rF ^3) 7. 3 )7°^l 3i Given By ■t t a ES.SU] NTS ' V V DEPOSITORY Vol. Ill- pt. 12 METHODS and PROCEDURES SPECIAL REPORTS 1954 Census Agriculture U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • BUREAU OF THE CENSUS • WASHINGTON • 7956 U. S. Department of Commerce Sinclair Weeks, Secretary Bureau of the Census Robert W. Burgess, Director United States c ensus Agriculture 1954 Volume SPECIAL REPORTS Part 12 Methods and Procedures Soston Public Library Q *?// J //#. J/ rinrpnHpnt of Documents ' ffSV Boston Supe NOV 5 - 1957 /•-? &■/£- Prepared under the supervision of RAY HURLEY Chief, Agriculture Division HOW THE CENSUS WAS TAKEN • DESCRIPTION OF METHODS AND PROCEDURES • * tew, y\jj IS 3 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS pr?X ROBERT W. BURGESS, Director A. Ross Eckler, Deputy Director Howard C. Grieves, Assistant Director Robert Y. Phillips, Special Assistant Conrad Taeuber, Assistant Director Jack B. Robertson, Special Assistant Morris H. Hansen, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards Walter L. Kehres, Assistant Director for Administration Calvert L. Dedrick, Coordinator, International Statistics A. W. von Struve, Acting Public Information Officer Agriculture Division — Ray Hurley, Chief Warder B. Jenkins, Assistant Chief Administrative Service Division — Everett H. Burke, Chief Budget and Management Division — Charles H. Alexander, Chief Business Division — Harvey Kailin, Chief Census Operations Division— Marion D. Bingham, Chief Field Division — Robert B. Voight, Chief Foreign Trade Division— J. Edward Ely, Chief Geography Division — Clarence E. Batschelet, Chief Governments Division — Allen D. Manvel, Chief Industry Division — Maxwell R. Conklin, Chief Machine Tabulation Division — C. F. Van Aken, Chief Personnel Division — Helen D. Almon, Chief Population and Housing Division — Howard G. Brunsman, Chief Statistical Reports Division— Edwin D. Goldfield, Chief Statistical Research Division — William N. Hurwitz, Chief Transportation Division— Donald E. Church, Chief SUGGESTED IDENTIFICATION u. s. Bureau of the C ensus. U. S. Census of Agriculture: 1954. Part 12, Methods and Procedures Vol III, Special Reports, u. s. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. c, 1956. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C, or any of the Field Offices of the Department of Commerce, Price 60 cents (paper~cover) II PREFACE Volume III, Special Reports, comprises one of the volumes presenting final summaries and results for the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The purpose of Part 12 is to outline the methods and procedures used in taking and compiling the results of the 1954 Census of Agriculture. Since 1920, the Bureau of the Census has taken once each 5 years a Census of the Nation's farms and agricultural production. The increasing complexity of agriculture, and the accelerated rate of agricultural changes, resulting from increased technological developments and mechanization, have made the taking of a Nationwide Census of Agriculture a complex and difficult task. This report describes briefly the methods and procedures devised and used for meeting the many problems involved in the 1954 Census of Agriculture of the United States. This report was prepared under the supervision of Ray Hurley, Chief, Agriculture Division, and with the assistance of Orvin Wilhite, J. Thomas Breen, and Henry A. Tucker. December 1956 III UNITED STATES CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: 1954 REPORTS Volume I. — Counties and State Economic Areas. Statistics for counties include number of farms, acreage, value, and farm operators; farms by color and tenure of operator; facilities and equipment; use of commercial fertilizer; farm labor; farm expenditures; livestock and livestock products; specified crops harvested; farms classified by type of farm and by economic class; and value of products sold by source. Data for State economic areas include farms and farm characteristics by tenure of operator, by type of farm, and by economic class. Volume I is published in 33 parts. Volume II. — General Report. Statistics by Subjects, United States Census of Agriculture, 1954. Summary data and analyses of the data for States, for Geographic Divisions, and for the United States by subjects. Volume III. — Special Reports Part 1. — Multiple-Unit Operations. This report will be similar to Part 2 of Volume V of the reports for the 1950 Census of Agri- culture. It will present statistics for approximately 900 counties and State economic areas in 12 Southern States and Missouri for the number and characteristics of multiple-unit operations and farms in multiple units. Part 2. — Ranking Agricultural Counties. This special report will present statistics for selected items of inventory and agricul- tural production for the leading counties in the United States. Part 3. — Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, and U. S. Possessions. These areas were not included in the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The available current data from vari- ous Government sources will be compiled and published in this report. Part 4. — Agriculture, 1954, a Graphic Summary. This report will present graphically some of the significant facts regarding agriculture and agricultural production as revealed by the 1954 Census of Agriculture. Part 5. — Farm-Mortgage Debt. This will be a cooperative study by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census. It will present, by States, data based on the 1954 Census of Agriculture and a . special mail survey conducted in January 1956, on the num- ber of mortgaged farms, the amount, of mortgage debt, and the amount of debt held by principal lending agencies. Part 6. — Irrigation in Humid Areas. This cooperative report by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census will present data ob- tained by a mail survey of operators of irrigated farms in 28 States on the source of water, method of applying water, num- ber of pumps used, acres of crops irrigated in 1954 and 1955, the number of times each crop was irrigated, and the cost of irrigation equipment and the irrigation system. Part 7. — Popular Report — The American Farmer in 1954. This report is planned to be a general, easy-to-read publication for the general public on the status and broad characteristics of United States agriculture. It will seek to delineate such as- pects of agriculture as the geographic distribution and dif- ferences by size of farm for such items as farm acreage, princi- pal crops, and important kinds of livestock, farm facilities, farm equipment, use of fertilizer, soil conservation practices, farm tenure, and farm income. Part 8. — Size of Operation by Type of Farm. This will be a coop- erative special report to be prepared in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. This report will contain data for 119 economic sub- regions (essentially general type-of-farming areas) showing the general characteristics for each type of farm by economic class. It will provide data for a current analysis of the differences that exist among groups of farms of the same type. It will furnish statistical basis for a realistic examination of produc- tion of such commodities as wheat, cotton, and dairy products in connection with actual or proposed governmental policies and programs. Part 9. — Farmers and Farm Production in the United States. The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the characteristics of farmers and farm production for the most important types of farms as shown by data for the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The analysis deals with the relative importance, pattern of resource use, some measures of efficiency, and prob- lems of adjustment and change for the principal types of farms. The report was prepared in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The list of chapters (published separately only) and titles for each chapter are as follows: Chapter I — Wheat Producers and Wheat Production II — Cotton Producers and Cotton Production III — Tobacco and Peanut Producers and Production IV — Poultry Producers and Poidlry Production V — Dairy Producers and Dairy Production VI — Western Stock Ranches and Livestock Farms VII — Cash-Grain and Livestock Producers in the Corn Belt VIII — Part-Time Farming IX — Agricidlural Producers and Production in the /United Slates — A General View Part 10. — Use of Fertilizer and Lime. The purpose of this report is to present in one publication most of the detailed data com- piled for the 1954 Census of Agriculture regarding the use of fertilizer and lime. The report presents data for counties, State economic areas, and generalized type-of-farming areas regarding the quantity used, acreage on which used, and expenditures for fertilizer and lime. The Agricultural Research Service cooperated with the Bureau of the Census in the prep- aration of this report. V Part 11. — Farmers' Expenditures. This report presents detailed data on expenditures for a large number of items used for farm production in 1955, and on the living expenditures of farm operators' families. The data were collected and compiled cooperatively by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census. V Part 12. — Methods and Procedures. This report contains an outline and a description of the methods and procedures used in taking and compiling the 1954 Census of Agriculture. CONTENTS Page Chapter I — Planning and Preparing for the Census 7 Chapter II — The Enumeration 19 Chapter III — Central Office Processing and Publication 51 1 CONTENTS Page Planning the Agriculture Questionnaire 7 Selecting the questions 7 Establishing enumeration districts 7 Funds for the Census 12 The time schedule 12 ILLUSTRATIONS The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) 8 Enumeration starting dates, by areas : 1954 Census of Agriculture 14 Chapter I— PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS The planning for the 1954 Census of Agriculture was performed largely by staff members with experience in connection with one or more prior Censuses of agriculture or other Censuses. The results of the prior Censuses were available to this staff in the form of published reports, staff appraisals, records of work performed, and copies of detailed procedures, and these were used as a basis for planning. Planning the Agriculture Questionnaire. — Planning for the questionnaire content began in connection with the sample Census of Agriculture taken in 1953 in the States of Virginia and Utah. The questions proposed for the 1954 Census were pre- tested in this sample Census taken in October-November 1953. This pretest involved the use of about 130 enumerators and the enumeration of approximately 7,600 farms scattered throughout the two States. The work of the enumerators during this pretest was observed by technical staff members, the questionnaires were edited and coded, tabulations were made, and reports presenting data from this pretest were published in March, 1954. Selecting the questions. — The questions included in the 1954 Census of Agriculture were selected from requests and suggestions received from many sources, such as the United States Department of Agriculture, State Agricultural Colleges, farm publications, farm organizations, individuals, etc. The first list of questions deemed by the technical staff of enough importance to be consider- ed for inclusion in a Nationwide Census of Agriculture was prepared in April 1953. The selection of questions to be included in the Census was made on the basis of the advice and recommendations of a special advi- sory committee appointed by the Director of the Bureau of the Census. This special advisory committee included persons recom- mended by, and representatives of the following organizations: Associations of Land Grant Colleges and Universities National Association of Commissioners, Secretaries, and Directors of Agriculture American Farm Bureau Federation Agricultural Publishers Association Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of America Farm Equipment Institute National Grange The American Farm Economics Association Census Advisory Committee, American Statistical Association United States Department of Agriculture National Council of Farmer Cooperatives In selecting questions to be included in the Census, the special advisory committee and the technical staff gave consideration to the possibility of obtaining satisfactory information more effi- ciently in some other way than through the Census of Agriculture, to the adequacy of the information that might be obtained through the Census, to the availability of data from other sources, to the usefulness of the data, and to the cost of securing and compiling the information. A reduced facsimile of an Agriculture Question- naire (Al) appears on pages 8 to 11. The special advisory committee also made recommendations regarding the publication of data for the Census, and the making of special surveys and reports in connection with the Census. Establishing enumeration districts. — In order to secure the complete coverage of all areas, and to make assignments of work to individual enumerators, it was necessary to divide the area of the United States into small areas, called enumeration districts. The size of these small areas was determined by the amount of work each enumerator was expected to perform and by boundaries of existing local minor civil divisions, such as townships, districts, etc. Generally, it was planned to establish enumeration districts that would provide 150 to 160 hours of work for each enumerator. Usually, enumeration districts contained all of one or more minor civil divisions. Records of the work time, number of farms, and number of dwellings as shown by the 1950 Censuses of Agriculture, Population and Housing were used as a basis for estimating the workload for proposed enumeration districts. Enumeration districts were established so that all parts were contiguous and so that natural barriers would not impede travel. Generally, in- corporated places, unincorporated places, and urbanized areas having a population of 1,000 or more in 1950 were made separate enumeration districts. Likewise, incorporated and unincorporated places of less than 1,000 population were made separate enumera- tion districts if they had relatively few farms and more than 150 dwelling units in 1950. In 37 out of the 48 States, enumeration district boundaries were established to conform to existing boundaries of townships or similar minor civil divisions. In 5 States, enumeration district boundaries conformed only in part to boundaries of minor civil divisions as the enumeration district boundaries were drawn along township or section lines, roads, or streams. In 5 States, perma- nent statistical areas had been established using natural features as boundaries and these areas or combinations thereof were used as enumeration districts. The total number of enumeration districts established was 41,221 of which 11,127 were for incorporated or similar urban places. The 30,094 enumeration districts outside of urban areas contained an average 153 farms each. The 11,127 enumeration districts for urban areas contained approximately 170,000 farms or an average of 15 farms each. Base maps for use in indicating enumerators' districts were obtained generally from State Highway Departments. For areas with a high concentration of farms, the enumerators' maps were on a scale of approximately 2 inches per mile. For sparsely settled areas, the enumerators' maps were on a scale of one-fourth inch per mile. Blue line prints were made of these base maps for use in outlining enumeration districts. The boundaries of the enumeration districts were indicated with a colored pencil on the enumerators' maps. These maps usually covered areas somewhat larger than the enumeration district so as to facilitate their use by enumerators in determining location of the enumeration dis- trict boundaries. In order to maintain records and controls for enumeration districts, each enumeration district was assigned an identification number. This identification number contained two parts — one part identified the county and the other part identified the enumeration district within the county. Each enumeration district also contained a label, that identified the name, if any, of the area comprising the enumeration district. 7 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Tin. inquiry U Mtbofiud uy Art ..I Lonareaa 1 16 Sltt II; 13 ISC 201-21B I whirh requir j tili- a report Yoi rtorded ronfidenlnl treatment. iul>j*rl to ihr pro1 ii. .lit ot law, )'. FORM Al CENSUS QF AGRICULTURE | OCA QUESTIONNAIRE: lV*r* Section I. —PERSON NOW IN CHARGE (If a inemlier of Ihr? family or anyone elite I in charge, please be sure thai all the inforrua CHARGE.) ■ this questionnaire for the peraofl in in Riven FOR the PERSON IN (Post ORIer) (Suu) [ (a) D White 3- H-'Aal it uour raeet J (ft) rj Negro If) D Other. What race* Section II.— OWNERSHIP. RENTAL AGREEMENT, AND LOCATION OP LAND OWNED LAND: 4. How manv acres of land do vou OWN?" Q Nt (If you own more than one tract of land, INCLUDE ALL LAND OWNED Include not only cropland but also pastureland, woodland, wasteland, etc.) // no land . owned, check the square for LAND RENTED FROM OTHERS: 5. Do you have a graiing permit* (From the U. 8. Forest Service, Grazing Service, etc. Graiing lands used under Government Permit are not to be included as land ited, but livestock on these permit lands should be|Q No Idy« 6. How many acres of land do voaRENT FROM others, including any worked on shareaf L I None (Include any separate fields, meadows, paatureland, woodland, wasteland, etc. Include Federal, State, school, railroad, and other land leased and land used by you rent free ) // "Sone," cheek and skip to qutition [SJ. (a) Give the following information (or each landlord: ncluded in this report I iWixo. (List additional i How many acres are rented from each landlord? (Port OOeO ~iBul«> inder REMARKS Total acres for all landlords must equal total for question 6.) 7. Does the landlord furnish ALL the work animals < (as a part of his share in the operation of this place) ' (o) Do you pay to your landlord any cash as r . . . IDl ID ' (6) Do you pav to vour landlord anv share of the crops? . . . /Q ' (Such as i; i. i ) in ihare of the livestock ( IB! (r) Do you pay to your landlord ■ livestock product*? ..... (Such Ml.*.*) . ■'(■ Do you have this land under any other arrangement? . . . /D j (Such as a fixed quantity of any product, upkeep of land arid ' l J buildings, payment of taxes, keep of landlord, rent free, etc.) LAND MANAGED FOR OTHERS-: [91 How manv acres do you operate for others as a HIRED MANAGER' | (Enter the name and address of the employer under LAND RENTED TO OTHERS: 10. How many acres are RENTED TO others, includ- ing land worked on shares by croppers or tenants? L.I None (Include any separate fields rented to others. Land worked by members of your household with your equip- ment should not be considered as rented to others.) If -No ' check and skip to question [11] Acrei in Thia Place: £11] Adding arret owned and htn subtracting acres rented to othei (Question i + quettton t-quest if managed question 9 — quettn i rented from others, in .r. Ihc land for » to be harvested this Th hich e want a report of the crops harvested LOCATION OF LAND: 12. Is anv of this land located|D No. // "No," cheek and ikip outside of this county? .... to question [13]. ID Yes (a) How many acres are in this county? (6) Give names of other counties and acres located in each: 1U i ,-•;., RESIDENCE AND AGE OF PERSON IN CHARGE. [13] Do you live on this place? 14. How old were you on vour last birthday* 15. ft'bBtl did vou begin ' . operate this place* ia No ID Ye, Section III.— CROPS HARVESTED THIS YEAR. 19'.* Report all crops oar*eiled. or to be harvested, this year from these (read anawei lor question II) acres. II yon rent land from others on sharea Intrude landlord*! CORN AND SORGHUMS CORN: 16. CORN for ALL PURPOSES this year? (lie not Include «*e*i com, po (o) CORN for GRAIN? . . . . (70 lb. ear corn or 66 lb shelled cornel bu. Report corn hogged off in question (c), not here ) (6) CORN for SILAGE* (e) CORN hogged or graied. or cut for green or dry fodder (ears not husked or snapped)? . (Tha total ol the acre* (or qualloru r*^w much was or will be harvested* SORGHUMS: (Kafir, m.lo. hegari amber, orange, atlas, "redtop,' etc.) R POSES except sirup this year? . . Q None (Report md uribum lor Mrup In (b) SORGHUM for SILAGE? (c) 80RGHUM hogged or graxed, or cut for dry forage or hay ? . 1*1. .■■■'..:■! U it equal the acrei XXX Tons Tons (3) How much of crop was or will be sold? Imiirl- land lord iihmu SMALL GRAINS [18] GRAINS grown together and threshed as a MIXTURE? . . . Q None t Wheal aDd oat*, wheal and barley ■haal and rjt. oali and barley I It. WHEAT? . . . D None 20. OATS? D None 21. BARLEY? . . O None 22. OTHER GRAIN threshed? Emmer, flaxseed, rye spelt .. D None acres were harvested* 11. y (3) v much of this year's crop was or will be ■old? i Include landlord! •hare ai told ei «pl that uwd 23. SOYBEANS for ALL PURPOSES this year? Q None // "None," cheek and skip to question [24]. (o) SOYBEANS for BEANS? (6) SOYBEANS for HAY? (e) SOYBEANS hc*jjjedorgrawd,or cut ior silage' not graied or otherv l The total "I I he acrea tar quallonj muil aqua) the acres lor question XI I C24] DRY FIELD and SEED BEANS other than soybeans and mung beans for BEANS this year? . ........ Q None 25. COWPEAS for ALL PURPOSES (except for fresh market, or for canning, f reeling, or other processing) this vear* . Q ' (Include black:res. noidm. whlppoor«illv purple hull! Report thoee wld lor frur. mart el. or to cannni. Ireeim. or // "None," check ond tkip I queitwn [26]. (o) COWPEAS for DRY PEAS? . . . (6) COWPEAS for HAY? (c) COWPEAS hogged or graxed, or cut for (d) COWPEAS plowed under for green in graied or otherwise harvested' . . [2«J PEANUTS for ALL PURPOSES this year* Q Noi (a) PEANUTS for picking or threshing? Mil be saved for : iJohnson Tons _ ALFALFA SKF.D. CLOVER. GRASS, AND OTHER FIELD SEED CROPS: S3. YYerafiny dfalfaseed, cloverseed. grass jQ No. // "A'o," eheck and tlnp to seed, and>olrnr field seed crops harvested this tjvtition [38). year? ID Ye* Bluestem, jnmi grass, millet, lespedesa, red clover, Sudan grass, winter peas. COTTON. POTATOES, AND OTHER CROPS (38) Cotton? □ None 39. Broom corn? . . . . Q None 40. Sugarcane or Sorghum for SlrupT □ None 41. Irish potatoes for home use or for sale T . . □ None (If less thai 20 bushels were harvested, do not 42. Sweelpotatoea for home use or for sale' O None (If less than 20 hushels were harvested, do not report acre* ) How many acres harvested T (Report tenths ;» ID * How much »as or will be harvested VEGETABLES FOR HOME USE AND FOR SALE 43. Were eny vegetables, sweet corn, or melon* harvested this year — [D No ii For home use? ID Yea (6) For sale for fresh market or to ID No. // ".Vo." caret and iktp to canners. freciers, or other processors'. atittUen [491. ID Yes t Acre* Were o I Haivcstbo This Year For Sale— (Report tenths of an acre, such as tV. iV tV I A- etc. If two or more plantings of the -aiur crop were made, either on the same land or on different land, report the total harvested acres of the several plantings. Include acres of vegetables harvested from land from which other crops were also harvested.) 45. Dry onions? 46. Watermelons? T BUfl'inin.!.ilto Spinach l (mi, cowpcas ffcjijMb t tod plc»le> Hoi prpprn lentil Tomaltm i.l remain* prppmi Turnips 48. What trai (he rofur of alt otatlablf SOLD or TO BE SOLD thi* year' . . • » /00 llnflui). It-irtl—.l t \lxmir- I ■•? no I mftu.lf in> value ol Irish [■jUl.n an.l i.wlpoUlait IcW I HERRIES AND OTHER SMALL FRUITS [49J IVcWaUiJ Initio or otlirr small |Q No I f \o." rkrfk and tkip to fruit* Karvr-K-d this vear tor sale* ... v •""on [»]• ID Vt» Give I lie name of each km! the acres and quantity harie*tcd in the spaces provided bdow {Report tenth- of an acre, -urh a- A. rV ' it. etc Do not include nonhealing area ) Acre* it . _ Quarts TREE FRCITS, NUTS, AND GRAPES: [50] Are any (ruil or nut trees or grapevines on this place? ID No // ",Ve," check and itip to . . question [621. Id y« hi, Are there as many as 20 fruit and |D No // "A'o," chtck and ikip to nut trees and grapevines of all kinds 7. . oucition [621. ID Yes SI. How much land is In bearing and nonbearing fruit orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees? .... Acres * (Report tenths of an acre, such as iV I A. etc, Do not ;io include berry acreage or nurseries.) — j 52. APPLES? 53. PEACHES? ..... 54. PEARS? 55. CHERRIES? 56. PLUMS and PRUNES' 57. APRICOTS? 58. CRAPES? 59. IMPROVED PECANS? (Budded. (nTted. or Up-*/«ktd.) 60. WILD or SEEDLING PECANS? NOT of much was harvested this year? Figs, i rines, Japanese persim . planted walnuts. [62] Are there any other crops (not mentioned before) that were [Q No or will be harvested this year on this place? Castor beans, dry field [ and seed peas, melons for feed, mung beans, popcorn, root and grain t crops hogged or graied (other than corn, sorghums, and ann legumes), sugar-beet seed, sunflower seed ID Yes If "Yet." give the name of the crop, acres and quantity harvested, and value of sales. Value ol this year's crop Acres sold or to harvested * __ be sold 4>8 '00 Section IV.— LAND USE THIS YEAR. 1954 83. (Copy acres from question 111 » Ac Now we want to distribute the ACRES IN THIS PLACE according to how they were used this year After you have accounted for a field or plot do not count this land again Be sure to account for all the land. Give only whole acres. CROPLAND: 84a. From how manv acres of land were CROPS HARVESTED (including hay cut) this year* Q Son (This area may be obtained' by adding the acres in the fields from which one or more crops were harvested or hay was cut this year; acres in nonbearing and bearing planted tree fruits, nuts, and grapes, and acres in nursery and greenhouse products.) To Be Filled by Ceni ■ Enu (1) Add acre of ail cropi iwith # in Srrtio HI and Vt) and enter total here . .... (2) From how- many acres of land were ti crops harvested this (3) Subtract the a enter difference here (This entry should be the acres shown for ques W ' ,n >■ ( - of cropland were in cultivated ■ acres of cropland have not been 64/ How m accounted for? (Include idle land, land in soil-improvement crops only, and land on which all crops failed ) WOODLAND: (Include as woodland all wood lots and timber tracts and cu lover land with young trees which have or will have value as mood or timber.) I None I None I None 65a How manv acres or woodlsnd were pastured (or grazed) this year* D None 85b How manv acre* of woodland were not pastured (or gruedl this year* D None OTHER LAND: 86. How many acres were in other pasture (not cropland pasture and not woodland pasture) * . D None If "\otie," cheek and iktp to queition [67J. (a) Of this other pasture, how many acreffv do vou consider lo be Improved pasture? XD None (tmproved by liming, fertilizing, seeding to tAwwi .■■I-- or legumes, irrigating, draining, or by controlling weeds and brush.) [67] How many acre* were in house lots, barn lots, lanes, road*, ditches, and wasteland? . , D None Add thne atru lourilions 64a, 64b, 64. 64./. 65a. 65b. 66, and 67) and enter the total here p. J 68. Of ihe land from which crop* were harvested (reported i 64ol. how many acre* i DibE // "r/our," rhrrk and itip to our Mi on [69]. | O No If "Xo," ri (a) Are-there any crop- thai wre not I ouralion [ irrigated* t llu,.-.!„i«ini, i^^.-Jium-' QVh IfYei/a { of lAH ou, [69] i>f i hi* land u.-i-d unli f.,r pasture or grating itvirortrd csiiaiM 64'., 65i ami 66). how man* aerr* „,r. irrigated Ihb war' D Noi 70. How mam arm of HOW CHOI'S or ( I.OSh -NKKDKI) ( Hiirs».r,xn.»i, ..,.tr.,.-il,.- ywlw I , r.,.„.,. , ml! D N'" 71. Hoa main tern ■■< rruiiUmI iisn) f«n < : It \l\ ..r HOW L». CHOI'S .1 ar ».n far I Iir ■-. r • D N»t Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) — Continued. 10 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Section VI.— FOREST PRODUCTS AND NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS THIS YEAR, ISM FOREST PRODUCTS: 72. Was imr firewood, fuelwood, fence poala. jn No. // "No,' check and iimhpi fir (,r h»f ti\r*nt nr.^rlurt*. put Ihin vpir fnr u ' , ' . . 0 Yes Q None (b) How many FENCE POSTS were or will be cut thin year on thin place' D None 73. How much waa or will be received this year from the aale of firewood, fence ports, logs, lumber, pulpwood, piling and poles, bark, bolts, Christmas trees, hewn ties, mine timber, and other miscellaneous None forest product* " D aold NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SEEDS AND PLANTS. AND BULBS: [74] Were any nursery or greenhouse jQ No. products, flower or vegetable seeds or plants, flowers, or bulbs grown for sale (Q Yes // "Wo/' cA«* and tktp U> qvetiion [78] 75 How many acres of NURSERY PRODUCTS {trees. shrubs, vines, ornamentals, etc ) did you have this year? . 7«. How manv CUT FLOWERS. POTTED PLANTS, FLORIST GREENS, and BEDDING PLANTS were grown this year for sale — («) Under glass T (6) In open? 77. How many of the following were produced this year for saleT Vegetables grown under glass, flower seeds, vegetable seeds, vegetable plants, bulbs, and mush room ■ — (a) Under glass or in house T (b) In openT Area {Report tenths of an acre, audi as iV A. I iV etc.) Square feet . Acres * Square feet . Acres it How much was or wiU be the value of tales T Section VII.— LIVESTOCK NOW ON THIS PLACE AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION THIS YEAR, 1954 Inclnde all animals on this place owned by yon and by others. Alao, IncJnde any animals belonging to this place but grazing on national (wests, graiiag dUlrlcla, or on open range. CATTLE AND CALVES [78] How many CATTLE and CALVES of all ages are on this place? D None (Include all cows and all other cattle and calves, both dairy and beef, on this place) // "Nam," chick and tkip to qtitttion [S3]. OF THIS TOTAL— (a) How many are COWS* Include heifers, that have calved . . (b) How many are heifers and heifer calves? (Do not include any heifers that have calved.) (r) How manv are b-illa, bull calves steers, and steer calves? . (The total for questions (a), (6), and (e) must equal the number for question 78.) COWS MILKED YESTERDAY: 80. How many MILK COWS were on this place yesterday T Include dry milk cows and milk heifers that have calved D None 81. How many GALLONS of MILK were produced yesterday T DAIRY PRODUCTS SOLD AND TO BE SOLD THIS YEAR, ISM: 1954) T (Report all sales from this place whether made by you or by others. Report as sold dairy products turned over to or sold for your landlord. Be sure to include dairy products which you will sell before January I, 1955 ) (a) How much WHOLE MILK was or will be sold this year* ....... Q Noi (b) How much CREAM was or will be sold this year* . Q None (If cream sold by gallon, multiply the number of gallons by 2'; to get pounds of butterfat ) [D No. // "No," check and tktp to ovation [84]. ID Yea (I) Quantity How much was or will be the value of tales 7 SHEEP AND LAMBS: [Ml How manv EWES, RAMS, WETHERS, and LAMBS of all agea are on this place? □ N< // "None." check and tkip to quettton [85], OF THIS TOTAL— (a) How many are LAMBS under 1 year old? , (6) How many are EWES I year old and over? (r) How manv are RAMS and WETHERS 1 year old and over (The total for questions (a), (6). and (r) must equal number for question 84.) GOATS AND KIDS, AND MOHAIR CLIPPED: If ' 'None ." check and tktp to auettion [84]. OF THIS TOTAL— (a) How many arc ANGORA GOATS and KIDBT ,6. How many are OTHER GOATS and KID8T . . . . . (The total for questions (a) and w, are you keeping for i 1955? DNone Light breeds Heavy breeds D None Light breeds Heavy breeds 97. How many DUCKS, GEESE, and other poultry (not counting chickens and lurkevs) were RAISED this year» □ None (Naaasklnaj 98. How much wan or will be received thia year from the sale of TURKEYS, DUCKS, GEESE, and miscellaneous poultry, snd THEIR None EGGS? O sold {Do not include chickens and chicken egg") Color 1 2 3 Tenure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O Irrigation 1 2 3 X Out 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O X V REGION 17 N. Hex. Wol T«i. Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) — Continued. PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS 11 Section VIII.— FERTILIZER AND LIME FERTILIZER and FERTILIZING MATERIALwaapurchasedlhisyear? . | ] Noi (Do nol Include barnyard manure, itnv, refust nu t*i lib or rypnun ) dollars "nlji on - Ij " Viinf ." check and ikip to qutition [101]. . On which crops wu FERTILIZER USED mi Hay and cropland pasture? . . . . D None (b) Other pasture (nol cropland)? . . . D None (c) Com? Q None (rf) Colton? D None (t) Fruits, vegetables, and potatoes? . Q None (J) Other crop*? Q None (Olra nam*) (1) acres was fertiliser used? How many tons were [101] HowmuchLIMEor LIMING MATERIAL was purchased this year? D None _ (Include ground limestone, hydrated and burnt lime, marl, oyster shells, etc. Omit lime used lor sprays or sanitation). » _ /Ofl i.Tr)l*T<™"l. dollanoolr . Section a.— SELECTED FARM EXPENDITURES. THIS YEAB. IffM Include all eipenses paid, or to be paid before January 1. IVS5. by rou and by jour landlord for lain place. 102. How much was or will be SPENT this year for (o) MACHINE HIRE? D (Include custom work, such as tractor hire, threshing, combining, silo (ilium, baling, ginning, plowing, and spraying.) (b) HIRED LABOR? □ (Do not include housework, custom work, or contract construction work Include cash payments only.) (e) FEED for livestock and poultry? , . . . . Q (Include coat of grain, hay. mill feeds, concentrates, and roughages, also, amounts paid for grinding and miiing feed ) (d) GASOLINE and other petroleum FUEL and OIL for the farm business* Q Section X.— FARM LABOR 103. About how many hours the week of Sept. C6-Oct. 2 did you (the person in charge of this place) do farm work or chores on this place? (Caret one) 1. □ None 2. O 1 to 11 hours 3. D IS hours or mo (a) How many OTHER MEMBERS OF YOUR FAMILY did 15 hours or more of farm work or chore* on this plaw the week of Sept 26-Oct. 2 WITHOUT RECEIVING CASH WAGES'' (Do not include housework.) (6) How many HIRED PERSONS did any farm work or chores on this place the week of Sept 26-Oct. 2T. Q None (Include members or your family receiving cash wages ) // "Son*," cluck and tkip to quetUon [104]. IOW MANJ' OF THESE HIRED PERSONS WORKINC THE WEEK OrSEPT 26-OCT 2 WERE EMPLOYED FOR— (e) 150 days or more during this year? Q None Q None nber e of pay and hours of work of these hired 103(b))* (Enter information below.) (d) Less than 150 days during this year? (The total for questions (r) and () Cora picker*? (c) Pick-up balers? . . . . (d) Field forage harvesters (for held chopping of silage and forage crops) r (f) Motortrucks (include ban garden? (o) Garden tractors? (ft) (rswiw traciara(track- laying, caterpillar)? . , . (■) Ailomobile* (belonging to you, to hired workers, or to other* living on this place)? (j) Artificial ponds. reservoirs, and earth Unka? Section Xm.— MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FARM VALUE. MORTOACE DEBT, AND CASH RENT: 106. About how much would the land and the buildings on it sell for? (o) LAND OWNED BY YOU? D None (from question 4) (6) LAND RENTED FROM OTHERS? D None (from question f ) (c) LAND MANAGED FOR OTHERS? D None (from question t) (rf> LAND RENTED TO OTHERS? (from question 10) D None Acres 1M. Is there any MORTGAGE DEBT on land and buildings owned by you? No land owned 'iTUknarJ/l |D No land rented I for cash. 111. On that dole va* tin ourtfionnairc f<dt 112. Who furnished Ike information given in thu D Operator O Wife or other member of operator's famili □ Landlord (Gin month «nd /Q//8 I0/B5 '0/4 '0/4 10/4 00 I0> \0/ \8r ?^5$"~ 10/11 10/25 10/25 I0/2J lO/li 11/3 1/8 11/3 CM CO ■ 10/18 \o/£5p? U/8 \ c? 10/25 10/4 '0/// 'i'£l s 11/8 ,0/'8 fioT? 10/4 { 11/3 & 11/3 11/8 "/3 11/3 11/3 t\/8 \\/8 1/3 V'6ZIB H\/8 -\l/8 >Q 1/3 to 10/18 10/25? = 11/3 //. oo /, / MAS JO/25, Figure 2. — Enumeration starting dates, by areas: 1954 Census of Agriculture. CHAPTER II— THE ENUMERATION 15 CONTENTS Page The enumeration 19 The job 19 Organization of field staff 19 The Regional Offices 19 Field Processing Offices 19 Agriculture Field Offices 20 Selection of personnel 22 Training personnel 22 A. Outline of training of Agriculture field supervisors and assistants 22 B. Training of crew leaders 22 C. Training of enumerators 25 Office space, supplies, and equipment 25 Packaging and distributing enumerator's supplies 25 Distribution of Agriculture Questionnaires by mail 27 Enumeration procedures 27 Record of work and travel 34 Enumerator's daily report 34 Record of telephone and other costs 34 Record of A2 listings requiring crew leader action 34 Enumerator's callback record 34 Supervision of the enumerator and checking of his work 34 Control over time schedule and cost of the enumeration 43 ILLUSTRATIONS Field organization chart 18 Flow chart of reporting system for enumeration work 21 Selection aid for enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B) 23 The portfolio 26 Letter accompanying self-mailer, Al, Agriculture Questionnaire 28 Address label, self-mailer A 1 Agriculture Questionnaire 28 A 2 listing form 29. A3 Landlord- Tenant Questionnaire 30 A2 listing form (illustrative example) 31 Reduced facsimile of enumerator's map 32 Map for checking enumeration of farms in specified township and range survey areas (Form FA-100) 33 Record of production and travel (Form FA-3) 35 Enumerator's daily report (Form FA-7) 35 Record of telephone calls and road, bridge, and ferry tolls (Form FA-4) 37 Enumerator's record A2 listings requiring crew leader action (Form FA-5) 39 Enumerator's callback record (Form FA-6) 40 Crew leader's daily activity report (Form FA-18) 41 Record of enumerator (Form FA-1 7) 42 Record of portfolio review (Form FA-91) 44 Coverage evaluation by ED's (Form FA-88) 45 Crew leader authorization for enumerator recruitment and record of piece rates and mileage allowances, 1954 Agriculture Census (Form FA-32) _ 46 17 Pi D H h4 D O I— I o < O CO D CO w O ->*■ «n O < E u O H < N < o Pi O Q w 03 9> o o 9 a o '5b o> « Region V Los Angeles, California 14 Agriculture Field Offices 14 Supervisors 14 Assistant Supervisors 27 Clerks 228 Crew Leaders 2, 754 Enumerators 4 Processing Offices 4 Supervisors 51 Clerks Region IV Dallas, Texas 23 Agriculture Field Offices 23 Supervisors 21 Assistant Supervisors 45 Clerks 451 Crew Leaders 6, 076 Enumerators 4 Processing Offices 4 Supervisors 119 Clerks o Q a" o Ml a s 03 03 a o *03 '> 5 2 Region III Atlanta, Georgia 28 Agriculture Field Offices 28 Supervisors 28 Assistant Supervisors 56 Clerks 516 Crew Leaders 7, 725 Enumerators 6 Processing Offices 6 Supervisors 163 Clerks Region II Chicago, Illinois 40 Agriculture Field Offices 40 Supervisors 39 Assistant Supervisors 80 Clerks 719 Crew Leaders 9,998 Enumerators 8 Processing Offices 8 Supervisors 201 Clerks Region I New York City 14 Agriculture Field Offices 14 Supervisors 16 Assistant Supervisors 28 Clerks 245 Crew Leaders 3, 586 Enumerators 4 Processing Offices 4 Supervisors 65 Clerks .a O a o a 03 be 18 CHAPTER II— THE ENUMERATION The job. — The enumeration required the organization of a field staff for the purpose of visiting all areas in the United States and obtaining the required information regarding each place and farm, the setting up of temporary offices, the selection and training of personnel, the supervision and control over personnel and operations, the actual enumeration, the checking of the enumeration, and the paying of personnel. Organization of field staff. — The field staff was organized by function and by area. The outline on page 18 shows the organiza- tion and size of the field staff used for the 1954 Census of Agri- culture. The 5 Regional Offices and a considerable part of their personnel existed before work on the Census of Agriculture was undertaken and formed a part of the permanent staff of the Bureau of the Census. The entire organization below the level of Regional Offices was established temporarily for the 1954 Census of Agri- culture. The 26 processing offices were supervised largely by permanent field personnel, who were reassigned temporarily from the permanent jobs of supervising current field activities of the Bureau of the Census. Except for the personnel of the Regional Offices and the supervisors of the 26 processing offices, a tempo- rary field staff was recruited and employed for a limited period for work on the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The Regional Offices. — The Regional Offices exercised general control over all field work. They assisted particularly in obtaining office space, selection of supervisors and other personnel for proces- sing offices and Agriculture Field Offices, and for the handling of unforeseen problems. The personnel for each regional office, the average days of employment, and their average salary per 40-hour week were as follows: Kind of personnel Supervisors... Assistant Supervisors Clerks. Number employed Average days of employ- ment 85 100 100 Average salary per week $170 105 61 Field Processing Offices. — Processing offices were established to provide trained supervisory personnel for the purpose of select- ing, appointing, controlling, paying, and checking the work of the large number of temporary employees, most of whom did not have any prior experience in Government work and procedures. The supervisors of processing offices were appointed during the period July to September 1954 and were employed on an average of 20 weeks. A brief outline of the work the supervisor performed during these 20 weeks follows: First week: Obtain space, supplies and equipment for processing office Recruit administrative clerk Second, third, and fourth week: Organize office and train administrative clerk Recruit and train clerk-typist and payroll clerk Assist supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices in recruiting crew leaders Supervise the processing of crew leader appointments Second, third, and fourth week — Continued Supervise preparation of payroll work sheets for per- sonnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field Offices Fifth through eighth week: Submit progress reports as required Assist supervisors of Agriculture Field Office to recruit enumerators Process enumerator appointments Recruit and train shipping clerk for processing office Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for personnel in processing office and Agriculture Field Offices Ninth and tenth week: Recruit and train editing and tabulating clerks Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for pay- ing enumerators for training and for enumerators employed by the hour Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for personnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field Offices Eleventh through sixteenth week: Supervise the editing and tabulation of data for com- pleted enumeration districts Return incomplete and not acceptable work of enumer- ators for completion and/or correction Inform supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices of unsatis- factory work and advise crew leaders on how to handle unsatisfactory work of enumerators Supervise the preparation and approval of payrolls for work completed by enumerators Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for personnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field Offices Prepare summary of completed enumeration districts by county and submit summary to Washington for approval Ship materials for counties completed to central proces- sing offices Seventeenth through twenty-fifth week: Supervise the editing and tabulation of data for completed enumeration districts Return incomplete and not acceptable work of enumer- ators to crew leader for completion and/or correction Inform crew leaders of unsatisfactory work performed by enumerators and how to handle this unsatisfactory work Supervise the preparation and approval of payroll for work completed by the enumerators Prepare summary of completed enumeration districts by counties and submit the summary to Washington for approval Prepare a final report on all work completed Terminate all employees and close office The administrative clerk supervised the clerical operations in the processing office particularly during the frequent periods when the supervisor was away checking on field operations and progress. All payrolls for enumerators, crew leaders, personnel in Agriculture 19 20 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Field Offices, etc., were checked and in most cases prepared in the office of the Field Processing Office supervisor by the payroll clerk. Payrolls of employees employed by the month and day were prepared once every two weeks, separate payrolls were prepared for each enumerator for his training and for each enumer- ation district he completed. Payrolls were sent to the Washington office for final audit and for the issuance of checks. The appointments of all field personnel were prepared in the processing office. This work was performed by the appointment clerk. A description of the work of the tabulating clerks is given on page 69. The personnel used in each processing office, the average length of employment, and average salary were as follows: Kind of personnel Supervisors and assistant Administrative clerk Payroll clerk Receiving and shipping clerk. Tabulating clerks... Typist Number employed per office 1-2 1 1 1 = 15 94 Average days of employ- ment (in- cluding overtime) 161 9534 74Ji 343i 24K 23 Average salary per 40-hour week $117 66 61 57 57 57 ' Total days for all 26 offices were 6,778. ' Number per office varied from approximately 10 to 50. 3 The number varied by office. The total number for the 26 offices was 114. Agriculture Field Offices. — Agriculture Field Offices were established for the purpose of supervising and controlling the enumeration in a specific geographic area. In some cases, this area included as much as a State and in other cases only a few counties. In determining areas for which agriculture field offices would be established, the workload both in terms of the number of farms to be enumerated as well as the total land area to be covered were considered. The average number of farms per agriculture field office was approximately 40,000 The number of personnel for each Agriculture Field Office, the average days of employment, and the average salary per 40-hour week were as follows: Kind of personnel Supervisor.. Assistant supervisor. Administrative clerk Clerk Crew leaders Enumerators Number employed per office 1 1 1 1 '18 l 253 Average days of employment (including overtime) 884 84 87J4 59H 52 17H Average salary per 40-hour week $97 82 67 57 66 46 ' The number varied by office. The work performed by the supervisor and assistant supervisor of the Agriculture Field Offices varied by weeks as follows: First week: Arranged for office space and equipment Recruited administrative clerk Arranged for appointment of assistant supervisor Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with information about Census Second week: Attended training classes Third, fourth, and fifth weeks: Organized office and trained administrative clerk Contacted persons for obtaining lists of enumerators in each county Recruited crew leaders Arranged for crew leader training Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with information about Census Sixth week: Supervised crew leader training classes Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with information about Census Seventh, eighth, and ninth week: Supervised crew leaders in selection of the enumerators Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with information about Census Tenth week: Supervised enumerator training Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with information about Census Eleventh to the fourteenth week: Supervised the enumeration Prepared and submitted progress reports Visited crew leaders and enumerators Fifteenth and sixteenth week: Terminated appointments of enumerators Supervised crew leaders in checking work of enumerators for completeness and coverage Seventeenth and eighteenth week: Supervised the completion of work in enumeration dis- tricts where work was not fully satisfactory Terminated appointments of crew leaders Closed office as instructed Terminated all employees The administrative clerk usually served as a secretary for the Agriculture Field Office and assisted the office clerk in preparing the various required reports. These reports, to whom submitted, and their frequency are shown in figure 4. The work of the supervisor and assistant supervisor required considerable travel. During the period of their employment the supervisors or assistant supervisors were away from their head- quarters on the average for 19 days and traveled an average of 5,013 miles. The job of the crew leader was concerned largely with the selec- tion, training, and supervision of enumerators. One crew leader was appointed for each 10 to 18 enumerators. The area assigned each crew leader usually consisted of a county or combination of one county and a part of another county. Crew leaders were appointed 5 weeks before the actual start of the enumeration. The distribution of the crew leaders' 52 days' work was as follows: Attending training class 5 days Recruiting enumerators, obtaining enumerator train- ing space and materials, and making a list of 15 places in each enumeration district 16 days Training enumerators 4 days Recruiting and training enumerators for replace- ment, etc 3 days Supervising enumerators during enumeration 19 days Checking enumerators' work and shipping ma- terials 5 days Crew leaders were required to visit enumerators at least twice and to check their work on the job. The miles traveled by crew leaders during their employment averaged 927. The duties of enumerators are described under "The Enumera- tion." Enumerators were paid $14 for completing the training and either $1.25 per hour worked plus $0.07 for each mile of travel by personally owned automobile or $0.07 for each line filled on Form A2, $0.40 to $1.00 per Agriculture Questionnaire filled plus $0.07 per mile for use of their personally owned automobile plus $0.04 per mile traveled in personally owned automobile for the time spent in traveling. Enumerators worked on an average of 17.25 days each. THE ENUMERATION 21 lit! ESfSS ■s J t » ssH? i.-.-Is »■ ?;i"t ', - Zi £ 2 "' ?I*l-!"jji !I-?->Tsi: 61 :?t; a o a O 3 n £ ""fi- lial ;•*" s """Six? 3 « 5 5 » s i -Ml "•22 o 82 S [8*11 mil .ill- «;ir?i?s H'*tA Hlnnmys Eii*iel{*l!l i*4*aiiti i~ • »1 til- » C| fiJisJlllM 22 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Selection of personnel. — Except for supervisors and personnel of Regional Offices and supervisors of processing offices, all field jobs for the 1954 Census of Agriculture were temporary and were not under the civil-service system. Personnel for these jobs were usually selected from lists of candidates recommended by Senators, Congressmen, or by State and local political organiza- tions. Qualifications were established for supervisors and assist- ant supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices. These qualifications were evaluated during and after a personal interview. Further evaluation was made of these personnel during the training classes prior to their beginning the performance of their jobs. Crew leaders, clerks, and enumerators were required to take tests. The tests given clerks were similar to those given to civil-service applicants. An example of the test given crew leaders and enumer- ators is shown in figure 5. Minimum grades were established for crew leaders and enumerators and persons whose grades were less than these minima were not considered for appointment, unless no other qualified person could be recruited. Both crew leaders and enumerators were required to be citizens of the United States, to have at least a high school education or its equivalent, to be physically able to discharge the duties in- volved, to be able to write neatly and legibly, to be able to do simple arithmetic quickly and accurately, to be able to talk easily with people and gain their cooperation, to have some knowledge of farming and farm operations, and to have the use of an automobile. Preference was given to qualified veterans. Most of the crew leaders and enumerators had no previous experience in collecting data. Farmers and farmers' wives made up the largest group. Persons previously associated with law enforcement or tax assessment or collection were not employed because respondents might associate them with their previous jobs and hesitate to give required Census information. Training of personnel. — Nearly all the personnel used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture did not have prior experience in con- nection with a Census and many did not have any prior experience working at a government job. Therefore, all personnel were re- quired to attend and satisfactorily complete a training course. The training of supervisors, assistant supervisors, crew leaders, administrative clerks, payroll clerks, and tabulating clerks was performed largely by personnel from the Washington Office of the Bureau of the Census or other cooperating government agencies. The training of enumerators was given by crew leaders. The training classes usually were limited to less than 20 persons and in the case of enumerators to less than 10 persons. Training guides and training aids were provided for training at all levels. In order to insure uniform training for all personnel and to appor- tion training in accordance with the various parts of the job, the persons who performed the training were required to use training guides. These training guides provided detailed time schedules for the training, an outline and in some cases the actual statement of the material to be presented to the trainees. In order to insure uniformity of training and to facilitate the adherence to time schedules, a considerable part of the crew leader and enumerator training was given by the use of recordings and film strips. The training program also included the use of exercises, practice work, and trainee participation in training class exercises. The training program for crew leaders and enumerators required not only the filling out of a training questionnaire but also some actual enumera- tion. In the case of the enumerators, the training periods were limited to 4 hours each day in order to facilitate learning and the retention of the learning. A. Outline of Training of Agriculture Field Supervisors and Assistants Duration of training: Four days — 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. with 1 hour for lunch and two 15 minute rest periods First day: 1. Description of his job (1 hour) 2. Technical training (4% hours). (This consisted largely of a description of the job to be done, a description of the forms and questionnaires to be used by enumera- tors, an outline of the crew leader and enumerator train- ing programs, methods used for determining how much enumerators were to be paid, etc.) Second day: 1. Description of training program for subordinates (}i hour) 2. Description of crew leader responsibility Qi hour) 3. How to select and recruit personnel (4'/2 hours) Third day: 1. Obtaining space, equipment, supplies and services (1 hour) 2. Preparing payrolls, etc. (% hour) 3. Conducting publicity in connection with the Census (H hour) 4. Preparing of correspondence, etc. (% hour) 5. Confidential nature of Census data (% hour) 6. Supervisor's responsibilities for managing personnel (% hour) 7. Questions (1J4 hours) Fourth day: 1 . Preparation of reports and use of controls (4>4 hours) 2. Questions regarding work; other duties (1J4 hours) B. Training of Crew Leaders Duration of training: Five days First day: 1. Description of his job (V/i hours) 2. Participation in a training program that comprised the same training programs given enumerator (a) How to use maps (J4 hour) (6) Discussion of Agriculture Questionnaire Al and form A2 {V/t hours) (c) Discussion of home training Agriculture Question- naire (l/i hour) (d) How to enumerate (1 hour) (e) Practice in enumeration in class room (2)4 hours) (/) Assignment of enumeration district for enumera- tor and for practice training (}£ hour) Second day: 1 . Eight hours of actual enumeration in an area nearby to train- ing location, under the field supervision of instructor Third day: 1. Discussion of problems encountered during actual enumer- ation (1J4 hours) 2. How to review each enumerator's work {l\{ hours) Fourth day : 1. Practice presentation as an instructor using materials to be used in training enumerators (3 hours) 2. Hours of work, pay rates and inquiries relating thereto (Yi hour) 3. Locating training space {)i hour) 4. Selecting enumerators (1 hour) THE ENUMERATION 23 ■AP lElDINg (All questions or. this p„ „,„ .„ „ F»«e reier to mqj on p. 3. ) 1. Pl.c an •)(■ beside the *.//,„,, „„„., .1. <&» 1.^ for U,. ^W i'.^",?,"1 °»»" '«■ line m. tk. i . a*e,lm8- Locate east count- o ti,r.^, *■ ^c"r "" d-"'"« "»>»' *« ■» ». to the east county line.) 2. Place „ -X- be.id. *. .<*„, „.„,„ . Mtldw| „,,,_ '• ^"^"r"*™ ■**!■ on' ,u miu °f *■ -* «-«» ~ otner , rtTeh, 7 "' °nly-"»' ""» ■■=•!« -d . pencil or °t»« "ra,„ht edge to measure the distance.! H *„„ 4. Ho. „»y daellings m lo„t.d ; A . north of the railroad' -"tofth. ,„„ „ S' *£."*'*' '"*"*<■>"' d""»« (- th, nearest afcej. -U, ■Ml. -d p=,„l ., other straight edp, to «.„« „,„„„" (Ais. to nearest whole mile) (Ms. to nearest -hole raile)_ Indict, th. fo,Wn» changes on th. „ by dr.„„g ,„ ^ ^^ ^ ?..«.i™. „«, fra, d«ll, ng-1- to d-,Hi„. -2.. (S.. ,„_d or th. s,»u»l hr „ .B,t„1„o(„ „«,. . r^. that sy^, *"„ the location specified. ) ^^ 10. i '"*«ri.J h„i,rf/„, ,•„,„ ,cn>33 the ^ -th of the c_.rc.al «„ .h.ch 13 „„d .,.. "«" ^ „ Figure 5. — Selection Aid for Enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B). 24 METHODS AND PROCEDURES TEST J FOlLOIINe I«STBJCtI0H8 r* *. b-i..f*. -<=n-t.oo fcnOri-d. *~ ™ u, «**!«. *. .«"•" ■=■»" for below. For **aa«?le-Given U« following infor-ation- Cowplete trie following entries: HKHIUKNCK AND MIK Or I'KIISON IN MIAIU11 l>o yiw live 01. Hi- |h»v«? . . . 1I» V.L l„ When dill yirtl '"'ill" 1o»|«t.iI.' Hii- [•'■J*' • -,M AT. ,., •YES- .. d«ck..hoan since the -£"»-£»- %£ not neces.ary if the person begnn to operate the fan. prior to 1952. Complete the following entries in • aiaulax -ay. Mr. Jones has 3 horses. 2 colts, and 2 ^les. One of his sons has . pony I «„d in nddition he boards 2 horses for friends. Fill in the following. Include .11 -i-U on this place owned by you and by others. Ml I.I > I' [HIS IKS I. v MUI.KS. IIORKKH TEST 3— roatlaaed Mr. Jones indicates th.t be owns 1 tr»ct of 12 were, of cropland and 1 tract conaiating of B acre* of cropland, 2 acres of woodland and 2 acres of wasteland. He has also been using rent-free 6 acres of pasturelsnd belonging to Mr. Smith. Fill in the following: OWNED UND »»wwa»wi *• Ho» mam acre- of land do rou OWN? - None ' ilf you o»n more than oi.e irarr ..( land, INCU [U ALL LAND 0« NED Inrlude ... t oi I. froi.Ui.d hill ■ ■•" ['«.- 1 j"-i«' .I ».-»li»?.ii *a--ielai>d rlr LAND RENTED FROM OTHER? Howm.nv acres of land do »r,u RENT FROM othem including any morked on »ha.rr- . ilnrlude an> 'i'«r»if r.fM ■ il»-. I wasteland, etc .At. tun reni free ) During Boat of the week of Oct. 24-30 Mr. Jones w ill. H* worked about 3 hours a day on Monday and Tuesday and an additional 4 houra over the week-end. One son worked full time and another son worked4hours a day for 4 dava. Neither of theo received any pay. Hia third son worked about 10 houra during the week for which he was paid 112.00. - _ I to I* . ..' , Will \ <1ul I i-Tllt .It Ml Mill US OF \Ol R >ir> or more ,-f farm « ..rh or , horr. »rvk of iVr 24-30 » ITIliM T RECEIVING Ci?H WAl'.ES? - \01 Do not include h.m-e-.Tk ' ,(. How mam HIRED PERSON* .li.laio ranti«orkor rhom .'ii this pin* ih* «c?ek ..f On 24-30? — \..„ oh TIMS TllTM.- 2. in) ||u« IUWI> ar.- Ml I.I > 3_ iM 11,111 HtHii «■■ IIUKSI Fill m the following" |n,kP.IHMll' iruin 20 bushel* arel S-relawiataea for home .«* or ^ ^^ | # "lltaw ihil. » l>**h*\> were harried, do no, i acre* h.„ -a 115 for fillip . -ta. H. J2 VbI-M th. ,.« for -H. oo th. lor. th. o>a of th. v..r. Ho. n,«h «- o. •■" he SPENT ,h,. ,«. IT- ••' NJ*!'15,x,L.omR5iri. .if* - "*"» !;'"•■ Si'"™1''™'"'1' *lu""' b*'",,' TEST 3 — Coatlaaed 1 ton on 7 acres of corn 2 tons on n acres of potatoes 1/2 ton on 3 acres of oats 1/2 ton on 4 acres of hay Fertiliser was not used on any other crops or acreage. NOTF. Convert all fr.ct.ons of tons to tenths. ,..., 1/10, 2/10, 3/10. etc. I - »a- H IITII IZI It | sl.D 111 On bow ferliliK-r used" tail II 12) uw many ;W 1 ... 1 :■• M ' m in Figure 5. — Selection Aid for Enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B) — Continued. THE ENUMERATION 25 Fourth day — Continued 5. Preparing for the checking of coverage (% hour) 6. Preparing for making assignments of enumerators to enumeration districts {% hour) 7. Training enumerators ('/i hour) 8. Questions (}{ hour) Fifth day: 1. How to review enumerator's work (2 hours) 2. How to replace enumerators and make reassignments (Yt hour) 3. Completing the job (% hour) 4. Issuing materials and supplies to the crew leader for his area (1% hours) C. Training of Enumerators Duration of training: A total of 12 hours on 4 different days First day : 1. Description of his job (V/i hours) 2. How to use enumerator's map (Training given by presenting film strip and recording "Your Map is Your Guide") (% hour) 3. Explanation of Agriculture Questionnaire (Al) (V/i hours) 4. Review Agriculture Questionnaire filled out at home by each enumerator Qyi hour) 5. Explanation of how to fill questionnaires (Instruction given by film strip and recording) (1 hour) Second day: 1. Instructions on how to fill questionnaires, continued (Instructions given by film strip and recording) {% hour) 2. Practice enumeration in class room. The enumerators acted as the enumerator and the crew leader as the respondent (3 hours). 3. Assignments of enumeration districts and distribution of supplies for enumeration on third day (l/i hour) Third day: 1. Actual enumeration in an assigned area Fourth day: 1. Discussion of problems encountered during enumeration on third day (1% hours) 2. Individual review of each enumerator's work (IJ2 hours) 3. Assignment of enumeration districts and delivery of work materials (1% hours) Office space, supplies, and equipment. — It was necessary not only to obtain office space, but also equipment and supplies for the use of the large number of temporary personnel required for taking the Census. Office space was secured only for Field Processing Offices and Agriculture Field Offices. It was necessary for crew leaders and enumerators to use their own homes as their headquarters and offices. In obtaining office space for Field Processing Offices and Agriculture Field Offices every effort was made to obtain free space. The first source explored was space in Federally owned or controlled buildings, such as Post Office buildings. Local govern- ments and civic organizations were asked for free space in such public buildings as court houses, city halls, and schools. Free space was obtained for 82 of the 145 Field Processing and Agricul- ture Field Offices. The space used by Field Processing Offices averaged about 2, 100 square feet per office. For the Agriculture Field Offices, about 975 square feet were used per office. Several methods were used to obtain furniture, equipment, and supplies for the Field Processing and Agriculture Field Offices. Furniture was borrowed from Post Offices, other Government agencies, and local organizations. Much Government-owned used furniture was obtained free by transfer from regional gov- ernmental warehouses. When free furniture was not obtainable, items of reconditioned furniture were procured from regional supply centers of Federal Supply Service. Reconditioned adding machines and typewriters also were purchased from Federal Supply Service regional supply centers. Some reconditioned office machines from the Department of Commerce stock were shipped to field offices, and, upon comple- tion of the enumeration, returned to Washington for use during the central processing operations. In other cases, adding ma- chines and typewriters were rented locally by the Field Processing and Agriculture Field Office Supervisors. Record players and film projectors were required for training crew leaders and enumerators. This equipment was supplied from stocks returned from the 1950 Census and was shipped to the Agriculture Field Offices for distribution to the crew leaders. Two training records and film, strips were prepared for training crew leaders and enumerators. One, "Your Map is Your Guide", with a running time of 12 minutes, explained and illustrated how to use the maps provided for each enumeration district. The other, "Enumeration Instructions," with a running time of 54 minutes, was shown to the enumerators in two separate sessions; Part 1, in the last period of the first day's training session; and Parts 2, 3, and 4 at the beginning of the second day's training session. This film strip explained and illustrated the use of the various enumeration forms and how to conduct an interview by the device of having the training class accompany an enumerator from his breakfast table at home until the end of his first interview. Paper, pencils, paper clips, and other standard office supplies were purchased from Federal Supply Service. These supplies were purchased and distributed by two different methods. Under the first method, the anticipated needs of each field office, conserva- tively estimated, were reported to regional supply centers of the Federal Supply Service, where packages containing the requested supplies were prepared for each field office to open in their regions. When the field office was ready to open, the supply centers shipped the supplies and usually, these supplies arrived the day the field office opened. Under the second method, the supplies were purchased in bulk for delivery in Washington. These bulk supplies supplemented the "packaged" supplies delivered direct, and were shipped to field offices as required. Most of the supplies used by the enumerator, including the questionnaires, were assembled in Washington and placed in each enumeration district portfolio. A reserve supply of enumera- tion forms was sent to each Agriculture Field Office and to each crew leader. Packaging and distributing enumerator's supplies. — Most of the supplies used by the enumerators, including the questionnaires, were assembled in Washington and placed in the enumerator's portfolio. A separate portfolio (see fig. 6) was prepared for each enumera- tion district. The portfolio was made of two pieces of heavy card- board, 13 inches wide and 20 inches long, attached together by a canvas hinge to form a folder. An open-topped, accordian-pleated heavy paper envelope was fastened inside the cardboard folder, with the opening in the envelope next to the canvas hinge. Thus the top piece of cardboard, when folded over, formed a full-length flap to help hold the contents securely. An elastic cord, attached to the back piece of cardboard, could be stretched around the portfolio to hold it closed. The exact contents of the portfolio varied according to the location and expected number of farms in the enumeration district. In general, supplies of the following items were included: Enumeration district map Enumerator's Record Book Agriculture Questionnaires Enumerator's Daily Report (preaddressed post card form) Specified Farm Coverage Cards (if required) Writing board and clip Blank envelopes 26 METHODS AND PROCEDURES UNITED STATES CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 1954 R1U lI.M'ER ,1U« • ■' " ■ ■„«*"•■"* ,»1^.-" - ■ /^to.*"0""*" ,: jjBto.WI'*'*** {Ali ijw Uif" udtaH«.«-— *'W U»d" F'"* ^ — ___ \JE n T ••<£&* «*" Ofl* axsi" ,&0C Figure 6. — The portfolio. THE ENUMERATION 27 Forty-two thousand enumerator's portfolios required for the Census were assembled and packaged in Washington. The forms and supplies were inserted in the portfolios at successive stations along a waist-high rack composed largely of roller wheels. Bulk supplies of a given kind were brought to each station on "skids" by hydraulic-lift trucks. As the portfolios moved from one end of the rack to the other, the required number of each type of sup- ply was inserted. Forms required in small numbers were counted. The number of forms, such as the Agriculture Questionnaire, required in large numbers for each enumeration district, was determined by use of a measuring "spoon". The filled portfolios were labeled for specific enumeration dis- tricts, packed by crew leader districts into wooden or cardboard boxes, and shipped to the Agriculture Field Offices. The port- folios for enumeration districts in each area were given to the respective crew leader on the last day of his training. He took these in his automobile and distributed them to enumerators on the last day of enumerator training. The wooden boxes were stacked and used as shelves in the Agriculture Field Offices. After enumeration had been completed, the portfolios were packed in the same wooden boxes for shipment to the Central Operation Offices. Distribution of Agriculture Questionnaires by mail. — Approxi- mately 7,900,000 copies of the Agriculture Questionnaire were distributed by mail to boxholders on the rural routes in all States except Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 53 of 75 counties in Arkansas. These ques- tionnaires, mailed about 2 weeks before the enumeration began, were accompanied by a letter asking the farm operator to examine the questionnaire and to answer the questions prior to the visit of the enumerator. (See fig. 7 for copy of letter.) When the enumerator made his visit he was instructed to ask for the ques- tionnaire, check it, and obtain whatever information was needed to complete it. This procedure enabled the farmer to know in advance what information was required and provided some leeway of time within which he could supply the answers at his own convenience. This procedure was of particular importance to those farmers who preferred to supply the information on the basis of their records. Expected results were that the quality of the information would be improved and the work of the enumerator expedited. Records show that in the area in which the Agriculture Questionnaire was distributed by mail, the enumerator obtained and used the mailed questionnaire in 43 percent of the cases and that the questionnaire had been filled out completely by 23 percent of the farm operators in the area. The questionnaires for distribution by mail were printed in Chicago, 111. Consequently, arrangements were made for dis- tribution from Chicago to the local post offices in all parts of the country. A crew of about 25 temporary employees was recruited to pack the questionnaires into bundles of 50, and to tie, label, and sack them for delivery to approximately 34,000 post offices. This operation was performed from September 2 to November 2, 1954 and required 3,851 hours of work by clerical and super- visory personnel. ENUMERATION PROCEDURES The enumerator was assigned a specified area or an enumeration district for which he was to perform the enumeration. For this area he was furnished a map. Enumerator maps were used to insure the completeness of the work of the enumerator. Thus, enumerators were usually required to visit and to make a record of all dwellings indicated on the map. However, in order to keep the cost of the Census within reasonable limits and to make the enumerator's job appear reasonable to him, exceptions were made to this requirement. In the 11,127 enumer- ation districts comprising incorporated places and urban areas, the enumerator was provided with a list of the names, addresses, and description in terms of acreage and kind of farm for all farms included in the 1950 Census of Agriculture. For these enumera- tion districts the enumerator was required to visit and locate only the farms listed for the 1950 Census and any other places which, on the basis of information he obtained, were likely to be engaged in farm production. Also in 14,798 enumeration districts in rural areas, the enumerator was permitted, with the approval of his crew leader to omit the listing and mapping of dwellings in built-up areas containing 50 or more dwellings. The crew leader was to indicate on the enumerator's map the part of the enumeration district in which the enumerator was to begin his work. The instructions to the enumerator outlined a systematic method for the enumerator to follow in making his visits in order to insure the complete coverage of all parts of the enumeration district. The enumerator was required to list each dwelling and place in his enumeration district on Form A2 (see fig. 9) and to enter answers, as required, for columns 1 to 16. The answers to the questions in columns 3 to 13 of Form A2 provided the basis for the enumerator to determine when he was to fill an Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al), and a Landlord-Tenant Questionnaire (Form A3). (See fig. 10. This questionnaire was used in approximately 900 counties in the southern part of the United States where a considerable proportion of the farms were operated by croppers and share-tenants.) Form A2 was also used to designate a sample of places for which additional information was to be obtained and to record notes about places to which another visit would be required. Form A2 was used to designate a sample of places through the use of shaded squares that appeared on every fifth line. Enumerators were required to indicate by means of placing an "X" in a square, the size group in terms of acreage of the place for which the Agriculture Questionnaire was filled. If the size group was indicated in a shaded square, then the enumer- ator was required to obtain additional information on the Agricul- ture Questionnaire for the place listed on that line. Columns 16 and 17 of the Form A2 were used as a record to indicate when the enumeration for the line had been completed as well as when another visit would be needed to complete the enumeration. 28 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 'A/ ie«» sCe ^W^^Ve^^Z^^ ">an>- ...'"fi ")or, s«cn a.s corn "Pirate to n ma.i '■'p e*PlH "atio ' ■» oUr <"*«;, "« (reZ'"' «*«% or i*"" *S'Srape'0r>>ay; s„s ,, - °ther e'nf°r^tion ■ 1 no i, * 'o can . . e «iC(„.._ . -''arpc ."e°Ple call a ten. p/a »h 'er(e <*: -"•C***- '«*, 'ai-ins r"anA and ,fH does any a"d th ^o^^n^cVy-'-'^git. °«/0,,.ol Oj,0u.P/ea J*""*! ^cw(ut7coopera r<">ources. a'""'elp —*2-*X* ^m.s 'oina »i« ' ">«r a;la""e *eA and sav an.si, '•e?'0^* ^a ,Q o/-e °llect er. ^nii/ne m* or ,h„ ""><■ giHd th 6 9"eSH( 'ons 1 'n C("np;, flito ""Port ant a''on« "^afo, 'rfe 'in, Sfc* lcei-efy Uory <>r yours our lir. Al Airricullurr Qurslinmu K «ohe. Bu f £nc/os r*auof S55- 'nef Ur*. e"su.s U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. OFFICIAL BUSINESS MALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OP POSTAGE. (300 IGPOI RURAL-, STAR-ROUTE OR POST-OFFICE BOX HOLDER LOCAL THE ENUMERATION 29 jaqtUTia eaiq 5555 = 555 = 35 = 33355352 3 1 5 i " it llgllsillilst "i flis^i* « 35J3 o.-< e '■' "" i < • 1 ! a. ■' 1 • = >,£ XX 9 > 1 1 41 2 5 "si J-l 1 t ,sKf%^ - •; h> g o e-o 9-a * o Ja B g« CT"a ° " s'sl SlJJ I'.! I8»| 1 i ..i i 1. i.5.. .. iJ:a,.j..i: t . .. ! * ! i ! j|I 1 ' ■1^ : i i i' |1?| :"■' 1... i "* i | 9 • 1 2 1 | : i i i t : i 1 * : i ISiiii i i s 1 i \\ L £sil [J ; a i 13 | Is! i i : a I ■ 3 ■"■ • ' PIP5* 1 I H I i i S i 2 . s«s c"o>,o ?o?>-o ~ o "*»-S 5 " £ ^a 13-L z i z i Z i 1 o ! 9 3 ! a a § ;I T il 5 ! * - «: : i : " i ; 0 ± : i s s. : a a 1! i e £ I i i i 1 ! i - 1 i if I • i = 41 ■ C S = 1 g; I g I i I i I ill i if i I i 11 i i i Ill j 0.1 £ z; & z; & z; n. z; & z 0. Z; CL. Z;b Z;Qk Z | CL. Z i; z a. z; a. z; a z; ». z £ z; ft. z £ Z a, Z: a. Z I ! 1 IS iS lib Is >" 1 " I i >• : >* i >• o : : o Z : Z i ! j f o i z i o *-a . i Si II i is is f " e~s^ a, -- ° <= ■ E *» 5 >• : >• : : •*" : i ** o : i ; e z ; 2 o • j : 2 j o i Z • 4 £ -s ; i : i S : c -2 ■> v I | * ■ ills?. *£*.* i "■ o - o Z : ! z : o : : : : lc ■ o : ; Z tea o ! o Z : Z I 2 ■ e : I z S : s II i S : > o j o z ; z ! o | Z ■ o ;-z m t m j li li 5 hi! J 5 i !* 1=5 |2 O ; O z j as ■ o i Z i o : 2 5 i II ! s i 3 o ■ o Z : : Z !* ■ o i ?' „ Si :S ) s : s nl»S'silh?i! > : ^ j >■ O j • ; O z 1 ; z i o | z ' o i z a _. z 11 SB ! i i i I .W o J SJ «" ■ ^ 3 X ES -"•o !l : ; t j sfl .a 4 § .1 *:-§ alsl a 11 ih ijU£ > ao ** S h !«S1»3 «tf*fjg S :SHI iSlil S°2 !§2t o§«li K jSgfl *ea a : 1 : : II X &4 « e>4 »ia *p»oj jo »oi» m S i equina eaf] SaSiaSaaSIrEeiSSsHI! E bo c CO a H O o 412357 0—67- 30 METHODS AND PROCEDURES o M a < B 3 M o o Ec B z 2 H SE CO vex HO hU Is s o H i i X O pt! O a X 9 i i Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu ii n ii i s 1 1 * 2 a < S II | II ill I 1 Z t j Z ( Z B Z> a<: □ •* j a<: a< 1 II 5 1 ill i |! | | ZIJ: Z 1 | i j| Z 1 j Z« □ -3 j a<: a-: Z>: 3s:-: Z>-: Z>- DD; aa; do aa; Da X (■ 1 X >> | X >• i X » i ZS- D O; D D j O Dj CO; OD H X X X X X X | 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I \ £ 1 1 J z 1 at 1 1 1 nzj az| az; az dz I | I | Hi ill si z ■ Z ' X ' Z ' X ' a£| az| az; oz; az s .lilHstliifl s 5 £ ^ 5 £ 1 a a a : a a a <0.Z: ' - ' u. -• aaa; odd^ aoa % I k % i i j 3 2 J : 32J sli aaa: aaa; aoa; aoa; aoa K X X s Setlionlll— TO BE PILLED BY ENUMERATOR to £ SEE- 2-55 J! .J 3k j 3z ,J| Jl J JZ jZ jz jz ; -jz ; J/' 3z j jz M 3X X X X s Ellliff j X « g „ ot o S oC o S of q ItgsS s| 0 D DD DO DO; DD Z>«r X >• j X >> ! Z>-: Z!» aa; aa; aa; aa; an w z ^ 0 a X X s H O CO Z o i p k a< Z 3 M 1 |j s.i *i Salts S. S. 1 5. 1 sst Ssl SSI 51 1 i SSI ao od; aa; aa; aa s. s. B. 8 i co o O ao o O : me O 09 o O : 00 0 O 0 a j aal oo a a- aa X K H s ih % I . 3 sihlitillf g 9ii«i! •4 ■4 * ■ ■ ■1 % ffl1 2 3|i» 13"I«. lliifl "2 0 f ; a . 0 3 1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE HUIXLU OF THE CENSUS WASHINGTON LANDLORD-TENANT QUESTIONNAIRE On-toa of 1QC4 111 H a si it a 3 s-- =1 2 til al § -5.il II. » ,||o g&g s: * 5 fe 5 2 «< 3 ill SU£ 1 fit t Ni 1 3 1 B i * l ill S if — o ►■a 9 i il i Is 1 B-5 1 S3 i A i 11 i ill iff 1 lil ift l rl3 £ as a z 3 M O 3 o a z ss SI oo z S ! z ! I j i | -S3 3 a a !• in Iff i'-I i 1 1 j ' 5 J * : ( i c I i 111 1 hi • n i \i*°l 1 i Igi ! ? 635 ^ i *ih . i C J X 0 5 t- X ■ ill ii' I i J c ] lit B j j ] 1 1 ! 1 1 * ! 1 1 i 1 3 c OS O ! M O H S H a p B ■i j j 1 a 1 | i i 1 i i 1 i I 1 I | a II ~\ J: !| I So ii la Si if Form A3 No I if! 1 1 i 1 ■ s Il - a •^ c a 0 11 I': 3 j j 11 j ] 1 i 1 I THE ENUMERATION 31 Generally, the enumerator was required to list on Form A2 all dwellings and places in his enumeration district. The line num- ber on Form A2 on which each dwelling or place was listed, was to be entered on the enumerator map, near to the location of the dwelling or place on the map. An illustration of the listing of places on Form A2 is given in figure 11 and an illustration of the enumerator's map showing the line numbers corresponding to dwellings and places is given in figure 12. This method used for indicating places enumerated on the enumerator's map aided in insuring that the enumerator had visited all places in the enumera- tion district and that the coverage of all parts of the enumeration district was complete. In approximately 225 counties where there were a consider- able number of farm operators who did not reside on their farms and where the farms were relatively large, enumerators were re- quired to indicate on Form FA-100 (see fig. 13) the line number on Form A2 on which the operator of each 40 acres comprising the farm was located. When an Agriculture Questionnaire or a Landlord-Tenant Questionnaire was required, the enumerator obtained, when avail- able, the copy of the Agriculture Questionnaire the operator had received by mail, or took a questionnaire from his portfolio and asked whatever questions were required for completing and check- ing the filling of the questionnaire. The enumerator was instructed to make his entries on the questionnaires and other records legible and make entries only when necessary or required by the question- naire. (For example, if the answer to a question was "0", the enumerator was instructed to make no entry.) Sections VIII through XII of the Agriculture Questionnaire were to be filled only for a sample of farms. This sample consisted of places listed on the Form A2 with the size of the place indicated in a shaded square and in addition, in selected States, places having an exceptionally large entry for a specified item. The specifications determining the additional places that formed a part of the sample when the entry for a specified item was excep- tionally large, were given at the beginning of Section VIII of the Agriculture Questionnaire. Enumerators in the selected counties in which the Landlord- Tenant Questionnaire was used, were provided with special instruc- tions for filling this questionnaire. Form ii 1 E I 1 0) Far each place wiih anr land located In the ED— A. WHEN SOMr.n\F LIVT-S ON THE LAND IN THIS ED Enter name of Itead of household. a WHEN NO ONE LIVES ON THE LAND IN THIS ED (a) Enter name of person who rent* land, groan erapa on shares, or uec* land <6) If no one rents the lai.d or use* the land for livestock, enter the name of the owner of the land in Part I — AGRICL'LTIRAL OPERATION fi (11 " Ytt" rot ang column* 1 to 8. .tip fo cot. ff. /' "Afa" tot all column* J fo 8. Ml It and a ) ■frir ul i ura] operations lire.* V\f»- in to 8 litdt- calcs agri- cultural operation*) Does tail lire In EDT (10) Part 1! - SOLRCE (J Peraon from whom infor- mation *aa obtained (ID ■ IMYi ll BB A IMATll 1 lobe N. ETC.— C..I..H. .,-,[ Are Srcllona VIII throsfb XIII on Al lo be filled? (Fill roll mm la nnlv a/lcr fill.ne Sod VII on the Alj Dale com pleted date onlv after vou have have c.ni- Al if required l Callback Information and | Doei ihl* ■MM Doe-i ihli person or anr member of Ui household hue IbJa rear— Fill col. lo" Al I or if— (oT-No-m col ) 4 I "Yen" In col 10 (ID o7hl. bold operate 'lor ranch)? (» ■oata? (4) Any 20 or cropa more inch aa ehiefcen*. corn. : lurkera. oata. bar. j and labacco? 1 20 or 1 Any wg- more frail! clables. (Tape- nornerj rtnea. or frcen- (o) r 30 in.-tion 11 '.ii Al in the proper 1 N-r.iiL- VIII IhroiiBh XIII of Al if ion have ;■ v ■■ X in nhjutnl »|iiare, (Hi m sale* (81 30 to : 100 to 300 to i 1,000 000 : acres u t * XM.CJUU>£L X — i 1 ' aCLu^ca^ 2ra^Z£mS > Figure 11. — A2 Listing form (illustrative example). 32 METHODS AND PROCEDURES & a> e 3 c o 0) 0) 3 THE ENUMERATION 33 Fori (7-1 FA -100 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 54) BUREAU OP THE CENSUS 1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE State K^^/5^5 County E.D. No. Sheet 2. of -3 Sheets HAP FOR CHECKING ENUMERATION OF FARMS IN SPECIFIED TOWNSHIP AND RANOE SURVEY AREAS. Enumerator ,-,«-. . « 1 ^LFRE.-D L. PrXTTOM TOWNRHTP <^ IV RANOR 3 VJ i,:*\*« 4,3 ! (.7 ' u»: to J7 37 'jt : s-t ss- : s? s+ .st- S3 . Si' n :o 1 1 «:.*..**." uj:ik3' fc'»: *° j^ 1 jfic :^«. sir .ss xsf .'5"V s-t .'.sti' »-3:j-? *4 :J» 'a-Ji '.S3. t>7:k9 §r 7/^7' i7l u! fcs1 ia :n SI ■ayl St'S* "sr!. aV'ir'i'isV J3 IjTS -»3: J7 "*rii» 'si '.si 1 si si. >n :j? '. t ! »V ':>'ai i j'a Via. 7*:7» 7v:77, 77 : i/ j ,: ' w: 77 77 .44 1 77 ;»i),s'': .sw 1 ji : a-i 1" ' si : ji (73: 73 :73 ' i^TfC 74 :7* 1 7* :7V "-"N/ 75", -,f.fi\ 7A ) / y4 ; i/i/, 4* ; fV 4^ : V71 j-*: j-v . .: . i'o - :- - ft : *y! ex: 75- 1 . . w 11 . ^ . . 4t : 4*, 7-* : »* SI. 3 1 \ Tl '.SI /*-^12- - -- U \ui\ ■*-' .si 73 \Ti [1^1^ 7a/k7-^i 7f/ ^ L.7 : 4v' ** : ** 7»t : •**, 7-»": *r 4b >b 1 «* : "»r lit : 7t i «|-r: tT ■5» : 1!,/)V 1J. if* : y.4i «* : *» «<* ;^J , vj- ; Vi" 4<. ; 7b, «» ;«f 4 ♦ ; 4 » 1 J-t, .S-o 7* :ii i 7 7 ; n 7» ;7»|T*lt^* *v : 77. »v :»* 7£_; "7 V "T**"^ Typ^vfcTwTVvi ^7 ; 4« 2 J« ; So h:m-V rTT-~ 7J7»TT 1* fa : ta.i fa-: f «- it*:** 1 ¥> :*» ¥■3 :v3i *•:*• if, : */, 4/ ; 7/ V", f • : to, »» : »• <«. :n,H; Ba. 7} ;^S , :4£> 111 ;*',*'; «*/ $0 . 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V • 7 , 7 ;7 - ; -32- ;. - f -V 1 i • (. 7 ■ 7 ' S ■ 1 •«-:,-3>-.r-7 's r?^4 J:"r" 7 -7,7.7 1 '». . ri. ix. ii /i 4 /"a3.6 3vT "J ii-xs- / ; * : x ; 3 4 ; V ' t. ; <« » :' ' ': * » : 9 1 7 : « 7 : 7 1 7 : 1 1 ! '^ : ' > 'wL£: ^_ Remarks ,, "fW t, J', *l 7 9, So, ^t 9 9 i^^^^ ^~™ *U~v,^y« Com -DC 27517 Figube 13. — Map for checking enumeration of farms in specified township and range survey areas (Form FA-100). 34 METHODS AND PROCEDURES In order to facilitate his work or provide records needed for control and payment for work, the enumerator was required to keep five other records. All except one of these were bound together with Form A2, to form a single booklet, called the Enumerator's Record Book. The records and the purpose of each were as follows: Record of Work and Travel (Form FA-3). — This record provides a detailed record of the enumerator's travel, hours of work, and amount of work accomplished each day. The summary in part B of this record, was used for the calculation of the payment due the enumerator for his work in a completed enumeration district. (An illustrative copy of Form FA-3 appears in fig. 14.) This record also provided the information the enumerator needed for filling out his daily report of work. (See Form FA-7 in fig. 15.) Enumerator's Daily Report (Form FA-7. See fig. 15). — This form was a preaddressed post card to the Agriculture Field Supervisor. The information needed for filling out this report was obtained from the Record of Work and Travel (Form FA-3). The enumerator was instructed to mail this report each day. This report served as a basis for indicating the amount of work performed each day and for measuring the progress of the enumera- tion. Record of Telephone and Other Costs (Form FA-4. See fig. 16). — This record was maintained by the enumerator for the pur- pose of providing a basis for the payment of charges paid for telephone calls, etc. Record of A2 Listings Requiring Crew leader Action (Form FA-5. See fig. 17). — This form was used to list the names and addresses for operators living more than 15 miles outside the enumeration district, operators who refused to give the necessary information, and operators of places for which the enumerator was unable to obtain the required information. The purpose of this form was to secure a record for the crew leader of cases where the crew leader was required to take additional action in order to complete the enumeration. Enumerator's Callback Record (Form FA-6. See fig. 18). — This record provided a summary, at a convenient place, of the places for which the enumerator was required to make other visits in order to complete his work. Supervision of the enumerator and checking of his work. — The actual supervision of the enumerator by the crew leader began during the training period. The enumeration work performed by the enumerator during the training period was reviewed during the last day of the enumerator's training. After the completion of the training, crew leaders were required to devote full time during the enumeration period to visiting the enumerator while he was working in his enumeration district. The first of these visits was to be made, if possible, during the first few days of his work. The least capable enumerators were to be visited first. The duration of the crew leader's first visit was to be at least 3 hours and that of subsequent visits 1 to 2 hours. On the last visit the crew leader checked the work for the enumeration district com- pleted by the enumerator and if the work was acceptable, took the materials for the completed enumeration district with him. Records indicate that the average number of visits by crew leaders to enumerators was 4.1. The kind and amount of review of the enumerator's work at each visit of the crew leader were outlined by the crew leader's instructions. At the first visit, the crew leader was instructed to observe at least one interview by the enumerator when he was filling out an Agriculture Question- naire, and to help and to suggest improvements in interviewing. The crew leader was also required to review all the questionnaires and forms filled by the enumerator during his first day's work and to check the enumerator's map to see that it was being used properly. The review of questionnaires and forms involved the checking of Form A2 to see that entries were being made properly ; that the indication of lines comprising the sample was being accurately made; the checking of Agriculture Questionnaires to determine that all entries were legible, that all required questions had been answered, and that Sections VIII through XII had been filled where required; and the comparison of entries for items that could be checked with the entries for other items on the questionnaire. The crew leader made a record of his checking on Form FA-18 (see fig. 19) and indicated on Form FA-17 (see fig. 20) the items which he thought would need checking on his subsequent visits. If the crew leader found the enumerator's work satisfactory, he was instructed to review every tenth Agriculture Questionnaire filled after his first visit. The crew leader was required to sign each Agriculture Questionnaire that he checked. In his review of materials for completed enumeration districts, the crew leader was instructed to make a complete review of the Enumerator's maps to see that the entire enumeration district had been covered, the Form FA-2 and the Agriculture Questionnaire had been com- pleted satisfactorily, all specified farms had been accounted for, all callbacks had been made, and that the Forms FA-3 and 4 had been filled out accurately. The crew leader checked and com- pleted the filling of part B of Form FA-3, so that the information in this part could be used as a basis for paying the enumerator for his work. A review and summary of each enumerator's work was made in the Field Processing Office before the payment to the enumerator for his work was approved. This review and summary was made primarily by tabulating clerks. When work for an enumeration district was completed and approved by the crew leader, the completed work was mailed by the crew leader to the Field Processing Office. The crew leader was provided with cardboard boxes for mailing each enumerator's portfolio. The first checking of the enumerator's work in the Field Proc- essing Office consisted of the verification of the amount of work completed, miles traveled, hours worked, etc., in order to provide data for preparing the enumerator's payroll. The work submitted for the first 3 enumeration districts by the crew leader was given a detailed intensive review in order to insure that the crew leader was making an adequate review of each enumerator's completed work. This review consisted of the checking to see that (1) each farm listed on the list of specified farms had been enumerated or satisfactorily accounted for, (S) an Agriculture Questionnaire had been obtained for each place for which the entries on Form A2 indicated that an Agriculture Questionnaire was required, (3) the designation of places in the sample had been performed accurately, (4) Section VIII-XII of the Agriculture Questionnaire had been filled completely, (S) the A2 line number had been entered for each place on the enumerator's map, and that all callbacks listed in Form FA-6 had been com- pleted or a satisfactory explanation given. The results of this intensive review were recorded in Section II of Form FA-91 (see fig. 21). For all enumeration districts except the first 3 received from the crew leaders, a review was made to determine (I) how many Agriculture Questionnaires were missing, (2) that the enumerator's section below Section VIII of the Agriculture Questionnaire had been properly filled, and (3) that the enumerator's map and other forms were present. If Agriculture Questionnaires were missing, form letters were mailed to the farm operators requesting that a report be submitted. A summary of the results of this review was recorded in Sections 3 and 4 of Form FA-91. THE ENUMERATION 35 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. OFFICIAL BUSINESS CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE DATE II -11-5* CREW LEADER'S NAME zi-\ ' Qdmthj JtnAiMiAJ Instructions: Complete and mail to your Field Office at close of each workday. A Transfer these entries from FA-3. OPERATIONS TOTAL INCLUD- \ ING TODAY ki> Is This E. D. Now Complete? L3 No J Except for Callbacks D Yea /^njnrlj Ql G&uJuorU (EDumerator's Signature) Form FA-7 Enumerator's Dally Report \ Figure 15. — Enumerator's daily report (Form FA-7). 36 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 1. Agriculture quest. (Al) — Total 2. Al. — Sample not required 3. Al. — Sample required and completed T\* 4. Landlord-tenant quest. (A3) 5. Listings completed (A2) 6. Transit time (miles driven) 7. Hours worked at hourly rate 8. Total— Lines 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6-1-7 9. Total miles driven 10. Total telephone charges 11. Road, bridge, and ferry tolls 12. Total— Lines 9+10+11.. Must equal the number of the last line filled minus any lines crossed out. l- CERTIFICATION OF COMPLETION This is to certify that I have, on this date, completed the enumeration of the district indicated above and the returns, in the quantities shown, have been duly and truthfully made in accordance with law and my oath of office. I further certify that miles shown and telephone calls and other toll costs on which reimbursement is claimed, were authorized and were completed for purposes of official census business, and that hours reported were worked on the days specified. .^cu^d/.CUt.:QO Identify telephone calls by placing the letter T before the date entry. Use Remarks Column to record useful information. Additional remarks or footnotes Figure 18. — Enumerator's callback record (Form FA-6). THE ENUMERATION 41 3 «* 3 «3 -3 a . . Sh 3 O O D I a a U a) .« -3 «* I o Pn o =3 ■a •a 33 42 METHODS AND PROCEDURES FA-17 Enter an «X" in (A) if Enumerator's Oath of Office ia completed and an "I" in (B) if You nave entered Enum- erator' s training class rank in the apace provided. u S. Department of Commerce BUREAU OF THE CENSUS RECORD OF ENUMERATOR 1 ENUMERATOR CHf\RLES C. OLIVER 2 AOORESS 303 ET. Hl&H ST. LIBERTY VILLE , Kf\NSf\S 3 FHOHt NO ■5tf> Lll^RT^VW-V 7 EOS ASSIGNED 4 TRAINING (A) S 0»TM OF 0*TICt CO*»»T«TtO ZZ-2- Enter ED" assign- ment and rate of pay. "■ 5o4 TO* 15 (■) [fi RANK 5 COLOR OF AUTOHOeiLE LOR Of AUTOMOBILE ^_ DK. &REETM CHEV. USOLo • LICENSE NO Enter color, make and license num- ber of Enumerator's car. I RECORD OF VISITS J_ Enter date and summary of visit as reported on FA-18. \\-Lo l\-IO n-n SUMMARY OF I RRI ■ . I *..'.- U.fs IX «•-,., Is''. Did-nL zjLTide>sten-\d Tneacnvrci e^ shaded squmes. Reviewed aAl wavK txrvd "madej co>>ec±.ior\s. Emim. will -veVuvn ard pcVc uup rrr^o. -^ov Sects "SEr'SnE. Didrit understand how to plot f\Z Taimbevs an TT\Q.p. Reviewed axd cawected e-riK*es an FrV3. Seems +o be; takmq +00 much tvmeJ pcv M. "Discussed WQxis e&- e.T\ixmeTa.t.iTiq -^a=>Tje.v. E-vvcirS ot\ FF\-3. Covvected e.-n\-Vies and ex - plained TnistoaVces . E-nixrn. dumb, LcndcvsVand •ve\cxt\oT\sVnp between ,Ff\-T crnd FtV3. E-n-LLxnexcVed auVsidej Wvs ET). Werrit ove> ED baiod" a>ics + discussed trveaj, Cheek du.vmq Tie^b visit. E7D bouxidcXMes obsewed - OK . E^cessivo caUbacKs o^fcstandmq. Discussed w\tb Errucrn. ~me\hods -^ov- -vcducmq ca.Mbar:Ks. Figure 20. — Record of enumerator (Form FA-17). THE ENUMERATION 43 Records of unsatisfactory work by the enumerator were recorded on Form FA-91 and the crew leader was informed immediately of the errors and inadequacies found during the review of the enumer- ator's work. If the review indicated 5 or more Agriculture Questionnaires (other than those for absentee farm operators) were missing, then the enumerator's work was returned to the crew leader with instructions to have the missing Agriculture Questionnaires obtained. When the material for all enumeration districts in a county had been received and recorded, an additional review of the enumera- tion was performed before the enumeration was considered satis- factory. This review included the checking to see that all speci- fied farms in the county had been enumerated or satisfactorily accounted for, the insertion into the proper enumeration district of any Agriculture Questionnaires received by mail from absentee operators or operators of farms not enumerated by the enumerator and the preparation of a county summary on Form FA-88. (See fig. 22 for an example of FA-88.) The data on FA-88 for 1954 was obtained by adding information from the Agriculture Questionnaire. The data for 1950 and for the check item 1954, were entered on the Form FA-88 before it was sent to the Field Processing Office. The data for 1950 were taken from tabulations for the 1950 Census of Agriculture. The data for the check item, 1954, represented, when available, the acreage of a selected crop — usually one of the following: corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco or rice. The check data were available only for the county and were ob- tained from the Commodity Stabilization Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. The acreage for the crops selected for check items represented the measured acreage before harvest. The data on Form FA-88 were compiled for two purposes: (./) To determine that the sampling procedures had been followed and (#) to determine that the coverage of the Census was reasonably complete. Criteria for the acceptability of the Census was established prior to the enumeration for each of these two purposes. The following table was used for determining the acceptability of the sampling procedure. Acceptance Table for Percent of Farms in Sample Total in column (7) of FA-88 Less than 100. . 100 to 199...... 200 to 299 300 to 399 400 to 499 500 to 699 600 to 699 700 to 799 800 to 899 900 to 999 1,000 to 1,249.. 1,260 to 1,499.. 1,500 to 1,749.. 1,750 to 1,999.. 2,000 to 2,499. . 2,500 to 2,999- - 3,000 to 3,999- . 4,000 to 4,999. . 5,000 to 7,499-. 7,600 and over Acceptable limits (in percentages) Not less than— C) 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.2 Not more than— C) 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.4 23.2 22.9 22.7 22.6 22.4 22.2 22.0 21.9 21.7 21.5 21.3 21.2 21.0 20.8 •All counties to be accepted. Acceptable percentages for the coverage of farms, land in farms, and for the check items were established for each county and were indicated on the FA-88 when it was sent to the Field Processing Office. Form FA-88's for all counties, including those not meeting th° established standards, were sent to Washington for review and approval by the Chief of the Agriculture Division. Of FA-88's for 3,100 counties, 2,389 were approved when they were submitted to Washington. For 711 counties, additional checking and work were required before they were approved. The additional work included the obtaining of missing questionnaire for specified farms, the checking of enumerator maps for indication of areas not enumerated, the reenumeration of areas, and the obtaining of the required information when the Section VIII through XII of the Agriculture Questionnaire was not filled. Control over time schedule and cost of the enumeration. — The enumeration involved the employment of a large number of persons at one time and the expenditure of as much as $350,000 eacn work day. In order to insure that the enumeration would be com- pleted within the planned time period and with the funds allotted for this purpose, time schedules were established for all important operations, and the number of employees, maximum length of employment, and the rates of pay of all personnel were prescribed. Checks on the compliance with established controls both for time of performance of jobs and the employment of personnel, and for the expenditure of funds were made on the basis of required reports. For enumerators, the number of employees authorized, the rate of pay, the maximum mileage and the maximum hours of employment, were furnished each crew leader on Form FA-32. (See fig. 23.) Most enumerators were paid on a piece-rate basis and for miles traveled in personally owned automobiles. These piece rates were established on the basis of records of work per- formance for prior Censuses, distance to be traveled, and the estimated time that would be required to fill questionnaires. In areas where the distance between farms was great, and in urban areas, enumerators were paid $1.25 per hour of work plus $0.07 per mile traveled by personally owned automobiles. The average hourly earnings for enumerators employed on a piece rate was $1.15 plus payment for mileage traveled by automobile. The date when enumerators were to begin the work was pre- scribed, and enumerators were required to work at least 8 hours each day until they had completed their jobs. Checking on the amount of work performed, hours of work, miles traveled, etc., was accomplished through the review and summarization of Form FA-7. This enumerator's daily work report was mailed at the end of each day to the supervisor of the Agriculture Field Office and the Form FA-3 was reviewed by the crew leader each time he visited the enumerator. Supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices notified crew leaders whenever it appeared an enumerator's work was not being performed on schedule and twice each week super- visors of Agriculture Field Offices were requested to submit to supervisors of Field Processing Offices and to Washington a summary showing number of enumerators working, Agriculture Questionnaires filled, miles traveled, hours worked, etc. These reports were reviewed carefully and immediate action was taken when the work was not being completed as scheduled. The number of crew leaders, field supervisors, assistant field supervisors, and the number of each kind of clerical employee, as well as the duration of their appointment, were prescribed in advance of their employment and appointment. Extension of appointments were made in case of some employees but only upon approval from Washington. During the period of recruitment and hiring, crew leaders and supervisors were required to submit reports showing the number of employees recruited. Action was taken whenever necessary to insure that the authorized staff had been recruited and were trained and on the job on the day scheduled. 44 METHODS AND PROCEDURES F. m H-91 U.S. APARTMENT OF-' COMMERCE (10-20- 54) BUREAU OF THE CENSUS State 1954 CLNSUS OK AGRICULTURE RECORD OF PORTFOLIO REVIEW County E.D. Number Section 1 - PAYROLL VERIFICATION REVIEW A. Incomplete Section IV of Al's None Number A2 line Nos. ; B. Sample within 5^ Yes No If "No."" % C. A3" s missing None Number D. Hrs. claimed within 10/$ (hourly ED'S) Yes No If "No," Allowed Claimed E. Miles claimed within 10% Yes No Tf "No, ■ Allowed Claimed P. Receipts or certifications missing Yes No If "Yes, " describe: Section 2 - INTENSIVE REVIEW A. Hissing FA- 101' s None Number B. Missing M's lor A2 line Nos. None Number A2 line Nos. : C. Sampl ing correct Yes No If "No. " A2 line Nos. : D. Sample sections missing None* Number A2 line Nos. : E. E. 0. Map completed Yes No F. FA- 100 completed Yes No G. FA- 30 completed Yes No H. FA-17 in portfolio Yes No I. FA-5 column (5) completed Yes No J. FA-6 columns (9) or (10) completed Yes No Section ?. Completed b.V (Review clerk) Section 3 - TABULATION REVIEW A. Missing Al's for followup None Number A2 line Nos. : B. E.D. Map in portfolio Yes No C. FA- 100 in portfolio (if required) Yes No D/FA-30 in portfolio ("C" ED' s) Yes No Section 4 - FOLLOW-UP REVIEW A Requests for missing receipts, certifications or materials mailed on (date) [^J None B. FA-92's mulled (if required) on (date) _ . . [ ' None C. FA-93's mailed (if required) on (date) None u> ^A-94's mailed (if required) on (date) — — L_; None Section 4 completed by (Review clerk) Section 5 - SUPERVISOR* ACTION Describe corrective action taker, by' Supervisor, if any r Supervisoi squired by review entries above: Comm-DC-4 279fl Figure 21. — Record of portfolio review (Form FA-91). THE ENUMERATION 45 p- e ! eu - » : hi t : & ; CO { J 1 ° § s 1 •3 CO u .5 OS N J 5 PH V ■N - s s It « oj oj % J ■ S 5 6 -s> n 3 - 0 •*> ft rs rs SJ CN i. "5 <2 * 1*1 •*> N Pj Cs Pv \ s fc H^ VI N. s i ° 2 5 « - * ■• " t\ vV V N" o.' h >* ^ ^S *1 V 5 = ■ - " N Ss ^ ^ " M Ps e\ 1 a s — s 1 PS 1 s» 1 * 0^ Is § p> s? 0^ f5 Z i « S 2 = v* IN' N 5 '5 0v v.' ft *)' " i- £ S s rs < <» :- • i 5 • ts B " •> b. ° s ■*> u — " «* !?"-s ^ * a : i DflU gl Use I* ► if 1 ? «, ^ g . >-!is 0 S» ~s. "J s ^ ^ s> £ <- « "" — a S S " 9 _•■ <} * ^ 1* ?1 ■a Q ^ t ? ^ 1° S5 S " ^w | " si = < si- s' Cs. s 5 \ s s 1 5f it fs j ■ S-: N3 8 " for Al ' s nm SECTIONS VI I 1 THRU ■111 NOT REQUIRED (41 FOR Al ' S Rl TM SECTIONS V| | | THAU kill AEOU'FICD (51 1 A .50 .70 132 193 343 2.6 2 B .50 .70 153 373 398 2.6 3 c 1.25 ,** 202 2.4 ,63 4 c 1.25 it: 43 2.4 h 5 c 1.25 If: u 2.4 h 6 c 1.25 W- 31 2.4 /lO 7 A .50 .70 J249 351 697 2.8 / 8 A .50 .70 J 226 348 633 2.8 ; 9 B .50 .70 J 152 382 395 2.6 J 10 A • 50 .70 152 222 426 2.8 / It A .50 .70 165 231 429 2.6/ 12 | 13 14 l 15 zt 16 / 17 IB _L ■ 9 zt i 20 1 I 21 T / 3 . /D l~ T7 c& ibn/Jvu 22 i \ 1 23 Kl h / ^J 24 - O i r J v>- J. w 25 In 1 hour an enumerator could do 1 1/3 Al's; BUlUplylng bry 8, you get 10.6 Al's which would be the standard of production ex- pected for the 3rd. ED in Adcock County. 26 27 28 29 TO. TAL 1361 3638 100 OIIIGIIUl.: TO PROCESSING OFFICE. cc: TO A.F.O. cc: TO CREW LEADER Figure 23.— Crew leader authorization for enumerator recruitment and record of piece rates and mileage allowances, 1954 Agricultu Census (Form FA-32). CHAPTER III— CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING AND PUBLICATION 47 CONTENTS Page Central Office processing 51 The job 51 Organization for the job 51 Receipt and control over questionnaires 51 Editing and coding the Agriculture Questionnaire 54 General 54 Section I 54 Section II 54 Section III 54 Section IV 55 Section V 55 Section VI 55 Section VII 55 Section VIII 55 Section IX 55 Section X 55 Section XI 55 Section XII 55 Section XIII Coding for economic class of farm and type of farm Training of editing and coding clerks Editing of 10 training questionnaires Editing of the first portfolio Punching Correction of punching and other errors prior to publication All cards Card A Card C for corn Card C for sorghums Card C for crops other than corn and sorghum Card G CardH ... Card I Card J Card K Card L Card M Card N Adjustment of data for the sample prior to tabulation Description of the sample Adjustment of the sample Tabulation Evaluation of the completeness of the Census Preparation and publication of reports The publication process Printing Appendix 85 Description of Series AC54-1, AC54-2, AC54-3, and press releases 86 48 CONTENTS 49 ILLUSTRATIONS Pane Organization chart — Central Operations Office 50 View of Interior of Central Operations Office, Pittsburg, Kans 52 Portfolio cover — Al Agriculture Questionnaire 53 Reference note (Form 2-36) . Used for referring questions for technical review 56 Verification record (Form 2-43). For recording errors for editing and coding 58 Punch cards used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture 60 IBM type 024 Punching Machine 61 C cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Pittsburg Operations Office 62 H cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Detroit Operations Office 63 Machine used for verifying punched cards 64 IBM type 077 collator 70 IBM type 082 sorting machine 70 IBM type 101 counting and tabulating machine 71 IBM type 402 tabulating machine 71 IBM type 407 accounting machine 72 IBM type 514 reproducing, gang-punching, summary punch machine 72 Census machine 487 and 489, multi-column sorter and unit tabulator 73 Census machine 488, multi-column sorter 73 Census machine 581, unit tabulator 74 Census machine 582, multi-column sorter and unit tabulator 74 Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 101, control panel 75 Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 402-403, control panel 76 Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 407, control panel 77 Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101 78 Test decks of cards used to discover tabulating machine errors 80 Evaluation program — Location 319 counties comprising sample used in evaluating completeness of enumeration 81 Aerial view with sample segment delineated 82 APPENDIX Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 87 Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-2 91 Facsimile of work sheet or posting form County Table 1 93 Facsimile of preprinted form for offset typing of County Table 1 95 Facsimile of county tabulation sheets. 96 Table of costs 102 CENSUS OPERATIONS OFFICE Detroit, Mich. Pittsburg, Kans. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF 1 Supervisory Survey Statistician (Agriculture) 1 Secretary 1 Supervisory Survey Statistician (Agriculture) 1 Secretary TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION* 3 Statisticians (Agriculture) 3 Agricultural Economists MANAGEMENT SERVICES SECTION 1 Supervisory Administrative Officer 1 Personnel Assistant 1 Secretary (Stenographic) 1 Appointment Unit Supervisor 1 Supervisory Appointment Clerk 1 Appointment Clerk (Typing) 3 Appointment Clerks (Typing) 1 Supervisory Administrative Assistant 1 Supervisory Clerk 2 Mail Clerks 2 Messengers 2 Laborers 2 Clerk-typists 1 Nurse 1 Switchboard Operator EDITING AND CODING SECTION 1 Supervisory Statistical Assistant 1 Supervisory Statistical Assistant 2 Clerk-typists 10 Supervisory Statistical Clerks 10 Supervisory Statistical Clerks 12 Supervisory Statistical Clerks 12 Supervisory Statistical Clerks 120 Statistical Clerks 240 Statistical Clerks SCHEDULE FILES AND SHIPPING SECTION 1 Supervisory Clerk 3 Supervisory Clerks 3 Supervisory Clerks 60 Clerks 6 Laborers CARD PUNCHING SECTION 1 Card Punch Operator Supervisor 1 Card Punch Operator Supervisor 2 Clerk-typists 5 Card Punch Operator Supervisors 5 Card Punch Operator Supervisors 10 Clerks 240 Card Punch Operators 2 Laborers *This staff was supplemented by detail of technical personnel from the Washington office. Figure 24. — Organization Chart — Central Operations Office. 50 CHAPTER III.— CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING AND PUBLICATION CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING The job. — The objective of central office processing was to record the information obtained by enumerators so that data could be summarized and published in a useable and meaningful form. The job involved the inspection of questionnaires for completeness and consistency of information, arrangement of questionnaires by geographic areas, the entering of codes to provide for the meaning- ful classification of data, the preparation of punch cards, the detection and correction of errors arising both during the enumera- tion and during the office processing, the tabulating of the data, and the preparation and printing of statistical tables and reports. Organization for the job. — The conversion of information obtained by enumerators for individual farms into published releases and reports required the organization of groups of trained personnel for performing the major central office operations. Since these operations were performed during a relatively short period, a considerable number of temporary employees were re- quired. During this period of large-scale central office processing, the available permanent staff comprised less than 5 percent of the total personnel employed and were used largely for preparing plans and instructions, training personnel, technical review, over- all supervision, and direction of the work. The major operations involved in central office processing were receipt and control of questionnaires, etc., editing and coding of questionnaires, punching tabulating cards, checking tabulating cards and tabulations for errors and consistency, the preparation of tabulations and the preparation and printing of statistical tables and reports. The following table indicates the approximate number of employees engaged in operations related to central office proc- essing for the first month in each quarter. Month Number of employees Montb Number of employees July 1954 116 139 960 1,560 1,325 October 1955 880 680 January 1955. April 1956 640 April 1955 July 1956 400 July 1955 2.50 The temporary staff was recruited in accordance with civil- service regulations, largely from registers established from exam- inations given primarily to provide personnel for Census work. The temporary staff was given temporary appointments usually not to exceed 1 year. When the work required employment for more than a year, an extension of employment was made of personnel who had been trained for the performance of the work yet to be performed. In all central office processing, specialization and mechanical devices were used whenever possible to expedite handling and to reduce costs. A large part of the supervisory staff for clerical and machine operations consisted also of tem- porary employees. Permanent personnel occupied only key positions and positions requiring detailed knowledge of procedures or technical knowledge of agriculture. The technical staff comprised a very important part of the total staff although the costs for the technical staff amounted to less than 3 percent of the total cost of the Census. The employment of the technical staff totaled approximately 1,100 man-months. About 70 percent of these man-months were provided by per- manent staff. All personnel were given special training for the work and the kind and duration of this training is described under the various operations. Standards for both quantity and quality of work were established for all major processing operations and all personnel were required to meet these requirements in order to retain their jobs. For many operations, employees, whose work performance exceeded substantially the minimum work requirements, were given incentive payments. Because of lack of office space, central operations offices were established for about 11 months in Pittsburg, Kans., and Detroit, Mich. All Agriculture Questionnaires were received, edited and coded, and cards punched at those two offices. All other opera- tions were performed in Washington, D. C. RECEIPT AND CONTROL OVER QUESTIONNAIRES After the checking had been completed in the 26 Field Process- ing Offices, the questionnaires were arranged by counties and shipped in boxes to one of the two central operations offices. The number of counties for which the questionnaires, materials, etc. were received at the 2 central operations offices by months were as follows: Month December or earlier, 1954 January 1955__ .. February 1955 March 1955 April 1955 May and later, 1955 Number of counties for which questionnaires were received — During month 949 1,059 329 439 242 72 To date 949 2,018 2,347 2,786 3,028 3,100 When the materials and questionnaires were received at the two central operations offices, they were checked to determine that all the required materials for a county were present and the Agricul- ture Questionnaires were separated and placed in portfolio covers (these were cardboard covers, see fig. 26). Approximately 400 Agriculture Questionnaires were placed in each portfolio and the portfolio was properly labeled. Portfolios comprised the unit for work assignment for subsequent operations and the portfolios for a county were transmitted to the next operation as a unit. The portfolios were kept in a central file when not in use and records were maintained of the location and status of processing for each county. After the completion of the editing and coding, the question- naires for a county were rearranged. The Agriculture Question- naires comprising the sample (questionnaires for which information in Sections VIII through XII was required) were numbered with a numbering machine, for the purpose of having a means of identi- fication for the punching of tabulating cards, and were then placed in portfolios separate from those questionnaires not in the sample. All questionnaires were arranged by minor civil divisions and a sheet containing the minor civil division name and code was inserted in the portfolio in front of the first questionnaire for the minor civil division. For each county, questionnaires com- prising the sample were numbered consecutively starting with the number 8,000 while questionnaires not in the sample were num- bered consecutively starting with 1. Questionnaires for "specified farms" were numbered consecutively starting with X001. 51 52 METHODS AND PROCEDURES CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 53 01 3 •c to < o CO N a a 5 o 54 METHODS AND PROCEDURES EDITING AND CODING THE AGRICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE Each individual questionnaire was checked, edited, and coded by clerks. The checking consisted of seeing (/) that the question- naires were completely filled out; (2) that the acreage of individual crops harvested was in reasonable agreement with the acreage of cropland harvested when 100 or more acres of cropland harvested were reported ; (S) that the acres of land classified according to use accounted for the entire farm acreage of farms having 200 acres or more; (4) that the total of the acreage for the various uses of corn, sorghum, soybeans, cowpeas, and peanuts was in reasonable agreement with the total acreage reported for all purposes for each of these crops; (5) that the age and sex breakdown for cattle, hogs, and sheep, added to approximately the total number of such animals of all ages; and (6) that all entries for related items were reasonably consistent. Editing consisted of the identification and withdrawal of questionnaires filled for places not qualifying as farms; the selection of questionnaires with entries of unusually large size for review by the technical staff; the selection of groups of questionnaires with common reporting errors in an individual enumeration district for referral to technical personnel for review; and the correction of obvious inconsistencies, such as reporting in an incorrect unit, or reporting in an improper place on the questionnaire. Entries determined to be in error were often referred to the technical staff and corrected on the basis of relationships existing on nearby farms, or, if the entries were large, on the basis of correspondence with the farm operator. In case of information missing for a group of questions, estimates were prepared on the basis of adja- cent questionnaires for farms with similar operations, and, in some cases, on the basis of information obtained by mail from the operators. When estimates were made, letters were mailed to the farm operators to verify the information and, if the estimates were not in reasonable agreement with the information contained in the replies, the entries were corrected before the tabulations were made. The detailed instructions for editing and coding of the Agri- culture Questionnaire were as follows: General. — Each Agriculture Questionnaire was to be examined individually. Figures written so poorly that they might not be read correctly were to be rewritten. Fractions were to be canceled for all questions for which the Agriculture Questionnaire did not provide for the reporting of fractions. For questions for which the questionnaire provided for the reporting of fractions, all fractions were to be converted into tenths. All entries for cents except for wage rates of hired employees working by the hour were to be canceled. Questionnaires with entries of 10,000 acres or more for acres in the place; $25,000 or more of forest products sold; 1,000 or more cattle; 10,000 or more sheep, goats, or poultry; $20,000 or more expenditure for fertilizer, hired labor, or feed; an expenditure of $5,000 or more for lime; a value of land and buildings of $1,000,000 or more; or for Indian Reservations were to be referred for review by the technical staff. Misplaced entries were to be crossed out and entered in the proper space. Entries in a unit of measure different from the unit of measure shown on the Agriculture Questionnaire were to be converted into the appropriate unit of measure. Questionnaires for places that might qualify as farms were to be selected for review by the technical staff. Questionnaires that did not contain entries of at least one of the following were selected for examination in regard to meeting the criteria of a farm: (1) $150 or more for total value of sales for vegetables, other field crops, nursery and greenhouse products, livestock and poultry and poultry products, and for forest products. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) One or more cows, or two or more calves on hand. Three or more hogs on hand. Five or more sheep on hand. Fifty or more poultry on hand. Three or more acres harvested for corn, sorghum, small grains, soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, dry field and seed peas and beans. Five or more acres of hay other than sorghum, soybean, cowpeas or peanut hay. One or more acres of tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables for sale, orchard, nursery and greenhouse products, or irrigated land. Five or more acres of cropland of all kinds. Section I. — The editing and coding clerk entered a code for color of operator. The code was 1 for white operators, 2 for Negro operators, and 3 for other. Section n. — The editing and coding clerk was furnished the following guide for determining the tenure of the farm operator: (7) (8) (9) Ques- tion 4 Ques- tion 6 Ques- tion 9 Other conditions Classification Code Acres Acres None None None Acres None Acres None None Acres None Q.-j-Q./O-Acres in This Place (Section IV). Q.4+Q.6-Q.!0-Acres in This Place (Section IV). See instructions preceding the table. Q.6-Q./0-Acres in This Place (Section IV). Full owner.. Full owner.. Manager Tenant 1 2 3 See below. Question Question 8 Class of tenant Code 7 a 6 c d No Yes Yes No No No No Cash _ 4 No Yes in either or both Share Crop- 5 No Yes No Yes 6 No 7 Yes 8 No No No No No No No No Yes No Other Unsp( cified.... 9 0 Questionnaires that would be coded "manager" were to be referred to the technical staff for review unless: a. The value of all farm products sold was $5,000 or more. b. The acres in the farm were 1,000 or more. c. There were reported on the questionnaire, 10 or more acres in orchard, or nursery and/or greenhouse products, or 50 or more cattle of all ages, 25 or more milk cows, 1,000 or more poultry on hand, sold or raised. Possible code numbers for the classification of the farm by color, tenure, irrigation, economic class of farm and type of farm were printed in the center column of the Agriculture Questionnaire. Coding was performed by circling the number representing the appropriate code. Section III. — In the case of such crops as corn, sorghum, soy" beans and cowpeas, for which the questionnaire provided for reporting the total acres for all purposes, the editing clerk was required (/) to enter a total acres when this total was not entered, but acres were reported for the various uses, (2) to enter acres and quantity harvested when total acres were reported without acreage and quantity harvested being reported for any use, and (3) when the total acres for all purposes was 100 or more, to add the acres for the several uses, check the added total against the total for all purposes, and to refer the questionnaire for review by the technical staff if the difference in the two totals was 20 acres or more. Questionnaires for which the yield per acre exceeded 100 bushels for popcorn, sorghum, small grains, soybeans, cowpeas, or 10 or more tons for any hay crop or 50 bushels, 1,000 pounds or M ton per tree for any fruit were to be referred to the technical staff for review. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 55 The quantity sold was to be checked against the quantity harvested and if the quantity sold exceeded the quantity harvested, the quantity sold was to be reduced to equal the quantity har- vested. If the quantity sold was not reported, estimated quantities sold were to be entered when the quantity harvested was (/) 100 bushels or more for rice or flaxseed, or (2) 200 bushels or more for corn, grain sorghums, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat or barley, and there were no livestock or poultry reported on the farm, sold or raised. Likewise, estimated quantities sold were to be entered when the total bushels of corn, grain sorghums, oats and barley harvested but not sold were more than 30 times the number of cattle, horses, and hogs on hand or sold. However, no estimates of quantity sold were to be entered unless the estimate was at least 100 bushels. When the quantity of hay harvested was 25 tons or more, and none was reported as sold, the entire amount harvested was to be entered as sold when the number of horses, mules, sheep or cattle on hand or sold, did not exceed 1. The acreage of land in fruit orchards, etc. (question 56) was to be estimated when there was no entry and the number of trees was 50 or more, or the number of grapevines was 500 or more. The editing and coding clerk was furnished a table of the number of trees per acre for various kinds of fruits for use in calculating the acreage. Codes were to be entered for the crops reported in questions 35, 50, 54, 64, and 65. An example of these codes for question 54 is as follows : Crop Code. Blackberries 186 Cranberries 192 Currants 199 When there were no entries for acres in Section III, and there was an entry of 10 or more acres for question 67a, entries were to be estimated for Section III. Section IV. — The entry for question 66, Acres in The Farm was to be checked with the acres reported for questions 4 to 6, 10 and 11. If there were no entries for questions 67 to 70, the entries were to be calculated. If the entry for question 67a was 100 acres or more, the entry was to be compared with the total of the acreages of crops harvested as listed in Section III. Differences of 20 acres or more, not accounted for by the harvesting of two or more crops from the same land, were to be referred for review by the technical staff. Section V. — Acres for question 71 were checked to acres in ques- tion 68 and were corrected if greater than acres for question 68. In the 20 States where irrigation was important additional coding was performed to provide for tabulation of data for irrigated farms and irrigated crops. Each questionnaire was coded to indicate whether all the cropland harvested was irrigated, part of the cropland harvested was irrigated, or none of the cropland harvested was irrigated. On farms on which part of the cropland harvested was irrigated, the crop code in Section III for each crop that was harvested from irrigated land was changed by adding 4 to the hundreds digit for the code. For example, the code number for cotton was 270. If the cotton was harvested from irrigated land, this code was changed to 670. Section VI. — Estimates were to be entered for sales if none were reported by the enumerator when the entry exceeded 50 cords for firewood, 1,000 for the number of fence posts or 25,000 boardfeet for sawlogs and veneer logs. If area (acres or square feet) was reported and no sales reported or vice versa, for nursery or green- house products, the questionnaire was to be referred for review by the technical staff. Section VII. — For cattle, sheep, and hogs, the questionnaire was to be inspected to see if there was an entry for a total when there were entries for the various age and sex groups comprising the total, or vice versa. Entries were to be made when there was a total but no entry for the various age and sex groups, and vice versa. If the total was 100 or more, the age and sex groups were to be added and the sum checked with the total. Differences of 20 or more were referred for checking by the technical staff. For questions 81 and 83 entries for cows milked or milk produced yesterday were estimated when there was an entry for one question and no entry for the other question. Entries were to be corrected for question 82, when the entry was less than for question 81. Questionnaires with 5 or more cows milked (question 81) and no dairy products sold were referred for review by the technical staff. Questionnaires with probable errors in value of dairy products sold and number of animals sold were to be referred to the technical staff for checking. Questionnaires to be referred included those with a value of whole milk sold of less than $0.01 or more than $0.10 per pound; of less than $1 or more than $100 per head sold for hogs, sheep or calves; of less than $10 or more than $1,000 per head for cattle, horses, or mules; of less than $0.25 or more than $2.00 per chicken sold; or of less than $0.10 or more than $1.00 for each dozen of eggs sold. Questionnaires with 2 or more sows farrowing or 10 or more hogs on hand, and no hogs reported as sold; 10 or more cattle or 5 or more cows and no cattle or calves sold; 10 or more sheep and no sheep or lambs sold; or with 10 or more sheep, and no wool shorn were to be referred for review by the technical staff. Estimates were to be entered when 100 or more chickens and no sales of eggs or chickens were reported and when there were 20 or more turkeys, ducks or geese and no sales were reported. Codes were to be entered for each kind of poultry for question 97. Section VIII. — Sections VIII to XII were edited by the review clerk as the editing of these sections was performed only for questionnaires in the sample and as the sorting of the question- naires into sample and nonsample groups was not performed until after the review of the work of the editing and coding clerk. For questions 100 and 101, entries for acres were estimated when there were entries for tons or dollars, and vice versa. For question 100 entries of less than $10 or more than $100 per ton and for question 101, entries of less than $1 or more than $20 per ton were referred for checking by the technical staff. Section IX. — When there was no entry for question 102, and there were hired workers reported for question 1036, estimates were entered. Questionnaires with no report for question 1026 and, with reports of $10,000 or more for the sale of vegetables, or nursery and greenhouse products, or 10 or more acres in orchards, were referred to the technical staff for review. Section X. — The entry for 1036 was checked with the entries for 103c and 103d, and inconsistencies were corrected. Section XI. — Usually no special editing was performed for this section. Section XII. — Usually no special editing was performed for this section. Section XIII. — The entries for acres in this section were checked with the entries in Section II and the required corrections were made. For question 108, the total value was computed and entered if only the average value per acre was reported. When both total value and value per acre were given, the calculation of the total value was checked, but changes were made only when the calculated value exceeded the reported value by $10,000 or when the reported value was double or more the calculated value. 56 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Coding for economic class of farm and type of farm. — The coding of farms by economic class of farm and by type of farm required estimating the total value of faun products sold. The estimates for the various groups of farm products sold were entered when required under the "Remarks" section of the Agiiculture Questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the value of farm products sold for: Vegetables Other'field crops Forest products Nursery and greenhouse products Dairy products Livestock Poultry and poultry products For many crops the quantity sold was shown in Section III. The value of each crop sold was calculated by multiplying the quantity sold by State average prices. The State average prices were obtained in cooperation with the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, from a sample of dealers, buyers, farmers, etc. For crops for which the quantity sold was not shown in Section III, the value of sales was to be calculated by multiplying the quantity harvested by State average prices, if the calculated value for the crop would amount to $100 or more. Except for farms operated by institutions, etc. (those were coded 9 for economic class), the economic class of farm for question- naires with a total value of $1,200 or more or under $250 was determined by the amount of the value of all farm products sold. The code was as follows: Total value of farm products sold Code $25,000 1 $10,000 to $24,999 2 $5,000 to $9,999 3 $2,500 to $4,999 4 $1,200 to $2,499 5 Under $250 8 If the total value of farm products sold was $250 to $1,199, the code for economic class was determined by the entries for questions 104 and 105. If the entry for question 104 was 100 days or more or if the answer for question 105 was "Yes", the code for economic class was 7. All other questionnaires with a total value of farm products sold of $250 to $1,199 were coded 6 for economic class. The coding of type of farm was performed only for question- naires with an economic class code 1 to 6, or 9. The type of farm was determined by comparing the value of the sales for a farm product or a group of farm products with the total value of all farm products sold. Usually, the type of farm was determined by the farm product or group of farm products that accounted for 50 percent or more of the value of all farm products sold. Training of editing and coding clerks. — At the beginning of the training period each employee was given a memorandum outlining the work requirements for the training period. Briefly these requirements were as follows: (iy Editing and coding 10 training questionnaires during the training period with not more than six coding errors, nor more than ten other errors. {$) Editing and coding a portfolio of 350 or more Agriculture Questionnaires in 5}i working days with less than 15 coding errors per 100 questionnaires and less than 50 other errors per 100 questionnaires. Each employee was provided with the following materials: (/) Instructions for editing and coding Al's. (2) A code card giving all the codes to be used. (3) A copy of a reference note for referring questions. (See fig. 27.) (4) A sheet containing various conversion factors for weights and measures. (5) A slip to be inserted in place of questionnaire removed from a portfolio (6) A training questionnaire. (7) A Landlord-Tenant Questionnaire. (8) Red pencils. FORM 2-36 (1 1 -6-54) REFERENCE 1 1 EDITING U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS NOTE (Fol io) 1 1 REV IE* ING STATE COUNTY FOL 10 NO. E.D. A2 LINE NOS. E.D. A2 LINE NOS. E.D. A2 LINE NOS. E.D. A2 LINE NOS. E.D. A2 LINE NOS. REMARKS TECHNICIAN <"«• me ) DATE comm-oc 42914 Figure 27. — Reference note (Form 2-36). Used for referring questions for technical review. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 57 Generally, editing and coding clerks were trained in groups of 10 to 20. The instructor, after asking the trainees to follow along with him, read the instructions from the beginning, holding up each form as it was mentioned in the instructions so that the clerks would become familiar with the terms used. A black- board was utilized as much as possible. Its use was particularly effective in explaining the following procedures: (/) Rewriting or canceling entries. (2) Converting fractions. (3) Converting units of measure. (4) Entering codes. (5) Presenting editing problems, (fj) Filling out reference notes. (7) Illustrating incomplete or impossible entries. The giving of instructions required about 8 hours. Editing of 10 training questionnaires. — The use of the instruc- tions was emphasized. The first Agriculture Questionnaire was given out for editing and coding. The trainees were not per- mitted to discuss the questionnaire with other clerks. No ques- tion covering a specific point was answered by the instructor. General questions which seemed appropriate were answered so that the whole training group could hear both the question and the answer. When most of the group had completed the editing of the first training questionnaire the editing of the questionnaire was discussed and the correct editing entries on the training questionnaire were given. Clerks were told where to look in their instructions to find why they had made errors. If the same error was made by several clerks the appropriate para- graph in the instructions was read by the instructor. After the trainees signed their names on the questionnaires, these were collected for recording the number of errors. The remaining 9 training questionnaires were given out in groups of three. The same procedure was followed as outlined for the first training questionnaire. The 10 training questionnaires were corrected as soon as possible and the number of errors recorded. The corrected questionnaires were given back to the trainees so that they could see their errors. Editing of the first portfolio. — During the editing of the first portfolio, the supervisors were instructed to circulate through the group of trainees to: (1) Answer necessary questions concerning procedures. (2) Help clerks find the paragraph in the instructions needed to determine whether entries on the questionnaire were correct. (3) Observe clerks to see if they were working systematically and following procedure as outlined in their instructions. (4) Check codes to make sure editors were coding correctly. (5) Review several edited and coded questionnaires. (6) See that reference notes were made correctly when required. The progress of editing and coding clerks in learning and becoming proficient in the performance of their work is indicated by the following data on questionnaires edited and errors made by weeks of experience. Weeks of experience Number of Agriculture Question- naires edited and coded per hour Number of errors per 100 Agriculture Questionnaires Total Coding errors Other errors 1 11 20 20 21 23 24 25 27 27 30 30 31 33 34 35 36 36 36 37 36 39 40 41 42 42 44 45 46 47 49 49 51 52 56 18.7 17.3 14.1 11.6 8.8 6.7 5.1 4.6 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0 .8 1.2 l.-Z 1.2 .9 2.0 .9 1.0 5.2 4.8 3.6 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 .9 .9 .8 .8 .7 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .5 .4 .6 .3 .5 13.6 2 .. 12.5 3 10 5 4... 8.8 5 6.6 6 5.2 7 3.8 8 3.5 9__ 2.9 10 2.6 11... 2.6 12... 2.5 13 2.6 14... 2.0 15... 2.1 16 2.0 17 1.8 18... 1.5 19... 1.3 20 1.3 21 1.1 22 .. .8 23 .8 24 .8 25 .6 26 .6 27 .6 28 .9 29 .8 30 .7 31... .6 32 . 1.4 33 .6 34 .5 The work of the editing and coding clerks was reviewed. Clerks were selected for review work from the editing and coding clerks. The review clerks were given 4 hours of additional instruction. These 4 hours were devoted to reading of the instructions, making out a sample verification record (see fig. 28), observing a demon- stration of how to sort the Agriculture Questionnaires representing the sample from other questionnaires, and to practicing the deter- mination of codes for economic class of farm and for type of farm. The job of the review clerk was to review either on a complete basis or a sample basis the work performed by the editing and coding clerks, to prepare a record of errors found in the work of the editing and coding clerks, to sort the questionnaires into two groups — those comprising the sample and those not comprising the sample — and to determine and enter the codes for economic class of farm and type of farm on questionnaires comprising the sample. Until the error records indicated each editing and coding clerk was performing work of a satisfactory quality, all editing and coding work was verified completely. Editing and coding work was considered satisfactory if there were less than 3 coding and 8 other errors per 100 Agriculture Questionnaires. When the quality of editing and coding became satisfactory, only every tenth questionnaire was completely verified. If the verification of every tenth questionnaire indicated the work was not of acceptable quality, then all questionnaires were reviewed and all subsequent work of the editing and coding clerk was reviewed until the record of errors indicated that the work was of acceptable quality. The performance of review clerks improved as their knowledge and skill improved and also as the work of editing and coding 58 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Form 2-43 (11. 18-54) I). S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS State VERIFICATION RECORD County Name □ Editor □ Reviewer Unit number Folio number Date edited □ Sample of Al's verified (A2 line numbers ending in 1 Number of questionnaires ■type of error Sect ions I-II Color- tenure (a) Section III Crops Sections IV-VI lrrigat Ion (c) Section VII Livestock (d) Total (Non- mmmpl e ) (e) Sections VI1I-XI II ( S a mp 1 e ) Class and type (f) 1. Poorly written figures not corrected 2. Figures entered by editing clerk, illegible 3. Fractions and decimals not cancelled 4. Fractions not converted or incorrectly converted S. Correct entries changed unnecessarily 6. Rum of detail - 20 does not equal total 7. Sum of detail - 100 does not equal total 8. Specified cross-checks not made 9. Sizeable production or inventory and no value of products sold 10. other relationships not questioned 11. Not coded 12. Coded incorrectly 13. other (Sped ry> Total Remarks Name of reviewer Unit number Date Conn-DC 43246 Figure 28. — Verification record (Form 2-43). For recording errors for editing and coding. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 59 clerks improved. The following data indicate work performance by review clerks by weeks of experience on the job. Number of question- naires reviewed per hour Weeks of experience Number of question- naires reviewed per hour Weeks of experience On a com- plete basis On a sample basis (10 percent of question- naires) On a com- plete basis On a sample basis (10 percent of question- naires) 1 11 24 25 29 34 38 43 50 50 47 53 56 58 63 61 42 60 66 71 70 79 72 76 80 84 86 93 96 90 97 16.. 60 62 64 66 64 63 55 67 79 62 91 60 71 88 79 98 2 17 18 97 3 103 4... 19 20.. 97 5... . 101 6 21 106 7 22 99 8 23 24 25.. 105 9 102 10 110 11.. 26. 115 12 27 28 29 30 125 13 ---- 14.. 128 142 15 135 The use of sample verification of editing and coding resulted in the saving of approximately 45,000 man hours in reviewing. The number and proportion of the Agriculture Questionnaires reviewed on a complete basis by week, after review on a sample basis was started, were as follows: Agriculture Questionnaires reviewed Week Total On com- plete basis On a sample basis (10 percent of question- naires) 1 Number 56.244 142. 992 128, 526 119.783 130, 278 153, 067 162, 567 184. 742 201. 976 206, 372 210. 533 221, 399 214, 820 210, 864 213, 337 197, 176 212, 481 222, 535 206/793 193; 669 167,560 144, 338 157, 805 167, 526 129, 592 90,957 96, 759 . 113,608 65, 393 26, 111 Percent 85.8 84.3 74.8 78.7 73.2 80.0 76.9 63.2 55.7 49.6 46.6 42.5 38.5 35.1 26.5 29.5 27.3 26.6 22.8 14.2 14.2 10.5 13.0 9.2 9.1 5.0 7.8 13.0 18.5 24.3 Percent 14.2 2 15.7 3 25.2 4 21.3 5 26.8 6 -_- 20.0 7 23.1 8 36.8 9 44.3 10._ 50.4 11 53.4 12 57.5 13 61.5 14 - .. 64.9 15 73.5 16.: -.-. 70.5 17 72.7 18 73.4 19... 77.2 20 85.8 21 85.8 22 89.5 23 87.0 24 90.8 25 90.9 26 96.0 27 92.2 28 87.0 29 . ./ 81.5 30 75.7 PUNCHING In order to provide for compilation of data, all information in the Agriculture Questionnaires was transferred to punch cards. Ten separate punch cards were used. (See fig. 29 for copies of these cards.) The punch card used for each part of the Agriculture Questionnaire is indicated in the column "Office use only" on the questionnaire. (See fig. 1.) For example, the information for questions 66 to 72 on the Agriculture Questionnaire was punched on the A card. The number of cards punched for all Agriculture Questionnaires was as follows: Card type Number of cards (thousands) Card type Number of cards (thousands) Total 30, 136 1 J K L 3,831 398 3,522 1,101 A 4,856 9,889 1.142 3,674 C__ G.. M N 1,082 642 H... Cards L, M, and N were required only for Agriculture Question- naires in the sample. The punching was performed on Inter- national Business Machine Company's type 024 punching machine. (See fig. 30.) All the personnel employed for card punching were temporary and none had any prior experience in punching. All employees were given a training course consisting of approximately 80 hours. During the first 40 hours the punching machine operator was trained, in how to use the punching machine, by means of a series of punching exercises and 6 tests. The second 40 hours of the train- ing consisted of punching cards from a portfolio of Agriculture Questionnaires prepared for training purposes and the completion of 3 tests. The appointments of operators who did not satis- factorily complete tests given during training were terminated. Generally, punching machine operators were trained to punch, and punched, only one of the 10 types of cards. Work units assigned to punch operators consisted of one or two portfolios of Agriculture Questionnaires (400 to 800 Agriculture Question- naires). The number of cards punched per hour varied according to the experience of the punching machine operator and the type of card. The average number of cards punched per hour for each card type was as follows: Type of card Average number punched per hour Type of card Average number punched per hour 147 I 150 J 47 A.. C. G.. 134 158 133 167 L... M... 187 102 162 H_. N 114 60 METHODS AND PROCEDURES a. u 5 tr O Ui a 1 >- CD X >- .■ < ►- Z 3 O u a u H 3 m (A X * < P *j 5 / ■ > > Li CATTLE AMO CALVES * < -. a 5 a * ul 8^ is o < ux * z d O z o u = i s = ■- <• x M _j ^ X a z WHOLE MILK SOLO C*CAM SOLO TOTAL COWS oS z > i. St £ w — £ O * tfi * * *- ■ 3 QUANTITY VALUE OF SALES POUNDS OF BUTTE RF AT VALUC OF SALES K Ui U M UJ ,4 VALUE OF V SMfS Of V C"!ER FCaiTST ilD u POaLTBi PRODUCTS n OJ UJ Ll s; ! = iHs EQUIPMENT -NUMBER LANO OWNED VALUE OF LANO AND BUILOINBS VALUE OF LANO AND BUILDINGS hid Hint 10 cms VALUE OF LANO ANO BUILDINGS CASH RENT M u 1 z z 2a a o a 3 Z o u r- no us 3 3 OZ Ul MACHINE HIRE CASH EXPENDITURES HIREO LABOR Kit FOR uvsstoci rouLTir (•SOI HE Oil !tC HIREO W C R KERS :: MONTHLY BASIsi WECH.Y BASIS DAILY BASIS MOUdLV BASIS ■ Tec a o a cc u a o > X « HO SOIS RATE OF PAY noons •0»E0 PEI SDK HATE OF PAY tOUHS • WHO HI- SGKS RATE OF PAY HH1 KMIC PE«- soe RATE OF PAY I /I N COMMERCIAL .[fi.maif PURCHASED TONS TOTAL COST *C»CS ON WMiCH USED COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER USED HAY CROPS ACRES TONS .y* on ir HfM.CH Is USC 0 t WHICH USED ACHES ON WHICH USED USEO 1 OTHER CROPS i! LIME PURCHASED TOTAL COST ■ Figure 29. — Punch cards used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 61 60 c c 3 - (M o a ffl o M H IS p o 412357 0—57 5 62 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Figures 31 and 32 indicate the relationship of the weeks of experience of punching machine operators to the number of cards punched for C card at the Pittsburg Operation Office and for the H card at the Detroit Operation Office. The quantity of cards punched per hour was influenced by a system of incentive pay. Operators who punched more than a prescribed number of cards of acceptable quality during a 2-week period were given extra pay for each 100 cards punched above the established standard. Incentive pay was paid for approximately one-third of all cards punched and approximately 71.4 percent of all cards were punched by operators during periods for which they received incentive pay. The punching of cards was verified either completely or on a sample basis. The purpose of verification was not to eliminate all errors but to insure that the level of errors was kept within acceptable levels. Until the verification of punched cards indicated the work was of satisfactory quality, the work of each punching machine operator was verified 100 percent. Verification was performed by the use of a manually operated verifier. (See fig. 33.) All cards found in error were corrected. As soon as it was determined that less than 6 percent of the cards punched by a punching machine operator contained errors and that the number of cards not punched did not exceed 1.2 percent, only a sample of 4 percent of the work of the card punching machine operator was verified. However, when the errors found in the 4-percent sample indicated that the quality of the work was not acceptable, the work of the operator was verified 100 percent, until the record of errors indicated that the work was of satisfactory quality. Card punching machine operators were required to produce work of acceptable quality within a given time period in order to be retained as an employee and in order to receive incentive payment for the work performed in excess of es- tablished standards. Card punching machine operators with the poorest work performance were assigned to verification work. Except for excess cards (cards representing unusually large quanti- ties for an item), cards found in error during verification on a sample basis were not corrected. The use of sample verification of cards resulted in a saving of approximately 140,000 man hours. The number and proportion CABDS PER HOUR DISTRIBUTION OF OPERATORS BY CAROS PUNCHED PER HOUR, BY WEEKS OF EXPERIENCE ICCARD PITTSBURG OPERATION OFFICE! 370 550 1 1 1 1 • 1 . • 330 • ■ 310 • • • : ' ' 290 — • • : ' • 270 — . • ! • — 2 SO - — • • • . ; i • I \ — 230 — . . • t t i I • / • \ — ■ 210 * » * i ; f 1 ; r e~- •\ 190 # • ■ .■ i i i ■ ■ i .. • ■ : '; r : 1 70 ' • 1 t i /i ! .1 * >i • • ; ! : ; ; ■ ISO ■ 1 1 1 •1 i i j .■. . 1 I i i i •i " • • • ISO 1 1 •i 1 . ■ i i - i . i — ■ •• -1 •I 1 „ . 110 to n - 1 • 1 1 1^ A 1 *l It 1 t • i • ; t • I ' • • • " TO • t }' • • / i ' 1 | | | - SO 5 k 15 20 2 s ■ 0 » * *••»» of Eip«rl«nc« Figure 31. — C cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Pittsburg Operations Office. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 63 of the cards verified on a 100 percent basis and on a sample (4 percent) basis by two-week periods were as follows: Period Prior to Mar. 13.... Mar. 14 to Mar. 26. Mar. 27 to Apr. 9.. Apr. 10 to Apr. 23. Apr. 24 to May 7.. May 8 to May 21... May 22 to June 4.. June 5 to June 18.. June 19 to July 2. . July 3 to July 16.. July 17 to July 30. July 31 to Aug. 13. Aug. 14 to Aug. 26 Cards verified On 100 Total percent basis Number Percent 4, 873, 279 23.9 2, 567, 911 6.1 2, 732, 089 4.2 2, 346, 108 4.7 2, 476, 149 4.1 2, 169, 117 4.6 2, 278, 096 3.6 2, 470, 653 3.9 1, 885, 249 27.6 1,986,001 3.7 1,909,290 2.7 1,392.863 0.7 1, 049, 598 0.5 On a sample basis Percent 76.1 93.9 95.8 95.3 95.9 95.4 96.4 96.1 72.4 96.3 97.3 99.3 99.5 Correction of punching and other errors prior to publication. — The checking for errors before the publication of data was per- formed at three stages — before tabulation, after tabulation, and just prior to publication. Before tabulation, all punch cards were subject to an examina- tion by means of electric statistical machines for possible errors. Mechanical methods were used to select punch cards which lacked required information, those on which the data punched were in- consistent or unreasonable, and those with data of sufficient im- portance to warrant further verification. Specifications were established for each card type so as to select cards having any of the characteristics of these three groups and all cards were passed through the Census Multicolumn Sorter for the purpose of selecting these cards. Before the selection of error cards was made, repro- ductions of C cards were made, so that the information for only one crop appeared on a C card. (The information for as many as 3 crops was punched on a C card. See fig. 26.) The specifications for the selection of cards for further verification were as follows: (See fig. 26 for copies of the cards and fig. 1 for a copy of the Agriculture Questionnaire.) pen HOUR DISTRIBUTION OF OPERATORS BY CARDS PUNCHED PER HOUR, BY WEEKS OF EXPERIENCE |H C6R0- DriROlT OPtRMiON u^i.F ) Figure 32. — H cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Detroit Operations Office. 64 METHODS AND PROCEDURES ■ - T3 3 bo S g 13 CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 65 All Cards 1. All excess cards. (These were cards punched for entries with figures larger than the maximum number that could be punched in the column or columns provided on the punch card.) 2. All cards with misplaced "X". If there was no entry on the questionnaire for an item, an "X" was to be punched in the first column provided for punching the item on the punch card. Cards with the "X" punched in a column other than the first column would contain errors, and hence were selected. Card A 1. The number of acres for any land use greater than the total acres in the farm. 2. "Total land" divided by ten (10) greater than any use. 3. Acres reported as "improved other pasture" greater than all other land used for pasture. 4. 1,000 or more acres in any CROPLAND group. 5. 20 acres or more of cropland harvested for a card with a code of 8 for economic class. 6. Cards classified as "cropland wholly irrigated" with a number for "acres of total cropland harvested" in excess of "irrigated cropland harvested." 7. Cards classified as "cropland partly irrigated" with the same entries for "total cropland harvested" and "irrigated crop- land harvested." 8. Any entry for "acres of irrigated cropland harvested" in excess of "total acres of cropland harvested." 9. No number for "acres of irrigated land" with an "irrigated- farm" code. 10. Any entry of less than 10 years for "age of operator." 11. Any entry for "year began operation" between 55 and 99 indicating the years 1855-1899 or 1955 to 1999. 12. All cards for farms of less than 3 acres. 13. All entries for color code, tenure code, or class code other than those provided for by the coding scheme. 14. Any entry for "irrigated pasture," greater than the entry for "cropland pastured" or the entry for "improved pasture." 15. The number for acres in either "conservation practices" greater than the acres for "cropland harvested." 16. The economic class code of 9 with a code for type of farm other than 12. 17. Any "crop" type of farm code and no entry for "acres of crop- land harvested." 18. 1,000 or more total acres in farm not classified as a "specified farm." Card C for corn 1 . Total acreage of corn for all purposes reported without an entry of acres for grain, silage, or hogged off. 2. Total acreage for all purposes less than the acreage reported for any use. 3. Any "total acreage" report of 400 or more acres. 4. All reports with quantity harvested without acreage harvested or acreage harvested without quantity harvested. 5. All reports of 1,000 or more bushels of grain per acre harvested for grain. 6. Any total production of 1,000 bushels of grain on a farm having $1,200 or less "value of all products sold." 7. 100 or more tons of silage produced per acre harvested, or 200 tons or more in total. 8. Less than 1 ton of silage per acre harvested. 9. Bushels of corn sold exceeding bushels of corn harvested for grain. Card C for sorghums 1. Total acreage for all purposes without an amount either for acreage for grain, acreage for silage or acreage hogged or grazed. 2. Total acreage for all purposes less than the acreage for any use. 3. Any total acreage for all purposes of 400 or more acres. 4. All reports with quantity harvested without acreage or acreage harvested without quantity harvested. 5. All reports of 1 ,000 or more bushels of grain per acre harvested, 100 or more tons of silage per acre, or 10 or more tons of hay per acre harvested. 6. Acres exceeding the corresponding quantity harvested except for acreage hogged off which required no quantity harvested entry. 7. Bushels of grain sold in excess of bushels of grain harvested. Card C for crops other than corn and sorghum 1. Quantity harvested without acreage. When space for quan- tity was provided for on the questionnaire, all reports of acreage without quantity harvested. In addition to the general specifications for all crops there were additional conditions for specific crops as follows: Small Grains, Sugarbeets, Tree Fruits 1. Production in excess of 100 units per acre or per tree of bearing age. 2. Quantity harvested less than quantity sold or acreage har- vested. Hay Crops, Cotton 1. Production in excess of 10 units per acre harvested. 2. Less than one-tenth unit of production per acre harvested. Tobacco, Seed Crops, Potatoes 1. Production in excess of 1,000 units per acre harvested. 2. Less than 1 unit of production per acre harvested. Small Fruits 1. Production of 100 or more units without acreage. Vegetables 1. Ten or more acres of any crop. Other Crops 1. Twenty or more bushels of potatoes without acreage. 2. Production of tree fruits or nuts with entry for trees of non- bearing age only. 3. Trees of bearing age in excess of 100 with no entry for quantity harvested. 4. Entries of acreage harvested without quantity harvested. Card G 1. All sales of $1,000 or more. 2. More than 100,000 board feet of lumber cut with no entry for the sale of forest products. 3. No dollar amount representing sales but with an entry of 100 or more cords of firewood cut, or 1,000 or more fence posts cut or any number of cords of pulpwood cut. 4. Maple trees tapped without report for maple syrup made; or gallons of syrup or pounds of sugar made and no number for number of trees tapped. 5. More than 1 gallon of syrup or one-tenth pound of sugar per tree tapped. 6. Any report of $50,000 or more for sales of horticultural products. 7. Any report of acreage or glass area in horticultural specialties with no number for "value of sales"; or value of sales and no amount for area. 66 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Card H 1. Number of total cattle reported without a number for any age-sex subgroup. 2. 100 or more cows on hand with no calves or heifers on hand. 3. Number of cows milked yesterday greater than total number of cows on hand. 4. Number in any age-sex subgroup greater than number of total cattle. 5. Number of milk cows on hand exceeding total of all cows. 6. Less than one-tenth of milk cows on hand reported as having been milked yesterday. 7. Milk cows on hand numbering five or more and none reported as having been milked yesterday. 8. More than 10 gallons of milk production per cow milked yester- day. 9. An amount punched for quantity of whole milk or cream sold without an amount for dollars or the number of dollars without the quantity sold. 10. Ten or more cows milked yesterday with no amount of dairy products sold for the year. 11. More than $1,000 income from dairy products sold for every cow milked. 12. Milk reported as being sold for less than 10 cents a gallon or less than 1 cent a pound. 13. Value of cream sold more than $10 per pound of butterfat or less than 10 cents per pound of butterfat. Card I 1. Number of horses or mules greater than the total of both kinds. 2. Number of hogs in either of two age groups larger than total for both groups. 3. A number for total hogs with no number for either age sub- group. 4. Ten or more total hogs on hand and none sold. 5. The number of "hogs born before June 1" less than the total of all ages without a number for "hogs born since June 1." 6. The number of "sows farrowed or to farrow" greater than "total hogs on hand." 7. Two or more sows on hand but no report for "hogs sold." 8. The average value of hogs sold less than $1 each. 9. The average value of calves sold less than $1 each. 10. The average value of cattle sold less than $1 each. 11. The average value of sheep or lambs sold less than $1 each. 12. The average value of horses or mules sold less than $1 each. 13. The value of hogs sold averaging more than $100 each. 14. The value of cattle or calves sold averaging more than $1,000 each. 15. The value of sheep sold averaging more than $100 each. Card J 1. All cards with a number for sheep 1 year of age or over with no number for "wool shorn." 2. All cards with number for total sheep with no number for the age-sex classification. All cards with the number for the age-sex group exceeding the total sheep. 3. All cards with 100 or more pounds of wool per sheep shorn or less than 1 pound per sheep shorn. 4. All cards with total goats and with number for kind of goats not shown. 5. All cards with more than 10 pounds of mohair per goat clipped or less than 1 pound of mohair per goat clipped. 6. All cards with a report for goats clipped less than one-tenth of the number of Angora goats on hand. Card K 1. All cards with 100 or more chickens on hand with no number for either chickens sold or eggs sold. 2. All cards on which the amount for "value of other chickens sold" or amount for "value of broilers sold" is less than one- tenth of the number punched for "number sold." 3. All cards on which the amount for "value of other chickens sold" or the amount for "value of broilers sold" is more than ten (10) times the number punched for "number sold." 4. All cards on which the amount for "value of eggs sold" is more than ten (10) times or less than one-tenth (1/10) the number representing "dozen sold." 5. All cards with ten or more turkeys raised or 100 or more of "poultry other than chickens or turkeys" raised without a report of sales for "other poultry and poultry products" or miscellaneous poultry reported as sold and no entry for "number raised." 6. All cards with 1,000 or more chickens on hand. Card L 1. Numbers for value of land and buildings larger than 1,000 times the number for acres. 2. Land values of less than $1 per acre provided value was re- ported. 3. Acres of "land rented to others" in excess of entry for "land owned" or "land rented from others." 4. Entry for "cash rent paid" greater than 10 percent of "value of land rented from others," or no entry for acres rented from others but with an amount for "cash rent paid." 5. Any column for farm facilities punched other than "yes" or "no." 6. "Yes" report for "mortgage debt" with no number for "acres owned." 7. A card coded as "livestock-share tenant" with a crop type of farm code. 8. Cards with incorrect tenure codes such as: Full owner with no "land owned." Part owner with no entry for either land owned or land rented from others. Tenant with no entry for "land rented from others" or with entry for "land owned." Manager with no entry for "acres managed." Economic class codes 8 or 9 with entry "other than mis- cellaneous" for type of farm. 9. Report of "value" without an accompanying acres entry. 10. Ten or more ponds, 3 or more garden tractors. 11. Any digit in column for class, color, tenure, type of farm codes other than that specifically provided by the code. Card M 1. All cards representing $20,000 or more for any expenditure. 2. Hired labor expenditures of S5,000 or more without hired workers on farm or any number of hired workers with no amount shown for cash expenditure for hired labor. 3. All reports of $5,000 or more of expenditures for gasoline and oil, or for machine hire, and any hired labor in amount of $5,000 or more, if the economic class code was 5 or higher. 4. Any number for total hired workers without the number to be employed "less than 150 days" or "more than 150 days" or the number of workers in either of these subgroups exceeding the total or the number of workers unequal to total workers when only one subgroup was reported. 5. Any card with reports for monthly, weekly, or daily workers with the corresponding reports for the number of hours, number of workers, or amount of wages paid missing. 6. All reports for hourly workers with either the number of workers or the rate of pay missing. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 67 Card M — Continued 7. All reports for hours worked by monthly workers of 400 or more hours or less than 100 hours, for weekly workers of 100 or more hours or less than 20 hours, and for daily workers of 20 or more hours. 8. Any card representing 10 or more workers for any basis of pay group. 9. All cards whereon all the expenditure items were punched "X." 10. All punches for color, tenure, economic class, or type of farm other than that provided by the appropriate code. Cardiff 1. More tons of fertilizer applied to crops than the total of tons purchased. 2. More than 200 pounds of fertilizer applied per acre of hay or pasture. 3. More than 1 ton of fertilizer applied per acre of crop fertilized. 4. Absence of number for either tons, cost, or acres on which applied. 5. An amount for tons of fertilizer purchased with no entry for "acres of crops on which used." 6. Absence of number for lime for either tons, cost, or acres on which applied. The number of cards selected for each type for further verifica- tion was as follows: Card type Total number of cards Cards selected by mechanical edit Number Percent of total cards 38, 410, 859 3, 143, 893 8.2 A 4, 856, 169 2, 961, 609 372, 657 14, 828, 890 1, 141, 986 3, 673, 804 3, 831, 383 397, 529 3, 521, 887 1, 100, 542 1,081,911 642,492 274, 508 215, 494 62,883 1, 188. 824 52, 013 452, 188 160, 862 58,473 101,619 205,288 202,209 169, 532 5.7 C-l (corn)... 7.3 16.9 C-3 8.0 a 4.6 H 12.3 i 4.2 j 14.7 K 2.9 L 18.7 M 18.7 N 26.4 All cards selected by the mechanical edit were listed on an IBM type 402 tabulating machine (see fig. 41). These listings were reviewed by members of the technical staff. Cards that appeared to be in error were marked on the listings. These cards and all excess cards (cards containing very large entries) were checked to the Agriculture Questionnaires and corrections were made when required. The following table indicates the number and propor- tion of each type of card corrected. Cards corrected Type of card Total number of cards Percent of cards selected Percent of total cards punched 1,327,918 42.2 3.3 A.. 152,600 117,940 22,091 394,100 11,947 198, 839 75,881 6,784 50,712 70, 470 152, 869 73, 785 55.6 54.7 35.1 33.2 23.0 44.0 46.4 11.6 49.9 34.3 75.6 43.5 3.2 C-l (corn) 4.0 5.9 C-3 2.7 G 1.0 H. 5.4 I 2.0 J 1.6 K 1.4 L 6.5 M 14. 1 N J1.5 Checking for errors after tabulation involved the checking of totals for counties, minor civil divisions, or other geographic areas for possible mistakes. Part of this checking was clerical in nature, and involved the checking for consistency of totals for the same or similar item on various tabulations. The major part of this checking was performed by technical staff and involved comparison of totals, averages and ratios for adjacent areas, for the 1954 and prior Censuses, and of totals and averages with data secured from other sources. Prior to publication, the data in statistical tables were checked and reviewed. Checking comprised the comparison of data in various tables for consistency and the review involved the visual examination of the data by the technical staff. ADJUSTMENT OF DATA FOR THE SAMPLE PRIOR TO TABULATION Description of the sample. — The sample used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture consisted of specified farms and one-fifth of the remaining farms. Thus, the sample for most areas com- prised somewhat more than 20 percent of all farms and in fact represented 22.5 percent of all farms in the United States. Farms in the sample comprised a larger proportion of all farms in the Western States than in other geographic areas. The actual selection of farms in the sample was made by Census enumerators as part of the enumeration procedure. The enumer- ator listed the head of each household or each place on a single line on Form A2 and determined whether an agriculture questionnaire was to be obtained. If he filled an Agriculture Questionnaire, he was required to indicate in which one of the 5 size-of-farm groups the farm belonged. Each line on the Form A2 contained squares listing 5 size-of-farm groups. The enumerator was required to indicate for each farm or place enumerated in which of these 5 size-of-farm groups, the farm or place belonged. A random fifth of the squares for each of four of these 5 size groups was lightly shaded. (See fig. 9 for a facsimile of a page of Form A2.) If the farm was indicated as belonging in a shaded square, the farm was included in the sample. The fifth square, always shaded, was provided for indicating all farms of 1,000 acres or more; thus all farms of 1,000 or more acres were included as a part of the sample. In some States, all farms with more than a specified acreage of cropland harvested, or irrigated cropland harvested, or more than a specified number of total cattle and calves on hand, milk cows on hand, or chickens sold also were included in the sample regardless of the size of farm. These farms, and all farms of 1,000 acres or more, were designated as "specified farms." Adjustment of the sample. — For the 1954 Census of Agriculture, it was considered desirable to make adjustments in the sample in order to improve the accuracy of estimates based upon tabula- tion of data for the sample. An adjustment in the 20 percent part of the sample was made by a process essentially equivalent to stratifying the farms in the sample by size, for the purpose of (1) improving the reliability of the estimates from the sample on an economic area level, and (2) for the purpose of reducing the effects of possible biases intro- duced because some Census enumerators did not follow perfectly the method devised for selecting the farms in the sample. In order to adjust the sample for each State economic area, counts were obtained of all farms except "specified farms" and of sample farms except "specified farms" for each of ten size-of-farm groups based on "acres in this place." The 10 size-of-farm groups were as follows: Under 10 acres, 10 to 29 acres, 30 to 49 acres, 50 to 69 acres, 70 to 99 acres, 100 to 139 acres, 140 to 179 acres, 180 to 259 acres, 260 to 499 acres, and 500 to 999 acres. In determining the extent of the adjustment the difference between the number of farms in the sample exclusive of "specified farms" and the total number of farms exclusive of "specified farms" divided by 5 was obtained for each size group. The actual adjustment for each size group in the sample was made by eliminating tabulating cards for farms when too many were included in a size group and by dupli- cating all tabulating cards for one or more farms when too few were included in the sample size group. The farms for which all the information was eliminated or duplicated were selected at 68 METHODS AND PROCEDURES random from counties over- or under-represented in each size group in the State economic area. Although adjustments were made in 08 percent of the counties in the United States, the gross adjustments involved were small, averaging 3.2 percent for farms eliminated and 4.0 percent for farms duplicated for the United States. These adjustments are summarized in the following table: Summary of Sample Adjustment by Size of Farm for the United States: 1954 Census of Agriculture Number of farms Adjustment in number of farms Total adjustment Size of farm Farms dupli- cated Farms elimi- nated Farms duplicated plus farms eliminated Net ad- justment (number of farms) Total 4, 782, 416 37, 181 29.928 67, 119 +7, 243 484, 291 713, 335 499, 496 346, 323 517, 740 491, 158 461, 651 463, 698 482, 246 191, 697 130, 481 7,676 7,468 5,048 3,204 3,661 3,076 2,562 1,974 1,886 626 977 1,903 1,886 1,768 2,919 3,205 3.253 4,220 5,109 4,698 8,653 9.371 6.934 4,972 6.580 6,281 5,815 6. 194 6,995 5,324 +6, 699 10 to 29 acres +5, 566 +3. 162 +1, 436 70 to 99 acres +742 100 to 139 acres -129 140 to 179 acres -691 180 to 259 acres .... -2, 246 260 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres -3,223 -4,072 In order to illustrate the sample adjustment process, the actual calculations for Economic Area 3b in New York consisting of Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, and Tompkins counties is described. The following table shows the summary for the State economic area, of the total number of farms in each size group; the sample number that would be expected in a 20 percent sample, obtained by dividing the total number excluding "specified farms" Expected Actual Differ- number number ence be- Size group Total in sample in sample tween (total acres number (total as desig- expected Adjustments to be made in place) farms ' number nated by number divided enumer- and by 5) ator actual number Under 10 491 98.2 90 -8.2 Duplicate information on 8 questionnaires. 10 to 29 596 119.2 99 -20.2 Duplicate information on 20 questionnaires. 30 to 49 492 98.4 105 +6.6 Eliminate information on 7 questionnaires. 50 to 69 734 146.8 142 -4.8 Duplicate information on 5 questionnaires. 70 to 99 988 197.6 200 +2.4 Eliminate information on 2 questionnaires. 100 to 139 1,379 275.8 258 -17.8 Duplicate information on 18 questionnaires. 140 to 179 1,007 201.4 192 -9.4 Duplicate information on 9 questionnaires. 180 to 259 1,247 249.4 267 +17.6 Eliminate information on 18 questionnaires. 260 to 499 1.103 220.6 230 +9.4 Eliminate information on 9 questionnaires. 500 to 999 199 39.8 43 +3.2 Eliminate information on 3 questionnaires. 1 Excludes specified farms. by five; the actual number designated as sample farms, the differ- ence between the expected number and the actual number, and the direction of the adjustments specified in each size group. The direction of the adjustments to be made in each size group was determined by the direction of the net difference for all coun- ties in the State economic area. To illustrate the allocation of adjustments among counties, data are given for size group "under 10 acres" in the preceding table. County Total number farms ' Expected number sample farms Actual number sample farms Difference 78 69 113 121 110 15.6 13.8 22.6 24.2 22.0 10 13 20 25 22 Tioga +0.8 Total 491 98.2 90 1 Excludes specified farms. In this illustration 8 duplications were allocated to Chemung , Schuyler, and Steuben counties as the original sample in these counties was less than 20 percent. Tioga and Tompkins counties were not assigned adjustments in this size group because the original sample was equal or greater than 20 percent. The actual allocation of the adjustments to the various counties was made one at a time and each adjustment was assigned the county with the greatest ratio for the difference between expected sample size and actual sample size to the standard deviation. In this example the ratios were as follows: Chemung County, 1.59; Schuyler County, 0.24; Steuben County, 0.61. Therefore, the first adjustment was assigned Chemung County. After this adjustment the new ratio for Chemung County became 1.30; the difference for that county continued to be the largest, therefore, the second adjustment was made in Chemung County. The table at bottom of page indicates the sequence of adjustments as they were determined. The selection of the questionnaire for which the tabulating cards were to be duplicated (or eliminated) was made by a random process. In this example, 5 questionnaires were selected at random from the 10 farms with less than 10 acres in Chemung County, for duplication. When the questionnaires to be duplicated or eliTiinated had been selected, colored finder tabulation cards with "ears" were punched with the identifying information for these questionnaires and these cards were inserted with the punch cards for the county. These finder cards readily identified cards for questionnaires that were to be duplicated or eliminated. Cards to be eliminated were removed from the file before making the tabulations and cards to be duplicated were duplicated with a reproducing punch and placed in the file for tabulating. The adjustments for the sam- ple were made only when the cards for the sample were to be used for making tabulations. Chemung County Schuyler County Steuben County Ratio i Adjustment Ratio i Adjustment Ratio I Adjustment 1.59 1.30 1.02 .74 .45 .17 Assigned 1st adjustment (duplication). Assigned 2d adjustment. Assigned 3d adjustment. Assigned 4th adjustment. Assigned 6th adjustment. 0.24 Assigned 8th adjustment. 0.61 .38 .14 Assigned 5th adjustment. Assigned 7th adjustment. Summary 5 adjustments assigned Chemung County 1 adjustment assigned Schuyler County 3 adjustments assigned Steuben County 1 Ratio of the deviation of the sample number from the expected sample number to the standard deviation. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 69 TABULATION All tabulating work was performed by the use of punch cards by electric tabulating equipment. The table below indicates the num- ber and duration of use of various types of punching and tabulating equipment for the Census, including the preparation of special tabulations for special reports. The tabulations were prepared using Census-built and International Business Machine Company statistical machines. (See table below and figs. 34 to 43.) Tabulation sheets showing tabulations made by counties appear in the appendix. Tabulations made for State economic areas and for subregions were similar to those made by counties. Tabula- tions for the L, M, and N cards at the county level and for all tabulations for State economic areas and for subregions included only the cards for farms in the sample. As it was necessary to multiply the totals for cards for farms, except specified farms, in the sample by 5 in order to obtain an estimated total for all farms, tabulating machines were modified to mechanically make this multiplication during the tabulating. Illustrative examples of the various diagrams used on the several tabulating machines are given in figures 44, 45, 46, and 47. Several steps were taken to maintain quality of the tabulating work. For most tabulations, card counts were established in advance and if the tabulation did not show a total card count within 3 of this control count, the tabulations were not usually considered acceptable and were rerun. In order to prevent errors arising because of machine failure, test decks of cards (see fig. 48) were established for each tabulation. These test decks were tabulated 4 times each 8 hours and if the tabulation did not show the correct totals, immediate steps were taken to locate the cause of the error. Immediately after the completion of tabula- tions, the tabulated data of a sample comprising one-tenth of the horizontal lines were examined for evidence of machine errors. Number of Punching and Tabulating Machines by Type Used by Months for the 1954 Census of Agriculture* Reproduc- 90 or 120 selector Census 60 counter Census 60 counter Collator to 112 counter ing gang- combina- Multi- unit tabu- unit tabu- Punching match, Counting accounting punching, tion multi- column lator old lator Punching machine merge, and Sorting and tabu- Tabulating machine summary column sorter type not combined machine used lor check machine lating machine capacity punch sorter 80 column combined with multi- Month and year (IBM type card sequence (IBM type machine (IBM type 150 cards machine and 60 board wired with multi- column 024) correction of cards 082) (IBM type 402) per minute capacity counter (Census column sorter with (IBM type (IBM type 101) (IBM type 100 cards unit tabu- machine sorter moderni- 031) 077) 407) per minute (IBM type 514) lator (Census machine 487 and 489) 488) (Census machine 581) zations (Census type 582) 1964 November 43 207 1 1 1 1 December.. 1 1966 327 18 2 9 1 1 •7 5 328 26 3 9 1 6 8 8 2 3 March 330 26 3 15 5 12 12 11 2 4 3 April 31S 26 5 18 7 12 12 14 3 4 3 299 26 3 18 8 12 10 14 3 4 June 299 26 6 18 8 15 2 13 14 3 4 3 July.... 236 26 6 24 10 17 5 14 15 5 4 August 116 26 5 27 10 14 5 12 15 5 4 3 3 26 5 27 10 11 5 7 14 5 4 October 1 9 3 21 6 8 5 7 13 5 5 1 1 1 9 6 2 21 17 6 5 8 6 5 5 6 5 13 13 5 5 5 5 1966 1 3 4 10 5 4 3 6 13 5 7 1 February.. 6 13 36 76 18 18 8 8 4 6 7 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 11 11 11 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 1 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 6 3 3 1 1 April June... July 11 9 7 7 2 2 2 2 5 9 5 5 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 •IBM refers to machines of the International Business Machines Co. 70 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Figure 34.— I B M type 077 collator. FIGURE 35. — I B M type 082 sorting machine. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 71 Figure 36 I B M type 101 counting and tabulating machine. FIGURE 37.— I B M type 402 tabulating mat tunc 72 METHODS AND PROCEDURES FIGURE 38. — I B M t\p<- 407 accounting machine. Figure 39. — I B M type 514 reproducing, gang-pun CENTRAL OFFTCE PROCESSING 73 74 METHODS AND PROCEDURES CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 75 76 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Or 5t • O O Io3030300olo O O O O O 3 I O p O ^ * ■— — I«1W ONV 3M H13 *np O qOZOZOZOuoIo O O o olo Tf .-1V1I1 01 rSI~ - I I ilUO01 *• k o u o ~o £o J3o -*o±o^o-o'o o o < 5 o z z o ' "-°z° : cr o i loo o o I O I a >». * o i o o o5oSoJ „o2o°o^oSo; : o z o z o I • o «, o 3 o 3 o o O z O -• < Z z O ~ o-i03o*Joi:!< a o z • o z o z o - c o oo o o oHo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a 03 a I o a> a s 05 (- be 03 be a £ 03 a S3 CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 77 IBM INTEtNATIONAl BUSINESS MACHINES CORPOBATtON ACCOUNTING MACHINE. TYPE 407 CONTROL PANEL Figure 46. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 407, control panel. 412357 0—57- 78 METHODS AND PROCEDURES I15M Ct»S«iS Of RfrT.C uYTu-re. U»i"t CouNttv 10 I -Ru„s 111-11 TK,U 111- "♦ *$■ ,..> =....f-> i.i—t'-i ^L^a-iJ^ 7-r o ° ° \ yl-*\ is 0p\*-"\ H*Y*e*TtX ?F OO MtA ■i ->»-r i* fr- it.1 3 -"Pit,,, Te. \jJ-*\ti-ii Ul » * BiS ...] IX gal g h n Di£T» l_WTo;I_lLa' LL''U ?a'l9 "*''fT (ttzfH ■ fl _x 9 ' /fl 6 aT £T I - TV It i^ ^^ tf — i -xj- ^:> i*» !"ll ST..I «•"•■* """'^ "R" sr Cau^ -i«f\.«4. ■ Ft"T E*ur ra_ it jii I'.*. It. ~>iT. ~h» r i*-1 a ii» Ifc ' T Figure 47. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101. CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 79 Ak .r t,. \ l\ l\ 1 1 * . 11 ■"' iti! Jtl! laj Jil ^?.r».« x. tS-*± »3-J» £. 331 I* A A A d. ±i i Cal tf m - £. » TV. o fT'lTtt l T ^ JjL jlL *iE~|uimL.t *E~2_ xTTTL sL~TL iLTTL tfTl j^. -ti f^^LiT-fi-i^^L^f^^^L 3rr,e V£j 37j 3^J jtj j i'-l r'f" ■t'i "fi'i '"'" 0CauN* 1 TJ.T C...T 3 S..T H*„C.Al ..T.TVn.-t- x — iil . S«V Kc'iT cl SA. Disit Jo -'£> 5 3 V 1-1 31 7 0 r 1 1 1-1 j* ji -'1 if 10 5- i 11 0-1 it- 0-1 li »-! it J- I t* 13 - 1 It C-.r Been* Oj- «] [13 3~EI al *T'.-r... jt n it. il 4r"3.' j I j s i | 1 er^^Tzr «?r„- fjMjy TTTT -T-T 0 fVff sr It- «-i 7» XI 0-1 — 73 11 :-i 3_ 1* iL 1 _. ;s 0 _ js it 1- 1 - 31 ;s 1 - 1 — J7 ji 1- ) Jf =.'7 1 - 7 .11 3' 0, 1 -1 IS r t 3 i) 1 _ J» 3i / _ . IS 0 - 47 :•* c-1 _ IS is 0 -7 J-t _ u sir a- ; — il 3-1 . -_I7 10 7- 1 Vs 3£ Ji Figure 47. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101 — Continued. 80 METHODS AND PROCEDURES c 2 be a 3 XI XI 00 a a CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 81 EVALUATION OF THE COMPLETENESS OF THE CENSUS Generally, reliable data to indicate the completeness of the Census of Agriculture are not available from other sources. Programs for providing measures of the completeness of the Census were a part of the 1950 and 1954 Censuses of Agriculture. These programs required the making of a special survey to provide estimates regarding the completeness of the counting of the num- ber of farms, and the acres of land in farms, cropland harvested, corn, wheat, and cotton. For 1954, two samples were used for this special survey. The first sample comprised 772 small geographic areas or segments in rural areas in 319 counties. These small areas usually contained 4 or 5 farms each and the total number of farms for all these areas was 2,800. The location of the 319 counties containing these small areas is indicated by figure 49. The sample of segments was selected by grouping the counties in the United States in 200 groups so that each group had slightly less than 30,000 farms according to the 1950 Census of Agriculture. For each of these groups, a sample of counties was selected with probabilities proportionate to the number of farms in 1950. In the part of the 200 groups of counties, where the acreage of wheat and cotton was important, the selected sample was spread among about 50 additional counties in order to reduce variability of the sample for the acreage of wheat and cotton. Within the counties selected for the sample, a sample of segments, each comprising 3 to 5 farms, was selected so that the sample would be self-weighting at the proportion of 1 in 1,500. The second sample was obtained after the completion of the enumeration by drawing the boundaries of the 772 segments on the enumerator's maps and making a list by the use of the Form A2 of all places which the Census enumerator indicated as located within the segment area. This list sample, covered to a large extent, the same places and farms as the 772 segment sample. This list sample was supplemented by taking a sample of 1 out of 950 farms of 1,000 to 9,999 acres (this resulted in a sample of 120 farms) and a sample of 1 in 20 of all farms of 10,000 acres or more (this resulted in a sample of 365 farms) . The evaluation program called for the re-enumeration of all places in the 772 segments and all places listed in the list sample. A group of 60 specially selected and trained enumerators were used for this re-enumeration. They were given 40 hours of training and were provided with detailed questionnaires for recording the information. Aerial photographs or other detailed maps were given them for the 772 segments. The enumerators were required to indicate on the aerial photograph (see fig. 50 for an illustrative example) or on special maps, the location, and boundaries of every field within the segment. Detailed information regarding the area and agricultural use of each field was obtained. Enumerators were required to account for the area of the segment. Enumerators were instructed to fill Agricultural Questionnaires for any place or farm found in the segment and not included in the list sample. For places and farms in the list sample, and not located within the 772 segments, enumerators were instructed to obtain detailed information regarding the area comprising the farm and its agricultural use. After the completion of the reenumeration the reports of the special enumerators were checked against the Agriculture Ques- tionnaires filled by the Census enumerators by Central Operations Office personnel. In all cases, when there were significant differ- ences between the two reports, another special enumerator was sent to check and obtain a report for the reasons for the differences. Estimates on farms missed in the Census were obtained on the basis of detailed records and maps of all places located within the 772 segments. Estimates on the coverage of land in farms, and the acreage of cropland harvested, wheat, corn, and cotton harvested were based on the detailed data for farms included in the list sample, and located outside the segment as well as on the detailed data for farms in the 772 segments. EVALUATION PROGRAM- SAMPLE COUNTIES H BASIC SAMPLE COUNTIES g%% COUNTIES IN WHICH A SUPPLEMENTARY SAMPLE Of FARMS WITH 10,000 OR MORE AREAS WERE SELECTED J S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MAP NO 694994 Bureau Of the census Figure 49. — Evaluation program — Location 319 counties comprising sample used in evaluating completeness of enumeration. 82 METHODS AND PROCEDURES CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING 83 PREPARATION AND PUBLICATION OF REPORTS Reports are the important end product of a Census. The kinds of data to be published determine not only the content of the questionnaire but also the kinds of tabulation made. The form of reports was related to timing. Every effort was made to make the basic data for counties and States available as soon as possible. The series of releases AC54-1 and AC54-2 were issued with data for each county and State as soon as the data became available. (See appendix, figs. 51 and 52, for fac- similes of these releases.) The time schedule for the issuance of preliminary release, AC54-1, is given on page 13. Final reports appeared in three volumes. Volume I contained detailed data for counties, State economic areas, and States. Volume II con- tained a summary by subject for States and geographic divisions of the data presented in Volume I, Volume III comprised special reports. A list with a brief description of all final publications for the 1954 Census of Agriculture appears on page IV. The publication process. — Generally, the offset or multilith printing process was used for printing reports for the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The setting of type was limited largely to texts for all reports and for the preparation of analytical reports. In preparing copy for printing, work tables were prepared from the tabulations. These work tables (see appendix, fig. 53 for an illustrative example) had preprinted stubs and an indication of the source of the data. The data were posted on these forms and tables were reviewed by subject-matter technical staff before being sent for typing for offset printing or multilithing. Preprinted forms (see fig. 54 for an illustrative sample) were used for preparing typed copy. The typing was performed with electric typewriters. After typing, a photoprint was made of the typed table and this photoprint was used for verification of the typing. Verification of the typing was usually accomplished by proofreading headings, notes, and a sample of the lines containing data for each page. The verification of data was usually accomplished by adding the typed data and checking with established totals. Printing. — The printing of preliminary reports was performed by the Department of Commerce. The printing of final reports (Volumes I, II, and III) was performed by the United States Government Printing Office, using either its own facilities or that of contractors. APPENDIX 85 86 METHODS AND PROCEDURES DESCRIPTION OF PRELIMINARY REPORTS OF THE 1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE Series AC54-1. — One 4-page report for each county and for each State in the United States, one summary report for the United States, one each for the North, the South, and the West. These reports presented preliminary results on number of farms, farm characteristics, acreage in farms, value of land and buildings, uses of land, farm facilities and equipment, specified classes of livestock, specified crops harvested, and fertilizer and lime used. Available comparable data from the 1950 Census of Agriculture were also included. Series AC54-2. — Value of Farm Products Sold by Source. — This series supplemented Series AC54-1. There was one report for each State with data by counties, and one for the United States with statistics by States. The report presented information on the value of sales of field crops, vegetables, fruits and nuts, and horti- cultural specialties; the value of sales of dairy products, poultry and poultry products, livestock and livestock products; and the value of sales of forest products. Series AC54-3. — Consisted of preliminary reports presenting data on selected items from the 1954 Census of Agriculture as follows: No. 1 — Farm Expenditures for Gasoline and Other Petroleum Fuel and Oil. No. 2 — Farm-Mortgage Debt Rises with Increasing Farm Land Values. No. 3 — Summary of selected items from the 1954 Census of Agriculture by Congressional Districts, by States. Data were presented for number of farms, value of products sold, selected facilities, and principal crops, for Congressional Districts with 1,000 or more farms. Press releases. — Several hundred advance reports, on almost as many subjects, were prepared and issued as press releases. Among these releases were reports on the following: Statistics for selected items of inventory and agricultural pro- duction for the leading 100 counties of the United States. Sales from farms of different economic classes, for States and for the United States. Summary reports for the United States on selected items such as farms classified by value of farm products sold in 1954; average age of the American farmer; increase in farm facilities and equip- ment; expenditures for selected items; etc. All preliminary and advanced reports or releases were super- seded by the final volumes of the 1954 Census of Agriculture. For a description of final reports, see page IV. APPENDIX 87 1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE— Preliminary FARMS • FARM CHAR VCTERISTICS • FARM PRODUCTS U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of the Census April 1955 LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA (57-089) Series AC54-1 This release presents figures from the 1954 Census of Agriculture, together with available comparative data from the 1950 Census of Agriculture The figures from the 1954 Census are preliminary and are subject to revision A similar report will lie released for every county in the United States A preliminary report, carrying State totals only, will he issued following the publication of figures for all of the counties in the State- After that, final figures for this county and for other counties in the State will be published in a State Re|x>rt. Generally, the data for both 19.54 and 1951) are based ujion the tabulation of rctxirts for all farms in the county. However, the 1954 and 19.50 data for items followed by a star Or) represent estimates for all farms made on the basis of reimrts from a sample of approximately 20 (icrcent of the farms. These estimates are subject to sampling errors and hence will not agree exactly with totals obtained by a tabulation of data for all farms. Inventory items are for Octolier-N'ovember for 1954 and for April for 1950; and production items are for the calendar years 1954 and 1949. Item County total Item County total FARMS, ACREAGE, AND VALUE Farms number 1934. . . 1950... Approximate land area..... acres 1954... Proportion In farms... percent 1954... Land in farms acres 1954... 1950... Average size of farm acres 1954... 1950... Value of land and buildings average per farm, dollars 1954... 1950... average per acre, dollars 1954... 1950... Land in farms according to use: Cropland harvested farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... 1 to 9 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 10 to 19 acres farms reporting 1954 1949... 20 to 29 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 30 to 49 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 50 to 99 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 100 to 199 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 200 acres and over farms reporting 1954... 1949... Cropland used only for pasture farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Cropland not harvested and not pastured .. farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Woodland pastured farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954. . . 1949... Woodland not pastured farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Other pasture (not cropland and not woodland) farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954.. . 1949... Improved pasture farms reporting 1954... acres 1954... Other land (house lots, roads, wasteland, etc.) farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Irrigated land In farms farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Land in cover crops turned under for green manure farms reporting 1954... acres 1949... Cropland used for grain or row crops farmed on contour farms reporting 1954... acres 1954.. . FARM OPERATORS Residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954... 1950... Not residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954... 1950... With other income of family exceeding value of agricultural products sold*. . .operators reporting 1954... 1949... Working off their farm, total* operators reporting 1954... 1949... 100 days or more operators reporting 1954... 1949... 607 548 326,400 31.0 101,029 107,554 166.4 196.3 10,217 6,018 51.81 33.36 488 500 4,038 5,618 385 348 60 93 19 29 12 L42 115 1,962 4,389 255 124 2,507 1,167 260 167 57,448 72,491 176 215 13,235 15,537 107 57 4,175 1,497 55 2,544 564 499 17,664 6,855 34 227 580 521 498 342 454 343 398 263 FARMS BY SI2E Under 10 acres number Under 3 acres number 3 to 9 acres number 10 to 29 acres number 30 to 49 acres number 50 to 69 acres number 70 to 99 acres number 100 to 139 acres number 140 to 179 acres number 180 to 219 acres number 220 to 259 acres number 260 to 499 acres number 500 to 999 acres number 1,000 acres and over number FARMS BY COLOR AND TENURE OF 0PFRAT0R Farms by color of operator: White operators number Nonwhite operators number Farms by tenure of operator: Full owners number Part owners number Managers ....•...*..................*.....*....•.. .number All tenants number Proportion of tenancy percent Cash tenants number Share-cash tenants number Share tenants number Crop-share tenants number Livestock-share tenants number Croppers number Other and unspecified tenants number SPECIFIED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT* Telephone farms reporting Electricity farms reporting Television set farms reporting Piped running water farms reporting Home freezer farms reporting Electric pig brooder farms reporting Power feed grinder farms reporting Milking machine farms reporting Grain combines farms reporting number Com pickers farms reporting number Pick-up hay balers farms reporting number Field forage harvesters farms reporting number Artificial ponds, reservoirs, and earth tanks farms reporting number 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954.. 1950.. 1954., 1950.. 1954., 1950., 1954., 1950., 1954., 1950., 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1954. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1954. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1950. 1954. 1954. 1954. 1954., 236 159 67 6 169 153 172 175 63 20 25 15 17 14 14 18 209 166 398 382 550 458 33 58 3 4 21 28 3.5 5.1 2 8 1 3 4 1 2 2 2 10 6 6 37 14 518 380 94 187 124 34 10 2 1 3 3 3 10 1 10 16 18 Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1. 88 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 2_LIBFj)TY C0U.1TY, GEORGIA FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, ARE FARM PRODUCTS Item SPECIFIED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT — Continued Motortrucks farms reporting 1954.. 1950.. number 1954.. 1950.. Tractors farms reporting 1954.. 1950.. number 1954.. 1950.. Vheel tractors other than garden farms reporting 1954.. 1950.. number 1954.. 1950.. Garden tractors farms reporting 1954.. number 1954. . Crawler tractors farms reporting 1954.. number 1954.. Automobiles farms reporting 1954.. 1950.. number 1954.. 1950.. Farms by class of work power: No tractor, horses, or mules.. farms reporting 1954.. No tractor and only 1 horse or mule farms reporting 1954.. No tractor and 2 or more horses and/or mules farms reporting 1954.. Tractor and horses and/or mules farms reporting 1954.. Tractor and no horses or mules. farms reporting 1954.. FARM LABOR* Veek of Oct. 24-30: Family and/or hired workers farms reporting 1954.. persons 1954.. Family workers, including operator. . ..farms reporting 1954.. Operators persons 1954. . Unpaid members of operator's family. . .farms reporting 1954.. persons 1954.. Hired workers farms reporting 1954.. persons 1954.. SPECIFIED FARM EXPENDITURES* Specified farm expenditures farms reporting 1954.. 1949.. Machine hire and/or hired labor farms reporting 1954.. 1949.. Machine hire farms reporting 1954.. 1949.. dollars 1954.. . 1949. . Hired labor farms reporting 1954. . 1949.. dollars 1954.. 1949.. Feed for livestock and poultry farms reporting 1954.. 1949.. dollars 1954.. 1949.. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil farms reporting 1954.. 1949.. dollars 1954.. 1949.. Commercial fertilizer farms reporting 1954.. dollars 1954.. tons 1954.. acres on which used 1954. . Lime and liming materials farms reporting 1954.. tons 1954.. dollars 1954.. acres limed 1954.. Crops on which commercial fertilizer was used, 1954: Hay and cropland pastured farms reporting.. tons., acres on which used.. Other pasture. farms reporting.. tons.. acres on which used.. Corn farms reporting. . tons.. acres on which used.. Cotton. ...................................... .farms reporting. . tons., acres on which used . . Fruits, vegetables, potatoes, etc farms reporting.. tons. . acres on which used.. Other crops farms reporting . . tons., acres on which used.. FARMS BY TYPE OF FARM* Field-crop farms other than vegetable and frult-and-nut number 1954. . 1950.. Cash-grain number 1954. . 1950.. Cotton number 1954. . 1950.. Other field-crop number 1954.. 1950.. Vegetable farms number 1954.. 1950.. Frult-and-nut farms.... number 1954.. 1950.. Dairy farms number 1954.. 1950.. County total 188 143 225 161 82 56 103 75 82 39 90 53 6 6 6 7 196 176 205 198 275 215 473 620 469 444 108 128 25 48 593 475 302 174 200 83 18,264 1,775 167 139 47,641 65,558 505 409 104,043 87,822 107 99 36,448 18,164 496 56,541 1,290 5,808 55 595 4,037 655 63 242 938 44 257 1,205 374 466 2,773 50 68 155 156 es 287 121 172 450 FARMS BY TYPE OF FARM —Continued Poultry farms number Livestock farms other than dairy and poultry number General farms number Primarily crop , number Primarily livestock number Crop and livestock number Miscellaneous and unclassified farms number FARMS BY ECONOMIC CLASS Commercial farms number Class I (value of products sold, $25,000 or more) ........................................ .number Class II (value of products sold, $10,000- $24,999) number ClaBS III (value of products sold, $5,000- $9,999 ) number Class IV (value of products sold, $2,500- $4,999) number Class V (value of products sold, $l,200-$2,499) .. .number Class VI (value of products sold, $250-$l,199) .. ..number Other farms number Part-time1 number Residential (with less than $250 value of products sold) number Abnormal (public and private institutional farms, etc.) number HORSES AND MULES Horses and/or mules farms reporting CATTLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS Cattle and calves farms reporting Cowe, Including heifers that have calved farms reporting number Mi Ik cows farms reporting number Heifers and heifer calves farms reporting number Steers, bulls, and steer calves.. - farms reporting number Whole milk sold farms reporting gallons dollars Cream sold farms reporting pounds of butterfat dollars BOOS Hogs and pigs farms reporting number Born before June 1 farms reporting number Born since June 1 farms reporting number Sows and gilts farrowing farms reporting number June 1 to December 1. farms reporting number Average date of enumeration POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS Chickens, 4 months old and over, on hand .... farms reporting number Chickens sold farms reporting number Broilers sold Hens, roosterB, pullets, etc. ■farms reporting number dollars .farms reporting number dollars 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954. . . 1954... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1949... 1954... 1949... 1954... 1954. . . 1949... 1954. . . 1949... 1954... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954... ,1954... 1954... 1950... 1954 . . . 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1950... 1954... 1954... 1954... 1954. . . 1954... 1954... County total 462 418 4,873 4,517 434 2,677 275 2,196 248 696 201 386 11/14-11/20 Ipart-tlme farms include those with value of products sold of $250-$l,199 and operator either reporting 100 days or more of off-farm work or reporting other exceeding value of agricultural products sold. Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 — Continued. APPENDIX 89 FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, AND FARM PRODUCTS LIBERTY C0UNTI, GE0RCIA— 3 I ten County total Item County total POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS— Continued SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED— Continued 30 92 12 ,670 Annual legumes— Continued Soybeans grown for all purposes.— Continued 1949... dozens 1954... 1949. . . 1 dollars 1954... 5,454 acres grown alone 1954 23 18 97 945 10 97 13 acres grown with other crops 1954... bushels 1954... 1949... 1949... seres grown alone 1954... acres grown with other crops 1954. . . 1949. . . number 1954... 1949. . . 13 2 2 number 1954. . . 11 3 number 1954. . . 300 tons 1954. . . 1949... 13 2 number 1954. . . 26 76 Soybeans hogged or grazed, or cut for 18 52 8 24 acres grown alone 1954... acres grown with other crops 1954. . . Soybeans plowed under for green number 1954. . . 2 number 1954... acres grown alone 1954... 2 ANIMALS SOLD ALIVE acres grown with other crops 1954. . . 10 86 Cattle, hogs, eheep, horses, or mules sold 1949. . . 173 5 acres grown alone 1954. . . 284 1949... 253 1949... 420 dollars 1954... 99,936 acres grown with other crops 1954... 105 1949... 137,789 1949... 206 135 64 1949... 144 1949. . . 171 number 1954. .. 1,507 acres grown alone 1954... 40 1949. . . 1,327 acres grown with other crops 1954. . . 48 Cattle sold alive, excluding calvee. . .farms reporting 1954... 100 bushels 1954... 461 number 1954... 674 1949... 663 dollars 195A... 27,048 19 103 1949... 42 number 1954... 833 acres grown alone 1954... 185 dollars 1954... 19,831 acres grown with other crops 1954... 12 tons 1954... 246 192 1949. . . 202 1949... 196 Cowpeas hogged or grazed, or cut for number 1954. . . 2,861 25 1949... 2,676 acres grown alone 1954... 59 dollars 1954... 51,982 acres grown with other crops 1954... 45 8 Cowpeas plowed under for green number 1954. . . 37 dollars 1954... 1,075 acres grown alone 1954... SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED acres grown with other crops 1954... Corn: 20 426 1949. . . 49 1949... 464 acres grown alone 1954... 17 acres 1954... 2,461 1949. . . 46 1949... 3,022 acres grown with other crops 1954. . . 42 407 1949. . . 79 1949. . . 434 Peanuts harvested for picking or acres 1954. . . 1,801 2,470 4 1949... 1949. . . 33 bushels 1954... 21,585 acres grown alone 1954... 1 1949... 34,099 acres grown with other crops 1954... 4 3 pounds 1954... 1,230 1949... 1949... 3,218 acres 1954... 5 Peanut vines or tops saved for hay or 1949... 2 tons.. green weight 1954... 92 1949... 12 1949. . . acres grown alone 1954... 2 Hogged or grazed, or cut for green or acres grown with other crops 1954... 2 64 tons 1954... 1 1949... 92 1949... 20 acres 1954... 655 Velvetbeans grown for all purposes farms reporting 1954... 53 1949... 552 1949... 103 acres grown alone 1954... 65 Sorghums: acres grown with other crops 1954... 308 Sorghum for all purposes except sirup.. . .faros reporting 1954... 1 bushels 1954... 87 1949. . . 1949. . . 263 acres 1954. . . 5 Hay crops, excluding specified annual legumes and sorghum hay: 1949. . . Alfalfa, clover, and their mixtures cut Sa.ll grains: acres 1954... tons 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... 1 1949... acres 1954... bushels 1954... 1949. . . 4 1949... tons 1954... 11 1949... 4 1949... 12 Oats, wheat, barley, rye, or other small grains acres 1954... 68 15 1949... 518 1949. . . 5 bushels 1954... 800 acres 1954... ISO 1949... 6,932 1949... 57 tons 1954... 117 1949. . . 56 1949. . . 10 acres 1954... acres 1954... 35 1949... tons 1954... 35 bushels 1954... Other field crops: 1949... 4 1949. . . acres 1954... 7 acres 1954... bushels 1954... 75 1949... bushels 1954... Annual legumes: 1949... 4 1949... 21 1949. . . 2 acres grown alone 1954... 13 acres 1954... 1949. . . 36 1949... 6 acres grown with other crops 1954... 13 pounds 1954... 1949... 110 1949... 1,500 Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 — Continued. 90 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 4— LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, AND FARM PRODUCTS County total Item County total SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED— Con t limed Other field crops — Contirued Lupine seed harvested farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 195 : - 5. 8 f 5 t E M *; r;ji! 1! Iff: Si 4 J- 3 •■ 3 a J a j 2 .■ 8 i 3J3';j333J|23^5jj35i;i|3;i|j3J5s||3 J 25212222 ?!!!!!«! f ? Mi i i •■ I" l ip \ I j j : £ 8 > S { i 1 j 5 = j § ! ■ 3 i E s a ■j ill r z \ i i 1 j il ; i i i f 5 J a I - W 3 — W— 3 FT« B -J ITW 3 3—3 F— i i i .' ; ; t : n ^ n » i i ; i » i n nii: ;a 11= II I i I II is i .: .: B „• „• ^ ^ .: ; =r 5 c c c ** o o* o o a a • a = t ? H Si I a '. = ijfH Slfla : -= : = : =" : i - =' : ;' : I : : i i a" a" i i i i= gJSaSaSaSSs iliiiiiii X! 3 o o tic c o a 05 412357 0—57- 94 METHODS AND PROCEDURES II i 1 1 1 1 s * 9 -; 1 t i ! 7 ? a ! 1 i' ' fj 5 i-. -. :! I 3 S X S 8 6 S « 8 ;«83»8t«te;citgiJ^tBI!!li»il8» mm *~ I I i i ? I 6 1 ilia 5 3 e ! i I * i atiti : i i i : | i | i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i * i * i \ nil e a I a i I ? a c a ? a e a f 8 I " i a i * i ' i a | ' | I •a v 3 c a o c 3 O O be o a oj fa 1 I I ! I ii h I ! ! r iiMiijiiiiiiii I « 1 : l J 1*1 ii 4 J s s ii \ J = • " t J i >i i <: iii j 3 j 3 3 Ii ■* I •* 4 3 «> " i; ;«s= •a'a ' i'iSiiii . ■l-.l-.J ' r I i I ' j " i 1 S £ APPENDIX 95 [MD STATISTICS FOR COUNTIES J County Table 1. -FARMS, ACREAGE, VALUE, AND FARM OPERATORS: CENSUSES OF 1954 AND 1950-Continued [Data for items shown in italics are based on reports for only a sample of farms. See text] (For definitions and explanations, see text) FARMS, ACREAGE, AND VALUE Farms number 1954 1950... Approximate land area acres 1954... Proportion in farms percent 1954... Land owned by farm operators acres 1954... Land rented front others by farm operators. .. .acres 1954... Land managed by farm operators ncres 1954... Land rented to others by farm operators (see text) acres 1954... Land in farms acres 1954... 1950... Average size of farm acres 1954... 1950... Value of land and buildings: AueraQe per farm dollars 1954... 1950... Aueraie per a^re dol I ars 1954. . . 1950... Proportion of farms reporting value percent 1954... Land in faraa according to use: Cropland harvested farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... 1 to 9 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 10 to 19 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949. . . 20 to 29 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949 . . . 30 to 49 acres farms reporting 1954... 19i9... 50 to 99 acres farms reporting 1954... 1949... 100 to 199 acres farms resorting 1954... 1949... 200 acres and over farms reporting 1954... 1949 . . . Cropland used onlj for pasture. .farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Cropland not harvested and not pictured farms reporting 1954. . . 1949... acres 1954. . . 1949... Woodland pastured farms reporting 1954... 1949. . . acres 1954... 1949... Woodland not pastured farms reporting 1954... 1949 . . . acres 1954... 1949... Other pasture (not cropland and not woodland) farms reporting 1954... 1949. . . acres 1954... 1949... Improved (see text) farms reporting 1954... acres 1954... Other land (house lots, roads, wasteland, etc.) farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Cropland, total farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Land pastured, total farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Woodland, total farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Irrigated land in farms farms reporting 1954... 1949... acres 1954... 1949... Cover crops turned under and land planted to another crop farms reporting 1954... acreB 1954. . . Cropland used for row or grain crops farmed on contour farms reporting 1954... acres 1954.. . FARM OPERATORS Residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954... 1950... Not residing « farm operated. .operators reporting 1954. 1950. Figure 54. — Facsimile of preprinted form for offset typing of County Table 1. 96 METHODS AND PROCEDURES APPENDIX 97 LlO' KAJAfc AOIFCUITUK Bureau or the Census COUNTY TABULATION NO. ysnj . HACHIN1 lAlulAIICW k KM! NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING AND ACRES. PRODUCTION, AND AMOUNT SOLD; l_J 11 IT LO WITHIN MOT ["") 11 It ItUOATO) f AIMS ONLT WITHIN 00* ■huh d |-»- ■%"• Mil NAM Him 1 ( mma UMM.MACH | UK Tires, nc <*I«LB 1) tlW IT xin ma. rtODUCTION. re irlEID 1) ttOOUCTION. AMOUNT tOiO. ITC (HUD 1) NUMltt »AtMS '*I«J X'OIIIHO AC1IS, >!((». tIC (11(10 l| PA IN I llrOIIINO A C 1 t » . I1((S. MODUCTIOH, (tC. ■ ' i ( 1 D » IHW MAS'HS IflO ££• "7» J-» »- »■*» RM, iCDlft — .- XJn n oJm Ml uta ~ ~ mm mm icoo l«ft urn X 55 'a^T „.-», "*** „,.» o«-«i CDLH icouuva it *» COL 11 ICOIUAOO 11-U1 MLM comi »ct =1 0 1 acc :i acc. «i 1 » i ■ f 10 11 1) 14 II 1* 17 1* If ■ 11 a n I< ii M 17 I* n M 0 TOTAL — , *■- jiJl^^^^h ^■■tRR" 13 BJ 1 •■ -- ~- 1 ■ • ■ ■ • .* ■■ .. .. .. 1 .... 1 .. .. 1 . - - » ■ . - " ■ - - - _^- — 1 i.-l- ■.-..■ !'.'»! COUNTY TABULATION NO. 102 - 11 FARMS REPORTING AND PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF SALES OF FIRE WOOD, FENCE POSTS. SAWLOGS AND PULPWOOO. FARMS REPORTING MAPLE TREES AND MAPLE TREE PRODUCTS; BY ED T M«C«i»l M1UI1T1D". RATI COUNTY ■MM □ *;:'*' „..B BAH 1 KAMI ° w 11 IM M hi IM-1AI ihjh ..,.«.[ 143-Q] IA1-M1 A ■ C | D i 1 1 4 * 4 » • » 10 11 11 11 M II | It 11 It ^ K ii 11 11 TOTAL ■J^p^^^ Rtlttkw iiiii !■ — n 0 a ~ :zj tz: ur~Er a D D ..■.. «f tt mm ■ tilt - mmi at f ■ TOC1 cm *»Ti«a incut. Tift • TALI* of axil TOTAL* .in TOT.LJ 19) i*im w t*ui I'J) BUM. I'D M UX Of IU1 1 1 I") ■ Fi<;t Ki. 55.— Facsimile ( s. — Goniiiuiccl. 98 METHODS AND PROCEDURES ioiicuiTuir ■ Bureau of the census COUNTY TABULATION NO. 131-11 Census of Agriculture 1954 NUMIO OF farms REFORTINO HORSES OI MULES MOOS AND FIOS. SOWS FARROWED OR IO FARROW. ANIMALS SOLD AUVE AND NUMBER •UChihi i.iui.mh. | utux a ■SI" L..I, AND VAIUE OF SALES OF SHEET AND LAMBS; BY ED tAI*AO> COUNT. >u— -.c IMf I ■ A it .. "'s.r.°,'.',"" rT^ ,.,«,!! iOIC IUVI "-ji-.il «-.l- HWfl HOC) I 'H-,-. lOWS I1IIOWI0 OI TO IUIO* mo ma >.:;» ■KS' , ™» *£." "» S | s !iH! _, -», — „. S s; „. ST! ss 'IX? «« Hi ,«-, .•.;•, •,-,- •S," IT '•:,"• •:,- — »•.■.:., „„— »_«». MC SI OI «<( n ■ 7 I * 10 H 1} ii M II it ir 1* <* n i> n n | M ■ M w n 1 >• . • TOTAL ^* C .. » . i . i . . . . .. ■ „ •■ « „ - - « - .1.1. " .1.1. . - - ^J EBEEOnsa — Tu-T.MuEoTf°-«"":5"r n.uH D *%%•" DAT! -._, OF SALES OF SHEEP AND LAMBS, Br E D IAI ..O. COUMTT MM* MAC .. umuumumm HO til 5 AND MUlt) HOGI AND nci — ..'■^jan* " SSJ MM ■ (■Ml ,'.',?. ~„ t«o. « •sr ,£,'*«'! "°»» ' **£>, £. -£» ru H H ;r: £" M ""V caTn ,«0m». "V ,NV "V ".■..": (MOM «,;"„ "V "'■;'..'-* toi"Wl to;"M, <&.%, ecTw 01 H ii u M 1] M V M it to • i 11 1} 11 • TOTAL ^^ ^ ^^ ^™ ^W „ In ., , . 1 « 1 . . ., - - " " - » » . 1 . - » " " - ^J CENSUS OF ACS COUNTY TABULATION NO. 132 - 1 FARMS REPORTING AND NUMBER OF HOtSB AND MULES, HOOS AND FtOS, SOWS. AND NUMBfR AND VALUE OF SALES Of ANIMALS SOLD AUVE; BY ID 1'll.t KK 55, of. county tabulation shcrts. — Continued". APPENDIX 99 Department of Commerce COUNTY TABULATION NO. 142 - 11 ■AIMS IfKimNO AND NUMia OF TOTAI SHEEP, LAMBS. EWES. RAMS. AND WETHERS. SHEEP SMOtN AND DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS REPORTING SHI!/; IT L D. V J CARD - KiSKuinN - Bureau of the Census h»t» ,,.,- ■.: ',•?■.*• .!*!_ .0 COUNT. .... k»"< lOtl INBICtTION 1»[H> .«£■ LAM4S Sffl [WIS ■ .Ml AMD WtTHItl LUIS UXDII 1 Tl (HO IHCK jmoin ioim • 11 11 u 14 II 14 » • II It M ■1 n 11 H u M TT ti n TOTAL -^ I • j^^pj ^4 r- IE- " 1= «C r. • ■- .« « Men , , , , , „ ,, „ „ „ „ „ „ ,. 1 „ w „ 11 n „ „ » ' » „ „ I . CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE I 95-4 COUNTY TABULATION NO. 151-11 NUMBER OF FARMS KEPOKTING CHICKENS ON HAND, CHICKENS AND CHICKEN EGGS SOLD. TURKEYS RAISED AND TURKEYS KEPT FOR BREEDING. POULTRY PRODUCTS AND OTHER POULTRY RAISED AND SOLD; BY E 0. K c-20 PART II 1 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COUNTY TABULATION NO. 152 - 11 K CAtD r CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 1954 TURKEYS RAISED, TURKEY HENS KEPT FOR BREEDINO, OTHER POULTRY RAISED •inn. o ■.: ■ ■SST" ...., | "... AND VALUE OF SALES OF OTHER POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS; BY ED itAHixn WM--A« COUNTY 1 IHt INDICATION SS. CRlCHNl OH HA>« (pi!'.H"l tout KJOl KXC mum tm »oi hiilhho TUnfTt «AIMT> s mSSSm OtHtl »OUU» l» i — I" — or™ SSS. UMM Im ' xz MM OU'WAl *. — *— TOTAL "f* ^ department of commerce Bureau of the Census Census of agriculture 1954 COUNTY TABULATION NO. 912 - 11 912 - 12 922-11 922-12 Of FARMS REPORTTNO AND ACRES HARVESTED, PRODUCTION. AND OP CORN OR SORONUMS SOLD, C-l; C-2 CARD 100 METHODS AND PROCEDURES FAl L CMD i r3.v-LT... 1 M.eai»«T»-L.«gA t SUle D Sample. IMS REPORTING FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT. WORK ANIMALS. AND DATE or ENUMERATION R,n,0D Mifl 1 Baud DM Nnm I ■ C.aovr Indication 1 IM No. Total Numbm or Fabwi (1) TlLEPHONE Vu (2) 1 Eiic-raicrTT i T cut vision Vu Vu (3) | ») Hi-NNF... WaTER Yi* (6) Yn (6) Pio Bbooobr Feed Gaihdcr Yu Yis (7) | (81 Milium.-) Machine Yu (9) Grain Cohrinb Ybb (10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 U \i Cobh Pic* me Pick-ct Bales'. (12) FoKAOa BlIRHM (IS) Ponds, Takii, Motob Etc Tbpceb (HI (16) TlACTOH (20) An,, i hijit Than Wheel Garden Crawler (10) (16) (17) 1 (18) Worn. I'owm T*i.a»aoNB No (27) iLICTBICITT No .(28) TaLBvuio* No (26) Romroio Watbb No tttmm (21) 1 animjj ooly (22) 2 or more animal* (23) Animali aod (24) i it or Ehoiubatioh (60) October (46) '-» 1 (47) '0-" J (48) 17"M (49. "-a1 D*t« » Drnwina Noramm* Dkiou [bo 1-8 (62) 7"'» '"« (64, 21"" |(66) «" (66) H 6T) *-» | (68) 1*-1B (69, »«« (60) »"« APPENDIX 101 CUUNTY TABULATION NO. 172 - 11 FARM LAMM AND SPCCTF1ED FARM EXPENDITURES WITHIN IAMPLE AND SPECIFIED FARMS V M CARD BUREA'J OF THE CENSUS Census of Agriculture 1954 r M»cninr i.iijuiioi. "SS" o*.l NAME COUNTY TAl «ACH WW. MACH. C"««J>.. SOlI INDICAtlON TOIAl no o* 'AIMS OftlATOI WOICINO EAMHT wont IS HlllO WOllll! HUMtCI ItIM llflH^IIUIIl •KOUHI IEFOITINO !|-"' a 1n££ "Sou"^ ■■» ,»nr™ JBitSS nKi'miwn •laTTimiVTiii "set* *ISh will tS? ESS 14-41 * (C C.) a in mi (J IN HI an mm i«-*n io-oi (■■■II) m-»i OT-lll 133-11) ::..".iQ..v' [41.4*1 UJ-ui 1*0-411 IW-MI 77 n, ». • 1 e D 1 1 1 * » • T • t 10 II ii I) ii IS )t 17 19 W ], n TOTAL ^>J 1*^— ^■IMM _ N c I 1RD ■- .oiicmiiii 1 Bureau of the Census COMMECCIAl FERTILIZER PURCHASED, AND USED, TONS, TOTAL COST AND ACRES ON WHICH USED WITHIN SAMPLE OR SPECIFIED FARMS T _.,: -'V[ I.lmAIio* ■HUN Q ■•»»« "Si" 0.1. 1 -.-I IA» men | county MIMM. MACH | l-MWIS. -.1 INDICATION commiicial mtiiiiii ni» HlllO COMMERCIAL P E 1 I I 1 1 I C • USED e ,«,_■ i WO II' MO =», ™, ^"'muhc MAT AMI C*O».AM0 FAIT 1>4 CIO> 4rh CP.OF ptuns. via tic OTME* CIDI1 ; > "*" ION* Aero TON! AMU TONS ACW1 IONJ ACID tow ACKl TON! ACMI , 1 1 IM1 i 0. .Hit mui 11(11) l» H) 11 15 umii IH4II nun nun rO-"l ■. 1) mjoi ism IM-MI 141-441 140-411 » )l „ a C 0 1 1 1 • 1 • 7 • • 10 II ll IS 14 11 It 17 14 It — L-3 - — | COUNTY Bureau of the Cen SUS "I fc Census of Agriculture 1954 RATI caiMn OF HEIFERS, BULLS AND STEERS; BY E. 0. tm,H, ; (•■ »«« 0... MAMI ,„""«. iWMt t 0 FAIMI 4E»0« INO IOTAI CAIIll ON 41N0 F A ■ H S ■ IrOIIINO mil COWj on Hand A • M N 0 t IE f O t 1 N O 0' c"'°. «, , ... '• ,.,. „. .. mi .„. ' ' ' • "- »,. „, .„ „ .,. „« O.ll NAKC «. COW, -,„.. :,".'.» '£? ^?e IT -41 ».' ". »_.,. .„ £2, «»»>» COl"l| coTin n6 o. '";.*• COl 14. 3-" COlUI ;.y; 01 ii n 1 n 14 IS ii » M 40 1 41 41 41 " 41 4* 41 •J ■ la •' n M M ii M ,r 11 . TOTAL 1 ^1 » ^ ^^mamm*^^ „ rr- — ■■■1 . 1 . ^^^ J Fio IKK .t.t. — Facsimile of county tabulation shews — Continued. 102 METHODS AND PROCEDURES Man-Hours and Costs for Other Than Personal Services Per 100,000 Farms by Major Functions: 1954 Census of Agriculture Item Total. Preparation of questionnaires and instructions... Printing of questionnaires and instructions - Preparing enumerator and crew leader maps Packing and distribution of materials for enumeration Preparing special lists such as of large farms, farms in urban areas, etc. Planning and central office supervision of enumeration Recruiting supervisors, etc. for Agriculture Field Offices General administration and control of crew leaders and enu- merators—Agriculture Field Offices: Supervisory work Clerical work Travel Rental of space. . Communications and other expenses Training of crew leaders Training of enumerators Supervision of enumerators ... Travel Enumeration. Travel.... General field direction and eontDl— Regional Field Offices: Supervisory work Technical work Checking enumerators . k and preparing payrolls Other clerical work Travel Communications Other (space, etc. Central office processing Receiving, arranging by Minor Civil Division and mis- cellaneous checking. Editing and coding: Supervisory work Technical work Clerical work Punching and verifying tabulating cards: Supervisory work Other clerical work Rental of equipment Tabulating cards Other Selection of cards with probable errors, checking and cor- recting cards prior to tabulation: Supervisory work _ Technical work Clerical work Rental of equipment Other Man- hours per 100,000 [arms 208,123 174 1,406 440 557 1,127 287 2,942 2.367 2,258 8.908 16, 187 (135, 632 miles) 82,669 (379, 239 miles) 844 113 2,885 640 (9, 935 miles) 2.594 1,158 /92 9,434 592 7,859 526 396 4,621 Costs (or other than personal services per 100,000 farms 113,418 5,617 564 507 334 2,907 973 2,191 1,571 2,048 427 9,494 230 26,547 1.191 1.051 2.136 918 14 479 275 Item Central office processing— Continued County tabulations: Supervisory work Technical work _ Clerical work Rental of equipment Other Economic Area tabulations: Supervisory work Technical work Clerical work Rental of equipment Other.... Preparation and printing of — Preliminary releases: Supervisory work Technical work Clerical work ~_~^ Printing ].___.. Volume I (Statistics by Counties, and State Economic Areas) : Supervisory work Technical work Clerical work.. Printing Volume II (Statistics by Subject for Divisions and States): Supervisory work Technical work ......... Clerical work Printing Special reports: Supervisory work Technical work _. Clerical work Printing Other Evaluation program General administration and miscellaneous services: Overall direction Procurement of supplies and services . Personnel Transportation Budgeting Accounting and payrolling Purchase and repair of general use equipment Telephone and communications for central offices- Rental of space for central office processing Informational activities Maintenance of general central office flies. ._ General administration of central office processing except tabulation General administration for tabulation Miscellaneous administrative services Social security and other taxes Other ._ Man- hours per 100,000 farms 1,010 1,010 9.021 096 048 5,461 226 74 1,797 809 100 8.142 152 109 1.584 914 1,684 7,780 1,849 244 1.388 857 118 1.793 200 727 2.224 1.232 579 1,919 Costs for other than personal services per 100.000 farms 2,235 3,135 1,858 1,710 4,280 897 2.626 1.904 217 2.685 2,791 689 3.277 5,582 3.055 39 1, 193 1. 152 5,588 3,321 2.407 Figure 56.— Table of Costs. U. S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1957