m MM J ill UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES EDITED BY W. G. BROWN Professor of Chetnistry VOLUME II SCIENCE SERIES Published by the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 191 1 *A/t&f3 v. 2> CONTENTS Number Page i. An Introduction to the Mechanics of the Inner Ear, by Max Meyer, Ph. D., Professor of Ex- perimental Psychology i 2. The Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and Vicinity, by Francis Potter Daniels, Professor of the Ro- mance Languages, Wabash College. Formerly Assistant in the University of Missouri 149 Volume II SCIENCE SERIES Number I THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES EDITED BY \V. G. BROWN Professor of Chemistry AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR MAX MEYER, Ph. D. Professor of Experimental Psychology PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI December, 1907 Price, $1.00 I 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR Volume II SCIENCE SERIES THE Number i UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES EDITED BY W. G. BROWN Professor of Chemistry AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR MAX MEYER, Ph. D. Professor of Experimental Psychology LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAivU.:;\ ^JccXW" PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI December, 1907 Copyright, 1907, by THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MO.: STEPHENS PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1907 LIRf>ARY PREFACE About two thirds of this study has been published at different times in various German scientific periodicals, chiefly in the Zeit- schrift fur Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. The author has long hesitated to present in book form the results of his labor in this remote corner of scientific investigation because the interest in these problems seems to be neither intense nor general. This lack of interest on the part of the scientific public, however, is not due to the unimpor- tance of the subject, but rather to a wide-spread conviction that all the problems pertaining to it were solved half a cen- tury ago and that therefore nothing problematic is left. For years during which — since his student days — these pro- blems have been in the mind of the writer, he has belonged to an exceedingly small minority of scientific men, who have not permitted themselves to become captives of this convic- tion. But since this minority is gradually increasing in num- ber, and since professional friends have encouraged the writer he has decided to lay before the public the results of his in- vestigations in a continuous exposition of his theory as far as it goes at present. It is natural that he has preferred to do this in the English language, since nearly all his previous publications concerning it are in German. The author does not pretend to present in this book a complete, perfect, and final solution of the problem concern- ing the mechanics of the inner ear. His farthest reaching hopes will be fulfilled if he succeeds in impressing upon the reader's mind the fact that there are here still problems left for solution and in giving these problems such a clear and definite formulation that the interest of others will be turned towards them. There is little hope for a final solution of these problems except by the co-operation of many investi- gators. The contents of this book are arranged from a peda- gogical rather than from a logical point of view. The author does not intend to present a systematic representation of his own ideas for comparison with the ideas of others, but rather a series of lectures as he would deliver them before a class of college students, not presupposing any knowledge or any in- terest but what a somewhat advanced college student might be expected to possess. A reader who should prefer to make himself acquainted with the contents of this book from an- other point of view,, will be able to do this by the aid of the index added. The author has attempted to omit as much as possible everything of a polemic nature. His criticism of the views of other investigators may be found in his previous publica- tions. In this book he does not propose to record the views of other scientists, but the conclusions which he has reached himself after more than a decade of thought concerning these problems. For the reader who might be interested in the development of the author's thought concerning these prob- lems, he has added at the end of the book a list of those pub- lications of his own which are directly concerned with the problems here presented. The author hopes that this booklet will help to break down the barrier of dogmatism which has too long stood in the way of progress in this field of scientific inquiry, and which is still far from being a thing of the past. It is truly dogmatism to profess that the application of so simple a theorem as that of Fourier can do justice to an attempt at comprehending the mechanical processes underlying the won- derfully complicated and unfortunately only superficially known phenomena of audition. THE MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR Everyone knows that the part of our body which in ordi- nary life we call the ear and which anatomists call the pinna, is not the organ of hearing but a mere ap- The external ear pendage to the organ. Its chief utility consists in the fact that it aids us in dis- tinguishing sounds coming from a source in front of us from sounds in our rear. We know how much more difficult it is to understand the words of a speaker behind us than the words of one who stands before us. We can reverse this con- dition by forming of our hands leaves similar to the external ears, but naturally larger and placing them opposite the ears, that is in front of the opening, the auditory passage. Then, sounds from the rear can enter the passage and reach the tympanum with a much greater force than sounds coming from the front. Animals, being able to move their external ears, can use them, of course, to greater advantage than hu- man beings. The organ of hearing — in the narrower sense of the word — that is, the anatomical structure within which the ends of the auditory nerve fibres receive The tube con- their peripheral excitations, is to be raining the sense found stretched out along the central organ is long ^ q{ & U]be which is y narrow rel- and narrow . , . ,, ative to its length. This tube is called by the anatomists the cochlea, because it is not built in the form of a straight line, but coiled up like the tube of a snail shell. The advantage of its being coiled up in this way is obviously not to be sought in its mechanic — or rather hydrodynamic — function. At least, no (O 2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES one, to the writer's knowledge, has ever expressed himself as inclined to look for it there. For its hydrodynamic func- tion it is clearly of no great importance whether the tube is curved or straight, and we shall speak of it in the following for the most part as if it were straight, in order to simplify the discussion. The real advantage of this shape of the tube is doubtless a mere anatomical one, it being possible thus to find a better place for it in the base of the skull. We must, in order to understand the function of this tube, be aware of the fact that it is filled with a watery fluid, lymph, and that its walls consist of hard The contents of unyielding bone. Now, when we go the tube, a fluid, through the literature of the subject, we is incompressible often see writers speak of waves in the fluid which are said to pass along the tube as air waves move in a tube filled with air. Views of this kind cannot, of course, contribute towards an un- derstanding of the process of stimulation of the periph- eral nerve ends. They are not rational considerations of the facts before us, but theoretical dreams, forgetting the physical conditions of the case. Let us regard the velocity of the sound in such a fluid as that of the inner ear as about fourteen hundred meters, let us remember that the whole length of the tube is only a couple of centimeters, let us understand, then, that even with rather high tones of short wave lengths— beyond the musical range — the total length of the tube is only a small part of the spatial length of the waves said to travel up and down the tube ; and we shall admit at once that to speak of tone waves travelling in the lymph up and down the tube is like speaking of a horse race which is to take place within a dog kennel. We have to follow the custom of the physicists who in such cases neglect the compressibility and elasticity of the small volume of fluid altogether. We must, therefore, regard the fluid in the cochlea as being of identical MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR density throughout at any given time, that is practically, as unelastic, incompressible. Fig. i. The external and the middle ear The walls of the tube consist of hard, unyielding bone, except in two places where the bone is broken through and the openings closed by flexible mem- The tube has branes. These two places are common- two windows to '.v called the oval and the round windows, communicate with (The fact that the tube communicates the middle ear with the semicircular canals and the oth- er parts of the labyrinth can here be neg- lected, since all these communicating cavities are also enclos- ed in bone, not possessing any windows.) On the other side of these windows there is the air of the middle ear. Let us now consider at once what could happen to the fluid in the tube if rhythmical changes of pressure in the external air (a "tone") caused, through the tympanum, like changes (of condensation and rarefaction) in the air of the middle ear. Let us at present, however, consider this under the imaginary assumption of no chain of ossicles existing in the middle ear. What was said about waves in the fluid of the tube holds good to some extent also for the air in the middle ear. That which occurs there is the same as that which occurs, say, in a bicycle 4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES pump, that is, an alternate condensation and rarefaction of all the particles of air almost simultaneously. This condensation and rarefaction always acts in the same sense (positive or negative) on both windows of the tube. According to the laws of hydrodynamics no motion in the fluid of the tube can result from the difference in size of the two windows. It is hardly comprehensible, therefore, why we find in literature lengthy discussions of the question whether it is the round or the oval window through which "the tone waves" enter the inner ear. They do not enter through either window since they do not occur in the middle ear, the volume of this cavity being too small to contain whole tone waves. Only after complete destruction of the tympanum would the ques- tion as to the manner in which an air wave strikes the two window's attain practical importance. Under normal condi- tions we must regard all the air particles in the middle ear as being, at any time, of identical density, and, thus, as unable to produce any movement in the inner ear. If there were no ossicles, the fluid in the tube would remain practically motionless. But to the membrane of the oval window is attached the plate of the Disturbances stirrup which has a somewhat rigid con- within the tube nection with the tvmpanum. The result are caused by • .« . . r . , . _ J is that everv movement ot the tvmpanum motion of . • the stirniD ls accomPanied by a movement of the stirrup in the same (positive or negative) direction. Whenever the tympanum moves inwards, the air in the middle ear is, of course, somewhat condensed. But this condensation or rarefaction has no relevant influence on the fluid in the tube, as before mentioned. The alternate condensation and rarefaction of the air in the middle ear, re- sulting from like processes in the external auditory passage, is an unavoidable, but functionally negligible by-product of the mechanical process in question, bearing no direct rela- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 5 tion to the function of the tube. It is the movement of the stirrup which causes the disturbances in the fluid of the tube which we have soon to study in detail. And this motion of the stirrup is made possible only through the mediation of solid bodies, the auditory ossicles. The bony connection between the stirrup and the tym- panum would serve its purpose of causing movements in the fluid of the tube whatever might be The auditory the sPecial structure of this connecting ossicles are a Y\nk. As a matter of fact, it is arranged system of levers in such a particular manner that it acts as a lever (or system of levers), the large arm, so to speak, being attached to the tympanum, the small arm to the stirrup. This effect, however, is produced in dif- ferent animals in different ways. In birds, for example, (Fig. 2) there is no chain of three little bones, but only a single bone, a rod bearing an oval plate. The leverage of this sim- ple connection is explained by the fact that the tympanum and the window plate are not in parallel planes. The far - to rigid partition be divided by an inflexible partition, as within the tube shown in figure 5. It is self-evident that in this case every movement of the stir- rup would cause the particles of fluid in the upper and lower division of the tube to move in the directions of the arrows, parallel to the partition; and the particles at y. at the end of the partition, to move up or down. But the fluid farther on in the undivided tube would remain motionless, as in the former case, since there is no sufficient cause why it should move. If the partition extended farther, the only change re- _ Fig. 5. A rigid partition in the tube stilting would be a diminution of the length of that part of the tube where the fluid remains permanently motionless. If the partition extended to x (Fig. 5), leaving only a small opening of communication between the upper and lower division, all the fluid within the tube would have to move whenever the stirrup moves. If the partition extended throughout the tube, leaving no communication whatever between the two divisions, no movement of the fluid could then take place, of course; but no piston-like movement of the stirrup could then take place either. 12 UNIVERSITV OF MISSOURI STUDIES Let us now imagine a third case. Suppose a partition to divide the tube lengthwise into two divisions, leaving, however, a small opening of communica- The effect of a t'on between the divisions at x. Suppose flexible, but inelas- further this partition to be neither per- tic partition with- fectly rigid like a wall of hard bone nor in the tube as readily yielding and in turn contract- ing as a thin rubber membrane, but to be of the physical nature of a soft leather strap somewhat loosely stretched out between the opposite sides of the tube to which it is assumed to be well attached. To have something definite in mind, let the reader think, for compar- ison of its function, of a leather-seated chair. If you press from below, the seat yields and bulges upwards; but soon it stops in spite of your effort. If now you sit down on the chair, the seat bulges downwards; but again, it soon stops — how could it otherwise be used for the support of your weight? But what is particularly important to note here, is the fact that the leather seat, after it has bulged either way, may continue to remain thus until some ex- ternal force acts upon it again from the other side. Now let us consider the movements which would occur in the fluid of a tube, divided into two divisions by a partition of the nature just described. If the partition could yield indefinitely, the case would obviously be practically the same as the first one we studied — without any partition. That is, the fluid would move near the two windows and the part of the partition suspended between moving masses of fluid would move with the fluid. Farther on where the fluid re- mains motionless the partition would remain motionless too. But we made the assumption that the partition, like the seat of a leather-seated chair, can move only within certain narrow limits up and down. Now, the result of this condi- tion will be this. When the stirrup begins moving inwards, MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 13 the part of the partition next to the windows must follow the movement of the fluid and move downwards. But soon it has reached its lower limit. Consequently it acts now as an unyielding partition, the effect of which we studied in our second case above. The fluid just above and below this temporarily unyielding part can now move only horizontally, but the particles of fluid next to the end of this now motionless piece move down and push the underlying piece of the par- tition down until it has reached its lower limit. And so, gradually, further and further pieces of the partition come 1 2 , , 3 r 4 v 5 v- --■ 6 /^v 7 *^^_^ 8 /. - v- Fig. 6. The partition moves within an upper and a lower limit down until the stirrup stops moving inwards. Figure 6 shows a number of successive stages of the position of the partition during this process. The vertical scale in this rep- resentation is, of course, enormously exaggerated relative to the horizontal scale. But at once after stopping, the stirrup begins to move in the opposite direction. At once the par- ticles of fluid next to the windows (not those which have moved down last) move upwards and take the corresponding part of the partition with them until it has reached its upper limit. Now the following parts come up, and so on in exactly the same way as before, except that we have now an upward instead of a downward movement. — until the stirrup stops moving in this direction. Let us remember by all 14 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES means, because a mistake made here in our comprehension of the process would result in serious errors later, that the bulging of the partition, whether up or down, begins in- evitably as near the two windows as possible, and that fur- ther pieces can bulge in either direction only under the condition that all the pieces nearer the windows have already reached their limit in that same direction. We made at the beginning of the last paragraph the assumption that there was a small opening between the two divisions at the extreme end of the tube. A safety valve Let us see what purpose such an opening could serve. What would be the result of an extraordinarily large movement of the stirrup, so large that the whole length of the partition would reach its — upper or lower — limit of position before the stirrup ceased to move in the same direction? The result would be either an enforc- ed stop of the movement of the stirrup or, if the external force acting on the tympanum and stirrup was too violent, a bursting of the partition. The latter disastrous result, how- ever, can to a considerable extent be guarded against by the opening in question. As soon as the total length of the par- tition has bulged the fluid will begin to flow through this opening from one division of the tube into the other, until the stirrup stops moving in the same direction. Such an opening therefore can serve as a kind of safety valve for the protection of the partition. After having studied the hydromechanical function of several imaginary tubes with divers interior equipments, let us now turn to a careful survey of the The anatomy and ^acts which the anatomists have discover- physiology of ed for us concerning the structure of the the inner ear inner ear. Figure 7 shows us in a cross- section all the important details which have been found there by the anatomists. Hard bone pro- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR '5 I 6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIKS trades from diametrically opposite sides of the bony wall of the tube, on the left side more than on the right. But the bone does not protrude far enough to actually cut off the lower part of the tube from the upper. While, therefore, we do not find a hard, inflexible partition, we find indeed some kind of a partition since the space between the bony protru- sions is filled with a delicate structure which we shall have to study somewhat in detail. This structure, which we shall always refer to hereafter as "the partition" in the inner ear, is customarily spoken of under the name of its discoverer as the organ of Corti. The lower part of this par- tition has been shown to be a membrane, generally called the basilar membrane. This is obviously the strongest part of the partition, capable more than any of the other elements of structure to resist a pressure of the fluid above or be- low. But we must not think that this membrane is the main part of the partition considering its volume. It is rather small in bulk compared with the rest. Above the membrane we see a triangular structure, something like two pillars which have fallen towards each other. This structure is usually called the rods of Corti. Its mechanical significance becomes ' at once clear to us when we see at its sides the delicate end organs of the auditory nerve fibres. These end organs would obviously be crushed by the push of the fluid which occurs now from above, now from below, as we have seen, if they were not braced by this arch. No better protection could be devised than this triangular structure which effectually pre- serves the natural form of the soft tissues as the skeleton does in the total animal body, without interfering with a slight bending or compression of the tissues of the partition. On the upper side of the partition, opposite the basilar mem- brane, we notice another membrane, but much more delicate in structure, easily torn to pieces when sections are made for the miscroscope. This membrane touches the tufts of hairs MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 7 which are the extreme peripheral parts of the sensory organs. This membrane, however, is firmly attached to the left side of the partition only. Its right end is free or seems to be almost free. The kind of action exerted by this mem- brane upon the hair tufts can only be guessed. The real con- nections between, and the physical properties of, these tissues are not well enough known. We may perhaps make this action a little clearer by assuming that the upper membrane, when the partition bulges upwards, pulls the hairs slight- ly, and that a bulging of the partition downwards means merely a relief from this pull. It is hardly worth while, how- ever, to enter into details of a function which cannot be more than hypothetical since there are no data upon which to base any more definite theory. But there is little doubt, that the points between the tufts of hairs and the membrane in question are to be regarded as in the strictest sense the per- iphery of the sensory apparatus of hearing. And we shall scarcely make a grave mistake in assuming that a double bulging, back and forth in the vertical direction, of the partition causes a single shock in all those nerve fibres whose termini are located in this part of the partition, and that somewhere in the neurons a new process, perhaps a kind of chemical process, is set up if more than one of such shocks are received in quick succession, that the special character of this new process is dependent on the frequency with which these shocks follow each other, and that thus we perceive a definite tone, occupying — according to the frequency of shocks received — a definite point in the total series of sensations of hearing. iS UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES In the preceding paragraph we studied briefly the ana- tomical elements of the partition in their mutual relations. We now have to get a definite idea of the The physical physical properties of the partition as a properties of whole in its relation to the surrounding the partition fluid. These properties depend, of course, as a whole on the properties of its elements. The partition as a whole can certainly not be regarded as perfectly rigid and unyielding to pressure. It con- sists of tissues too soft to be unyielding. On the other hand, we cannot possibly assume that under the influence of pres- sure the partition could bulge to any large extent, for this would be disastrous to the delicate end organs of the nerve fibres. We could hardly make a mistake, then, in as- suming that the partition can yield, but only withrn very nar- row limits up as well as down, even if we did not know anything about the physical properties of the anatomical elements. We know, however, that the basilar membrane is a comparatively tough structure, probably capable of consid- erable resistance. We are justified, then, in our conviction that the whole partition bulges in response to pressure but resists such pressure as soon as a certain rather narrow limit of displacement is reached. Here, however, arises another question of the greatest importance, which, unfortunately, cannot be answered with anything approaching accuracy. This is the question as to the elasticity of the partition. Of course, all the elasticity the partition can possibly have must be the elasticity of the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane is the only one of the anatomical elements of the partition which might have a tendency to restore spontaneously the whole partition to its original position after the pressure causing the displace- ment has ceased and before any pressure in the opposite direction has had time to act towards this result. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 19 There is only one way of deciding for our present pur- pose the question as to the elasticity of the basilar mem- brane. We must recall our knowledge Is the basilar °f tne elastic properties of similar mem- membrane elastic? branous tissues which are found in divers parts of the human body and elsewhere in the organic world. Now, we know that there are plenty of membranes in the body which, when stretched within certain limits, show a tendency to return to the original shape. But they never remain in a stretched condition, that is, under tension, for any length of time. Indeed, they would become permanently lengthened if they remained thus. This is the consequence of a universal biological law. We may, for instance, bend a sapling and expect it to straighten itself as soon as we let it go, because of the elasticity of the stretched tissues of the convex side and the compressed tis- sues of the concave side. Btit if we tie it in this bent po- sition to another tree and return after a year and cut the tie, we find that it has adjusted itself to the position we gave it. This biological fact does away at once with cer- tain theories found quite frequently in physical and other textbooks, \vhich speak of the basilar membrane as con- sisting of a great number of stretched strings, comparable to the strings in a piano. These theories assert, after having introduced, in opposition to the laws of biologv, the idea of a permanent, constant tension of the basilar membrane, that these different strings — as in a piano — are under different tension and differently weighted and that they serve accord- ingly as resonators, responding sympathetically to the va- rious sounds of the external world. However prettv this theory of "the piano in the ear" may appear, authors who expect their readers to accept it as the truth should first of all try to convince them of the possibility of living animal tissues retaining their tension for anv length of time instead of ad- 20 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES justing themselves to the permanent stretching and thus los- ing their tension, as all living tissues do. We shall not, of course, entertain for a moment this idea of the basilar mem- brane being under constant tension, since our aim is not unreality, but reality. We need not, therefore, discuss any further the assumption of the presence of resonators in the inner ear, which falls with the above rejected, preposterous assumption of a permanent tension. That the membrane is capable of resistance, as it probably is, means something very different from the assertion that it is under constant tension, which is biologically impossible. The actual question before us is evidentlv the question »s to the elasticity of the partition as a whole. Now, we have seen that the only element of it Is the partition which, according to its structure, may be as a whole regarded as elastic, is the basilar mem- elastic? brane. This membrane, however, we have found to be quite a small part of the bulk of the partition. If the partition is displaced by an external force and, this force having ceased, is caused to return to its original place by the tension which the basilar membrane has just suffered, such a spontaneous return movement must be greatly retarded by the bulk of inelastic tissues of the partition which the membranous part of it has to drag or shove along with itself. A spontaneous return of the par- tition to its normal position must be therefore very slow when compared with the velocity of a displacement caused by a rather powerful external influence from the stirrup. Let us, then, keep in mind that with respect to the elastic properties of the partition there are only two alternatives : Either the basilar membrane is practically inelastic; then the partition as a whole is inelastic and cannot sponta- neously return to its original position after having been displaced. Or the basilar membrane is elastic ; then the par- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 21 tition can spontaneously return after having been displaced, but with a velocity that is only very small compared with the velocity of its displacement. Of the two alternatives the latter seems to be the more probable. We saw on a previous page, in our second imaginary case of a partition, that the fluid moves along the unyielding partition, causing friction on the sur- , , faces of the partition. The same friction Protection of the , _ , . . , , , surfaces of the must be suffered by any part of the real partition from partition as soon as it has reached its the friction upper or lower limit and as long as the of the fluid stirrup continues to move in the same direction, pushing the fluid on over the initial parts of the partition. If we had to design an ap- paratus to function thus, would we not see that the sur- faces of the partition were sufficiently protected so that the rush of the fluid over them could not injure them? It is interesting to raise this question of protection with respect to the actual partition in the tube. If we look above at fig- ure 7, representing a cross-section of the partition, we notice that the lower surface of the partition is well protected from injury by friction of the fluid by a part of its own structure, the tough basilar membrane. The upper sur- face, however, with its delicate sensory cells would be ex- posed to injuries by friction were it not for the membrane of Reissner which we see stretching across the upper division of the tube. The space between this membrane and the partition does not communicate with the rest of the upper division or with the lower division. It would therefore be really more nearly correct, in speaking of a partition divid- ing the tube into two divisions which communicate through an opening at the extreme end, to call the total body between the membrane of Reissner and the basilar membrane the partition. No movements perpendicular to the plane of the 22 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES drawing can occur in the fluid below the Reissner membrane. The fluid here can only move up and down, pushing or pull- ing the organ of Corti into its limit of displacement. No fric- tion of the kind above referred to, which might do injury to the delicate tissues of the organ of Corti, can therefore take place, and the problem of protection from friction is thus solved. We shall, however, in order to make our language as simple as possible, restrict the term partition to the organ of Corti, neglecting the membrane of Reissner, since this mem- brane, aside from the important protection which it offers to the tissues below, does not seem to possess any function whatever. We saw on a previous page that an imaginary partition which is able to yield to the pressure of the fluid only within certain limits would be exposed to the dan- The safety valve ger of breaking whenever an extraordina- rily powerful external force tended to cause a movement of the stirrup which would displace more fluid than the yielding partition could make room for, and that this danger might be avoided or at least greatly lessened by an opening of communication between the two divisions at the end of the tube. It is interesting to learn from the re- searches of the anatomists that such an opening — a safety valve, as we may call it — actually exists at the extremity of the tube of the cochlea. We may now, after making ourselves familiar with the structural elements of the inner ear and their physical prop- erties, enter into a discussion of the actual function of the organ. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 23 We have thus far taken into consideration only a single movement of the stirrup, in either direction. We must now study the result of a rhythmical movement of the stirrup, back and forth, a number of times during a certain length of time. In order to have a definite case before our mind we will suppose the stirrup to move back and forth in such a way that it will describe a sine curve on a board moving parallel to the plane of the paper. In fig- ure 8 is represented a single period of such a curve in a hor- izontal position. It is not necessary, however, to imagine this definite curve. What we shall have to say will apply equally to any simple periodic movement, whether of the form of a sinusoid or of a combination of straight lines or of any other Stimulations of the brain resulting from a given rhythmical movement of the stirrup Fig. S. A curve representing stirrup movement curve connecting each maximum with the preceding and the following minimum. The question arises then by what means — computation, simple description in words, or otherwise — we can obtain a clear and sufficiently detailed view of the move- ments of the partition. What we want to know is the form of motion for each point of the partition, and the temporal 24 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES relations existing between all the several movements. Onlv thus can we obtain a definite view concerning the nervous stimulations received by the brain as the result of a given rhythmical movement of the stirrup. In order to find the movements of the partition in every detail we might try com- putation since this is the method which yields, although not always the clearest, yet in general the most accurate results. Our chief task, then, would be, stated again as definitely as possible, to find out for each point of the partition which moves at all the exact time which elapses Computation of from a Jerk dovvn to a Jerk UP and from the form of a Jel"k UP t0 a Jer^ down. Figure 9 may motion of the help us to understand the conditions of partition computing the time interval in question. Let us call x the distance of any point of the partition from the point of x\ nearest the windows. The length of the part of the partition which moves in response to the motion of the stirrup depends, of course, on the ampli- tude of the movement of the stirrup. This length alone is represented in the figure. What is farther to the right re- mains motionless. The dotted lines above and below rep- resent the upper and lower limit of each moving point of -^fclzzZz Fig. 9. The partition in the tube and its limits of movement the partition. In our curve, figure 8, the minimum, at A, rep- resents the position of the stirrup most to the left, the max- imum, at the time B, the position of the stirrup most to the right. The horizontal line represents, of course, the time. To the position of the stirrup at A corresponds the position of the partition (in figure 9) in its upper limit ; to the position of MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 25 the stirrup at B the position of the partition in its lower limit. Let us now find out when any arbitrary point x, is jerked up and when it is jerked down, measuring the time from A. It is obvious that the amount of fluid for which room is made by the piece of the partition from xo to xt moving from its upper to its lower limit is equal to the amount of fluid dis- placed by the stirrup moving inwards through the distance measured bv y. (For convenience we place the zero point of the system of coordinates in a minimum point of the curve.) It would be very easy, therefore, to find the equation of inter- dependence of x and y, if the following conditions were ful- filled : 1. If the quantity of fluid displaced were proportional to the horizontal movement of the stirrup. 2. If the partition were perfectly in- Four assumptions elastic. that iS) not offering any resistance pr J to a displacement until either of the limits hypotheses, but 's reached, and then offering absolute re- for the sake of a sistance. gradual compre- 3. if the distance between the upper hension ancj iower limits were the same at any point of the partition. 4. If the width of the partition at any point near the windows were the same as at any point far away from them. Let us temporarily regard these conditions as fulfilled. If they are fulfilled, x is proportional to y. That is, a unit of movement of the stirrup always pushes Attemnt at down (or raises, as the case may be) a computation unit of the partition lengthwise. Or, ex- continued pressed in a formula : (I) y = Cx where C is a constant dependent on the physical properties of the organ. 26 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The equation of the curve in figure 8 is : (II) y = c(l — cos2nmt); that is, while t changes from zero to 1 , v changes from n zero through c, 2c, and again c, back to zero. We now sub- stitute Cx for y : c (1 — cos 2irnt) = Cx, consequently: (III) cos 2Trnt = 1 — — x c This formula permits us to calculate t, that is, the exact time when any point of the partition is jerked down. But it holds good only for the time from A to B, that is, while the stirrup moves in one direction. As soon as the stirrup reverses its movement a new formula has to be applied, since the move- ment of the partition is of a kind which is mathematically called a discontinuous function. The moment when the stir- rup reverses its movement and the farthest point of the par- tition has been jerked down, the function jumps, so to speak, from this point to the beginning of the partition and the first point, nearest the windows, is jerked up. The formula to be used from B to C is to be derived by substituting (2c — y) fory in (I), since x would now be proportional to (2c — y). We then have the following new equations : (IV) 2c — y = Cx. (II) y = c (1 — cos 2irnt), consequently : r i \ i cos 2-rrnt = x — i . c This frrmula is valid from B to C, that is for values of t varying from _1_ to — • while the partition is being 2n >i jerked upwards. We notice that the only difference between the right side of (III) and the right side of (V) is the sign. For the same x we obtain the same absolute value of cos 2irnt, but in the one case it is positive, in the other negative. Now, it is easy to see what this means for the time interval between a downward and an upward jerk of any point of the partition. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 2"] Remembering that (III) is valid for jerking down, (V) for jerking up, we notice that the arc of cos 2imt runs through the first and second quadrant while the partition is being jerked down, through the third and fourth quadrant while the partition is being jerked up. Therefore, since we found that the time of jerking down of a definite point .r_ and the time of jerking up of the same point are subject to the con- dition that cos 2-rmt yields the same absolute value, but differ- ing in sign, the time of jerking up must be found in a quad- rant opposite to the quadrant wherein the time of jerking down occurred, never in an adjoining quadrant; that is. if the former time is to be found in the arc 2ir»f, the latter must be found in the arc 2irti(t -f- -L ). since the addition of 2n 1 to t means the addition of two quadrants. The differ- ence of time, therefore, is always -L . In other words, the 2 n time interval from a jerk down to a jerk up and from a jerk up to a jerk down of any definite point is with this particular curve always the same, being exactly one half of the whole period. We have thus found by computation the exact move- ment of the partition in case the movement of the stirrup is of the form of a sinusoid. We have seen then that, provided a certain set of condi- tions (our four provisional assumptions) is fulfilled, and pro- vided the movement of the stirrup is of the Summary of form of a simple sine (or cosine, as this the foregoing means the same) curve, computation of discussion the movement of the partition is possible. But computation is neither particularly- clear — at least those who are not professional mathemati- cians will think so — nor is it universally applicable, but only in a few cases of stirrup movement, the above, the case of straight lines connecting the maxima and minima, and a very- small number of others. 2b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES To prove that computation is not universally applicable let the movement of the stirrup be represented by the function y = c ( 2> — COS 2 f' g, we convince ourselves readily that the new curve is the same curve as the one in figure 8 from A to B. Of course, if we have not chosen the same vertical and horizontal scales in both figures, the new curve must appear more or less steep than the old one. But the selection of a scale for a graphic representation is entirely a matter of convenience. Choosing identical scales, we simply have to transplant the first half of the curve in figure 8 from A to B into the new figure. But now the stirrup begins to move in the opposite di- rection, causing the partition to be jerked upwards gradually. The point of the partition nearest the windows is jerked up first, the others later in regular order. Now, it can be easily seen where we have to place the further marks in our new fig- ure, namely I;, i, ;', k, I, in, n. We find them, or rather immed- iately the complete curve of which they are points, by simply turning the second half (B to C) of the curve in figure 8 up- side down, without, however, making any change between right and left. In this way we go on, simply transplanting the parts of the stirrup curve, leaving the rising ones in the same position, but turning the falling parts upside down. If we now desire to find out for any point of the parti- tion, for example, for .r , the exact time when it is jerked down and when it is jerked up, all we have to do is to pass on from this point (Fig. 10) to the right (along the dotted MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 3 1 line), since this direction, according to definition, represents the time. Our first crossing of a curve (in e) means a jerk down; the next crossing (in /) a jerk up; and so forth. That is, the odd crossings mean each a jerk down, the even crossings each a jerk up. The time intervals can then be measured with a rule. We find in this special case that the intervals are all equal. We have thus graphically represented the exact movement of the partition in a case where the movement of the stirrup is of the form of a sinusoid. The same graphic representation is applicable to any given curve, however com- plicated it may appear. This method has universal validity. We shall soon convince ourselves of its importance for the analysis of a complicated curve. We can easily learn from the graphic representation be- fore us that under the assumptions provisionally made the stimulation of each nerve ending can hardly be influenced by the form of the What movement J . .*.*.• c .. .• stirrup curve, that is, whether this curve produces the 's a sinusoid, or made up of straight lines sensation of a connecting the maxima and minima, or of single tone (free any other shape, provided the maxima and from overtones) ? mjnjma remain unaltered. Let us sup- pose that each "down" means a shock to the nerve end and that the "ups" are indifferent as to ner- vous excitation. We see immediately (Fig. 10) that the time interval between two shocks at any point of the partition must be exactly the same, since each down curve would be exactly like any other down curve, whatever the shape of the up curve. (This result would be the same if the "ups" meant excitation of the nerve end and the "downs" were in- different.) That is, the particular shape of the curve rep- resenting the movement of the stirrup, has no significance for the question whether a single tone will be heard or not. If all the down curves are identical, a single tone only is 32 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES audible. I remind the reader, however, that we are deriving this conclusion on the basis of our provisional assumptions, and further, that we are speaking here of movements of the stirrup, not of rhythmical pressure changes of the air in the external ear or of movements of a tuning fork or any other vibrating body. In discussing later the effect of the latter conditions upon the stirrup, we shall see that their form is not necessarily identical with the form of the stirrup move- ment. As yet, we have studied only very simple movements of the stirrup. Before we take up the problem of how the inner ear analyzes more complicated move- The physiological ments of the stirrup, we ought to remem- condition of ber that we have not yet discussed the tone intensity physiological condition of tone intensity. We have spoken only of the frequency with which shocks are received by the nerve ends. But the frequency of the shocks determines only the attributes of pitch and quality, not the attribute of intensity of a tone sen- sation. Let us look to another sense organ, the olfactory organ, for a suggestion. On what physiological condition does the intensity of an odor depend? Although we have no definite knowledge here any more than in the sense of hear- ing, we have reason to believe that the intensity of an odor depends, or may depend, on two conditions: 1. The num- ber of nerve ends stimulated; and 2. the concentration of the substance which stimulates each of these nerve ends. Ac- cepting this suggestion we have to see what conditions might determine tone intensity. Only these two can come up for consideration, so far as I can see : 1. The number of nerve ends which receive shocks in a definite frequency; and 2. the suddenness, the impetuosity with which each nerve end is shaken when the point of the partition in which it is lo- cated is jerked down. Now, the second of these two conditions MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 33 is theoretically almost beyond our reach. We cannot, in the present state of our knowledge, obtain a very clear idea of differences in the suddenness with which the nerve ends might be shaken in different cases. It will be best, therefore, to omit this factor in the discussion of intensity altogether, or at least for the present, rather than burden our theory with arbitrary hypotheses the usefulness of which is no more probable than their uselessness. At present we shall limit our discussion to the first condition, the number of those nerve ends which are stimulated with equal frequency. It is clear that the number of nerve ends stimulated de- pends in some way on the length of that part of the partition which is jerked up and down in a certain . frequency. But here we are confronted by ... .. *■ , this difficulty. We do not know whether the theoretical J determination of tne nerve fibres are equally distributed tone intensity. along the partition. It might be the case Fifth provisional that on a certain length of the partition assumption near the windows a greater number of nerve ends were found than on an equal length farther away from the windows ; or the reverse. In our present state of knowledge this difficulty cannot be over- come. In order to go on with our theory, we have to make an assumption. We shall make, of course, the simplest, the least arbitrary assumption. We assume, provisionally, that equal parts of the partition lengthwise contain equal num- bers of nerve ends. If it should be found that the theory agrees with the facts of auditory observation more closely un- der another assumption, we would have to substitute this for the one now made. Of course a definite answer given to the problem by the anatomists would be more satisfactory. 34 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES We can measure the length of that part of the partition which is jerked up and down, only by the aid of our knowledge (if we have any) of the movement of the Another difficulty stirruP- Now- tr»e reader will recall among in the theoretical our provisional assumptions the one that determination of the width of the partition at any point near tone intensity the windows is the same as at any point far away from them. But the anatomists tell us that this assumption is incorrect; that the partition is about twelve (or more) times as wide at the end as near the windows. Nevertheless we shall provisionally make the assumption of proportionality between any length of the partition being jerked up and down and the extent of the movement of the stirrup which causes the movement of this piece of the partition, in order to under- stand first a simpler, though imaginary, case and to proceed gradually to a comprehension of the actual, rather compli- cated function of the partition. Let us be aware, however, that, having thus simplified the actual conditions, we cannot expect to find a perfect, but only an approximate harmony between the results of a theoretical analysis and the direct observations of an actual sound analysis by the ear. ,We may find, indeed, with respect to tone intensity, rather se- rious disagreements between the facts and the theory. But these disagreements will disappear as soon as the theory takes account of what, for simplicity's sake, we provisionally neg- lect. Making the two provisional assumptions just mentioned, we can theoretically measure the intensity of a tone sensa- tion by the total length of that part of the Tone intensity partition the nerve ends of which are ex- in our graphic cited with one definite frequency. In our representation graphic representation (Fig. 10) the inten- sity can then be measured by the vertical distance between the horizontal coordinate and the top of tin- curves which represent the down and up jerks. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 35 We discussed above the result of a simple back and forth movement of the stirrup. Let us now do the same with a more complicated movement. Figure 11 Analysis of the represents the new stirrup movement combination which we are going to study. This curve 2 and 3 is approximately the one represented by the equation y = (1 — cos 2x20 + (1 — cos2,r30 ; which justifies us in saying that it represents physically the sum of two tones of the vibration ratio 2 : 3. Let us apply Fig. II. The combination 2 and 3. First characteristic phase the same graphic method to this case. We have first to trans- plant the part of the curve from the first minimum to the fol- lowing maximum, A to B, into figure 12. Now, when the stirrup reverses its motion, the parts of the partition near the windows begin to be jerked up. Therefore, the curve from the maximum B to the next minimum C has to be turned upside down and then transplanted. The following part of the curve, from C to D, must be transplanted in its original upright position, but placed on the 36 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES horizontal coordinate of the new figure, whatever its elevation in the original curve may be, since every reversal of the movement of the stirrup causes at once a movement of the parts of the parti- tion next to the windows and only later a movement of the follow- ing parts. So we continue transplanting each section of the curve, alternately upright and upside down. This figure (Fig. 12) Tone i Tone 2 Tone 3 / c r 1 / / a e 1 / J / / 1 I c L i c r a Figure 12. The combination 2 and 3. First characteristic phase- (A is identical with G.) Compare figure 11 is to be interpreted in the same way as figure 10. The distances from xa to xlt x, to x„, and x, to x3 represent three pieces of the partition, xo being next to the windows. During the unit of time, which is here the period from A to G, all the nerve ends located between x0 and x receive, as is easily seen, three shocks, counting the number of shocks received by the number of downs (or ups, since this distinction between the physiologically effective and ineffective direction of jerk- ing is arbitrary, for want of better knowledge as to the man- ner of excitation of the nerve ends). All the nerve ends be- tween x\ and x^ receive, as the figure shows, counting from left to right, two shocks in the unit of time. And all the MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 37 nerve ends between x\ and x3 receive one shock. The nerve ends located farther towards the apex of the cochlea do not receive any stimulation and do not, therefore, concern us. How many tones should we expect then to hear in this case? The answer is as easy as simple: Three different tones, since shocks of three different frequencies are received by the several nerve ends. And the musical relationship, the pitch, as we say, of these tones is determined by the relative frequencies found, which are 3 and 2 and 1. The relative intensity of these tones is to be measured, in accordance with our remarks in the pre- ceding paragraph, by the relative lengths xQ x„ x: xs, and x,xr A movement of the stirrup, not probably exactly like, but similar to the one just discussed could be produced by sounding simultaneously with approxi- _ . matelv equal intensities two tuning forks Two important ; , .,.,,. facts- Sound representing the ratio of vibration rates analysis and 3 :2- ^ 's weu known that we hear in such production of a case three different tones, 3 and 2, which subjective we may call "objective" or primary tones, difference tones and j which we may call a "subjective" or difference tone. Some further facts con- cerning such subjective or difference tones will be mentioned subsequently for those readers who are not familiar with the conditions under which they make their appearance. The appropriateness of calling the subjective tones in question "difference tones" will then become apparent. The fact that our theory of the function of the inner ear and actual obser- vation in this case agree so nicely, is highly satisfactory to us and ought to encourage us to proceed further in applying the theory to other special cases of movements of the stirrup. Let us keep in mind that our theory thus far has explained in a special case two most fundamental observations: 1. That our organ of hearing is capable of analyzing a compound 38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES acoustic process ; and 2. that it has the power of producing on its own account subjective tones which no study of mere externa] conditions could ever have revealed to us as a natural consequence of the physical processes we call tones. We saw in the preceding paragraph that all the nerve ends between xa and x, received three shocks in the unit of time. A measurement of the distances in A problem for the figure, however, shows that the time future solution intervals between these three shocks, al- though approximately the same, are not exactly alike (and, moreover, there are differences in this re- spect between the several nerve ends all of which receive three stimulations). Now, it is probable that the particular nervous excitation set up in each ganglion cell by these three stimula- tions of its terminal fibre and thence carried farther to the brain, may be just the same in either case, whether the shocks are received in an exactly regular rhythm or in a slightly irreg- ular succession. It will be one of the problems of the future to decide what is the limit of irregularity which must not be overstepped if the sensation produced is to be the same as that of a regular series of shocks of the same frequency. At pres- ent we have hardly any certain data upon which to found a decision. We must leave this problem open for the present. It would be well, however, to remember that the above graphic representation of the movement of the partition — for simplic- ity's sake — is based on a number of assumptions, and that the actual movement of the partition is doubtless somewhat different from the one which is here under discussion, and which contains probablv only the essential features of the actual movement, not all its minor details. Tt is entirely pos- sible, under these circumstances, that the irregularity in ques- tion is in reality much less considerable than it appears to us now, and what seems to be an important problem, may turn out to be no problem at all. The reason we have for believ- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 39 ing that the actual irregularity might be less than the one found here, is that in the graphic representation we have as- sumed a movement made up of absolutely sudden, unpre- pared jerks, with intervals of perfect rest between them. The real movement is probably a more gradual change from rest to motion and back to rest ; and the result of this might very well be an equalization of the time intervals preceding the shocks received by the nerve ends. This, however, is not offered as a solution of the problem, but merely as a sugges- tion for the future investigator of this subject. Let us try another method of graphically representing the movement of the partition under the provisional as- sumptions made. This method has a cer- „ , A, , tain disadvantage as compared with the Second method r of graphic method used above, in being less accurate representation of with regard to the time intervals, but, on the movement of the other hand, the advantage of a greater the partition simplicity for the constructor as well as for the reader. The extension of the par- tition from the windows towards the apex of the cochlea is here represented, not — as before — by the vertical, but by the hori- zontal extension of the figure, from left to right. Figure 13 shows the method as applied to the same curve (Fig. 11) which we have just discussed. The first thing we have to do is to draw in the given curve (Fig. 11) at equal distances so many lines parallel to the horizontal coordinate that each of the maxima and minima can be regarded as lying on one of these parallels. If this is not easily done, then any arbitrary number of parallels may be drawn. But the drawing as well as the interpretation of the new figure requires a little more atten- tion in this case, because we have to consider fractions. In this figure there are thirty equidistant lines drawn parallel to the horizontal coordinate. A greater accuracy than this would be entirely out of place, since our representation in any case 4° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES is merely an approximate representation of the actual move- ment of the partition. These horizontal parallels are auxiliary lines, serving the purpose of a measuring scale. The second thing we have to do is to draw a second, independent, system of auxiliary lines enclosing a corresponding number of spaces. These lines are the thirty-one vertical parallels in figure 13. The horizontal lines here indicate for the times A, B, C, and so forth, the positions of the different points of the parti- tion at the upper or lower limit of movement. The vertical E F a =— j™+"- q i |_4-J -----3 ■■- ---ijfz :ir: h:—- - - . 4f .._ i hf+H-Fltli-H-hfFfH-hn-hH-ffHJ-hi-- « 'V , " „ 3 2 Fig. 13. Successive positions of the partition. The combination 2 and 3. First characteristic phase. Compare figure 11 auxiliaries serve the purpose of cutting off the partition a number of equal sections corresponding to the number of parts into which we divided the total amplitude of the given curve representing the movement of the stirrup. To the right of these sections which move are to be imagined the parts of the partition nearer the apex which do not move at all in this spe- cial case and which do not, for this reason, concern us here. At the time A, all the moving parts of the partition are at their upper limits, since the stirrup has at this time its extreme outward position. From A to B, the stirrup moves through MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 1 I thirty units inwards, pushing down successively all the thirty sections of the initial part of the partition. We find, therefore, in figure 13 at B all the thirty sections at their lower limits. From B to C, the stirrup makes an outward movement through nineteen spaces. The result is an upward movement of an equal number of sections of the partition. We find, therefore, at C the first nineteen sections of the partition at their upper limits. All the following parts of the partition remain ex- actly in the positions at which they were at the time B, since — according to the assumptions under which we are working — no force whatsover has acted upon them. That is, the sec- tions twenty to thirty are still at the lower limits, and the further parts of the partition in their normal positions. From C to D the stirrup moves inward through six spaces, as seen in figure 11. It causes therefore the first six sections of the partition to be jerked down. In this position we find them in figure 13 at D. All the rest of the partition remains exactly as it was at C. That is, the next thirteen sections are still at the upper limits and the following eleven still at the lower limits where we found them at B. From D to E, the stirrup makes an outward movement through six spaces, causing an equal number of the initial sections of the partition to be jerked up. We therefore find in the figure at E the first nineteen sec- tions of the partition at the upper limits, the following eleven at the lower limits. From E to F, the stirrup moves inward again through nineteen spaces, causing nineteen sections of the partition to be jerked down. We find, therefore, in the figure at F all the thirty moving sections of the partition at the lower limits. From F to G, the stirrup moves outward through thirty spaces, as seen in figure 11. This causes thirty sections of the partition to be jerked up. So we find in figure 13 at G the whole initial piece of the partition which moves and therefore alone concerns us, at the upper limit. The stir- rup has now reached the very position from which it started 42 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES at A : and the partition has the same position which it had then. We have thus graphically represented the characteristic positions through which the partition passes during a com- plete period of the movement in question. The graphic representation, of course, is only a means to an end. We have to read off from this representation how many shocks are received during the How to read off period by the nerve ends on each section the tones heard °f the partition. This is easily done. Let and their us again, for want of definite knowledge, intensities make the assumption that a jerk down of the partition means a stimulation of the nerve ends, and that a jerk up is irrelevant. We then sim- ply have to go down in the figure from the top to the bottom and count the number of times each section is jerked down. The first section is down at P., up again at C, down for a sec- ond time at D, up again at E, down for a third time at F, and up again at G. The nerve ends on this section, there- fore, receive three shocks during the period. We find the same number of stimulations on the following five sections. Let us now inspect the seventh section. It is down at B, up at C and still up at D and E. It is down for a second time at F and up again at G. That is, the nerve ends on this sec- tion receive two shocks during the period. The same is true for the following twelve sections. Let us now look at the twentieth section of the partition. It is down at B, still down at C, D, E, and F; up again at G. That is. the nerve ends here receive only one shock during the period. The same holds for the following ten sections. We see, then, that three tones must be simultaneously heard, which we may call, according to the relative frequency of stimulation, the tones 3, 2, and 1. The relative intensities of these tones may be re- garded— under the provisional assumption of a uniform dis- tribution of nerve ends lengthwise over the partition — as six, MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 43 thirteen, and eleven, according to the number of sections which receive the greater or smaller number of shocks. Let us now appiy the second graphic method to another given movement of the stirrup, which will make clear to us another interesting property of the ear with ,-..„. r respect to the manner in which this or- Difference of K phase Charac- §an analyzes an objective sound. The curve teristic curves of the stirrup (Fig. 14) is made up of of a tone combi- two component curves, very similar to the nation curves composing the last curve discussed. That is. each of the two components is ap- proximately a sinusoid, one of a period equal to two thirds of the other's period, both of approximately the same amplitude. The resultant curve is constructed here as before by measuring and adding together the ordinate values of the components in the drawing. The difference between the present case and the last case discussed is a difference of phase. If the reader should not know what this means, it can be easily understood by the aid of figure 1 I- 'We find there two sinusoids, one with two and one with three maxima within the same period, which accordingly may be called curve two and curve three. Now imagine curve two moved slightly to the right until the minima at the extreme right and also the minima at the ex- treme left coincide. We then have exactly the case discussed above ; that is, the addition of the two curves would result in a compound curve as represented by figure 11. The curves of figure 11 and of figure 14 may be called the characteristic curves of the ratio 2 : 3, because they are the two extreme forms between which the compound curve changes as the result of a change of phase, that is. of a lateral movement of curve two, while curve three remains stationary. Let us convince our- selves here that there are no more than two characteristic compound curves. If we move curve two again slightly to the right, the same distance as before, that is, one twelfth of the 44 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES period, we obtain a compound curve as shown in figure 16, which is exactly like figure 14 when read from the right to the left. And if we change the phase again in the same manner, that is, move curve two again one-twelfth of the period to the right, we obtain a compound curve as shown in figure 18, which is exactly like figure 11 only turned upside down. We shall demonstrate in the succeeding paragraphs that it is entirely irrelevant with respect ,'*\ Fig. 14. The combination 2 and 3. Second characteristic phase to our theory whether we read a curve from the left or from the right, in its first position or turned upside down. We shall demonstrate thus that there are in- deed only two compound curves, no more, which are character- istic of a combination of two sinusoids. This is an important fact because it makes much simpler and easier our task of comprehending the function of the inner ear. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 45 Theory applied to second charac- teristic curve of combination 2 and 3 Let us apply, then, the second graphic method to this second characteristic curve of the combination 2 and 3. We locate, in figure 14, the horizontal coordi- nate so that the absolute minima of the compound curve are to be found thereon. We then draw a number of equidistant lines, say thirty, parallel to the horizontal coordinate. To avoid making the figure obscure I have indicated of these parallels only those which pass approximately through the maxima and minima of the curve. We further draw a system of thirty-one equidistant vertical parallels enclosing a series of thirty equal spaces which represent succeeding pieces of the partition. In this system of auxiliaries we represent the positions of the par- tition at the time A, B, C, and so forth. At A in figure 15 we find all the moving sections of the partition at their upper lim- its, since the stirrup has at this time, as figure 14 shows, the most outward position, the external air pressure and accord- ingly the density of the air in the middle ear being lowest. At B we find all the thirty initial sections of the partition down, 2 > w > C > u- c c 5 4 O ) 1 r ) I c D E F G 1 2 I Fig. 15. Compare figure 14 46 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES since from A to B the stirrup has moved through thirty units of space inwards. At C we find the twenty-four initial sections raised again since the stirrup has moved outward through twenty-four spaces. At D the eleven initial sections of the par- tition are at their lower limits since from C to D the stirrup has moved through eleven spaces in an inward direction. From D to E the stirrup moves outwards through three spaces. Ac- cordingly we find at E the first three sections of the partition raised to their upper limits. From E to F the stirrup moves inwards through eleven spaces. Accordingly eleven sections of the partition must be pushed down to their lower limits. We find the first three down at F. The following sections up to the twelfth were already down at E. In order to represent eleven sections of the partition as just pushed down we have to place at F the twelfth and the following, including the nine- teenth, sections of the partition at their lower limits. Then the first three and the latter eight make up the total number of eleven sections pushed down. From F to G the stirrup moves outwards through twenty-four spaces. Accordingly all sec- tions of the partition are raised to their upper limits except those from the nineteenth to the twenty-fifth which were already at their upper limit? at F and therefore simply stay there. So we find the partition at the time G in exactly the same position in which it was at A : and we must find it again in the same position since now another period of stirrup move- ment begins, exactly like the period iust discussed. We now have to read off the tones heard and their intensities in the same manner as we did this before. The result is that we must expect to hear the three tones 3, 2. and 1 in the relative inten- sities three, sixteen, and eleven. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 47 Comparing our analysis of the curve in figure 14 with the former result obtained from figure 11, we observe that in spite of the remarkable difference of ap- P tic al pearance of these curves to the eye, the irrelevance tones which we expect to hear are the of phase same. This is. of course, of the greatest importance in musical practice. Imagine the unsurmountable difficulties if the director of an orchestra were responsible for the phase in which the several tones pro- duced by the members of the orchestra acted upon the audi- tory organs of each hearer in the concert hall. But, as it is, each hearer perceives the same tones whatever the phases of the objective processes in the air. Now those who believe in the existence of a system of strings like "a piano in the ear," have laid much stress on this fact of the practical irrel- evance of phase, and some have even gone so far as to say that it compels us to assume sympathetic resonance to be the me- chanical power of the auditory organ. I need not persuade the reader, however, that such a compulsion does not exist. Some have gone still farther and asserted that phase differ- ence has never and under no circumstances any influence whatsoever upon the auditory perception. Their theory of the mechanics of the inner ear may lead to such a consequence, to an absolute irrelevance of phase. Experiment, however, has not yet proved that phase difference of the sinusoidal compon- ents of stirrup movement has never any influence of any kind upon the perception. Our theory has shown us the practical ir- relevance of phase differences and. at the same time, left a pos- sibility for slight influences of this kind upon the perception, resulting in a change of the relative intensities of the sev- eral tones heard. The intensities of the three tones for one phase we found to be six. thirteen, and eleven ; for the other phase three, sixteen, and eleven. That is to say, we would hear in the second case the same tones, but their relative 48 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES intensities would not be exactly the same as those in the first case. That is, difference of phase may be irrelevant, but it need not be so. Let us recall, however, that our representa- tion is only a rather remote approximation to the actual movements of the partition, so that actually the influence of phase upon the perception may be other than it here appears to be. What is important is our insight into the possibility of a slight influence of this kind. Fig. 16. Compare figure 14 I promised to demonstrate that the application of our the- ory yields the same result if we read the curve of stirrup move- ment from the right to the left, or turn it upside down. The former case is illus- trated by figure 16, which is exactly like figure 14 when read from the right to the left. Figure 17 shows the successive posi- tions of the partition. At B the twenty- four initial sections are down. At C the first eleven of them Theoretic irrel- evance of the sign of the co- ordinates MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 49 are up again. At D three are down again. From D to E the stirrup moves through eleven units of space outwards. 19 24^ 30 B C D £ rv Fig. 17. Compare figure 16 Therefore at E the first nineteen sections are up, eight of them being up already at D. From E to F the stirrup moves in- Fig. 18. Compare figure 11 wards through a little more than twenty-four units of space. Therefore at F thirty sections are down, five of them being 5° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES down already at E, At G (equal to A) all the thirty sections are up again. The tones to be heard, which the reader after all the previous practice in this task can easily read off, are 3, 2, and 1 with the relative intensities three, sixteen, and eleven. "9 3° c £ G Fig. 19. Compare figure 18 As expected, this result agrees perfectly with our analysis of the curve in figure 14. Let us now demonstrate that turning the curve upside down has no influence on the theoretic result. Figure 18 is exactly like figure 11, only turned upside down. In figure 19 we see Fig. 20. The combination 24 and 25 MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR « --fejT.- — -f^fl 4.5 5Ci Fig. 21. The combination 24 and 25. Compare figure 20 52 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES the successive positions of the partition corresponding to this curve. The interpretation of the figure is so simple that the reader will easily read off, without any aid, what tones are to be heard ; namely the tones 3, 2, and 1 with the relative intensi- ties six, thirteen, and eleven. This is exactly the same result as that of our analysis of the curve in figure 11. The interval studied above is in musical terminology that of a fifth. Let us now study an interval which is even small- er than a semitone. The compound curve in figure 20 is made up of twenty-four . ,one com" vibrations originating from one source and , rtE twentv-five from another. Figure 21 and 25 & shows the successive positions of the parti- tion corresponding thereto. The initial section of the partition moves up and down twenty-five times during the period. We may, therefore, conclude that the nerve ends located here will transmit to the brain a process resulting in the sensation of the tone 25. In order to discuss this matter with more accuracy, I have not relied only upon the draftsman's skill in con- structing the compound curve, but computed the ordinate values of some of the maxima and minima. Such a compu- tation is exceedingly tiresome work, since for each pair of val- ues in the table it is necessary to compute twenty or more values in order to select from them what appears as the maxi- mum or minimum. But the accuracy of this method can be carried to any decimal desired. We learn from the table of these values that the relative intensity (when determined in the same way as above) of the tone 25 would be nine (that is, 200—191). MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 53 Interval 24:25, Equal Amplitudes Min. Abscissa Ordinate Abscissa Difference Point Ordinate Difference 0 0 73 0 400 Max. 73 400 73 1 400 Min. H7 2 74 2 388 Max. 1540 246 — 21 Min. 1620 167 80 22 79 Max. 1685 221 65 23 54 Min. '755 191 70 24 3° Max. 1800 200 45 25 9 Min. 184? 191 45 26 9 Max. '9lS 221 70 27 3° Min . 1980 167 65 28 54 Max. 2060 246 So 29 79 Min. 3453 2 — 48 Max. 3527 400 74 49 388 Min . 3600 0 73 50 400 If we regard — quite arbitrarily — the time from one stimu- lation to the next as measurable by the abscissa differences of the succeeding maxima, we observe that Do we hear tms difference is about one hundred and the tone 25? forty-seven at the beginning of the period, that it decreases very slowly and is about one hundred and forty-five at the maximum twenty-three, about one hundred and fifteen at the maximum twenty-five, the same at the maximum twenty-seven, and that it increases gradually till the end of the period. One twenty-fifth of the whole period is one hundred and forty-four. This is the average abscissa difference, on which the pitch of the tone heard depends, since the abscissa difference is inversely proportional to the fre- quency of stimulation. But the actual abscissa differences, as we 54 UNIVERSITY OK MISSOURI STUDIES have just seen, deviate from the average, particularly in the middle of the period. Now, some one might prefer to conclude that we ought not to hear the tone 25 all the time, but at first a tone somewhat lower than this, gradually rising slightly and falling again in pitch towards the end of the period. Whether we should draw this conclusion I will not attempt to decide. Neither do I care to express a definite opinion as to what we actually hear. Let the reader who wants to know this find it out by an experiment of his own. What I must point out, however, is the fact that the time inter- val between two maxima is not necessarily the time between two stimulations. In a provisional way, the interval be- tween two maxima or between two minima or between two points of inflection or between two points of any other name and definition may be used thus, but let us always remember that this is only a provisional, an artificially simplified method, which can scarcely yield more than a rough approximation of what actually happens. Another section of the partition moves up and down twen- ty-four times during the period. The length of this section, which determines the relative intensity of Do we hear tne tone heard, is derived from the table the tone 24? as being twenty-one (221 — 200). Tf we look at the time interval between the successive maxima, we find this to be at the beginning of the period one hundred and forty-seven, to decrease gradually to one hundred and forty-five at the maximum twenty-three, to be two hundred and thirty from maximum twenty-three to maximum twenty-seven (maximum twenty-five has disappeared, as seen in figure 21s), and to fall again to one hundred and forty-five. Here again. T will not attempt to decide what we ought to expect theoretically, because we have no right to deduce anything definite from a theory in a direction in which this theory is as yet professedly indefinite, in which it obvious- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 55 ly lacks as yet all details, owing to the deficiency of the requisite experimental data. I can only repeat here what I said in the preceding paragraph. Before we continue this attempt at an interpretation of figure 21, let us consider an imaginary case the application of which to our figure will soon make No indiscrimi- itself clear. Imagine that during half a nate counting of second a nerve end receives in regular in- stimuli allowed tervals fifty stimulations, but during the following half-second no stimulations at all; then again for half a second fifty stimulations in regular intervals, and again for half a second none ; and so on. What could we hear in such a case, but a tone for half a second', nothing for half a second, a tone again for half a second, noth- ing again for half a second, and so on. And what tone would it be? Plainly the tone which we ordinarily call 100, because the frequency with which fifty stimuli are received in half a second is the same as that with which one hundred are received in one second. I need not waste anv effort in trying to prove what is self evident, namely that it would be absurd to count in a case like this simply the number of stimuli during any whole second and to expect, these being fifty, that we should hear the tone 50. And yet this wav of counting has been actually proposed. But this proposition mav well be ignored. Now let us return to the interpretation of figure 21. The third section of the partition, the length of which is twenty- four (191 — i67), receives stimulations in What beats approximately equal intervals until about the do we hear? miximum twenty-three when there is no stimulus at all until about the maximum twenty-nine. With the rough approximation here possible we may say that there is no stimulus during about one-tenth of the period. From our discussion in the preceding paragraph it fol- lows that during about nine-tenths of the period we should 56 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES hear a tone and during one-tenth of the period we should hear nothing so far as the nerve ends of this section are con- cerned. The pitch of the tone we must expect to lie between the tones 24 and 25, acording to the probable frequency with which the stimulations are received during that part of the period during which they are received. It is plain that the fourth, fifth and following sections of the partition must move up and down very much the same as the third section does, with this difference only, The "mean" tone that for each further section the pause when no stimulations at all are received becomes longer and longer. The total sensation, then, which is derived from the sum of the nerve ends of the third and the following sections must be a tone of a certain intensity at a certain time when all these sections mediate the sensation, but becoming weaker and weaker as one after another of the sections stops moving until for a moment it ceases alto- gether, then appearing again and increasing up to its former intensity. And so on again and again. That is to say, we hear this tone "beating." And since its pitch lies probably somewhere between 24 and 25, between the "primary" tones (perhaps its pitch is not quite constant but may vary slightly during each period), I propose to call it the "mean tone" (German: Zwischenton). The question whether we hear such a mean tone I do not care to answer here, this discussion being devoted to theory, not to experi- mental research. Let the reader who desires make observa- tions of this kind himself. The farthest section of the partition set in motion by this movement of the stirrup moves up and down only once dur- ing the period. The nerve ends located The difference nere receive one shock during each period tone and convey therefore the sensation of the tone 1, the difference tone of this case. The intensity of the difference tone, corresponding to the length of this section of the partition, is two. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 57 It is not impossible, however, it is even probable, also that a few of the sections just preceding this last convey the sensation of this difference tone, instead of that of the mean tone. The last section which may convey the sensation of the mean tone moves only twice up and down during the period, in quick succession. This double move- ment is followed by a long pause during which no movement occurs. Now, experimental research of recent years has prov- ed that two shocks received by the auditory nerve ends may be sufficient to give the sensation of the tone corresponding to the frequency with which the two shocks are received — but only within the middle region of the tonal series. To- wards either end of this series four, six, and even more shocks are found to be necessary for the sensation of the tone cor- responding to the frequency of the shocks. What, then, will be the consequence of choosing the tones 24 and 25 somewhat higher? The section of the partition which makes the two up and down movements in quick succession can no longer convey the sensation of a short mean tone. If there is only one period of movement, no sensation at all will then result. But if many periods succeed, it is much more likely that the double movement of the partition section will have the effect of a single shock than no effect at all ; and the repetition of this shock in each succeeding period must result in the sen- sation of the tone 1, the difference tone. If the tones 24 and 25 are chosen still higher, it becomes improbable that even three shocks received by the nerve ends in quick succession between two long pauses can give the sensation of a short mean tone. In this case it is highly prob- able also that the second section before the last conveys the sensation of the difference tone. And so a few more of those more distant sections may convey the sensation of the dif- ference tone instead of the mean tone. 58 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES If the difference tone results exclusively from the func- tion of the nerve ends located on the last moving section of the partition, its relative intensity is two, according to the above table. But if the difference tone results from the func- tion of the nerve ends of further sections, its relative inten- sity must be higher and the maximum intensity of the mean tone correspondingly lower. That is, the phenomenon of a beating mean tone must be the less pronounced the more audible the difference tone: and the difference tone of a small interval like the one in question must be the more audible the higher the pair of primary tones in the tonal series. Summarizing now our interpretations of figure 21, we must say that so far as the meager data reach from which we can draw theoretical conclusions, the fol- The combination lowing seems likely to be the total im- 24 and 25: pression (listening with one ear. having summary the other ear plugged) : 1. A tone 25 of the constant, but comparatively weak intensity nine : 2. a tone 24 of the constant, but compar- atively weak intensity twenty-one; 3. a mean tone (perhaps slightly varying in pitch during each period) of an intensity which varies once during each period from zero to a definite maximum intensity and back to zero. This maximum inten- sity may be (under the most favorable conditions) as high as (relatively) three hundred and sixty-eight, but must be much less if the primary tones are above the middle region of the tonal series. Its being less means that the "beats" are less pronounced ; 4. a difference tone the relative inten- sity of which may be (under the most unfavorable condi- tions) as low as two. Its intensity, however, may be greatly increased, at the expense of the maximum intensity of the beating mean tone, in case the pitch of the primary tones is raised. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 59 Before we take up the theoretical discussion of further tone combinations, the reader ought to obtain some informa- tion concerning- the difference tones which Laws of we near m addition to the "objective" difference tones in the several combinations. To tones give such information of this kind as is indispensable, I shall state here the laws of these phenomena in as clear and comprehensible a manner as possible. These laws given below do not pretend to tell all the difference tones which we might possibly hear in every possible combination of objective tones. Neither do they tell the relative intensities of the difference tones, although this is a matter of no small importance. Laws of difference tones of this scientific perfection are as yet not known and may never be known. The laws below merely tell those differ- ence tones which one is most likely to hear in those combi- nations which correspond to relatively simple ratios of the vibration rates and are therefore (musically and otherwise) particularly interesting. These laws are the following four: In case the ratio of the vibration rates does not differ much from 1:1, let us say 11:12. or 9911:998©, a single dif- ference tone is audible, whose pitch corre- First law of sponds to the pitch of a tuning fork the difference tones vibration rate of which is equal to the difference of the vibration rates of our case. In addition to the difference tone, however, beats are usually clearly audible, and a mean tone may be audible too which lies between the two primary tones. If the interval is quite small, this mean tone is usually more pronounced than either of the primary tones, particularly when we hear with one ear only, having the other ear plugged. The beats just mentioned seem to be the fluctuations of the intensity of the mean tone rather than of the primary tones, if we use one ear only. 6o UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Second law of difference tones A second class of ratios which is of particular interest, is that of the ratios whose numbers differ by one. In each of these cases the difference tone 1 is audi- ble, but often quite a number of additional difference tones can be perceived. If the numbers of the ratio are rather small, as in the case of 5:4, all the tones from the highest, that is, 5, down to 1 are without any great difficulty noticeable. As we study ratios of increasing numbers, the tones following directly upon 1 (in a rising direction) seem to have a tendency to drop out. And if we go on in the same Objective tones Diff erence tones ea 2, i - 3. 2 ' 4, 3 2, i 5. 4 3. 2, i 6, 5 4. 3. - » i 7, 6 5) 4> ? i s, 7 6, 5, ? i 9, 8 7. 6, 5. ?, i lO, 9 • > i way, we soon find only one difference tone left, the tone 1. We have then simply reached a case in which the difference tone is determined by the first law above. The accompanying table represents this class of ratios with their difference tones. A third class of ratios are the ratios made up of com- paratively small numbers, representing intervals less than an MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 6l Third law of difference tones octave. In these cases three difference tones are often easily noticeable, one cor- responding to the direct difference of the vibration rates {h — /) ; one correspond- ing to the difference between the lat- ter number (h — /) and the vibration rate/ of the lower primary tone, that is, (2/ — h) ; and one corresponding to the difference between the just mentioned differences (h — /) and (2/ — h), that is (2h — 3/). It is to be noticed, however, that a difference tone is rarely audible which corresponds to a difference larger than the subtrahend; for example, the primary tones 9 and 5 produce the difference tones 4 and 1, but not 3 = 4 — 1, or at least not an easily noticeable tone 3, three being larger than one. The following table contains a few ex- amples of this class: Objective tones Dift'e rence tones easily audible 8, 5 3- 2, I 5, 3 2. I 9, 5 4. I 7> 4 3> I ii, 7 4. 3- i The fourth class are the ratios made up of comparatively small numbers, representing intervals larger than an octave. The first fact to be noticed here is the lack of an easily observable difference tone corresponding to the direct difference of the two vibration rates. Such a tone, if audible, would lie between the primary tones. As a rule, only one difference tone is easily noticeable in these cases, which can be found according to the following Fourth law of difference tones 62 UNIVERSITY OK MISSOURI STUDIES rule : Find the smallest difference between the larger num- ber of the ratio and any multiple of the smaller number. The table contains a few instances of this class: Objective tones Difference tones easily audible ii, 4 i=3X4—ii 12, 5 2=I2—2X5 9, 4 i=9—2X4 ii, 3 i=4x3—ii 5, 2 1 = 5—2X2 8, 3 1=3x3—8 Let me repeat that the above rules do not pretend to represent scientific laws in the strict sense of the word. They are stated here chiefly for a practical pur- The use of pose. If the reader who is unfamiliar with such laws difference tones will use the above "laws" as directions for observation and obtain a first hand knowledge of the phenomena of difference tones, he will be more interested in the theoretical discussions which are to follow, and able to decide for himself in what di- rections the mechanical theory is yet most undeveloped and most wanting in details. Let us applv our theory now to the combination of two sinusoids of the relative periods nine and four, that is, of the relative frequencies 4 and 9. The com- The combination pound curve, representing the function 4 and 9 / 1 x > = 1.99 -4- sin4a- -f- sin9x is shown in figure 22. The period is made to begin and to end with the lowest ordinate value of the function, zero, because this has certain technical advantages. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 63 It is, of course, in a periodical function, entirely irrelevant for the mechanical theory what point we regard as the beginning of the period. The accompanying table contains the pairs of corresponding coordinate values of all the maxima and min- ima of the curve. These values are found by computing a large number of pairs of values and selecting from them Interval 4:9, Equal Amplitudes Ordinate Abscissa Ordinate Ordinate Difference Max + 169 119 36S P 338 Min . — 16 3iS 183 Q 185 Max. + 75 47i 2 74 R 91 Min . - 199 696 0 A 274 Max. + no 929 309 B 309 Min . — 2 1094 197 C 112 Max. + H2 '275 341 D 144 Min . — 1S9 1 51 2 10 E 33" Max. + 42 1724 241 F 23i Min — 42 1876 157 G S4 Max. + 189 20S8 388 H 33« Min. — 142 2325 57 1 33i Max. + 2 2506 201 J 144 Min. — no 2671 89 K 112 Max 4- 199 2904 398 L 309 Min . — 75 3129 124 M 274 Max. + 16 32S2 2I5 N 91 Min . l6q 34Si 3° O 185 Max. + 169 3719 368 P 338 those which have the highest and lowest ordinate values. This computation is a very slow process, but has no limit of accuracy. Figure 23 shows the positions of the partition be- longing to the maxima and minima of figure 22. We see that at A the initial forty sections of the partition are in their 64 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES upper positions. At B, the first thirty-one of them are at their lower limits. At C, the stirrup has caused eleven sections to assume their upper limits. From C to D, the stirrup moves inwards through fourteen units of space, pushing down the eleven sections which were up at C, leaving the following twenty unmoved since they are down already, and pushing down three more, so that now the first thirty-four Fig. 22. The combination 4 and 9 sections of the partition are down, six further sections are up, and all the following ones are in their normal positions. From D to E the stirrup makes an outward movement through thirty-three units of space, moving up the first thirty-three sections of the partition. From E to F, the stirrup moves inwards through twenty-three units of space ; and so on. At S, we find the partition in the same position as at A, our starting point ; then, a new period begins. Let us now try to interpret the figure. We can easily see that the first eight sections move down and up again nine times during the period. This would mean Do we hear 9? that the nerve ends located on this section convey to our mind the sensation of the tone 9 of the relative intensity eight. The ninth section of the partition moves down and up only eight times during the period; but after our discussion about the omission of stimuli MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 65 it is clear that w.e should not be justified in concluding that we must hear the tone 8. This tone would be audible only if the frequency with which the stimuli occur on the ninth section was less than the frequency on the first eight sections. However, there is no reason why we should regard the fre- „ -^ _ w- CD ^ N — to ^ r-^c^^ I I ! 1 I I I I I I I I I I A. -■- B, -_^- h -- Cl. >- 4 ->- D^ h *-- Z c u> ■■-- F , v \-A ■-- C,<- . : 1 n- ■-- h, r=- I , ^ F^- jr 1 -,. -r^-- Ku -t.--.-H -> *=■-■ I „ -,- Ml 4 ^~ N. <- ■ l T— Ol -, ,- P, F^r^, T- Ql. 4 t 4 ,- R, ,'- L. 4 1 -.- Sl. «■- Fig. 23. The combination 4 and 9. Compare figure 22 quency as different. It seems most probable, then, that the nerve ends of the ninth section convey to us the sensation of the tone 9, but with a short pause (or possibly, because of the after-sensation, a diminution of intensity only) at the moment about G, when no stimulation takes place. Our total impression of the tone 9 is, of course, the sum of the sensa- tions conveyed by all the nine initial sections. This means that the tone intensity perceived would, on the whole, be nine ; but that for one moment in each period this intensity of the tone might suddenly be slightly decreased. It does not 66 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES seem improbable — so far as our theoretical data permit us to draw a conclusion — that such a sudden, but weak decrease in intensity might become noticeable as a kind of just per- ceptible "beat." I leave it to the reader to decide experi- mentally whether the tone 9 in this combination appears slightly "rough" or perfectly "smooth." The tenth and eleventh sections of the partition move down and up six times during the period. But we must remember here from our previous discus- Do we hear 6? si°n that — in order to conclude as to the tones to be heard — no indiscriminate count- ing is permissible. Mere counting of stimuli would indicate the tone heard only in case it seems probable that these stimuli occur in equal or approximately equal intervals. Now, a survey of figure 23 does not make it appear probable that the stimuli on the two sections in question occur in even approx- imately equal intervals. The partition moves down at F and remains in the lower position until it moves up at I. It moves down at J and immediately, at K, up again. Down at L and up at M. In this upper position it remains until P, when it moves down. At Q it is up again, to stay in the upper position until B, when it moves down. At C it is up again. At D it moves down, at E up, and at F down again. Are we justified in concluding that the nerve ends located on these two sections of the partition must convey to our mind the sensation of the tone 6 of the intensity two ; or any other definite sensation ? I do not know how to answer this ques- tion. If we knew the time intervals between the successive stimuli exactly, we might attempt to decide whether one or the other sensation would be more or less probable in this case. But we know that figure 23' is only an approximate, not an exact representation of the actual movement of the partition. It is a certain comfort in this dilemma that the prac- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 67 tical importance of a decision in this case is rather small, for the reason that, whatever sensation these two sections might produce, it would be a sensation of the relative intensity two only, a rather weak sensation compared with the tones which appear theoretically certain. The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth sections of the partition move down at B, a second time at F, a third time at J, and a fourth time at P. These sec- Do we hear 4? tions, therefore, move down and up four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. The five following sections of the partition move down at B, a second time at F, a third time at L, and a fourth time at P. These sections, therefore, move down and up four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. The four sections from the twentieth to the twenty- third move down at B, a second time at F, a third time at L, and a fourth time at P. These sections, therefore, move down and up four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. The following four sections move down at B, a second time at H, a third time at L, and a fourth time at P; that is, four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. The four sections from the twenty-eighth to the thirty-first move down at B, a second time at H, a third time at L, and a fourth time at P; again, four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. The thirty-second and thirty-third sections move down at D. a second time at H. a third time at L, and a fourth time at P. These sections, therefore, move down and up four times during the period in approximately equal intervals. It follows that according to our theory we must expect to hear the tone 4 of a relative in- tensity twenty-two, since it is produced by all the sections from the twelfth to the thirty-third. 68 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The thirty-fourth section of the partition moves down at D, and up again at O ; down at P, and up again at S. That is, the nerve ends of this section receive Do we hear any two stimuli during the period. We may difference tones? expect to hear, therefore, the tone 2 of the relative intensity one. The three follow- ing sections of the partition move down at H and up again at O. The nerve ends on these sections receive, therefore, one stimulus during the period. The next two sections move down at H and up again at S. The nerve ends here receive one stimulus during the period. The fortieth section moves down at L and up again at S. The nerve ends here receive one stimulus during the period. We must hear, then, the tone 1 of the relative intensity six. The tones 2 (weak) and 1 (strong) are the only difference tones in this case which we can derive from our theory with some degree of certainty. Summarizing now the results derived from our represen- tation of the movements of the partition in the case of the ratio 4:9, we find that we must expect to The relative hear the tones 9, 4. 2 and 1, with the rel- intensities ative intensities nine, twenty-two, one and compared six : leaving out of discussion the doubt- ful sensation of the intensity two which may be conveyed to our mind by the tenth and eleventh sec- tions. Now, it is quite natural to ask the question whether we hear these tones with just these relative intensities. Un- fortunately, no exact answer to this question is possible, because this matter, owing to technical difficulties and other circumstances, has never been experimentally subjected to accurate measurement. It is known, however — what also ap- pears in the above statement of our results — that in a com- bination of two tones the higher one loses in intensity, com- pared with the lower one. Yet it is doubtful if this loss in intensity is so great as the number nine indicates, compared MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 69 with twenty-two. The present writer at least is inclined to doubt this. He believes that the theory, representing only an approximation to what actually happens in the organ of hear- ing, exaggerates the degree of this loss of intensity on the part of the higher tone. He is also inclined to believe that the theory exaggerates the relative intensity of the difference tone 1, which was found to be six. In reality, this tone seems to be somewhat weaker than is indicated by this number. Let us remember, now, the provisional assumptions which we made in order to render the graphic representation of the movement of the partition as sim- The third and P^e as possible. We may raise this ques- fourth provisional tion : Is not, perhaps, the above disagree- assumptions ment between theory and experimental ob- recalled servation a result of one or more of these provisional assumptions? I shall demon- strate that this is indeed the case. Or, more exactly, I shall demonstrate that, if we omit one of these assumptions and take into account in its stead the actual anatomical conditions so far as these are known, we change the results of the theory in such a direction as to diminish the exaggerated loss of intensity of the higher primary tone and also the exaggerated intensity of the difference tone. The partition was provisionally assumed to be of equal width all along the tube. As a matter of fact, its width near the windows is only one-twelfth or one- The partition is tenth (measurements differ somewhat) of narrower near what it is at the far end of the tube. And the windows further, it is to be noted that the width of the partition does not increase uniformly along the tube, like the area between the dotted lines of figure 24, but that it increases first rather rapidly, later more slowly, like the area between the curved lines. The figure, however, does not represent the true relation between the width and 7° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES the length of the partition. The partition as a whole is much narrower in comparison to its length than appears in the fig- ure. Let us try, then, to get a clear conception of the func- tional significance of these facts. It is of no particular im- portance, in this connection, whether the measurements upon Fig. 24. Shape of the partition which the following considerations are based are more or less incorrect, as they probably are; for our intention is merely to get an idea of the general direction in which the actual shape of the partition changes the results of a theory having pro- visionally assumed that the partition is everywhere of equal width. When the partition yields in either direction, up or down, its former place is taken by the fluid of the tube. Let us call the quantity of fluid which has taken po- A unit of stirrup sitions formerly occupied by the partition movement equals "the displaced fluid." Now, it is plain that a unit of dis- the quantity of displaced fluid must al- placed fluid ways be approximately proportional to the distance through which the stirrup has moved since its last reversal of movement. Tf the partition were equally wide everywhere, then any section of equal length, far from or near the windows, would make room, in moving from one limit to the other, to the same quantity of displaced fluid as any other section. And then, plainly, the length of that part of the partition which is caused to move from one limit to the other would always be proportional to that part of the stirrup movement which caused it to move. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 7 1 This is the effect of our provisional assumption. But if the partition tapers as it does, a unit of displaced fluid (corre- sponding to a unit of stirrup movement) is made room for by sections of the partition of very unequal length according as the displaced fluid unit is located nearer or farther from the windows. Where the partition is narrow, a longer section would have to move in order to make room for a unit of dis- placed fluid. Where the partition is wider, a shorter section would make room for the same quantity of fluid. Since, then, tone intensity depends on the length of the partition section which is jerked up and down, and since this length is not proportional to the given The computation value of the stirrup movement, it is use- of a table ful to have a table showing the partition lengths corresponding to various stirrup movements in order to get a clear idea of the influence of the tapering of the partition upon the relative tone intensities. To simplify the computation of such a table, it is well to restrict it to a short distance from the windows, so that we ->X Fig. 25. The partition widens may approximately assume the partition to increase uni- formly in width within this distance. Let us call w the smallest width of the partition, near the windows: let us assume that a distance from the windows equal to 50w the width of the partition is 6w, and let us assume a uniform in- crease of width. Let us call y the width at any point of the partition and x the distance of this point from, the beginning 72 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES near the windows. We then know (Fig. 25) that the ratio <■ is equal to the ratio of X 50Z£> y — w 6zv — w i X 50Z£> ~ 10 . X \0'W-\-X J IO 10 The area described by the cross-section of the partition in being jerked from one limit to the other may be called a at the point where the width of the partition The area 1S sma^est» « at any arbitrary point of the described by a partition. These areas, let us assume, are cross-section of geometrically similar. This assumption the partition possesses a higher degree of probability than what would follow for the areas from the third provisional assumption made above for the sake of simplicity. It then follows that the ratio of the areas is equal to the ratio of the squares of the widths of the partition at the same points. a _y* a w' ay' a= —z- W For y we substitute its value found above and have then the equation : a(iow+xY a= — - Kfnf The left side of this equation is a measure of the area described by the cross-section of the partition at the point x, in being jerked from one limit to the other. The right side of the equation contains the variable x, the distance of any point of the partition from its beginning near the windows, MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 73 and the two constants a and w. The former of these con- stants is the area described by the initial point of the partition in moving from one limit to the other, of whatever form this area may actually be found to be. The latter is the width of the partition at the initial point. The mathematical reader immediately sees that that quan- tity F of displaced fluid for which room is made by a move- The quantity of ment oi any given section of the partition fluid for which is determined by the following equation, room is made which can be easily integrated. '-/: F= I adx J #, In order to integrate this equation we have to express u as a function of x. This has been done above under the tem- porary assumption of a uniform increase of width. The re- sult is stated in the equation just preceding the last. We then have p= ** -JL-.{low+x)*dx= J x, ioowa = — — ■ \(iow+x,y—{iou>+x,y , 300W' L where .r2 is the farther, x the nearer of the two points enclosing whatever section of the partition is in question. If the section in question is an initial section of the par- tition, then x, is equal to zero, and the quantity of displaced fluid is F= — ^— \{iow+x,y— (\ow)A Let us regard the partition as consisting of sections each of the length of w. We can find, then, the quantities of dis- placed fluid for which room is made by the first section, the first two, the first three, the first four, and so forth, sections 74 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES by making x, successively equal to w, to %w, to 3zv, to 3w iow+x, = «'Viooo+4300w x, = (V1000+430OW — lo)w The following table contains the corresponding values of m and x\, measured in the unit of length w. 76 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Let us see, now, how we must use the table of fluid quantities and partition lengths. We recall that any unit of stirrup movement causes the displacement The use of °f a unrt °f fluid. What we have the table called above "the relative intensities of the tones heard" refers directly to relative numbers of units of stirrup movement ; indirectly also to rela- tive numbers of units of displaced fluid, since it is highly prob- able that the quantity of displaced fluid is approximately pro- portional to the extent of a stirrup movement. What we want TABLE OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN FLUID DISPLACEMENT AND PARTITION LENGTH m I X m 11 X ;« 21 X m X m 41 X 7-43 26.42 35 03 31 41 22 46.18 2 11.25 12 27.47 22 35 73 32 41 75 i 42 46.62 3 14.04 13 28 46 23 36 40 33 42 28 43 47-07 4 16.30 14 29.41 24 37 05 34 42 80 44 47-5° 5 18.23 15 30.31 25 37 70 35 43 31 45 47-94 6 19.92 16 31-17 26 38 32 36 43 Si 46 48.36 7 21-45 17 32.00 27 3S 92 37 44 30 47 48. 78 8 22.83 18 32.80 2S 39 51 38 44 78 48 49.19 9 24. 11 19 33-57 29 40 10 39 45 26 49 49.60 10 25 -3° 20 34-31 3° 40 65 40 45 72 5° 50.00 to know now, is the length of the several sections of the par- tition of which. — in the last case of tone combination, 4 and 9 — the first or initial one moves up and down nine times and produces the tone 9, the second produces no definite tone with MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 77 certainty, the third produces the tone 4, the fourth the tone 2, and the fifth the tone 1. The fluid quantity for the tone 9 is measured, as we found above, by the relative number nine. Now, let us, for exam- ple, assume that this means an equal number of fluid units in our table. We then read off the corresponding par- tition length as being 24.11 units. The fluid quantity for the uncertain tone was measured as two units. But now, we can- not simply read off from the table the number of partition units corresponding to two; for the partition section making TONE INTENSITIES IN THE COMBINATION 4 AND 9 Tones Uniform width Tapering 9 22.5% S*-1% Uncertain 5.0% S.o% 4 55 -o% 34-S% 2 2.5# 1.1% 1 15. or, 6.4% room for these two fluid units is not an initial section. We must read off, therefore, the value corresponding to eleven fluid units (26.42) and subtract from this the value correspond- ing to nine fluid units (24.11). We thus see that the length of the partition section about the tone of which we could not come to a decision is 2.31 units. The fluid quantity for the tone 4 was measured as twenty-two. But here again we can- not simply read off the length of the partition section pro- ducing this tone, because this section is not an initial section. We must read off the values for 9-+ 2+22=3 3 and for 9+2=11 and subtract the latter from the former. These values are 42.28 and 26.42. The length of that section of the partition 7$ UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES which moves up and down four times is therefore 15.86 units. The intensity of the tone 2 is one fluid unit. The length of the partition section corresponding to this fluid unit is 42. 80 — 42.2'8c=.5'2. The fluid quantity for the tone 1 is six fluid units. We have to read off from the table the values corresponding to 9+2+224- 1+6=40 and to 9+2+22+1=34 fluid units. These values are 45.72 and 42.80. The length of that section of the partition which produces the tone 1 is therefore 2.9'2 units of the partition. The relative intensities of the four tones 9, 4, 2, and 1, would then be, not as nine to twenty-two to one to six, but as 24.1 to 15.9 to .5 to 2.9 ; and the tone about The relative which we could not reach a definite con- intensities of the elusion would have the relative intensity tones 9, 4, 2, 2.3 instead of two. For the sake of better and 1 comparison let us express the relative in- tensities in percentages. The table shows in one column the tone intensities in case we regard the par- tition as of uniform width and in another column the intensi- ties in case we regard the partition as tapering and possess- ing those properties upon which the present computation is based. We must not, of course, regard the result found in the second column of intensities as any more final than that in the first column. We have assumed that This result t'ie initial section of the partition tapers not final uniformly so that, the initial width being w, its width is &zv at a distance of 50w. But we do not know that it tapers just this way. We have further assumed that the areas described by cross-sections of the par- tition in moving from one limit of position to the other, are geometrically similar. But we do not know whether they are or not. We have further assumed that the total movement of the partition in this case extends just to the distance of 45.72w. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 79 But this is an arbitrary assumption, and the results of the ta- ble, as is shown farther below, would look different if the total movement did not extend just so far, but farther or less far. We must not, then, regard this result as final, but simply ob- serve if it tends to change the relative intensities in such a direction as might correct the intensities which seemed some- what objectionable. Now, we objected, first, to the fact that the higher of the primary tones had such a slight intensity com- pared with the lower one, 22.5 per cent compared with 55.0 per cent. Now we see that taking into account the tapering of the partition raises the intensity of the tone 9 to 52. 7 per cent and lowers that of the tone 4 to 34.8 per cent. As stated before, these particular figures must not be regarded as a final result. It is irrelevant that now the lower tone is weaker than the- higher. What is important is the fact that the influence in question is in the direction in which it must be in order to correct the objectionable features of the former computation. A further result of this influence is the reduction of the former intensity of the difference tone 1, which we regarded as rather high, from 15.0 per cent to 6.4 per cent — again a change in the desired direction. We can obtain here a more special insight in addition to the general insight into the fact that tapering of the par- tition tends to increase the intensities of the „,, , . ■ tones produced by the initial sections, to The relative in- ' J tensities not inde- decrease the intensities of the tones pro- pendent of the duced by more distant sections of the par- absolute intensity tition. More especially, we shall observe of the compound that the amount of this increasing or de- sound • a ,- . creasing influence varies according as the total length of the partition section set in motion varies, that is, as the total intensity of the compound sound heard varies. Imagine, for example, three tones, which we call A, B, and C, being produced by successive sections of So UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES the partition. Imagine further that the quantity of displaced fluid for the tone A is 20 per cent of the total amount of fluid displaced by the compound sound wave, that the quantity for B is 50 per cent, and the quantity for C 30 per cent. This is a percentage which might easily be found in an actual case. The pitch of the tones A, B, and C is irrelevant. The table below contains all the values which are of interest to us, for two cases. In the first case the actual fluid quantities are two, five, and three, by assumption ; in the second case they are ten, twenty-five, and fifteen. That is, the stirrup move- ment in the second case is of the same form, but exactly five times as large as in the first. Quantities of dis- placed fluid Length of sections (absolute values) Length of sections (percentages) A z IO B 5 2 5 C 3 15 A "-3 25'3 B 10.2 18.0 C 3-8 6.7 V *5-3 50.0 A 44-7% 50. 6% B 40.3% 36.0% C 15.0% 13-4% The table shows that the tone intensities do not increase proportionally to the increase in the amplitude of stirrup move- ment. The amplitude in the second case is five times that of the first case : but the total intensity (2) of the audible sound in the second case is less than twice that of the first case (50.0 compared with 25.3). The table shows further that the inten- sity of the tone A is in the first case 44.7 per cent, in the second case 50.6 per cent. That is the increase in the intensity of the whole sound is favorable to the relative intensity of the tone produced by the initial section of the partition. The percentage intensity of this tone. A. is increased at the cost of the tones B and C, the percentages of both of which are diminished. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 6 1 Thus far we have studied the effect upon the relative tone intensities of initial and more distant sections which would result from a uniform increase in width of Increase in width tne Partition as compared with a uniform of partition width. But we know that the partition not uniform does not increase uniformly, but rapid- ly at first, near the windows, and more slowly the farther we go from the windows (Fig. 24). To understand the theoretical result of this manner of increase, it is not necessary to compute a new table. It is plain that, if a more distant section increases less than we assumed in computing the preceding table, showing the corresponding values of m and x, this would cause a longer piece of this dis- tant part of the partition to move in order to make room for a certain quantity of displaced fluid. That is, the decrease in the broadening of the partition would counteract the effect last discussed. We saw in the preceding paragraph that an increase in the intensity of the whole sound does not leave the relative intensities of the partial tones unaltered, but favors the intensities of the tones on the initial sections, reduces those on the distant sections. But now, if we increase the in- tensity of the whole sound, we throw the tones of the more distant sections on still more distant sections, that is, on sec- tions where the broadening of the partition is much less than that assumed in the table. Consequently, the tones of distant sections cannot lose in percentage as much as a derivation from the table would indicate, but might even gain somewhat in percentage of intensity through an increase of the total in- tensity of the sound. 82 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The preceding paragraphs must impress us with the per- plexity of our situation. We want to comprehend the facts of audition as depending on the structure q,, , , and function of the sense organ. But every more accurate endeavor to enter into the details of the and detailed function of the organ is thwarted by the anatomical poverty and inaccuracy of our anatomical knowledge knowledge. We cannot obtain a definite idea of the intensities of the various physi- ological processes resulting from a compound aerial wave un- less we know exactly the manner of increase in width of the partition. It is not sufficient to know that it increases first rapidly, then slowly. We need a very exact measurement of the width of succeeding cross-sections of the partition and of the distance of each of them from the beginning of the par- tition near the windows. On the other hand, we need also a much more detailed and accurate comparison of the relative intensities of the components of stronger and weaker com- rp. , , pound sounds, based on psychological ex- more accurate perimentation and observation. Thus far, observation of the practically nothing in this regard is known psychological with exactness. It is to be hoped that, in facts of hearing spite of the extraordinary technical diffi- culties and the costliness of the apparatus required for such investigations, an accurate knowledge of these psychological facts will be obtained. We need this knowledge because some of the constants contained in the mechanical theory may never become directly measurable, for example, the elastic properties of the partition, and, therefore, will have to be inferred from their psychological conse- quences. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 83 Two consequences of the particular shape of the partition which we have just discussed in as much detail as anatomical knowledge permits should be emphasized. _ . The first of these is of the greatest biolog- Two important . . . . consequences of ical s'gnlficance- lt 1S certainly important the partition's f°r tne animal to be very- sensitive to shape. sound, that is, to be able to hear sounds Sensitiveness which are very weak and cause only a of the ear minute movement of the stirrup. Now, the initial part of the partition being ex- ceedingly narrow, even the minutest quantity of fluid dis- placed by the stirrup must spread considerably lengthwise over the partition and thus stimulate quite a number of nerve ends. But it would not be advantageous to have the partition equally narrow all along. In that case comparatively weak objective sounds would cause the whole partition to move up and down and the displaced fluid for which no room can be made by the partition, to flow back and forth through the "safety valve." Strong objective sounds would then make the same impression upon the animal as sounds of medium physical intensity. This disadvantage is overcome by the partition's tapering, by its being narrow at the beginning, but wide farther on. so that even sounds of considerable strength do not involve the whole partition. But again, there would be a disadvantage if the partition's width increased uni- formly ; for then the relative intensities of simultaneous tones — as we have seen — would not be even approximately inde- pendent of the absolute intensity of the total sound. This disadvantage might be avoided by the width increasing first rapidly, then more and more slowly. If it is thus avoided, either partially or totally, we do not exactly know because of lack of exact anatomical data. s4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The second of the consequences to be emphasized is probably of little biological significance, but possibly of some importance to the student observing differ- Conditions more ence tones in a Psychological laboratory. or less favorable ^ 's Qtiite possible that, as a result of the to the observation tapering not being uniform but decreasing of difference as the windows are left behind, the rela- tones tive intensity of difference tones, which are obviously produced by the more distant sections of the partition, is somewhat greater when the abso- lute intensity of the whole sound is rather great. If this is so, it would be advisable to use for the observation of dif- ference tones fairly strong primary tones rather than weak ones. Whether this conclusion is borne out by experience, I must leave to the reader to decide. The above discussion of tone intensities naturally leads us to take up the theoretical aspects of the fact frequently ob- served by experimenters that in a combina- tion of a lower and a higher tone the latter is sometimes entirely inaudible, provided, of course, that it is physically much weaker than the former. The reverse, however, that is, the disappearance of a physically weak low tone when sounded together with a strong higher tone, has hardlv been observed. The phenomenon in question can, perhaps, be most easily observed with such ratios at 1:2, •-'::'>, or 1:3. Let us study, then, one of these ratios, say 1 : 2, from the theoretical point of view. The dis- appearance of a higher tone Fig. 26. The combination 1 and 2, unequal amplitude* MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 85 Let us combine two sinusoids according to the following equation : f{x) = 2sin.r-|-sin2.r. The combination That is< the amplitude of the sinusoid of 1 and 2, when 2 tne shorter period is one-half of the am- is comparatively plitude of the sinusoid of the longer pe- weak riod. Figure 26 shows the curve represent- ing the stirrup movement, and the accom- panying table shows the exact numerical values of those points of the curve which, as we shall see, are of particular import- ance to us, that is, the maxima and minima, and the points of inflection. These values are easily found in this particular case. To find the maxima and minima, we have to set the first derivative of the above function equal to zero and solve the equation for x; for the maxima and minima are those points where the tangential angle or differential coefficient is zero. f'(x) = 2cosa- + 2cos2jf = 0. To find the points of inflection, we have to set the second derivative equal to zero and solve the equation for x; for the points of inflection are those points of the curve where the tangential angle neither increases nor decreases. f"(x) = — 2sin.r — 4sin2.r = 0. The purely arithmetical work I do not care to perform here. The table shows its results. It is plain that, if we rep- resent the successive positions of the partition according to the same rules as formerly employed, we find that only one tone can become audible, the tone 1. The tone 2 has disap- peared because its addition does not increase the number of the maxima and minima of the compound curve (Fig. 26), but merelv influences its shape. However interesting this in- sight may be into the fact that a weak higher tone added to a strong lower tone may be entirely inaudible, the present theoretic result is not quite satisfactory. It is somewhat un- 86 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES satisfactory because it seems improbable that the higher octave should become inaudible as soon as its amplitude is decreased to one-half of the amplitude of the lower tone. It seems, judg- ing from experimental experience, that the higher octave must be weakened by far more, in order to become entirely inaudi- INTERVAL I : 2, AMPLITUDES 2: I Ordinate Abscissa Ordinate Ordinate Difference Inf. o 0 259S B 2593 Max. + 2598 600 5196 C 2598 Inf. + 1125 1045 3723 D H73 Inf. 0 1S00 2598 E 1 1 25 Inf. — "25 25 55 1473 F 1125 Min . - 2498 3000 0 G = A 1473 Inf. 0 3600 2598 B 1473 ble. Now, to correct the above theoretic result, we cannot make use of the previous considerations concerning the in- fluence of the tapering of the partition. As long as there is an initial section, however short, jerked down and up twice during the period, the result of tapering may be the length- ening of this section and a corresponding increase of the rel- ative intensity of the higher tone. But when there is no initial section at all which moves twice, no tapering of the par- tition can create one. Let us, therefore, recall the other pro- visional assumptions. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 87 The second of our provisional assumptions is that the partition is perfectly inelastic, that is, not offering any re- sistance to a displacement until either of The second t^ie ^m'ts *s reached, and then offering ab- provisional solute resistance. Now, does our anatom- assumption ical knowledge warrant such an assump- recalled tion? The most striking fact derived from an anatomical study of the organ is the absence of any solid body which might serve to interfere sud- denly, abruptly, with a yielding movement of the partition in either direction. Even the analogy with the leather seat of a chair is hardly admissible if we mean thereby a flabby, wrinkled piece of leather. The analogy probably holds good only if we imagine the leather in such a condition as we find it in a new, unused chair, occupying a perfect plane, being practically free, however, from any stresses as long as no weight is resting upon it, yielding to a certain extent if a certain weight is placed upon it, but not yielding in proportion to the weight if the weight is increased. It is probably in a similar manner that the partition resists pressure. What determines the limit of yielding must be the partition's own elasticity. But let us always remember that there is no elastic force — no stress — in the partition while in its normal position, that its elastic force is the result of a displacement in either direction, that this elastic force increases much more rapidly than the displacement, and that therefore a constant increase of press- ure on any point of the partition does not cause a constant movement of this point, but a movement first rapid, then quickly decreasing in velocity. Figure 27 is a graphic repre- sentation of such a function under the arbitrary assumption — which, perhaps, may be regarded as a rough approximation to the actual conditions — that the elastic force of the partition increases proportionally to the tangent of its displacement. The abscissae represent the increasing pressure, the ordinates ss UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES C £ O W the corresponding displacements of the partition. We notice, then, that there is a practical limit of yielding, that an increase of pressure beyond a certain point is practically ineffective, does not cause any further displacement to speak of. There can be no doubt that the assumption of a relation existing between the displacement of the partition and the pressure, similar to the relation between an angle and its tangent — however rough the approximation to the facts — is ^ Bl, 1 pressure Fig. 27. The probable relation between pressure and displacement of the partition much better adapted to the anatomical facts than the second provisional assumption. Of course, the second provisional as- sumption simplifies greatly the graphic representation of the successive positions of the partition, but at the cost of ail accuracy. Wherever the approximation thus possible is suffi- cient for our purposes, we shall, of course, continue to work under that simpler assumption. But let us now apply the latter assumption to our problem of representing the succes- sive positions of the partition which correspond to the stirrup MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 89 movement of the curve in figure 26. Let us disregard, how- ever, the varying width of the partition, in order to avoid too much complication. We shall again assume the partition to be of uniform width, without, however, forgetting the fact that this is an arbitrary simplification of the conditions. Imagine that the whole partition is in its normal posi- tion, free of any stress, and that the stirrup begins an outward movement of the form of the curve from E The significance to G in fig"re 26- We see from the curve of a point of that the stirrup moves at first very slowly, inflection then gradually more and more quickly un- til at F, the point of inflection, it moves with the greatest velocity. Now, a simple consideration will make it plain to us that the pressure acting upon the initial part of the partition must be dependent on, probably be propor- tional to the velocity of the stirrup. If the velocity of the stir- rup movement wiere extremely small, no point of the partition would move more readily than any other, and consequently none of them would move to a considerable extent; but the fluid would every time and all the time flow through the opening at the end of the tube which we called the safety valve, because there would then be practically no friction at any point within the tube, and an infinitesimal elastic force of displacement could keep the partition in place. On the other hand, if the velocity of the stirrup movement is not very small, the points of the partition near the windows receive the greatest push from the fluid, farther points only a slighter push, very quickly diminishing with increasing distance, and at some distance away the push could be regarded as practi- cally infinitesimal ; all this as the result of the friction of the fluid in the narrow tube, the total influence of which is the greater the longer the column of fluid in question, measuring this column from the windows. 9° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES As the stirrup moves away from E, the initial part of the partition yields upwards, as shown in figure 28 at I. By I, II, and so forth, are meant successive moments between E and G in figure 26. The increasing velocity of the stirrup re- sults at II in an increased pressure at all the points of the partition which had yielded at I. Therefore, at II in figure 28 these points are somewhat farther displaced than they were at I, but not proportional to the increase of the velocity of the stirrup but much less, according to figure 27. At the same Fig. 28. Seven successive positions of the partition, three preceding and three following an inflection point (F) time we notice that the part of the partition which has now yielded extends much farther to the right at II than at I; for the stirrup has displaced much more fluid at II than at the earlier moment I, and the slight increase in the displacement of those parts of the partition which were already displaced at I, can not nearlv make room for all this fluid. Therefore the MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 9 I spreading of the displacement lengthwise over the partition. At III the velocity of the stirrup is still greater than at II. Therefore we notice again a slight increase in the displace- ment of the initial part of the partition. But as the stirrup approaches F, this increase of displacement of the initial parts must become less ; for the velocity of the stirrup is now nearly constant, its increase very slight, and the increase of displace- ment is in any case much less than proportional to the increase of velocit}-, according to figure 27. As soon as the stirrup passes F, its velocity begins to decrease. Immediately the press- ure on the whole piece of the partition which has yielded de- creases; and this whole piece, therefore begins to move slowly back by its elasticity in the direction of its normal position. It is clear, however, from figure 27 that even a considerable decrease of the velocity of the stirrup causes only a slight decrease of the displacement until the stirrup ap- proaches G, when its velocity approaches zero and the part of the partition in question can move more rapidly by its elasticity since it has no longer to overcome much pressure caused by the stirrup. It does not follow, however, that any point of the partition has returned to its normal position by the time the stirrup reaches G. The initial sections have merely moved in the direction of their normal position. And meanwhile, new points of the partition to the right must have yielded upwards to make room for the fluid being dis- placed all the time by the stirrup in moving towards G. Three positions of the partition between F and G are shown in figure 28 at IV. V, and VI. 92 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES One of the consequences of the decrease of pressure on the partition at the point of inflection between a maximum and a preceding or following minimum of the Theoretic con- curve consists in the fact that the partition sequences of does not move up and down so suddenly the inflection as it appeared from our previous graphic of the curve representations. We had to point out this fact before in mentioning the irregular- ity with which stimuli often seem to be received by the nerve ends according to our simplified graphic representation. The exact time when a stimulus — a shock, as we called it — is re- ceived we now find to be dependent also on the location of each inflection point, not merely on the temporal location of the maxima and minima. Unfortunately, however, we can not determine the time of each shock with certainty even now, taking into account the inflection point. This important ques- tion of theoretical detail must be left open for future investi- gation. Another consequence of the decrease of pressure on the partition marked by any point of inflection consists in the fact that a double movement — up and down — of the partition may result, not only from an alternation of maxima and mini- ma of. a curve, but also from an alternation of inflection points marking an increasing and decreasing velocity of the stirrup. This means that the number of shocks received by the nerve ends during one period of the curve may exceed the total num- ber of maxima (or minima) in case any part of the curve from a maximum to a minimum or from a minimum to a max- imum contains more than a single point of inflection. An example will be given at once. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 93 Let us return to the theoretical analysis of the whole curve in figure 26. From A to C the stirrup moves inwards, pushing down a certain length of the parti- „, . tion. The initial part of this length, how- The successive r positions of the ever, begins a slow upward movement as partition corres- soon as the velocity of the stirrup begins ponding to to decrease, at B. The same part moves figure 26 up more quickly when, at C, the stirrup reverses its movement and begins to pull it upward. We therefore see at B in figure 29- the initial two sections in an extreme downward position. At C, we see them Ai. ■ — B{ y >--- C^ -- PL U ,— £t j- ,— n 1 -- c .... Fig. 29. The combination 1 and 2. Compare figure 26 only in a medium downward position, and at the same time we find the following two sections of the partition in a similar downward position since the stirrup has continued, from B to C, to move inwards. It is plain that to take into account, in our graphic representation, only two kinds of displacements in either direction, an extreme and a medium one, is again an ar- tificial simplification, introduced merely to suit our momentary needs, in spite of the fact that thus we lose sight of some of the details of the movement. Actually, the movement probably occurs rather in the form of figure 28. But the simplification used in figure 29 not only renders the drawing of the figure 94 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES easier, but also contributes towards a readier comprehension of the significance of the graphic representation, towards a quicker reading off of the tones to be heard. At D we see the first section in an extreme upward position since the stirrup has moved outwards and has reached a max- imum velocity. At E, the first section has returned to a me- dium displacement since the velocity of the stirrup has reached a minimum. At the same time the second section of the par- tition has moved upwards as a result of the continued outward movement of the stirrup. At F we find the initial three sec- tions of the partition in an extreme upward position ; for the stirrup has continued to move outwards and has also reached a maximum of velocity. At G all four initial sections of the partition are in an upward position since the stirrup has con- tinued to move outwards. But they are only in a medium displacement since the velocity of the stirrup has again reach- ed a minimum. Looking now over the four columns in figure 29, we notice that the first shows an extreme upward position of this section of the partition at F, a medium upward De we hear position at G=A, an extreme downward both tones position at B, a medium downward posi- 2 and 1? tion at C, an extreme upward position at D, a medium upward position at E, an ex- treme upward position again at F. This section of the parti- tion, therefore, has moved up and down twice during the pe- riod, the second upward movement occurring between E and F. It is quite probable, then, that the nerve ends located on this section receive two shocks during the period. The second section of the partition has an extreme upward position at F, a medium upward position at G=A, an extreme downward position at B, a medium downward position at C and D, and a medium upward position at E. It follows that this section moves up and down only once during the pe- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 95 riod, and that the nerve ends located there receive only one shock during the period. The third section has an extreme upward position at F, a medium upward position at G=A and also at B, a medium downward position at C, D, and E. The nerve ends of this section receive therefore one shock during the period. The fourth section has a medium upward position at G=A and at B, a medium downward position at C, D, E, and F. The nerve ends of this section receive therefore one shock during the period. It is plain, then, that from our theory we must expect to hear the tone 2 as well as the tone 1, the former conveyed by the first, the latter by the three following sec- tions of the partition. To determine the relative intensities of the tones heard, we have to compare the length of the initial section of the par- tition with the total length of the three Sixth provision- following sections when added together. al assumption For simplicity's sake, let us make this comparison again under the third and fourth provisional assumptions, and also under a new assump- tion, namely, that the fluid for which room is made or whose room is taken by a move of the .partition from a medium to an extreme (or the reverse) displacement on the same side (eith- er above or below the normal position) is a negligible quanti- ty. That this assumption simplifies our representation of the successive positions of the several sections of the partition is clear, since we may thus take the length of each section pro- portional to the ordinate difference of the corresponding points of the curve. For instance, the third and fourth sections in figure 29, which move down at C, would be longer than pro- portional to the ordinate difference of the points B and C in figure 26 if the fluid displaced by the first and second sections in moving from an extreme position at B to a medium displace- ment at C were not a negligible quantity. In the latter case, the fluid displaced by the first and second sections during the 96 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES time from B to C would have to be made room for by the third and fourth sections, which, then, by necessity would extend farther to the right than in proportion to the stirrup movement from B to C. To take this into account would extraordinarily complicate the graphic representation without offering, at present, a correspondingly great advantage. This additional extension of the third and fourth sections to the right could be but slight since the amount of fluid in question would be but slight. This becomes clear from a glance at figure 27. We have learnt from this figure that some pressure added to a given pressure does not cause a proportional, but a much smaller increment to be added to the previous displacement of the partition; and thus the amount of fluid in question may be entirely neglected without depriving us of the right to regard our representation as an approximation to the actual positions of the partition sections. We may, then, under the third, fourth, and sixth pro- visional assumptions, regard the relative intensities of the tones as proportional to the ordinate dif- The relative ferences in the table belonging to figure intensities of '~6- We find in the table the value 1473 as 2 and 1 expressing the ordinate difference of C and D. the value 1125 of D and E, 1125 of E and F, and 1473 of F and G, the sum of these last three being 3723. Therefore, under the above simplifying assumptions, the relative intensity of the tone 2 compared with 1 is about as fifteen to thirty-seven. Let us now apply our theory to the ratio of the vibration rates 5 : 8. The curve in figure 30 represents the function f(x) = sin5.v 4- sin&tr. The table below contains all the abscissa and ordinate „,, , . values of the maxima and minima as well The combina- . tion 5 and 8 as °^ inflection points of the curve. Equal ampli- The inflection points are computed as the tudes of stirrup maxima and minima of the first derivative movement curve, represented by the function MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 97 f'(x) = 5cos5jf + 8cos8.*\ It is impossible, in this case, to apply the simple method of Fig- 34 Fig- 32 *J Fig. 3° Fig. 36 Fig. 38 The combination 5 and 8 with different amplitude ratios 9S UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES finding the corresponding ordinate and abscissa values of the maxima and minima of these two functions by making their derivatives equal to zero and solving the resultant equations Interval 5:8, Equal Amplitudes Ordinate Abscissa Ordinate Ordinate Difference Inf. 0 0 199 V 188 Max. + 188 131 3S7 W 188 Inf. + 24 249 223 X 164 Min. — 100 335 99 Y 124 Inf. — 5i 474 148 Z 49 Max. + 3 S76 202 91 54 Inf. — 29 661 170 S8 32 Min. — 61 740 ■38 e 32 Inf. + 59 872 =58 35 120 Max. + 167 983 366 e 108 Inf. — 18 1 1 id 181 3 '85 Min. — 199 1244 0 A 181 Inf. - 36 1367 163 B 163 Max. + 137 1504 336 C 173 Inf. + 61 1603 260 D 76 Min. — 26 i7'5 ■73 E 87 Inf. 0 1800 199 F 26 Max. + 26 1875 225 G 26 Inf. — 61 1997 ■38 H 87 Min. — >37 2096 62 I 76 Inf. + 36 2233 235 J 173 Max. + 199 23S6 398 K 163 Inf. + 18 2484 217 L 181 Min. — 167 2617 32 M 185 Inf. — 59 2728 140 N 108 Max. + 61 2860 260 O 120 Inf + 29 2939 228 P 32 Min. — 3 3024 196 Q 32 Inf. + 5i 3126 250 R 54 Max. -f- 100 3215 299 S 49 Inf. — 24 3351 175 T 124 Min. — 188 3469 1 1 U 164 Inf. 0 3600 '99 V 188 MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 99 for x. This is impossible because the equations to be solved would be of the eighth degree. We have to use, therefore, the only method left, however great our sacrifice of time, and to calculate directly a sufficiently large number of values from which we then select the largest and smallest. In this way the values of the table have been obtained. By adding 19& to each of the values of the first column we get the third column, which offers the advantage of containing only positive ordi- nates. This procedure is equivalent to selecting a different horizontal coordinate, which is always dependent on our choice. The ordinate value zero, thus obtained, is the one which belongs to point A in figure 30. The successive positions of the partition corresponding, under the sixth provisional as- sumption, to all the maxima, minima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 31. Let us at once examine the movements of the three sec- tions, the fiftieth, the fifty-first, and the fifty-second.* At A, we find these sections occupying a medium up- What tones do ward position. From A to B they move down. we hear? The From B to C they begin to move up. tone 8 From C to D they continue to move up. From D to E they begin to move down and continue to move down until G. From G to H they move up, completing thus the second down and up movement. From II to J they move down, and from J to L up, complet- ing the third down and up movement. From L to N they move down, and from N to Q up, completing the fourth down and up movement. From Q to R they move down, and from R to T up, completing the fifth down and up movement. From T to V they move down, and from V to X up, completing the sixth * For a perfect understanding of the details, the reader will have to draw figure 31 (and the similar figures following) for himself on a larger scale, and to inscribe the exact values as derived from each corresponding table. IOO MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 101 down and up movement. From X to 21 they move down, and from 21 to E up, completing the seventh down and up movement. From 6 to 2) they move down, and from SD to g up, completing the eighth down and up movement. From g to @=A they begin to move down and continue to move down after A, as we have seen. The movements of the forty-nine initial sections are so sim- ilar to those of the three sections just discussed that we convince ourselves easily that the nerve ends located there receive the same number of shocks during the period. The fifty-third and fifty-fourth sections move down from g to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to G, and up from G to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to Q. Down from Q to R, and up from R to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 21, and up from 2t to ff. Down from G to ®, and up from 55 to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period. The ten sections from the fifty-fifth to the sixty-fourth move down from g to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to G, and up from G to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to Q. Down from Q to S, and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 21, and up from 21 to £. Down from © to 25, and up from 35 to 3f. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period. The twelve sections from the sixty-fifth to the seventy-sixth move down from g to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to G, and up from G to H. Down from H The tone 6 to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to Ny and up from N to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 35, and up from 35 to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore re- ceive six shocks during the period. The twenty seven sections from the seventy-seventh to the 102 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES hundred and third move down from 5 to C, and up from C to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to The tone 5 L. Down from L to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to ®, and up from 2) to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period. The five sections from the hundred and fourth to the hun- dred and eighth move down from Jy to C, and up from C to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 3), and up from ® to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period. All the following sections to the two hundred and sixty- seventh move down and up five times during the period. Let us study in detail only the movements of the last few of this group. The sections from the two hundred and twenty-eighth to the two hundred and sixty-seventh move down from A to C, and up from C to I. Down from I to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to S, and up from S to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y. Down from Y to g, and up from (J to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections there- fore receive five shocks during the period. The seven sections from the two hundred and sixty-eighth to the two hundred and seventy-fourth move down from Y to C, and up from C to I. Down from I The tone 3 to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve- ends located on these sections therefore receive three shocks during the period. The fourteen sections from the two hundred and seventy- fifth to the two hundred and eighty-eighth move down from Y to C, and up from C to M. Down The tone 2 from M to W, and up from W to Y. The sections from the two hundred and eighty- ninth to the three hundred and thirty-sixth move down from MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR IO3 A to C, and up from C to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to ©=A. The sections from the three hundred and thirty-seventh to the three hundred and sixty-sixth move down from A to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to @=A. The sections from the three hundred and sixty-seventh to the three hun- dred and seventy-sixth move down from A to K, and up from K to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to ©=A. All these sections therefore receive two shocks during the period. The sections from the three hundred and seventy- seventh to the three hundred and eighty-seventh move down from U to K, and up from K to U. The sections The tone 1 from the three hundred and eighty-eighth to the three hundred and ninety-eighth move down from A to K. and up from K to ©=A. All these sections therefore receive one shock during the period. The relative intensities of the several tones, if we accept the third, fourth, and sixth provisional assumptions for this case, are shown in the following table. The relative which contains the number of partition intensities sections conveying each tone in absolute numbers as well as in percentages. Tones 8 6 5 3 2 1 Intensities Percent- ages 64 16. 1 12 3° 191 48.0 7 i.S 102 25.6 22 5-5 L«t us now apply our theory to the same ratio of the vibration rates, but with different amplitudes of the two sin- usoids. The curve in figure 32 represents the function f{x) = 2sin5;r -f- sin&ir. This signifies that the stirrup movement eight has an amplitude which is only one- half of the amplitude of the stirrup move- ment five. The table below contains all the abscissa and The combination 5 and 8. The amplitude of 8 is decreased io4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES ordinate values of the maxima and minima and of the inflec- tion points of the curve. Interval 5:8, Amplitudes 2:1 Ordinate Abscis6a Ordinate Ordinate Difference Inf. 0 0 298 V 281 Max. + 281 142 579 W 281 Inf. + 87 268 38S X 194 Min . — 143 436 1.55 Y 230 Inf. — 118 512 180 Z 25 Max. SI Inf. — S2 636 216 33 36 Min. e Inf. -f- no 846 408 $ 192 Max. + 248 962 546 g 138 Inf. — 34 1 1 1 1 264 3 282 Min. — 298 1247 0 A 264 Inf. — 62 1379 236 B 236 Max. + 200 1535 498 C 262 Inf. + 120 1638 418 D 80 Min. E Inf. 0 1800 298 F 120 Max. G Inf. — 120 1962 178 H 120 Min. — 200 2065 98 I 80 Inf. + 62 2221 360 J 262 Max. + 298 2353 596 K 236 Inf. + 34 2489 332 L 264 Min. — 248 2638 50 M 282 Inf. — no 2754 1S8 N 138 Max. O Inf. + 82 2964 380 P 192 Min Q Inf. + 11S 3088 416 R 36 Max. + 143 3164 441 S 25 Inf. - 87 3332 211 T 230 Min. — 281 3458 17 U 194 Inf. 0 3600 298 V 281 MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I05 These values have been computed in the same manner as in the case immediately preceding. The successive po- sitions of the partition corresponding, under the sixth pro- visional assumption, to the maxima, minima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 33. ° § 8 8 § 8 8 n- M rO ^- ^C \© A>- 1 j.. Bf i _,__ Qr \ -1-- DL J. j. j... F\ 1 1 j— HL 1 ., ^_ /■■ 4 4 -i- Jr ,. + J !_. Kr .- LL 4 Mc fc^.. Pr 4 .!__. „__ R, f. Sr 1 TL 1. 4 -t-. ..,- t/L 4^-- VT i 4^-- Wr ~PW- XL 4 f»,- y<= - 1 -R-.- Z^-j \ -nu— ?fl, (. 1 py, — flr 4 4 -f=l-,— (g, prq F^t— jfi 4. ^m (rq.T- &L i_, F'g- 33- The combination 5 and 8. Compare figure 32 106 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Let us examine the movements of the twenty-five initial sections. From g to B they move down, and from B to D up. From D to F down, that is, from an ex- The tone 8 treme upward position to a medium up- ward position ; and from F to H they move up again, that is, from a medium upward position to an extreme upward position. From H to J they move down, and from J to L up, completing thus the third down and up move- ment. From L to N they move down and from N to P up, completing thus the fourth down and up movement. From P to R they move down, and from R to T up, completing thus the fifth down and up movement. From T to V down, and from V to X up, completing thus the sixth down and up movement. From X to Z down, and from Z to 95 up, com- pleting thus the seventh down and up movement. From 93 to © down and from 3) to $ up again. The nerve ends lo- cated on these twenty-five sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period, and accordingly, convey the sen- sation of the tone 8. The thirty-six sections from the twenty-sixth to the sixty- first move down from g to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N' to P. Down from P to R, and up from R to T. Down from T to V. and up from V to X. Down from X to ®, and up from 52 767 146 e 126 Inf. + 60 886 358 SB 212 Max. + 262 996 560 ffi 202 Inf. — 20 1 120 278 3 282 Min. — 298 1241 0 A 278 Inf. — 40 1359 258 B 258 Max. + 229 1484 527 c 269 Inf. -|- 60 1588 358 D 169 Min. — 120 1702 178 E 180 Inf. 0 1800 298 F 120 Max. -f 120 1898 418 G 120 Inf. — 60 2012 23S H 180 Min. — 229 2116 69 I 169 Inf. + 40 2241 338 J 269 Max. + 298 2359 596 K 258 Inf. 4- 20 2480 3i8 L 278 Min. — 262 2604 36 M 282 Inf. — 60 2714 238 N 202 Max. + 152 2833 450 O 212 Inf. 4- 26 2931 324 P 126 Min. — 102 3032 196 Q 128 Inf. + 49 3 '40 347 R 151 Max. + 190 3240 488 S 141 Inf. — 55 3363 243 T 245 Min. — 286 3477 12 U 23' Inf. 0 3600 298 V 286 MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 115 The successive positions of the partition corresponding, under the sixth provisional assumption, to the maxima, min- ima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 37. The two hundred and forty initial sections move down and up S times during the period. Let us here examine only the nine most distant sections of this The tone 8 group, from the two hundred and thirty- second to the two hundred and fortieth. They move down from A to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to G, and up from G to I. Down from I to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to O, and up from O to Q. Down from O to S, and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to Y. Down from Y to 31, and up from 21 to (J. Down from (J to 6, and up from Cf to ©=A. The nerve ends lo- cated on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period. The fourteen sections from the two hundred and forty- first to the two hundred and fifty-fourth do not move down from E to G. The nerve ends located on these sections do not, therefore, receive a shock between E and I, but receive the other seven shocks in the same manner as the two hundred and forty initial sections. For the same reasons as in the similar cases with which we have met before, it is not probable that these nerve ends convey the tone 7, but rather the tone 8 with a slight beat occurring once during the period, producing a slightlv rough tone 8. The sections of the partition from the two hundred and fifty-fifth to the four hundred and fifty-second move down and up five times during the period. Let us The tone 5 examine those from the two hundred and fifty-fifth to the two hundred and fifty- eighth. They move down from A to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to J. and up from J to L. Down from L to O. and up from O to U. Down from U to V, and up from V MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR II7 to Y. Down from Y to 21, and up from Sf to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period. The sections from the four hundred and fifty-third to the four hundred and fifty-eighth move down from Y to C, and up from C to I. Down from I to K, The tone 3 and up from K to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive three shocks dur- ing the period. The sections of the partition from the four hundred and fifty-ninth to the five hundred and seventy-second move down and up twice during the period. Let us The tone 2 examine, for example, the four hundred and fifty-ninth and the four hundred and sixtieth. They move down from Y to C, and up from C to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive two shocks during the period. The sections of the partition from the five hundred and seventy-third to the five hundred and eighty-fourth move down from U to K, and up from K to U. The The tone 1 sections from the five hundred and eighty- fifth to the five hundred and ninety-sixth move down from A to K, and up from K to A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock during the period. The relative intensities of the several The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro- intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol- lowing table. Tones S smooth 8 rough 5 3 2 1 Intensities Percent- ages. .. 240 403 14 2.4 19S 33-2 6 1.0 114 19. 1 24 4.0 I iS UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The curve in figure 38 represents the function f(x) = s'mox -j- SsinS.r. mu u- The stirrup movement eight has an ampli- The combination r o r 5 and 8. The tude three times as great as that of five, amplitude of 8 The table below contains the abscissa and is three times ordinate values of the maxima, minima, that of 5 anc] inflection points. The successive positions of the partition corresponding, under the sixth provisional assumption, to the maxima, min- ima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 39. The four hundred and thirty-eight initial sections of the partition move down and up eight times during the period. L«t us examine those from the three hun- The tone 8 dred and eighty-sixth to the four hundred and thirty-eighth. They move down from A to C and up from C to E. Down from E to G, and up from G to I. Down from I to K and up from K to M. Down from M to O, and up from O to Q. Down from O to S, and up from S to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y. Down from Y to 5f, and up from 5t to S. Down from g to S, and up from CO >»! . ■!■-. , 1 „- L J r=^.. £~. +. f=m„ r ■!■ + p^L- Gr 4 4- j=n_- /L 1— . |=U_ r 4, fc-==f=,- Kr r-. L 4 T_. A/c il_r... r ^ -=^_.. L j. A ,_,.. Ql _| j. _|___ Sr f. 1-,-- L 4 pr==,-^- U, b_. r H b- Wr - 4W r , fc=±_A.. L 1 _> 4— -4W- gi J.., 1 p,_ . , , t-j + — ^j.. ■ 4 ^ .n^-.. &i ■ i_„. Fig. 39. The combination 5 and S. Compare figure 3S MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 121 C to E. Down from E to K, and up from to K to M. Down from M to O, and up from O to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y. Down from Y to 21, and up from 21 to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period. The five sections from the six hundred and forty-eighth to the six hundred and fifty-second move down from Y to C, and up from C to I. Down from I to K, The tone 3 and up from K to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends lo- cated on these sections therefore receive three shocks during the period. The sections of the partition from the six hundred and fifty-third to the seven hundred and seventieth move down and up twice during the period. Let us The tone 2 examine those from the six hundred and fifty-third to the six hundred and seventy- second. They move down from Y to C, and up from C to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive two shocks during the period. The sections from the seven hundred and seventy-first to the seven hundred and eighty-third move down from U to K, and up from K to U. The sections The tone 1 from the seven hundred and eighty-fourth to the seven hundred and ninety-sixth move down from A to K, and up from K to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock during the period. The relative intensities of the several The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro- intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol- lowing table : 122 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Tones 8 smooth 8 rough 5 3 2 1 Intensities Percent- ages 438 55° 13 1.6 196 24.6 5 .6 11S 14.8 26 3-3 Comparison of the last five cases It is interesting to compare the intensities of the several tones in the last five cases, all representing the combination 8 plus 5 of stirrup movement, but differing in the relative amplitudes of 8 and 5. The table con- tains the percentages of the five preceding ta- bles. The first two columns show the ra- tio of the amplitudes of the stirrup movements of 8 and 5 For example, in the first case this ratio is as 3:1 or seventy- five to twenty-five ; in the fifth case as 1:3 or twenty-five to seventy-five. The columns to the right contain the relative intensities of the several tones calculated under the provisional assumptions. Amplitudes of stirrup movement Subjective (theoretic) intensity 8 5 8 6 5 3 2 1 75 25 56.6 24.6 .6 14.8 3-3 67 33 42.7 33-2 1 .0 19. 1 4.0 5° 50 16.1 3-o 48.0 1.8 25.6 5-5 33 67 13-4 9-7 4^-5 '•5 27.2 5-7 25 75 69.9 •9 23-9 5-3 We notice that the tone S decreases in intensity from 56.6 to 42.7, to 16.1, to 13.4. and finally disappears entirely. This latter case, however, does not mean that now the tone 5 is MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 23 alone audible. We see from the table that even now, in ad- dition to 5, the very weak difference tone 3 and the fairly- strong difference tones 2 and 1 are to be expected by the ob- server.1 As to the several difference tones, the most favorable con- dition for 6 seems to be, to have the component 5 of the com- pound stirrup movement somewhat more pronounced than 8. It appears, however, that in no case will this difference tone become very conspicuous. The most favorable condition for the difference tone 3 seems to be, to have the component 8 of stirrup movement about as strong as 5. The difference tones 2 and 1, on the other hand, appear with a maximum of in- tensity when the component & of stirrup movement is some- what greater than 8. But their intensities are but little less in case the amplitudes of the two stirrup movements 8 and 5 are equal. With respect to all the difference tones taken to- gether, it appears that these tones are very unfavorably influ- enced by a considerable difference in the amplitudes of the component stirrup movements, for no difference tone has a maximum intensitv in either the first or the fifth case. And 1Although this booklet is devoted to theory and not to experimental methods of research, I cannot refrain from mentioning a way of testing the theoretical results just spoken of, because it is so easy for an3' one who possesses a skillful hand and a trained ear, and the observation to be made is so pretty. No instruments are required but two good tuning forks on resonance boxes, accurately tuned in the ratio of 5:8, and a bass bow. The fork 5 must be sounded first, as strongly as possible, and it is necessary to have a fork which continues to sound strongly for quite a while. Then the bow is applied with the most delicate touch to the fork S. It is neces- sary for the success of the experiment that the intensity of the higher tone vibration be increased from zero very slowly and uniformly. If these con- ditions are fulfilled, one suddenly hears the low difference tones 1 and 2 being added distinctly to the tone 5, wherea6 of S no trace is yet audible. If now the fork 8 is left to itself, and the fork 5 is stopped by firmly touch- ing it with a finger, the tone 5 together with the difference tones disap- pears, but immediately one hears with surprising clearness the tone S, which a moment ago was entirely inaudible. No similar observation can be made with a strongly sounding fork S and a weakly sounding fork 5. Ac- cording to our theoretic deduction the lower tone does not become inaudible when the amplitude of 8 is three times that of 5, but still has a respectable intensity. 124 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES a prevailing intensity of 8 seems to be even less favorable to the difference tones than a prevailing intensity of 5. All these con- clusions have, of course, only a relative value, since taking into account the various provisional assumptions changes the result considerably. Let us study one more combination of sinusoidal stirrup movements. We have had only one interval greater than an octave, the combination 4 and 9. But we did not, then, take into account the in- flection points of the curve. Let us do this with the combination 3 and S, taking the amplitude of 3 twice as great as that of 8, This ratio of the amplitudes is arbi- trarily chosen. But the selection of equal amplitudes would be no less arbitrary. The curve in figure 40 represents the function f(x) = 2sin3:r + sin8;F. The table below contains the abscissa and ordinate values of the maxima, minima, and inflection points of the curve. The combination 3 and 8. The amplitude of 3 twice that of 8 Fig. 40. The combination 3 and S The successive positions of the partition corresponding to the maxima, minima, and inflection points are shown in figure 41. The thirteen initial sections of the partition move down from g to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to F, and MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I35 Interval 3:8, Amplitudes 2:1 Ordinate Abscissa Ordinate Ordinate Difference Inf. 0 0 297 N 228 Max. + 228 152 525 O 228 Inf. -r 164 245 461 P 64 Min. + 95 353 392 Q 69 Inf. + '3' 435 428 R 36 Max. + 165 5io 462 S 34 Inf. — 60 668 237 T 225 Min . — 273 812 24 U 213 Inf. — 171 920 126 V 102 Max. — 55 io54 242 w 116 Inf. — 73 1117 224 X 18 Min . — 90 "77 207 Y 17 Inf. + »3 '337 410 z 203 Max. + 297 1471 594 31 184 Inf. + 152 !593 449 SB 145 Min. — 13 '745 284 S '65 Inf. 0 1800 297 D '3 Max + 13 1855 310 e '3 Inf. — 152 2007 145 5 .65 Min. — 297 2129 0 A '45 Inf. — "3 2263 184 B 184 Max. + 9° 2423 387 C 203 Inf. + 73 2483 370 D 17 Min . + 55 2546 352 E 18 Inf. + 171 2680 468 F 116 Max. + 273 2788 57o G 102 Inf. + 60 2932 357 H 213 Min. - 16s 3090 132 I 225 Inf. — '3i 3i6S 166 J 34 Max. — 95 3^47 202 K 36 Inf. — 164 3355 133 L 69 Min — 228 3448 69 M 64 Inf. 0 3600 297 N 228 126 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES up from F to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to P. The tone 8 Down from P to R, and up from R to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to Z, and up from Z to 93. Down from 93 to X, and up from X to $. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the pe- riod. Let us examine the sections from the sixty-fifth to the sixty-ninth. They move down from g to B. and up from B to E. Down from E to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to K, and up from K to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to Q. Down from Q to S, and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to Y. Down fom Y to Z, and up from Z to 93. Down from 93 to (5, and up from (5 to 3f. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period. The seventieth section moves down from § to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to N, and up from N to Q. Down from Q to S, and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to Y. Down from Y to Z, and up from Z to 93. Down from 93 to ($, and up from (J to $?■ The nerve ends located on this section therefore receive eight shocks during the period. The sections of the partition from the seventy-first to the one hundred and second move down from ?? to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to F, and up from The tone 6 F to H. Down from H to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to Y. Down from Y to Z, and up from Z to 93. Down from 93 to (S, and up from @ to *$• The nerve ends Jocated on these sections therefore receive six shocks during the period. The sections from the one hundred and third to the one MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 27 0 3 8 8 8 8 8 s S ft * >o * y|< 1— r 4 r=r=^-- q 4 i— f^ 1 ■ — r 1 L 1 prx— /■ h- c-3 -, K, 4- 4- C^^ + Ml 1— — r=x. r -i i^J*- gn prq fa.. cm+ TO__. Q. 1 F=i r-- j 1 f=^. pi.. S, 1- 4 F^T- f=«— Lfi 4-^=1.— IV,. 4 4-P3- K(=^. J_ -l-Fa~ '' <~- L X .- O 1 ,__ & 4 ^ r- ge-H 4 ■,_. I .| _,.. (aCJ — I. _ Fig. 41. The combination 3 and 8. Compare figure 40 I2S UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES hundred and forty-fifth move down from g to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to F, and up from The tone 5 F to H. Down from H to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to Z, and up from Z to 93. Down from 93 to 6, and up from @ to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period. The sections from the one hundred and forty-sixth to the one hundred and eighty-fourth move down from g to B, and up from B to E. Down from E to F, and The tone 4 up from F to H. Down from H to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to Z, and up from Z to g. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive four shocks during the period. The sections from the one hundred and eighty-fifth to the four hundred and fifty-sixth move down and up three times dur- ing the period. Let us examine those from The tone 3 tne one hundred and eighty-fifth to the two hundred and thirteenth. They move down from g to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to N, and up from N to T. Down from T to Z, and up from Z to 3?. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive three shocks during the period. The sections from the four hundred and fifty-seventh to the four hundred and sixty-eighth move down from A to F, and up from F to M. Down from M to 91, and The tone 2 UP from 91 to ©=A. The sections from the four hundred and sixty-ninth to the five hundred and first move down from A to G, and up from G to M. Down from M to 91, and up from 31 to @=A. The sections from the five hundred and second to the five hundred and forty-sixth move down from A to G, and up from G to U. Down from U to 9f and up from 91 to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive two shocks during the period. MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 2g The sections of the partition from the five hundred and forty-seventh to the five hundred and seventieth move down from A to G, and up from G to @=A. The The tone 1 sections from the five hundred and seventy- first to the five hundred and ninety-fourth move down from A to 21, and up from 21 to ®=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock during the period. The relative intensities of the several The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro- intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol- lowing table: Tones 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 Interifities 70 32 43 39 272 90 48 Percent- 11.8 5-4 7-2 6.6 45 -S iS-i 8.1 ages We notice that the tone 3> is theoretically by far the strongest, as is to be expected. Of the difference tones, the tones 2, 1, and 5 appear to be somewhat more pronounced than 4 and 6. Under different assumptions concerning the physical properties of the partition these results would, of course, be somewhat different. Throughout our previous discussions we have never taken into account the possibility of the tone intensities being further modified by a more central nervous Weber's law condition like the one usually referred to in audition as Weber's law. All our various approxi- mations towards the intensities of the ner- vous processes take into consideration only conditions in the peripheral organ. Whether the intensities thus found are modified more centrally in accordance with Weber's law or I30 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES not, is a question which at present must be left entirely open, like so many others, because of lack of experimental data. Whenever we have spoken of "amplitudes" we have meant exclusively the amplitudes of stirrup movement. In order to make use of our theory in experi- Sounding bodies mental investigations we must remember and stirrup tne iact tnat tne stirrup movements result movement from movements of the tympanum, trans- mitted by a rather complicated system of levers, the auditory ossicles. It is quite probable that the vibratory movements of the stirrup — even when these move- ments are highly complex — are approximately like those re- ceived by the hammer, the ossicle attached to the tympanum. But no one knows as yet how close or remote this approxima- tion is. We certainly have no right to regard this approxima- tion as infinitely close, save by way of a provisional assump- tion. The movements of the tympanum result from rhythmical changes of the density of the external air. These density changes, in experimental investigations, are sometimes pro- duced by the vibrations of gaseous bodies, as in labial organ pipes ; more frequently, however, by the vibrations of solid bodies, par- ticularly of tuning forks on resonance boxes. Now, we must not think that by graphically recording — which is a comparatively easy method — the vibrations of a tuning fork, we obtain a record of the exact form of the resulting air waves. It has been experimentally and mathematically proved that the form of the resulting air waves must be more or less different from the form of the vibratory movement of the fork or other solid body. The cause of this alteration of the form is to be found in the fact that the layer of air which adjoins the solid body and therefore directly receives the impulses from that body, is unsymmetric with respect to its elastic properties, because MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I3I it is in contact on one side with a practically unyielding body, on the opposite side with the easily yielding air. It is of the utmost importance, therefore, if we wish to develop the theory by experimental investigation, to keep free from the delusion that any of the above theoretic results, say, in the case of the combination 5 and 8 with equal ampli- tudes, applies to what we hear in case two tuning forks of the vibration ratio 5 : 8, standing at an arbitrary distance from our ears and from the reflecting walls of our laboratory, vi- brate with equal amplitudes. It is only by way of approxima- tion that we can derive any theoretic conclusion from such an experiment. The starting point of our theory is the form of movement of the stirrup, not of external sounding bodies. Under ordinary conditions, it is a great advantage that we possess two organs of hearing, some distance apart. In ex- perimental investigations, however, for the The duality of development of a theory of audition, this our auditory Iact is often a serious obstacle. Since we organ cannot make experiments on audition while soaring like an eagle, any source of sound is likely to surround our body with standing waves, resulting from reflection. Let us regard the velocity of sound as three hundred and thirty meters, the distance between our ears as about fifteen centimeters. A tone of five hundred and fifty complete vibrations, that is, a tone representing the ordi- nary human voice quite well, has therefore a wave length of about sixty centimeters. The distance between a nodal point, where the rhythmic density changes of the air occur with full intensity, and a point of maximum vibratory movement, where there are practically no density changes affecting the tympa- num, is then about fifteen centimeters. That is, it might happen with standing waves — if the head was kept perfectly still — that the amplitude of one of the components of stirrup movement would be almost zero in one ear, but very large in 132 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES the other, and every movement of the head would greatly alter these conditions ; while the resulting consciousness would be, of course, the sum total of the tones heard by each ear. It is unnecessary to point out in further detail how this fact of hearing with two ears complicates the comparison of experi- mental results with the theoretical deductions of the present study, which refer only to one stirrup and one inner ear, and to an unalterable form of the components of stirrup movement in a given case. The fact that we have two ears would be irrelevant only with exceedingly high tones, whose wave lengths in air would be so small as to be negligible quantities in comparison with the distance between our ears, as the wave lengths of light are negligible quantities in comparison with the distance be- tween our eyes and even with the sensory elements of each eye. Every one is familiar with the comparative clearness with. which the ticking of a watch or the sound of a tuning fork is perceived if the vibrating body is firmly Hearing without pressed on the head or against the teeth, the ear drum Some believe that the physiological func- tion of the ear in such a case is not essen- tially different from hearing under ordinary conditions ; that the sound waves, the rhythmic changes of molecular density, which pass through the head, naturally pass also through the cavities of the head, of which one, the middle ear, particularly concerns us here. As soon as rhythmic changes of density occur in the air of the middle ear, the tympanum adjusts itself to them by rhythmically moving back and forth. The stirrup cannot help following the tympanum, and so on. The only difference between this case and a case of ordinary hearing consists in the fact that the changes of density of the air affecting the tympanum originate on the inside of the tympanum in- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I33 stead of on the outside, and that they must, on the whole, be much weaker in the former case. There can be little doubt that the process just spoken of actually occurs. Some have insisted also on the possibility of hearing when the middle ear is destroyed and no movements of the stirrup occur. There is no reason why we should a priori deny the possibility of a shock being received by the nerve ends whenever a rhythmical change of molecular den- sity takes its path directly through them. Such a molecular wave might originate from a vibrating solid body being pressed against skull or teeth, or from sound waves in the air strik- ing the head and passing through it. We must not overlook the fact, however, that even when the tympanum is totally destroyed, if sounds are perceived, the perception need not be the result of the sound waves simply passing through the nerves. Even in such a case stirrup movements are not excluded. If we blow over the mouth of a bottle, we cause rhythmical changes of density within the bottle, and, as a natural consequence, the air in the neck of the bottle rushes back and forth. These move- ments may often be observed with the naked eye when a fiber adherent to the inside of the neck of a bottle is forced by friction to follow the movements of the air. Now, when rhythmic changes of density occur in a middle ear whose tympanum is destroyed, there must naturally occur a back and forth move- ment of the air in the air passage, just as in the neck of as bottle. These back and forth movements of the air may cause by friction corresponding movements of the hammer and anvil and thus of the stirrup. No doubt, stirrup move- ments which are caused in this way must be of small magni- tude. But no one who knows the surprisingly small amount of mechanical energy which is sufficient to call forth a response of the auditory organ will deny that they might result in an auditorv sensation. 134 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES If not only a part or the whole of the tympanum is de- stroyed, but the chain of ossicles is also lost, the mechanical processes in the inner ear could be brought about by pressure differences on the two windows. An air wave, coming in through the external passage and the open middle ear, would at any given moment affect the two windows with a slightly different phase, arriving at one window a little earlier than at the other. This difference of phase means, of course, a difference of air pressure on the windows, and a difference of air pressure on the windows, according to the laws of mechanics, results in a movement of the internal fluid from the point of higher to that of lower pressure. It is plain, however, that this difference of phase, owing to the small distance between the two windows, must be very slight ; and hearing which results in this way must be rather weak. But its possibility cannot be doubted. Few cases, therefore, will be found where a sound is heard and we have to have recourse to the rather improbable assumption that the mere passing of molecular waves of density changes through the head and, thus, through the audi- tory nerve ends directly results in some weak response of the nerves. Nevertheless at least we may admit this assumption as possible. To admit it as possible would not cause any diffi- culty in comprehending the ordinary phenomena of audition, which might thus seem to become more complicated because such density waves must, of course, pass through the head whenever anybody hears anything. But such effects on the nerve ends, granted that they always exist, must ordinarily be overpowered by the incomparably stronger stimulations simultaneously received by the nerve ends by way of the stirrup movement. Having studied the function of the human ear, it is in- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 135 teresting to compare this with the organ of hearing of the lower vertebrates. Figure 42 indicates the Comparative manner of evolution of the cochlea. An anatomy of the original pit (Fig. 42 a) as found in a frog is auditory organ gradually lengthened and assumes in the birds a banana-like shape (Fig. 42 b), showing a distinct tendency to coil. In mammals the process of lengthening and coiling has proceeded so far that the organ (Fig. 42 c), if it were transparent, would appear as a spiral. It is clear that the coiling can have little influence on the mechanical function of the organ. The lengthening of the organ, however, is of the utmost functional importance. The original pit does not differ materially from the other cavities which we find within X^ Fig. 42. Evolution of the auditory organ the labyrinth, communicating with the semicircular canals. In this pit movements of the fluid caused by movements of the stirrup — or rather columella plate, since the lower verte- brates have a much simpler connection of tympanum and oval window — produce, probably by mere friction, stimulation of the endings of the auditory nerve. The organ of the birds must function more nearly like the human organ, excepting the difference of function resulting from the fact that the endings of the auditory nerve are spread out over a small linear extent, whereas in the mammals they are distributed over a long distance. 136 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES In birds one can hardly speak of some nerve ends being farther away from the windows than others. It is of some interest, in this connection, to note that ani- mals with a short tube, as the birds, do not possess in the par- tition of the tube the pillars of Corti. They can get along without these pillars. And naturally. The longer the tube, the greater is the maximum pressure which may act upon the partition near the windows, in case the bulging of the partition is forced to proceed far towards the end of the tube. The greater the possible pressure, the greater is, of course, the need of a skeleton-like support in order to protect the sensitive cells from collapsing. Thus the mammals need the pillars because of the greater length of the tube. What must be the difference of sound perception resulting from these anatomical differences in various species of ani- mals? We saw that the human ear can Comparative perceive several tones at the same time be- psychology of cause the linear extension of the auditory the sense of organ permits the compound mechanical hearing processes, transmitted from the stirrup to the fluid of the cochlea, to be analyzed into much simpler mechanical processes taking place in successive sections of the partition. It is plain, then, that in the auditory pit of a frog no analysis is possible. The result must be that the frog's ear can perceive only one tone at any moment ; and this tone is most probably, as a rule, the highest cf the sev- eral tones heard simultaneously under the same circumstances by the human ear. The bird's ear, as we have seen, is intermediate between the frog's ear and the human ear. But it does not seem very probable that even birds can perceive very many tones simulta- neously. The fact that birds sing is no indication to the con- trary, since their song does not consist — like orchestral music — of simultaneous, but only of successive tones. Of more sig- nificance, in this respect, is the fact that some birds, for ex- MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 137 ample, parrots, are able to imitate human speech sounds. Speech sounds are characterized, according to the present state of phonetics, by particular groupings of tones in both simul- taneity and succession. It is not certain that the rough imi- tation of human speech sounds by parrots is more than an imitation of the successive groupings of tones. Granted even that the birds possess the ability to perceive more than one tone simultaneously, the anatomical facts would make it prob- able that this ability is very limited in comparison with the human ear which perceives the most varied combinations of tones in speech sounds and in harmonic music. Let us now briefly look back upon what we have done. We have regarded the organ of hearing as a long and narrow tube, filled with a practically incompress- The need of '^e ^u'^ an(^ divided lengthwise by an im- experimental perfectly elastic partition which is the seat data of the auditory nerve ends. We have found that the problem of determining exactly, for each given form of stirrup movement, the mechanical pro- cesses taking place in the tube is from the mathematical side an almost hopelessly complex one, made still more difficult by the lack of data concerning the mere facts of hearing as well as the elastic and other physical properties of the parti- tion. In order to overcome the intrinsic and accidental diffi- culties standing in our way, we have introduced six simpli- fying provisional assumptions ; not using all six in every case, but now some of them, now others, according as the purpose of the moment seems to warrant. We have thus obtained a superficial, but for a beginning satisfactory, insight into the wonderful machinery by which we analyze the complicated sound waves with a result which — for example, with respect to the hearing of difference tones — is most surprizing to one who knows nothing of the mechanics of the inner ear. i38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES The theory thus developed does not pretend to be the ultimate solution of the problems attacked. We do not pos- sess the data upon which to found a final theory. But we shall scarcely obtain these data without the guidance of a the- ory. Experimental research must be systematic, must start from a theory, how- ever imperfect this may be, in order to lead to scientific advancement. If the theory here offered succeeds in stimulating' experimental research in a field somewhat neg- lected for many years, the author's hope will be realized. The necessity of a theory APPENDIX A list of former publications by the same author concerning the me- chanics of the inner ear: Uber Kombinationstone und einige hierzu in Beziehung stehende akustische Erscheinungen. Zeitschrift fur Psychol- ogic und Physiologic der Sinnesorgane 11, l'77-22i9. 1896. Zur Theorie der Differenztone und der Gehorsempfin- dungen uberhaupt. Ibid. 16, 1-34. 1898. Uber die Intensitat der Einzeltone zusammengesetzter Klange. Ibid. 17, 1-14. 1898. Uber die Funktion des Gehororgans. Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 17 (5), 49-55. 1898. Zur Theorie des Horens. Archiv fiir die Gesammte Physi- ologic 78, 346-362. 1899. Karl L. Schafer's "Neue Erkliirung der subjectiven Com- binationstone." Ibid. 81, 49-60. 1900. E. ter Kuile's Theorie des Horens. Ibid. 81, 61-75. 1900. Zur Theorie der Gerauschempfindungen. Zeitschrift fiir Psychologic und Physiologic der Sinnesorgane 31, 233-247. 1903. Uber Kombinations-und Asymmetrietone. Annalen der Physik (Vierte Folge) 12, 889-892. 1903. The significance of wave-form for our comprehension of audition. American journal of psychology 18, 170-176. 1907. '39 INDEX Analysis, 37. Anatomy of the inner ear, 14, 69, 81, 87. Beats, 55, 58, 66, 107, 115, 118. Birds, 5, 136. Brain, 23. Clay experiment, 8. Cochlea, 1 . Comparative anatomy, 135. Comparative psychology, 136. Computation, 24, 28. Corti's organ, 16, 22, 136. Difference tones, 37, 59, 68, 84, 123. Disappearance of higher tone, 84, 122. Duality of the organ, 131. Ear, 1, 14. Elasticity, 12, 18, 20, 87. External ear, 1. Fluid displacement, 76, 90, 95. Graphic methods, 28, 39. Inflection points, 85, 89, 92. Inner ear, 14. Intensity, 32, 34, 42, 68, 77, 79, 96, 122, 129. Labyrinth, 3. Leather seated chair, 12. Leverage of the ossicles, 5. Mean tone, 56, 58. Middle ear, 3. Ossicles, 5. Overtones, 31. Partition, 11. Pathology, 132ff. Phase, 35, 44, 47ff. Pillars of Corti, 16, 136. Pinna, 1. Pressure on partition, 88. Provisional assumptions, 25, 33, 69, 87. 95. Reissner's membrane, 21. Resonators, 19. Psychological observation, 82, 137. Safety valve, 14, 22. Sensitiveness of the ear, 83. Snail, 1. Sounding bodies, 32, 130. Stirrup, 4. Subjective tones, 37, 59. Tension, 19. Tone combinations : 2 and 3; 35, 44, 48, 49. 24 and 25; 50, 58. 4 and 9; 62, 77. 1 and 2; 85, 93. 5 and 8; 96, 103, 109, 113, 118, 122. 3 and 8; 124. Tone intensity, 32, 34, 42, 68, 77, 79, 96, 122. 129. Tympanum. 4. Weber's law, 129. Windows, 3, 6. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES SCIENCE SERIES VOLUME I Topography of the Thorax and Abdomen, by Peter Pot- ter, M. A., M. 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The Spermatogenesis of Anax Junius, by Caroline Mc- Gill. pp. viii, 15. 1904. 75 cents. Out of print. Volume II SCIENCE SERIES Number 2 THE UNIVERSITYOF MISSOURI STUDIES EDITED BY \V. G. BROWN Professor of Industrial Chemistry THE FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO, AND VICINITY FRANCIS POTTER DANIELS Professor of the Romance Languages, Wabash College Formerly Assistant in the University of Missouri PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI October, 1911 Price $i-SO UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Edited by Fbank Thilly VOLUME I Contributions to a Psychological Theory of Music, by Max Meyer, Ph. D., Professor of Experimental Psychol- 0Ry- pp. vi, 80. 1901. 75 cents. Out of print. Origin of the Covenant Vivien, by Raymond Weeks, Ph. D., Professor of Romance Languages, pp.viii, 64. 1902. 75 cents. Out of print. The Evolution of the Northern Part of the Lowlands of Southeast Missouri, by C. F. Marbut, A. M., Professor of Geology, pp. viii, 63. 1902. $1.25. Out of print. Eileithyia, by Paul V. C. Baur, Ph. D., Acting Professor of Classical Archaeology, pp. vi, 90. 1902. $1.00. Out of print. The Right of Sanctnary in England, by Norman Mac- laren Trenholme, Ph. D., Professor of History, pp. viii, 106. 1903. 75 cents. Out of print. VOLUME II Ithaca or LeucaS? by William Gwathmey Manly, A. M., Professor of Greek Language and Literature, pp. vi, 52. 1903. $1.00. Out of print. Public Relief and Private Charity in England, by Charles A. Ellwooo, Ph. D., Professor of Sociology, pp. viii, 96. 1903. 75 cents. Out of print. The Process of Inductive Inference, by Frank Thilly, Ph. D., Professor of Philosophy, pp. v, 40. 1904. 35 cents. Out of print. Regeneration of Crayfish Appendages, by Mary i. Steele, M. A. pp. viii, 47. 1904. 75 cents. Out 0/ print . The Spermatogenesis of Anax Junius, by Caroline Mc- Gill. ppi viii, 15. 1904. 75 cents. Out of print. II FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO Volume II SCIENCE SERIES Number 2 THE UNIVERSITYOF MISSOURI STUDIES EDITED BY W. G. BROWN Professor of Industrial Chemistry THE FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO, AND VICINITY BY FRANCIS POTTER DANIELS Professor of the Romance Languages, Wabash College Formerly Assistant in the University of Missouri PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI October, 191 1 ' Copyright, 191 1, b_v THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA MO. : E. \V. STEPHENS PUBLISHING COMPANY. I 9 I I TO PROFESSOR T. D. A. COCKERELL THIS STUDY IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PREFACE During the summer of 1906 I was employed by the Depart- ment of Botany of the University of Missouri to collect plants in Colorado for the Herbarium of the University. I spent, therefore, a period of two months and a half in this work. I arrived at Boulder, Colorado, June eighteenth, and departed thence September third. All the collecting was done in Boul- der County, and the greater part of it within a radius of five miles from the city of Boulder. I collected altogether about 1,036 species of flowering plants and ferns. The vernal plants, of course, had blossomed before my arrival, but except for these the flora of Boulder is fairly well shown in the collection. In the list of plants here given there have been included all that are known to occur in Boulder County ; but inasmuch as the boundary between Grand and Boulder Counties lies along the summits of the main range of mountains it is impos- sible often to tell in what county a given plant has been col- lected. Similarly Long's Peak lies partly in Larimer County and partly in Boulder County. In all cases in which plants have been cited from a mountain lying partly in Boulder Coun- ty, these have been included in the list, unless a definite locali- ty in the other county is given. Plants admitted to the list because of the citations given in Rydberg's Flora of Colorado xi Xll PREFACE are ascribed to Rydberg; it is of course understood that this ascription does not imply that these plants were collected by Rydberg in the localities named, but merely that by examina- tion of the plants or otherwise he is satisfied that they occur in those places. In the case of plants collected by myself I have added the collection number, so that these can be identi- fied at any time. I may add that besides the set of Boulder plants in the Herbarium of the University of Missouri, there is a duplicate set in the Herbarium of the Michigan Agricul- tural College ; there is also a set in my own possession. The Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden has an incom- plete set. As the numbers are the same for all plants of the same species, the identification of any of these plants can be made out from the number given in the list. In the introduction I have sought to present what knowl- edge I have of the distribution of plants in Boulder County. I have tried to present them in their natural plant-societies. I saw. however, too little of the montane, subalpine, and the alpine floras to be able to give a comprehensive account of these, and it must be remembered that I did not see the vernal facies of any portion of the vegetation. As to nomenclature I have followed, except where plainly deficient in the light of later investigation, that of Rydberg's Flora of Colorado. While I feel that in the case of both genera and species there has been an cver-multiplication — as for instance the splitting up of such a natural group as the pines into several genera, yet at the time of the preparation of this Flora the only convenient guide was Rydberg's work. It is to Professor T. D. A. Cockerell of the University of Colorado to whom I am most indebted for assistance in this work. Remote both from the vegetation itself and from an PREFACE Xlll adequate library, I could not have carried on the work at all without his cheerful cooperation. He has examined every page of the manuscript, and I owe much to his apt suggestions and kindly criticism. My thanks are also due to Professor Francis Ramaley for his kindness in examining the proof- sheets, and to Professor J. Henderson who has perused the article on the physiography. Both have given me notes of much value. ERRATA Page 15, line 13, for Chrysopogon, read Sorghastrnm. Page 18, line 3 from bottom of page, for C. umbellata bre- virostris, read C. umbellata brachyrhina. Page 26, line 4. for Cogswellia Grayi read Cogswellia orientalis. Page 27, line 22, for F. confinis, read F. Kingii. Line 12 for Agropyron Vaseyi, read Agropyron spicatum inerme. Page 31, line 2 from bottom of page, for Trisetum subspicatum. read Trisetum spicatum. Page 2,2,, line 14, same correction. Page 39, line 8 from bottom of page, for Pseudocymopterus tenuifolius, read Pseudocymopterus multifidus. Page 41, line 9, for Trisetum subspicatum, read Trisetum spicatum. Page 42, line 6 from bottom of page, for Polemonium scopu- linum, read Polemonium pulcherrimum. xiv LNTRODUCTION I. PHYSIOGRAPHY Boulder, Colorado, lies nestling close to the Rocky Moun- tains just north of the 40th parallel. There the foot- hills are strikingly beautiful and high, and only twenty miles away Arapahoe Peak, clasping to its bosom the best glacier of the southern Rockies, gleams whitely in full view, while twenty- four miles to the northwest towers jaggedly Long's Peak, 14,271 ft. high, the highest point in Boulder County, and one of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Away to the eastward the plain stretches unbrokenly, save for an oc- casional butte, till lost to vision. There is then room for a great diversity of vegetation, ranging from the semi-desert plants of the arid plains to the arctic plants that grow at the wasting edge of the perpetual snow. The Continental Divide, which, due west of Boulder, touches its easternmost point in' North America, is only from twenty to twenty-four miles away. It rises as a vast snow- covered wall of rock to an average height of from 11,000 to 12,000 feet ; the highest points in the Divide in this region are Long's Peak, 14,271 ft., Mt. Audubon, 13,173 ft., Mt. Baldy, 11,470 ft.. Arapahoe Peak, 13,520 ft., and James' Peak, 13,283 ft. Due west of Boulder Arapahoe Pass crosses the Divide at an altitude of 12,000 feet. It will be seen, therefore, that there is an almost impassable barrier between the vegetation of the Pacific slope and that of 149] 1 2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [ 1 50 the Atlantic. Since this barrier is almost everywhere above timberline, only a few Pacific species are found on the Atlantic side of the slope within the region about Boulder. Perhaps the most interesting exception is the occurrence of one of the orchids, Piperia Unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb., a few indi- viduals of which I found in the foot-hills near Boulder, and which is not known to occur elsewhere east of the mountains of Utah, it having its main range from Alaska to California. All the streams of Boulder County flow ultimately into the South Fork of the Platte river, and thence into the Missouri and the Mississippi. Boulder creek, the chief stream of the region, and one of the headwaters of the Platte, is fed from the snows of the Divide, especially between Arapahoe and James' Peaks. Just over the other side of the Divide are some of the headwaters of Grand river, which flows into the Color:;' In, and thence into the Gulf of California. All the math streams in Boulder County have their sources in the wasting snows of the Main Range. These have cut gor- ges, in most cases over a thousand feet deep, into the elevated plateau between the main range and the foot-hills proper, and by means of these deep valleys have transformed this plateau into what are now really mountain masses, having an average altitude of about 8,000 feet, the eastern and western slopes of which are long longitudinal valleys, and the northern and southern ones the precipitous gorges cut by the streams. Be- tween Boulder and the Main Range there are about four of these mountain ridges, the first, or that of the foot-hills proper, rising to a height of from 7,000 to 8,600 feet, the others slightly lower, having an altitude of about 7,500 to 8,000 feet. Among these Sugarloaf Mountain stands out prominently as an isolated peak a thousand feet higher, it being a por- I51] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 3 phyry dike; and thus weathering more slowly than the granitic peaks. This whole elevated plateau, cut by streams into what now appear as definite mountain ridges, we shall call the foot-hills, although the foot-hills proper are the ridges of sandstone at the edge of this granite plateau. The flora, however, is the same, save for a few ferns and other rock-plants which are confined to cer- tain kinds of rocks, some to the limestones, others to the sand- stones, still others to the granite. The main range of mountains as well as the high plateau at its base is composed of granite, granite-porphyry, and granite-gneiss, gray or reddish in color. Dikes are frequent, either of pegmatite or of felsitic porphyry. When the uplift or uplifts occurred, which made the Rocky Mountains, the sedimentary rocks resting upon the basement of granite, were tilted until they stood nearly on end. The jagged crags of the foot-hills proper are, then, the ends of these sedimentary layers. Thus it happens, too, that the oldest beds lie next the granite, while the younger underlie the plains. The oldest and lowest, that is, the one lying directly upon or rather against the granite, is a layer of quartzite 550 feet thick, and of Algonkin age. This, however, is absent in front of Boulder and occurs in but two places in the county. The next, and of Pennsylvania!! (Carboniferous) age, is the red Fountain sandstone, 500 to 1,500 feet thick. In the immediate vicinity of Boulder it lies directly upon the granite. On the east slope of Green Moun- tain it hangs in five triangular blocks of about 500 feet in thickness at an angle of about 52 °. These, called the Flat-irons, are each about 1,000 feet high and about 1,500 feet wide ; the third Flat-iron, however, rises to an altitude of nearly 8,000 feet, or about 2,000 feet above the mesa. At 4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [152 Boulder Cafion the red sandstone walls are vertical. These perpendicular sandstone crags are the most striking feature of the scenery of the foot-hills. Lying next to the Fountain sandstone, and also of Pennsyl- vanian age, is the creamy Lyons sandstone, which is quarried in large amounts. It has a maximum thickness of almost 300 feet. Next in order, and still of Pennsylvanian age, is the Lykins formation, about 800 feet thick and consisting of sandstones, sandy shales, and a little limestone. It is easily weathered and is consequently thickly covered with waste. The Morrison formation occurs next, and consists of sand- stone, clays, and limestone, and is a little less than 600 feet thick. It is of Jurassic age. Then come various Cretaceous beds, the first of which, the"Dakota," is a firm sandstone of about 350 feet in thickness. Its resistance to weathering causes the characteristic hogback of the foot-hills, consisting of one, two, or even three distinct combs, or crags. Then follow in succession the Benton shales, 500 feet thick ; the Niobrara shales and limestones, 400 feet thick ; the Pierre shales, 5,000 feet thick; the Fox Hills shales, 1,300 feet thick ; and the Laramie beds, which are coal-bearing and about 115 feet thick. Lastly are the Quaternary deposits of allu- vium and terrace gravels. The various shales have weathered and eroded rapidly and underlie the plain, while the more resistant beds next the granite persist as crags, while the high mesas at the base of the foot-hills are shale outliers left by stream-erosion and are really stream terraces. The soil of the region, outside of the alluvium and ter- race gravels, is granitic in the mountains, while in the foot- hills it is apt to be brick-red from the detritus of t he red 153] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 5 sandstones. The soft Lykins formation yields a very red soil. The Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks have layers of sand and clay. II. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL* The climate of Boulder, however enjoyable it may be to human beings, can hardly be said to be highly favorable to plant-life. At least this is true of the foot-hills, the mesas, and the plains. The Main Range, however, is well watered, but here the high elevation and the low temperature repress plant-life. The montane and subalpine slopes have a dense vege- tation, and yet even here the shallow soil and the rapid run-off of the water cause portions of them to have the aspect of deserts. A subalpine meadow has an opulent luxuriance ; an adjoining slope may be gray with sage brush. In part the ap- parent thinness of vegetation in the mountains may be due to the superabundance of naked rock. In many portions of the Rockies the greater part of the surface has no soil whatever, and only a cranny-and-crevice vegetation is possible. The Rocky Mountains are new; their rocks are sharp and jagged; even lichens are rare on their surfaces. About Eldora and Arapahoe Peak, however, the rocks are beautifully rounded by glacial action. In the summer of 1906 there were rains almost daily, many of them soaking rains, but their distribution was uneven and capricious. In general the rainfall decreases as the distance from the snowy range increases. The alpine and subalpine *For the climatology of the region, consult the article by Professor Ramaley on the Climatology of the Mesas near Boulder, Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 1935, also, the paper by Ramaley and Robbins on Redrock lake near Ward, Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 13S147. 6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [154 regions receive most ; the foot-hills less ; the mesas receive some from every shower; the plains for five or six miles get a portion of the larger showers ; but beyond that for several hundred miles good rains are very few. The summer of 1906 was exceptional,* for even the plains about Boulder seemed to receive more water than do many parts of the eastern United States in midsummer. When I left Bouldei the third of September, the native vegetation for five or six miles out on the plain was as green as a prevailingly gray vegetation well can be ; there was no sign of drouth, while when I reached Missouri and Iowa, the pastures were parched. In fact what I shall remember most about Colorado is its exuberance of water. It courses down all the mountain canons, roaring and bubbling and dashing into foam. Springs are frequent and of a pureness and coolness that make them perfect. On the plains everywhere that one goes, a ditch full to the brim runs beside one. From the top of Green Mountain a hundred lakes may be seen gleaming on the plain. It is plainly a land of abundant rain and water. And yet why this feverish haste to irrigate the fields, why these ditches, these sluices, these storage-reservoirs? Why is land with a water-right worth several hundred dollars an acre, and land without one but five dollars ? And why, to ask a still deeper question, why does nearly every kind of native plant have some means of conserving water, or some contriv- ance for preventing too rapid transpiration ? Why do desert plants meet one at every hand : cacti, yuccae, sages, and xerophytic grasses? No, this region cannot be a land of abundant rain and water, in spite of the fact that I have never •In 1906 the greatest rainfall was recorded (26.17 inches), while 1901 was the driest year (13.67 inches). 155] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 7 seen so much anywhere else, nor anywhere else have had such drenchings to the skin. It is a semi-arid land, parched and thirsty. And the farmer, whom I saw flooding his land the morning after an all night's pouring rain, knew from long experience that there could not be too much water. The rapid drainage, the light dry air, the fierce light of the high elevation, the hot sun, the soil unfitted for the retention of water, all these things parch and wither our cultural plants, for while the native vegetation has organs for storing water and for diminishing transpiration, the cultivated plants have none of these. Nevertheless for the native vegetation in 1906 there was ample water-supply ; it grew with an almost incredible luxuriance, so much so that I found the measure- ments given in the manuals were often valueless for my pur- pose, as many of my plants were taller and larger than the books say that they grow. I was told that after the first of July there would be no botanizing as everything on the plains and foot-hills would dry up; but I remained till September first and the plants did not dry up, and I was able to collect over a thousand species in about two months and a half. The following table, which I use by the kind permission of Professor Ramaley, will furnish the data requisite to an under- standing of the temperature and rainfall of the region. The data holds true only for the city of Boulder. 8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [156 TABLE COMPILED BY DR. FRANCIS RAMALEY Summary of data on temperature and rainfall at Boulder, Colorado, for eleven years, ending August, 1908. Month January. . . February. March April May . . . June July August. . . . September. October. . . November . December. Annual. . Warmest Coldest -■ Greatest £ £f mean on mean on 1 **2 rainfall on — -a S E z a record. record . rTe £ 0.4 record. Year Degs Year Degs ^9-3 Year 1899 Inc's O.87 34-i 1906 39° I9°5 32-9 1907 42.8 1S99 18.O 0.66 1903 '•5- 39-4 1907 48.I 1906 30.2 1.6 1899 2.79 47-7 1 90S 525 1900 45-6 3-58 1900 9. iS 56.4 1S9S 60.5 1907 51.0 3.02 1904 5-35 64.6 1902 66.8 1907 62.1 '•53 1897 3-7i 70.1 1 90 1 75-3 1906 67.2 1 .72 1906 3. Si 71 0 1 89b 73 -2 1.906 68.0 i-3 1S97 3-3 1 64.0 1897 66.8 I900 61. 5 1 • 55 1902 2-7 53° 1900 57-2 I905 48.5 i-47 1903 3-43 43° 1904 48-3 189S 38.1 o-59 n ini, 1. 87 1 37-0 1906 41.0 189S 29.0 o.68 1902 0.541 51.0 18.0 Least rainfall on record. 1903 1 90S 1 90S 1 90S 1S99 1908 1901 1900&1905 19OI I900 1S99&1901 1 905 & 1 906 Inc'3 0.0S 0.09 o 23 1. 71 0-.S5 0.29 0.46 0.22 o. 10 0.13 0.00 0.00 Highest recorded temperature is 97 degrees, July 15, 1902. Lowest recorded temperature is — 20 degrees, January 8, 1902, and again February 20, 1905. Greatest rainfall recorded, 26.17 inches, 1906. Smallest rainfall recorded, 13.67 inches, 1901. Ill ZONES OF VEGETATION* There are six great zones of vegetation about Boulder, which, proceeding from east to west, are : A. The Zone of "These zones of vegetation are practically those of Robbins (Cli- matology and Vegetation in Colorado, Bot. Gaz., 49, 256-2S0), who rec- ognized (1) plains, (2) eastern lower foothills and mesas, (3) eastern upper foothills, 6,000 to 8,000 feet, (4) montane zone, (5) subalpine zone, (6) alpine zone. Professor Ramaley, however, would unite the mesas and foothills into one zone (Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 50-51). 157] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 9 the Plains, CAMPESTRES; B. The Zone of the Mesas, MEN SALES; C. The Zone of the Foot-hills and Mountain Plateau, SUBMONTANAE; fourth, The Zone of the Lower Mountain Slopes, MONTANAE; fifth, The Zone of the Sub- alpine Mountain Slopes, SUBALPESTRES; sixth, The Zone of the Alpine Summits, ALPESTRES. Of these the Plains Flora, the Foot-hill Flora, the Montane Flora, the Sub- alpine Flora, and the Alpine Flora are primary, while that of the Mesas is a transition from the Flora of the Plains to the Flora of the Foot-hills. The Alpine corresponds to the Arctic Circumpolar vegetation, the Subalpine to the Hudsonian, the Montane to the Canadian, the Foot-hill and the Mesa to the Upper Transition, and that of the Plains to the Lower Transi- tion with some Upper Sonoran forms. A. CAMPESTRES The plains are not so arid about Boulder as they are far- ther east. In fact after riding for hundreds of miles through a desert of dried up grass, it is with a feeling of inutterable joy that one sees this narrow ribbon of green from six to twelve miles wide at the foot of the mountains. This green- ness and freshness is due mainly to two causes : First, this strip receives more rain than does the rest of the Great Plains. The clouds do not quite rain out before reaching the plains. These rains are, however, capricious. The clouds are narrow. The southern part of Boulder may receive a thorough drench- ing, the northern part may not have a drop. One Sunday there was a cloud-burst in Sunshine Canon, farms and bridges were washed away ; from three to five feet of water came dash- ing through the main street of Boulder, while it scarcely sprinkled where I was a half mile to the south. The second cause is the abundant irrigation. 10 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [158 The Plains Flora falls into five main societies: The Aquatic (Aquatiles); The Palustrous (Palustres); The Ri- parian (Ripariae); The Prairie Meadow, the plains flora proper, (Campanales); and the Alkali Flat (Alkalinae). a. Aquatiles. The Aquatic Flora is found in lakes and streams. It consists of submerged or floating aquatics — pond- weeds, duckweeds, water-milfoils, hornworts, water starworts, besides various algae. It is seen best in Owen's lake and Boulder lake, which while about twenty feet deep, are very brackish. The slower streams also have aquatic plants, as do likewise the aqueous nuclei of swamps and swales. The fol- lowing is a list of typical species : Potamogeton lonchites L. minor P. heterophyllus Ceratophyllum demersum P. foliosus Callitriche palustris P. pectinatus C. bifida P. Spirillus Myriophyllum spicatum Zanichellia palustris Limosella aquatica Lemna gibba All the above species occur in the eastern United States. b. Palustres. The Palustrous, or Swamp Flora is found in bogs, in swales, along ditches, and about the miry margins of ponds and lakes and streams. It consists of rushes, bul- rushes, sedges, swamp grasses, sweet flags, cat-tails, stick- tights, swamp asters, water peppers, and various other plants. I have included here the whole subaquatic flora, since the for- mation is so slight that it is best treated as a whole without separation into amphibious, limose, paludose, and uliginose societies. The following are characteristic species : Equisetum arvense Typha latifolia E. laevigatum Alisma Plantago 159] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO II Sagittaria arifolia Homalocenchrus oryzoides Phalaris arundinacea Muhlenbergia racemosa Alopecurus aristulatus Spartina cynosurioides Poa triflora Panicularia nervata P. Americana P. borealis Cyperus inflexus Scirpus Americanus S. lacustris S. atrovirens pallidus Eleocharis palustris E. glaucescens E. acicularis E. acuminata Carex vulpinoidea C. stipata C. stricta C. lanuginosa Acorus Calamus Heteranthera limosa Juncus Balticus montanus J. longistylis J. nodosus J. Torreyi J. marginatus Iris Missouriensis Rumex occidentalis R. salicifolius Persicaria lapathi folia P. emersa. P. punctata Crunocallis Chamissoi Ranunculus sceleratus eremogenes R. Macounii Halerpestes Cymbalaria Nasturtium Nasturtium-aquaticum Radicula calycina R. hispida Hypericum ma jus Lythrum alatum Epilobium adenocaulon Cicuta occidentalis Berula erecta Verbena hastata Phyla cuneifolia Teucrium occidentale Scutellaria galericulata Prunella vulgaris Stachys scopulorum Lycopus lucidus L. Americanus Mentha spicata M. Penardi Mimulus Geyeri M. floribundus Gratiola Virginiana 12 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES fi6o Lobelia syphilitica Ludoviciana Iva xanthi folia I. axillaris Ambrosia trifida Xanthium commune Aster caerulescens A. Osterhoutii Bidens vulgata B. glaucescens Helenium montanum Lactuca pulchella L. spicata It will be noted that all but a very few of the above species are common palustrous species of the eastern United States. c. Ripariae. The Riparian Flora occurs along the banks of streams. It consists of trees, shrubs, and herbs. There are no trees nor shrubs proper on the Great Plains, except those that grow along the streams. Here occur various cot- tonwoods, box-elders, and willows. The herbs are partly marsh herbs and partly plants from the plains, especially grasses. The following are typical riparian species : Equisetum laevigatum Eatonia robusta Agropyron riparium Elymus Canadensis E. robustus Populus Sargentii P. acuminata P. angusti folia Salix amygdalioides S. exigua Betula fontinalis (only near the foot-hills) Urtica gracilis Cardamine vallicola Rulac Xegundo R. Texanum Vitis vulpina Pesedera vitacea Solidago Pitcheri S. Canadensis S. luteosericea d. Campanales. The Prairie Flora is that which is proper to the greater part of the plains region. In aspect it is a vast meadow, above which now and then a yucca rises with l6l] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 3 its bayonet-like leaves and its large cluster of flowers. But this aspect changes according to the season of the year, nor is it uniform at any season. As various plants come into bloom, so is it tinged red or purple, white or yellow; here it is an upland meadow of broom-grasses with purplish leaves; there it is dark green with meadow-grasses ; yonder it is white and hoar with sages. In early summer it is red, or purple, or blue with loco-weeds, beard-tongues, and thistles, yellow with golden asters, orange with cone-flowers and gaillardias, or white with Mexican poppies. In midsummer the psoraleas are numerous; here and there are large clumps of lupines; the tall porcupine grasses abound, and sunflowers rear their heads of gold. In late summer it is yellow with gumweeds of all kinds, with golden-rods and rabbit-brushes, or purple with blazing-stars and turkey-foot grasses. In autumn the gray sages put forth their inconspicuous flowers, the late composites ripen their achenes and whiten the landscape with their pappus. But the chief plants of this formation are those not seen — the little buffalo and mesquite grasses only a few inches high, but forming the turf of these vast plains. There are no shrubs proper in this flora. At most there are a few undershrubs and suffrutescent plants, such as roses, yuccas, and the like. It should be added that the vegetation of the moister por- tions of the plains differs, especially in aspect and also some- what in species, from that of the drier portions; but while it is possible to distinguish these two elements of the flora in the extreme cases of moistness and dryness, yet in the greater part of the area the two vegetations mingle inextricably. I shall, however, arrange the plants typical of the Great Plains into two classes, Humidae and Aridae, although the two classes occur quite commonly together: 14 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [162 i. Humidae. Andropogon furcatus Panicum virgatum Agrostis alba A. asperifolia Bouteloua olgostachya Bulbilis dactyloides Koeleria cristata Poa pratensis P. triflora P. interior P. pseudopratensis Festuca elatior Bromus marginatus latior B. Pumpellianus Agropyron pseudorepens A. occidentale Hordeum jubatum Elymus Macounii Carex marcida C. scoparia C. athrostachya C. pratensis C. festucacea Juncus interior J. Arizonicus J. confusus J. Dudleyi Sisyrinchium angustifolium Argemone intermedia A. hispida Sophia intermedia Potentilla Hippiana Drymocallis arguta Rosa pratincola Lupinus decumbens L. decumbens argentatus Astragalus goniatus Homalobus Salidae Aragallus Lambertii A. patens Psoralea tenuiflora P. argophylla Petalostcmon oligophyllus P. purpureus P. pubescens Poinsettia dentata Malvastrum dissectum Oenothera strigosa Anogra rhizomata A. coronopifolia Gaura parviflora G. coccinea G. glabra Asclepias speciosa Lithospermum canescens Onosmodium occidentale Verbena bracteosa V. ambrosi folia Salvia lanceolata Physalis lanceolata i63] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 15 P. Virginiana Androcera rostrata Pentstemon unilateralis Gerardia Besseyana Grindelia serrulata G. perennis Oligoneuron canescens Aster commutatus Erigeron divergens ii. Aridae. Schizachyrium scoparium Andropogon chrysocomus Chrysopogon nutans Aristida fasciculata A. longiseta Stipa comata S. viridula S. Nelsonii Muhlenbergia cuspidata Sporobolus airoides S. cryptandrus S. heterolepis S. asperifolius Agrostis liiemalis Merathrepta spicata Bouteloua hirsuta B. oligostachya Munroa squarrosa Eragrostis pectinacea Poa crocata P. juncifolia E. flagellaris Ratibida columnaris Helianthus lenticularis H. grosseserratus Gaillardia aristata Artemisia gnaphalodes Cirsium megacephalum C. ochrocentrum Agoseris glauca P. confusa Festuca octoflora Agropyron molle Hordeum pusillum Sitanion longifolium S. brevi folium Elymus brachystachys Carex Douglasii C. siccata C. straminea Yucca glauca Eriogonum effusum Paronychia Jamesii Allionia linearis Delphinium Penardii Stanleya glauca Xylophacos Shortianus Amorpha nana Psoralea tenuiflora Linum Lewisii i6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [l64 Chamaesyce Fendleri C. serpyllifolia Tithymalus Arkansanus Acerates viridiflora A. angustifolia Asclepias pumila Evolvulus Nuttallianus Lappula occidentalis L. cupulata Cryptanthe crassisepala Gutierrezia longifolia G. scoparia Chrysopsis villosa C. hispida Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus Sideranthus annuus S. spinulosus Solidago glaberrima S. nana Tovvnsendia exscapa Lithospermum breviflorum Aster exiguus Monarda pectinata Hedeoma hispida Physalis rotundata Quincula lobata Pentstemon secundiflorus P. gracilis P. humilis Orthocarpus luteus Plantago Purshii Ambrosia psilostachya Gaertneria tomentosa Kuhnia Hitchcockii K. glutinosa Laciniaria punctata A. crassulus A. polycephalus Erigeron ramosus Wyomingia cana Helianthus petiolaris H. pumilus Thelesperma gracile Boebera papposa Artemisia dracunculoides A. Brittonnii Senecio Riddellii S. multicapitatus S. spartioides Cirsium undulatum e. Alkalinae. The best examples of the Flora of the Alkali Flats occur in the vicinity of Owen's lake and Boulder lake, where large tracts are white as snow with alkali. The plants are mainly succulent chenopods, but a few other plants also occur. The following species are characteristic : Distichlis stricta Polygonum buxiforme Puccinellia airoides Chenopodium rubrum 165] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 7 Monolepis Nuttalliana Iva axillaris Atriplex carnosa Chrysothamnus graveolens A. argentea C. pulcherrimus Dondia depressa Solidago gilvocanescens Sophora sericea B. MENSALES* The Flora of the Mesas is a transitional flora ; the mesas have most of the plants of the plains and in addition many of the plants of the foot-hills. There are, however, a considerable number of species, which are peculiar to the mesas. These mesas are flat tablelands rising abruptly a hundred feet or so above the plains in successive terraces. The altitude of the plains in Boulder County is from 5,000 to 5,500 feet. The lowest mesa, at an altitude of about 5,600 feet, has the flora of the plains, but at the next mesa, at an altitude of 5,700 feet, the flora begins to change, and from then on to the foot of the crags, 6,000 feet, the plains plants gradually tend to disappear and the foot-hill flora to come in. The highest mesas are so filled with waste from landslips from the crags, that they may be said to be an integral part of the foot-hills. And so, too, the streams have made deep canons through the mesas, the flora of which is not so very unlike that of the canons of the foot-hills. West of Marshall there is a high bog on the mesa, but as its plants differ in no wise from the bog plants of the plains, it will be dismissed with this notice. Six plant-societies are to be found upon the mesas : a. The meadow (Pratenses), which differs little from the plains meadow, although certain mountain species, such as the Mari- *For a detailed account of the vegetation of the mesas, see the pa- pers by Dodds, Ramaley, and Robbing, Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 11-49. i8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [166 posa lily, the painted cups, and the wool-joints are present, b. The cactus mesa (Spinosae). c. The Yucca mesa (Ensi- formes). d. The wooded mesa (Sylvestres). e. The brush mesa (Arbustales). f. The mesa canon (Vallicolae). a. Pratenses. The flora of the mesa meadow is com- posed of an admixture of plants both from the plains and the foot-hills. Typical plants are : Sorghastrum nutans Stipa comata S. viridula Bouteloua hirsuta B. oligostachya Calochortus Gunnisonii Comandra pallida Eriogonum alatum E. flavum E. umbellatum Atheropogon curtipendulus Polygonum Douglasii Koeleria cristata Poa triflora P. interior P. pseudopratensis P. j unci folia P. confusa Festuca octoflora Agropyron tenerum A. pseudorepens Elymus brachystachys E. villiflorus Carex marcida C. pratensis C. straminea C. straminiformis Silene antirrhina Lychnis Drummondii Delphinium Penardii D. camporum D. Nelsonii Anemone cylindrica Pulsatilla hirsutissima Argemone intermedia Potentilla effusa Drymocallis fissa Lupinus Plattensis L. decumbens Geoprumnon succulentum Astragalus nitidus A. goniatus C. Pennsylvanica vespertina Tium Drummondii C. umbellata brevirostris Aragallus Lambertii Tradescantia Universitatis A. sericeus Yucca glauca Psoralea tenuiflora i67] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 19 P. argophylla Geranium Fremontii Linum Lewisii Tithymalus philorus Nuttallia multiflora N. stricta Epilobium paniculatum Gayophytum intermedium Meriolix serrulata Gaura parviflora Gilia Candida G. pinnatifida G. sinuata Collomia linearis Phacelia heterophylla Oreocarya virgata Mertensia linearis M. lanceolata Pentstemon unilateralis P. secundiflorus P. gracilis P. humilis Castilleja linariaefolia Campanula petiolata Gutierrezia longi folia G. scoparia Chrysopsis resinolens Solidago pallida Townsendia grandifiora Rudbeckia flava Ratibida columnaris Helianthus subrhomboideus Gaillardia aristata Artemisia dracunculoides A. Forwoodii A. frigida A. Brittonii Senecio Plattensis S. Nelsonii S. Fendleri b. Spinosae. The vegetation of the cactus mesa con- sists of a few species of cacti, of the prickly Ceanothus Fend- leri, and a few other xerophytic plants and undershrubs. The principal cacti are : Echinocereus viridiflorus O. polyacantha Opuntia mesacantha O. fragilis O. rhodantha O. Greenei c. Ensiformes. The best example of the Yucca mesa occurs near the entrance of Bear Canon. There the ground is practically denuded, and only sparse clumps of Yuccas and 20 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [l68 bunch-grasses occupy the ground. The two species of im- portance are Yucca glauca and Eriocoma cuspidata. d. Sylvestres. A good example of the wooded mesa lies immediately back of the Chautauqua grounds. There the bull pine has descended from the foot-hills and taken posses- sion of the mesa. Besides the bull pine, Piuus scopulorum, the low juniper, Juniperus Sibirica, is of rare occurrence. Of herbs the most noteworthy is Arnica pedunculated, which is frequent under the pines. I found also only there Ccntun- culus minimus, perhaps the only known station of this plant in Colorado, since it is not included in Rydberg's Flora of Colo- rado. It is growing with Linaria Canadensis, which is like- wise an eastern plant. e. Arbustales. The brush mesa assumes various forms. Ordinarily some one species is in control. Occasionally it con- sists of various haws, as at the entrance of Gregory Canon, or of a thicket of juneberries, wax-currants, and skunk-bushes. South of Bluebell Canon is a mesa covered with the peculiar mountain mahogany. Wild cherries and plums are frequent, and the hackberry occasional in these shrubby thickets. The principal species are: Celtis reticulata C. erythropoda Ribes pumilum Primus Americana R. longifolium P. melanocarpa Oreobatus deliciosus Toxicodendron Rydbergii Batidaea laetissima Schmaltzia trilobata Cercocarpus parvi folium Ceanothus Fendleri Rosa Sayi C. mollissimus Amelanchier oreophila C. subsericeus Crataegus occidentalis Symphoricarpos occidentalis C. Coloradensis 169] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 21 Of herbs the vetches and vetchlings are the most im- portant: Vicia sparsi folia V. producta V. dissitifolia Lathyrus leucanthus V. oregana f. Vallicolae. The mesa canon has a bewildering di- versity of floral elements, now consisting of thickets of haws with extremely vicious thorns, wild briers, the long-beaked hazel, and dwarf maples, now with a fontinal vegetation strikingly like our own Carolinian. One little gulch at the base of Flagstaff Hill has a vegetation composed quite wholly of eastern plants. Here occur Phragmites Phragmitcs, Sani- cula Marilandica> Steironema ciliatiiiu, Veronica Americana. Eupatorium maculatum, and a form of Apios Apios, the last of which was not known to occur west of eastern Kansas previous to this collection. Since the streams have cut deeply into the surface, the canon of the mesa resembles greatly the canon of the foot-hills. There are riparian, rupestrine, clivose, and fontinal elements compressed within the space of a few feet. Mountain forms follow these streams often for some distance into the plain. And yet the facies of the flora is dis- tinctly eastern. Here are haws, hazels, maples, grapes, wild cherries, willows, cottonwoods, dogwoods, nine-barks. The herbs, too, have an eastern look — sweet cicelies, false Solo- mon's seals, water-leafs, fragile ferns, avens, bog-orchids. It is true that a closer examination reveals the fact that many of these plants belong to species which are strictly western, yet the fact remains that there is little in the vegetation that impresses as strange, one who is familiar only with the eastern flora, while all about him in plain, mesa, foot-hill, and mountain are utterly unfamiliar types of vegetation. So in this narrow 22 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES I70 zone of gulches and canons is alone to be found the exact analogue of the Carolinian flora. The following are the im- portant species : Filix fragilis Phragmites Phragmites Carex festiva Allium Nuttallii A. Geyeri A. reticulatum Vagnera stellata Nemexia lasioneuron Limnorchis viridiflora L. laxiflora Oreobatus deliciosus Potentilla Pennsylvanica strigosa Geum scopulorum Rosa Sayi Amelanchier oreophila Crataegus Coloradensis C. occidentalis C. erythropoda C. Doddsii Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza C. Coloradoides Populus Sargentii P. acuminata P. angustifolia Corylus rostrata Parietaria Pennsylvanica P. obtusa Humulus lupulus Neo- Mexicanus Cerastium occidentale Ranunculus abortivus Thalictrum purpurascens Sedum stenopetalum Heuchera parvi folia Ribes pumilum R. longi folium Opulaster intermedins O. Ramaleyi Prunus Americana P. Pennsylvanica P. melanocarpa Thermopsis divaricarpa Amorpha fruticosa Vicia oregana V. producta Apios Apios Boulderensis Geranium Parryi Toxicodendron Rydbergii Acer glabrum Rulac Negundo R. Texanum Vitis vulpina Pesedera vitacea Calceolaria linearis Circaea alpina 171] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 23 Aralia nudicaulis Mertensia lanceolata Svida stolonifera Dracocephalum parviflorum Sanicula Marilandica Mimulus Hallii Osmorrhiza longistylis Veronica Americana O. obtusa Galium Vaillantii Ligusticum Porteri G. boreale Heracleum lanatum G. flaviflorum Steironema ciliatum Viburnum Lentago Collomia linearis Ambrosia trifida Hydrophyllum Fendleri Eupatorium maculatum Macrocalyx Nyctelea C. SUBMONTANAE The Foot-hill Flora covers not only the true foot-hills of the sandstone crags, but also the lower part of the mountain plateau. The flora is rich but monotonous. In most places the vegetation is thin; it is mainly a forest, but the trees are strewn but sparsely over the steep slopes. The amount of naked rock is very great. The altitude ranges from 5,800 to 8,600 feet. Some of the main streams, such as Boulder creek, have cut down to about 5,500 feet. Directly west of Boulder, and lying between Boulder and Gregory Canons, is Flagstaff Hill with an altitude of about 6,500 feet. Southwest of Boulder is Green Mountain, lying between Gregory and Bear Canons and having an altitude of 8,100 feet. South of Green Moun- tain is Bear Mountain, which attains a height of 8,600 feet, and is the loftiest peak in the first range of foot-hills in the vicinity of Boulder. The Foot-hill Flora merges rather abruptly into that of the mesas at the foot of the crags, and melts insensibly into the Subalpine Flora as it approaches the Main Range. It reaches its maximum development between an altitude of 6,500 and 24 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [ 172 7,000 feet. Below 6,500 feet there occur still many species be- longing to the Great Plains ; above 7,000 feet there is a rapid thinning out of species, and subalpine species become occas- ional, although it is not rare for such species in cold situations to go down to the 6,000 foot level. Yet at the summit of Green Mountain (8,100 feet) I found the flora still consisting in the main of the genuine foot-hill species. The Foot-hill Flora may be gathered into four main societies : a. The wooded slope (Sylvestres). b. The foot-hill meadow (Pratenses). c. The foot-hill canon (Vallicolae). d. The crevice and cranny vegetation of the rocks (Rimosae). a. Sylvestres.* The wooded slope society consists quite purely of bull pine and Douglas spruce, with now and then a few trees of other species of pine, and spruce, and fir. The trees stand usually at wide intervals, oftenest in rows, where some fault in the rock enables them to get a secure foothold. Occasionally on the north slopes, which are moister than any other, the trees stand in such close formation that it is almost impossible to make one's way through them. Ordinarily it is the Douglas spruce that behaves in this way, since the bull pine prefers a more open formation. Often two rather dis- 'Young (Bit. Gaz. 44. 321-352) finds the following forest associa- tions about Bonlder: 1. Populus occidentalis — Salix fluviatilts, riparian upon the plains, but extending somewhat up the canons. 2. Populus angustifolia — .Salix Nuttallii, riparian in the foothills. 3. Pinus scop u lorum, silvan on the dry slopes of the foothills. 4. Pinus Murrayana, 6ylvan on the dry mountain sides. 5. Apinus flexilis, dry mountain slopes up to timber line. 6. Pseudotsuga — Picea Engelmanni, lower caiions (submontane and montane). 7. Picea Engelmanni— Abies lasiocarpa, upper canons (high montane and sub-dpine to timber line). 8. Aspen society, throughout (north slopes at low altitudes, all slopes higher altitudes). 173] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 25 tinct forms of forest are discernible, the one of bull pine, the other of Douglas spruce; at other times the two are mixed. The Douglas spruce is at its best in moist ravines, and ascends to timber-line on the mountains, while the bull pine seldom gets above 9,000 feet. The following are characteristic species: Botrychium Virginianum Atragene occidentalis Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Pinus scopulorum P. Murrayana (rare) Apinus flexilis (rare) Picea Parryana Pseudotsuga mucronata Oryzopsis micrantha Muhlenbergia gracilis Melica bella Carex Deweyana Toxicoscordion falcatum Vagnera racemosa V. amplexicaulis Piperia Unalaschensis Peramium ophioides Populus tremuloides Betula papyri f era Andrewsii Chenopodium Fremontii Blitum capitatum Actaea arguta A. arguta eburnea Aquilegia coerulea (rare) Anemone globosa Ranunculus abortivus R. micrantha Cyrtorrhyncha ranunculina Odostemon repens Erysimum Cockerellianum Bosseckia parviflora Oreobatus deliciosus Batidaea laetissima Potentilla Hippiana Amelanchier oreophila Sorbus scopulina (rare) Thermopsis divaricarpa T. pinetorum Tium alpinum Homalobus tenella H. decumbens Lathyrus leucanthus Xanthoxalis stricta Ceanothus velutinus Viola vallicola V. Canadensis Rydbergii Lepargyraea Canadensis Chamaenerion angustifolium Harbouria trachypleura 26 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [174 Aletes obovata A. acaulis Ligusticum Porteri Cogswellia Grayi Pterospora Andromedea Chimaphila umbellata Pyrola secunda P. uliginosa Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Frasera stenosepala Apocynum scopulorum Phlox depressa Lappula floribunda L. angustata Scutellaria Brittoni Dracocephalum parviflorum Prunella vulgaris Monarda menthaefolia M. mollis Scrophularia occidentalis Pentstemon oreophilus P. alpinus P. humilis Castilleja linariaefolia C. cognata C. integra C. confusa Galium boreale G. triflorum Sambucus microbotrys Linnaea Americana Symphoricarpos occidentalis Campanula petiolata Specularia perfoliata Laciniaria ligulistylis Oreochrysum Parryi Solidago oreophila S. viscidula S. radulina S. trinervata Eucephalus glaucus Aster polycephalus A. laevis A. Porteri Machaeranthera Bigelovii M. aspera Erigeron salicinus E. macranthus Antennaria oxyphylla Anaphalis subalpina Gnaphalium Wrightii Rudbeckia flava Achillaea lanulosa Arnica cordi folia Senecio salicinus S. Nelsonii S. Fendleri Cirsium Americanum C. erosum Crepis petiolata C. angustata Hieracium albiflorum H. Fendleri Agoseris rostrata 175] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 2"J b. Pratenses. The foot-hill meadow is not very unlike the mesa meadow ; the species are in part the same, but there is no sharp line between the flora of the foot-hill forest and the foot-hill meadow, on account of the openness of the former. Only where the forest is dense enough to have a truly sylvan floor, are the light-loving plants absent. The foot-hill meadow society includes various grasses and certain herbs, such as painted-cups, fleabanes, Mariposa lilies, anemones, gaillardias, and the like. The following are the characteristic grasses and sedges : Stipa comata B. Pumpellianus S. viridula Agropyron Vaseyi S. Nelsonii A. Richardsoni S. Scribneri A. violaceum Calamagrostis purpurascens A. pseudorepens Koeleria cristata Elymus ambiguus Poa platyphylla E. strigosus P. crocata E. villiflorus P. longiligula Carex marcida P. longipedunculata C. Douglasii Festuca brachyphylla C. festiva F. confinis C. petasata Bromus lanatipes C. pratensis B. Richardsonii C. siccata c. Vallicolae. The foot-hill canon society consists of dense thickets of hazel, dwarf birch, willows, dogwoods, al- ders, and the like. About springs and along small rills is found a brief fontinal vegetation, the most delicate of all the plant-groups — mosses, liverworts, ferns, tway-blades, adder's- mouths, twisted-stalks, mountain lilies, shooting stars, cresses, sedges, and bog-orchids. The foot-hill canon flora differs from 28 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [I76 the mesa canon principally in the absence of the chaparral ele- ment, the haws and wild plums being absent. Most of the re- maining shrubs and arborescent plants are identical — the dwarf maple, the birch, the dogwood, the beaked hazel, the wild cherries, and the cottonwoods. The following are the chief species: Equisetum laevigatum Cinna latifolia Avena striata Eatonia Pennsylvanica Poa triflora Panicularia nervata P. Holmii Carex tenella C. Hoodii C. festiva C. aurea Juncus Balticus montanus Juncoides parviflorum Allium Geyeri A. reticulatum Lilium Philadelphicum montanum Vagnera stellata Streptopus amplexifolius Disporum majus Limnorchis viridifiora L. laxiflora Ibidium Romanzoffianum strictum Ophrys borealis Acroanthes monophylla Populus Sargentii P. angustifolia Salix caudata S. perrostrata S. Bebbiana Betula fontinalis Alnus tenuifolia Corylus rostrata Crunocallis Chamissoi Clematis ligusticifolia Ranunculus reptans R. abortivus Thalictrum Fendleri Thlaspi Nuttallii T. Coloradense Draba streptocarpa Ribes Purpusi Opulaster intermedins O. Ramaleyi O. glabratus O. monogynus Rubus triflorus Fragaria bracteata Geum strictum G. Oregonense Rosa Macounii U7l FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 29 R. Fendleri R. aciculata R. Maximiliani Prunus Pennsylvanica P. melanocarpa Geranium Richardsonii Acer glabrum Epilobium adenocaulon Circaea alpina Aralia nudicaulis Svida stolonifera Heracleum lanatum Angelica ampla Dodecatheon radicatum D. sinuatum Mertensia punctata M. viridula M. lanceolata Collinsia tenella Mimulus floribundus Veronica Americana Distegia involucrata Adoxa Moschatellina Solidago Pitcheri S. polyphylla Gymnolomia multiflora Rudbeckia laciniata Bahia dissecta Senecio hydrophyllus S. perplexus Amarella scopulorum d. Rimosae. The crevice and cranny vegetation of the rocks consists of lichens, rupestrine ferns, alum roots, orpines, selaginellas, and many shrubs, such as the Jamesia, the wax- currant, juneberries, flowering raspberries, salmonberries, roses, and gooseberries. The Rocky Mountain red cedar stands often in grotesquely gnarled and twisted forms at the verges of the crags. It raav be remarked that this flora is of prime importance, since so large a portion of the region consists of naked rock. In fact the foot-hill flora in general is more or less rupestrine in character. There is gathered here only the strictly rock-loving vegetation. These are typical species : Polypodium hesperium W. oregana Dryopteris Filix-mas Filix fragilis Woodsia scopulina Cryptogramma acrostichoides 30 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [17& Cheilanthes Feei Edwinia Americana C. Fendleri Ribes Purpusi Asplenium Trichomanes R. pumilum A. Andrewsii Oreobatus deliciosus Belvisia septentrionalis Rosa melina Selaginella Underwoodii Amelanchier oreophila Sabina scopulorum Xylophacos Parryi Parietaria Pennsylvanica Androsace puberulenta Talinum parviflorum A. pinetorum Physaria didymocarpa Coleosanthus minor P. floribunda C. albicaulis Sedum stenopetalum Chrysopsis caudata Heuchera bracteata Senecio Nelsonii Micranthes rhomboidea S. longipetiolatus B. MONTANAE The Montane Flora begins at about the 8,000 foot level, though, as we have seen, on the isolated peaks of the first range of foot-hills the Foot-hill Flora still largely persists even to the summits, or some 600 feet higher. The Montane Flora extends upward to the approximate altitude of 10,000 feet. It is for the most part a forest of lodgepole pine. The zone includes the slopes of the main range below 10,000 feet, and also the higher portions of the adjacent mountain plateau. Some of its characteristic species, indeed, tend to spread throughout the mountain plateau, and in cold valleys may even go as low as 6,000 feet. The montane as also the subalpine slopes have abundant rainfall, showers occur- ring nearly every afternoon. At least this was true of the sum- mer of 1906. The ground is often boggy and springy, and cold with snow water. On north and east slopes the snow remains in the higher and deeper valleys till midsummer ; !-g] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 31 hence the flowering season is short. In a period of about six weeks, from the middle of July to the first of September, the main part of the vegetation in these cool valleys is brought to perfection. Species, which on the mesas had bloomed before my arrival on the eighteenth of June, I found just in blossom at Eldora on the mountainsides August thirty-first. I saw too little of the Montane Flora, since I spent only six days in collections, where it occurs, to be able to separate it definitely into plant-societies. But the chief types as I saw it at Ward, Eldora, and Glacier lake, will be briefly described. In the Montane Subzone there are, perhaps, six tolerably distinct types of vegetation-association: a. The montane forest (Sylvales). b. The montane bog (Paludosae). c. The montane lake (Lacustres). d. The arid brush slope (Arbustales). e. The montane meadow (Pratenses). f. The montane stream (Amnicolae). a. Sylvales. The montane sylva consists of a close for- est of lodgepole pine interspersed with some bull pine and Rocky Mountain white pine, as well as with the various spruces and firs. The spruces and firs occur principally in the valleys, while on the barren ridges, the pines assume a scrub- like form. On these ridges occur many peculiar species of dwarf herbs— golden rods, asters, fleabanes, cat's-feet, actin- ellas, groundsels. A few of the more characteristic species of the montane sylva are the following : Pinus scopulorum Pseudotsuga mucronata P. Murrayana Abies lasiocarpa Apinus flexilis Calamagrostis purpurascens Picea Engelmanni Trisetum subspicatum P. Parryana Avena striata 32 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [180 Poa longipedunculata Agropyron Arizonicum A. andinum A. violaceum Carex Geyeri Cytherea bulbosa Populus tremuloides Aquilegia coerulea Delphinium occidentalis Symphoricarpos oreophilus Chrysopsis Bakeri Oreochrysum Parryi Solidago decumbens S. oreophila Eucephalus Engelmannii Aster Underwoodii A. Porteri A. Andrewsii Erysimum Cockerellianum Erigeron multindus Draba streptocarpa D. aurea Ribes lentum Potentilla concinna Fragaria glauca Thermopsis divaricarpa Tium alpinum Atelophragma elegans Aragallus deflexus Conioselinum scopulorum Eutoca sericea Pentstemon oreophilus P. alpinus Castilleja integra C. confusa C. lauta C. lanci folia C. sulphurea Pedicularis racemosa P. Grayi E. trifidus E. glandulosus E. superbus E. macranthus E. speciosus E. subtrinervis E. eximius Antennaria concinna A. parvifolia A. aprica Anaphalis subalpina Tetraneuris lanigera Artemisia silvicola Senecio pudicus S. lanatifolius S. ambrosioides Cirsium Coloradense Hieracium albiflorum Agoseris Leontodon A. humilis b. Paludosae. The montane bog is characterized by the presence of the quaking aspen and other Hudsonian plants. i8i] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 33 The aspen, however, is not confined to the bogs, but forms groves in slight depressions throughout the mountains, and oc- curs on Green Mountain not much, if any, above 6,000 feet. The aspen occurs in the drier portions of the bogs along with other uliginose plants. The bog vegetation is very rich in species. A fine specimen of the montane bog is found just west of Eldora at an elevation of 8,600 feet. The following are characteristic species : Muhlenbergia simplex M. filiformis Phleum alpinum Cinna latifolia Trisetum montanum T. subspicatum Merathrepta intermedia Poa reflexa P. Vaseyana Carex canescens C._ occidentalis C. ebenea C. Goodenovii C. utriculata Juncus Saximontanus Juncoides parviflorum Limnorchis stricta L. borealis Ibidium strictum Populus tremuloides Salix Scouleriana S. brachycarpa S. glaucops S. chlorophylla Betula glandulosa Rumex densiflorus Polygonum confertiflorum Alsine longi folia Aconitum Columbianum A. insigne A. ochroleucum Ranunculus cardiophyllus R. inamoenus R. micropetalus R. pedatifidus Pectianthia pentandra Micranthes arguta Parnassia fimbriata Dasiphora fruticosa Sidalcea Candida Viola palustris V. pallens Epilobium adenocaulon E. albescens E. anagallidifolium Oxypolis Fendleri Dodecatheon philoscia Anthopogon barbellatus 34 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [l8ji Amarella plebeja E. jucundus Pleurogyne fontana Gnaphalium palustre Allocarya scopulorum Artemisia biennis Mimulus puberulus Senecio triangularis Veronica Wormskjoldii S. admirabilis Elephantella Groenlandica S. cymbalarioides Erigeron minor Crepis denticulata E. lonchophyllus c. Lacustres.* The montane lacustrine and marginal vegetation I saw only at Glacier lake. Besides some aquatic grasses, notably Dcschampsia cacspitosa, there occur the float- ing bur-reed, Sparganium angustifolium, the white water- crowfoot, Batrachium flaccidum, and the aquatic mudwort, Limosclla aquatica. The yellow pond-lily, Nymphaea poly- scpala, grows also in some of these high lakes. d. Arbustales. The arid brush slope vegetation consists quite wholly of the true sage-brush, Artemisia tridentata. This community is rare in the region, and I have seen it only be- tween Glacier lake and Eldora near Bluebird mine. e. Pratenses. The montane meadow is truly a paradise of flowers. It is not uncommon to see acre upon acre of meadow glorious with purple and blue and red and yellow and white and scarlet. Never have I seen flowers anywhere else in such profusion nor with such gorgeous hues — monkshoods, larkspurs, louseworts, milk-vetches, locoweeds, squawweeds. death-camasses, grasses, rushes, sedges, and blue-eyed grasses. The following species are typical : *For a detailed account of the vegetation of these high lakes, con- sult the paper by Ramaley and Robbins on Redrock lake near Ward (Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6. 133-168). 1 83] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 35 Muhlenbergia Richardsonis Anemone globosa M. simplex Phleum alpinum Agrostis asperifolia Deschampsia caespitosa Poa pratensis P. reflexa P. leptocoma P. interior P. Vaseyana Festuca rubra Carex occidentalis C. Hoodii C. festiva C. ebenea C. petasata C. lanuginosa Anticlea Coloradensis Juncus longistylis J. parous J. Saximontanus Sisyrinchium alpestre S. angusti folium Delphinium occidentale Aconitum porrectum A. Columbianum A. insigne Clementsia rhodantha Potentilla pulcherrima P. Hippiana P. propinqua Dasiphora fruticosa Geum Oregonense Erythrocoma ciliata Tium alpinum Homalobus tenellus Aragallus Lambertii A. patens A. Richardsonii Geranium Richardsonii Sidalcea Candida Dodecatheon radicatum Castilleja sulphurea Elephantella Groenlandica Pedicularis Grayi Valeriana ceratophylla Erigeron Smithii Arnica subplumosa Senecio scopulinus S. chloranthus S. pseudaureus Agoseris parviflora A. laciniata A. humilis A. ochroleucum There is, of course, a montane rupestrine society, Rupestres, but I am too little acquainted with it to be able to give an adequate account of it. I, however, noted the 36 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [ 184 austromontane saxifrage, Leptasea austromontana, and the glandular phacelia, Phacelia glandulosa. There is also a brief campestrian vegetation about Eklora, reproducing, in otber species, the facies of the Great Plains, Campestres; I may instance as species : Grindclia subalpina, G. Eldorac, Chrysothamnus Parryi, and C. elegans. f. Amnicolae. The montane stream vegetation is seen at its best about small rills. Along the larger streams it as- sumes a typical riparian aspect, much like that of the canon society of the foot-hills along the large streams. Since the' water in these streams is very cold inasmuch as they are fed from the wasting snows of the alpine valleys, the montane vegetation can scarcely be distinguished from the true sub- alpine vegetation of the streams. The list of species will, therefore, be deferred until the subalpine stream vegetation is reached. E. SUBALPESTRES The Subalpine zone extends from about the ioooo foot level to timberline, and hence coincides with the upper slopes of the Main Range. It is in the main a forest of Engelmann spruce, with occasional high meadows and bogs. Lakes, too, are numerous. I have personal knowledge of only two formations : a. The subalpine forest (Sylvales). b. The subalpine stream (Amnicolae). a. Ses. lval. The subalpine forest consists mainly of Engelmann spruce, Picea Engelmanni, and balsam hr,Abics lasiocarpa. I have but a very slight knowledge of the herbs characterizing this formation, but I noticed along the Arapahoe Trail the following species, which I had not seen in the mon- 1 35] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 37 tane forest: Eriogonum subalpinum, Arnica Parryi, and Sene- cio atratus. A large number of the montane sylvan species were observed. b. Amnicolae. The subalpine stream vegetation is very luxuriant. It has on the one hand a very close affinity with the montane stream vegetation, and on the other with that of the wet alpine tundra. Not only does the snow linger late in these high valleys, the water of the streams is also very cold. In the list that follows the montane species are included as well : Poa platyphylla P. alpina Carex Goodenovii Populus balsamifera P. angustifolia Salix caudata S. Scouleriana Retula fontinalis Alnus tenuifolia Bistorta bistortioides Alsine Baicalensis Caltha leptosepala Trollius albiflorus Anemone Canadensis Ranunculus reptans R. inamoenus R. micropetalus Cardamine cordifolia C. incana Clementsia rhodantha Pectianthia pentandra Micranthes arguta Parnassia fimbriata Sidalcea Candida Oxypolis Fendleri Primula Parryi Swertia pali'Stris Polemonium robustum Mertensia polyphylla Mimulus Langsdorfii M. puberulus Helianthella quinquenervis Senecio triangularis I am almost wholly unacquainted with the remaining sub- alpine formations, such as the lacustrine, palustrous, rupes- trine, the subalpine summit and high ridge floras. I saw a 38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [l86 little of these at Ward and on the high slopes above Bloomer- ville, and on Arapahoe Peak just below timberline, but I am unable to give any clear account of the vegetation.* F. ALPESTRESf Between 11,000 and 12,000 feet tree-growth ceases ab- ruptly. The spruces and firs bend and hug the ground. The willows branch and fork underground and rise to the height of but a few inches. The precise altitude of the timberline depends somewhat on the exposure, and differs, therefore, from peak to peak, but 11,500 feet is, perhaps, on an average the lower limit of the alpine zone. I am acquainted with this zone only on Arapahoe Peak, where I spent one day, Septem- ber first, and collected some no species, most of them above timberline. The total number of species known to reach an altitude of 12,000 feet, or above, in Colorado is 386. J The alpine flora may be conveniently gathered into two societies: a. The wet alpine tundra (Tundrales). b. The dry rock-desert (Alpinae) of the summits. a. Tundrales. The wet tundra occupies the region of cold water-soaked soil. The water from the wasting snows collects in depressions, streams are formed, and along these the *I refer the reader to the excellent paper on Redrock lake near Ward, by Ramaley and Robbins (Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-16S). fConsult for the Alpine Flora Cooper's Alpine vegetation in the vi- cinity of Long's Peak, Colorado (Bot. Gaz., 45, 319-337). He recog- nizes three plant formations: 1. The dry meadow. 2. The wet mead- ow. 3. The Krummholtz. The latter, while striking enough, is rather but the upper level of the spruce forest, striving to persist in Alpine con- ditions. {For a list of these see the article by Cockerell on the Alpine Flora ot Colorado (Am. Nat., 40, 86-873). i873 FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 39 vegetation clings. Often the streams flow concealed under the dwarf spruces and firs, their existence there being known only by their roaring underneath. Parry's primrose, saxi- frages, globeflowers, white cowslips, gentians, red elephants, several sedges, grasses, and rushes are examples of the wet tundra vegetation. The Krummholtz of spruce and fir at the timberline consists chiefly of Engelmann spruce, Picea Engel- matmi, and balsam fir, Abies lasiocarpa. The wet tundra con- tinues down to the lower edge of the alpine zone, whence it de- scends and coalesces with the subalpine stream vegetation. The following are characteristic species : Lycopodium annotinum Trollius albiflorus Picea Engelmanni Abies lasiocarpa Alopecurus occidentalis Trisetum majus Poa reflexa P. leptocoma P. alpicola P. alpina Carex festiva C. ebenea C. bella Juncus Drummondii Juncoides spicatum Salix glaucops S. chlorophylla Bistorta bistortioides B. vivipara Alsine Baicalensis Caltha leptosepala Ranunculus pedatifidus R. alpeophilus Thlaspi Coloradense Draba Fladnizensis Clementsia rhodantha Pectianthia pentandra Saxifraga debilis Micranthes arguta Viola Canadensis Neo- Mexicani Angelica Grayi Pseudocymopterus tenuifolius Kalmia microphylla Primula Parryi Androsace subumbellata A. diffusa Anthopogon elegans A. barbellatus 40 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [l88 Amarella monantha Erigeron jucundus A. plebeja Holmii E. salsuginosus Swertia palustris E. superbus Mertensia polyphylla Senecio carthamoides Veronica Wormskjoldia S. blitoides Castilleja Arapahoensis S. pseudaureus Elephantella Groenlandica Hieracium gracile Pedicularis Parryi b. Alpinae. The dry rock-desert lies mingled with or above the wet tundra and extends to the summit, wherever there is soil not covered with snow. The vegetation suffers from ex- treme exposure, and grows close to the ground, seldom, unless sheltered by rocks, rising more than an inch or two in height. In sheltered places under rocks, even at this extreme altitude, I found several beautiful clusters of the blue columbine, the state flower of Colorado, with stems twelve to eighteen inches high, and with blossoms two inches across. The wooly-headed thistle, too, was found of the same height. But in general the vegetation is much dwarfed. Next to the wet tundra the Krummholtz of spruce and fir still persists, under which I detected some fine specimens of club-moss ; but farther up there is no shrubby vegetation except the underground wil- lows. The vegetation grows in little rounded tussocks, and consists of the alpine catch-fly, rock-primrose scarcely half an inch high, sibbaldia, dryas, alpine clovers, dwarf sedges, grasses, and rushes, and, last of all, the little yellow saxi- frages and the snowflowers, which are often blossoming at the snow-line. Now and then on the high exposed ridges the beautiful rydbergia rises five or six inches above the mountain turf, its stems and leaves and large yellow flowers swathed in dense wool. For what must be the tribulations of this 189] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 41 alpine vegetation at the line of perpetual snow, with the alter- nate freezing by night and thawing by day, with the keen light, and bleak winds, and the fierce fury of the storms? And yet the alpine flora is exquisitely beautiful. It shares the fascina- tion of its sublime mountain home, to which it lends the only touch of delicate grace. I append a list of alpine summit species, most of which I found on Arapahoe Peak or are known to grow there : Trisetum subspicatum Poa crocata P. rupicola P. Pattersonii P. longipedunculata Festuca brachyphylla F. minutiflora Agropyron violaceum Carex incurva C. atrata C. chalciolepis C. rigida C. chimaphila C. nigricans C. Pyrenaica C. rupestris C. obtusata C. capillaris Juncus triglumis J. castaneus Allium Pikeanum Erythronium parviflorum Lloydia serotina Salix pseudolapponicum S. petrophila S. Saximontana Monolepis Nuttalliana Oxyria digyna Paronychia pulvinata Claytonia megarrhiza Oreobroma pygmaea Arenaria Tweedyi A. Fendleri Alsinopsis propinqua A. obtusiloba Silene acaulis Aquilegia coerulea Ranunculus adoneus Thlaspi Nuttallii T. purpurascens Erysimum nivale E. Cockerellianum Draba crassi folia D. cana D. streptocarpa D. luteola 42 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [190 D. aureiformis D. aurea D. decumbens Sedum stenopetalum Heuchera Hallii H. parvifolia Micranthes rhomboidea Leptasea chrysantha L. austromontana L. flagellaris Potentilla dissecta Sibbaldia procumbens Erythrocoma ciiiata Acomastylis turbinata A. Arapahoensis Dryas octopetala Amelanchier polycarpa Trifolium lividum T. dasyphyllum Epilobium anagallidi folium Vaccinium scoparium Primula angustifolia P. Parryi Dasystephana Romanzovii D. Parryi Polemonium scopulinum P. delicatum P. Brandegeei Eutoca sericea Mertensia alpina M. perplexa Pentstemon glaucus stenosepalus Chionophila Jamesii Besseya alpina Castilleja occidentalis Pedicularis scopulorum Campanula uniflora Tonestus pygmaeus Solidago decumbens Erigeron pinnatisectus E. multifidus E. melanocephalus E. simplex E. leucotrichus Antennaria media A. umbrinella A. imbricata A. corymbosa A. aprica A. anaphaloides Tetraneuris lanigera Rydbergia grandiflora Artemisia spithamea Ariiica platyphylla A. Parryi Senecio crassulus S. atratus S. crocatus Cirsium scopulorum C. griseum Crepis alpicola 191] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 43 IV. SPECIAL CLASSES OF PLANTS Independent of the five great zones of vegetation are two special classes of plants : A. The saprophytic and parasi- tic plants (SAPROPHYTICALES ET PARASITI- CALES). B. The plants which largely owe their presence to human agency (ANTHROPOPHYTICALES). These consist of the various cultural plants, of weeds, and of es- capes. A. SAPROPHYTICALES ET PABASITICALES Besides the saprophytic and parasitic fungi there are a few phanerogams, which are destitute of chlorophyl and are true saprophytes or parasites. The following are known to occur in the region : Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza (saprophytic in rich soil) C. multiflora (saprophytic in rich soil) Razoumofskya Americana (parasitic on lodgepole pine) R. cryptopoda (parasitic on bull pine) Pterospora Andromedea (parasitic on the roots of bull pine) Cuscuta curta (parasitic on Iva xanthifolia and other coarse herbs) C. indecora (parasitic on Thermopsis pinetorum and other legumes) Thalesia fasciculata (parasitic on Artemisia frigida and other Composites) There are also a few root-parasites with green foliage, notably Comandra pallida, Gerardia Besscyana, and the Cas- tillejas. B. ANTHROPOPHYTICALES Only three kinds of anthropophytic plants need concern us here: a. Forage plants (Faenales), which have become 44 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [I92 thoroughly naturalized, b. Weeds (Ruderales). c. Cul- tural and ornamental plants that have escaped (Fugitivae). a. Faenales. Most of the common forage grasses and clovers have become thoroughly established about Boulder. I have noted the following : Phleum pratense Agrostis alba Dactylis glomerata Poa pratensis P. compressa P. trivialis Festuca elatior Lolium Italicum Trifolium pratense T. repens T. hybridum Medica sativa b. Ruderales. In the appended list of weeds only those that have been introduced from elsewhere, or, if native, are also common weeds in many parts of the United States, have been included. However, many native species, such as the various gum-weeds and spurges, must often be bad weeds in cultivated grounds. But to do justice to the ruderal aspects of the native flora would require much special study, such as one is unable to make in the course of a few weeks, and es- pecially one who is unfamiliar with agriculture as carried on in Colorado. I noted the following weeds : Syntherisma sanguinale B. secalinus Panicum capillare Echinochloa Crus-galli Chaetochloa glauca C. viridis Cenchrus Carolinianus Avena fatua Eragrostis major Poa annua Bromus brizaeformis B. hordeaceus B. tectorum Rumex Acetosella R. crispus R. obtusifolius Polygonum erectum P. aviculare Persicaria Persicaria Tiniaria Convolvulus 193] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 45 Chenopodium leptophyllum C. album C. hybridum C. Botrys Salsola Tragus Amaranthus retroflexus A. blitoides A. graecizens Mollugo verticillata Portulaca oleracea P. retusa Alsine media Silene antirrhina S. noctiflora Vaccaria Vaccaria Thlaspi arvense Bursa Bursa-pastoris Sisymbrium officinale Brassica juncea B. nigra Camelina sativa Tridophyllum Monspeliensis Medicago Lupulina Melilotus alba M. officinale Erodium cicutarium Malva rotundifolia Pastinaca sativa Convolvulus arvensis Nepeta Cataria Glecoma hederacea Leonurus Cardiaca Mentha spicata Physalis Virginiana P. heterophylla Datura Stramonium D. Tatula Verbascum Thapsus V. Blattaria Veronica serpyllifolia V. Byzantina Plantago major P. lanceolata Micrampelis lobata Iva xanthifolia I. axillaris Ambrosia trifida A. artemisifolia A. psilostachya Xanthium commune Erigeron ramosus Leptilon Canadense Helianthus petiolaris Bidens vulgata Boebera papposa Anthemis Cotula Tragopogon pratensis T. porrifolius Cichorium Intybus Taraxacum Taraxacum Lactuca integrata Sonchus arvense S. asper 40 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES I94 c. Fugitivae. I noted Chaetochloa Italica Avena sativa Triticum vulgare Hordeum sativum hexastichon Asparagus officinale Atriplex hortensis Saponaria officinalis Delphinium Ajacis Papaver Argemone Armoracia Armoracia the following escapes: Brassica campestris Koniga maritima Raphanus sativus Ribes vulgare Althaea rosea Carum Carvi Pharbitis purpurea Lycopsis arvensis Lycium vulgare Lycopersicon Lycopersicon V. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Allison, Edith M. Bibliography and history of Colorado botany. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 51-76, 1908. Clements, Frederic E. Formation and succession herbaria. Univ. of Neb. Studies, 4, 329-355. Cockerell, T. D. A. The alpine flora of Colorado Am. Nat., 40, 861-873. Cooper, William S. Alpine vegetation in the vicinity of Long's Peak, Colorado. Bot. Gaz., 45, 319-337. Dodds, Gideon S. Students of mesa and foothill vegetation, I. 1. Geology and physiography of the mesas. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 11-19. Ramaley, Francis. Botanical opportunity in Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 5-10. Ramaley, Francis. Botany of northeastern Larimer County, Colo. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 119-131. Ramaley, Francis. Plants of the Florissant region in Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 3, 177-185. Ramaley, Francis. Remarks on some Northern Colorado plant communities with special reference to Boulder Park (Tolland, Col- orado). Univ. of Colo. Studies, 7, 223-236. Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado, I. Trees of the Pine family in Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 4, 109-122. Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado. II. The poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 4, 187-197. Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado, 888. Woody plants of Boulder County. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 47-63. Ramaley, Francis. Studies of mesa and foothill vegetation, I. 2. Climatology of the mesas near B'oulder. Univ. of Colo. Stud- ies, 6, 19-31. Ramaley, Francis. The University of Colorado mountain lab- oratory. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 7, 91-95. 195] 47 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY [ 196 Ramaley, Francis, and Robbins, W. W. Ecological notes from North-Central Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 111-117. Ramaley, Fancis, and Robbins, W. W. Studies in lake and streamside vegetation, I. Redrock lake near Ward, Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-168. Robbins, W. W. Climatology and vegetation in Colorado. Bot. Gaz., 49, 256-280. Robbins, W. W. Studies in mesa and foothill vegetation, I, 4. Distribution of deciduous trees and shrubs on the mesas. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 36-49. Robbins, W. W., and Dodds, G. S. Studies in mesna and foot- hill vegitation, I. 3. Distribution of conifers os the mesas. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 31-36. Shantz, H. L. A biological study of the lakes of the Pike's Peak region. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc, 27, 75-98. Shantz, H. L. A study of the vegetation of the mesa region east of Pike's Peak. Bot. Gaz. 42, 16-47; 179-207. Young, R. T. Forest formations of Boulder County, Colorado. Bot. Gaz. 44, 321-352. FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO, AND VICINITY Subkingdom I. PTERIDOPHYTA. Fern-worts. Order i. OPHIOGLOSSALES. Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. Adder's-tongue family. 1. BOTRYCHTUM Swartz. Moon wort. i. B. Virginianum (L.) Swartz. Virginia grape-fern. Forested slopes of Green Mt., above 7000 ft.; very scarce, only two or three plants discovered (Daniels, 606).* Labrador to British Columbia; Florida to Texas and Washington. Order 2. FILICALES. Family 2. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Polypody family. 2. POLYPODIUM L. Polypody. 2. P. hesperium Maxon. Western polypody. On a single rock in a canon on the north slope of Green Mt., 7500 ft. (Daniels, 605). Montana to British Columbia and Washington; Colo- rado to Arizona. 3. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Shield-fern. 3. D. Filix-mas (L.) Schott [Aspidium Filix-mas (L.) Swartz]. Male-fern. Summit of South Boulder Peak; Bear Canon; high canons of Green Mt.; Boulder Canon near Falls; apparently quite * See preface for explanation of numbers. 197] 49 50 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [198 evenly, but not abundantly distributed throughout in moist rocky canons, 6000-8600 ft. (Daniels, 555). Nova Scotia and Michigan to Alaska; New Mexico and Colorado to California. 4. WOQDSIA R. Br. 4. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Cliff Woodsia. The most abundant fern of the foot-hills and lower moun- tainsides, occurring wherever rocks are exposed to the sur- face, 5700-8100 ft. (Daniels, 156). Michigan to British Columbia; Colorado and Arizona to California. 5. W. Oregana D. C. Eaton. Mountain Woodsia. With the preceding, but much scarcer, and ranging to the timberline or above, 5600-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 361). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Michigan to British Columbia; Colorado and Arizona to California. 5. FILIX Adans. Bladder-fern. 6. F. fragilis (L.) Underw. [Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.]. Fragile-fern. Throughout on the moister rocks; apparently the only fern of the plains region, 5100-13000 ft. (Daniels, 23). Almost cosmopolitan. 6. PTEPJDIUM Scop. Bracken. 7. P. aquilinum pubescens Underw. Hairy brake. Canons of Green Mt, and gulches at the foot of the Flat- irons; Bear Canon; local, but abundant where found, 5800- IOOOO ft. (Daniels, 277) Montana and Colorado to Arizona and California. 7. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Parsley-fern. 8. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Rock parsley-fern. High ridges of rock, descending on Green Mt. to about 6500 ft., thence to above 11000 ft. (Daniels, 271). Michigan to Alaska; Colorado to California. igg] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 51 8. CHEILANTHES Swartz. Lip-fern. 9. C. Feei Moore [C. gracilis Mett. ; C. lanuginosa Nutt.L Woolly lip-fern. Growing with Asplemitm Andrew sii A. Nelson on the south face of a white sandstone (alkaline) cliff extending along Boulder creek for a mile or more (Andrews, in Nelson, Proc. of the Biol. Soc. of Wash., 17, 175). Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia; Missouri to Texas and Arizona. 10. C. Fendleri Hook. Fendler's lip-fern. Dry rocks, Boulder, 5900-8500 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado and Texas to California. 9. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort. 11. A. Trichomanes L. Maiden-hair spleenwort. Limestone rocks. South Boulder Canon, 5400-7000 ft. (Rydberg). North America: Europe: Asia: South Africa: Pacific Islands. 12. A. Andrewsii A. Nelson. Andrews's spleenwort. Growing abundantly in crevices with Cheilanthes Feci Moore (Andrews, in Nelson, loc. cit. pp. 174-175). Known only from the type locality as above. 10. BELVISIA Mirb. Grass-fern. 13. B. septentrionalis (L.) Mirb. [Asplenium septentrio- nalis (L.) Hofftn.] Northern grass-fern. Bald ridges of Green Mr..; south slope of Bear Mt.; South Boulder Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 358). South Dakota to Montana; New Mexico to Arizona. 52 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [200 Order 3. EQUISETALES. Family 3. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail family. 11. EttUISETUM L. Horsetail. 14. E. arvense L. Field horsetail. Swales and shores of streams; sandy moist meadows, 5100- IOOOO ft. (Daniels, 260). North America: Europe: Asia. 15. E. laevigatum A. Br. Smooth scouring rush. Along streams and railway embankments in the plains and on the mountains, 5100-12500 ft. (Daniels, 392). New Jersey to British Columbia; North Carolina to Mexico and California. Order 4. LYCOPODIALES. Family 4. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Clubmoss family. 12. LYCOPODIUM L. Clubmoss. 16. L. annotinum L. Stiff clubmoss Under dwarf and procumbent shrubs, hidden almost com- pletely from view, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11000- 11500 ft. (Daniels, 879). Labrador to Alaska; West Virginia to Colorado and Washington: Europe: Asia. Family 5. SELAGINELLACEAE Undervv. Selaginella family. 13. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Little clubmoss. 17. S. densa Rybd.[5\ Engelmanni Hieron.] Dense Sela- ginella. Forests, Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). South Dakota to Montana; Nebraska to Colorado. 17J/2. S. TJnderwoodii Hieron. [S. rupestris Fendleri Un- derw.]. Underwood's selaginella. Common on exposed rocks, 6000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 151). Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Colorado to New Mexico. 20 1 ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 53 Subkingdom II. SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed plants. Class i GYMNOSPERMAE. Order 5. PINALES. Family 6. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine family. 14. PINTJS L. Pine. 18. P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon [P. ponderosa scopu- lorwn Engelm.]. Bull pine. Common on the higher mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 97). South Dakota and Nebraska to Montana; Texas to Arizona. 19. P. contorta Murrayana (Greg. Com.) Engelm. Lodge pole pine. Mountains about Ward, and between Sugarloaf Mt. and Glacier Lake, 7000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 302). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. 15. APINTJS Necker. Cembra pine. 20. A. flexilis (James) Rydb. [Pinus jlexilis James]. Rocky Mountain white pine. Rare on high ridges of Green Mt.; also at Ward, 7300- 11000 ft. (Daniels, 771). Alberta to Texas and California. 16. PICEA Link. Spruce. 21. P. Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. Bear Canon; Boulder Canon near Falls; common upon the main range of the mountains, 7000 (Bear Canon) -1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 294). Alberta to British Columbia; New Mexico to Arizona. 22. P. Parryana (Andree) Sarg. [P. pungens Engelm.]. Blue spruce. Common in canons throughout, 6500-10000 ft. (Cockerell); Fourth of July Mine; South Boulder Canon (Ramaley). Wyoming and New Mexico to Utah. 54 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [202 17. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Red fir. 23. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. [P. Douglasii Carr.]. Douglas spruce. Abundant on the foothills and mountains; some trees have green foliage, others glaucous blue, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 142). Alberta to British Columbia; Texas to Mexico and California. 18. ABLES Miller. Balsam fir. 24. A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Western balsam fir. North slope of Green Mt. ; Bear Canon; Boulder Canon near Falls and above them; common on the main mountain range, 7000 (Bear Canon) -11000 ft. (Daniels, 303). Alberta to Alaska; New Mexico to Arizona. Family 7. JUNIPERACEAE Horan. Juniper family. 19. JUNLPERUS L. Juniper. 25. J. Sibirica Burgsd. Mountain juniper. Mesa at the foot of the Flat-irons. 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 182). Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska; Massachusetts and Michigan to Utah: Europe: Asia. 20. SABLNA Haller. Savin. 26. S. scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb. [Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.]. Rocky Mountain red cedar. Hij^h mesas and mountain crags; some trees have green foliage, others glaucous blue, 5700-8500 (Daniels, 217). Alberta to British Columbia; Texas to Arizona and Oregon. 203] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 55 Class II ANGIOSPERMAE. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Order 6. PANDANALES. Family 8. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cattail family. 21. TYPHA L. Cattail. 27. T. latifolia L. Broad-leaved cattail. Swales and bogs in the plains, common, 5 100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 408). North America, except the far north: Europe: Asia. Family 9. SPARGANIACEAE Agard. Bur-reed family. 22. SPAKGANIUM L. Bur-reed. 28. S. angnstifolium Michx. [S. simplex angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm.]. Narrow-leaved bur-reed. Floating in a pond at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 620). Also Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Newfoundland to Oregon; New York, to California. Order 7. NAIADALES. Family 10. ZANICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Zanichellia family. 23. POTAMQGETON L. Pondweed. 29. P. lonchites Tuckerm. [P. fluitans Roth.] Long-leaved pondweed. Owen's lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 6S3). New Brunswick to Washington; Florida to California. 29^. P. alpinus Balbis [P. nifescens Schrad.]. Alpine pond- weed. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins.). Nova Scotia to Alaska ; New Jersey to California. 56 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [204 30. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved pondweed. Near Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg). North America, except extreme north: Europe. 31. P. foliosus Raf. [P. pauciflorus Pursh]. Leafy pond- weed. Streams and ditches east of Boulder, 5100-5500 ft. (Dan- iels, 736). New Brunswick to British Columbia; Florida to Cal- ifornia. 2,2. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral pondweed. Swales along railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 486). Not included in Rydberg's Flora of Colorado. Nova Scotia to Minnesota; Virginia to Colorado. 33. P. pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved pondweed. Owen's lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 681). North America: Europe. 24. ZANICHELLIA L. 34. Z. palustris L. Marsh Zanichellia. Owen's lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 682). Red- rock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). North Temperate Zone. Order 8. ALlSMALES. Family 11. ALISMACEAE D C Water-plantain family. 25. ALISMA L. Water-plantain. 35. A. Plantago L. Common water-plantain. Bogs west of Marshall ; swales, ditches, streams, and ponds east of Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 424). Northern Hemisphere. 26. SAGITTARIA L. Arrowhead. 36. S. arifolia J. G. Smith. Arum-leaved arrowhead. With the preceding, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 441). Quebec to British Columbia; Maine and Michigan to New Mexico and California. 205] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 5" Order 9. POALES. Family 12. POACEAE R. Br. Meadowgrass family. 27. SCHIZACHYRITTM Nees. Bunch-grass. 37. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash [Andropogon scoparius Michx.]. Broom-grass. Common in dry plains and mesas; occasional in the lower foothills, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 478). New Brunswick to Saskatchewan; Florida to Texas. 28. ANDROPOGON L. Beard-grass. 38. A. furcatus Muhl. Turkey-foot grass. Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-Soooft. (Daniels, 512). Maine to Saskatchewan; Florida to Texas and Colo- rado. 39. A. chrysocomus Nash. Golden beard-grass. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 486). Nebraska to Colorado; Kansas to Texas. 29. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Indian grass. 40. S. nutans (L.) Nash [Chrysopoqon nutans (L.) Benth.]. Nodding Indian grass. Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 655)- Ontario to Manitoba; Florida to Arizona. 30. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Crab grass. 41. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. [Panicum sanguinale L.]. Finger grass. Along roadsides, and in yards and fields, still uncommon, 5300-5700 ft. (Daniels). Old World, thence to the New. 31. PANICUM L. Panic-grass. 42. P. capillare L. Witch grass. Along roads and railroads, and in yards and fields, appear- ing as if introduced, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 586). 58 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [206 A form, undoubtedly native, with somewhat narrower leaves, slenderer stems, which are branched from the root, the sheaths less hairy and less prominently papillose, the spikelets acute and greenish, or the uppermost purplish, occurs in swales in the plains region, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 985). An analogous, or perhaps identical form, gathered by P. A. Rydberg in the sand-hills of Nebraska, is referred by him (somewhat doubtfully) to P. capillare agreste Gatt. with the remark that the form is named var. occidental* in the National Herbarium with no published description (Rydberg U. S. Nat. Herb. Cont. 3, 186). Throughout Southern Canada and the United States. 43. P. virgatum L. Tall switch grass. Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 397)- Maine to Assiniboia; Florida to Arizona. 43^. P. Tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee panic-grass. Collected by Jones at South Boulder (Hitchcock and Chase). Maine to Minnesota and Utah ; Georgia to Arizona. 44. P. Scribnerianum Nash [P. scoparium Auct, not Lam.]. Scribner's panic-grass. Common among rocks on the foot-hills, but occurring oc- casionally on the mesas and plains, 5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, 99). Maine to British Columbia; Virginia to Arizona and Oregon. 32. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyard grass. 45. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. [Panicum Crus-galli L.]. Cockspur grass. Common in waste places and along irrigation ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 741). Europe, thence to North America. 45a. E. Crus-galli mutica (Vasey) Rydb. With the type (Daniels, 997). Range of the type. 20/] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 59 33. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxtail. 46. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. [Sctaria glauca (L.) Beauv.]. Yellow foxtail. Along streets and waste places, 5 100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 773)- Europe, thence to North America. 47. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. [S. viridis (L.) Beauv.]. Green foxtail. With the preceding, but far more common, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 507). Europe, thence to North America. 48. C. Italica (L.) Scribn. [S. Italica (L.) Kunth.]. Italian millet. Escaped to roads and waste places, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels)' The Old World, thence to the New. 34. CENCHRUS L. Bur-grass. 49. C. Carolinianus Walt. [C. tribuloides Auct., not L.]. Sand-bur. Along railroads and on the sandy shores of streams, 5100- 6500 ft. (Daniels, 776). Maine to Minnesota; Florida to Texas and Colorado. 35. HOMALOCENCHFOJS Mieg. Catch-fly crass. 50. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. [Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.]. Rice cut-grass. Swales, streams, and irrigation ditches, 5 100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 786). Nova Scotia to Washington; Florida to California: Europe: Asia. 36. PHALAFJS L. Canary-grass. 51. P. arundinacea L. Reed canary-grass. Swales and wet meadows near Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 732). Temperate North America: Europe: Asia. 60 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [208 36y2. HIEROCHLOE Gmel. Holy grass. 51^. H. odorata (L.) R. and S. [Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn ; H. borealis R. and S.] Sweet holy grass. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Labrador to Alaska ; New Jersey to Arizona ; Europe : Asia. 37. ARISTLDA L. Triple-awned grass. 52. A. fasciculata Torr. Bushy poverty-grass. In the plains, scarce, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 777). Kansas to California; Texas to Mexico. 53. A. longiseta Steud. Long-awned poverty-grass. Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Daniels, 300). Also on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Illinois to Washington; Texas to Mexico. 38. STIPA L. Porcupine grass. 54. S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Western porcupine grass. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Dan- iels, 197). Alberta to Alaska; New Mexico to California. 55. S. viridula Trin. [S. parviflora Americana Schultes]. Greenish porcupine grass. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Daniels, 301). Also at Gato (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Montana; Kansas to Utah. 56. S. Nelsonii Scribn. Nelson's porcupine grass. On the mesas, foothills, and mountain sides, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 365). Assiniboia to Idaho and Colorado. 57. S. Scribneri Vasey. Scribner's porcupine grass. On the plains, mesas, foothills and mountainsides, 5100- 9500 ft. (Daniels, 749). Colorado to New Mexico. 20g] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 6l 58. S. Lettermannii Vasey. Lettermann's porcupine grass. Barren hilltops east of the Flat-irons, 5800 ft. (Daniels, 184). Wyoming to Idaho; Colorado to Utah. 39. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain rice. 59. 0. micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurber. Small -flow- ered mountain rice. Rocky soil on the mesas and foothills, 5700-8500 ft. (Dan- iels, 269). Assiniboia to Montana; Nebraska to Arizona. 40. EPJ0C0MA Nutt. 60. E. cuspidata Nutt. [Oryzopsis cuspidata (Nutt.) Benth.]. Silky mountain rice. Barren mesa near entrance to Bear Canon, 5800-6000 ft. (Daniels, 765). Saskatchewan to Washington; Texas and Mexico to California. 41. MTJHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-seed grass. 61. M. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. [M. glomerata Trin.]. Marsh drop-seed grass. Canon on Green Mt. ; subalpine meadows at Eldora, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 526). Newfoundland to British Columbia; New Jersey to New Mexico. 62. M. cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. [Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Woods]. Prairie rush-grass. Dry ledges, Gregory Canon, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 371). Manitoba to Alberta; Missouri to Colorado. 63. M. Richardsoni (Trin.) Rydb. [J 'Ufa Richardsoni. Trin.; Sporobolus depauperatus Coulter in part]. Rich- ardson's rush-grass. Subalpine meadows and open bogs, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Dan- iels, 840). Anticosti to British Columbia; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 62 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [2IO 64. M. simplex (Scribn.) Rydb. [Sporobohts simplex Scribn.]. Simple rush-grass. In shallow water, aspen bogs about Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 708). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward, (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming and New Mexico. 65. M. filiformis (Thurber) Rydb. [I'ilfa dcpaupcrata fili- formis Thurber]. Filiform rush-grass. Subalpine bogs, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 366). Wyoming to Oregon; Colorado to California. 66. M. gracilis Trin. Slender drop-seed. Summits of crags on the foot-hills, thence to subalpine mountain-ridges, the most characteristic grass of such places, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 208). Colorado to California; Texas to Mexico. 42. LYCTJRUS H. B. K. 67. L. phleoides H. B. K. False timothy. Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado and Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 43. PHLEUM L. Timothy. 68. P. pratense L. Common timothy. Throughout the area of cultivation, but lias penetrat- ed distant canons, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 504). Temperate Old World, thence to all temperate lands. 69. P. alpinum L. Mountain timothy. Subalpine meadows from Glacier Lake to Eldora; above timber-line, Arapahoe Peak, 8500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 632). Circumboreal and alpine, Europe: Asia: North America. 44. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail. 70. A. aristulatus Michx. [A. fulvus J. E. Smith }. Swamp foxtail. Along irrigation ditches and at the margins of ponds and puddles, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 246). Maine to Alaska; Pennsylvania to California. 21 1] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 63 71. A. occidentalis Scribn. [A. alpinus Coulter, not L.]. Western foxtail. Above timber-line, Arapahoe Peak, 1 iooo-i 1500 ft. (Dan- iels, 942). Alberta to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 45. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Dropseed. 72. S. airoides Torr. Hair-grass dropseed. Alkaline flats about Boulder lake, scarce, 5300 ft. (Dan- iels, 731). Nebraska and Texas to California. j 3. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand dropseed. Common on the plains, mesas, and grassy slopes of the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 513). Massachusetts to Washington; Pennsylvania to Arizona and Mexico. 74. S. heterolepis Gray. Northern dropseed. Common along the railroad between Boulder and Mar- shall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 518). Quebec to Saskatchewan; Pennsylvania to Colorado. 75. S. asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurber. Rough drop- seed. Common on the plains, 5 100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 493). Assiniboia to British Columbia; Missouri and Texas to California. 46. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass. 76. P. Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Ditch foxtail. Common along irrigation ditches east of Boulder, 5100- 5500 ft. (Daniels, 676). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 47. CINNA L. Wood reed-grass. 77. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. [C. pendula Trin.]. Slender wood reed-grass. Deep canons in shade, frequent; in aspen bogs at Glacier lake and Eldora, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 987). 64 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [212 Newfoundland to British Columbia; North Carolina to Utah: Europe. 48. AGROSTIS L. Bent-grass 78. A. alba L. White bent-grass. Red-top. Common about ditches and swales throughout the culti- vated area, and already penetrating remote canons, where the smaller forms are quite possibly native. The larger cultivated form is A. alba vulgaris (With.) Thurber, 5100- 8600 ft. (Daniels, 689). Mostly naturalized from Europe, and now in all temper- ate lands; there are indigenous boreal and alpine forms in North America. 79. A. asperifolia Trin. [A. exarata Coult. in part, not Trin.]. Harsh bent-grass. Moist meadows throughout, 5 100-10500 ft. (Daniels, 376) Manitoba and New Mexico to California. 79%. A. Rcssae Vasey [A. various Trin.]. Miss Ross's bent- grass. Long's Peak (Holm). British Columbia to Colorado and California. 80. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. [A, scabra Willd.]. Hair- grass. Common throughout in both dry and moist soil, 5 100- 11000 ft. (Daniels, 374). Also on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). North America, except the extreme north. 80V2. A. tenuiculmis Nash [A. tenuis Vasey]. Thin bent- grass. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana to Washington; Colorado to California. 49. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed-grass. 81. C. purpurascens R. Br. [Deyeuxia sylvatica Vasey, not DC]. Purple blue-joint. Barren ridges in the foothills and mountains, common, 6000-12500 ft. (Daniels, 700). Long's Peak (Holm). Greenland to Alaska; Colorado to California. _M3J FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 65 82. C. Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. [Deyeuxia Canadensis (Michx.) Munro]. Canada blue-joint. Along streams in the plains; also in deep canons and aspen bogs in the foothills and mountains, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 649)- Labrador to British Columbia; North Carolina to California. 50. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hair-grass. 83. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted hair-grass. Wet margins of Glacier lake, often in water of some depth, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 617). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ram- aley and Robbins). Newfoundland to Alaska; New Jersey to California. 51. TRISETUM Pers. False oat. 84. T. spicatum (L.) Richter [T. subspicatum molle Gray]. Narrow false oat. Mountainsides at Ward, Bloomerville, Glacier Lake, and Eldora, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 330). Greenland to Alaska; New Hampshire to Colorado and California: Europe: Asia. 85. T. majus (Vasey) Rydb. [T. subspicatum majus YaseyJ. Larger false oat. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 988). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 86. T. montanum Vasey. Mountain false oat. Deep canons and aspen bogs, local, 7000 (Bear Canon) -10000 ft. (Daniels, 631). Wyoming to New Mexico. 52. AVENA L. Oat. 87. A. striata Michx. Purple oat. Rare in deep canons and aspen bogs, usually with the preceding; Bear Canon; Eldora, 7000-11000 ft. (Daniels 665). New Brunswick to British Columbia; Pennsylvania to Colorado. 66 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [214 88. A. fatua L. Wild oat. Common along streets and waste places in the city of Boulder, 5300-5700 ft. (Daniels, 387). Europe: Asia, thence to North America. 89. A. sativa L. Common oat. Adventitious along railroads, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels, 479). Old World, thence universal in cultivation. 53. MERATHREPTA Raf. Wild oat-grass. 90. M. Californica (Bolander) Piper [Danthonia Calfornica Bolander]. California wild oat-grass. Arapahoe Pass, 12000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 91. M. intermedia (Vasey) Piper [Danthonia intermedia Vasey]. Intermediate wild oat-grass. Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8600- 11 500 ft. (Daniels, 621). Alberta to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 92. M. spicata (L) Raf. [Danthonia spicata (L) Beauv.]. Common wild oat-grass. Common on dry slopes in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 370). Also mesas at foot of the Flat-irons. Newfoundland to British Columbia; North Carolina to Louisiana and California. 54. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord-grass. 93. S. cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Tall marsh grass. Fresh- water cord-grass. Swales and bogs in the plains, infrequent, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 522). Nova Scotia to Mackenzie; New Jersey to Texas and Colorado. 55. SCHEDONNARDTJS Steud. Crab-grass. 94. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease [S. Texamts Steud.]. Wild crab-grass. Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, '75)- 215] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 6j Manitoba to Assiniboia; Illinois to Texas and New Mexico. 56. BOUTELOTTA Lag. Grama-grass. Mesquit-grass. 95. B. hirsuta Lag. Hairy mesquit. Dry plains and mesas, less common than the next, 5100- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 956). Also at Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg). Illinois to South Dakota; Texas to Arizona. 96. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Common grama-grass, or mesquit-grass. Common on the plains and mesas; occasional on the foot- hills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 220). One of the most charac- teristic grasses of the Great Plains. Wisconsin to Assiniboia; Mississippi to Arizona and Mexico. 57. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. Tall mesquit. 97. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn [Bonteloua racemosa Lag.]. Prairie grama-grass. Frequent on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 299). Meadow Park (Rydberg). Ontario and Michigan to Manitoba; New Jersey to Tex- as, Arizona, and Mexico. 58. BUIBILIS Raf. Buffalo grass. 98. B. dactyloides (Nutt. J Raf. [Buchloc dactyloidcs (Nutt.) Eng.]. Common buffalo grass. Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 198). Minnesota to North Dakota; Arkansas to New Mexico and Mexico. 59. PHEAGMITES Trin. Reed. 99. P. Phragmites (L.) Karst. [P. communis Trin.]. Com- mon reed. About a spring at foot of Flagstaff Hill, only three or four plants, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 834). Europe: Asia: temperate North America. 68 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [2l6 60. MTJNROA Torr. False buffalo grass. 100. M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Munro's grass. Dry plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 359). Also at Lafayette (Rydberg). North Dakota to Assiniboia; Texas to Arizona. 61. KOELERIA Pers. 101. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. [K. nitida Nutt., as to some of the forms]. Prairie-grass. Throughout below 10000 ft., but especially common on the foothills, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 133). Ontario to British Columbia; Pennsylvania to Cali- fornia. 62. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Stink-grass. 102. E. major Host. Skunk grass. Waste places and along railroads, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 588). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Europe, thence to North America. 103. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple stink-grass. Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg). Massachusetts to South Dakota : Florida to Texas and Colorado. 63. EATONIA Raf. Eaton grass. 104. E. robusta (Vasey) Rydb. [E. obtusata robusta Vasey]. Stout Eaton grass. Along streams and springy canons, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 416). Nebraska to Washington; New Mexico to Arizona. 105. E. cbtusata (Michx.) Gray. Blunt-scaled Eaton grass. About Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg). Massachusetts to Montana; Florida to Arizona. 106. E. Pennsylvania (DC) Gray. Pennsylvania Eaton grass. Deep mountain canons, 5600-7000 ft. (Daniels, 718). 217] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 69 New Brunswick to British Columbia; Georgia to Colo- rado. 64. MELICA L. Melic-grass. 107. M. bella Piper [M. bulbosa Geyer], Bulbous melic- grass. North slopes of Flagstaff Hill along Boulder Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 144). Spikelets often monstrous. Montana to Washington; Colorado and Utah to Oregon. 65. DACTYLIS L. Orchard grass. 108. D. glomerata L. Common orchard grass. Throughout the whole cultivated district and penetrating into shady canons; 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 235). Europe, thence to North America. 68. DISTICHLIS Raf. Salt-grass. 109. D. stricta fTorr.) Rydb. [D. maritima stricta (Torr.) Thurber]. Marsh spike-grass. Alkali flats about Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 728). Saskatchewan to Washington; Missouri to Texas and California. 67. POA L. Meadow-grass. no. P. annua L. Low spear-grass. Roadsides and at the entrance to Gregory Canon, 5100- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 250). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. hi. P. pratensis L. Kentucky blue-grass. Meadows throughout, 5100-11500 ft. (Daniels, 5158). Prob- ably naturalized in the irrigated district. Europe: Asia: North America, but only the boreal and alpine forms native. 112. P. trivialis L. Rough meadow-grass. About ponds and ditches, 5400-5500 ft. (Daniels, 245). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, thence naturalized in many places in the United States. 70 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [218 112^2. P. cenisia All. [P. flexuosa Wahl.]. Flexuous MEADOW-CRASS. Long's Peak (Holm). Greenland to Alaska ; Colorado. 113. P. callichroa Rydb. Fair-hued meadow-grass. Mountain-sides at Eldora, S600-11500 ft. (Daniels, 647). Colorado. 114. P. reflexa V. & S. Reflexed meadow-grass. In mountain meadows descending to the slopes of the foothills, 6400 (Flagstaff Hill) -13000 ft. (Daniels, 952). Montana to New Mexico and Oregon. 115. P. leptocoma Trin. Smooth-glumed meadow-grass. In mountain meadows with the preceding, 6300 (Flagstaff Hill) -12500 ft. (Daniels, 225). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. 116. P. alpicola Nash [P. lax a Thurber]. Mountain meadow-grass. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500-13000 ft. (Daniels, 941). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Colorado to Utah; California. 117. P. platyphylla Nash & Rydb. [P. occidcntalis Vasey]. Western meadow-grass. Along mountain streams, 5600 (Boulder Canon) -10500 ft. (Daniels, 150). Colorado to New Mexico. 118. P. compressa L. English blue-grass. Common throughout the irrigated district, but not noticed in the mountains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 242). Europe, thence to North America. 119. P. triflora Gilib. [P. serotina Ehr.]. Fowl meadow- grass. Common in swales and wet meadows, 5100-8600 (P^ldora) ft. (Daniels, 4S2). Newfoundland to British Columbia; New Jersey to California: Europe. 219] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO J I 120. P. interior Rydb. Inland meadow-grass. Along streams and in wet meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 28). Mackenzie to Washington and New Mexico. 121. P. crocata. Michx. [P. caesia strictior Gray]. Wood meadow-grass. High mesas, dry slopes of the foothills, and mountain ridges, 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 154). Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska; Massachusetts to Minnesota and Arizona. 122. P. rupicola Nash [P. rupestris Vasey]. Crag mead- ow-grass. Dry tundras above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500- 13000 ft. (Daniels, 1010). Montana to Oregon; Colorado to Utah. 123. P. Pattersonii Vasey. Patterson's meadow-grass. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 895). Colorado to Arizona. 124. P. alpina L. Alpine meadow-grass. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 935). Long's Peak (Holm). Greenland to Alaska; Quebec to Utah. 124*/^. P. Wheeleri Vasey. [P. cuspidata Vasey]. Wheel- er's meadow-grass. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana to Idaho; Colorado to Oregon. 125. P. Vaseyana Scribn. Vasey* s meadow-grass. Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 868). Colorado. 72 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [220 120. P. longiligula Scribn. & Will. Long-ligulate mead- ow-grass. Boulder (E. Bethel), determined by P. L. Ricker of U. S. Dept. of Agric, and recorded (as host of a fungus) by Ar- thur in Journal of Mycology, Jan. 1908, p. 13. South Dakota to Oregon; New Mexico to California. 127. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb. False Kentucky BLUE-GRASS. About swales and streams in the plains and mesas, 5100- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 953). South Dakota to Nebraska and Colorado. 128. P. longipedunculata Scribn. Long-pedunculate mead- ow-grass. Plains and mountain-canons, 5100-12500 ft. (Daniels, 503). Wyoming to New Mexico. 129. P. juncifolia Scribn. Rush-leaved meadow-grass. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 905). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 130. P. confusa Rydb. Bunch meadow-grass. Dry plains, mesas, and mountainsides, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 924). Nebraska to Montana and Colorado. 131. P. pratericola Rydb. & Nash [P. andina Nutt.]. Prairie meadow-grass. Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Nebraska to Wyoming and Colorado. 68. PAMCTJLAKIA Fabr. Manna-grass. 132. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze [Glycerin nervata (Willd.) Trin.]. Nerved manna-grass. About streams and ditches, in swales and at the margins of lakes and ponds, 5100-9000^. (Daniels, 264). Labrador to British Columbia; Florida to Mexico and California. 22l] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO /3 133. P. Americana (Torr.) Mac M. [Glyccria grandis Wats.]. Reed meadow-grass. In swales and along streams, less common than the pre- ceding, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 969). New Brunswick to Alaska; Tennessee to Nevada. 134. P. Holmii Beal. Holm's manna-grass. Deep canons on north slope of Green Mountain, 7000- 8100 ft. (Daniels, 464). Lamb's Ranch, Long's Peak, 9100 ft. (Beal). Colorado. 135. P. borealis Nash. Northern floating manna. In irrigation ditches about Boulder; also floating in Glacier lake, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 739). Maine to Alaska; New York to California. 69. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Salt meadow-grass. 136. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. Slender salt meadow-grass. Along water-courses in the mesas, and in alkaline soil on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 383). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Manitoba to Mackenzie and British Columbia; Kansas to Nevada. 70. FESTUCA L. Fescue-grass. 137. P. octoflora Walt. [F. tenclla Willd.]. Slender fescue- grass. Abundant on the plains and arid open mountain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 181). Quebec to British Columbia; Florida to California. 138. F. elatior L. [F. elatior pratensis (Huds.) Gray]. Meadow fescue. Common throughout the irrigated area, especially along ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 785). Europe, thence to temperate North America. 74 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [222 139. F. rubra L. Red fescue. Subalpine meadows at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 699). Labrador to Alaska; North Carolina to California: Europe: Asia. 140. F. brachyphylla Schultes [F. ovina brcvi folia S. Wat- son]. Short-leaved fescue. Bald ridges in the mountain region, 7000 (Green Mt.) -14500 ft. (Daniels, 364). Greenland to Alaska; Vermont to California. 141. F. minutiflora Rydb. Small-flowered fescue. Mountainsides at Eldora, and on Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1001). Colorado to California. 141^. F. ovina L. Sheep fescue. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Long's Peak (Holm). North America: Europe. 141 %a. F. ovina supina (Schur). Hack. Prostrate Fescue. Long's Peak (Holm). Greenland and British Columbia to New Hampshire, Arizona, and California. 142. F. ingrata nudata (Vasey) Rydb. [F. ovina nudata Vasey]. Naked-stemmed fescue. Blue bunch-grass. Common throughout the mountain region and the mesas, 5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 174). The type doubtless occurs, but all the material preserved belongs to the variety. Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 143. F. Kingii (S. Watson) Scribn. [F. confinis Vasey]. King's fescue. Boulder Canon, 6500-10000 ft. (Rydberg); Boulder (E. Bethel). Montana to Colorado and California. 71. BROMUS L. Brome-grass. 144. B. marginatus latior Shear. Large marginate brome. Vicinity of Boulder, 5 100-6000 ft. (Rydberg). Alberta to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 223] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO /5 145. B. brizaeformis F. & M. Quake-grass brome. The commonest ruderal grass about Boulder, and fast spreading throughout the plains district, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 257). Europe and Asia, thence to the United States. 146. B. secalinus L. Common chess, or cheat. In fields and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 388). Europe and Asia, thence to all temperate lands. 147. B. hordeaceus L. [B. mollis L.]. Soft chess. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 524). Europe, thence to the United States. 148. B. lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. [B. Porteri lanatipes Shear]. Lanate brome. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes, less frequent in the plains, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 346). Also at Lafayette (Rydberg). Colorado. 149. B. Richardsonii Link. Richardson's brome. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 6000- 1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 4541. Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Colorado to Arizo- na and Oregon. 150. B. Pumpellianus Scribn. PuMPELLr"s brome. Frequent throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 382). Saskatchewan to Alaska and New Mexico. 151. B. tectorum L. Thatch cheat. Waste places about Boulder, 5 100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 496). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Europe, thence to the United States. 72. LOLIUM L. Darnel. 152. L. Italicum A. Br. Italian rye grass. About irrigation ditches in the city of -Boulder, 5300- 5600 ft. (Daniels, 839). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, thence to the United States. /6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [224 73. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Wheat grass. 153. A. Scribneri Vasey. Scribner's wheat grass. Long's Peak (Holm). Montana to Colorado and Arizona. 153^. A. spicatum inerme (Scribn. & Sin.) Heller [A. Vaseyi S. & S.]. Vasey's wheat grass. Frequent on the mesas and foothills, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 171). Montana to Oregon; Colorado to Utah. 154. A. Arizonicum S. & S. Arizona wheat grass. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward, Sooo-11000 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado to Arizona and Mexico. 155. A. Richardsonii (Trin.) Schrad. [A. unilaterale Cas- sidy]. Richardson's wheat grass. Mountain meadows, rather local, 7000 (Bear Canon)-ioooo ft. (Daniels, 830). Minnesota to British Columbia; Iowa to Colorado. 156. A. andiniun (S. & S.) Rydb. [A. violaceum andinum S. & S.]. Mountain wheat grass. Mountainsides at Eldora 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 640). Montana to Colorado. 157. A. violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey. Violet wheat grass. Common on the foothills and mountains, 6300 (GreenM t. ) — 12000 ft. (Daniels, 362). Greenland to Alaska; New Hampshire to Utah. 158. A. tenermn Vasey. Slender wheat grass. Common on the plains, foothills, and lower mountain slopes, 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 395). Labrador to Alaska; New Hampshire to Colorado. 159. A. pseudorepens S. & S. False quack grass. Common on the plains and in mountain meadows, 5100- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 51 1). Iowa to Alberta; New Mexico to Utah. 225] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO J7 160. A. riparium S. & S. Riparian wheat grass. About ditches in the plains, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 398). Montana to Colorado. 161. A. occidentale Scribn. Western wheat grass. On the plains, where it is very abundant; also sparingly in mountain meadows, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 402). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Manitoba to Saskatchewan and Oregon; Missouri to Arizona. 162. A. molle (S. & S.) Rydb. Soft wheat grass. On the plains, where it is especially characteristic of alkaline flats, and in the drier mountain valleys, 5100- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 978). Saskatchewan to Washington and New Mexico. 74. TEJTICUM L. Wheat. 163. T. sativum vulgare (Vill.) Hack. [T. vulgare Vill.]. Wheat. Adventitious along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 514). Old World, thence to the New. 75. KORDEUM L. Barley. 164. H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grass. Common on the plains and in mountain canons ; a fre- quent weed in waste places, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 380). Ontario to Alaska; Missouri to California, thence naturalized eastward. 165. H. pusillum Nutt. Little barley. Abundant on the plains and mesas, and following the roads into the mountain district, 51007000 ft. (Daniels, 203). Ontario to British Columbia; Florida to California. 166. H. sativum hexastichon (L.) Hack. Six-rowed barley. Adventitious along the railroad between Boulder and Mrshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 480). Old World, thence to the New. 78 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [226 76. SIT ANION Raf. Bristle grass. 167. S. longifolium J. G. Smith. Long-leaved bristle grass. Common on the foothills and mountain slopes, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 363). Nebraska to Nevada; Texas to Arizona. 168. S. brevifolium J. G. Smith. Short-leaved bristle grass. Abundant on the plains, and frequent on open mountain slopes, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 202). Also on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Utah; Colorado to Arizona. 77. ELYMTTS L. Lyme grass. 169. E. Canadensis L. Canadian wild rye. Common along ditches and streams both in and out of shade, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 357). Nova Scotia to Washington; Georgia to New Mexico. 170. E. robustus S. & S. Stout wild rye. In swales along railroads and on stream-banks, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 489). South Dakota to Idaho; Missouri to Colorado. 171. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Slender wild rye. Plains south of Boulder, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 396). Michigan to South Dakota; Texas to Utah and Mexico. 172. E. Macounii Vasey. Macoun's wild rye. On the plains and in meadows on the foot-hills, 5 100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 417). Manitoba and Saskatchewan to Alberta; New Mexico to Utah. 173. E. condensatus Presl. Smooth lyme grass. Dry meadows throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 961). Alberta to British Columbia; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 22J~\ FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 79 174. E. ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. Ambiguous lyme grass. Common on the foothills and mountainsides, 5900-9000 ft. (Daniels, 158). Colorado. 175. E. strigosus Rydb. Strigose lyme grass. Common on the foothills and mountain ridges, 6000-8600 ft. (Daniels, 962). Boulder is the type locality. Wyoming to Colorado. 176. E. villiflorus Rydb. Villous lyme grass. Common on the foothills; occasional on the plains and mesas, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 963) Boulder is the type locality. South Dakota and the Canadian Rockies to Colorado. Family 13. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Galingale family. 78. CYPERUS L. Galingale. 177. C. inilexus Muhl. [C. aristatus Boeckl.]. Awned cy- per grass. Scarce on the plains and foothills in moist sands, 5100- 6500 ft. (Daniels, 253). Vermont to British Columbia; Florida to California and Mexico. 178. C. Bristol Britt. Bush's cyper grass. In sandy soil at Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg). Wisconsin to Oregon; Kansas to Colorado. 79. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush. 179. S. Americanus Pers. [S. pungens Vahl.]. Three square. In swales, along ditches and streams, and at the margins of ponds and lakes, but apparently not following the streams very far into the foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 668). North America: Chili: Europe. 8o UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [228 180. S. lacustris L. Great bulrush. With the preceding but often in water of greater depth, and penetrating farther back into the mountains, 5100-S600 ft. (Daniels, 414). Throughout the North Temperate Zone. 1S1. S. atrovirens pallidus Britton. Pale bulrush. Swales, ditches and streams in the plains and mesas, and ascending but slightly into the foot-hills, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 490). Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Colorado- 80. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike rush. 182. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Swamp spike rush. Common in swamps, swales, and stagnant pools through- out, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 492). North America: Europe: Asia. 183. E. glaucescens (Willd.) Schultes [E. palustris glauccs- cens (Willd.) Gray]. Pale swamp spike rush. Common with the above, but in shallower water, 5100-9000 (Glacier Lake, Eldora) ft. (Daniels, 733). Ontario and the United States. 184. E. ccicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle rush. Common in limose places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 254). Europe: Asia: North America: Central America. 184 */>. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Slender spike rush. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Newfoundland to Manitoba; Florida to Colorado. 185. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat-stemmed spike rush. Ditches and swales in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 734>- Anticosti to Alberta; Georgia to Louisiana and Colorado. 229] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 8l 81. CAREX L. Sedge. 186. C. canescens L. Silvery sedge. Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8500-11500 ft. (Daniels, 852). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Newfoundland to British Columbia; Virginia to Colo- rado and Oregon: Europe and Asia. 187. C. tenella Schkuhr. Soft-leaved sedge. Local in deep mountain canons in shade, 6000-11500 ft. (Daniels, 610). Newfoundland to British Columbia; New Jersey to California: Europe. 188. C. Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's sedge. Only detected in Bear Canon, where it is very rare, 6000- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 762). Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Oregon; Pennsylvania to New Mexico and Utah. 189. Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. Irrigation ditches, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 237). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Newfoundland to British Columbia; Florida to Cali- fornia. 190. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Fox sedge. Irrigation ditches, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 745). New Brunswick to Manitoba; Florida to Texas and Colorado. 191. C. occidentalis Bailey [C. muricata Americana Bailey]. Western sedge. Low meadows at Eldora, 8600-11000 ft. (Daniels, 61 1). Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 192. C. Hoodii Boott [C. muricata confixa Bailey]. Hood's sedge. Grassy meadows, Bluebell canon, thence to the subalpine zone, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 497). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 82 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [23O 193. C. marcida Boott. Clustered field sedge. Abundant in dry meadows, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 95). Manitoba to British Columbia; Kansas to New Mexico and Nevada. 194. C. Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's sedge. Swales along railroads in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 971). Ontario to British Columbia; New York to Utah. 195. C. Douglasii Boott. Douglas' sedge. Common in dry soil throughout, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 317). Also near Long's Peak (Rydberg; Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Manitoba to British Columbia; Nebraska to New Mex- ico and California. 196. C. scoparia Schkuhr. Broom sedge. Wet meadows about ditches and streams, 5 100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 266). Nova Scotia to Manitoba; Florida to Colorado. 197. C. athrostachya Olney. Bracted sedge. Shores of a pond south of Boulder, thence to timberline, 5500-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 258). Assiniboia to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 198. C. festiva Dewey. Pretty sedge. Abundant throughout the foothills and mountains in canons and humid meadows, 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 103). Assiniboia and British Columbia to Mexico. 199. C. ebenea Rydb. [C. festiva Haydeniana Bailey]. Ebony sedge. In frozen ground, alpine valley near snow, above Bloom- erville, 9000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 324). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Alberta to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 200. C. petasata Dewey. Western's hare's-foot sedge. Deep canons, north slope of Green Mt, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 469). Alberta to Alaska; Colorado to Oregon. 231] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 83 201. C. pratensis Drej. Meadow sedge. Gregory Canon, 6000-6500 ft. (Daniels, 688). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Ontario to Alaska; Michigan to Colorado. 202. C. siccata Dewey. Dry-spiked sedge. Common in dry meadows throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 972). Also near Long's Peak (Rydberg). Ontario to British Columbia; New York to California. 203. C. straminea Willd. Straw sedge. Common along watercourses and grassy meadows in the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5 100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 372). New Brunswick to Manitoba; North Carolina to Okla- homa and Colorado. 204. C. straminiformis Bailey. False straw sedge. Dry torrents, high mesas at the foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 381). Colorado to Washington and California. 205. C. festucacea Schkuhr. Fescue sedge. Meadows and swales, frequent in the plains and mesas, and in meadows on the lower foothills, 5100-6400 (Flagstaff Hill) ft. (Daniels, 185). New Brunswick to Minnesota; Florida to Colorado. 206. C. stenophylla Wahl. Narrow-leaved sedge. Dry mesas between Marshall and South Boulder Peak, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 438). Manitoba to British Columbia; Iowa to Colorado. 207. C. incurva Lightf. Curved sedge. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 1 1 000- 1 2000 ft. (Daniels, 916). Greenland to Alaska; Colorado to British Columbia. 208. C. alpina Stevenii Holm. Steven's alpine sedge. Lamb's ranch, near Long's Peak, 9100 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 84 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [232 209. C. atrata L. Black sedge. Long's Peak, 11 500-13000 ft. (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska; Quebec to Colorado and Cali- fornia. 210. C. clialciolepis Holm. Bronze-scaled sedge. Long's Peak, 8500-13000 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 211. C. bella Bailey. Beautiful sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 940). Colorado to Utah and Arizona. 212. C. rhomboidea Holm. Rhombic sedge. In swamps near Long's Peak, S500-9500 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 213. C. Goodenovii J. Gay [C. vulgaris Fries]. Common sedge. Subalpine bogs, Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 851). Newfoundland to Alaska; Pennsylvania to Colorado: Europe. 214. C. rigida Good. [C. vulgaris alpina Booth ]. Stiff sedge. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 907). Alaska to Colorado. 215. C. chimaphila Holm. Winter-loving sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 923). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Colorado. 216. C. acutina Bailey. Acutish sedge. Boulder Canon (5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, 556). Also Lamb's ranch, near Long's Peak, 9100 ft. (Rydberg). Mackenzie to Alaska; Colorado to Oregon. 217. C. stricta Lam. Erect sedge. Swales along railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 418). Not in Rydberg's Flora. 233] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 85 Eastern United States and Canada to Colorado and Texas. 217J/2. C. variabilis Bailey. Variable sedge. Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana to Colorado. 218. C. aurea Nutt. Golden sedge. About springs in deep canons, 6700-1 IOOO ft. (Daniels, 354)- Newfoundland to British Columbia; Pennsylvania to Utah and Washington. 219. C. Geyeri Boott. Geyer's sedge. At edge of snow in alpine valley above Bloomerville, 9OOO-IOOOO ft. (Daniels, 31 I ). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to Oregon. 220. C. nigricans C. A. Mey. Blackish sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 926). Also Thompson's Canon, Long's Peak (Rydberg). Alberta to Alaska; Colorado to California: Asia. 221. C. Pyrenaica Walil. Pyrenaic sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-14000 ft. (Dan- iels, 925). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Alberta to Alaska; Colorado to Oregon: Europe. 222. C. rupestris All. Crag sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 930). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Greenland to Alaska and Colorado: Europe: Asia. 223. C. obtusata Lilj. Obtusish sedge. Above timberline on Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 931). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Newfoundland to British Columbia and Colorado. 224. C. oreocharis Holm. Mountain-grace sedge. Lamb's ranch, near Long's Peak, 9100 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 86 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [234 225. C. Pennsylvania vespertina Bailey [C. vcspcrtina (Bai- ley) Howell]. Western Pennsylvania sedge. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Dan- iels, 1 1 ). Colorado to Oregon and British Columbia. 226. C. umbellata brachyrhina Piper [C. umbcllata breviros- tris BoottJ. Short-beaked umbellate sedge. Dry rocky mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 125). Maine to British Columbia; New Mexico to California. 227. C. Beckii Boott [C. durifolia Bailey]. Beck's sedge. Canon at base of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 463). Ontario to Manitoba; New York to Colorado. 228. C. capillaris L. Hair sedge. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 915). Also Thompson's Canon on Long's Peak (Ryd- berg). Greenland to Alaska; New Hampshire to Utah: Europe: Asia. 229. C. utriculata Boott. Bottle sedge. Swales and limose banks of streams, local (Boulder creek half way to Falls; subalpine bogs at Eldora, etc.), 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 563). Labrador to British Columbia; Delaware to California. 22^/2. C. saxatilis L. [C. pulla Gooden.]. Rock sedge. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Greenland and Alaska to Colorado. 230. C. lanuginosa Michx. Woolly sedge. Subalpine bogs at Eldora, S600 ft. (Daniels, 652). Nova Scotia to British Columbia; New Jersey to California. 235] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 8? Order 10. ARALES. Family 14. ARACEAE Neck. Arum family. 82. ACORTTS L. Calamus. 231. A. Calamus L. Sweet flag. Swales along railroad in the city of Boulder, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels). Nova Scotia to Minnesota; Florida to Texas and Colorado: Europe: Asia. Family 15. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed family. 83. LEMNA L. Duckweed. 232. L. gibba L. Gibbous duckweed. Ponds near Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg). Nebraska to California; Texas to Mexico: Old World and Australia. 233. L. minor L. Lesser duckweed. Springy swales in the city of Boulder, 5400 ft. (Daniels 748). Cosmopolitan. Order 11. XYRIDALES. Family 16. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Dayf lower family. 84. TRADESCANTIA L. Spiderwort. 234. T. Universitatis Cockerell [T. occidcntalis Rydb., not Britton]. Universitv spiderwort. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, and follow- ing the deeper canons several miles into the mountain re- gion, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 44). The vicinity about Bould- er is the type locality. Both T. scopulorum Rose and T. oc- cidentalis Britton, according to Rydberg's Flora, occur about Boulder, but the former is a New Mexico plant, while the latter is from Wisconsin. Colorado. 88 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [236 Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerel-weed family. 85. HETERANTHERA Willd. Mud plantain. 235. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Limose mud plantain. Between Longmont and Loveland, 5100-5500 ft. (Ryd- berg), in shallow water or mud. Virginia to Nebraska and Colorado; Florida to Mexi- co, the West Indies, and Central America. Order 12. LILIALES. Family 18. MELANTHACEAE R.Br. Bunch-flower family. 86. ANTICLEA Kunth. Zygadenus. 235^2. A. elegans (Pursh) Rydb. [Zygadenus elegans Pursh]. Showy zygadenus. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley). Saskatchewan to Alaska ; Colorado to Nevada. 236. A. Coloradensis Rydb. Colorado zygadenus. In canons and subalpine meadows, locally abundant, 7000 (Bear Canon) -12000 ft. (Daniels, 651). Colorado and New Mexico to Utah. 87. T0XIC0SC0RDI0N Rydb. Poison camass. 237. T. gramineum Rydb. Death camass. Mesas and foothills; blossoming in June, 5800-7000 ft. (Daniels, 106). Saskatchewan to Idaho and Colorado. 238. T. falcatum Rydb. Falcate poison camass. Spruce forests along Bear Canon, 6000-7500 ft. (Daniels 759). Colorado. Family 19. JUNCACEAS Vent. Rush family. 88. JTJNCUS L. Rush. 239. J. Balticus montanus Engelm. Mountain Baltic rush. Along ditches and in swales and wet meadows, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 379). Labrador to Washington, Colorado, and Utah. 2T)y'\ FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 89 240. J. Drummondii Mey. Drummond's rush. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 922). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. 241. J. interior Wiegand. Inland rush. Common in swales and meadows on the plains, mesas, and foothills, and following the main streams some distance into the mountains, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 152). Illinois to Wyoming; Missouri to Colorado. 242. J. Arizonicus Wiegand. Arizona rush. Dry beds of torrents, mesas at foot of the Flat-irons 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 964). Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 243. J. confusus Coville. Confused rush. Swales along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 421). Montana to Washington and Colorado. 244. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Dudley's rush. Swales, meadows, and mountain canons, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 965). Replaces J. interior Wiegand in the moun- tain region. Maine to Washington; New York to Mexico. 245. J. bufonius L. Toad rush. Wet sandy soil throughout except at the higher eleva- tions, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 251). Cosmopolitan. 246. J. marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved rush. Irrigation ditches along the Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 740). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Maine to Ontario; Florida to Colorado. 247. J. longistylis Torr. Long-styled rush. Common in swales, about ditches and ponds, and in wet meadows throughout, 5100-IOOOO ft. (Daniels, 249). Alberta to Idaho; Nebraska to Mexico and California. 90 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [238 248. J. triglumis L. Three-flowered rush. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1007). Labrador to Alaska; New York to Colorado. 249. J. castaneus Smith. Chestnut rush. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12500 ft. (Dan- iels, 639). Greenland to Alaska and Colorado. 250. J. nodosus L. Knotted rush. In swales and along ditches and streams, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 735). Nova Scotia to Mackenzie and British Columbia: Vir- ginia to Nevada. 251. J. Torreyi Coville. Torrey's rush. With the preceding, but more abundant, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 495). New York to Montana; Texas to Arizona. 251^. J. Mertensianus Bong. Mertens' rush. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. 252. J. parous Rydb. Reddish brown rush. Dry beds of torrents, mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 373). Colorado to New Mexico. 253. J. Saximontanus A. Nelson [/. xiphioidcs montanm Engelm.]. Rocky Mountain rush. Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora; also a dwarf form on Arapahoe Peak above timberline, $500-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 703). 89. JTJNCOIDES Adans. Wood rush. 254. J. parviflorum melanocarpum (Michx.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Luzula melanocarpus Michx.] . Small-flowered wood rush. Canons on the north slope of Green Mt, 7000-8100 ft. 239] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 9 1 (Daniels, 332). A similar form was gathered above Bloom- erville, 9000-10000 ft. Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Greenland to Alaska; Colorado to California: Europe: Asia. 254a. J. parviflorum subcongestum (S. Wats.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Luzula spadicea subcongesta S. Wats.]. Dense- CYMED WOOD RUSH. Alpine valley near edge of snow, Bloomerville, 8500- 11 500 ft. (Daniels, 328). Colorado to California. 255. J. spicatum (L.) Kuntze [Luzula spicata (L.) Desv.]. Spiked wood rush. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, S96). Greenland to British Columbia; New Hampshire to California. Family 20. ALLIACEAE Batch. Onion family. 90. ALLIUM L. Onion. 256. A. recurvatum Rydb. [A. cernuum obtusum Cocker- ell]. Recurved wild onion. Common throughout the mesas, foothills and the moun- tain plateau, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 452). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). South Dakota to British Columbia and New Mexico. 257. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's wild onion. Aspen bog at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 336). Also southwest of Ward (Rydberg). South Dakota to Wyoming; Kansas to Colorado. 258. A. Geyeri S. Wats. [A. dictyotum Greene; A. reticula- tum deserticola Jones]. Geyer's wild onion. Common throughout in both dry and moist soils, 5 IOO- 1 1500 ft. (Daniels, 54). North Dakota to Washington and New Mexico. 92 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [24O 259. A. reticulatum Fraser. Fraser's wild onion. Springy canons in the foothills and the mountain plateau, 6000-8500 ft. (Daniels, 292). Saskatchewan to Idaho; South Dakota to Arizona. 260. A. Pikeanum Rydb. Pike's Peak wild onion. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1002). Colorado. Family 21. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily family. 91. LETJCOCRINUM Nutt. Sand lily. 261. L. montanum Nutt. Mountain sand lily. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels). Very abundant at Boulder (Cockerell). South Dakota to Montana and Colorado. 92. LLLIUM L. Lily. 262. L. Philadelphicum montanum (A. Nelson) Cocker- ell. Nov. comb. Mountain lily. Springy canon on north slope of Green Mt, 6500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 355). Occasionally bearing two or more flowers. Montana to Colorado. 93. ERYTKRONIUM L. Adder's-tongue. Dog-tooth violet. 263. E. parviflorum ( S. Wats.) Goodding [£. grandiflorum parviflorum S. Wats.]. Small-flowered adder's tongue. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000- 1 1500 ft. (Dan- iels, 888). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 94. LLOYDIA Salisb. 264. L. serotina (L.) Sweet. Late Lloydia. Arapahoe Peak, 10000-14000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to Alaska and Colorado. 241] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 93 Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Lily-of-the-valley family. 95. VAGNERA Adans. False Solomon's seal. 265. V. racemosa (L.) Morong [Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.]. Wild spikenard. Boulder Canon, 6500-8500 ft. (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Washington; Georgia to California. 266. V. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Greene [Smilacina amplex- icaulis Nutt.] Clasping-leaved false Solomon's seal. Common in shady canons throughout; at the edge of the wasting snows in a high alpine valley above Bloomerville July 7, 1906, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 143). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 267. V. stellata (L.) Morong [Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.] Starry false Solomon's seal. Common throughout; along ditches and streams in the plains, and in canons and wooded valleys in the mesas and mountains, 5 100-12000 ft. (Daniels, 11 1). St. Vrain creek (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and Montana; Virginia to Colorado. 96. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted stalk. 268. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved twisted stalk. Local in deep canons in the foothills and mountains, 6500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 456). Greenland to Alaska; North Carolina to Colorado and Oregon. 97. DISPORUM Salisb. 269. D. majus (Hook.) Britton [D. trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H.; Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats.]. Rough- fruited disporum. Local in company with the preceeding, 6500 (Green Mt.; Bear Canon) -11000 ft. (Daniels, 455). Also at Eldora (Rydberg). Manitoba to British Columbia; Nebraska to Arizona. 94 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [242 98. ASPARAGUS L. 270. A. officinalis L. Common asparagus. A common escape throughout the cultivated district, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 114). Europe, thence to North America. Family 23. DRACAENACEAE Link. Dragon-tree family. 99. YUCCA L. Spanish bayonet. 271. Y. glauca Nutt. [Y. angustifolia Pursh]. Narrow- leaved Spanish bayonet. Common in the plains, mesas, and foothills; just north of the entrance to Bear Canon it forms the main facies of the vegetation, 5100-6500 (Green Mt.) ft. (Even higher I think on the first line of hills). (Daniels, 39). Nebraska to Montana; Missouri to Texas and Arizona. Family 24. CALOCHORTACEAE Rydb. Mariposa lily family. 100. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa lily. 272. C. Gunnisonii S. Wats. Gunnison's mariposa lily. Common in the mesas and mountain meadows, 5600- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 53). At Ward occurs the forma imma- culatus Cockered (Cocke re 11). Montana to Colorado and Arizona. Family 25. SMILACEAE Vent. Greenbrier family. 101. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion flower. 273. N. lasioneuron (Hook.) Rydb. [Smilax lasioneuron Hook.; N. lierbacca melica A. Nelson]. Western car- rion flower. Canons in the mesas and foothills; especially frequent in gulches on the east slope of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 224). The type locality of N. Iicrbacea melica A. Nelson. Saskatchewan to Nebraska and Colorado. 243] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 95 Order 13. AMARYLLIDALES. Family 26. IXIACEAE Ecklon. Ixia family. 102. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed grass. 274. S. alpestre Bickn. Alpine blue-eyed grass. Mountain meadows at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 648). Colorado. 275. S. angustifolium Miller. Narrow-leaved blue-eyed grass. Common in meadows and about streams throughout ex- cept at the higher elevations, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 72). Also at North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Newfoundland to Mackenzie and British Columbia; Virginia to Colorado. 103. IRIS L. Fleur-de-lis. 276. I. Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri blue flag. In swales and wet meadows about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels). Common at 8000-9000 ft. at Eldora, Hesse, Mil- ler's Ranch (Ramaley). Near Long's Peak (Coulter in Wa- bash College Herb.) North Dakota to Idaho; Colorado to California. Order 14. ORCHIDALES. Family 27. ORCHID ACEAE Lindl. Orchis family. 104. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Bog orchis. 277. L. stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. Narrow-spiked bog orchis. Subalpine bogs and springy mountainsides at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 993). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to Washington. 278. L. viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb. Green-flowered bog or- chis. Common in deep canons and about springs throughout the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 69). Alberta to Alaska and Colorado. g6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [244 279. L. borealis (Cham.) Rydb. Northern bog orchis. Springs on mountainside at Eldora, S600-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 842). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to Washington. 280. L. laxiflora Rydb. Loose-flowered bog orchis. Common in deep mountain canons, 6500-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 602). Oregon to Colorado and Utah. 105. PIPERIA Rydb. Piper's orchis. 281. P. Unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. [Habenaria Una- laschensis S. Wats.] Alaskan Piper's orchis. Under pines on north slope of Green Mt, very rare, 6000- Sioo ft. (Daniels, 470). Also on South Boulder Peak, 8500 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. 106. IBLDITTM Salisb. Ladies' tresses. 282. I. Romanzoffianum strictum (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov. comb. {Gyrostachys stricta Rydb.] Narrow - spiked ladies' tresses. One plant in a deep canon on the north slope of Green Mt.; common in springy bogs at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 769). Newfoundland to Alaska; Pennsylvania to Colorado. 107. OPHKYS (Tourn.) L. Twayblade. 283. 0. borealis (Morong) Rydb. [ Listera borealis Morong]. Northern twayblade. Deep canons on north slope of Green Mt., very rare, 6500- 8100 ft (Daniels, 607). Hudson Bay to Mackenzie; Colorado to Montana. 2835^. 0. nephrophylla Rydb. [Listera nephrophylla Rydb.] Kidney-leaved twayblade. Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Alaska to Colorado and Oregon. 245] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 9/ 108. PERAMIUM Salisb. Rattlesnake plantain. 284. P. ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. Snake-mouth rattle- snake plantain. Densely wooded canons on north slope of Green Mt, very rare, 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 827). Prince Edward's Island to South Dakota ; North Car- olina to Colorado. 109. ACROANTHES Raf. Adder's mouth. 285. A. monophylla (L.) Greene [Microstylis monophylla (L.) Lindl.]. One-leaved adder's mouth. Deep canons on north slope of Green Mt., very scarce, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 342). Quebec to Minnesota; Pennsylvania to Colorado. 110. CYTHEREA Salisb. Calypso. 286. C. bulbosa (L.) House. [Calypso borealis Salisb.]. Northern calypso. Nederland, Boulder County, 8263 ft. (Miss Zora Phillips). Labrador to Alaska; Maine to California: Europe. 111. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Coralroot. 286 1/2. C. ochroleuca Rydb. Yellow coralroot. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Nebraska to Colorado. 287. C. Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. [C. innata R. Br.]. Early coralroot. Canon in mesa at foot of Flagstaff Hill, only two plants, 5700-5800 ft. (Daniels, 122). Also at Caribou, 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska; Georgia to Colorado and Washington. 288. C. multiflora Nutt. Large coralroot. A solitary cluster of plants under conifers at the Royal Arch at base of the Flat-irons, 6200 ft. (Daniels, 229). Also on North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska; Florida to California. 98 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [246 Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Series i. CHORIPETALAE. Order 15. SALICALES. Family 28. SALIC ACE AE Lindl. Willow family. 112. POPULUS L. Poplar. Aspen. Cottonwood. 289. P. tremuloides aurea (Tidestrom) Daniels, Nov. comb.* American aspen. Throughout the foothills and mountain region except at the higher elevations, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 314). Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska; New Jersey and Tennessee to Mexico and Lower California. 290. P. Sargentii Dode. [P. occidcntalis (Rydb.) Britton ; P. deltoides occidcntalis Rydb.]. Western Cottonwood. Common along streams, ascending Boulder creek as far as Eldora, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 820). Also at Lyons (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Montana; Kansas to Arizona. 291. P. acuminata Rydb. Black cottonwood. A solitary tree near a stream about half way between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 819). Common in all gulches ; there are large trees in Sunshine Canon, 6500 ft. (Ramaley). South Dakota to Idaho; New Mexico to Nevada. 292. P. angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved cottonwood. Along streams and in canons on the mesas and in the foothills and mountains, 5400-9000 ft. (Daniels, 52). North Dakota to Washington; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 293. P. balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. Fourth of July mine; Eldora; Allenspark, 8000-10000 ft. (Ramaley). Labrador to Alaska; New England to Colorado. *See Appendix A. 24/] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 99 113. SALIX L. Willow. 294. S. amygdaloides Anders. Peach willow. Common along streams; the only willow, except the next, of tree size about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 90). Quebec to Washington; New York to Missouri and Arizona. 295. S. eaudata (Nutt.) Piper [S. Fendleriana Anders. ; 5". pentandra eaudata Nutt.; 5. lasiandra Fendleriana Bebb]. Fendler's willow. Along streams in mountain canons, 5500 (Boulder creek)- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 807). Alberta to British Columbia; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 296. S. exigua Nutt. Narrowleaf willow. Marshall; Valmont; Boulder; South Boulder Canon; near junction of Fourmile and Boulder creeks, 5000-9000 ft. (Ramaley). Mackenzie to Washington; Colorado to California. 297. S. luteosericea Rydb. Silky sandbar willow. Sandy stream flats in the plains and mesas, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 134). Nebraska to Idaho and Colorado. 297^. S. lutea Nutt. Yellow willow. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Canada to Colorado and California. 298. S. Wolfii Bebb. Wolf's willow. Eldora to Baltimore, 8000-10000 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 299. S. irrorata Anders. Bloom-branched willow. Gregory Canon (E. Bethel). Colorado to New Mexico. 300. S. perrostrata Rydb. Long-beaked willow. Common in mountain canons, 5500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 811). Hudson Bay to Alaska and Colorado. IOO UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [248 301. S. Bebbiana Sarg. [S. rostrata Richardson]. Bebb's willow. Canons and mountain valleys, frequent, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 824). St.Vrain Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Anticosti to Alaska ; New Jersey to California. 302. S. Scouleriana Barratt [S. Nuttallii Sarg. ; S. flavescens Nutt.]. Nuttall's willow. High alpine valley next to snow, above Bloomerville, Boulder Canon, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 321). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Assiniboia to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 303. S. brachycarpa Nutt. Dwarf willow. Silver lake, 7000-11000 ft. (Ramaley). Quebec to Alberta and Colorado. 304. S. pseudolapponicum Seem. False Lapland willow. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 883). Also between Eldora and Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 305. S. glaucops Anderson. Glaucous willow. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 937). Also mountains south of Ward, and between Sunshine and Ward, (Rydberg). Alberta to Yukon; Colorado to California. 306. S. ch.loropb.ylla Anders. Green-leaf willow. Near Fourth of July mine, (Ramaley). Labrador and New Hampshire to Alaska and Colorado. 307. S. petrophila Rydb. [S. arctica petraea Anderson]. Rock-loving willow. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-14000 ft. (Dan- iels, 951). New Hampshire to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 249] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IOI 308. S. Saximontana Rydb. Rocky Mountain willow. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000-14000 ft. (Dan- iels, 901). Wyoming and Colorado to Washington and California. Order 16. FAGALES. Family 29. BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch family. 114. BETTILA L. Birch. 309. B. papyrifera Andrewsii (A. Nels.) Daniels [B. Andrewsii A. Nels.] Andrews's canoe birch. A few patches in valleys on the north slope of Green Mountain (Daniels, ioiSj. The type locality. Colorado, as above. 310. B. fontinalis Sarg. [B. occidentalis S. Wats.]. Foun- tain birch. Western red birch. Everywhere along streams except at high altitudes, where the next takes its place, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 149). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Alberta to Yukon; South Dakota to New Mexico and Oregon. 311. B. glandulosa Michx. Glandular birch. Scrub birch. In bogs, Eldora to Baltimore, 9000-11000 ft. (Rydberg): Ward (Cockerell). Greenland to Alaska; Maine to Colorado and Oregon: Asia. 115. ALNTJS Gaertn. Alder. 312. A. tenuifolia Nutt. [A. ineana virescens S. Wats.]. Thin-leaved alder. Along streams throughout, 5400 (Boulder creek) -10000 ft. (Daniels, 571). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Alaska; New Mexico to California. 102 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [250 Family 30. CORYLACEAE Mirbel. Hazel family. 116. CORYLUS L. Hazel. 313. C. rostrata Ait. Beaked hazel nut. Abundant in canons in the mesas, foothills, and the moun- tain plateau, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 116). Nova Scotia to North Dakota; Georgia to Colorado. Order 17. URTICALES. Family 31. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Nettle family. 117. ITRTICA L. Nettle. 314. TJ. gracilis Ait. Slender nettle. Common in stream-flats both in and out of shade, 5100- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 583). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska; North Carolina to New Mexico 118. PARIETARIA L. Pellitory. 315. P. Pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania pellitory. Moist places under rocks and in canons and on shady banks of streams, 5 100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 498). Ontario to British Columbia; Florida to Mexico. 316. P. obtusa Rydb. Obtuse-leaved pellitory. Sunset Canon, 6000 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado to Utah; Texas to California. Family 32. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Hemp family. 119. HinVLTTLUS L. Hop. 317. H. Lupulus Neo-Mexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell. New Mexico hop. Rocky banks of canons and along streams and in waste places as along fences, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 573). Wyoming to Utah; New Mexico to Arizona. 251] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IO3 Family 33. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Elm family. 120. TJLMUS L. Elm. 318. TJ. Americana L. American elm. A tree of considerable size occurs in a wild place near the entrance to Boulder Canon, doubtless self-sown from trees planted for shade, 5500 ft. (Daniels). Newfoundland to Manitoba; Florida to Texas. 121. CELTIS L. Hackberry. 319. C. reticulata Torr. Veiny-leaved hackberry. Rocky ridges on the mesas and foothills, scarce, 5700- 6500 ft. (Daniels, 796). Texas to Colorado and Arizona. Order 18. SANTALALES. Family 34. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. Mistletoe family. 122. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm. Small mistletoe. 320. R. Americana (Nutt.) Kuntze [Arceuthobium Ameri- canum Nutt.]. American small mistletoe. On Pinus contorta Murray and (Oreg. Com.) Engelm. at Sunset, 7700 ft. (Rydberg). British Columbia to Colorado and Oregon. 321. R. cryptopoda (Engelm.) Coville [Arceuthobium cryp- topodum Engelm ; A . robust urn Engelm] . Hidden-footed SMALL MISTLETOE. On Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon upon high ridge well toward eastern summit of Green Mt., 7500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 770). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Texas and Colorado to Arizona and Mexico. Family 35. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood family. 123. COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard toad-flax. 322. C. pallida A. DC. Pale bastard toad-flax. Frequent on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 49). St. Vrain Canon (Coulter in Wabash Col- lege Herb.). Manitoba to British Columbia; Texas to California. 104 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [252 Order 19. POLYGONALES. Family 36. POLYGON ACEAE Lindl. Knotweed family. 124. ERIOGONTJM Michx. Wool-joint. 323. E. alatum Torr. Winged wool-joint. Common on the plains, mesas, foothills, and open moun- tainsides, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 170). Nebraska to Wyoming; Texas to Arizona. 324. E. vegetius (T. & G.) A. Nels. [E. flavum vegetius T. & G. ; E. Jamesii flavesccns S. Wats. ; E. Bakeri Greene]. Baker's wool-joint. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Meadow Park, 9000-10000 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming to Utah; New Mexico to Arizona. 325. E. flavum Nutt. [E. crassifolium Dougl.]. Yellow wool-joint. Common in open places throughout, 5100-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 368). Saskatchewan to Alberta; Nebraska to Colorado. 326. E. umbellatum Torr. Umbellate wool-joint. Very abundant in open places throughout, 5100-12000 ft. (Daniels, 55). Wyoming to Idaho; Colorado to Utah. 327. E. subalpinum Greene. Subalpine wool -joint. Along the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak and ascending to the timberline, but not above it, 8600- IIOOO ft. (Daniels, 950). Alberta to British Columbia ; Colorado to Nevada. 328. E. effusum Nutt. Effuse wool-joixt. Plains and mesas between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks, and along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 439). Nebraska to Montana and Colorado. 253] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IO5 125. RUMEX L. Dock. 329. R. Acetosella L. Sheep sorrel. Along railroads and roadsides, and in fields and waste places, in 1906 still somewhat scarce, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 589 ). Very common now (1910), along railways up to 9000 ft. and higher (Ramaley). Europe: Asia, thence to North America. 330. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Western dock. In Bear Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 710). Labrador to Alaska ; Texas to California. 331. R. densifionis Osterh. [R. Bakcri Greene]. Dense- flowered dock. Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 908). Wyoming to Colorado. 332. R. crispus L. Curly dock. Fields and waste places and becoming common in ditches and swales, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 491). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 333. R. salicifolius Weinm. Willow-leaved dock. Common in ditches, shallow streams, and in swales and low meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 234). Labrador to Alaska; Texas to Lower California: Eu- rope. 334. R. obtusifolius L. Bitter dock. Waste places and fields, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 126. OXYRIA Hill. 335. 0. digyna (L.) Hill. Mountain sorrel. Creek-banks at Eldora ; above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 844). Greenland to Alaska; New Hampshire to Arizona and California: Europe: Asia. 106 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [254 127. POLYGONUM L. Knotweed. 336. P. erectum L. Erect knotweed. Along the railroad in Boulder Canon, 5500 ft. (Daniels, 580). Maine to Alberta ; Georgia to Arkansas and Colorado. 337. P. buxiforme Small. Box-like knotweed. Bear Canon, and all waste places, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 698). Ontario to Washington ; Virginia to Texas and Nevada. 338. P. aviculare L. Doorweed. Common about houses, along railroads, and in all waste places, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 582). Asia: Europe: North America. 339. P. ramosissimum Michx. Bushy knotweed. Common along railroads and roads, and in low weedy grounds, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 519). Minnesota to Washington ; Illinois to New Mexico and Nevada ; Maine to New Jersey along the coast. 340. P. Sawatchense Small. Saguache knotweed. High mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 178). South Dakota to Washington; Colorado to Arizona and California. 341. P. eonfertiflorum Nuttall [P. IVatsonii Small]. Wat- son's knotweed. About the quarries at foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. ( Daniels, 660). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to California. 342. P. unifolium Small. One-leaved knotweed. Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft (Daniels, 672). Montana to Colorado. 343. P. Engelmannii Greene [P. tenue microspermum Engelm.]. Engelmann's knotweed. Sandy stream-flats, especially common along the railroad in Boulder Canon, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 568). Montana and Colorado to British Columbia. 255] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 107 344. P. Douglasii Greene. Douglas's knotweed. Common in open, especially sandy places throughout, 5100- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 958). Vermont to British Columbia ; New York to New Mex- ico and California. 344a. P. Douglasii consimile (Greene) Small [P. consimile Greene]. Branched Douglas's knotweed. Gregory Canon, 6000-6300 ft. (Daniels, 546). Lower Boul- der Canon (Rydberg). Range of the type? 128. PERSICAPJA Adans. Smartweed. Lady's THUMB. 345. P. emersa (Michx.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Polygonum Muhlenbergii S. Wats; Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton]. Muhlenberg's lady's thumb. Along ditches and in swales in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels). Maine to British Columbia ; Virginia to California and Mexico. 346. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray [Polygonum lapathifo- lium L.]. Dock-leaved lady's thumb. Swales and ditches in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 506). Europe: Asia: North America. 347. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. [Polygonum Persicaria L.]- Common lady's thumb. Common in waste places, and along ditches and in swales, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 517). Europe, thence to North America. 348. P. punctata (Ell.) Small [Polygonum punctatum Ell.; Polygonum acre H. B. K.]. Water smartweed. Dotted water pepper. Margins of ponds, in swales and springy grounds, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 798). North America: Central America: South America. 108 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [256 129. BISTORTA Tourn. Bistort. 349. B. bistortoides (Pursh) Small [Polygonum Bistorta ob- longifolium Meisn.]. Oblong-leaved bistort. Along Arapahoe Trail and above timberline on Arapahoe Peak, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 890). Montana to Washington ; New Mexico to California. 350. B. vivipara (L. ) S. F. Gray [Polygonum viviparum L.]. Alpine bistort. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 894). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Greenland to Alaska ; New Hampshire to Colorado : Eu- rope: Asia. 130. TINIARIA Reichenb. False Buckwheat. 351. T. Convolvulus (L.) Webb. & Moq. [Polygonum Con- z'oh'ulus L.]. Black bindweed. Common false buck- wheat. Along railroads and roads ; throughout the cultivated area as a weed in fields, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 484). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. Order 20. CHENOPODIALES. Family 37. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot family. 131. CHENOPODIUM L. Goosefoot. Lamb's quar- ters. Pigweed. 352. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Narrow-leaved goosefoot. Common in the plains, mesas, and gullies of the foothills and mountains, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 604). Nebraska to Montana ; Missouri to Arizona. 353. C. oblongifolium ( S. Wats.) Rydb. [C. leptophyllum ob- longifolium S. Wats.]. Oblong-leaved goosefoot. Common in dry places on the plains and mesas, 5100-7000 ft. ( Daniels, 994 ) . North Dakota to Wyoming ; Missouri and Texas to Ari- zona. 257] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 109 354. C. incanum (S. Wats.) Heller [C. Fremontii incanum S. Wats.]. Hoary goosefoot. Frequent on the plains and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 411). Nebraska to Colorado; New Mexico to Nevada. 355. C. Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's goosefoot. Bear Canon in shade, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 829). South Dakota to Montana ; New Mexico to Arizona and Mexico. 356. C. album L. White goosefoot. Common pigweed. Common in fields, yards, and waste places, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 806). Europe and Asia, thence a cosmopolitan weed. 357. C. hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot. Common in shady canons, and as a weed in gardens and waste places, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 601). Temperate North America: Europe. 358. C. rubrum L. [Blitum rubrum (L.) Reichenb.]. Red goosefoot. Along Boulder Canon near Falls, 6500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 549)- Newfoundland to British Columbia; New Jersey to Col- orado: Europe: Asia. 359. C. Botrys L. Feather geranium. Jerusalem oak. Common in waste places and along railroads in coal ashes. 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 598). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 132. BLITUM L. Elite. 360. B. capitatum L. Strawberry blite. Frequent in canons and along mountain roads, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 545). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska ; New Jersey to California : Eu- rope. IIO UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [258 133. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 361. C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. [C. platyphyllum Moq.] Winged pigweed. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall ; also along the railroad in Sunset Canon, 5400-7700 ft. (Daniels, 485). Marshall (W. W. Robbins). Ontario to Montana ; Arkansas to Arizona. 134. MONOLEPIS Schrad. 362. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene [M. chenopodioides Moq.]. Nuttall's Monolepis. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, the only ruderal observed there, 11000-15000 ft. (Daniels, 918). Minnesota to Washington ; Texas to California. 135. ATRIPLEX L. Orache. 363. A. carnosa A. Nels. Fleshy orache. Alkaline flats at Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 729). Nebraska to Montana ; Kansas to Colorado. 364. A. argentea Nutt. Silvery orache. Alkaline flats at Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 730). North Dakota to British Columbia ; Kansas to Colo- rado. 365. A. occidentalis Torr & Fremont. Western orache. Dry mesas at Boulder (Rydberg). Colorado to Utah ; Texas to Arizona. 366. A. hortensis L. Garden orache. Along railroads and in yards, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 679). Europe, thence to North America. 136. EUEOTIA Adans. White sage. 367. E. lanata (Pursh) Moq. Woolly white sage. Plains at Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Washington ; Kansas to California. 137. COPJSPERMUM L. Bugseed. 368. C. marginale Rydb. Marginal-fruited bugseed. Valleys near Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 259] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO III 138. DONDIA Adans. Sea blite. 369. D. depressa (Pursh) Britton [Suaeda depressa S.Wats.]. LOW SEA BLITE. About the shores of Boulder lake, and other brackish lakes and pools, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 778). Near Boulder (W. W. Robbins). Saskatchewan to Montana; Colorado to Nevada. 369^. D. erecta (S. Wats.) A. Nels. [Suaeda depressa erecta S. Wats.]. Erect sea blith Calkins lake (W. W. Robbins). North Dakota to Montana; Colorado to Nevada. 139. SALSOLA L. Saltwort. Sea kale. 370. S. Tragus L. Russian thistle. Very common in waste places and along railroads, 5100- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 419). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. Family 38. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth family. 140. AMARANTHUS L. Amaranth. Pigweed. 371. A. Powellii S. Wats. Powell's pigweed. Sandy valleys at Boulder (Rydberg). Texas to Colorado and California. 372. A. retroflexus L. Rough pigweed. Abounding in fields and waste places, 5100-7000 (clearings in Bear Canon, perhaps even higher in the mountains) ft. (Daniels, 812). Tropical America, thence a cosmopolitan weed. 373. A. blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate pigweed. Along thoroughfares, and in fields, waste places, and creek- sands throughout, very common, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 814). Colorado to Utah and Mexico, thence to the rest of the United States and Southern Canada. 112 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [260 374. A. graecizans L. [A. albus L.]. White pigweed. Tum- ble WEED. Common in waste places, especially on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 813). Tropical America, thence throughout North America. 141. FROELICHIA Moench. 375. F. gracilis Moq. Slender froelichia. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall ; also along the railroad in Boulder Canon, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 476). Nebraska to Colorado ; Arkansas to Texas. Family 39. CORRIGIOLACEAE Reichenb. Corrigiola family. 142. PARONYCHIA Adans. Whitlowwort. 376. P. pulvinata Gray. Pulvinate whitlowwort. Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 1 100-13500 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming and Colorado to Utah. 377. P. Jamesii T. & G. James's whitlow-wort. Common in open situations throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 136). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Meadow Park and Lyons (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming; Texas to New Mexico and Mex- ico. Family 40. ALLIONIACEAE Reichenb. Umbrella-wort family. 143. ABRONIA Juss. 378. A. fragrans Nutt. Fragrant abronia. Near Boulder (Tweedy). Yalmont Butte, not getting to Boulder (Ramaley). South Dakota to Idaho; Kansas to New Mexico. 144. ALLI0N1A Loeffl. Umbrella-wort. 379. A. nyctaginea Michx. [Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet]. Heart-leaved umbrella-wort. Plains and mesas, especially about streams, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 113). Illinois to Saskatchewan ; Missouri to Colorado. 26lJ FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO II3 380. A. Mrsuta Pursh. Hairy umbrella-wort. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 353). Wisconsin and Minnesota to South Dakota; Missouri to Colorado. 381. A. diffusa Heller. Diffuse umbrella-wort. On the plains and mesas and rich mountain slopes, 5100- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 167). North Dakota to Wyoming ; Kansas to Arizona. 382. A. lanceolata Rydb. Lance-leaved umbrella-wort. Between Sunshine and Ward (Tweedy). Minnesota to Wyoming; Tennessee to Texas and Colo- rado. 383. A. linearis Pursh [Oxybaphus angustifolins Sweet]. Narrow-leaved umbrella- wort. On the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 960). Minnesota to Montana; Louisiana to Arizona and Mex- ico. Family 41. TETRAGONIACEAE Reichenb. New Zealand spinach family. 145. MOIXTJGO L. Carpet-weed. 384. M. verticillata L. Common carpet-weed. Common on shales with thin soil between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 427). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Tropical America, thence to North America. Family 42. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Purslane family. 146. TALINTJM Adans. Fame-flower. 385. T. parviflorum Nutt. Small-flowered fame-flower. Common on shales with thin soil between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks ; also on rocks in Gregory Canon, 5400- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 437). Minnesota to South Dakota; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 114 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [262 147. CLAYTONIA L. Spring beauty. 386. C. rosea Rydb. Rosy spring beauty. Common at Boulder (Cockerell). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; Colorado to Cali- fornia. 387. C. megarrhiza Parry. Large-rooted spring beauty. Arapahoe Peak, towards summit, 12000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 889. collected by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). Montana and Colorado to Utah. 148. CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. Water spring beauty. 388. C. Chamissoi (Ledeb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Claytonia Chamissonis Esch.]. Chamisso's water spring beauty. Along ditches in the plains, and in deep canons in the foot- hills and mountains ; along streams at Ward and Bloomerville ; in subalpine bogs at Eldora ; and in wet tundras on Arapahoe Peak, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 239). Arapahoe Pass (Ryd- berg). Minnesota to British Columbia; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 149. 0RE0BR0MA Howell. Bitter root. 389. 0. pygmaea (Gray) Howell. [Calandrinia pygmaea Gray ; Lezvisia pygmaea (Gray) Robinson]. Pygmy bit- ter root. Arapahoe Peak, 12000 ft. (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Montana and Colorado to California. 150. PORTTJLACA L. Purslane. Pussley. 390. P. oleracea L. Common purslane. Campus of the University of Colorado at Boulder (Cock- erell ) . Tropical America, now cosmopolitan. 391. P. retusa Engelm. Retuse-leaved purslane. Along the railroad in Sunset Canon, 5700-7700 ft. (Daniels, 722). Arkansas to Nevada ; Texas to New Mexico. 263] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I I 5 Family 43. ALSINACEAE Wahl. Chickweed Family. 151. ALSINE L. Chickweed. Starwort. 392. A. media L. [Stellaria media (L.) Cyr.]. Common chick- weed. Streets in the city of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 803). Europe and Asia, thence a cosmopolitan weed. 393. A. Baicalensis Coville [Stellaria umbellata Turcz.]. Lake Baical starwort. Arapahoe Peak above timberline in wet tundras, 11000- 13500 ft. (Daniels, 929). Also along mountain streams from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to Oregon; Colorado to California: Siberia. 394. A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton [Stellaria longifolia Muhl.]. Long-leaved stitchwort. In high alpine valley near snow above Bloomerville, 9000- 11000 ft. (Daniels, 326). Newfoundland to Alaska; Maryland to Colorado: Eu- rope: Asia. 395. A. longipes (Goldie) Coville [Stellaria longipcs Goldie]. Long-pedicelled stitchwort. Wet meadows at Caribou, 8000-10000 ft. (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska and Colorado: Siberia. 395a. A. longipes stricta (Richardson) Rydb. [Stellaria stricta Richardson]. Strict long-pedicelled stitchwort. Eldora to Baltimore, 8000-1 1000 ft. (Rydberg). Range of the type, but extending to California. 396. A. Jamesiana (Torr. ) Heller [ Stellaria Jamesiam Torr.] . James's starwort. Along a stream in the mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 26). The plants have fimbriate petals! Wyoming to New Mexico and California. 152 CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear chickweed. 397. C. occidentale Greene. Western mouse-ear chickweed. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountainsides in Il6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [264 sheltered places and about streams and springs, 5700 (stream in mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill) — 12000 ft. (Daniels, 24). St. Vrain Cr.non, 7000 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.V Montana to Colorado and Utah. 153. ARENARIA L. Sandwort. 398. A. Tweedyi Rydb. Tweedy's sandwort. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1003). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 399. A. Fendleri Gray. Fendler's sandwort. High mesas between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks, thence throughout the mountain region, 5700-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 425). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Caribou (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 399a. A. Fendleri diffusa Porter & Coulter. Diffuse Fend- ler's sandwort. Plains and mesas about Boulder and Marshall, and in the foothills and mountains, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 423). Colorado. 154. ALSINOPSIS Small. 400. A. propinqua (Richardson) Rydb. [Arenaria propinqua Richardson; A. verna aequicaulis A. Nels.]. Glandular sandwort. Arapahoe Peak in dry tundras, 11000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 754). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Hudson Bay to British Columbia ; Colorado to Utah. 401. A. obtusiloba Rydb. [Arenaria obtusa Torr.]. Obtuse- leaved sandwort. Very common in dry tundras, forming often the main part of the turf, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 913). Also at Caribou. 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Alberta to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Utah. 265] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO H7 Family 44. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink family. 155. SILENE L. Campion. Catchfly. 402. S. antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly. Common on the plains and mesas, and in deep canons for some distance in the mountains, 5100-6500 (Boulder Canon), ft. (Daniels, 477). Newfoundland to British Columbia; Florida to Cali- fornia and Mexico. 402a. S. antirrhina depauperata Rydb. Depauperate sleepy catchfly. Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 974). Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Colorado to Ari- zona. 403. S. noctiflora L. Night-blooming catchfly. Along streets and in waste places in the city of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 815). Campus of the University of Colorado (Cockerell). Europe, thence to North America. 404. S. acaulis L. Moss campion. Dry tundras, Arapahoe Peak, where it is abundant and char- acteristic, 11000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 902). Greenland to Alaska ; New Hampshire to Arizona : arc- tic-alpine in the Old World. 156. LYCHNIS L. 405. L. Drummondii (Hook.) S. Wats. Drummond's pink. Common in open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 173). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Manitoba to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Arizona. 157. VACCARIA Medic. 406. V. Vaccaria (L.) Britton \V. vulgaris Host; Saponaria Vaccaria L.]. Cow herb. Common in waste places about Boulder, 5300-5700 ft. (Dan- iels, 135). Europe, thence to North America. Il8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [266 158. SAPONARIAL. Soapwort. 407. S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Roadsides and along railroads. 5300-5600 ft. 'Daniels, 725). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, thence to North America. Order 21. RAN ALES. Family 45. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Gray. Hornwort family. 159. CERATOPHYLLITM L. Hornwort. 408. C. demersum L. Common hornwort. Owen's lake; Boulder lake, 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 614). North America: Europe: Asia. Family 46. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot family. 160. CALTHA L. Marsh marigold. 409. C. leptosepala DC. [C. rotundifolia (Huth) Greene; C. chionophila Greene]. White marsh marigold. Along brooks crossing the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak, where in the wet tundras it ascends above timberline, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 880). Long's Peak (Coul- ter in Wabash College Herb.). Mackenzie to Yukon and Alaska; Colorado to Nevada and Oregon. 161. TROLLIUS L. Globe flow 410. T. albiflorus (Gray) Rydb. [T. laxus albiflorus Gray]. White globe flower. Along brooks crossing the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak, where in the wet tundras it ascends above timberline, 9000-12000 ft. ( Daniels, 919). Long's Peak (G ter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to Washington; Colorado to Utah. 267] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO II9 162. ACTAEA L. Baneberry. 411. A. arguta. Nutt. Western red baneberry. Frequent in deep canons throughout, 6000 (Bear Canon at entrance) — 10000 ft. (Daniels, 970). Montana to Alaska ; New Mexico to California : North- ern Asia. 411a. A. arguta eburnea (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Ac- taea eburnea Rydb.]. Ivory baneberry. Mountain canons throughout. 6500 (Bear Canon) — 10000 ft. (Daniels, 468). Newfoundland to Alberta ; Vermont to Utah. 163. AQU1LEGIA L. Columbine. 412. A. coerulea James. Azure columbine. North slope of Green Mt. ; Bear Canon ; common on the mountains between Sunset and Ward ; above timberline. Arap- ahoe Peak, 6500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 350). Nearly extermi- nated in the immediate region about Boulder. Also North Boulder Peak ( Rydberg). The State flower of Colorado. Montana to Colorado and Utah. 164. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur. 413. D. Penardii Huth. Penard's larkspur. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills. 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 66). Colorado. 414. B. camporum Greene. Plains larkspur. Plains and foothills near Boulder, 5100-8000 ft. (Rydberg). Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 415. D. Nelsonii Greene. Nelson's larkspur. Along streams in mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 112). Sugarloaf Mountain. 8000 ft. 1 Ramaley). Alberta to Washington; Nebraska to Utah. 416. D. occidentale S. Wats. \D. quercetorum Greene]. Western larkspur. Rich mountainsides between Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8000- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 628). Wyoming and Colorado to Utah. 120 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [268 416V2. D. Barbeyi Huth [D. scopulorum subalpinum Gray; D. subalpinum (Gray) A. Nels.]. Barbey's larkspur. Boulder Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Wyoming and Colorado. 417. D. Ajacis L. Garden larkspur. Escaped into streets in the city of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 191). Europe, thence to Canada and the United States. 165. ACONITUM L. Monkshood. 418. A. porrectum Rydb. Porrect monkshood. Arapahoe Pass, 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 419. A. Columbianum Nutt. Columbia monkshood. Boulder Canon above the Falls near the Perfect Tree, 7500- 8000 ft. (Daniels, 540). Also Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Rama- ley & Robbins). Montana to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 420. A. insigne Greene. Showy monkshood. Subalpine meadows near Eldora, 8600-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 979)- Colorado. 421. A. ochroleucum A. Nels. Ochroleucous monkshood. Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 980). Wyoming to Colorado. 166. ANEMONE L. Wind flower. 422. A. globosa Nutt. Globose anemone. Bear Canon, scarce ; common in aspen bogs at Eldora and Glacier Lake, 7000-11000 ft. (Daniels, 446). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). South Dakota to Mackenzie and Alaska; Colorado to California. 269] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 121 423. A. cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited anemone. Common in the mesas, thence following the streams in the plains, and on the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 186). New Brunswick to British Columbia; New Jersey to Arizona. 424. A. Canadensis L. [A. Pennsylvania L.] Canada ane- mone. Pennsylvania anemone. Common in canons and along streams throughout, except in the higher elevations, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 443). Labrador to Alberta ; Maryland to New Mexico. 167. PULSATILLA Adans. Pasque flower. 425. P. hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton [Anemone patens Nut- taUiana Gray]. American pasque flower. Common in open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 219). Also Sugarlcaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell), and North Boul- der Peak, and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Illinois to Mackenzie; Texas to Washington. 425a. P. hirsutissima rosea (Cockerell) Daniels. Nov. comb. Pink pasque flower. Boulder (Miss Marie Gill). This rose-colored form is due to some unusual acidity of the sap, not to a difference in the character of the pigment. 168. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's bower. 426. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Western virgin's bower. Common among bushes in canons and along streams, ascend- ing for a considerable distance into the mountains along the principal streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 155). North Dakota to British Columbia ; Missouri to Cali- fornia. 169. VIORNA Reichenb. Leather flower. 427. V. Jonesii (Kuntze) Rydb. [Clematis Douglasii Jonesii Kuntze]. Jones's leather flower. Scarce in the foothills at Orodell along Boulder Canon, 6000- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 723). Near Boulder (Patterson). Colorado to Nevada. 122 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [2/0 428. V. eriophora Rydb. [Clematis eriophora Rydb.]. Wool- ly LEATHER FLOWER. Foothills along Boulder Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 998). Puzzling intermediates between this species and the preceding were found at Orodell. Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 170. ATRAGENE L. Bell rue. 429. A. occidentalis Hornem. [A. Columbiana Nurt.]. West- ern BELL RUE. Very scarce in Bear Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 761). Redrock lake 10100 ft. ( Ramaley & Robbins). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to Utah. 171. MYOSURUS L. Mouse tail. 430. M. apetalus Gay [M. aristatus Benth.]. Beaked mouse tail. In muddy places, Long's Peak, 9000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to Washington; Colorado to California: Chili: New Zealand. 172. BATRACHnJM S. F. Gray. White water crow- foot. 431. B. aquatile flaccidum (Pers.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [B. flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr.]. Flaccid-leaved white wa- ter crowfoot. Aquatic in a pond at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 618). Also at Boulder (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Rama- ley & Robbins). Labrador to Washington; North Carolina to Lower California. 173. RANUNCULUS L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. 432. R. reptans L. [R. Flammula reptans (L.) E. Meyer]. Creeping crowfoot. Common in limose places about Boulder; at Marshall; in Sunset Canon ; aspen and subalpine bogs at Glacier Lake and 271] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I23 Eldora, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 619). Also at Ward (Ryd- berg). Labrador to Alaska ; New Jersey to Utah and Oregon : Europe: Asia. 433. R. ellipticus Greene. Elliptic-leaved crow-foot. Long's Peak (Porter and Coulter). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to California. 434. R. cardiophyllus Hook. [R. affinis cardiophyllus Gray]. Heart-leaved crowfoot. Wet meadows and bogs from Eldora to Baltimore, 8000- 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Colorado. 435. R. inamoenus Greene. Ugly crowfoot. Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 449). Also in meadows and along streams at Caribou, and from Eldora to Baltimore, 7000- 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to New Mexico and Utah. 436. R. micropetalus (Greene) Rydb. [R. affinis micropetalus Greene]. Small-petalled crowfoot. Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 715). Colorado to Utah and Arizona. 437. R. pedatifidus J. G. Smith [R. affinis R. Br.]. North- ern BUTTERCUP. Alpine bogs and meadows, Eldora to Baltimore, 7000-12000 ft. (Rydberg). Near Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash Col- lege Herb.). Labrador to Alaska ; Colorado to Arizona : Siberia. 438. R. alpeophilus A. Nels. Alpine crowfoot. In wet places near the snow at Caribou, 9000-12000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. 439. R. adoneus Gray. Adonis-like buttercup. Alpine peaks at Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming and Colorado to Utah. 124 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [272 440. R. abortivus L. Kidney-leaved crowfoot. Common in low grounds, 5100-9000 (streams at Bloomer- ville) ft. (Daniels, 322). Labrador to Saskatchewan ; Florida to Colorado. 441. R. micranthus Nutt. Small-flowered crowfoot. In Bear Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 828). Massachusetts to Saskatchewan ; Florida to Colorado. 442. R. sceleratus eremogenes (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [R. eremogenes Greene]. Western swamp crowfoot. Along ditches and in swales about Boulder and Marshall ; along Four-mile creek in Sunset Canon, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 429). Saskatchewan to Alberta; New Mexico to California. 443. R. Macounii Britton. Macoun's buttercup. About irrigation ditches in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Dan- iels, 236). Ontario to Alberta : Iowa to Colorado. 174. HALERPESTES Greene. 444. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene [Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh ; Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl ; Cyrtor- rhyncha Cymbalaria (Pursh) Britton]. Seaside crow- foot. Around ponds and irrigation ditches about Boulder and Mar- shall on the plains, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 255). Also at Ward (Cockerell). Valmont (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). North America: South America: Asia. 175. CYRTORRHYNCHA Nutt. 445. C. ranunculina Nutt. [Ranunculus Nuttallii Gray]. Nuttall's buttercup. Rare on the north slope of Green Mt., 6500-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 369). Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Wyoming to Colorado. 273] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 25 176. THALICTRUM L. Meadow-rue. 446. T. purpurascens L. Purplish meadow-rue. Spring}' canon at the foot of Flagstaff Hill ; wet meadows between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 434). Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan ; Florida to Colorado. 447. T. Fendleri Engelm. Fendler's meadow-rue. Canons on the north slope of Green Mt., 6000-8100 ft. (Dan- iels, 532). Also in the mountains from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming and New Mexico to Arizona. Family 47. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water-lily family. 177. NYMPHAEA L. Yellow pond lily. 448. N. polysepala (Engelm.) Greene [Nuphar polyscpalum Engelm.]. Manv-sepalled yellow pond lily. West- ern SPATTER DOCK. Alpine lakes at Ward. 9000-1 1000 ft. (Daniels). A portion of Engelmann's type material came from the vicinity of Long's Peak, lat. 400. Montana to Alaska; Colorado to California. Family 48. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Barberry family. 178. 0D0STEM0N Raf. Oregon grapes. 449. 0. repens (Lindl.) Cockerell [O. Aquifolium Rydb., not Bcrberis Aquifolium Pursh; B. repens Lindl.]. Creeping Oregon grapes. Holly barberry. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes, 5700- 10000 ft. (Daniels, 471). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to Idaho; New Mexico to California. 126 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [274 Order 22. PAPAVERALES. Family 49. PAPAVERACEAE Juss. Poppy family. 179. PAPAVER L. Poppy. 450. P. Argemone L. Rough-fruited poppy. Wind rose. Escaped into streets and plains near dwellings, 5500-5600 ft. (Daniels. 200). Europe, thence to the United States. 180. ARGEMONE L. Prickly poppy. 451. A. intermedia Sweet. White prickly poppy. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and open meadows in the foothills, 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 85). South Dakota to Wyoming; Texas to Mexico. 452. A. hispida Gray [A. bipinnatifida Greene]. "Hairy prick- ly poppy. Plains and foothills near Boulder, 5100-9000 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. Family 50. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumitory family. 181. CAPNOIDES Adans. Corydalis. 453. C. aureum (Willd.) Kuntze [Corydalis aurea Willd.]. Golden corydalis. Rather frequent in rocky places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 82). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Ward (Rydberg). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Nova Scotia to Alaska ; Pennsylvania to California. 454. C. montanum (Engelm.) Britton [C. pachylobum Greene; Corydalis aurea occidentalis Gray]. Mountain corydalis. Near Boulder, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). South Dakota to Utah ; Missouri to Texas and Arizona. 275] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 12/ Family 51. BRASSICACEAE Lindl. Mustard family. 182. CARD ARIA Desv. 455. C. Draba (L.) Desv. [Lepidium Draba L.]. Hoary cress. Near Boulder, (Rydberg). Europe and Asia, thence to the United States. 183. LEPIDIUM L. Pepper grass. 456. L. medium Greene. Medium pepper grass. Plains and foothills near Boulder, and in Boulder Canon, 5000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 123). Missouri to Texas and California. 457. L. divergens Osterh. Divergent pepper grass. Common in creek-sands and along roads and railroads in the foothills and mesas, 5400-8000 ft. (Daniels. 32). Colorado. 184. THLASPI L. Penny grass. 458. T. arvense L. Field penny grass. Local in waste places ; especially abundant along roadsides at the entrance of Boulder Canon. 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 163). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 459. T. Nuttallii Rydb. Nuttall's penny grass. Rocky canons on the north slope of Green Mt, 6000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 275). Montana and Colorado to Washington. 460. T. Coloradense Rydb. Colorado penny grass. Gregory Canon, 6200 ft. (Daniels, 194). Also in wet places among rocks, Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 11000-13500 ft. (Ryd- berg). Colorado. 461. T. purpurascens Rydb. Purplish penny grass. Among rocks on the peaks, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado to Arizona. 128 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [2/6 185. BURSA Weber. Shepherd's purse. 462. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Weber [Capsella Bursa- past oris (L.) Medic.]. Common shepherd's purse. Very common in fields and waste places, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan- iels, 252). Europe, thence now cosmopolitan. 186. PHYSAKIA Gray. Double bladder pod. 463. P. didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray. Common double blad- der pod. Common under rocks in the mesas and foothills, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 80). Also Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; Coul- ter in Wabash College Herb.). Saskatchewan to Alberta; Colorado to Utah. 464. P. floribunda Rydb. Many-flowered double bladder pod. Plains and foothills near Boulder; Eldora to Baltimore, (Rydberg). Also Boulder (Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). Colorado. 187. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Bladder pod. 465. L. Shearis Rydb. Shear's bladder pod. On shales with thin soil between Marshall and South Boul- der Peaks, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 436). Plains and foothills at Boulder (Rydberg). Colorado. 188. CAMELINA Crantz. Myagrum. 466. C. sativa (L.) Crantz [Myagrum sativum L.]. False flax. Along streets and in waste places in the city of Boulder, 5300-5700 ft. (Daniels, 281). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, thence to North America. 189. NASTURTIUM R. Br. Cress. 467. N. Nasturtium — aquaticum (L.) Karst. [N. officinale R. Br.; Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby.]. Water cress. 2Jj] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 29 Frequent in ditches, streams, and springy swales in and about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 590). Europe and Asia, thence to both North and South Amer- ica. 190. RADICULA Hill. Yellow cress. 468. R. calycina (Engelm.) Greene [Nasturtium calycinum Engelm. ; Roripa calycina (Engelm.) Rydb.]. Warty PODDED YELLOW CRESS. Along the railroad near Boulder lake, 5200-5300 ft. (Dan- iels, 774). Montana to Washington and New Mexico. 469. R. sinuata (Nutt.) Greene [Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. ; Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchc.]. Spreading yel- low cress. On stream banks and in wet ground near Boulder (Ryd- berg). Minnesota to Washington ; Missouri to Arizona. 470. R. hispida (Desv.) Moench. [Nasturtium hispidum Desv.; Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton]. Hairy marsh cress. Along streams, ditches, and in swales, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan- iels, 581). New Brunswick to British Columbia; Florida to New Mexico. 471. R. obtusa (Nutt.) Greene [Nasturtium obtusum Nutt.; Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton]. Blunt-leaved marsh cress. Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Michigan to Washington ; Texas to Utah. 472. R. curvipes (Greene) Greene [Roripa curvipes Greene]. Curved- podded marsh cress. In Boulder Canon, 5500-6000 ft. (Daniels, 544). Wyoming to Colorado. I30 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [278 190y2. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Horse radish. 473. A. Armoracia (L.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Roripa Anno- racia (L.) A. S. Hitchc. ; Nasturtium Armoracia (L.) Fries.]. Common horse radish. Escaped to waysides, Boulder (Daniels). Europe, thence to America. 191. SISYMBRIUM L. Hedge mustard. 474. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Common hedge mustard. Common in waste places about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 256). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 192. SOPHIA Adans. Tansy mustard. 475. S. leptophylla Rydb. Fine-leaved tansy mustard. Along Boulder Canon, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 284). Wyoming and Idaho to Colorado. 476. S. incisa (Engelm.) Greene [Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. ; Descurainia incisa (Engelm.) Britton]. Cut- leaved TANSY MUSTARD. Boulder Canon at Falls ; also in Gregory Canon on rocky banks, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 981). Wyoming to New Mexico. 477. S. intermedia Rydb. Western tansy mustard. Common throughout the lower elevations, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 121). Michigan to British Columbia; Tennessee to Califor- nia. 478. S. andrenarum Cockerell. Hoary tansy mustard. Rather frequent in Boulder Canon, 5500-7000 ft. (Daniels, 550). Montana to Washington and New Mexico. 193. ERYSIMUM L. Treacle mustard. 479. E. asperum (Nutt. ) DC. Western wallflower. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Arkansas and Colorado. 279] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I 3 I 480. E. oblanceolatum Rydb. Oblanceolate-leaved wall- flower. Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 481. E. nivale (Greene) Rydb. [E. asperum nanum Cock- erell]. Snow wallflower. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 885). Wyoming to Colorado. 482. E. Cockerellianum Daniels. Nov. nomen. [E. asperum alpestre Cockerell; E. alpestre (Cockerell) Rydb.; not Kotschy nor Jordan]. Cockerell's wallflower. Abundant throughout, 5100-12000 ft. (Daniels, 57). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Since E. alpestre has been twice used as a specific name (by Kot- schy and by Jordan) a new name is necessary for the species. Colorado to Utah ; Texas to Arizona. 194. RAPHANTJS L. Radish. 483. R. sativus L. Garden radish. Spontaneous along streets in waste places, 5400-5600 ft. (Daniels, 772). Asia, thence universal in cultivation. 195. CAMPE Dulac. Winter cress. 484. C.Americana (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Bar- bara/ Americana, Rydb.]. American winter cress. In rich soil, between Eldora and Baltimore, 8500-9000 ft. (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Montana; Colorado to Nevada. 196. BRASSICA L. Mustard. 485. B. juncea (L.) Coss. Indian mustard. Along Boulder Canon Road about six miles beyond Boul- der, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 2S3). Asia, thence to both North and South America. I32 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [280 486. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard. Frequent along roadsides and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Danieis, 747). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 487. B. campestris L. Ruta baga. Adventitious along the Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 790). Europe, thence universal in cultivation. 197. ALYSSUM L. Madwort. 488. A. alyssoides (L.) Gouan. [A. calycinum L.]. Yel- low alyssum. Boulder, roadside on University Hill, 5300-5600 ft. (Cock- erell). Europe, thence to North America. 198. K0N1GA Adans. 489. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. [Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam.]. Sweet alyssum. Spontaneous on the campus of the University of Colorado, Boulder, 5500 ft. (Daniels, 680). Europe, thence universal in cultivation. 199. DRABA L. Whitlow-grass. 490. D. Coloradensis Rydb. Colorado whitlow-grass. Plains and hillsides near Boulder, 5100-5500 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 491. D. nemorosa L. Wood whitlow-grass. At Boulder, University Hill, on rise opposite base of Flagstaff Hill, 5500-6000 ft. (Cockerell). Michigan and Ontario to British Columbia; Colorado to Oregon: Europe: Asia. 492. D. crassifolia Graham. Thick-leaved whitlow-grass. Above timberline. Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 928). Greenland to British Columbia ; Colorado to Utah. 28 1 ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 133 493. D. Fladnizensis Wulf. White arctic whitlow-grass. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, nooo- 13000 ft. (Daniels, 1009). Labrador to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah: Eu- rope: Asia. 494. D. cana Rydb. Hoary whitlow-grass. Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 11000-12000 ft. (Rydberg). Labrador to Yukon and Colorado. 495. D. streptocarpi Gray. Twisted-podded whitlow-grass. Common in barren, rocky places throughout the mountain- ous region 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 313). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Sugarloaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell). Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 496. D. luteola Greene. Yellowish whitlowwort. In spray of Boulder Falls, a decumbent small-flowered form, 7500 ft. (Daniels, 295). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 497. D. auxeiformis Rydb. [D. Bakcri Greene]. Baker's whitlow-grass. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1004). South Dakota to Colorado. 498. D. aurea Wahl. Golden whitlowwort. Common in the subalpine and alpine district, 8600 (Eldora)- 13000 (Arapahoe Peak) ft. (Daniels, 805). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Greenland to British Columbia ; Colorado to Arizona. 499. D. decumbens Rydb. Decumbent whitlowwort. At snow-line, Arapahoe Peak, 12000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 914). Colorado. 200. CARDAMINE L. Bittercress. 500. C. cordifolia Gray. Heart-leaved bittercress. Wet mossy tundras above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 713). Also mountains between Sunshine 134 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [282 and Ward, and at Caribou (Rydberg). Common everywhere above 9000 ft. (Ramaley). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 501. C. incana (Gray) A. Nels. [C. cardiophylla Rydb. ; C. in fa us ta Greene]. Hoary bittercress. Along an alpine brook at edge of snow above Bloomerville. 9000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 323). Colorado. 502. C. vallicola Greene. Valley bittercress. Dripping rocks under an irrigation sluice, Boulder Canon, 5500-5600 ft. (Daniels, 578). Wyoming to Colorado. 201. ARABIS L. Rock-cress. 503. A. ovata (Pursh) Poir. Ovate-leaved rock-cress. Common among rocks throughout the mountain region and the rougher mesas, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 567). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). New Brunswick to Alberta ; Georgia to California. 504. A. philonipha A. Nelson. Snow-loving rock-cress. Mountainsides at Ward, 9000-9500 ft. (Daniels, 954). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to Utah. 505. A. oxyphylla Greene. Sharp-leaved rock-cress. Mesas and foothills; common, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 199). University Hill near base of Flagstaff Hill (Cockerell). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 506. A. connexa Greene. Related rock-cress. Ward 9200 ft. (Daniels, 207). Also from Eldora to Bal- timore (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 507. A. Fendleri (S. Wats.) Greene [A. Hoelbocllii Fend- leri S. Wats.]. Fendler's rock-cress. High alpine slope near snow above Bloomerville, 9000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 318). Colorado to New Mexico. 283] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 135 508. A. divaricarpa. A. Nels. Divergently podded rock- cress. North slope of Green Mt, Gregory Canon, 6400 ft. (Dan- iels, 528). Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Assiniboia to Colorado and Utah. 202. THELYPODITJM Endl. 509. T. paniculatum A. Nels. [T. sagittatum Endl.; T. torulosum Heller]. Panicled thelypodium. Near the summit of Flagstaff Hill, 6500-7000 ft. (Daniels, 223). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 203. STANLEY A Nutt. 510. S. glauca Rydb. Glaucous Stanley's cress. Along the railroad between Boulder and Valmont, 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 415). North Dakota to Wyoming; Colorado to Utah. Family 52. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Caper family. 204. POLANISIA Raf. Clammy-weed. 511. P. trachysperma T. & G. Large-flowered clammy weed. Along railroads and in creek-sands, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 483)- ' Assiniboia to Texas and Nevada. 205. PERITOMA DC. Cleome. 512. P. sermlatum (Pursh) DC. [Cleome serrulata Pursh]. Pink cleome. Rocky Mountain bee plant. Sands and waste places, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 286). Saskatchewan to Idaho; Missouri to Arizona. 512a. P. serrulatum albiflorum Cockerell. White cleome. Sunset Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 603). 136 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [284 Order 23. ROSALES. Family 53. CRASSULACEAE DC. Orpine family. 206. CLEMENTSIA Rose. 513. C. rhodantha (Gray) Rose [Sedum rhodanthum Gray]. Red orpine. Alpine and subalpine in bogs and along streams, 8600 ( El- dora) — 13000 (Arapaboe Peak) ft. (Daniels, 848). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado and Arizona. 206y2. RHODIOLA L. Rose-root. 513^2. R. integrifolia Raf. Entire-leaved rose-root. Common at high altitudes (Ramaley). Arapahoe Peak (Rydberg). Alberta to Alaska; Colorado to California. 207. SEDUM L. Orpine. Stone-crop. 514. S. stenopetalum Pursh. Narrow-petalled orpine. Abundant throughout the mountainous regions in rocky places, 5600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 104). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Alberta to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Califor- nia. 514a. S. stenopetalum rubrolineatum Cockerell. With the type, but in the higher altitude (Cockerell). Rocky Mountains. Family 54. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Saxifrage family. 208. PECTIANTHIA Raf. Bishop's cap. 515. P. pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. [Mitella pcntaudra Hook.]. Western bishop's cap. Springy places and along streams. Caribou (Rydberg). Alberta to Alaska ; Colorado to California. 285] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 37 209. 0Z0MELIS Raf. Mitre-wort. 516. 0. stenopetala (Piper) Rydb. [Mitella stenopetala Piper]. Narrow-petalled mitre-wort. Springy places, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado to Utah. 210. HEUCHERA L. Alum-root. 517. H. bracteata (Torr.) Ser. Bracted alum-root. Common in the crevices of rocks, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 139). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 518. H. Hallii Gray. Hall's alum-root. Rocky places, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 881). Colorado. 519. H. parvifolia Nutt. Small-leaved alum-root. Common on banks in the mesas, foothills, and mountains throughout, 5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 98). Also at Ward and Caribou (Rydberg). Alberta to Oregon ; New Mexico to Arizona. 211. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage. 520. S. debilis Engelm. Weak saxifrage. Wet rocks, Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 9000-13000 ft. (Ryd- berg). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 212. MICRANTHES Haw. 521. M. rhomboidea (Greene) Small [Saxifraga rhomboi- dea Greene]. Rhomboid-leaved saxifrage. Among rocks in the foothills and mountains, Flagstaff Hill, 6000 ft. (Daniels). Also Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 12000 ft., and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Saxifraga nivalis L., re- ported by Ramaley & Robbins from Redrock lake, 10100 ft., I38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [286 is probably this plant (cf. Coulter-Nelson's New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany, p. 240). Montana and Idaho to Colorado. 522. M. arguta (D. Don) Small [Saxifraga arguta D. Don; S. denudata Nutt. ; 6". punctata Hook., in part; not L.]. Smooth saxifrage. In springy places and along streams ; mountains between Sunshine and Ward; Massif de 1' Arapahoe (Rydberg). Streams near Bloomerville, and on Arapahoe Peak, 9000- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 308). Montana to British Columbia; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 213. LEPTASEA Haw. 523. L. chrysantha (Gray) Small [Saxifraga chrysantha Gray]. Golden saxifrage. Toward summit of Arapahoe Peak, 13000-13500 ft. (Dan- iels, 949, collected by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). Colorado and New Mexico. 524. L. Hirculus (L.) Small [Saxifraga Hirculus L.]. Arc- tic SAXIFRAGE. In wet places at Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Greenland to Alaska; Colorado to British Columbia: Europe: Asia. 525. L. austromontana (Wieg.) Small [Saxifraga bronchio- les Torr. ; not L. ; S. austromontana Wieg.]. Western MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE. On rocky ledges, Boulder Canon above the Falls ; at Sun- set; and above timberline. Arapahoe Peak, 7000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 542). Also at Caribou; South Boulder Peak; moun- tains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Alberta to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Washing- ton. 526. L. fiagellaris (Willd.) Small [Saxifraga fiagellaris Willd.]. Flagellate saxifrage. Massif de 1' Arapahoe, 10000-13500 ft. (Rydberg). Greenland to Alaska ; Colorado to Arizona. 287] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 39 Family 55. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. Grass of Parnassus family. 214. PARNASSIA L. Grass of Parnassus. 527. P. fimbriata Banks. Fimbriate grass of Parnassus. Springs and springy places, Caribou (Rydberg). Alberta to Alaska ; Colorado to California. Family 56. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. Hydrangea family. 215. EDWINIA Heller. Jamesia. 528. E. Americana (T. & G.) Heller [Jamesia Americana T. & G.]. American Jamesia. Abundant in the foothills and mountains in rocky and clivose places, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 138). Also at Ward; in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward ; and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming and Utah to New Mexico. Family 57. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Gooseberry family. 216. RLBES L. Gooseberry. Currant. 529. R. Purpusi Koehne. Purpus's gooseberry. Common in mountain canons, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 290). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Wyoming to New Mexico. 530. R. vallicola Greene. Valley gooseberry. Along streams and in gulches, 5000-9000 ft., St. Vrain creek below Lyons; Pine Glade School (Ramaley). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to California. 531. R. lentum (Jones) Coville & Rose [R. lacustre molle Gray] . Western red currant. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming and Colorado to California. 532. R. parvulum (Gray) Rydb. [R. lacustre parvulum Gray]. Small black currant. Moist places, 8000 to 11 500 ft.; Redrock lake, west of Ward; Fourth of July mine (Ramaley). Alberta and Yukon to Colorado and Utah. I40 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [288 533. R. pumilum Nutt. [R. cereutn Coulter, in part]. Small WAX-CURRANT. Abundant on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 84). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to New Mexico and Arizona. 534. R. longiflorum Nutt. [R. aureum T. & G. ; not Pursh]. Long-flowered golden currant. Along stream in mesa at the foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700 ft. (Daniels, 600). South Dakota to Wyoming; Kansas to Arizona. 535. R. vulgare Lam. Red currant. Escaped into a thicket about a pond near Boulder, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 265). Labrador to Alaska ; New Jersey to Indiana and Minne- sota: Europe: Asia. Frequently escaped from cultivation in all temperate regions. Family 58. ROSACEAE Juss. Rose family. 217. OPTJLASTER Medic. Nine-barks. 536. 0. intermedins Rydb. [0. Missouriensis Daniels]. In- termediate nine-barks. Canons in the foothills, 5700-6500 ft. (Daniels. 74). Lower Boulder Canon, 5600-7000 ft. (Rydberg). Illinois to South Dakota ; Missouri to Colorado. ^,T,y. 0. Ramaleyi Aven Nelson [O. bracteatus Rydb.]. Ram- aley's nine-barks. Canons in the foothills, 5600-6500 ft. (Daniels, 693). Colorado. 538. 0. glabratus Rydb. Glabrous nine-barks. Boulder, along streams, 5000-1 1000 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 539. 0. monogynus (Torr.) Kuntze \Physocarpus Torreyi Max.]. Torrey^ nine-barks. Rocky canons in the foothills, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 450). South Dakota to Wyoming; New Mexico to Nevada. 289] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I4I 218. BOSSEKIA Necker. Salmon-berry. 540. B. parviflora (Nutt.) Greene [Rubus Nutkamts Moq. ; Rubaccr parviflorus (Nutt-) Rydb.]. Nutka Sound salmon-berry. Local in deep wooded canons in the foothills and mountains, 6500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 533). Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Ontario to Alaska ; New Mexico to California and Mex- ico. 219. OREOBATUS Rydb. Flowering raspberry. 541. 0. deliciosus (James) Rydb. [Rubus deliciosus James]. Savory flowering raspberry. Abundant throughout the higher mesas, the foothills and the mountains, 5500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 29). Colorado. 220. RUBUS L. Bramble. 542. R. Americanus (Pers.) Britton [R. triflorus Richard- son]. Dwarf raspberry. Deep canons on north slope of Green Mt, 6400-8000 ft. (Daniels, 345). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Newfoundland to Manitoba ; New Jersey to Colorado. 221. BATLDAEA Dumort. Red raspberry. 543. B. laetissima Greene. Wild red raspberry. Common in gulches in the mesas and foothills, 5500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 212). Labrador to Mackenzie; New Jersey to Colorado. 222. TRIDOPHYLLUM Necker. Five-finger. Cin- quefoil. 544. T. paradoxum (Nutt.) Greene [Potentilla paradoxa Nutt.]. Bushy cinquefoil. Wet places and along streams, ascending in Sunset Canon to about 7000 ft., 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 241). Pennsylvania and Ontario to Washington; Missouri to New Mexico and Mexico: Eastern Asia. I42 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [290 545. T. leucocarpum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Poten- tilla leucocarpa Rydb.]. White-seeded cinquefoil. Wet places in the plains and ascending in the canons to a considerable distance into the mountain region, 5100-7000 (Bear Canon) ft. (Daniels, 826). Illinois to Washington ; New Mexico to California. 546. T. lateriflorum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Poten- tilla lateriflora Rydb.]. Lateral-flowered cinquefoil. Foothills at Boulder, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 238). Assiniboia to British Columbia; Colorado to Arizona. 547. T. Monspeliense (L.) Greene [P. Norvegica hirsuta T. & G. ; P. Monspeliensis L.]. Rough cinquefoil. Common in meadows in the plains, mesas, and foothills, and in aspen bogs in the mountains, 5100-8600 (Eldora) ft. (Dan- iels, 117). Labrador to Alaska ; South Carolina to Arizona and Mexico: Europe: Asia. 223. POTENTILLA L. Five-finger. Cinquefoil. 548. P. concinna Richardson [P. luimifusa Nutt.]. Ground cinquefoil. Mountainsides at Eldora, and bald ridges at Glacier Lake, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 989). Also Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; and Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Saskatchewan to Alberta ; Colorado to Utah. 549. P. dissecta Pursh [P. diversifolia Lehm.]. Cut- leaved cinquefoil. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500- 13000 ft. (Daniels, 933). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Colorado to Cali- fornia. 550. P. glaucopyhylla Lehm. [P. dissecta glaucophylla (Lehm.) S. Wats.]. Glaucous cut-leaved cinquefoil. At Caribou, 9900 ft. (Rydberg). Rocky Mountains. 291] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 43 551. P. pulcherrima Lehm. Fairest cinquefoil. Aspen bogs and subalpine meadows at Eldora and Glacier Lake, 8000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 630). Saskatchewan to Alberta; New Mexico to Nevada. 552. P. Peunsylvanica strigosa Pursh. Villous Pennsyl- vania cinquefoil. Common on the plains and in mountain meadows, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 31). Hudson Bay to Alberta ; Kansas to New Mexico : Siberia 552a. P. Pennsylvanica arachnoidea Lehm. Arachnoid Pennsylvania cinquefoil. Near Boulder, 5000-8000 ft. (Rydberg). Montana to Utah ; New Mexico to Arizona. 553. P. minutifolia Rydb. Minute-leaved cinquefoil. High peaks, Eldora to Baltimore, 9000-13000 ft. (Rydberg). Colorado. 554. P. Hippiana Lehm. Woolly cinquefoil. Plains, mesas, and mountain meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 433)- Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Alberta ; New Mex- ico to Arizona. 555. P. propinqua Rydb. [P. Hippiana diffusa Lehm.]. Dif- fuse cinquefoil. Plains, mesas, and mountain meadows, 5700-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 206). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 556. P. effusa Dougl. Branched cinquefoil. Plains, mesas, and mountain ridges, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 287). Assiniboia to Montana ; thence to New Mexico. 224. FRAGARIA L. Strawberry. 557. F. bracteata Heller. Bracted strawberry. Common in canons in the foothills and mountains, 6300- 11000 ft. (Daniels, 291). Montana to British Columbia; New Mexico to Califor- nia. 144 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [292 558. F. Americana (Porter) Britton [F. vesca Americana Porter ]. American strawberry. At Boulder, 5400 ft. (Rydberg). Newfoundland to Manitoba; Virginia to New Mexico and Oregon. 558^. F. prolifica Baker & Rydb. Prolific strawberry. Boulder Canon, 8500 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Colorado. 559. F. glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. Glaucous strawberry. Mountainsides at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 850). Redrock lake, 1 0100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Mackenzie to Montana ; South Dakota to Colorado and Nevada. 560. F. pauciflora Rydb. Small-flowered strawberry. North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Boulder Canon, 8500 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Hudson Bay to Alberta ; Colorado to Utah. 225. SLBBALDIA L. 561. S. proeumbens L. Procumbent sibbaldia. Above timberline in dry tundras near the snow, 11 500- 13500 ft., Arapahoe Peak (Daniels, 912). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Arctic-alpine around the world. 226. DASIPHORA Raf. 562. D. fruticosa (L.) Rydb. [Potentilla fruticosa L.]. Shrubby cinqltefoil. Subalpine bogs, mostly in aspen zone ; but also in bogs in the plains and mesas, 5600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 541). Labrador to Alaska ; New Jersey to California : Europe : Asia. 227. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. 563. D. arguta (Pursh) Rydb. [Potentilla arguta Pursh]. Tall cincuefoil. On the plains and mesas, the flowers yellow as well as white, 293] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 45 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 432). St. Wain Canon (Porter & Coulter). New Brunswick to Mackenzie; District of Columbia to Colorado. 564. D. fissa (Nutt.) Rydb. [Potentilla fissa Nutt.]. Large- flowered glandular cinouefoil. Common in the mesas, foothills, and mountains throughout. 5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 30). St. Vrain Canon 7000 ft., and Boulder Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to Colorado. 228. GEUM L. Avens. 565. 6. strictum Ait. Yellow avens. In Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 637). Newfoundland to British Columbia; Pennsylvania to Arizona and Mexico : Europe : Asia. 566. G. Oregonense (Scheutz) Rydb. [G. urbanum Oregon- ense Scheutz]. Oregon avens. Mountain meadows and canons, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 634). Also at Arapahoe Pass and Eldora (Rydberg). Mackenzie to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Cali- fornia. 567. G. scopulorum Greene. Rocky Mountain avens. In canons and gulches about springs, 5700-9000 ft. ( Dan- iels, 68). Rocky Mountains. 229. ERYTHROCOMA Greene. Purple mountain avens. 568. E. ciliata (Pursh) Greene [Gat in ciliatian Pursh ; Sie- versia ciliata (Pursh) Don; G. triflorum Pursh]. Three- flowered mountain avens. Subalpine and alpine meadows at Eldora, 8000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 627). Also at Arapahoe Pass (Rydberg). Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Labrador to British Columbia ; New York to California and Mexico. I46 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [294 230. ACOMASTYLIS Greene. Yellow mountain AVENS. 569. A. turbinata (Rydb.) Greene [Gcum turbinatum (Rydb) ; Sieversia turbinata (Rydb.) Greene]. Turbinate moun- tain AVENS. Above timberline, Arapaboe Peak, 11500-13500 ft. (Dan- iels, 877). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 570. A. Arapahoensis Daniels. Nov. spec. Arapahoe yellow MOUNTAIN AVENS. Plant 20- 30 cm. high, the stems (about three in number) puberulent, becoming softly hairy or villous above ; basal leaves ascending, about 1 dm. long and 3 cm. wide, pinnate, the lower pinnae narrowly falcate, entire, the others mainly ovate in outline, deeply cut into 2- 7 cuneate lobes, but with occasional little, simple pinnae interspersed with the larger ones; leaves puberulent or glabrate, the margins softly ciliate with white hairs ; rhachis about 3 mm. broad, the base of the petiole about 1 cm. broad, becoming chaffy and sheathing the stems ; lower half of stem leafless, the upper half bearing two leaves, 2j4- 3 cm. long, pinnately parted into about 10 narrow lobes, the lowermost broad, stipule-like, and sheathing the stem ; pe- duncles softly hairy, 3-4 in number, subtended by leaves closely resembling the two stem leaves, but smaller, the peduncles themselves occasionally bearing 1 or 2 bracts, simple or 2- 5 pinnately incised; flowers 2-2^ cm. wide, bright yellow, the petals broadly obovate, five in number ; sepals and bract- lets villous at base, 5 each, spreading, becoming erect in fruit or the tips reflexed in age ; sepals broadly triangular, about twice as high as the narrower bractlets ; stamens numerous ; styles included in fruit, glabrate; achenes softly villous with white hairs. Foliage, stems, sepals and bractlets purple-tinged. The plant differs from A. turbinata (Rydb.) Greene, in its larger size, its softly hairy upper portion, its 3- 4 flowered stems, its broader sepals, which are much longer than the bractlets, and in its larger flowers. This is probably the 295] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 4/ Geum Rossii humilis of Coulter's Manual, but genuine G. Rossii humilis T. & G. comes no nearer than Unalaska, the type locality. A. turbinate (Rydb.) Greene is a low plant, 7-15 cm. high, usually 1- flowered. At timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500 ft. (Daniels, 906). 231. HOLODISCUS Max. Meadowsweet. 571. H. dumosus (Nutt.) Heller. [Spiraea dumosa Nutt.]. Bushy meadowsweet. Boulder County (McFarland). Wyoming and Utah to Colorado and Arizona. 232. KTJNZIA Spreng. Purshia. 572. K. tridentata (Pursh) Spreng. [Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.]. Three-toothed purshia. Rocky hillsides, 6500-8500 ft.; head of Gregory Canon; north of Nederland (Ramaley). Boulder Canon, 9000 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to Washington ; New Mexico to California. 233. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Mountain mahog- any. 573. C. parvifolius Nutt. Small-leaved mountain mahog- any. High mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 172). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). South Dakota to Montana; New Mexico to Utah. 234. DRYAS L. 574. D. octopetala L. White mountain avens. Above timberline. Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13500 ft. (Dan- iels, 939). Also mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Arctic-alpine around the world. 235. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony. 575. A. Brittoniana occidentalis Bickn. Western agrimony. Plains, and canons among the foothills, 5100-7500 (Bear Canon) ft. (Daniels, 259). South Dakota to Wyoming; New Mexico to Arizona. I48 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [296 236. ROSA L. Rose. Brier. 576. R. pratincola Greene. Prairie rose. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 58). Minnesota to Alberta; Kansas to Colorado. 576a. R. pratincola angustiarum Cockerell, n. var. Castle Rock rose. Boulder Canon. 7340 ft. (near Castle Rock), Sept. 22, 1907, growing close to R. Engelmanni Wats. Low bush. Flowers corymbose, often four together. Sepals foliolar-tipped, narrow tomentose. with scattered large dark marginal stalked glands, these last present or absent on same branch. No lateral lobes. Length of sepals prox. 17 mm. Sepals in fruit erect. Fruit depressed globose, very shiny, with no sign of a neck. f Long, (mm.) 11. gY2. n. 10. 10. Meas- Five fruits J ured while fresh. ( Lat. (mm.) 13. 11. 12. 10 %,. ioy2. Twigs and peduncles deep crimson. Penduncles minutely hairy. Branches with straw colored, fairly numerous, straight slen- der prickles, the larger ones about 7 mm., long; infrastipular prickles normally absent. Stipules broad, to 8'j mm., margins dentate, more or less glandular. Leaflets: a series of leaves counted showed leaflets: 11. 9. 9. 10. 9. 9. 7. 5. 11. 9. 11. 9. 9. 11. 9- 9. ii. ii- 9- 3> Leaflets; cuneate basally, simply and strongly toothed, very finely but closely pubescent beneath. Terminal leaflet long. 26.. lat. 13? j mm. Frequently one or two leaflets from between auricles of sti- pules, as in R. sufj itlta. Stipules convolute as in R. U'oodsii, but leaves not shining. (Cockerell, MS., Oct. 1907.) 576b. R. pratincola setulosa Cockerell. X. var. Fruit bristly. Bluebell Canon (Cockerell), 1910. 297] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 49 577. R. Sayi Schweinitz. Say's rose. Common throughout the mesas, foothills and lower moun- tainsides, 5500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 47). Also Eldora to Balti- more (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Rob- bins). Quebec to Alberta; Michigan to Colorado and New Mexico. 578. R. Engelmannii S. Wats. Engelmann's rose. High ridges of Green Mt, 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 535). Also Boulder Canon above Falls ( Cockerell ) . Eldora ; foot of Long's Peak (Ramaley). Michigan to North Dakota ; Texas to Colorado. 579. R. melina Greene. Ashen rose. Canons and gulches at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 102). R. Nutkana Presl., reported by Ramaley from Marshall ; Bluebell Canon ; Gregory Canon ; and Pine Glade School, is probably R. Melina Greene. Wyoming to Colorado. 580. R. Macounii Greene. Macoun's rose. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 968). R. Woodsvi Lindl., reported by Ramaley from Sugarloaf Mt., Bluebird Mine. ; and Spencer Mt. at Eldora, is probably R. Macounii Greene. South Dakota to Alberta; Kansas to Colorado. 581. R. Fendleri Crepin. Fendler's rose. Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 205). Also mountains be- tween Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Marshall; above Mag- nolia (Ramaley). South Dakota to Montana; New Mexico to Arizona. 582. R. aciculata (Cockerell) Cockerell [R. blanda aciculata Cockerell]. Prickly rose.. Gulches at the foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 462). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Colorado to New Mexico. I50 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [298 583. R. Maximiliani Nees. Maximilian's rose. Gregory Canon, 5800-6500 ft. (Daniels, 190). Saskatchewan to Washington ; Colorado to Utah. Family 59. MALACEAE Small. Apple family. 237. AMELANCHIER L. Shadbush. 584. A. polycarpa Greene. Many-fruited juneberry. Mountainsides from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak, where it occurs at timberline, 8600-11500 ft. (Daniels, 909). Wyoming to Colorado. 585. A. elliptiea A. Nels. Elliptical-leaved juneberry. Sugarloaf Mountain (Ramaley). South Dakota to Colorado. 586. A. alnifolia Nutt. Alder-leaved shadbush. Sunshine Canon and Eldora (Ramaley). North Dakota to Montana; Colorado to Utah. 587. A. oreophila A. Nels. Mountain shadbush. Mesas and foothills, common, 5700-8100 ft. (Daniels, 501). Wyoming to Colorado. 238. CRATAEGUS L. Hawthorn. 588. C. occidentalis Britton [C. Colorado Ashe]. Western haw. Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 835). Colorado. 589. C. Coloradensis A. Nels. Colorado haw. Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700- 6000 ft. (Daniels. 767). A form from the entrance to Gregory Canon (Daniels, 838) has the petioles not distally widened. North Dakota to Montana: Nebraska to Colorado. 299] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I5I 590. C. erythropoda Ashe, 1900 [C. Cerronis A. Nels., 1902-]. Cerro haw. Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 794). Colorado. 591. C. Doddsii Ramaley. Dodds's haw. Pole Canon (the type locality) ; also various localities in Boulder Co., 5000-8000 ft. (Ramaley). Colorado. 592. C. Coloradoides Ramaley. False Colorado haw. Pole Canon (the type locality) ; also gulches in the lower foot-hills, 5500-7000 ft. (Ramaley). Colorado. 239. SORBUS L. Mountain ash. 593. S. scopulina Greene. Rocky Mountain mountain ash. At entrance of Bear Canon and very sparingly throughout the mountainous region, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 764). Alberta to Washington ; Colorado to Utah. Family 60. AMYGDALACEAE Reichenb. Peach family. 240. PRUNTJS L. Plum. Cherry. 594. P. Americana Marsh. American wild plum. Mesas and lower foothills, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 795). New York to Montana ; Florida to Colorado. 595. P. prunella Daniels. Nov. sp. Pygmy plum. Undershrub, thornless, trailing or ascending, 3-6 dm. high with grayish bark, the new twigs reddish ; fruits lateral, soli- tary in the specimens secured, on slender pedicels 1 cm. long ; drupes oblong, i'/i-ij^ cm. long and 1 cm. wide when dried, black-purple with but slight traces of bloom; pulp red-purple, astringent but sweet and edible; stone oblong 12 mm. long by 7 mm. wide, bean-shaped, flattish, rugose, the margins slightly winged, the ends plainly so ; leaves lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long including the petiole, and 12-15 mm- wide in the middle, sharply but not deeply serrate, entire toward the acuminate I52 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3OO base; upper surfaces glossy green, under surfaces paler, the midrib white and shining both above and below. Flowers not seen. Mesa at entrance of Gregory Canon and facing the first Flat-iron, scarce; 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 654). A true plum, having perhaps as its nearest ally P. Watsoni Sargent. Specific name the diminutive of Primus. 596. P. Besseyi Bailey. Bessey's sand cherry. One-fourth mile above Chautauqua grounds, Boulder, (Beth- el). Also White Rocks (Ramaley). North Dakota to Kansas and Colorado. 597. P. Pennsylvania L. f. Wild red cherry. Common throughout, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 2>27)- Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Newfoundland to North Dakota ; Georgia to Colorado. 598. P. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Cerasus demissa melanocarpa A. Nels.] Black-fruited western wild cherry. Common along canons throughout the mesas and foothills, 5600-8500 ft. (Daniels, 465). North Dakota to Alberta and British Columbia ; New Mexico to California. Family 61. FABACEAE Reichenb. Bean family. 241. SOPHORA L. 599. S. sericea Nutt. Silky sophora. Alkaline flats about Owen's lake, 5200 ft. (Daniels, 664). South Dakota to Wyoming ; Texas to Arizona. 242. THERMOPSIS R. Br. 600. T. pinetorum Greene. Pinf.land thermopsis. Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 273). Open woodlands and hill- sides, Boulder (Rydberg). Colorado to New Mexico. 30 1 ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 53 601. T. divaricarpa A. Nels. Divaricate-podded thermop- SIS. Abundant throughout the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5600-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 109). Also from Eldora to Balti- more (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 602. T. arenosa A. Nels. Sand thermopsis. In sandy soil, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. ( Ramaley & Robbins). Saskatchewan and Montana to Colorado. 243. LUPINTJS L. Lupine. 603. L. Plattensis S. Wats. Platte lupine. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 48). Nebraska and Wyoming to Colorado. 604. L. rubricaulis Greene. Red-stemmed lupine. Mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 394). Colorado. 604^. L. alpestris A. Nels. [L. alsophilus Greene]. Alpine lupine. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 605. L. parviflorus Nutt. Small-flowered lupine. Among pines, Gregory Canon and slopes of Green Moun- tain, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 344). South Dakota to Montana; Colorado to Utah. 606. L. decumbens Torr. [L. argenteus decumbens (Torr.) Gray; L. leptostachys Greene]. Decumbent lupine. Common in the plains and foothills, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan- iels. 704). Nebraska to Montana and Oregon ; Colorado to Califor- nia. 154 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [302 606a. L. decumbens argentatus Rydb. Silvery decumbent lupine. Plains, foothills, and mountain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan- iels, 131). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 244. TRIFOLIuTiI L. Clover. 607. T. pratense L. Red clover. Throughout the cultivated area, 5100-8500 ft. (Daniels, 744). Europe and Asia, thence cultivated and naturalized in all temperate lands. 608. T. hybridum L. Alsike clover. Roadsides and fields about Boulder, 5100-5700 ft. (Dan- iels, 244). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, thence to all temperate lands. 609. T. repens L. White clover. Sheep clover. Common throughout the cultivated area, whence it has pen- etrated to distant canons in the foothills, 5100-7500 ft. (Dan- iels, 500). Europe: Siberia: Sub-arctic America; now in the greater part of North America. 610. T. lividum Rydb. Livid clover. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500- 13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1019). Wyoming to Colorado. 611. T. dasyphylhun Torr. Gray clover. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11 500- 13000 ft. (Dan- iels, 874). Also Eldora to Baltimore and in the mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. 245. MEDICA Hill. Lucerne. 612. M. sativa (L.) Hill [Medicago sativa L.]. Alfalfa. Throughout the cultivated area, and extending into the mountains along the roads and railroads, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 509). Europe, thence to all temperate lands. 303] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 55 246. MEDICAGO L. Medic. 613. M. lupulina L. Hop medic. Streets of Boulder, and about the quarries at the base of the Flat-irons, 5300-6000 ft. (Daniels, 658). Not in Ryd- berg's Flora. Europe and Asia, becoming cosmopolitan. 247. MELILOTUS Juss. Sweet clover,. Melilot. 614. M. alba Desv. White sweet clover. Throughout the cultivated area, and abundant along rail- roads, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 591). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 615. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow melilot. Streets and waste places, and about the quarries at the base of the Flat-irons, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 657). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 248. GEOPRUMNON Rydb. Ground plum. 616. G. succulentum (Richardson) Rydb. [Astragalus succu- lentus Richardson; A. prunifer Rydb.]. Succulent GROUND PLUM. Plains and foothills about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels). Saskatchewan to Montana; South Dakota to Colo- rado. 249. ASTRAGALUS L. Milk vetch. 617. A. Canadensis L. [A. Carolinianus L.]. Canada milk VETCH. Frequent on the plains, mesas, and along canons in the foot- hills, 5100-7000 (Green Mt.) ft. (Daniels, 461). Quebec to British Columbia; Florida to California. 618. A. oreophilus Rydb. Mountain milk vetch. Plains, mesas, and foothills, local, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 124). Colorado. I56 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [304 619. A. nitidus Dougl. Shining milk vetch. Canons, north slope of Green Mt., 7000 ft. (Daniels, 278). Saskatchewan to Alberta and Oregon ; Minnesota to Colorado. 620. A. sulphurescens Rydb. Sulphur milk vetch. Gregory Canon, and canons on Green Mt., 6000-7500 ft. (Daniels, 613). Also Boulder Canon and near Boulder (Ryd- berg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado. 621. A. virgultatus Sheld. [A. hypoglottis bracteosus Osterh.]. Bushy milk vetch. At Boulder, 5000-8000 ft. (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 622. A. goniatus Nutt. [A. hypoglottis polyspermus T. & G.]. Purple milk vetch. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and along streams in the foothills, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 5). Saskatchewan to Washington; Colorado to California. 250. TIUM Medic. 623. T. Drummondii (Dougl.) Rydb. [Astragalus Drum- mondii Dougl.]. Drummond's milk vetch. Mesas and foothills, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels, 76). Valmont (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Saskatchewan to Alberta ; Nebraska to Colorado. 624. T. alpinum (L.) Rydb. [Astragalus alpinus L.]. Al- pine milk vetch. Boulder Canon above Falls ; Eldora and along the Arap- ahoe Trail to timberline, 7000-1 1500 ft. (Daniels, 857). Labrador to Alaska ; Vermont to Colorado : Northern Europe and Asia. 251. ATELOPHRAGMA Rydb. 625. A. elegans (Hook.) Rydb. [Phaca elegans Hook. ; Astrag- alus oroboides Americanus Gray]. Pretty milk vetch. About Eldora and along the Arapahoe Trail to timberline and beyond, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 1020). Labrador and Quebec to Saskatchewan ; Idaho to Colo- rado. 305] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 157 252. XYLOPHACOS Rydb. 626. X. Parryi (Gray) Rydb. [Astragalus Parryi Gray]. Par- ry's MILK VETCH. On rocks, Gregory Canon road and other bare ridges in the foothills, 5900-9000 ft. (Daniels, 638). Wyoming to Colorado. 627. X. Shortianus (Nutt.) Rydb. [Astragalus Shortianus Nutt.]. Short's milk vetch. Dry plains, mesas, and ridges in the foothills, 5100-9000 tt. (Daniels, 35). Nebraska to Wyoming; Colorado to Arizona. 253. HOMALOBUS Nutt. 628. H. tenellus (Pursh) Britton [Astragalus tenellus Pursh ; A. multiflorus (Pursh) Gray]. Slender milk vetch. Boulder Canon above Falls and at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 539). Also at Ward, and mountains between Sun- shine and Ward (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Yukon; Minnesota and Nebraska to Colorado and Nevada. 629. H. decumbens Nutt. [Astragalus decumbens Gray]. De- cumbent milk vetch. Valley lying west of South Boulder Peak and Bear Moun- tain, 7000-7500 ft. (Daniels, 444). Wyoming to Colorado. 630. H. campestris Nutt. [Astragalus campestris Gray; A. convallarius Greene]. Plains milk vetch. Meadows on Green Mountain, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 316). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to Utah. 631. H. flexuosus (Dougl.) Rydb. [Phaca flcxuosa (Dougl.) Hook.; Astragalus flexuosus Dougl.]. Flexile milk vetch. Near Boulder (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Alberta ; Minnesota to Kansas and Colorado. I58 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [306 632. H. Salidae Rydb. Salida milk vetch. Plains in Boulder, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 4). Colorado. 254. OROPHACA Britton. 633. 0. tridactylica (Gray) Rydb. [Astragalus tridactyhcus Gray]. Three-fingered milk vetch. St. Vrain's Canon (Rydberg; also Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Colorado. 255. ARAGAILUS Necker. Loco-weed. 634. A. deflexus (Pall.) Heller [Oxytropis dcflcxa (Pall.) DC.]. Deflexed loco-weed. Boulder Canon ; also in subalpine meadows about Eldora and along the Arapahoe Trail, 6000-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 808). Saskatchewan and Alaska to New Mexico. 634^2- A multiceps (Nutt) Heller [Oxytropis muliiceps Nutt.]. Cespitose loco-weed. Boulder Canon, 9000 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Nebraska to Wyoming and Colorado. 635. A. minor (Gray) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [ Oxytropis multiceps minor Gray; A. multiceps minor (Gray) A. Nels.]. Little loco-weed. Sugarloaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Caribou (Rydberg). Colorado. O36. A. patens Rydb. Broad-leaved loco-weed. Plains and foothills near Boulder ; below Sunshine and Ward; Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Common throughout, 5500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 333). Boulder is the type locality. Colorado. -07] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 159 637. A. Lamberti (Pursh) Greene [Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh; Spicsia Lamberti (Pursh) Kuntze] . Lambert's LOCO-WEED. Abundant on the plains, mesas, foothills, and in subalpine meadows, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 15). Also on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Saint Vrain creek (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Minnesota to Montana ; Missouri to Colorado. 638. A. sericeus (Nutt.) Greene [Oxytropis sericca Nutt. ; Spicsia Lamberti sericca (Nutt.) Rydb.] Silky loco- weed. With the preceding, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 43). North Dakota to Wyoming; New Mexico to Arizona. 639. A. Richardsonii (Hook.) Greene [Oxytropis splcndens Richardsonii Hook.]. Richardson's loco-weed. In mountain valleys from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Yukon ; and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. 256. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Wild liquorice. 640. G. lepidota Nutt. Scaly wild liquorice. Common along roads and railroads, and in the larger canons, and on the plains throughout, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 160). Ontario to Washington ; New York to Arizona and Mexico. 257. AMORPHA L. False indigo. Lead plant. 641. A. fruticosa L. Shrubby false indigo. Along streams and in gulches in the mesas and plains, 5100- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 50). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Prof. Ram- aley reports A. angustifolia (Pursh) Boynton from Boul- der, but according to Prof. Cockerell the specimen in the Univ. of Colorado Herbarium is A. fruticosa L. Ohio to Manitoba; Florida to Colorado and Chihuahua. l6o UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [308 642. A. nana Nutt. [A. microphylla Pursh]. Small-leaved FALSE INDIGO. Dry plains between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Dan- iels, 521). Iowa to Manitoba ; Missouri to Colorado. 258. PSORALEA L. Indian breadroot. Pomme BLANCHE. 643. P. tenuiflora Pursh. Few-flowered Indian breadroot. One of the commonest and most characteristic plants of the plains and mesas, and in open meadows on the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 297). A white-flowered form is oc- casional (Daniels, 297a). Minnesota to Montana ; Illinois to Arkansas, Texas and Arizona. 644. P. argophylla Pursh. Silver-leaf Indian breadroot. Local on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 189). Wisconsin to Saskatchewan; Missouri to New Mexico and Arizona. 259. PETALOSTEMON Lam. Prairie clover. 645. P. oligophyllus (Torr.) Rydb. [P. gracilis oligophyllus Torr. ; Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller]. Slender white prairie clover. On the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 161). Iowa to Assiniboia ; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 646. P. purpureus (Vent.) Rydb. [P. violaccus Michx. ; Kuh- nistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM.]. Violet prairie clo- ver. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels). Indiana to Saskatchewan and Alberta; Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. 647. P. pubescens A. Nelson. Hairy violet prairie clover. Plains about Boulder, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 349). Colorado. 309] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO l6l 260. VICIA L. Vetch. 648. Vicia sparsifolia Nutt. [V. linearis (Nutt.) Greene]. Narrow-leaved vetch. Mesas and gulches about Boulder, 5600-6000 ft. (Daniels, 334)- Manitoba and Alberta to Idaho; Kansas to California. 649. V. dissitifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. [Lathyrns dissitifolius Nutt.]. Remote-leaved vetch. In gulches and canons in the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 107). Nebraska to Colorado. 650. V. oregana Nutt. Mountain vetch. Common throughout in canons and along the banks of streams, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 78). Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Washington ; Kansas to California. 651. V. producta Rydb. Small-flowered mountain vetch. Gulches on east slope of Flagstaff Hill, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 100). Colorado to Utah ; New Mexico to California. 261. LATHYRUS L. Vetchling. 652. L. leucanthus Rydb. White-flowered vetchling. Common in gulches and canons, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 79). Colorado to New Mexico. 262. APIOS Moench. Ground nut. 653. A. Apios Boulderensis Daniels. Nov. var. Boulder ground nut. Differing from the typical eastern plant chiefly in the some- what larger, thinner long-acuminate leaflets, which are nine as well as seven in number, the somewhat smaller brownish deep-violet flowers, which are densely granular under a lens. No pods were secured, nor tubers from the rootstock, only one vine being discovered, which it did not seem wise to up- root for fear of exterminating the plant in the only locality known for the ground nut in the Rocky Mountains. 162 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3IO One vine in a gulch at the foot of Flagstaff Hill, Aug. 18, 1906, 5900-6000 ft. (Daniels, 799). The species ranges from New Brunswick to Ontario ; Florida to Louisiana and Eastern Kansas. Order 24. GERANIALES. Family 62. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Geranium family. 263. GERANIUM L. Cranesbill. 654. G. Richardsonii Fish. & Traut. [G. gracilentum Greene]. Richardson's cranesbill. Common in springy canons and damp meadows in the foot- hills and mountains, 6500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 447). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; New Mexico to California. 655. G. Parryi (Engelm.) Heller [G. Fremontii Parryi Engelm.]. Parry's cranesbill. Meadows and gulches in the high mesas and foothills, 5700- 8000 ft. (Daniels, 64). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash Col- lege Herb.). Wyoming to Colorado. 656. G. Pattersonii Rydb. Patterson's cranesbill. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 657. G. FTemontii Torr. in Gray. Fremont's cranesbill. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and mountain meadows, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 62). Five miles north of Boulder (Cockerell). St. Vrain Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Colorado. 658. G. longipes (Wats.) Goodding [G. Bicknellii Britton]. Bicknell's cranesbill. Waste places, acting like an introduced weed, about Boulder, and along Boulder Canon road almost to the Falls in the vicinity of houses, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 558). 31 i] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 63 Nova Scotia to British Columbia ; New York to Cali- fornia. 264. ERODIuH L. Stork's-bill. 659. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Hemlock stork's-bill. Pin-clover. Boulder (Rydberg), where it is very common (Cockerell). Europe, thence to North America. Family 63. LINACEAE Dumont. Flax family. 265. LINITM L. Flax. 660. L. Lewisii Pursh [L. perenne Lewisii (Pursh) Eat. & Wright] . Lewis's flax. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and open mountain slopes, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 132). Mackenzie to Yukon ; Texas to California and Mexico. 661. L. pratense (Norton) Small. Meadow flax. Abundant in a meadow north of Boulder (Henderson & Cockerell). Range of the preceding. Family 64. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Wood sorrel family. 266. XANTHOXALIS Small. Yellow wood sorrel. 662. X. stricta (L.) Small [Oxalis strict a L.] Upright yel- low wood sorrel. Common throughout except at the higher elevations, espe- cially along roads and railroads, and in yards about houses, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 572). Nova Scotia to South Dakota; Florida to Texas and Colorado : adventitious in Europe. Order 25. EUPHORBIALES. Family 65. EUPHORBIACEAE St. Hil. Spurge family. 267. CROTON L. Croton. 663. C. Texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Texas croton. Longmont and Boulder (Rydberg). Illinois to Wyoming; Alasama to Arizona and Mexico. I64 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3 1 2 268. TRAGIA L. Nettle spurge. 664. T. ramosa Torr. Branching nettle spurge. Dry soil and under rocks, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 86). Missouri to Colorado; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 269. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray. Spurge. 665. C. petaloidea (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.]. White-flowered spurge. Along the road and railroad in Boulder Canon, and in creek- sands along Boulder creek, 5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, 775). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Iowa to Wyoming; Texas to Colorado. 666. C. Fendleri (T. & G.) Small [Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G.]. Fendler's spurge. Foot of Valmont Butte, near Owen's lake, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels, 666). Nebraska to Wyoming; Texas to Arizona. 667. C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia glyptosper- ma Engelm.]. Ridge-seeded spurge. Abundant in sandy places and along railroads, 5100-7000 (Sunset Canon) ft. (Daniels, 576). Ontario to British Columbia ; Texas to Mexico. 668. C. rugulosa (Engelm.) Rydb. [Euphorbia scrpyllifolia rugulosa Engelm.]. Rugulose-seeded spurge. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming and New Mexico to California. 669. C. serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small [Euphorbia scrpyllifolia Pers.]. Thyme-leaved spurge. Very common in waste places, along roadsides and rail- roads, and on creek-sands, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 420). Also at Lyons (Rydberg). Michigan to Washington; Texas to California and Mexico. 3I3] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 165 270. TITHYMALUS Adans. 670. T. marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell [Euphorbia margi- nata Pursh; Dichrophyllum marginatum (Pursh) Kl. & Garcke]. Snow-on-the-mountain. Plains and mesas about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 188). My specimens have flowers with five glands. Minnesota to Montana; Missouri to Texas and Colo- rado. 670a. T. marginatus tetramerus Cockerell. Boulder snow- ON-THE-MOUNTAIX. Very common about Boulder; although in some plants the central flower of each umbel has five petaloid appendages, the others have but three or four. An occasional form — forma iuornata has the white margin of the leaves obsolete, or nearly so, but my material is too scant to enable me to deter- mine whether this is characteristic of the variety alone, though a few of my specimens have the central flower with five appendages, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 957). 671. T. robustus (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia montana ro- busta Engelm.]. Stout spurge. High mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 187). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). South Dakota to Montana ; Colorado to Arizona. 672. T. philoras Cockerell [Euphorbia montana Engelm.; not Raf.]. Mountain spurge. Frequent on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 16). Boulder Canon (Porter & Coulter). A form, — forma dichotoma (Daniels, 367) from the high ridges of Green Mt. repeatedly forks into long leafy branches topped by a cluster of two or three flowers, with a few others in the axils of the upper leaves, the central cyme or umbel not being present. Colorado to Utah ; Texas to Arizona. 673. T. Arkansanus (Engelm. & Gray) Kl. & Garcke [Eu- phorbia Arkansana Engelm. & Gray]. Arkansas spurge. 1 66 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3 1 4 Plains about Boulder, especially on the banks of irrigation ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 391). Missouri to South Dakota and Colorado; Alabama to Arizona. 271. POLNSETTIA Graham. 674. P. cuphosperma (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia cuphos- perma Boiss.]. Warty spurge. Plains east of Boulder and along railroads, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 692). Tenth Street, Boulder (Cockerell). South Dakota to Wyoming ; Texas to Arizona and Mex- ico. 675. P. dentata (Michx.) Small [Euphorbia dentate Michx.]. Toothed spurge. On the plains and mesas, frequent, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 430- Pennsylvania to South Dakota ; Louisiana to Utah and Mexico. Family 66. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Water starwort family. 272. CALLITPJCHE L. Water starwort. 676. C. palustris L. Marsh water starwort. Aspen bog, Glacier Lake ; also in streams and ponds about Boulder, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 248). Eldora lake (W. W. Robbins). Nova Scotia to British Columbia; Florida to Califor- nia: Europe: Asia: South America. 677. C. bifida (L.) Morong [C. autumnalis L.]. Autumnal WATER STARWORT. South Boulder creek, Arapahoe Road, common ; in com- pany with the preceding species, but more abuncant, 5200-5400 ft. (Daniels, 738). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Quebec to Manitoba and Oregon ; Michigan to Colorado. 315] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 67 Order 26. SAPINDALES. Family 67. SPONDIACEAE Kunth. Cashew family. 273. TOXICODENDRON Miller. Poison ivy. 678. T. Rydbergii (Small) Greene [Rhus Rydbergii Small]. RYDBERG'S POISON IVY. Common along streams, roadsides, gulches, and canons for some distance in the mountainous region, 5100-7000 (Bear Canon) ft. (Daniels, 42). Montana to British Columbia; Nebraska to Colorado. 274. RHTJS L. Sumach. 679. R. glabra cismontana (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [R. cismontana Greene] . Cismontane sumach. Common on the mesas and foothills, 5400-8000 ft. (Daniels 221). Magnificently scarlet in the fall. Dakota and Utah to New Mexico and Arizona. 275. SCHMALTZIA Desv. Fragrant sumac. 680. S. trilobata (Nutt.) Small [Rhus trilobata Nutt.]. Three-lobed fragrant sumac. On the dry banks of streams, and on dry hills and ridges, 5400-8000 ft. (Daniels, 599). Assiniboia to Washington ; Missouri to Texas, Califor- nia, and Mexico. Family 68. ACERACEAE J. St. Mil. Maple family 276. ACER L. Maple. 681. A. glabmm Torr. Smooth maple. In gulches and canons and along streams, 5400-8600 ft. (Dan- iels, 96). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming; New Mexico to Utah. 681a. A. glabrum tripartitum (Nutt.) Pax [A. tripartitum Nutt.]. Three-leaved maple. Along Boulder Canon road, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 285). Range of the type. 168 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [316 277. RTJLAC Adans. Box elder. 682. R. Negundo (L.) Hitchc. [Acer Negnndo L. ; Negundo Negundo (L.) Karst. ; Negundo aceroides Moench]. Common box elder. Common along streams, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 390). Also St. Vrain creek below Lyons (Ramaley). Vermont to Idaho ; Florida to Texas. 683. R. Texanum (Pax) Small [Acer Texanum Pax; Acer Negundo Texanum Pax]. Texan box elder. Bear and Bluebell Canons (Ramaley). Foothills near Boul- der (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Missouri to Arizona. Order 27. RHAMNALES. Family 69. FRANGULACEAE D C. Buckthorn family. 278. CEANOTHTJS L. New Jersey tea. 684. C. velutinus Dougl. Varnished New Jersey tea. Common on the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 272). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg) ; Eldora and near foot of Long's Peak (Ramaley). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 685. C. mollissimus Torr. [C. ovatus pubescens T. & G. ; C. pubescens (T. & G.) Rydb.] Hairy New Jersey tea. Common on the mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 65). Eldora (Ramaley). Michigan to South Dakota ; Missouri to Colorado. 686. C. subsericeus Rydb. Silkish New Jersey tea. Slopes of Green Mt., 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels. 756). Plains north of Marshall, and Boulder Canon (Ramaley). Appears like a hybrid between the preceding and the next. Colorado. 687. C. Fendleri Gray. Fendler's New Jersey tea. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 91). Also in the mountains between Sunshine 317] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 69 and Ward (Rydberg). South Boulder Canon, and hill north of Nederland (Ramaley). South Dakota to Wyoming; New Mexico to Arizona. Family 70. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape family. 279. VITIS L. Grape. 688. V. vulpina L. [V. riparia Michx.]. River-bank grape. Common along the banks of streams in the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, no). Certain forms with strongly lobed leaves simulate V. palmata Vahl, and may be a distinct species. New Brunswick to North Dakota; West Virginia to Texas and Colorado. 689. V. Boulderensis Daniels. Nov. sp. Boulder grape. Plant weakly climbing, tendrils few, but these stout and little curled, bark reddish brown, the young twigs densely floccose pubescent, leaves small, at most 6 cm. long and wide, exclusive of the petiole, ovate to orbicular, the sinus often deep or sometimes shallow, broad and nearly obsolete; leaves mostly truncate at the top, the apices of the two shallow lat- eral lobes but little shorter than the main apex, the leaves, however, occasionally sharply acuminate, the margins coarsely dentate, slightly lobed, on slender petioles, which are loosely floccose as well as the veins both above and beneath, but be- coming glabrate in age ; clusters small, mostly in simple ra- cemes, or with one or two prominent branches, fruit not set on the only vine discovered, and all flowers examined staminate. Nearest Vitis Arizonica Engelm. Gulch at base of Flagstaff Hill, 5800-6000 ft. (Daniels, 119). 280. PESEDERA Neck. Virginia creeper. 690. P. vitacea (Hitchc.) Greene [Ampelopsis quinquefolia vitacea (Hitchc.) Knerr; Partlicnocissus vitacea (Hitchc.)]. Vinelike Virginia creeper. Common about streams and along fences, in the latter case perhaps the plant is P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch, intro- I70 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3I8 duced; my material which came from canons in the foothills is, however, all of P. vitacea (Hitchc.) Greene, 5100-6500 ft. Daniels, 584). Michigan to Wyoming; Ohio to Arizona. Order 28. MALVALES. Family 71. MALVACEAE Neck. Mallow family. 281. MALVA L. Mallow. 691. M. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved mallow. Common CHEESES. Common in waste places, and following the roads and rail- roads, into the foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 587). Europe, thence to North America. 282. SIDALCEA Gray. Western mallow. 692. S. Candida Gray. White western mallow. Along irrigation ditches and streams and in moist mountain meadows, both at Boulder (rare) and at Eldora. 5400-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 162). Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 283. ALTHAEA L. Hollyhock. 693. A. rosea Cav. Common hollyhock. Escaped to roadsides and along streams at Boulder. 5300- 5600 ft. (Daniels, 746). Turkey, Greece, and Crete, thence widely cultivated. 284. MALVASTRUM Gray. False mallow. 694. M. dissectum (Nutt.) Cockerell. Scarlet false mal- low. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 204). Saskatchewan to Oregon ; Iowa to Texas and Utah. 3I9] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I7I Order 29. HYPERICALES. Family 72. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. Johnswort family. 285. HYPERICUM L. St. Johnswort. 694^. H. formosum H. B. K. Handsome St. Johnswort. Common in mountain swamps (Ramaley). Colorado and Utah to Mexico and Southern California. 695. H. majus (Gray ) Britton [H. Canadense majus Gray]. Larger Canadian St. Johnswort. Along streams in the plains, a dwarf form only a decimetre high, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 787). Also foothills near Boul- der (Rydberg). Maine to British Columbia; New Jersey to Colorado. Family 73. VIOLACEAE D C. Violet family. 286. VIOLA L. Violet. 696. V. palustris L. Marsh violet. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska ; New York to Colorado. 697. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Pale violet. Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Newfoundland to British Columbia ; North Carolina to Utah. 698. V. cognata Greene. Western blue violet. Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Alberta; New Mexico to California. 699. V. Nuttallii Pursh. Nuttall's violet. Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg). Abundant at Boulder (Cockerell). Manitoba to Montana; Missouri to New Mexico and Arizona. I72 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [320 700. V. vallicola A. Nels. [V. physalodes Greene]. Valley violet. Spruce forest, Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 760). The plant in fruit only. North Dakota to Montana; Colorado to Utah. 701. V. biflora L. Two-flowered violet. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado : Europe : Asia. 702. V. Canadensis Rydbergii (Greene) House [V. Rydbergii Greene]. Rydberg's violet. Common in moist canons and along streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 126). Long's Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Alberta to Idaho ; South Dakota to Colorado. 702a. V. Canadensis Neo-Mexicana (Greene) House [V. Neo- Mexkana Greene]. New Mexico violet. Common in moist soil at Glacier Lake, Eldora, and Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 8000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 864). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado to New Mexico. 703. V. bellidifolia Greene. Daisy-leaved violet. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Wyoming to Colorado. 287. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. Nodding violet. 704. C. linearis (Torr.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Ionidium lineare Torr.]. Narrow-leaved nodding violet. Banks of stream at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 108). Kansas to Colorado; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 32 I ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 73 Order 30. OPUNTIALES. Family 74. LOASACEAE Reichenb. Loasa family. 288. NTJTTALLIA Raf. Western star. 705. N. multiflora (Nutt.) Greene [Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray; Touterca multiflora (Nutt.) Rydb.] Many-flowered western star. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 77). Texas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. 706. N. speciosa (Osterh.) Greene [Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. ; Touterea speciosa Osterh.]. Showy western star. Near Boulder; also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Wyoming to Colorado. 707. N. sinuata (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Touterea sinu- ata Rydb.]. Wavy-leaved western star. At Boulder the type-locality (Rydberg). Colorado. 708. N. nuda ( Pursh) Greene [Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. ; Touterea nuda (Pursh) Eat. & Wr.]. Naked wes- tern STAR. At Boulder (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming and Colorado. 709. N. strieta (Osterh.) Greene [Hesperaster strictus Osterh.]. Strict western star. Along the Union Pacific Railroad, the flowers as large as in the next, but the outer filaments dilated, 5200-5400 ft. (Daniels, 678). Also at Lyons (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming; Texas to Colorado. 710. N. decapetala (Pursh) Greene [Bartonia decapetala Pursh; Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urb. & Gilg. ; M. 174 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [322 omata Pursh; Touterea decapetala (Pursh) Rydb.]. Ten- PETALLED WESTERN STAR. Near Boulder (Rydberg). Alberta to Montana; Texas to Nevada. 289. ACROLASIA Presl. Mentzelia. 711. A. latifolia Rydb. Broad-leaved mentzelia. At Boulder the type locality (Daniels'). Between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. 712. A. albicaulis (Dougl.) Rydb. [Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl.]. White-stemmed mentzelia. Common in dry, especially sandy soil, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 92). Nebraska to British Columbia; New Mexico and Utah. 712a. A. albicaulis integrifolia (Wats.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Mentzelia albicaulis integrifolia Wats. ; A. integrifolia (Wats.) Rydb.; M. dispersa Wats.]. Entire-leaved mentzelia. With the preceding, into which it apparently passes, 5100- 6500 ft. (Daniels, 88). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. Family 75. CACTACEAE H. B. K. Cactus family. 290. CACTUS L. Ball cactus. 713. C. viviparus Nutt. [ Mamillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw.]. Viviparous ball cactus. Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Nebraska and Montana to Colorado. 291. ECHINOCERETTS Engelm. Prickly cereus. 714. E. viridiflorus Engelm. [Cereus viridiflorus Engelm.]. Green-flowered prickly cereus. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 818). Not seen in flower. Kansas to Wyoming ; Texas to New Mexico. 323] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 75 292. OPTTNTIA Mill. Prickly pear. 715. 0. mesacantha Raf. [0. humifusus Raf. ; 0. Rafincsquii Engelm.]. Western prickly pear. Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, the commonest cactus about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 93). Wisconsin and Minnesota to Colorado; Kentucky and Texas to Arizona. 716. 0. polyacantha Haw. Many-spined prickly pear. On the mesas and foothills, apparently ascending higher than the preceding species, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 690). North Dakota to British Columbia ; Oklahoma to New Mexico and Oregon. 717. 0. rhodantha K. Sch. Red-flowered prickly pear. On the foothills near the juncture of Sunset and Boulder Canons, 6500 ft. (Daniels). Nebraska to Colorado. 718. 0. Greenei Englm., in Coult. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3. 431, [0. mesacantha Greenii (Engelm.). Coult.]. Greene's PRICKLY PEAR. Vicinity of Boulder (Andrews). Colorado. 719. 0. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle prickly pear. Common on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 817). Not seen in flower. Wisconsin to British Columbia; Kansas to New Mex- ico and Utah. Order 31. THYMELIALES. Family 76. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. Silverberry family. 293. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. Buffalo berry. 720. L. Canadensis (L.) Greene [Shepherdia Canadensis (L.) Nutt.]. Canadian buffalo berry. Valleys in the foothills west of Bear Mountain and South Boulder Peaks, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 445). Also from Eldora to I76 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [324 Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Magnolia; Sugarloaf Mt. ; Spen- cer Mt. (Ramaley). Newfoundland to Alaska; New York and Michigan to Colorado and Oregon. Order 32. MYRTALES. Family 77. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Loosestrife family. 2931/2. AMMANNIA L. 720^. A. coecinea Rottb. Scarlet ammannia. Marshall lake (W. W. Robbins). Michigan to South Dakota ; Florida to Mexico : South America. 294. LYTHRUM L. Loosestrife. 721. L. alatum Pursh. Winged loosestrife. Common in swales in the plains. 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 4I3)- Massachusetts to South Dakota ; Kentucky to Colo- rado. Family 78. EPILOBIACEAE D C. Willowherb family. 295. CHAMAENERION Adans. Fireweed. 722. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. [Epilobium angustifolium L.]. Great willow-herb. Narrow-leaved fireweed. Common throughout, especially in burns and in aspen thick- ets, 5700-10000 (Arapahoe Trail) ft. (Daniels, 211). Also at Caribou, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). A form from the foothills has white flowers (Daniels, 196). Greenland to Alaska ; North Carolina to California : Europe: Asia. 722a. C. angustifolium platyphyllum Daniels. Nov. var. Leaves remarkably large and broad, some being 17 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, and merely acutish at apex ; lateral nerves 325] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 177 evident, confluent in loops ; flowers few, 2-3 cm. wide, dark purple, subtended by large leaves ; style pubescent at base. Canons on Green Mt, 6500-7000 ft. (Daniels, 268). 296. EPLLOBITIM L. Willow-herb. 723. E. occidentale (Trelease) Rydb. [E. adenocaulon occi- dentale Trelease]. Western willow-herb. In wet ground at Caribou and Boulder (Rydberg). Montana to Alberta ; South Dakota to Colorado. 724. E. adenocaulon Haussk. Northern willow-herb. Common in swales and along streams in the plains, and in mountain canons and aspen bogs, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 243). New Brunswick to Washington ; Pennsylvania to Cal- ifornia. 725. E. rubescens Rydb. Reddish willow-herb. In aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 707). Colorado. 725^. E. alpinum L. Alpine willow-herb. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Greenland and Alaska to New Hampshire, Colorado, and California. 726. E. anagallidifolium Lam. Pimpernel willow-herb. Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow, and above timberline on Arapahoe Peak in wet tundras, 10000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 325). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska; Colorado to Nevada : Europe : Asia. 727. E. paniculatum Nutt. Panicled willow-herb. Common, especially on creek-sands and along roads and railroads, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 440). Lake Huron to Alberta and British Columbia ; Colorado and Arizona to California. I78 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [326 728. E. adenocladon (Haussk.) Rydb. [E. paniculatum adcn- ocladon Haussk.]. Glandular panicled willow-herb- At Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Wyoming; Colorado to Utah. 297. GAY0PHYT1JM Juss. Gayophyte. 729. 6. intermedium Rydb. Intermediate gayophyte. Very common throughout except in the high alpine region, 5100-8600 (Eldora) ft. (Daniels, 159). Also at Caribou, Ward, and between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to California. 298. OENOTHERA L. Evening primrose. 730. 0. strigosa (Rydb.) Blankinship [Onagra strigosa Rydb. ; Oenothera biennis strigosa Rydb.]. Hairy evening prim- rose. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 137)- Minnesota to Washington ; Missouri to New Mexico and Utah. 731. 0. Hookeri T. & G. [0. biennis Iiirsutissima Gray; Ona- gra Hookeri (T. & G) Small]. Hooker's evening prim- rose. Rare on the mesas and foothills, the flowers turning pink in withering, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 562). Idaho to California ; New Mexico to Mexico. 299. ANOGEA Spach. White evening primrose. 732. A. albicaulis (Pursh) Britton [Oenothera albicaulis Pursh; 0. pinnatifida Nutt.]. White-stemmed white evening primrose. Common on the plains and mesas, and along the shore-sands of Boulder creek, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 141). North Dakota to Montana; Texas to New Mexico and Sonora. 327] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 79 223- A rhizomata A. Nels. Rhizomatous white evening PRIMROSE. Local on the plains, but abundant where found, since it spreads fast with its slender rootstocks, 5600-5400 ft. (Daniels, 393)- Wyoming to Colorado. 734. A. Nuttallii (Sweet) A. Nels. [Oenothera Nuttallii Lindl.]. Nuttall's white evening primrose. At Boulder (Rydberg). Minnesota to Idaho and Colorado. 735. A. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton [Oenothera cor ono pi- folia T. & G.]. Cut-leaved white evening primrose. At Boulder (Rydberg). Very common from Boulder and Marshall up to about 8000 ft. in dry soil (Ramaley). South Dakota to Wyoming; Kansas to New Mexico. 300. PACHYIOPHTJS Spach. Scapose evening prim- rose. 736. P. montanus (Nutt.) A. Nels. [Oenothera montana Nutt.]. Mountain scapose evening primrose. In eroded soil on Green Mountain and along Boulder Canon road, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 536). Assiniboia to Idaho; Colorado to Nevada. "jyj. P. macroglottis Rydb. Large-throated scapose even- ing primrose. At Boulder (Rydberg). Colorado. 738. P. hirsutus Rydb. Hairy scapose evening primrose. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 301. LAVAUXIA Spach. Delavaux' evening prim- rose. 739. L. brachycarpa (Gray) Britton [Oenothera brachycarpa Gray]. Short-podded Delavaux' evening primrose. At Boulder (Rydberg). Kansas to Montana ; Texas to New Mexico. l8o UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [328 302. MERIOLIX Raf. 740. M. serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. [Oenothera serrulata Nutt.]. Tooth-leaved evening primrose. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 38). Manitoba to Saskatchewan ; Texas to Arizona. 303. GAURA L. Gaura.* 741. G. parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered gaura. Frequent on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 263). South Dakota to Washington ; Louisiana to Arizona and Sonora. 742. G. coccinea Pursh. Scarlet gaura. Abundant on the plains and mesas, and in meadows on lower hillslopes, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 12). Manitoba to Montana ; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 743. G. glabra Lehm. Smooth gaura. At Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Montana ; Colorado to Arizona. 304. CIRCAEA L. Enchanter's nightshade. 744. C. alpina L. Alpine enchanter's nightshade. Locally abundant along streams in shady canons, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels, 279). Labrador to Alaska ; Georgia to Colorado : Europe : Asia. "'Gaura and allied evening flowering plants have a special bee-visi- or, Halictus galpinsiae Cockerel I, which has been taken by my wife at Boulder. It flies in the evening, at 7:30 p. m., when the other bees have retired." — Prof. T. 1). A. Cockerell, in a letter to the author, Jan. 23, 190S. 329] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO l8l Family 79. GUNNERACEAE Endl. Gunnera family. 305. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Water milfoil. 745. M. spicatum L. Spiked water milfoil. Common in Boulder and Owen's lakes, 5200 ft. (Daniels, 661). Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and Idaho ; Florida to California: Europe: Asia. Order 33. UMBELLALES. Family 80. HEDERACEAE L. Ivy family. 306. ARALIA L. Wild sarsaparilla. 746. A. nudicaulis L. Common wild sarsaparilla. Very common in shady canons, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 341). South Boulder Canon (Ramaley). Newfoundland to Manitoba and Idaho ; North Carolina to Missouri and Colorado. Family 81. CORNACEAE Link. Dogwood family. 307. SVIDA Opiz. Dogwood. 747. S. stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. Red-oiser dog- wood. Common along streams throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 289). Sugarloaf Mt. ; South Boulder Canon (Ramaley). Manitoba to Mackenzie and Alaska ; Nebraska to Colo- rado and Arizona. Family 82. AMMIACEAE Presl. Parsley family. 308. SANICULA L. Sanicle. 748. S. Marilandica L. Maryland sanicle. Black snake- root. Common in springy gulches and canons, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 71). Newfoundland to Washington ; Georgia to Colorado. 182 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [33O 309. 0SM0RRHIZA Raf. Sweet cicely. 749. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. [IVashingtonia longistylis (Torn) Britton]. Smooth sweet cicely. Gulches in the mesas at the base of the foothills, rare, 5700- 6300 ft. (Daniels, 118). Nova Scotia to Assiniboia ; Georgia to Colorado. 750. 0. obtusa (C. & R.) Fernald {IVashingtonia obtusa C. &R.]. Obtuse-fruited sweet cicely. Common in canons in the mesas, foothills and mountains, 5700-11000 (Arapahoe Trail) ft. (Daniels, 128). Alberta to New Mexico and California. 310. CARUM L. Caraway. 751. C. Carvi L. Common caraway. Escaped in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Europe and the Mediterranean region to Thibet and Si- beria, thence to North America. 311. CICTJTA L. Water hemlock. Cowbane. 752. C. occidentalis Greene. Western cowbane. Western musquash root. Swales in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 412). North Dakota to Idaho; New Mexico to California. 312. HARBOURIA C. & R. Harbour's hemlock. 753. H. trachypleura (Gray) C. & R. [Cicnta trachypleura (Gray) S. Wats.]. Rough-ribbed Harbour's hemlock. At Boulder, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). In Boulder Canon (Porter & Coulter). St. Vrain Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Common in the foothills. (Daniels, 157, in part.) Wyoming to New Mexico. 313. ALETES C. & R. Mountain caraway. 754. A. obovata Rydb. Obovate-leaved mountain caraway. Very common on naked mountain slopes, 6000-8100 (sum- mit of Green Mt.) ft. (Daniels, 145). Colorado. 33 1 ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 83 755. A. acaulis (Torr.) C. & R. [Deweya acaulis (Torr.) ; Carum Hallii S. Wats.]. Stemless mountain caraway. High mesa at entrance to South Boulder Canon, 5900-6000 ft. (Daniels, 422). Also in gulch south of Boulder (perhaps the same locality as the above), and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado to New Mexico. 314. BERTJLA Hoffm. 756. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville [B. angustifolia (L.) Mert. & Koch]. Cut-leaved water parsnip. In a springy puddle in the eastern part of Boulder, 5300- 5400 ft. (Daniels, 410). Ontario to British Columbia; Massachusetts to Texas and California: Europe: Asia. 315. LIGUSTICTIM L. Lovage. 757. L. Porteri C. & R. Porter's lovage. Common in shady canons and gulches, 5700-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 83). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). A plant was gathered in a cation on the north slope of Green Mt., with somewhat differently shaped leaf- segments ; it may possibly be L. affine A. Nels. Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 316. MUSINEON Raf. 758. M. divaricatum (Pursh) C. & R. [Seseli divaricatum Pursh; Adorium divaricatum (Pursh) Rydb.]. Leafy musineon. At Boulder (Rydberg). Assiniboia to Alberta ; South Dakota to Colorado. 317. OXYPOLIS Raf. Water dropwort. 759. 0. Fendleri (Gray) Heller [Archemora Fendleri Gray]. Fendler's water dropwort. In bogs at Eldora and at Bloomerville, 8600-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 310). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico. 184 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [332 318. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. Hemlock parsley. 760. C. scopulorum (Gray) C. & R. [Ligusticum scopulorum Gray]. Rocky Mountain helmlock parsley. In aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 721). Red- rock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 319. HERACLEUM L. Cow parsnip. 761. H. lanatum Michx. Woolly cow parsnip. Common in gulches and canons, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 75). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska ; North Caro- lina to California. 320. ANGELICA L. Angelica. 762. A. Grayi C. & R. Gray's angelica. In wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11500- 13000 ft. (Daniels, 891). Wyoming to Colorado. 763. A. ampla A. Nels. Large angelica. Bear Canon, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 763). Wyoming to Colorado. 321. PASTINACA L. Parsnip. 764. P. sativa L. Common parsnip. Very common in waste places about Boulder, and along Boulder Canon road well towards Falls, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 560). Europe, thence to North America. 322. COGSWELLIA Sprengel. Parsley. 765. C. orientalis (C. & R.) Jones [Lomatium orientate C. & R. ; Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. in part]. Common in the foothills, 4000-S000 ft. (Daniels, 157 in part). South Dakota, Montana and Idaho to Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. 333] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I85 323. PSETTDOCmOPTERTJS C. & R. False cymop- TERUS. 766. P. sylvaticus A. Nels. Sylvan false cymopterus. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 767. P. multifidus Rydb. [P. montanus multifidus Rydb.]. Multifid-leaved false cymopterus. Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 899). Colorado. Series 2. SYMPETALAE. Order 34. ERICALES. F amily 83 . MONOTROP ACE AE Li n d 1 . Indian pipe family . 324. PTEROSPORA Nutt. Pine drops. 768. P. Andromedea Nutt. Giant bird's-nest. Rare under pines on the north slopes of Green Mt., 6000- 8100 ft. (Daniels, 530). Also on North and South Boulder Peaks (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska; Georgia to California. Family 84. PYROLACEAE Agardh. Wintergreen family. 325. CHIMAPHIIA Pursh. Pipsissewa. 769. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Umbellate pipsissewa. Common in shady canons on Green Mt., 6500-8100 ft. (Dan- iels, 751). Also on north and south Boulder Peaks (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to Alaska ; Georgia to California and Mex- ico: Europe: Asia. 326. MONESES Salisb. Single delight. 770. M. uniflora (L.) Gray [Pyrola uniflora L.]. One- flowered wintergreen. At Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Labrador to Alaska; Pennsylvania to Colorado and Ore- gon : Europe: Asia. 186 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [334 327. PYROLA L. Wintergreen. Shinleaf. 771. P. secunda L. One-sided wintergreen, or shinleaf. Shady banks of canons on the north slopes of Green Mt., mainly under Douglas spruce, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 531). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska ; District of Columbia to Califor- nia: Europe: Asia. 772. P. uliginosa Torr. [P. rotundifolia uliginosa Gray]. Bog wintergreen, or shinleaf. With the preceding, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 534). Also on South Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Nova Scotia to British Columbia; New York to Colo- rado and California: Japan. Family 85. ERICACEAE D C. Heath family. 328. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearberry. yjj,. A. TTva-ursi (L.) Spreng. [Uva-ursi Uva-ursi (L.) Cockerell. nov. comb.; U. procumbens Moench]. Red bearberry. Common on dry slopes, 5800-8600 ft. (Daniels, 453). Also at Eldora and on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). South Boulder Canon; Sugarloaf Mt. ; Pine Glade School; Copeland's (Ramaley). Uva-ursi (Tourn.) Miller, 1754, has priority over Arctostaphylos Adans. 1763, but should such a hyphenated word stand as a generic name? Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska ; New Jersey to Colorado and Oregon : Europe : Asia. 329. GATTLTHERIA L. Wintergreen. 774. G. humifusa (Graham) Rydb. [G. Myrsinitis Hook.]. Creeping wintergreen. Fourth of July Mine, 10000-11000 ft. (Andrews). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to California. 330. KALMIA L. Lambkill. 7/S- K. microphylla (Hook.) Heller [K. glauca microphylla Hook.]. Small-leaved swamp laurel. 335] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 87 Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 900). Also at Caribou, and on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Camp Albion; Fourth of July Mine (Ramaley). Alberta to Alaska; Colorado to California. Family 86. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Blueberry family. 331. VACCINITJM L. Blueberry. Bilberry. 776. V. eaespitosum Michx. Dwarf bilberry. From Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Labrador to Alaska; New Brunswick and New Hamp- shire to Colorado and Washington. •JTJ. V. scoparium Leiberg. [V. Myrtillus microphyllum Hook; V. crythrococcum Rydb.]. Red-berried bilberryi Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow and on Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 9000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 331). Alberta to British Columbia ; Colorado to California. 778. V. oreophilum Rydb. Myrtle blueberry. Common in coniferous forests at 10000 ft. (Ramaley), where it has been collected at Bald Mountain near Ward; Redrock lake above Ward; Fourth of July Mine; and at the foot of Long's Peak. Alberta and British Columbia to New Mexico. Order 35. PRIMULALES. Family 87. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Primrose family. 332. PRIMULA L. Primrose. 779. P. angustifolia Torr. Narrow-leaved primrose. Arapahoe Peak above timberline in dry tundras near snow, 12000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 886). Colorado. 780. P. Parryi Gray. Parry's primrose. Along cold streams crossing the Arapahoe Trail, and in wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 9000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 921). Also at Caribou, and in the mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado and Arizona. 1 88 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [336 333. ANDROSACE L. Rock primrose. 781. A. puberulenta Rydb. Puberllent rock primrose. Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow, 9200 ft. (Daniels, 338). Plains near Boulder (Rydberg). Manitoba, Mackenzie and Alberta to New Mexico. 782. A. pinetorum Greene. Pine forest rock primrose. Common under rocks in the foothills and mesas, 5700-8100 ft. (Daniels, 276). Probably Porter and Coulter's A. septen- trionalis L. from Long's Peak is this plant, as is Coulter's plant from Long's Peak in Wabash College Herb. Mackenzie to Yukon ; Colorado to Arizona. 783. A. subumbellata (A. Nelson) Small. Subumbellate rock primrose. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, a diminutive alpine form, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 876). Montana to Colorado and Arizona. 784. A. diffusa Small. Diffuse rock primrose. At Glacier lake, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 714). Also Massif de 1' Arapahoe (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley &Robbins). Mackenzie to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Ari- zona. 785. A. subulifera (Gray) Rydb. [A. septentrionalis siibuli fera Gray]. Subuliferous rock primrose. Near Boulder (Coulter). Montana to Colorado. 334. STEIRONEMA Raf. Loosestrife. 786. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. [Lysimachia ciliata L.]. Fringed loosestrife. In springy grounds and moist canons, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 73). Nova Scotia to British Colltmbia; Georgia to Arizona: naturalized in Europe. 337] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 89 335. CENTTJNCTJLTJS L. Chaffweed. 787. C. minimus L. Least chaffweed. Under pines, mesas south of Chautauqua grounds, Boulder, 5800 ft. (Daniels, 180). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia; Florida to Texas and Mexico: Europe: South America. 336. DODECATHEON L. Shooting star. 788. D. philoscia A. Nels. Shade-loving shooting star. In the spray of Boulder Falls and along other deep canons, 6500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 800). Wyoming to Colorado. 789. D. radicatum Greene. Many-flowered shooting star. Common in deep canons, 6200-8000 ft. (Daniels, 274). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Boulder Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). South Dakota to Wyoming ; Kansas to New Mexico. 790. D. sinuatum Rydb. [D. radicatum sinuatum Rydb.]. Wavy-leaved shooting star. Occasional in canons with the preceding, of which it seems to be merely a wavy-leaved form, 6200-8000 ft. (Daniels, 854)- Colorado. 790^. D. paucifiorum (Durand) Greene. Few-flowered shooting star. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Mackenzie and Saskatchewan to Colorado. 337. DROSACE A. Nels. 791. D. carinata (Torr.) A. Nels. [Douglasia Johnstoni Aven Nelson]. Johnston's Douglasia. Long's Peak (Aven Nelson), the type locality of Douglasia Johnstoni. Colorado. 19° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [338 Order 36. GENTIANALES. Family 88. GENTIANACEAE Dumont. Gentian family. 338. ETTSTOMA Salisb. 792. E. Andrewsii A. Nelson. Andrews's Eustoma. Near Boulder, the type locality (Andrews). Colorado. 339. ANTHOPOGON Heck. Fringed gentian. 793. A. elegans (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Gentiana elegans A. Nels.]. Showy fringed gentian. Long's Peak (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley &Robbins). Mackenzie to Colorado and Arizona. 794. A. barbellatus (Engelm.) Rydb. [Gentiana barbellata Engelm. ; G. Moseleyi A. Nels.]. Bearded fringed gen- tian. Aspen bogs at Eldora and along streams crossing Arapahoe Trail, 8600-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 863). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). The type of Nelson's G. Moseleyi is from Boulder Co. Colorado. 340. AMARELLA Gileb. Gentian. 795. A. monantha (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Gentiana monantha A. Nels.]. One-flowered gentian. Above timberline in wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, 11500- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 897). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado. 796. A. strictiflora (Rydb.) Greene [Gentiana amarella stric- ta S. Wats. ; G. strictiflora Rydb.] Strict-flowered gen- tian. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Alaska ; Colorado to California. 339] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO X9T 797. A. scopulorum Greene [Gentianella dementis Rydb.]. Crag gentian. Common in deep canons and aspen bogs, 6500 (Green Mt.)- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 608). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). South Dakota to Montana ; Colorado to Arizona. 798. A. plebeja (Cham.) Greene [Gentiana plebeja Cham.; G. amarella acuta Gray, not Hook.]. Low gen- tian. Ward (Cockerell). Mackenzie and Alaska to Colorado and California. ( ?) 798a. A. plebeja Holmii (Wettst.) Rydb. [Gentiana plebeja Holmii Wettst.; Amarella nana Engelm.]. Holm's gen- tian. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 944). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Range of the type. 341. CHONDROPHYLLA A. Nels. 799. C. Fremontii (Torr.) A. Nels. [Gentiana Fremontii Torr.]. Fremont's gentian. Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Wyoming to Colorado. 799/2. C. Americana (Engelm.) A. Nels. [Gentiana pros- tata Americana Engelm.]. American gentian. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Alberta and Alaska to Colorado. 342. DASYSTEPHANA Adans. Closed gentian. 800. D. Romanzovii (Ledeb.) Rydb. [Gentiana Romansovii Ledeb.]. Romanzof's closed gentian. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Daniels, 892). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Montana to Alaska ; Colorado to Utah : Asia. 192 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [34O 801. D. Parryi (Engelm.) Rydb. [Gcntiana Parryi Engelm.]. Parry's closed gentian. Bogs at Eldora, thence along Arapahoe Trail to Arapahoe Peak, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 847). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 802. D. Bigelovii (Gray) Rydb. [Gentiana Bigelovii Gray]. BlGELOW's CLOSED GENTIAN. Dry mesas near entrance to Bear Caiion, 5800-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 766). Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 343. PLEUROGYNE Eschsch. 803. P. fontana A. Nels. [P. rotata tenuifolia Griseb.]. Foun- tain PLEUROGY'NE. At Caribou (Rydberg). Hudson Bay and Alaska to Colorado. 344. SWEETIA L. 804. S. palustris A. Nels. Marsh swertia. Along alpine streams, Arapahoe Trail, and in wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 9000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 893). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 804^. S. congesta A. Nels. Dense-flowered swertia. Long's Peak (Cooper). Montana to Colorado and Utah. 345. FRASERA Walt. Columbo. 805. F. stenosepala Rydb. Narrow-sepalled columbo. On the mesas and foothills, common, 5700-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 168). Also at Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico. 806. F. speciosa Dougl. Showy columbo. Redrock lake, 10 100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). South Dakota to Montana and Oregon; Colorado to California. 34 1 ] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 93 807. F. angustifolia Rydb. Narrow-leaved columbo. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. Order 37. ASCLEPIADALES. Family 89. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Dogbane Family. 346. APOCYNUM L. Dogbane. 808. A. androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane. South Boulder Canon, and north of Nederland, 6500-9000 ft. (Ramaley). Anticosti to British Columbia; Georgia to Arizona. 809. A. scopulorum Greene. Crag dogbane. Common on the foothills, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 231). Su- garloaf (Ramaley). Saskatchewan and Yukon to Colorado. 810. A. lividum Greene. Pale dogbane. Eldora (Ramaley). Colorado. 811. A. ambigens Greene. Smooth dogbane. In Boulder Canon, Bear Canon, and other valleys in the foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 515). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to California. 812. A. cannabinum L. Indian hemp. Along railroads and stream banks, and ascending along the canons and gulches for some distance into the foothills, 5100- 6500 ft. (Daniels, 348). Anticosti to Washington ; Florida to Lower Califor- nia. 813. A. hypericifolium Ait. Claspixg-leaved dogbane.. St. Johnswort Indian hemp. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, and along roads in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 409). Ontario to British Columbia ; Ohio to New Mexico. 194 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [342 Family 90. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed family. 347. ACERATES Ell. Green milkweed. 814. A. viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Common green milkweed. Occasional in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 405). Massachusetts to Montana; Florida to New Mexico. 815. A. angpistifolia (Nutt.) Dec. [Asclcpias stenophylla Gray]. Narrow-leaved green milkweed. Common in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 298). South Dakota to Colorado ; Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. 348. ASCLEPIAS L. Milkweed. 816. A. speciosa Torr. Showy milkweed. Frequent in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 262). Manitoba to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Califor- nia. 817. A. brachystephana Engelm. Short-crowned milkweed. Rare on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 404). Wyoming to Texas and Arizona. 818. A. incarnata L. Swamp milkweed. In swales and along streams in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 671). New Brunswick to Manitoba; Florida to New Mexico. 819. A. pumila (Gray) Vail [A. verticillata pumila Gray]. Dwarf milkweed. Local in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 386). South Dakota to Montana; Arkansas to New Mexico. 343] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 1 95 Order 38. POLEMONIALES. Family 91. CUSCUTACEAE Dumont. Dodder family. 349. CUSCUTA L. Dodder. 820. C. curta Engelm. [C. Gronovii curta Engelm.] Short- styled dodder. On Ambrosia psilostackya DC, along Union Pacific Rail- road east of Boulder, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 696). Colorado to Utah. 821. C. indecora Choisy. Pretty dodder. On Thcrmopsis pinctorum Greene. Rocky ledge at Mar- shall, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 426). Illinois to Nebraska and Colorado; Florida to Califor- nia; Tropical America. Family 92. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Bindweed family. 350. EVOLVUXTJS L. 822. E. Nuttallianus R. & S. [E. argenteus Pursh]. Nut- tall's eyolvulus. Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 474). South Dakota to Colorado; Texas to Arizona. 351. PHARBITIS Choisy. Morning glory. 823. P. purpurea (L.) Voight [P. hispida Choisy; Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth]. Common morning glory. Escaped along Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 792). Tropical America, thence to North America. 352. CONVOLVULUS L. Bindweed. 824. C. arvensis L. Field bindweed. Along streets of Boulder, 5300-5700 (Chautauqua grounds) ft. (Daniels, 816). Europe, thence to North America. I96 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [344 825. C. ambigens House. Hairy bindweed. Plains near Boulder (Rydberg). Perhaps only a state of the preceding. Colorado to New Mexico and California. 353. VOLVULUS Medic. Bracted bindweed. 826. V. interior (House) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Convolvu- lus interior House]. Inland bracted bindweed. Low flats near Valmont Dike, 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 669). Nebraska to Colorado ; Oklahoma to Arizona. Family 93. POLEMONIACEAE. Jacob's ladder family. 354. PHLOX L. Phlox. 827. P. multiflora A. Nelson. Many-flowered phlox. North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. 828. P. depressa (E. Nelson) Rydberg [P. multiflora de- pressa E. Nelson]. Low phlox. Dry slopes of the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 105). Colorado. 829. P. longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved phlox. Near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter in Wa- bash College Herb.). Montana to Washington; Colorado to Oregon. 355. MICROSTERIS Greene. 830. M. mierantha ( Kellogg) Greene [Collomia micrantha Kellogg]. Small-flowered microsteris. At Boulder (Cockerell). Nebraska to Wyoming; Colorado to California; South America (Chili and Bolivia to Magellan Straits). 356. LINANTHUS Benth. 831. L. Harknessii (Curran) Greene [Gilia Harkncssii Cur- ran]. Harkness' Linaxtiius. Flood-sands of streams, north slope of Green Mt., 6000-8000 ft. ( Daniels, 467). Montana to British Columbia : Colorado to California. 345] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 197 357. GILIA R. & P. Gilia. 832. G. spicata Nutt. Spiked gilia. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Nebraska to Wyoming; Colorado to Utah. 833. G. attenuata (Gray) A. Nelson [G. aggregata attenuate! Gray]. Acute-lobed gilia. Foothills and mesas about Boulder, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels). White flowered, but it passes into the following variety through a series of forms of all shades of pink from nearly white to almost scarlet. Idaho to Colorado and Utah. 833a. G. attenuata collina (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Callistcris collina Greene]. Foothill gilia. Alpine forested slopes near Eldora, and also near the sum- mit of Flagstaff Hill, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 343). The pink of the flowers varies from nearly white to scarlet. Range of the type? 834. G. Candida Rydb. [Callistcris leucantha Greene]. White gilia. Common on the mesas, foothills and mountain s'opes, 5700- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 46). Corollas often pinkish, perhaps hy- brids with the above. Also South Boulder Peak, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. 835. G. pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered gilia. Common throughout and very variable, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 45). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Nebraska and Wyoming to New Mexico. 836. G. sinuata Benth. Wavy-leaved gilia. Common in the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 193). Colorado and New Mexico to California. 837. G. inconspicua (Smith) Dougl. Inconspicuous gilia. On the foothills, 5900-8000 ft. (Daniels). Colorado and Utah to Arizona and Mexico. I98 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [346 358. COIXOMIA Nutt. 838. C. linearis Nutt. [Gilia linearis (Nutt.) Gray]. Nar- row-leaved Collomia. Very common throughout in shady or half-shady places, especially on creek sands, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 51). Also at Ward (Rydberg). North Dakota and Manitoba to British Columbia; Ari- zona to California ; introduced eastward. 838a. C. linearis Boulderensis Daniels. Nov. var. Leaves narrower than in the type, sharply acuminate ; flower- clusters densely capitate, the calyx-lobes and the bracts strongly pungent ; a dwarfish form, blossoming earlier than the type. Near Gilia linearis subulata Gray. Plains about Boulder, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 60). 359. POLEMONIUM L. Jacob's ladder. Greek va- lerian. 839. P. pulcherrimum Hook. Fairest Jacob's ladder. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1021). Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, Brand makes this species a synonym of the next. Colorado. 840. P. delicatum Rydb. Delicate Jacob's ladder. At timberline (or just below) under shrubs, Arapahoe Peak, 10500-11500 ft. (Daniels, 872). Colorado and New Mexico. 841. P. molle Greene. Soft Jacob's ladder. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 842. P. robustum Rydb. Stout Greek valerian. Boulder creek near Falls, 6500-7500 ft. (Daniels, 296). Colorado. 843. P. mellitum (Gray) Greene [P. confertum mellitum Gray]. Yellow Greek valerian. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming and Colorado to Nevada. 34j] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 199 8431^. P. confertum Gray. Purple Greek valerian. Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Wyoming to Colorado. 844. P. Brandegeei (Gray) Greene [Gilia Brand egeci Gray]. Brandegee's Greek valerian. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. Family 94. HYDROLEACEAE. H. B. K. Hydrolea family. 360. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Waterleaf. 845. H. Fendleri (Gray) Heller [H. occidentalc Fendleri Gray]. Fendler's waterleaf. Common along streams in shade, and in deep mountain canons, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 129). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming and Idaho to New Mexico. 361. MACROCALYX Trew. 846. M. Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze [Ellisia Nyctelea L.]. Nycte- lea. Along streams and in gulches in mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 597). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Virginia to Colorado. 362. PHACELIA Juss. Phacelia. 847. P. leucophylla Torr. White-leaved Phacelia. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). South Dakota to Washington ; Colorado to Utah. 848. P. heterophylla Pursh. Various-leaved Phacelia. Common on the mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft.' (Daniels, 40). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to California. 849. P. glandulosa Nutt. Glandular Phacelia. Boulder Canon above Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 548). Montana to Texas and Arizona. 200 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [348 850. P. Neo-Mexicana alba (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov. comb. White New Mexican Phacelia. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico. 363. EUTOCA R. Br. 851. E. sericea Graham in Hook. [Phacelia sericca (Grah.) Gray]. Silky Phacelia. Common about Ward, 9000-9500 ft. (Daniels, 312). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to Nevada. Family 95. BORAGINACEAE Gray. Borage family. 364. LAPPITLA Moench. Stickseed. 852. L. floribunda (Lehm.) Greene [Echinospermum flori- bundum Lehm.]. Large-flowered stickseed. Frequent in Bear and Boulder Canons, 6000-7500 ft. (Dan- iels, 448). Manitoba to Alberta ; New Mexico to California. 853. L. angustata Rydb. Narrow-leaved stickseed. Common in canons in the foothills, 5600-7500' ft. (Daniels, 674). Colorado to Wyoming. 854. L. occidentalis (Wats.) Greene [Echinospermum Redow- skyi occidentale Wats.] Western stickseed. Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 6). Saskatchewan to Washington ; Missouri to New Mex- ico. 855. L. cupulata (Gray) Rydb. [Echinospermum Redowskyi cupulatum Gray]. Cupulate stickseed. Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 9). South Dakota to Idaho; Texas to Colorado. 349] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 201 364y2. ERITRICHIUM Schrader. Mountain forget- ME-NOT. 8555^. E. argenteum Wight. Silvery mountain forget-me- not. Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Wyoming and Colorado to Utah. 365. OREOCARYA Greene. Mountain nut. 856. 0. suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene [Krynitzkia Jamesii Gray]. James's mountain nut. Slopes of Green Mountain, 6300 ft. (Daniels, 527). Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Wyoming and Colorado. 857. 0. virgata (Porter) Greene [Krynitzkia virgata (Por- ter) Gray]. Virgate mountain nut. Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 19). Wyoming to Colorado. 857J/. 0. pulvinata A. Nels. Pulvinate mountain nut. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado. 366. ALLOCARYA Greene. 858. A. scopulonun Greene. Mountain allocarya. Aspen bogs at Glacier lake, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 701). Also at Boulder (Rydberg). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to Nevada. 367. CRYPT ANTHE Lehm. 859. C. crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene [Krynitzkia crassisc- pala (T. & G.) Gray]. Thick-sei>alled cryptanthe. Frequent on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 389). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Texas to Utah and Mex- ico. 202 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [350 860. C. Pattersonii (Gray) Greene [Krynitzkia Pattersonii Gray]. Patterson's cryptanthe. In the spray of Boulder Falls, 7500 ft. (Daniels, 609). Wyoming and Colorado. 368. MERTENSIA Roth. Lungwort. Bluebells. 861. M. punctata Greene. Punctate bluebells. Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 716). Colorado. 862. M. polyphylla Greene. Many-leaved bluebells. Along stream in alpine valley near snow, above Bloomer- ville, and in Boulder Canon above the Falls, 8000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 320). Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and at Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 863. M. lateriflora Greene. Side-flowered lungwort. Along streams on mountain slope above Bloomerville near snow, 9300 ft. (Daniels. 337). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Rama- ley & Robbins). Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 864. M. viridula Rydb. Greenish lungwort. Canons in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 34). Colorado. 865. M. amoena A. Nels. Pleasant lungwort. At Boulder; and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 866. M. linearis Greene. Linear-leaved lungwort. Subalpine meadows, Boulder Canon beyond the Falls, 7000- 8000 ft. (Daniels, 226). Also at Boulder; and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Assiniboia to Nebraska and Colorado. 867. M. lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Lance-leaved lungwort. Common throughout except in high alpine places, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 14). Very variable. Montana to Colorado and New Mexico. 3m] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 203 868. M. Secundorum Cockerell. Hairy lungwort Near mouth of Boulder Canon (Cockerell), the type local- ity, where it was discovered by students of the State Prepara- tory School, whence the specific name. Colorado. 869. M. micrantha Aven Nelson. Small-flowered lung- wort. Flagstaff Hill, 6000-6500 ft. (Daniels, 636). Also Sugar Loaf Ml., collected by Dr. Ramaley (Nelson), the type local- ity. Colorado. 870. M. perplexa Rydb. Perplexing lungwort. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 645). Also mountains south of Ward the type-locality (Ryd- berg) . Colorado. 871. M. alpina (Torr.) Don. Alpine lungwort. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1022). Colorado. 369. LITHOSPERMUM L. Gromwell. Puccoon. 872. L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary puccoon. At Boulder (Rydberg). Ontario to North Dakota ; Alabama to Colorado and Arizona. 873. L. linearifolium Goldie [L. angustifolium Michx.]. Nar- row-leaved puccoon. At Boulder (Rydberg). Illinois and Manitoba to British Columbia; Texas to Arizona. 874. L. breviflorum Engelm. & Gray [L. albescens Greene]. Short-flowered puccoon. Common on the plains, mesas, and meadows on the lower foothills, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 130). Arkansas to Colorado; Texas to New Mexico and Mex- ico. 204 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [352 370. ONOSMODIITM Michx. False gromwell. 875. 0. occidentale Mackenzie. Western false gromwell. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 183). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Manitoba to British Columbia; Missouri to Texas and Utah. 371. LYCOPSIS L. Bugloss. 876. L. arvensis L. Small bugloss. Roadsides near entrance to Boulder Canon, 5400-5500 ft (Daniels, 165). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe and Asia, thence to North America. Family 96. VERBENACEAE St. Hil. Vervain family. 372. VERBENA L. Vervain. 877. V. hastata L. Blue vervain. Along streams in the plains, but ascending Boulder creek for a considerable distance into the foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 579). Nova Scotia to British Columbia ; Florida to Califor- nia. 878. V. bracteosa Michx. [V. rudis Greene]. Large-bracted vervain. Common in waste places, and on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 2). Michigan to Alberta and British Columbia ; Florida to California. 878a. V. bracteosa albiflora Cockerell. Nov. var. White- flowered large-bracted vervain. Differs from the type in having white flowers. Campus of the University of Colorado, July 15, 1908 (Cockerell). 879. V. ambrosifolia Rydb. Ragweed-leaved vervain. At Boulder, and in Boulder Co. (Rydberg). South Dakota to Colorado; Texas to Arizona and Mex- ico. 353] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 205 879V2. V. Canadensis (L.) Brit. [V. Aubletia Jacq.]. Com- mon WILD VERBENA. St. Vrain river (Porter and Coulter). Indiana to Colorado; Florida to New Mexico and Mex- ico. 373. PHYLA Lour. Fog-fruit. 880. P. cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene [Lippia cuneifolia Torr.]. Wedge-leaved fog-fruit. Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, and on the sandy shores of Boulder creek for some distance in the foothills, 5300-6200 ft. (Daniels, 406). South Dakota to Wyoming; Texas to Arizona and Mex- ico. Family 97. LAMIACEAE. Dead nettle family. 374. TEUCRITJM L. Germander. 881. T. occidentale Gray. Western germander. Swales in the plains, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 407). Ontario to British Columbia; Pennsylvania to Colo- rado and California. 375. SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap. 882. S. galericulta L. Hooded skullcap. At Boulder (Rydberg). Newfoundland to Alaska ; North Carolina to Arizona : Europe: Asia. 883. S. Brittonii Porter. Britton's skullcap. Common on the foothills and mesas, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels, 146). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). St. Vrain river, as S. resinosa Torr. (Porter and Coulter), unless this plant be indeed the next. Wyoming to Colorado. 883 >£. S. virgulata A. Nels. [S. Brittonii virgulata (A. Nets.) Rydb.]. Wand-like skullcap. Along streams in mesas, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 33). Wyoming to Colorado. 206 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [354 376. NEPETA L. Catnip. Catmint. 884. N. Cataria L. Common catnip. Common in waste places, and following the roads for some distance in the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 459). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 377. GLECOMA (GLECHOMA) L. Ground ivy. 885. G. hederacea L. [Nepeta Gleckoma Benth.]. Gill-over- THE-GROUND. At Boulder (Rydberg). Found in Boulder, April, 1905, by Miss Tollie Rudd ; a specimen was sent to Dr. Rydberg. Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 378. DRACOCEPHALTTM L. Dragon's-head. 886. D. parviflorum Nutt. Small-flowered dragon's-head. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 87). New York to Alaska ; New Mexico to Arizona. 379. PRUNELLA (BRUNELLA) L. Self-heal. Heal-all. 887. P. (P..) vulgaris L. Common self-heal. Common in damp places on the plains, and occasional in remote canons, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 240). Europe and Asia, thence to North America, where north- ward it is possibly native. 380. LEONTJRTTS L. Motherwort. 888. L. Cardiaca L. Common motherwort. Common in waste places, and following the roads for some distance in the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 460). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 381. STACHYS L. Hedge nettle. 889. S. scopulorum Greene. Crag hedge nettle. In swales in the plains, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 502). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Minnesota, Mackenzie and Alberta to New Mexico. 355] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 207 382. SALVIA L. Sage. 890. S. lanceolata Willd. Lance-leaved sage. Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 280). South Dakota to Montana ; Texas to Arizona and Mex- ico. 383. MONARDA. L. Horsemint. Bergamot. 891. M. menthaefolia Grah. Mint-leaved bergamot. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 955). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Illinois to Manitoba and Idaho; Texas to Colorado. 892. M. stricta Wooton. Strict bergamot. At Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 893. M. mollis L. Soft bergamot. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 222). Missouri to South Dakota and Montana; Georgia to Texas and Colorado. 894. M. pectinata Nutt. [.1/. Nuttallii A. Nels.]. Pectinate horse-mint. Abounding in the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 13). Boulder is the type-locality of M. Nuttallii A. Nels. Colorado to Utah ; Texas to Arizona. 895. M. Ramaleyi A. Nels. Ramaley's horse-mint. Boulder creek near Boulder, the type locality (Rydberg). Colorado. 384. HEDEOMA Pers. Pennyroyal. 896. H. hispida Pursh. Hispid pennyroyal. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 195)- Colorado to Utah ; Texas to Arizona. 2o8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [356 385. LYCOPUS L. Water hoarhound. 897. L. lucidus Turcz. Western water hoarhound. Along ditches and streams, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 783). Minnesota to British Columbia ; Missouri to Colorado and California. 898. L. Americamis Muhl. [L. sinuatus Ell. ; L. Europens sin- uatus (Ell.) Gray]. American water hoarhound. Along ditches and streams and in swales, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 508). Newfoundland to British Columbia ; Florida to Cali- fornia. 386. MENTHA L. Mint. 899. M. spicata L. [M. viridis L.]. Spearmint. Along the Arapahoe Road, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels, 742). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 900. M. Penardi (Briq.) Rydb. [M. arvcnsis Penardi Briq.]. Penard's mint. Along ditches and streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 164). Nebraska to Mackenzie and British Columbia; Colo- rado to Utah. Family 98. SOLANACEAE Pers. Nightshade family. 387. PHYSALIS L. Ground cherry. 901. P. longifolia Nutt. [P. lanceolata laevigata Gray]. Long- leaved ground cherry. Boulder Canon, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 153). Iowa to Montana ; Arkansas to Arizona and Mexico. 902. P. lanceolata Michx. Prairie ground cherry. Common on the plains and mesas in loose or sandy soils, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 523). Michigan to Wyoming; South Carolina to Arizona and Mexico. 903. P. Virginiana Mill. Virginia ground cherry. Cultivated fields and roadsides on the plains, and foothills, appearing like an introduced weed, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 684). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). 35/] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 200. New York to Manitoba and Montana ; Florida to Texas and Colorado. 904. P. heterophylla Nees. Clammy ground cherry. At Boulder and Longmont (Rydberg). New Brunswick to Saskatchewan; Florida to Texas and Utah. 905. P. comata Rydb. Hairy western ground cherry. Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 403). Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. 906. P. rotundata Rydb. Round-leaved ground cherry. Plains about Boulder, chiefly in loose sands, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 487). North Dakota to Colorado ; Texas to New Mexico. 388. QITINCULA Raf. Purple ground cherry. 907. Q. lobata (Torr.) Raf. [Physalis lobata Torr.]. Lobed purple ground cherry. At Boulder and Longmont (Rydberg). A few miles north of Boulder, abundant on the Pierre (Cretaceous) shales, May 1906 (Cockerell). Kansas to Colorado; Texas to California and Mexico. 389. ANDROCERA Nutt. Bur nightshade. 908. A. rostrata (Dunal) Rydb. [Solarium rostratum Dunal ; A. lobata Nutt.]. Common bur nightshade. Common in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 384). The original host of the Colorado beetle or potato-bug. North Dakota to Wyoming; Texas to New Mexico and Mexico ; as an introduced weed throughout the eastern United States. 390. SOLANTJM L. Nightshade. 909. S. triflorum Nutt. Three-flowered nightshade. Common in yards, waste places, and loose soils on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 282). Ontario to Alberta; Kansas to Arizona. 210 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [358 909^. S. interius Rydb. Inland nightshade. Near Boulder (Rydberg). Nebraska to Colorado; Texas to California. 910. S. villosum (Mill.) Lam. [S. nigrum villosum Mill.]. Villous nightshade. At Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to British Columbia ; Colorado to Lower Cal- ifornia. 391. LYCOPERSICON (LYCOPERSICUM) Mill. To- mato. 911. L. Lycopersicum (L.) Karst. [Solamtm Lycopcrskum L.]. Common tomato. Adventitious along the Arapahoe Road, 5300-5400 ft. (Dan- iels, 791). South America, thence common in cultivation. 392. LYCIITM L. Matrimony vine. 912. L. vnlgare L. Common matrimony vine. South of University Campus, Boulder (W. W. Robbins). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe, Africa, and Asia, thence to North America. 393. DATURA L. Thorn-apple. 913. D. Stramonium L. Jimson weed. Waste places, especially common along railroads, and on creek-sands in Boulder Cation, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 810). Asia, thence cosmopolitan. 914. D. Tatula L. Purple thorn-apple. Streets of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 566). Also at Salina (Ramaley). South America, thence cosmopolitan. 394. NICOTIANA L. Tobacco. 915. N. attenuata Torr. Night-blooming tobacco. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia; New Mexico to Califor- nia. 359] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 211 Family 99. RHINANTHACEAE St. Hil. Rattle-box family. 395. VERBASCUM L. Mullen. 916. V. Thapsus L. Common mullen. Waste places and cultivated grounds, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 457). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 917. V. Blattaria L. Moth mullen. Along Union Pacific Railroad, near Boulder, 5200-5400 ft. (Daniels, 677). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 396. LINARIA Mill. Toad-flax. 918. L. Canadensis (L.) Dumont. Canada toad-flax. Common on the mesas in pine groves south of the Chautau- qua grounds, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 179). Nova Scotia to Washington ; Florida to California : Central America: South America. 397. COLLINSIA Nutt. Innocence. 919. C. tenella (Pursh) Piper [C. parviflora Dougl.] Little elue-eyed Mary. Shady springs and canons in the foothills and gulches in the mesas, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 267). Also at Ward (Ryd- berg). St. Vrain's Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Ontario to British Columbia ; Michigan to Arizona and California. 398. SCROPHTJLARIA L. Figwort. 920. S. occidentalis (Rydb.) Bickn. [S. nodosa occidentalis Rydb.]. Western figwort. Canons, common, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 127). North Dakota to Washington; Oklahoma to Califor- nia. 399. PENTSTEMON Soland. Beard-tongue. 921. P. oreophilus Rydb. Mountain beard-tongue. Common on the foothills and mountains, 6500-10000 ft. 212 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [360 (Daniels, 213). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 922. P. alpinus Torr. [P. glaber alpinus Gray ; P. riparius A. Nels.]. Alpine beard-tongue. Common on the foothills and mountains, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 214). Also at Ward (Rydberg). Colorado to Wyoming. 923. P. unilateralis Rydb. One-sided beard-tongue. Common throughout in open places, 5300-8600 ft. (Daniels, 7). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico. 924. P. secundiflorus Benth. Sharp-leaved beard-tongue. Common throughout in open situations, 5100-8600 ft. (Dan- iels, 8). Wyoming to New Mexico. 925. P. glaucus Graham. Glaucous beard-tongue. Mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Utah ; Colorado to Arizona. 925a. P. glaucus stenosepalus Gray. Narrow-sepalled beard- tongue. Arapahoe Peak at timberline, 11000 ft. (Daniels, 936). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Range of the type, but strictly alpine. 926. P. gracilis Nutt. Slender beard-tongue. Common on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100- 8000 ft. (Daniels, 22). Manitoba to Saskatchewan ; Texas to Colorado. 927. P. humilis Nutt. Low beard-tongue. Common throughout in open places, 5100-9200 (Ward) ft. (Daniels, 177). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana and Alberta to Colorado and Nevada. 928. P. Eydbergii A. Nels. [P. erosus Rydb.]. Rydberg's beard-tongue. 361] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 2I3 Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming and Washington to Colorado. 928 J/1- P. procerus Dougl. Tall beard-tongue. Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Colorado to Cal- ifornia. 400. CHI0N0PHILA Benth. Snow-flower. 929. C. Jamesii Benth. James's snow-flower. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, growing usually near the snow, 11500-13500 ft. (Daniels, 911). Wyoming to Colorado. 401. MLMTJLTJS L. Monkey flower. 930. M. Langsdorfii Sims. Langsdorf's monkey flower. Between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Assiniboia to Alaska; New Mexico to California and Mexico. 930a. M. Langsdorfii minor (A. Nels.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [M. minor A. Nelson]. Small Langsdorf's monkey FLOWER. Near Boulder, the type locality (A. Nelson). Colorado. 931. M. puberulus Greene. Puberulent monkey flower. Subalpine bogs along streams, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 853)- Colorado. 932. M. Hallii Greene. Hall's monkey flower. Moist banks of stream at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 25). Colorado. 933. M. Geyeri Torr. [M. Jamesii T. & G.] Geyer's mon- key flower. Along streams and irrigation ditches, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 904). Michigan to North Dakota ; Illinois to Colorado. 214 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [362 934. M. floribundus Dougl. Many-flowered monkey flow- er. Common in wet sands along streams and ditches, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 247). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia; Arizona to California. 402. LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort. 935. L. aquatica L. Aquatic mudwort. In shallow water at the margins of Owen's lake, and also Glacier lake, 5200-9000 ft. (Daniels, 662). Cosmopolitan in cold and alpine situations. 403. GRATIOLA L. Hedge hyssop. 936. G. Virginiana L. Clammy hedge hyssop. Limose places along streams and irrigation ditches, 5100- 5800 ft. (Daniels, 377). Marshall lake ( W. W. Robbins). Quebec to British Columbia ; Florida to California. 404. VERONICA L. Speedwell. Brooklime. 937. V. Americana Schwein. American brooklime. In springs and shallow streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 70). Anticosti to Alaska ; Pennsylvania to California. 938. V. Wormskjoldii R. & S. Wormskjold's speedwell. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 927). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Greenland to Alaska ; New Hampshire to Colorado and California. 939. V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell. Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 869). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Cosmopolitan, except Africa and Australia. 940. V. Xalapensis H. B. K. Xalapa speedwell. Common in limose places, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, ^,77). Young's V. peregrina from the forests about Boulder is doubt- less this plant. 363] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 21 5 Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Texas to Califor- nia. 941. V. agrestis L. Field speedwell. Boulder, April, 1905 (Chas. Sellers). Not in Rydberg's Flora. Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 942. V. Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B. S. P. [V. Buxbaumii Tenore]. Byzantine speedwell. At Boulder (Rydberg). Europe and Asia, thence to North America. 405. BESSEYA Rydb. 943. B. alpina (Gray) Rydb. [Synthyris alpina Gray]. Al- pine Synthyris. Massif de 1' Arapahoe (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 406. GEEAEDIA L. Purple false foxglove. 944. G. Besseyana Britton. Bessey's purple false foxglove. Along irrigation ditches, Arapahoe Road, 5200-5400 ft. (Daniels, 789). Also at Longmont (Rydberg). Iowa to Wyoming; Louisiana to Colorado. 407. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Painted cup. Indian pink. Paint brush. 945. C. linariaefolia Benth. Toad-flax-leaved painted cup. Very common on the foothills and mountain slopes, and occasional on the higher mesas, 5800-9000 ft. (Daniels, 538). Also North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico, California and Mexico 945a. C. linariaefolia filiformis Daniels. Nov. var. Fillform toad-flax-leaved painted cup. Plant dwarf, 1-2% decimetres high, stem purplish, villous at the base, leaves filiform, 1 mm. wide, 3-454 cm. long, the lower with an occasional lobe or two ; flowers few with cleft bracts, the lower of which are green, the upper crimson, these and the flowers puberulent, rather than villous as in the type. 2l6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [364 Barren ridges between Sugarloaf Mountain and Glacier Lake, 8700-9200 ft. (Daniels, 976). 946. C. Crista-galli Rydb. Cockscomb painted cup. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. 947. C. cognata Greene. Yellow painted cup. North slopes of Green Mountain; rare, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 975). Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell suggests that this plant is probably a hybrid of C. linariaefolia Benth. and C. sulphured Rydb. Colorado. 948. C. integra Gray. Entire-leaved painted cup. Abundant throughout, except on the alpine summits ; on the plains occurring principally on banks and ridges, 5600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 169). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado to New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. 948^. C. rhexifolia Rydb. Rhexia-leaved painted cup. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Alberta and Alaska to Colorado. 949. C. confusa Greene. Confused painted cup. Subalpine meadows, but a few plants were also found on a high bank in the mesas at base of the Flat-irons, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 959). Also at Silver lake and north of Neder- land (Ramaley) ; and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 950. C. Arapahoensis Daniels. Nov. spec. Arapahoe paint- ed cup. Perennial, the tufted stems, 2-2^ dm. high, curved at the base, smooth or slightly pubescent below, sparingly villous with white hairs above; basal leaves short, purplish, obtusely spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide; lower stem- leaves, as well as the leaves of the sterile shoots narrowly linear 2i/o-3-)4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acuminate, 3-ribbed, puberulent ; thence the leaves increase progressively in width to the inflorescence, where they are from J4-I cm. wide, Ian- 365] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 2\"J ceolate acuminate, slightly-clasping at the base, entire, the up- permost pubescent, or somewhat villous on the midribs and margins, three-ribbed, the leaf-traces visible as prominent ridges on the stem ; bracts of the inflorescence relatively broad, the lowermost \-\l/\ cm- broad, about 2 cm. long, sub- acute; the uppermost shorter and relatively broader, obtuse or rounded at the apex ; some of the bracts occasionally notched toward the apices, or slightly lobed on each side; the margins and veins somewhat villous ; the bracts, as well as the uppermost leaves rosy-pink; calyx with four nearly equal subacute lobes, the sinus of the lateral lobes shallow ; calyx rosy-pink, villous; corolla exserted, 2% cm. long, glabrous, or slightly puberulent above, the tip of the galea rosy pink, which is thrice the length of the slightly incurved lip; the upper pair of stamens more or less extruded from the galea ; cap- sule black-purple 4-5 mm. long, oblong, abruptly acutish. Wet tundras, above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, Sept. 1, 1906, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 910). 951. C. lauta A. Nels. [C. oreopola subintcgra Fernald]. Sub- entire PAINTED CUP. Near Fourth of July Mine (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana and Oregon to Colorado. 952. C. lancifolia Rydb. Lance-leaved painted cup. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Alaska to Oregon, Montana and Colorado. 953. C. occidentalis Torr. [C. pallida occidentalis (Torr.) Gray]. Western painted cup. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000- 13000 ft. (Daniels, 884), where also collected by Ramaley & Robbins. Also at Ward (Rydberg). A dwarf alpine form (about 1 dm. high) occurs on the higher altitudes of Arapahoe Peak. Alberta and British Columbia to Colorado. 954. C. sulphurea Rydb. Sulphur painted cup. Subalpine mountain-slopes and valleys at Eldora and Glacier Lake, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 623). Also at Ward (Ryd- berg). 21 8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [366 South Dakota to Wyoming ; Colorado to Utah. 408. ORTHOCARPTJS Nutt. 955. 0. luteus Nutt. Yellow orthocarpus. Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 352). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Saskatchewan to Washington ; Colorado to Nevada. 409. ELEPHANTELLA Rydb. Little red elephant. 956. E. Groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb. [Pedicularis Grocnlan- dica Retz.]. Greenland little red elephant. Subalpine meadows at Eldora, thence to Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 8500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 625). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg) ; Ward (Cockerell). Greenland and Hudson Bay to British Columbia ; Lab- rador to New Mexico and California. 410. PEDICULARIS L. Lousewort. 957. P. racemosa Dougl. Racemose lousewort. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to California. 958. P. Parryi Gray. Parry's lousewort. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels). 1023). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 959. P. Grayi A. Nels. [P. procera Gray]. Gray's louse- wort. Subalpine slopes at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 644). Also at Ward (Cockerell). Wyoming to Colorado. 960. P. scopulorum Gray. Crag lousewort. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 882). Redrock lake, 10100 ft (Ramaley and Robbins). Colorado. 367] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 2IQ Family 100. PINGUICULACEAE. Dumort. Butterwort family. 411. UTRICTTLAFJA L. Bladderwort. 96 1- U. vulgaris L. Common bladderwort. Cold marsh near Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). North America: Europe: Asia. Eamily 101. OROBANCHACEAE. Lindl. Broom-rape family. 412. THALESIA Raf. Cancer-root. 962. T. fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton [Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray]. Clustered cancer-root. Plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 18). All the plants collected were parasitic on the roots of Psoralea tenniflora Pursh. My plants, as also some collected by Prof. Cockerell north of Boulder, have larger calyx lobes (5-6 mm.) than is usual in eastern plants. Indiana to Yukon ; Colorado to California and Mexico. 962a. T. fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton. Yellow clus- tered cancer-root. Boulder (W. P. Cockerell). Range of the type? Order 39. PLANTAGINALES. Family 102. PLANTAGINACEAE. Lindl. Plantain family. 413. PLANTAGO L. Plantain. 963. P. major L. Common plantain. Waste places and along ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 675)- Cosmopolitan. 964. P. lanceolata L. English plantain. Ribgrass. Waste places and roadsides. 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 793). Europe and Asia, now cosmopolitan. 965. P. Purshii R. & S. [P. Patagonica gnaphalioides (Nutt.) Gray]. Pursh's plantain. 220 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [368 Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 494). Ontario to British Columbia; Missouri and Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Order 40. RUBIALES. Family 103. RUBIACEAE. Juss. Madder family. 414. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. 966. G. Vaillantii DC. [G. Aparine VaUlantii Koch]. Vail- lant's bedstraw. In gulches and canons, mainly in the shade, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 120). Montana and British Columbia to Mexico. 967. G. boreale L. Northern bedstraw. Common on the mesas, foothills and mountainsides, 5600- 8600 ft. (Daniels, 89). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Quebec to Alaska; New Jersey to California: Europe: Asia. 968. G. flaviflorum Heller. Yellow-flowered bedstraw. In gulches at base of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 499)- Colorado to New Mexico. 969. G. triflorum Michx. Fragrant bedstraw. Canons of the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 466). Newfoundland to Alaska; Alabama to California. Family 104. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Vent. Honeysuckle family. 415. SAMBTJCUS L. Elder. 970. S. microbotrys Rydb. Small-berried elder. Slopes at Ward, 9200 ft. (Daniels, 306). Also between Sun- shine and Ward (Rydberg); Spencer Mountain at Eldora ; Silver lake; foot of Longs Peak; Redrock lake, west of Ward (Ramaley). South Dakota to Wyoming; Colorado to Arizona. 369] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 221 971. S. melanocarpa Gray. Black-berried elder. Sugarloaf Mountain and North Boulder creek (Ramaley). Alberta to Idaho, Colorado and Oregon. 416. VLBTTKNTJM L. Arrowwood. 972. V. pauciflorum Pylaie. High-bush cranberry. Sugarloaf Mountain (Ramaley). Labrador to Alaska ; Pennsylvania to Colorado and Alaska. 973. V. Lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry. Gulch south of Boulder (Rydberg). Also Bluebell Canon, if indeed the locality is not the same (Ramaley). Maine to Manitoba ; Georgia to Colorado. 417. LINNAEA Gron. Twin-flower. 974. L. Americana Forbes. American twin-flower. South Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Also Magnolia; Eldora; Spencer Mountain at Eldora; foot of Arapahoe Peak; hill south of Ward (Ramaley). Greenland to Alaska; New Jersey and Michigan to Col- orado and Utah. 418. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Snow-berry. 975. S. occidentalis Hook. Western snow-berry. Abundant on the higher mesas and foothills, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels, 94). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). South Boulder creek (Ramaley). Mackenzie to British Columbia; Michigan and Mis- souri to Colorado. 976. S. vaccinioides Rydb. Huckleberry Indian currant. Sugarloaf; foot of Long's Peak (Ramaley). Montana to Washington ; Colorado to Nevada. 977. S. oreophilus Gray. Mountain Indian currant. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado to Utah ; New Mexico to Arizona. 222 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3/0 419. DISTEGIA Raf. Fly-honeysuckle. 978. D. involucrata (Richards.) Cockerell [Lonicera involu- crata (Richards.) Banks]. Involucred fly-honey- suckle. Common in cool, deep canons, 6500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 340). Also from Eldora to Baltimore and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg) : Allen's Park; Eldora; Spen- cer Mountain; Redrock lake; Ward (Ramaley). Quebec to Alaska; Michigan to California and Mex- ico. Family 105. ADOXACEAE. Fritch. Moschatei family. 420. ADOXA L. Moschatel. 979. A. Moschatellina L. Musk-root. Boulder Canon (Rydberg). Arctic America to Wisconsin and Colorado: Europe: Asia. Order 41. CAMPANULALES. Family 106. CUCURBITACEAE. Juss. Gourd family. 421. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Balsam apple. 980. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene [Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G.]. Wild balsam apple. Fence-rows and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 743). Maine to Montana ; Virginia to Colorado. Family 107. CAMPANULACEAE. Juss. Bellflower family. 422. CAMPANULA L. Bellflower. Harebell. Bluebell. 981. C. umflora L. Arctic harebell. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 938). Arctic-alpine in the Northern Hemisphere. 982. C. Parryi Gray. Parry's harebell. Foothills and mountain slopes, 6500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 101). 371] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 223 Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to Utah ; New Mexico to Arizona. 983. C. petiolata DC. Western bluebell. Abundant throughout, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 27). Red- rock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Mackenzie to Washington; New Mexico to Utah. 423. SPECULARIA Heist. Venus's looking-glass. 984. S. perfoliata (L.) A. D C. [Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britton]. Common Venus's looking-glass. Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 56). Maine and Ontario to British Columbia; Florida to Arizona and Oregon ; Mexico. 985. S. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray [Legouzia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Britton]. Western Venus's looking-glass. Mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, 5600-6000 ft. (Daniels, 192). Missouri to Montana; Texas to Colorado. Family 108. LOBELIACEAE. Dumort. Lobelia family. 424. LOBELIA L. Lobelia. 986. L. syphilitica Ludoviciana A. D C. Louisiana great BLUE LOBELIA. Along ditches and streams in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Dan- iels, 784). Louisiana and South Dakota to Colorado. Order 42. VALERIANALES. Family 109. VALERIANACEAE. Batsch. Valerian family. 425. VALERIANA L. Valerian. 987. V. ceratophylla (Hook.) Piper [V- edulis Nutt.]. Ed- ible valerian. Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 626). Idaho to Montana; Colorado to Utah. 224 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [372 Order 43. CARDUALES. Family no. AMBROSIACEAE. Reich. Ragweed family. 426. IVA L. Marsh-elder. 988. I. xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. Burweed marsh-elder. Common on the plains along streams, and in waste places, and following the larger streams several miles into the foot- hills and mountains, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 821). Also in Sunset Canon (Rydberg). Michigan and Saskatchewan to Washington ; Nebraska to New Mexico. 989. I. axillaris Pursh. Small-flowered marsh-elder. Railroads and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 832). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; Oklahoma to Cal- ifornia. 427. AMBROSIA L. Ragweed. 990. A. trifida L. Great ragweed. Horse-cane. Common along streams and in low waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 378). Quebec to Assiniboia; Florida to Colorado. 990a. A. trifida integrifola (Muhl.) T. & G. Entire-leaned ragweed. With the preceding (Daniels, 596). Range of the type? 991. A. artemisiaefolia L. Common ragweed. Waste places and fields, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 520). Nova Scotia to British Columbia; Florida to Colorado. 992. A. psilostachya DC. Western ragweed. On the plains, especially along railroads, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 516). Also at Lyons (Rydberg). Michigan to Saskatchewan and Idaho ; Louisiana to California and Mexico. 428. GAERTNERIA Med. 993. G. tomentosa (Nutt.) Heller [Franscria discolor Nutt.]. 3/3 j flora of boulder, colorado 225 Woolly Gaertneria. Along railroads in the plains, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 510). South Dakota to Wyoming; Kansas to New Mexico. 429. XANTHIUM L. Cocklebur. 994. X. commune Britton. Common Cocklebur. Along streams and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 695)- Quebec and New York to Utah and Arizona. Family in. CARDUACEAE. Necker. Thistle family. 430. EUPATORIUM L. Thoroughwort. 995. E. maculatum L. Spotted Joe-Pye weed. Springy gulch at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5800-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 801). New York to British Columbia ; Kentucky to New Mexico. 431. KUHNIA L. 995^. Z. Hitchcockii A. Nels. Hitchcock's Kuhnia. Marshall, collected by E. Bethel, (J. C. Arthur, in Mycol- ogia, Nov., 1909, p. 233). Host of a fungus, Puccinia Kulin- iae Schw. Kansas to Colorado. 996. K. glutinosa Ell. [K. cupatorioides corymbulosa T. & G.]. Sticky Kuhnia. Frequent on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 686). Illinois to Montana; Kentucky to Colorado. 997. K. Gooddingii A. Nels. Goodding's Kuhnia. Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 727). The type is from West Dry Creek, Larimer County, Colorado. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 432. C0LE0SANTHUS Cass. Brickellia. 998. C. minor (Gray) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Brickellia grandi- flora minor Gray; C. umbellatus Greene; C. congestus A. Nels.]. Umbellate Brickellia. Common on the foothills and mountains, 5800-10000 ft. 226 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [374 (Daniels, 551). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 999. C. albicaulis Rydb. White-stemmed Brickei.lia. Among rocks and in rocky canons in the foothills, 6000-8500 ft. (Daniels, 822). Colorado to New Mexico and Utah. 433. LACINIARIA Hill. Blazing-star. Button- SNAKEROOT. 1000. L. punctata (Hook.) Kuntze [Liatris punctata Hook.]. Dotted blazing-star. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and meadows on the foot- hills and mountains, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 615). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydb.). Very varia- ble; an extreme form, gathered in alkali flats near Boulder lake, (Daniels, 768) simulates L. acidota (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze. Iowa to Saskatchewan and Montana ; Texas to Ari- zona, iooi. L. ligulistylis A. Nels. Purple-bracted blazing-star. Bear Canon, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 758). Saskatchewan to Colorado. 434. GUTIERREZIA Lag. 1002. G. longifolia Greene. Long-leaved Gutierrezia. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 595)- Colorado to New Mexico and Utah. 1003. G. scoparia Rydb. Broom Gutierrezia. Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 984). Wyoming to Colorado. 435. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum plant. 1004. G. Texana Scheele. Texan gum plant. Lower Boulder Canon (Rydberg). Texas to New Mexico and Colorado. 1005. G. serrulata Rydb. Serrulate gum plant. 3/5] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 22^ Very abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 385). Wyoming to Colorado. 1005a. G. serrulata Rydb. X G. perennis A. Nels. Plants apparently intermediate between this species and the next were found on the plains in Boulder (Daniels, 837). 1006. G. perennis A. Nels. Perennial gum plant. Plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 836). Saskatchewan to Idaho and Colorado. 1007. G. erecta A. Nels. Erect gum plant. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1008. G. subalpina Greene. Subalpine gum plant. Common at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 845). Also at Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1009. G. Eldorae Daniels. Nov. sp. Eldora gum plant. Plant glabrous, apparently biennial, 3 dm. tall, branched from, or near the base, the secondary branches 1-2 headed ; radical and lower cauline leaves oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, slender-petioled, remotely toothed or incised ; upper cauline leaves, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, small and bract-like, slightly toothed, subentire, or entire. 1-3 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; heads copiously glutinous, i-\l/> cm. broad; bracts num- erous, narrow, the tips squarrose-spreading ; rays numerous, 1-3 mm. wide, barbules of the pappus plainly obvious. Eldora, 8500-8700 ft. (Daniels, 859). Plant near G. subalpina Greene, but differing in its smaller, narrower and less prominently toothed or entire leaves, and especially in its smaller heads, which are only about one-half as broad. 436. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Golden aster, ioio. C. hirsutissima Greene. Hairiest golden aster. Plains between Boulder and Marshall along railroad, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 1024). 228 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [3/6 North Dakota to Saskatchewan ; Colorado to Arizona. 1010^2. C. foliosa Xutt. Leafy golden aster. Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Minnesota to Washington ; Kansas to Colorado, ioii. C. caudata Rydb. Caudate golden aster. Mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes, common, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 356). Colorado. 1012. C. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Villous golden aster. Abundant on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 1). Minnesota to Idaho; Texas to New Mexico. 1013. C. amplifolia Rydb. Ample-leaved golden aster. Foothills and mountain slopes, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 687). Also at Ward, and Longmont (Rydb.). Colorado. 1014. C. Bakeri Greene [C. incana Greene; C. compacta Greene] . Baker's golden aster. Mountainsides at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 862). A plant was gathered in Gregory Canon, which appears interme- diate between this and the preceding. Montana and Idaho to New Mexico. 1015. C. arida A. Nels. Arid golden aster. Boulder (Rydb.). Kansas to Montana; New Mexico to Arizona. 1016. C. resinolens A. Nels. Resinous golden aster. Plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 293). Wyoming to Colorado. 1016a. C. resinolens obtusata A. Nels. Obtltse-leaved resi- nous golden aster. Foot of the Flat-irons, and mountainsides at Eldora, 6000- 9000 ft. (Daniels, 809). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (RydbergV Range of the type, but usually at higher altitudes. 1017. C. hispida (Hook.) Nutt. [C. villosa hispida Gray]. Hispid golden aster. 377] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 229 Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 831). Saskatchewan to Alberta; New Mexico to Arizona. 101S. C. Cooperi A. Nels. Cooper's golden aster. Long's Peak near timberline, the type locality, (A. Nels). Colorado. 437. CHRYSOTHAMNTJS Nutt. Rabbit-brush. 1019. C. Parryi (Gray) Greene [Bigelovia Parryi Gray]. Parry's rabbit-brush. Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8700 ft. (Daniels, 866). Wyoming to Colorado. 1020. C. graveolens (Nutt.) Greene [C. nanseosus graveo- lens (Nutt.) Piper]. Heavy-scented rabbit-brush. Mesa south of the Chautauqua grounds, Boulder. (Rama- ley). Nebraska to Montana; New Mexico to Utah. 102 1. C. pulckerrimus A. Nels. Fairest rabbit-brush. Alkali flat east of Boulder near Owen's lake. 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 663). Montana to Colorado. 1021a. C. pulcherrimus fasciculatus A. Nels. Fasciculate rabbit-brush. Boulder creek, the type locality (A. Nels.). 1022. C. elegans Greene. Handsome rabbit-brush. Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8700 ft. (Daniels, 867). Colorado. 438. SIDERANTHUS Nutt. Star-flower. 1023. S. annuus Rydb. Annual star-flower. Arapahoe Road east of Boulder, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 726). Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. 1024. S. spinulosus (Pursh) Sweet [Aplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC.]. Spinulose star-flower. Frequent on the plains, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 473). Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Montana ; Texas to Arizona. 439. PYRROCOMA Nutt. 1025. P. crocea (Gray) Greene [A. croccus Gray]. Yellow 230 university of missouri studies [378 Pyrrocoma. Boulder (Rydb.). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 440. OREOCHRYSUM Rydb. Mountain gold. 1026. 0. Parryi (Gray) Rydb. [Aplopappus Parryi Gray]. Parry's mountain gold. Slopes of Green Mt. ; common in the mountains at Eldora, ascending on Arapahoe Peak to the timberline, 7000-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 752). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydb.). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. . 441. TONESTUSA. Nels. 1027. T. pygmaeus (T. & G.) A. Nels. [Aplopappus pygmaeus (T. & G.) Gray; Macronema pygmaeum (T. & G.) Greene]. Pygmy Tonestus. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan- iels, 917). Wyoming to Colorado. 442. S0LIDAG0 L. Golden rod. 1028. S. decumbens Greene [S. humilis nana Gray]. Decum- bent GOLDEN ROD. Barren ridges at Glacier lake, and above timberline on Arapahoe Peak, 9000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 641). Wyoming to Colorado. 1028a. S. decumbens minuescens A. Nels. Dwarf decum- bent GOLDEN ROD. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Range of the type. 1029. S. oreophila Rydb. [S. humilis Pattersonii Gandoger]. Mountain-loving golden rod. Abundant on the foothills and mountains, 6000-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 529). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Mackenzie to Colorado. 1030. S. dilatata A. Nels. Open-topped golden rod. 3/9] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 23 1 Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Ac- cording to A. Nelson authentic specimens have been found from the type locality only, Yellowstone Park. Wyoming to Colorado. 1031. S. pallida (Porter) Rydb. [S. speciosa pallida Porter]. Pale golden rod. Mesa at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 802). Also Lower Boulder Canon (Rydberg). North Dakota and Nebraska to Colorado. 1032. S. viscidula Rydb. Viscid golden rod. High mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5900-8600 ft. (Dan- iels, 375). Colorado. 1033. S. glaberrima Martens. Smoothest golden rod. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 616). Michigan to Alberta and Idaho ; Missouri to Texas and Arizona. 1034. S. concinna A. Nels. [S. Missouriensis extraria Gray]. Stout Missouri golden rod. Plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 977). Alberta to British Columbia and Colorado. 1035. S. Pitcheri Nutt. Pitcher's golden rod. Along ditches and streams in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 505). Minnesota to Washington; Arkansas to Colorado. 1036. S. polyphylla Rydb. Many-leaved golden rod. Along streams in the foothills, especially frequent in Greg- ory Canon, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 823). British Columbia and Washington to New Mexico. 1037. S. Canadensis L. Common golden rod. Boulder Canon near Falls, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 557). Labrador to Mackenzie; Florida to Colorado. 1038. S. gilvocanescens Rydb. [S. Canadensis gilvocanescens Rydb.]. Yellowish-gray golden rod. 232 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [380 Alkali flats and dry plains about Boulder lake and Owen's lake, 5100-5300 ft. (Daniels, 782). Minnesota to North Dakota ; Nebraska to Colorado. 1039. S. nana Nutt. Dwarf golden rod. Dry slopes of Green Mountain, 6000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 825). An allied form occurs on the plains. Montana to Colorado and Arizona. 1040. S. pulcherrima A. Nels. Prettiest golden rod. Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 983). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Minnesota to North Dakota; Colorado to Arizona. 1041. S. radulina Rydb. Harsh-leaved golden rod. Plains, mesas, foothills and mountains, frequent, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 753). Also at Meadow Park (Rydberg). Colorado to Utah. 1042. S. trinervata Greene. Three-nerved golden rod. Boulder Canon, ascending at least as far as the Falls, 5500- 7000 ft. (Daniels, 553). South Dakota to Wyoming; Colorado to Arizona. 1043. S. mollis Bartl. [S. nemoralis incana Gray]. Hoary golden rod. Mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, and foothills along Boulder Canon, 5500-8000 ft. (Daniels. 574). North Dakota to Montana ; Texas to Colorado. 443. OLIGONEITRON Small. 1044. 0. canescens Rydb. [Solidago rigida humilis Porter]. Hoary stiff golden rod. Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 781). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Nebraska to Colorado. 444. TOWNSENDIA Hook. 1045. T. grandiflora Nutt. Large-flowered Townsendia. Common in rough hilly places throughout, 5 100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 41). 38 1 J FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 233 South Dakota to Wyoming; Oklahoma to Colorado. 1046. T. exscapa (Richardson) Porter [T. sericea Hook.]. Silky Townsendia. Common at Boulder (Cockerell). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Texas to New Mexico. 445. EUCEPHALTJS Nutt. 1047. E. Engelmannii (Gray) Greene [Aster Engelmannii Gray]. Engelmann's aster. In canons about Eldora, 8300-10000 ft. (Daniels, 841). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to Washing- ton. 1048. E. glaucus Nutt. [Aster glaucus (Nutt.) T. & G.]. Glaucous aster. Hills adjoining Boulder Canon, and on the slopes of Green Mountain, local, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 569). Also moun- tains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 446. ASTER L. Starwort. 1049. A. Underwoodii Rydb. Underwood's aster. Canons and mountain sides at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1025). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1050. A. Nelsonii Greene. Nelson's aster. Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 861). Wyoming to Colorado. 1051. A. violaceus Greene. Violet aster. Canons at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 554). Colorado. 1052. A. exiguus (Fern.) Rydb. [A. ciliatus Muhl.] Ciliate aster. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 999). Also in Sunset Canon (Rydb.). Vermont to Washington ; Pennsylvania to Arizona and Mexico. 234 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [382 1053. A. crassulus Rydb. Thickish aster. Sunset Canon; common on the plains, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan- iels, 720). North Dakota to Idaho; Colorado to California. (?) 1054. A. polycephalus Rydb. Many-headed aster. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 1000). Alberta to Nebraska ; Texas to Arizona. 1055. A. commutatus Gray [A. incanopilosus (Lindl.) Shel- don]. White prairie aster. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan- iels, 717). Minnesota to Wyoming; Kansas to Nevada. 1056. A. laevis L. Smooth aster. Canons and wooded slopes on the foothills, 5800-8000 ft. (Daniels, 685). Ontario to Saskatchewan ; Louisiana to New Mexico. 1057. A. Porteri Gray. Porter's aster. Abundant throughout, 51 00-10000 ft. (Daniels, 697). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Very va- riable; an extreme form, only i-i>4dm., high, was col- lected on bare ridges at Glacier lake. Colorado. 1058. A laetevirens Greene. Light-green-leaved aster. Canons at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 858). Colorado and Wyoming. 1059. A. coerulescens DC. [A. salicifolins coerulescens (DC.) Gray]. Caerulean aster. Swales in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 995). Wyoming to Texas. 1060. A. Osterhoutii Rydb. Osterhout's aster. About lakes and swales and along ditches in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 779). Colorado. 383] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 235 1061. A. adscendens Lindl. Ascending aster. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Assiniboia to Colorado and Nevada. 1062. A. Andrewsii A. Nels. Andrews's aster. Near Eldora, 9500 ft., the type locality (Nelson). Colorado. 1063. A. Eatonii (Gray) Howell [A. foliaceus Eatonii Gray; Brachyactis hybrida Greene] . Eaton's aster. Banks of Boulder creek, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 592). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California 447. MACHAERANTHERA Nees. 1064. M. Bigelovii (Gray) Greene [Aster Bigelovii Gray] BlGELOW's ASTER. Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 724). Colorado to New Mexico. 1064^. M. varians Greene. Varying aster. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Colorado to New Mexico. 1065. M. coronopifolia (Nutt.) A. Nels. Wart-cress-leaved aster. Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 1026). South Dakota to Montana ; Texas to Arizona. 1066. M. aspera Greene. Harsh aster. High slopes of Green Mountain, 7500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 209). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg) . Colorado. 1067. M. Pattersonii (Gray) Greene [A ster Pat tersonii Gray] . Patterson's aster. Caribou (Rydberg). Colorado. 448. ERIGERON L. Fleabane. 1068. E. lonchophyllus Hook. Lance-leaved fleabane. 236 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [384 Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 856). Saskatchewan to Montana ; Colorado to Nevada. 1069. E. minor (Hook.) Rydb. Smaller fleabane. Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 1027). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; Colorado to Utah. 1070. E. jucundus Greene [E. acris dcbilis Gray; E. debilis Rydb.]. Pleasant fleabane. Massif de 1' Arapaboe, and Eldora to Baltimore (Ryd- berg). Hudson Bay to British Columbia; Colorado to Utah. 1071. E. pinnatisectus (Gray) A. Nels. [E. compositus pin- natiscctus Gray]. Pinnate fleabane. South of Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1072. E. compositus Pursh. Composite fleabane. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter; Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Montana to Yukon ; Colorado to Washington. 1073. E. multifidus Rydb. Multifid fleabane. Ridges at Glacier lake, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels. 307). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Sugarloaf Moun- tain (Cockerell). Assiniboia to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 1074. E. trifidus Hook. [E. compositus trifidus (Hook.) Gray]. Three-parted fleabane. Mountains about Ward, 9000-9500 ft. (Daniels. 7S7)- Alberta and British Columbia to Colorado. 1075. E. melanocephalus A. Nels. \E. orcocharis Greene]. Black-headed fleabane. Wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak above timberline. 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 898). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1076. E. simplex Greene [E. uniflorus Auct.]. Simple fleabane. Wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 385] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 237 ft. (Daniels, 1008). Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska ; Colorado to California : Europe. 1077. E. leucotrichus Rydb. White-haired fleabane. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 1 1000- 12000 ft. (Daniels, 875). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Probably to be united with the preceding, of which it seems but a larger form. Wyoming to Colorado. 1078. E. glandulosus Porter. Glandular fleabane. High and bare ridges above Sunset between Sugarloaf Mountain and Glacier lake, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 642). Also Boulder Canon (Porter and Coulter). Wyoming to Colorado. 1078^. E. pumihis Nutt. Small fleabane. St. Vrain creek (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). North Dakota to Washington; Kansas to Utah. 1079. E. salsuginosus (Richardson) Gray. Broad-rayed fleabane. Along Arapahoe Trail to Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 9000-1200 ft. (Daniels, 873). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. Ramaley & Robbins). Alberta to Alaska ; Colorado to California. 1079a. E. salsuginosus glacialis (Nutt.) Gray. Ice fleabane. At Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Rama- ley and Robbins). Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 1080. E. superbus Greene. Superb fleabane. Rich slopes of Green Mountain, 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 973). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). ( mlorado. 1081. E. salicinus Rydb. Willow fleabane. Boulder Canon on the hill slopes, 5700 ft. (Daniels, 288). Colorado. 238 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [386 1082. E. macranthus Nutt. Large-flowered fleabane. Common in the foothills and mountains, 6500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 472). Also at Sunset, and from Eldora to Balti- more (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado and Utah to Oregon. 1082a. E. macranthus minis A. Nelson. Wonderful flea- bane. Boulder County, the type locality (Nelson). 1083. E. speciosus D C. Showy fleabane. Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Washington ; Colorado and Utah to Oregon. 1084. E. subtrinervis Rydb. Three-nerved fleabane. Mountainsides at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 646). South Dakota and Wyoming to New Mexico. 1085. E. eximius Greene. Choice fleabane. Boulder Canon above the Falls and on mountainsides at Eldora, 7000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 860). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Colorado. 1086. E. Smithii Rydb. Smith's fleabane. Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 865). Colorado. 1087. E. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. [E. strigosus Muhl.]. Common fleabane. Fields and waste places on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 57o). Nova Scotia to British Columbia; Florida to Cali- fornia. 1088. E. Bellidastrum Nutt. Daisy fleabane. Mesas at foot of Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 691). South Dakota to Wyoming ; Kansas to Arizona. 1089. E. divergens T. & G. Divergent fleabane. 38~] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 239 Plains and mesas about Boulder and Marshall, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 435). Nebraska to Washington ; Texas to California. 1090. E. flagellaris Gray [E. stolonifer Greene]. Stolon- IFEROUS FLEABANE. Abundant on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 3). South Dakota to Wyoming; New Mexico to Utah. 448i/2- WYOMINGIA A. Nels. Mountain daisy. 1091. W. cana (Gray). A. Nels. [Erigcron canus Gray]. Hoary mountain daisy. Sunset Canon (Rydberg). South Dakota to Wyoming; Nebraska to New Mexico. 449. LEPTILON Raf. Horseweed. 1092. L. Canadense (L.) Britton [Erigcron Canadensis L.]. Common horseweed. Fields and waste places, common, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 585)- North America, thence spreading throughout the world. 1092a. L. Canadense pusillum (Nutt.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Erigcron pusillus Nutt.]. Dwarf horseweed. The common form of the foothills, Vir1 dm. high, and but few-flowered, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 694). 450. ANTENNAKIA Gaertn. Everlasting. Cat's- foot. 1093. A. media Greene. Medium cat's-foot. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1005). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 1094. A. umbrinella Rydb. Umber cat's-foot. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 932). Montana and Idaho to Colorado. 1095. A. concinna E. Nels. 24O UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [388 Alpine forest at Ward, 9000-9300 ft. (Daniels, 304). Colorado to Utah. 1096. A. rosea (D. C. Eaton) Greene. Rosy cat's-foot. Common throughout the foothills and mountains, and de- scending to the mesas and plains along gulches, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 775). Also North Boulder Peak and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Alberta to Yukon ; Colorado to California. 1097. A. imbricata E. Nels. Imbricate cat's-foot. At timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 10500-11000 ft. (Daniels, 934)- Montana to Colorado and Utah. 1098. A. corymbosa A. Xels. [A. nardina Greene]. Corym- bed cat's-foot. Alpine forest at Ward, 9000-9300 ft. (Daniels, 305). Montana and Oregon to Colorado. 1099. A. parvifolia Nutt. [A. formosa Greene; A. microphylla Rydb.]. Small-leaved cat's-foot. Common on barren knolls throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 702). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; Nebraska to New Mexico. 1 100. A. oxyphylla Greene. Sharp-leaved cat's-foot. Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 115). South Dakota to Montana ; Nebraska to Colorado. iioi. A. apnea Greene. Sunny cat's-foot. Mountains at Ward, a dwarf form, 4 cm. high, 9000-9300 ft. (Daniels, 1028). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Piper, however, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11, 605, makes this species identical with A. parvifolia Nutt. South Dakota to Alberta; New Mexico to Utah. 1 102. A. marginata Greene. Marginate cat's-foot. Foothills along Boulder Canon, 6500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 1029). The plants have leaves glabrous and bright green 389] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 24 1 above. Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 1 103. A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene [A. Carpathica pul- cherrima Hook.]. Fairest cat's-foot. Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Saskatchewan and Yukon to Washington and Colo- rado. 1 104. A. anaphaloides Rydb. False pearly everlasting. Massif de 1' Arapahoe (Rydberg). Montana and Oregon to California. 451. ANAPHALIS D C. Pearly everlasting. i 105. A. subalpina (Gray) Rydb. [A. margaritacea subalpina Gray]. Subalpine pearly everlasting. Common throughout the foothills and mountains, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 552). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). South Dakota to British Columbia ; Colorado to Cal- ifornia. 452. GNAPHALITTM L. Cudweed. 1 106. G. Wrightii Gray. Wright's cudweed. Boulder Canon near Falls, 7400 ft. (Daniels, 1030). Also Meadow Park and at Lyons (Rydberg). Colorado and New Mexico to California and Mexico. 1 107. G. sulphurescens Rydb. Sulphurescent cudweed. Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming to Washington; Texas to New Mexico. 1 108. G. palustre Nutt. Marsh cudweed. Aspen bogs at Glacier lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 711). Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 453. GYMNOLOMIA H. B. K. 1 109. G. multiflora (Nutt.) B. & H. Many-flowered Gym- nolomia. Boulder Canon near the Falls, at Eldora, and in Sunset Canon, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 565). Also between Sunshine 242 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [39O and Ward (Rydberg). Montana to Nevada ; New Mexico to Arizona. 454. RUDBECKIA L. Cone-flower. 1 1 10. R. flava Moore. Yellow cone-flower. On the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 428). North Dakota and Wyoming to Colorado. 1 iii. R. laciniata L. Gray-headed cone-flower. Golden glow. Common along streams, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 561). Quebec to Idaho; Florida to Arizona. 455. RATIBIDA Raf. 1 1 12. R. columnaris (Sims) D. Don [Lcpachys columnaris (Sims) T. & G.]. Long-headed cone-flower. Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 21). Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Tennessee to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 1112a. R. columnaris pulcherrima (D C ) D. Don. Brown LONG-HEADED CONE-FLOWER. With the type but much less frequent, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan- iels, 201). Range of the type. 456. WYETHIA Nutt. 1 1 13. W. amplexicaulis Nutt. Clasping-leaved wyethia. Arapahoe Pass (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to Nevada. 457. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower. 1 1 14. H. lenticularis Dougl. Common sunflower. Plains, mesas and lower foothills, especially in denuded soils, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 400). North Dakota to Idaho ; Texas to Arizona. 1 1 14a. H. lenticularis coronatus Cockerell. Red-streaked sunflower. Found by Airs. T. D, A. Cockerell near her home in Boulder. 391 I FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 243 1115. H. petiolaris Nutt. Petioled sunflower. Common in waste places and denuded soils throughout ex- cept in the alpine region, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 67). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Oregon ; Texas to Cal- ifornia. 1115a. H. petiolaris phenax Cockerell. Boulder, the type locality (Cockerell). 1 1 16. H. subrhomboideus Rydb. Subrhomboid sunflower. Locally frequent on the mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700- 6000 ft. (Daniels, 656). M vnitoba to Montana; Nebraska to Colorado. 1 1 17. H. pumilus Nutt. Dwarf sunflower. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 59). Wyoming and Colorado. 1 1 18. H. grosse-serratus Martens. Coarsely toothed sun- flower. Lowlands and stream-flats in the plains, 5100-5400 ft. (Dan- iels, 670). New York to Wyoming; Pennsylvania to Texas and Colorado. 1 ii<). H. fascicularia Greene [H. giganteus Utahensis D. C. Eaton; H. Utahensis A. Nelson]. Utah sunflower. Boulder (Rydberg). Assiniboia to Alberta; Colorado to Arizona. 458. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. 1 120. H. quinquenervis Gray. Five-ribbed false sunflower. In canons and on rich mountain slopes at Eldora and along the Arapahoe Trail, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 843). Also El- dora to Baltimore (Rydberg). South Dakota to Idaho and Colorado. 459. VERBESINA L. Crownbeard. 1 121. V. exaurieulata (Rob. & Greenm.) Cockerell [Verbesina 244 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [394 encelioides exauriculata Rob. & Greenm. ; Ximenesia exauriculata (Rob. & Greenm.) Rydb.]. Western CROWNBEARD. Boulder (Rydberg). In great abundance near Lafayette (Cockerell). Montana to Texas and Arizona. 460. BIDENS L. Bur-marigold. 1 1 22. B. vulgata Greene. Common sticktights. Along ditches and in low grounds, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 788). Ontario to British Columbia ; North Carolina to Cali- fornia. 1123. B .glaueesens Greene. Glaucescent bur-marigold. Along ditches and streams and in swales, 5100-5500 ft. (Dan- iels, 667). Hardly glaucescent as it occurs about Boulder. Saskatchewan to Montana ; Kansas to Colorado. 1123^. B. tenuisecta Gray. Western Spanish needles. Marshall lake (W. W. Robbins). Colorado to Idaho ; Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 461. THELESPERMA Less. 1 124. T. gracile Gray. Slender Thelesperma. Common on the plains and mesas, and occurring also on the open mountain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 233). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Nebraska to Colorado ; Missouri and Texas to Arizona. 462. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb. 1 125. P. oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. [Balu'a oppositifolia Nutt.]. Opposite-leaved Bahia. Boulder (Rydberg). South Dakota to Montana; Texas to Arizona. 463. BAHIA Lag. 1 126. B. dissecta (Gray) Britton [B. chrysanthemoides Gray]. Fine-leaved Bahia. Infrequent along canons, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 719). Also 3g3] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 245 mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 464. TETRANEURIS Greene. 1 127. T. lanigera Daniels, Nov. nom. [Actinella lanata Nutt., 1841 ; not Pursh, 1814; Tetraneuris lanata (Nutt.) Greene]. Woolly actinella. Barren ridges between Sunset and Glacier lake, 7000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 643), Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins). Pursh's A. lanata equals Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes, a plant of the Pacific coast, hence a new name is necessary for Nuttall's plant. If Actinea Juss. should replace Tetraneuris Greene (as the new Gray's Manual main- tains), our plant becomes Actinea lanigera Daniels. Wyoming and Colorado. 465. RYDBERGIA Greene. 1 128. R. grandiflora (T. & G.) Greene [Actinella grandiflora T. & G.]. Large-flowered Rydbergia. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-13500 ft. (Daniels, 878). Also mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Montana to New Mexico and California. 466. HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed. 1129. H. montanum Nutt. Mountain sneezeweed. Along ditches and streams in the plains east of Boulder, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels. 780). Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Washington ; Mississ- ippi to Colorado. 467. GAILLARDIA Foug. 1 130. G. aristata Pursh. Awned Gaillardia. Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels. 37). Saskatchewan to British Columbia ; Colorado to Ore- gon. 468. BOEBERA Willd. 246 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [394 1 131. B. papposa (Vent.) Rydb. [Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag.]. Fetid marigold. Roadsides, waste places and sandy stream flats, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 594). Also at Lyons (Rydberg). Ohio to Montana; Arkansas to Arizona and Mexico. 469. ANTHEMIS L. Mayweed. 1 132. A. Cotula L. Common mayweed. Yards and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 593). Europe, thence to North America. 470. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow. 1 133. A. lanulosa Ntrtt. [A. Millefolium lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper]. Woolly yarrow. Open grounds throughout, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 360). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Ontario to Yukon ; Oklahoma to California and Mex- ico. 470y2- CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Oxeye daisy. 1133^. C. Leucanthemum L. Common oxeye daisy. Bluebird Mine, in quantity. 1910 (Miss Pearl Turner). Europe, thence to North America. 471. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood. Sage-brush. Mug- wort. 1 134. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Prairie mugwort. Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 833). Montana to Idaho ; Texas to California. 1135. A. Scouleriana (Besser) Rydb. [A. dcsertonim Scou- leriana Besser]. Scouler's sage. Gregory Canon and adjacent mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 612). British Columbia to Colorado. 1 136. A. Forwoodii S. Wats. Forwood's sage. Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills. 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 992). 395] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 247 Assiniboia to Montana and New Mexico. 1 137. A. spithamaea Pursh. Alpine mugwort. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12500 ft. (Daniels, 920). Labrador to Alaska and Colorado. 1 138. A. frigida Willd. Barrens sage. Common in dry open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 451). Hudson Bay to Alaska ; Texas to Utah. 1 139. A. scopulorum Gray. Rocky Mountain sage. Mountains south of Ward (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 1 140. A. biennis Willd. Biennial wormwood. Boulder Canon at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 846). Nova Scotia to Mackenzie ; Pennsylvania to California. 1141. A. saxicola Rydb. [A. Chamissoniana saxatills Besser]. Rock sage. Long's Peak (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1 142. A. silvicola Osterh. Sylvan sage. Subalpine slopes and valleys at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 996). Colorado to New Mexico. 1 143. A. gnaphalodes Nutt. Cudweed sage. Common on the plains, mesas, foothills, and lower moun- tain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 755). The original spell- ing of the specific name is as above, though the word should have been gnaphalioides. North Dakota to Wyoming ; Arkansas to Colorado ; naturalized eastward to New York and Ontario. 1 144. A. Brittonii Rydb. Britton's sage. Plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. C Daniels, 967). Colorado to Utah. 1 145. A. diversifolia Rydb. Diverse-leaved sage. Valleys in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 966). 248 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [396 Idaho to British Columbia; Colorado to Washington. 1 146. A. tridentata Nutt. Common sage-brush. Barren mountain slopes near Bluebird Mine, between Glacier lake and Eldora, 8500-9500 ft. (Daniels). Nebraska and Montana to British Columbia; Colorado to California. 472. PETASITES Tourn. Sweet coltsfoot. 1 147. P. sagittata (Pursh) Gray. Arrow-leaved sweet coltsfoot. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Eldora lake, May, 1910 (W. W. Robbins). Labrador to Alaska ; Minnesota to Colorado. 473. ARNICA L. Arnica. 1 148. A. platyphylla A. Nels. Broad-leaved arnica. Arapahoe Trail just below timberline on Arapahoe Peak, 9000-10500 ft. (Daniels, 948). Montana and Idaho to Colorado. 1 149. A. pumila Rydb. [A. parvifolia Greene]. Dwarf ar- nica. Gregory Canon, 6600 ft. (Daniels, 903). Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 1 1 50. A. cordifolia Hook. Heart-leaved arnica. In the wooded region throughout, 6000-1 1000 ft. (Dan- iels, 270). Also Eldora to Baltimore; between Sunshine and Ward; and Massif de V Arapahoe (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to California. 1 151. A. Eydbergii Greene. Rydberg's arnica. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to Colorado. 1 152. A. subplumosa Greene [A. Chamissonis longinodosa A. Nels.]. Subplumose arnica. Boulder Canon above the Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 537). Montana to Colorado. 1 153. A. pedimculata Rydb. Peduncled arnica. Under pines in the mesas south of the Chautauqua grounds, 397] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 249 5800-6000 ft. (Daniels, 176). Gulch south of Boulder (Ryd- berg). North Dakota to Washington ; Colorado to California. II53IA- A. monoeephala. Rydb. Single-headed arnica. Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Montana and Idaho to Colorado. 1154. A. Parryi Gray [A. eradiata (Gray) Heller]. Parry's arnica. Arapahoe Trail just below timberline, Arapahoe Peak, thence well toward Eldora, 9000-10500 ft. (Daniels, 946). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Montana to British Columbia ; Colorado to Washing- ton. 474. SENECIO L. Groundsel. 1 155. S. scopulinus Greene [S. Bigelovii Hallii Gray]. Hall's groundsel. Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 624). Wyoming to Colorado. 1 1 56. S. chloranthus Greene. Green-flowered groundsel. Subalpine bogs at Eldora. 8600 ft. (Daniels, 990). Colorado. 1 157. S. pudicus Greene. Bashful groundsel. Along Boulder Canon, and at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft. (Dan- iels, 547). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. 1 158. S. carthamoides Greene. Alpine groundsel. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 1 0500-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 943)- Wyoming to Colorado. 1 1 59. S. blitoides Greene. Blite groundsel. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1006). Colorado. 1 160. S. triangularis Hook. Triangular-leaved groundsel. Common in subalpine bogs and along stream banks at El- 25O UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [398 dora, and ascending to timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 8600-1 1000 ft. (Daniels, 635). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd- berg). Alberta to Alaska ; Colorado to California. 1 161. S. admirabilis Greene. Admirable groundsel. Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 650). Wyoming to Colorado. 1 162. S. lapathifolium Greene. Lapathus-leaved ground- sel. High slope near snow above Bloomerville, 9000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 315). Colorado. 1 163. S. crassulus Gray. Thickish groundsel. Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 10500-11000 ft. (Daniels, 945). Also at Ward; and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Montana to Idaho ; Colorado to Utah. 1 164. S. rapifolius Nutt. Turnip-leaved groundsel. Boulder Canon near Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 543). South Dakota to Idaho and Colorado. 1 165. S. hydrophilus Nutt. Water-loving groundsel. Alpine valley near snow above Bloomerville, 9000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 319). Montana to Colorado and Nevada. 1 166. S. Hookeri Gray. Hooker's groundsel. Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Alberta and British Columbia to Colorado. 1166^2. S. Columbianus Greene. Columbian groundsel. Middle Boulder Canon 9000 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). This is, in part at least, the S. lugens Parryi Eaton of Porter & Coulter. Saskatchewan to Alaska ; Minnesota to Colorado. 1 167. S. perplexus A. Nels. Perplexing groundsel. North slope of Flagstaff Hill, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 148). Plant too old, the basal leaves gone, perhaps 5". dispar A. Nels. 399] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 25 1 Redrock lake, ioioo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Middle Boul- der Canon (Porter & Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and at Boulder (Rydberg). Wyoming and Idaho to Colorado. 1 168. S. atratus Greene [S. lugens foliosus Gray]. Leafy groundsel. Arapahoe Trail just below timberline, Arapahoe Peak, thence to Eldora, 8600-10500 ft. (Daniels, 947). Also at Ward; be- tween Sunshine and Ward; and Eldora to Baltimore (Ryd- berg). Colorado. 1 169. S. Purshianus Nutt. Pursh's groundsel. Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Saskatchewan to British Columbia; Texas to Utah. 1 170. S. Harbourii Rydb. Harbour's groundsel. Mountains south of Ward, the type locality, and between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. 1 171. S. Plattensis Nutt. Platte ragwort. Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 36). Ontario to South Dakota ; Missouri and Texas to Colo- rado. 1 172. S. salicinus Rydb. Willow ragwort. Foothills about Boulder, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 1031). Colorado. 1 173. S. Nelsonii Rydb. [S. rosulatus Rydb.] . Nelson's rag- wort. Exceedingly abundant throughout, and occurring in a maze of forms so confluent that any segregation seems impossi- ble, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 210). Also at Caribou; and be- tween Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Colorado. 1 174. S. Fendleri Gray. Fendler's ragwort. 252 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [4OO Plains and foothills about Boulder, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 10). Colorado to Utah and New Mexico. 1 175. S. lanatifolius Osterh. [S. Fendleri lanatus Osterh.]. Woolly-leaved ragwort. Barren ridges, Glacier lake to Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Dan- iels, 218). Basal leaves very crisp. Colorado. 1 176. S. Balsamitae Muhl. [S. aureus Balsamitae (Muhl.) T. & G. ; 5". flavulus Greene ; 5". flavovircns Rydb. in part]. Narrow-leaved golden squaw-weed. Long's Peak (Porter & Coulter). Quebec to Maryland northwestward across the continent. 1 177. S. longipetiolatus Rydb. Long-petioled ragwort. Plains at Boulder, uncommon, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 61). Wyoming to Colorado. 1 178. S. crocatus Rydb. [S. aureus croceus Gray; 6". dimor- phophyllus Greene; 5\ heterodoxus Greene]. Saffron ragwort. Arapahoe Peak above timberline, and at Eldora, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 870). Also on Long's Peak (Rydberg). Wyoming to Colorado. 1 179. S. cymbalariodes Nutt. [S. aureus borcalis T. & G. Northern golden ragwort. Subalpine meadows at Glacier lake, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 705). Mackenzie to Colorado and Utah. 1 180. S. pseudaureus Rydb. False golden ragwort. Long's Peak (Rydberg). Mackenzie to British Columbia ; New Mexico to Ne- vada. nSo1i. S. mutabilis Greene [S. aurellus Rydb.]. Mutable ragwort. Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Colorado. 1 181. S. ambrosioides Rydb. Ragweedlike groundsel. 4] Vaseyi 27, [76] violaceum 27,32,41, [76] andinum [76] Agrostis [64] alba 14,44, [64] alba vulgaris [64] 269 2/0 INDEX [4l8 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 asperifolia 14,35, [64] exarata [64] hyemalis 15, [64] Rossae [64] scabra. [64] tenuiculmis [64] tenuis [64] varians [64] Alder 27, [101] thin-leaved [101] Aletes [182] acaulis 26, [183] obovata 26, [183] Algae 10 Alisma I56) Plantago 10, [56] Alismaceae [56] Alismales [56] Alkali flat flora 10, 16 ALKALINAE 10, 16 Alliaceae [91] Allionia [H2] diffusa [H2] hirsuta [H'5] lanceolata [113] linearis 15, [113] nyctaginea [112] Allioniaceae [112] Allium [91] cernuum oblusum [91[ dictvotum [91] Geyeri 22,28, [91] Nuttallii 22, [91] recurvatum [91] reticulatum .22, 28, [92] reticulatum deserticola [91] Allocarya [201] scopulorum 34, [201] Allocarya, mountain [201] Alnus [10U incana virescens [ 1 0 1 [ tenuifolia 28,37, [101] Alopecurus [62] alpinus [63] aristulatus 11, [62] fulvus [62] occidentalis 39, [63] ALPESTRES 9, 38 ALPINAE 38, 40 Alpine flora 9,38, 41 Alpine tundra 38 Alpine zone 8,9, 38 Alsinaceae [115] Alsine [H5] Baicalensis 37,39,(115] Jamesiana [115] longifolia 33, [115] Iongipes stricta media 45, Alsinopsis obtusiloba 41, propinqua 41, Althaea rosea 46, Alum-root 29, bracted Hall's small-leaved Alyssum alyssoides calycinum marilimum Alyssum, sweet yellow Amarella monantha 40, nana plebeja 34, Holmii 40, scopulorum 29, strictiflora Amaryllidales Amaranth Amaranth family Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus blitoides 45, graecizans 45, Powellii retroflexus 45, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia 45, psilostachya 16, 45, trifida 12,45, integrifolia Ambrosiaceae Amelanchier alnifolia elliptica oreophila 20, 22,25,30, polycarpa 42, Ammannia coccinea Ammannia, scarlet Ammiaceae AMNICOLAE 31, 36, Amorpha angustifolia fruticosa 22, microphylla nana ■.-•■.■ ^' Ampehpsis quinquefolia vitacea 115] 115] 115] 116] 116] 116] 170] 170] 137] 137] 137] 137] 132] 132] 132] 132] 132] 132] 190] 190] 191] 191] 191] 191] 190] [95] 111] HI] 111] HI] 112] HI] 112] HI] 111] 224] 224] 224] 224] 224] 224] 150] 150] 150] 150] 150] 176| 176] 176] 181] 37 159] 159] 159] 160] 160] 169] 4i9] INDEX 271 References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1 Amycdalaceae [151] Anaphalis [241) margaritacea subalpina [241] subalpina 26, 32, [241] Androcera [209] lobata [209] rostrata 15, [209] Andropogon [57] chrysocoma 15, [57] furcatus 14, [57] scoparium [57] Androsace [188] diffusa 39, [188] pinetorum 30, [188] puberulenta 30, [188] septentrionalis [l'x's] subtdifera [188] subumbellata 39, [188] Anemone [120] Canadensis 37, [121] cylindrica 18, [121] globosa... . 25, 35, [120] Pennsylvanica [121] Anemone 27, [120] Canada [121] globose [120] long-fruited [121] Pennsylvania [121] Angelica [184] ampla [184] Grayi [184] Angiospermae [55] Anogra [178] albicaulis [178] coronopifolia 14, [179] Nuttallii [179] rhizomata 14, [179] Antennaria [239] anaphaloides 42, [241] aprica 32,42, [240] Carpalhica pulcherrima [241] concinna 32, [239] corymbosa 42, [240] formosa [240] imbricata 42, [240] marginata [240] media 42, [239] microphylla [240] nardina [240] oxyphylla 26, [240] parvifolia 32, [240] pulcherrima [241] rosea [240] umbrinella 42, [239] Anthemis [246] Cotula 45, [246] Anthopogon [190] barbellatus 33, 39, [190] elegans 39, [190] Anthropophytic plants 43 ANTHROPOPHYTICALES.. 43 Anticlea [88] Coloradensis [88] elegans [88] Apinus [53] fiexilis 24,25,31, [53] Apios [161] Apios 21 Boulderensis 22, [161] Aplopappus, croceus [229] Parryi [230] pygmaeus [230] spinulosus [229] Apocynaceae [193] Apocynum [193] ambigens [193] androsaemifolium [193] cannabinum [193] hypericifolium [193] lividum [193] scopulorum 26, [193] Apple family [150] Aquatic flora 10 AQUATILES 10 Aquilegia [119] coerulea 25, 32, 41, [1 19] Arabis [134] connexa [134] divaricarpa [135] Fendleri [134] Hoelboelii Fendleri [134] ovata [134] oxyphylla [134] philonipha [134] Araceae [87] Aragallus [158] deflexus 32, [158] Lamberti 14, 18, 35, [159] minor [158] multiceps [158] minor [158] patens 14,35,(158] Richardsonii 35, [159] sericeus 18, [159] Arales [87] Aralia [181] nudicaulis 23, 29, [181] ARBUSTALES 18,20,31, 34 Arceuthobium Americanum. . . .[103] canum [103] cryptopodum [103] robustum [103] Arctostaphylos [186] Uva-ursi 26, [186] 272 INDEX [420 References to the Flora are In brackets \ 1 Arenaria [116 Fendleri 41,(116 diffusa (116 obtusa [116 propinqua [116 Tweedyi 41,(116 verna aeqaicaulis [116 Argemone [126 bipinnatifida [126 hispida 14, [126 intermedia 14, 18, [126 Arid brush slope society.. .. 31, 34 ARIDAE 13, 15 Aristida [60 fasciculata 15, [60 longiseta 15, [60 Armoracia [130 Armoracia 46, [130 Arnica [248 Chamissonis longinodosa. . . .[248 cordifolia 26,(248 eradiata [249 monocephala [249 Parryi 37,42,(249 parvifolia [248 pedunculata 20, [248 platyphylla 42, [248 pumila [248 Rydbergii (248 subplumosa 35, [248 Arnica [248 broad-leaved [248 dwarf [248 heart-leaved [248 Parry's [249 peduncled [248 Rydberg's [248 single-headed [249 subplumose [248 Arrowwood [221 Artemisia [246 biennis 34, [247 Brittonii .16,19,(247 Chamissoniana saxatilis [247 desertorum Scoideriana [246 diversifolia [247 dracunculoides 16, 19, (246 Forwoodii 19, [246 frigida 19,43,(247 gnaphalodes 15, [247 saxicola [247 silvicola 32, [247 scopulorum [247 Scouleriana [246 spithamaea 42, [247 tridentata 34, [248 Arum family [87 ASCLEPIADACEAE [194] ASCLEPIADALES [193] Asclepias [194] brachystephana (194] incarnata [194] pumila 16, [194] speciosa 14, [194] stenophylla [194] verticillata pumila [194] Asparagus [94] officinalis 46, [94] Asparagus, common [94] Aspen 33,47, [98] American [98] quaking 32 Aspen society 24 Aspidium Filix-mas [49] Asplenium [51] Andrewsii 30, [51] septentrionalis [51] Trichomanes 30, [51] Aster [233] adscendens [235] Andrewsii 32, [235] Bigelovii [235] ciliatus [233] coerulescens 12, [234] commutatus 15, [234] crassulus 16, [234] Eatonii [235] Engelmannii [233] exiguus 16, [233] foliaceus Eatonii [235] glaucus [233] iiicanopilosus [234] laetevirens [234] laevis 26, [234] Nelsonii [233] Osterhoutii 12, [234] Pattersonii [235] polvcephalus 16, 26, [234] Porteri 26,32,(234] salicifolius coerulescens [234] Under woodii 32, [233] violaceus [233] Aster 31 Andrews's [235] ascending [235] Bigelow's [235] coerulean [234] filiate [233] Eaton's [235] Engelmann's [233] golden [227] glaucous [233] harsh [235] light-green-leaved [234] 421] INDEX 273 References to the Flora are in brackets \ ~\ many-headed [234 Nelson's [233 Osterhout's [234 Patterson's [235 Porter's [234 prairie, white [234 smooth [234 thickish [234 Underwood's [233 varying [235 violet [235 wart-cress-leaved [235 white prairie [234 Astragalus [155 alpinus [156 campestris [157 Canadensis [155 Carolinianus [155 decumbens [157 Drummondii [156 flexuosus [157 goniatus 14, 18, [156 hypoglottis bracteosus [156 polyspermus [156 nitidus 18, [156 oroboidcs Americanus [156 Parryi [157 Shorlianus [157 sulphurescens [156 tenellus [157 tridactylicus [158 virgultatus [156 Atelophragma [156 elegans 32, [156 Atheropogon [67 curtipendulus 18, (67 Atragene [122 Columbiana 1 1 22 occidentalis 25, [122 Atriplex [110 argentea 17, [110 carnosa 17, [1 10 hortensis 17, [110 occidentalis [110 Avena [65 fatua 44, [66 sativa 46, [66 striata 22,31, [66 Avens 21, [145 mountain, purple [145 three-flowered [145 turbinate [146 white [147 yellow [146 Arapahoe [146 Oregon [145 Rocky Mountain [145 yellow Bachelor's button Bahia chrysanthemoides dissecta 29, oppositifolia Bahia, fine-leaved opposite-leaved Balsam-apple wild Balsam fir 36, 39, western Balsam poplar Baneberry ivory red, western ■western red Barberry, holly Barberry family Barley little six-rowed Barnyard grass Bastard toad-flax pale Batidaea laetissima 20, 25, Batrachium aquatile flaccidum flaccidum 34, Bean family Bearberry red Beard-grass [57], golden Beard-tongue 13, alpine glaucous low mountain narrow-sepalled one-sided Rydberg's sharp-leaved slender tall Bedstraw fragrant northern Vaillant's yellow-flowered Bee plant, Rocky Mountain. . . Bellflower Bellflower family Bell rue western Belvisia. . . [HS] [225] [244] [244] [244] [244] [244] [244] [222] [222] [54] [54] [98] [119 [119 [119 [119 [125 [125 [77 [77; [77 [58 [103 [103] [141] [141] [122] [122] [122] [152] [186] [186] [63] [57] [211] [212] [212] [212] [211] [212] [212] [212] [212] [212] [213] 220] 220] 220] [220] [220] [135] [222] [222] [122] [122] [51] 274 INDEX ::- References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 septentrionalis [51] Bent-grass [64] harsh [64] Miss Ross's [64] thin [64] white [64] Berberidaceae [125] Berbcris, Aqiiifolium [125] repens [125] Bergamot [2071 mint-leaved [2071 soft [207 strict [207 Berula [183 anguslijolia [1S3 erecta 11, [183 Besseya [215 alpina 42,(215 Betula.. .. [101 Andrewsii [101 fontinalis 12, 28, 37, [101 glandulosa [101 occidentalis [101 papyrifera Andrewsii.. . .25, [101 Betulaceae [101 Bibliography 47-48, 261- 264 Bidens [244 glaucescens 12, [244 tenuisecta [244 vulgata 12,45,(244 Bilberry (187 dwarf [187 red-berried [187 Bindweed [195 black [108 bracted [196 inland [196 hairy [196 Birch 28, [101 Andrews's canoe [101 canoe, Andrews's (101 dwarf 27 fountain [101 glandular [101 red, western [101 scrub [101 western red [101 Birch family [101 Bird's-nest, giant (185 Bishop's cap [136 western [136 Bistort [108 alpine [108 oblong-leaved [108 Bistorta (108 bistortoides 37,39,(108 vivipara 39, [108 Bittercress [133] heart-leaved [133] hoary [134] valley [134] Bitter root [114] pygmy [114] Black currant, small [139] Bladder-fern [50] Bladder pod [128] double [128] common [128] many-flowered [128] Shear's [128] Bladderwort [219] common [219] Blazing-star 13, [226] dotted [226J purple-bracted [226] Blite [109] sea [Ill] strawberry [109] Blitum [109] capitatum 25, [109] rubrum [109] Bluebell (222] western (223] Bluebells [202] many-leaved [202] punctate [202] Blueberry [187] myrtle [187] Blueberry family [187] Bluebottle [255] Blue-eyed grass 34, [95] alpine [95] narrow-leaved [95] Blue-eyed Mary, little [211] Blue flag, Missouri [95] Blue-grass, English [70] false Kentucky [72] Kentucky [69] false [72] Blue-joint, Canada [65] purple [64] Blue-lettuce, common [259] Boebera [245] papposa 16, 45, [246] Bog orchids 21, 27 Bog orchis [95] green-flowered [95] loose-flowered [96J northern [96] Borage family [200] boraginaceae [200] Bosseckia [141 J parviflora 25, [141] Botrychium [49] 4231 INDEX 275 References to the Flora are in brackets \ 1 Virginianum 25, [49] Bouncing Bet [118] Bouteloua [67] hirsuta 15, IS, [67] oligostachya 14, 15, 18, [67] racemosa [67] Box elder 12, [168] common [168] Texan [168] Bracken [50] Bracted bindweed [196] inland [196] Brake, hairv [SO] Bramble [141] Brassica [131] campestris 46, [132] juncea 45, [131] nigra 45, [132] Brassicaceae [127] Breadroot, Indian [160] Brickellia, grandiflora minor. . .[225] Brickellia [225] umbellate [225] white-stemmed 1226] Brier 21, [148] Bristle-grass 78] long-leaved 78] short-leaved 78] Brome-grass [74] lanate [75] large marginate [74] marginate, large [74] Pumpelly's [75] quake-grass [75] Richardson's [75] Bromus [74] brizaeformis 44, [75] hordeaceus 44, [75] Ianatipes 27, [75] marginatus latior 14, [74] mollis [75] Porteri Ianatipes [75] Pumpellianus 14, 27, [75] Richardsonii 27, [75] secalinus 44, [75] tectorum 44, [75] Brooklime [214] American [214] Broom-grass 13, [57] Broom-rape family [219] Brunella, see Prunella Buchloe dactyloides [67] Buckthorn family [168] Buckwheat, false [108] common [108] Buffalo berry [175] Canadian [175] Buffalo grass 13, [67] common [67] false [68] Bugloss [204] small [204] Bugseed [110] marginal-friuted [1 10] Bulbilis [67] dactyloides [67] Bull pine 20,24,25,31, [53] Bulrush 10, [79] great [80] pale [80] Bunch-flower family [88] Bunch-grass 20, [57] blue [74] Bur-grass [59] Bur-marigold [244] glaucescent [244] Bur nightshade [209] common [209] Bur-reed [55] narrow-leaved [55] Bur-reed family [55] Bursa [128] Bursa-pastoris 45, [128] Buttercup [122] Adonis-like [123] Macoun's [124] northern [123] BUTTERWORT FAMILY [219] But'ton-snakeroot [226] Cactaceae [174] Cactus [174] viviparus [174] Cactus 6, 19 ball [174] viviparous [174] Cactus family [174] Cactus mesa society 18, 19 Calamagrostis [64] Canadensis [65] purpurascens 27,31, [64] Calamus [87] Calandrinia pygmaea [114] Calceolaria [172] linearis 22, [172] Callisteris collina [197] leucantha [197] Callitrichaceae [166] Callitriche [166] autumnalis [166] bifida 10, [166] palustris 10, [166] Calochortaceae [94] Calochortus [94] Gunnisonii 18, [94] 276 INDEX [-P4 References to the Flora are in brackets \ ] Caltha chionophila Ieptosepala 37, 39, rotundifolia Calypso borcalis Calypso northern Camass, death 34, poison falcate Camelina sativa 45, CAMPANALES 10 Campanula Parryi petiolata 19, 26, uniflora 42, Campanulaceae Campanulales Campe Americana CAMPESTRES 9 campestrian vegetation Campion moss Canadian vegetation Canary-grass reed Cancer-root clustered yellow Cannabinaceae Caper family Capnoides aureum montanum pachylobum Capparidaceae Caraway common mountain Cardamine cardiophylla cordifolia 37, incana 37, infausta vallicola 12, Cardaria Draba Carduaceae Carduai.es Carduus Centaureae Coloradensis erosus griseus megacephalus. ochrocenlrus . . [118] [118] [118] [118] [97] [97] [97] [88] [88] [88] [128] [128] 12 [222] [223] [222] [222] [222] [222] [131] [131] , 36 36 [117] [117] 9 [59] [59] [219] [219] [219] [102] [135] [126] [126] [126] [126] [135] [182] [182] [182] [133] [134] [133] [134] [134] [134] [127] [127] [225] [224] [253] [254] [254] [253] [254] [255] Parryi [253] Plattensis [254] scopulorum [253] undulatus [254] Carex. [81] acutina [84] alpina Stevenii [83] athrostachya 14, [82] atrata 41, [84] aurea 28, [85] Beckii [86] bella 39, [84] canescens 33, [81] capillaris 41, [86] chalciolepis 41, [84] chimaphila 41, [84] Deweyana 25, [81] Douglasii 15,27, [82] durifolia [86] ebenea 33,35,39, [82] festiva.. ..22, 27, 28, 35, 39, [82] Haydeniana [82] festucacea 14, [S3] Geyeri 32, [85] Goodenovii 33, 37, [84] Hoodii 28,35, [81] incurva 41, [S3] lanuginosa 11, 35, [86] marcida 14, 18,27, [82] muricata Americana [81] confixa [81] nigricans 41, [85] obtusata 41, [85] occidentalis 33, 35, [81] oreocharis [85] Pcnnsylvanica vespertinalS, [86] petasata 27,35, [82] pratensis 14,18,27, [83] pulia [86] Pyrenaica 41, \85] rhomboidea [84] rigida.. 41, [84] rupestris 41, [85] Sartwellii [82] saxatilis [86] scoparia 14, [82] siccata 15,27, [83] stenophylla [S3] stipata 11, [81] straminea 15, 18, [83] straminiformis 18, [S3] stricta 11, [84] tenella 28, [81] umbellata brachyrhina [S6] brevirostris 18, [86] utriculata 33, [86] variabilis [85] 425] INDEX 277 References to the Flora are in brackets I ~\ vespertina [86 vulgaris [84 alpina [84 vulpinoidea 11, [81 Carolinian flora 21, 22 Carpet- weed [113 common [113 Carrion flower [94 western [94 Carum [182 Carvi 46, [182 Hallii [183 Caryophyllaceae [117 Cashew family [167 Castilleja [215 Arapahoensis 40, [216 cognata 26, [216 confusa 26, 32, [216 Crista-galli [216 integra 26,32,(216 lancifolia 32, [217 lauta 32, [217 linariaefo!ia..l9, 26, [215], [216 filiformis [215 occidentalis 42, [217 oreopola subintegra [217 pallida occidentalis [217 rhexifolia [217 sulphurea 32, 35, [216], [217 Castilleja 43 Catchfly [117' alpine 49 night-blooming [117' sleepy . [11 7 depauperate [H? Catch-fly grass [59 Catmint [206 Catnip [206 common [206 Cat's-foot 31, [239 corymbed [240 fairest [241 false pearly [241 imbricate [240 marginate [240 medium [239 pearly, false [241 rosy [240 sharp-leaved [240 small-leaved [240 sunny [240 umber [239 Cattail 10, [55 broad-leaved [55 Cattail family [55 Ceanothus [168 Femlk-ri 19, 20, [168 mollissimus 20, [168] ovatus pubescens [168] pubescens [168] subsericeus 20, [168] velutinus 25, [168] Cedar, Rocky Mount'n red. 29, [54] Celtis [103] reticulata 20, [103] Cenchrus [59] Carolinianus 44, [59] tribuloides [59] Centaurea [255] Cyanus [255] Centunculus [189] minimus 20, [189] Cerastium [115] occidentale 22, [1 15] Cerasus demissa melanocarpa... .[152] Ceratophyllaceae [118] Cera tophy Hum [118] demersum 10, [118] Cercocarpus [147] parvifolius 20, [147] Cereus viridiflorus [174] Cereus, prickly [174] green-flowered [174] Chaetochloa [59] glauca 44, [59] Italica 46, [59] viridis 44, [59] Chaff weed [189] least [189] Chamaenerion [176] angustifolium 25, [176] platyphyllum [176] Chamaesyce [174] Fendleri 16, [164] glyptosperma [164] petaloidea [164] rugulosa [164] serpyllifolia 16, [164] Cheat, common [75] thatch [75] Cheilanthes [51] Fi-ei 30, [51] Fendleri 30, [51] gracilis [51] lanuginosa [51] Chenopodiaceae [108] Chenopodiales [108] Chenopodium [108] album 45,(109] Botrys 45, [109] Fremontii 25. [109] incanum [109] hybridum 45, [109] incanum [109] 278 INDEX References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 [426 leptophyllum 45, oblongifolium oblongifolium rubrum 16, Chenopods Cherry ground red, wild sand, Bessey's wild 20,21, black-fruited, western. . . . Chess, common soft Chickweed common mouse-ear western Chicory common Chimaphila umbellata 26, Chionophila Jamesii 42, Chondrophylla Americana Fremontii Choripetalae Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Chrysopogon nutans 15, Chrysopsis amplifolia arida Bakeri 32, Caudata 30, compacia Cooperi foliosa hirsutissima hispida 16, incana resinolens 19, obtusata villosa 16, hispida Chrysothamnus elegans 35, graveolens 17, nauseosus graveolens Parryi 36, pulcherrimus 16, 17, fascicularis Cicely, sweet 21, ClCHORIACEAE Cichorium Intybus 45, Cicuta 108] 108] 108] 109] 16 151] 208] 152] 152] 28 152] [75] [75] 115] 115] 115] 115] 256] 256] 185] 185] 213] 213] 191] 191] 191] [98] 246] 246] [57] 227] 228] 228] 228] 228] 228] 229] 228] 227] 228] 228] 228] 228] 228] 228] 229] 229] 229] 229] 229] 229] 229] 182] 255] 256] 256] 182] occidental 11, [182] Cinna [63] latifolia 28,33, [63] pendula [63] Cinquefoil [141], [142] branched [143] bushy [141] cut-leaved [142] glaucous [142] diffuse [143] fairest [143] glandular, large-flowered.. . .[145] ground [142] lateral-flowered [142] minute-leaved [143] Pennsylvania, arachnoid.. . . [143] villous [143] rough [142] shrubby [144] tall [144] white-seeded [142] woolly [143] Circaea [180] alpina 22, 29, [180] Circumpolar vegetation 9 Cirsium [253] acaulescens X Americanum. .[254] Americanum 26, [253] Americanum X griseum .... [254] Centaureae [253], [254] Coloradense 32, [254] erosum 26, [254] griseum 42, [253] megacephalum 15, [254 ochrocentrum 15, [255] Parryi [253] Plattense [254] scopulorum 42, [253] undulatum 16, [254 Clammy-weed [135] large-flowered [135] Claytonia [114] Chamissonis [1 14] megarrhiza 41,(114] rosea [114] Clematis [121] Douglasii Jonesii [121] eriophora [122] ligusticifolia 28, [121] ( home serrulata [135] Cleome [135] pink [135] white [135] Climate and rainfall 5- 8 Climatology 5 1 li\ ose vegetation 21 Closed gentian [191] 4^7] INDEX 279 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Bigelow's Parry's Romanzof s Clover 44, alpine alsike gray livid prairie red sheep sweet white white Club-moss 40, little stiff Club-moss family Cancer-root clustered yellow Cnicus Americanus eriocephalus ochrocentrus Parry i undulatus megacephalus Cocklebur common Cockspur grass Cogswellia orientalis 26, Coleosanthus albicaulis 30, congestus minor 30, umbellatus Collinsia parviflora tenella 29, Collomia linearis 19, 23, Boulderensis micrantka Coltsfoot, sweet Columbine azure blue Columbo narrow-leaved narrow-sepalled showy Comandra pallida 18,43 COMMELINACEAE Composites 13 Cone-flower 13 [192] [192] [192] [154] 40 [154] [154] [154] [160J [154] [154] (155] [155] [154] [52] [52] [52] [52J [219] [219] [219] [253] [253] [255] [253] [254] [254] [225) [225J [58] [184J [184) [225] [22o] [225] |225| [225] [211] [211] [211] [198] [198| [198] [196] [248] [119] [119) 40 [192] [193] [192] [192] [103] , [103] [87] 43 ,[242] gray-headed [242] long-headed [242] brown [242] yellow. [242] Conioselinum [184] scopulorum 32, [184] CONVALLARIACEAE [93] CONVOLVULACEAE [195] Convolvulus [195] ambigens [196] arvensis 45, [196] interior [196] Corallorhiza [97] Corallorhiza 22,43, [97] innata [97] multiflora 43, [97] ochroleuca [97] Cord-grass [66] freshwater [66] Corispermum [HO] marginale [1 10) CORNACEAE [181] Cornflower [255] CORRIGIOLA FAMILY [112] CORRIGIOLACEAE [112 ] Corydalis aurea [126] aurea occidentalis [126] Corydalis [126] golden. ._ [126] mountain [126] CORYLACEAE [102] Corylus [102] rostrata 22, 28, [102J Cottonwood 12,21,28, [98] black [98] narrow-leaved [98] western [98] Cowbane [182] western [182] Cow herb.. [117] Cow parsnip [184] woolly [1S4] Cowslip, white 39 Crab-grass [57], [66] wild [66J Cranberry, high-bush [221] Cranesbill [162] Bicknell's [162] Fremont's [162] Parry's [162] Patterson's [162] Richardson's [162] Cranny and crevice vegetation. 5 Crassulaceae [136] Crataegus [150] Cerronis [151] Coloradensis 22, [150] 280 INDEX !428 References to the Flora are In brackets f 1 Colorado Coloradoides 20, 22, Doddsii 22, erythropoda 20, 22. occidentalis 20, 22, Creeper, Virginia Crepis alpicola 42, angustata denticulata 26, 34, glaucella occidentalis perplexa petiolata 26, runcinata Cress 27, hoary marsh blunt-leaved curved-podded rock Stanley's glaucous water winter American yellow spreading warty-podded Crevice and cranny vegeta- tion 24, Croton Texensis Croton Texas Crowfoot alpine creeping elliptic-leaved heart-leaved kidney-leaved Nutta'll's seaside small-flowered small-petalled swamp, western ugly western swamp white water 34, flaccid-leaved Crowfoot family Crownbeard western Crunocallis Chamissoi 11, 28, Cryptanthe crassisepala 16, ISO 151 151 151 150 169 256 257 257 257 257 257 256 256 250 128 127 129 129 129 134 135 135 128 131 131 129 129 129 29 163 163 163 163 122 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 124 123 124 123 124 122 122 118 243 244 114 114 201 201 Pattersonii [202] Cryptogramme [50] acrostichoides 29, [50] Cudweed [241 ] marsh [241 j sulphurescent [241] Wright's [241] Cultivated plants 7 Cultural plants 7, 44 Currant [139] black, small [139] golden, long-flowered [140] red [140] western [139] wax 20, 29 small [140] Cuscuta [195] curta... 43, [195] Gronovii curia [195] indecora 43,(195] CUSCUTACEAE [195] Cut-grass, rice [59] Cycloloma [HO] atriplieifolium [H0J platyphyllum [110] Cymopterus, false [185] Cyperaceae [79] Cyper grass [79] awned [79] Bush's [79] Cyperus [79] aristatus [79] Bushii [79] inrlexus 11, |79] Cyrtorrhyncha 25, [124] Cymbalaria [124] ranunculina [124] Cytherea [97] 'bulbosa 32, [97] Dactylis [69] glomerata 44, [69] Daisy, mountain [239] oxeye [246] Daisy fleabane [238] Dandelion [248] common [248] mountain [248] Danthonia, Calif omica.. ...... [66] intermedia [66] spicata [66] Darnel [75] Dasiphora [144] fruticosa 33, 35, [144] Dasy Stephana [191] Bigelovii [192] Parryi 42, [192] Romanzovii 42, [192J 429] INDEX 28l References to the Flora are in brackets r 1 Datura [210] Stramonium 45, [210] Tatula 45, [210] Dayflower family [87] Dead nettle family [2 OS J Delavaux' evening primrose.. . [179] short-podded [1"9] Delphinium [119] Ajacis 46, [120] Barbeyi [120] camporum 18, [119] Nelsonii 18, [1191 occidentale 32, 35, [1 19] Penardii 15, 18, [119] quercetorum [119] scopulorum subalpinum [120] subalpinum [120] Deschampsia [65] caespitosa 34, 35, [65] Deweya acaulis [163] Deyeuxia Canadensis [65] sylvatica [64] Dickrophyllum marginatum.. . . [165] DlCOTYLEDONES [98] Disporum 28, [93] ma jus 28, [93] trachycarpum [93] Disporum, rough-fruited [93] Distegia [222] involucrata 29, [222] Distichlis [69] maritinia stricta [69] stricta 16, [69] Dock [105] bitter [105] curly [105] dense-flowered [105] spatter, western [125] western [105] willow-leaved [105] Dodder [195] pretty [105] short-styled [195] Dodder family [195] Dodecatheon [189] paucifiorum [189] philoscia 33, [189] radicatum 29, 35, [189] sinuatum [189] sinuatum 29, [1891 Dogbane [193] clasping-leaved [193] crag [193] pale [193] smooth [193] spreading [193] Dogbane family [193] Dog-tooth violet [92] Dogwood 21,27,28,(181] red-osier [181] Dogwood family [181] Dondia . .[HI] depressa 17, [1 1 1] erecta [HI] Double bladder pod [128] common [128] many-flowered [128] Douglas spruce 24, 25, [54] Dotiglasia Johnstoni [189] Draba [132] aurea 32, 42, [133] aureiformis 42, [133] Bakeri [133] cana _ 41, [133] Coloradensis [132] crassifolia 41, [132] decumbens 42, [133] Fladnizensis 39, [133] luteola 41, [133] nemorosa [132] streptocarpa 28, 32, 41, [133] Dracaenaceae [94] Dracocephalum [206] parviflorum 23, 26, [206] Dragon's-head [206] small-flowered [206] Dragon-tree family [94] Dropseed [63] hair-grass [63] northern [63] rough [63] sand [63] Drop-seed grass [61] marsh [61] slender [62] Dropwort, water [183] Drosace [189] carinata [189] Dryas [147] octopetala 42, [147] Dryas 40 Drymocallis [144] arguta 14, [144] fissa 18, [145] Dryopteris [49] Filix-mas [49] Duckweed 10, [87] gibbous [87] lesser [87] Duckweed family' [87] Dysodia chrysantkemoides [246] Eaton grass [68] blunt-scaled [68] Pennsylvania [68] 282 INDEX [430 References to the Flora are in DMckets [ 1 stout [68 Eatoni [68 obtusata [68 robusta [68 Pennsylvania 28, [68 robusta 12, [68 Echinocereus [174 viridiflorus 19, [174 Echinochloa [58 Crus-galli 44, [58 mutica [58 Echinocystis lobata [222 Echinospermum floribundum.. . [200 Redowskyi occidentale [200 cupulatum [200 Edwinia [139 Americana 30, [139 Elaeagnaceae [175 Elder [220 black-berried [221 box 12, [168 marsh [224 small-berried [220 Eleocharis [80 acicularis 11, [80 acuminata 11, [80 glaucescens 11, [80 palustris 11, [80 glaucescens [80 tenuis [80 Elephant, little red 39, (218 Elephantella [218 Groenlandica 34, 35, 40, [2 18 Elm [103 American [103 Elm family [103 Elymus [78 ambiguus 27, [79 brachystachys 15,18, [78 Canadensis 12, [78 condensatus [78 Macounii 14, [78 robustus 12, [78 strigosus 27, [79 villiflorus 18,27, [79 Enchanter's nightshade [ISO alpine [180 ENSIFORMES 18, 19 Epilobiaceae [176 Epilobium [177 adenocaulon 11, 29, 33, [177 occidentale [177 adenocladon [178 alpinum [177 anagallidifolium 33, 42, [177 angustifolium [176 occidentale [177 paniculatum 19, rubescens 33, Equisetaceae Equisetales Equisetum arvense 10, laevigatum 10, 12, 28, Eragrostis major 44, pectinacea 15, Ericaceae Ericales Erigeron acris debilis Bellidastrum Canadensis canus compositus pinnatisectus trifidus debilis divergens 15, eximius 32, flagellaris 15, glandulosus 32, jucundus 34, 40, leucotrichus 42, lonchophyllus 34, macranthus 26, 37, mirus melanocephalus 42, minor 34, multifidus 32, oreocharis pinnatisectus 42, pumilus pusillus ramosus 16, 45, salicinus 26, salsuginosus 40, glacialis simplex 44, Smithii 36, speciosus 32, stolonifcr strigosus subtrinervis 32, superbus 32, 40, trifidus 32, uniflorus Eriocoma cuspidata 20, Eriogonum alatum 18, Bakeri crassifolium effusum 15, [177] [177) [52] [52] [52] [52] [52] [68] [68] [68] 186] 185] 235] 236] 238] 239] 239] 236] 236] 236] 236] 23S] 238] 239] 237] 236] 237] 235] 238] 238] 236] 236] 236] 236] [236] 237] 239] 238] 237] 237] 237] 236] 238] 236] 239] 238] 238] 237] 236] 236] [61] [61] 104] 104] 104] 104] 104] 43i] INDEX 283 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 flavum 18, [104 vegelius [104 Jamesii flavescens [104 subalpinum 37, [104 umbellatum 18, [104 Eriophyllum lanatum [245 Eritrichium [201 argenteum [201 Erodium [165 cicutarium 45, [163 Erysimum [130 alpestre [131 asperum [130 alpestre [131 nanum [131 Cockerellianum.. .25, 32, 41, [131 nivale 41, [131 oblanceolatum [131 Erythrocoma [145 ciliata.. 35,42,(145 Erythronium [92 grandiflorum parviflorum.. . . [92 parviflorum 41, [92 Escapes 43, 46 Eucephalus [233 Engelmannii 32, [233 glaucus 26, [233 Eupatorium [225 macu latum 21, [225 Euphorbia Arkansana [165 cuphosperma [166 dentata [166 Fendleri [164 glyptosperma [164 marginata [165 montana [165 robusta [165 petaloidea [164 serpyllifolia [ 1 64 rugulosa [164 EUPHORBIACEAE [163 EUPHORBIALES [163 Eurotia [110 lanata [110 Eustoma [190 Andrewsii [190 Eustoma [190 Andrews's [190 Eutoca [200 sericea. 32,42, [200 Evening primrose [178 Delavaux' [179 hairv [178 Hooker's [178 scapose [179 tooth-leaved [180 white [178 Everlasting [239] pearly [241] false [241] Evolvulus [195] argenteus [195] Nuttallianus 16, [195] Fabaceae [152] FAENALES 43, 44 Fagales [101] False buckwheat [108] common [108] False buffalo grass [68] False cymopterus [185] multifid-leaved [185] sylvan [185] False flax [128] False foxglove, purple [215] False gromwell [204] western [204] False indigo [159] shrubby [159] small-leaved [160] False oat [65] larger [65] mountain [65] narrow [65] False pearly everlasting [241] False Solomon's seal [ 93] clasping-leaved [93] starry [93] False sunflower, five-ribbed. . .[243] False timothy [62] Fame-flower [113] small-flowered [113] Feather geranium [109] Fern 3,27, 29 bladder [50] fragile 21, [50] grape [49] Hp [51] parsley [50] shield [491 Fern family [49] Fernworts [49] Fescue-grass [73] King's [73] meadow [73] naked-stemmed [74] prostrate [74] red [74] sheep [74] short-leaved [74] blender [73] small-flowered [74] Festuca [73] brachyphylla 27,41, [74] confinis 27, [74] 284 INDEX [432 References to the Flora are in brackets r 1 elatior 14,44, [73 pratensis [73 ingrata nudata [74 Kingii [74 minutiflora 41, [74 octoflora 15,18, [73 ovina [74 brevifolia [74 nudata [74 supina [74 rubra 35, [74 tenella [73 Figwort [211 western [211 Figwort family [211 Filicales [49 Filix [50 fragilis 22,29, [50 Finger grass [57 Fir 24,31,38,39, 40 balsam 36,39, [54; red [54 Fireweed [176 narrow-leaved [176 Five-finger [141], [142 Flax [163 false [128 Lewis's [163 meadow [163 Flax family [163 Fleabane 27, 31, [235 black-headed [236 broad-rayed [237 choice [238 common [238 composite 236 daisy 238 divergent 238 glandular [237 ice [237 lance-leaved [235 large-flowered [238 multifid [236 pinnate [236 pleasant [236 showy [238 simple [236 small [237 smaller [236 Smith's [238 stoloniferous [239 superb [237 three-nerved [238 three-parted [236 white-haired [237 willow [237 wonderful [238 Fleur-de-lis [95] Flora of Boulder, Colorado... . [49] Flowering raspberry 29, [141] savory [141] Fly-honeysuckle [222] involucred [222] Fog-fruit [205] wedge-leaved [205] Fontinal vegetation 21, 27 Foot-hill canon societv....24, 27, 36 Foot-hill flora 9, 17, 23,.. 24, 29, 30 Foot-hill meadow society 24, 27 Forage plants 43, 44 Foxglove, false [215] Foxtail [59], [62] ditch [63] green [59] swamp [62] western [63] yellow [59] Fragaria [143] Americana [144] bracteata 28, [144] glauca [144] paucitlora [144] prolifica [144] vesca Americana [144] Fragile-fern 21, [50] Fragrant sumach [167] three-lobed [167] Frangulaceae [168] Franseria discolor [224] Frasera [192] angustifolia [193] speciosa [192] stenosepala 26, [192] FUGITIVAE 44, 46 Fumariaceae [126] Fumitory family [126] Fungi, parasitic 43 saprophytic 43 Gaertneria [224] tomentosa 16, [224] Gaertneria, woolly [225] Gaillardia [245] aristata 15, 19, [245] Gaillardia 13, 27 awned [245] Galingale [79] Galium ._ [220] A purine Vaillantii [220] boreale 23,26, [220] flaviilorum 23, [220] triflorum 26, [220] Vaillantii 23, [220] Gaultheria [186] humifusa [186] 433] INDEX 285 References to the Flora are in brackets \ ~\ Myrsinitis [186] Gaura [180] coccinea 14, [180] glabra 14, [180] parviflora 14, 19, [180] Gaura [180] scarlet [180] small-flowered [180] smooth [180] Gayophyte ^1^ intermediate [1 78] Gayophytum [178] intermedium 19, [178] Gentian 39, [190] American [191] closed [191] Bigelow's [192] Parry's [192] Romanzof's [191] crag [191J Fremont's [191] fringed [190] bearded [190] showy [190] Holm's [191] low [191] one-flowered [190] strict-flowered [190] Gentian family [ 190] Centiana amarella acuta [191) amarella stricta [190] barbellata [190] Bigelovii [192] elegans [190] Fremontii [191] monantha [190] Moseleyi [190] Parryi [192] plebeja [191] Holmii [191] prostrata Americana [191] Romanzovii [191] strictiflora [191] Gentianaceae [190] Gentianales [190] Gentianella dementis [191] Geoprumnon [155] succulentum 18, [155] Geraniaceae [162] Geraniales [162] Geranium [162] Bicknellii [162] Fremontii 19, [162] Parryi [162] gracilentum [162] longipes [162] Parryi 22,(162] Pattersonii [162] Richardsonii 29,35,(162] Geranium, feather [109] Geranium family [162] Gerardia [215] Besseyana 15,43,(215] Germander [205] western [205] Geum [145] ciliatum [145] Oregonense 28,35,(145] Rossii humilis [147] scopulorum 22, [145] strictum 28,(145] triflorum [145] turbinatum [146] urbanum Oregonense [146] Gilia [197] aggregata attenuata [197] attenuata [197] collina [197] Brandegeei [199] Candida 19, [197] inconspicua [197] linearis [198] pinnatifida 19,(197] sinuata 19, [197] spicata [197] Gilia [197] acute-lobed [197] foothill. [197] inconspicuous [197] small-flowered [197] spiked [197] wavy-leaved [197] white [197] Gill-over-the-ground [206] Glechoma, see Glecoma. Glecoma [206] hederacea 45, [206] Globe-flower 39,(118] white [118] Glycyrrhiza (159] lepidota [159] Gnaphalium [241] palustre 34, [241] sulphurescens [241] Wrightii 26, [241] Goatsbeard, yellow [255] Gold, mountain [230] Golden aster 13,(227] ample-leaved [228] arid [22S] Baker's [228] caudate [228] Cooper's [229] hairiest [227] 286 INDEX [434 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 hispid [228 leafy [228 obtuse4eaved [228 resinous [228 villous [228 Golden currant, long-flowered. .[140 Golden glow [242 Golden rod 13, 31, [230 common (231 decumbent [230 dwarf [230 dwarf [232 harsh-leaved [232 hoary [232 many-leaved [231 Missouri, stout [231 mountain loving [230 open-topped [230 pale [231 Pitcher's [231 prettiest [232 smoothest [231 stiff, hoary [232 three-nerved [232 viscid [231 yellowish-gray [231 Gooseberry 29, [139 Purpus's [139 valley [139 Gooseberry family [139 Goosefoot [10S Fremont's [109 hoary [109 maple-leaved [109 narrow-leaved [108 oblong-leaved [108 red [109 white [109 Goosefoot family [108 Gourd family [222 Grama-grass [67 common [67 prairie [67 Grape 21, [169 Boulder [169 river-bank [169 Grape family [169 Grape-fern, Virginia [49 Grapes, Oregon [125 Grass. .6, 10, 12, 27, 34, 39, 40, [44 barnyard [58 beard [57], [63 bent [64 blue [69], [70], [72 blue-eyed 34, [95 bristle [78 brome [74 broom 13, [57] buffalo 13,(67], [68] bunch 20,57, [74] bur [59] canary [59] catchfly [59] cockspur [58] cord [66] crab [57], [66] cut [59] cyper [79] dropseed [61] Eaton [68] fescue [73] finger [57] grama [67] hair [64], [65] holy [60] Indian [57] Iyme [7S] manna [72] marsh [66] meadow 14, [69] melic [69] mesquit 13, [67] Munro's [68] oat [66] orchard [68] panic [57], [58] pepper [127] penny [127] porcupine 13, [60] poverty [60] prairie [68] quack [76] reed [63], [64] rush [61], [62] rye [75] salt [69J salt meadow [73] skunk [68] spear [69] spike [69] squirrel-tail [77] stink [68] switch [58] triple-awned [60] turkey-foot 13, [57] wheat [76] whitlow [132] witch [57] Grass family 157] Grass-fern [51] Grass of Parnassus [139] fimbriate [139] Grass of parnassus family.. [139] Cratiola [214] 435] I MUX 28/ References to the Flora arc in brackets \ ~\ Virginiana 11, [214 Great blue lobelia, Louisiana.. . [223 Greek valerian [198 BrandegeVs [199 purple [199 stout [198 yellow [198 Greenbrier family [94 Green milkweed [194 common [194 narrow leaved [194 Grindelia [226 Eldorae 36, [227 erecta .[227 perennis 15, [227 serrulata 15, [226 serrulata X perennis [227 subalpina 36, [227 Texana [226 Grossulariaceae [139 Gromwell [203 false [204 Ground cherry [208 clammy [209 hairy [209 long-leaved [208 prairie [208 purple [209 round-leaved [209 Iobed [209 Virginia [209 Ground ivy [206 Ground nut [161 Boulder [161 Ground plum [155 succulent [155 Groundsel 31, [249 admirable [250 alpine [249 bashful [249 blite. . [249 broom-like [253 Columbian [250 Fendler's [251 green-flowered [249 Hall's [249 Harbour's [251 Hooker's [250 lapathus-leaved [250 leafy [251 many-headed [253 perplexing [250 Pursh's [251 ragweed-like [253 Riddell's [253 thickish [250 triangular-leaved [249 turnip-leaved [250] water-loving [250J Gum plant [226] Eldora [227) erect... [227] perennial [227] serrulate [226] subalpine [227] Texan [226] Gumweed 13, [44] Gunnera family [181] gunneraceae [181] Gutierrezia [226] longifolia 16,19,[226] scoparia 16, 19, [226] Gutierrezia, broom [226] long-leaved [226] Gymnolomia [241] multiflora 29, [241] Gymnolomia, many-flowered. . [241] Gyrostachys stricta [96] liabenaria Unalaschensis [96] Hackberry 20, [103] veiny-leaved [103] Hair grass [64], [65] tufted [65] Halerpestes [124] Cymbalaria 11, [124] Halictus galpinsiae [180] Harbouria [182] trachypleura 25, [182] Harbour's hemlock [182] rough-ribbed [182] Harebell [222] Arctic [222] Parry's [222] Haw..". 20, 21, [28] Cerro [151] Colorado [150 false [151 Dodd's [151 western [150 Hawthorne [150] Hawk's-beard [256] alpine [257] glaucescent [256] narrow-leaved [257] perplexing [256] petioled [256] runcinate [256] toothed [256] western [257] Hawkweed [257] Fendler's [257] slender [257] white-flowered [257] Hazel 21, 27, [102] 288 INDEX [436 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 long-beaked 21, [28] Hazel family [102] Hazelnut, beaked [102] Heal-all [206] Heath family [186] Hedeoma [207] hispida 16, [207] Hederaceae [181] Hedge hyssop [214] clammy [214] Hedge mustard [130] common [130] Hedge nettle [206] crag [206] Helenium [245] montanum 12, [245] Helianthella [243] quinquenervis 37, [243] Helianthus [242] fascicularia [243] giganteus Utahensis [243] grosse-serratus 15, [243] lenticularis 15, [242] coronatus [246] petiolaris 16, 45, [243] phenax [243] pumilus 16, [243] subrhomboideus 19, [243] Utahensis [243] Hemlock, Harbour's [182] water [182] Hemlock parsley [184] Rocky Mountain [184] Hemp, Indian [193] Hemp family [102] Heracleum [184] lanatum 23,29,(184] Hesperaster striclus [173] Heteranthera [88] limosa 11, [88] Heuchera [137] bracteata 30, [137] Hallii 42, [137] parvifolia 22,42, [137] Hieracium [257] albiflorum 26, 32, [257] Fendleri 26, [257] gracile 40, [257] Hierochloe [60] borealis [60] odorata [60] High ridge flora 37 Hoarhound, water [208] Hoary cress [127] Hollv barberry [125] Hollyhock.. . [170] common [170] Holodiscus [147] dumosus [147] Homalobus [157] campestris [157] decumbens 25, [157] flexuosus [157] Salidae 14, [158] tenellus 25,35, [157] Homalocenchrus [59] oryzoides 11, [59] Honeysuckle, fly [222] Honeysuckle family [220] Hop [102] New Mexico [102] Hordeum [77] jubatum 14, [77] pusillum 15, [77] sativum hexastichon 46, [77] Hornwort 10, [118] common [118] Hornwort family [US] Horse-cane [224] Horsemint , [207] pectinate [207] Ramalev's [207] Horse radish [130] common [130] Horsetail [52] field [52] Horsetail family' [52] Horseweed [239] common [239] dwarf [239] Hudsonian vegetation 9, [32] HUMIDAE 13, [14] Humulus [102] Lupulus Neo-Mexicanus.22, [102] Hydrangea family' [139] Hydrangeaceae [139] Hydrolea family [199] Hydroleaceae [199] Hvdrophyllum [199] Fendleri 23, [199] occidentale Fendleri [199] Hypericaceae [171] Hypericales [171] Hypericum [171] Canadense majus [171] formosum [171] majus 11, [171] Hyssop, hedge [214] Ibidium [96] Romanzoffianum strict- urn 28,33, [96] Indian breadroot [160] few-flowered [160] silver-leaf [160] 437] INDEX 28Q References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Indian currant, huckleberry. . . [221 mountain [221 Indian grass [57 nodding [57 Indian hemp [193 St. Johnswort [193 Indian pink [215 Indian pipe family [1S5 Innocence [211 Introduction 1 lonidium lineare [172 Ipomoea purpurea [195 Iris [95 Missouriensis 11, [95 Iva [224 axillaris 12,17,45, [224 xanthifolia 12, 43, 45, [224 Ivy, ground [206 poison [167 Ivy family [181 ixia family [95 i.xiaceae [95 Jacob's ladder [198 delicate [198 fairest [198 soft [198 Jacob's ladder family [196 Jamesia Americana [139 Jamesia 29, [139 American [139 Jerusalem oak [109 Jimson weed [210 Joe-Pye weed, spotted [225 Jl'NCACEAE [88 Juncoides [90 parvirlorum 28, [33 melanocarpum [90 subcongestum [91 spicatum 39, [91 Juncus [88 Arizonicus 14, [89 Balticus montanus 11,28, [88 bufonius [S9 castaneus 41, [90 confusus 14, [89 Drummondii 39, [89 Dudleyi 14, [89 interior 14, [89 longistylis 11,35, [89 marginatus 11, [89 Mertensianus [90 nodosus 11, [90 parous 35, [90 Saximontanus 33, 35, [90 Torreyi 11, [90 triglumis 41, [90 Juneberry 20, [29 elliptical-leaved [150] many-fruited [150] Juniper '54] low "20 mountain [54] Juniper family [54] Jlniperaceae [54] scopulorum [54] Sibirica 20, [54] Kale, sea [Ill] Kalmia [186] glauca microphylla [186] microphylla 39, [186] Knotweed [106] box-like [106] bushy [106] Douglas's [106] branched [106] Engelmann's [106] erect [106] one-leaved [106] Saguache [106] Watson's [106] Knotweed family [104] Koeleria [68] cristata 14, 18,27, [681 nitida [68] Koniga [132] maritima 46. [132] Krummholtz 38, 39, [40| Krynitskia crassisepala [201] Jatnesii [201] Pattersonii [201] virgata [201] Kuhnia [225] eupatorioides corymbulosa.. . . [225] glutinosa 16, [225] Gooddingii [225] Hitchcockii 16, [225] Kuhnia, Goodding's [225] Hitchcock's [225] sticky [225] Kuhnistera oligophylla [160] purpurea [160] Kunzia [147] tridentata [147] Laciniaria [226] ligulistylis 26, [226] punctata 16, [226] Lactuca [258] Canadensis [259] integrata 45, [259] Ludoviciana [259] pulchella 12, [259] spicata 12, [259] LACUSTRES 31, [34] Lacustrine flora [37] 2Q0 INDEX [438 References to the Flora are in brackets r 1 Ladies' tresses [96 narrow-spiked [96 Lady's thumb [107 common [107 dock-leaved [107 Muhlenberg's [107 Lambkill [186 Lamb's quarters [108 Lamiaceae [205 Lappula [200 angustata 26, [200 cupulata 16. [200 floribunda 26, [200 occidentalis 16, [200 Larkspur 34,(119 Barbey's [120 garden [120 Nelson's [120 Penard's [120 plains [120 western [120 Lathyrus [161 leucanthus 21,25, [161 Laurel, swamp [186 Lavauxia [179 brachycarpa [179 Lead plant [159 Leather flower [121 Jones's [121 woolly [121 Leersia oryzoides [59 Lemna 187 gibba 10, [87 minor 10, [87 Lemnaceae [87 Leonurus [206 Cardiaca 45, [206 Lepargyraea [175 Canadensis 25, [175 Lepidium [127 divergens [127 Draba [127 medium [127 Leptasea [138 austromontana 36, 42, [138 chrvsantha 42, [13S flagellars 42, [138 Hirculus [138 Leptilon [239 Canadense 45, [239 pusillum [239 Lesquerella [128 Shearis [128 Lettuce [258 common blue [259 common wild [259 Louisiana [259 prickly [259] showy [259] Lecocrinum [92] montanum [92] Liatris punctata [226] Lichens 29 Ligusticum [183] affine [183] Ported 23,26, [183] scopulorum [184] Liliaceae [92] Liliales [88] Lilium [92] Philadelphicum montan- um 28, [92] Lily [92] Mariposa 17,18,27, [94] mountain 27, [92] pond 34, [125] sand [92] Lily family [92] llly-of-the- valley family. . [93] Limnorchis [95] borealis 33, [96] laxiflora 22,28, [96] stricta 33, [95] viridiflora 22,28, [95] Limose society 10 Limosella [214] aquatica 10,34, [214] LlNACEAE [163] Linanthus [196] Harknessii [196] Linanthus, Harkness' [196] Linaria [211] Canadensis 20, [211] Linnaea [221] Americana 26, [221] Linum [163] Lewisii 15, 19,(163] perenne Lewisii [163] pratense [163] Lip-fern [51] Fendler's [51] woolly [51] Lippia cuneifolia [205] Liquorice, wild [159] Listera borealis [96] nephrophytta [96] Lithospermum [203] albescens [203] angustifolium [203] breviflorum 16, [203] canescens 14, [203] linearifolium [203] Little red elephant [218] Greeland [218] 439] INDEX 29I References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Liverwort 27 Lloydia [92] serotina 41, [92] Lloydia, late [92] LOASA FAMILY [173] LOASACEAE [173] Lobelia [223] syphilitica Ludoviciana. . 12, [22i] Lobelia [223] Louisiana great blue [223] Lobelia family [223] lobeliaceae [223 j Loco-weed 13,34,(158] broad-leaved [158] cespitose [158] deflexed [158] Lambert's [159] little [158] Richardson's [159] silky [159] Lolium [75] Italicum 44, [75] Lomatium Grayi [184] Long-headed coneflower [242] brown [242] Looking-glass, Venus's [223] Loosestrife [176], [188] fringed [188] winged [l 76] LORANTHACEAE [103] Lousewort 34, [218] crag [218] Gray's [218] Parry's [218| racemose [218] Lovage [183] Porter's [183] Lower Transition vegetation . . 9 Lucerne [154] Lungwort [202] alpine [202] greenish [202] hairy [203] lance-leaved [2021 linear-leaved [202] perplexing [203] pleasant [202] small-flowered [203] Lupine 13, [153] alpine [153] decumbent [153] silvery [154] Platte [153] red-stemmed [153] small-flowered [153] Lupinus [153] alpestres [153] ahophilus [153] argenteus decumbens [153] decumbens 14, 18, [153] argentatus 14, [154] leptostachys [153] parviflorus [153] Plattensis 18, [153] rubricaulis [153] Luzula melanocarpus [90] spadicea subcongesta [91] spicata [91] Lychnis [117] Drummondii 18, [117] Lycium [210] vulgare 46, [210] Lycopersicum, see Lycopersicon Lycopersicon [210] Lycopersicum 46, [210] Lycopodiaceae [52] Lycopodiales [52] Lycopodium '. [52] annotinum 39, [52] Lycopsis [204] arvensis 46, [204] Lycopus [208] Americanus 11, [208] Europeus sinuatus [208] lucidus 11, [208] sinuatus [208] Lycurus [62] phleoides [62] Lygodesmia [256] grandiflora [256] juncea [256] Lygodesmia, large-flowered. . . . [256] rush-like [256] Lyme grass 78] ambiguous 79] smooth 79] strigose 79] villous [79] Lythraceae [176] Lythrum [176] alatum 11, [176] Machaeranthera [235] aspera 26, [235] Bigelovii... 26, [235] coronopifolia [235] Pattersonii [235] varians [235] Macrocalyx 23, [199] Nyctelea 23, [199] Macronema pygmaeum [230] Madder family [220] Madwort [132] Mahogany, mountain [147] Malaceae [150] 292 INDEX [440 References to the Flora are in brackets T 1 Male-fern Mallow false scarlet round-leaved western white Mallow family Malva rotundifolia 45, Malvaceae Malvales Malvastrum dissectum 14, Manna-grass floating, northern Holm's nerved Maple 21, dwarf smooth three-leaved Maple family Marigold, bur fetid marsh Mariposa lily 17, 18,27, Gunnison's Mariposa lily family Marsh cress, blunt-leaved curved-podded hairy Marsh-elder burweed small-flowered Marsh grass, tall Marsh marigold white Mary, little blue-eyed Matrimony vine common Mayweed common Meadow-grass 13, alpine bunch crag fair-hued flexuous fowl inland long-ligulate long-pedunculate mountain Patterson's prairie.. . reflexed. [49] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [170] [72] [73] [73] [72] [167] 21 [167] [167] [167] [2441 [246] [1181 [94] [94] [94] [129] [129] [129] [224] [224] [224] [66] [118] [118] [211] [210] [210] [246] [246] [69] [711 [72] [71] [70] [70] [70] [71] [72] [72] [70] [71] [72] [70] reed [73] rough [69] rush-leaved [72] salt [72] smooth-glumed [70] Vasey's [71] western [70] Wheeler's [71] wood [71] Meadow-rue [125] Fend'er's [125] purplish [125] Meadowsweet [147] bushy [147] Medic [155] hop [155] Medica [154] sativa 44, [154] Medicago [155] Iupulina 45, [155] sativa [154] Melanthaceae [88] Melica [69] bella 25, [69] bulbosa [69] Melic-grass [69] bulbous [69] Mclilot [155] yellow [155] Melilotus [155] alba 45, [155] officinalis 45, [155] MENSALES 9, [17] Mentha _ [208] arvensis Penardi [208] Penardi 11, [208] spicata 11,45, [208] viridis [208] Mentzelia albicaulis [174] albicaulis integrifolia [174] decapeiala [173] dispersa [174] multiflora [173] nuda [173] ornata [173], [174] speciosa [173] Mentzelia [174] broad-leaved [174] entire-leaved [174] white-stemmed [174] Merathrepta [66 Californica [66 intermedia 33, [66 spicata 15, [66] Meriolix [180] serrulata 19, [180] Mertensia [202] 44i] INDEX. 293 References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1 alpina 42, [202 amoena [202 lanceolata 19,23,29, [202 lateriflora [202 linearis 19, [202 micrantha [203 perplexa 42, [203 polyphylla 37, 42, [202 punctata 29, [202 Secundorum [203 viridula 29, [202 Mesa flora 9, [17 Mesa canon society 18, 21, [28 Mesa meadow society 17, [18 Mesquit-grass 13, [67 common [67 hairy [67 tall • [67 Mexican poppy 13 Micrampelis [222 Iobata 45, [222 Micranthes [137 arguta 33, 37, 39, [138 rhomboidea 39,42, [137 Microsteris [196 micrantha [196 Microsteris, small-flowered. . . .[196 Milfoil, water 10, [181 Milk vetch 34,1155 alpine [156 bushy [156 Canada [155 decumbent [157 Drummond's [156 flexile.. [157 mountain [155 Parry's [157 plains [157 pretty [156 purple [156 Salida [158 shining [156 Short's [157 slender [157 sulphur [156 three-fingered [158 Milkweed [194 dwarf [194 green [194 short-crowned [194 showy [194 swamp [194 Milkweed family [194 Millet, Italian [59 Mimulus [213 floribundus 11,29, [214 Geyeri 11, [213 Hallii. 23, [213] Jamesii [213] Langsdorfii 37, [213] minor [213] minor [213] puberulus 34, 37, [213] Mint [208] Penard's [208] Mistletoe, small [103] Mistletoe family [103] Mitella pentandra [136] stenopctala [137] Mitre-wort [137] narrow-petalled [137] Moliugo [113] verticillata 45, [113] Monarda [207] menthaefolia 26, [207] mollis 26, [207] Nuttallii [207] pectinata 16, [207] Ramaleyi [207] stricta [207] Moneses [185] uniflora [185] Monkey-flower [213] Geyer's [213] Hall's [213] Langsdorf's [213] small [213] many-flowered [214] puberulent [213] Monkshood 34, [120] Columbia [120] ochroleucous [120] porrect [120] showy [120] Monocotyledones [55] Monolepis [110] clienopodioides [110] Nuttalliana [110] Monolepis, Nuttall's [110] MoNOTROPACEAE [185] MONTANAE 9, [30] Montane bog association .. 31, [32] Montane flora 9, 30, [31] Montane forest 31, 36, [37] Montane lake association. . 31, [34] Montane marginal vegetation.. [34] Montane meadow 31, [34] Montane rupestrine society.. . . [35] Montane stream ass'n 31, [36] Montane subzone [31] Montane sylva 31, [37] Moonwort [49] Morning glory [195] common [195J 294 INDEX [442 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Morning glory family [195] Moschatel [222] MOSCHATEL FAMILY [222] Mosses 27 Motherwort [206] common [206] Mountain ash [151] Rocky Mountain [151] Mountain avens [145] purple [145] three-flowered [145] turbinate [146] white [147] yellow [146] Arapahoe [146] Mountain caraway [182] obovate-leaved [182] stemless [183] Mountain daisy [239] hoary. [239] Mountain forget-me-not ....[201] silvery [201] Mountain gold [230] Parry's [230] Mountain mahogany 20, [147] small-leaved [147] Mountain nut [201] James's [201] pulvinate [201] virgate [201] Mountain rice [61] silky [61] small-flowered [61] Mountain sorrel [105] Mouse-ear chickweed [115] western [115] Mouse tail 1122] beaked [122] Mud plantain [88] limose [88] Mudwort [214] aquatic 34, [214] Mugwort [246] alpine [247] prairie [246] Muhlenbergia [61] cuspidata 15, [61] filiformis H, [62] glomerata [61] gracilis 25, [62] racemosa 11, [61] Richardsoni 35, [61] simplex 33, 35, [62] Mullen [211] common [211] moth [211] Munroa [68] squarrosa 15, [68] Munro's grass [68] Musineon [183] divaricatum [183] Musineon, leafy [183] Muskroot [222] Musquash root, western [182] Mustard [131] black [131] hedge [130] Indian [131] tansy [130] treacle [130] Mustard family [127] Myagrum sativum [128] Myagrum [128] Myosurus [122] apetalus [122] aristatus [122] Myriophyllum [181] spicatum 10, [181] Myrtales [1'6] Nannyberry [221] Nasturtium [12S] .1 rmoracia. [130] calycinum [129] hispidum [129] Nasturtium-aquaticum...ll, [128] obtusum [129] officinale [128] sinuatum [129] Negundo aceroides [168] Negundo [168] Nemexia [94] herbacea melica [94] lasioneuron 22, [94] Nepeta [206] Cataria [206] Glechoma [206] Nettle [102] dead [205] hedge [206] slender [102] Nettle family [102] Nettle spurge [164] branching [164] New Jersey tea. [168] Fendler's (168] hairy [168] silkish [168] varnished [168] New Zealand spinach family]1 13] Nicotiana : [210] altenuata • -[210] Nightshade [209] bur, common [209] enchanter's [180] 443] INDEX 295 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 inland [210 three-flowered [209 villous [210 Nightshade family [208 Nine-barks 21,(140 glabrous [140 intermediate [140 Ramaley's [140 Torrey 's [140 Nodding violet [172 narrow-leaved [172 Nothocalais [257 cuspidata [257 Nuphar polysepalum [125 Nuttallia [173 decapetala [173 multiflora [173 nuda [173 sinuata [173 speciosa [173 stricta [173 Nyctelea [199 Nymphaea [125 polysepala 34, [125 Oat [65 common [65 false [65 purple [65 wild [65 Oat-grass, wild [66 Odostemon [125 aquijolium [125 repens 25, [125 Oenothera [178 albicaidis [178 biennis hirsutissima [178 strigosa [178 brachycarpa [179 coronopifolia [179 Hookeri [178 montana [179 Nuttailii [179 pinnatifida [178 serrulata [180 strigosa 14, [178 Oligoneuron [232 canescens 15, [232 Onagra Hookeri [178 strigosa [178 Onion [91 wild [91], [92 Onion family [91 Onosmodium [204 occidentale 14, [204 Ophioglossaceae [49 Ophioglossales [49 Ophrys [96 borealis 28, [96] nephrophylla [96] Opulaster [140] bracteatus [140] glabratus 28, [140] intermedius 22, 28, [140] Missouriensis [140] monogynus 28, [140] Ramaleyi 20, 28, [140] Opuntia [175] fragilis 19, [175] Greenei 19, [175] humifusus [175] mesacantha 19, [175] Greenei [175] polyacantha 19, [175] Rafinesquii [175] rhodantha 19, [175 Opuntiales [173 Orache [110 fleshy [110] garden [110] silvery [110] western [110] Orchard grass [69] common [69] Orchidaceae [95] Orchidales [95] Orchids 2 bog 21, 27 Orchis, bog [95] Piper's [96] Orchis family [95] Oregon grapes [125] creeping [125] Oreobatus [141] deliciosus 20,22,25,30, [141] Oreobroma [1 14] pygmaea 41, [114] Oreocarya [201] pulvinata [201] suffruticosa [201] virgata 19, [201] Oreochrysum [230] Parryi 26, 32, [230] Ornamental plants 44 Orobanchaceae [219] Orophaca [158] tridactylica [158] Orpine 29, [136] narrow-petalled [136] Orpine family [136] Orthocarpus [219] Iuteus 16, [218] Orthocarpus, yellow [218] Oryzopsis [61] cuspidata [61] 296 INDEX [444 References to the Flora are in brackets r T micrantha 25, [61 Osmorrhiza [182 longistylis 23, [182 obtusa 23, [182 OXALIDACEAE [163 Oxalis slricta [163 Oxeye daisy [246 common [246 Oxypolis [183 Fendleri 33, 37, [183 Oxyria [105 digyna 41, [105 Oxytropis deflexa [158 Lamberti [159 multiceps [158 minor [158 sericea [159 splendens Richardsonii [159 Oyster plant [255 Ozomelis [137 stenopetala [137 Pachylobus [179 hirsutus [179 macroglottis [179 montanus [179 Paint brush [215 Painted cup 18,27, [215 Arapahoe [216 cockscomb [216 confused [216 entire-leaved [216 lance-leaved [216 Rhexia-leaved [216 subentire [216 sulphur [216 toad-flax-leaved [215 filiform [215 western [216 yellow [216 PALUDOSAE 31, 32 Paludose society 10 Palustres 10 Palustrous flora 10, 37 Pandanales [55] Panic-grass [57] Scribner's [58] Tennessee J5SJ Panicularia [72] Americana 11, [73] borealis 11, [73] Holmii 28, [73] nervata 11,28, [72] Panicum [57] capillare 44, [57] agreste [58] occidentale [58] Cr us- galli [57] sanguinale scoparium Scribnerianum Tennesseense virgatum 14, Papaver Argemone 46, Papaveraceae Papaverales Parasitic plants PARASITICALES Parasites Parietaria obtusa 22, Pennsylvanica 22, 30, Parnassia fimbriata 33, 37, Parnassiaceae Parnassus, grass of Paronychia Jamesii 15, pulvinata 41, Parsley Gray's hemlock Parsley family Parsley-fern rock Parsnip common cow water Parthcnocissus vitacea Pasque flower American pink Pastinaca sativa 45, Peach family Pear, prickly Peraly everlasting false subalpine Pedicularia Grayi 32, 35, Parryi 40, procera racemosa 32, scopulorum 42, Pectianthia pentandra 33, 34, 37, Pellitory obtuse-leaved Pennsylvania Penny grass Colorado field [57] [58] [58] [58] [58] [126] [126] [126] [126] 43 43 43 [102] [102] [102] [139] [139] [139] [139] [112] [112] [112] [184] [1S4] [184] [131] [50] [50] [184] [184] [184] [183] [169] [121] [121] [121] [184] [184] [151] [175] [241] [241] [241] [218] [218] [218] [218] [218] [218] [136] [136] [102] [102] [102] [127] [127] [127] 445] INDEX 297 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Nuttall's [127 purplish [127 Pennyroyal [207 hispid [207 Pentstemon [211 alpinus 26, 31, [212 erosus [212 glaber alpinus [212 glaucus [212 stenosepalus 42, [212 gracilis 19,26,(212 humilis 16, 19,26,(212 oreophilus 26, 32, [211 procerus [213 riparius [212 Rydbergii [212 secundiflorus 16, 19, [212 unilateral 15, 19, [212 Pepper grass [127 divergent [127 medium [127 Peramium [97 ophioides 25, [97 Peritoma [135 serrulatum [135 albiflorum [135 Persicaria [107 emersa 11, [107 lapathifolia 11, [107 Persicaria 44, [107 punctata 11, [107 Pesedera [169 quinquefolia [169 vitacea 12,22, 169, [170 Petalostemon [160 gracilis oligophyllus [160 oligophyllus 14, [160 pubescens 14, [160 purpureus 14, [160 violaceus [160 Petasites [248 sagittata [248 Phaca elegans [156 flexuosa [1 56 Phacelia [199 glandulosa 36, [199 heterophylla 19, [199 leucophylla [199 Neo-Mexicana alba [200 sericea [200 Phacelia [199 glandular 36, [199 New Mexican, white [200 silky [200 various-leaved [199 Phalaris [59 arundinacea 11, [59 Phanerogams 43 Pharbitis [195] hispida [195] purpurea 46, [195] Phleum [62] alpinum 33, 35, [62] pratense 44, [62] Phlox [196] depressa 26, [196] longifolia [196] multiflora [196] depressa [196] Phlox [196] long-leaved [196] low [196] many-flowered [196] Phragmites [67] communis [67] Phragmites 21,22, [67] Phyla [205] cuneifolia 11, [205] Physalis [208] comata [209] heterophylla 45, [209] lanceolata 14, [208] laevigata [208] lobata [209] longifolia [208] rotundata 16, [209] Virginiana 15,45, [208] Physaria [128J didymocarpa 30, [128] floribunda 30, [128] Physiography 1 Picea [53] Engelmannii. .24, 31, 36, 37, [53] Parryana 25,31, [53] pungens [53] PlCKERELL-WEED FAMILY [88] Picradeniopsis [244] oppositifolia [244] Pigweed [108], [111] common [108] Powell's [Ill] prostrate .-.[ill] rough [Ill] white [112] winged |110j Pin-clover [163] Pinaceae [53] PlNALES [53] Pine 24, 31, [53] bull 20,24,25, 31,43, [52] Cembra [53] lodgepole 30,31,43, [53] Rocky Mountain white. .31, [53] Pine family [53] 298 INDEX [446 References to the Flora are in brackets r 1 PlNGUICULACEAE Pink, Drummond's Pink family Pinus contorta Murrayana. . . [53], flexilis Murrayana 24, 25, 31, ponderosa scopulorum scopulorum 20,24,25,31,(53], Piperia Unalaschensis 2, 25, Piper's orchis Alaskan Pipsissewa umbellate Plains flora Plantaginaceae Plantaginales Plantago lanceolata 45, major 45, Patagonica gnaphalioides. . . . Purshii 16, Plantain common English mud Pursh's rattlesnake Plantain family Pleurogyne fontana 34, rotata tenuifolia Pleurogyne, fountain Plum 20, American wild pygmy wild American Poa alpicola 39, alpina 37, 39, andina annua 44, caesia strictior callichroa cenisia compressa 44, confusa 15,18, crocata 15, 27, 41, flexuosa interior 14, 18, 35, juncifolia 15, 18, laxa leptocoma 35, 39, longiligula 27, longipedunculata .27,32, 40, [219] [117] [117] [53] [103] [53] [53] [53] [103] [96] [96] [96] [96] [185] [185] 9, 10 [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [219] [88] [219] [97] [219] [192] [192] [192] [192] [151] [151] [151] 28 [151] [69] [70] [71] [72] [69] .[71] [70] [70] [70] [72] [71] [70] [71] [72] [70] [70] [72] [72] occidentalis Pattersonii 40, platyphylla 27,37, pratensis 14, 35, 44, pratericola pseudopratensis 14, 18, reflexa 32,35,39, rupestris rupicola 40, serotina triflora 11, 14, 18,28, trivialis 44, Vaseyana 33, 35, Wheeleri Poaceae Poales Poinsettia cuphosperma dentata 14, Poison camass falcate Poison ivy Rydberg's Polanisia trachysperma Polemoniaceae Polemoniales Polemonium Brandegeei 42, confertum miililum delicatum 42, mellitum molle pulcherrimum robustum 37, scopulinum POLYGONACEAE POLYGONALES Polygonum acre aviculare 44, Bistorta oblongifolium buxiforme 16, confertiflorum S3, consimile Colvolvulus Douglasii 18, consimile emersum Engelmannii erectum 44, lapathifolium Muhlenbergii Persicaria punctalum . . . ramosissimum. [70] [71] [70] [69] [72] [72] [70] [71] [71] [70] [70] [69] [71] [71] [57] [57] [166] [166] [166] [88] [88] [167] [167] [135] [135] [196] [195] [198] [199] [199] [198] [198J [198] [198] [198] [198] 42 [104] [104] [106] [107] [106] 11(18] [106] [106] [107] [108] |107] [107] [107] [106] [106] [107] [107] [107] [107] [106] 4471 INDEX 2Q9 References to the Flora are in brackets \ "\ Sawatchense [106] tenue microspermum [106] unifolium [106] viviparum [108] Watsonii [106] POLYPODIACEAE [49] Polypodium [49] hesperium 29, [49] vulgare [49] Polypody [49] western [49] Polypogon [63] Monspeliensis [63] Pomme blanche [160] Pond lily, yellow 34, [125] Pondweed 10, [55] alpine [55] fennel-leaved [56] long-leaved [55] leafy [56] spiral [56] various-leaved [56] Pondweed family [55] pontederiaceae [88] Poplar [98] balsam [98] Poppy [126] Mexican 13 prickly... [126] rough-fruited [126] Poppy family, [126] Populus [98] i acuminata 12,22, [98] angustifolia.12, 22, 24, 28, 37 [98] aurea [98] balsamifera 37, [98] deltoides occidentalis [98] occidentalis [98] Sargentii 12,22,28, [98] tremuloides 25,32,33, [98] aurea [98] Porcupine grass 13, [60] greenish [60] Lettermann's [61] Nelson's [60] Scribner's [60] western [60] Portulaca [114] oleracea 45, [114] retusa 45, [1 14] PORTULACACEAE [113] Potamogeton [55] alpinus [55] fluitans [55] foliosus 10, [55] heterophyllus 10, [56] lonchites 10, [55] pauciflorus [56] pectinatus 10, [56] rufescens [56] Spirillus 10, [56] Potentilla [142] arguta [144] concinna 32, [142] dissecta 42, [142] glaucophylla [142] diversifolia [142 effusa 18, [143 fissa [145 fruticosa [144] glaucophylla [142] Hippiana 14,25,35,(143] diffusa [143] humifusa [142] lateriflora [142] leucocarpa [142] minutifolia [143] Monspeliensis [142] Norvegica hirsuta [142] paradoxa [141] Pennsvlvanica arachnoidea. [143] strigosa 22, [143] propinqua 35, [143] puicherrima 35, [143] Poverty-grass, bushy [60] long-awned [60] Prairie clover [160] slender white [160] violet [160] hairy [160] Prairie flora 12 Prairie-grass [68] PRATENSES 17,18,24,27,31, 34 Prickly cereus [174] green-flowered [174] Prickly pear [175] brittle [175] Greene's [175] many-sided [175] red-flowered [175] western [175] Prickly poppy [126] hairy [126] white [126] Primrose [187] evening [178] Delavaux' [179[ scapose [179] tooth-leaved [180] white [178] narrow-leaved [187] Parry's 39, [187] rock [188] Primrose family.. . . , [187] 3QO INDEX [448 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Primula [187 angustifolia 42, [187 Parryi 37,39,42,(187 Primulaceae [187 Primulales [187 JProsartes trachycaipa [93 Prunella [206 vulgaris 11,26,[206 Prunus [151 Americana 20, 22, [151 Besseyi [152 melanocarpa 23, 29, 30, [152 Pennsylvanica 22, 29, [152 prunella [151 Watsoni [152 Pseudocymopterus [185 montanus multifidus [185 multifidus [185 sylvatieus [185 tenuifolius 39 Pseudotsuga 24, [54 Douglasii [54 mucronata 25,31, [54 Psoralea [160 argophylla 14, 18, [160 tenuiflora 14, 15, 18, [160 Psoralea 13 Pteridium [50 aquilinum pubescens. . . . 25, [50 Pteridophyta [49 Pterospora [185 Andromedea 26,43,(185 Ptiloria [255 pauciflora (255 ramosa (255 Ptiloria. branching [255 few-flowered [255 Puccinellia [73 airoides 16, [73 Puccoon [203 hoary [203 narrow-leaved [203 short-flowered [203 Pulsatilla [121 hirsutissima 18, [121 rosea [121 Purple false foxglove (215 Bessey's [215 Purple ground cherry [209 lobed [209 Purshia Iridentata [147 Purshia [147 three-toothed [147 Purslane /1 14 common [114 retuse-Ieaved [114 Purslane family [113 Pussley Pyrola rotundifolia uliginosa secunda 26, uliginosa 26, uniflora Pyrolaceae Pyrrocoma crocea Pyrrocoma, yellow Quack grass, false Quincula lobata 16, Rabbit-brush 13, fairest fasciculate handsome heavy-scented Parry's Radicula calycina 11, curvipes hispida 11, obtusa sinuata Radish garden Ragweed common entire-leaved great western Ragweed family Rainfall Ranales Ranuncllaceae Ranunculus abortivus 22, 28, adoneus 41 , a finis cardiophyllus micropetalus alpeophilus 39, cardiophyllus 33, Cymbalaria ellipticus eremogenes Flam inula reptans inamoenus 33, 37, Macounii 11, micranthus micropetalus 33, 37, Nuttallii pedatifidus 33, 39, reptans 28, 37, sceleratus eremogenes. . .11, Raphanus [114] [186] [186] [186] [186] [185] [185] [229] [229] [229] [76] [209] [209] [229] 229] 229] 229] 229] 229] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [131] [131] [224] [224] [224] [224] [224] [224] .5- 8 [119] [118] [122] [124] [123] [123] [123] [123J [123] [123] [124] [123] [124] [122] [123] 1 124i [1241 [124] [124] [123] [122j [124] [131 j 449] INDEX 301 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 sativus 46, [131 Raspberry, dwarf [141 flowering 29, [141 savory [141 red [141 wild [141 Ratibida.... ... [242 columnaris 15, 19, [242 pulcherrima [242 Rattlesnake plantain [97 snake-mouth [97 Razoumofskya [103 Americana 43, [103 cryptopoda 43, [103 Red cedar, Rocky Mount'n 29, [54 Red cherry, wild [52 Red elephant 39 little [218' Red fir [54 Red raspberry [141 wild [141 Red-top [64 Reed [67 bur [55 common [67 Reed-grass [64 wood [63 Rhamnales [168 Rhinanthaceae [211 Rhodiola [136 integrifolia [136 Rhus [167 cismonlana [167 glabra cismontana [167 Rydbergii [167 trilobata [167 Ribes [139 aureum [14-0 cereum [140 lacustre molle [139 lentum [139 longiflorum 20, 22, [140 parvulum [139 pumilum 20,22,30, [140 Purpusi 28,30, [130 vallicola [139 vulgare 46, [140 Ribgrass [219 Rice cut-grass [59 RIMOSAE 24, 29 RIPARIAE 10, 12 Riparian flora 10, 12, 2 1 , 36 Rock-cress [ 1 34 J divergently podded [135] Fendler's (134) ovate-leaved [134] related [134] sharp-leaved [134] snow-loving [134] Rock desert formation 38, 40 Rock primrose 40, [188] diffuse [188] pine forest [188] puberlent [188] subumbellate [188] Roripa Armoracia [130] calycina [129] curvipes [129] hispida [129] Nasturtium [128] obtusa [129] sinuata [129] Rosa [148] aciculata 29, [149] blanda aciculata [149] Engelmannii [148], [149] Fendleri 29, [149] Macounii 28, [149] Maximiliani 29, [150] melina 30,(149] Nutkana [149) pratincola 14, [148] angustiarum [148] setulosa [148] Savi 20. 22, [149] suffulta [148] Woodsii [149] Rosaceae [140] Rosales [136] Rose 13,29,(148] ashen [149] Castle Rock [148] Engelmann's [149] Fendler's [149] Macoun's [149] Maximilian's [150] prairie [148] prickly [149] Say's [149] Rose family [140] Rose-root [136] entire-leaved [136] Rubacer parviflorus [141] Rubiaceae [220] Rubiales [220] Rubus [141] Americanus [141] deliciosus [141] Nutkanus [141] triflorus 28, [141] Rudbeckia [242] flava 19, 26, [242] Iaciniata 29, [242] RUDERALES 44 302 INDEX [450 References to the Flora are in brackets \ 1 Rulac [168] Negundo 12,22,(168] Texanum 12, 22, [168] Rumex [105] Acetosella 44, [105] Bakeri [105] crispus 44, [105] densiflorus [105] obtusifolius 44, [105] occidentalis 11, [105] salicifolius 11, [105] RUPESTRES 35 Rupestrine flora ....21,29, 37 Rush 10,34,39,40, [88] Arizona [89] Baltic, mountain [88] chestnut [90] confused [89] Drummond's [89] Dudley's [89] grass-leaved [89] inland [89] knotted [90] long-styled [89] Merten's [90] reddish brown [90] Rocky Mountain [90] scouring [52] spike [80] Torrey's [90] three-flowered [90] toad [89] wood [90] Rush family [88] Rush-grass, filiform- [62] prairie [61] Richardson's [61] simple [62 J Ruta Baga [132] Rydbergia [245] grandiflora 42, [245] Rydbergia 40 large-flowered [24 5] Rye, wild [78] Rye-grass, Italian [75] Sabina [54] scopulorum 30, [54] Sage 13, [207] barrens [247] Britton's [247] cudweed [247] diverse-leaved [247] Forwood's [246] lance-leaved [207] rock [247] Rockv Mountain [247] Scouler's [246] sylvan [246] white [110] Sage-brush 5, 34, [246] common [246] Sagittaria [56] arifolia 11, [56] St. Johnswort [171] Canadian, larger [171] handsome [171] St. Johnswort family [171] Salicaceae [98] Salicales [98] Salix [99] amygdaloides 12, [99] arctica petraea [100] Bebbiana 28, [100] brachycarpa 33, [100] caudata 28,37, [99] chlorophylla 39, [100] exigua 12, [99] Fendleriana [99] flavescens [100] fluviatilis 24 glaucops 33,39, [100] irrorata [99] lasiandra Fendleriana [99] Iutea [99] luteosericea 12, [99] Nuttallii 24, [100] pentandra caudata [99] perrostrata 28, [99] petrophila 41, [100] pseudolapponicum 41, [100] rostrata [100] Saximontana 41, [101] Scouleriana 33,36, [100] Wolfii [99] Salmon-berry 29, [141] Nutka Sound [141] Salsify [255] Salsola [Ill] Tragus 45,(111] Salt-grass [69] Salt meadow-grass [73] slender [73] Saltwort [Ill] Salvia [207] lanceolata 14, [207] Sambucus [220] melanocarpa [221] microbotrys 26, [220] Sandalwood family [103] Sand-bur [59] Sand cherry, Bessey's (152] Sand lily [92] mountain {''-] Sandwort [116] 45i] INDEX 30.3 References to the Flora are in brackets r 1 Fendler's [116] diffuse [116] glandular [116] obtuse-leaved [116] Tweedy's [116] Sanicle [181] Maryland [181] Sanicula [181] Marilandica 21, 23, [181] Santalaceae [103] Santales [103] Sapindales [167] Saponaria [1 18] officinalis 46, [118] Vaccaria [117] Saprophytes 43 Saprophytic plants 43 SAPROPHYTICALES 43 Sarsaparilla, wild [181] Savastana odorata [<>()] Savin [54] Saxifraga [137] arguta [138] austromontana [138] bronchiales [138] chrvsantha [138] debilis 39, [137] denudata [138] flagellaris [138] Kirculus [138] nivalis [137] punctata [138] rhomboidea [137] Saxifragaceae [136] Saxifrage 39, [137] arctic [138] austromontane 36 flagellate [138] golden [138] rhomboid-leaved [137] smooth [138] weak [137] western mountain [138] yellow 40 Saxifrage family [136] Scapose evening primrose [179] hairy [179] large-throated [179] mountain [179] Si I - donnardus [66] paniculatus [66] Texanus [66] Schizachyrium [57] scoparium 15, [57] Schmaltzia [167] trilobata 20, [167] Scirpus [79] Americanus 11, [79] atrovirens pallidus 10, [80] Iacustris 10, [80] pungens [79] Scouring rush, smooth [52] Scrophularia [211] nodosa occidentalis [211] occiden talis 26, [211] Scutellaria [205] Brittonii 26, [205] virgulata [205] galericulata 11, [205] resinosa [205] virgulata [205] Sea blite [Ill] erect [Ill] low [Ill] Sea kale [Ill] Sedge 10,27,34,39,40, [81] acutish [84] awl-fruited [81] beautiful [84] Beck's [86] black [84] blackish [85] bottle [86] bracted [82] bronze-scaled [84] broom [82] clustered [82] common [84] crag [85] curved [83] Dewey's [81J Douglas' [82] dry-spiked [83] ebony [82] erect [84] fescue [83] fox [81] Geyer's [85] golden [85] hair [86] hare's-foot, western [82] Hood's [81] meadow [83] mountain-grace [85] narrow-leaved [83] obtusish [85] Pennsylvania, western [86] pretty [82] Pyrenaic [85] rhombic [84] rock [86] Sartwell's [82] silvery [81] soft-leaved [81] 3°4 INDEX [45^ References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Steven's [83 stiff [84 straw [83 false [S3 short-beaked [86 variable [85 western [81 winter-loving [84 woolly [86 Sedge family [79 Sedum [136 rhodanthum [136 stenopetalum 22, 30, 42, [136 rubrolineatum [136 Seed plants [53 Selaginella [52 densa [52 Engelmannii [52 rupeslris Fendleri [52 Underwoodii 30, [52 Selaginella 29 dense [52 Underwood's [52 Selaginella family [52 Selaginellaceae [52 Self-heal [206 common [206 Senecio 19, 26, 30, [249 admirabilis 34, [250 ambrosioides 32, [252 atratus 37,42, [251 aurellus [252 aureus Balsamilae [252 borealis [252 croceus Hattii [252 Balsamitae [252 Bigelovii Hallii [249 blitoides.. 40, [249 carthamoides 40, [249 chloranthus 35, [249 Columbianus [250 crassulus 42, [250 crocatus 42, [252 cymbalarioides 34, [252 dinwrphophvllus [252 Fendleri...'. 19,26, [251 lanatus [252 fililfolius Fremontii [253 flavovirens [252 ftavulus [252 Harbourii [251 heterodoxus [252 Hookeri [250 hydrophilus 29, [250 lanatifolius 32, [252 lapathifolium [250 longipetiolatus 30, [252 lugens foliosus [25 1| Parryi [250] multicapitatus 16, [253] mutabilis [252 J Nelsonii 19, 26, 30, [251] perplexus 29, [250] Plattensis 19, [251] pseudaureus 35, 40, [252] pudicus 32, [249] Purshianus [251] rapifolius [250] Riddellii 16, [253] rosulatus [251] salicinus [251] scopulinus 35, [249] spartioides 16, [253] triangularis 34, 37, [249] Setaria glanca [59] Italica [59] viridis [59] Shadbush [150] alder-leaved [150] mountain [150] Sheepberry [221] Sheep sorrel [105] Shepherdia Canadensis [175] Shepherd's purse [128] common [128] Shield-fern [49] Shinleaf [186] bog [186] one-sided [186] Shooting star 27, [189] few-flowered [189] many-flowered [189] shade-loving [189] wavv-leaved [189] Sibbaldia [144] procumbens 42, [144] Sibbaldia 40 procumbent [144] Sidalcea [170] Candida 33, 35, 37, [1 70] Sideranthus [~~Q] annuus 16, [229] spinulosus 16, [229] Silene [117] acaulis 41, [117] antirrhina 18,45, [117] depauperata [117] noctiflora 45, [117] Silverberry family [175[ Single delight [185] Sisymbrium [130] incisum [130] officinale 45, [130] Sisyrinchium [95] 453] INDEX 305 References to the Flora are in brackets \ 1 alpestre 35, [95] angustifolium 14, 35, [95] Sitanion [78] brevifolium 15, [78] Iongifolium 15, [78] Skullcap [205] Britton's [205] hooded [205] wand-like [205] Skunk-bush 20 Skunk-grass [68] Small mistletoe [103] American [103] hidden footed [103] Smartweed 1107] water [107] Smilaceae [94] Smilacina amplexicaulis [93] racemosa [93] stellata [93] Smilax lasioneuron [94] Snakeroot, black [181] button [226] Sneezeweed [245] mountain [245] Snowberry [221] western [221] Snowflower 40, [213] James's [213] Snow-on-the-mountain [165] Boulder [165] Soapwort [118] SOLANACEAE [208] Solanum [209] interius [210] Lycopersicum [210] nigrum villosum [210] rostra turn [209] triflorum [209] Solidago [230] Canadensis 12, [231] gilvocanescens [231] concinna [231] decumbens 32, 42, [230] minuescens [230] dilatata [230] gilvocanescens 17, [231] glaberrima 16, [231] humilis nana [230] Pattersonii [230] Missouriensis extraria [231] mollis [232] nana... . . 16,(232] nemoralis incana [232] oreophila 26,32,(230] pallida 19, [231] Pitcheri 12,29, [231] polyphylla 29, [231] pulcherrima [232] radulina 26,(232] rigida humilis [232] speciosa pallida [231] trinervata 26, [231] viscidula 26, [231] Solomon's seal, false 21, [93] Sonchus [259] arvensis 45, [259] asper 45, [259] Sophia [130] andrenarum [130] incisa [130] intermedia 14, [130] leptophylla [130] Sophora [152] sericea 17, [152] Sophora, silky [152] Sorbus. [151] scopulina 25, [151] Sorghastrum j 57] nutans 18, [57] Sorrel, mountain [105] sheep [105] wood [163] vellow [163] Sow thistle [259] field [259] harsh [259] Spanish bayonet [94] narrow-leaved [94] Spanish needles, western [244] SPARGANIACEAE [55] Sparganium [55] angustifolium 34, [55] simplex angustifolium [55] Spartina [66] cynosuroides 11, [66] Spatter dock, western [125] Spearmint [208] Special classes of plants 43 Speculiaria [223] Ieptocarpa [223] perfoliata 26, [223] Speedwell [214] Byzantine [215] field [215] thyme-leaved [214] Wormskjold [214] Xalapa [214] Spermatophyta [53] Spiderwort [87] University [87] Spiesia Lamberti [159] Lamberti sericea [159] Spike-grass, marsh [69] 3°6 INDEX [454 References to the Flora are in brackets 1 ~\ Spike-rush [79 flat-stemmed [79 needle [79 slender [79 swamp [79 pale [79 SPINOSAE 18, 19 Spiraea dumosa [147 Spleenwort [51 Andrews's [51 maiden-hair [51 SPONDIACEAE [167 Sporobolus [63 airoides 15, [63 asperifolius 15, [63 cryptandrus 15, [63 cuspidatus [61 depauperatus [61 heterolepis 15, [63 simplex [62 Spring beauty [114 large-rooted [114 rosy [114 water [114 Chamisso's [114 Spruce 24,31,38,39,40, [53 blue [53 Douglas 24,25, [53 Engelmann 36, 39, [53 Spurge 44, [164 Arkansas [165 Fendler's [164 mountain [165 nettle [164 ridge-seeded [164 rugulose-seeded [164 stout [165 thyme-leaved [164 toothed [166 warty [166 white-flowered [164 Spurge family [163 Squawweed 34 Squirrel-tail grass [77 Stachys [206 scopulorum 11, [206 Stanleya [135 glauca 15, [135 Stanley's cress, glaucous [135 Star-flower [229 annual [229 spinulose [229 Star thistle [255 Starwort [115], [233 James's [115 Lake Baical [115 water 10, [166 State flower of Colorado... .40, [119[ Steironema [ 188j ciliatum 21, 23, [188] Stellaria Jamesiana [115] longijolia [115] longipes [1 15] media [115] stricta [115] umbellata [115] Stephanomeria runcinata [255] Stickseed [200] cupulate [200] large-flowered [200] narrow-leaved [200] western [200] Sticktights 10 common [244] Stiff golden rod, hoary [232] Stink-grass [68] purple [68] Stipa [60] comata 15,18,27, [60] Lettermannii [61] Nelsonii _ 15,27, [60] parviflora Americana [60] Scribneri 27, [60] viridula 15, 18,27, [60] Stitchwort, long-leaved [115] long-pedicelled [115] strict [115] Stone-crop [136] Storksbill [163] hemlock [ 1 63] Strawberry [143] American [143] bracted [143] glaucous [144] prolific [144] small-flowered [144] Streptopus [93] amplexifolius 28, [93] Stylosanthus laciniatus [238] Suaeda depressa [HI] depressa erecta [Ill] SUBALPESTRES 9, 36 Subalpine flora 9, 23, 36 Subalpine forest formation 36 Subalpine stream formation 36, 37 Subalpine summit flora 37 Subalpine zone 36 Subaquatic flora 10 SUBMONTANAE 9, 23 Sumach [167] cismontane [167] fragrant [167] three-Iobed [167] Sunflower 13, [242] 455] INDEX 30/ References to the Flora are in brackets T "] coarsely toothed [243 common [242 dwarf [243 false, five-ribbed [243 petioled [243 red-streaked [242 subrhomboid [243 Utah [243 Svida [181 stolonifera 23, 29, [181 Swamp flora 10 Swamp laurel, small leaved. . . . [186' Sweet ciceley 21, [182 obtuse-fruited [182 smooth [182 Sweet clover [155 white [155 Sweet coltsfoot [248 arrow-leaved [248 Sweet flag 10, Si Swertia [192 congesta [192 palustris 34,40, [192 Swertia [192 dense-flowered [192 marsh [192 Switch grass, tall [58 SYL VALES 31, 36 SYLVESTRES 18, 20, 24 Sympetalae [185 Symphoricarpos - occidentalis 20, 26, [221 oreophilus 32, [221 vaccinioides [221 Syntherisma [57 sanguinale 44, [57 Synthyris alpina [215 Synthyris, alpine [215 Talinum [113 parvifiorum 30, [1 13 Tansy mustard [130 cut-leaved [130 fine-leaved [130 hoary [130 western [130 Taraxacum [258 montanum [258 officinale [258 Taraxacum 45, [258 Temperature and rainfall 8£ Tetragoniaceae [113 Tetraneuris [245 lanata [245 lanigera 32,42, [245 Teucrium [205 occidentale 11, [205 Thalesia [219 fasciculata 43, [219] lutea [219] Thalictrum [125] Fendleri 28,(125] purpurascens 22, [125] Thelesperma [244] gracile 16, [244] Thelesperma, slender [244] Thelypodium [135] paniculatum [135] sagittatum [135] torulosum [135] Thelypodium, panicled [135] Thermopsis [152] arenosa [153] divaricarpa 22, 25, 32, [153] pinetorum 25, 43, [152] Thermopsis, divaricate-podded [153] pineland [152] sand [153] Thistle 13, [253] Colorado [254] crag [2Si] erose-bracted [254] gray [253] knapweed [254] large-headed [254] Parrv's [253] Platte [254] Russian [1 1 1] sow [259] star [255] woolly-headed 40 ycllow-spined [255] Thistle family [225] Thlaspi [127] arvense 45, [127] Coloradense 28, 39, [127] Xuttallii 21, 41, [127] purpurascens 41, [127] Thorn-apple [210] purple [210] Thoroughwort [225] Three square [79] Thymeliales [175] Timothy [62] common [62] false... _ [62] mountain [62] Tiniaria [108] Convolvulus 44, [108] Tithymalus [165] Arkansanus 16, [165] marginatus [165] tetramerus [165] philorus 19, [165] dichotoma [165] 3o8 INDEX [456 References to the Flora are in brackets \ ~\ robustus [165 Tium [156 alpinum 25, 34, 35, [156 Drummondii 18, [156 Toad-flax [211 bastard [103 Canada [211 Tobacco [210 night-blooming [210 Tomato [210 common [210 Tonestus [230 pygmaeus 42, [230 Touterea decapetala [174 mulliflora [173 nuda . . (173 sinuala [173 speciosa [173 Townsendia [232 exscapa 16, [233 grandiflora 19, [232 sericea ' [233 Townsendia, large-flowered. . .[232 silky [233 Toxicodendron [167 Rydbergii 20, [167 Toxicoscordion [88 falcatum 25, [81 gramineum [81 Tradescantia [87 occidentalis [87 scopulorum [87 Universitatis 18, [87 Tragia [164 ramosa [164 Tragopogon [255 porrifolius 45, [255 porrifolius X pratensis. ..... [255 pratensis 45, [255 Treacle mustard [130 Tridophyllum [141 lateriflorum [142 leucocarpum [142 Monspeliense 45, [142 paradoxum [141 Trifolium [154 dasyphyllum 42, [154 hybridum 44, [154 Iividum 42, [154 pratense 44, [154 repens 44, [154 Triple-awned grass [60 Trisetum [65 majus 39, [65 montanum 33, [65 spicatum [65 subspicatum 31, 32, 41 majus [65 J molle [65] Triticum [77] sativum vulgare [77] vulgare 46, [77] Trollius [118] albiflorus 37,39, [118] laxus albiflorus [118] Troximon cuspidatum [157] glaucum [258] parviflorum [258] Troximon, cuspidate [257] Tumble weed [112] Tundra, wet alpine.. .37,38,39, 40 TUNDRALES 38 Turkev-foot grass 13, [57] Twayblade 27, [96] kidney-leaved [96] northern [96] Twin-flower [221] American [221] Twisted-stalk 27, [93] clasping-leaved [93] Typha [55] latifolia 10, [55] Typhaceae [55] Uliginose society 10 Ulmaceae [103] Ulmus [103] Americana [103] Umbellales [181] Umbrella-wort [112] diffuse [113] hairy [113] heart-leaved [l 12] lance-leaved [1 13] narrow-leaved [113] Umbrella-wort family [112] Upper Sonoran vegetation. ... 9 Upper Transition vegetation. . . 9 Urtica [102] gracilis 12, [102] Urticaceae [102] Urticales [102] Urticularia [219] vulgaris [219] Uva-ursi procumbens [186] Uva-ttrsi [186] Vaccaria [l 1 7] Vaccaria 45, [117] vulgaris [117] Vaccinium [1S7] caespitosum [187] erythrococcum [187] Myrtillus microphyllum [1S7] oreophilum [187] scoparium 42, [187] 4571 INDEX 3°9 References to the Flora are in brackets f 1 Vacciniaceae [187 Vagnera [93 amplexicaulis 25, [93 racemosa 25, [93 stellata 22,28, [93 Valerian [223 edible [223 Greek [198 Valerian family [223 Valeriana [223 ceratophylla 35, [223 edulis [223 Valerianaceae [223 Valerianales [223 VALLICOLAE 18,21,24, Ti Venus's looking-glass [223 common [223 western [223 Verbascum [221 Blattaria 45, [211 Thapsus 45, [211 Verbena [204 ambrosifolia 14, [204 Aublelia [205 bracteosa 14, [204 albiflora [204 Canadensis [205 hastata 11, [204 Verbena, common wild [205 Verbenaceae [204 Verbesina [243 encelioides exauriculata[243], [244 exauriculata [243 Veronica [214 agrestis [215 Americana 21, 23, 29, [214 Buxbaumii [215 Byzantina 45, [215 peregrina [214 serpyllifolia 45, [214 Wormskjoldii 34, 40, [214 Xalapensis [214 Vervain [204 blue [204 large-bracted [204 white-flowered [204 ragweed-leaved [204 Vervain family [204 Vetch 21, [161 milk 34, [155 mountain [161 narrow-leaved [161 remote-leaved [161 small-flowered [161 Vetchling 21, [161 white-flowered [161 Viburnum [221 Lentago 23, pauciflorum Vicia dissitifolia 21, linearis oregana 21, 22, producta 21, 22, sparsifolia 21, Vilfa depauperata filiformis.. . Richardsoni Viola bellidifolia biflora Canadensis- Neo- Mexican us 39 Rydbergii 23,' cognata Neo-Mexicana Nuttallii pallens 33, palustris 33, physalodes Rydbergii vallicola 25, Violaceae Violet blue, western daisy-leaved dog-tooth marsh New Mexico nodding Nuttall's pale Rydberg's two- flowered valley western blue Violet family Viorna eriophora Jonesii Virginia creeper vinelike Virgin's bower western Vitaceae Vitis Arizonica Boulderensis palmata riparia vulpina 12,22, Volvulus interior Wallflower. Cockerell's oblanceolate-leaved 221] 221] 161] 161] 161] 161] 161] 161] [62] [61] 171] 172] 172] 172] 172] 171] 172] 172] 171] 171] 172] 172] 172] 171] 171] 171] 172] [92] 171] 172] 172] 171] 171] 172] 172] 172] 172] 171] 121] 122] 121] 169] 169] 121] 121] 169] 169] 169] 169] 169] 169] 169] 195] 195] 131] 131] 3io INDEX [458 References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1 snow [131] western [130] Washingtonia longislylis [182] obtusa [182] Water cress [128] Water crowfoot [122] white 34,(122] flaccid-leaved [122] Water dropwort [183] Fendler's [183] Water hemlock [182] Water hoarhound [208] American [208] western [208] Waterleaf 21, [199] Fendler's [199] Water-lily family [125] Water milfoil 10, [181] spiked.... [181] Water parsnip [183] cut-leaved [183] Water pepper 10 Water-plantain [56] common [56] Water-plantain family [56] Water spring beauty [114] Chamisso's fl 1-4] Water starwort 10, [166] autumnal [166] marsh [166] Water starwort family. . . .[166] Wax-currant 20, 29 small [140] Weeds 44 Western mallow [170] white [1"0] Western star [173] many-flowered [173] naked [173] showy [173] strict [173] ten-petalled [174] wavy-leaved [173] Wheat [77] Wheat grass [76] Arizona [76] mountain [76] Richardson's [76] riparian [77] Scribner's [76] slender [76] soft [77] Vasey's [76] violet [76] western [77] White evening primrose [178] cut-leaved [179] Nuttall's [179) rhizomatous [179] white-stemmed [178] White sage [110] woolly [110] Whitlow-grass [132] artic, white [133] Baker's [133] Colorado [132] hoary [133] thick-leaved [132] twisted-podded [133 white arctic [133 wood [132 Whitlo wwort [112 decumbent [133 golden [133 James's [H2] pulvinate [112] yellowish [133] Wild brier 21 Wild cherry 20,2!, 28 black-fruited western [152] Wild oat-grass [66] California [66] common [66] intermediate [66] Wild liquorice [159] scaly [159] Wild onion, Fraser's [92 Geyer's [91 Nuttall's [91 Pike's Peak [92 recurved [92] Wild plum 20, 28 American [151] Wild rye, Canadian [78. Macoun's [78 slender [78. stout [78 Wildsarsaparilla [181 common [181 Willow 12,21,27,38, [99 Bebb's [100 bloom-branched [99 dwarf [100] false Lapland [100] Fendler's [99] glaucous [100] green-leaf [100] Lapland, false [100] long-beaked [99] narrow-leaf [99] Nuttall's [100] peach [99] rock-loving [100] Rocky Mountain [101] 459] INDEX 3" References to the Flora are in brackets \ 1 sandbar, silky Wolf's yellow Willow family Willow-herb alpine great northern panicled glandular pimpernel reddish western Willow-herb family Winter cress American Wintergreen bog. ._ creeping one-flowered one-sided Wintergreen family Witch grass Wood reed-grass slender Wood rush dense-cymed small-flowered spiked Wood sorrel yellow upright Wood sorrel family Wooded mesa formation Woodsia Oregana 29, scopulina 29, Woodsia, cliff mountain Wool-joint IS, Baker's effuse subalpine umbellate winged yellow Wormwood [99] [99] [99] [98] 177] 177] 176] 177] 177] 178] 177] 177] 177] 176] 131] 131] 186] 186] 186] 186] 186] 185] [57] [63] [63] [90] [91] [90] [91] [163] [163] [163] [163] 18 [50] [50] [50] [50] [50] [104] [104] [104] [104] [104] [104] [104] [246] biennial [247] Wyethia... . [242] amplexicaulis [242 Wyethia, clasping-leaved [242 Wyomingia [239 cana 16, [239 Xanthium [225] commune 12, 45, [225] Xanthoxalis [163] stricta 25, [163] Ximenesia exauriculata [244] Xylophacos [157] Parryi 30, [157] Shortianus 15, [157] Xyridal.es [87] Yarrow [246] woolly [246] Yellow cress [129] spreading [129] warty-podded [129] Yellow mountain avens [146] Arapahoe [146] Yellow pond lily 24, [125] many-sepalled [125] Yellow wood sorrel [163] upright [163[ Yucca [94] angustifolia [94] glauca 15,18,20, [94] Yucca 12,13, 19 Yucca mesa formation 18, 19 Zanichellia [56] palustris 10, [56] Zanichellia, marsh [56] Zanichelliaceae [55] Zones of vegetation 8 alpine summits 9 foothills and mountain pla- teau 9 lower mountain slopes 9 mesas 9 plains 9 subalpine mountain slopes.... 9 Zygadenus elegans [88] Zygadenus [88] Colorado [88] showy [88] UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Edited by W. G. Brown SCIENCE SERIES VOLUME I i. Topography of the Thorax and Abdomen, by Peter Tot- ter, M. A., M. D., Associate Professor of Anatomy, St. Louis University, pp. vii, 142. 1905. $1.75. Out of print. 2. The Flora of Columbia and Vicinity, by Francis Pot- ter Daniels, Ph. D. pp. x, 319. 1907. $1.25. VOLUME II 1. An Introduction to the .Mechanics of the Inner Ear, by Max Meyer, Ph. P., Professor of Experimental Psy- chology, pp. viii, 140. 1907. $1.00. 2. The Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and Vicinity, by Fran- cis Potter Daniels, Ph. D., Professor in Wabash Col- lege, Indiana. Formerly Assistant in the University of Missouri, pp. viii, 311. 1911. $1.50. LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC SERIES VOLUME I Chevalerie Vivien, Facsimile Phototypes, with an intro- duction and notes, by Raymond Weeks, Ph. D., Profes- sor of the Romance Languages and Literatures, Columbia University, New York. pp. 12 with XXIV plates. 1910. $1,25; VOLUME II The Cyclic Relations of the Chanson de Willauie, by Theodore Ely Hamilton, A. M., Ph. D., Assistant Pro- fessor of Romance Languages in Ohio State University. Formerly Instructor in Romance Languages in the Uni- versity of Missouri, pp. ix, 301. 1911. $1.50. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES Edited by W. G. Brown SOCIAL SCIENCE SERIES VOLUME I The Clothing Industry in New York, by Jesse E. Pope, Ph. D., Professor of Economics and Finance, pp. xviii, 340. 1905. $1.25. VOLUME II 1. The Social Function of Religious Belief, by William Wilson Elwang, Ph. D. pp. viii, 104. 1908. $1.00. 2. The Origin and Early Development of the English Uni- versities to the Close of the Thirteenth Century, by Earnest Vancourt Vaughn, A. M., Instructor in History, pp. viii, 147. 1908. $1.00. 3. The Origin of the Werewolf Superstition, by Caroline Taylor Stewart, A. M., Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Germanic Languages, pp. iv, 32. 1909. 35 cents. 4. The Transitional Period, 1788-1789, in the Government of the United States, by Frank Fletcher Stephens, Ph. M., Ph. D., Instructor in American History, pp. viii, 126. 1909. $1.00. :;- New York Botanical Garden Libra n 3 5185 00258 2581