction of this rate to 2.6 feet per day represents a ratio of reduc- tion of 11 to 1, which could be taken care of by a depth of 110 feet in the water-bear- ing gravels, without going outside of the 1,500-foot east and west line of the driven wells. To put this in another way: The daily pumpage of 300,000 cubic feet of water could be supplied by the normal rate of motion of the ground water at this point (5.4 feet per day) through a cross section of 510,000 square feet, or, say, 100 feet deep by 1 mile wide. To supply this amount of water, if removed from the ground on each of the 365 days in a year, would re- quire 1 foot of rainfall on 12 square miles of catchment area, or 18 inches of rainfall on 8 square miles of catchment area. Since the watershed is at least 12 miles north of the station, t here is ample area to supply this amount of ground water, and the rate of removal at the Agawam station must, therefore, be regarded as moderate. The observations at Wantagh pumping station were made on August 21 and 22. The pumping at this station began , at 7 a. m., August 21, and continued forty-eight hours at the uniform rate of 4,366,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The water at this station is drawn from 48 driven wells, arranged on three lines of suction mains, as shown in fig. 60. The east-west expanse of the two chief lines of wells is about 1,500 feet. The wells of this station are of two different types- shallow wells of depth of about 24 feet; and deeper wells, extending below an impervious bed to depths of from 60 to 112 feet. These latter wells have an artesian Elec trode i 0 — / Casin g / / / o / • s J —f — 0 VELOCITYU21.38FEET PER DAY. Fig. o7. -Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond at station 21. EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 113 head of 3 or 4 feet, and when the pumping plant is idle the water from the deep wells flows into the suction main and into the shallow wells, from the latter of which it escapes into the sands and gravels of the upper zone of flow, raising abnor- mally the zone of saturation. An attempt was made on June 24 to measure the rate of motion of the ground water at station No. 2, situated 17 feet west of the chief discharge pipe, and 300 feet north of the intersection of the main suction pipes from the driven wells, as shown in fig. 60. The attempted measurement was a failure, it not being known Fig. 58. — Map showing locations of stations 5 and t> with reference, to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond. at the time that the discharge from the numerous artesian wells was entering the surface layers of gravels and hence interfering with the normal flow in these gravels. The ground water at station No. 7 was, on account of this situation, either entirely stationary or moving slightly toward the north. On August 21, well A, of station No. 2, was charged at 6 p. m., after eleven hours of continuous Station 7 Level of pond Test Dam L.I.R.R r"_.JV\stat,o5 "a| Water plane Slope 7 feet per mile B ^-.^Pond Slope 6 feet per m le _^ C '7 feet 0 E 0 Horizontal scale i00 200 300 *0O 500 600 700 800 900 iooo feet Fig. 59. — Vertical sections through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in Agawam Pond, shown in fig. 58 pumping from the driven wells. The velocity of the ground water observed was at the rate of 6 feet per day in a direction S. 10° E. As this station is distant only 300 feet from the lines of driven wells, it is evident that the withdrawal of 4,366,000 gallons or 582,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours has not an excessive influence on the normal rate of motion of the ground water. The results at Wantagh compare very well with the results at Agawam and indicate that the driven-well plants have not exhausted the possibilities of ground-water develop- ments. 114 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. SPECIFIC CAPACITY. The writer uses the term "specific capacity" to designate the numerical expression of the readiness with which a well furnishes water to the pump." This quantity can be obtained by dividing the yield of a well by the amount that the water is lowered in the well. Thus, in the case of the Agawam wells, the discharge was 1,560 gallons per minute under a vacuum of 23.2 inches of mercury at the first well east of the engine house. This vacuum corresponds to a head of 26 feet of water, but the water in the wells was lowered only 20 feet by the pump. The specific capacity of the group of wells was therefore 78 gallons per minute. The area of all strainer surface in the wells was 730 square feet. From these data it can be readily estimated that the specific capacity of the Agawam wells was 0.11 FlG. 60. Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond. gallon per square foot of well strainer under 1 foot head. This is a numerical expression of the degree of coarseness of the material in which the well is placed, combined, of course, with any resistance offered to the intake of water by the well strainer itself. At Wantagh station the discharge of 3,030 gallons per minute took place under a vacuum of 15.3 inches of mercury at the wells. The average head under which the water entered the wells was equivalent to 17.4 feet of water, f Void which the specific capacity is estimated to be 176 gallons per minute. The total strainer surface on the wells of this group amounts to 1,170 square feet, from \\ hu ll we conclude that the specific capacity per square foot of well strainer is 0.15 gallon per minute. This is nearly 40 per cent higher than at the Agawam wells. With carefully constructed wells of large diameter a minimum specific capacity of 0.15 gallon per minute per square loot of strainer can be depended upon for all wells in the Long Island watershed if properly designed strainers be used. a See Water-Sup. and to. Paper No. 140, U. S. Geol. Survey, l'J0.r>, chapter 7. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 115 CONCLUSION. The vcrv evident conclusion from observations on Long Island is thai large amounts of ground water can still be obtained along the south shore of the island, especially if deep wells of large diameter can be successfully bored. The writer has already called attention to the possibility of constructing 12-inch wells of the California or "stovepipe" type in the unconsolidated material met with to considerable depths on Long Island." Such wells, several hundred feet in depth, with perforations opposite the best water-bearing material, would utilize a large part of the underflow which now escapes to the sea. The practicability and success of such wells in this locality seem very probable, but the actual construction of a test well is the only way of arriving at an entirely satisfactory conclusion. aSlichter, C. S., The California or •' stovepipe " method of well construction for water supply: Eng. News, Nov. 12, 1903, p. 429. CHAPTER IV. WELL records on long island. Compiled by A. C. Veatch and Isaiah Bowman. INTRODUCTION. The presentation in a compact form of the data and detailed well records collected during the work on Long Island has proved a considerable problem. Presented in the text in connection with the geologic discussion, they furnish the necessary proof of many of the statements there made but so encumber the text that the mind loses itself in the mass of detail. Recourse has therefore been had to the presentation of all the well data in a compact table with notes giving such additional information as may be available. The arbitrary numbers assigned to the wells in the table correspond to those used in the index map (PI. XXIV) and through the text in Chapters I, II, and V. While an attempt has been made to indicate the geologic subdivisions in some of the records for a critical discussion of their geologic bearing, the reader is referred to the paper on the geology of Long Island, which will be published in a short time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Thanks are due to Mr. I. M. De Varona, chief engineer of the Borough of Brooklyn, for access to some of the invaluable records collected by his department ; to Mr. L. C. L. Smith, engineer in charge of the Borough of Queens, for many kindnesses and suggestions regarding that borough; to Mr. Cord Meyer and Mr. Edward Meyer, of the Citizens' Water Supply Company, and to Mr. Franklin B. Lord and Charles R. Bettes, of the Queens County Water Company, for much assistance in the study of the fluctuations of well waters. From the commission on additional water supply, samples were received from the many shallow wells which they put down in their study of the position of the ground-water table. Descriptions of these samples will be found in the descriptive notes following and the results of the sizing and filtration tests in Chapter V. The well drillers on the island almost without exception rendered valuable assistance, and it is a great pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following sources: Samuel II. Allen, well driver, .513 Broadway, Long Island City, N. Y. Arthur & Tu thill, well drivers, Cutchogue, N. Y. (iillK>rt Baldwin, well driver, Woodmere, N. Y. 116 A ( ' K NO WLEDGMENTS. 117 William H. Beers, well driver, Wading River, N. Y. Ralph B. Carter Company, artesian-well contractors, 47 Dey street, New York City. Cole Brothers, artesian-well contractors, 102 Fulton street, New York City. P. H. & J. Conlan, artesian-well contractors, 253 Lafayette street, Newark, N. J. Chester D. Corwin, artesian-well contractor, 198 Seventh avenue, New York City. C. H. Danis, artesian-well driller, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. N. W. Davis, artesian-well driller, Port Jefferson, N. Y. Dollard Brothers, artesian-well drillers, Babylon, N. Y. H. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Huntington, N. Y. L. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Glen Cove, N. Y. J. Elliott, tile wells, Pinelawn, N. Y. John Fisher, well driller. West bury, X. Y. I. H. Ford, artesian-well contractor, 102 Fulton street, New York City. C. L. Grant, artesian-well contractor, Hartford, Conn. Elisha Gregory, artesian-well contractor, 123 Liberty street, New York City. Paul Haller, well driver, Cedarhurst, N. Y. W. J. Hancock, well driver, Baldwin, N. Y. Thomas B. Harper, artesian-well contractor, Jenkinstown, Pa. John Heerdegen, 44-46 Broadway, New York City. J. H. Herbert, tubular wells, Floral Park, N. Y. Hudson Engineer and Contracting Company, water supply engineers, 92 William street, New York City. E. K. Hutchinson, artesian-well driller, Oyster Bay, N. Y. W. C. Jeagle, artesian-well driller, HicksviOe, N. Y. Isaac Kasteard, well digger, Port Washington, N. Y. Thomas J. Kirk, well driver, Patchogue, N. Y. J. W. Nichols, well driver, Manorville, N. Y. R. F. Nichols, well driller, Oyster Bay, N. Y. J. M. Peler, well driver, Manhasset, N. Y. Phillips & Worthington, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, Newr York City. Pierce Well Engineering and Supply Company, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. Charles E. Price, artesian-well driller, Smithtown Branch, N. Y. O. W. Quinn, well driller, 257 Seventh avenue, New York City. J. B. Redwood, well digger, Smithtown, N. Y. Robinson Brothers, well drivers, Center Moriches, N. Y. T. B. Rogers, artesian-well driller, Stonybrook, N. Y. Rust Well Machinery Company, artesian-well contractors, Ithaca, N. Y. A. O. Ryder, well digger, 227 Franklin place, Flushing, N. Y. George Schmidt, well driller, East Williston, N. Y. Ed. Schmidt, well driver, Mineola, N. Y. Harry Strausbinger, well digger, Shelter Island, N. Y. H. S. Stewart, well contractor, 354 South Highland avenue, East End, Pittsburg, Pa. Stotthoff Brothers, artesian-well contractors, Flemington, N. Y. Sweeney & Gray, consulting engineers and well drillers, 81-85 Sixth street, Long Island City. John Tart, driller, with Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, 92 William street, New York City. S. E. Terry, well borer, Holtsville, N. Y. Andrew Vandewater, well digger, Hempstead, N. Y. A. J. Velsor, well digger, Fort Salonga, N. 1 . Lawrence Verdon, well driller, Far Rockaway, N. Y., with Queens County Water Company. F. K. Walsh, artesian-well driller, Woodmere, N. Y. Frank Wankel, well driller, 535 Himrod street, Brooklyn, N. Y., with Hudson Engineering and Contract- ing Company. Alfred Wisson, well driller, Old West bury, N. Y. W. V. Young, artesian-well driller, Baiting Hollow, N. Y. 118 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. Table XI. — Representative No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *1 Hoffmann Island. .. 1 A... Fort Lafayette 1 B . Bay Ridge IB. *4 Bay Ridge Park 1 B . New York Quarantine Sta- Elisha Gregory . tion. U. S. Army ' !'.':■>: Brooklyn sewer depart- ment. Blythebourne Water Co *5 6 *7 8 9 *10 *11 *12 *13 14 15 *lfi 17 *18 *19 *20 21 22 *23 24 *25 28 *27 *28 *29 ♦30 m Brooklyn 1 B. do 1C. do 1C. .do. .do. 1 C. 1 C. 1 C. Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co ! Elisha Gregory. Milliken Bros Milliken Bros... Barrett Manufacturing Co. P. H. Gill & Sons ' Crescent Chemical Co ' Governors Island. . . Ellis Island ! 1 C. New York-Brooklyn . Brooklyn 1C. [10.. |2C. Manhattan Beach 2 A . New Utrecht pumping 2 B . station. U. S. Army P. H. and J. Conlan ' Pierce Well Engineering Co. Long Island R. R Rapid Transit ' Manhattan Beach Hotel Dollard Bros. Brooklyn waterworks Gravesend pumping sta- tion. Gravesend Mapleton 2 B. .do. W. D. Andrews & Bro. . 2 B. . 2B.. Borough Park j 2 B . . West Brooklyn 2B.. Blythebourne j 2B.. Flatbush 2B.. Brooklyn: 8th"avenue and 18th I 2 B . . street. Brooklyn Borough Gas Co.. Pfalzgraf estate ' (West Brooklyn Water Co.) .do. 2C. 2C. do.ff ....do./ L. B. Ward The Maltine Co Foster Pump Works. . . The Maltine Co Brooklyn Union Gas Co Brooklyn Union Gas Co 1 Blythebourne Water Co Flatbush Water Co Elisha Gregory E. Lewis J. C. Meem, engineer. L. B. Ward'' Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co Milliken Bros Barrett Manufacturing Co. . P. H. Gill & Sons Crescent Chemical Co Elisha Gregory Pierce Well Engineering Co. C. M. Jacobs, engineer Chief engineer Dollard Bros. L. B. Ward". ....do.ft Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. L. B. Ward* I. M. De Varona/ Tartar Chemical Co. Elisha Gregory Elisha Gregory. 2C. 2C. Brooklyn Union Gas Co I Brooklyn Union Gas Co Samples in office of Transit] Development Co. Brooklyn Union Gas Co.. Transit Development Co 20 ' Brooklyn I'nion Gas Co. 12th street and Go- wanus Canal. !lth street and Go- wanus Canal. Hoyt and 5th avenue 3d avenue and 3d street. 3d avenue, between Degraw and Doug- lass streets. Dean street, near Yanderbilt avenue. St. Marks and Grand avenues. Lewifl and De Kalb avenues. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Yield from a single shaft- Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. r Average per well for 1899. d See Table VIII. 2C Humbert A: Andrews 2C Knox Hat Co 2C Borden Condensed Milk Co. Chester D. Corwin Chester D. Corwin Klisha Gregory Elisha Gregory Chester D. Corwin Chester D. Corwin WKLL RECORDS. 119 REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. wells on Long Inland. Height of Depth of water Diameter Depth of principal abo™( + ) Geologic horizon of of well, of well. water , , mfinite water-bearing strata, supply- gnn.nd level. Inches. 8 Feet. 1,000 Feel. '50-1,000 Feet. Gallons. 33 Cambro-Silurian (?). Remarks. No. Rock encountered at a depth of 4.W feet. 60 240 | 8-6 24 8 4-2 6 12-8 96 7 96-5 5 96-8 6 2 6-4J 6 10 8 53 40-90 90 90 1,503 65 50 50 56 1,822.5 1,400 120 12-102 40 30 50 14 Foundation test borings. n 520-69."> 1 Wisconsin Sewer tunnel <-139 .do See Table VIII 52 1,715 - 10 - 10 - 35 - 15 Flows. Cambro-Silurian Salt water 100 Wisconsin Hard water; used only for cooling ..do Used for cooling purposes only ..do Water salty and hard ..do Slightly brackish; not used for boiler or - 10 - 3.6 ' - 17.4 65 60 44 55 60 c6.5 e 15 177.6 157.5-17 65 ! ... ■ 157. 5 143 40 30-50 72-911 331 101 140 81-98 217 - 67 c27 .500 100 ■ 1,200 (20 ■ 38 40+ 100 drinking. Cambro-Silurian Salty water Brackish water Test boring. (Pleistocene: Cambro- \\ , \ Silurian. J ao Pleistocene | Coarse sand and gravel. . . Wisconsin ; Group of 120 driven wells do | Group of 113 driven wells Wisconsin. Wisconsin . Tisbury " . . Jameco?. Jameco?. Tisbury? Jameco. . Tisbury . Blue clay at a depth of 14 feet Single well used for local water supply Reserve station of old West Brooklyn Water Co. Principal station of old West Brooklyn Water Co. Reserve station: not used Group of SS wells Used for cooling and manufacturing: slightly hard. 2 wells 2 wells; water not used for boilers. Group of 5 wells Test borings for foundations. Group of 11 wells. Bed rock at 331 feet. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 d 15 d 16 17 d 18 19 20 a 21 J rf22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 i Op. cit., p. 181. /History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 139. ?Op. cit'., p. 138. i Average of each well. 120 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, Table XI. — Representative wells Location. B rooklyn —Continued. Pulaski street and Lewis avenue. 254 Hart street Central avenue and Grove street. Forest street and Evergreen avenue. Noll and Bremen streets. Bartlett street and Harrison avenue. Bartlett street and Flushing avenue. Flushing and Frank- lin avenues. 20-34 Ryerson street. 163 Carlton avenue . . Between Wallabout and (iowanus. , Clarke, Willow, and Pineapple streets. Mi Water street Brooklyn Bridge Pearl and streets. 50 Jay street. Front John and Jay streets Bridge and Ply- mouth streets. Brooklyn Navy-Yard Coordi- nates. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C... 2C 20.... 2C... 20.... Owner. H. B. Scharmann & Sons. Excelsior Brewing Co. Jos. Epping S. Liebmann Sons Brewing Co. Obermeyer & Liebmann. . . Pfeizer Chemical Co ....do Malcom Brewing Co Merger A Thrall ( ?) . . Walter M. Debevoise. ( Johnson) Sweeney Manufacturing Co. I. H. 1-ord Driller. Authority. Elisha Gregory Pierce Well Engineer- ing Co. C. D. Corwin Phillips* Worthington Stotthof? Bros C. D. Corwin . I. H. Ford... Jones Bros. John W. Masury & Son. BrooklynNavy-Yard 2C. Brooklyn Navy-Yard Brooklyn Navy- Yard Brooklyn Navy- Yard 556 Kent avenue. Keap street and Kent avenue. Harrison and Broad- way streets. Leonard and Meser- ole streets. Meserole and Hum- bolt streets. Bushwlck and Mes- erole avenues. White and Boerum streets. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 20. 20. 20. 2C. 2C. Arbuckle Bros. Howard & Fuller Brewing Co. U. S. Navy ...do .do. .do. .do. Brooklyn Union Gas Co. Chrome Steel Works The J. H. ShultsCo Burger Brewing Co Congress Brewing Co Eastern Brewing Co. . . . F. H. Klabfleisch Co.... (Pierce Well Engineering Co. II. 3. Stewart. F. Wankel. .do. .do. H. B. Scharmann. Elisha Gregory Pierce Well Engineering Co. Alfred Liebmann E. Obermeyer C. D. Corwin Phillips & Worthington. Stotthoff Bros.a C. D. Corwin I. H. Ford W. W. Mather b. Arthur Hollicki'. I. H. Ford Long Island Historical So- ciety. Pierce Well Engineering Co John W. Masury & Son . . . H. S. Stewart Howard & Fuller Civil engineer of navy-yard. F. Wankel .do. .do. Chester I). Corwin . Civil engineer of navy-yard Brooklyn Lnion Gas 06... T. I. Jones,- treasurer The J. H. Shults Co L. G. Burger James D. Long, manager.. Chester D. Corwin F. H. Klabfleisch Co *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey Now Jersey for 1898, 1809, p 137. representative: wells. 1-21 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well Inches. 6 5-0 Depth of well. Feet. 105 138 100 275 60-70 165 176 62 84 90 84 65 60 89 60 100 53-75 2, 148 800 50 50 316 220 108 129.5 85 85 65 65 3.5-45 140 117 50 Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below (—) ground level. Feet. 63-105 150-165 124-176 Feet. 21-60 275 296 190 90 101-117 Yotr Geologic horizon of minute, water-bearing strata. Gallons. Remarks. No. Nothing but sand 32 200 Pleistocene . 100 ' do 360 350 Pleistocene . 33 Brown sand, 0 to 100 feet 34 35 3 wells; all sand . Water 8 feet from cellar floor Bed rock at S4 feet 300 225 Flows. -20 100 100 100 -51 -15 Pleistocene . ....do Bowlder clay Foundation sounding. Pleistocene . ....do Pleistocene . Group of wells. Water rather hard Bed rock at 93. No water in rock . . Bed rock at 97 Coarse reddish sand, 0 to 50 feet Struck rock or bowlders and abandoned . ^Silurian? Bed rock at 103 feet 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 .do Bed rock at 96 feet 52 Pleistocene . ....do .do. Nothing but brackish water. Rock at 101 feet. Record of l)eds penetrated in dry-dock exca- vations. Original yield in 1873, SOOgallonsper minute 2 wells. Pleistocene Hard water; temperature, 50° F . All sand Blue clay, 90 to 140 feet Pleistocene J do Used for cooling purposes only. . . 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 t> Geologv of the First District, 1843, p. 259. c Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 225. 122 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *62 63 *64 Brooklyn— Continued. Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick and Florence Montrose and Sen- eca streets. Maspeth and Gardi- ner avenues. *65 5 { *66 *67 69 70 *71 *72 Porter and Maspeth avenues. Meeker and Kings- land avenues. Meeker avenue, be- tween North Moore and Moni- tor streets. Wythe and Metro- politan avenues. Kent avenue and North 12th street. 11th 2C. 2C. 2C. ;2C. 2C. 2C N. Seitz's Sons. . . Robinson Bros. . . | Phillips A; Worthington Phillips & YV'orthington. I. H. Ford. Peter Cooper Glue Co. Brooklyn Union Gas Co. Neptune Consumers Ice I. H. Ford. Co. nth 12th 110-118 North street. 99-117 North street. Kent and streets. Noble and West streets. Fly Island, New- town Creek. Long Island City: 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 20. ►2C. 2C. Blissville 2C. *76 : 77 ! 78 *79 *80 |. 81 *82 L •83 . 81 . Blissville. 2C. Streeter & Dennison Brooklyn Union Gas Co . Hecla Iron Works New York Quinine and Chemical Co. Standard Oil Co /American Cordage and \ Manufacturing Co. Empire Oil Refinery /Fleischmann Manufactur- l ingCo. Standard Oil Co. Laurel Hill 2C Nichols Chemical Co. Laurel Hill New Calvary Ceme- tery. Van Dam street. *8« *87 ♦88 Manhattan Bor- ough to Thom- son street. Near depot 0th and West Vernon avenue 2C General Chemical Co. 2 C Calvary Cemetery 2C. 2C. 2C. J Department Water Supply, \ gas and electricity. Flower estate 2 0. 2C. Flower estate. 2 C. ... Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island R. R. 2 C Westinghouse Electric Co. . . 2C A. & S. B. Coyson 2C. ... Jas. GillisA Sons I. H. Ford Robinson Bros. Peter Cooper Glue Co. Brooklyn Union Gas Co .. C. Hartv, foreman Chester D. Corwin Chester D. Corwin. The Rust Well Ma- chinery Co. P. H. & J. Conlan . Elisha Gregory I. H. Ford P. H. & ,T. Conlan Nichols Chemical Co General Chemical Co. . . Pierce Well Engineering Co. Commission Pierce Well Engineering Co. Commission Pierce Well Engineering Co. W. E. Dohrman Sweeney & Gray Pierce Well Engineering Co. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. o Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1000, 1(101, p. l.io. I* Originally —5. <■ Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1897, 1898, p. 284. Streeter *136 *137 *138 *139 140 *I41 Location. Long Island City — Con. 408 9th avenue Stein way and Ja- maica avenues. Albert street and Jamaica avenue. 12th between Broad- way and Jamaica avenue. Grand street and 3d avenue. Elm street and Hopkins avenue. Fulton and Halsey streets. Munson and Or- chard streets. Stein way avenue and River road. Woolsey and Van Alst avenues. Coordi- nates. Barren Island . do do 2 D . 2 D . 2 D. 2D. 2 D. 2 D. 2D. 2 D. 2 I). 2 D. 2D. 3 A. 3 A. 3 B. do 3B. Crook Island 3 B. East New York: f Pennsylvania and I Stanley avenues. New Lots road and Fountain avenue. Brooklyn Aqueduct Brooklyn Aqueduct J Old Spring Creek ( pumping station. Temporary Spring Creek pumping station. Ridgewood pump- ing station. Jamaica avenue and Aqueduct. }3 C . . 3 C. 3C. Woodbaven •3 B. }sc. 3C. 3C. 3C. 3C Owner. Driller. S. H. Allen ....do Dr. Harnier Chas. Bickerman I do do Commission Mrs. Fleming Ward's ship yards. . . Astoria Steel Co Consolidated Gas Co. Newwitter & Migel . . . McKievery Thos. F. White Co New York Sanitary Utiliza- tion Co. do White Lead Co [German American Improve- I ment Co. /Department water supply, i gas, and electricity. .do. .do. S. H. Allen ....do Elisha Gregory. S. H. Allen Thos. B. Harper. do ....do Chester D. Corwin . do .do. W.D. Andrews & Bro. .do. Authority. S. H. Allen . ....do .do. .do. Commission S. H. Allen ....do Elisha Gregory Phillips & Worthington. S. H. Allen do Thos. B. Harper. . Lewis Woolman". do. b Chester D. Corwin. do L. B. Ward. |Robt. Van Buren, engineer. [l. B. Ward'' I. M. De Varona f . do.ff do. A L. B. Wardd. W.D. Andrews & Bro. I. M. De Varona ' L. B. Ward. .do I I. M. De Varona". -<1" do.ff (Woodbaven Water Supply \ L. B.Ward rf ll Co. J ) *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Ann. Kept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1896, pp. 155-156. '< Average per well for 1899. cSee Table VIII. >' Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 19(H), table facing p. e Report of P. II. & J. Conlan, drillers; Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, p. 142. /Ann Rept Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 298. « History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, pi. 4(> Op. cit., p. 20. 186. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 127 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter Depth of of well. well. Inches. 10-8 3 Height of Yield or per below (—) minute, ground level. principal water supply Feel. 57 65 60 65 31 35 22 008 55 100 48 740 740 720 10-1} 700 2 134 6 60 6 65 6 70 6 168 2 4.5-50 6 80-90 288-6 24 + 5 191 5 148 2 30-11 2 36 6 150 8 150 2 100+ 6 42-75 6 42-75 284 80-150 Feet. 42-60 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Feel. -47 -42 Gallons. Remarks. No. Marine shells at 50 feet . .-. 118 ! 119 120 121 12? - 1 Flows. + 10 + 10 Rock at 35 feet 123 Well unsatisfactory; rock at 22 feet 124 Rock 28 to 608 feet; salty water 125 Fordham gneiss Hard water 126 Abandoned 127 103 50 Bad water at 14 feet 128 Lloyd gravel ' 129 -...do 130 do I 131 .do. 2.5 M6 "•270 Xone. Pumps 105 gallons per minute 132 Salt water at 134 feet I 133 <-134 Jameco New Lots pumping station e i 1 135 (Wisconsin and Tis- Average for whole station of 40 wells for 1899 1(c) t bury was 3,007 gallons per minute. Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 17 136 Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 4 137 Jameco 1 80-103 Wisconsin I Test of 1894 do ;2, 759 Jameco do * 30-40 Test wells sunk in 1882 »i240 Wisconsin and Tis- Test in 1894; group of 13 wells, bury. 160 do Good do 138 (<0 Good. Jameco 6 24 Wisconsin and Tis- burv. Il39 Average for 1899 I(C' Temporary pumping station yielded 4,000.- -140 000 gallons daily. Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 5. 141 |Group of 16 wells cl42 'Tests of separate wells. Average per well for test of whole plant at same time 30+ gallons. ; Average for whole station of 108 wells for 1899. It With a hand pump. ' History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, p. 21. Average yield in 1899 was 160 gallons. ■ Op. cit.,p. 100. 128 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XL — Representative wells No. *161 *162 *163 *164 *165 *166 *167 *168 *169 *170 *171 *172 *173 174 Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. *143 Woodhaven. 3 C... *144 Union Place 3C. *145 Glendale 1 3C. 146 Evergreen 3C. *147 Metropolitan 3C. *148 Middle ViUage 3C. *149 Middle Village 3C. 150 Flushing Creek I 3C. Lalance 1,388 Pleistocene . do 6 70 8 51 8 56 2 26 6 45-62 2 69 4 32 4 52 4 60 45-80 227 61 60 72 40 40 112 63 48 70 42 31 100 50-90 Flows. - 1 -26 rt 15 - 2 e -15 d 14 0 Pleistocene . do ....do Wisconsin . ....do Pleistocene . Pleistocene. .do. .do. .do. 80 210 Pleistocene. do -31 -59 200 3.5-10 — 6 Gneiss 556 to 577 feet . 143 Commission No. 567 144 Commission No. 1372 145 Temperature 50° F 146 }l47 Temperature 51° R Commission No. 1204 | 148 1W Station No. 4; group of 16 wells !cl50 Station No. 5; group of 13 wells 1 151 Test well ; no water below 90 feet j (c) Commission No. 1188 152 Pumping station No. 1 ci53 Rockat80feet:pumps80 gallons perminute. 154 1 155 156 157 C158 Commission No. 1189 Pumping station No. 1: 28 wells Commission No. 662 | 159 160 Pumping station No. 2 [Pumping station No. 2; 78 wells (Gneiss, 138 to 227 feet Commission No. 827; rock at 40 feet, prob- ably a bowlder. Commission No. 828. Group of 3 wells Water in crevice in rock . el61 llfi2 [('•) 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 Commission well No. 859 173 Rock, 50 to 100 feet d74 d Average per well for 1899. « Report of J. Ed. Mever, who states that a few of these wells were originallv artesian. / Ann. Rept. New Jersev Geol. Survey for 1899. 1900. p. 80. 130 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. 175 *176 *177 *178 *179 *180 *181 *182 183 *184 185 *186 *187 *188 *189 *190 *191 192 *193 194 *195 *196 *197 198 *199 *200 Location. Coordi- nates Long Island City— Con. Cabinet and Bowery 1, n Bay road. joa».. North Beach. North Beach Flushing and Ehret avenues. Trains Meadow and Highway roads. Trains Meadow road near Jack- son avenue. Junction avenueand Strongs Lane. College Point ....do ....do ....do Tallman Island 3D... 3 D. 3 D. 3 D. 3D. 3 D. 3D.. 3 D. . 3 D. . 3 D. . 3 D. . Far Rockaway I 4 B . .do. ...do. ...do. ....do Nigger 1'oint. Shetucket pumping sta- tion. ....do 4 B . . 4 B.. 4 1!.. 4 B. . 4 B. . 4 B. . 4 B. . /Springfield 1 station. pumping *201 Near Springfield pump- ing station. Oconee pumping station Near Oconee pumping station. /Baisley's pumping sta- 1 tion. (Jameco pumping sta- i Won. 4 B. •4 B. 4 B. 4C. 4C. ♦21)2 Aqueduct and Cornell Cl *203 (reck. Aqueduct and Rocka- way road. Owner. (Department water supply, t gas, and electricity. Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Association Woodside Water Co . Commission ....do .do. India Rubber Comb Co. . Stonebanks American Hard Rubber Co. Long Island R. R. Jas. Caffery B. L. Carroll Jas. CaSery Long Island R. R . Queens County Water Co. . Idlewild Hotel Theo. R Chapman Department water supply, gas, and electricity. ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. Driller. Sweeney <$: Gray. Chester D. Corwin Lawrence Verdon . Gilbert Baldwin. . F. K. Walsh C. A Lockwood . Theo. R. Chapman. Authority. L. B. Ward. L. C. L. Smith, consulting engineer. Commission . .do. .do. A . D . Schlissinger, president A. D. Schlissinger Chester D. Corwin A. D. Schlissinger C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer. Lawrence Verdon < .ill ii rt Baldwin... F. K. Walsh Long Island R. R. C. A. Lockwood. . Theo. R. Chapman. ....do L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona . |L. B. Ward 1 Peter C. Jacobsen c. I. M. De Varona . . . W. I>. Andrews A: liro. L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona [W. D. Andrews & Bro. 1 1. M. De Varona L. B. Ward 1 1. M. De Varona * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 ct seq. a Average yield to pumps per minute from whole station, 1899. * See Table VIII. c Reports to Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 131 on Lang Island — Continued. Diameter Depth of of well. of well. Inches. Feet. 4 45 192 22 6 70 6 40-50 Height of -ss- tea? mimit<>- level. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. .FY??. Feet. Flows. -12 36 28.5 31 53 35 28 86 60 149 112 190 90 30 20-30 50 200 200 203 180 154 8 170 8 156-207 5 271 8 195 5 192 2 + 100 2 28-65 2 44 2 200 4 1.50 6 155 6 151 10 290 8 151 2 23-73 4-10 160 5 156 5 257 1>0-190 90 20-30 nOWS. Flows. 0 -20 Gallon*. a 557 20 Remarks. No Pleistocene . do Long Island City station No. 2: 29 wells ... ''175 Group of 17 wells l>176 Group of 3 wells 177 Station No. 3; not used M78 Commission No. 767 179 Commission No. 762 180 Commission No. 768 1 181 Poor water 182 Lignitized wood at 28 feet I 183 50 Pleistocene ! 184 '. Blue clay, 0-60 feet 185 I Fordham gneiss, 110 to 149 feet 186 Good. Jameco? Saltwater... Jameeo ! Freshwater. Tisburv 200 200 Flows. 202 Flows. -10.3 146-154 /97 Tisbury Abandoned station. Jameco Brackish water do ! do do i Group of 12 wells .. 1 17-207 185-192 140-170 -10.7 -16.7 - 9.6 Flows. .do 1 Brooklyn test well No. 16. /74 .do Group of 20 wells . + .8 15-25 do. 09 1S7 189 190 j 191 192 193 f»194 195 196 Well No. 15 yielded on test 694 gallons a minute. lowering water to about —14 feet. Brooklyn test well No. 9 197 + 3 -10.6 -11.7 FlcWS. »+ 7 137-151 141-156 146-162 « +11 Flows. 18-42 10 Small. 90 100 475 /95 Jameco Group of 12 wells; pumps 1)198 I do Brooklyn test well No. 18 199 do Test well of 1884 Wisconsin Test of 1894 do Average for 1899 Test well of 1894 Jameco Pumps 280 gallons per minute do Pumps 300 gallons per minute do Pumps 500 gallons per minute Andrews's well; abandoned Jameco Pumps 700 gallons Group of 207 wells. 200 201 (») - 3.4 ■4- 1 Jameco Brooklyn test well No. 1; flows 30 gallons 202 per minute. + 2 j I do Brooklyn test well No. 2; flows 5 gallons 203 per minute. d No water was obtained below surface gravel. « Letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro. /Average yield to pumps per well per minute for 1899. 132 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *204 *205 *206 *207 *208 *209 *210 *211 *212 *213 *214 *215 *216 *217 *218 219 *220 *221 •222 Location. Coordi- nates Aqueduct and New York avenue. Aqueduct and Farmers avenue. Aqueduct. 4 C. 4 C. 4C. New York avenue near t 4 C. Locust avenue. Rockaway road i 4 C. 4C. Morris Park 4 C. Jamaica 4 0. .do. .1 4C. .do. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4C. Queens j 4 C. Hollis | 4 C. .do I 4C. Woodhull Park 4C. West Jamaica 4 0. ♦223 Dunton 4 0. *224 *225 *226 *227 ♦228 *229 Willow Glen 4 C.. Head of Flushing Creek. | 4 C Deep Glen Spring. 4C 4 0. 4 C. 4C. ♦230 Casino Lake 4 0.. ♦231 J^"68'1 Meadow pump- \ ing station. ■4 0. ♦232 F lushing | 4 D . *233 Broadway 4D. i ) wncr. Department water supply, gas, and electricity. do .do. Commission . .do. .do. .do. .do. (Department water supply, \ gas. and electricity. Jamaica Water Supply Co. . Commission ....do ....do ....do ....do F. W. Dunton Department water supply, gas and electricity. Commission ....do Montauk Water Co. Commission Citizens' Water Supply Co Edgar L. Wakeman. Commission Commission. Casino Lake Ice Co. /Department water supply, \ gas and electricity Commission. do Driller. C. A. Lockwood. C. A. Lockwood. C. A. Lockwood. Sweeney & Gray. Chester D. Corwin ....do ....do Authority. I. M. De Varona. ....do do Commission. .do. .do. .do. .do. I. M. De Varona L. B. Ward. C. A. Lockwood . Commission ....do do do do C. A. Lockwood. I. M. De Varona. Commission . do L. B. Ward. C. A. Lockwood . Commission L. B. Ward Commission. . . R. S. Hopkins. Commission. . . Engineer. Sweeney & Gray. . . L. B. Ward Chester D. Corwin. ....do do Commission do ♦For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. « With hand pump from water hearing stratum between 176 and 182 feet. t> Average of whole station for 1899. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 133 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Inches. 10 2 6 Spring. 2 30 2 Springs. 2 2 2 2 2 Depth of well. Feet. 277 295 Depth of principal water supply. 419 29.5 31 44 50.5 122 197 Feet. 1-82 6-28 20-78 176-182 Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. 10 5 | .50-60 96 57 8 50 10 150 5 50 10-4 352 2 31 2 25.5 2 24.5 2 32 2 60 5 80 406 2 29 2 52 11-95 190-198 30-50 I. 64 i. 25 . 45 . 35^0 49 35-40 26-55 Feet. - 6 -11 -11 -60 -22 Flow. Flow. + 1 4- 2 Yield per minute. Gallons. Large.. Large.. . b 1,041 173 d61 139 d46 347 M32 1.5 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Wisconsin /Wisconsin, Tisbury, 1 and Jameco. V» isconsin and Tis- bury. Jameco Remarks. Brooklyn test well No. 3. Brooklyn test well No. 8. •Brooklyn test well No. 7. Commission No. 628 Commission No. 638. Commission No. 467. Commission No. 673. Commission No. 426. /Wisconsin and Tis- \ bury. Brooklyn test well No. 11. Group of 19 wells; Jamaica pumping sta- tion. Jameco Cretaceous. Wisconsin. Wisconsin and Tis- bury. ....do Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Tisbury . Wisconsin . . ....do ....do ....do Pleistocene . Tile well. Chalybeate water Commission No. 588 Commission No. 627 Commission No. 639 Commission No. 717 Commission No. 688 Reddish brown sand and gravel 0 to 80 feet. Brooklyn test well No. 6 Commission No. 687. . Commission No. 551 . . Group of 17 tile wells . Comm ssion No. 1373 Station No. 3. Group of 31 wells. Commission No. 1374. Commission No. 695 Pumps 400 gallons per minute. Commission No. 860. . Commission No. 1089. cSee Table VIII. d Average yield to pumps per well per minute for 1899. 184 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location- Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *234 *239 *240 *241 *242 *243 *244 245 *246 *247 248 ♦249 250 *251 *252 253 *254 *255 *256 *257 ♦258 ♦259 4 D. Corner Queens avenue and Rocky Hill road. *235 Auburndale 4 D. *236 Bayside 4D. *237 do 4D. fBayside pumping sta- X, tj \ tion. P ♦263 264 *2&5 *266 *287 *268 260 270 271 ♦272 Whitestone pumping station No. 1. Whitestone Landing.. . do 4 D. 4 D. 4 D. 4 D. Wlutestone pumping station No. 2. Whitestone 4 D. Willets Point 4 D. Elm Point: Great Neck. 4D. do do do do do 4D. 4 1). 4D. 4D. 4D. Hewlett Point 4 D . 4 D . ..; 4D. 4D.. 4 D. 4D.. 4D.. 4D.. Lawrence Beach 5 B . . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. *260 Isle of Wight 5B.. ♦261 Lawrence 5B.. *262 do 5B.. .do. (Vdarhurst . . . do do do B rower Point. Woodmere do do Hook Creek. . . Commission Comr .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. [J. Laughlin. engineer. I Department water supply, \ gas and electricity. .do. IN. S. Hill, chief engineer . L. B. Ward McWilliams Coal Co Sweeney & Gray Sweeney & Gray. Long Island R. R Frank Wankel Frank Wankel. . Department water supply, , L.B.Ward gas and electricity. W. W. Cole Stotthofl Bros U. S. Army ' Daniel Dull Geo. B. Holt H. Bramhall Gilbert J. H. Herbert Jos. E. Martin do II. Bramhall Gilbert ! do do i do Stotthofl Bros.e McGinnis, foreman. J. H. Herbert do Harris C. Childs [ do do 1 do David L. Provost do Chas. L. Griffin • do I dp \\ m. H. Arnold do do Mrs. Marion E. Scott. ....do Geo. B. Wilson Lawrence Beach Bathing Association. John Lawrence Daniel D. Lord. Anson W. Hart. Edward Man James Keene Judge Diver Dr. Wm. 13. Anderson. Louis Touscher Stotthofl Bros Stotthofl Bros. J.H.Herbert J.H.Herbert.. do do l... Paul Haller Paul Haller F. K. Walsh , F. K. Walsh. Jesse Conklin ! Gilbert Baldwin, foreman. Paul Haller Paul Haller F. K. Walsh Edward Man. 5 B. . . 5 B. . . 5B... 5 B . . . 5 B . . . 5 B . . . 6 B . . . 5 B . . . 5 B . . . 5B... *For additional data sec descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. "See Table VIII. '' Weir measurement. ....do F. K. Walsh do do Paul Haller Paul Haller do ; do Samuel Browcr | Gilbert Baldwin Gilbert Baldwin . F. K. Walsh I F. K. Walsh j F. K. Walsh Gilbert Baldwin Gilbert Baldwin Gilbert Baldwin. Warren B rower | F. K. Walsh. William C. Baker F. K. Walsh. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 135 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter Depth of of well. ' well. Inches. Springs 4-5 4-3 6 3K-6 2 36-6 5 2J 8-2 6-3 6 Height of DePthof above(+) principal aDo^.( + ) water supply. Feet. Feet. 38-50 38-50 55-75 175 . 120 96 500 93 104 67 40 60 40 66 102 159 512 164 108 62 100 100 70 30 35 42 37 35 40 31 30 228 45-95 85-120 belo w ( — ) ground level. Feet. Flow. Flow Flow? -60 103-104 Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Gallons. Remarks. No. Commission No. 1187 234 Commission No. 1090 235 Commission No. 1144 236 Commission No. 1170 237 Tisbury? j Group of 21 wells. Pumps 43 gallons. H,236 Discharge of Oakland Lake. (*6 I Jameco Group of 17 wells I _'3K [(") "239 Jameco. 10 Pleistocene. 66 -28 93-108 20-30 70-100 60-70 40 150 416 25-30 16-42 16-37 27-35 15-10 228 -22 -42 -40 -15 -15 -20 -16 -16 -18 -15 -19 - 12. 5 Flow +22 I Tisbiu-y. +20 do... 0 0 75 Cretaceous ?. 58 Good. Large Cretaceous ?. do Jameco ?. Wisconsin bury. Jameco Jameco ?. . Tisbury.-. . Jameco Cretaceous. Tisburv. . . and Tis- Brackish water 241 Group of 5 wells. Reserve station a242 Brackish water from bed rock . Elevation 46 feet above tide All glacial gravel Cretaceous below 12 feet Very stiff clay 0 to 40 feet . . . Rock 230 to 512 feet Abandoned Salt water 40 to 60 feet . First water encountered at 16 feet . Contaminated with sewage Chalybeate Salty Tisbury ' do All sand and gravel do I All sand and gravel. Water chalybeate.. do All sand and gravel Jameco ' Slight flow at 150 feet 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 s Also called Douglass Pond i Average per well for 1899. Estimated capacity per well per minute, 33 gallons. ■ Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 132. 136 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *273 *274 *275 276 *277 *278 *279 *280 *281 *282 *283 *284 *285 *286 *287 ) Queens County Water Co. pumping sta- tion. Hewlett . . . Lyn brook. ....do .do. Brooklyn Aqueduct. . . do ....do ....do ....do Valley Stream ....do Brooklyn Aqueduct Watts Pond pumping station. .do. *988 /Clear Stream pumping \ station. •289 *290 *291 ♦292 *293 *294 ♦295 ♦296 *297 .do. /Forest Stream pump- ing station. Brooklyn Aqueduct. ....do ....do Roscdale Springfield Fosters Meadows 1 mile north of Valley Stream. *298 2 miles north of Valley Stream. *2!I9 *300 *301 *302 *303 *304 Blmont Floral Park. SB. 5 B. 5 B. 5B. 5B. 5B. 5 B. 5 B. 5 B. 5 B. 5B. 5 B. 5B. SB. 5 B . >5B 5 B . 5 B . 5C. 5C. 5C. 5C. 5 C. 5 C. 5C. SC. 5C. 5C. 5C. 5C. SC. 5C. Queens County Water Co. Jirden Abrames. . . Mrs. JuUa Flower. T. J. Simpson Co . . F. K. Walsh... ...,do Chas. A. Fass. JChas. R. Bettes, chief engi- 1 neer. F. K. Walsh.. do Chas. A. Fass. Queens County Water Co. Department water supply, gas and electricity. do do do do C. Schreiber Long Island R. R Department water supply, gas, and electricity. do .do. .do. .do. .do. ....do ....do ....do Commission Department water supply, gas, and electricity. Commission ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. (Franklin B. Lord, presi- 1 dent. I. M. De Varona Gilbert Baldwin . ....do ....do ....do ....do Gilbert Baldwin. J. Edwards & Co. I. M. De Varona . ....do W. D. Andrews & Bro. ....do W. D. Andrews & Bro ....do ....do L. B. Ward W. D. Andrews & Bro . I. M. De Varona do L. B. Ward .do. W. D. Andrews & Bro Phillips and Worthing- |PhilIips and Wortnington. I I. M. De Varona j do do j Commission I. M. De Varona Commission. ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. lf>8 et seq. a Maximum daily pumpage for whole station in 1902. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 137 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well Inches. Height of Depth of prTneipal ab°*j< + > ™« well. | water ibelo°wr(_) mm!,te. ground level. water supply. Feet. Feet. 4-5 33 0 150-190 I 6 160 5 70 180 65 8 504 6 74 1 _ 3 14 5 200 5 390 5 370 5 410 5 242 11 18 5 207 6 48-53 5 331 2 29-53 o 38 2 + 106 5 190 2 33-56 2 4-2 300 4 400 4 435 5 406 5 412 5 390 2 30.5 5 357 2 35.5 2 26 2 25.5 2 ' 120.5 2 41 2 25.5 2 14-34 2 41 2 '38 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Feet. Gallons. " 3,125 (Tisburv. Remarks. No 273 (<<) Flow. J |jameco Flow do Pumps 555 gallons. -12 do 274 -13.5 Small. 275 0 Clay 47 to 65 feet 276 + 2 | Pumps 305 gallons per minute | + 1 ^277 Flows intermittently J Brooklyn test well Xo. 24 278 300-30.5 0 0 Small. Small. Small. Cretaceous . do Brooklyn test well No. 23 279 Brooklyn test well No. 22 1 280 Brooklyn test well No. 21 .do Brooklyn test well No. 20 . Flow. -10.3 Small. 144 Analysis Cretaceous ? Brooklyn test well No. 19 . -11.6 + 3 c 25-53 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. cl2 j do 10 Jameco (?) 0 60 100 300 35" 105 - 5 Flows. '-- {Wisconsin and Tis- 21 I buir- - 1A (Jameco and Cretace- ^10 \ ous. Test of January. 1895: group of 12 wells. Brooklyn test well No. 25 Test of 1S94; group of 150 wells Average for 1S99: group of 150 wells Test well driven in 1884 Brooklyn test well No. 15 I Group of 110 wells [ Test well driven in 1884 . 281 282 283 284 285 6286 287 ,288 (») 5 1 Test well driven in 1884; no water below 35 feet. 0 I ! Brooklyn test well No. 12. 0 Brooklyn test well No. 13. 0 I Brooklyn test well No. 14. Commission No .659]. Brooklyn test well No. 10. 290 (») 291 292 293 294 295 Commission No. 660 296 Commission No. 661 , 297 Commission No. 672 298 Commission No. 1197 299 Commission Xo. 606 300 Commission No. 590 301 Commission Nos. 1013-1033. 1146-11.54 302 Commission No. 607 303 Commission No. 552 1 304 6 See Table VIII. c Yield per well. 138 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Re preseniatxve wells •305 •306 *307 •308 309 •310 Ml •312 313 314 •318 •319 •320 •321 •322 •323 •324 •325 •326 •327 328 •329 Owner. Driller. New Hyde Park SC.. do 5 C. . do 5C do 5C. do 5C Floral Park 5C. do 5C. Creedmoor 5 C. . do SC.. do 5C. l omnussion . . do.' do do Chas. Morgan. Authoritv. Commission . do I do I do Ed. Schmidt Ed. Schmidt. Commission Commission. Freestone Ed. Schmidt . Ed. Schmidt . Commission Commission Anthony Graf Anthony Graf . C. \V. Ward Andrew Vandewater. . . C. W. Ward. . . •315 Alley Creek 5 D . ♦316 Douglaston 5D. •317 Lake Success. 5D.. . ( i;i>-ens' Water Supply Co 1 J. Edward Meyer.. . Jagnow Bros J.H.Herbert J.H.Herbert . W. K. Vanderbilt. jr Thos. B. Harper. Thos. B. Harper a. do 5D. LakeviDe 5D. 5D. Plattsdale 5D. .do. 5D. 5D. 1 mile south of Manhas- set. Little Neck 5 D . do 5D. Thomaston 5D. do 5D. do 5D. . Commission Commission Henry Onderdonk. sr. . . Commission Commission . Ed. C. Willetts Ed. Schmidt Ed. Schmidt , . I A. Kiefer Andrew Vandewater . . . Andrew Vandewater. . . . Commission Commission iThomaston (Great I Neck station). •330 Manhasset 5D.. 331 •332 333 334 •335 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 336 Malihasset Hill. . . W. J. Hamilton J. H. Herbert J. H. Herbert . D. O'Leary do do . Commission Commission . J.B. Hixon J.H.Herbert ! J. H. Herbert do I do f Long Island R. R. Co IsD... Long Island R. R. Co j do I Phillips 4: Worthington Phillips & Worthington Commission Commission Henry Huber ' .' J. F. Hamilton I J. M. Peter J. F. Hamilton John H. Rice | Herman Klothe J. H. L'Hommedieu's Sons J. H L'Hommedieu's Sons . Estate of L. A. Seaman W. A. Skid more 3D. 5D. 5D. 5D. 5 D. •337 •338 339 •340 •341 •342 343 •344 •345 346 •347 •348 349 do 5D.. do 5 D.. do SD.. do ! SD.. <;reat Neck 5 D . . ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. 5D.. 5 D . . 3D.. 5D.. SD.. SD.. 5 I) . . SD.. Commission Commission I lenry Lust garten Henry Lustgarten Christ Church j Chas. Newbold Commission Commission Great Neck school Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Mrs. Mary E. King do do C. F. Recknagd J. H. Herbert ..„. H. B. Booth H. B. Booth „. H. B. Anderson Wm. Mahoney. superin- tendent. Wm R. Grace J. H. Herbert J. H. Herbert do Phillips A Worthington Phillips A- Worthington .. . V. P. Travis J. H. Herbert J. H. Herbert do do •For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Through A. S. Farmer. C. E. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 139 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter Depth of of well. well. Inches. Feet. 2 32.5 2 56 2 74 2 66.5 1* 37 2 106 n 40 2 56 33 60 48 70 44 32-42 6 127 8-4J 755 2 . 35 • 36 140 2 45 37 36 116 2 48.5 ij i 1 34 2 34-2 36 136 142 79 93 87 96 117 112 25 30 78 37 35 10 S6 28 122 10S 96 240 237 86 104 119 32 Height of level. Feet. Feet. Gallons. 35-37 55-60 62-70 ( 191 I 700-750 - 62 - 2 + 8 -116 -135 Flow. 0-50 40 +300 - 22 114 117 ' b — 93-112 - - 30 150 100 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks No. Commission Xo. 553 305 Commission Xo. 740 306 Commission Xo. 741 307 Commission Xo. 907 308 Bowlders. 35 to 37 feet 309 Commission Xo. S29 310 Coarse white sand. 28 to 40 feet 311 Commission Xo. 619 312 Wisconsin 313 do 314 Tisbury?. . . . Cretaceous. . . Lloyd gravel. Group of S wells: 6 flowing 315 316 I. 317 Commission Xo. 864 31S 319 Commission Xo. 776 320 Wisconsin Depends on perched water table ' 321 Cretaceous? 322 Commission Xo. 956 323 1191. Cretaceous . ....do do Commission Xo do I do Well 200 feet from station | , 2 wells one-fourth mile apart >329 324 325 326 327 328 Commission No. 957 330 Elevation 20* feet 331 I 334 40 \ SO i Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. I I ! 335 - SO 336 Commission No. 1190. 92 -240 237 337 - SI -103* Temperature about 50°F 339 I Cretaceous Commission No. 963 340 - 30 341 - 48 I Tisbury 342 Blue clay 0 to 92 feet 343 j 344 ' 345 60 500 500 17116— No. 44—06- -10 Well is near barn 346 Tisbury 347 Tisbury"? Surface water at 24 feet 348 Wisconsin Elevation about 95 feet 349 * Pumps down to —40. 140 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells *350 *351 •352 .153 •354 355 356 *357 *358 359 *360 *361 *362 •363 *364 *365 *366 367 *368 *369 *370 Location. Plandome Mills. Port Washington. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Coordi- nates. 5 D. 5 D. 5 D. 5 D . 5 D. 3D. 5D. 5 D. 5 D. 5 D. 5 D. 5 D. o E. 5 E. 5E. 5E. Barker Point 5 E . Sands Point 5E. Castle Gould 5E. Owner. Driller. Authority. 5 D. .. Robert Cox J. H. Herbert J. H. Herbert Robert Seizer Geo. Schmidt. Geo. Schmidt. Chas. Vanderbilt Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard J. Reed ' do do Commission Commission Howard Place Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Stephen Kimmerly do do Theo. Valentine do do N. H. Jacobs do do Lorenzo Smull Lorenzo Smull Thos. E. Webb Geo. Schmidt Thos. E. Webb Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Long Island R. R Long Island R. R Frank Vanoski Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Chas. H. Mason Lorenzo Smull Catholic church Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard Dodge estate do do W. De Forest Wright Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. Geo. Zabriskie Geo. Schmidt Geo. Schmidt Howard Gould Isaac Kasteard Isaac Kasteard .do. 5 E. .do. C. II. Danis C. H. Danis. *371 *372 .do. 5E . 5E. "o {U^ntf^Xg K '>• Kilpatrick., Bourke Cockran C. H. Danis C. H. Danis •373 Long Beach 1 6B...j Long Beach Association Wm. C. Jaegle Wm. C. Jaegle. *374 ♦375 •375A *376 •377 ♦378 *379 *380 *.181 *382 •383 •384 •385 •386 •387 •388 •689 •390 •391 •392 Barnum Island 6 B . . East Rockaway 6 B . . do I 6B.. Rockville Center ] 6 B . . Smith Pond 6 B . . Rockville Center 6B.. .do. do Millburn Reservoir. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 6 B. 6 B. 6 B. 6B . 6 B . fi B . 6 B . 6 B fi B fi B . | 6B . 6B . (. I! fi II Hempstead Poor House Long Beach Association J. H. Clark Chas. A. Fass. . J.M.Smith E. E. McCarten Theo. A. Carmen E. Lewis, jr., Theo. Cannon. Chas. A. Fass. . . E. E. McCarten. /Department water supply, | I M De Varona \ gas and electricity. f i.M.ue varona Commission Commission. Rockville Center water- F.K.Walsh Village clerk. works. Commission Commission. '.do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. « Superintendent for Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 141 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. ; Height of DePtllofUove(+) principal al>ove(+) water supply. below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 32 6 6-4 Feet. 107 113 80 76 46 129 35 55 206. 5 69 60-70 46 83 54 91 30 250 88 65 300 169 120 354 386 383 27 18 587 74 40-50 24 38 97 31 32 31 25.5 25.6 25 25. 5 29.8 32.3 31.7 Feet. Feel. Gallons. r 21 1 100-113 Cretaceous . Jameco?. . . 205.6 ■ 65 ■ 42 •125 ■ 31 ■ 41 - 71 • 65 Tisbury . Sand 0 to 76 feet Commission No. 1143 Sand 2 to 69 feet White and yellow sand 0 to 46 feet . + 12 ' Tisbury?... Small. Cretaceous. White sand and gravel 42 to 55 feet. — 42 1 Cretaceous?. — 50 Large. - 50 Tisbury Small. - 20 1 , 84 - 20 Large. Tisbury. - 20 [ 220 | 270 [ 340 [ 383 123 Shallow. Flows. + 6 30 102 Small. Cretaceous do do do .do. f 40-45 1578-587 - 17 Flows. . H. B. Duryea. E. D. Morgan. Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. John Fisher A. J. Connolly Alfred Wisson Authority. W. J. Hancock. H. Wortman. . . do A. Schreiber. . . Engineer Theo. Carmen . Commission . . . do do ....do do ....do Engineer Commission ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do A ndrew Vandewater . Commission Geo. L. Hubbell, general manager. C. A. Lockwood Commission C. A. Lockwood Commission. . do Geo. Schmidt. Commission. . do John Fisher Wm. Jaegle Alfred Wisson Long Island Historical So- ciety. Alfred Wisson John Tart n. John Fisher. A. W. Gallienne Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. ♦For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Foreman for Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. l> Drilling the Harriman well (.M2) at the time this well was sunk. Alfred Wisson. E. D. Morgan. Ed. Danish F. Waukel"... REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 143 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Inches. Depth of well. 2 2 2 2 2 2 120 2 600 2 10 2 2 36 2 2 5 I Feet. 18 35 50 370 35 360 34 32 32 30 33.5 97 50 52.7 125 35 37 37 25 40 38.5 40 80 42.5 90 56 53.5 56.5 55 37 230 150 143 180 103 150 383 343 298 280 280 284 283 434 Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below ( ) ground level. Yield per m inute Geologic liorizo'i of water-bearing strata. Remarks. Feet. Feet. Gallons. Average of all wells about Baldwin + 1 — 10 Flows. Cretaceous 40 10 'Pis:] mrv 4 wells Cretaceous Commission No. 825 Commission No. 845 Commission No. 846 Commission No. 604 Commission No. 847 Commission No. 848 - 15 10 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Group of 8 wells Commission No. 425 Commission No. 424 Commission No. 423 Commission No. 422 Commission No. 862 — 30 Large. Wisconsin and Tis- burv. Commission No. 589 - 19 - 60 See Table VIII Reddish sand and gravel 0 to 80 feet Commission No. 863 30-90 - 30 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Sand and gravel 0 to 90 feet Commission No. 901 Commission No. 587 50-56 - 50 Tisbury Commission No. 906 -100 -100 — 73 -110 Cretaceous^ Incomplete Cretaceous +30 Cretaceous -146 25 -117 -274 110 do -250 -244 8 Cretaceous Well completed in 1896 -245 150 1 No. 394 395 396 398 399 412 420 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 • See Table VIII. 144 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *434 Location. .do. *435 do.. *436 Roslyn. Coordi- nates. *432 Wheatley Hills BP. *433 do 6D. 6 D. fi D. 6 D. Owner. Driller. Authority. Wm. C. Whitney Wm. C. Whitney do ' Thos. Griffina... (Alfred Wisson Alfred Wisson... (John Fisher John Fisher fi. H. Ford I. H. Ford )john Heerdegan John Heerdegan . Mrs. I. Vowman George Schmidt George Schmidt . Stanley Mortimer. W. Stowe. *437 do 6 D Ppote/c^1"0 L'ght lJonn Heerde6an ! John Heerdegan . *43S 439 *440 *441 442 443 *444 *445 *446 447 44S 440 ♦450 451 *452 *453 *454 *460 4fil «462 *463 .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. 6D. 6D. fiD. ! 6D. 6D. 6D. 6D. Glenwood Landing 6 D. Glenhead 6 D. Greenyale 6 D. Hempstead Harbor 6 E. Sea Cliff I 6 E. do | 6 E. do 1 6 E. do 1 6 E. Glenhead : 6E. HE. Theo. Valentine Ed. Schmidt Ed. Schmidt. C.H. Danis C. H. Danis. . Commission do C. H. Mackay I L. F. Powell L. J. Dubois L. J. Dubois Walter Willetts Jesse Conklin A. J. Corcoran « Ward J. Post brickyard George Schmidt George Schmidt A. A. Knowles L. J. Dubois L. J. Dubois Frank Nostrand do do J. B. King & Co J. B. King & Co L. J. Dubois Kersona : L.J. Dubois do F. W. Geissenhainer do do Sea Cliff Water Co J. T. Pirie. president Thos. C. Watt L. J. Dubois L. J. Dubois Commission Commission *45o Glen Coye fi E . . . Nassau County Water Co. *45fi Locust Valley 6E. *457 Glen Cove 6E. *458 do I 6 E. *459 do ' 6 E . .do. .do. .do. .do. BE.. 6 E. . BE.. BE.. Friends' Academy L. J. Dubois. F. E. Willets do S. Seeman do S. Burke do r F.Clapton, superintend- ent. L. J. Dubois. do do do North Country Club. C. H. Danis C. H. Danis. Frank Bernheim L. J. Dubois. John Minnikpn L. J. Dubois do Crystal Springs Ice Co do. .do. *4fi4 ' Glen Cove Landing fi E. *465 Dosoris fi E . J. P. Tangeman Phillips A: Worthington. Phillips & Worthington . Wm. M. Valentine L. J. Dubois L. J. Dubois *466 *4fi7 468 .do. fi E. do 6E.. Dosoris Island 1 6 E . . Pratt estate |D. M. Munger, superintend- .do. Paul Dana L.J. Dubois. ♦For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Superintendent for W. C. Whitney. t> See Table VIII. c Windmill manufacturer, 11 John street, New York. do L. J. Dubois. representative: wells. 145 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter Depth of of well. well. Inches. 10 Feet. 400 340 300 20.-. 389 265 115 2.50 32 128 6 300-400 2 I 52 2 25 Height of ■3S- 1SS> level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Feel. Feet. -230 Gallons. 35 4-5 50 Large. Cretaceous. do do -218 - 96 17 Cretaceous . Good. Pleistocene . >Cretaceous. Remarks. Water soft . Water in gravel . . Very little water . Group of 4 wells. Pleistocene ?. Flows. Pleistocene . ....do 82.5 190 C9 141 9(i 9S Shallow. 10-i 32 60 140 52 45-60 40 222 186 140 170 [ 109 j 129 130 SO 73 72 10ii 215 38 48 38 82 125 125 44 - 70 - 50 - 22 -122 - 66 Flows. Flows. Flows. - 23 C) — 122 Abandoned Commission No. 1199 Commission No. 1185. Slight flow Private pumping plant. Shallow wells . Cretaceous . All sand Flows into pit 2 feet above tide level . Small. +25 34-iiO 34-10 212-222 182-186 Flows. Flows. - 75 -108 - 98 - 98 Pleistocene. Abandoned All sand and gravel Group of 6 well*. Pumps 70 gallons t . Tisbury . do.. do Cretaceous . . Cretaceous ?. do Commission No. 960 Group of 4 wells. Pumps 315 gallons per well per minute Flows 18 gallons per minute 30 16 12 12 Cretaceous. 7S-80 70-73 90-100 79-83 Flows Cretaceous? Small flow Flows Cretaceous /IS \ + 14 -401 -«! I !/ Flows. /30 30 .do. 75-82 Flows. Large. Cretaceous? 0 4 wells: abandoned.. 0 2 wells: abandoned. ... Tisbury All sand and gravel. & Originally all were flowing wells. « Yield per" well per minute on a 10-hour test. /Natural flow at ground level. g Since pumping these wells have ceased to flow. No. 432 433 |434 J435 436 437 43S 439 440 441 6442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 6452 453 454 Uso \(b) 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 1-A6 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *469 *470 *471 *472 *473 *474 *475 *476 477 478 *479 *480 *481 *482 *483 *484 *48o 486 *487 *488 *489 *4!X) *491 *492 *493 *494 *495 *496 *497 *498 499 *500 Dosoris Pond . Peacock Point. ....do ....do Lattingtovvn . . .do. ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do do do Freeport fAgawam pumping sta- \ tion. Old Freeport pumping station /Merrick pumping sta- \ tion. Merrick . JMatowa pumping sta- | tion. do Wantagh pumping sta- tion. .do. Wantagh . ....do.... .do. Camp meeting grounds Smithville Boufb Hempstead Plains 6 E. 6 E . 6 E. 6 E. BE. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. BE. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. 6 E. (5 E . 7B. }7B. 7 B. 7 B. 1-7 B. 7 B . ■7 C. . 7C. D. F. Bush C. O. Gates do do W. D. Gutherie. .do. L. J. Dubois P. H. & J. Conlan E. K. Hutchinson. C. H. Danis E. K. Hutchinson. L. J. Dubois L. J. Dubois M. Tallonn E. K. Hutchinson C. H. Danis Foreman for E. K. Hutch- inson. L. J. Dubois Wm. Price W. H. Baldwin, jr. Berger A. C. Bedford L. C. Wier ....do do Paul D. Cravath.. Ed. Latting W. D. Gutherie... do do ....do E. K. Hutchinson C. H. Danis ....do Phillips & Worthington C. H. Danis ....do ....do ....do ....do Department water supply, gas, and electricity. ....do ....do W. H . Baldwin, jr E. K. Hutchinson C. H. Danis Ed. Danis, foreman Phillips & Worthington. Ed. Danis, foreman ....do ....do ....do C. H. Danis C. S. Slichter I. M. De Varona b L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona u .do. I. M. De Varona >> L. B. Ward Merrick Water Co. (Department water supply, 1 gas, and electricity. Commission . 7C. 7C. 7C. 7C. 7C. (Department water supply, I gas. and electricity. Commission E. C. Cammann, secretary. I. M. De Varona L. B. Ward Commission I. M. De Varona L. B. Ward Commission .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 7C?...I U.S. Army Camp Black. Dollard Bros Dollard Bros. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. « Foreman for P. H. A- J. Conlan. b Ann. Kept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 263, 1897. c Average of whole station, June 17, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. d Samples show depth of 110 feet. « Average of whole station for 1899. /See Table VIII. 9 History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 189C, p. 78. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. o/i Long Island — Continued. 147 Depth of Diameter Depth of principal of well. well. water supply. Height of water above( + ) or below( — ) ground level. Inches. Feet. Feet. 3 97 95-97 6 230 230 6 225 225 210 6 342 260-342 2 92 2 162 2* 265 -i i in 148 132 6 123.5 6 91.9 4 105 4 138 3 108 3 144 60 ft d 33_9i 4J-6 37 4J-6 1 ^ 1106-109 *i 40-110 . 30-40 1 83 38-97 2 20 4J-6 24-92 2 20 2 71 2 83 2 13 2 17 2 14 22 13 25 162 260-265 Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Feet. Gallons. + 6 Jameco? Flows 30 gallons per minute 469 Flows. 30 Lloyd sand 470 Flows. 5 do ' 471 Flows do 472 Flows. 10 do 473 6-35 + 2 + 2.5 - 90 -125 - 94 -110 -114 - 93.5 - 76 - 80 + 12 + 10 Pleistocene Test wells 474 Cretaceous 475 .do. 25 +25 +40 +25 - 70 - 60 Flows. +25 476 Reported us all sand and gravel 477 478 479 1 480 Pleistocene ? 481 1 482 483 484 Group of 3 wells 485 486 — 6 * Flow. I - 2.7 !*•- Flow '" Flows. »' Flows. - 17 <-3, 131 '361 Pleistocene Tisbury: Jameco ' Pleistocene '3,259 '378 Tisburv; Jameco ? .5 Pleistocene. (487 Group of 32 wells j CO Group of 40 wells: abandoned because of ex- 488 cess of chlorine Group of 62 wells ....do Group of 8 wells 1489 CO No water below 40 feet J 3, 122 ! Formerly called Newbridge IfTisbury 1490 |C0 1491 '618 I 2, 777 (Jameco ? jGroup of 46 wells JCO Commission No. 1161. Slichter underflow , 492 station No. 3. Tisbury. . Jameco ? Pleistocene ? 1493 Group of 49 wells [CO 494 Slichter underflow 495 Slichter underflow 496 Slichter underflow station No 2. commis- sion No. 1176. Commission No 1272. station No. 2. >> Ann Rept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 266. 1897; 1896, p 79 >' Average of whole station, Jan. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. j Average of whole station, Sept. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896 k Deep wells onlv i Average of whole station from July 16, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1S96. Flow began at 62 feet. Commission No. 1293 station No. 15. Commission No. 1356 ■ 497 Commission No. 1357 498 Commission No 1375 499 500 History and Description of the Wattr Supply of Brooklyn, 148 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. 504 . *505 *506 *507 *508 *512 *513 *514 *515 ♦516 *517 *523 *524 Location. *501 Hicksville. *502 do *503 do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. *509 1 Westbury 510 Old Westbury. *511 do Wheatley Hills. Jericho do ....do. ....do. ....do. *518 Syosset. .do.. *519 *520 Brookville. .do. *.r.21 *522 East Norwich. .do. .do. *.r)2."> Oyster Bay. *o26 *527 *528 *529 *530 *531 *532 ♦533 *:>:n ♦535 536 537 538 *539 540 541 *542 •643 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do ..do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Coordi- nates. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7 E. 7 E. 7 E. 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E . . 7 E . . 7 E. . 7 E. . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . < >\vner. Commission ....do Nassau County Water Co. Fassbender & Stande. H. J. Heinz Co Commission Joseph Steinart Driller. W. C. Jaegle. ....do St. John's Protectory. Colored Children's Home. Robert Winthrop Wm. Payne Thompson. . . J. H. Harriman. Commission H. R. Winthrop. Theo. Willis...,. Jacob Jackson. . . Jules Kunz Allard & McGuire. John Kennedy County poor farm. Henry Rushmore. Commission Quinan — Ludlum Nassau County Water Co. Townsend Underbill Charles Weeks John M. Sammis Van Siss & Co D. W. Smith A. S. Hutchinson E. K. Hutchinson Townsend heirs J as. Norton Capt. Alfred Ludlum. Mrs. Coles White John M. Sammis Peter N. Layton A. J. & A. S. Hutchinson. Oysterman's Dock Co Long Island R. R Dr. O. L. Jones do W. C. Jaeglo. ....do F. K. Walsh. Ed. Schmidt. Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. C. H. Danis Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. Geo. Schmidt W. C. Jaegle J. W. Hendrickson .... W. C. Jaegle ....do E. K. Hutchinson . C. H. Danis. ....do E. K. Hutchinson. ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Authority. Commission ...do Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. Fassbender & Stande W. C. Jaegle Commission Joseph Steinart St. John's Protectory F. K. Walsh Ed. Schmidt Robert Winthrop G. H. Pease, foreman Ed. Danis, foreman . Commission Thos. Shay, foreman. Geo. Schmidt W. C. Jaegle Long Island Historical So- ciety. W. C. Jaegle ....do C. A. Zanor, foreman J. L. Bogart Commission C. H. Danis do [Oscar Darling, consulting \ engineer. A. S. Hutchinson i do The Long Islander e A. S. Hutchinson'' do do do do do .do. do I E. M. Sammis 6 ' Peter N. Layton' E. K. Hutchinson A. S. Hutchinson * do '.....do Engineer b E. K. Hutchinson A. S. Hutchinson'' ■. I R. F. Nichols, foreman. ♦For additional data sec descriptive notes, pp. IfiS et seq. a See Table VIII. o Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon, civil engineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. REPRESENT ATI V E WELLS. 149 on Long Inland — Continued. Diameter of well. Inches. 2 2 6 42-4 2 Depth of Depth of principal well water supply. 150 73 80 60 377 209 220 60 183 175 168 147 .53 + 150 278 396 23 224 149 160 35 165 110 140 56 65 H0-1C0 83 133 65-70 82 118 115 60 48 190 36 20 126 220 .5 Feet. 56 . 135.5 . 85 79 . 90 63-85 130-150 l'>;,-2<).-. 200-220 150-183 47-50 4-10 10-30 162 90-110 Height of water above( + ) or below( — ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. .53-57 Feet. Gallons. - 63 - 61 - 60 - 35 -200 Large. 4 Tisbury . Tisbury? .. Cretaceous . 35 Small. 25 60 4-25 Cretaceous . ....do .do. ■ 150 -160 -165 Cretaceous. Cretaceous 1 Large. - ioa -213 0 4- 13 Flows. Flows. 4- 1.5 Flows. 4- 6 Flows. 1.5 .5 17 Plows. - 10 4- 9 rdlOO c20 Jameco? do.. Remarks. No. Commission No. 909 501 Commission No. 955 502 2 wells a503 504 505 Commission No. 1142 506 5U7 508 509 Water slightly hard 510 511 512 Commission No. 1193 513 514 i 561 Originally reported 210 feet deep 516 517 518 Well " blows " at a depth of 150 feet I 519 520 521 Commission No. 1192 522 523 •. 524 Abandoned 1525 G roup of wells J 526 .527 Snouder's pharmacy : 528 I 529 f3 Jameco? Original flow 9 gallons <\5 do Original flow 15 gallons c8.5 do do c/21 do c/lS do ■ f4 do Original flow 10 gallons c2 do Original flow 9 to 10 gallons «30 c7.5 c5.5 <-l c"0 4-5 4-66 18 II 26. 5 530 531 532 533 534 535 ..do Original flow 36 gallons ..do ' 536 ..do 537 . .do Ceases to flow at low tide 1 538 ..do 539 Does not flow at low tide Jameco?. do... 540 541 542 543 c Rate of flow varies with the tide. d Flow at ground level. At 4-17 feet furnishes 5 gallons per minute. <■ Huntington. N.Y., June 15, 1895. / Initial flow. 9 Flow at low tide July 30, 1903. 150 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *548 ♦549 550 •551 ♦552 ♦553 ♦554 *555 ♦556 *557 *558 *559 ♦560 561 *562 563 *564 565 ♦.566 *567 ♦568 ♦56!) *570 ♦571 *572 ♦573 *574 *575 *576 •577 •578 579 ♦580 5S1 ♦582 *583 •584 *585 ♦.586 Location. ♦544 Oyster Bay. ♦545 \ do *546 do *547 1 do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do Center Island. do do do do do Bayville do .do. do Mill Neck.... Massapequa . Massapequa station. do pumping Amityville. . . Massapequa . . do do ....do ....do ....do ....do Centra] Park . Karmingdale. do do do do Plain view do do West Hills... do , Coordi- nates. 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 7 E . 8B . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . 8C . SC.. 8 a. 8 a. 8 a. 8 a. 8D. 8D. 8 D. 8 D. 8 D. 8 D. Owner. Mohannes Casino Townsend Cnderhill Lee Burgess Hamilton. Wm. Trotter.... E. M. Townsend. Henry Dollard. . Edward Swan. Driller. Authority. E. K. Hutchinson. . ....do E. K. Hutchinson. ....do ....do H. J. Dubois Ed. Schmidt ;H. J. Dubois E. K. Hutchinson. P. H. & J. Conlan. E. Roosevelt G. C. MaeKenzie G. M. Fletcher E. K. Hutchinson. C. S. Sherman do S. T. Shaw do Colgate Hoyt do Ct W. Wetmore do Dr. O. L. Jones { R. F. Nichols Mrs. Elizabeth Godfrey George Schmidt. . . Winslow Pierce E. K. Hutchinson. A. S. Hutchinson a. ...do R. F. Nichols I. Bowman E. K. Hutchinson. ....do A. S. Hutchinson H. J. Dubois Ed. Schmidt H. J. Dubois R. F. Nichols, foreman. G. M. Fletcher ....do E. K. Hutchinson G. M. Fletcher E. K. Hutchinson ....do R. F. Nichols Walter Dudley A. Neilson. superintendent. Edward Knierum George Schmidt Edward Knierum Irving Cox j C. H. Danis C. H. Danis. Massapequa Hotel J.Elliott J.Elliott. Commission Commission. /Department water supply, I \ gas, and electricity. |l" Amityville Water Co. I. M. De Varona L.B.Ward 8. Ketchem. secretary. Commission Commission. do do do do do do Dryfuss & Nibbe Village of Farmingdale . . . J. Keller & Sons Nassau County Water Co. Commission W. Smith Chas. Keil Harms estate John Titus Oscar Jackson H. L. Stimpson W. C. Jaegle. J. Elliott do do do do do do do W. C. Jaegle. J. Elliott do j Commission . . J. Elliott i J. Elliott J. H. Gutheil j. H. Gutheil. W.C. Jaegle ,..! W. C. Jaegle.. J. Elliott J. Elliott J. H. Gutheil J. H. Gutheil. H.J.Dubois H.J.Dubois. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. n Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. II. C. Pynchon, civil engineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. i> Flow varies with the tide. <• Depth July. 1903, 188.3. REPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 151 on Long Island — Continued. eter'of DpPthoJ "well WBU- 84 60-6 6 Feet. 99 107 c200 155. 227 105 90 77 259 60 212 465 378 370 351 292 320 318 295 23 40 80 45 330 27 24 Height of Depth of aZ*£+) principal awnelow the surface. 154 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. 634 *635 *636 *637 *638 *639 *640 *641 *642 *643 *644 *645 646 647 *648 649 *fi.50 *6o4 *655 6.56 *657 *659 *660 061 *662 *663 *664 665 *666 667 668 *669 *670 672 *673 *674 *675 Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Lindenhurst 9C Breslau fire department J.Elliott. C , Commission 1 mile northeast of Am ityville. 1 mile north of Linden- 9C | do hurst. 9C. Maywood 9C. 9C. 9C. 9C. Pinelawn 9 D Colonial Springs 9 D Roman Catholic Church. DLx Hills 9 D . Melville 9 D . Dix Hills 9E. Fairground 9 E . do 9E. Huntington 9E. do 8E. Geo. Carll. J. Elliott. . J. Elliott. Alex. S. Gardner A. C. Soper & Co j H. J. Dubois. F. Gallienne do Waterworks 651 Halesite 9E... *652 I do : J 9E... *653 Centerport BE... .do. .do. .do. .do. 9 E. 9 E. 9E. 9 E. Huntington Co. Huntington Gas Co H. J. Dubois. Huntington Light and do Power Co. R. F. Carmen do R. S. McCrary do C. A. Hallock I do Hiram Ackerly do J. J. Robinson do Authority. J. Elliott Commission. do-. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Geo. Carll J. Elliott D. W. Johnson Alex. S. Gardner A. C. Soper & Co H. J. Dubois Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. H. J. Dubois do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. *658 Xorthport 9E...I Northport waterworks Larkfield Xorthport.. do do do Little Neck. do do do do Eaton Neck . do ♦671 Muncie Island. Babylon (7). Babylon do Bayshore 9 E. 9 E. 9E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 E. 9 F. 9 F. f Oscar Darling, consulting \ engineer. Henry Cabre Henry Cabre A. O. Gildersleeve I W. C. Jaegle A. 0. Gildersleeve Fred Xevins H.J.Dubois Fred Nevins Edward Thompson j Edward Thompson Edward Thompson F. J. Smith..'. Dexter Cole D. B. Moss H.J.Dubois H.J.Dubois Morrell do do P. Van Iderstine's Sons do do do do do do do Dr. O. L. Jones I C. H. Danis L. A. Bevin ! C. H. Danis do 10 B.. Dr. E. H. Muncie. E. K. Hutchinson. E. K. Hutchinson ' . ioc... IOC... 10C... Maude Adams T. B. Rogers T B. Rogers Long Island R. R Engineer Sumpwams Water Co E. Camerdon chief engineer Great South Bay Water Co , C. A. Lockwood C. A. Lockwood *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Estimated yield per well. 6 See Table VlII. HE PRESENT ATIYE WELLS. 155 on Long Island — Continued. Height of I Tw.tu _» water I Diameter Depth of ffipal ab°^+> SuPPl>- ofweU. wel.. water be^.{_) supply. „n.,nii Inches. 18 2 Feet. 25-35 21 2J.5 30 °2 30.5 31 42 Feet. ground level. Feet. - 12 - 32 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Gallons. Large. Pleistocene . 136 56 3 374 30-1 267 2 205 8 60 3 102 4 75 3 238 3 18.5 42 131 117 50 2 6 51 2* 186 196 92 30 15 2 4 75 3 50 3 143 3 127 28-55 3 340 366 3-2 270 a 140 22 8 70 5 40-45 -124 - 44 Remarks Xo Wells used for fire protection | 634 Commission No. 743 635 Commission Xo. 737. 636 Commission No. 729 637 Commission Xo. 728 | 638 Commission Xo. 826 1 639 Commission Xo. 763 640 Commission Xo. 758 | 641 642 643 Commission Xo. 772 The Colonial spring and the Mo-Mo-Xe spring. -150 -120 -113 - 5 20 10 7-8 a 150 100 12 feet of white clay in a cistern Cretaceous Small water-bearing horizon at 100 feet . do 641 645 646 647 MS 649 3 wells [6650 Light-colored gravel 0 to 102 feet 651 652 17.5-185 -188? - 75 ] Jameco? ! - 13 25 - 2S .- Bluish sandv clav 0 to 131 feel - 19 | I Pleistocene Springs 172-186 Flows. Flows. -172 -141 Flows - 31 + 5 - 48 - 42 -130 -100 200 cl25 12 +25 10-15 Large. 30 200 270 0 i Flows. Flows. Flows. - 60 - 6 653 654 655 656 657 658 (») Tisbury Elevation 32 feet ....do \ Soft water I 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 Pleistocene .. Used for bottling . Depth shallow, flows 2 gallons per minute. Cretaceous. . do Pleistocene?. All sand and gravel do GroUD of wells, all fine white sand . Salt water, abandoned do Dirty water Good water — 8 /300 Pleistocene j Group of 4 wells . — 4 Pi, 545 I do G roup of 20 wells e Yield to pumps. d Slight flow of saltv water at high tide. f Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey Xew Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 79. / Each well. g Estimated capacity of whole station. 670 671 672 673 6674 6675 17116— No. 44— 06- -11 156 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. Deerpark 10 D.. H. G. Totten H. G. Totten. Commack 10 E.. General Postmaster.. do 10 E.. . ..do 10 E.. Kings Park 10 E. . El wood 10 E.. LarkSeld 10 E?. Kings Park 10 E . . ....do 10 E . . Victor F. Smith Victor F. Smith. . J. Otis Smith J. Otis Smith Carl S. Burr H.J.Dubois H. J. Dubois Captain Clarke do do Fred Parsons Wm. Herod Nelson \V. Davis Xelson W, Davis . Brewster Smith Andrew J. Velsor Andrew J. Velsor. Middleville 10 E . . Edward Thompson I H. J. Dubois Edward Thompson Fort Salonga 10 E . do 10 E. . ..do 10 E. do 10 E. ....do 10 E. J. F. McGuT I A. J. Velsor A. J. Velsor. Edward Rowley do do Doctor Gillette | do do H. C. Brown Justin Butterfield Bayshore 11 C. ....do 11 C. Islip I 11C. Bayshore 11 C. ....do ; ii c. East Islip 11C. Brentwood 11 D. ....do 11 D. Islip 11 D. ....do 11 D . do 11 D. Central Islip 11 D. do n D. ....do 11 D. Great South Bay Water Co Strong Brentwood 11 D . .do. .do. .do. 11 D. 11 D. 11 D. General Commission ....do ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do ....do Manhattan State Hospital St. Joseptfs in the Pines General H. C. Brown A. J. Velsor Justin Butterfield [C. A. Lockwood . . . Ed | John C. Lockwood . Schmidt Ed. Schmidt Postmaster I Commission do Central Islip 11 D . Hauppauge 11 D . Smithtown HE. do I a E. Smithtown Branch 11 E. do j 11 E. . ..do I ll E. do 11 E. do | 11 E. Commission . ....do General . Chas. Blyndenburgh . C. B. Pedrick J. B. Payne Fredrick Noback C. D. Smith E. M. Smith Chas. F. Leeman Rassapeaque Club. . . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Dr. G. A. Smith, tendent. superin- Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. J. Elliott J. Elliott Commission . do Postmaster C. E. Price C. E. Price do ' do J. B. Payne J. B. Payne C. E. Price C. E. Price J. B. Redwood J. B. Redwood. T.B.Rogers T.B.Rogers... do ■ do X. W. Davis X. W. Davis. . . *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 1 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of i 1 1 it 1 1 >.^7„ ....do ....do.. ....do Theo. J. Kirk. S. E. Terry . . ....do ....do ....do .do. Thos. Marsh Nelson W. Davis . J. J. Overton 1 do J. L. Darling do J. H Davis do Port Jefferson Water Co T. B. Rogers do Nelson W. Davis. do do do T. B. Rogers Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis. Drver do do A. T. Norton do. J. W. Brown do. J. Biddle do. ..do. Port Jefferson Fire Co. Port Jefferson Co do J. H. Hopkins . . . Joseph M. Shaw . .do. .do. .do. .do. Pierce Well Engineering Pierce Well Engineering Co. Co. T. B. Rogers j T. B. Rogers Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis Arthur & Tuthill W. T. Arthur ♦For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. LI. «. 6 6 6 li -6 li 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 36 2 12 8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 6 6 li 11 2 3 2 REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. ! — Continued. 161 Depth of well. Feet. 38 80 65 50 43 275 40-45 28 8 72 19 28 Shallow. 150 50 50 51 90 46 50 110 70 27 59 00 80 64 59 38 38 70 59 85 90 1.50 20 96 ±25 54 75.5 60 140 90 120 Shallow. 35 370 95 45 Depth of priticip;i water supply. Height oi water above (+) or below ( — ) ground level. Supply per minute. GroOlOKZG liori/.on of water-bearing strata. Remarks. Feet. Feet. - 12' Gallons. Pleistocene Salt water Tisbury? — 30 + 15 Salt water 36 Fresh water Well abandoned - 30 Pleistocene Black water: abandoned - 17 - 18 - 80 - 40 - 65 - 22 - 52 - 54 - 70 - 54 - 26 - 32 Commission No. 1237 Tisbury? Commission No. 1214 Commission No. 1233 -145 Flows. - 40 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Large. 5 Pleistocene 2 wells. Pumps 133 gallons per well per minute. 25 do This well ceased to flow when No. 804 was completed. 140 - 70 -110 100 Pleistocene Wells for fire protection Flows. , Temperature 58° F.; pumps 42 gallons per minute. Small. Good. - 88 - 20 a See Table VIII. 162 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative weds No. *814 816 817 *818 *819 820 Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. 2 miles west of Yaphank station. Driller. Authority. Walter McGee S. K. Terry S. E. Terry. Yaphank HE.. Dr. C. A. Baker ' Dr. C. A. Baker. Coram HE. Middle Island HE. E.S. Still S.E.Terry S.E.Terry Wm. Davis Nelson \V. Davis. Nelson W. Da vis. .do 14 E . . Judge Bartlett . Rocky Point 14 F. do 14 F. Hawman Bros Long Island R. R . 821 Brookhaven 15 D . . General. *822 823 *824 *825 Manorville 15 E . Wading River 15 F . Wardenclvffe 15 F . S. E. Terry S. E. Terrv. Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis. . Long Island R. R. Postmaster. Mrs. Groty J. W. Nichol J. W. Nichol. ..1 i. 15 F Nikola Tesla . *826 Woodville Landing 15 F . *827 do 1 15 F . *828 Wading River 15 F . *829 do 15 F . *830 do ' 15 F . *831 Center Moriches 16 D . *832 *833 834 835 *836 837 *838 *839 *840 *841 *842 do 16 D. do 16 D. do 16 D. do 16 D. East Moriches 16 D. do 16 D. South Manor 16 E . do 16 E. do 16 E . Mary Miller I Preston Raynor 1 Preston Raynor. . Geo. E. Hageman I Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis. [T. B. Rogers., Nikola Tesla IW. H. Beers W. H. Beers [North Shore Industrial Co Jas. S. Warden . . . {J. S. Warden S. B. Saxe Wardenclvffe Brick and Jas. S. "Warden. . . Tile Co. Long Island R. R Dollard Bros Dollard Bros Mrs. De Groat J. W. Nichol J. W. Nichol S. W. Wheeler Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Davis. Dr. Wm. Carr Robinson Bros Robinson Bros. . . Otto Lauraman do do Wm. Hallock do do Kroln do ! do Dr. A. J. Woodruff Arthur & Tuthill W.T.Arthur W. Frank Smith W. Franx Smith. George Harris George Harris Wesley Young J. W. Nichol J. W. Nichol Alfred Steele do do Benj. Raynor do do .do. 16 E .do. 16 E . *843 I Manorville 16 E . *844 do 16 E . *845 I do.... 16 E . *846 do 16 E . Wallace Raynor do. Porter Howell do. .do. .do. J. W. Nichol M. E. Raynor. Long Island R. R . Mrs. Jones *847 ♦848 *840 *850 *851 *852 853 *S54o ♦855 • do 16 E . . Preston Ravnor. Hulse Landing 16 E Remsenbuig 17 D Speonk 17 D do do fCalverton (....do Baiting Hollow. do 17 D. . 17 D. . 17 E . . 17 E .. 17 F .. 17 F .. Dr. J. H. Darlington. R. B. Dayton Jacob Raynor Ellsworth Raynor. . . W. C. Rogers Mrs. Robinson General Chas. H. Wells Charles Warner do do do | do Long Island R. R. J. W. Nichol J. W. Nichol Preston Raynor Preston Raynor. W. II. Beers Dr. J. H. Darlington. | R. B. Dayton Arthur & Tuthill W. T. Arthur do j do do do Wm. V. Young Wm. V. Young Postmaster Wm. V. Young Wm. V. Young Arthur A Tuthill W. T. Arthur *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 ct seq. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 163 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Inches. 36 n 8 4 Depth of well. 60-8 48-3 H 3 3 li 3 U 3 28 n u H Feet. 18-24 33 62 39 128 120 14-20 29 50 123 166 347 94 90 57 110 38 68 20 34 20 67 26 33 60 22 15 24 36 20 12 15 Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Feet. 32 29 Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Feet. Gallons. - 62 1 Remarks. - 18 Wisconsin All morainal material Medium white sand 0 to 62 feet. Wisconsin . -121 12-15 Tisbury' -106 + 36 - 10 - 21 | I Clay 3 to 29 feet Tisbury? All sand and gravel. . -113 ! - 110 15 Tisbury Water pure and soft. Experimental well . . . Tisbury . Jameco?. - 28 Clay from 0 to 47 feet. - 10 - 28 - 56.5 - 18 - 12 - 22 - 10 - 15 - 9 - 12 Abandoned . Tisbury Pleistocene ....do ...do 1 do I All sand and gravel do do do Soft water do ' do Sand and stones 2 to 22 feet . Sand 2 to 15 feet Clay 22 to 24+ feet Pleistocene? Clav 3 to 15, 19 to 36 feet . .do. .do. .do. Clav 6 to 7 feet. 42 42 32 92 25 29 26 26 65 20-50 105 99 Pleistocene?. 92 - 87 10-25 - 10 - 21 Clay 3 to 42 feet . . Clay 3 to 40 feet . . Clay 12 to 28 feet. Large. 20 Pleistocene. do Clay 21 to 25 feet . Clay 18 to 20 feet . Pleistocene. . Pleistocene?. - 20 - 54 - 20 - 94 I - 90 I a Other wells also numbered 854 have similar sections. All sand and gravel . 853 854 855 164 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *85fi •856 A •857 *8S8 *859 *860 *861 862 *8«3 •864 865 866 867 *869 *870 871 •872 873 *874 •875 876 •877 878 •879 •880 •881 •881 A •882 •883 •884 •885 886 887 •890 891 Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Baiting Hollow 17 F . Centerville 17 F . West Hampton Beach. 18 D . Quogue Beach 18 D . Quogue 18 D . do 18 D. ....do 18D. Quogue Station 18 E . Howell Sandford Arthur & Tuthill. Sydney Shaw I S. E. Terry Augustus Zabriskie Arthur <$: Tuthill Hallock & Small Nelson W. Dans. Asha B. Hallock W. T. Arthur S. E. Terry W. T. Arthur Nelson W. Davis, .do Asha B. Hallock. Authority. J. Wendell Cole Bros. Quantuck Water Co Long Island R. R Riverhead 18 E . . Riverhead Waterworks. .. . Nelson W. Davis. ....do 18 F. .. Northville 18F..J Cum Citv 18-19 F Yetter water ibelowC-) ground level. supply. Feet. 225 Feet. - 96 - 92 83 225 305 60 711 36 36 36-6 36 52 43 53 35 60 73 62 33 60 36 65 + 12 + 3 Flows. - 4 - 30 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. - 5 -135 - 30 <•- 40 - 50 - 22 - 6 - 7 - 16 ! : - 12 90 - 35 -100 - 30 - 50 - 68 - 50 - 18 45 35-15 a Estimated. Supply per minute. Gallons. 1-2 a 347 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. Pleistocene . Cretaceous . do do Fluctuates with the tide Flows 16 gallons per minute. Flows 1 gallon per minute... Group of 6 wells b. 2 wells (») Flows 1.50 gallons. . Pumps 133 gallons. Pleistocene? Pleistocene . All coarse white sand . All medium red sand. . Fair. .do. .do. All light-colored sand and gravel. 30-40 50 Pleistocene . Hood. All sand . do... Pleistocene . .do. .do. All white sand . . . Clay 4 to 88 feet.. Clay 40 to 60 feet . dm Small. 100 0 Pleistocene. Jameco? Pleistocene . Group of 3 wells . Clay 34 to 80 feet. Clay 2 to 82 feet. . Pleistocene . do Sankaty Tisbury Tisbury?... Sankaty Tisbury All sand and gravel. ....do Tisbury Group of IS wells . — 45 Jameco? t> See Table VIII. c Average. No. 856 856 A 857 858 859 860 6 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 869 870 871 872 874 875 876 877 878 879 (6) 880 881 881 A 882 883 884 885 889 (») (■890 d Test for whole station of 3 wells. 166 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. *892 Greenport 21 H. .1 Village of Greenport. *893 do *894 East Marion. ♦895 do 896 do 21 H. 21 H. 21 H. 21 H. *897 Bridgehampton 22 F.. 898 do 22 F.. 899 Sagaponack 22 F. Long Island R. K . East Marion Life- Saving A.O.Ryder. Station. W. F. Furst .1 General Jas. A. Sanford A: Son Tas. A. Sanford & Son. General do i *900 .do. 22 F. *901 Sag Harbor 22 F. 902 do 22 F. J. Wilkes Hedges [ John K. Morris ' I. H. Ford. *903 «IIM .do. .do. 22 F.. 22 F.. *905 do 22F-G 906 Shelter Island 22 G... *907 do , 22 G... •908 ( do 22 G... *909 Orient ( Long Beach) ... 22 H . . *910 I Easthampton 23 F... *911 Plum Island 23 I . . . 912 Amagansett 24 F.. . »913 do 24 F... *914 Gull Island 24 I . . . •MS Montank 26 G... ' Harbor Waterworks Co E. Camerdon. Fab; Watch Case Co Frank Wankel Authority. W. E. Reynolds. Long Island R. R . A. O. Ryder W. F. Furst Postmaster .las. A. Sanford. Postmaster do J. Wilkes Hedges. John K. Morris. . . E. Camerdon H. F. Cook, president. Frank Wankel Chas. W. Payne ( John EL Hunt F. M. Smith A. O. Ryder A. O. Ryder Doctor Benjamin J do do J. Eugene Parker do ' do Orient Manufacturing Co. .. • Uriah White Easthampton Home Water W. C. Jaegle I. A. Worthington, engi- «llfi *917 *9I8 .do. .do. 26 G. 26 G. 26 G. *9I9 Fishers Island 26 J.. Co. U. S. Army. O. \V. Degenti. General I Postmaster Long Island R. R C. A. Lockwood C. A. Lockwood. U. S. Army \ 1 0. W. Degend... .do. C. A. Lockwood C. A. Lockwood. Long Island R. R Long Island R. R. Fort Pond 1 ! do Great Pond ' do E. M. & W. Ferguson C. L. Grant C. L. Grant * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. " Reported test of first 4 wells. &See Table VIII. REPRESENTS TTV E WELLS. 167 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Height of Depth of principal abov^(+) ^P1*' j Geologic horizon of well. ,,..1.- IMHJWl — suppl>. ground level. below(-) minute, w ater-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. ' 6 6-4 Frrt. 28-18 15-20 12 50 35 18-36 300 20-60 20-W Feet. 665 Feet. Gallons. a 300 Pleistocene. Flow Llovd sand'? - 48 185 40-100 1S2 f - 18 I I - 30 | - 35 - 25 - 30 j - 15 j - 40 | -145? Pleistocene 892 Abandoned: rock below 670; supply very f,. small. " J( ' Analyses 893 Tisbury 894 Pleistocene 896 Cretaceous 897 Pleistocene 898 do | 899 .do. 900 40 90 130 1.55-160 - 3 "Mineral springs:'" a large chalybeate spring 902 Pleistocene 1 Abandoned for surf ace supply 6903 500 .do. (Abandoned because of contamination from \ chemicals in factory. 904 80 38 60 76 I Brackish water. 3 to 20 feet 905 - 35 Tisbury All sand | 906 - 40 j I Sankaty? j 907 - 71 Tisbury 908 +406 Struck rock and well abandoned. 75-86 - 32$ <-166 ' Pleistocene Group of 3 wells 909 &910 85 28 Pleistocene? Group of 3 wells. 10 8-4 8-10 20-50 1 « — 45 | Pleistocene 1 107 - 67 +15 | do t 291 91 /Flow. Salt water. 0 to 110 feet: abandoned. 30 - 13 52 \ 911 912 913 914 ^Pleistocene 915 37 10 1 69 J I J ' I Analysis 916 do >J17 do 918 485 Rock at 204 feet: abandoned 919 c Test of single well. d Superintendent of construction and civil engineer, quartermaster's department. < Average. / Salt water. 168 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. [Numbers in black-faced type correspond to those used in the table preceding.] 1. The sample from this well preserved in Mr. Gregory's office, marked "Hoffmans Island 210 feet," is a dark, bluish-gray sand, apparently glacial. Record of quarantine station well, Hoffmann Island, New York. Feet. 1. Sand, clay, and gravel, with salt water 0-450 2. Rock, with salt water 450-750 3. Rock, with fresh water 750-1,000 2. In 1867 John Nadir, United States engineer at Fort Hamilton, carefully examined the underlying for- mations at Fort Lafayette, making borings 800 to 1,000 feet from the shore. These borings showed the follow- ing section:" Generalized record of United States Army test borinas at Fort Lafayette, N. Y. Feet. 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with a few broken shells 0-20 2. Decayed marsh or meadow mud with diatomacese and spiculae of sponges and shells 20-23 3. Gravel and sand containing many broken shells 23-40 4. Mud, quite compact, which appears to have been a marsh with scanty vegetation, rather than a meadow. In this formation a great number of shells were found which were identified as Nassa obsoleta , Anomia ephippium, Mya arenaria,Crepidula fornicata, Solenensis, Mytilus edulis 40-53 3. See plan and cross section of south Brooklyn tunnel, by Isaiah Bowman, from notes furnished by J. C. Meem, civil engineer (PI. XXV). Mr. Meem states that in order to keep the tunnel dry 750,000 to 1,000,000 gallons pei' day were pumped from each of the seven shafts. 4. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data:i> "This company has no municipal contract. Its area of operation comprises Blythebourne and Borough Park tracts, situated in the Thirtieth Ward. The supply is pumped from open wells at a depth of 80 feet. The works consist of 1 principal pumping station, and 1 reserve station, also 5 elevated tanks (wooden structures) of 25,000 gallons each. Daily pumpage 200,000 gallons. An average of 106,000 gallons per day is also received from the city." 5. Mr. J. C. Breckenridge, general manager of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, in a letter dated April 29, 1901, gives the following data regarding this well: "Well was put down 1,503 feet; 8 inches in diameter to 1,000 feet, and 6 inches below that point. It was never pumped to determine the yield, as the water always tested salty and unfit for boiler use. The original plan was to go down to a fissure in the bed rock where il was supposed a stream of running water suitable for boiler use could be found. The nature of the material penetrated was as follows: Record of Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's v)ell at Brooklyn, N . Y . Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand i 0-73 2. Clay 73-95 Sankaty : 3. Fine sand 95-101 4. Clay 101-139 Jameco : 5. "Hard pan," with small stones, black, and varying in size 139-169 6. Coarse sand 169-189 7. " Hard pan " to bed rock 189-212 "At 140 feet no clay, struck a bowlder and were obliged to shoot the well to get it out of the way, as it jammed the drilling at the end of casing. At 292 feet a sand pocket was struck. When the sand had been pumped out the cavity was filled with cement and the drilling continued. Work was started on August 31, 1897 and stopped December 21, 1898." " Am Nat , vol 2, 1869, p. 335. " Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, p. 181. 1 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 169 7. This well is about 10 feet above low tide and was completed in November, 1903. It is entirely in sand and gravel. At .50 feet clay was encountered, below which the driller stated it was useless to look for water in this vicinity. The clay suggests the Sankaty, and it is supposed that the underlying Jameco does not yield potable water at this point, because of the removal of the clay covering in the upper bay. lO. Q. M. Gen. C. F. Humphrey reports: At Governors Island an 8-inch well was recently sunk to a depth of 1,822 feet 6 inches. At 1,175 feet a flow of 15 gallons per minute was obtained. By torpedoing the well the flow was increased to about 18 gallons per minute. The water was salty and chemical analysis pronounced it unlit for drinking purposes. The following samples have been received from this well: Record of U nited States Army well on Governors Island, New York. Feet. 1. Red clay, wTith bowlders 13 2-4. Red clay ; no bowlders " 44-55 5. Very fine, gray, micaceous, silty clay 60 6. Dark multicolored gravel, with fragments of Recent shells 70 7-8. Disintegrated micaceous rock, with fragments of Recent shells 73-87 9. Highly micaceous schist or diorite, thought by Mr. E. C. Eckel, of this Survey, to resemble the Harrison diorite 87-1,700 1 1. Record o) well on Ellis Island, New York. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 2. Rock: trap and gneiss 35-1,400 12. Samples and record in the Long Island Historical Museum show: Record oj Long Island Railroad well in Brooklyn, N. Y 1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc 2. Micaceous gneiss (possibly Harrison diorite — Eckel) 13. See Pis. XXVI, XXVII. 16. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department : Analysis of well water at Gravesend pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 127.00 Loss on ignition .' 27.00 Free ammonia , . 002 Albuminoid ammonia . 000 Chlorine as chlorides 12. 50 Sodium chloride 20.60 Nitrogen as nitrates 5. 76 Nitrogen as nitrites _> None. Total hardness 76. 00 Permanent hardness 65. 50 18. Mr. L. B.Ward gives the following data regarding this company: "This tract of 90 acres, located in the Thirtieth Ward, between Fifteenth and Eighteenth avenues, and Fifty-third and Sixtieth streets, has an independent water service, with 1.7 mile of distributing pipes and one pumping station located at Seventeenth avenue and Sixtieth street, supplied from a single well." 23. Temperature 52° to 53°. Water used for cooling and manufacturing. 17116— No. 44—06 12 Feet. 0-88 88-120 170 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sanitary analysis of water from well at Eighth avenue and Eighteenth street, Brooklyn. [Analyst not reported.] Parts per million. Total solids 376.04 Loss on ignition (slight charring) 84. 80 Chlorine 30. 02 Nitrogen of free ammonia - .05 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia '. - - - - .03 Nitrogen of nitrite . - - .05 Nitrogen of nitrate ---- 12.07 Temporary hardness 87. 28 Permanent hardness - 55. 84 Total hardness 143. 12 Iron Very faint trace. Samples received from Mr. R. A. Ward, treasurer, show the following section: Record of well at Eighth avenue and Eighteenth street, Brooklyn. Wisconsin till : Feet. 1. Reddish bowlder clay 5 2. Fine to coarse silty sand with a little gravel 15 3. Same, but much cleaner: note on samples says, "Struck first water, which yielded 3 gallons per minute " 25 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 4-5. Reddish-brown bowlder clay 35-45 6-14. Clean, dark-colored, reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 55-135 25. Sample preserved in Mr. Gregory's office dated April 24. 1894, and marked " 141 feet: 46 gallons per minute" is a mixture of sand and coarse gravel with much glacial material. It is believed to represent the Jameco gravels. The Tartar Chemical Company report that the water falls to 14 feet when the well is pumped. Temperature 54°. Analysis of unfillered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Water taken February 20, 1S93.] Evaporated, 4 liters. Parts per million. Total solids 225 Si(X 19 CaO : 17 MgO.: , i4 Traces of FeAl2Os. Analysis of filtered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Water taken February 23, 1893.] Evaporated, 7 liters. Parts per million. Total solids 171.0 SiO, 19. 4 CaO 46.8 MgO 14. 8 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 171 Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Analysis by Charles L. Bauer, Springfield, Ohio, September 26, 1896.] Parts per million. Calcium sulphate 46. 3 Calcium carbonate 0 Magnesium sulphate 49. 6 Magnesium carbonate 117.3 Sodium chloride 26. 2 Iron -0 Volatile and organic 171.0 Total solids - - 410. 4 Remarks: Odorless and clear. Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. Analysis by bureau of chemistry, board of health, Brooklyn, September 16, 1897; G. J. Volckening, chief chemist: H.W. Walker, assistant chemist.] Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides 47. 02 Equivalent to sodium chloride 4 77. 50 Phosphates .00 Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites 16. 90 Free ammonia .00 Albuminoid ammonia .00 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 197. 5 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 197. 5 Organic and volatile 145. 3 Mineral matter 384. 7 Total solids by evaporation 530. 1 Analysis of well water from Ninth street and, Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Analysis by Pittsburg Filter Manufacturing Company, Pittsburg, March 20, 1903; F. T. Aschman, chemist.] Parts per million. Sodium chloride .' 58. 0 Calcium sulphate 100. 0 Calcium carbonate 80. 4 Magnesium carbonate 57. 8 Iron and aluminum oxides 5. 8 Silica 19.0 Organic and volatile matters Traces. Total solids 321.0 Carbon dioxide 67.8 Sample clear. '27. Seventeen test borings were sunk at this point: No. 1, 110 feet north of Third avenue and Third street: Nos. 2-9, at intervals of 50 feet west; Nos. 10-16, bordering Third street, at intervals of 50 feet east toward Third avenue: No. 17. opposite No. 2. The following sections may be taken as typical: Record of Transit Development Company's test boring No. J near Third avenue and Third street. Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Light-yellow sand filling 0-12 2. Ash and cinder filling 12-30 3. Gray silt 20-40 4. Very fine to medium light-gray sand 40-50 172 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Transit Development Company's test boring No. 9 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Ash filling 0-12 2. Gray silt 12-22 3. Medium light-gray sand containing muscovite and a considerable percentage of erratic material 22-24 4. Light-brown sand, gradually becoming coarser and with an increasing percentage of erratic material 24-35 Record oj Transit Development Company's test boring No. 13 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Ash filling 0- 7 2. Gray silt 7-15 3. Coarse light-gray sand witli a high percentage of erratics 15-20 4. Gray silt 20-27 5. Transition from silt to sand 27-32 6. Medium-brown sand with some erratics 32-40 Record of Transit Development Company's test boring No. 16 mar Third avenue and Third street. Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Light-brown sand with erratic material between 5 and 10, and fine sand between 10 and 15 1 0-15 2. Coarse sand with erratic material 15-20 3. Very dark silt 20-32 4. Transition material, silt to fine sand 32-35 5. Fine to medium dark-gray sand with a considerable amount of erratic material 35-42 2§. Record of well on Third avenue between Degraw and Douglas streets, Brooklyn. Recent: Feet. 1. Filled ground 0-30 2. Siltyclay 30-35 Recent ? : 3. Blue clay 35-40 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 4. Clay and sand 40-45 5. Sand and gravel 45-77 6. Quartz sand 77-85 29. Record of well on Dean street near Vandtrbilt avenue, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gray sand and stones, large bowlders 8-56 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 2. Brown sand and bowlders 56-81 3. Coarse brown sand (water at 81 feet) 81-98 Mr. Corwin adds: " Nearly always we get water in brown sand — pepper and salt mixture — sometimes in yellow coarse sand: never, or hardly ever, in white sand." :tO. A sample from this well preserved by Mr. Gregory, and marked 217 feet, is a coarse, multicolored, glacial gravel, similar to the Jameco gravel in the Brooklyn test wells. Record of well at St. Marks and Grand avenues. Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-100 2. Sand, gravel, and clay 100-331 3. Granite rock 331- TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION FROM EAST RIVER TO DE KALB AVENUE, DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 17 31. Record oj well at Lewis and De Kalb avenues, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-63 Tisbury?: 2. Light-gray sand and stones 63- 91 3. Coarse gray and white sand 91-101 33. A sample preserved by Mr. Gregory, marked " 125-138 feet," is a highly erratic glacial gravel. 35. Record oj well at Forest street and Evergreen avenue, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Loam and bowlders - 0- 23 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Yellow gravel and sand " 23- 63 3. Yellow gravel with water 63-105 Sankaty or Cretaceous: 4. Blue clay 105-275 37. Record of well at Bartlett street and Harrison avenue, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Old well - 0-60 Tisbury*: 2. Coarse sand, water-bearing - 60- 65 Sankaty: * 3. Red clay with an occasional large bowlder 65-150 Jameco: 4. Coarse red sand, water-bearing 150-165 38. Record oj well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, Brooklyn. Recent: Feet. 1. Miscellaneous filling down to bottom of old creek 0- 6 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Loam, sand, and gravel 6- 37 3. Sand and gravel, water-bearing 37- 45 Sankaty : 4. Interstrat ideations of clay and fine sand and gravel 45-139 Jameco : 5. Water-bearing stratum of coarse yellow sand 139-176 The samples of the material encountered in this well, which were obtained through the courtesy of ^ E. L. Heusner, chief engineer, show the following section: Record oj well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, Brooklyn. Recent: - Feet. 1. Filled ground 0- 8 2. Black marsh mud 8- 9 3. Blue clay . 9- 15 Wisconsin and Tisbury '.. 4. Light , yellowish brown, sandy clay at 19 5. Bluish gray, rather pure, clay at 26 6. Highly erratic glacial gravel 31- 36 7-9. Medium sand, the particles being uniform in size, the composition very similar to No. 6.. , 36-62 10. Erratic gravel mixed with gray clay 62- 73 11. Coarse glacial sand 73- 81 Sankaty: 12. Bluish gray, impure, sandy clay - - - - 87- 93 174 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sankaty — Continued. Feet. 13. Yellowish gray sand mixed with clay - 93-108 14. Clean, light-brown, medium, erratic sand 108-122 15. Bluish gray sandy clay '- 122-124 16. Yellowish brown medium sand, slightly clayey 124-127 Jameco : 17. Yellowish brown, coarse, clayey sand 127-134 18-19. Very coarse slightly clayey sand, having a dark-yellow color 134-145 20-22. Reddish yellow, extremely coarse sand with erratic material as in the preced- ing samples 145-174 23. Similar to the preceding, but much coarser and with erratic material more abun- dant 174-175 Mr. Heusner states that the first wells which were used on tins property by the chemical company were 30 feet deep. These wells were successively deepened to 40, 50, and 70 feet, and finally it became necessary to sink the deep wells above described. The water from the deep wells rises to within 7 or 8 feet of the surface, or to the surface of the original ground before this section was built up by filling. The capacity of this well is .500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, the well being pumped steadily the year round, night and day. 40. Record of irell at 20 to 34 Ryerson street, Brooklyn . Feet. 1. Filling 0- 8 2. Sand, stones, and little clay 8-32 3. Fine sand and clay 32-84 4. Hell Gate rock 84- 41. Record of uieU ot 163 Carlton avenue, Brooklyn. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Dug well 0-50 2. Bowlders 50-60 Wisconsin and Tisburv : 3. Sand 60-90 42. Mather gives the following section of a well sunk for Mr. Johnson in Brooklyn between " Wallabout and Guanus" in April, 1811: Record of well between Wallabout and Gowanus, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0-3 2. Hard concreted clay, sand, and stones colored with iron and requiring a pick to dig; com- posed of gneiss, hornblende, and brittle slate 3-18 3. Loose gravel and grayish sand, with thin streaks of gravel, the gravel of quartz, bassanite, breccias, mica slate, and red sandstone 18-38 4. Alternating layers of 2 or 3 feet of sand and gravel, containing coarse green soapstone in addition to the materials of No. 3 38-55 5. Sand and gravel in alternating layers; the gravel beds contain sea shells, mostly clams and oysters, but the sand none 55-84 43. According to llollick," this is the location of the well from which the Exogyra coslata. reported by Redfield'' and Cozzens/ was taken at a depth of 65 feet. A drawing in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, by C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer, gives the following section at the east tower of the Brooklyn Bridge: a Trans. New York Acad, of Sci., vol. 12, 1893, p. 225. b Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser , vol 4.r., 184.1, p. 156. <"A Geological History of Manhattan Island, 1843, p. 51. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 175 Record of excavation for east tower of Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn . Feet. 1. Water 2. Gravel and bowlders 3. Hardpan; concrete and serpentine rock 4. Bowlders and sand: a trap bowlder 5 Sand. 6. Sand, gravel, and clay 7. Reddish clay 8. Very compact sand, gravel, and clay, mixed with trap 0 -10 10 -12 12 -23.6 23.6-32 32 -34.8 34.8-49 49 -50 50 -89 89 - 9. Rock 46. Record of well at Pear and Front streets, Brooklyn. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 0-21 21-60 60- 1. Sand and bowlders 2. Coarse brown sand. 3. Fine red sand 47. Mr. Ingalls, of John W. Masury & Son, reports two 5-inch and five 6-inch wells drilled between 1877 and 1902. He gives the following description of the locality: "After a few feet of loose earth there is clay, very hard, from 27 to 33 feet, where we get gravel and clay to 40 feet. The lower clay and gravel are filled with hard bowlders (probably glacial, as every well in this end of Long Island has shown these to be widely distributed). Below 40 feet the sand becomes finer and is water bearing. Our wells give a good supply at 53 feet, which is not much increased at 75. Below 50 feet is clear fine sand, with bowlders in some places, extending to about 90 feet, where hard blue clay is reached. "An interesting feature of our wells is the rapid corrosion of brass strainers. The metal loses the zinc. A corroded and useless strainer showed 65 per cent copper and 35 per cent zinc in the perfect spots and over 99 per cent copper in the corroded parts, which were chiefly at the bottom, the top being in perfect condition. The water is not acid except with C02, and the prevailing opinion is that the action is electrolytic, though this has not been proved. "The 75-foot well has a casing of 59 feet of 8-inch pipe, with a 16-foot brass strainer, 6 inches in diameter, extending below and connected with a 6-inch iron pipe inside the casing. This well when first completed gave 225 gallons per minute with a centrifugal test pump. "The supply is all right, but the strainers give out, the pump fills with sand, and we have to keep putting down new wells and strainers every year or two. "Changing the position of the wells only 25 or 50 feet seems to make a difference in durability. Water is good, but hard. It is used principally for cooling purposes." Mr. Jamieson, of Arbuckle Brothers, reports that a sample taken from this well November, 1899, showed 1.662.5 parts of chlorine per million. 4§. Mr. H. S. Stewart reports: "Well No. 1 was about 800 feet deep. We struck what 1 would call trap rock at 97 feet — until that depth it was quicksand or gravel and bowlders. We shut that off with 18-inch pipe. From 97 feet to 800 feet it was trap rock standing on edge all the way and full of crevices, making it very hard to keep a straight hole. We abandoned that well at about 800 feet, and started No. 2 about 500 feet away. We encounterea the same formation in this well to a depth of about 93 feet and then struck the same kind of trap rock, which continued for about 800 feet. Below this the rock lay level and we had no more trouble in keeping a straight hole. This rock was granite, some dark and some red. It would change in color sometimes in 20 feet and sometimes run in the same color for 30 feet. This well was drilled to a depth of 2,148 feet. There was water in the gravel above the trap rock, but it was not the quality of water wanted. We cased it off and went on down. There was no water in the granite nor trap rock — it was too hard to contain water. The well was then abandoned at Mr Arbuckle's request." Water from a depth of 51 feet showed 560 parts of chlorine per million. 176 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 5 1 . Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brookl i/n . Feet. 1. Filled ground < 0- 15 2. Stiff blue clay 15-24 3. Hardpan 24-26 4. Blue day and gravel 26- 30 5. Hard pan 30-38 6. Reddish blue clay 38-42 7. Sand - 42-48 8. Blue clay 48-60 9. Gravel and hardpan : - 60- 73 10. Stiff blue clay 73-84 1 1. Bowlders and gravel; water brackish and filthy 84-103 12. Brown-yellow granite 103-122 13. White granite 122-129 14. Gray granite 129-144 15. Bluish granite 144-156 16. Gray mica-schist. . . 156-168 17. Darker schist : 168-172 18. White schist 172-185 19. Black schist 185-227 20. White granite 227-246 21. Gray granite 246-259 22. White granite, yielding good clear water, which dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda 259-275 23. Reddish brown granite 275-288 24. Black granite, more water 288-296 25. White granite 296-312 26. Black granite 312-316 Mr. Wankel adds: "All the water above the rock is of very poor quality. The water from the rock rose to within 50 feet of the surface. A supply of 60 gallons was obtained at 275 feet and SO gallons at 296. This well was put down in the granite building which inclosed the large pumping engine." The civil engineer at the navy-yard reports in a letter transmitted by the Secretary of the Navy: "At a point marked 2 on the map a well was driven to a depth now unknown, but from such sources as are now available, this depth is supposed to have been about 120 feet. The water was found to be brackish and the well was abandoned." From the location given, this is clearly the well described by Mr. Wankel. Mr. Wankel says: "This well furnished about 60 gallons per minute of very good clear water from the rock at about 190 feet. It dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda and carbonic-acid gas." Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard , Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filled ground 0-11 2. Marsh 11-23 3. Blue clay 23- 26 4. Fine white sand 26- 29 5. Coarse sand 29- 35 6. Hardpan 35- 51 7. Mixed sand * 51- 56 8. Yellow water sand 56- 62 9. Brown water sand 62- 74 10. Coarse brown water sand 74- 83 11. Gray sand 83-85 12 Beach sand 85_ §8 13. Blue clay 88-93 11. Sand and gravel, "brackish water'' 93- % 15. Blue granite 96-220 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON W ELLS. 177 The civil engineer of the navy-yard reports: " Only one well was a success. It still exists and it is stated tliat the depth is about 216 feet, and that rock was struck at a depth of 96 feet. From measurements made recently the depth of this well is found to be 205.6 feet from the top of the casing." 53. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filled ground 0- 9 2. Stid blue clay 9-35 3. Hardpan 35- 46 4. Sandy yellow clay 46- 54 5. Hardpan 54-66 6. Sand and water 66- 74 7. Hardpan 74- 80 8. Fine pasty sand 80-98 9. Granite bowlders. _ 98-101 10. Flint granite 101-108 54. The various depths given in the following record are referred to the top of the coping of dry docks 2 and 3: Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filling 0 -9.5 2. Bluish clay-like materials mixed with shells 9. 5-25 3. Peat 25 26 4. Fine light clayey sand 26 28 5. Fine iron-colored sand .' 28 31 6. Fine drab sand 31 33 7. Fine dark-drab sand 33 39 55. The original record of this well, published by E. Lewis, jr., in the Popular Science Monthly, volume 10, 1877, page 443. is as follow*: Record of well at ooG Kent avenue, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Surface gravel 0 - 30 2. Quicksand 30 , - 32 3. Bowlder drift 32 -102 4. Clay 102 -129 5. Oyster shells 129 -129. 5 6. Coarse sand 1 29. 5- Samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society show the following section: Record of well at 566 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Bowlder clay 0-70 2. Water-worn fragments of snells apparently Recent from a layer at a depth of 129. 5 3. Medium white sand, not clearly glacial. Depth not given, marked ' water-bearing stratum." An error has apparently been made in transcribing the record, which is published by Merrill (Annals X. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346) and reprinted by Darton (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Ko. 138, 1896, p. 34). Mr. Fred S. Benson, chief engineer of the eastern division of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company, reports under date of November 30, 1903: "The well you refer to as being 129 feet 6 inches deep was put down by the Nassau Gaslight Company in 1873 or 1874. The well was located at Kent avenue and Cross street, Brooklyn. Its yield when first tested was 500 gallons per minute. We have since put down two other pipes in the same excavation, but the quantity of water has diminished yearly. I might add that the pipes have been drawn up to a depth of 85 feet from the ground level, that being the depth from which the maximum quantity was obtained in 1902.'' t 178 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 60. Mr. C. D. Corwin reports the following section: Record of well at Bushwick and Meserole avenues. Brooklyn. J Feet. 1. Yellow clay and stones 0-49 2. Gray sand - 49-55 3. Fine sand and mica 55-63 4. Yellow clay, with quartzite, slate, conglomerate, and feldspar pebbles 63-.101 a. Water-bearing gray sand and gravel 101-117 6. Blue clay (not passed through) - - 117-120 62. Phillips and Worthington report the following section: Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Interlying strata of clay, sand, and gravel (very heavily bedded with bowlders) . . . 0-52 Tisbury?: 2. Coarse yellow sand and gravel - : 52-75 Sankaty ? : 3. Blue clay 75-100 Jameco? and Cretaceous: 4. Beach sand 100-240 This well was abandoned and a new one sunk, which obtained its supply from the water-bearing strata between 52 and 75 feet. Mr. I. H. Ford gives the following section: Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-58 Tisbury ?: 2. Water-bearing sand 58-76 Sankaty ? : 3. Reddish-brown clay 76-160 64. These wells are entirely in sand; there is plenty of water, but if too much is drawn, salt water from Newtown Creek comes in. Analysis of the water shows 1,000 parts of chlorine per million. 65. A test well at this point gave the following section: Record of well at Porter and Maspeth avenues, Brooklyn. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Stones and rough material; no sand 0-12 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 2. Loam, sand, etc 12-^48 Sankaty?: 3. Clay having a blue color. 48-190 Jameco?: 4. Water-bearing gravel 190- A good supply of water is reported from layer 4, but the wells at this point are completed in layer 2. 66. Mr. C. Harty, foreman for I. H. Ford, has kindly furnished the following data of the deep test wells at this point: Diameter, 10 inches, 0-137 feet; 8 inches, 137-200; 6 inches, 200-225. Record of well at Meeker and Kingsland avenues, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filled ground 0-5 Wisconsin : 2. Blue clay with bowlders 5-16 3. Sand and small bowlders with water 16-32 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 179 Cretaceous ?: Feet 4. Blue clay 32-72 5. Light-gray clay 72-180 Cretaceous: 6. Sand — not water bearing. 180-180. 5 7. Blue clay 180. .5-205 8. Light-greenish clay, passing into dark-greenish clay containing small concre- tionary masses 205-215 9. Yellow and dark-colored sand}' clay 215-225 Pre-Cretaceous: 10. Rock, mica-schist 225- This well was abandoned and a shallow well sunk near it, which obtained water from the glacial gravels between 28 and 32 feet. The section of this shallower well is: Record of well at Meeker and Eingsland avenues, Brooklyn. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Blue clay ; no stone . . 0-28 2. Reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 28-32 Cretaceous ? : 3. Light-gray clay 32-40 67. Record of well on Meeker avenue, between North Moore and Monitor streets, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Yellow clay and stones 0 -10 2. Gray sand and stones 10 -18 3. Nearly all stones, very little sand 18 -27 4. Stones and gray sand 27 -32 5. Stones and red sand 32 -40 6. Fine gray sand 40 -43 7. Very tough light dry clay 43 -47 8. Fine sand with conglomerate, quartz, feldspar, and jasper pebbles 47 -54 9. Coarse gray sand with fresh water 54 -55. 5 10. Yellow clay 55. 5-60 11. Blue clay 60 -63 12. Gray sand and gravel: good water-bearing stratum 63 -70 13. Fine sand 70 -73 71. Mr. F. P. Rust, manager of the Rust Well Machinery Company, gives the following record of this well: Record of well at 99 to 117 North Eleventh street, Brooklyn. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sandy loam and bowlders -_ 0 -50 Sankaty ? : 2. Blue clay 50-70 Jameco ? : 3. Gravel and bowlders 70-100 Cretaceous?: 4. Blue clay 100-125 5. Quicksand 125-132 Pre-Cretaceous : 6. Light-gray and black granite 132-333 The New York Quinine Chemical Company report a yield of 7,500 gallons per hour. The water level lowers 5 feet on pumping eight hours; temperature of water 65° F.; it contains much lime and magnesia and is not used for drinking. 180 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 20.35 72. Mr. H. L. Pratt of the Standard Oil Company gives the following information: "About twenty-five veai-s ago an attempt was made to drive a well at this point, but after going to the depth of 200 feet without getting any water the well was abandoned on account of a ledge of rock." 75. The following data have been furnished by Mr. Jacob Blumer: "We drove at least 25 shallow wells to a depth of from 60 to 70 feet. In the depth mentioned, we went through sand and gravel only and never struck rock. All the wells furnished water, but of late years the levels became lower. Twenty years ago the levels stood 15 to 16 feet from the surface, and in the last wells, made in 1897. it was as low as 38 to 40 feet. As for the amount of water furnished, I can only give you figures for the three wells which were made in 1897. These were made by sinking a pit 7 by 9 feet to a depth of 36 or 40 feet, and then we drove 20 to 25 feet of 6-inch pipe with a perforated strainer at the end through sand and gravel. The pump was at the bottom of the pit and each well was good for 200 gallons per minute. The water in these wells was clear and cold, but exposed to the air became yel- lowish. Hydroxide of iron precipitated in the water: this was quite troublesome in our pipe lines. After about three years a 3-inch pipe would be nearly filled up solid with the precipitate. " We also made four deep wells, the locations of which are shown on the accompanying diagram [fig. 61]. In these we went through 70 to 80 feet of sand and gravel, and in all of them struck rock at 124 feet ; the rock was porous but hard. In all wells we found plenty of petrified wood, some black, some vellowish white, like hard maple, and in some of the shallower wells we found petrified fish roe. "No. 1 deep well was originally 275 feet deep, and yielded 80 to 100 gallons per minute. After Xo. 3 well was made and operated, the yield of Xo. 1 diminished: then we drilled to 375 feet, but did, not get the water back, and in a few months it had gone out entirely and the well was abandoned. "No. 2 deep well was 300 feet deep, and yielded 120 to 125 gallons per minute, and kept it up until we closed the works. Level of water in the well when not in operation was 220 feet from the surface. "No. 3 deep well was 450 feet deep; it yielded 125 gallons as long as we were running the place: level was 2.50 feet from surface. "No. 4 deep well was 490 feet deep: it yielded about 10 gallons per minute and was abandoned. The water from all the deep wells was a little brackish — the amount of chloride increasing continuously. I can give you the amount of chlorine for No. 1 well for a period of over three years." Scale 200 400 feet Figures at corners give elevation in feet city datum. Fig. 61. — Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the Fleisehmann Manufacturing Company at Long Island Citv. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES I >N WELLS. Chlorine in water of Fleischmann deep veil No. I at tttuniBe, Long Island City. Parts per million. October 12, 1888 1,902. 1 October 17, 1888 2,000.8 December 1 1 , 1888 - 2, 329. 5 March 11, 1889 2,556.0 May 29, 1889 2.756.9 June 24, 1889 2, 785. 4 October 11, 1889 3,064.0 March 5, 1890 j 3,415.2 December 10, 1890 3,632.2 February 10, 1892 3.9S4.0 76. A large well at this point. 25 feet in diameter and 50 feet deep, has a number of 6-inch points driven in the Iwttom of it to a depth of 60 to 70 feet: the water level was originally 5 or 6 feet from the surface of the ground, but is now 60 feet, and the large well, or pit. has been deepened from time to time as the water- level lowered. In the spring of 1903 the large plants across Newtown Creek which have wells in the same stratum closed down, and the water is rapidly rising in the Standard Oil Company well, and threatens to drown out the pumps which are placed in the bottom of the large well. The water is "everything that is bad:" it is used for condensing purposes only. 79. The original record by Lewis is as follows: Record of well at New Calrary Cemetery. Long Island City. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Surface loam and drift 1-139 Raritan: 2. Greenish earth 139-178 3. White clay with red streaks 178-182 4. Gneiss 182-582 Darton reports the water soft, with only a little lime, magnesia, and chlorine. In the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, the following samples are preserved: (1) Green sandy clay, marked: '"39 feet thick at a depth of 139 feet:" (2) mottled red and white clay. " 200-204." Of the green sandy clay Merrill says: '•The greenish earth was found to be ferruginous, and on treatment with hydrochloric acid left a residue which, under the microscope, was seen to consist of fragments of kaolinized feldspar, with occasional grains of coarse sand." SO. Record oj commission's test well, Long Island City. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0.4- 0.5 2-3. Very fine, light-yellow, clayey silt 1.5- 6.0 4-5. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 7. 5-14. 0 6. Medium to coarse, clean, dark-brown sand IS. 5-19. 0 7. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 20.5-21.5 8-10. Dark, grayish-brown sand to small gravel 27.5-38 All samples have a decidedly glacial appearance. 82. Record of Flower estate well. Long Island City. Wisconsin: ■ Feet. 1. Sandy clay 0-90 Tisburv I : 2. Coarse sand, full of water 90-100 Cretaceous?: 3. Clay 100-112 4. Rock..: .' 112-145 182 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 83. Record oj commission's lest well.. Long Island City. Feet. 1. Humus-stained sandy loam 0 -0.5 2. Yellow sandy loam 2.5 3-10. Fine to medium, reddish-yellow, glacial sand with a little silt 8 -40.0 S5. See fig. 62 and Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. §6. A number of test borings were put down at this point for foundations for an electrical plant. In one well marine shells were found at a depth of about 60 feet : in another water was encountered which flowed 1 foot above the surface; bed rock was reached at different depths, the greatest being 69 feet. Scale 1 000 2000 3000 feet Fig. 62.— Index map showing location of borings represented on Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. §7. Record oj v:ell at Sixth street and West avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 Ash and cinder filling 0- 7 2. Fine yellow sand 7- 18 3. Blue mica sand (disintegrated rock) 18- 22 4. Gneiss rock 22-152 Mr. Sweeney reports that the rock in this well dipped at rather a high angle, and that it was very difficult to enter the pipe in the rock. At the last depth given a supply of brackish water was found in a crevice. The granite was of unequal hardness. Water is only slightly brackish, is excellent for boiler use and gang purposes, and contains lime, mag- nesia, and salt . U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISj « PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVIII 110° 117° 1160=115 , 14o 119o 120c * I N G S 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 S.C. G.S. Br.or B. 6 (S.C. high CIS. G.S. S.C.G. Br.or B. Br.o. B. C.fS. S.G.C. S.C. ^IBr.or B. A.S.C.G. sir. — CIS. S.C.G.B. Br.or B. IS.C. fS.C.G. f-e-.fS SC. ; Br.o- B. fS.C. S.G.C. S.G.C. S.C.G. St. C.fS. pa; C.S.G Br.or B. S.G.C. cS.G. -"> Br.or B. Br.or B. -300 Br.or B. -270 260 •240 ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand fS. Fine sand cS. Coarse sand C. Clay St. Silt B. Bowlder D. Disintegrated rock Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder Br. Bed rock Horizontal scaie 200 300 500 feet L. L. POATF.S ENGR G CO., N.I RAILROAD TUNNEL; THOMSON AVENUE TO ARCH STREET, LONG ISLAND CITY. WASH BORINGS MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLA PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIX ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B Bowlder fS. Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock cS. Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder c. Clay Br. Bed rock St. Silt Horizontal scale 200 aoo 400 soo feet UILROAD TUNNEL; ARCH STREET TO VERNON AVENUE, LONG ISLAND CITY. L. L. POATES EMgrg CO., W.Y. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 183 89. The elevation of this well is about 8 feet above mean tide. Record oj irell at Vernon and Nott avenues, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Ash and sand filling 0-14 2. Coarse yellow sand 14-23 3. Blue sand (disintegrated rock) 23-25 4. Gneiss 25-85 91. This well, which is about 5 feet above the adjacent sea marsh, is reported to have passed through nothing but gravel, but a near-by well struck beds of blue clay with but 1 or 2 feet of gravel. Both were test wells put down by the water department of Long Island City. 92. Record of well at 596 Jackson avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Clayey loam 0-10 2. Sand and gravel 10-16 3. Layer of stones averaging about half the size of paving stones 16-19 4. White clay 19-20 5. Compact mixture of sand and gravel 20-21 6. Black and white gravel 21-25 93. A group of 20 or 30 wells, of which several are flowing: they are so connected that it is impossible to tell which is and which is not flowing. The one nearest the branch is reported to have originally flowed 18 gallons per minute: it flowed July 19, 1903, about one-half gallon per minute from the pipe and 1 or 2 gallons on the outside of the pipe. The Long Island Railroad Company reports one well flowing slightly, but readily pumped down. The water is excellent, but the supply not great. Analysis oj water from well at Jackson avenue and Hill street, Long Island City. Parts per million. Free ammonia 0. 091 Albuminoid ammonia . 128 Oxygen consumed . 842 Nitrites Trace. Nitrates 993 Sodium chloride 16. 330 Hardness 120 Permanent hardness 50 Temporary hardness 70 Total solids 250 In the near-by well the following section was encountered by Mr. S. H. Allen: Record oj v:ell at Jaclcson avenue and Hill street, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Blue clay 0-31 2. Hard packed gravel with water 31-38 94. Record oj well at Long Island Railroad and Remsen street, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Bowlders and loam 0-40 2. Sand 40-50 3. Rather coarse water-bearing gravel 50-61 95. Mr. Allen states that the well at this point will flow when the near-by waterworks station is not pumping: when it is pumping its maximum capacity the well will lower about 15 feet; it is also affected by the pumping at the ice factory near Jackson and Steinway avenues (So. 98). L84 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 96. Record oj well at Bvckley street and Middleburg avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Sand 0-12 2. Bowlders - 12-19 3. Black and white gravel 19 The bowlders in stratum 2 were so large and numerous at 12 feet that a hole 10 feet square was dug and the bowlders removed; the bowlders varied from 8 to 10 feet in diameter. 9H. Mr. S. H. Allen furnishes the following data regarding the six wells which he completed at this point : Well No. 1: Depth, 66 feet; diameter, 4 inches; depth to water, 3 feet; tested, 48 gallons per minute, full capacity not reached. Record of well No. I at Long Island Railroad and Lowery street, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Dark-brown sand 0-15 2. Sand , - 15-30 3. "Hardpan" 30-35 4. Coarse gravel with water - 35-66 Well No. 2: Depth, 97 feet ; diameter, 2 inches; depth to water, 5 feet; capacity, 160 gallons per minute. With direct suction the water lowers to 17.9 feet, but will not lower farther. Well No. 3: Depth, 51 feel ; diameter, 4 inches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. Well No. 4: Depth, 54 feet; diameter, 2 inches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. Well No. 5: Depth, 55 feet ; diameter, 3 inches; capacity, unsatisfactory. Well No. 6: Depth, 66 feet: diameter, 3 inches: capacity, 60 gallons. Sweeney & Gray completed three wells at this place and report the following typical section: Record oj well at Long Island Railroad- and Lowery street, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Medium red sand 0-20 2. Mixture of red, blue, and white clays 20-23 3. Mixture of sand and gravel cemented with iron 23-30 4. Fine blue, water-bearing sand > 30-45 5. Ordinary sand and gravel 45-55 6. Black and white gravel 55-62 99. For records of original wells put down at this station see PI. XXXIV, which was prepared by Mr. A. S. Farmer from samples. Mr. Farmer has also furnished the following record and samples of the test boring made in connection with a new series of wells which was completed at this point in the spring of 1904: Record of wells at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. Recent: Feet. 1. Marsh deposits 0- 2 Wisconsin : 2. Slate-colored clay 2- 7 3. Sand and clay cemented into hardpan 7- 32 4. Water-bearing sand; not a very good water stratum 32- 33 Wisconsin or Tisbury: 5. Sand and gravel up to one-half inch in diameter cemented into hardpan: very hard to drill 33- 55 6. Reddish brown sand mixed with small gravel 55- 58 Cretaceous (Raritan): 7. Sand and clay of greenish color; easy to drill; color changing to gray at 85 55- 85 8. White clay (kaolin) 85-110 9. White and greenish clay (not greensand) evidently a rock-weathering product 110-118 Fordham '(: 10. Gneiss 118-125 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG RINGS 8 23 -fc- : Tr dz 24 a z 2 *- .-1.- 25 26 A.S.G. 27 : XT 3- 31 A.cS.C. 32 IS.G. s'.g'.c. 3 3 m '■■ F_ 34 - iEf! ^4 36 : j. _ A.cS. Zti -IZ - -1- A. A.S. —4 A.fS.G. A.G. Ci! fS. A.S.G. IS7C: IS. A.S.G. A.S.G. --t,: -y- fS. 0 = ES. s.c. -- : A.S.G. fS. IS. N 1 / s S.G.C. fa IS. IS.G.C. D. CIS. StC: S.C. '"S.C. S.C. cS.G. S.G.C. s.c. Br. S.C.B. S.C.G. CIS: S.C. \ 1 / 16 ft? ft? ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B. Bowlder fS. Fine sand D Disintegrated rock cS. Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder c. Clay Br Bed rock St. Silt I I40 1 I »\ \ olO o|7 0I8 19 E-1 °20 °21 Horizontal scale 200 300 500 feet CORE BORINGS 310 • n high water 300 - 290 '• ■170 160' 150' I: a? lit m A.S.Gt -i em c. Ete as S fS.C. cS.C GrS^ Br. Br. 91 & "tea CS. CS. cS. cSG 43 44 47 A. IS. G.C. A.G. jS fs.c. A.C.S.Q^'C fs.c. G.CS S G.C S 3* 35 35 1 Si St A.S. G.C. Eg A.S. tsi IP = fS.C. S:e- — fS.C. AS G fS.C G;CS -S- B S5 A^SCk- A 35 A. fSC. fS.C. GtC-S = r A.S. G.C S S.G. cS.G. A.G. A.S. ISC. A.SC IS.C.G C 13. IS.C. fS.C. cStGt- ts.c G.S. Br. ± A.S. /.«- fSC. ^S G D. " Br -310 -300' -290' -280' -270' -260' -250' -240' -230' -220' •210' -200' -190' -180' 140' L. L. POATES ENGP. G CO., LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; WESTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. MAP AND DIAGRAM OF FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EAST RIVER TO FIRST AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 187 In this well the first water was encountered at 32 feet; below this was 7 feet of clayey sand and a second layer of clay and gravel. Record of v)dl at 408 Ninth avenue Long Island OUy. Feet. 1 Sand with bowlders - — 0-50 2. Quicksand with marine shells 50-57 3. Water-bearing sand - - 57- 4. Very hard layer of red sand and gravel. 1 19. Record, of well at Steinway and Jamaica avenues, Low/ Island City. Feet. 1. Glacial gravel with bowlders 0-18 2. Gray sand 18-36 3. Red gravel, water-bearing 36-65 120. Record of well at Albert street and Jamaica avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Unstratified glacial sand and gravel 0-4 2. Quicksand 4-39 3. Grayish clay - 39-42 4. Red sand and gravel, water-bearing 42-60 121. Record of well on Twelfth street between Broadway and Jamaica avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Unstratified sand and bowlders 0-30 2. Stratified red sand 30-60 3. Water-bearing gravel with more or less clay 60-65 4. Black clay 65- Mr. Allen reports that in this vicinity the water-bearing gravel lying between the stratified sand and black clay ranges in thickness from 0 to 23 feet. 122. Record of well at Grand street and Third avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Humus-stained sandy loam 0.1- 0.4 2. Reddish sandy loam 1.5- 1.7 3. Fine to medium reddish yellow silt v sand 6.0- 7.0 4—6. Dark brownish gray multicolored glacial sand and gravel 11.5-23.0 7-8. Same, but with much reddish silt 24.0-31.0 123. Mr. Allen reports that this well is in an area which is about a block and a half square, in which it is quite easy to get water; outside of this local basin it is much more difficult. 125. Surface water was shut out at 225 feet, and the well tested at 352 and 608; both tests gave salty water. 126. No water encountered until 43 feet, where it was found in a crevice of the rock, and came up to within 4 feet of the surface. Water contains too much lime for boiler use. Well pumps 18 gallons a minute at suction limit. Record of well at Steinway avenue and River road, Long Island, City. Feet. 1. Yellow bowldery clay _ 0-24 2. Quicksand (very fine, clean sand — no mica)... 24-37 3. Coarse, white gravel and beach sand 37-42 4. Conglomerate rock ("like the rock at Scranton, Pa., just above the hard coal") 42-45 5. Gray gneiss 45-55 128. Impotable water is reported at 14 feet; good water at 48 feet. 129. Mr. Harper states that the record of material penetrated in this well is exactly the same as in the other wells which he put down on Barren Island. (See Nos. 130 and 131.) 188 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 130. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Lewis Woolman from samples furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper : « Record of T. F. White Company's well on Barren Island. New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Interval; no specimens - — 0- 70 2. Brownish sands, sometimes slightly yellowish and sometimes slightly reddish in cast - 70-130 3. Reddish-brown and yellowish-brown sands, same as next above, with the addition of pebbles and cobbles, etc. (Jameco) 130-220 Cretaceous: 4. Whitish sands 220-240 5. Brown sands 240-260 6. Bluish-white sands with some lignite throughout 260-500 7. Dark, micaceous sandy clay, no lignite 500-690 8. Yellowish-white, water-bearing sand, coarse at 700 to 720 (Lloyd sand) 690-740 131. The following samples were furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper to the New Jersey Geological Survey: Record of Sanitary Utilization Company's well on Barren Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Whitish sand for some distance down from the surface; heavy gravels and cob- bles at 140 3. "Reddish" (?) sand. 4. Dark-colored conglomerate, quartz grains and pebbles size of mustard seed to that of shellbarks and walnuts at 218 5. Cobbles at some distance below 230 Cretaceous : 6. Whitish sand. 7. "Cemented material" of feldspar and quartz 495-500 8. Bluish soft marl (?) 500-560 9. Alterations of sands and clays, each 15 to 20 feet thick 560-660 10. Red clay at 706 11. Yellowish-white coarse sand and fine gravel, water bearing (Lloyd sand) ...... 712-720 12. Whitish clay, prospected 4 feet, or from 720-724 132. The. following section was reported by Mr. Chester D. Coiwin: Record of Sanitary Utilisation Company's well on Barren Island, New York. Feet. 1. Medium fine gray sand 0-135 2. White beach sand 135-525 3. Hardpan, clay and stones; clay and gravel-like cement; color between gray and brown 525-530 4. White sand 530-680 5. Light-gray medium gravel; good water-bearing stratum 680-700 133. Record of White Lead Company's well on Crook Island, New York. Feet. 1. Fine gray sand 0- 95 2. Brown medium sand 95-115 3. Coarse light-gray sand 115-116 4. Brown medium sand (similar to No. 2) 116-130 5. Coarse white sand 130-134 a Ann Kept (ieol. Survey New Jersey, 1897, pp. 156-157. b Op. cit., p. 155. » U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY No.l No. 2 1 Ctay «.l light drab, 5 gravel ! cemented in. No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 Loam black f Sand I blackish brown, ^fe fine grains, ^ homogeneous Loam black "L Loam w black ^ Loam 7 black in character | Sand 1 light brown, | fine grains, ^ mixed with ^ coarse ones, I porphyritic I character Gravel grains cemented together 10- Sand light brown, fine grains, cemented together Sand white, black -I and brown, coarse grains | in finer matrix, ' porphyritic 'Gravel and sand - L light drab, oj cemented . together Sand X« light drab, grains cemented 4, together "J. Loam CO black Loam black f Sand ^blackish brown, ine grains, I cementing material present jGravel and sand 0 'ight drab | cemented 1 together J Clay CO | gray Sand white, black and brown, coarse grains in finer matrix porphyritic character character l Stones *.^white and slate g colored quartz, I »/u to Ve'in | diameter 15- Sand I white, black ^ I and brown, 0 coarse grains 1 in finer matrix, porphyritic i character 20- 25-- 30- 35 <0 45 50 Sand ^ blackish brown 1" coarse and I fine grains | Sand and gravel "^blackish brown cementing Imaterial present j Sand blackish brown ^ fine grains : i homogeneous in character Sand ^*blackish brown ^ coarse and fine grains Sand w I white, black S1 and brown, ^ coarse grains | in finer matrix Sand I blackish brown o *r coarse and fine grains Sand ! blackish brow coarse grain ^ in finer matr I cemented together Gravel white and slate in colored quartz, Yn to J4"in diameter Stones I white and slate 10 colored quartz, I 'As to y2" in diameter Sand I blackish brown I coarse and | fine grains 1 Water bearing j Sand I blackish brow ? fine grains homogeneou in character RECORD OF TEST BORINGS MADE AT LONG il\ Prepared from the slffi- PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXIV No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 Loam black Clay gray mixed with grit Clay gray s.1 Clay ana loam CM gray ■4 J Clay ci yellow Clay yellow • t Loam T dark brown Clay yellow Clay gray Sand J gray. 00 very fine grains 1 approaching clay in composition Clay gray Sand „blackish brown J7 fine grains, cemented together Sand | white, black ° and brown coarse siliceous • grains Sand gray, very fine grains , cemented together approaching clay in composition Sand gray, very fine grains approaching clay in composition Sand very fine grains mixed with coarse ones, cementing material present Sand gray. J very fine grains ? cemented | together, j approaching clay in | composition Clay 5 gray • 7 mixed with grit J Clay yellow Clay gray Stones .J white and slate ^"colored quartz, I V£to !/2"in diameter Sand white, black and brown, coarse grains, cemented together T Sand „l blackish brown gj fine grains: l homogeneous j, in character Sand blackish brown I coarse grains In finer matrix Sand gray, nrery fine grains I approaching | clay in j composition Sand light brown, ! coarse grains in finer matrix cementing material presen' Sand *o blackish brown j coarse grains I in finer matrix Gravel and stones white and slate ID j colored quartz, I V»6 t0 Sfi diameter Sand ^ white, black X« and brown coarse siliceous grains Water bearing? Stones I whit3 and slate colored quartz, diameter Sand white, black and brown, coarse siliceous grains Gravel | white and slate ^colored quartz, | V« to y4"in " diameter Stones | white and slate colored quartz, Vis to»/t"in diameter Sand i white, black J and brown I coarse and I fine grains, cementing material present 10 Stones | white and slate ■* colored quartz, j ViJto »/2*jn ! diameter -15 ■-20 --25 -30 ■35 --40 --45 50 i ND CITY PUMPING STATION NO. 3 (NO. fes by A. S. Farmer. 99). * DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 189 134. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: "This Company operates under the franchise of the Long Island Water Supply Company in the Twenty-sixth Ward, where its property is situated. It pumps 70,000 gallons of water daily from driven wells for the supply of houses built on its tract No. 1, and takes 90,600 gallons additional from the Long Island Water Supply Company for use in tract No. 2. The plant consists of a pumping station and a standpipe. It supplies 176 houses on tract No. 1 and 275 houses on tract No. 2." 135. Mr. Robert Van Buren, of the department of water supply, Borough of Brooklyn, has kindly furnished samples from the deep wells put down at New Lots in 1903. From these the following section has been compiled (see fig. 10): Record of deep wells of detriment of water supply at New Lots road ami Fountain avenue, East New York. Recent : Feet. 1. Peat - - - 0- 4 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 2. Gray sandy clay with gravel 4- 12 3-5. Light, multicolored, fine to coarse, glacial sand 12- 70 6. Light-gray clay - - - 70- 72 7. Fine to medium, light yellow glacial sand 72- 93 8. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand 93-1 1 3 Sankaty: 9. Light-gray gravelly clay 113-118 Jameco: 10. Coarse, multicolored, highly erratic glacial sand and gravel 118-164 Messrs. P. H. & J. Conlan reported to the Geological Survey of New Jersey a in 1896 the following: ' The greatest yield and the best quality of water for the Long Island Water Supply Company were found at East New York, where it is all gravel and coarse sand. The yield was about two and one-half million gallons per day from six 8-inch wells that run from 65 to 95 feet deep." In 1898 the same firm reported:'' "We have erected a pumping plant for the Long Island Water Supply Company in Brooklyn, N. Y. We put down five wells averaging a depth of 80 feet. Supply collectively was 2,000,000 gallons per day of 24 hours. The strata were: Record of wells of department of water supply at New Lots road and Fountain avenue, East New York. Feet. 1. Loam 0- 4 2. Fine sand 4- 10 3. Gravel with water 10- 35 4. Thin vein of clay 35- 36 5. Sand and gravel 36-100 6. Clay ,...<, 3^.,'..^-. 100- 7. Fine red sand - -140 "We went to 140 feet with one well, but got no water. It was fine red sand with much iron and no gravel, and we went no deeper. The levels of the wells are about high-tide level: a very high tide breaks up, so that they are all connected at tide level, but the water is fresh and good for use, but a little hard." 136. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply in the n.unicipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well, No. 17. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Yellow loamy sand ... 0- 8 2. Light, reddish-brown, fine to coarse, speckled sand. 8-70 Tisbury: 3. Light-yellow sand and pebbles (orange sand) 70- 95 « Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 18«. '> Ann. Rept. Geo]. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 142. 190 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sankaty: Feet- 4. Dark-gray clay with vegetable matter (swamp deposit ) 95-106 Sankaty?: 5. Light-yellow fine to medium sand 106-128 Jameco : 6. Fine, dark, reddish-brown sand, glacial 128-140 7. Very coarse multicolored sand 140-150 8. Coarse multicolored gravel, with a very small percentage of quartz 150-170 9. Fine to coarse dark reddish-yellow sands and gravel 170-191 The elevation of the surface at this point is 10.6 feet above the Brooklyn base. 137. The following records have been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn lest well, No. .}• Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Dark, humus-stained surface, sandy loam 0- 9 2. Clean reddish-brown sands and gravels of glacial origin 9-97 Tisbury: 3. Dirty-gray sands with a few pebbles 97-126 Sankaty: 4. Gray pebbly clay 126-141 Jameco: 5. Coarse multicolored gravel with a very few quartz pebbles 141-149 Mr. De Varona reports: "Water level above the blue clay is about 16 feet below the surface of the ground, and below the clay it is about 2.5 feet below the surface."0 Analysis of water of Brooklyn test well, No. 4- 6 Parts per million. Total solids 93. 000 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 29.000 Ammonia: Free 014 Albuminoid . 078 Chlorine as chlorides .' 3.500 Sodium chloride 5. 770 Nitrogen as nitrates . 422 Nitrogen as nitrites . 060 Total hardness 31. 500 Permanent hardness 31.500 138. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn department of water supply: Record of wells at Old Spring Creek pumping station. 1A. 2A. 3A. 4A. 5A. Recent 1. Peat 0- 3 0- 4 0- 4 0- 2 0- 2 2-124 Wisconsin and Tisbury.. 2. Fine to medium yellow to reddish yellow sand with some gravel. 3-J25 4-127 4-127 2-126 Sankaty 125-133 127-137 127-136 126-136 124-134 4. Multicolored sand and gravel with rela- tively small percentage of quartz. 133-158 137-151 136-153 136-153 / 134-151 a Ann! Kept. Commr. City Works of Brooklyn for 1895, 1896, p. 346. Analysis by the Brooklyn health department, op. cit., pp. 140. 142. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 191 Messrs. W. D. Andrews ( 'rescent street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-42 2. Bed rock or bowlder 42- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 197 173. Record of commission's test well at Laurence street and Wolcott avenue. Long Island Oity. Pleistocene: 1-2. Surface loam 0_ 2. 5 3. Fine yellow sand 4. Small gravel of a dark mud color 5. Yellow to dark-brown rock flour formed from drilling in bowlder 12-12. 5 6. Multicolored glacial sand and gravel 14-3] See Table XII. 176. Mr. L. C. L. Smith, consulting engineer, reports that there are 17 wells at this station which pass through the following material : Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building arid Improvement Association, at Xorth Beach. Wisconsin and Tisbury '. ,.-oet 1. Sand 0—15 Sankaty i 2. Clay.... 45-6O Jameco: 3. Water-bearing strata 65-70 Sweeney & Gray, drillers, report the following section: Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Association at Xorth Beach. Wisconsin to Tisbury? 1. Sandy top soil varying in color from white to yellow.. 0-20 2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel _ 20-32 Sankaty ? 3. Blue and gray clay in alternating layers 32-36 Jameco? 4. Very coarse sand and gravel in alternate layers 36-82 177. This is the locality from which the wells described by Darton as "Bowery Bay: 110 feet deep: 6 inches in diameter: one flowed 50 gallons," were reported. It seems that several parties attempted wells at this point, but that no results were obtained until after this information had been given the Survev. when three 6-inch wells were put down in a near-by hollow to a depth of 40 or 50 feet, the present water supply being derived from these. Mr. I. H. Ford states that the first well was sunk to a depth of 400 or 500 feet, bit no further data has been obtained regarding it. 17§. See No. 153. 179. Record of commission's well at Trains Meadow and Highway roads, Long Island City. Recent : Feet. 1-2. Y'ellow surface loam 0- 2 3. Dark clay with decayed glacial pebbles and peat 5-6 Wisconsin : 4. Very fine, grayish or reddish brown, clayey sand, glacial.. 10-28. 5 ISO. Record of commission's well on Trains Meadow road near Jackson avenue. Long Island City. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 3 3. Yellow clay with considerable MnO., 5- 5. 5 4-5. Fine, dark-colored, micaceous clayey sand 10-13. 5 6. Yellow clayey sand 15-16 7. Medium, coarse, multicolored gravel 17-18 8. Y'ellow clayey sand 19-20 9-10. Fine to coarse multicolored sand and gravel 22-26 11. Dark reddish speckled sand suggesting disintegrated Triassic sandstone 30-31 See Table XII. 198 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 1§1. Record of commission's test well at Junction avenue and Strongs lane, Long Island City. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Missing. 3. Light-yellow clayey loam with pebbles, "bowlder clay'' 7 - 8 4-7. Reddish yellow, fine to medium, silty sand 14. 0-30. 5 8-1 1 . Dark multicolored glacial sand and gravel 36. 5-53. 0 182. A. D. Schlissinger, president of the India Rubber Comb Company, reports as follows: Record of India Rubber Comb Company's well near College Point. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 2. Black muck and water smelling of clams 35- 184. C. D. Corwin reports the following section from this well: Record of well of American Hard Rubber Company, near College Point. Feet. 1. Filled ground 0- 8 2. Yellowish clay and sand 8-25 3. Hard pan, yellow clay, and stones, impervious to water: like macadamized roads. 25-60 4. Water-bearing gravel and light-brown coarse sand 60-70 5. Yellow clay and stones 70-85 1 §6. A sketch in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society by Mr. C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer, gives the following section of the test well at this point : Record of railroad test boring on Tollman Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand and trap bowlders: old sea beach 0-7.3 2. Yellow quartz sand 7. 3- 30 3. Quartz gravel and bowlders 30 - 31.5 4. Yellow quartz sand, medium fine 31.5- 50 5. Trap bowlders, quartz sand, and gravel: regular glacial drift 50 - 57 6. Sand 57-63 7. Quartz gravel 63 - 66 8. Gravel and sand 66 - 73. 3 9. Quartz gravel 73. 3- 76. 3 Cretaceous: 10. Soft clay 76. 3- 79. 3 11. Lignite intermixed with clay bands 79.3-91.7 12. Streaked red and white clay; hard, bored out as a solid core 91.7-110.4 Fordham : 13. Soft, white micaceous "sandstone," the upper part of which was so soft as to wash to powder under diamond drill; below it gradually became less micaceous and harder, the lower part coming out as a solid core 110.4-159 The core mentioned in Xo. 13 is regarded by Mr. Eckel as quartzitic Fordham. 1§7. Lawrence Yerdon says: "Stopped at 112, as I could get the well no farther." Record of James Caffery's well near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Water-bearing strata, almost clear gravel 0- 42 Sankaty : 2. Clay . 42-66 Jameco: 3. Black sand with water which looked and tasted good 66- 88 4. No record 88-112 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. t&S. This well was put down by Mr. Gilbert Baldwin under the direction of Mr. Jesse Conklin Mr. Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following: "At Far Rocka way, about one-fourth mile from the ocean I drove a well 210 feet. I found water at 15 feet from the surface and got a good supply I drove 180 feet through beach sand and gravel. At 195 feet struck petrified wood. Last 15 feet was clear white gravel, with a very good supply of water of about -40 gallons." From Mr. Baldwin it is learned that this water was so salty that the well was abandoned. The record, according to Mr. Baldwin, is as follows: Record of B. L. Carroll's well near Far Rockavxiy. Tisbury: Feet 1. Fine beach sand 0- 25 2. Coarse sand and gravel 25- 45 Sankaty: 3. Blue clay ; no stones 45- 65 Jameco and Cretaceous?: 4. Fine gravel and sand with brackish water (this layer furnished but a small quan- tity of water) 65-180 5. Coarse grave) with a vigorous supply of salty water 180-190 The second well was drilled at a distance of about 400 feet, and Mr. Carroll reports the following section: Record of B. L. Carroll's well near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: j.-eet. 1. Beach sand 0-20 Sankaty : 2. Blue clay 20-60 Sankaty and Jameco: 3. Quicksand •. 60-90 Jameco: 4. Gravel 90- The water from this layer was of sufficiently good quality for ordinary use. Analysis showed a large amount of chlorine, but this was not sufficient to be perceptible to the taste. 1§9. Record of James CaiTery's well near Far Rockaway. Feet. 1 . Ordinary soil, sandy loam 0- 2 2. Fine sand with no gravel except in streaks 2-30 Mr. Walsh reports that the material was so fine that he used a Cook strainer to prevent the sand from entering the tube and clogging the well. He adds that in general the water on Rockaway Ridge occurs from 12 to 18 feet below the surface, and that the water near the center of the ridge is better in quality than that near the margin. At the edge of the meadows there is a fine nonwater-bearing sand. 190. The following analysis is reported by the Long Island Railroad Company: Analysis of water from railroad well at Far Rockaway. Parts per million. SiO, and F203> etc 4. 8 CaCo3 and MgC03 - Traces. CaS04 88. 1 CaCl2 15. 7 MgOL. 68. 2 NaCl 31. 1 Total solids 207. 9 A corrosive water at 200 pounds pressure. 200 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 191. This was the site of the first plant of the Queens County Water Company. Mr. C. A. Loekwood, who put in the wells, reports that there were twenty 5-inch wells, 50 feet deep. These were entirely in light- brown sand and gravel. As these wells did not yield a sufficient supply two deep wells were sunk to a depth of 200 feet, but in both brackish water was encountered and they were abandoned. " The section reported is as follows : Record of well of Queens County Water Company near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-brown sand and gravel similar to the rest of the Rockaway Ridge material. . 0- 60 Sankaty : 2. Blue clay 60-100 Jameco and Cret aceous '. : 3. Beach sand 100-200 The above record is for the well nearest the bay north of Far Rockaway; the one farther south near the railroad station contained clay from 60 to 78 feet. 193. Record of T. R. Chapman's well on Hooks Creek. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand .' 0- 2. Quicksand , 3. Alternate layers of sand and clay; brackish water -140 Sankaty : 4. Dark-colored clay 140-200 5. Very hard clay; required 120 blows from 1-ton hammer to drill 1 inch 200-202 Jameco: 6. Gravel with artesian water 202-203 Water at first flowed a good stream several feet above the surface, but the yield is now much less. 195. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water sup- ply in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 16 at Shetuckei pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Fine, dark-brown, loamy sand O-20 2. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish white, speckled sand 20-89 Tisbury : 3. Fine gray sand 90-105 4. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand 105-135 Sankaty : 5. Gray clay 135-146 Jameco: 6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel with some clay (glacial) 146-154 Elevation of ground, 12.7 feet Brooklyn base; water was found below the blue clay, and water level was originally 9 feet from the surface. The elevation of the water in this test well ranged from 11 to 17 feet below the surface in 1901. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 201 196. The following records have been compiled from the manuscript reports of Mr. Peter C. JaoobeoC which were kindly placed at our disposal by chief engineer [. ML De Varona (see fig. 10): Records of wells at Springfield pumping station. Section. Well . No. Sand. Blue clay with wood and sand. Water-bearing sand and gravel; some wood and clay. Total depth. Flow per minute. Yield for 24 hours. Kemarks. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Gallons. Gallons. « 15 0-74 74-182 182-207 207 b 700, 000 3 0-50 50-117 117-177 177 15 Sand with water, no gravel, 117 to 134 feet. 2 0-50 50-124 124-178 178 Began to flow at 134 feet. T* nw l Ti rTOii »m 1 1'\ crtt 1_ J. 1UW Ml* It UiH U IU <£.J gai Ions on washing out. 4 177 15 6 160-177 177 20 Water-bearing sand and gravel at 160 feet. • 7 160-177 177 15 '•1,000,000 Do. 8 139-179 179 f'15 Do. 9 76-135 Flows at 135 feet. 10 132-156 1.56 11 157 12 158 Fine sand and gravel worked down for bot- tom. a This is from a report on this well made in Julv. 1897. c November 17, 1897. » August 24, 1897. d October 26, 1897. In the report for June 7, 1897, the following record is given, apparently referring to well No. 15: Record of well 15 at Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Sharp water-bearing sand 0-25 Tisbury : 2. Fine hard packed sand with very little water 25-7S Sankaty : 3. Blue clay with sand and gravel 78-123 Jameco: 4. Small gravel and sand with a large percentage of carbonized wood: water bearing: water level 6 inches above surface: will vield with hand pump 7.5 gallons per minute; pumping with hand pump lowers it 6 feet; when pumping is stopped the level of 6 feet is recovered in J minute 123-129 5. Sand of various fineness containing carbonized wood and clay 129-158 6. Gravel, sand, and a little clay mixed: water bearing 158-178 On June 14 it was stated that the flow of well 15 had increased to 9 gallons per minute and that its pumping capacity was almost a million gallons a day. As no samples from these wells were preserved and as the data are very meager and somewhat confusing, it is not possible to arrive at a very satisfactory conclusion regarding the exact structure at this point. From the location of the wells and from the data furnished by adjoining wells it is felt that the water-bearing sands and gravels are, in part at least, Jameco, and the blue clay, Sankaty. The locality is very near the eastern edge of the old Sound River Valley, and the irregularity of the lower part of this section is doubtless due to 17116— No. 44—06 14 202 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. the unevenness of the old land surface and the redeposition of the pre-Pleistocene materials. The statement of the inspector that the water-bearing stratum grows finer and the gravel less toward the west seems to indicate a rise in the old surface in that direction, as indicated in fig. 10. Toward the east it is known from the samples of well No. 197 that the pre-Pleistocene beds are very near the surface. All the data at hand point to the conclusion that the development at this place is in a small valley in the older beds. Analysis of Springfield Pond pump well at Springfield. [Surface water; analysis by Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 86. 00 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 29. 10 Free ammonia '. 06 Albuminoid ammonia 12 Chlorine as chlorides 10. 58 Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride 17. 48 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 13 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 28. 80 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 26. 90 197. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10) '. Record of well near Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Fine to medium, light, reddish-yellow sands 0 -33 2. Same, but a little lighter 33 - 39 3. Light, brownish-yellow, fine to medium sands 39 -54 Tisbury : 4. Bright-yellow silt (looks like surface loam ) 54-56 5. Fine olive-yellow sand : 56 - 59 6. Bright-orange fine to coarse sand 59 - 77 7. Light-yellow sand 77 -106. 5 Jameco?: 8. Fine steel-gray sand with quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles. . . 106. 5-109. 5 Cretaceous : 9. Very dark-blue clay (different from clay above the glacial gravels) 109. 5-130 10. Light-gray sands with lignite at 136 and 140 130 -234 11. Lignite 234 -236 12. White clay 236 -251 13. Dark-blue clay 251 -258 14. Fine gray sand 258 -271 In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube, there are a number of samples in cans which may be described as follows: 107-110, several large quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles; 110-125, lignite and gray clay; 125, lignite and pyrite; " 130, specimen found in white sand October 25,1895" — large pieces of lignitized wood, evidently part of a tree. Elevation of surface is 10.3 feet, Brooklyn base. 199. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the municipal building, Brooklyn: Record of test well No. 18, near Oconee pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Dark reddish-brown loam 0- 8 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine to coarse, light, reddish-yellow sand 9- 56 Tisbury : 3. Fine, light, grayish-yellow sand 5b- 89 4. Dark, medium, reddish-brown sand 89-115 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELI.s. 208 Sankaty: pwt 5. Fine gray clay 115-185 Jameco: 6. Dark, multicolored, very coarse sand (glacial) 185-192 Elevation of surface, 10.3 feet: average height of water in December, 1901, 17 feet from the surface; in November of the same year, 16.2. 200. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the municipal building. Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of test well at Baisley's pumping station. Wisconsin: Foot. 1. Yellowish sand and gravel 0 - 21.5 2. Fine yellow sand 21. 5- 34 3. Coarser yellowish sand 34 - 39 TMrary : 4. Fine yellowish sand 39 - 58 5. Gray sand and gravel 58 - 77. 5 6. Gray sand 77. 5- 97. 5 7. Yellowish sand and gravel 97. 5-103 8. Yellowish sand, gravel, and clay 103 -106 Sankaty : 9. - Blue clay 106 -139.5 10. Blue clay and quicksand 139. 5-156 Jameco: 11. Black sand and gravel 156 -166 12. Black sand 166 -174 13. Finer black sand 174 -200 Elevation of surface, 6.7 feet: see report of Andrews & Bro., under No. 138. Analysis of water from test well at Baisley's pumping station. \ [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 167. 50 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 58. 12 Free ammonia .06 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Chlorine as chlorides 37. 98 Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride. 62. 61 Nitrogen as nitrates — 2. 39 Nitrogen, as nitrites .05 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 68. 68 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 61. 37 204 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 5801 . The following summary of the material penetrated at the Jameco pumping station has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks (see fig. 10) : Records of wells at Jameco pumping station. Well number j Cramer. |2A 3A. 4A. IB. 2B. 3B. 4B. 5B. 6B. 8B. 9B. 10B No.l. No. 2. Recent. 1. Peat and silt. — 0 to 30 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 6 0 to 25 0 to 5 0 to 2.5 2.5 to 38? 0 to 4.5 4.5 to 80 80 00 to 143 0 to ■ 6 6 to 39 IT to 84 84 00 to 135 135 to 145 Wisconsin. 2. Yellow loam. 0 to 5 to 33 0 to 2 2 to 37 3. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sand and gravel, containing considerable material of glacial origin and per- haps representing Wisconsin out- wash. 5 to 32 5 to 20 5 to 18 5 to 22 5 to 31 6 to 31 5 to 34 Tisbury. 4. Very light-yellow to gray sands, gen- erally very fine, but occasionally containing a few pebbles. Con- tains very little material which is clearly of glacial origin. 30 to 84 32 to 84 20 to 83 18 to 81 22 to 79 31 to 80 33 to 83.5 31 to 86.5 25 to 83 34 to 87.5 87.5 00 to 140 38? to 80 80 m to 144 37 to 78 78 w to 143 Sankaty. 5. Dark-gray ("blue") clay. 84 to 105 84 to 106 83 00 to 141 81 (-0 to 138 79 00 to 137 80 00 to 141 83.5 00 to 141.5 86.5 00 to 141 83 00 to 143 6. Fine grayish-yellow silty sand with pebbles. 105 to 113 106 to 114 7. Dark-gray (" blue ") clay. 113 to 141 114 to 137 Jameco. 8. Dark-brown, highly erratic, multi- colored sand and gravel. 141 to 160 137 to 161 141 to 154 138 to 150 137 to 151 141 to 154 141.5 to 153.5 141 to 155 143 to 157 140 to 153 144 to 153 143 143 to to 157 Ifil a Stratum 6 absent. The 183 shallow-driven wells which originally constituted this station were supplemented by 7 deep wells. Data regarding these is presented by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona in the following table: Records of deep wells at Jameco pumping station. No. of well. Size of well. Size of suction. When com- pleted. Depth driven. Rate of nor- mal flow per 24 hours. Yield per 24 hours, when pumped. 186 185 100 Inches. 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 Inches. 2 2* 2J 2* 2| 44 44 1891 1892 1892 1893 1893 1893 1893 Ft. in. 165 0 163 0 150 4 157 44 151 4J 154 9 1.50 10 Gallons. 30,240 34, 560 129, 600 34, 560 684,000 144,000 201,600 Gallons. 172,800 158,400 403, 200 504,000 720,000 432,000 864,000 In 1894 wells No. 100 and 186 were pulled up, cleaned, and redriven to depths of 157 feet 8 inches and 160 feet 7 inches, respectively. After being cleaned the normal flow of well No. 100 was 4,320 gallons per day, and with a pump it yielded 20,160 gallons; well No. 186 flowed 5,760 gallons per day, which was increased to 60,480 gallons by pumping. No. 185 was tested without cleaning, and flowed 20,160 gallons, and with a pump yielded 90,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 205 The results from these wells were so satisfactory that arrangements were made with Messrs. Amln u - \ Bro. to construct additional wells. Four 8-inch wells completed late in 1894 gave the following results: Records of Andrews deep wells at Jameco pumping station. No. of well. Thickness of sand stratum. Thickness of clay stratum. Length of pipe in water-Lear- ing stratum. Normal yield per 24 hours. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Gallant. 1A 82 0 55 6 10 4 201,000 2A 83 0 59 4 11 5i 144,000 3A 81 6 . 57 " 9J 11 4 159,000 4A 78 10 58 8 12 7j 222,000 In January, 1895, a test was made of these wells extending over a period of twelve days, during which time the wells were run under various combinations, from singly to all four together: the gaging showed an average daily delivery of over 1,000,000 gallons when one well was being pumped, and 3,500,000 gallon* with the four wells connected. During the period of observations the elevation of the underground water at the 2-ineh test wells, Nos. 8 and 9, at Jameco (each of which was about 140 feet deep), and the deep test well at Baisley's station (No. 200), about one-half mile distant, was noted. The lowering of the water at the station was approximately 5 feet when 1,000,000 gallons were being pumped, and 10 feet when the delivery was 3,500,000 gallons. The greatest lowering shown at Baisley's deep test well was slightly over 4 feet. The effect of the rise and the fall of the tide on the level of the ground water-could not be taken into account at the time in determining the lowering of the water. Early in 1895 Mr. C. P. Cramer, of Paterson, N. J., completed a 10-inch well 160 feet deep, which flowed 150,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. A test of the four 8-inch Andrews wells (Nos. 1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A ) and the 10-inch Cramer well (No. 5A), was made from December 9 to 28, 1895, the wells being run singly and in groups of from 2 to 5. Elevations of the deep underground water level were taken at the Jameco test wells Nos. 8 and 9, at the 5-inch test wells Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 11, and at Baisley's deep test well. The average daily yield per well was approximately 1,000,000 gallons, with nearly a pro rata increase for each well connected, making the total yield about 5,000,000 gallons. During the test, lasting twenty days, the total amount pumped was 61,239,555 gallons, and when pumping the maximum of 5.000,000 gallons daily the greatest lowering of water at Jameco was slightly over 14 feet. The greatest lowering of water in the deep test wells during the above test is given as follows: Depth to which water level in neighboring deep test wells was lowered by pumping at Jameco station, December 9-28, 1895. Feet. Jameco test well No. 8 15. 23 Jameco test well No. 9 13. 44 Baisley's deep test well (200) 8. 86 Test well No. 1 (202) 9.99 Test well No. 2 (203) 8.69 Test well No. 4 (137) 31 Test-well No. 5 (141) 1 91 Test well No. 7 (206) 1-53 Test well No. 11 (212) 7.25 The locations of these wells are shown cn PI. XXIV. UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analyses of waters from wells at Jameco pumping station. [By the Brooklyn health department." Parts per million.] Old driven wells (shal- low). Old driven wells (deep). No. 2 A (An- drews). No. 4A (An- drews). No. 5A (Cramer ) . Number of analyses 2 1 4 3 i Total solids 174.50 125. 00 119. 25 123.66 138.00 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 44.50 20.00 15.50 19.33 35. 00 Mineral matter ... 1:30.00 105.00 103. 75 104. 33 103.00 Free ammonia . .48 .78 .77 .61 1.04 Albuminoid ammonia . 14 . 15 .07 .7 .00 Chlorine as chlorides 32.50 4. .50 9.37 6.66 6.00 Sodium chloride 53. 56 7.42 15.44 10.98 9.89 Nitrogen as nitrates .42 .71 .31 .34 .00 Nitrogen as nitrites None. None. None. None. None. Total hardness 50. 75 92.00 70.00 72.83 60. .50 Permanent baldness 50. 75 87.00 40. 25 69. 16 60. .50 "Ann Rept. Comm. City Works, Brooklyn, 1895, pp. 139, 141. A letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro., dated May 8, 1895, gives the following: "In 1890 at Jameco Park we, on our own account, sunk test wells 4, 5, and 6 inches in diameter. From veins of water varying in depth from 30 to 160 feet the water rose 10 feet above the surface. The natural flow from one 4-inch open-ended pipe was 90 gallons per minute. Another 6-inch tube delivered at the ground level 500 gallons per minute and rose inside of the tube 11 feet above the surface. During Major Boody's term we made several 6-inch wells at Jameco station having an average depth of 150 feet and a natural flow at the surface of 120 to 180 gallons per minute." 202. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn: Record of Brooklyn test well So. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Light yellowish sands and gravel, glacial 0- 54 Tisbury: 2. Fine, yellowish-gray, " pepper and salt " sand 54- 62 3. Fine yellowish-white sand 62- 75 4. Grayish white silty sand and gravel (very few glacial pebbles)... 75- 89 Sankaty: 5. Gray clay 89-142 Jameco: 6. Dark multicolored sands and gravel 142-156 "When the well casing was worked down to the surface of the ground the flow was 30 gallons per minute. The normal level of the water in the strata below the clay bed was 0.75 foot above the sur- face of the ground."" 206 a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, for 1895, 1896, p. 343. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 21 1? Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 124.00 Loss on ignition 14.00 Free ammonia 2. 05 Albuminoid ammonia .00 Chlorine as chlorides 5. 50 Sodium chloride 9. 06 Nitrogen as nitrates .37 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 75.00 Permanent hardness 47. 00 203. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Fine to very coarse reddish silty sand 0- 19 Tisbury: 2. Fine light, yellowish gray, ''pepper and salt" sand 19- 43 3. Fine, darker, yellowish gray sand; some pebbles near bottom of layer 43- 72 4. Fine grayish sand 72- 83 Sankaty : 5. Dark-gray silty clay ■ 83-140 6. Very fine, dark-gray, sandy silt 140-154 Jameco: 7. Dark multicolored sands and gravels; only a small percentage of quartz (pro- nouncedly glacial) 154-258 "At a depth of 169 feet the water rose in the well to within 18 inches of the surface. When the pipe was down to 239 feet, the top of the pipe being 2.25 feet below the surface of ground, the flow was 5 gallons per minute." Elevation 7.4 feet, Brooklyn base. Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road. [By Brooklyn health department ] Parts per million. Total solids 48. 00 Loss on ignition 15. 00 Free ammonia - .51 Albuminoid ammonia .10 Chlorine as chlorides - 7. 00 Sodium chloride 11.54 Nitrogen as nitrates .76 Nitrogen as nitrites .05 Total hardness ! 16. 00 Permanent hardness - - 16. 00 204. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): 208 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Brooklyn test well No. 3, Brooklyn aqueduct and New York avenue. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Reddish yellow silty sand and travel 0- 9 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand with pebbles in lower portion (glacial) 9-45 Tisbury : 3. Fine light-yellow sand 45- 86 Sankaty : 4. Dark-gray, silty, lead-colored clay 86-139 5. Very fine, dark-gray, silty sand 139-158 6. Medium, dark-gray, silty sand •. 158-160 7. Gray clay 160-201 .lanieco: 8. Dark, multicolored, silty, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 201-277 Elevation 9.8 feet, Brooklyn base. In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube a number were found in a can marked '"Third, 5-inch test well:" they are as follows: "69 feet clay," light-gray silty clay: "72 feet wood," small pieces of peat, evidently a swamp deposit: " 140 to 158 feet wood," fragments of lignitized driftwood: " 161 to 202 feet wood," lignitized pieces of driftwood. " No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 205. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 8. Brooklyn aqueduct and Farmers avenue. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 0- 27 Tisbury : 2. Light, brownish yellow, fine to coarse sand 27- 59 3. Fine speckled gray sand 59- 72 Sankaty : 4. Gray clay 72-212 ' Jameco: 5. Dark, multicolored, fine to medium, dirty glacial sand (same as 8 in well 204)... 212-260 Cretaceous: 6. White micaceous sand 260-293 Elevation 10 feet. Brooklyn base. The following samples were preserved in can marked "Eighth, 5-inch test well:" "59.7 to 72.3 feet, specimens found in gray sand October 7, 1895" — water rolled twigs (only slightly lignitized), water rolled pieces of lignite, and large flakes of muscovite: " 258 to 275 feet, specimens found in sharp white sand Octol>er 14, 1895," fragments of lignitized wood: "258 to 275 feet," several small pieces of yellow amber, and a piece as large as a pigeon's egg of yellow gum. No water was found in the strata below the clay bed. 206. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 7, Brooklyn aqueduct, northwest of Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Yellow surface loam 0- 3 2. Light, multicolored, clean, fine to coarse sand 3- 20 Tisbury: 3. Clean, reddish yellow, fine to coarse sand 20- 32 4. Dirty yellowish-white, medium, "pepper and salt" sand 32- 43 5. Fine to coarse, dark, yellowish gray sand 43- 65 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OX WELLS. Sankaty: j.-oct 6. Gray clay ("blue clay") 6.5- 711 7. Same as 0 70- 78 8. Gray clay 78-170 Jazneco: 9. Reddish yellow multicolored sand and pebbles (glacial) 170-183 Cretaceous: 10. Fine to coarse white sand with a few slightly darker quarts pebbles below . . . 183—430 The following samples are preserved in cans: "90 to 95 feet." pieces of gray clay with vegetable matter, apparently marsh or swamp deposit. " SS feet, drilled through something hard for about a foot, presumably a log, as these fragments of wood were washed up." "These fragments of wood" prove to be pieces of peat made up of parts of manv small plants closely compacted. "230 feet." large pebbles of rose quartz, much disintegrated felspathic rock, black chert, banded lime- stone, ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate, iron pyrite. and lignite. "Contained in gravel washed up from a depth of 171 feet" — fragments of soft red Newark sandstone. "Pieces of wood washed up from a depth of 196 feet September 6, 1895" — lignitized wood, evidentlv parts of a log. As the material in the tube from 1S3 to 420 is clearly not glacial, the sample from 230 shows some disagreement. According to the tube samples the glacial material ended at 1S2 feet, while according to the samples in the cans it extends to at least 230 feet. Elevation of surface. 10 feet Brooklyn base. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 207. Record of commission's test well near New York and Locust avenue*, south of Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0. 5- 1.5 3-9. Out wash gravel 5. 0- 29. 5 See Table XII. 20§. Record of commission's test well on RocJcairau road. Wisconsin: Feet. 1- 2. Yellow surface loam 0. 5- 1 3-10. Outwash gravel with quite a considerable percentage of erratic material 5- 31 See Table XII. 209. Recortl of commission's test veil. ~' miles south of Dunton. Wisconsin: Feet. 1- 2. Coarse sandy loam 0- 2 3- 9. Yellowish-red glacial sand and gravel 2- 35 10-12. Dark, yellowish-gray, fine sand with much biotite 35- 44 210. Record of commission's weU near iforris Park. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1- 2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 3- S. Fine to coarse, grayish-brown, glacial sand 5-31 9-12. Dark steel-gray sand (glacial) 31- 50.5 211. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: . Feet. 1- 3. Filled ground 0- * 4- 12. Dark-grav fine sand and gravel with much biotite and erratic material 4- 41 13. Small, multicolored, glacial gravel with much erratic material 41- 43 210 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Tisbury: Feet 14-27. Dark-gray fine to medium sand 43-106 28-30. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with a very small percentage of glacial material 106-111 Sankaty: 31-33. Blue sandy clay 111-122 '212. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 13): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 11, near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Fine to coarse light sand with some pebbles 0- 3 2. Medium reddish-brown sand 3- 7 3. Same as 1 7- 20 Tisbury: 4. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sands (glacial) 20- 43 5. Fine, yellowish-gray, speckled sands (glacial) 43- 89 6. Coarser yellowish gray sand with gravel 89- 95 Sankaty : 7. Gray clay 95-189 Jameco: S. Dark multicolored fine to coarse sand (glacial) 189-200 Elevation of surface, 19.2 feet. Between 190 and 198 feet below the surface large quantities of water were found. 213. Mr. C. A. Lockwood has kindly furnished the following record of a deep well put down at the pumping station of the Jamaica Water Supply Company (see fig. 13): Record of well at pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0 - 1.5 2. Sand and gravel 1.5- 60 Sankaty: 3. Blue clay 60 -104 Jameco: 4. Coarse sand and reddish gravel 104 -120 Cretaceous: 5. Blue clay like that in stratum 3 120 -140 6. Coarse sand and gravel lighter in color than preceding 140 -156 7. Blue clay like that in strata 3 and 5 156 -175 8. Coarse gray sand 175 -235 9. "Pretty" red clay 235 -239 10. Lignite 239 -240 11. Very coarse, sharp, nearly white sand 240 - 12. Pink clay of the consistency of putty, described as very beautiful in appearance 241 13. Lignite 241 -242 14. White putty-like clay 242 -243 15. Beach sand. 243 -352 Near this well another well was put down to a depth of 330 feet, when work was discontinued because of the great amount of lignite encountered. The first clay bed in the second well was of somewhat less thickness than in the first. Clam shells are reported at various depths. The water in this well contains considerahle quantities of iron. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 211 Other wells at the Jamaica pumping station are as follows: One 8-foot brick-curb well 57 feet deep: one 8-inch tile well 50 feet deep; one 10-inch well 150 feet deep. ' The material above the first layer of clay in these wells varies in different localities from sand and gravel to a red or gray sand and in some places to quicksand. Mr. Lockwood reports that the capacity of the entire series of wells is 7,00(), recover. In the interval of seventeen years the water level has been lowered about 1 foot. Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. [By Brooklyn health department, July 31, 1903. Analyst. Richard J Reilly, assistant chemist ] Parts per million. Appearance Clear. Color None. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. Sediment .,. . . Chlorine in chlorides 17. (X) Sodium chloride 28. 01 Phosphates None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 6. 00 Free ammonia . 005 Albuminoid ammonia .01 Total hardness 83.4 Permanent hardness 75. 0 Organic and volatile matter (loss on ignition) 39. 0 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) 120.0 Total solids (by evaporation) 1.59.0 Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. [Bv Long Island Railroad Company, May, 1897.] Parts per million. SKX 17 1 ALA and Fe A 2. 39 CaCOs 1 --- 29.07 MgC03 16 42 CaS04 23. 77 MgCl2 - 1471 NaCl - 8.21 . Total solids 111.67 214. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface, dark sandy loam 2. Subsoil, reddish-yellow loamy sand 3-4. Yellow silty sand , 5. 5-1 1 5-6. Sand and fine gravel 7-8. Sand bucket sample shows sand with a considerable percentage of fine gravel, and a wash sample shows reddish yellow sand 212 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. '2 1 ">. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0 - 1 3-8. Outwash gravel 1 -25. 5 See Table XII. 217. Record of commission's test well near Springland. Wisconsin . Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0 - 1 3-8. Outwash sand and gravel with much biotite 3 -24. 5 See Table XII. 216. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 3- 5. Outwash material increasing in coarseness with depth 5 -16 Yellowish sandy clay. - - 19. 5-20 6- 8. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel 21 -32 See Table XII. 21§. Record of commission's test well near Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury?- Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 3. Yellow loamy sand 5- 5. 5 4- 5. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 10-16 6. Fine, dark, steel-gray sand (glacial) 20-21 7— 11. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 26-60 See Table XII. 2 19 A. This is a small private, high-service system, which draws its water from the mains of the Jamaica Water Supply Company and supplies an area of about 195 acres. 220. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department : Record of Brooklyn test well No. 7, near Hollis. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Reddish yellow surface loam and loamy sand 0- 15 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Light, reddish yellow, multicolored sands and gravel (glacial) 15- 69 Tisbury : 3. Medium-light grayish yellow sand. 69- 77 4. Light-yellow sand 77- 98 Cretaceous?: 5. Very fine, gray, silty clay (" blue clay") 98-103 Cretaceous: 6. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with muscovite 103-117 7. Light, yellowish white, medium sands 117-144 8. Darker yellowish white sands 144-157 9. Light, yellowish white, fine to medium sands. 157-217 10. White quartz pebbles 217-224 11. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish sands 224-294 12. F ne pink sands 294-297 13. Fine reddish yellow sand 297-302 14. Dark blue-gray clay 302-319 15. Fine gray sand 319-337 16. Very fine pinkish gray sand t 337-348 17. Very fine olive-gray sand 348-354 18. Alternate layers of very fine and fine pinkish gray sand 354-369 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 213 Cretaceous — Continued. 19. Fine light-gray sand 20. Medium dark-gray sand 21. Very fine very dark-gray sand. Fig. 63.— Type of well used at the Montauk waterworks plant at Dunton. X. Y Feet. 369-401 401-103 403-407 Elevation, 58.6 feet. Brooklyn base. The samples below No .7 all have cons derable muscovite and resemble the yellow Cretaceous sands of the old West bury section (well No. 4)10) and the Melville section in the West Hills. 221. Rdoril of commission's test well near Woodhull Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1- 2. Yellow surface loam 0- 5. 2 3. Very fine dark-gray clayey sand 10-11 4- 8. Highly erratic out wash sand and gravel 1 5-29 See Table XII. 222. Record of commission's test well near West Jamaica. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. I. Surface sandy loam 0-2 2- 4. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand 2-20 5- 9. Medium gray sand with much biotite . 20-52 223. The plant of the Montauk Water Company, situated at Dunton, consists of eighteen 10-inch tile wells having an average depth of 50 feet. The type of the well and the character of strata penetrated is shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 63). Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following section of a well com- pleted by him at this point : Record of Montauk Water Company's icell at Dunton. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0- 8 2. Blue clay 8-24 3. Coarse gray sand and gravel 24-64 The following analyses were reported by the Long Island Rail- road Company, April. 1897, and September, 1901, respectively: Analyses of water from Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. Parts per million. Si02 1915 A1,6S and Fe,0:l 51 CaC03 42. 07 MgC03 23. 08 CaS04 10. 09 MgSQ, 51 MgCL. -14.19 NaCl 4.96 114.56 MgS04. MgCl,.. SiO,, etc 20. 35 CaC03 54. 55 MgC03 25. 65 CaSO, 13 00 7. 69 16.42 NaCl - An excellent boiler water, but forms some scale. 13.00 1.50.66 214 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. [Analyst, H. B Hodges.] Parts per million Silica oxide of iron and alumina 11.97 Carbonates of lime and magnesia 77. 98 Sulphate of lime and magnesia 22. 06 Chlorides 39.50 Soluble sulphates . . 51. 98 Total solids 203.49 224. Record of commission's test well near Willow Glen. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Humus-stained clay 0. 0- 0. 5 2. Reddish yellow clay 7- 1 3-4. Very fine, reddish-yellow, clayey sand. 7 -14 5-6. Very fine, dark-gray, glacial sand 19 -25 225. The average section at this point is reported as follows: Record of wells of Citizens' Water Supply Company at head of Flushing Creek Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : Feet. 1. Bluish clay and stones 0-18 2. Coarse brown sand and gravel 18-45 3. Fine brown sand 45- Water below 50 feet is poor. 226. Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, proprietor of the Deep Glen Spring, reports that in 1903 between 2,000 and 2,500 gallons of this spring water were placed on the market every week, having a value of from $200 to $250. Analysis of water of Deep Glen Spring, near Flushing. Parts per million. Sodium chloride 26.3940 Sodium bromide 0360 Sodium iodate 0051 Sodium and potassium sulphate. 2. 8272 Sodium carbonate 6. 5040 Strontium carbonate 0022 Calcium 1.5851 Magnesium 5147 Iron : 0955 Silica 7517 Organic and volatile matter. : 1 Trace. 227. Record of commission's test well north of Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black, humus-stained, gravelly loam 0-0.5 2. Yellow gravelly loam 1- 1.5 3-4. Reddish yellow clayey sand 5-11 5-8. Dark, grayish brown, fine to medium sand 15-31 9-11. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel 35—46 22§. Record of well between Queens and Baysidt Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Loam and loamy clay .' 0-50 2. Sand and gravel 50-86 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 215 229. Record of commission's test well near Flushing. Wisconsin: • Pert. 1-8. Yellowish gray sand of probable outwash origin q_31 9. Yellowish gray sand with small percentage of clay 34-35 See Table XII. 23©. This well flows 12 or 14 inches above the top of the ground. It is just below the dam of the ice pond, and Mr. Sweeney believes that this is possibly responsible for the head. Record of well of Casino Lake Ice Company »t Cosmo Lake, near Flushing. feet. 1. Black mud 0-5 2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel 5_13 3. Clean coarse red sand.. 13-35 4. Pure-white quartz gravel 35-40 231. This is the old College Point municipal plant, which was built in 1874-75 at the Kassona spring south of Flushing." It has now been decided to replace or supplement the spring supply by driven wells. The following sections of 3 test wells are reported by Mr. C. D. Corwin: Record of test well No. 1, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1. Black silty mud 0. 0- 2 6 2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 3. Sand and gravel... g _jq 4. Yellow sand \q _\2 5. Medium gray sand _ 1 2 _24 6. Fine yellow sand 24 -26 7. Yellow medium sand with water 26 -40 S. Coarse yellow sand _ 40 -55 9. Yellow and white clay and fine sand 55 -455 10. Yellow clay and fine sand 65 -75 11. Fine white sand; flowed slightly 75 -80 At 49 feet flowed H gallons per minute 24 inches above ground. Brook is 9 inches higher than pond. Temperature of water of well, 56°; of pond, 44°. Mr. Corwin has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of test well No. 1, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Wisconsin or Tisburv : Feet. 1. Clean, orange-colored, quartz sand and small gravel, with considerable percentage of glacial material 49 Mannetto or Cretaceous: 2-3. Very coarse orange sand and small gravel: quartz with a small percentage of decayed white chert, which suggests Cretaceous or Mannetto 50-57 Cretaceous ? : 4. Medium white quartz sand, with much muscovite 57-85 Record of test well No. 2, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1. Black silty mud 0.0- 2.6 2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 3. Sand and gravel 5 -10 4. Yellow sand 10 -12 5. Medium gray sand 12 -24 6. Fine yellow sand 24 -26 7. Medium yellow sand, water-bearing ■ 26 -55 8. Coarse yellow and white sand, mixed 55 -57 9. White sand and clay 57 -80 » Fire and Water Engineering, vol. 23, 1898, p. 91. 216 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of test well No. 3, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1. Gray sand with stones 4- 9 2. Hardpan: clay and stones 9-20 3. Medium sand with little water 20-28 4. Medium dark sand 28-35 5. Medium gray sand with water. 35-40 6. Medium sand, darker 40-55 232. Record of commission's test well mar Flushing. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 3. 5 3-7. Yellow silty sand and bowlders 5-26 8-9. Fine sand to small gravel, dark, multicolored 30-33 233. Record of commission's test well near Broadway. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow sandy loam 0- 6 4. Fine, dark yellowish, clayey, silty sand 10-11 5-6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel: large percentage of erratics 14-20 7-11. Dark, yellowish brown, fine to medium sand with considerable mica 21-40 234. Record of commission's test well at Queens avenue and Rocky Hill road. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Dark loamy sand and gravel 0-1.5 3- 8. Glacial sand and gravel with a very large percentage of fresh glacial material. . 5-30 Wisconsin and Tisburv: 9. Dark, reddish brown, fine to coarse micaceous sand (apparently glacial) 33-34 Tisbury: 10-11. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial) 37-41 235. Record of commission's test well near Auburndale. Wisconsin: Feet. 1- 3. Yellow loamy sand 0- 6 4— 8. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin 10-27 9. Dark silty sand formed from drilling in rock 28-28. 5 10-11. Multicolored, glacial, gravel till 30-38 See Table XII. 236. . Record of commission's test well near Bayside. Wisconsin: Feet. I. Yellowish .brown surface loam 0.5- 1 2- 3. Reddish loamy sand 2- 6 4. Yellowish brown silt to fine gravel (glacial) 10-11 5. Yellowish clayey sand 15-16 6. Black clayey sand 17-18 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 7-14. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial) 19-55 Tisbury: 15. Light, reddish yellow, medium sand 56-57 16. Grayish white sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. . 60-61 Cretaceous? 17. Medium grayish yellow sand with muscovite (probably not glacial) 63-64 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 217 2517. Record of commission's test irell near Bayside. Wisconsin: ¥oe\. 1—2. Yellow sandy clay ()- 2 3-4. Yellow clayey sand with some pebbles 3- 5. 5 5-6. Dark clayey sand 10-18 7-10. Mottled sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial) 20-29.5 11. Multicolored sand and gravel similar to that found below the blue clay on the south shore 35-36 Fig. 64.— Sketch map showing location of test borings at Bayside pumping station. 12-13. Dark yellowish clayey sand (glacial) 40-46 14-16. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 49-65 Tisbury : 17. Fine to coarse yellow sand with very little glacial material 6.5-66 Tisbury \ ■ 18. Yellow sand and small gravel with many fragments of ferruginous concretions. . 70-71 17116— No. 44— 06 15 218 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. !£38. The 21 wells which now supply the Bayside pumping station are all finished in glacial sand and gravel of Wisconsin or Tisburv age. The engineer at the station reports that the wells will begin flowing about five hours after pumping is stopped. Ten test wells were put down several years ago around the edge of Oakland Lake just above the pumping station: the material penetrated is shown in the following table, which was prepared from the samples by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer. The location of the wells is shown on the accompanying sketch map, fig. 64. Description of samples from test borings at Bayside pumping station. [By Alexander S. Farmer.] Test boring No. Composition of soil at a depth of- 5 feet. 10 feet. 15 feet. 20 feet. ) Sand, brown, mixed with black; fine quartz grains. 2 Sand, brown, mixed with black; coarse and fine quartz grains. 3 Sand, brown: coarse grains j*g to i inch hi diameter in a matrix of finer quartz grains: porphyritic in ch.- >eter. Water bear- ing? 4 Sand, brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. 5 Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finpr matrix: porphyritic in charactpr. Sand, light brown: coarse grains. Water l>earing? Sand, brown: coarse grains containing somp mica: homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Sand, light brown: coarse grains, A to ffc inch diam- eter,infinermatrix: mica present : porphyritic character. \\ ater bear- ing? Sand, buff colored: fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, brownish white, mixed with black; coarse and fine quartz grains. Sand, brown, mixed with black: coarse and fine quartz grains. •Sand, brown: coarse quartz grains ^ tc J inch in di- ameter in a matrix of finer grains: porphyritic in character. Water bearing? Sand, brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix; porphyritic in character. Sand, light brown: coarse grains, ^ to J inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones: porphyritic charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: con- tains some black: very fine grains: mica present: homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains, A to ?s inch diam- eter, in finer matrix: mica present: porphyritic character. Water bear- ing? Sand, buff colored: fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, brownish white, mixed with a little black; coarse grains, homogene- ous in character. Water bearing? Sand, white with brownish tinge: very fine quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light brown: fine quartz grains mixed with some coarse ones. Sand, white with brown- ish tinge: fine quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, white with brown- ish tinge: very fine quartz grains, homoge- neous in character. Sand, light brown: fine quartz grains mixed with some coarse ones. Clay, white Clay, white. Small gravel J to J inch in diameter, cemented in brownish-white clay ma- trix: porphyritic struc- ture. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, to } inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones: porphyritic charac- ter. Waterbearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix: mica present: porphyritic in character. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains, fe Jo ft inch diam- eter, in finer matrix : mica present: porphyritic character. V ater bear- ing? Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. Saml, cemented in slate- co'.ored clav matrix. Sand, light brown: coarse grains. jV, to J inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic char- acter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: fine grains; mica present; homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. Do. Composition of soil at a depth of— 2.1 feet. Sand, white with ',/rownish tinge: very fine quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, white with brownish tinge: fine quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. 30 feet. 35 feet. Sand, almost white: very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, brownish white; coarse quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, almost white: very- fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, brownish white; coarse and fine quartz grains. 40 feet. Sand, white with brown- ish tinge: coarse quartz grains, 1 to A inch in diameter, mixed with coarse and fine grains; porphyritic in charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: very fine quartz grains, ho- mogeneous in character. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 2 1 9 Description of samples from test borings at Bayside pumping station — Continued. 25 foot. :i Sand, light brown; very One quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. 4 Sand, light brown: very fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, cemented in slate- colored clay matrix. Sand, light brown: coarse grains, ,V, to J inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic charac- ter. Water bearing? Grams averaging ,'„ inch in diameter, cemented to some extent in grayish- white clay matrix. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, blackish brown ; coarse grains, homogene- ous in character. Water bearing? Composition of soil at a depth of 30 feet. Sand, brown ; coarse quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, very light brown; very fine grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, homogeneous in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains, T\ to } inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic in char- acter. Waterbearing? Clay, grayish white Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains, ^ inch diameter, in finer matrix . Water bearing? Sand., white: very fine grains containing coarse ones: resembles sea sand. 35 feet. Gravel, brown; grains aver- aging fi inch in diameter, homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? Gravel, light brown; grains averaging ^ inch in di- ameter, homogeneous in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, brownish white: very fine grains; resem- bles sea sand; homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, to J inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic in char- acter Water bearing? Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light colored; very fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, gray; large grams, \ inch diameter, in finer matrix: porphyritic in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. 40 feet. ' Sand, light brown; very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown: fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown: very fine grains, homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light colored; very fine grains, homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Composition of soil at a depth oi- 45 feet. Sand, brownish while; coarse, differentiating to fine quartz grains. Wa- ter bearing? Sand, light brown: very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown: very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white Sand, light brown; very fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, almost white: resem- bles sea sand: much mica present. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing'' Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. .HI feet. Sand, brownish white; coarse quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown; very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white Sand, light brown; very fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light brown: fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, grayish white t, Clay, yellowish white. Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Clay, yellowish white tit) feet. Clay, yellowish white. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. ....do Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grams, ho- mogeneous in character. Sand, very light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. ■Do. Sand, grayish white; very fine grains: on the border line between clay and sand. Sand, light colored; fine grains containing some coarse ones. Clay, light drab Clay, light drab. do Do. Sand, grayish white; al- most clay; impalpable character. Clay, grayish white Clay, grayish white. Sand, grayish white; al- most clay: impalpable character. f l i% gra> ir.h white. 220 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 239. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: Record oj irell at pumping station Xo. 1, Whitestone. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Water-bearing sand and gravel '. 0-25 Sankaty: 2. Blue clay 25-45 Jameco: 3. Water-bearing glacial sand and gravel 4.5-95 Cretaceous?: 4. Clay 95- 2 IO. This well was driven in the bay KM) feet from the shore: at high tide it is covered with from 12 to 14 feet of water. Record oj well oj McWilHarns Coal Company near Whitestone Landing, Recent: Feet. 1. River mud 0- 6 Cretaceous: 2. Blue, white, and red clay, arranged in alternate layers, but containing no sand or gravel 6-175 24 1. Four test wells were put down to depths ranging from 90 to 120 feet : in all of them the water was found to be brackish, and the wells were abandoned. The tops of the wells are about 15 feet above high tide level, and the water in them fluctuates with the tide, to an amount thought by the driller to be almost equal to that in the bay: they are situated about 400 feet from the water's edge. Record of railroad wells near Whitestone Landing. Recent: Feet. 1. Coarse, sandy, marsh material and "muck" 0- 15 Tisbury: 2. White beach sand 15- 60 Sankaty: 3. Clay 60- 85 Jameco: 4. Coarse varicolored gravel 85-120 242. This was formerly a private plant from which the water was pumped into a ground reservoir on the hill behind it. It was later acquired by the city, and is now used only as a reserve station. 243. Stotthoff Brothers report the following section for this well: Record oj W. W. Cole's well near Whitestone. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-16 Sankaty?: 2. Clay 16 56 Sankaty '. and Jameco?: 3. Quicksand 56-70 Jameco: 4. Medium, coarse, water-bearing gravel 70-96 244. No definite information has been obtained regarding the deep well at this point, other than that it is about .500 feet deep. The depth to bed rock, which is an interesting point, because this well is in the line of the old Sound River Valley, is likewise not obtainable. It was reported from one source as being about 10 feet above sea level, but Maj. Edward Burr, of the Corps of Engineers, reports that the excavations at this paint have not shown rock at such a height. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES <>N WELLS. 221 2 4.: ^ 3. Blue clay 26-29 4. Quicksand . . 29-35 5. Coarse gray sand, dry 35-65 6. Clay 65-65. 5 7. Gravel with water 65. 5-66 252. Mr. Herbert reports having sunk a 6-inch pipe 40 feet in the bottom of a 52-foot dug well: he then encountered hard rock (probably a bowlder) and discontinued the work. The material penetrated was all quicksand and gray beach sand. 254. It is stated that Mr. Griffin had 17 wells put down at his place without success: one on the edge of the beach, about 200 yards north of well No. 251, is reported to have been 90 feet deep and to have found no water. The well completed by Mr. Herbert furnishes a good supply of water. The material encountered in this well is as follows: 222 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of C. L. Griffin's well near Hewlett Point. Feet 1. Top soil 0-3 2. Blue clay 3-26 4. Quicksand 26- 5. Light-gray hardpan 6. Gray gravel -68 255. Record of W. H. Arnold's well near Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Hard dark-colored earth 0-lb' 2. Yellow sandy clay 16-28 3. Blue clay with sand 28- 4. Gray sand -132 5. Blue clay " 132-150 6. Gray gravel 150-159 256. Stotthoff Brothers, in letter dated April 30, 1903, report the following: "The well is 512 feet deep, and 8 inches in diameter; the first 90 feet light gray sand with coarse seams, 5 to 20 feet apart, and from 6 inches to 2 feet thick; there being enough clay to hold the sand so that it would hold itself while driving the pipe: the next 140 feet fine gray sand and quicksand very fine and uniform to top of rock; no water. Rock from 230 to 512 feet, soft gray granite and mica veins, same character as is found throughout Westchester County, X. Y." •257. Record of Mrs. M. E. Scott's well at Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-38 2. Stony clay 38-68 3. Blue clay and quicksand 68-164 The well was abandoned at 164 feet. 25§. Record of G. B. Wilson's well near Hewlett Point. Feet. L. Dug well (fresh water, slightly hard ) 0-14 2. Beach sand 14-20 3. Light-colored clay with stone 20-30 4. Quicksand 30-32 5. Stony clay 32-36 6. Coarse gray sand containing salt water at 46 feet, and brackish water at 59 feet. . . . 36-59 7. Alternate layers of sand and clay 59-63 8. Yellowish sand 63-65 9. Blue clay 65- 10. Fine yellow and grayish sand.. -103 11. Hardpan 103-105 12. Yellow gravel with fresh water 105-108 259. Record of well of Lawrence Beach Bathing Association, at Lawrence Beach. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand 0-25 Sankaty: 2. Clay - 25-55 Jameco: 3. Gravel 55-62 260. Record of John Lawrence's well, on l*l< of Wigh', New York. Recent and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Fine beach sand and clay mixed 0-20 2. Sand and gravel 20-40 Sankaty: 3. Sand and clay 40-100 The well was completed at 30 feet, this being the best gravel layer encountered. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 228 5461. Mr. Gilbert Baldwin, who was in charge of the sinking of this well, gives the following record: Feet. 0-31 Record of I). I). Lord's well near Lawrence. Tisbury: 1. Fine sand Sankaty: 2. Clay, containing few small stones 35-50 3. Sand, containing shells, like clam and oyster shells 50-70 Jaineco: 4. Coarse sand changing to gravel 70-100 The contractor, Mr. Jesse Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following data: "At Lawrence I drove a 6-inch well 107 feet : I struck water at 5 feet: drove 25 feet in water and got a good supply: struck blue clay at 30 feet: drove 25 feet through it and struck fine sand and some oyster shells, continuing 30 feet: at 90 feet I struck white gravel, drove 17 feet in this and got an un- limited supply of water." veil near Lawrence. Feet. 0-40 •c Pumping Station i of Queens County Water Company • A • B • D Scale loo 150 200feet 262. Record of A. W. Hart s Tisbury: 1. Yellow" sand and grave Sankaty and Jameco: 2. Grayish clay, no pebbles 40-60 3. Coarse white sand mixed with a little clay (some oyster shells found in this sand ). 60-70 263. Mr. Edward Man gives the following data regarding this well: "At a depth of 416 feet I struck a plentiful supply of bright clear water, which, however, was exceedingly salt. It contained quite a large amount of iron, and had a slight odor of sulphureted hydrogen. In my opinion this water contained considerably more salt than the ocean itself. The water rose in the pipe to within about 15 feet of the surface. "In driving the well I encountered a water-bearing layer at about 40 feet and another at about 150 feet : these I should judge to have been about 3 feet in thickness. The first layer yielded a hiight. clear, fresh water, pleasant to the taste, and apparently free from any iron, but was unfortunately found, after being used for several years, to be 'contaminated with sewage to a marked degree,' according to the report of Mr. Vulte, Professor Chandler's assistant at Columbia College. "At 150 feet there was another water-bearing layer, which yielded a plentiful supply of bright clear water, but as soon as the water was exposed to the air, the iron in it seemed to be chemically changed by the light and air and the water became quite brown, so that it could not be used for washing. This water when filtered through a Gate City stone filter was entirely free from any appearance or taste of iron, so that I think the iron in it was not in solution but in suspension." This is the well reported by Darton as "Lawrence: Depth 205 feet: capacity 35 gallons: water layer at 40 feet." It has since been deepened. 265. Mr. Walsh reports that in the vicinity of Cedarhurst he usually encounters streaks of hard pan 6 inches thick at 22 or 25 feet below the surface. The hard pan is described as a mixture of brown clay and coarse gravel, packed closely together and cemented with iron. • F Fig. 65— Sketch map giving locations of wells of the Queens County Water Com- pany shown in fig. 66. 224 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Judge Diver's well near Cedarhurst. Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0-3 2. Sand similar to that elsewhere on the Rockaway Ridge 3-2.5 3. Coarse sand and gravel 25-35 266. Record of Dr. Anderson's v;ell near Cedarhurst. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Yellow sand 0-42 2. Gravel 42- 267. Record of Louis Touscker's veil near Cedarhurst. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Fine white sand 0-37 2. Gravel . 37- 268. Record of Samuel Brower's well near Brower Point. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand 0-17 2. Quicksand; very fine 17-27 3. Sand and gravel: coarseness increasing with depth 27-35 272. Mr. Jaegle reports that the marsh deposits in this well were about 10 feet thick, below which there was 15 feet of fine dark-colored sand, the remainder of the well being through an alternation of lead-colored sand and clays. A small flow was obtained at 150 feet; at 228 feet a coarse gravel was encountered, from which a good supply of pure water was obtained, flowing 3 feet above the surface of the meadow. A sample of the water-bearing sand from a depth of 228 feet, presented by Mr. Jaegle, is composed of small white quartz pebbles, with a very considerable percentage of erratic material. 273. Mr. Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer, reports that there were in use at this station in the summer of 1903 thirty-two 4- and .5- inch wells 33 feet deep and nineteen 6-inch wells 1.50 to 190 feet deep. The average daily pumping in 1902 was 1,634,000 gallons, the minimum 850,000 gallons, and the maximum 4,500,000 gallons. One of the new 6-inch test wells completed in 1903 tested 800.000 gallons per day. The water is pumped from the wells to a filter which removes the excess of iron, and is then pumped into mains. Samples obtained from one of the 6-inch wells drilled during the summer of 1903 show the following section: Record of well at Queens County purnpin// station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Gray silty sand and gravel, with a large percentage of biotite 6- 10 Tisbury: 2-3. White to light-yellow quartz sand and gravel, with only a small percentage of glacial material 10- 32 Sankaty i: 4. Blue gravelly clay 33- 35 5. Dirty-gray sand and gravel 35- 54 Sankaty: 6. Blue clay 54- 76 7-10. Fine, gray, pepper-and-salt sand, composed of a mixture of white quartz and green sand, weathering to a reddish yellow 76- 95 Sankaty and Jameco: 11-12. Light yellowish white sand and gravel; no greensand 95-100 13. Lignite 110 14. Fine pepper-and-salt sand, composed of mixture of white quartz >and greensand. containing a little gray clay 115 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES <>N WKLLS. 225 Wells- + 3.70 Sand and gravel ■56.30 Blue clay -76.30 Black sand -92.30 Gravel and sand J 11.30 Black sand -116.30' Reddish sand -124.30' Coarse sand -1 38.30' Gravel and sand 148.30' -+2.90 Red sand -28.10 Sand and gravel -39.10 Slack sand -51.10' Blue clay -84.10 Black sand -97.10' Reddish sand -1 10.10' Coarse white sand -126.10' Sand and gravel -155.10 4-4.90' Red sand •25.10 White sand -59.10 Blue clay ■82.10 Black sand -1 10.10 White sand and gravel -156.10 +3.70' Red sand -6.30' White sand and gravel -32.30 Black sand -47.30 Blue clay 84.30 Biac< sand 1 10.30 Red sand -126.30 Gravel and sand L2.40 ReJ sand 1-5.60' White sand ■27.60 ■ Clay and . gravel -30.60' Sharp red sand -50.60 Blue clay -90.60 Tme dark sand -1 1 1.60' G'ave! -146.60 Far Rockaway S ' ""^h is 1 •„« -8 00' n'gner than averaje at Valley St-eaml Light sand J28.00 Clay and gravel 131.00' Clean , sharp sand .47.00' 2.00' Datum M.H.T. at Hard corrpact gravel -64.00' Blue clay -95.00 Black sand -1 1 2.00 Sand and gravel 138.00 Peat -171.10' Sand and gravel -178.10' Fig. to.— Sections of wells of the yueens County Water Company, by Charles R Bettes. chief engineer. 1 For locations of wells see fig. ho. ; 226 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Jameco: Feet. 15-19. Light-colored, coarse sand and gravel containing a considerable percentage of erratic material 120-155 Records of the first five wells are shown in fig. 66; for general relations see fig. 13. Analysis of water from Queens County pumping station. [Analysis by C. F. Chandler, September 17, 1902 ] Parts per million Chlorine in chlorides 4. 100 Sodium chloride _ 6. 766 Phosphates (as P205) None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates .010 Free ammonia . 048 Albuminoid ammonia ..... .018 Total nitrogen 10.064 Hardness: Before boiling 15. 780 After boiling 10. 520 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 12. 000 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) C0.2 restored with ammonium carbonate 34.500 Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 46. 500 Appearance Slightly turbid. Color Slightly yellowish on account of sediment. Odor (heated to 100° F) None. Taste None. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach, May, 1897: Analysis of water of Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach. Parts per million. Si02 14.71 ALA and Fe203 3.42 CaCO:) Trace. MgCO, 4.10 CaSO, 8. 04 MgCl, . . 4. 62 NaCl 2.22 Total 37.11 274. Mr. Walsh reports that at a depth of 50 feet layers of lignite and mud were encountered, in which were found "snail shells, skimmer shells, and razor shells." (See fig. 13.) Record of well near Hewlett. Tisbury : Feet 1. Sand and gravel similar to material elsewhere on Rockaway Ridge 0-13 Sank at y : 2. Blue clay 13-21 Sankaty and Jameco: 3. Fine sand with no available water 21-70 4. Good water-bearing sand 70- 0 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 227 275. Record of Mr.*. Julia Flower's mil nun Lynbrnok. Tisbury : Feet 1. Brown to red sand and gravel 0- 13..*) Sankaty and Cretaceous: 2. Perfectly dry blue clay: no stones 17- 80 3. White clay, which became creamy under the action of the wash pipe 80- 82 4. White sand J 82- 90 5. Blue clay similar to that in section 2 90-130 6. Fine sand, somewhat clayey from clay above 130-135 7. Sand, changing gradually to white gravel. (This layer was water bearing, but the water had a puckerish taste, like alum.) 135-15.5 8. A blue dry clay, similar to that in sections 2 and 5 155-180 277. Through the kindness of Mr. Franklin B. Lord, president of the Queens County Water Company, and Mr. Chas. R. Bettes. chief engineer, self-recording gages were placed on three wells at this point : One 504 feet deep, another 74, and the third 14 feet deep. A portion of the results of this work is shown in PI. XVIII: a detailed report may be expected later. Mr. Lord reports that in 1903 the deep well was pumped at the rate of from 36,000 to 44.000 gallons for twenty-four hours, for a period of twenty-four and one-fourth hours, with three stops of fifteen minutes each. This reduced the level of the water 3.92 feet; it returned to its normal level in seventy minutes after the pumping was stopped. During this test the level of the water in the 74-foot well was not reduced, and the 504-foot well was not affected by the pumping of the shallower well. On February 13, 1903, the 74-foot well was given a five-hour test, and the level of the water was reduced more than 22 feet ; it regained its normal level in eighteen minutes. In December, 1903. a new well was started at this place from which Mr. Bettes has furnished the following samples: Record of Queens County Wafer Company's well at Lynbrook. Tsbury: Feet. 1. Coarse yellow quartz sand: no erratic material 0- 29 2. Light-gray sand 29- 31 3. Same as No. 1 31- 73 Cretaceous? : 4. Light-gray sflty clay - 73- 89 5. Light-yellow medium sand: no erratic material 89-150 Cretaceous: 6. Fine to medium gray, lignitic sand 150-15S 7. Verv fine black, micaceous, lignitiferous silt 158-200 8-9. Very fine, dark-colored, lignitiferous sand 200-22S 10. Medium light-gray sand with small amount of lignite 228-340 11. Dark-colored, lignitiferous, silty clay 340-363 12. Medium dirty-yellow sand, lignitic 363-403 13. Medium to coarse gray sand. 403-536 228 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from, wells of Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook. [By F. C. Chandler, February 25. 1903. Farts per million.] .504-foot well. 72-foot well. Clear. Faint milkiness. Color None. None when filtered. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. None. None. None. Chlorine in chlorides 3.000 9.000 Sodium chloride 4.950 14. 851 Phosphates (as P.,0.) None. None. \. 1 1 1'i~iCTt* Tl 111 11 1 1 1*1 1 #."*"5 \one None . Nitrogen in nitrates . 014 . 562 Free ammonia .022 .016 Albuminoid ammonia .026 .006 Total nitrogen. .053 ..580 Hardness: Before boiling 8.855 13. 91.5 After boiling 3. 795 8.855 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 2.000 5.000 Mineral matter (nonvolatile), CO.,, restored with ammonium carbonate 13. .500 40. .500 Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C . 15. .500 4.5. .500 '-J7S. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona : Record of Brooklyn test well Xo. 2Jf. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. L Top soil 1... 0- 4 2. Yellowish sand, water bearing 4- 20 3. Gray sand, water bearing 20- 28 4. Gray sand with little gravel, water bearing 28- 36 5. Fine gray sand 36- 40 6. Yellowish sand and gravel 40- 44 7. Yellowish sand and gravel; traces of clay 44- 58 8. Sand, clay, and large gravel 58- 68 Tisbury? : 9. Sharp yellow sand with traces of clay (is- 78 Cretaceous ? : 10. Gray sand and clay 78- 88 11. Blue clay. sand, and wood 88- 92 12. Yellowish sand and clay 92- 98 13. White sand, wood, and clay 98-108 Cretaceous: 14. Gray sand, wood, and clay 108-128 15. Brown sand, wood, and clay 128-138 16. White sand with traces of clay 13K-160 17. White sand with wood and clay KiO-200 Elevation of surface. 16.0 feet. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 229 279. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Yiuona : Record of Brooklyn test well No. 23. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 1 . Yellow sand 0- 8 2. Gray sand, water bearing 8- 30 3. Coarse gray sand, water bearing 36- 52 4. White sand, gravel, and clay 52- 74 Transition: 5. Yellow sand, water bearing 74- 78 Cretaceous? : 6. Clay, sand, and gravel 78-100 7. Clay, sand, gravel, and wood 100-106 8. White sand, clay, and wood 106-130 Cretaceous: 9. Sand, dark clay, and wood 130-148 10. White sand, clay, and wood 148-168 11. Sand, gravel, wood, and blue clay 168-172 12. Blue clay 172-185 13. Sandstone, iron ore, and wood embedded in black clay 185-198 14. Wood and black clay 198-202 15. Fine white sand, wood, and clay 202-220 16. Sand, wood, and blue clay 220-247 17. Blue clay and iron ore ......... 247-260 18. Sand, wood, and clay . . 260-276 19. Sand, wood, clay, and iron ore 276-282 20. Sand, clay, and wood 282-296 21. Hard pan; iron 296-298 22. Blue clay 298-312 23. Sand, wood, and clay 312-367 24. Clay with a little sand 367-374 25. Sand, wood, and clay 374-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. 2§0. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of Brooklyn test tcell No. 22. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Yellow sand 0- 15 2. Sharp grayish sand, water bearing 15- 24 3. Coarse, grayish sand, with gravel, water bearing 24- 36 4. Same sand: larger gravel, water bearing 36- 44 5. Fine grayish sand, water bearing 44- 56 6. Gravel, sand, and clay - : 56- 67 Wisconsin and Tisbury \ 7. Sharp, yellow sand, water bearing 67- 82 8. Fine grayish sand. 82- 90 9. Fine grayish sand with gravel, wood, and clay 90-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous '. : 10. Fine grayish sand with larger gravel, wood, and clay 100-107 Cretaceous: 11. Gray sand with wood and clay 107-145 12. Gray clay 145-169 13. Clay, wood, and iron pyrites 169-180 14. Sand, gravel, clay, wood, and iron pyrites 180-190 15. Fine grayish sand, clay, and wood - 190-220 230 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 16. Fine sand, clay, wood, and iron pyrites 220-276 17. Sharp grayish sand, clay, and wood 276-310 18. Black muck, wood, and sand 310-324 19. Light-colored gray sand, wood, and traces of clay __ 324-327 20. White clay, wood, sand, and gravel 327-333 21. Hard pan with white clay, 333-343 22. Sharp grayish sand, wood, and traces of clay 343-347 23. Same sand ; slightly water bearing 347-356 24. White clay, sand, and wood 1 356-370 Elevation of surface, 17.4 feet. 281. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 21, the following record is taken from the reports of the inspector: <* Record of Brooklyn test well No. 21. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Yellow sand .' 0- 8 2. Fine yellowish sand 8- 28 3. Fine yellowish sand with a large quantity of mica scales. 28- 36 4. Coarser yellowish sand. .... 36- 50 Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : 5. Finer yellowish sand with small gravel 50- 65 6. Fine white sand with large gravel 65- 69 7. Fine white sand with wood and traces of clay 69- 80 Tisbury and Cretaceous \ ; 8. Fine brownish sand with wood and traces of clay 80- 85 Cretaceous: 9. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 85-116 10. Fine gray sand with wood and traces of clay. 116-195 11. Black clay and wood 19.5-202 12. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 202-225 13. Gray clay with wood and hardpan 225-236 14. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay 236-240 15. Gray quicksand with traces of wood and clay 240-248 16. Gray clay... • 248-262 17. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay 262-276 18. Gray sand with wood, clay, and hardpan 276-282 19. Fine gray sand and clay 282-290 20. Sharp grayish sand with traces of wood and clay, slightly water bearing 290-295 21. Sharp grayish sand with wood and traces of clay .- 295-345 22. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 345-380 23. Fine white sand with traces of wood and clay 380-110 Elevation of surface 17.8 feet. 2§2. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 20. the following record is taken from the report of the inspector:'' Record of Brooklyn test well No. 20. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. L. Yellow sand 0- 6 2. Yellowish sand 6- 20 3. Yellowish sand with a little gravel 20- 26 4. Fine yellowish sand 26- 36 5. Small light-colored gravel with gray sand 36- 7S a Ann. Kept. Dept. City Works of Brooklyn for 1896, 1897, pp. 302 303. ''Ibid., p. 301. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 231 Cretaceous? : Fwt 6. Fine gray sand with traces of clay 78- 85 7. Gray clay and gravel K5- 90 Cretaceous: 8. Gray sand with clay and wood 90-100 9. Gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel , 100-110 10. Fine gray sand with clay and wood 110-124 11. Fine gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel 124-130 12. Gray sand with clay and wood 130-148 13. Darker gray sharp sand with a little wood-... 148-152 14. Dark-gray clay with wood and gravel 152-154 15. Light-gray sand with wood and traces of clay 154-172 16. Finer light-gray sand with wood and day 172-178 17. Fine white sand with wood and clay 178-212 18. Sharp light-gray sand with wood and clay (contains water, but not enough for pumping) 212-225 19. Hardpan and wood 225-228 20. Gray sand with clay and wood (contains water but not enough for pumping). 228-242 Elevation of surface 14.6 feet. 283. Record of C. Schreiber's well at Valley Stream. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-18 Mr. Baldwin says that the description of this well will apply to all the wells in the vicinity of Valley Stream. In some places it is 2 or 3 feet farther to the water, but there is no change in the material. 284. The Long Island Railroad Company gives the following part analysis of its shallow dug well at this point: Analysis of railroad well at Valley Stream. Parts per million. Total solids 56. 09 285. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water depart- ment (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well Xo. 19. Wisconsin: Veet. 1. Reddish yellow loamy sand. 0 4 Transition: 2. Fine to coarse light-yellow sand 4- 18 Tisbury: 3. Light-gray and grayish-yellow sands and gravel, probably glacial 18- 72 Sankaty ! : 4. Yellowish gray clay — 72- 95 Cretaceous: 5. Dark-gray fine to medium sand, with lignite 95-132 6. Black clay with lignite 132-140 7. Grayish-white clay 140-150 8. Medium gray sand with lignite 1.50-208 "At extreme depth was found to be slightly water bearing: very small flow." Elevation of surface, 9.4 feet. Brooklyn base. 286. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of water fro m wells at Watt's Pond pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 63.25 Loss on ignition 15. 15 Free ammonia .06 Albuminoid ammonia - .04 282 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Chlorine as chlorides . 8. 87 Sodium chloride 14-62 Nitrogen as nitrates 2.0o Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 16. 12 Permanent hardness ,. 16. 12 This is the average of 4 analyses. 2§7. The following section has been taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer [. M. De Varona; no samples were preserved from this well (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well Xo. 2o, at ^Yatt's Pond pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Top soil 0- 3 2. Brown sand and gravel 3- 1.5 Tisbury: 3. Yellowish fine sand 15- 62 Transition: 4. Sand, gravel, and clay 62- 70 Sankaty '. : 5. Clay and gravel 70- 95 6. Fine gray sand: traces of clay and wood 95-118 Jameco?: 7. Sand and small gravel, water bearing.. 118-130 Cretaceous: 8. Black clay, gravel, and wood _ 130-148 9. Blue clay, gravel, and wood 148-157 10. Sand, wood, and clay _ . 157-160 11. Small gravel, wood, and clay 160-168 12. Sand, wood, and clay 168-176 13. Sand, wood, and clay, water-bearing... 176-184 14. Sand, traces of clay and wood 184-220 15. Sharp sand, clay and wood, water-bearing 220-235 16. Fine gray sand. wood, and traces of clay 235-245 17. Sharp, gray sand, clay, and wood, water-bearing 245-284 18. Sand, small gravel, clay, and wood, water-bearing 284-296 19. Whitish clay, sand, and wood 296-302 20. .Small gravel, wood, and clay, water-bearing 302-331 Elevation of surface, 8.2 feet. 288. See under No. 290. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of water from Clear Stream pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 64.62 Loss on ignition. 16. 62 Free ammonia .01 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Chlorine as chlorides 7. 87 Sodium chloride 12. 98 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 51 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 19.31 Permanent hardness 18. 12 This is an average of 8 analyses. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OX WELLS. 233 2S9. The following record has been prepared from samples preatrred by the Brooklyn department of rater supply (see fig. 10): Record of well at Clear Stream puinpinq station. Wisconsin: tmt. 1. Dark-yellow sandy loam 0- ti Transition: 2. Light-yellow medium sand 6- 35 Tisbury : 3. Darker, yellowish-brown, fine to medium sand 35- 44 4. Fine, light, yellowish-white sand 44- 56 Cretaceous: 5. Dark-gray fine to coarse sand, with lignite 56- 63 6. Very dark -gray clay , unlike clay above old glacial beds ; resembles clay in No. 197 | . 63- 87 7. Fine to medium gray sands 87-125 S. Gray sand and lignite or peat 125-130 9. Fine to medium gray sand 130-190 Elevation of surface, 13.6 feet. "No water was found in this well." 29©. W. D. Andrews & Brother, under date of May 8. 1895. report: "In 1894 we completed for the city of Brooklyn a second contract for two tubular gang-well plants, with a capacity of 5.000.000 gallons each, one plant In'ing located at the Forest Stream and the other at the Clear Stream station. * * * We struck veins of water at these two stations, at and ln?yond 106 feet in depth, that Mowed 10 gallons per minute at the surface from a 2-inch tube, and would rise in a pipe 3 feet above, while the water levels in the auxiliary tubes of the gang wells were several feet below this surface (lowered to that depth by continuous pumping of double the quantity of water required by our contract obligations). Within (50 feet of water veins that would flow 5 to 10 gallons per minute, through 2-inch tubes, from depths of 60. 100. and 300 feet, and yield by hand pumping 30 to .50 gallons from any one of the depths named, we sunk a 4-inch tube 400 feet, and the only water found was at about 35 feet, which did not rise above the level at which it was first encountered, nor yield, by hand pumping, atwve 5 gallons per minute. Phillip* ..t Worthington report the following section of a test well at this point (see fig. 10): Record of test icell at Forest Stream pumping station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stratified clays and sands, with underlying strata containing water 0-100 Jameco!: 2. Water-bearing iron formation 105-115 Cretaceous: 3. Hard white sticky clay 115-260 4. Various stratified sands 260-435 It is quite probable that the water-bearing formation from 105 to 115 is Jameco. The "hard white stickv clav" is probably the same as the fine white or gray lignitiferous sands found in the Brooklyn water- works test wells. Mr. De Varona reports that the water from the deep test well at Forest Stream station is so impreg- nated with sulphureted hydrogen as to be unfit for use." The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of icater from Forest Stream pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 52. 87 Loss on ignition 12.00 Free ammonia -02 Albuminoid ammonia 02 Chlorine as chlorides 7.69 a History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks. 1S9*. p. 16. 1711 6— No. 44— 06 1 6 234 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts pei million. Sodium chloride 12.67 Nitrogen as nitrates .66 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 21.94 Permanent hardness 19. 44 This is the average of 8 analyses. 5291. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see figs. 10, 13): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 12. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Yellowish surface loam 0-5 2. Fine to coarse light yellowish brown speckled sands 5 - 30 Tisbury : 3. Medium to coarse light yellowish, white sand 30-46 4. Medium yellow sand with quartz pebbles below 46 - 63 5. Yellowish gray clay with quartz pebbles _ 63 - 66 6. Medium light-yellow sand 66 - 73 7. Light, reddish yellow, medium sands 73 - 98 Sankaty: 8. Fine gray silt 98 - 98.5 Jameco: 9. Dark, multicolored, dirty sands (old glacial) 98. 5-138 Transition : 10. Transition 138 -145 Cretaceous: 11. Fine graj- sands 145 -162 12. Fine, dark-gray, clayey silt 162 -172 13. Gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and pieces of lignitized wood. Wood very abundant at 340 feet 172 -406 Elevation of surface 18 feet. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 292. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved in the municipal building. Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 13. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface yellow loam 0- 8 2. Fine to medium reddish-yellow sands 8- 32 Transition: 3. Medium yellow sand, speckled with black 32- .58 Tisbury: 4. Yellowish-white sand and gravel. No glacial pebbles .58- 70 Jameco: .5. Fine, reddish yellow, silty sand becoming coarser below, and containing good sized pebbles; many erratics 70-102 Cretaceous: 6. Gray clay 102-105 7. Very dark clay, lignite, and pebbles 10.5-112 8. Fine gray sand with lignite 112-122 9. Gray clay 122-130 10. Fine dark-gray sand 130-175 11. Very coarse gray sand and small pebbles 175-190 12. Fine dark-gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and lignite 190-412 Elevation 21.5 feet, Brooklyn base. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 235 Thf presence of reddish yellow silly sand containing a considerable percentage of the compound peb- bles which ordinarily characterize the glacial deposits, and which is here not separated by a clay bed from the overlying yellow sands with no glacial material, is unique in this section and doubtless represents a Jameco deposit, which has cither never been covered by Sankaty clay or from which the clay has been removed by erosion. 293. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklvn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 14- Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 6 Transition : 2. Medium light-yellow speckled sand 6- 50 Tisbury : 3. Fine to light-yellow sand .50- 55 4. Fine to coarse grayish white sand 55- 58 Cretaceous: 5. Very light-yellow silt, looks like loess 58- 62 6. Fine sand to coarse gravel, with many pieces of ferruginous concretion 62— 72 7. Light-yellow sand 72- 77 8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 77- 92 9. Fine dark-gray sand 92-125 10. Very fine dark-gray sand 125-135 11. Grayish white fine to medium sands, with lignite at 181 and at 244 feet 135-328 12. Very fine gray silty clay.- 328-342 13. Fine gray sand 342-350 14. Very fine gray sand 350-365 15. Fine to medium gray sand.... 365-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. "No water found in this well." •-£94. Record of commission's well near Rosedale. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-9. Reddish-yellow out wash gravel .5-30.5 See Table XII. 295. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department : Record of Brooklyn test well No. 10, near Springfield. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 2. Fine to coarse yellow sands and gravel (glacial) 2- 40 Tisbury: 3. Medium bright -yellow sands, probably glacial 40- .54 4. Fine and coarse yellowish gray sands , 54- 73 5. Orange sand and gravel '3- 80 Transition : 6. Gray sand with much lignite 80- 89 Sankaty '.: 7. Blue-gray clay 89- 94 Cretaceous: 8. Fine white sand 94-102 9. Fine gray sands with lignitized wood, well marked at 110-112, 139, 177-180. 199-200, 219, 229, 235, 241-242, 250-252, 295, 306 feet 102-357 All trace of glacial material ceases at 54 feet , and in the examination of samples this point was selected for the line between the Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene deposits. The yellow gravels, however, suggest the Far Rockaway material, and the blue-gray clay the Sankaty. Elevation of surface, 27 feet. "No water was found in the strata below the blue clay bed." 236 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 296. Record of commission's test well near Fosters Meadows. Wisconsin and Tisburv i Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-10. Reddish-brown outwash sand, with very little gravel 5-35. 5 See Table XII. 297. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Valley Stream. Recent 1 Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0 - 1 3-4. Black sand: considerable percentage of MnO._, (swamp deposit) 2.5- 5.5 Wisconsin and Tisburv: 5-8. Light yellow sand 9. 5-26 There is very little glacial material in the two lower samples. 29$. Record of commission's lest well 2 miles north of Valley si nun, Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 3-6. Outwash sand, reddish brown 5-21 Tisburv i 7. Light-yellow sand (nothing recognizably glacial) 2.5-25.5 299. Record of commission's test well between Valley Stream and Floral Pari. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0 - 7 3-9. Reddish brown silty sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 6 - 36 Tisburv : 10-16. Lighter, brownish yellow, medium sand, doubtfully glacial: no sharp line can be drawn between this material and that either above or below 42 - 73 Cretaceous: 17-18. Fine to coarse white sand 76 - 82 19-21. White sand and gravel (not recognizably glacial) 84 - 96 22-23. Yellowish white sand with a little clay 96. 5- 98. 5 24. Light gray sand and gravel 99. 5-100. 5 25. Very fine, dark-yellow, clayey sand. 101.7-102 26. Very fine, light grayish white sand, with much silvery white muscovite. . . . 105.5-106.5 28. Very light, grayish yellow, clayey sand 106.6-107.1 29. Very fine white sand with muscovite and a little lignite 107. 5-108 30. Very fine clayey sand with lignite and muscovite, yellowish brown 10cS -109 31. Fine grayish sand with muscovite and lignite 110 -111 32. Very fine brownish white sand 112.5-113.5 33. Very dark grayishs and, with muscovite 114.7-115.5 34. Black sandy clay with lignite 115.5-116.5 35. Very black sandy clay, with FeS 120 -120.5 300. Record of commission's test well 2 miles southeast of Queen*. Wisconsin and Tisburv (: Feet. 1-12. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravel, with much biotite 0-41 SOI. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 1. Dark sandy loam. 2. Subsoil sandy loam. Feet. 3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5. 5 4. Sand with fine gravel; considerable erratic material 10-11 5. Wash sample shows fine grayish sand, while the sand-bucket sample shows a large percentage of gravel 15-15.5 6. Grayish-yellow sand (sand-bucket and wash samples very nearly the same) 20-21 7. Same, except that sand-bucket sample shows some gravel 25-25. 5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 287 302c A number of shallow wells were put down at this point by the commission <>:i additional water supply for pollution tests, by Mr. George Whipple, of the Mount Prospect laboratory. The material pene- trated was entirely glacial outwasli sand and gravel. 303. Record of com mission's test well near Floral I 'ark. Wisconsin and Tisbury: iv, i 1. Surface, dark sandy loam 0- 2. Lighter loamy sand, some gravel - 5 3. Coarse yellow sand. . 5- 5. 5 4. .Medium grayish-yellow sand with some small gravel 10-10. 5 .5. Same, with more gravel. 15-16 6- 7. Fine grayish yellow sand 20-26 8. Grayish yellow sand with considerable gravel 30-30. S 9. Reddish yellow sand 35-36 10. Same, but with more gravel 40-41 The whole section is apparently outwash gravel. See Tables XII and XIII. 304. Record of commission's test well, 2 miles south of New Hyde Park. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-2. Yellow loamy sand 1- 3 3. Yellow sand, some clay 6 4. Coarse grayish yellow sand 10-1 1 5- 6. Reddish yellow sand 12-15 7- 8. Coarse yellow sand to fine gravel, with some erratics 19-25 9- 10. Grayish yellow sand, with much biotite 29-36 11. Coarse grayish yellow sand 38 305. Record of commission's test well near New Hydt Park. ■Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Black sandy loam 0- 5 2. Reddish yellow clayey sand 4 3. Reddish yellow sandy clay 8- 9 4. Reddish brown very fine to coarse sand, with much mica and erratics 14-15 5. Gravel up to three-eighths inch in diameter: some erratics 19. 5 Tisbury : 6- 7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 21-26 8- 9. Fine sand ' 28-32. 5 !J06. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam and sand 0- 1 3-9. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel — .5-36 Tisbury: 10- 13. Fine to coarse grayish sand, clearly glacial, but differing in appearance from that just above it - .- 36-56- SOT. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface, loamy sand 0- 1 3-5. Light reddish yellow outwash sand and gravel .5-16 52- Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel - - 17-17. 3 6-7. Reddish brown silt to coarse sand (glacial outwash) 20-26 8-9. Fine to coarse grayish sand (glacial) 30-38 10. Very fine light-grayish sand said clay 43-43. 5. Transition : 11- 16. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel 4.5-71 Tisbury: 17. Coarse light-yellow sand, with a much smaller percentage of glacial material than in samples above 73-74 238 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. 3©§. Record of commission's test well near New. Hyde Park-. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-17. Dark-gray out wash sand and gravel; very large percentage of erratic material. . 2. 5-66. 5 See Tables XII. XIII. 310. Record of commission's test v:ell near Floral Pari. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Dark gravelly loam 0 - 1.5 3-8. Grayish brown out wash sand and gravel 4 - 81 Tisbury : 9-12. Medium to fine gray sand 35 - 53 13. Medium gray sand, with small gravel 55 -56 14-17. Fine gravish-brown gravel, with some sand: contains some erratic material . 60 - 77 Cretaceous: 18. Very fine yellow sand. 80. 5- 81. 5 19-23. Light yellow, medium, quartz sand lacking the erratic particles in the upper samples 84 -106 24-26. Very fine, yellow, silty sand 109 -117 27. Dark sandy clay 120 -121 28. Very fine dark-gray sand 130 -134 29. Very fine, dirty yellow sand 148 -149 Sample No. 25 was obtained when the small hand pump was changed to a larger force pump. It consists of coarse, varigated gravel with many glacial pebbles, and represents the accumulated coarser material from the upper part of the well. It does not represent material from the depth. 113 feet, from which it was obtained. See Tables XII. XIII. 312. Record of commission's test well near Creedmoor. Feet. 1-18. Outwash sands and gravel 0-73 See Table XII. 315. See fig. 35 and PI. XIV. 316. J. H. Herbert reports the following section fortius well: Record of Jagnow Brothers' well near Douglaston. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet 1. Yellow clay and sand 0- 35 2. Yellow sand and small bowlders. 35- 47 3. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 47- 55 4. Coarse brown sand and iron gravel 55- 67 5. Fine brown sand 67- 71 6. Fine yellow sand 71-77 7. White beach sand 77- 89 8. White and yellow sandy clay 89-107 9. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 107-127 31 7. The well at this place was started by Stotthoff Brothers, who furnished the following samples: Record of v:ell of W. K. Yanderhilt . jr., near Lake Success. Feet 1. No record 0-40 Wisconsin, Tisbury. and Mannetto: 2. Fine sand to large gravel, with a large percentage of erratic material. 40-125 3. Reddish-yellow medium sand, with small gravel fcontains glacial material) 125-145 Cretaceous: 4. Yellow medium sand ( not glacial) 145-191 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 239 The water in this well stood lib' feet from the surface and tested 21 gallons per minute for twenty- four hours, when the test was pushed up to 40 gallons per minute. The elevation of the ground is 171 feet as determined by the engineers of the commission on additional water supply. The screen was placed from 166 to 186 feet. Later this well was deepened by Thomas B. Harper, of Jenkinstown, Pa. The following record has been transmitted to the Survey by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: Record of well of 11'. K. Vanderbiti, jr., near Lake Success. Pleistocene: pMj 1 . Earth and clay 10- 80 2. Yellow sand 80-100 Transition : 3. Yellow sand and gravel, water bearing 100-200 Cretaceous: 4. Hard crisp sand or cemented sand 200-42.") 5. Sand and clay in layers: light-colored clay and yellowish-white sand 425-460 6. Organic matter — wood: becomes black after exposure 460-538 7. Red clay 560-660 8. Fine yellowish-white sand: Lloyd sand 660-700 9. White and coarse gravel: free water-bearing strata: Lloyd sand 700-7.50 10. Blue clay: becomes light colored upon exposure 750-755 318. Record of commission's test tvell near Lake Success. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0- 3 3-8. Dark-grayish glacial sand. 8-35 See Table XII. 319. According to Mr. E. Lewis, oyster and clam shells were taken from the sands beneath the bowlder drift at Lakeville at a depth of 140 feet/' 320. Record of commission's test well between New Hyde Park and Lake Success. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Dark sandy loam 0-0.4 2. Yellow loamy sand 0.4- 1.5 3. Black sandy loam 1.5- 4. 4 4-6. Yellowish-brown outwash sand and gravel 4. 4-24 7-9. Very fine, yellow to gray, silty sand 24 -36 10. Yellow sand to fine gravel containing many erratics 39. 5-40 11. Medium gray sand 41 —42 12. Fine gravel with many erratics 43 -45 321. Record of E. C. Willeits's well near Plattsdale. Wisconsin: Feet 1. Loam 0- 4 2. Red clay and stones 4-36 3. Hardpan; very hard substance containing many angular stones cemented together with iron 36-37 4. Very fine white sand containing dark-colored mica: water bearing 37- In spring the water comes up to within a few feet of the surface: in the dry season it is within 21 or 22 feet of the surface: evidently a perched water table. 322. Record of A. Kiefer's well near Plattsdale. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Very hard marl with some cobbles 0 -80 Cretaceous: 2. Yellow sand 80 -114 3. Clay I „ 114 -114.5 4. Water-bearing sand 114.5-116 a Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442 240 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. 323. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Manhaaset. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-2. Sandy loam ,. 0- 1.5 3. Dark-brown silty sand 4— 5 4-9. Sand and gravel (glacial) 9-35 10-11. Brownish-yellow silty sand (apparently glacial 39-47 See Tables XII, XITI. 324. Record of W. J. Hamilton'* well near Little Xeck. Wisconsin I and Tisbury : Feet 1 . Fine yellow sand 0- 45 2. Coarse yellow sand 45- 55 3. White beach sand. 55- 63 Cretaceous?: 4. White coarse sand and small gravel 63— 71 5. White fine sand and yellow fine gravel 71- 83 Cretaceous: 6. White, fine, beach sand 83- 99 7. White, coarse, beach sand 99-102 8. Blue clay 102-125 9. White coarse sand 125-143 10. White small gravel 143-147 325. Same section as 324. 326. Record of commission's test well near Thomaston. Wisconsin: • Feet. 1-3. Yellow sandy clay 0 - 4 4- .5. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse gravel, pronouncedly glacial 8 -12 6-8. Yellowish-brown clayey silt with gravel 16 -27 Tisbury : 9-12. Fine to coarse glacial sand and gravel 32 -41. 5 Cretaceous: 13. Light-yellow, highly micaceous, clayey sand 42. 7-43. 5 14-17. White, clayey, highly micaceous sand 44. 5-60. 5 18. Fine, pinkish white, micaceous sand 64. .5-65. 5 19. Fine, light-yellow, clayey sand 69. 5-70. 5 20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 75 -76 21. Medium to coarse white sand: water bearing 78 -79 327. Record of J. R. Hiron's well near Thamastan. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow clay 0-26 Transition: 2. Yellow fine sand 26-44 Tisbury: 3. Coarse, brown, iron-stained gravel 44-52 4. Brown sand and clay 52-56 Cretaceous: 5. White and pinkish clay 56-61 6. White fine beach sand 61-77 7. Yellow fine beach sand 77-83 8. Yellow clay and sand 83-85 9. Yellow coarse sand : 85-93 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 241 329. Phillips & Worthington report the following section: Record of railroad well at Great Neck station, Thomaston. Tisbuiy: i ,., , 1. Sand 0_ go Cretaceous: 2. Blue clay 90- 93 3. Water-bearing strata of sand 93-100 4. Gravel 100-112 33©. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset. Wisconsin: peet. 1-3. Dark, brownish-yellow, clayey sand 0-5 Cretaceous >. : 4-7. Fine, dark-gray or bluish-gray silty sand 9-25 332. Water rises to a height of 13 feet above the surface, which is perhaps 5 feet above extreme high tide. Mr. Hamilton reports that the only change ever noticed in this well was during the earthquake that occurred in September, 1898. Then the well commenced to flow very strongly and continued to do BO for eight or ten hours, when it became normal and has remained so ever since. Record of J. F. Hamilton's well at Manhasset. Feet. 1. Gravel and ironstone 0-10 2. Quicksand 10-70 3. Iron ore 70-70.6 4. Quicksand 70. 6-74 5. Iron ore 74-75 6. Quicksand, with artesian water 75-78 7. Iron ore 78- 335. Fig. 33 illustrates a typical case of a flowing well having many of the aspects of a spring. In this case the pipe was driven to a depth of 10 feet and flowing water obtained, as illustrated. It also shows the difference in flow at high and low tide, which is common in nearly all of the wells along the shore and the mud springs or mud cones on the bottom of the bay: these latter are evidently the same as the cones which were studied near Douglaston. 337. Record, of commission's test will near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-3. Dark, bowldery. surface loam 0-5 4-10. Reddish brown glacial sand and gravel, with large percentage of erratic material. 11-28 33$. Record of H. Lustgarten's well near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Loam - 0-3 2. Hard pan 3-4 Transition : 3. Light-colored sand and gravel 7-85 Tisbury : 4. Quicksand and gravel 85-127 340. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset II ill. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Brownish yellow silty sand. . . 0-5 4-11. Dark fine sand and small gravel, containing much glacial debris 9-45 Cretaceous: 12-19. Fine white, micaceous, clayey sand 48-87. 5 242 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 341. Record of Great Neck School well at Great Neck. Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Surface sand and gravel 0-26 Cretaceous? 2. Clay 26-52 Mr. Kasteard left this well one night without having encountered water; when he came back the next morning there was 9 feet of water in the well, and the water gradually rose until it came within 30 feet of the surface; it is probable that he had gotten down very near the bottom of the clay layer and that during the night the water worked its way through. 342. Record of Mrs. M. G. King's well near Great Neck. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Red clayey loam 0-4 2. White medium sand . . 4-6 3. Hard pan Tisbury : 4. White sand with occasional streaks of iron 12-22 5. White sand, described as good building sand 22-45 6. Sand with cobbles 45-48 7. Ordinary sand. 48-52 344. Record of H. B. Booth's well, Great Neck. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel. 0-6 Cretaceous: 2. Clay of various colors: some dark, some light, some reddish... 6-240 3. Water-bearing sand (Lloyd sand) 240- 345. The following section should probably be regarded as only approximate: Record of H. B. Anderson's well, Great Neck. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Hard clay and gravel; some bowlders.. 0-50 Cretaceous: 2. Quicksand and very fine white sand 50-237 347. Record of Wm. R. Grace's well. Great Neck. Feet. 1. Various sands. 0-103 2. Hard pan 103-104 348. Record of V. P. Travis's well, Great Neck. Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0- 2. Hard yellow clay. 3. Yellow water-bearing gravel -119 Surface water was encountered at 24 feet: the water from the lower horizon stands 77 feet from the surface. 3 SO. Mr. Herbert has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Robert Cox's well, Great Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Clean glacial gravel 0-6 Cretaceous: 2. Coarse white sand and small gravel 8-9 3. White sand 11 4. Fine yellowish white sand 21 5. Fine white sand 35 6. Very fine white sand 52 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 248 351. Mr. Isaac Kasteard. who dug the upper part of this well, reports the following aection: Record <>} Robt. Seizer's well near Plandome Mills. Wisconsin: Kw( 1. Water-bearing sand 0-17 2. Fine sand 17-21 3. Clay and quicksand (containing mica) 21- Mr. ( ieorge Schmidt, who completed this well, gives the following data: Record of Robt. Seizer's well near Plandomt Mills. Wisconsin: F(11.t 1. Dug well 0_2i Tisbury?: 2- Sand 21 :.<> Sankaty !: 3. Bay mud and sand 50-100 Jameco?: 4. Coarse sand with no clay 100-113 352. Record of Charles Vanderbilt's well near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: }.-,.,. t 1. Surface loam 0-8 2. Gravel and cobbly sand 8-SO 3. Coarse sand 80- 354. Record of commission's test well near Port Washington. Wisconsin : peet 1-3. Fine, yellowish-brown, silty sand 0-5 Transition: 3- 6. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin . 9 -25 Tisbury: 7. Very fine, brown, micaceous, silty sand 27 -28 8. Very fine, yellow-white, silty sand 31.5-32.5 9-10. Fine, dark-brown, micaceous sand 36.5-40 11. Dark-gray micaceous sand to small gravel: looks like glacial rock debris.... 45 -46 12. Very fine, brown, silty sand 49. 5-50. 5 13. Yellowish brown sand with small gravel (glacial material) 54 -55 Cretaceous (: 14-16. Very fine reddish-brown to steel-gray, silty. micaceous sand 59 -70 17-18. Dark, steel-gray, very fine, clayey silt (blue clay) 74 -79 19-20. Dark, grayish-brown, micaceous, silty sand 82. 5-87 357. Record of T. Valentine's well near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Foot. 1. Hardpan and dark iron soil, very hard 0- 15 Transition: 2. Cobbles 15-33 Tisbury : 3. Yellow sand 33-53 Manhasset bowlder bed: 4. A very compact layer of stones, which appeared to be put in almost artificially.. . S3- 60 Tisbury: 5. White sand, described as good building sand 60- 80 Tisbury?: 6. Yellow sand 80-123 7. White gravel 123-129 244 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 358. Record of N . H. Jacobs's well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-24 2. Yellow sand and gravel 24-32 3. Clay, between blue and white in color 32-35 4. Sand and gravel: water-bearing 35- !J60. Mr. George Schmidt reports the following section: Record of T. E. Webb's well near Port. Washington. Feet. 1. Loam, gravel, and sand. 0- 68 2. ( lay . 08-200 3. Sand and gravel, water-bearing 200-20.5.6 At 207 feet carbonized wood was found. Top of well is 73 feet above high water. Mr. John Fischer, who drilled the first 145 feet of this well, reports that water was found in soft, clayey sand, and that the greater part of the well was in soft da}* or clayey sand: at. 140 feet a lignitized log was struck. 361. Record of Isaac Kasteard's well near Port Washington, N. Y. Feet. 1. Surface loam: no stones 0-10 2. Cobbles and iron ore (size of cobbles, 4 to 8 inches in diameter) 10-18 3. Varicolored sands, each stratum about 4 feet thick (described as good building sand)... 18-69 362. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis from their 60 to 70 foot driven well: Analysis of railroad well near Port Washington. Parts per million. Total solids 74.72 Chlorine 12.82 363. Record of F. Vanoski's well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Hardpan — clay and bowlders 0- 6 2. Varicolored coarse sand, containing occasional streaks of iron 6-46 364. Record of Charh & Tl . Mason's well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Fine brown sand 0-18 2. Black marl containing oyster shells 18-38 3. Clayey loam 38-42 4. "Black marl" with pebbles 42-52 5. Very fine sand with iron: water-bearing 52-79 6. White sand and gravel mixed... 79-83 A shell from stratum No. 2 has been identified by Dr. W. H. Dall ns Ostrea rirginica and is regarded as probably Pleistocene. 365. Record of Catholic Church well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Loam and gravel 0- 4 2. Coarse white sand 4-52 3. Very fine sand 52-54 366. Record of well of Dodge estate near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow stony loam 0- 6 Tisbury : 2. Fine dry sand 6-16 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES I >N WELLS. 2 4.") Manhasset bowlder bed*: Yeet. 3. Rough stratum of cobbles with scarcely any sand l>etween 16-22 Tisbury : 4. White building sand: very compact 22-40 5. White loose dry sand 40-.50 Sankaty or Cretaceous: 6. Yellow dry clay 50-71 7. Blue clay, containing some water 71-91 The pipe broke off at the last depth given and the clay was not penetrated. 3<»fc. Record of G. Zabriskie's well near Sands Point. Feet 1. Fine white beach sand 0- 80 2. Rlue clay (like putty when wet. impalpable when dry) 80-120 3. Pure white sand: whiter than that in stratum 1 120-2.50 In the sand at 120 feet lignite, clam shells, and oyster shells were found. At 2.50 feet a hard substance was encountered upon which drilling made no impression: Mr. Schmidt then abandoned the job, and Mr. A. J. Connolly attempted to drill farther: after working three weeks, he also abandoned the well. Mr. Schmidt says that none of the hard material was brought to the surface. This probably represents bed rock. 369. Record of u-ell at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 3 2. Black hardpan (rough, stony material, with no clay) 3-26 Tisbury : 3. Coarse gravel 26-30 4. Sand 30-40 5. Fine sand containing mica 40-42 6. Coarse sand (described as good building sand) 42-88 37©. Mr. C. H. Danis reports that he put down a test well at this point to a depth of about 300 feet: the material passed through was successive small layers of sand and clay, none exceeding 4 to 6 inches in depth. At last a thick bed of gravel was reached, when the pipe broke: the water in the well rose to a point 12 feet above mean high tide: it would, therefore, have been a flowing well on the beach. 371. Record of u-ell at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Coarse gravel, with very little water 6- 51 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. White sand 51-109 Cretaceous: 3. Gray clay 109-119 4. Fine sand 119-127 5. Sandy clay 127-152 6. Quicksand '. 152-158 7. Blue clay 158-161 8. Water-bearing sand 161-166 9. Fine sand 166-169 10. Quicksand 169- " We placed a Cook patent strainer between 161 and 166 feet, and although at the first test the well only showed 2h gallons per minute, we were able, after developing the well, to get over 30 gallons per minute. Lower down the hill, at a difference in elevation of about 40 feet, where we had 10 feet of this coarser water- bearing sand, we obtained 102 gallons per minute." — ./. D. Kilpatrick. 372. Mr. Danis reports the material penetrated in this well as all white sand. This well flows at times, and would flow continually if the sand were coarser, the stoppage of the flow apparently being due to clogging with fine sand. The elevation is about 15 feet above mean high tide. 246 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 373. The following section to a depth of 158 feet has been prepared from samples furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames, of the Long Beach Association: the remainder is from the record of the driller. Mr. W. C. Jaegle: Record of well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Recent: Feet. 1. White beach sand, with water-worn fragments of shells 0- 36 2. Dirt}T gray sand, with small quartz pebbles and particles of vegetable matter. . 36- 40 Tisbury: 3. Fine to coarse gray sand, with a few small quartz pebbles (salt water) 40- 50 4. Medium gray sand; no gravel 51- 55 5. Grayish yellow sand and small gravel, with a few greensand grains 55- 65 6. Yellowish gray sand 65- 70 7. Orange-yellow sand and gravel, similar to Rockaway material 70- 73 Sankaty : 8. Gray sand and gravel, similar to No. 7 in texture, but not iron-stained 73- 76 9. Large quartz gravel and pieces of blue clay containing sand and gravel 76- 82 Jameco: 10. Dark, multicolored coarse sand and gravel: considerable percentage of flattened shale pebbles: only 50 to 60 per cent of quartz: some biotite; looks as if it might be a sample taken from the Wisconsin moraine in the center of island 82- 90 Cretaceous: 11. Black sand composed of fine, gray, quartz sand with a large percentage of lignite: some FeS and S; several large pieces of lignitized wood at 99 feet 90- 99 12. Grayish sand with some free sulphur and a few particles of lignite 99-107 13. White sand with occasional patches tinged lemon yellow, perhaps due to iron stains; a few particles of free sulphur 107-111 14. Dark-gray silty sand 111-119 15. White sand with small pieces of lignite: note on bottle says " 120, petrified wood''. 119-121 16. Very dark colored clay (''blue clay") 121-135 17. Coarse, gray, clayey sand, with particles of sulphur 13.5-143 18. Medium dark-gray sand (salt water) 143-145 19. Very coarse dark-gray sand 145-156 20. Olive-green sand and small quartz gravel; some sulphur salt water) 156-158 21. Very dark lead-colored clay 158-174 22. White sand, containing at 190 a log of lignitized wood 174-192 23. White gravel and salt water 192-196 24. Clay 196-200 25. Fine sand 200-220 26. Solid blue clay , 220-270 (At 270 fresh water, sweet and chalybeate.) 27. White sand and wood 270-276 28. Clay 276-282 29. White sand and wood , 282-297 30. Blue clay 297-305 31. White sand, wood, and water 305-308 32. Blue clay 308-317 33. White sand containing wood and artesian water 317-325 34. Blue clay 325-340 35. White sand and mineral water: has considerable COz, sparkling and effervescent. . 340-356 36. Blue clay 356-360 37. White sand and pure water 364-378 38. Blue clay 378-380 39. White sand 380-381 40. White clay 381-383 41. Fine sand with artesian water 383-380 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS 247 On May 6. 1903. well was flowing 5 gallons per minute, at a height of alwut 1 foot above the surface >>f the ground: it was from this well that the tide curve shown in fig. 34. was obtained. The water from a depth of 270 feet has been analyzed by Endermann and Saarbach. analytical chemists of New York, with the following results: Analysis of water from depth of 270 feet in Long Beach Association's well at Long Beach. Parts per million. Alkali 125.000 Lime 3. 525 Magnesia 4.276 Oxide of iron 7. 057 Chlorine 158.750 Sulphuric acid 14.760 Silica 3. 577 Total 317.545 Analysis of water from 3S3 to 386 feet by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach: Analysis of water from depth of 383-386 feet in well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Parts por million Total residue 157. 32 Organic and volatile matter .54. 72 Mineral residue 102. 6 Free ammonia .07 Albuminoid ammonia. .13 Nitrous acid. •. None. Nitric acid 1. 71 Oxygen required for organic matter 4. 79 Chlorine 29. 07 374. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society: Record of well at Hempstead poorhouse. Barnum Island, Xew York. Tisbuiy: Feet. 1. Orange sand and gravel 0- 4 2. Fine yellowish brown sand . . 5 4. Orange sand and gravel 15 5. Very, dark-gray, clayey sand, with a few quartz pebbles • 22 6. Small and medium quartz pebbles orange yellow 29 7. Fine to coarse orange-yellow sand 40 8 Same. - - 60 9. Yellow clay and gravel, partly cemented with iron 63 10. Fine yellow- sand 70 Transition: 11. Fine to medium dark-gray sand 74 Sankaty: 12. Very fine dark-gray clay, with a little lignitized wood 75 13. Dark-gray clay - 95 14. Same 113 15. Dark-gray clayey sand and gravel 126 Jameco * : 16. Gravel of quartz and chert : has no recognizable erratics, but colors suggest glacial material: quite different from the orange sand at the top of the section 129 248 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous: Feet. 17. Dark-gray sand 135 18. White micaceous sand 147 19. White sand and orange gravel: a few fragments of red quartzite 168 20. Coarse gray sand 170 21. Fine to coarse dirty yellowish gray sand 175 22. Coarse white sand with lignite 180 23. lignite '.. 200 24. Very fine gray clayey sand 225 25. Coarse grayish white sand 243 26. Much lignite in gray sand 245-270 27. Gray sand and lignite 270-370 28. Gray clay 380 29. Carbonaceous clav 383 These samples were furnished by the driller, Mr. Theodore A. Carmen, who gave the following data regarding this well in a letter dated April 24, 1895: ''Some years ago I attempted to bore a well near the shore: at 123 feet reached fresh water: we con- tinued boring to a depth of 380 feet: the soil was fine beach sand and clay, but the water was not good and did not rise to the surface." A record of the well has been published by Lewis," who adds the following remarks on the section: " The deposit of clay between 70 and 126 feet seems closely analogous to many clays now found upon, and at various depths beneath, the surface of the island: it is evidently a local deposit, such as might occur in the depressions of the surface. Two tube wells have been driven at no great distance from Barnums Island, one 97 and the other 194 feet, in which no similar layer of clay was detected." Other records have been published by Merrill,'' Darton,< and Woolman/' 375. As the artesian water obtained from the deep well at Long Beach, Xo. 373, was so chalybeate that it was undesirable for domestic use. a pumping plant was established at East Rockaway which draws its water from shallow wells in the surface gravels. The following analysis by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach has been furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames: Analysis of water from pumping plant of Long Beach Association near East Rockaway. Parts per million. Total residue 94.05 Organic and volatile matter 13. 68 Mineral residue 80. 37 Free ammonia Trace. Albuminoid ammonia Trace. Nitrous acid None. Nitric acid 2.82 Oxygen required for organic matter 56. 94 Chlorine 19. 32 5J75A. Record of J. H. Clark's well at East Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand 0- 6 2. Coarse white gravel 6- 8 3. Sand 8-21 4. Coarse white gravel 21-24 Tisbury?: 5. Bright-yellow clay which tasted like alum 24-27 a Pop. Bel. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. " Annals N. V. Acad. Sci., vol 3, 1886, p. 350. cBull. N. Y. Geol. Survey No. 138, 18»i, pp. 32-33. ''Ann. Rept. Geol Survey New Jersey for 18, near Smith Fowl. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Muck and sand 0- 15 2. Bluish gray clay ! 1 .5- 24 3. Yellow sand and gravel 24- 56 Cretaceous ? : 4. Bluish gray clay mixed with fine sand 56- 64 5. Bluish gray and yellow clay mixed with fine sand 64- 71 Cretaceous : 6. Yellow sand with traces of clay 71- 76 7. Gray sand, gravel, clay, and wood . 76- 84 8. Yellow sand, clay, and wood 84- 96 9. Gray sand, bluish clay, and wood 96-108 10. Yellow clay, sand, and wood 108-114 11. Gray sand, clay, and wood 114-118 12. Yellow sand, clay, and wood 118-128 13. Bright-yellow sand, clay, and wood 128-134 14. White sand, clay, and wood (slightly water-bearing from 170.7) 134-184 15. White sand, brown clay, and wood 184—202 16. Solid gray clay; no water 202-214 17. Gray clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 214-235 18. Gray clay, fine sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 235-279 19. White sand, clay, and wood; slightly water-bearing 279-510 20. Solid clay of dark bluish gray color 510-518 21. Clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 518-522 22. Solid clay; no water 522-527 23. Light-gray clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 527-554 24. Sand, gravel, clay, and wood; water-bearing 554-578 25. Sharp white sand and white clay; no wood: flows 5 gallons per minute 578-579 26. Small gravel, white sand, and white clay; flows 5 gallons per minute 579-587 Elevation of surface, 8.3 feet. " First water at 25 feet; rises to 6 feet below at the surface: the best supply of water is from 42-45 feet." 378. Record of commission's fist well mar Rockville ''enter. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet 1-2. Dark-brown loamy sand 0. 5-1.5 3. Reddish yellow fine sand... 4.5 4. Veiy fine white sand to small gravel 8- 9 5. Very fine grayish yellow sand; some fine gravel 13-14 6. Yellow silty clay, mottled red 17-17. 5 17116— No. 44—06 17 250 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Feet. 7. Reddish yellow sand 17. 5-18 8. Red sand, fine to medium, with biotite 18.5-19 9. Light-yellow sand 22-22. 5 10. Same, with considerable yellow clay 23-23.5 11. Red and yellow sand... 26. .5-27 12. Fine, dark gray-blue clay, with quartz sand and lignite 27 -27. 5 13. Grayish sand and lignite 29 -30 14. Light reddish yellow sand.no erratics 33 -34 15-16. Medium white sand 36 -42 17. Medium yellow sand 43. 5-44 19. Fine to medium gray sand 47 -48 20. Fine to coarse grayish yellow sand 48 -49 21. Fine to very coarse brownish yellow sand and quartz gravel (bowlder struck in this) 49.5-51 22. Bowlder .'. 51 -52 23. Medium yellow sand 52.5-53 Cretaceous : 24. Medium white gray sand and a little white clay. 53. 5-54. 5 25. Very fine gray sand and much white clay 55 -55. 5 26. Very coarse white sand 55.5-56 27. Fine to coarse quartz sand and gravel 58 -60 28. Fine quartz sand apparently pulverized rock 61 -62 29. Medium grayish yellow sand 65 -66 30. Fine to medium yellowish gray sand and yellow clay 66. 5-67. 5 31. Medium to coarse yellow sand and clay 71.6-72 32. Dark-gray clay 72.4-74 379. Two of the wells used in this plant were completed in 1895 and the other two in 1892. The village clerk gives the following data regarding the daily pumping during 1902: Yield in 1902 of weds of Rockville Center waterworks, Rockville Center. Gallons Maximum daily yield 249,000 Minimum daily yield 112,000 Average daily yield 150, 466 3§0. Record of commission's test well near Rockville Center. Feet. 1. Black surface loam 0 -0.3 2. Yellow clayey sand 1.8 3. Medium yellow sand 5. 8- 6. 3 4. Medium to coarse gray sand 9 -10 5-7. Medium to coarse reddish brown sand: glacial 10 -19 8. Fine gray and brown sand : same as No. 9, well 378 23 -24 391-392. These were test wells put down by the commission on additional water supply around the Millburn reservoir; the deepest was No. 382, of which the section is as follows: Record of commission's "deep" test well near Millburn reservoir. Feet. 1-8. Reddish out wash sand 0 -30 9. Fine gray beach sand 31. 5 10. Yellow quartz gravel 34.5-35 11. Fine yellowish gray sand 35.5-36 12. Reddish yellow sand 40 -41 13. Fine brownish yellow sand 41 -42 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 251 Feet. 14-15. Coarser yellowish white sand 46 -51 16. Light gray highly micaceous sand 54 -55 17. Brownish beach sand 56 -57 18-20. Fine, light-gray, highly micaceous sand 58 -69 21. Coarser white sand 73 -74 22. Fine yellowish sand 78 -79 23-25. Fine gray sand with a little white clay. XI 92 26. Dark gray micaceous sand with a little lignite 93 -94 27-28. Very dark-colored sandy clay . 95 -97 The materials penetrated in the other wells are summarized in the following table: Records of commission's wells near Millburn reservoir. Well number 381. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 1. Reddish yellow out wash sand and gravel 2. Fine gray beach sand 0-29 29-38 0-31 4-29 29-32 0-30 30-31 0-22.5 22.5-22.5 0-21 0-24 21-25 24-25 0-21 21-22.5 0-29 29-30 0-26. 5 26.5-32 0-26 26-32 See Tables XII, and XIII. 393. Mr. Hancock reports that all shallow wells in this neighborhood are sunk through about the same material and that one description will fit all. They vary in depth from 8 to 20 feet, according to the elevation of the surface. Record of M . S. Thomas's well at Baldwin. Feet. 1. Reddish brown clay; no bowlders 0- 5 2. Loose sand, gray in color 5-10 3. Hard red sand 10-12 4. Red sand with white pebbles 12-13 5. White sand with an abundance of mica 13-18 394. Record of C. H. Southard's "-ell at Baldwin. Feet 1. Surface loam 0-3 2. Fine brown sand 3- 8 3. Very coarse light-colored gravel 8-11 4. Finer gravel, decreasing in size 11-30 5. Very white beach sand 1 30-35 395. Mr. Wortman reports that at 50 feet he encountered a very black mud which choked the well point. He reports that the clay at Lynbrook is about 12 feet below the surface and is of great thickness. Above the clay is a very coarse stony material. He also reports that a black mud was encountered in driving a well at the railroad station at Baldwin. 396. This well was sounded July 10 by Francis Whitney, field assistant, and found to be 288.6 feet deep from the top of the old pipe. Lignite was reported from 300 to 370 feet. 399. Record of commission 's test well near Norwood. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Brown loamy sand 0 1.4 3-4. Medium reddish yellow sand 5.2- 6.2 5. Fine to medium brownish yellow sand with much biotite 10.5-11.5 Tisbury: 6. Medium light-brown sand 15 -16 7. Fine to medium rusty red sand 18 -19 8-11. Fine grayish yellow sand (possibly glacial) 20 -34 I UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 400. Record oj commission's test well between RockvUle and Hempstead. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Yellow gravelly loam v. 0- 2 3-8. Out wash sand and gravel . 2-27 Tisburv : 9. Medium light-yellow sand 31-32 See Tables XII, XIII. 401. Record of commission's test well south oj Hempstead. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow gravelly loam 0 - 1.6 3-4. Reddish yellow silty sand 2. 5- 6. 5 5. Fine reddish brown sand... 9.5-10.5 6-9. Dark reddish yellow sand and gravel (glacial) ... 14.5-22 Tisburv ! 10-12. Fine yellowish silt to coarse gravel, becoming lighter and coarser below, not sharply glacial 23 -32 See Tables XII. XIIL lOvi. Record oj commission's test well near Greenwich Point. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1- 2. Surface dark loamy clay 1.5 3-4. Tough sandy clay with bowlders 2. 5-3. 4 5-8. Yellow sand to fine gravel 6 -17 9-10. Reddish yellow sand and small gravel, with a considerable percentage of finer material 19 -26 11. Coarse reddish yellow sand (same as No. 7 in well 411) 29 -30 All the section, with the exception of the upper 3.5 feet, appears to be regular outwash material. 403. Record oj commission's test well near Hempstead. Wisconsin : . Feet. I. Dark loamy sand 0.4 2- 3. Reddish dark-gray sand and gravel 1.5-9 4. Medium gray sand with considerable glacial debris 10 -11 5-6. Pebbles and fine sand (glacial) 11 -13 Tisbury ? : 7. Dark reddish sand 15 -16 8. Dark reddish sand and gravel 18 -19 9-10. Medium reddish yellow sand 23 -29 II. Light reddish yellow sand: no erratics (not clearly glacial) 33 -33.5 See Tables XII, XIII." 404. Record oj commission's test well near Hempstead. Wisconsin : . Feet. 1. Black sandy loam 0 -27 2. Dark silt to cobbles 2. 8- 3. 2 3- 5. Fine to coarse sand, very light yellow 5. 5-16 6. Medium reddish sand 17 -18 Tisbury: 7. Yellow sand and gravel with some erratics 18 -19 Tisburv and Cretaceous: 8-16. Red sand (doubtfully glacial) 20.5-61 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 253 Cretaceous: Feet. 17. Pine dark-colored sand with lignite 64 -65.5 18-23. Fine, light-colored, silty, micaceous sand, suggesting material of Cretaceous age 117 Q4 24. Very black, micaceous, sandy clay 95. 5-97 40C I!/ ford of commission's (est well near Hempstead. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0 - 2 3-11. Glacial sand and gravel 2 -52.7 407. Record of commission's test, well near East Meadow Brook. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Light-yellow surface loam 0 - 1.5 3-5. Coarse sand, with some erratic material 5 -15 6. Considerable gravel, with much erratic material 20 Cretaceous: 7- 14. Fine, white, highly micaceous, clayey sand 22 - 51 15. Dark-brown, very fine, micaceous, clayey sand 55 - 55.5 16. Light-yellow clayey sand 58. 5- 60 17. Greenish yellow fine silt to medium sand, highly micaceous 65 - 66 18. Gray silt to medium sand, highly micaceous 70 - 71 19. Bright red sandy silt 75. 1- 76 20. Light, grayish brown, micaceous, sandy silt 80 - 81 21-22. Greenish yellow, micaceous, sandy silt 85 - 91 23. Grayish brown, micaceous, silty sand, with some lignite 91. 7- 91. 8 24. Fine light-yellow sand 93.5- 94 25. Fine, greenish yellow, micaceous, silty sand. 95 - 96 26. Dark-gray, micaceous, silty sand. 100 -101 27-28. Medium light yellowish white sand 105- -111 29. Brownish white silty sand. 115 -116 30. Dark yellowish gray silty sand 120 -121 31. Laminated black and white sandy clay 123. 5-125 408. Record of commission's test well near East Meadow Brook. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-8. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-35 409. Record of commission's test well near Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: ' Fwt. 1-9. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-37 See Table XII. 410. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Dark-colored gravelly loam 0 - 1.6 3-7. Brownish-yellow outwash sands and gravel, with much glacial material 2. 3-23 Tisbury?: 8- 10. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand, not clearly glacial 27 -36.8 See Tables XII, XIII. 254 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 411. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Black loamy sand 1 2. Yellow sand to coarse gravel with a little yellow clay 3 3- 6. Bright reddish yellow sand and fine gravel 5-21 7. Fine yellow gravel with little, if any, glacial material (same as 11, well 402) 25 -113. Record o] commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Dark sandy loam with gravel 0. 5 2. Yellow sandy clay. 2 3. Yellow sand and gravel 4 4- 10. Grayish yellow sand to fine gravel 8. 5-38. 5 All samples apparently represent outwash material, and contain much biotite. 414. Mr. George L. Hubbell, general manager, states that the water level in the well owned by the Garden City Water Supply Company can be reduced 12 feet by excessive pumping, and that when the water level falls after several months' steady pumping the hydrants are opened and the pumps are run at their full capacity night and day for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. When the normal rate of pumping is resumed the water level rises 5 feet. A layer of clay is encountered between 20 and 24 feet, which is overlain and underlain by sand and gravel. 410. Record of commission's test irrll near Mineola. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Black surface silt 2- 3. Yellow gravelly loam 1.2- 3. 4 4- 8. Fine sand to small gravel (outwash glacial material) 6 -27 9. Very fine, reddish, clayey sand 30. 9-31 10-12. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash material ) 31 -42.5 See Table XII. 41*. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Black surface loam 0.5 2. Yellow, silty, gravelly sand 2 - 2. 4 3- 10. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash glacial material) 6. 5-42 Tisbury: 11. Very fine, light-yellow, silty sand . 50 -51 12. Medium yellow sand (doubtfully glacial) 51 -53.8 • 13. Coarse reddish yellow sand (doubtfully glacial) 53 -55.7 See Tables XII, XIII. 419. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black sandy loam 0. 5 2. Dark loamy sand with gravel 2 3. Grayish yellow sand with line gravel 4 -6 4. Same, but with more gravel 10 -11.5 5- 6. Small gravel with much erratic material 15 -20. 5 Tisbury : 7. Yellow sand with small gravel 20. 5-21 8. Same, with a little clay 25. 5-26 9-10. Small gravel 29. 5-36 11. Very coarse yellow sand 38 -39 12-13. Fine grayish yellow sand 43 -48. 5 14. Same, but with a little coarse gravel 53 -53.5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 255 !•■><>. Record of C. Edison's irell near East W illistun. Feet. 1. Coarse sand 0- 2. Medium sand -5() 3. Coarse sand to gravel ; water-bearing {D-S6.fi 421. Record oj commission's test well near East Williston. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Very dark-brown surface loam 0 -0.8 2. Reddish brown loam}' sand 2.7- 2.9 3-4. Yellow clay and bowlders 7. 5-13. 2 5. Light yellowish white sand and gravel 17.5-18.5 6. Reddish yellow silty sand 22. 5-23. 5 7. Very Ijlack sand, full of mica, looks like ground-up bowlder 25 -20. 5 Tisbury: 8-9. Fine to medium yellowish white sand 30 -36 10. Fine yellowish white sand to medium gravel 40 -41 11. Small light-colored gravel (considerable percentage of glacial material) 41 -42 12-13. Fine to medium yellowish white sand 45 -51 14. Small light-colored gravel with glacial material 54 -55 See Tables XII, XIII. TivJ. Record of commission's test well near Albertson. Feet. 1. Black loamy clay.. 1.7-2.3 2. Brownish yellow clay with a few pebbles very similar to the clay at East Williston.. . 3 - 3. 5 3. Brown and yellow clay with reddish brown sand and gravel (glacial) 8 - 9. 5 4. Dark grayish sand with much fresh biotite: evidently debris from a glacial bowlder. 10.5-11.5 5-6. Yellow clay, sand and gravel (" bowlder clay ") 15 -21 7. Sand and coarse gravel (glacial) 23 -24 8-10. Fine yellow sand with a noticeable percentage of glacial material 27 -37 See Tables XII, XIII. 423. The greater portion of this well is in light yellow sand and gravel. Near the bottom fine grav sandv clay was encountered. 424. Record of W. P. Kelsei/'s well near Old Westburi/. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Coarse gravel 0- 50 Cretaceous ? : 2. Alternate layers of sand and clay 50-150 425. Record of J. E. Brady's well near Old Westbury. Feet. 1. Glacial deposit 0-20 2. Clay and sand, mixed (white beach sand and greasy, slippery clay) 20-133 3. Coarse gravel, the pebbles of which were highly colored — black, red. and all grada- tions to yellow 138-145 426. Record of R. L. Cottnet's well near Old WesOmry. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gravel and large stones 0- 50 2. Black hardpan containing a great many stones and a great deal of mica 50- 62 Mannetto: 3. Very coarse gravel, quite hard and with no water 62- 75 Cretaceous: 4. Sand with little water, quite black, and with a bad odor 75- 80 5. Very fine muddy sand 80- 85 256 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued • Feet. 6. Whitish blue clay, lighter than other clays 85- 88 7. White beach sand, water-bearing 88-170 8. Quicksand 170-175 9. A very large stone was encountered at 175 10. Coarse white sand , 175-180 427. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. The location given is only approximate: Record of J. F. D. Lanier's well near Old Westbury. Mannetto: Feet 1. Yellow surface sand and gravel, no glacial material 0- 10 Cretaceous : 2. Pinkish white clay interbedded with white sand, suggesting the upper part of the Melville section 10- 22 3. Fine yellow sand with supply of water 22- 37 4. Pinkish white clay, marked "clay in thin layers" 37- 57 5. Fine to medium yellow sand, marked "quicksand" .57-103 6. Ferruginous crusts in clayey sand 103- That stratum 3 should have contained an abundant supply of water, is rather surprising, considering the height of the well. The probable explanation is that the well was put down in the wet season and that this represents a perched water table. 428. The quicksand in the section below rose in the pipe three or four times. It was at last kept down by putting gravel in the bottom of the well. The water was obtained from quicksand. It was tested for twenty-four hours at a rate of 25 gallons per minute. Record of J. F. D. Lanier's well near Old Westbury. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan 0-20 Transition: 2. Brown or gray clay, with plenty of flinty stones at the top 20-100 Cretaceous: 3. Fine white sand 100-146 4. Quicksand, water-bearing 146-150 429. This well is about 40 feet higher than well 430. 430. The following record has been prepared from the samples furnished by Mr. John Tart rnd the record of Mr. F. Wankel, foremen for the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company: Record of H. B. Dunjea's well near Old Westbury. Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. 1. Loam 0- 3 2. Hardpan 3- 27 3. Coarse sand 27-30 Cretaceous ? : 4. Yellow clay 30- 50 5. Hardpan 50- 76 6. Quicksand 76- 86 Cretaceous: 7. Medium, very light yellow sand " 86- 92 8. Sand with clay layers 92- 97 9. Fine white sand 97-105 10. Medium yellow sand with some clay 105-121 11. Yellow sand with lumps of clay 121-140 a No samples above 90 feet. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 257 ( 'rot aceous — Cont inued. Koci 12. Bright reddish brown sand, with some ferruginous sandstone 140-152 13. Medium yellow sand, with lumps of white clay 152-171 14. ''Quicksand;" a very fine, light yellow, micaceous, clayey sand 171-190 15. ''Sandy white clay:" samples show only very fine, light yellow, micaceous, clayev sand 190-225 16. "Quicksand;" fine to medium, yellow, clayey sand 225-258 17. "Dark clay." samples show very dark, micaceous, sandy clay 25s 27. These were both 6-inch wells, one 38 and the other 48 feet deep. The 38-foot well has an elevation of about 48 feet, and flowed when first put down. Since the wells have been pumped, this well has ceased flowing. In 1900 Mr. Munger put in two additional 6-inch wells, one 38 feet and the other 82 feet deep. The 82-foot well is on the lowest ground of the series, being only about 30 feet above high tide: it is reported to flow 4 to 5 gallons per minute. Its section is approximately as follows: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 265 Record of Pratt estate well near Dosoris. Feet h Soil 0-2 Cretaceous : 2. Blue clay 2-17 3. Reddish sand and gravel 17-19 4. Blue clay 19-30 5. Fine white sand 30-3(5 6. Alternate layers of gravel, sand, and clay 36-82 Water was first struck at about 40 feet, but did not flow; at 70 feet water was again encountered. which filled the pipe almost to the top: at 75 feet the water flowed over the top of the pipe. The yield of these 4 wells is given as about 100,(XX) gallons per day. The standpipe, which has a capacity of 158.000 gallons, is situated on the top of a hill, at an elevation of 160, feet. About 250 feet southwest of one of the good wells at the pumping station, Mr. Munger put down four lj-inch test wells to a depth of 125 feet without getting water. He reports the same character of soil, but no water. 4 4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a little yellow gravel (transition?) 27-31 30-32 30 -32 29-32 29-32 29-31 29-31 33-36 38-40 39-42 39-42 7 W. 8 W. 9 W. 10 W. 11 W. 12 W. 13 W. 14 W. 15 W. 16 AV. 17 w. 18 W. 19 20 w. w. I. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and sand 0- 9 f>0- 9 60- 9 0- 5 0- 5 0- 4 0- 4 6 0- 9 60- 8 6 0-10 60- 8 60-10 60-10 60- 5 2. Light-yellow to orange-yellow sand and gravel; apparently all quartz. no erratics 9-37 9-31 9-32 5-39 5-36 4-38 4-35 9-30 8-30 10-30 8-35 10-34 10-38 .5-40 3. T5right-orange sand and gravel not always sharply separated from lied above, but generally coarser; quartz, no erratics 31-39 i32-37 35-39 30-39 130-38 i30-3fi 35-40 34-38 38-4o' 4. Fine. gray, micaceous sand, with a little yellow gravel (transition 1) ... i Medium sand. 6 Weathering shows sharply to .5 feet and less markedly to depth indicated. c 37 to 40 feet white quartz gravel tinged with yellow. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 271 Analysis of water from wells of old Freeport pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 253.941 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter). 46. 7G.5 Mineral matter 207. 176 Free ammonia .017 Albuminoid ammonia . 019 Chlorine as chlorides 1 10. 206 Sodium chloride 181.528 Nitrogen as nitrates . 798 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 39. 382 Permanent hardness 36. 647 4S9. The plant at this station consists of sixty-two 44-inch wells. The following summarized record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks: Record oj wells at Merrick pumping station. Test wells. Service wells, east. 1 E. 2 E. 3 E. 4 E. Cen ter. 1 W. 2 W. 3 W. 4 W. No. 6 1 E. 2 E. 3 E. 4 E. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- taining a very small percent- age of material of probably glacial origin (outwash) 0- 9 9-43 0- 9 9-40 0- 9 9-40 O-10 1(H1 0- 5 5-49 0- 5 5-46 0-12 12-36 0-10 10-35 («) («> («) 36-105 0-10 10-45 0-10 10-40 0-10 10-40 0- 9 9-»0 40-45 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradually passing into bed below 0-45 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells 43-48 40-47 40-45 4H5 49-50 46-48 36-47 35-41 — Service wells, east. 5 E. 6 E. 7 E. 8 E. 9 E. 10 E. 11 E. 12 E. 13 E. 14 E. 15 E. 16 E. 17 E. 18 E. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- * taining a very small percent- age of material of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradually passing into 0-10 10-45 0-10 10-45 0-10 1(M5 0-15 15-43 0- 8 8-40 0- 9 9-10 0- 9 9-40 0-15 15-41 0-11 11-40 0-U 11-40 0-10 10-40 0-? 12 12-39 0-10 1(W0 (<-) 10-40 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells — 43-45 4(M5 40-45 40-44 41-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 39-45 40-45 40-45 a Missing. 272 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of wells at Merrick pumping station — Continued. Service wells, east. Serv- ice wells, west. 19 E. 20 E. 21 E. 22 E. 23 E. 24 E. 25 E. 26 E. 27 E. 28 E. 29 E. 30 E. 31 E. 1 \V. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- taining a very small percent- age of material of probably 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradually passing into bed below 0-10 10-10 0-11 11-10 0-? 10 10-40 0-11 11-40 («) 10-40 0-11 11-40 0- 9 9-40 0-10 10-40 0-? 10 10-40 0-? 10 10-10 0-10 1040 0-10 10-40 0-10 10-40 0-9 45 4 . Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells 40-15 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-15 40-45 40-15 40-45 45 45 45 45 Service wells, west. 2 W. 3 W. 4 W. 5W. 6 W. 7W.< 8 W. 9 W. 10W. 11 W. 12 W. 13 W. 14 W. 15 W. 16 W. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, commonly quite coarse and containing a very small percentage of ma- terial of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradu- ally passing into bed be- low 3. Gray clay 0-15 40 0-10 10-40 (?) 0-40 0- 9 9-40 0-10 10-40 0- 10 10- 40 (?) 0-40 0- 5 5-40 0- 9 9-45 0-10 10-15 (?) 0-45 0-10 10-45 0- 8 7-45 0-10 10-40 40-45 45-110 0- 8 8-45 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-107 40-45 40-45 1 Service wells, west. 17 W. 18 W. 19 W. 20W. 21 W. 22 W. 23W. 24W. 25W. 26 W. 27 W. 28 W. 29 W. 30 W. 31 \V. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, commonly quite coarse and containing a very small percentage of ma- terial of probably glacial origin (outwash) 0- b 6-45 0-lfi 16-45 0-10 10-43 (?) 0-40 0-10 10-15 0-? 10 10-15 (?) 0-40 0-10 10-40 0-10 10-10 0-13 13-40 (?) 0-37 (?) 0-10 0-10 10-41 (?) 0-41 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradu- ally passing into bed be- low 0-40 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells 43-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-15 37-45 40-45 4145 41-45 a Very fine white silt with gravel of very doubtful origin. ♦ DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 2 7.'! The elevation of a number of the wells is given below: Elevation oj wells at Merrick pumping station Ecet. 7E , 135 15 E 15. 5 7W 14.2 15 W [4.8 During the month of June, 1900, when the station was not in use, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 9.01 feet above the Brooklyn base; in the shallow wells, 7.11 feet. In August, 1900. after pumping had begun, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 3.98 feet above, and in the shallow wells 2.32 feet below, the Brooklyn base. 49©. The plant of the Merrick Water Company consists of 8 or 10 shallow wells pumped by a 16-foot windmill; the water is discharged into a number of tanks and is distributed by a 3-inch pipe to the adjacent cottages. 491. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-six 4J-inch wells, 38 to 97 feet deep. When not pumped all of the deep wells will flow at a height of 11.11 feet above the Brooklyn base. The following summarized section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department: Record of wells at Matowa pumping station. 1 S. 2S. 3 S. 4 S. 5 8. 6S. 7 S. 8S. 9 S. 10 S. 0-35 11 S. 0-35 12 S. 1 W. 1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 2. Transition 0-35 35-40 40-50 50-100 0-35 35-45 45-50 50-98 0-35 0-35 3.5-44 44-55 55-100 0-35 35-44 |44-99 0-35 0-35 35-44 44-50 50-97 0-35 J35-55 55-104 0-31 |31-38 0-30 0-35 3. Very dark-gray sand 35-38 35-38 30-38 35-36 4 Medium gray sand, with occasional particles of lignite 1 2-3 W. 5-6 W. 11 W. 14 W 18 W. 1 E. 2 E. 3 E. 4E. 5-7 E. 8 E. 9 E. 0-35 II) 19 E. 1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 0-30 30-35 I 35-98 0-30 30-35 0-30 0-30 0-35 35-38 0-36 36-39 0-35 35-40 0-40 0-40 0-30 30-40 0-35 2. Transition 3. Very dark-gray sand 30-50 50-73 4. Medium gray sand, with occasional particles of lignite I35-98 30-104 35-40 35-40 492. Record 0} commission's test well at Matowa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Sandy peat 0-5 3-4. Light yellow sand and gravel 6-10. 5 5-8. Reddish-yellow sand and gravel 11-24 The whole section is probably of glacial origin, although the lower samples show a very smal percentage of glacial material. 274 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 493. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-three 4^-inch wells, 24 to 89 feet deep, and six 6-inch wells 92 feet deep. The shallow wells do not flow, but the deeper wells do when the station is not in operation. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department: Record of wells at Wantagh pumping station, New York. 12 E. 14 E. 16 E. 18 E. 20 E. 14 W. 16 W. 1. Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. a 0-25 a 0-25 oO-30 a 0-25 a 0-25 0-20 0-25 2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- low sands, possibly from the bed above 2.5-19 25-40 30-40 25-40 25-40 20-40 25-46 3. Dark-gray clay or silty clay; containing a few quartz pebbles in S series of wells 6 49-5 0 40-50 l> 40-50 b 40-50 40-50 40-50 46-50 4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish yellow 50-91 50-100 50-70 50-65 50-65 50-66 50-75 5. Sandy clav 66-70 70-90 18 W. 20 W. 22 W. 1 S. 2 S. 3S. 4S. 5 S. 1. Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. 0-20 0-20 0-20 0-20 0-20 0-20 0-25 0-20 2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- low sands, possiblv from the bed above 20-40 20-41 20-50 20-40 20-40 20-40 25-55 20-45 3. Dark-gray clay or silty clay; containing a few 40-44 '-41-15 e 50-55 d 40-56 d 40-56 d 40-56 55-60 45-55 4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish yellow 44-85 45-85 5.5-90 56-90 56-91 55-90 c 60-70 55-85 5. Sandy clay 70-75 75-90 a No samples. c Very fine dark silt. t Quite sandy. d Quite sandy; central portions with pebbles. The deep test well No. 2 at this station has an elevation of 7.69 feet, and furnishes flowing water when the station is not in operation. In September, 1900, when the station was actively pumping, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 1.8 feet above the Brooklyn base, while in the shallow wells it was 2.8 feet below the Brooklyn base. 494. Record of commission's test well at Wantagh pumping station. Feet. 1-3. Sand and gravel with some peat 3- 5 4-6. Reddish-brown fine to coarse sand 9.5-20 495. According to the report of the commission's inspector this well began to flow at 62 to 63 feet. Record of commission's test well at Wantagh pumping station. Feet. I- 5. Dark, reddish brown, swamp-stained sand and gravel, for the most part quartz. 0-16 6-8. Very light-yellow quartz gravel, with very few, if any, erratics 16-30 9. Very One, dark-gray, micaceous sand 30-31 10. Yellowish gray sand and fine gravel 32-33 II- 13. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 34-46 14. Blue clay, with quartz pebbles. 48-60 15-18. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand, with lignite 63-71 See Table XIII. 496. From the. upper part of this well no samples were received, but Prof. C. S. Slichter has furnished the following data: "Clay was encountered at a depth of 44 feet. At 62 feet an artesian head of about 32 inches was developed." DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 275 Record of commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. Feet No samples 0-64 1. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand (54-64.5 2. Grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel (glacial?) 67-67.5 3. Light-gray silty sand 72-73 4. Medium, white, micaceous sand 77-78 5. Medium, yellowish white, micaceous sand 82-83 497. Record oj commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand ()- 0.25 2. Gravelly loam 2- 3 4-5. Brownish yellow outwash sand and gravel 5. 5-13 498. Record of commission's test well near Camp Meeting grounds. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0- 5 2. Yellow sandy loam _ 1- 1.5 3-5. Grayish yellow outwash sand and gravel 4—17 499. Record of commission's test well near Smithville South. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loam 0 - 4 2. Yellow clayey loam 1.4- 2. 4 3. Grayish yellow sand and gravel (outwash) 5 -14.25 500. This was one of the wells put down at Camp Black during the Spanish-American war; its exact ocation was not learned. Record of United States Army well on Hempstead Plains. Feet. 1. Top soil 0-3 2. White coarse sand and gravel 3-15 3. Slate-colored clay 15-17 4. White sand and gravel 17-22 501. Record of commission's test well near Hicks villi Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet I. Surface loam 0 - 5 2-10. Outwash sand and gravel 2. 5-41 II. Fine to coarse yellowish sand with small particles of glacial material 45 -46 Cretaceous ? : 12-13. Fine light-yellow sand with considerable mica (probably not glacial) ; suggests the older sands exposed in the Melville section 50 -56 See Table XII. 502. Record of commission's test well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Sandy loam 0 - 3 4-6. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 4.5- 11 Tisbury : 7-8. Sand and gravel with a considerable percentage of black silt : looks very much like an old land surface (no glacial pebbles) 15 - 22 9-15. Very light, yellowish white, fine sand to small gravel, containing a very small percentage of glacial pebbles 25 - 57 276 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous?: Feet. 16. Very fine yellowish white sand, with a little lignite -59 - 61 17-25. Light, yellowish white, speckled, fine sand and small gravel; gravel is white quartz, with occasional particles of ferruginous sandstone; no pebbles of recognizable glacial material 64. 5-100 Cretaceous : 26-32. Uniform, light-yellow to white, micaceous sand 101 -131.0 33. Fine sand to small gravel, containing a considerable number of small, ferru- ginous, sandstone fragments, which give sample a speckled appearance. 132. 5-135. 5 See Table XII. 503. Samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section : Record oj Nassau County Water Company's vxll near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury: / n t 1. Glacial sand and gravel 0-85 The well plant consists of two 8-inch wells placed in the bottom of a pit 50 feet deep, in which the direct suction pump is also placed. An Acme system is used having a storage capacity of 25,000 gallons. 505. Record oj well oj H. J. Heinz Company near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-90 Cretaceous: 2. Sand and clay 90- 506. Record oj commission's test well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow surface loam 0.5-1 2. Dark, humus-stained, loamy sand 1.8- 2.2 3-13. Light-colored outwash sand and gravel 3 -53 Cretaceous: 14 16*. While, micaceous, clayey sand, pronouncedly Cretaceous in character 59 -75 17-18. Fine, micaceous, reddish-brown, clayey sand 75 -80. 5 See Table XII. 507. Record oj Jos. Steinart's well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Gravel 0- 75 Cretaceous : 2. Gravel with lignite and white clay, water bearing; water would not clear 75-120 3. Very black clay 120-130 4. Gray sand with abundant supply of water 130-150 SOS. Mr. F. K. Waish reports the following section: Record oj St. John's Protectory well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. A very compact sand with no gravel and no clay 0-75 2. Water-bearing gravel 75-80 509. Record oj well oj Colored Children's Home near Westbury. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Sharp dirty-white sand 0-20 Cretaceous ? : 2. Mixture of gray quicksand and clay 20-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS, _'7 7 511. The fallowing section lias been prepared from the record and samples furnished by Mr. George H. Pease, foreman: Record of W. P. Thompson's »;// mar Old \\ , sthun/. Wisconsin: . Feet 1. Bowlder clay q_ 93 Mannetto: 2. Yellow quartz sand and gravel (no glacial material ) 23- 56 Cretaceous? : 3. Yellow silty clay, resembling loess ,5g_ Q£ Cretaceous: 4. Fine to coarse yellow sand 98-108 5. Very coarse light-yellow sand, with some gravel: slightly water bearing 108-128 6. Fine sand 128-131 7. Fine light-yellow sand: slightly water bearing 131-144 8. Coarse sand: waterbearing 144-190 9. Coarse light-yellow sand and gravel, becoming finer below 190-209 Strainer was placed between 195 and 205 feet. The well tested about GO gallons per minute. Test was made on two consecutive days, and each test was continued ten hours. 512. Record 0} J H. Harriman's tosQ fa Wheadey Hills. Wisconsin and Mannetto: Yeet. 1. Loam and bowlders (some yellow gravel ) 0- 70 Cretaceous? : 2. Clay, with very little grit and no gravel (yellow, almost a loam, resembling loess in color but not in texture) 70-130 Cretaceous: 3. White gravel, witu layers of white clay... 130-200 4. White sand with water 200-220 513. Record 0} commission's test well near Jericho. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Dark sandy loam 0- 1 2. Yellow clayey sand 4 - 5 3-6. Yellowish-brown fine to coarse glacial sand 8 -18 7. Yellowish-white coarse to fine gravel (doubtfully glacial ) 18 5-19. 5 8. Fine to medium yellowish-brown sand 23 -23.5 9-10. Yellowish-white medium to coarse sand 28. 5-35. 5 11. Fine reddish-brown sand with considerable muscovite 39 —10 12-13. Medium to coarse yellowish-white sand with some biotite 44 -50 Cretaceous?: 14 15. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand 54 -56 16. Yer\- fine reddish-white sand -. 59 -60 514. Record oj H. R. Winthrop's mil mar Jericho. Feet. 1. Surface loam - 1- 6 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 2. Coarse sand and gravel 6-183 Xo change in the material from 6 to 1S3 feet. It was all of the same degree of fineness. Water was first encountered at 1.50 feet: down to that depth the material was almost perfectly dry. Four sample.- from the well, ranging from 171 feet 9 inches to 182 feet 10 inches, show very light-yellow sand and gravel, with no erratic material. It is therefore impossible to tell how much of this section is to be considered Pleistocene and how much pre-Pleistocene. 278 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 515. Record oj T. Willis's well near Jericho. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Ordinary sand with an occasional bowlder (several blasts were necessary) 0-50 Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 2. Quicksand '. 50- 53 3. Red sand, with alternate layers of yellow and reddish-yellow gravels 53-175. 5 See record and sample from well No. 514, which' indicate that part of this gravel should be con- sidered pre-Pleistocene. 510. The following record has been compiled from information furnished by Mr. John J. Hicks and Mr. William C. Jaegle: Record oj Jacob Jackson's well near Jericho. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 40 Cretaceous : 2. Black sticky clay, containing lignitized wood 40- 80 3. Sand, clay, and gravel 80-165 4. Sand (3-inch pipe) 165-168 Mr. Hicks reports that this well was drilled from 165 to 210 feet by A. W. Gallienne. Mr. Jaegle, how- ever, drove a new pipe in the same well to a depth of 3 feet and found good water, so the Gallienne well is to be discounted. 517. Samples from this well, together with a section drawn by W. Goold Levison December 28, 1881, are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. In the following section the record given on the left is from Mr. Levison 's drawing, and that on the right is from the samples: Records oj Jules Kunz's well near Jericho. " Wisconsin. Mannetto L Cretaceous. Drawing. Feet. fl. Clay and gravelloam 0 12. Compact, tough, unmodified drift. 15 3 . Gravel and sand ;" glacial rubble " . 51 4. Sharp, yellow, friable sand 5. Sandy clay; laminated; piece of tree (probably chestnut). 6. Blue and gray, compact, sandy, rather tough clay, abounding in nodules and crusts of iron pyrites. 7. Micaceous sand ; water; gray sand: fine dune sand. 8. Medium, white, micaceous sand.._ 15 51 81 81-96 96 -103 103 -133 133 -143 143. 5-147. 5 Samples. Yellow quartz sand and gravel. No sample. Fine sand to medium yellow gravel (all quartz). Yellow silty sand (Cretaceous?). Finely laminated yellow and white clay. Very dark, laminated, micaceous sandy clay, showing ripple marks ("blue clay"). Fine, pink, clayey sand. Do. Merrill''' and Darton 6 have both published records of this well in which an error has evidently been made in copying in the thickness of the yellow gravel, which extends from 51 to 81 feet. 518. This is a dug well from which the supply is now obtained from four 3-inch strainers 12 feet long, placed horizontally in the water-bearing gravel just above the clay, and connected directly with the suction pipe from the pump. a Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 188fi, p. 353. Bull. U. S. Geological Survey No. 138, p. 35. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 279 Record of AUard <{• McGuire's well near Syosset. Pleistocene: i,.,., 1. Sand and gravel 0-47 2. Gravel 47-50 * Cretaceous: 3. Lead-colored clay '. 50-53 519. Mr. Jaegle states that in sinking this well he encountered, at a depth of 150 feet, a stratum of fine gravel, overlaid by gravelly clay, from which the air rushed with considerable force. This is probably a blowing well similar to those which have been described in many parts of the West (see p. 74). 520. Record of county poor farm well near BrookvUle. Feet. 1. White sand and gravel 0-105 2. Quicksand; fine dark-colored sand with coarse material at bottom 105-278 521. Record of H. Rushmore's well near BrookvUle. Feet. 1. Surface loam and then ordinary sand 0- 75 2. Quicksand 75-375 3. Blue clay 375-377 4. Hardpan (gravel and sand packed very hard ) 377-396 This record was reported by Mr. J. L. Bogart, who lives on the adjoining property and who was much interested in the well at the time it was sunk. 5*2*2. Record of commission's well near East Norwich. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Dark surface loam and gravel 1 - 5 2-3. Reddish-yellow medium sand 4. 5- 7 4. Yellowish-gray clayey sand 12. 5-13. 8 5-6. Grayish sand and gravel (glacial) 14.2-20 Wisconsin?: 7. Light yellowish-white silt to coarse sand 20 -23 523. Record of Quinan well near East Norwich. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Very stony sand and gravel 0-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. Yellowish-red sand 100-120 Cretaceous : 3. Black clay, becoming white 120-124 4. Clay and fine sand, dark colored 124-127 5. Coarse sand (water bearing) 127-149 6. Clay - 149- 524. Record of Ladlum well near East Norwich. Feet. 1. Gravel 0-212 2. Sand ? 212-224 3. Clay ? • -• 224- 525. The first test well at this place, which was put down about 25 feet from the engine house, was unsuccessful. The samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section: Record of Nassau County Water Company's well at Oyster Bay. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. White sand and gravel 0- 5 2. Coarse gravel 5-15 3. Medium yellow sand 15- GO -i. Gray sand with much biotite 60-160 280 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Water was found in abundance in the coarse gravel from 5 to 15 feet, but the sand below this point while water bearing, was regarded as too fine to furnish water for waterworks purposes. An attempt was then made to develop the stratum at 10 feet by a series of gang wells, but it was found to be only a small pocket. About 300 feet north of the pumping station, and down the valley, coarse water-bearing gravel was found at a depth of 10 feet which had a thickness of from 10 to 30 feet. It is expected that a gang of twelve 4-inch wells of an average depth of 35 feet will be put down at this point. The water from these wells stands just level with the surface, which is 23.5 feet above mean high tide. 526. This well was driven in 1900. At a depth of 3 or 4 feet from the surface clay was encountered, below which there was gravel, and then clay to a depth of 50 feet, where water was encountered which flowed 8 to 9 gallons p^r minute. Below this was sand and gravel, which furnished a small flow of artesian water, to a depth of 160 feet, where a layer of clay 2 feet thick was encountered. At 62 feet a strong artesian head was encountered which forced the water 11 inches above the 3-inch pipe, and furnished over 100 gallons per minute. As the water did not clear, it was driven through clay and sand to 165 feet, where it was stopped in sand and gravel. At this point it furnished about 80 gallons per minute of clear water. At 17 feet above the surface of the ground the well delivers 5 gallons per minute. The following partial analysis was made by Prof. C. S. Slichter: Analysis of water from Tovmsend Underbill's well near Oyster Bay. Parts per million. Hardness 31. 2 Chlorine 7.08 Alkalinity 27. 5 Temperature, 59° F. 527. This well was driven in 1900 and now furnishes 15 gallons per minute at a height of 3 feet above the ground. The well is about 20 feet above mean sea level. Record of Charles Weeks' s well near Oyster Bay. W isconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 15 Sankaty > : 2. Clay 15-90 Jameco?: 3. Micaceous sand, gradually growing coarser 90-110 528. Record of J. M. Sammis's well near Oyster Buy. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel with poor water 0- 30 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay 30-35 Cretaceous?: 3. Fine white sand with little water _ 35-140 See fig. 16. 529. Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, under date of April 29, 1896, gives the following data regarding this well: Record of well of Van Sise & Co. near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Poet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-30 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay 30-35 3. Clay and sand no water 35-53 Jameco?: 4. Yellow sand and gravel 53-57 Flows 9 gallons per minute. DKSCRIPTIYK NOTES ON WELLS. 281 The flow of this well was measured by W. H. C. Pynehon, April 11, 1903, and found to be 3 gallon* per minute, at a height of 18 inches above the surface, or 10 to 12 feet above mean sea level (see lig. 16). 53©. On April 27, 1903, Mr. Pynehon found the flow to be 5 gallons pr minute from a reduced nozzle at 18 inches above the surface. He reports that the water will rise 2J feet above the surface. Record of D. W. Smith's icell at Oyster Bay. . Wisconsin iind Tisburv: .. . 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 Sankaty ?: - day 35-50 Jamcco?: 3. Fine yellow sand, growing coarser .50-65 531. Mr. Hutchinson states that the original flow was 15 gallons per minute. On May 27, 1903 Mr. Pynehon found it to be 8.5 gallons. The water will rise about 6 feet above the surface of the ground- Pig. 67.— Sketch map showing locations of wells described at Oyster Bay •532. The water-bearing gravel is reported to be unusually coarse in this well. When first completed, it flowed 21 gallons per minute. Record of E. K. Hutchinson's well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 Sankaty ?: 2. Clay...;.v." 35-50 Jarneco I : 3. Sand, growing coarser . 50-83 533. The clay layer usually encountered in this vicinity is report >d as very thin in this well. 534. The original flow is reported as 10 gallons per minute. When measured by Mr. Pynehon April 27, 1903, it was 4 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet above the surface. 535. The original flow was 9 to 10 gallons per minute. The flow April 27, 1903, was 2 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet and 4 inches above the surface. 17116— No. 44—06 19 282 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 539. The following section of this well was furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson in a letter dated April 29, 1895: Record of A. J. <& A. S. Hutchinson well at Oyster Baij. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel, with plenty of water of poor quality 0-30 2. Clay .' 30-35 3. Sand and gravel: plenty of water raised 6 feet above level of first water 35-120 Sankaty '(: 4. Clay; no water 120-185 Jameco ? : 5. Yellow sand and gravel with artesian water 185-190 The original flow from stratum 5 was about 70 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the ground. The water will rise to a point 17 feet above the surface at low tide and will overflow at high tide. The surface is 2 to 3 feet above mean high tide. 542. Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon reports the following history of this well: "First position: Driven to a depth of 106 feet through sand and gravel with water all the way for 80 feet, then clay to 105 feet. It was left on Saturday night with water just dripping from the well pipe which stood 2 feet above ground. The flow kept on increasing until at the end of eight days it was flowing 50 gallons a minute from 2-inch pipe, about as much sand as water. It ran so for one week and then began to fall off, until at the end of one week more it was not running at all. Second position: It was then driven to 130 feet, but no flow Pipe was pulled up and its lower 6 feet perforated and covered with 40-mesh wire gauze. Third position: The pipe was then reinserted in the hole to a depth of about 125 feet, with the result that the water came up on the outside of the pipe instead of the inside so that earth had to be rammed in all around the pipe. It then flowed 18 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the surface, though the water will rise to a level of about 9 feet. The wellhead is now 3.50 feet above high tide." (For general relations see fig. 16.) 543. The flow at low tide, June 30, 1903, was 26.5 gallons per minute. Record of Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Gravel 0- 60 Sankaty?: 2. Clay 60-135 Jameco ? : 3. Little flow at 135-140 4. Coarse sand 140- Cretaceous : 5. Clay 6. Very heavy gravel mixed with white sticky clay -220 Prof. C. S. Slichter has made the following partial analysis of this water: Analysis of water from Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. Parts per million. Hardness 20. 0 Chlorine 4. 25 Alkalinity 17.0 Temperature 57° F. 544. "Driven in July, 1896. It is located on the beach at the edge of the salt marsh, and the tide rises ordinarily about 1 foot over the wellhead, i. e., well is about 6 feet above low-tide mark. At low tide the flow is not over 20 gallons per minute, but just before the tide goes over the wellhead it flows 100 gallons a minute. Water comes from gray and black sand, but is free from iron." This well was sounded in connection with observations on the effect of the tide on the rate of flow and found to be 93.1 feet deep. (For general relations see fig. 16.) DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. J^"> The sample of water, marked Moliannes Spring, Oyster Bay, Ixmg Island, submitted to me For exami- nation contains: Analysis of irater from Mohannes Casino irell at Oyster Bay. Parts per million. Appearance Clear. Sediment None. Color None. Odor (heated to 100° F) None. Chlorine in chlorides 7.92 Sodium chloride 13. 08 Phosphates None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates (reduced by sodium amalgam) .495 Free ammonia Trace. Albuminoid ammonia Trace. Total nitrogen . 495 Total hardness 28.3 Permanent hardness 28. 3 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 8.00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) 46. 00 Total solids (by evaporation) 54.00 This sample of water is of great organic purity: it is very soft and is admirably adapted for use as a drinking water as well as for domestic purposes. — Ernst J. Lederle, Ph. D. The "Mohannes Spring" is the 99-foot artesian well described in the table of wells. 545. The water is so strongly impregnated with iron that it is unlit to drink. Yield 2 feet above the ground, 18 gallons per minute, at high tide. Record of T. Underhill's well at Oyster Bay. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-25 Sankaty : 2. Clay.... 25-80 Jameco : 3. Fine gray and black sand, growing coarser 80-107 Total depth according to sounding, 114 feet. Analysis of irater from T. UnderhiE's well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million. Hardness 46. 9 Chlorine 6. 18 Alkalinity : 37.5 Temperature 57° F. 546. Record of Lee well at Oyster BaN WELLS. 553. This well was very easily drilled. The material became coarser and coarser until at 105 feel an excellent flow was obtained. There was no red clay here and no hard red stratum. A little blue clav was found at 150 feet. Record of E. Roosevelt' a well near Oyster Boy. Wisconsin and Tisbury: p< ., , 1. Sand and gravel, water bearing (MIX) Cretaceous : 2. Brown sandy clay, grading into gray sandy clay 100-4(1.") 554. For partial analysis see page 08. (See fig. 16 for general relations.) 555. _ Record of G. M . Fletchers well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene and Cretaceous?: • F,rt 1. Sand, with an occasional stratum of clay 0-160 Cretaceous: 2. Alternate layers of yellow, black, red, blue (hard like flint), and milky-while 1G0 -316 316 -330 330 -330. 4 330, -1-360 -360. 2 360. 2-370. 10 Elevation above tide 12 feet. At the last depth given the particles ranged from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter. A concretion was encountered at 280 feet, and lignite at 330, 350, and 370 feet. Mr. Frank Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports that salt water was encountered at 18- feet and again at 100 feet. Fresh water was first encountered at 360 feet. 556. For partial analysis see page 68. 557. Nichols states that the natural pressure is "lower" in this well than in the others, and this, together with the fact that salt water was used in drilling the well, necessitated long pumping before the water became fresh. The clay contains a great deal of sand and is very micaceous. The low pressure is probably due to the fact that the main artesian gravel was not reached. It will be noticed on PI. II that this well lacks 50 feet of reaching the coarse Lloyd gravel, in which the other wells are finished. Record of S. T. Shaw's well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Coarse yellow gravel 0- .50 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 2. Fine beach sand and clay 50-150 Cretaceous: 3. White, blue, and gray clay: red clay and sand and gray clay; encountered in the order named - 150-295 4. Coarse sand 295-298 55§. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports the following section: Record of C. Hoyt's well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Very coarse gravel, coarse as black walnuts 0- 60 Cretaceous : 2. White and very sticky clay 60- 72 3. White beach sand 72- 90 4. "Very pretty blue" clay 90-130 5. Gray sandy clay 130-275 286 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous: Feet. 6. Very hard stratum, brownish red in color, were two days in drilling 8 inches; described as very similar to hard stratum reported in Fletcher well (No. 555). . 275- 7. Gray sandy clay 8. A second hard stratum -300 9. Sand, becoming coarser and passing into white gravel-like peas 300-321 Well began to flow at 300 feet. Elevation above mean high tide, 4 feet. 559. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman, reports that this well began to flow at night. The screen was put in and the well was left at the depth to which it had been sunk. Record of C . W. Wetmore's well on Center Island, New Yort, Pleistocene : 1. Sand and gravel Cretaceous: 2. Clay, no bowlders. . . 3. Very white sand (Lloyd sand). . Elevation above mean high tide, 3 feet. For partial analysis, see page 68. 560. The material encountered in this well is very similar to that found in No. 558. Below 150 feet considerable lignite was found. 502. Mr. A. Neilson, superintendent of the Pierce estate, reports the following: "The writer was not managing the property when the well was put down, and so can not give record of strata. There was originally an old open well 30 feet deep, which was a good one, but to get more water a 6-inch pipe was put down 10 feet below the bottom of the open well. This well is about 600 feet back from the shore of the sound, and the top is about 30 feet above high water. The tides do not change the water in anv way. About 150 feet from the one described there is another well about 80 feet deep, all 6-inch pipe, which I believe is a better well, though it has never been tested to its full capacity." Mr. Frank Wankel, now foreman of the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, reports that a number of years ago he sunk a 6-inch well for Colonel Kruger, and it may be that this is the well referred to in the above letter. Mr. Wankel gives the following data regarding it: Record of Colonel Krvger's well near Bayville. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Beach sand ' 0-160 2. Coarse gravel 160-170 At this depth a fine material was encountered and the driving was discontinued. No clay was encountered. The well is 200 feet from the water's edge, and 50 or 60 feet above sea level, and tests 15 gallons a minute at full capacity. 564. Mr. Danis stated that early in July, 1903, the pipe, which originally extended 9 feet above the surface, was cut off even with the ground, and the flow increased very rapidly from 75 to 120 gallons per minute, weir measurement. Sand then followed and the water finally became very red. After a time it cleared and continued to flow at the increased rate. Record of I. Cox's well near Mill Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1. White sand with fresh water 0- 12 2. White sand with very salty water 12-100 Sankaty?: 3. "Black muck" 100-150 Cretaceous: 4. Thin layers of clay and quicksand 150-200 5. Red clay, with occasional layers of gray clay containing lignitized wood 200-300 6. Sand, becoming coarser and filled with water (Lloyd sand) 300-330 Feet. 0- 60 60-300 300-318 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OX WELLS. •_> s 7 566. Record of commission's test veil nl Masxa jxqua pun, piny station. Feet. 1-2. Peat with sand and gravel q_ •> 3-4. Dark-brown vegetable stained sand and gravel 2- 5 5-9. Yellow-brown sand and gravel (probably glacial out wash ) .5-24 567. According to Mr. Ward this plant consists of fifty-three 4J-inch wells, 37 to KMi feel deep. All the deeper wells furnish artesian water. Samples of the shallower wells, preserved in the municipal building. Brooklyn, show the following generalized section: Generalized section of Brooklyn waterworks wells at Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1. Light yellowish gray sand and gravel: nothing readily recognizable as of glacial origin. 0-25 2. Fine reddish brown to yellowish gray sand 25-40 3. Fine gray sand 40- The elevation of deep test well No. 1 , which is a flowing well, is 10.1 feet Brooklyn base. 568. Mr. Solomon Ketchem, secretary, reports that the supply of the Amityville Water Company is derived front 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep, sunk in 1893; the water level is 12 feet below the surface and is lowered 4 feet by pumping. The yield in 1900 was as follows: Yield of Amityville Water Company's wells in 1900. Gallons. Maximum daily 1.56,000 Minimum daily .53, (XJ0 Average daily , 104,000 569. The whole section given below is glacial outwash. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1- 2. Yellow sandy loam 0-2. 4 3- 9. Fine reddish-yellow sand to small gravel 4. 5-31 See Table XII. 570. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand and gravel 0.0- 0.4 2- 3. Reddish-yellow loamy sand and gravel 1.0- 3. 5 4- 6. Light yellowish-white outwash sand and gravel 6. 0-17. 75 571. Record of commission's well near Massapequa /lumping station. Feet. 1-3. Surface loam 0- 2 3- 9. Light-colored sand and quartz gravel only a very small percentage of erratic material. 5-31 572. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0-1.2 3—9. Light grayish sand and small gravel, with a smaller percentage of erratics than in the wells farther west 5-35.5 573. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0- 1.5 3-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand (glacial outwash ) 4—25 574. Record of commission's well near Massaj>equa pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0 - 2. 3 3. Yellow loamy sand and gravel. 2. 7- 3. 3 4-9. Coarse outwash sand and gravel 5 -32 288 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Tisbuiy: Feet. 10. Fine yellowish gray sand , 36 -36. 5 11. Very fine yellowish gray sand 37. .5-38 12. Medium sand '. 40 -41 13. Fine to coarse sand 45 -46 14—1.5. Coarse sand to fine gravel, with small layer of silt _ _ .50. 5-53 16-18. Fine silty sand 55 -61.5 19. Fine to medium sand 63 -64 20. Coarse sand 65. 5-66. 5 21. Fine silty sand 70 -72. 5 Cretaceous: 22. Very fine, greenish yellow, micaceous sand... 74. 5-75. 5 23-24. Medium, white, coarse sand. 80 -85 This series of samples shows apparently four stages of deposition above a depth of 70 feet. See Table XII. 575. Record of comrnission's veil near Massajiequa pumping station. Wisconsin and Tisburv ! : Feet. 1. Surface loam 0 - 1 2-3. Yellow sand and small gravel 1.5- 4 4-5. Yellowish white sand and small gravel 6-11 6. Small gravel, with considerable percentage of erratics 15 -16 •7. Fine to coarse sand 29 -21 Cretaceous?: 8-12. Fine white sand with tendency toward a yellow color in the upper samples, possibly due to an old land surface 24 —11. 5 See Table XII. 576. Record of Dry fuss d' Xibbe's trill mar Central Park. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Surface gravel _ 0 -15 Cretaceous : 2. Black clay 15 -35 3. Iron rock 35 -35. 5 4. Fine dark sand, becoming coarser and containing water 35. 5-55 Mr. J. Elliott reports having dug a well at this place in which he struck clay very near the surface and passed through 3 feet of iron rock. Analysis of water from Dry fuss dc Nibbe's irell near Central Park. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million Hardness • 185 Chlorine 55. 6 Alkalinity 26. 2 Temperature 56-F. The high hardness and chlorine indicates that this well has become contaminated with the brines from the pickle factory. 577. Mr. Elliott reports that in some of these wells thin layers of clay were found at 4 feet and 20 feet. He adds that similar layers of clay are often found in wells at a distance of half a mile from the foot of the hills, at which point the silty or clayey layers disappear. 578. The high chlorine in the analysis below is doubtless due to brine from the pickle factory. DESCRIPTIVE NOTK- OM WELLS. Analysis of water from well of J. Keller <(■ Son* mar Farmiriydale |lty Prof C. S Slichtor ] Parts per million. Hardness 30. (; Chlorine _ 32. (j Alkalinity j 21.5 Temperature 03- F. 58©. Record of commission's test well near Farmingdah Feet 1. Surface loam o_ i 2-6. Light sands, passing into small gravel, with a very small percentage of erratics 1-21 582. Mr. J. II. Gutheil gives the following data: " Diameter, 3 feet from 0 to SI ; 1 1 inches from 81 to 111 feet. The surface of the ground is black soil mixed with coarse gravel; yellow clay is underneath; then pure sand in depths of 10 to 15 feet, separated by iron ore and hardpan. About the middle of the dis- tance in depth I found a coarse yellow sand, very sticky, as if mixed with mud." 583. Record of Harms estate well near Plainview. Pleistocene: Kni 1. Gravel 0-50 Cretaceous : 2. Alternate layers of light gray and black clay 50-70 3. Dark, rather coarse sand, with water 70-75 584. Mr. Elliott furnished four samples representing material between 58 and 70 feet; all are line yellow Cretaceous (?)sand. Analysis of water from John Titus's well near Plainview. (By Prof. C S. Slichter ] Parts per million. Hardness 20 Chlorine *>'h7f- 2.76 Alkalinity 9 Temperature 59° F. 585. Record of Oscar Jackson's well in West Hills. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Dark surface soil mixed with large field stones 0- 2 Cretaceous : 2. Clay ' 2- 6 3. Fine white sand 6- 10 4. Coarse gravel mixed with clay, parted by veins of iron ore and hardpan 16- 56 5. Sand with veins of black and blue clay 2 to 3 feet thick 56-119 6. Driven; material not known 119-141.5 586. Mr. Dubois has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of H. L. Stimpson's well in the West Hills. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-3. Clayey sand and gravel with many compound pebbles 8-20 Mannetto : 4. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with a very few fragments of compound rocks, the latter probably derived from the overlying beds 28 5. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with considerable sand and yellow clay, and many fragments of decayed white chert 40 6. White quartz sand, with much fine-grained red ironstone and decayed chert ... 52 V 290 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous ?: Feet. 7-17. White to light-yellow quartz sand and gravel containing fragments of decayed white chert 60-120 18. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand 125 19. Fine to coarse white sand 130 20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 135 21-22. Medium, yellow, silty sand, with many small, brown, ferruginous nodules and a few pellets of clay 140-145 23-24. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with many fragments of dark-brown fer- ruginous sandstone 150-155 587. Record of Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Surface loam; no gravel 0-15 2. Sand with considerable gravel 15- 35 3. Gravel 35-98 Cretaceous: 4. Black clay 98-138 5. Hard iron rock 138-138.5 6. White sand 138.5-144 Analysis of water from Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter ] Parts per million. Hardness 52.5 Chlorine • 16. 6 Alkalinity , 12.5 Temperature 60° F. 588. Mr. William Jaegle, who drilled this well, reports that between 120 and 150 feet he encountered a dry gravel from which the air rushed with considerable force, and that it blows intermittently between the 4-inch and 6-inch casing. The 6-inch casing extends to a depth of 120 feet and the 4-inch to a depth of 185 feet. 589. Mr. William Jaegle reports that a blowing well formerly existed at this place, but that it was destroyed in an attempt to find the hidden treasure which this blowing was thought to indicate. 590. It is stated that this well blows before a storm, and that it makes enough noise to be heard in the house. 59 1. These samples were taken from the dump by one of the men who had been with the well from the start. The surface about the well is distinctly morainal in character, but the samples indicate that the Pleis- tocene material is of no very great thickness. The sands are apparently the same as the sands shown in the Melville section. Record of Cold Spring Creamery well near Cold Spring station,. Cretaceous: Feet. 1. Dark clayey sands 0-20 2. Medium yellow sand 20-60 3. Medium reddish yellow sand, containing water 60-96 592. Record of H. A. Monfort's well near Cold Spring station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Loam and gravel 0- 4 Wisconsin and Cretaceous: 2. White sand (dry) 4- 90 Cretaceous: 3. Dark clay 90-130 4. Orange elavev sand 130-173 5. Blue clay...." 173-181 6. White sand 181-195 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 1 593. Analysis of water from Mountain M ist Springs, West Hills. [By G. J. Volckanlng, E. M.. Fcl>. 21, 1898.] I'arls per million. Sodium chloride 13 95 Lime...........: 6 m Magnesia 2 1.5 Iron and alumina '. )] Sulph .ric anhydride '. 2. 53 Carbonic anhydride 5. 15 SMc*:--- : 8.17 Alkalies (approximate) 1 (X) Total , 40. 16 594. The section in this well is reported as very similar to that of well No. 595. 595. Record of Columbia farm well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 1. Sands and gravel. Cretaceous : pcet 2. Water-bearing sand, yielding milky water at 186 3. Alternate layers of fine white or lead-colored clay and sands, the sands containing water 186-195 59tt. At 160 feet the well is reported to have furnished quite a little gas, which has very much the odol of marsh gas. Record of W. R. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-190 Cretaceous: 2. Black clay, becoming whiter below 190 2(X) 3. White sand with water 200-228 598. Record of Mrs. W. Wood's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Peet. 1. Sand and gravel with an abundant supply of clear water, which turned dark on boiling ', 0- 40 Cretaceous : 2. Alternate layers of white or lead-colored sands and clays 40-163 599. Record of well of Van Wyke heirs near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 35 2. Sand and gravel, with a little water 35- 40 Cretaceous : 3. Sand and clay 40-150 4. Water-bearing sand 150- 601. Record of IF. E. Jones's ivell near Cold Spring Harbor. Pleistocene: ' Feet. 1. Sand ?> pt. 0-160 2. Clayey sand 160-179 3. Gravel with glacial pebbles 179-195 602. This is stated to be the well which in Darton's report is given as ''Cold Spring Harbor, 125 feet deep: flow 18 gallons per minute." 292 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 603. Record of G. E..Brightson's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Feet. 1. Gravelly clay, quite hard — : 0- 30 2. Fine gravel and coarse sand 30-105 3. Blue clay! 105-135 4. Bluish sand 135-170 5. Very coarse sand, water bearing 170-177 604. Record qfL.C. Tifani/s weU nun Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Gravel 0-125 Cretaceous ? : 2. Clay, with some grit 125-135 3. Fine sand 135-225 4. Blue clay 225-235 5. Coarse sand, with abundant supply of water 235-243 607. Record of Wm. White's well near Cold Spruit/ Harbor. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 40 Cretaceous ? : 2. Black clay 40-41 3. Sand and gravel 41- 95 4. Brown clay, passing below into white clay 95-118 5. Red sand 118-120 6. Fine white sand , 120-179 The well began to flow at 120 feet, but choked with sand, and a free flow was not obtained until a depth of 179 feet was reached. This well flowed 12 feet above high tide. <»©§. Record of J. T. Jones's well mar Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Top soil and gravel, with highly mineral water 0-12 Tisbury?: 2. Black muck 12-20 3. Coarse sand and gravel 20-60 Cretaceous : 4. White clay 60-65 5. Red sand 65-66 6. Coarse w-hite sand, with artesian water 66-70 609. Record of L. C. Tiffany's weU near CM Spring Harbor. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Marly mud 0- 5 2. Beach gravel, with large stones 5-50 Cretaceous ! : 3. Clay, black on top, becoming white b;low .^0-58 4. Fine sand, becoming coarser below 58-76.8 When the artesian sand was first struck, it is estimated that the well flowed 120 gallons per minute, but the water contained a large amount of line, whit:1, micaceous sand. To cut off this, the well was driven deeper and the flow reduced to 75 gallons per minute (measured). This is the maximum yield, the flow being less at low tide. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WKI.IS. 298 610. Record of H. De Forest's well near CoUi Sprint) Harbor. Tisbury: Feet 1. Upper gravel and sand : ()_ 80 Cretaceous: 2. White clay 80 80. 5 3. Orange sand 80. g_ 95 4. Sand, brigliter yellow than Xo. 3 95 -138 5. White clay " 133 -143 6. Fine sand becoming coarser 148 -165 612. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved from this well: Record of R. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor, Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Glacial sand and clay 5 2. Large quartz and granite pebbles [5 Cretaceous: 3. Medium light-yellow sand 17- 25 4. Pink sand, medium 28. 8 5. Medium, white, quartz sand with much mica 32 6. Fine pink sand 60 7. Medium, coarse, white, quartz sand 70 8. Coarse quartz with large pieces of FeS 120 9. White laminated clay 100-167 10. Fine gravel: water bearing 177-183.8 613. Record of Eagle dock well near Cold Spring Harbor. Recent : Feet. 1. Filled ground 0- 10 2. Muck ' 10- 14 Tisbury : 3. Beach gravel with salty water 14-100 Sankatv: 4. Clay , ; 100-158 Jameco: 5. Fine sand, passing into coarse gravel containing artesian water. .. _ 158-176 The samples of the water-bearing gravel preserved by Capt. W. R. Bingham show a very large per- centage of erratic material. 614. Mr. Webster reports that the measured flow of this well at 12.10 p. m., December 31, 1902, was 39 gallons per minute. Mr. J. G. Hannah, the former owner of the well, reports that on November 5, 1902. the flow at low tide was 16 gallons per minute and at high tide 50 gallons per minute. Mr. Webster has kindly furnished the following analysis, and notes by Prof. Herbert E. Smith, State chemist of Connecticut: Analysis of toater from James Bowen's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Residue on evaporation: Parts per million. Total 39. 0 Volatile 13.5 Chlorine, combined 4. 00 Nitrogen of free ammonia .032 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia. . . . 012 Nitrogen of nitrites .001 Nitrogen of nitrates 55 Oxygen consumed from permanganate in one-half hour at 100° C .2 Hardness as carbonate of calcium 10. 00 Color 0.0 294 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Professor Smith says: "The sample was clear, free from sediment, colorless, and odorless. These results show that the water contains a very small amount of mineral matter, that it is soft, and that it is of high organic purity. The figure for chlorine is subnormal for the locality of the well, and the nitrogen of nitrates is not much, if any, above the normal. These results indicate, in my opinion, that the water is free from sewage or drainage contamination and excellent for drinking and other domestic uses. * * * * * * * "The figures for organic matter are very satisfactory indeed. The figure for chlorine (4) is the chlorine that is normal to a narrow strip in the central portion of Long Island. According to the chlorine map. this area is about 35 miles long, with an average width of not over 2 miles, and runs through Suffolk County, back of Cold Spring Harbor. As the normal on the coast is 6 or above, the result in this sample would indicate that the water comes from the interior portion of the island. " I of course do not wish to make too strict an interpretation of a single analysis, but where the differ- ence between the local chlorine and that found is so distinct as in this case, I think it pretty safe to conclude that the water sent me comes from the interior." In this connection see the analysis from the deep wells given on page 68 and analyses of wells Xos. 526. 543, 545, 546, 547 , 549, 554, 556, and 559. 615. Record of L. V. Bell's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Feet. ' 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with one or two layers of cobbles; no clay 0-65 616. This well is in the basement and begins in pink Cretaceous sand. 617. Mr. Matthew King, foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan, reports that this well is 325 feet deep, but Mr. J. Conlan states that it was finished at 140 feet. 620. Record oj T. S. Williams's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Gravel _ 0-30 Cretaceous: 2. Red and white sand , 30 -80 3. White clay 80 - 86 4. Fine white sand; fresh water 86 -136 5. White clay and sand 136 -146 6. Yellow sand and gravel (looks like brown sugar) 146 -160 7. Red and white clay 160 -162 8. Fine white sand 162 -178 9. Coarse quartz gravel; no sand; gravel about 1 inch diameter 178 -200 10. Fine white sand becoming pinkish 200 -230 11. Small gravel 230 -230.5 12. White sand 230. 5-256 13. Yellow clay 256 -257 14. Reddish sand 257 -262 15. Gray clay 262 -394 16. Coarse yellow gravel 394 -398 This well flows 10 gallons per minute at a height of 8.5 feet above mean high tide. 621. Mr. Danis reports the following section for this well: Record of Walter Jennings's veil near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Stony soil 0-10 Cretaceous: 2. Clay 10-12 3. Sand 12-40 4. Clay \ 40-42 5. Red sand 42-65 6. White sand 65-92 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 2\)f> 622. This well was first driven 42 feet and water obtained which was used for a time, hut proved unsatisfactory. It was then deepened and two more water- bearing sands encountered. The present supply from the lower layer is reported to be very good. 623. Record of R. De Forest's well, West Neck. Cretaceous: ,.<(M.t 1. Brownish-red sandy clay 0-117 2. White sand 117-137 3 Clay 137-157 4. Coarse white sand; water bearing 1.57-108 624. Record of Alex. Denton's well near Huntington. Wisconsin: 1. Ilardpan Tisbury?: 2. Fine white sand. . . Cretaceous: 3. Light-colored clay . 4. Water-bearing sand 625. Record of H. J. Dubois's well near Huntington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. L Gravel and sand 0- 80 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. Very fine brown clayey sand 80-2.55 Cretaceous: 3. Fine to coarse light-yellow sand 255-2(14 626. On May 11, 1903, gage readings were begun on this well. Observations for six hours showed no fluctuations in the level of the water, which rose about 10 inches above the top of the pipe out of which it was flowing before being piped up. Mr. Sammis says that when first driven the water did not reach the top of the pipe but stood several inches below it . After one or two weeks' pumping the well began to flow. 627. This well was all in sandy gravel, with the exception of a thin layer of clay just above the white water-bearing gravel. 62*. This well was abandoned in the summer of 1903, but Mr. Dubois states that they intend to sink it deeper. It will be seen from PI. XVI that the Lloyd gravel should be encountered at this place at about .500 feet below sea level, or about 125 feet below the present bottom of the well. The chances of getting a good supply of water by deepening the well 150 feet are, therefore, regarded as extremely good. Record of B. Ward's well, West Neck. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Loam * 0- 10 Tisbury: 2. Sand and gravel 10- 88 Sankat v ' : 3. Blue clay 88-116 .Tameco?: 4. Dark-brown gravel mixed w;th clay 116-149 Transition: 5. Dark-brown sand 148-164 Cretaceous : 6. Blue hardpan 164-173 7. Blue clay 173-193 8. Pink clay 193-273 9. Brown sand, very fine 278-280 Feet. 0- 80 80-165 165-175 17.5-181 296 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 10. Pink clay 280-335 11. Pebbles ' 335-336 12. Dark-brown sandy clay 336-347 13. Sandstone 347-350 14. Pink clay 350-386 15. Brown sand '. 386-416 16. Fine sand, like quicksand . . . 416-417 17. Brown clay 417-429 18. Water sand 429-430 19. Light-blue clay 430-432 20. Very black clay 432-435 21. Light-blue clay, turning to reddish color near bottom of stratum 435-439 22. Brick-red clay 439-444 23. Slate-colored clay 444-447 24. White clay, like kaolin 447-449 25. Very dark-blue clay 449-453 26. Blue clay with charcoal 453-455 27. Light-blue clay 455-461 28. Light-green clay - - - - - - - - 461-465 29. Red clay 465-471 30. Dark-gray clay 471-476 31. Light-blue clay 476-479 32. Dark-brown sand 479-480 33. Green clay 480-482 34. Red clay mixed with blue 482-485 35. Very fine brown sand mixed with clay 485-487 36. Very white clay 487-488 37. Black clay ] 488-491 38. Dark-brown clay 491-495 39. Drab-colored clay : 495-497 40. Hardpan, or sand rock: looks like an oolitic limestone 497-498 629. Record of Mrs. M. H. Clots's well, West Neck. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface loam '. 0-10 2. Hardpan with gravel 10-25 Tisbury and Sankaty: 3. Fine brown sand: a little clay 25-85 Sankaty: 4. Blue clay 85-93 Jameco ? : * 5. Brown gravelly sand: water bearing 93-97 63©. The 4-inch pipe is cut off 17 feet from surface, and the well flows 10 gallons per minute into an underground cistern. Water would rise to within 4 feet of the surface. A 5-inch well was sunk about 10 feet from the 4-inch well, to a depth of 147 feet, and flows into the underground cistern 18 gallons per minute. Record of A. Heckschers well near Holesile. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface 0- 10 Cretaceous: 2. Pink clay '- 10-140 3. Coarse white gravel 140-142 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 297 631. Record of Mr*. A. W. }fnrsh's well, West Xeck: Feet. 1. Dug well 0_ 80 Cretaceous: 2- Marl 80- 90 3. Blue clay £0-110 4. Fine sand, white 110-111 5. White clay 111-115 6. Water-bearing sand 115-131 632. Record of R. B. Conklin's well. West Neck. Wisconsin: feet. 1. Surface earth 0 -10 2. Bowlders 10 -12. 5 3. Gravel and clay mixed with surface material 12.5-24 Tisbury : 4. Fine dark-gray sand 24 -29 5. Dark-gray gravel 29 -30 Cretaceous?: 6. White sand 30 -46 7. White quartz gravel: water bearing 46 -51 8. Yellow sand 51 -56 633. This well was visited in company with Dr. O. L. Jones on April 24, 1903. and the following sam- ples and records obtained. At this time the pipe had been cut off about a foot below the mean level of the ground (5 to 6 feet above high tide), and the well was flowing about 5 gallons per minute. The foreman stated that at low tide the water ceased to flow, but when the tide had risen 1 foot t he well commenced to flow and the flow increased until high tide. Record of Dr. O. L. Jones's well, Lloyd Xeck. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 95 Sankaty I : 2. Dark-gray laminated clay, with pieces of partly lignitized wood 95-105 Jameco I : 3. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial?) 105-122 Cretaceous: 4. Dark-gray laminated clay 122-222 Lloyd sand: 5-6. Very light-yellow sand, with fragments of white, very much decayed chert . . . 222-243 7. White quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of ferruginous sandstone and white chert . 243-246 8. Coarse, light-yellow sand, with a few fossil fragments 247. 5 9. Small yellow quartz gravel, with a few white chert pebbles 248.5 The fossils from No. 8 were submitted to Dr. T. W. Stanton and he regarded them as L'pper Cretaceous. They show: (1) Crinoid stem: (2) fragment of shell; (3) Clausa americana. a bryozoan very common in the Rancocas formation in New Jersey. (Identified by Ray S. Bassler.) 635. Record of commission's lest well 1 mile northeast of Amityrille. Feet. 1- 2. Surface loam 0- 1 3. Gravel and yellow loam 1- 2 4- 8. White quartz, sand, and gravel: very few if any erratics .5-25 See Table XII. 636. Record of commission's test well I mile north of Lindenhnrst. J Feet 1. Very dark sandy clay 0 -0.5 2- 4. Sand and gravel, with a small percentage of erratics 0. .5-10 5- 6. Medium gray sand (possibly glacial) 16 -21 17116— No. 44—06 20 298 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 637. Record of commission's test well 2 miles northwest of Lindenhurst. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam and sand 0- 1 3-9. Sand and small gravel: very small percentage of erratics 1-29.5 See Table XII. 63§. Record of commission's test well near Haywood. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-9. Light grayish-white sand and quartz gravel: very small percentage of erratics.. 5-30 639. Record of commission's test weU 1.5 miles south of Pinelawn. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Dark -colored loamy sand 0 - 0. 5 2-5. Dirty yellow sand and small gravel 5-16 6-7. White sand and gravel: some erratics 20 -26 8. Fine yellow sand 30 -35 9-14. Medium grayish-yellow sand: some erratics 40 -60 Cretaceous: 15-19. Coarse, sharp yellowish-white sand 60 -85 20-21. Very dark, fine lignitic sand. . 87 -92 See Table XII. 640. Record of commission's test well 2 miles north of Lindenhurst. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 2 3-5. Medium yellow sand 2-12 6. Very light-colored sand and gravel: small percentage of glacial material 14-30.5 641. Record of commission's test well 2 miles south of Wyandanch. Feet. 1-2. Surface gravelly loam 0- 1 3-8. Very light-colored sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. 5-31 642. Record of commission's test well near Pinelawn. Feet. 1. Dark-colored surface loam 0-0.5 2. White sand and gravel with some erratics 5-42 643. The following analysis was made February .5, 1894, by C. F. ("handler, Ph. D. and Charles Pellew, E. M.: Analysis of water from Colonial spriny near Wyandanch. Parts per million. Potassic sulphate 3. 30 Potassium chloride. 7. 42 Sodium chloride 13. 72 Calcic carbonate : s 5. 09 Magnesic carbonate 3. 03 Oxide of iron and aluminum 26 Silica -. 7.55 Organic and volatile matter 1. 50 Total residues on evaporation at 230° F 41. 87 "The 'Colonial' is a pure alkaline water, showing unusual freedom from organic matter." The analysis of the Mo-Mo-Xe spring was made by the same chemists, who pronounced it the pui water they had ever examined. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 299 Analysis of the Mo-Mo-Ne spring near Wyandanch. Parts per million Potassic sulphate 2.(X) Potassium chloride '. 1 . OS Sodium chloride : 8. 20 Sodic carbonate 1.12 Calcic carbonate 1. 66 Magnesic carbonate 2. 30 Oxide of iron and aluminum 28 Silica . ; .• 8.01 Organic- and volatile matter 3. 3.5 Total residues on evaporation at 230° F - 27. 90 644. Mr. George Carll reports regarding this region: "My well was first dug 130 feet and gave a fair supply of good water. When the well was finished the bottom was a kind of a quicksand and day, that at times would make the water of a whitish color. I afterwards sunk two terra-cotta tubes, making it 130 feci deep, and the water was from 12 to 15 feet in depth. About 500 or 0(X) yards to the north arc never-failing springs. The wells north and south range from 20 to .50 feet in depth. 1 struck the same bed of clay at 47 feet, but there was nearly 3 feet difference in striking it in just the width of the well, and consequently I could get but little water." 645. Mr. Elliott states that the thin clay layer which occurs very near the surface in this well extends for about 1 mile south of his house, and north as far as Huntington. Record of J. Elliott's well near Melville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Peel 1. Loam, sand, and gravel 0- 4 2. Clay ! 5 3. Sand and gravel .5-56 64$. All deep wells in this neighborhood lost more or less water in 1900-1901. Record of A. C . Soper cfr Company's well near Fairground. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Feet. 1. Dug well (sand) 0-120 Cretaceous: 2. Sand 120-130 3. Clay 130-200 4. Very fine sand, mixed with a little clay: plenty of water but could not pump on account of stopping up 200-260 5. Coarse sand: very good water: pumps without trouble 200-267 649. Record of P. Gallienne's mil near H tintingtoii . Feet. 1. Glacial sand and gravel 0- 6.5 2. Dark-gray sand and clay 6.5- 70 3. Dark dirty-gray sand and gravel (probably glacial ) 70- 90 Cretaceous: 4. Very fine, dark-colored, siltv, micaceous sand 95-120 5. Clay 120-200 65©. Mr. Darling states that this is a gravity system depending on a ground reservoir situated 170 feet above mean high tide. The material penetrated in the group of driven wells is as follows: 300 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of wells of Huntington waterworks, Huntington. Wisconsin : Feet. L Silt, mixed with clay 0- 5 2. Loam, passing into hardpan 5-25 Tisbury : 3. Water-bearing gravel 25-60 f^ach well will yield 150 gallons per minute without lowering the water below the suction limit. tto;4. Record of well of Huntington Light and Power Company nun Halesite. Recent : Feel. 1 . Filled ground 0- 0 2. Swamp deposit G-10 Tisbury : 3. Dark sand and gravel 10-70 Sankaty '. : 4. Blue clay 70-71 Jameco i : 5. Light yellowish gravel. . . . . 71-75 )>">:>. Record of R. F. Carmen's weB, near Centerport. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand and grave! 0-154 Cretaceous: 2. Blue clay 154-229 3. White gravel < 229-258 (►.VI. Record of R. S. McCran/s irell near Centerport. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Coarse sand and some water 0-161 2. Sand 161-175 Jameco?: 3. Multicolored stones as large as a man's fist 17,"-185 <>."».">. Record oj C. A. HaUoeJc's weU "<<" Centerport. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface gravel 0- 4 Cretaceous: 2. Pink clay: solid, sticky 4-38 3. Dark-colored gravel : waterbearing 38-42 •:i.">7. Record oj •/. ■/. Robinson's well near Centerport. Feet. 1 . Dug well 0-26 2. Bluish sandy clay £6-110 3. Yellow gravel 110-117 65fc. This plant was originally supplied from springs which yielded about 2(X) gallons per minute. .The water from these was collected in a basin at the pumping station and then lifted to a ground reservoir having a capacitv of about 250,000 gallons. Early in 1S03 two very successful artesian wells were completed, and the spring supply has now been abandoned. The wells, which are 8 inches in diameter and 47 feet deep, are situated about 32 feet above mean high tide, and it has been found that 250 gallons per minute must be pumped from them to cause them to cease flowing. The ground reservoir is still used to supply the lower parts of the town, and an Acme system, having storage capacity of 25,000 gallons, has lx>en installed foi high-level service. The following samples from one of the wells have l>een furnished by Mr. Henry Cabre, driller: DESCBIPTIVE NOTES on WELL8. 801 Record of well of Xorthpoii waterworks, Xorth/mrt. Wisconsin: ... . t 1. Clayey gravel 0- \ 2. Silty sand, line, dark reddish brown 1- 3 3. Very line, reddish brown, clayey sand 3- 5 4. Reddish brown silt to small gravel: contains a considerable percentage of erratics. 5-10 Tisbury : 5-6. Medium, dirty, yellow sand 10-20 7. Fine white sand to coarse gravel (doubtfully glacial 1 JO 2") 8. Fine, dirty, yellow sand 2.5-30 9. Medium sand 30-35 10-13. Medium sand to small gravel 35-48 14. Medium, dirty, yellow sand 48-51 This whole section, while not pronouncedly glacial, is probably to be regarded as composed of reworked material of Glacial age. 659. Record of A. <). GUdersleeve's well near Larkfield. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Peet. 1. Coarse sand, mixed with gravel and small stones 0- 50 2. Coarser sand .50-186 660. Record of Fred Nevins's well near Xorthport. Wisconsin: ]Y,.t. 1. Loamy clay. Tisbury: 2. Sand, becoming coarser with increasing depth. 3. Water-bearing sand at 165 4. Sharp white sand, water bearing, at 196 662. The following analysis was made by George A. Ferguson and Raymond -I. Xestell. November 30, 1901. Analysis of water from F. J. Smith's well near Xorthjmrt. Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides. 19. 252 Equivalent in sodium chloride 31. 774 Phosphates '. : Xone. Nitrogen in nitrates 4. 490 Nitrites : ' None . Free ammonia . 040 Albuminoid ammonia . 040 Hardness equivalent in calcium carbonate: Temporary 56. (XX) Permanent 18.000 Organic and volatile matter 35. (XX) Mineral matter after ignition 125. (XX) Total solids at 230° F 160. (XX) 663. This flowing well consists of a short pipe driven into an old spring site. The water rises .5 feet in the pipe, it is a good example of a type of well common on the north shore which is on the border line between a spring and an artesian well. (See lig 33. ) 664. Record of D. B. Moss's well near Little Xeck. Feet. 1. Fine sand to water level 0-48 2. Gray clay 48- 3. Very fine brown sand, some water. -67 4. Coarse white gravel 67-75 302 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. <»66. Record of weU of P. Van Iderstine's Sons, Little Neck. Tisbury: Feet 1 . Light -colored coarse sand and gravel 0-130 2. Water-bearing gravel _ _ 130-143 669. This is the Port Eaton well reported by Darton." who gives the following record, furnished to him by Mr. Ximmo: Record of Dr. O. L. Jones's irell on Eaton Neck. Feet. 1. Quartz gravel and sand 10 2. Quartz gravel and sand. ■_ 20 3. Fine sand mixed with clay 30 4. Gravel .'.!„., 40 5. Sand and fine gravel 50 6. Sand and fine gravel 60 7. Coarse gravel : 70 8. Coarse gravel 80 9. Fine gravel 90 10. Fine gravel 100 11. Gravel and sand 110 12. Fine gravel : 120 13. Coarse gravel .' 130 14. Fine yellow sand. 140 15. Fine yellow sand mixed with mica 150 16. Lighter-colored sand with mica 160 17. Coarser sand; no mica 170 18. Coarser sand: no mica 180 19. Fine red sand 190 20. Coarse straw-colored sand 200 21. Very coarse sand. 205 22. Fine light-colored sand 210 23. Clear gravel 215 24. Light coarse sand 220 25. Light coarse sand 225 26. Coarse gravel 230 27. Coarse gravel 240 28. Yellow sandy clay 250 29. Sharp coarse sand 255 30. Sand and gravel. 260 31. Clear, fine, light-yellow sand " 265 While salt water was reported in this well to a depth of 205 feet, at 263 feet an excellent supply of fresh water is said to have been obtained which flowed slightly above the surface. Attempts to develop this brought in salt water, and Mr. C. H. Danis, who afterwards worked on the well, reported that he could get no fresh water. The well was deepened to 340 feet through sand and gravel containing salt water. ttTO. Mr. Bevin has kindly furnished the Survey with the following samples from this well: Record of L. A. Bevin's weU on Eaton Seek. Pleistocene: Feet. 1-2. White sand and gravel, with a percentage of erratics 15- 30 Cretaceous : 3. Medium-coarse white sard , 40 4-6. Sand and small pebbles with a rather pinkish cast 50- 75 "Darton. N. H.. Artesian-well prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region: Bull U. S. Geol. Survey No. 13S> 18fK>, p. 35. DB80BIFTIVK NOTES ON WKLLS. 803 Cretaceous — Continued. lei. 7. Coarse pinkish white sand mi 8-9. Medium, white, micaceous sand 90-100 10. Very fine, gray, micaceous sand 110 11. Medium to coarse white sand 120 12. Small angular quartz pebbles, evidently broken from larger ones 130 13. Medium to coarse white sand 130 14. Medium white sand 150 15. White clay ("kaolin") , 159-160 16. Small white quartz pebbles 165 17-20. Fine, gray, micaceous sand 280-300 21-25. Medium-coarse white sand 215-240 26-31. Fine, white, micaceous sand 2.50-300 32-34. Medium yellowish white sand 310-330 35-39. Fine sand and small quartz pebbles 335-350 Nearly all the samples contain fragments of milk-white chert, generally quite soft; when first seen they may be mistaken for white, calcareous concretions. Mr. Danis reports that fresh water was encountered at a depth of 12 feet, and that below that nothing but salty water was found. The well is about 5 feet above high tide, and flows a little salty water at high tide. 671. The following record has been furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson to the New Jersey Geological Survey: " Record of Dr. E. H. Muncie's well on Muncie Island, Xew York. Recent : Feet. 1. Muck and sand with shells 0- 10 Wisconsin? and Tisbury: 2. Heavy, yellow, micaceous sand and gravel, with water salt as the ocean, standing nearly at the surface of the meadow; this stratum is very similar to that obtained from most of the shallow wells on Long Island 10- 45 Sankaty? and Jameco? 3. Clav: fine sand like beach sand: sand and clay mixed: color, blue and gray 45-150 Jameco ! and Cretaceous: 4. Clay, sand, etc., much like the last, only darker, with water which Howed 14 gallons a minute over the top of the casing, which was 2 feet above the ground. This water was fresh, but was colored black: about three wheelbarrow loads of wood (lignite ) was pumped out : the pipe seemed to be in wood 1 50-200 Cretaceous : 5. Lighter colored sand and clay mixed: amount of lignite gradually decreased. Sand a little heavier at the base where good water was obtained. Water flowed 8 gallons a minute from 2-inch pipe 2 feet above the surface 200-270 Doctor Muncie reports: "The present well flows 15 gallons per minute: the first water obtained flowed for about 6 months and then stopped. At first the flow was about 30 gallons per minute, but the water ontinued dirty." 673. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis made January, 1901: Analysis of water from railroad well near Babylon. Parts per million. lotal solids 81.39 674. Mr. E. Camerdon, chief engineer, reports that two of the wells at this place were put down in 1893, and two in 1898: each well will yield 300 gallons per minute. The section is as follows: Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey Mew Jersey for 1899. 1890, p. 79 304 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. Record of Sumpicams Water Company's well near Babylon. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet 1. Surface loam 0- 3 2. Fine white sand 3-54 3. Coars? sharp sand : 54-60 4. Very clean white gravel 60-70 The water contains no iron, hut shows slight trac?s of alum and salt. A detailed description of this plant will be found in the Engineering Record, volume 43, 1901. pages 28-30. 675. When the original site of the Great South Bay Water Company plant. No. 691. was abandoned, the station was moved to this place. The present plant consists of twenty 5-inch w lis. 40 to 45 feet deep, with a capacity of 2.2.50.000 gallons per day. »>*<>. Record of ('. S. Burr's well near Kings Park. Feet. 1. Dug well .. 0-118 Cretaceous: 2. Pink sand 118-138 3. White sand 138-142 681. Record of Captain ( larke's mil near Elwood. Feet. 1. Dug well „. 0- 90 Cretaceous: 2. Dark, quite fine sand, sticky, no water 90-170 683. Record of Win. Herod's well near Kings Park. Feet 1. Sandy loam 0- 4 Tisbury and Cretaceous? 2. Medium white sand with occasional thin streaks of clay 4-152 685. Mr. Thompson reports: "I have put down five 6-inch flowing wells, th ! water from which is used for trout hatching and growing. The first well was sunk about ten years ago. I sunk a lj-inch pip?, and got a good flow at 33 feet. A 6-inch pipe gave 50 gallons per minute at 33 feet. I then drove a l}-inch pipe inside of the 6-inch pip?, and at a depth of 45 feet got a nic? flow." Mr. H. J. Dubois, the driller, reports the following section for two wells on th • south side of the ravine: Record of Edw. Thompson's wells near Middlerille. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet 1. Red loamy sand at the surface, becoming coarser and passing into gravel below. . 0-32 A deeper well, put down on the northern side of the ravine, showed the following s?ction: Record of Edw. Thompson'" well near Middlerille. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Gravel with only a small amount of water 0- 30 Cretaceous? 2. Dark-brown clayey sand, becoming coarser below and yielding artesian water.... 30-100 686. Record of J. F. McGiff's well near Fort Salonga. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Soil 0- 5 Tisbury: 2. Ferruginous sand 5- 6 3. Clean, light-colored, pebbly sand 6-113 Cretaceous: 4. Tenacious sandy clay 113-118 5. Water-bearing gravel 118- DESCRIPTIVE CTOTES OH WELLS. 305 Mr. Velsor lias furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Doctor Gillette's irell near Fori Saloni/a. Wisconsin: p,.,., 1. Very fine light grayish loam 0- X Tisbury: 2. Glacial sand and gravel, for the most part quite clean, hut containing a little silt between 35 and 38 S-73 Below 45 feet the samples show quite a little ferruginous concretionary material. <»9I. This was the site of the original pumping station of the Great South Bay Water Company. The supply was from a gang of 5-inch wells. 60 feet deep, of which Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following data: Record of old wells of (heat South Bay 'Water Company at Bayshore. Feet. I. White beach sand becoming finer near the bottom of the well 0-<>0 For the first two years these. wells, of which there were 12 or 15 in all, yielded a sufficient supply, but at the expiration of that time the demand increased, and a 350-foot well was sunk to obtain a greater supply. The material encountered in putting down this well was all white beach sand with some lignite at 3(X) feet. The water from the gang of 60-foot wells became more and more charged with iron, and had a smell similar to that of decayed vegetation: its taste was also bad. It was for this reason, together with the fact that a greater supply was desired, that the deep tests were sunk and. when these failed, the station was moved to No. 675. Mr. Sands, the superintendent, has furnished the following notes regarding these deep test wells made by Mr. John C. Lockwood, the former president of the Great South Bay Water Company, who had charge of the drilling: Record of deep test wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Yellow sand and gravel 0- 59 Sankaty '. : 2. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 59- Cretaceous: 3. No record. 4. Clay , 144-146 5. No record. 6. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 242- "At 262 feet got strong flow, water rising 9 feet 6 inches above surface when casing was run upward." The following analysis was published in the first rules and regulations of the company: Analysis of water from old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. [Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. I)., New York, Decembers, 1889 ] Parts per million. Appearance in 2-foot tube Clear, colorless. Odor '. None. Taste None. Chlorine in chlorides 8. 10 Sodium chloride 16. 78 Phosphates None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 02 Free ammonia • 17 Albuminoid ammonia 07 Total hardness 19. 03 Permanent hardness 19. 03 306 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Organic and volatile matter .3. 99 Mineral matter 44. 87 . Total solids at 240° F : 48. 86 " The total amount of solid matter contained in the w ater is extremely small. There are no phosphat and no nitrites, both of which are regarded as evidences of contamination when present. The nitrogen the form of nitrates is very small, and the free and albuminoid ammonia is moderate." 692. Ream! of Strong weU near Bay shore. Feet. 1. Sand; no change in texture or color 0-67 694. Record of commission's test weU near Bayshore. Pleistocene : Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0 - 1.5 3. Medium yellow sand 5 - 5.5 4-5. White sand and gravel 10 - 16 6-21. Grayish white sand and gravel 20 -400. 5 Cretaceous ( : 22. Very dark brownish gray, micaceous, clayey sand 101. 5-102. .5 Samples 1 to 21 apparently represent glacial out wash. See Table XII. <>9«>. Rerun! of commission's list well near Bayshore. Feet. 1-2. Surface sandy loam 0- 2 3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5. 5 4. Coarse sand and small gravel with glacial material . 10-10. 5 5-6. Light yellowish white fine sand and small gravel 15-20.5 7. Small gravel with a little fine sand, containing some glacial material 25-26 8-9. Fine sand to small gravel... •* 30-36 The whole section of this well is composed of glacial outwash. See Table XII. t>9<». Record of commission's test well mar East Islip. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 1-2. Sandy loam 3. Light-yellow fine sand to small gravel 4. Grayish white sand and gravel, with considerable glacial material 5-6. Light reddish brown sand and gravel, with a small percentage <>f glacial material 7-8. Light yellowish white fine to medium sand, not clearly glacial 697. Record of commission's test weU near Brentwood. Feet. 1-2. Sandy loam 0- 1.5 3-8. Grayish white sand and gravel: probably glacial outwash 5-30 See Table XIII. 09W. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. Feet. 1-3. Surface loam: some gravel 0- 5.5 3-8. Outwash sand and gravel 10-30. 5 See Table XIII. Feet. 0- 3 3- 5 5-io 10-20 2(V-30 I DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON VVKLLS. 3 ( ) 7 <»9J>. Record of commission's test veil mm hlip. Foot. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 3. Dark, humus-stained, medium sand 5- 5. 5 4- 5. Medium light-yellow sand 10-16 6. Small gravel, with a noticeable percentage of glacial material 20-21 7-9. Dirty, yellow, fine sand to small gravel 25—10. 5 This whole section appears to he of glacial origin, 700. Record of commission's test well near Islip. Feet. 1-2. Yellow loamy sand 0- 1.5 3- 8. Light grayish sand and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material 5-31 9-10. Medium light-yellow sand: age very doubtful 35-41 701. Record of commission's test well near I slip. Feet. 1- 2. Yellow gravelly loam 0- 2 3. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel with considerable glacial material 2-5 4. Light-yellow medium sand to coarse gravel, with only a small percentage of glacial material 5- 9. 6 5. Very dark reddish-brown sand and gravel: very doubtfully glacial 15-35 70t2. Record of commission's test well near Central Islip. Feet. 1. Black loamy sand 0 -0.5 2- 4. Fine to medium light yellow sand 0. 5-10 5- 7. Light yellow sand and gravel with glacial material 12 -25 703. Record of commission's test well near Central Islip. Feet 1-2. Yellowish-brown sandy loam 0- 2 3. Medium light yellow sand 2- 5 4- 9. Light yellow sand and gravel with a little glacial material 5-35 7©5. Mr. Darling states that the two wells at this point furnish 150 gallons of water per minute with deep-well pumps: with direct suction he believes they would yield 250 gallons each. He has installed an Acme system with a storage capacity of 10,000 gallons. Record of wells at St. Joseph's in the Pines, near Brentwood. Feet. 1. Sand 0-27 2. Water-bearing sand 27-32 3. Clay.: : 32-35 4. Water-bearing sand 35-52 706. Mr. Codman writes regarding this locality: "In excavating for cellars or wells there is often found at a depth of 2 to 5 feet a layer of grayish-blue deposit, locally called ' blue clay.' This layer, which is 2 or 3 feet thick, on drying shows a clayey fracture, though it is wholly devoid of plastic qualities. [ have washed it and find it a very fine sand. I consider it rock flour." • One mile south of the main line of the railroad the water stratum is found at a depth of 28 feet; 1 mile north of the track the depth gradually increases to 52 feet. 7©7. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. Wisconsin and'Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Reddish yellow surface loam 0- 3 3. Medium yellow sand with a little gravel 3- 5 4. Dark-drab silty sand, with a few pebbles 5- 21 308 I'NDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Wisconsin and Tisburv — Continued. Teet. 5-8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 21- 40 9-10. Coarsp sand and gravel, with a very noticeable percentage of erratics for this region 45- 50 11-12. Fine to coarse light yellow sand and gravel 50- 60 ' 13. Fine to coarse gravel with some sand and a small percentage of glacial material . . 60- 65 14-18. Light yellowish sand and gravel, rrlacial 65- 88 19. Fine to medium yellow sand 88- 92 20. Light reddish-brown sand and gravel, with erratics 92-. 97 Cretac.ous?: 21. Fine, yellowish brown sand and grav* 1 97-100 22. Fine to medium, grayish-yellow sand. . . - 100-103 See Table XIII. 70S. Record of commission's tt^t ire]] mar Brentwood. Wisconsin and Tisburv '. : Feet. 1. Black sandy loam 0 - 0. 4 2. Light-yellow silt . 0.4- 2.5 3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow sand, with considerable erratic mat rial (glacial outwash ) 2. 5—44 See Table XIII. TIO. Record of Charles Blyndenburgh'x well near Hnuppauge. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Coars? gravel : 0-20 Wisconsin and Tisburv: 2. Fine sand, with thin layer of clay at 25 feet 20-45 Tisburv : 3. Coars? gravel 45—49. 5 711. Mr. Price has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of C. B. Pedrick's weU near Smithiown. Pleistocene: Feet 1. Very fine, brown, micaceous sand 90 2. Grayish yellow silty sand and small, rather angular, quartz gravel: contains a few pebbks of glacial origin 163 3. Very fine, bright-yellow, micaceous silt, with quartz pebbles 165 4. Medium yellow sand '. 168 The section rrport d by Mr. Price is as follows: Record of C. B. Pedrick's well near Smithiown. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Coarse gravel , 0- 20 2. Very micaceous quicksand 20- 95 Pleistocene?: 3. Stiff clay with quartz pebbl: s 95-165 4. fellow sand with small supply of water 165-168 71'2. Record of J. B. Paijne'x well near Smithiown. Feet. 1. Gravel and sand, with surface water 0- 20 2. Clay...: - - 20-60 3. Quicksand and water 60-100 4. Clay 100-118 5. Gravrl and sand 118-127 This well was never completed. DE8CBIPTOVE NOTES OH WELLS. 809 713. Record of Frederick Xolmck't well near Smithtown Branch. Feet. 1. Sand, with surface water ()_ 30 2. Clay with stone (stones wen- black and did not wash white) 30-105 3. Black material 105-110 4. Sand and gravel 110-125 The sand from stratum 4 of this well ros- in the pipe and was cleaned out and the water at once rose to within 50 fe?t of the surface. 714. Mr. Redwood has kindly furnished a sample from a depth of 95 feet: it is a glacial gravel, similar to that found in upper part of wells in this section. 715. Record of E. M. Smith's irell near Smithtown Branch. Wisconsin: feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 5 2. Clay containing a few "pebbles 5- 40 Tisbury : 3. Fine white sand 40-83 4. Good gravel 83-100 716. Record of C. F. Leeman's well near Smithtoirn Branch. Feet. 1. Surface loam . _ 0- 5 2. Good gravel 150-160 Mr. Rogers was unable to finish a complete log of this well. He thinks no clay was encountered. 717. Record of Rassapeaque Club's well near Smithtown Branch. Wisconsin or Tisbury: Feet 1. From medium white sand at the top gradually becoming coarser until coarse gravel is encountered 0-18 Tb.2 eoars" gravel in this well at 18 feet furnishes artesian water. 7 IS. Mr. George Schmidt reports that one bed of clay was encountered in this well. He could give no further information regarding it. 719. These wells were completed in 1899 and are pumped with an air lift. The supply is stated to have deer, ased and the water to be hard and salty. Record of well of Society of St. Johndand at Kintjs Park. Pleistocene '.: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel, with surface water below 10 feet 0-15 2. Clay... 15^20 3. Sand, with main water-braring horizon at about 40 feet 20-90 7£0. Record of W. W. Keni/on's wdl on Nissequogut River. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Gravel 0-130 Cretaceous: 2. Dark-blue clay 130-170 3. Grayish brown sticky sand 170-206 -1. Coars.' white gravel 206-212 t-2 £. It is stat.d that the water in this well at first stood 12 feet below the surface, but that after pump- ing it rose to 8 feet. Record of W . J. Matherson's well on Xissequor/ue River. Feet 1. Dug well 0- 20 2. Sand and gravel 20- 35 3. Black clay 35-45 4. Marsh mud and sand 45-100 5. Very fine white sand : 100-130 6. Coarse sand with water 130-146 310 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 722. Mr. Rogers has kindly furnished a sample from this well from a depth of 80 feet: it consists of brown glacial sand and gravel. 723. Record of R. H. Smith's well near Stony Brook Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand -------- -- °- 60 2. Mixture of clay and sand 60- 90 3. Fine sand and gravel, growing coarser 90-117 724. No clay or quicksand was encountered in this well, the material being entirely sand and gravel. 727. Record of ('. R. Roberts's well near Oakdale. Feet. 1. Bog, bearing foul-smelling water 0 - 15 2. Fine black gravel. * 15 - 17.5 3. Muck, bearing foul-smelling water 17.5-170 At the depth of 170 feet, no better water having been encountered than that found at the top, the well was abandoned. Mr. Kirk reports that in the vicinity of Swan Creek the same conditions are often encountered. 729. Record of commission's test well near SayviMe. Feet. 1. Black loamy sand 0 -0.4 2. Yellow loamy sand ' 0. 4- 2 3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few glacial pebbles. 2 -45 See Table XIII." 73©. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Black loamy sand.. Surface. 2. Yellow loamy sand. Subsoil. 3-6. Light grayish white sand and gravel (glacial).- 2-20 7. Fine to medium white sand, with traces of lignite 24-25 8-^-14. Light-yellow line sand to small gravel, with a few erratic fragments in the lower samples • 29-62 731. Rf con/ of commission's test well near Ronkonkomn Feet. 1. Black loamy sand 0 -0.6 2. Yellow loamy sand 6- 2 3-5. Grayish yellow sand and gravel with a few erratics 4 -5 6. Very bright, vermilion, clayey sand 18 7-13. Very light grayish yellow sands and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material 24-56 See Table XIII. 732. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1 . Black loamy sand 0 - 0. a 2. Yellowish loamy sand 5- 3 3-4. Light-yellow sand with a few gravels 4 -10 5. Very fine to medium grayish brown sand.. 14 -15 6-9. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with pronounced glacial pebbles 19 . -35 See Table XIII. 734. Record of John Klaiber's well war Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: • Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0- 8 2. Coarse sharp sand ; no stones nor clay. .■ 8-81 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 736. The location of this well as given on the map is prohahlv slightly in error. Record of William Ralston' s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: peet 1. Surface loam... 0_ 5 2. Coarse gravel 5-12 3. Medium white sand 12-22 1. Black hardpan, with stones about the size of walnuts 22-25 5. Medium white sand 25-54 737. _ Record of J. Weber's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand 0- 13 2. Sand, with a little gravel and occasional streaks of clay 13- 25 3. Coarse sand 25- 38 4. Clay; no bowlders 38-103 5. Water-bearing sand 103-117 Mr. W. T. Arthur has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of J. Weber's icell near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet 1. Medium to very coarse, dirty, quartz sand, with some small gravel: has the general aspect of glacial material, and contains a few rounded fragments of soft, fine-grained, mica schist, with biotite 103-117 2. Very fine, light-gray, silty sand, with much muscovite 117- The water from the sand and gravel between 112 and 117 rises just to lake level. 73§. There was 8 feet of water in pipe when the well was completed: the lake level was then said to below. Later the lake level rose and a corresponding rise of the water in the well occurred. Record of 6. E. Plunkett's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-60 2. Coarse sand 60-70 739. Record of R. W . Xcwton's well near Lake Ronkonkoma . Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-5 2. Fine white sand 5-55 3. Clean white gravel 55-60 Mr. Rogers reports that where waterworn gravel is encountered at any depth exceeding about 50 feet the supply of water is always abundant and good. This statement of Mr. Rogers is equivalent to saying that wherever a coarse gravel is found below the main water table an abundant supply is obtained (p. 67). A sample furnished by Mr. Rogers, marked ''Newton well, 60 feet, 1896." is fine light-yellow glacial sand with some gravel. 74©. Water stands 8 feet below surface: this is said to be at the same level as Lake Ronkonkoma. Record of well of W. Imhauser estate near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene: Feet- 1. Clay; no bowlders 0-62 2. Medium sand &5~75 741. Mr. Ralston, who has lived near Lake Ronkonkoma all his life, reports that in digging or driving wells on the west side of the lake a considerable thickness of clay is encountered in nearly every instance, while on the east side the material is for the most part sandy, the sand being of the kind known as "beach sand." 312 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Nelson Newton's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-5 2. Yellow sand 5-10 3. White beach sand 10-33 743. Record of W. H. Warner's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Fine sand 0 -35 2. Clay 35 -36. 5 3. Sand and gravel • 36.5-47 744. In wet weather the water is milky, indicating, Mr. Terry thinks, that clay lies a short distance below 86 feet. Record of John Morrissey's well near Ijake Grove. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Stony sand 0- 8 2. Coars? sand: no stones 8-15 3. Yellow sand, described as being like the subsoil in sandy places 15-17 4. Coarse sand, with stones varying in diameter from 4 to 6 inches 17-45 5. Stones and gravel 45-58 6. Ordinary sand 58-86 745. Record of Irving Overton's well near Lake Grove. Wisconsin and Tisburv : Feet. 1. Stony top soil 0-6 2. Finer material to fine sand 6-14 3. Clean white sand 14-35 4. Gravel and clay 35—45 5. More or less stony gravel 45-52 6. Ordinary sand 52- 746. Record of Doctor Monecke's well near Lake Grow Feet. 1. Light sandy top soil 0- 4 2. Yellow sand subsoil, no stones 4— 8 3. Hard blue clay, no stones or pebbles 8-21 4. "Mica mud" 21-24 Water rose in the pipe, stopping further work. The water was muddy, but had no bad odor or bad taste. In putting down another well on this same property for Doctor Monecke, leaves and muck were encountered at 23 feet. There was a 14-inch stratum of this material, and the water coming from it had a very bad odor. 749. Record of commission's test well near St. James. Feet. 1 . Dark humus-stained loam 0 - 0. 3 2. Reddish brown sandy loam 3 - 3 3. Brownish yellow sand and gravel 3 - .6 4-11. Dirty, gray, fine sand to coarse gravel; a small quantity of glacial material 6 -45 12-14. Dark, yellowish gray, very fine to coarse sand, glacial 45 -59 75©. Record of Father Ducey's well near St. James. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Ilardpan, a compact mixture of sand and gravel, containing bowlders 0-60 Tisburv: 2. Gravel and sand 60-150 Mr. Rogers has sent the following sample from this well: Feet. 1-2 Clean, light-colored sand and gravel, clearly glacial, perhaps Tisburv 140-150 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 313 *5.1* Record of Jerome Saxe'* ,r,U ,„,„■ St. Jamet Pleistocene: 1. very coarse stony gravel 0-30 2. Hardpan ".V":'..'".". 30-150 3. Clay containing a few stones 150-160 4. Gravel, ete \ 160-306 5. Quicksand 208-245 6. Clean white gravel >4^_95fj Mr. Rogers has furnished the following sample from this well: Feet. 1. Clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel at jjfiO 752. Becorrf o/ Z>. Emrnett's weU near St. James. o Feet. 1. Sand and gravel stones from the size of a fist to a robin's egg 0-30 2. Loam (?) f 30-90 3. Quicksand (0 90-140 4. Clay, with thin layers of gravel 140-190 5. Quicksand _ 190-'>90 6- Gravel 290-300 753. Mr. Rogers reports this well to be 82 or 83 feet above the level of the Sound, and that the water in the well rose to the level of the water in the Sound. He has furnished a sample of clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel taken at a depth of 97 feet: Record of D. Emrnett's well near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet 1. Sand and gravel 0-30 2. Light-yellow fine sand. 30-40 3. Water-bearing gravel 40-97 754. According to the location indicated on the map, the depth to water in this well is abnormally great, and it is quite possible that the location is an error. Record of D. Emrnett's well near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Peet 1. '"Till" (probably also including outwash gravel) 0-140 Cretaceous: 2. Fine pink sand 140-160 755. Record of c om mission's well near St. James. Wisconsin: Feet 1-2. Brown surface loam 0- 4 3. Very fine yellow loam and sand 4- 5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 4-16. Fine sand and small gravel, yellowish gray above and darker below (glacial). . 5-69 Tisbury : 17-20. Dark, yellowish gray, fine to medium sand, probably glacial 69-90 The material shown in samples 17-20 is the same as that shown in samples 12-14 in well Xo. 749. See Table XIII. 756. Record of commission's test ivell near St. Jautts. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Humus-stained surface loam 0 - 0. 4 2. Yellow sandy loam 4- 3 3. Yellow sand 3 - 5 4-16. Gray sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 5 -70 757. This well was first dug to 94 feet and then the 6-inch pipe sunk 40 feet. The sinking of the pipe did not in any way affect the water level in the well. 17116— No. 44—06 21 314 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 759. Record of George Erland's well near Stony Brook. Feet. t. Surface loam 0-10 2. Dark almost red sand 10- 60 3. Quicksand 60-160 4. Coarse, dark, almost red sand 106-107 760. Record of W . Rowland's v:ell near Setauket. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan * 0- 25 Tisbury : 2. Sand and gravel with one or two strata of hardpan 25- 60 3. Water-bearing gravel.. 60- 62 Cretaceous?: 4. Quicksand mixed with some clay 62-251 5. Gravel 251-252 761. Record of William Clarke's vxll near Setauket. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-10 2. Various strata of sand and gravel 10- 3. Yellow clay, containing no stones (2 feet thick). 4. Quicksand. 5. Coarse sharp sand -90 762. Record of Howard Wallace's well near Setauket. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-12 2. Coarse sand and gravel 12-50 3. Quicksand ! 50-52 4. Coarse reddish sand 52-70 Mr. Rogers has furnished a sample marked ''70 feet, 1896," which is clearly glacial material. 763. The following samples have been received from this well: t Record of W. T. Cox's well near Setauket. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light, brownish yellow glacial sand and gravel, possibly Tisbury 0- 85 Cretaceous : 2-3. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous, sandy clay 85-132 4. Medium to coarse, white, quartz sand, with some mica and white clay ... . 132-145 5. Fine and coarse, gray, micaceous sand 145-155 6. Light-yellow medium sand 155-180 7. Light-yellow clayey sand 180-188 Water is reported to have stood only 4 feet below the surface when well was between 145 and 155 feet, but at 188 feet it stood 10 feet below the surface. Under date of October 5, 1903, Mr. W. T. Cox reports: "The water came from fine gravel mixed with sand, which looked like brown sugar. The water was obtained, Mr. Hutchinson told me, at 320 feet. He measured the flow carefully and stated that it was 18 gallons a minute at low water and considerably more at high water. Water was abundant from 188 feet to the bottom of the well, but the fineness of the material prevented a flow, which commenced when a slightly coarser layer was encountered at 320 feet." 764. Record of Nort House well at Setauket Wisconsin: 1.. Hardpan Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand Feet. 0-20 20-40 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. :u.r) 765. Record of Charles Benner's well near Setauket. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan (compact mixture of sand and gravel; brown in color) 0-20 Tisbury : 2. Medium white sand 20-50 766. The elevation of this well is said to be 6 feet above tide level. At a depth of 38 feet it was abandoned on account of the constantly increasing supply of salty water. Mr. Rogers reports that several ■ >ther wells on the same property 20 to 30 feet deep gave fresh water. One of these wells is about 10 feet above high water and the other 5 feet. 76§. Reeori/ i if John Thatcher's well, Crane Neck. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-10 2. Gravel, with occasional streaks of hardpan 10-50 3. Clay and quicksand 50-56 , 4. Yellow gravel 56-65 769. Record of well near Old Field Point. Feet. 1. Hardpan 0-40 2. Clean, fine graveK 40-50 At the depth of 50 feet salt water was encountered and the well was abandoned. 770. A good water-bearing strata was encountered at 36 feet. Mr. Rogers reports that a number of wells in this immediate vicinity give a good yield of fresh wrater at about the same depth. Well No. 76!) is the only exception of which he knows. 771. Record of well near Mount Misery Point. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand, with salt water 0-110 Cretaceous?: 2. Blue gravelly clay 110-165 772. General section of vxlls about Sayville. - Feet. 1. Fine sand of different colors, sometimes red and sometimes white, changing to good, clear, water-bearing gravel 0-45 773. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Bayport station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 1 • 2. Yellow sand 1-4 3. Clay; no bowlders 4- 5 4. White sand 5-28 There was no change in the coarseness of the material in stratum 4. Mr. Arthur reports that in digging wells near Bayport occasional patches of clay may be found, but that such occurrences are rare. 774. Record of Sea Cliff Hotel well at Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Loam 0-4 2. Medium reddish gravel ' 4-6 3. Blue clay: no stones 6-8 4. Very fine sand 8- 316 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 775. Record of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. Feet. 1. Limbs, stumps, and trunks of trees O- 9 2. Fine yellow gravel 9-12 3. Blue clay: no stones 12-14 4. Muck and black loam 14-49 5. Fine white sand ■. 49-52 6. Black mud 52-72 At this depth very black water was encountered and the well was abandoned. The pipe was then pulled and the location changed 90 or 100 feet north, where the pipe was driven 19 feet through the following material: Record of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0- 6 2. Medium yellow gravel 6- 9 3. Clean medium sand 9-19 77<>. Record of T. ./. Kirk's well mar Patchogue. Feet. 1. Loam 0-4 2. Yellow gravel 4—6 3. Fine white sand 6-10 4. Fine to coarse gravel 10-15 5. Pure white fine sand 15-28 77*. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 3 3- 13. Light, yellowish gray, speckled sand (nothing clearly glacial) 4—55 14-20. Reddish brown fine to coarse sand (glacial) 59- 90 Cretaceous: 22-28. Very fine, micaceous, gray to olive-green sand 99-129. 50 29. Very fine, reddish brown silty sand 131-133 30. Dark brownish gray, very fine silty sand 134-135 31. Dark yellowish brown silt to coarse sand. 139-140 See Table XJ1L 770. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Medium silty sand - .' 0- 1 3. Medium light-yellow sand with gravel ( probably glacial ) 3- 5 4- 12. Fine to medium light-yellow sand (glacial) 10-50 78©. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Black loamy sand • 0- 0.4 2. Medium yellow sand 0. 4- 2 3- 12. Yellowish white fine to medium sand, with a few pebbles (age very doubtful ). . 3-50 781. Record of commission's test will mar Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. I- 2. Yellow silt 0-3 3. Yellowish blown medium sand 3- 5 4- 9. Light grayish white sand and gravel; the gravel is quite mottled and is probably to be regarded as glacial 9-35 Cretaceous: 10. Grayish white medium sand, with much silvery white muscovite; suggests Cre- taceous material 39-40 II- 12. Yellowish white fine to coarse sand 44-51 See Table XIII. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 317 782. Record of Retinoids well near Holbrook. Pleistocene: Pott. 1. White sand and gravel 0-90 Mr. Kirk reports that there was no change in the material at increasing depths. At 65 feet a bowlder the size of a man's head was encountered. 784. Record of commission's well near Farmingcille. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Dark humus-stained sand 0 -0.2 2. Yellow loam 2-2 3. Bright-yellow medium sand 3 - 5 4. Dark-gray sand and gravel, with much glacial material 9 -10 Tisbury : 5-6. Fine to coarse yellow sand 14 -20 7-12. Light-gray sand and gravel, with some glacial pebbles 24 -50 785. Record of A. P. Terry's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Sand ■_ 0- 4 2. Gravel and stones 2 to 12 inches in diameter 4- 16 Tisbury: 3. Coarse sharp sand . . . 16- 23 4. Gravel ; 23- 37 5. Sand 37- 16 6. Gravel and stones 46- 63 7. Coarse sand 63- 71 8. Coarse gravel 71- 73 9. Finer sand 73- 78 10. Sharp, white, coarse sand, with black specks 7S- 86 11. Coarse gravel 86- 90 12. Coarse sand 90-94 13. Sandy gravel 94-104 14. Coarse gravel and small stones 104-110 At 54 feet a stone 10 by 14 inches was taken out of this well. 7*»>. Record of August Fitch's well rum FanningriVe. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Stony loam 0-12 2. Coarse white sand, with occasional stones 3 to 5 inches in diameter 12-40 Tisbury: 3. Medium white, clean sand 40-58 4. Yellow hardpan (a very hard and stony layer) ..« 5S-62 5. Medium clear, bright sand 62-65 6. Gravel 65-70 Mr. Terry reports that at 70 feet he struck ''real'' hardpan, on top of which water was found. 787. Record of D. Schwarting's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Sand and stones 0-13 2. Coarser material: mixture of loam, gravel, and stones 13-17 Tisbury : 3. Coarse dull-white sand 17-22 4. Sandy material, with some mica and an occasional stone 22-27 318 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEiV YORK. 7§§. Record of William Clark's well near FarmingvUle. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Heavy gravelly loam 0- 6 2. Fine gravel, with an occasional stone the size of one's fist 6—45 3. Coarse gravel 45-59 Material became coarser at increasing depths, and water was found in very coarse stony gravel. 7*»9. Record of Mrs. Max Richter's well near FarmingvUle. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Gravelly loam 0- 4 2. Sand, with an occasional stone 4-30 3. White clean sand 30-60 790. This well is described as at '* Waverlv. 3 miles northwest of Holbrook." and its exact location not known. Record of Frank Franz's well at Waverlg. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0—45 2. Gravel and stone, 4 to 6 inches in diameter 45—49 3. Sand, slightly yellow in color '. 49-55 4. Ordinary sand 55-SO 791. Record of J. F. Byrne's well near Seldei,. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-14 2. Coarse sand and occasional stones 14-30 3. Coarse stony gravel 30—45 4. Coarse, sharp, white sand, containing black specks which were thought to be iron pyrites. 45-64 792. Record of Doctor Emerson's well near Selden. Feet. 1 . Sandy top soil 0-3 2. Medium, white, fine sand: no mica 3-14 3. Very fine, hard, gray material, with a great deal of mica: soft and velvety to the touch. 14-17 4. Medium white sand: no stones _ 17—10 5. Coarse sand 40—43 6. Dark-colored fine sand 43-53 7. Coarse sand ! 53- 793. Record of Axel Hodgex's well near Selden. Feet. 1. Light sand 0-4 2. Medium sand, containing a httle mica: no stones 4—14 3. Yellow sand, almost like subsoil 14-16 4. Mica sand, said to glisten in the sun like silver, this being probably due to the presence of muscovite: there were no stones in this stratum 16-3S On account of the increasing stickiness of the sand Mr. Terry believes that clay underlies it. 794. Record of Adolph Sembler's well at Xew Yillaqe. Feet. 1. Medium dull sand: no top soil 0- 4 2. Coarser yellow sand 4- 8 3. Very fine mica sand: from $ to 32 feet the sides of the well stood up like a wall: there was no caving whatever 8-32 4. Blue clay: no stones 32-34 5. "Mica mud" 34-3S DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 319 795. Record of commission's test well near Terryvill, . Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: . feet. 1. Fine yellowish gray sand, evidently filling 0 -0.3 2- 3. Yellow sandy loam ;i- tj 4- 5. Yellowish gray sand with a few erratics 6 -15 6-10. Very fine gray sand with some biotite 15 -3s Cretaceous ( : 11- 16. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand 40 -70 796. Record of commission's well near Tem/rille. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Humus-stained surface loam 0 -0.3 2. Dark reddish sandy loam 3- 3 3- 4. Light-yellow medium sand, passing gradually into bed below 3 -10 5- 11. Fine grayish white sand with muscovite and biotite 10 —15 12- 14. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand ' 45 -57 See Table XIII. 797. Record of commission's test well near Echo. Feet. 1 . Dark humus-stained loam 0 - 0. 3 2. Dark-yellow loam 3-4 3. Medium yellow sand 4 - 5 4-19. Dirty gray sand to small gravel; small percentage of glacial material 5 -85 Samples 13 and 14, 50 to 60 feet below the surface, show a very considerable amount of glacial material. 79§. Record of commission's test well near Echo. Feet. 1. Humus-stained surface loam 0 - 0. 4 2. Dark-yellow sandy loam 4- 3 3. Medium yellow sandy loam 3-5 4—21. Dirty gray fine sand to small gr»vel; very small percentage of glacial material. 5 -95 See Table XIII. WOO. This well is approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. Mr. Overton reports it to be 63 feet deep, which would more nearly agree with the depth of the Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, which obtain their water at about a depth of 50 feet. They are also flowing wells. As the well was attached to a ram, the depth could not be measured readily. Record of J. J. Overton's well near Port Jefferson. Feet. 1. Loam 0- 4 Tisburv : 2. Coarse white sand with occasional layers of white gravel 4-20 SOI. Record of J. L. Darling's well near Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0-4 2. Medium yellow to white sand 4-20 Cretaceous \ : 3. Sticky brown to drab colored clay 20-40 4. Medium white sand 40-96 The elevation of the surface at this well is approximately 50 feet above mean high tide. The clay described in stratum 3 is similar to that found in the brickyard 150 yards south of Mr. Darling's house. S03. The supply of the Port Jefferson Water Company is from two 6-inch wells. .54 feet deep, which will normally flow about 4 feet above the surface. One well tests 7,000 to 8,000 gallons per hour, while the two together give only 8,000 to 9,000. Mr. T. B. Rogers gives the following section of these wells: 320 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Surface loam . 0-5 2. Sand and gravel 5-51 3. Hardpan : 51-54 Mr. Rogers also furnishes a sample of the main water-bearing stratum, which is a clean, highly erratic, glacial sand. The Long Island Railroad Company has furnished the following partial analysis of water from the mains of the Port Jefferson Water Company (March 30, 1903): Analysis of water from Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. P arts per million. Total solids 40.18 Chlorine 8. 04 §04. This well will flow about 5 feet above high tide. By means of a ram it supplies the bank and adjoining buildings. Record of N. W. Davis's well, Port Jefferson. Tisbury: v Feet. 1. Medium white sand 0-75.5 §06. Mr. Davis reports that this is a closed-point well and that he can give no record of the material passed through, but that it appeared to be very fine sand with probably some clay. He bases this opinion on the amount of fine sand which was pumped out during the water tests at different depths. At 140 feet very coarse material, probably coarse gravel, was encountered. §07. Record of J. W. Brown's well near Port Jefferson. Feet. 1 . Brown loam 0-3 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand .• .3-90 §©§. Record of J. Biddh's well near Port Jefferson. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Gravelly sand and some bowlders 0- 15 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 2. Medium white sand with a little brown, sticky clay at about 100 feet 15-120 Attempts wrere made to dig a well on ground 20 feet higher, but the effort was abandoned on account of bowlders. §11. The following samples have been received from Mr. Rogers: Record of veil of Port Jefferson Company, Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Medium light-colored sand (glacial) 212 2. Light-colored sand and gravel; fragments of ferruginous concretions and con- siderable erratic material 240 3. Light-colored glacial sand and gravel 265 4. Same as 3 280 Cretaceous: 5. Dark-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand; leaves the fingers white as does Cretaceous material 325 (). Light-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand, evidently from laminated layer 340 7. Fine to medium, white, highly micaceous, quartz sand ("not much water") 370 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 821 S12. Mr. Davis reports that the surface in the vicinity of this well is rather thickly covered with bowl- ders and that he expected to encounter them in putting down this well, but that not a single bowlder mi encountered, nor even coarse gravel. Record of J. H. Hopkin s's well near Mount Sinai. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-3 Tisburv: 2. Medium white sand 3-95 SI 3. Record of J. M. Shan 's well near Bellport. Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 Tisbury: 2. White sand with no change in coarseness 4—15 S14. Record of W. McGee's well, 2 miles west of Yaphank station. Wisconsin and Tisburv: p0,.t 1. Loamy top soil, no stones ()- 4 2. Coarse sand 4-68 Mr. Terry reports that the material of this well was the most even in character that he ever found. SI 8. Record of Judge Bartlett's well near Middle Island, Xew York. Wisconsin: Feet 1. Hardpan 0-39 Mr. Terry reports that the stones were embedded in a very heavy loam. Water was encountered at 8 feet, in a 6-inch stratum of yellow mud. Another similar stratum was found at 32 feet. In the spring of the year the water stands 8 feet below the surface: in the dry season at 30 or 32 feet. The water at the 8-foot level is impure. S19. Record of Hawman Brothers' well near Rocky Point. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 3 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand with no gravel nor clay 3-128 S22. Record of Mrs. Groty's well near Manor. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 3 2. Clay, no stones 3-29 3. Sand . 29- £24. Mr. Davis says that none of the water-bearing material in this well can be called gravel. In must of the wells in the vicinity of Port Jefferson he calculates on getting water a little above sea level, the elevation of the water level being greater at greater distances from the sea. Record of G. E. Hageman's well near Wardenclyffe. Feet. 1. Brown loam 0-3 Tisbury : 2. Medium white sand 3-123 S25. Mr. Nikola Tesla reports the following section: Record of Xikola Tesla's well near Wardenclyffe. Tisburv and Cretaceous?: Feet. 1. Fine sand 0-122 2. Gravel 122-124 3. Alternating layers of sand and gravel 124-166 322 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. "At a greater depth than that shown in this well layers of fine sand and gravel, each about 2 feet thick, alternate seemingly to an infinite depth. This was observed in digging a large shaft near the well, and it is assumed that the soil in the well is of the same character." A sample furnished by Mr. T. B. Rogers, the driller, from a depth of 167 feet, is a clean glacial sand and gravel. The shaft referred to in Mr. Tesla's letter was 13.5 feet deep. In the bottom of this two pipes were driven at angles of 45 degrees. According to Mr. W. H. Beers, the driller, the section is as follows, depths along the pipe having been reduced to vertical depths: Record of shaft sunk near Nikola Tesla's well, Wardenclyffe. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel in dug well 0-135 Cretaceous?: 2. Fine gray sand 135-205 3. Coarse white gravel 205-223 Cretaceous: 4. Fine white sand 223-347 §26. According to Mr. Saxe, this well shows medium-white fine sand all the way to its bottom at 90 feet. A sample from a depth of 80 feet shows light-yellow sand not clearly glacial. Mr. Warden reports the following section: Record of well of the North Shore Industrial Company near Woodiille Landing. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Sand and clay 0-30 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 2. White sand very fine 30-50 3. Gravel, growing coarser 50-94 §27. Record of Wardenclyffe Brick and Tile Company's well, WoodwMe Landing. Feet. 1. Heavy tenacious clay 0-47 2. Coarse gravel 47- §28. Record of well of Long Island Railroad at Wading River. Feet. 1. Surface loam P 0- 5 2. Coarse white sand, passing below into coarse gravel 5-110 §29. Record of Mrs. De Groat's well near Wading River. Recent : Feet. 1. Creek mud, bearing very black water 0-20 Wisconsin : 2. Hardpan (an iron cemented mixture of clay and stones) 20-38 The pipe broke at a depth of 38 feet and the well was abandoned. §3©. Record of S. W. Wheeler's well near Wading River. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-4 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand 4-68 Mr. Davis reports that in all his well experience he has not encountered bowlders below the surface between Wading River and Port Jefferson. §31. Record of Dr. William Carr's well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. White sand and gravel, with many stones 0-18 2. Clay, no stones 18-20 3. White sand 20- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 323 §32. Record of Otto Laura/nan's xcell near Center Moriches. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-8 2. Coarse, white, " gravelly '* sand..." 8-18 3. HarJ, dry, yellow clay 18-24 4. Coarse sand 24-34 §33. Record of William HaUock's well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin ? : Feet. L Surface loam 0-5 2. White " gravelly " sand 5-1.5 3. Hard, dry, yellow day with an occasional stone 15-20 §36. Record of W. Frank Smith's well near East Moriches. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Loam 0-2 2. Sand 2-9 3. Gravel 9-17 4. White sand 17-28 5. Quicksand 28-33 §3§. Record of Wesley Young's well near South Manor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Loam..... 0-2 2. Sand with stones 2-22 §39. Record of Alfred Steele's well near South Manor. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-2 2. Sand 2-15 §40. Record of Benj. Raynor's well near South Manor. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-1 2. Sand : 1-22 3. Clay - - - - 22-24 Mr. Nichol reports that he drove the pipe several feet into the clay bed and then pulled it up again, obtained the water from above the clay. §41. Record of Wallace Raynor's well near South Manor. Wisconsin 1 : Feet. 1. Black loam 0-3 2. Clay, with occasional layers of sand: no stones 3-15 3. Quicksand 15-19 4. Clay 19-36 5. Coarse sand: waterbearing, 36- §42. Record of Porter Howell's weU near South Manor. Wisconsin ? : Feet. 1. Loam 2. Sand, with a little clay 3-1S 324 UXDERGRuO'D "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. >"EW YORK. * I :{. Record of J. W. Sichol* «Z? r*ar KanorrUIe. Wisconsin ?: Feet. L Surface material _ 0-6 2. Clay 6-7 3. Coarse white sand . 7-12 • 44. Record of il. E. Raynor'* veU near ManorriOe. Wisconsin*: Feet. L Sand... 0-12 2. Sandy clay 12-15 The clay in this well is described as being heavier > purer ) at increasing depths. Water was found in a thin stratum of sand overlain and underlain by clay. *45. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following partial analysis: Analyst* of water from railroad vrttt at MartorrUU. Parts per million- Total solids 153.9 *»46. Record of Mr*. Jotux* veil ntar HanorctUe. Wisconsin?: Feet. L Surface loam 0-3 2. Clay, with occasional layers of water-bearing sand: no stones 3—12 3. Water-bearing 'sand. 42— Mr. Xichol reports that the clay in stratum 2 was the color of putty, and that he has often encountered it in digging near the surface. He has never found stones in h. *»47. Mr. Preston Raynor reports the following sections from two wells on his place: Record of Presort Raynor* veU So. 1, il ariorrxUt. Wisconsin*: Feet. L Loam and yellow sand. 0-12 2. Clay: no stones 12-28 3. Fine clean sand. 28-32 Record tf Pnttm Raynor'* *rtU So. 2, ifanorciUt. Wisconsin?: F*et 1. Black loam. 0-3 2. Hard clay: no stones 3-*0 3. Sand 40-42 Mr. Raynor reports that he has never found a single stone in his vicinity. Clay is exposed in many of the ponds at low water, and several firms have made brick in this vicinity. *4*. Mr. W. H. Beers has reported the following partial record: Record of Dr. J. H. Darlington * >reU near Bvhe Landing. Wisconsin: Yeet. L Black surface loam 0-2 2. Sandy subsoil 2-3 3- Yellow surface day 3_| Transition: 4. Coarse gravel 4-5 Tisbury: 5. Fine white beach sand 5-35 Sankaty': 6. Dark-red clay, like brick in color 35—13 7. Black sand, like that in sluggish creek ponds 43-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON" WELLS. 825 §49. Record of R. B. Dayton's imQ near Remetnburg. Wisconsin?: . feet, 1. Loam ' 0- 2. Sand and gravel 3. Slate-colored clay 4. Sand and gravel -20 §5©. Record nt Jacob Ra guar's weU near Sjieonk. Wisconsin?: K..t. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-5 2. Medium sand 5-21 3. Brown clay - 21-25 4. Coarse white sand 2.5-29 SSI. Record of Ellsworth Ragnor's well mar Speonk. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-4 2. White sand 4-18 3. Clay 18-20 4. White sand 20-26 W2. Record same as S50. §54. Record of C. H. Wells's weU near Baiting Hollow. Wisconsin and Tisburv: Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0- 5 2. Fine slightly yellow sand 5- 50 3. Hardpan (a hard stratum which carries no water and is composed of a mix- ture of clay and quite coarse gravel, seemingly cemented together with iron.. 50- 51 4. White sand 51-105 Mr. Young says that the record above is duplicated in every well which he has put down in the vicinity of Baiting Hollow. The surface loam is of about the same thickness in each place, while the depth to stratum No. 2 varies from 45 to 60 feet, and the total depth of the wells from 90 to 110 feet. The depth to water varies with the elevation. Mr. Young gives the following owners of wells in this vicinity, which have similar sections: Howell Benjamin, John B. Warner, Charles Warner. George F. Terry, John W. Fanning. J. C. Young. J. L. Young. Sydney Shaw. F. Hallock. Frank O. Reeves. §55. Record of Charles Warner's well near Baiting Hollow. Feet. 1. Heavy surface loam 0 - 4. 5 Tisburv: 2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay: no change in coarseness of sand at increasing depths 4.5-100 §56. Record of Howell Sandford's well near Baiting Hollow. Tisburv : Feet. 1. Heavy surface loam 0- 5 2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay 5-104 The material in this well is almost exactly similar to that in No. 855. There is no change in coarseness of sand at increasing depths. 326 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. §56 A. Mr. Terry has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Sydney Shaw's well at Centerville. Tisbury: Feet. 1-10. Light yellowish outwash sands with a little gravel 0-65 Below 65 feet the well was driven with a closed point and no samples were obtained. §57. Record of A. ZabrisJcie's well near West Hampton Beach. Wisconsin ? : Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 2. Hardpan (described as a clay mixture of a slaty color whose particles seem to be cemented together) "... 4— 5 3. White sand 5-20 §5§. Record of Hallock <& Small's well near Quogue Beach. Recent : Feet. 1. Black marsh deposit 0- 10 Pleistocene: 2. Medium white sand bearing salt water 10-150 Cretaceous?: Feet. 3. Green greasy clay 150-180 4. Medium white sand, containing a great deal of lignite 180-225 The sand gradually grew coarser until at 225 feet it was quite coarse. The top of the well is at tide level, and at the time it was drilled the water would rise in a pipe 12 feet above the surface. Analysis of water from Hallock & Small's well, Quogue Beach. [By F. E. Chandler, New York, April 25, 1899.] Parts per million. Appearance .' Clear. Color : None. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. Taste None. Chlorine in chlorides 10. 00 Equivalent to sodium chloride 16. 48 Phosphates (as P,05 ) None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 1.20 Free ammonia - .04 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Total nitrogen 1.27 Total hardness 6.00 Permanent hardness 6. 00 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 14.00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) C02 52.00 Total solids (by evaporation), dried at 110° C 66.00 Residue on evaporation White. "This is a remarkably pure water, and is entirely free from contamination of every kind." §59. Mr. Asha B. Hallock lias furnished the following samples from this well: Record of A. B. Hallock's well near Quogue. Sankaty: Feet. 1. Fragments of shells 135 Cretaceous : 2. Green sand marl 156-192 3. Coarse white quartz sand with pieces of gray clay and mica 192 4. Very fine dark-gray sand 200-224 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. ; ; -J 7 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet 5. Gray clay 224-230 6. White micaceous sand with fragments of lignitized wood 230-235 7. Very coarse quartz sand with mica and lignitized wood 23.5-247 The fragmentary material from 135 feet was referred to Dr. W. II. Dull, who reports as follows: "Con- tains fragments of Mulina, Astarte, an unidentifiable bivalve, a specimen of Na8M trivittata Sav and frag- ments of an echinodenn. This is probably Pleistocene." §60. The well is on high ground and will flow from 1 to 2 gallons a minute. Record of J. Wendell's well near Quogue. Pleistocene : Feet. 1- Soil 0_ 5 2. Sand with little streaks of clay .5- 90 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 3. Clay 90-200 Cretaceous: 4. Clay with lignite 200-265 5. Coarse white sand, water bearing 265-277 861. The driller, Mr. F. K. Walsh, gives the following record: Record of Quaniuck Water Company's well near Quogue. Recent : Feet. 1. Bog material 0- 1 Wisconsin and Tisburv: 2. Loose sand 1-3 3. Sand, clay, and stones as large as one's head 3- 5 4. Very coarse sand with a little gravel 5-20 5. Very coarse sand and fine gravel with coarse stones 20-40 Analysis of water from Quantuch Water Company's well. Quogue. [By C. F. Chandler, New York, December 17, 1902.] Parts per million. Appearance Clear, with very slight sediment on bottom. Color None. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. Taste None. Chlorine in chlorides 11.00 Equivalent to sodium chloride 18. 15 Phosphates (as P203) None. Nitrogen in nitrites . . None. Nitrogen in nitrates '. .07 Free ammonia .01 Albuminoid ammonia .03 Total nitrogen .10 Total hardness 7. 99 Permanent hardness '. — 5. 33 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 4. (X) Mineral matter (nonvolatile) CO.,, restored with ammonium carbonate 28.50 Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 32.50 "This water is veiy pure indeed. It shows no signs whatever of contamination of any kind. The water does not contain any appreciable quantity of iron." §63. The pumping station of the Riverhead waterworks is in the Tower rolling mill and the pumps are 1 Knowles vertical triplex water-power pump, capacity 135 gallons per minute: and 1 single-stroke water- power pump in reserve. The water is delivered into a tank having a capacity of 40,000 gallons, which is situated in the tower of the mill. 328 UNDEEGROUND WATEE EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mr. John R. Perkins, the former president of the company, reports the following data: "At the depth of 83 feet the first well flowed at the rate of 3 barrels a minute, but the water contained so much iron that the well was sunk deeper, to an approximate depth of 300 feet. The second well was sunk to a depth of 320 feet. Both contained a great deal of iron. The minimum amount pumped is 4.000 gallons an hour: the maximum amount is 8,000." The driller, Mr. N. W. Davis, gives the following information: ''Two wells, one 8 inches (225 feet deep), one 6 inches (305 feet deep). Lignitized wood at 180-200 feet. No clay beds found, but there were occa- sional beds of clay mixed with sand. Water first flowed over the pipe at 60 feet. The first well for this company was 85 feet deep and flowed a large amount of very chalybeate water. The well was made deeper to obtain a purer water. The flow becomes less at greater depths." In a letter dated April 25, 1903, he states, regarding the first well: "Sunk an 8-inch well for the River- head waterworks 82 feet deep. Formation was sand, dark gravel, t hick bed of clay, then sand mixed with jittle gravel. This yielded about 120 to 130 gallons per minute." 864. Mr. Young reports that the points in all the wells in the vicinity of Riverhead corrode very quickly. Surface wells in the vicinity of Riverhead average a depth of 18 feet. Record of Yetter -2ti 2. Quicksand: this was described as a very coarse and line sand very much like mold- ing sand 2(5-36 Sankaty: 3. Tough, red clay, containing no stones as far as penetrated 3li- §90. Mr. Havens reports that a group of 18 wells supplies the Manhansct House and the cottages adjacent to it. The amount pumped varies so greatly from day to day, according to the needs of the people in the cottages, and from summer to winter, according to the needs of the hotel, that no average could be given by- Mr. Havens, nor could he estimate the maximum or minimum amount pumped. Record of wells of Manhanset House, Shelter Island, New York. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stony and sandy loam 0- 8 2. Hardpan 8-12 3. White beach sand (coarse and fine mixed, running in places into "sandy gravel"). 12-17 4. Hardpan 17-20 5. Quicksand, described by Mr. Havens as a good beach sand containing both black and white mica 20-65 §91. Record of J. M. Wells's well near Greenport. Feet. 1. Dry, yellow clay, containing a few small stones (the auger was twice broken and the fourth hole was begun before the attempt to complete the well was successful) 0-35 2. Medium red sand 35-45 892. Mr. Camerdon, of the Sumpwams Water Company, who was formerly engineer at this place, reports the following section for the first four wells: Record of Greenport waterworks well, Greenport. Feet. 1. Hard, yellow sand and some yellow clay. 0-20 2. Fine, white sand, gradually growing coarser 20-48 3. Coarse gravel with pebbles 2 to 3 inches in diameter 48- In April, 1903, 5 additional wells were sunk, ranging in depth from 28 to 38 feet. As the water from these shallow wells showed a considerable percentage of chlorine a deep test well was sunk. Mr. \. \V. Davis, who began this well, reports the following section for the upper 225 feet: Record of test well of Greenport waterworks, Greenport. - Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow gravelly material 0- 20 Tisbury: ■ 2. Alternate series of sands and gravel 20-100 Sankaty: 3. Brown clay similar to that in Sanford's brickyard 100-150 Jameco: 4. Fine sands 150-225 332 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The well was then completed by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, the only record kept being a few samples in a test tube preserved by Mr. Fred Klip. These show the following materials: Record of test well of Greenport waterworks, Greenport. Feet. 1. Coarse, yellow sand and gravel (probably glacial) 225- 2. Coarse quartz sand 3. Coarse quartz pebbles (one granite pebble) 4. Ferruginous quartz conglomerate -555 Cretaceous: 5. White, highly micaceous sand 555-605 6. Fine, white sand 60.5-612 7. Bright red sand and clay 612-619 8. Brick red clay 619-635 9. Yellow sand and clay 635-640 10. Yellowish-white clay 640-645 11. Salmon colored clay 645- 12. Fine, rather dark quartz sand 13. Fine, dark-colored sand -6.50 14. Coarse quartz sand containing fresh water (Lloyd sand?) 650-670 Pre-Cretaceous: 15. Schist ! 670-690 One of the drillers reports that at 665 feet fresh water flowed over the top of the casing in a stream about the size of a pencil; the supply, however, was not deemed sufficient for pumping. Salt water was encountered between 225 and 555 feet. The Long Island Railroad Company furnished the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the Greenport waterworks, November, 1901 : Analysis of water from Greenport waterworks, Greenport. Parts per mil- lion. Si02,etc . 15.73 CaC03 11.29 MgC03 33. 17 CaS04 64.98 . MgS04 27.53 MgCl2 73.02 NaCl 672. 03 Total : 897.75 §93. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following analysis from a 12-foot driven well about 600 or 700 feet from tide water: Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad well, Greenport. Parts per mil- [April, 1898] lion. Si02, etc 6. 33 CaCO:( 121.07 MgCO;, 33. 86 CaSO, 4.79 MgSOt , 9.06 MgCl2 13. 34 NaCl 9.06 Total 197.51 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 333 The\? also report the following analysis from a 15 to 20 foot dug well 200 to 300 feet from tide inter: Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad m II , (In i n /»// 1. Parts per mil- [Ootober, 1901.] lion SiOj.etc 8.04 CaCOs Traces. MgCO, 11.11 CaS04 43.60 MgClj 19. 15 NaCl ». 65.15 Total 147.05 §94. Record of well at East Marion f.ife-Saring Station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Stones embedded in loamy clay and sand 0-38 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Coarse white sand 38—47 Tisbury: 3. Coarse white gravel 47-50 Some of the stones taken out of this well weighed at least 1.000 pounds. Many of them had to be blasted in order to be removed. The sand and gravel is reported as dipping about 45° N. §95. Record of W. F. Furst's " 09. Mrs. Hattie Conover, daughter of Mr. Uriah White, artesian-well driller, reports: "My father drilled the well at Orient in 1891 for the Orient Manufacturing Company. I am unable to give you any information regarding the well, except that I find one letter referring to it, giving its deptb at that time as 400 feet, but the work was continued about three months longer. The water obtained was very salt, and they encountered a hard rock, and had to abandon the well, at a heavy loss." 910. According to Mr. Van Scoy, president of the Easthampton Home Water Company, the supply is derived from three 4-inch wells 70 to 75 feet deep, driven in the bottom of a pit 20 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep. On testing the wells a single well yielded 10,000 gallons per hour and two wells 15,000 and 16,000 gallons. Mr. Joe Seaman, foreman for Mr. W. C. Jaegle, gives the following section: Record of Easthampton Home Water Company's well near Easthampton. Wisconsin to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand 0-3 2. Clay 3_10 3. Sand 10-86 The sample, from a depth of 86 feet, which Mr. Seaman has furnished is a light-colored glacial gravel. Analysis of water from Home W ater Company's wells, Easthampton. [By Fraser & Co., April 15, 1899.] Parts per million. Color Very slight. Turbidity Slight. Sediment , Slight. Taste Palatable. OdorlC°C , None. Nitrogen of free and saline ammonia 0. 018 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia . 010 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Nitrogen as nitrates None. Chlorine 12. 35 Total solids 43. 00 Loss on ignition 11.1 Appearance on ignition White. Total hardness 10.0 Temporary hardness 6. 0 Iron Trace. Bacteriological examination: Fermentation test Negative. Putrefaction test Negative. "The examination indicates that these specimens of water are soft and free from pollution and any excess of organic matter. The water is, therefore, recommended for drinking and general domestic purposes." 336 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 911. Record of United States Army well on Plum Island, New York. Wisconsin: ™ Feet. 1. Loam 0-2.5 2. Sand and large bowlders 2. 5-20 Tisbury?: 3. Fine sand 20 -31 4. Fine sand and gravel 31 -49 5. Coarse sand and fine gravel 49 -89 "We erected a pumping plant here, which has been in operation since 1899." 9 1 'i. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Amagansett. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. L. Coarse reddish brown sand, turning to white gravel 0-107 914. Record of United States Army well at Gull Island, New York. Feet. 1. Loam and sand 0-30 2. Coarse sand 30-40 3. Very coarse sand 40- 46 4. Very coarse sand and gravel 46- 52 5. Sand 52- 57 6. Fine quicksand 57- 82 7. Sand and clay 82-87 8. Gravel and sand 87- 91 9. Coarse gravel and sand 91- 98 10. Fine sand 98-108 11. Light-colored clay 108-112 12. Dark-blue clay, rather oily; when exposed to the air became very hard 112-291 Water was struck at 15 feet, but was very salty; the well flowed at 91 feet, also very salty; no water below 110. 915. Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet. 1. Hardpan (very compact mixture of clay, gravel, and sand) 0-12 2. Bowlders very closely packed together 12-16 3. Coarse reddish brown sand 16-30 Surface water encountered at 9 feet. Mr. Lockwood put down 3 wells at this place during the Spanish-American war. The second well was similar to the above, but a third well driven some distance from the two former ones had the following section : Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-15 2. Beach sand 15-27 3. Quicksand 27-37 Mr. Lockwood reports that this well would be exhausted in a minute, and that it took an hour to till up, So the pipe was pulled up 10 feet, when the well yielded 100,000 to 103,000 gallons a day. 916. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis of water from their driven well: Analysis of railroad well at Montauk. [July, 1898.] Parts per million. Mineral solids 186.56 Organic 51.3 Chlorine 93. 02 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. M:57 917. The following analysis of Fort Pond water was made by tin' Long Island Railroad Company. September, 1897: Analysis of Fort Pond water, Montauk. Parts per million. SiOa, etc 5. 98 CaCO, 16.24 MgCQ, 14.71 CaS04 102.26 MgS04 47.37 MgCl2 186. 72 NaCl , 1,216.84 Total 1,590.13 Not used for boilers. 91§. The following analysis of Great Pond water was made by the Long Island Railroad Company, September, 1897: Analysis of water of Great Pond Lake, Montauk. Parts per million. SiO, 14 71 CaCO, 25. 14 MgCOs 33.17 CaS04 249. 15 MgS04 353. 29 . MgCl2 614.74 NaCl 4,855.54 Total 6,145.74 Not used for boilers. 919. Record of Ferguson vjell on Fishers Island, New York. Pleistocene in part: Feet. 1. Gravel, bowlders, and sand 0-260 Cretaceous?: 2. Blue clay 260-281 Pre-cretaceous: 3. Rock, light-gray granite 281-485 Salt water was encountered at 201 feet, fresh water at 328, and salt water at 48o feet. CHAPTER V. RESULTS OF SIZING AND FILTRATION TESTS. By W. O. Crosby. SIZING TESTS. In the detailed study of the underground water resources of any area it is important to know the extent to which the soil or underlying rock will absorb and transmit water. As both absorption and transmission depend more or less directly on the porosity of the strata, which in turn depends upon the relative size and arrangement of the particles composing them, one method of approaching the problem is to mechanically separate representative samples by means of sieves of known sizes and to construct from the data thus obtained a curve showing at a glance the relative proportions of coarse and fine materials and the degree of uniformity in the composition. From this curve may readily be deduced the effective size and the uniformity coefficient. The effective size is the size of grain that would allow a sand to have its actual transmission capacity if all the grains were of the same diameter. It may be determined from the dimensions of the mesh of a sieve that will permit 10 per cent of the sample to pass through it, but will retain the other 90 per cent. Thus in any soil 10 per cent of the grains are smaller than effective size and 90 per cent are larger. The uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the effective size to the size of grain which is larger than 60 per cent of the particles and smaller than 40 per cent. The actual degree of uniformity of the grains in any sample varies inversely as the coefficient; and hence porosity and transmission must, in general, vary indirectly as the uniformity coefficient and directly as the effective size. Other things being equal, they are low when the coefficient is high, that is, when the grains are diversified in size and the constitution of the sand highly composite, and also when the effective size is small. Otherwise stated, uniformity of grain tends to the maximum values for both porosity and transmission and a high effective size favors transmission, especially by minimizing friction. It will thus be seen that these elements afford a check upon the porosity and transmission values as determined by actual trial in the filtration tests, and that they also afford a means of rating or grading, at least approximately, materials for which filtration tests have not been made. 338 SIZING TKSTs. The determinations of the effective size and uniformity coefficient are. natu- rally, more accurate for relatively coarse than for fine materials because of the difficulty of separating and measuring minute particles; and hence it is especially desirable to supplement these determinations by filtration tests for line-grained samples, or for those containing large proportions of quartz Hour and clay. Theo- retically, it should be possible to deduce a factor or formula for the conversion of sizing results into filtration results, and vice versa; but under the existing limitations of the sizing tests this is manifestly impossible, at least for relatively impalpable materials. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests. Well number. Commis- sion well number. 0CMU&MV number. Depth. r. iieciM e size. I nifonnity coefficient. TO per cen t finer than— 159 662 1 Feet C) CO 5. 0- 5. 5 Millimeters Millimeters. 0.70 . 138 2 3 1.30 4 6 0. 181 23. 2 5 10. 0-10. 5 .22 5.0 6 15. 0-15. 5 .235 6. 21 7 19. 0-19. 5 .760 3.05 8 24. .5-25. 0 .35 4.57 9 30 -31 .241 7.97 10 35 -36 .455 5.05 11 36. 5-37 .245 2.82 12 40. 5-41. 5 .165 3.58 15 49 -50 . 178 4.78 16 54. 5-55. 5 .26 3.92 17 59. 5-60. 5 .31 3. 61 18 64 -65 .204 2.84 166 827 1 C) 3-4 .203 2 .153 3 5-6 .165 4 10 -11 . 145 5 15 -16 .20 6 17 -18 . 131 7.25 7 20 -21 . 195 3. 25 8 9 25 -26 29. 5-30. 5 . 170 .202 5. 15 2.27 167 828 1 (") "3 .125 2 0. 112 3 5-6 .595 4 10 -11 0. 182 3.85 « Surface loam. * Subsoil. 340 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests— Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Kffective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than — Feet. M illimeterx. Millimeters. 167 828 5 15 -16 . 198 3. 28 a D 20 -21 1 98 9 97 7 23. 5-24. 5 9 Rfl 1 39 8 26 -27 . 185 2.49 9 29. 5-30.5 .238 6. 72 10 35 -36 .475 4.00 11 39 -40 . 166 2.29 173 859 1 5- 1.0 . 128 2 2. 0- 2. 5 .17 o 5. 0- 5. 5 18 O. A 10 -11 99^ f» 99 o 12.0-12. 5 V' ) loU 7fi9 1 J. (») . %UO o ( O 90 ^ Q O 5. 0- 5. 5 4 10 -11 .329 R O 12. 5-13. 5 37Q « O 15 -16 1 31 O. oo 7 17 -18 . 0*i o. lo S o 19 -20 . lot "3 8Q q 22 -23 9 IK a. ID in 25 -26 93^ 30 -31 109 .1/ '//' tllftfTx 208 638 6 12 -13 0. 190 2. 27 7 1.5 -16 .240 2. 13 8 20 -21 .218 3. 56 9 25 -26 .243 1. 83 10 30 -31 . 335 8.06 21.5 627 1 .5 0. .56 2 1.0 . 107 5.79 3 5. 0- 5. 5 .245 8. 16 4 10 -11 .229 2. 25 5 1.5 -16 .265 3. 32 1 6 20. 0-20. 5 .29 4.2* 7 23 -24 . 40 7. 13 8 25. 0-25. 5 .27 2. 78 216 639 1 .5 . 132 2. 71 2 1.0 . 212 4. 13 3 3.0- 3.5 .23 2. 39 4 5. 0- 5. 5 .245 5. 22 • 5 9. .5-10. 5 .229 2. 16 6 15.0-15.5 .247 3. 54 7 20 -21 .26 1.81 8 24.0-24. 5 .24 2.07 217 717 1 .4- 0. 5 . 119 3. 53 2 1-3 . 58 3 5. 0- 5. 5 . 238 2. 15 4 10 -11 .22 2. 5 J 15 -16 .231 7.27 5 I 19. 5-20. 0 .220 2. 66 6 21 -22 .244 3.8 7 25 -26 .225 2.71 g 31 -32 .245 6.53 218 688 1 . 5- 0. 5 .37 2 1.5- 1.5 .34 3 5. 0- 5. 5 . 12 4. 58 4 10 -11 .233 3.86 5 15 -16 .238 3.82 6 20 -21 . 190 3.36 7 26 -31 .212 3.82 8 39 -41 .262 3.36 9 45 -46 .247 2. 15 10 55 -56 .25 2.48 342 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results o f sizing tests — Continued. Well Commis- sion well 218 688 221 687 229 695 235 294 296 HUM 659 660 Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. Feel. Millimeters 11 59 -60 0. 283 2.86 1 .4 2 1.5 3 5.0 4 10 -11 . 172 4.65 5 15 -16 . 310 2.99 6 20 -21 . 518 5.79 7 25 -26 . 282 3.72 8 28 -29 . 295 1.88 1 . 3- 0. 4 2 1.5- 1.6 3 5. 0- 5. 5 .221 4. 12 4 10 -11 .208 3.66 5 15 -16 . 205 2. 24 6 20 -21 . 240 2. 63 7 25 -26 . 22 2. 14 8 30 -31 . 229 1. 49 9 34 -35 10 37 -38 1 .5- 1.0 2 2.0-2.5 3 5-6 . 134 4.04 4 10 -11 . 195 2.8 5 15 -16 .209 3. 21 6 20 -21 .245 7.00 7 22 -23 .22 7.05 8 26 -27 .206 3.4 9 1 .5 2 1. 0 .215 1.47 3 5.0- 5.5 . 192 2.24 4 10 -11 .224 1.83 5 15. 0-15. 5 .233 2. 11 6 20 -21 .212 1.25 7 23. 0-23. 5 .245 1.9 8 25 -26 .243 1.87 9 30. 0-30. 5 .250 1.79 1 .4 .128 2.91 2 1.0 .20 2.2 3 5. 0- 5. 5 .22 2. 77 60 per cent finer than — Millimeters. 0.22 .26 .435 . 255 .28 . 112 . 188 . 11 . 10 .223 .38 SIZING TESTS. Table XXL — Remits of sizing tests — Continued. 343 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample numl>cr. Depth. KtTective size. I'niformity coetlicien t . «0 per cent finer t lum — Feet. Millimeters. Millimeter* 296 660 4 10 -11 0.22 2. 09 5 15 -16 .258 2.33 6 20 -21 .207 1. 75 7 23 -24 .212 1.8 8 25 -26 .226 2. 57 9 29 -30 . 215 2.09 10 35. 0-35. 5 .216 2.64 303 607 1 . 5- 0. 5 0. 442 2 1-1 .215 2.68 3 5. 0- 5. 5 . 229 5. 07 4 10. 0-10. 5 . . 221 2. 35 5 15.0-15.5 .23 4.87 6 20. 0-20. 5 .206 3. 16 7 25 -26 .22 2.05 8. 30. 0-30. 5 .25 8.00 9 35 -36 .218 3.03 10 40 -41 .23 7.43 308 907 1 .3- 0. 4 .28 2 .8- 1.0 .282 3 2. 5- 3. 0 .275 8.73 4 6-7 .231 2.56 5 10 -11 .347 5.48 6 15.0-15. 5 .274 4.05 7 20. 0-20. 5 .264 3. 51 8 25 -26 . 268 6. 34 9 30. 5-31. 5 . 36 9. 78 10 32 -33 .228 11. 4 11 35 -36 .257 11.28 12 40 -41 .26 8. 12 13 44 -45 .22 2.50 14 .50 -51 .216 4.31 15 55. 5-56. 5 .226 5.66 310 829 1 .3- .5 . 23 2 1.0- 1.5 .38 3 4.0- 4.5 .23 3.83 4 10 -11 .358 4. 47 5 15. 0-15. 5 .225 3.78 6 20 -21 .23 3.00 7 25 -26 .2) 3.85 8 30 -30 .239 6 86 344 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. 310 Commis- Sample sion well '„ number. number- Depth. 829 312 619 318 864 9 10 11 12 .50 13 55 11 60 15 65 16 70 17 75 18 80. 19 84. 20 90 21 95 22 99. 23 105 24 109 25 113 26 116 27 120 28 130 29 148 1 1 5. 9. 15 6 20 Feel - 36 - 41 - 46 53 56 61 66 - 71 - 77 5- 81. 0- 85. - 91 - 96 0-100. -106 -111 -115 -117 -121 -134 -149 £- - 1 0 5 .5- 10 - 16 - 21 _ 97 Effective size. Millimeters 0.220 .220 .245 . 22 .30 ..50 .241 .60 . 57 .3 8 30 9 35 10 40 31 36 41 11 43.0- 43. 12 45. 0- 45. 13 50 - 51 14 55 - 56 15 60 - 61 16 65 - 66 17 70 - 71 18 72 - 73 1 0. .247 .241 .227 .23 .213 1.48 . 158 .262 .26 .24 1.5 . 182 .16 .22 .23 .15 .35 . 19 .225 .207 .22 .242 .211 Uniformity coefficient. 2.48 2.45 4.00 1.82 2.83 4.00 3.53 4.00 5.26 fiO per cent finer than— 2. 27 2.57 1.78 1.65 1.7 1.96 1.64 17. 18 2.27 6.75 2.67 3.00 1.56 10. 1 7. 61 5.27 3.71 4.00 6.49 2.00 2. 91 3.06 2.6 Millimeters 0. 37 .26 (") (6) 19 168 ■ 82.6 per cent finer than 200 (0.10). percent finer than 200 '0.10). SIZING TESTS. Table XjLL — Results of sizing lest* — Continued. 345 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 00 per cent finer than Feet. Millimeters. M iUimeter.1. 318 864 2 3.0 0. 359 3 8 - 9 0. 137 3. 0 4 14 -15 . 13 2. 7 5 19 -20 . 136 2. 71 6 24 -25 . 141 2. 73 7 29 -30 . 11 2. 82 g 34 -35 . 15 2. 53 323 956 1 («) . 11 2 1. 0-1.5 345 3 4 - 5 . 130 3. 35 4 9 -10 . 15 3 00 5 14 -15 . 225 3. 82 6 19 -20 . 22 4. 05 ■ 7 24 -25 . 209 2. 11 g 29 -30 . 181 3. 15 9 34 -35 . 290 2. 24 10 39 -40 . 198 1. 77 11 45 -47 . 172 3. 26 381 697 3 11. 5-13.0 . 18 2. 02 4 16. 5-17. 0 . 224 1. 72 5 19.0-19.5 . 29 3. 17 6 24 -25 . 233 2. 15 7 25. 5-26. 0 . 27 11. 4 g 27. 0-27. 8 240 2. 125 9 29 30 187 4. 81 10 34 -34.5 148 1. 34 11 34. 5-35 . 169 1. 65 12 37 -38 169 1. 95 382 658 3 9. 5-10.5 212 3. 30 4 10 -11 237 3. 54 5 15 -16 . 228 2. 06 g 20 -21 216 2. 69 7 25 -26 .28 2. 18 8 29 -30 .238 1.97 9 31. 5-32.3 . 168 1.4 10 34. 5-35. 0 . 189 1.42 11 35. 5-36. 0 . 124 2.00 12 40 -41 . 196 2.32 13 41 -42 . 138 1.42 14 46 -47 . 198 2.65 15 50 -51 .282 1.88 a Surface. 17116— No. 44—06 23 346 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII.: — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than — Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. 389 Ooo 1 A ID 54 -55 n 94A i p;i 1 7 56 -57 187 1 9fi 1 8 58 -59 o- o ■ «iu 1 4A 1Q 63 -64 913 . — l-> 1 K9 J. . OZ 90 68 -69 1 70 9 03 21 73 -74 .378 2.07 22 78 -79 .280 1.48 93 81 -82 93Q 1 7fi L. 1 u 24 86 -87 209 1 4^ 9^ 91 -92 177 ■ Lit 9 OR. 9fi 93 -94 2. 04 97 95 -96. 5 IfiQ 1 38 98 96. 5-97. 0 179 . Li 4 1 1. D 3QO fi17 i 5 fi 30^ U. oUO 2 1.8- 2. () 9£ . ZO ■3 O 2. 3- 2. 5 . oo 3 f»7 o. oi 4 5 - 6 .346 4.05 5 8. 5- 9. 0 .26 2. 77 g 10 -11 99 9 41 7 15 -16 99 . Lit! 1 Q J. . y S 16 -17 94 4 OO q 20 -21 93fl . ZOO 3 18 o. lo 10 25 -26 99 1 73 l. to J \ 29. 0-29. 8 1 41 1 38 3Q1 fi18 UIO J 0. 4 49 2 1. 5 Q£ . oo •3 O 2. 5 34^ £! A7 1 Tt 5 - 6 94 10 83 IV. oo 5 - 9 4 2. 35 a u 10. 5-11. K O 947 / 14 -15 9 3.28 2.63 7.83 I 3.5 3.00 2.39 6.83 1.38 12.76 11. 1 2.24 2.63 12. 7 3. 1 8.15 2. 5 2.7 : 2.04 3. 30 12. 16 La 6.52 4.4 ; 4.48 2.32 6.8 2.05 2. 1 1.32 8.13 1.8 2.39 <• Surface. 6 Subsoil. 348 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient". 60 per cent finer than — Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. 410 862 0 12 -13 A OT U. It A OC 4. _t i 0 17 -18 A 1 . 41 1 1 AA 11. uu 7 22 -23 . 4oy < . 01 8 27 -28 oi .t . Zlo o o Z. o a y oo oo 6Z -66 O 1 1 . Z41 X 1 o o. 18 1 A 1U OO — OO. 8 ooo . 161 O 4 1 o. 44 416 . 863 1 0 - 0.6 0. 236 ty 1. 2— 1.4 o no o O o O O 1 6 1- 6. 4 OQ . Z» 1 R AT 10. Ut A 4 o - / OO . lo /I IO 4. 4o 5 11 - 12 .38 6.58 O lo - 1/ . 44o R. 1 I 0. 14 "7 I Ol OO zl — Zz ,1 1 . 41 O TO o. to Q o 0£ OT Zb — It OQ . OO (' oo 0. 61 n y OA A OI A ou. y-oi. u . zzy 1U OI oo 61 -61 • ■>/ • e . OOO n oo y. 61 -1 1 Qfi OT oo -6t o.q . oo O AA y. uy 1 o .11 c 1 o c 41. 0-4Z. O . ooo o oo O. Zl ilO 418 aai 1 O K .6- . O A A . 44 o OA O 1 z.yy— z. 4 . 4» 1 o oo 16. 66 3 6. 5- 8. 0 .368 6.71 4 11 — 1Z . OO 11 11 11. 14 5 1 fl IT 10 -1/ y. ot 6 21 -22 .362 8.01 7 o/ ; or Zo -Z7 . ozo T OO / . So o O ol -oZ oo . oo A AA y. uy a Ofl 1 Of! A oo. 4-oD. y . iys o o o. 8 1 a 10 1 1 /IO 41 — 4Z O . ooU o. yi ll 45 —51 O IO . lil 1 o 11 ol. O-oo. 8 OOl . ZZl 1 0 1 1. al 13 53. 8-55. 7 o c . oo O OA i. zy 421 906 1 0 - 0.8 .34 2 2. 7- 2. 9 .206 5. 34 3 7. 5- 8. 5 .269 14.5 4 12. 2-13. 2 .22 6.27 5 17. 5-18. 5 .243 5. 1 6 22. 5-23. 5 .23 3. 91 7 25. 0-25. 5 .22 7. 73 8 30 -31 .215 3.02 9 35 -36 .228 2.76 SIZING TESTS. Table XII. -Results of skiwj tests — Continued. 849 Well number. 421 Coinmis- t. im„ort I>e]>th. Kflective 906 422 959 501 909 502 955 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Feet. 40 -41 41 45 50 54 1.7 -42 -46 -51 -55 2. 3.0- 3. 8.0- 9. 10. 5-11. 15 -16 20 23 27 31 36 0 -21 -24 -28 -32 -37 - 0. 2. 5- 3. 5-7 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 -12 -16 -21 -27 -31 -36 -41 -46 -51 -56 .5- 1. 1.5- 2. 2. .5- 3. 4. 5- 5. 6-7 10 -11 15. 0-17. 20 -22 25. 0-26. 30 -32 35 -36 41 -42 Millimeters 0. 29 1.30 .229 .220 1. 10 Uniformity coefficient. . 18 .20 .214 .239 .44 .28 .23 .259 .243 .235 .205 .780 .193 .229 .260 .310 .235 .208 .210 .178 .235 .64 .45 .215 .219 .23 .27 .234 .365 .218 3. 62 2.38 2. 75 2.7 2.41 60 per cent finer than— .1/ ill i null rs 7.5 4. 25 7.01 2.76 10. 11 3.25 4.43 3.47 3.00 4. 04 2.88 5.0 2.33 2.9 5. 19 2.9 2.68 1.61 3. 33 1.40 13. 62 6.64 11. 56 10.00 5.02 10.00 7.89 11.54 8.36 5.83 0. 136 .55 .25- .725 I n 61 per cent finer than 0.10. 350 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Resrilts of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than — Feet. Millimeters. \t illim elers. 502 955 lo 45. 0- 46. 5 n e i U. 04 a ni 4. yi // 1 A oil - oz i ft 1.) EE E"7 05 - 5f o nn Z. UU 1 Oft 1. zo i ft lb cn ft 1 oy - Ol n EQE V). 060 17 RA E ftE E 04. O— DO. 0 .10 . 4Z O Oft z. ZO 1 Q lo 7n n *71 E /U. U— /I. 0 OftE . oOO 0 ftft z. 00 1 n /0 - /o AO . 4Z Q EO 0. oz ZU on oi oU - ol OO E . ZZO a nn 4. UU 01 Zl OO O 01 Z. Zl , 1 QE 1. oO ZZ OE Gfl oo - SO AO. . Oo /I At 4. 41 oo Zo on n on c yu. u- yu. o OO . OO y. 6t Z4 n~ n nE e yo. u- yo. o OO . zz E 4 E 0. 40 OE zo i nn n 1 n e e 1UU. U— 1U0. 0 . Ol K \A 0. 14 26 101 -102 .23 2.26 Z7 1U4. O-IUO. U Ol Q . ziy 1 QO 1. oy oo zo iuy -1IU on . zu 1 A£ 1. DO on zy 1 1 A K 1 1 C C 114. O— 1 10. 0 1 oc . loo 1 r;o 1. OZ on oU i on i o i 1ZU — 1Z1 01 0 . Zlo 1 AA 1. DO ol 1 O 1 K IOC c 1Z4. O-1Z0. 0 01 c . Zlo 1 AA 1. DD QO oz i on ^ i qi n 00 a . ZZO 1 A1 1. 01 9a OO 1 QO 1 Q £ ^ loZ. 0-loD. 0 OQQ . Zoo A AQ 4. Oo Enft oub 1 1 /IO 114Z 1 U — i. o OO. . ZO z ID O O 1. o- Z. Z . ZiO 1 07 /. ZY o o *> a o - O OOA . ZZO A c:a 4. 00 4 in 11 1U — 11 . Ol 1 OK /. ZO r ft i £ i a lo — lo 00 . Zv Q *70 O. /Z 0 on 01 ZU — Zl AQ . 4o a n t 0. U4 n 4 OC OA zo — zo rr\ . OU .4 A 4. 0 o O on qo oU - oZ OQ . Zo •5 Ol • y O C 0*7 oO — 67 in . 4U /. 70 i n ID Af\ A 1 4U — 41 . oO 0. / 1 11 45 - 46 .335 5.08 12 50 - 51 .275 3.42 13 55 - 56 .23 9. 13 14 60 - 61 .22 2.09 15 65 - 66 .218 LSI 16 70 - 71 .218 1.82 17 75 - 76 .20 2. 25 18 79. 5- 80. 5 . 19 1.21 569 849 1 .2- .3 .41 " This sample too small to analyze. SIZING TESTS. Tabu XII. — RenUig of tiring /<'*/.< — Continued. 351 Well number. C omniis- , sion well minil)or. Sample number. 1 • Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coellicient. fiO per cent finer tliiin Feel. M illimeters in 111 1 lit 1 1 1 r.s 569 849 o A 0. 605 r> o U. ZoVI /. OO 4 10 11 lyr 11 07 ' £1 0 on 5 11 -12 .27 3.89 6 15 -16 .34 2. 91 7 20.5-21.5 .26 4. 12 8 25 -26 .238 2.48 9 30 -31 .49 3.67 574 865 1 0. .5- 1.0 .216 2 1.7- 2.3 .205 3 2. 7- 3. 3 .23 4 5-6 .31 2.97 5 9 -10 .30 10.67 6 15 -16 .54 6.3 7 20 -21 .375 2.47 8 25 -27 .26 3.9 q . DO 10 35. 0-36. 5 .213 2.07 11 37. 5-38. 0 . 144 2. 19 12 40 -41 .242 2.4 13 45 -46 .228 4. 17 14 50. 5-53. 0 .52 4.33 15 52. 4-52. 6 . 11 7.82 16 55 -58 . 105 8. 39 17 58. 5-59. 5 . 118 3. 31 1 c lO fin i UW. O Ul. o 990 1 . oO 19 63 -64 . 19 2.8 20 65. 5-66. 5 .65 1.77 91 7H (179 t; on 22 74. 5-75. 5 .22 1.66 . 23 80 -81 .232 2.41 24 84 -85 .332 1.78 Di O one 1 ^ i f\ . O- 1. u . 14o *7 no 7. y.D 2 1.5- 2.0 .62 6.05 3 3-4 .33 6.06 4 6 ^7 .37 7.03 1 5 10 -11 .363 7.71 6 7 8 15 -16 20 -21 24 -25 .529 .213 .195 7.37 2.63 1.13 | 352 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than — Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. o7o one y 27. 0-28. 5 i. Uo 1 fl lu 31 -32 i no l . uy 1 1 11 35 -37 91 ft i ^ 1. o 1 o 1Z 40. 5-41. 5 99 ft 1. o 635 743 1 0 - 0. 5 0. 605 2 5- 1.0 2.00 Q O 1 - 3 .53 6. 51 A 4 5 - 6 .38 7.37 0 10 -11 .341 7.68 O 15 -16 .398 4.22 f 4 19 -20 .28- 4.57 Q O 24 -25 .38 2.6 Do/ / zy 1 {") 1 1 °. 1.10 .80 2 5- 1.0 Q O 1 - 3 .308 8.08 4 5 - 6 .358 8. 1 5 10 -11 .435 7. 13 o 15 -16 .25 4.8 n 4 20 -21 .23 2.7 Q O 24 -26 .345 2!43 Q y 29 .338 5. 47 con »zo i (") 7 1 . / 4 5-2.0 . 156 6.73 Q o 5 - 6 .259 4.02 4 10 -12 .434 4. 61 5 15 -16 .219 4.93 o 20 -21 .365 2.8 7 / 25 -26 .42 6. 21 o O 30 -31 .22 1.59 o 35 -36 .209 1. 55 i n 40 -41 .314 3. 12 ii 45 -46 .265 3.21 12 50 -51 .34 1.76 13 55 -56 266 2.03 14 60 -61 .22 1.93 15 65 -66 .37 2. 51 16 70 -71 .382 2.49 17 75 -76 .281 3. 47 18 80 -81 .231 2.86 19 85 -86 .46 2.72 <• Surface. SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Hemiltx of xizimj tn>l.« — Continued. 358 Well number. 639 694 695 Commis- sion well Bjuimta number. ""»>'>pr- S26 861 843 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Depth. ST. 91 1. 5. 10. 15 20 30. 35. 40. 10 45 11 50. 12 55 13 60. 14 65. 15 69. to. 16 17 80. 18 85. 19 90. 20 95. 21 100. 22 101. 1 1. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25 30. 35 Feel 0- 87. 5 - 92 0.3 0- 1. 5 0- 5. 5 0- 10.5 - 16 - 21 0-30.5 5- 35. 5 0- 40. 5 0- 45. 5 0- .50.5 - 56 0-60.5 0- 65. 5 0- 69. 5 0- 75.5 0-80.5 0-85.5 0- 90.5 0- 95. 5 0-100.5 5-102.0 . 5 5-2.0 0- 5.5 0- 10.5 0- 15.5 0- 20. 5 - 26 0- 30. 5 - 36 Bfleetlvc Millimeters. 0. 125 .224 . 22 . 195 1. 10 .3 .33 .23 .214 .238 . 222 . 19 .224 .229 .242 .208 .209 .200 .22 .18 .22 .27 .22 .22 .42 .23 . 235 Uniformity coefficient". 1.72 2. 63 15. 23 3.33 3.19 5.67 2.73 3.00 1..54 5.25 3. 47 1.37 2.28 2.1 1.9 1.25 1.82 1. 17 1.59 1.23 4.64 1.73 4.5 2. 73 7.33 2.52 3.83 60 per cent finer than— Millimeter* 0. 182 . 39 .22 .4 .6 354 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. FILTRATION TESTS. Filtration tests were made with columns of carefully packed material, 6 inches long and one ten-millionth of an acre in section, under a 5-foot head of water. Recently boiled water of normal room temperature was used. Before beginning the filtration test with a sample the air was expelled by admitting water from a burette slowly at the bottom of the column, and the volume of water thus required to fill the sand was carefully measured. This volume expressed in cubic centimeters and also in percentages constitutes the porosity determination. The upper end of the tube was then connected with the 5-foot head of water for the filtration test. Water was allowed to flow unmeasured for several minutes until the finer sand particles should have time to adjust themselves and until any residuum of air left in the sand should have been dissolved out; the flow was then carefully measured for five minutes and multiplied by 12 to get the rate per hour. Under the conditions of the tests it is, obviously, impossible to reproduce the structure of the material as it existed in the ground; and yet this structure — the mode of association and arrangement of the grains of varying sizes — must profoundly influence the filtration rate. This is, probably, the most serious limita- tion of the filtration tests; for while we may fairly assume that the material in the ground is closely packed (hard-packed), we have, in general, or with ordinary boring samples, no means of knowing whether it is a homogeneous mixture or, as must commonly be the case, distinctly laminated, coarse, pervious layers alter- nating with fine, impervious layers, in a way to insure the maximum flow in a horizontal direction. If a general assumption must be made, it were, doubtless, most conservative to assume the horizontal flow as greater and the vertical flow as less than the filtration rate, which may be, in many cases, an approximate mean. Table XIII. — Results of filtrat ion tests. Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Depth (feet). Porosity. Filtration: Cm. s per hour. number. number. Cm.i. Per cent. 148 1204 9 30-31 17 32 960 10 35-36 17 32 672 11 36-37 14.5 27.3 2,880 12 44-45 17 32 5,520 13 50-51 16.5 31. 1 540 14 55-56 18 33.9 960 15 62-63 16 30. 1 4,320 16 67-68 14. 5 27. 3 3, 144 17 74-7.5 17.5 33 3,780 18 82-83 19 35.8 5,100 19 88-89 14.5 27.3 2,204 20 95-96 17 32 828 303 607 5 15 -15.5 18 33.9 6,180 6 20 -20.5 t 18 33.9 2,040 FILTRATION TESTS. 355 Tahi.e XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued; Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Porosity. Filtration: Cm.* per hour. number. number. Cm*. far cent. 303 607 7 25 -26 19 35.8 4,200 8 30 -30. 5 17 32 7,380 9 35 -36 18 33.9 2, 616 10 40 -41 1.5. 5 29.2 3,660 308 907 11 3.5-36 15 28.3 4,800 12 40-41 16.5 31. 1 6, 240 13 44 -45 20 37.7 7,440 14 50 -51 15.5 29.2 3,360 15 55. 5-56. 5 17 32 7,560 310 829 8 30 -30 16.5 31. 1 5,640 9 35 -36 16 30. 1 3,540 10 40 -41 18 33.9 4,620 11 45 -46 17 32 8, 760 12 50 -53 24 45.2 4,920 13 55 -56 19.5 36.7 14,400 14 60 -61 19.5 36.7 17,940 15 65 -66 18.5 34.9 10, 200 16 70 -71 21 39.6 20,880 17 75 -77 15 28.3 21,840 18 80. 5-81. 5 26 49 84 323 9.56 6 19 -20 16 30.1 4,080 I 24 -25 16.5 31. 1 2,136 8 29 -30 15 28.3 936 9 34 -35 21 39.6 14,880 10 39 -40 12.5 23.5 2, 640 11 45 -47 14 26.4 636 382 " 658 3 9. 5-10. 5 24 47 624 4 10 -11 15 29.4 3,960 15 -16 22 43. 1 9,840 6 20 -21 11. 5 22.5 4,740 7 25 -26 21 41. 1 9, 120 8 29 -30 12 23. 5 S, VHU 9 31. 5-32. 3 22 43. 1 852 10 34. 5-35. 0 17.5 34.3 ' 80,000 400 845 3 2 - 2. 2 18 33.9 7,200 4 6-7 35 66 11,880 5 11 -11.8 18.5 34.9 4,680 6 16 -17 18 33.9 8,280 7 21 -22 17.5 33 4,320 a Wells 65S and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 51 cm.' capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.3 capacity. 356 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Depth (feet). Porosity— Filtration : Cm.3 per hour. number. • number. Cm.3. Per cent. 400 845 g 26 -27 17.5 33 8, 340 9 31 -32 19.5 36.7 3 540 401 "846 3 2. 5- 2. 7 12.5 24.5 1, 200 4 5. 5— 6. 5 13.5 26.4 3, 300 5 9. 5-10. 5 17 33.3 4,740 6 14. 5-15. 5 17 33.3 1,740 7 19 -20 16 31.3 9, 420 9 21. 5-22. 5 14.5 28.4 444 10 23 -24 13.5 26.4 288 11 28 -29 19 37.2 2,880 12 31 -32 17 33.3 8, 280 403 847 5 10 -11 16 30. 1 4,680 6 12 -13 16 30. 1 16, 680 7 15 -16 17.75 33.4 9, 420 8 18 -19 14 26.4 12, 960 9 23 -24 18.5 34.9 4,380 10 28 -29 16.5 31. 1 5, 340 410 862 3 2. 3-22. 5 20 37.7 3,060 4 7-6 16 30.1 2, 700 5 12 -13 12.5 23.5 6,060 6 17 -18 13.5 25.4 8, 760 7 22 -23 13 24.5 7,740 8 27 -28 15 28.3 2,880 9 32 -33 23 43.3 3, 180 10 36. 0-36. 8 16.5 31. 1 6,000 418 901 8 31 -32 16.5 31. 1 13, 260 9 36. 4-36. 9 14.5 27.3 1, 944 10 41 -42 17.5 33 13, 704 11 45 -51 23 43.3 2,880 12 51. 0-53. 8 20 37. 7 7,860 13 53. 8-55. 7 36 67.9 21,840 421 906 9 35 -36 18.5 34.9 9, 480 10 40 -41 18 33.9 15,-*20 11 41 -42 24 45.2 60,000 12 45 -46 21 39.6 12,504 13 50 51 20.5 38.6 11,340 14 54 -55 19 35.8 52,800 422 959 8 27 -28 16.5 31. 1 11,340 9 31 -32 16 30.1 8,400 o Wells 658 and 84fi have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of .31 cm.3 capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.3 capacity. FILTRATION TESTS. Table Xlll. — vResuliS affiliation text* — Continued. 857 Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Depth (feet). Porosity- Filtration: Cm.3 per hour. number. number. Cm.*. Percent. 422 959 10 36 -37 17 32 12, 0(50 454 960 1 5-6 16.5 31. 1 6, 000 2 8 -10 19.5 36.7 3, 480 3 21. 1-25.0 18 33.9 3, 480 4 37 -40 18 33.9 18, 240 41 -52 17 32 1, 980 495 1272 1 0.5- 1.0 16.5 31. 1 3, 360 2 1.5- 2.0 15 28.3 9, 720 3 5-6 16 30.1 17, 400 4 10 -11 11 20.7 2, 940 5 15 -16 17.5 33 7,260 6 20 -21 17 32 8, 940 7 24 -25 18 33.9 7,260 8 29 -30 19.5 36.7 8,760 9 30 -31 20 37.7 1,080 10 32 -33 16 30.1 2, 160 11 34 -35 24 45.2 1,500 12 40 -41 20.5 38.6 852 13 45 -46 20 37.7 1, 560 14 48 -49 v / 408 15 60 -61 26 49 16 63 -65 20.5 38.6 756 17 65. 5-67. 5 23 43.3 372 18 70 -71 21.5 40. 5 251 697 1087 3 5. 0- 5. 5 22 41.5 7,320 4 10 -12 17 32 7,860 5 15 -16 16.5 31. 1 7,560 6 20 -21 21. 5 40.5 6,000 7 25 -26 16.5 31. 1 8,940 g 29 -30 17 32 5, 580 698 1088 4 10.0-10. 5 16 30. 1 60,600 5 15.0-15.5 15.5 29.2 10, 200 6 20. 0-20. 5 16 30.1 10, 620 7 25. 0-25. 5 17 32 6,600 8 30. 0-30. 5 16 30.1 9,360 707 1141 3 3-5 13.5 26.4 4, 140 4 5 -21 16 30. 1 1,320 5 21 -25 16 30. 1 8,760 6 25 -30 15.5 29.2 15,360 a Does not filter. 358 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Depth (feet). Porosity — Filtration: Cm.3 per hour. number. number. CmA Per cent. 707 1141 7 30- 35 16 30. 1 12 960 g 35- 40 16 30. 1 10, 560 g 40- 45 18 33.9 58 20(1 10 45- 50 18.5 34.9 12, 660 U 50- 55 15.5 29.2 12 960 12 55- 60 18 33.9 13 60- 65 14 26.4 15, 180 14 65- 70 15.5 29.2 8 7f>0 O, t \J\J 1.5 70- 78 16 30. 1 9 360 16 78- 81 19 35.8 6, 960 17 81- 85 17 32 8 280 18 85- 88 18 33.9 5 760 19 88- 92 20.5 38.6 10, 800 20 92- 97 17 32 21 420 21 97-100 17 32 9 240 22 100-103 20 37.7 5, 640 708 1195 4 5- 10 14.5 27.3 2 820 5 10- 15 13. 5 26.4 6 828 g 15- 20 17 32 8 040 7 25- 28 16.5 31. 1 7, 940 g 29- 30 16 30. 1 3 744 g 30- 35 14.5 27.3 8 280 10 35- 40 17 32 11 040 11 40- 44 14.5 27.3 ^ 7Qfi 729 1198 4 9- 10 15.5 29.2 6 420 5 14- 15 14. 5 27.3 4 020 5 1Q_ 90 13 24.5 7 24- 25 15 28.3 8 520 g 29- 30 16.5 31. 1 9 360 9 20 37.7 9 960 10 39- 40 17 32 10 920 11 44- 45 18 33.9 8, 760 731 1200 3 4- 5 13.5 25.4 9,240 4 9- 10 16 30.1 9,780 5 14- 15 14. 5 27.3 7,260 7 24- 25 16.5 31. 1 10,620 8 29- 30 17 32 7,560 9 34- 35 16.5 31. 1 7,260 10 39- 40 17 32 3, 060 11 44- 45 17 32 10, 740 FILTRATION TESTS. 859 TABLE XIII. — Results of Ji Itration teste — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. - Sample number. 1 )nnt h (tonl \ 1 M \) III \ il I I ) . Porosity- Cm.'. 1 Per cent. Filtration: Cm.1 per hour. 731 1200 1 12 49- 50 16. 5 31. 1 10,980 13 .54- 55 15. 5 29. 2 6,480 732 1202 4 9- 10 14. 5 27. 3 3, 840 5 14- 15 17. 5 33 1,800 6 19- 20 17. .5 33 27, 000 7 24- 25 17 32 8,820 8 29- 30 17. 5 33 1,860 9 34- 35 1 ( 32 19,800 755 1206 4 9- 10 16. 5 31. 1 840 6 19- 20 14 26. 4 14,520 8 29- 30 17 32 3,000 10 39- 40 1< 32 3,240 12 49- .50 lo. 5 29. 2 4, 140 14 59- 60 i« 16 30. 1 7,980 16 69- 70 18 33. 9 5,580 18 79- 80 19. 5 36. 7 2,700 20 89- 90 21 39. 6 4,860 778 1145 3 4- 5 19 35. 8 9, 360 6 19- 20 19. 5 36. 7 7,200 9 34- 35 18. 5 34. 9 7,320 12 49- .50 20. 5 38. 6 5, 340 15 64- 65 19. 5 36. 7 6,540 18 79- 80 19 35. 8 3,480 21 94- 95 19. 5 36. 7 3,960 24 109-110 19. 5 36. 7 6,360 27 124-125 21 39. 6 2,700 30 134-135 22 41.5 54 33 149-150 20.5 38.6 4, 344 781 1169 4 9- 10 18 33.9 7,620 5 14- 15 21 39.6 8,580 6 19- 20 16 30. 1 9, 540 7 24- 25 19 35.8 8, 940 8 29- 30 18.5 34.9 10,080 9 34- 35 20.5 38.6 14,640 10 39- 40 22 41.5 5,280 11 44- 45 22 41.5 14,700 12 49- 51 20.5 38.6 13,380 796 1214 4 5- 10 20 37.7 3,300 6 15- 20 19.5 36.7 6,360 360 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results of filtration texts — Continued. Well Commis- sion well number. Sample Depth (feet). Porosity— Filtration: Cm.3 per hour. number. number. Cm.'. Per cent. 191 -i 0 o 20 37.7 10 19. 5 36.7 1 9 4^-"iO 20.5 38.6 14 1 Q oo. o 798 1215 4 5-10 17 32 9,180 6 15-20 17 32 7,200 8 2.5-30 16.5 31. 1 6,780 10 35-40 17.5 33 5,940 12 45-50 18.5 34.9 5,280 14 55-60 17.5 33 10, 320 16 65-70 15 28.3 4,440 18 75-80 17 32 3,240 20 85-90 16 30.1 2,736 CHAPTER VI. THE SURFACi: STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. By Robert E. Hoktox. CHARACTER OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. In a region of moderate rainfall a sloping valley which is continuously depressed below the ground-water horizon will contain a perennial stream. If the bed of the valley is in some degree impervious, the stream may continue over regions where the ground-water horizon lies at greater depth, or a perennial stream may be fed from natural or artificial surface storage in lakes in impervious basins lying above the general ground-water bed. In general, however, a stream whose channel lies above the ground-water horizon will be intermittent, and such an intermittent stream may now under the following conditions: (a) Whenever the ground-water plane, in its periodic fluctuation, rises above the topographical elevation of the stream bed; (b) whenever the surface supply from rainfall or melting snow is in excess of the amount absorbed by the soil, so that surface run-off takes place. The great sand and gravel deposits of Long Island afford streams differing in character from those generally found elsewhere in New York and in the New England States, where rock is generally found near the surface. Many of the Long Island catchment areas may be described as narrow strips extending inland from the south shore of the island, having in many cases a nearly uniform slope of about 20 feet per mile. The soil is coarse grained and permeable, and the ground-water table slopes toward the south shore at a rate of 10 or 12 feet per mile. In other words, the ground-water table approaches the surface at a rate of 8 to 10 feet per mile, and in the first few miles back from the coast the ground water lies very near the general ground surface. The general ground surface and ground-water planes intersect at tide water. The stream valleys are flat bottomed and generally marshy, and are depressed a few feet below the general surface. The bed of the stream valley, running parallel to the general slope of the surface, intersects the ground-water horizon a .short distance inland, commonly 1 to 5 miles, and it is at this point of intersection that the surface streams usually have their visible sources. The level of the ground water is subject to periodic fluctuations of a few feet: hence the point of its intersection of the stream valley is not invariable, but may recede and advance with the season or with the rise and fall of ground water, as was observed by the writer in 1903. These conditions are illustrated for an ideal stream in figs. 68 and 69. From tide water to the point A of intersection of the stream valley with the minimum ground-water level the stream is perennial. 17116— Xo. 44— 06 24 361 362 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. From A to B, covering the range of fluctuation of ground water, the stream is intermittent, having its source at A in times of low ground water and at B in times of high ground water. The distance A-B is usually slight. Above the point B Iter surface Fig. 68. — Long Island marsh stream valley. the stream flows only in times of freshets, when supphed by surface run-off. There are also flats and glacial depressions, as at C, from which no surface run-off ever takes place. If for any reason, as, for example, the existence of an outcrop of impervious material in the gravel slope, a permanent stream supply is brought to the surface at some point in the catchment basin above the point B. a disappearing stream may result, similar in character to streams from the Rocky Mountains which are lost in the porous soils of the Great Plains, but of course very much smaller. A number of such streams arising in sprmgs have been observed. Deep porous soil Fig. 6!). — Ideal Long Island stream profile. UTILIZATION OF LONG ISLAND SURFACE STREAMS. The streams are too small in volume and declivity to afford extensive water powers. In constructing the South Shore highway it was necessary to build earth dikes across the flat stream valleys, and these dikes have been utilized in many instances as mill dams, the absence of severe freshets on these streams making large overflow or wasteway channels unnecessary. The second important use of the surface streams has been in the formation of numerous private ponds for landscape effect in private parks and for water supply for estates and summer residences. Certain streams are utilized in cranberry culture and to a limited extent for irrigation of truck lands. The streams and ground waters are utilized as sources of water supply for Brooklyn and for the extensive summer-resort population at towns along the south shore of the island. WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN. 868 THE WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN, N Y.a Brooklyn was incorporated as a city in 1834; it then contained a population of 23,000. The question of constructing a system of public water supply was almost continually agitated from this date until 1856, when the construction of a waterworks system was undertaken, including supply ponds on a number of streams near Brooklyn, on the south shore of Long Island. The original works were completed in 1862, and comprised six supply ponds receiving the drainage from an aggregate catchment area of 65.6 square miles, including additions made to the waterworks previous to their later extension eastward. The cost of the original works was $4,200,000. Previous to the construction of the municipal waterworks, franchises had been secured and small supplies had been developed by a number of private water companies. In 1889 the extension of the waterworks eastward from Rockville Center to Massapequa was undertaken. The extension of the system added a drainage area of 88.5 square miles, making the total area tributary to the complete system 154.1 square miles. The names and capacities of the supply ponds in the old and new systems are given in the following tables, together with the population and annual con- sumption of water from the municipal system of Brooklyn:'' Area, elevation, and capacity of supply ponds for Brooklyn waterworks. Name. Elevation of waste weir above tide. Area at waste-weir elevation. Available storage capacity. Feet. A cres U. S. Gallons. Baisley's 9.569 40.0 41,940,000 Springfield 5.078 7.34 7, 199, 000 Simonson's 16. 995 8. 75 9, 879, (XX) Clear Stream 13. 194 1.07 977,500 Watt's 6.53 3. 43 3, 7.50, 000 Valley Stream _ 14.583 17.78 20, 850, 000 Pine's 13. 682 8.0 9, 046, (XX) Hempstead 12.216 23. 52 26, 900, 000 Smith's 5.086 27.25 41,580,000 Millburn 6.6 13.63 11, 100,000 East Meadow 7.7 16. 15 18, 830, 000 Newbridge 8.5 8.90 11,428,000 Wantagh 9.7 10. 14 15, 030, 000 Seaman's 14.9 14. 78 28, 990, 000 Massapequa 11. 12 14.55 16,990,000 aSee The Brooklyn Water Works and Sewers, memoir by James P. Kirkwood, 1857; also History and Description of the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896. l> From report of L M. De Varona, 1896. 364 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Population of Brooklyn and daily water consumption per capita. Year. Population. Population de- pendent on Brooklyn water supply. Average daily consumption, Brooklyn water supply. Consump- tion per capita per day, Brook- lyn water supply. U. S. gallons. Second-feet. U. S. gallons. 1860 266, 714 zbb, / 14 3, 293, 000 5.004 1 o o lz. 0 1861 0"*0 O .7 A z7z, Sou oro o cn 27 Z, oou 4,064,000 6.299 1 i n 14. y 1862 (V-O 1 nc z7o, lub 0*70 1 t~U'. z7o, lub 5, 026, 000 7.790 1 Q 1 lo. 1 1863 ooo no ZOO, yoo ooo noo zoo, yoo 6, 494, 000 10. 065 oo n zz. y 1864 oon noc zsy, yoo 8, 105, 000 12. 562 07 ( 1 z7. y 1865 one no zyo, 1 lz one 1 1 o zyb, llz 9, 232, 000 14.310 61. z 1866 oio o CO oio, ooz OIO Q CO oio, ooz 10, 908, 000 16.907 04. O 1867 OOO C E O. 66 z, bob ooo c ce ooz, bob 12,351,000 19. 144 6l . 1 1868 ooz, ooo O CO coc OOZ, ooo 15, 709, 000 24. 349 a a e 44. O 1869 0*70 "71 n. 6l6, 1 1U 070 *71f\ o/o, / 1U 17, 629, 000 27.325 1*7 O 4/ . Z 1870 one Aon oyo, uyy one nnn oyb, uyy 18, 654,000 28. 914 AT 1 4/. 1 1871 A 1 O 1AO 41z, 4Uo 1 1 o mo 41z, 4Uo 19,351,000 29.994 ie n 4b. y 1872 joh oon 4zy, 6ou ion ocn 4zy, OOU 22,714,000 35. 207 CO o oz. y 1873 A AT A 7 1 44/ , Uo4 A A T n C*1 447, U04 24, 875, 000 38. 556 C.C c OO. O 1874 AQZ ICC 4oo, 4oo .1 e c i c c 4bo, 4oo 24, 755, 000 38. 370 CO o oo. z 1875 484, 616 484, 616 27, 150, 000 42.082 ce n OO. U 1876 cnn ni a OUU. U14 enn ni i OUU, U14 28, 109, 000 43. 569 ce O ob. z 1877 ci c nno oio, yuo ci c nno oio, yuo 30, 345, 000 47. 035 CQ Q Oo. o 1878 coo one ooz, zyo coo one OOZ, ztm 30, 507, 000 47.286 C7 O 0/ . 6 1879 549, 211 549, 211 32, 912, 000 51.014 cn n oy. y 1880 ccc ceo OOO, OOO cee eeo obb, bbo 30, 745, 000 47. 65.5 Z.A O o4. 6 1881 co i c cn oo4, boy co 1 e cn oo4, boy 32, 722, 000 .50. 719 ce n OO. U 1882 eni i no bUl, lUo eni i no bul, luo 34, 623, 000 53. 665 CT C oi . b 1883 fit7 CI *7 ol/, ol7 ei *7 CI *7 bl7, ol7 36, 149, 000 56.031 CQ C oo. o 1884 CO \ 007 0o4, oo7 eo / 007 bo4, oo7 38, 880,000 60.264 CI o Ol. Z 1885 co ncn b/o, (JoU e*70 n^n b/o, OoU 43, 379, 000 67. 237 e i c b4. O 1886 •7 cn nnn 7oU, (Jul) 700 non /zo, yzy 45, 304, 000 70. 221 AO O OZ. z 1887 765,000 741,104 46, 278, 000 71. 731 62.4 1888 782, 221 756, 195 49, 794, 000 77. 181 65.8 1889 852,467 823, 367 52, 197, 000 80.905 63.4 1890 853, 945 853,587 55,201,000 85. 562 67.0 1891 880,780 846,330 58, 083, 000 90.029 68.6 1892 957, 958 919,417 67, 566, 000 104.727 73.5 1893 1, 003, 781 961,039 75, 823, 000 117. 526 78.9 1894 1,080,000 996, .500 71,360,000 110.608 71.6 1895 1,105,000 1,013. .500 75, 735. 000 117.389 74.7 GAGINGS OK SURFACE STREAMS. GAGINGS OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. The principal results of gagings niacle prior to the year 1903 are shown in the accompanying tables. The following gagings, by William McAlpine, were made by inserting in the streams wooden sluiceways, tlirough which all the surface flow was passed. The drainage basin of Parsonage ("reek is given as 21.7-4 square miles, and the com- bined areas tributary to all the streams which extended along the south shore from Jamaica Creek to East Meadow Brook is stated to be somewhat in excess of 100 square miles. The precipitation at Erasmus Hall during the period of gaging was as follows: Precipitation at Erasmus Hall, Long Ixlantl. Precipitation. Month. 1851. Normal. Inches. Inches. July 3.85 3. 21 August 3.23 4.44 September 1.06 3.09 October 4. 47 3. 39 November 3.99 3. 24 December 2.01 3. 74 Period • 18. 61 21. 11 Gagings of Long Island streams by Wm. J. McAlpine and L. S. Nash in 1851. Body of water. Dura- tion of gaging McAlpine and Stod- dard, Oct 11,1851. Dura- tion of gaging Mean of L. S. Nash's gagings Nov. 6,7,8, 1851. Dura- tion of gaging Mean of L. S. Nash's gagings, Nov. 17,18,19,1851. Gallons Second- Gallons Second- Gallons Second- Hours per day. feet. Hou rs. per day. feet. Hours. per day. feel. Baisley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) 6 5,280,000 8. 18 12 6,233,172 9.67 -\ 8,440,312 13.08 Springfield Stream (Nostrand's 1,890,864 Pond), West Branch 8 1,600,000 2.48 11 1,689, 160 2.62 8 2.93 Springfield Stream, East Branch 24 264,000 .41 24 300,072 .46 24 354,384 .55 Hook Creek, West Branch (or Brook- field Stream) 13 4,095,000 6.34 12 4,339, 720 6.73 14 4,989,782 7.73 Hook Creek, Middle Branch (or Clear 969,600 24 540, 000 .84 24 771,816 1.20 24 1.50 Hook Creek, East Branch (Valley 3,374, 742 6 2,430,000 3. 77 6 2,510,643 3.88 6 5.22 Pine Creek (Pine's Brook) 6 2,400,000 3. 72 6 2,832,240 4.39 6} 3,249,423 5.04 7 8,330,000 12.91 12 10,543,464 16.28 12 12,594,348 19.53 24 473,328 .73 24 518, 400 .80 6 504,000 .78 24 299,616 .46 24 375, 840 .58 24 2,836, 152 4.40 24 4,276,800 6.63 10 5,340,000 8.28 12 5,601,756 8.68 12 6,280.800 9.73 « Chiefly from "Brooklyn Water Supply," De Varona, 1896, Table No. XVI. 366 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK. Mean monthly discharge of Long Island streams from gagings made by Artemus Whitlock in 1852. Body of water. August. September October. November December. Baisley's Pond (Ja- maica Creek) On West Branch Hook Creek, or Brookfield Stream: Simonson's Pond. Gallon* per day. 6,387,000 Second- feet. 9.90 Gallon* per day. 6,863,000 Second- feet. 10.65 Gallon* per day 6, 154.000 Second- feet. 9.53 Gallon* per day 7,804,000 2,701,000 3,121,000 4,616,000 3,601,000 3,121.000 Second- feet. 12.09 4.18 4.84 7. 16 5.58 4.84 Gallon* per day. 8, 137,000 Second- feet. 12.62 Conselyea's Pond. Valley Stream (P. 2,847,000 4.42 4,793,000 7.42 2,493,000 3.85 4,769,000 7.39 On East Branch Hook Creek 3,078,000 2,714,000 4.74 4.20 5,445,000 3,447,000 H6,682,000 10,228,000 8.43 5.35 26.20 15.81 3,319,000 2,464,000 5.15 3.81 5,257,000 8.15 On Parsonage Creek - Hempstead Pond. Hempstead stor- age reservoir . 8,993,000 13.93 12,003,000 18.60 « The increase of flow was caused by heavy rains just before taking the observations. Miscellaneous gagings of Long Island streams. Body of water. Gagings made by Leigh. Stod- dard, and Bre- voort, com- pleted Sept. 9. 1854. Gagings made un- der direction of Jas. P. Kirk- wood, 1856-57. Gagings made Sept. 19 to Oct. 12, 1885. Estimate of the minimum flow based on gag- ings made Aug. 30 to Oct. 5, 1S94. Baiseley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) Springfield Stream. West Branch Gallon* per day. 6,732,000 3,487,000 Second- feet. 10.43 5.41 Gallon* per day. 2,924,000 607,000 Second- feet. 4.53 .94 Gallon* per day. Second- feet. Gallon* per day. Second- feet. Hook Creek. West Branch (Simonson's Pond), or Brookfield Stream Hook Creek. Middle Branch, or Clear 2,501,000 3.88 1,798,000 708,000 2,287,000 2.79 1.10 3.55 1,266,000 1.97 2,000,000 200,000 1,300,000 3.10 .31 2.01 Hook Creek. East Branch, or Valley Watt's Pond, on East Branch Hook Creek, 4,212,000 6.53 1,879,000 2.91 Pine's Brook 2,460,000 3.81 1,050,000 695,000 1.63 1.06 600,000 1,000,000 .93 1.55 Schodack Brook Hempstead Pond ( L. Cornell's) 11,266,000 17.51 7,326,000 11.36 7,149,000 11.08 8,000,000 12,40 In thirty days preceding the gagings of October 11. 1851, 1.62 inches of rain fell, an additional precipitation of 3. So inches preceded the second series of gagings, and a further increase of 0.92 inch of rainfall occurred before the third series of gagings were made." Details as to the methods of gaging, precise location, and drainage areas above the points of gaging, or daily discharge results, are unavailable. It is known, however, that, beginning with McAlpine's gagings in 1851. most of the measurements have been made in flumes or sluiceways constructed for the purpose, the velocity and area of cross section being determined without " Report made to the water committee of the common council, city of Brooklyn, 1852, p. 117. G AGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. 867 disturbing the ground-water conditions or affecting the relative ground-w uter level above and below. Most of the streams flow in flat swamp valleys underlain by gravel so porous that the flow from a large spring that was observed was absorbed or lost in the soil within a short distance from its origin. The velocity of flow of ground water adjacent to an earthen dam has been observed by Professor Slichter" to be many times greater than the normal velocity in places where the ground-water level is undisturbed. Scale— feet o i 2 3 4 5 ELEVATION Earth highway embankment PLAN Fig. 70.— Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey. Orowoc Creek, Islip, Long Island, New York, June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed. Care must be exercised in gaging such streams to properly differentiate between the surface discharge of the streams and the underflow in the porous valleys. The method of gaging in open sluiceways, generally used by the earlier engineers, was followed in the investigations of the United States Geological Survey in 1903, except on Orowoc Creek, Doxsee Creek, and Massapequa Creek, streams on which suitable sites for gaging at moderate expense could be found only in conjunction with existing weirs at private ponds. a See pp. 106-110. 368 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The gagings of the United States Geological Survey in 1903 included most of the remarkable period of light rainfall in May and June. They were discon- tinued early in July, after heavy rains had fallen, disturbing the ground-water conditions. In the following pages are also given results obtained at a number of elabo- rate small weirs erected by the New York water supply commission, chiefly in the swamp stream valleys on the property of the city of New York, in Nassau County. Most of the current-meter measurements of the Geological Survey were made with a specially rated Fteley meter. Vertical velocity curves were taken to determine the distribution of currents in the stream channel. The steady regimen and smooth currents of many of the streams favor accurate results by this method. Some of the stations were not fully completed and none of the rating curves were finished at the time of discontinuance. Points were obtained on the curves in most cases to cover nearly the full range of observed gage heights and to afford a reliable basis of estimating the discharge. The streams gaged were distributed along the south shore of the island, and the individual cost of gagings was a small fraction of that required to build individual weirs. In conjunction with the surface-stream and driven- well supply stations of the Brooklyn waterworks, records have been kept of the ground-water level, showing its reduction by pumping in a most interesting manner/' Records of the pumpage and diversion and of the supply pond levels have also been kept. The waste over the spillways when observed in 1903 was largely in the nature of wave wash and not susceptible of accurate estimation. Unfortunately, these records do not furnish a reliable basis for estimating the yield of the streams flowing into the water-supply ponds. The regimen of these streams is further subject to the influence of pumping from the adjacent ground water. Prior to the gagings of 1903 very few definite data were obtained concerning the regimen of the surface streams of Long Island. The results for 1903 do not of themselves form a sufficient basis for estimating either the average or the minimum yield of the Long Island catchment areas. EAST MEADOW BROOK, NEAR FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. East Meadow Brook has its visible source 5 miles from the south shore of Long Island. Well-defined stream channels, somewhat branching, extend nearly to the northern limit of the catchment basin, receiving the surface drainage from its east and west portions. The drainage basin extends inland 14 miles and has a nearly uniform width, varying from 2 to 3 miles. The topography is moderately rolling and the surface slope quite uniform, the northerly divide being about 300 feet elevation above tide. Five ponds and dams are on the main stream. Small water powers for grist mills and a paper mill were formerly in use. The stream is tributary to the Brooklyn water supply through an intercepting conduit, which follows the south shore of the island. « See Do Varona, Brooklyn Water Supply. G AGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. A portion of the drainage basin lies north of the ground-water divide of Long Island. The catchment basin contains 28 per cent of forest cover, chiefly scrub oaks and conifers, 44 per cent pasture and other grass land, and about 28 per cent of cultivated land. Earlier gagings of East Meadow Brook at Free-port, Long Island. Date. Observer. October 11. 1851 McAlpine and Stoddard. November 6, 7, 8, 1851 . .. . L. S. Nash November 17, 18, 19, 1851 do August, 1852 Artemus Whitlock October, 1852.... do. November, 1852 do. December, 1852 do. June 1 to October 15,1883 September 19 to October 2, 1885. Second-feet , per square Gallons per day. Second-feet. mile (31 square miles). 8,410,000 6, 724, (XX) 7, 539. (XX) i "16, 270, (XX) September, 1852 do { v I 9,583,000 7,324,000 7,324,000 5, 200, 000 4,217,000 9. 93 10. 42 11.69 25. 26 14.85 11.35 11.35 8.06 6.54 0.32 .33 .38 .81 .48 .37 .37 .26 .21 « This increase in flow caused by heavy rains just before observations were taken. b For conduit east of Rockville Center. Mean daily discharge, in second feet, of East Meadow Brook near Freeport, Long Island, for 1903." Day. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 628.42 18 04 24 38 14 41 15 49 13 56 18 *> 18 13 89 21 82 13 38 16 07 12 71 19 3 17 24 30 15 43 16 02 13 72 20 4 17 48 23 14 14 94 15 20 16 30 21 5 17 48 22 00 63 95 16 88 14 30 22 6 18 15 21 41 23 87 17 27 13 07 23 7 24 95 59 20 80 29 32 15 56 12 77 24 8 31 19 16 18 50 13 32 13 68 25 9 26 92 17 50 18 79 14 02 35 93 26 10 19 35 19 20 86 16 09 13 72 29 70 27 11 19 87 89 18 18 70 13 49 14 91 28 12 41 19 97 19 73 13 32 19 93 29 40 37 24 20 17 19 13 45 15 30 30 14 22 59 21 20 16 72 14 38 14 49 31 38 42 18 31 15 58 15 06 13 88 16 32 24 17 95 15 55 19 85 12 90 17 24. 82 19 32 16 79 15 12 21 30 Day. Apr. M0. 73 Mean. May. June. 20. 22 22.97 23.84 25.98 24.28 24. 31 28.37 25.21 21.96 21.37 20.56 ■js. s-> 36.92 25.17 July. 24.05 29.07 20.36 20.29 18.79 23.68 17.26 17.66 16.08 16.20 15.58 15.62 16.38 16.08 Aug. Sept. 20.02 15.36 14.12 15.28 16.09 15.41 14.89 18.36 14. 18 15.65 17.21 22.69 32.55 25.99 17.65 16.81 16.07 14:72 13.35 13.44 13.02 13.21 13.09 13.25 13.76 16.17 13.41 13. S4 20.36 14.78 Oct. 32.22 22.45 16.00 16.49 16.23 16.12 15.80 15.90 16.09 15.71 15.59 15.80 15.68 15.88 17.11 a Weir of New York water supply commission in swamp at head of Brooklyn waterworks supply pond. b Current meter measurement by U. S. Geological Survey. 370 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. NEWBRIDGE STREAMS NEAR MERRICK, LONG ISLAND. These streams drain the first catchment area lying east of East Meadow Brook. The surface drainage is 3.3 square miles. The larger tributary has its visible source 2 miles from tide water. The stream valley extends inland nearly to the head of the catchment basin. This catchment basin has a maximum width of 1 mile near the foot, decreasing in width toward the northern end. The topograph}* is flat and the surface slope is quite uniform, the head of the basin being at altitude 100 feet above tide. About. 58 per cent of the catchment area of these streams has forest cover, 19 per cent is sodded, and about 22 per cent is under cultivation. The Newbridge streams are tributary to the Brooklyn waterworks. Mean daily discharge, in second feet, of Newbridge streams near Freeport, Long Island, for 1003." Day. Aug. 1 4.07 2 4.02 3 3.92 4 4.66 5 12.40 6 6.34 7 5.65 8 4.94 9 4.81 10 4.73 11 5.29 a At weirs of New York water supply commission. Sept. 3.76 3.59 3.54 3.47 3.69 3.18 3.26 3.27 3.27 3.28 3.23 Oct. 2.65 2.55 2.79 2.47 2.57 2.66 2.55 2.55 5.25 3.66 3.33 Day. Aug. Sept. Oct. 12 4.91 3.10 3.00 13 4.37 3. 16 3.00 14 4.22 3.03 2.99 15 4.30 3.00 2.94 16 4.23 4.42 2.90 17 4.11 3.45 4.01 18 3.78 3.39 4.63 19 3.61 3.01 3.75 20 3.71 2.94 3.61 21 3.42 2.93 3.51 22.'. 3.38 2.87 3.47 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Day. Aug. Sept. Oct. 3.33 2.83 3.42 3.44 2.78 3.36 3.34 2.73 3.37 3.57 2.74 3.43 3.26 2.69 3.36 4.41 2.99 3.43 4.05 2.72 3.43 4.63 2.84 3.38 4.02 3.37 Mean . . . 4.47 3.15 3.27 WANTAGH STREAMS AT WANTAGH, LONG ISLAND. A group of short branching streams, having their visible sources 3 miles inland, drain a relatively flat area, the topographic boundary of which is difficult of precise determination, but has been estimated at 17.6 square miles. This area lies entirely south of the ground-water divide of Long Island. The drainage area is lenticular, the northern end lying at elevation 250 feet. A dry stream valley, not very clearly demarcated, extends nearly to the northern limit of the basin. The drainage basin contains about 40 per cent cultivated land and an equal percentage of pasture and grass areas, the remainder being chiefly wooded. There are several private ponds near the mouth of the stream. Water has also been diverted to the conduit of the Brooklyn waterworks since 1891." The stream above Seamans Pond is divided between three channels. Two low weirs were erected just above Seamans Pond, and gaging records were main- tained there from July 21 to November 8, 1903, by the New York water supply commission. The discharge determined from gagings June 1 to October 15, 1883, is stated at 3,400,000 gallons (5.25 second-feet). The year 1883 was preceded by several years of somewhat deficient rainfall. Details of these gagings are not available. MASS APEQl'A CRKKK. .'',71 Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Wantagh streams at Waniagh, Long Island, for I'.lO.j." Day. July. Aug. Sept. 11.63 12.21 12.07 13. 10 48.30 21.19 17.31 16.00 15.67 16.23 18.46 14.05 11.84 12. 92 14.91 14.67 14.11 12.61 10.85 13.21 12.79 10.78 Oct. 11.20 10. 52 11.51 9.85 13.07 9.81 10.31 10.23 29.81 14.99 13.59 Day. July. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 j 21 ; 13.55 22 14.35 Aug. Sept. Oct. Day. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 16.73 12.52 14.02 23 16.62 12.24 12.19 12.80 13. 18 11.33 12.51 24 13. 12 11.93 10. IK 12.12 14.89 9.93 10. 1 1 25 12.75 10. 73 11.03 12.13 13.62 11. 90 12.60 26 8.53 13.86 10.52 II. 10 13.66 14.22 1 1 . 30 27 9.82 12. .56 11.27 12.30 14. 19 13.76 19.28 28 11.36 18.70 12.68 12.67 10.88 13.09 19.90 29 12.52 25.65 10.06 12.67 10.71 14.06 30 12.19 19.92 13. 75 12..% 13. 72 12.75 12.86 31 12.30 10.07 12. OH 12.26 9.68 11. 17 Moan . 15.68 12.17 13. 13 12.36 11. 10 13. 12 "At weirs of New York water supply commission. MASSAPEQUA CREEK AT FARMINGDALE AND FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. Massapequa Creek drains an area extending inland a distance of 14 miles from the mouth of the stream. In shape, the drainage basin is irregular, but gradually increases from a width of 1 mile at the mouth to a maximum width of 5 miles near the northern divide. The topography is diversified, including a flat valley on the east; a table-land on the north , comprising about ."> square miles, the drainage from which is chiefly into depressions; a group of hills rising to alti- tude 300 feet near the center of the basin; and a generally southerly slope, some- what rolling, in the southwest portion of the surface catchment area. The stream comprises three short branches which unite 2 miles above the outlet of the stream into tide water. The longest branch has its visible source at a distance of 5 miles inland. A gaging station was established on this branch of the stream May 6, 1903, at a small weir forming the outlet of a private pond. The area of the pond is so small as to exert but little regulating influence, and the stream entering the pond is entirely unregulated. In order to procure a record at as early a date as possible readings were taken on the weir without modification, until such changes could be made as were desirable to secure the best results during low water. The weir was located just above the head of the property of the Brooklyn water department The stream below the weir flows through a marsh valley, bordered by sandy slopes. The bed of the marsh is porous gravel overlain by 2 or 3 feet of muck and vegetation, through which the surface waters percolate. Springs enter the margin of the small pond at the Farmingdale weir, and the stream has its visible sources a short distance above this pond. The precise point at which the stream rises apparently varies with the season and stage of ground water, which also determine the position of the seepage or wet sand areas observed on the slopes in certain places in this catchment basin. Throughout the lower portion of the drainage basin the ground-water horizon lies within a few feet of the surface. The entire drainage basin lies south of the summit of the ground- water table of Long Island. a See The Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896, page 74. 372 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Massapequa Creek is utilized in conjunction with the water-supply system of Brooklyn. The drainage basin and the position of the conduit line are shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey's topographic map. The drainage areas are as follows: Drainage areas, Massapequa Creelc. Square miles. Farmingdale gaging station 13. 7 Above gaging station, Brooklyn waterworks 40. 0 Above outlet Brooklyn waterworks supply pond . 40. 9 Above mouth of stream, at tide water" 41.5 The catchment area comprises about 60 per cent woodland, 20 per cent sodded areas, and 20 per cent of land under cultivation. A series of gagings of this stream, June 1 to October 15, 1883, at a point near the mouth showed a mean discharge of 3,097,000 gallons, or 4.8 second-feet. Details are not available. Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Massapequa Creek at Farmingdale, Long Island, for 1903. Day. May. June. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.66 1.28 1.28 0.94 .94 .72 1.56 1. 11 .72 .72 .72 1.89 1.11 1.26 .99 .72 .72 July. Aug. 0.49 .49 .49 49 49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .87 .72 .72 .61 .49 .49 0.43 .43 .43 28 1.68 .89 .81 .63 .62 .53 .62 .52 .47 .46 .43 .43 .42 Sept. 0.43 .35 .32 .32 .30 .25 .21 .18 .20 .22 .22 .17 .14 .18 .16 .32 .31 Day. Mean. May. June. 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1. 11 .94 .94 0.72 .72 .72 .72 .59 .49 .38 .30 .30 1.89 .84 July. .46 («•) Aug. .49 Sept. 0.25 . 17 18 17 17 11 12 11 21 15 19 07 10 (<■) .20 a The Brooklyn waterworks supply from this stream is desc ribed in The Water Supply of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona. 1896, pp. 75-76. t> Gage readings by New York water-supply commission beginning July 31, 1903. o Stream reported to go dry at times. 0ABLL8 RIVKR. 373 Mean daily discharge, in ateomd-feet, of Massapequa Creek tit Maxxajiequa, Lomj I "land, I'm /.'«.., Day. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 20.51 18.07 17.55 16.88 16.16 16.37 16.06 15. 16 14.83 14.28 15.39 14.86 16.01 15.29 13.98 13.62 13.11 10. 77 10.27 9.61 10. 47 29.50 24.54 20.76 15. 69 14.39 13.70 14.63 14.91 11.59 12.21 11.70 11.29 11.10 13.59 12.08 11.25 11. 10 11.65 11.47 10.69 10. 37 10.34 10.33 10.13 9.81 9.60 9.51 9.42 10.70 11.26 Oct. Day. June. July. Aug. 8.92 8.75 9.21 8.90 8.71 8.70 8.64 8.50 19.72 18.98 13.86 12.23 10.99 10.24 9.71 9.53 12. 72 18 12. 18 19 15. 53 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Moan. 17.33 20. 13 15.65 18.70 23.51 18.54 17.16 16.39 15. 75 21.18 28.58 14. 57 16.07 14.40 13.99 13. 03 12.97 12. 42 11.23 11.05 10.81 10.99 10. 99 10.62 10. 32 10.85 10. 42 9.87 9.82 9.91 10.69 12.02 10.82 16.28 26.54 21.62 15. 74 11.47 13. W a At weir of New York water-supply commission. CARLLS RIVER AT BABYLON, LONG ISLAND. The drainage basin of this group of streams extends northward to within 2 miles of tide water, where it drains a small flat area at elevation 200 feet. A surface drainage valley can be traced from the head of the area following closely the right-hand watershed line to the head of the surface stream near Wyandanch. The central portion of the drainage basin is 5 miles wide and includes the Half Hollow and Dix group of hills. The Colonial Springs issue from the south slope of Half Hollow Hills. The outflowing streams are absorbed by the soil, after running for a short distance. The surface stream is branching and its valley is flat and marshy. Its longest branch is visible about 5 miles above the mouth. Five large private ponds have been constructed on the main branches, and the regimen of flow is largely arbitrary. The drainage basin is shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey's topographic map, and covers 365 square miles above the gaging stations. Highway embankments across the swamp valley serve to concentrate the flow of surface waters into narrow bridge openings, but some water may be lost by diversion into the surrounding gravels, due to the ponding. Temporary gages were erected at bridges crossing the two main branches of the stream above Kennel Club Pond, May 6, 1903. The gaging stations were completed early in June by planking the side walls of the bridges, affording smooth rectangular channels in which current-meter measurements were made. The combined dis- charge at the two gaging stations represents the total surface flow of the stream, and is shown in the following table. 374 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. List of discharge measurements of Carlls River (East and West branches ) at Babylon, Long Island, for 1903. WEST BRANCH. Date. Hydrographer. Gage height. Discharge. May 6 E. P. Roundy Feet. 1.50 1.735 1.66 Second-feet. 9. 60 15.96 12.73 June 13 July 6 E. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter A. P. Porter EAST BRANCH. May 6 E. P. Roundy 1. 10 1.395 1. 185 26. 58 37. 13 28. 37 June 13 July 6 E. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter A. P. Porter BOTH BRANCHES. May 6 36. 18 53.09 41. 10 June 13 July 6 Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of East ami West branches of Carlls River, at Babylon, Long Island, for 1903. Day. May. June. July. Day. May. June. July. Day. May. June. July. 34.9 34.4 34.4 33.7 34.0 34.5 44.8 60.5 46.3 46.9 42.5 42.5 («) 59.6 36.6 37.2 40.5 43.2 40.9 37.6 39.1 56.9 12 («) («) («) 32.1 32.1 32. 1 32.1 32.1 34. S 53.2 60.2 54.4 43.3 37.8 33.7 40.5 48.2 58.2 55.6 40.8 35.5 42.2 47.9 45.8 42.5 42.4 22 41.4 37.1 35.6 35.6 36.6 37.7 42.4 39.4 37.7 35.6 36.5 41.4 47.5 46.0 43.2 38.0 35.9 44.9 2 13 23..1 3 14 24 4 15 25 5...., 16 26 6 35.6 35.6 35.6 35.6 35.6 32.1 17 ; 27 7 18 28 8 19 29 9 20 30 10 21 31 11 a Record not available. The current-meter rating curves were never completed, but the measure- ments were made with great care and covered nearly the full range of fluctuation of the streams during the period of gaging. They are sufficient to afford a reliable estimate of the flow during the remarkable drought of MajT-June, 1903. A small portion of the surface area of this stream lies north of the ground- water divide. SURFACE STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. SAMPAWAMS CREEK. The surface drainage area of this stream extends inland 14 miles. The basin is narrow and elongated, the average width for 9 miles from the coast being 1 mile. The northern end of the hasin broadens out, and includes the Commack plateau, which lies at elevation 180 to 200 feet above tide. The visible stream rises within 5 miles of the coast, but a well-defined stream valley extends much farther inland and may be traced on the topography quite to the northern divide. The stream flows through a broad, flat valley, having a firm gravel soil overlain with muck, bog, and swamp vegetation. The Long Island Railroad embankment at Babylon forms an effectual cut-off for the flow of surface water through the swamp, and at the same time does not materially change the surface level or modify the ground-water conditions. The gaging station was selected at the point where the surface waters of the swamp valley are concentrated at the opening under this embankment. In order to secure results as early in the season as possible, a gage was erected and measurements were begun early in May, 1903. In June a temporary measuring flume was constructed just above the railroad embankment. Meter measurements were made with a specially rated Fteley meter in every square foot of the cross section or oftener where necessaiy, in order to determine local current irregularities, and vertical velocity curves were determined at 0.1 -foot intervals from surface to bottom. The data of two of these velocit}' curves, showing the current in a shallow stream flowing over a smooth hard gravel bed, are given below: Data from vertical velocity curves, Sampawams Creek, Babylon, Long Island. [Measurements by A. P. Porter. Meter. Fteley No. 107 .J Data. — « June 26. 1903. June 30, 1903. Mean of two. Station 15 8 Gage feet.. 0.58- 0.74 0.61 Depth do.. . .92 1.02 .97 Mean velocity .923 1. 125 1.024 Surface velocity .89 1. 189 1.04 Per cent of mean .964 1.048 1.006 Bottom velocity .80 .88 .84 Per cent of mean .866 .782' .824 Maximum velocity .965 1. 191 1.078 Per cent of mean 1.045 1.058 1.051 Depth of maximum feet. . .30 . 15 .225 Per cent of depth .326 . 147 .236 Depth of point of mean velocity. ..feet.. .62 .61 .615 Per cent of total depth .674 .60 .637 376 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sarnpamams Creek at Babylon, Long Island, for 1903. Day. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. u. May. 21.4 16.8 15.4 15.4 14.2 12.8 June. July. 12.3 23.5 12 12.0 15.4 13 12.2 13.4 14 12.2 12.6 15. 12.3 12.4 16 12.4 12.4 17 («) 12.4 18 20.9 12.5 19 18.8 13.1 20 13.8 13.2 21 13.8 13.4 Day. May. i June. 13.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 13.2 13.2 12.6 14.4 13.2 M 15.0 17.1 15.0 13.6 13.2 13.2 14.4 | 17.8 13.1 July. 15.0 15.4 14.6 13.8 Day. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 May. 12.9 13.2 13.4 12.9 12.3 12.6 13.4 13.4 12.2 15.0 June. July. 1 13.4 | 15.0 14.4 13.2 13.6 I 13.6 13.0 20.1 I («) a Above rating table. The drainage basin of Sampawams Creek is shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey's topographic map. The surface drainage area above the gaging station is 23 square miles, and above the mouth of the stream 24 square miles. The ground-water divide crosses the basin near the foot of the upper broad area. The surface drainage area below the ground-water divide is about 10 square miles. Water power is developed at tide water; an earth dam affords 6 feet head to a whip factory and sawmill. There are also several small private ponds on the stream. At one of these, at the Unkeway Nurseries, a small turbine is in use under 5 feet head. OROWOC AND DOXSEE CREEKS, ISLIP. These streams drain a long, narrow area extending 6 miles inland and comprising topographic areas as follows: Square miles. Orowoc Creek 7. 24 Doxsee Creek 1. 25 Total 8. 49 The ground-water divide at the north of the drainage areas of these streams probably lies some distance north of the surface divide. Both streams flow through swampy valleys crossed by fairly impermeable dikes constructed for highways. A temporary gaging station was maintained on Orowoc Creek, May 9 to July 16, 1903, inclusive. The gage, a finely divided scale, was erected at the first highway bridge above the Long Island Railroad in Islip. The stream passes through a single rectangular span 4 feet in width, having timber sides and smooth gravel bottom. The section was rendered suitable for accurate gaging by moderate repair, and the following measurements were made with a specially rated current meter, velocities being taken in every square foot of cross-sectional area or less: OROWOC AND DOXSKK CKKKKS. 877 Discharge measurements of Orowoc Creek for /.'/".; Date. Hydrographer, Huge heigh!. Discharge. Mav 9" E. P. Roundev Feet. 1.45 1. 47 1.38 Second-feet. S. 86 9. (X) 5. 93 June 13 A. P. Porter do " (inning station not completed. Orowoc Creek is utilized as a supply for a small private pond at the South Shore Highway. A second small pond lies above the gaging station. The stream above the point of gaging is practically uncontrolled. Doxsee Creek was gaged at a weir forming the outlet of a private pond. The regimen of the stream was arbitrarily controlled at times as required for flooding of cranberry flats. In order to secure a record as early as possible in the season, a gage was erected at the existing weir May 6, 1903. A metal crest weir conforming essentially to fixed standards was installed June 6, 1903, and the record continued until July 15, 1903. Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Orowoc ami Doxsee creeks at Islip, Long Island, for 1903. Day. May. June. July. Day. May. June. July. Day. May. June. July. 1 11.82 11.80 11.15 11. 15 11.06 10.97 . 10.57 9.07 7.98 7.57 7.64 | 12 27.06 26. 67 26. 67 26.67 26.60 25. 35 24.61 21.87 18.17 12.83 17.30 10.52 14.74 10.84 10. 11 7. 14 8.67 7.57 6.99 7. 14 22 '>6. 77 0 13 ! 23 3 14 I 24 4 15 25 11.42 10.72 10.20 10.05 12.96 12.42 S 16 26 6 17 27 13.91 14.36 10. 11 3.31 3. 13 18 28 S 19 29 9 29^70 30. 99 27. 19 20 30 10 11 21 o May 7 to 21, inclusive, drawing water from pond above gage on Doxsee ( reek. 6 May 22 to June 6, inclusive, refilling pond above gage on Doxsee Creek. The drainage areas of these streams are shown on the Setauket and Fire Island sheets of the United States Geological Survey's map. Champlin Creek, lying immediately east of Islip, drains a surface area of 6.9 square miles above the South Shore highway. The drainage basin is long and narrow and the surface stream extends well inland, the lower course being turned into private ponds. 17116— No. 44—06 25 378 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CONNETQUOT BROOK, NEAR GREAT RIVER, LONG ISLAND. The catchment area of several small streams entering Connetquot Bay com- prises an irregular rectangle 2 miles wide at tide water, extending inland 7 miles, and 6 miles wide at the northern divide. The topographic area is 19.6 square miles above tide limit at the South Shore highway. Of this area, 5.6 square miles is tributary to Cutting Creek, on which a separate gaging station was temporarily maintained in 1903. The remainder is tributary to the Connetquot streams. Ponds have been constructed for pleasure parks above the South Shore high- way, and these ponds control the outflow of the several branches. The central branch heads near the northern watershed divide. The discharge of this branch was determined as follows, at the South Shore highway crossing: Gage-feet and hundredths Highway embankment CROSS-SECTION 1 o i 2 feet Fig. 71. — Weir on private pond. Cutting Creek, near Great Rii-er, Long Island. Discfiarge measurements of central branch of Connetquot Brook, for 1903. Date. Hydrographer. Gage height. Discharge. Apr. 22.... June 20. . . July 1 R. E. Horton Feet. Second-jeet. 69.5 .58.3 82.3 E. P. Rounder A. P. Porter 2.57 2. 72 LAKE RONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. The results of gagings of Cutting Crock arc given in the following table. The regimen is rendered artifical by pondage. The discharge was obtained at an existing pond weir having a level crest, Free discharge, four complete contractions, and no velocity of approach. The discharge usually varied but little during a single day, and the mean of two leadings on a finely divided scale has been used in conjunction with the Francis formula in calculating the discharge. Mean daily discharge in second-feet of Cutting Creek at East Islip, Long Island, for 1903. Day. 1 May. June. Julys Day. May. June. .July. Day. May. June. July. 1 (<•) (°) (a) I") («) (°) (°) 5.58 7.20 8.04 9.83 6.19 6.19 6.01 6.22 6.01 12 4.12 4.12 3.41 2.17 13.60 6.78 13.60 14. 17 12.64 9.52 6. 19 5.33 5.58 5.54 6.01 23 0.84 .32 .64 .32 .64 .64 .46 .64 6 22 6.40 6.19 6.40 6.01 6.01 6.19 6.22 13 24 14 25 ; 15 26 16 2.17 27 6 17 .32 .32 28 18 29 g 19 30 9 20 31 10 5.58 j 21 .37 11 5.58 22 a Water reserved as pondage, June 1 to 7, inclusive. LAKE RONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. The inland basin of Lake Ronkonkoma lies immediately north of the topo- graphical catchment area of the Connetquot streams. It appears probable that the ground-water divide lies considerably north of the surface divide between the catchment basins, so that the effective catchment tributary to the Connetquot streams is thereby increased. Lake Ronkonkoma has a surface area of about 0.5 square mile, and receives the surface run-off from a total area of 8 square miles. This remarkable depression extends somewhat below sea level and represents virtually a natural well. The range of surface fluctuations of this lake has not been reliably determined. Lake Ronkonkoma lies in a catchment basin topographically tributary to Nissequogue River, a northward-flowing stream having a surface drainage basin of 44 square miles. This is the largest basin on the north slope of Long Island. The surface stream extends inland nearly to the watershed line. A brief reconnaissance of streams east of the Connetquot area was made April 23, 1903. Edwards and Tuttle creeks have surface drainage basins of 6.7 and 9 square miles, respectively, and are utilized at private ponds. Patchogue Creek, in addition to supplying private ponds, is utilized to furnish water power at the lace factory of the Patchogue Manufacturing Company, under a head of 14 feet. This stream drains a surface area of 14 square miles. Swan River at East Patchogue affords a fall of about 12 feet at tide water, with good pondage. This stream drains a surface area of 7.8 square miles. The visible stream extends inland 4.5 miles. Its catchment area is narrow and elongated, extending 7 miles inland. 380 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The South Shore highway dike is utilized as a dam on Mud Creek, affording a pond of perhaps 10 acres area, and about 6 feet fall, where a drag sawmill, with a breast water wheel, was formerly operated. The estimated discharge of Mud Creek, April 23, 1903, was 6.7 second-feet, from a surface drainage area of 5 square miles. CARMANS RIVER, OR CONNECTICUT RIVER OF LONG ISLAND. The drainage area of this stream is an irregular triangle, having its apex at the mouth of the stream, and its base, which is about 10 miles in length, extending parallel to the north shore of Long Island, at an average distance of 1.5 miles there- from, and at elevation 150 to 200 feet. The surface of the drainage basin slopes from elevation 150 near the northern divide to tide-water elevation at the mouth, in a distance of 12 to 13 miles. The surface stream extends inland only 10 miles. There are no perennial streams in the upper catchment area, although the topo- graphic stream valley is defined nearly to the northern divide of the basin. The northwestern portion of the drainage basin lies in the Saint James plateau, north of the group of sand hills which lie near the center of the island at Selden, ami reaches westward nearly to Lake Ronkonkoma. The general topography is moderately rolling. A few undrained depressions of one-fourth square mile area or less are found near the northern divide, and the upper 2.5 miles of the course of a dry tributary valley on the left of the main stream have been cut off and form a depression. The catchment area is overlain by sand and gravel, and is largely covered with scrub oaks and conifers. From South Haven to the mouth of the stream, a distance of 3 miles, the chan- nel is bordered by marsh and the current is sluggish. Tidal influence extends to South Haven. A temporary gaging station was established at South Haven Ma}" 8, 1903, but was discontinued July 16, 1903, before an opportunity had been found to determine the range and cycle of daily tides at this point. The gage readings are not at present available. Discharge measurements were made as follows: Discharge of Carmans River, Lony Island, for 1903. Date. Hydrographer. Gage height. Feet. Discharge. April 23". . . May 8 j E. P. Roundey. July 8 A. P. Porter. .. 1.86 2.26 Second-feet. 74 ''108 87.5 a Measured by floats. Gristmill not running. *> El>l>ing tide. An earthen dike at South Haven affords a fall of 6 feet and a storage pond that is utilized by a gristmill and a sawmill. An earthen dam at Yaphank affords extensive pondage. A custom saw and grist mill operate under a head of 10 feet. FEOONIC RIVKK. 38] One mile above Yaphank is a third dam, about 6 feet high, which has heen abandoned. Tlie course of the stream intermediate to the dams is through a swamp channel. The major portion of the fall is utilized at existing dams. The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Setauket sheets of the I nited States Geological Survey's topographic map. Drainage areas of Carman* Kirn , Limn Inland. Location. Place to place. Total. Sq. miles. Sq. miles. Above upper bridge, Yaphank 69 69 Yaphank to South Haven 10 79 South Haven to mouth " 3.6 83 a Tidal section. PECONIC RIVER. This stream has the most extended surface-drainage basin on Long Island. Its drainage comprises an irregular rectangular area, of which the northern divide is within one-half mile to H miles of Long Island Sound and at an altitude of 150 to 200 feet above tide. The general slope of the basin is toward the south- east. The surface divide on the west is not sharply defined, but is at an average elevation of 120 feet above tide. The southern watershed is about 5 miles from the seacoast. The drainage area above Calverton is in general flat and contains about 25 undrained depressions, chiefly of but a few acres area. Deep Pond, at an eleva- tion of 23 feet, lies in the largest depression and receives the drainage from an area of 0.35 square mile. Below Calverton the drainage on the north is comparatively flat and is besprinkled with undrained hollows. Farther south the topography of the drainage basin is intricate and precipi- tous, the river valley being at an average elevation of 20 feet, and the southern divide, 2.5 miles distant, at elevations of 200 to 300 feet. Small undrained depressions are very numerous on this slope and receive a large proportion of the precipitation. The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Kiverhead sheets of the United States Geological Survey's topographic map, from which the following areas have been deduced : Drainage areas of Peconic Rirer, Long Island. Location. Place to place. Total. Above Long Island R. R. bridge, near Calverton Above Riverhead dam Sq. miles. .59 2.5 Sq. miles. .59 84 382 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Peconic River is tributary to Peconic Bay, which bifurcates the eastern end of Long Island. The surface stream is formed by the junction of two short branches 9 miles from Riverhead. At this point the stream is 40 feet above tide. Almost the entire fall from its source is taken up at flood dams for cranberry marshes and at water-power dams. Water power on Peconic River. Riverhead: Earth dike of usual Long Island type. Five to 7 feet head, varying with tide. Good pondage. Water privilege divided between the Tower mill and the Peconic gristmill. Electric-light plant: One and one-half miles above Riverhead. Earth dike. Extensive pondage. Formerly a woolen mill, stated to have 95 horsepower, 6.5 feet head. Dam No. 3: Forge and gristmill. Unused for many years. Earth dike: 5.5 feet fall. Calverton: E. L. Brown gristmill. Five feet fall. Also unused drag sawmill. Antiquated "tul> and flutter" water wheels. A brief reconnaissance of this stream was made April 24, 1903. Slack water exists throughout almost the entire course of the stream, affording no opportunity for the erection of a weir. Sufficient fall exists at the Long Island Railroad bridge near Calverton to afford an opportunity for gaging. The discharge at this point was roughly estimated at 45 second-feet April 24, 1903, and as measured by E. P. Roundey May 11,1903, was 48 second-feet; gage height, 1.3 feet. April 24, 1903, the discharge at Manorville highway bridge, estimated from surface floats, was 33 second-feet. April 24, 1903, the discharge estimated from float measurements at the junction of the north and south branches 1.5 miles above Manorville was 22.5 second-feet. The stream flows in a flat valley of the usual Long Island type. The channel is bordered by marshes, forming a flat having an average width of perhaps 1 ,000 feet. This marshy flat is subdivided transversely by low dikes having gates utilized in flooding the inclosed cranberry marshes. The soil is gravel, with sand at the surface and forming the hills. Much of the area is covered with scrub oak. The drainage basin extends 4 miles westward from the visible heads of the two main branches, including an area of 25 square miles in which there are no visible streams. A well-marked dry stream valley reaches, however, from the junction of the branches to the westerly watershed line. The drainage south of Peconic River basin comprises numerous small water courses in marshy valleys, the surface streams heading at but little distance above the limit of tide water. The two eastern prongs of Long Island are comprised chiefly of absorbent sandy soils, affording very little surface run-off, and consequently having scarcely any surface streams. HYDROLOOIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. Mean daily gage height, in feel, of Peconir River, at Caherton, Luna Island. f» /.'»'/.; 383 Day. May. June. July. 8. 9. 10. 11. Day. 1.10 1.20 12 1.10 1. 15 13 1.10 1. 15 14 1.20 1.15 1.20 1. 15 s L 15 1. 15 1. 15 1.15 18 1.37 I. 10 19 1.40 U 10 20 1.40 1. 10 21 1.32 1. 10 May. June. July. 1.22 1.42 L 15 22 1.25 1.50 L 15 23 1.30 1.40 L 15 24 1.27 1.35 1.15 25 1.25 1.30 1. 12 26 1.20 1.30 27 1.20 1.30 28 1.20 1.225 29 1.20 1.20 30 1.20 1.30 31 Day. May. June. July. 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.28 1.20 1.225 1.20 1.20 1.20 1. II 1.20 1. 15 1.15 1. 15 L IS 1.22 1.15 HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND DURING 1903. At the time the stream gaging was undertaken by the United States Geological Survey in April. 1903, the ground-water level was very high, as a result of heavy precipitation during the first sixteen days of April. Beginning on April 17 a period of fifty-one days ensued with no precipitation of consequence. During this period the ground-water level in wells on Long Island fell steadily. The average lowering of ground water in a number of wells was as follow - ; Minimum depth to ground water. Depletion of ground water during drought of April to June, 1903. Feet. 0 to 5 feet 2. 17 5 to 10 feet 1.62 10 to 15 feet 1.42 15 to 20 feet 1.35 20 to 25 feet .92 Over 25 feet . 2 to . 3 Data concerning the ground-water stages during this drought, in conjunction with the contemporary gagings. afford an opportunity to study the regimen of the streams in relation to ground water. The rainfall was so slight that little or no accretion to the ground-water supply occurred from this source. The condition of the soil above the ground-water table appears to have been that of continually decreasing saturation. June 7 to 15, 1903, abnormally heavy rainfall occurred and was followed In- considerable amounts of precipitation at frequent but irregular intervals to the end of the season, a condition tending to produce strata of differing saturation in the soil above the ground-water table, a disturbing factor in any attempted solution of the relations of rainfall, ground water, and run-off. 384 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In order to facilitate comparison of the earlier gagings with the later data, the mean annual precipitation on Long Island and its departure from the normal has been presented in the following table, as given in the records compiled by the New York Water Supply Commission in 1903: Precipitation on Long Island, 1903, at United States Weather Bureau stations. Date. March precipitation. . April 1-16, inclusive. April 24 May 3 May 4 May 5 May ,6 May 7 May 8 May 20 May 21 May 22 May 23 May 24 May 28 May 30 May 31 Cutchogue. Inches. 1.26 4.26 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Setauket. Southamp- ton. Inches. 1.05 3.61 Tr. Tr. .08 .07 .05 .25 . 15 Total, April 17 to June 6, inclusive June 7-25, inclusive June 29 July - August September October .01 .48 .94 5. 17 .91 1.89 7. 77 1.25 4.53 .02 Inches. 1.20 4. 19 14 .01 09 06 14 Tr. . 19 Tr. . 15 .03 Tr. ..50 6.49 1.35 2.26 6.28 2. 61 3.66 .78 Tr. 1.26 4.47 .20 1.66 7. 37 1.24 3. 42 I HYDBOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. Mean annual precipitation on Long Island." 885 Yea r. Precipi- tation. De- par- ture from nor- mal. Aggre- gate de- par- ture. inches. Inches Inches 1826 54. 31 + 11 75 + 11. 75 1827 50 79 + 8 23 + 19. 48 1828 43. 95 + 1 39 +21.37 1829 45 07 + 2 51 + 23.88 1830 45 4 1 + 2 85 +26.73 1831 39. 16 — 3 40 +23.33 1832 40 37 — 2 19 +21.14 1833 38 45 — 4 11 + 17.03 1834 39. 24 - 3 32 + 13.71 30 37 -12 19 + 1.52 1836 37 23 — 5 33 - 3.81 1837 35 29 - 7 27 -11.08 1838 34 19 - 8 37 -19.45 1839 ' 38 90 - 3 66 -23.11 1840 37. 34 - 5 22 -28.33 ; 1841 44 94 + 2 38 — 25. 95 1842 39 47 - 3 09 -29.04 ' 36 69 — 5 87 -34.91 1844 39 02 - 3 54 -38. 45 i 33 68 - 8 88 -47.33 1846 38 50 - 4 06 -51.39 1847 46 77 + 4 21 -47. 18 1848 33 14 — 9 42 -56.60 1849 30 40 -12 16 -68.76 18S0 45 39 — 2 83 -65.93 1851 39 05 - 3 51 -69. 44 Year. De- pa r- Preeipi- ture tation. from nor- mal. Inches. 1852 36.91 1853 47.88 1854 47.23 1855 43.03 1856 1 38.26 1857 41.39 1858 39.37 1859 58.29 1860 ! 30.43 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 39. 27 43.35 41.18 38.10 43.49 45.79 45. 80 45.01 45.67 1870 1 35.02 1867. 1869. 1871. 1872. 1873 . 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 43. 72 42.31 39. 27 41.47 44.43 45.67 41. 12 Inches -5.65 + 5.32 + 4.67 + .47 - 4.30 - I. 17 - 3. 19 + 15.73 + 12.13 -3.29 + .79 - 1.38 - 4.46 + .93 + 3.23 + 3.24 + 2.45 + 8. 11 - 7.54 + 1.16 - .25 - 3.29 - 1.09 + 1.87 + 3.11 - 1.44 Aggre- gate de- par- ture. Inches -75.09 -69. 77 -65. 10 -64.63 -68.93 -70. 10 -73.29 -57.56 -69.69 -72.98 -72. 19 -73.57 -78.03 -77. 10 - 73. 87 -70. 63 -68. 18 -65.07 -72.61 -71.45 -71.70 -74.99 ,-76.08 -74.21 -71.10 -72. .54 Year. IS7S 1879 1880 1S81 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Precipi- tation. Inches. 46.91 40.07 39. 19 35. .53 39.40 36.95 46.81 39.09 48.64 47.07 .50. 48 55. 66 52. 19 45.61 40. 32 46.81 44.30 38.33 39. 79 50.95 57.89 43. 10 45. 19 50.62 .50.49 73. 23 De- pa r- ture from nor- mal. Inches + 3.35 - 2.49 - 3.37 - 7. tt3 " >•» - 5.61 + 4.25 j- 3.47 + 6. OS + 4.51 + 7.92 + 13. 10 + 9.63 •+ 3.05 -2.24 + 4.25 + 1.74 - 4.23 - 2.77 j+ 7.39 + 15.33 + ..54 ;+ 2.63 '+ 8.06 + 7.93 Aggre- gate (le pa r- turr. I III hi . . - 69. 19 -71.68 -75.04 - 82. 08 -85.24 - 90. 85 - 86. 60 -es of for underflow measurements 90 Miocene rocks, distribution of 27-28 distribution of. map showing 27 Miocene submergence, occurrence of 27-28 Mont auk Water Co., water system of. data concerning. 80-81. 132-133,213-214 well of, figure of 213 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Mountain Mist Springs, character of 58 water table producing, figure showing 57 Nash. I,. S.. stream measurements by 365 Nassau County Water Co.. water system of, data con- cerning 82-83, 144-145, 148-151, 262-276,279-280 New Jersey, Cretaceous rocks of. position of. map showing 18 sections of 22,30 location of, map showing 30 Newbridge Brook, underflow at . figure illustrating 105 Newbridge streams, data concerning 370 Newtown, water system of, map showing. .PI. xix, in pocket. New York City department of water supply, water systems of 76-81 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. wells of. index to 393 New York City commission on additional water sup- ply, acknowledgements to 87,116 maps and diagrams from 70. PI. xix, in pocket. test wells of, index to 391 North shore, artesian area of, map of 66 valleys of .origin of 43-44 wells on. views of 64 ' Northport Water Works Co.. water system of, data concerning 82-83. 1.54-155,300-301 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Oak Park, water system of, map showing . PI. xix, in pocket. Orowoc ( reek, data concerning 376-377 gaging station on, figure of 367 Oyster Bay .water system of. map showing. PI. xix. in pocket. well at, view of 64 wells at, location of, map showing 281 records of, diagram showing 38 Patchogue, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. Pennsylvania. New York and Longlsland Railroad.bor- ings of, maps and diagrams showing. 182, 184, 186 Perrineville Wold, location and character of 31 sections showing 30 race. Pfalzgraf. II. C. estate, waterworks of. data concern- ing 80-81,118 119, ]tW Pleistocene time, glaciation in ti f. Pliocene erosion, occurrence of •>* Ponds, effect of, on ground water 62 83, KM 1 10 effect of, on ground water, figure showing 62 leakage from, figure showing 62 occurrence and cause; of 61-61 Porosity. See Filtration tests. Port Jefferson Water Co.. water system of. data con- cerning 84-85, UO-101 . 310-830 Pratt estate, water system of. data concerning 82-83, UI-14.5,264-20.5 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket . Pumping, effect of. on ground water 73-74, II 1 114 effect of. on ground water, figure showing 72 Pumping stations. underflow at. diagrams showing. . 98 103. 105-113 Quantuck Water Co.. water system of, data concern- ing 84-85,164-165,327 Quaternary time glaciation in 33-48, Id 82 Queens Borough, waterworks of. data concerning. . .. 78-81 water system of. map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Queens County Water Co.. water system of. data con- cerning 82-83, 136-137, 224-226 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. wells of. location of, map showing 223 sections of. figure showing 225 Quogue, water system of, map showing. . PI. xix, in pocket. Rainfall, effect of, on ground water 69-71,104-106 Ra nfall in 1903, data of 41.5-417 Rapid transit commission, borings of, diagrams show- ing 170,172 Raritan formation, age of 25-26 occurrence and character of 22 Rathbun, F. D., record of well fluctuations furnished by 70 Recent time, submergence in 48 Reservoirs, data concerning 76-86 Riverhead waterworks, water system of, data concern- ing 84-85,164-165,327-328 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Rockaway Ridge, folding at. section showing 38 Rockville Center, water system of, data concerning. . 82-X3, 140-.41.250 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Ronkonkoma, Lake, character of 63,379-380 character of. figure showing 63 Ronkonkoma stage, position of ice in, map showing. . . 44 Sag Harbor Water Co., water system of. data concern- ing 84-85,1(36-167,334 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Sal ammoniac, use of 9tW>7 Salisbury, R. D., on New Jersey geology 16,21 Sampawams Creek, data concerning 37.5-376 San Gabriel River, Gal., underflow measurements on, figure illustrating 91 Sand grains, effectivo size of, definition of 338 filtration tests with different sizes of 354-360 sizing tests of 338-353 Sand spit, view of 52 Sankaty formation, deposition, character, and distri- bution of 3(^-37 position of, diagrams showing 34-39 Sayville, water system of. map showing. . PI. xix, in pocket. Seacliff Water Co., water system of, data concerning. 82-83, 144-145. 262 water system of. map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 390 GENERAL INDEX. fage. Section, cross, showing underground water conditions. 56 Section, generalized, of pre- Pleistocene rocks 20-21 Sections, geologic, of Long Island 20.33. 35. diagrams showing 17,34.35.36.37,38.39,56 Sections, geologic, of Long Island and Xew Jersey, lo- cation of. diagram showing 30 Setauket. structure near, diagram showing 19 Shelter Island Heights Association, water system of. data concerning 84-85,166-167 water system of. map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Slichter, C. S-. on velocity of underflow on Long Island . 86-115 Smithtown Harbor, sand spit at. view of 52 Southampton Water Co.. water system of. data con- cerning 84-85, 164-165, 329 water system of. map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Springs, discharge of 59 origin of 58-^59 Springs, mineral, occurrence of 59 Steinway and Son. water system of. data concerning. 82-83. 128-129 water system of, map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Stockbridge dolomite, occurrence and character of 16 cross section showing 17 Streams, channels of. analogy of wells and 58 character of 60. 361-362, 36S-&3 measurements of 58-59,365-383 occurrence of 60,361-383 origin of 60 profile of. ideal 362 utilization of 60-61.74.76-78.84,362 Success. Lake, character of 61 character of. figure showing 61 Temperature, effect of. on ground water 72 effect of. on ground water, diagram showing 72 Tertiary rocks, section of 20-21 Tertiary rocks of Xew Jersey, comparison of Long Is- land Tertiary and 21-25 section of . 21 Tertiary time, history of. on Long Island 26-32 Test wells for underflow measurements, description of 88-00 . plan of. figure illustrating 88 Texas bars, theoretical deflection of rivers by 32 theoretical deflection by. figure showing 32 Tides, effect of. on ground water 71-72 effect of. on ground water, diagrams showing 64,70. 71 Tisbury gravel, deposition and occurrence of 41-43 position of. diagrams showing 34.38 Tobacco Point, section at. diagram showing 37 Topography, development of 28-32,46-48,50-52 sketch of 15-16 Underflow, existence of 100-104 measurements of 86-104 figure illustrating 89 velocity of 92-94,66-88.104-113 figures illustrating 91-92,98-103.105-113 Underflow apparatus, character of. . .'. .' 88-98 principles involved in 99 views of 90,92,98,100 I'nderflow stations, location of. maps showing 87.91, 92. 98-103. lOVl 14 Underground water. See Water, underground. Vale, definition of 29 diagrams of - 28-30 occurrence of 28-32 Veateh. A. C. on geology of Long Island 15-52 Page. Veatch. A, C. on underground water of Long Island . 53-85 Veatch. A. C and Bowman. Isaiah, well records by. 116-337 Vineyard interval, character of _ 43-44 Wantagh Pond, seepage from 108-110 underflow near, figure illustrating 109-112 Wantagh pumping stations, location of. figures show- ing 87,114. PI. xix. in pocket. underflow at. diagram illustrating 98 Wantagh streams, data concerning 370-371 Ward. L. F.. on Island series 22 Water, underground, conditions of 53-85 underground, general principles of 53-55 geologic conditions of 55-59 source of 53,67-69 transmission of 53-54 Water, well, analyses of. See Analyses of well waters. Water powers, development of 60-61.362 distribution of. map showing 60 Water table, definition of 54 fluctuations of 69-74. 3N3-384 figures showing 70,72 perched type of 57-58,61-62 figures showing 56-58,61 position of 57-59 figures showing 54.56.57.58.61-63,70 map showing PL xix. in pocket. springs dependent on _ 58-59 figure showing 56 Waterworks, data concerning 74-85 map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Well drillers, list of those assisting 116-117 Well owners, list of 391-394 Wells, analogy of deep-cut channels and, diagram showing 58 records of 118-337 specific capacity of 114 Wells, artesian and deep, conditions requisite for 54-55,67 artesian and deep, distribution of 63-67 location of. maps showing. . 70-72. 1>*».P). xix. in pocket. recorcs of 118-337 views of 64,66 waters of. analyses of See Analyses. Wells, blowing, occurrence of 74 Wells in Connecticut, water of. analyses of 68-69 West Hills, section in 19-20 strata in. views showing 22 water conditions in. diagram showing 57 White. David, on Raritan formation 26 Whitestone. water system of. data regarding 80-81 water system of. map showing PI. xix. in pocket. Whitlock. Artemus. stream measurements by 366 Whitney. F L.. record of well fluctuations furnished by 71 Wisconsin deposits, deposition and occurrence of 44-4S Wolds, definition of 29 diagrams showing 2S.29 occurrence of 30.31 Woodhaven Water Supply Co.. water system of. data concerning 80-81.126-127.192 water system of. map showing PI. six. in pocket. Woodside Water Co.. water system of. data concern- ing 80-81,128-131.194 water system of. map showing PI. xtx. in pocket. Woodworth. J. B.. on Tisbury gravel 37.41 figure cited from 39 Woolman. Lewis, on wells and geology of Long Island and Xew Jersey 23-24 [NDEX <)F MIL DATA. ( By names of owners.) [For wells by locality, see map (PI. XXIV, in pocket), from which numbers used in tablet and notes, pp. 123-388, can i- obtained.] Page. Abrames, Jirdeu 136,220 diagram showing 36 Ackerly, Hiram 154-155 Adams, Maude 154-155 Albertson, J. A 142-143,256 Allard & McGllire 148-149.278-279 Amagansett 166-167 American Cordage and Manufac- turing Co 122-123 American Hard RnbberCo. 130-131. 198 Amity ville Water Co. 82-83, 150. 151,287 Anderson, H.B 138-139.242 Anderson, W. B 134-135,224 Arbuckle Brothers 120-121,175 Army, V. S 118-119,134- 135, 146-147. 166-169. 220, 275, 336 Arnold, Wm. H 134-135,222 Astoria Silk Works 128-129.196 Astoria Steel Co 126-127, 187 Babylon Sumpwams Water Co.. 82-83, 154-155,303-304 Baker, C. A 162-163 Baker, W. C 134-135,224 Baldwin, Gilbert 134-135 Baldwin, W. H.,jr 146-147,267 diagram showing 58 Barrett Manufacturing Co. 118-119.169 Bartlett, Judge — 162-163,321 Bayside. See Xew York City de- partment of water supply (Queens Borough). Becker, J. F 164-165,330 Bedford, A. C 146-147 Bell, L. V 152-153.294 Benjamin, Dr. — 166-167,334-335 Benner, Charles 158-159,315 Berger, — 146-147 Bernheim, Frank 144-145 Bevin. L. A 21, 154-155,302-303 Bickerman. Charles 126-127,187,198 Biddle, J 160-161,320 Bleeker, — 152-153 Blyndenburgh, Charles 156-157,308 Blythbourne Water Co 80-8J, 118-119, 168 Booth, BE. B 13S-139,242 Borden Condensed Milk Co. 118-119, 173 Bosch, Fred 72,152-153.290 Bottjer, H 128-129.194 Bourne, F. G 158-159 Bowen, James 152-153,293-294 Bowery Bay Building and Im- provement Co 82-83, 130-131, 197 Brady, J. F 142-143,255 Bragnaw estate 124-125.183 Brentwood 156-1.58,307 Page. Breslau fire department 154-155 Bridgehampton 186-178 Brightson. G. E 152-153,292 Brookhaven 162-163 Brooklyn Borough Gas Co 118-119 Brooklyn department of water supply. See Xew York City department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. 118-119. 1(8 Brooklyn sewer department 118- • 119,168 Brooklyn Union Gas Co 118- 123, 172, 177, 178 Brooklyn waterworks. See Xew York City department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). B rower. Samuel 134-135,224 Brower. Warren 134-135 Brown, H. C 156-157 Brown, J. W 160-161,320 Brown, Xicholas. 164-165 Burger Brewing Co 120-121 Burgess,— 150-151.284 Burke, S 144-145,263 Burr, C. S 156-157, 304 Bush, D. F 146-147.265 Butterfield. Justin 156-157 Byrne, J. F 160-161,318 Caffery, James 130-131.198,199 Calvary Cemetery 122-123.181 Calverton 162-163 Carll, George 154-155,299 Carmen, R. F 154-155,300 Carr, William 162-163, 322 Carroll, B. L 130-131.199 Casino Lake Ice Co 132-133.215 Chapman. T. R 130-131.200 Childs, Elversley 160-161.315 Childs, H. C 134-135.221 Christ Church, Manhasset Hill. 138-139 Chrome Steel Works 120-121 Citizens WaterSupply Co 71. 80-81,128-129, 132-133, 138-139,194,195.214.238 diagrams showing 36,58 Clark, J. H 140-141.248-249,267 Clark, William 160-161,318 Clarke, Captain — 156-157.304 Clarke, William 158-159,314,324 Clots, Mrs. M. H 152-153, 296 Cockran, Bourke 140-141,245 Cold Spring Creamer}- 152-153.290 Cold Spring Hatchery 152-153 Cole, Dexter 154-155.301 Cole, W. W 134-135,220 Page. College Point. See Xew York City depart meat of water snuply (Queens Borough). Collier. Richard 152-153,290 Colonial Springs 154-155,298 Columbia farm 152-153,291 Commack 156-157 Commission on additional water supply. See New York City. Congress Brewing Co 120-121 Conklin, Fred 152-153,295 Conklin, R. B 152-153,297 Consolidated Gas Co 126-127,187 Consolidated Ice Co 64,152-153,295 Consumers Hygeia Ice Co. . 124-125,184 Cottnet, R. 1 142-143,255-256 Cox, Irving 21,66,150-151,286 Cox, Robert 140-141,242,260 Cox, W. T 19,158-159,314 Coyson, A. & S. B 122-123,182 Cravath. P. D 146-147,268 Crescent Chemical Co 118-119 Crystal Springs Ice Co 64, 1 44-145, 264. 285 Darling, C. T 158-159,313 Darling, J. 1 160-161,319 Darlington. J. H 162-163,324 Davis, J. Ii 160-161 Davis, X. W 160-161,320 Davis. William. 162-163 Dayton. R. B 162-163,325 De Forrest, Henry 152-1.53, 293 De Forest, R... 152-153,293,295,317,319 De Groat. Mrs. 162-163,322 Debevoise, W. M 120-121,174 Decker Bros 74,152-153,290 Dedrick, C. B 160-161 Denton. Alex 152-153,295 Dillman. 128-129.196 Diver, Judge 134-135,223-224 Dodge estate 140-141,244-245 Dollard, Henry 150-151,284 Downs, James 164-166,328 Dryer. — 160-161 Dryfuss & Nibbe 150-151,288 Dubois, H.J 152-153,295,320 Ducey, Father 158-159,312 Dunton. F. W 132-133 Duryea. H. B 67,142-143,256-257 diagram showing 58 Eagle Dock 152-153,293.318 East Marion life-saving station. . IM- 167,333 East Marion 166-167 East River Gas Co 124-125 Eastern Brewing Co 120-121,178 391 392 INDEX OF WELL DATA. Easthampton Home Water Co. . 84-85, 166-167,335 Edison, Charles 142-143,254,274 Elliott, J 154-155,299 Emerson, Dr. 160-161,318 Eroken Chemical Co 124-125 Emmett, D 19,158-159,313 Empire Oil Refinery 122-123 Epping, Joseph 120-121 Eriand, George, sr 158-159,314 Excelsior Brewing Co 120-121,173 Fahy Watch Case Co 166-167,334 Farmingdale 150-151,288 Fassbender & Stande 148-149 Ferguson, E. M. & W.. 146-147,337,368 Flatbush Waterworks Co 80-81, 118-119 Fleishman Manufacturing Co. 122-123, 180-181 Fleming, Mrs. 126-127,187 Fletcher, G. M 66,150-151,285 Flower. Mrs. Julia 136-137,227 Flower estate 122-123,181 Flushing. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Frank Brewery 128-129 Franz, Frank 160-161,318 Freeport waterworks 82-83,142-143 Freestone, 138-139 Friends Academy 144-145. 262-263 diagram showing 58 Froellieh, Frank 124-125,185 Fuch, August 160-161,317 Furst, W. F 166-167,333 Gallienne, F 154-155,299 Gardner, A. S 154-155 Gardner City Water Supply Co . . 82-83, 142-143,254 Gates, CO 66,146-147,265-266 Geissenhainer. F. W 144-145 General Chemical Co 122-123 German-American Improvement Co 80-81,126-127,189 Gilbert, H. B 134-1*5,221 Gildersleeve, H. 0 154-155,301 Gill, P. H., & Sons 118-119 Gillette, Dr. 156-157,305 Gillis, Jas., & Sons 122-123,182 Gilsey estate 164-165 Godfrey, Mrs. E 150-151 Goldsmith, Donald 164-165 Good Ground 164-165 Gould, Howard 140-141,245 Grace, W. R 138-139,242 Graf, Anthony 138-139 Great Neck school 138-139,242 Great South Bay Water Co 82-85, 154-155, 160-161, 304-300 Greenport waterworks 84- 85, 166-167. 331-332 Griffin, C. L 134-135,221-222 Groty.Mrs. 162-163,321 Guthcrie,W. D.. 66,146-147,200,267,268 Hageman, (!. E 162-163,321 llallock, A. B 20, 164-165, 326-327 Uallock, B. F 158-159 llallock, ('. A 154-155,300 Page Hallock, F. Q 158-159 llallock, William 162-163,323 Hallock & Small 20, 164-165, 326 Hamilton, 150-151,284 Hamilton, J. F 138-139,241 Hamilton, W. J 138-139,240 Harek, Rudolph 124-125,186-187 Harms estate 150-151,289 Harnier, Dr. 126-127, 187 Harriman, J. H 148-149,277 Harris, George 162-163 Harris, L 158-159,310 Hart, A. W 134-135,223 Hawman Brothers 102-163,321 Heckscher, August 152-153,296 Hecla Iron Works 122-123 Hedges, J. W 166-167,334 Heinz, H. J., Co 148-149,276 Hempstead poorhouse. 140-141,247-248 diagram showing 36 Henipstead Water Co. . . . 82-83, 142-143 Herod, Win 150-157,304 Hewlett, Walter 152-153 Hixon, J. B 138-139,327 Hodges, Axel 100-161,318 Hoenighausen, Peter 74,152-153,290 Holt, G. B 134-135 Hopkins, J. H 160-101,321 Howard & Fuller Brewing Co.. 120-121 Howell, Porter 162-163,323 Hoyt, Colgate 66,1.50-151,285-280 diagram showing 38 Huber, Henry 138-139 Humbert A Andrews 118-119,172 Hummel, Martin 124-125 Huntington Gas Co 154-155 Huntington Light and PowerCo . 154- 155, 300 Huntington Water Works Co. . . 82-83, 154-155, 29V-300 Hutchinson, A. S 148-149,281-304 Hutchinson, E. K 148-149,281 Hutchinson, A. J & A. S 148-140,282 Idlewild Hotel 130-131 Imhauser, W., estate 158-159,311 India Rubber Comb Co 130-131, 198 Isenburg, 1 128-129,195 Islip 156-157 Jackson, Jacob 148-149, 278 Jackson, Oscar 150-151,289 Jacobs, N. II 140-141,244 Jagnow Brothers 138-139,238 Jamaica Water Supply Co 80-81, 132-133,210-211 diagram showing 36 Jennings, Walter 152-153,294 John Good Cordage and Machine Co 124-125 Johnson, 120-121,174 Jones, Edwin 152-153,291 Jones, J. T 152-153,292 Jones, Mrs. 162-163,324 Jones, O. L 65, 66, 148, 155, 282, 286, 297, 302 diagram showing 38 Jones, W. E 152-153,291 Jones, W. R 152-153, 291 Jones Brothers 120-121.175 Page. Kasteard , 1 1 40- 1 4 1 , 244 Keene, Foxhall 142-143,250 Keene, James 134-13") Keil, Charles 150-151.289 Keller, J., & Sons 150-151,288-289 Kelsey, W. P 142-143, 255 Kennedy, John 74,148-149,279 Kenyon, W. W 1.58-159,309 Kersona, 144-145,262 Kiefer, A 138-139,239 Kimmerly. Stephen 140-141 King, J. B., Co 144-145 King, Mary E 138-139,242 Kirk, T. J 160-161,316 Klabfleisch, F. H., Co 120-121 Klaiber, John 158-159,310 Klothe, Herman 138-139 Knierum, Edward 150-151 Knowles, A. A 144-145,261-282 Knox Hat Co 118-119,172 Kroln, 162-163 Kruger, 286 Kurz, Jules 148-149,278 Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- ing Co 128-129, 192-193 Lanier, J. F. D 142-143,256 Lattiug, E 146-147,268 Lauraman, Otto 162-163,323 Lawrence, John 134-135,222 Lawrence Beach Bathing Asso- ciation 134-135.222 Layton, P. N 148-149 Lee, 150-151,283 Leeman, C. F 158-159,309 L'Hommedieu's,J.H.,Sons 138-139,241 diagram showing 64 Liebmann, S., Sons Brewing Co. 120- 121, 173 Lindenhurst fire wells 154-155 Long Beach Association 24, 70,82-83, 140-141,246-248 Long Island Railroad 118-119, 124-125, 130-131, 134-143. 148- 149,154-155,160-167, 169,183, 198-199, 220, 231, 241, 244, 303, 315, 322, 324. 328, 332-333, 336 Long Island Sand Co 152-153 Long Island State Hospital. 158-159, 336 Lord, D. D 134-135,223 Ludlum, .' 148-149,279 Ludlum, Alfred 148-149,281 Lupton, F. M 164-165 Lustgarten, Henry 138-139,241 McCrary, R. S 154-155.300 McDonald, Mrs. S. F 164-165,329 McGee, Walter 162-163,321 McGifl, J. F 156-157,304 MacKay, C. H 82-83,144-145 MacKenzie, G. C 66,150-151,285 diagram showing 38 McKilvery, 126-127, 187 McLaughlin, J. J 164-165,328 Mc Williams Coal Co 134-135, 220 Malcolm Brewing Co 120-121 MaltineCo 118-119,169-170 Man, Edward 134-135.223 Manhanset House ... 84-85,164-165,331 Manhattan Boach Hotel 118-119 INDEX OF WELL DATA. 393 Page Manhattan State Hospital 1.50-157 Marsh, Mrs. A. \V 152-163,297 Marsh, Theodore 160-161 Martin, J. E 134-186,221 Mason, C. II 140-141.244 Massapcqua Hotel 150-15] Masury, J. W., & Son 120-121.175 Matherson. W. T 158-159. 309 m.i t hereon, w. T. & Co . 124-125. iS5-i8t> Mattituck 164-165 Melville, Frank, jr 160-161 Merger & Thrall 120-121,174 Merrick Water Co. . .. 82-83, 146-147,273 Metzner, M. A 1.58-159 Miller, Mary 102-103 Milliken Bros 118-119 Mineola Court-house 142-14.1 Minmken, John 144-145.204 Mohannes Casino 1.50-151.283 Mo-Mo-Ne Spring 298-299 Monecke, Dr. 158-159.312 Monfort, H. A 152-153.290 Mont auk Brewing Co 128-129.193 Montauk Water Co 80-81, 132-133,213-214 Morgan, Charles 138-139 Morgan, E. D 67,142-143.257-259 diagram showing 58 Morrell, 1.54-155 Morris, J. K ! 100-107.334 Morrison. D. G 124-125 Morrissey, John 158-159.312 Mortimer. Stanley 144-145.259 Moss, D. B 1.54-155.301,327 Mountain Mist Springs 1.52-1.53.291 Muneie. E. II 154-15.5. 303 Nassau County poor farm . 148-149.279 Nassau County Water Co 82-83, 144-145. 148-151, 202. 270. 279-280 Nassau Electric Light and Power Co 144-145.200 Nassau Oyster Co 100-161.316 Navy, U. S 120-121,176-177 Neptune Consumers Ice Co 122- 123. 178-179 Nevins, Fred 154-155.301 New Calvary Cemetery 128-129, 195 New York and Queens County Railroad 128-129,195 New York Architectural Terra Cotta Co 124-125. ISO New York Asbestos Co 124-125,186 New York-Brooklyn Rapid Tran- sit Co 118-119,169 New York City commission on additional water supply 120-151, 150-161. 187. 193-198. 209. 211-220, 235-241, 243, 249-255, 201-202, 273- 277, 279. 287-289, 297-298. 300-308, 310,312-313, 310-317, 319, 339-300 New York City department of wa- tersupply (Brooklyn Borough): Agawam 78-79, 146-147, 269-270 Baisleys 76-77,130-131,203 diagram showing 34 Clear Stream 76-77,136-137,288 17116 — Xo. 44—06 : Page New York City, department of water supply (Brooklyn Bor- ough): Forest Stream 76-77, 136-137,-33-234 diagram showing 34 Freeport 146-147,270-271 Grevcsend 76-77,118-119,169 Jameeo 76-77,130-131,204-206 dilgram showing 34 Massapequa 78-79.150-151,287 Matowa 78-79,146-147,273 Merrick 78-79,146-147,271-273 New Lots 76-77,126-127,189 diagram showing 34 New Utrecht 76-77,118-119 Oconee 76-77, 130-131 Shetucket 76-77,130-131 Spring Creek . 76-77, 126-127, 190-191 Springfield . . . 76-77, 130-131,201-202 Test wells 126-127 130-133,136-137,140-141, 189 190, . 00.202-210, 212-213, 228-235, 249 diagrams showing. . 34,. '16, 58 Watts Pond.. 76-77. 136-137. 231-232 Wantagh 78-79,146-147,274 New York City depart merit of watersupply (Queens Bo rough), Bayside 80-81,134-135,218-219 College Point. See Fresh Meadow. Flushing See Bayside. Fresh Meadow 78-79, 132-133-215-216 Long Island City No. 1 78-79. 122 123 Long Island City No. 2 78-79. 130-131 Long Island City No. 3 78-79. 124-125, 184-185 Whitestone No. 1 80-81, 134- 35,220 Whitestone No. 2 80-81, 134-13.5,220 New York Quarantine Station. . . 11S- 119.168 New York Quinine and Chemical Co 122-123, 179 New York Sanitary Utilization Co 66,126-127.188 Newton, E. H 158-159 Newton, Nelson 1.58-159.312 Newton, R. W 158-159,311 Newwitter & Migel 126-127 Nichol, J.W 162-163.324,353 Nichols Chemical Co 122-123 Nobaek, Frederick 156-157,309 Nort House 158-159.314 North Country Club 144-145,263 North Shore Industrial Co. 322. 302-363 Northport Waterworks Co 82-83, 1.54-155.300-301 Norton, A. T 160-161,349 Norton, Jas 148-149.281 Nostrand. Frank 144-145 Obermeyer & Liebmann 120-121 O'Kiefe, Ed 124-125 Page Old Field Point 160-161,. 328 O'Leary, D 138-136,240 Orient Manufacturing Co. . 160-107.335 Overton, Irving 1.58-1.59,312.319 Overton. J. J 160-161.319 Oystennan's Dock Co 148-149 Parker, J. E 166-167.335 Parks, W. G 142-143.255 Parsons. Fred 156-157 Payne, C. W 164-167. 328, 334 Payne, J. B 156-157,308 Pedriek, C. B 150-1.57. 308 Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad.... 122-123.182 Peter Cooper Glue Co 122-123. 178 Pfalzgraf. H. C, estate 80-81 118-119. 109 Pfeizer Chemical Co 120-121. 173-174 Pierce, Winslow 150-151,286 Place, Howard 140-141 Plunkett, G.E 158-1.59,311 Port Jefferson Co 19,160-161.320 Port Jefferson Fire Co 160-161,320 Port Jefferson Water Co 84-85, 160-101.319-320 Port Washington Catholic Church 140-141.244,262 Post. W.J 144-145.261,282 Post, Mrs. — 164-165 Powell. L. F 144-145 Pratt estate .. 64,82-83,144-14.5.204-205 Price, William 140-147.267 Provost, D. C 134-135 Quantuck Water Co.. 84-85, 164-106.327 Qui ens Borough See New York City department of water sup- ply (Queens Borough). Queens County Water Co 24,66, 77, 82-83, 130-131 , 130-137, 200, 224-228 diagram showing 36 Quinan, — 148-149.279 Ralston, William 158-159.311 Rassapeaque Club 1.56-157. TO Raynor, Benjamin 162-163,323 Ray nor, Ellsworth 162-163,325 Raynor. Jacob 162-163,325 Raynor, M. E 162-163,324 Raynor, Preston 162-163,324 Raynor, Wallace 162-163,323 Reboul, H. W 158-159.310 Recknagle, C. F 138-139 Reed, J 140-141 Reid, — 164-165,328 Reynolds, — 160-161.317 Rice, J. li 138-139 Richter, Mrs. Max 100-161,318 Rivercrest sanitarium 128-129.196 diagram showing 58 Riverhead waterworks 84-85.. 164-165,327-328 Rol>erts, C. R 158-159,310 Robinson, J.J 154-155,300 Robinson. Mrs.— 162-163 Robinson Bros 122-123 Rockville Center 82-83,140-141.250 Rogers, W. C 162-163.325,355 394 INDEX OF WELL DATA. Page. Ronkonkoma 158-159 Roosevelt, E 66,1.50-151,285 Roosevelt, Theodore 152-153,294 Rowland, WoodhuU 19,1.58-159,314 Rowley. Edward 156-157 Rushmore, Henry 148-149.279 Ryan, Mrs. Mary 124-125 Ryder, A. O 164-165,330 Sag Harbor Waterworks Co 84-85, 166-167, 334 Sagaponak 166-167 St. John's Protectory 148-149,276 St. Joseph's in the Pines... 156-157.307 St. Paul School 142-143 Sammis, J. M 148-149,280 diagram showing 38 Sandford, Howell 164-165,325 Sanford, J. A., & Sons 20, 166-167.333-334 Saxe, Jerome 158-159,313,340 Sayville 160-161,315 Scharman, H. B., & Sons 120-121 Schreiber, A 142-143, 251 Schreiber, C 136-137,231 Schwarting, D 160-161,317 Scott, Mrs. M. E 134-135.222,237 Sea Cliff Hotel 160-161,315 Sea Cliff Water Co . . . 82-83, 144-145, 262 Seaman, L. A., estate 138-139 Seeman, S 144-145,263 Seitz, N., Sons 122-123,178 Seizer, Robert 140-141,243 Sembler, Adolf 160-161,318 Shaw, J. M 160-161,321 Shaw, S. T 66, 150-151,285,309 Shaw, Sydney 164-165,326 Shelter Island Heights Associa- tion 84-85,164-165,330-331 Sherman, C. S 66, 150-151,285 diagram showing 38 Shipman, William, estate 158-159 Shultz, J.H., Co 120-121 Siebrecht, Wm 124-125,186 Simpson, T. J., Co 136-137 Small, Lorenzo 140-141 Smith, 124-125,183 Smith, Brewster 156-157 Smith, CD 156-157,309 Smith, D.W 148-149,281 Smith, E. M 156-157,309 Smith, F. J 154-155,301,327 Smith, F. W 166-167 Smith, J. M 140-141,267 Smith, J. Otis 156-157 Smith, R. H 158-159,310 Smith, Victor F 156-157 Smith, W 150-151 Smith, W. Frank 162-163,323 Society of St. Johnsland ... 158-159,309 Soper, A. C, & Co 154-155,299,325 Page. Southampton Water Co 84-85, 164-165,329 Southard, C. II 142-143,251 Standard Oil Co ... . 122-123, 180, 181 , 191 Stearns. J. X 164-115,330 Steele, Alfred 162-163,323 Steinart, Joseph 148-149,276 [ Steinhert, Augustus.... 124-125,183,276 Steinway & Son 82-83, 128-129 Still, E. S 162-163 Stimpson. H. 1 1.50-151,289-290 diagram showing 57 Stonebanks, 130-131 Stowe, W 144-145,259-260 Streeter & Dennison 122-123 Strong, 15'-157,306 Sumpwams Water Co 82-83, 154-155,303-304 Swan, Edward 150-151,284 Sweeney Manufacturing Co 120-121 Talmon, Sarah 152-153 Tangeman, J. P 144-145,264 Tartar Chemical Co 118-119,170-171 Terry, A. P 160-161,317 Tesla, Nikola 162-163,321-322 Thane, 164-lf.5,328 Thatcher, John 160-161,315 Thomas, M. 8 142-143,251 1 Thompson, Edward 154-155,304 Thompson, W. P 148-149,277 Tiffany, L. C 152-153,292,294 Titus, John 1.50-151,289 ! Totten, II. G 156-157 Touscher, L 134-135,224 Townsend, E. M 150-151 Townsend heirs 72,148-149,281 diagram showing 38 Transit Development Co 118- j 119,171-172 Travis, V. P 138-139,242 Trotter, William 150-151,284 Ulmer, 164-165,330,360 Underhill, Townsend 72. 148-149,280.283 Valentine, W. M 144-145,264 Valentine, Theodore 140-141, 144-145,243,260-261 Van Iderstine, P.. Sons. . . . 154-155,302 VanSise&Co 148-149,280-281 Van Wyke heirs 152-153,291 Vanderbilt, Charles 140-141,243 Vanderbilt, W. K 158-159 Vanderbilt, W. K., jr 21, 66,67, 138-139,238-239 diagrams showing 58,61 Vanoski, Frank 140-141,244 Vowman, Mrs. 1 144-145,260 Wakeman, E. L 132-133,214 Wallace, Howard 158-159,314 Walsh, F. K 134-135 I Page Walthers, Max 164-165 Ward, Barclay .. 21,24,152-153,295-296 Ward's shipyards 126-127 Warden, J. S 162-163,351 Wardenclyffe Brick and Tile Co . . 162- 163,322 Warner, Charles 162-163,325 Warner, W. II 158-159, 312 Water Mill 164-165, 329 Watt, T. C 144-155,282 Webb, T. E 140-141,244 Weber, J 158-159,311 Weber, John 164-165,330 Weeks, Charles 148-149,280 Wells, C. H 162-163,325 Wells, J. M 164-165,331 Wendell, J 164-165, 327 West Brooklyn Water Co. . 118-119, 178 West Sayville 158-159 Westbury Colored Childrens' Home 148-149,276 Westcott Express Co 124-125,183 Westinghouse Electric Co. . 122-123, 182 Wetmore,C. W 65,150-151,286 Wheeler, S. W 162-163, 322 Whitaker, E. G 164-165,329 White, Mrs. Coles 148-149 White, Thomas F., Co. . 66, 126-127, 188 White, Wm 152-153,292 White Lead Co 126-127,188 Whitestone. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Whitney, W. C 144-145,259 Wier, L. C 146-147,268 Willets, E. C 138-139,239 Willetts, F. E 144-145,263 Willetts, Walter 144-145,261 Willey, C. A., & Co 124-125, 183 Williams, T. S 65,152-153,294 Willis, T 148-149,278 Wilson, G. B 134-135,222 Winthrop, H. R 148-149 Winthrop, Robert 148-149 Witherspoon iCo 124-125 Wonder, Mrs. 124-125,185 Wood, Mrs. Welton 152-153,291 Wood, Wilton 152-153,295 Woodhaven Water Supply Co. . . 80-81. 126-127, 192 Woodruff, A. J 162-163 Woodside Water Co 80-81, 128-129, 194, 195, 197 Wortman, H 142-144,251 Wright, W. De F 140-141 Yetter & Moore 164-165,328 Voung, Wesley 162-163,323 Young & Metzner 124-125 Young Bag Co 124-125 Zabriskie, Augustus 164-165,326 Zabrislrie. George 140-141,245 CLASSIFICATION (IF THE PUBLICATIONS OF TIIK UNITED STATES HEnLOiili'AL SURVEY. [Professional Paper No. 44.) The serial publications of the United .States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Report.*, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (ij) Watcr-Suppl v and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States— folios aii'l separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States— folios thereof. The classes numhered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 1. A limited Dumber are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they may lx- obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for distribution. 3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, from whom they may be had at practically cost. 4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested. The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology ; C, Systematic geology and paleontology: D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous: II, Forestry: I. Irriga- tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, (ieneral hydrographic investi- gations; X, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This paper is the seventy-first in Series B and the thirty-ninth in Series O, the complete lists of which follow. (PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; W8= Water-Supply Paper.) SERIES B. DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on Keweenaw Point. Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp.. 17 pis. (Oat «f stock.) B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock. ) B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz. by Warren I'phain. lv<7. M pp.. ] p). iimii of stock, i B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation. by Bailey Willis. 1887. 10 pp., 4 pis. lOut of stock.) B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1X87. 94 pp. (Out of stock.) B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N. S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp.. 2 pis. B 58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania. Ohio. Kentucky. Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. Wright, with intro- duction by T. C. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp.. 8 pis. (Out of stock.) B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. II. Darton. 1K90. 82 pp. (Out of stock.) B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. B108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp.. 12 pis. it mt of stock. ) B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1*94. 72 pp.. 4 pis. B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and vicinity. Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 35 pp.. 8 pis. B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 18%. 71 pp.. 21 pis. B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1899. 171 pp., 27 pis. B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp.. 9 pis. B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp.. 14 pis. WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, by G. I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp.. 11 pis. B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C Russell. 1902. 192 pp.. 25 pis. PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district. Alaska, with an Introductory sketch of the geology of south- eastern Alaska, by A. H. Brooks. 1902. 120 pp.. 2 pis. PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula. Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp.. 11 pis. PP 3. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patton. 1902. 167 pp.. 19 pis. [I SERTES LIST. PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Koivak rivers, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pis. PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pis. PP 12. Geology of the Globe copper district. Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 108 pp., 27 pis. PP 13. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, by W. G. Tight. 1903. Ill pp., 17 pis. B 208. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California, by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 229 pp., 8 pis. B 209. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pis. ' WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp., 2 pis. PP 15. Mineral resources of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C, Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader. 1903. 71 pp., 10 pis. PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. B 217. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern.Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 83 pp., 18 pis. B J 19. The ore deposits of Tonopah. Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 31 pp., 1 pi. PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. PP 21. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 168 pp., 29 pis. WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. PP 25. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 2 pis. PP 26. Economic resources of the northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with contributions by S. F. Emmons and T. A. Jaggar. jr. 1904 . 222 pp., 20 pis. PP 27. Geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains in Montana and Idaho, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pis. PP 31. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8pls. B 235. A geological reconnaissance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. Smith and F. C. Calkins. 1904. 103 pp., 4 pis. B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904. 35 pp., 10 pis. B 237. Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp.. 7 pis. B 238. Economic geology of the lola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and W. R. Crane. 1904. 83 pp., 1 pl. PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pis. WS 1 10. Contributions to hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. G. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1905. 211 pp., 5 pis. B 242. Geology of the Hudson Valley between the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 1904. 63 pp., 3 pis. PP 34. The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and associated phenomena, by W. C Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pis. PI' 35. Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern Maine, by G. O. Smith and David White. 1905. 107 pp., 6 pis. B 243. Cement materials and industry of the United States, by E. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northeastern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. B 249. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pis. B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal deposit, by G. C. Martin. 1905. 65 pp., 7 pis. B 251. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle. 1905. 89 pp., 16 pis. WS. 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. PP 36. The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E. O. Ulrich and W. S. Tangier Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 15 pis. PI' 38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district of Utah, by J. M. Boutwcll, with a chapter on areal geology, by Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 1905. 413 pp., 49 pis. PP 41. The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvcy of the Cripple Creek district. Colorado, by Waldemar Lindgren and F. L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. B 256. The fluorspar ueposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pis. K 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 85 pp., 12 pis. B 257. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. VV. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with a chapter on the fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1905. 174 pp., 19 pis. PP 42. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spur. 1905. 295 pp.. 24 pis. Ws 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp.. 9 pis. WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 196 pp., 24 pis. PP 43. The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 372 pp., 25 pis. B 265. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pis. B 267. The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. Foster Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 52 pp., 1 pl. PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter. Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. SERIES LIST. HI SERIES O. UNDERGROUND WATERS. WS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by L C. Russell. 1897. M pp., 7 pit i Out of stock.) WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas. I>y Erasmus Haworth. lsyT. iWS pp.. 12 pis. I ( tut of stock.) WS 7. Seepage waters of northern Utah, hy Samuel Fortier. 1897. SO pp., 8 ph. i ( nit of stock. > WS 12. Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by X. H. Darton. 1898. 56 pp.. 21 pis. (Out of stock. ) WS _>1. Wells of northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp.. 2 pis. WS 26. Wells of southern Indiana i continuation of Xo. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899. 64 pp. Ws 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp.. 7 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. ('. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pis. WS 34. Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 34 pp.. 19 pis. WS 58. Geology and water resources of Xez Perces County, Idaho. Pt. I, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 pp., 10 ph, WS 54. Geology and water resources of Xez Perces County. Idaho. Pt. II. by I. C. Russell. 1901. H7-H1 pp WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. (). Smith. 1901. 68 pp., 7 pis. WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by X. H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. .Out of stock, i WS 59. Development and application of water in southern California. Pt. I, by J. B. Lippincott. 1902. 95 pp., 11 pis. rOut of stock.) WS 60. Development and application of water in southern California. Pt. II, by J. B. Lippincott. 96-140 pp. (Out of stock.) WS 61. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II. by X. H. Darton. 1902. 67 pp. (Out of stock.) WS 67. The motions of underground waters, hy C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp.. 8 pis. B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pis. WS 77. Water resources of Molokai. Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pis. WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp.. 2 pis. WS 90. Geology and water resourcesof part of the lower James River Valley. South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 45 pp.. 23 pis. WS 101. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris: with discussions of their uses for water supplies and for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp., 11 pis. WS 102. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903. by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 522 pp. WS 104. The underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp.. 5 pis. WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. WS 110. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States. 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1904. 211 pp., 5 pis. PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by X. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. PP 32. Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by X. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pis. WS 111. Preliminary report on underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1905. 85 pp., 1 pi. WS 112. Underflow tests in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River, by Homer Hamlin. 1905. 55 pp. 7 pis. WS 114. Underground waters of eastern United States, by M. L. Fuller and others. 1905. 285 pp., 18 pis. WS 118. Geology and water resources of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by L C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp.. 24 pis. WS 120. Bibliographic review and index of papers relating to underground waters published by the United State* i, co- logical Survey. 1879-1901. by M. L. Fuller. 1905. 128 pp. WS 122. Relation of the law to underground waters, by D. W. Johnson. 1905. 55 pp. WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto. New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley. Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 1% pp., 23 pis. B 264. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller. E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veateh. 1905. 106 pp. PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island. New York, by A. C. Veatch. C. S. Slichter. Isaiah Bowman. W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground w aters of Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by < .. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II: Preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas, by X. II. Darton. in Seventeenth Annual. Pt. II: Water resources of Illinois, by Frank Leverett. in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II: Water resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank Leverett, in Eighteenth Annua'.. Pt. IV: Xew developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern South Dakota, by N. H. Darton. in Eighteenth Annual. Pt. IV; Rin k waters of Ohio, by Edward Orton, in Xineteenth Annual. Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic coastal plain region, by X. H. Darton. Bulletin No. 138. Correspondence should be addressed to The Director, United States Geological Survey. Washington, D. C. February, 1906. o U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO 44 PL MAP SHOWING THE POSITION OK THE MAIN GROUND WAtIeR TABLE ON LONG ISLAND. NEW YORK COMPILE!) PROMA MAP OP THE NEW YOKK CITY COMMISSION ON ADDITIONAL WATEH SUPPLY, LONG 1SI.ANH DIVISION. 1903 \ MAP OF LONG ISLAND. NeW YORK SHOWING LOCATION 0¥\ WELLS DATA COMPILED BY A.GVEATCH, ASSISTED BY ISAIAH BOWMAN 1903 Scale GonOMir InUrvol 20 IVoi ISO* list wells of iho Now York i * I on Additional Water Supply ■ | Waterworks pumping Htatio; I rf^K. ! "roups of walls Lines of tunnels or other NbM ffgurm eoampud fJ>"" UfuUt h/u*A //" « HI* iflVnflHrf i/l llir tO&U ntnrih rni.t ilrjmyill I i 30 20 26 •»■