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UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
STUDIES

EDITED BY
W. G. BROWN
Professor of Chemistry

VOLUME II
SCIENCE SERIES

PUBLISHED BY THE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
IgII

a2\oe¥

CONTENTS

NUMBER PAGE

1. An Introduction to the Mechanics of the Inner
Ear, by Max Meyrr, Pu. D., Professor of Ex-
perimental Psychology... 0... c cc ec vec c cc cccees

2. The Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and Vicinity, by
Francis Porter Daniets, Professor of the Ro-
mance Languages, Wabash College. Formerly
Assistant in the University of Missourt.......... 149

VoLuME I]. SCIENCE SERIES ~ NuMBER I

THE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI |

STUDIES

EDITED BY
- W. G, BROWN
Professor of Chemistry

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

BY

MAX MEYER, Ph. D.
Professor of Experimental Psychology

PUBLISHED BY THE (onal Museure!
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI }

December, 1907

PRICE, $1.00

Tie
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

VoLumME II SCIENCE SERIES NUMBER I

THE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
SI UIDIVES

EDITED BY
W. G. BROWN
Professor of Chemistry

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

BY

MAX MEYER, Ph. D.
Professor of Experimental Psychology

PUBLISHED BY THE

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

December, 1907

Copyright, 1907, by
THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MO.:
E. W. STEPHENS PUBLISHING COMPANY,

1907

PREFACE

About two thirds of this study has been published at different
times in various German scientific periodicals, chiefly in the Zeit-
schrift fiir Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. The
author has long hesitated to present in book form the results
of his labor in this remote corner of scientific investigation
because the interest in these problems seems to be neither
intense nor general. This lack of interest on the part
of the scientific public, however, is not due to the unimpor-
tance of the subject, but rather to a wide-spread conviction
that all the problems ‘pertaining to it were solved half a cen-
tury ago and that therefore nothing problematic is left. For
years during which—since his student days—these pro-
blems have been in the mind of the writer, he has belonged
to an exceedingly small minority of scientific men, who have
not permitted themselves to become captives of this convic-
tion. But since this minority is gradually increasing in num-
ber, and since professional friends have encouraged the writer
he has decided to lay before the public the results of his in-
vestigations in a continuous exposition of his theory as far as
it goes at present. It is natural that he has preferred to do
this in the English language, since nearly all his previous
publications concerning it are in German.

The author does not pretend to present in this book a
complete, perfect, and final solution of the problem concern-
ing the mechanics of the inner ear. His farthest reaching
hopes will be fulfilled if he succeeds in impressing upon the
reader’s mind the fact that there are here still problems left
for solution and in giving these problems such a clear and
definite formulation that the interest of others will be turned
towards them. There is little hope for a final solution of
these problems except by the co-operation of many investi-

\7

gators. The contents of this book are arranged from a peda-
gogical rather than from a logical point of view. The author
does not intend to present a systematic representation of his
own ideas for comparison with the ideas of others, but rather
a series of lectures as he would deliver them before a class of
college students, not presupposing any knowledge or any in-
terest but what a somewhat advanced college student might
be expected to possess. A reader who should prefer to make
himself acquainted with the contents of this book from an-
other point of view, will be able to do this by the aid of the
index added.

The author has attempted to omit as much as possible
everything of a polemic nature. His criticism of the views
of other investigators may be found in his previous publica-
tions. In this book he does not propose to record the views
of other scientists, but the conclusions which he has reached
himself after more than a decade of thought concerning these
problems. For the reader who might be interested in the
development of the author’s thought concerning these prob-
lems, he has added at the end of the book a list of those pub-
lications of his own which are directly concerned with the
problems here presented.

The author hopes that this booklet will help to break
down the barrier of dogmatism which has too long stood in
the way of progress in this field of scientific inquiry, and
which is still far from being a thing of the past. It is truly
dogmatism to profess that the application of so simple a
theorem as that of Fourier can do justice-to an attempt at
comprehending the mechanical processes underlying the won-
derfully complicated and unfortunately only superficially
known phenomena of audition.

vi

THE MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

Everyone knows that the part of our body which in ordi-
nary life we call the ear and which anatomists call the pinna,
is not the organ of hearing but a mere ap-
The external ear pendage to the organ. Its chief utility
consists in the fact that it aids us in dis-
tinguishing sounds coming from a source in front of us from
sounds in our rear. We know how much more difficult it is
to understand the words of a speaker behind us than the
words of one who stands before us. We can reverse this con-
dition by forming of our hands leaves similar to the external
ears, but naturally larger and placing them opposite the ears,
that is in front of the opening, the auditory passage. Then,
sounds from the rear can enter the passage and reach the
tympanum with a much greater force than sounds coming
from the front. Animals, being able to move their external
ears, can use them, of course, to greater advantage than hu-
man beings.
The organ of hearing—in the narrower sense of
the word—that is, the anatomical structure within which the
ends of the auditory nerve fibres receive
The tube con- their peripheral excitations, is to be
taining the sense found stretched out along the central
Geesuis) long line of a tube which is very narrow rel-
and narrow
ative to its length. This tube is called
by the anatomists the cochlea, because
it is not built in the form of a straight line, but coiled
up like the tube of a snail shell. The advantage of its being
coiled up in this way is obviously not to be sought in its
mechanic—or rather hydrodynamic—function. At least, no

(1)

2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

one, to the writer’s knowledge, has ever expressed himseli
as inclined to look for it there. For its hydrodynamic func-
tion it is clearly of no great importance whether the tube is
curved or straight, and we shall speak of it in the following
for the most part as if it were straight, in order to simplify
the discussion. The real advantage of this shape of the tube
is doubtless a mere anatomical one, it being possible thus to
find a better place for it in the base of the skull.
We must, in order to understand the function of this
tube, be aware of the fact that it is filled with a watery fluid,
lymph, and that its walls consist of hard
The contents of Unyielding bone. Now, when we go
the tube, a fluid, through the literature of the subject, we
is incompressible often see writers speak of waves in the fluid
which are said to pass along the tube as
air waves move in a tube filled with air. Views of
this kind cannot, of course, contribute towards an un-
derstanding of the process of stimulation of the periph-
eral nerve ends. They are not rational considerations of the
facts before us, but theoretical dreams, forgetting the physical
conditions of the case. Let us regard the velocity of the
sound in such a fluid as that of the inner ear as about fourteen
hundred meters, let us remember that the whole length of the
tube is only a couple of centimeters, let us understand, then,
that even with rather high tones of short wave lengths—
beyond the musical range—the total length of the tube is only
a small part of the spatial length of the waves said to travel
up and down the tube; and we shall admit at once that to
speak of tone waves travelling in the lymph up and down
the tube is like speaking of a horse race which is to take place
within a dog kennel. We have to follow the custom of the
physicists who in such cases neglect the compressibility and
elasticity of the small volume of fluid altogether. We must,
therefore, regard the fluid in the cochlea as being of identical

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 3

density throughout at any given time, that is practically, as
unelastic, incompressible.

il li

Fig.1. The external and the middle ear

The walls of the tube consist of hard, unyielding bone,
except in two places where the bone is broken through and
the openings closed by flexible mem-

The authe Tee branes. These two places are common-
two windows to ly called the oval and the round windows.
communicate with (The fact that the tube communicates
the middle ear with the semicircular canals and the oth-
er parts‘of the labyrinth can here be neg-

lected, since all these communicating cavities are also enclos-
ed in bone, not possessing any windows.) On the other side
of these windows there is the air of the middle ear. Let us
now consider at once what could happen to the fluid in the
tube if rhythmical changes of pressure in the external air (a
“tone”) caused, through the tympanum, like changes (of
condensation and rarefaction) in the air of the middle ear.
Let us at present, however, consider this under the imaginary
assumption of no chain of ossicles existing in the middle ear.
What was said about waves in the fluid of the tube holds
good to some extent also for the air in the middle ear. That which
occurs there is the same as that which occurs, say, in a bicycle

4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

pump, that is, an alternate condensation and rarefaction of all the
particles of air almost simultaneously. This condensation and
rarefaction always acts in the same _ sense (positive
or negative) on both windows of the tube. According to
the laws of hydrodynamics no motion inthe fluid of the tube
can result from the difference in size of the two windows. It
is hardly comprehensible, therefore, why we find in literature
lengthy discussions of the question whether it is the round
or the oval window through which “the tone waves’ enter
the inner ear. They do not enter through either window
since they do not occur in the middle ear, the volume of this
cavity being too small to contain whole tone waves. Only
after complete destruction of the tympanum would the ques-
tion as to the manner in which an air wave strikes the two
windows attain practical importance. Under normal condi-
tions we must regard all the air particles in the middle ear
as being, at any time, of identical density, and, thus, as unable
to produce any movement in the inner ear.
If there were no ossicles, the fluid in the tube would
remain practically motionless. But to the membrane of the
oval window is attached the plate of the
Disturbances stirrup which has a somewhat rigid con-

within the tube — nection with the tympanum. The result
are caused by
motion of

the stirrup

is that every movement of the tympanum
is accompanied by a movement of the
stirrup in the same (positive or negative)
direction. Whenever the tympanum moves inwards, the air
in the middle ear is, of course, somewhat condensed. But
this condensation or rarefaction has no relevant influence on
the fluid in the tube, as before mentioned. The alternate
condensation and rarefaction of the air in the middle ear, re-
sulting from like processes in the external auditory passage,
is an unavoidable, but functionally negligible by-product of
the mechanical process in question, bearing no direct rela-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 5

tion to the function of the tube. It is the movement of the
stirrup which causes the disturbances in the fluid of the tube
which we have soon to study in detail. And this motion of
the stirrup is made possible only through the mediation of
solid bodies, the auditory ossicles.
The bony connection between the stirrup and the tym-
panum would serve its purpose of causing movements in
the fluid of the tube whatever might be
The auditory the special structure of this connecting
ossicles are a link. As a matter of fact, it is arranged
system oflevers in such a particular manner that it acts as
a lever (or system of levers), the large
arm, so to speak, being attached to the tympanum, the small
arm to the stirrup. This effect, however, is produced in dif-
ferent animals in different ways. In birds, for example, (Fig.
2) there is no chain of three little bones, but only a single
bone, a rod bearing an oval plate. The leverage of this sim-
ple connection is explained by the fact that the tympanum
and the window plate are not in parallel planes. The far

»
plate

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of
the leverage in birds

more complicated connection by means of three links of a
chain of bones in most of the mammals has been theoretically
studied by various investigators and found to result in a sim-
ilar, but probably more delicately adjustable leverage than
the simpler arrangement in birds. The advantage of the lev-

6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

erage is easily understood. To cause a fluid to move along
a narrow tube requires a considerable force because of the
friction resulting from the narrowness of the passage.
The :extent of movement, on the other hand, may be
of any minuteness, the nerve ends certainly being sensitive
to the very slightest curving of their tufts of hairs of which
we shall have to speak again. It is of advantage, therefore, to
gain force at the expense of magnitude of displacement.
Someone might here raise the question: Why are there
two windows when only one of them has a solid connection
with the tympanum? The answer to this
Why would not question is very simple. If there were
one window not a second window, the stirrup could
be sufficient? not move at all. Imagine a bottle filled
with water up to the stopper and the
stopper fitting the neck most accurately. Would it be possi-
ble to drive the stopper farther in? The water being incom-
pressible, it would not be possible for a moderate force
to drive a perfectly fitting stopper in any more than to pull it
out. The second window, closed by a flexible membrane,
is therefore necessary if the movements of the stirrup and
of the fluid in the tube are to take place. If it were not for
movements of the fluid, the round window would be super-
fluous. It is, however, not an essential condition that the sec-
ond window should open on the middle ear and not perhaps
directly on the external air space; for instance, on the exter-
nal auditory passage, or anywhere on the skull. But it is
an essential condition that the one window containing
the stirrup plate open on a drum and that the plate be
rigidly connected with the external membrane of this
drum. Thus every condensation or rarefaction of the
air outside the drum must result through movements of the
tympanum in like condensations or rarefactions inside the
drum; the movements of the tympanum must result in move-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 7

ments of the stirrup, and consequently in movements of the
fluid in the tube. If the tympanum is destroyed to such an
extent that the middle ear can no longer act even imperfectly
as a drum, movements of the fluid in the tube must be dif-
ficult to produce. The organ is then deprived of its normal
manner of functioning—a defect which does not necessarily
involve total deafness, yet certainly a great impairment of
the sense of hearing.

We naturally do not wonder at the fact that the round
window is arranged in the simplest way possible, that is,
opening on the middle ear not far from the oval window.

Let us now attempt to determine what movements would
occur in the tube, caused by movements of the stirrup, if

this tube were a perfectly plain tube, con-
ineovement taining nothing whatever but an incom-
of the fluid in pressible fluid. It is a decided advantage
a plain tube to study first a case as simple as can be

imagined. We are sure that, thus, the
elementary foundations of our thought will be clear and not
confused by the influence of a complexity of conditions and
a sum of powerful prejudices which almost inevitably ac-

i a

Fig. 3. Movement of fluid in a plain tube

company a complexity of conditions. Let us try to keep clear
of such influences. In figure 3 we see the anatomical facts
of our imaginary case diagrammatically represented: a long
and narrow tube, two windows at one end, one of these win-
dows containing the stirrup, the other end of the tube closed.

8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The question is this: What will happen to the particles of fluid
in the tube when the stirrup moves slightly inwards or out-
wards? This is a problem which can be answered either
on the basis of our general knowledge of similar processes
or by means of a special experiment. Let us first try the
former way. When the stirrup is pushed inwards and the
round window outwards, the liquid near the windows must
certainly move in the direction indicated by the arrows in the
figure. Of course, the direction of the movement would be
the opposite if the movement of the stirrup changes its sign
and pulls instead of pushes. But what would happen in the
fluid at the other end of the tube? At x or even at y? The
answer to the question is simple: Nothing would happen.
No movement of any kind could possibly occur there, since
there is no sufficient cause why any movement should occur.
The friction of the fluid against the walls of the tube, which is
quite considerable in a narrow tube, must prevent any spread-
ing of the disturbance beyond a very near limit. That is, when-
ever the stirrup moves back and forth, those particles of the
fluid which are in the nearest path leading from the oval
to the round window must move accordingly. All the rest
of the fluid remains motionless.
In order to demonstrate the facts just mentioned to those
finding difficulty in understanding that from the general laws
of hydromechanics nothing else could re-
A simple sult in the case in question but what we
experiment have just described, we may perform the
following experiment. A box containing
white clay in a plastic condition has two circular openings
on one side, not far from each other, as shown by figure 4
in cross-section. We now press, by means of a piston,
into one of the openings, A, a small quantity of colored clay,
then a small quantity of white clay, and again colored clay
until the latter becomes visible on the outside of the box

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 9

at the other opening, B. In our figure we see at a and b
the colored clay pressed in first. The part protruding be-
yond the outside of the box is cut away. At c we see the
white clay pressed in afterwards, and at f the advance guard,
so to speak, of the colored clay pressed in last. What has
happened within the box is obviously this. The colored clay
pressed in first, collects inside the box near A’ in the direc-
tion of B. A corresponding amount of the white clay with

Fig. 4. An experiment with
plastic clay

which the box was filled has been pushed out through the
opening B. The white clay pressed in next forces up the
colored clay somewhat as a mass of glass is blown up in a
glass factory to form a bottle. This white clay is forced up in
turn by the succeeding colored clay, the “bottle” of colored
clay increasing its dimensions at the same time. During this
whole time and afterwards the total mass moves in the di-
rection of B. However, the particles of clay to the left,

pie) UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

nearer the openings, move much more quickly than those
farther to the right. This is seen from the fact that the
left wall d of the white “bottle” has been separated entirely
from the opening A and is just getting ready to disappear
altogether through the opening B, whereas the right wall e
is merely beginning to sever its connection with A. We
have here a simple experimental proof for the statement of
the preceding paragraph that friction prevents the spreading
of the motion beyond narrow limits, causing it to occur as
near the two openings as possible. Although the experiment
in this form does not show it, the reader hardly doubts that
somewhat farther to the right, say six inches from the open-
ings, no motion whatsoever has occurred during the whole
time. The quickest motion, of course, is in this particular
case not found at the extreme left, at g, but about a fourth
of an inch to the right, since the friction at g is too great.
Without entering into a detailed study of the hydrodynamic
problem which confronts us here, in which friction against
the walls, internal friction in the fluid, and the momentum
of the fluid play their roles, let it be sufficient to say here
that the motion is practically limited to the portion of the
tube near the windows in accordance with the general law
of nature that whatever occurs, occurs with the least pos-
sible expenditure of energy. Some clay is pressed in at A.
The same quantity has to pass out at B. This can be made
possible by many kinds of displacement of the particles with-
in the box. But only one form of displacement becomes
actual, the one that requires the smallest amount of work to
be done by the piston at A. And this form of displacement
consists in the displacement being confined to the neighbor-
hood of the openings.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR Il

Let us now consider another imaginary case which will
contribute towards a better understanding of the processes
actually occurring in the ear. Suppose

Mhelehecwore a part of the tube, near the windows, to
rigid partition be divided by an inflexible partition, as
within the tube shown in figure 5. It is self-evident that
in this case every movement of the stir-

rup would cause the particles of fluid in the upper and lower
division of the tube to move in the directions of the arrows,
parallel to the partition; and the particles at y, at the end of
the partition, to move up or down. But the fluid farther on
in the undivided tube would remain motionless, as in the
former case, since there is no sufficient cause why it should
move. If the partition extended farther, the only change re-

Fig. 5. A rigid partition in the tube

sulting would be a diminution of the length of that part of
the tube where the fluid remains permanently motionless.
If the partition extended to x (Fig. 5), leaving only a small
opening of communication between the upper and lower division,
all the fluid within the tube would have to move whenever
the stirrup moves. If the partition extended throughout the
tube, leaving no communication whatever between the two
divisions, no movement of the fluid could then take place, of
course; but no piston-like movement of the stirrup could
then take place either.

12 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Let us now imagine a third case. Suppose a partition
to divide the tube lengthwise into two divisions, leaving,
however, a small opening of communica-
Mheletectiol a tion between the divisions at x. Suppose
flexible, but inelas- further this partition to be neither per-
tic partition with- fectly rigid like a wall of hard bone nor
in the tube as readily yielding and in turn contract-
ing as a thin rubber membrane, but to be
of the physical nature of a soft leather strap somewhat
loosely stretched out between the opposite sides of the
tube to which it is assumed to be well attached. To have
something definite in mind, let the reader think, for compar-
ison of its function, of a leathcr-seated chair. If you press
from below, the seat yields and bulges upwards; but
soon it stops in spite of your effort. If now you sit down
on the chair, the seat bulges downwards; but again, it
soon stops—how could it otherwise be used for the support
of your weight? But what is particularly important to note
here, is the fact that the leather seat, after it has bulged
either way, may continue to remain thus until some ex-
ternal force acts upon it again from the other side. Now
let us consider the movements which would occur in the
fluid of a tube, divided into two divisions by a partition
of the nature just described. If the partition could yield
indefinitely, the case would obviously be practically the same
as the first one we studied—without any partition. That
is, the fluid would move near the two windows and the part
of the partition suspended between moving masses of fluid
would move with the fluid. Farther on where the fluid re-
mains motionless the partition would remain motionless too.
But we made the assumption that the partition, like the seat
of a leather-seated chair, can move only within certain
narrow limits up and down. Now, the result of this condi-
tion will be this. When the stirrup begins moving inwards,

MECHAN:CS OF THE INNER EAR 13

the part of the partition next to the windows must follow
the movement of the fluid and move downwards. But soon
it has reached its lower limit. Consequently it acts now as
an unyielding partition, the effect of which we studied in
our second case above. The fluid just above and below this
temporarily unyielding part can now move only horizontally,
but the particles of fluid next to the end of this now motionless
piece move down and push the underlying piece of the par-
tition down until it has reached its lower limit. And so,
gradually, further and further pieces of the partition come

Fig. 6. The partition moves within an upper
and a lower limit

down until the stirrup stops moving inwards. Figure 6
shows a number of successive stages of the position of the
partition during this process. The vertical scale in this rep-
resentation is, of course, enormously exaggerated relative to
the horizontal scale. But at once after stopping, the stirrup
begins to move in the opposite direction. At once the par-
ticles of fluid next to the windows (not those which have
moved down last) move upwards and take the corresponding
part of the partition with them until it has reached its upper
limit. Now the following parts come up, and so on in exactly
the same way as before, except that we have now an upward
instead of a downward movement, — until the stirrup
stops moving in this direction. Let us remember by all

14 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

means, because a mistake made here in our comprehension
of the process would result in serious errors later, that the
bulging of the partition, whether up or down, begins in-
evitably as near the two windows as possible, and that fur-
ther pieces can bulge in either direction only under the
condition that all the pieces nearer the windows have already
reached their limit in that same direction.
We made at the beginning of the last paragraph the
assumption that there was a small opening between the two
divisions at the extreme end of the tube.
A safety valve Let us see what purpose such an opening
could serve. What would be the result
of an extraordinarily large movement of the stirrup, so large
that the whole length of the partition would reach its—upper
or lower—limit of position before the stirrup ceased to move
in the same direction? The result would be either an enforc-
ed stop of the movement of the stirrup or, if the external
force acting on the tympanum and stirrup was too violent, a
bursting of the partition. The latter disastrous result, how-
ever, can to a considerable extent be guarded against by the
opening in question. As soon as the total length of the par-
tition has bulged the fluid will begin to flow through this
opening from one division of the tube into the other, until
the stirrup stops moving in the same direction. Such an
opening therefore can serve as a kind of safety valve for the
protection of the partition.
After having studied the hydromechanical function of
several imaginary tubes with divers interior equipments, let
us now turn to a careful survey of the
The anatomy and facts which the anatomists have discover-
physiology of ed for us concerning the structure of the
the inner ear inner ear. Figure 7 shows us in a cross-
section all the important details which have
been found there by the anatomists. Hard bone pro-

15)

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

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16 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

trudes from diametrically opposite sides of the bony wall of
the tube, on the left side more than on the right. But the
bone does not protrude far enough to actually cut off the
lower part of the tube from the upper. While, therefore, we
do not find a hard, inflexible partition, we find indeed some
kind of a partition since the space between the bony protru-
sions is filled with a delicate structure which we shall have
to study somewhat in detail. This structure, which we
shall always refer to hereafter as “the partition” in the
inner ear, is customarily spoken of under the name of its
discoverer as the organ of Corti, The lower part of this par-
tition has been shown to be a membrane, generally called the
basilar membrane. This is obviously the strongest part of
the partition, capable more than any of the other elements
of structure to resist a pressure of the fluid above or be-
low. But we must not think that this membrane is the main
part of the partition considering its volume. It is rather
small in bulk compared with the rest. Above the membrane
we see a triangular structure, something like two pillars which
have fallen towards each other. This structure is usually
called the rods of Corti. Its mechanical significance becomes
at once clear to us when we see at its sides the delicate end
organs of the auditory nerve fibres. These end organs would
obviously be crushed by the push of the fluid which occurs
now from above, now from below, as we have seen, if they
were not braced by this arch. No better protection could be
devised than this triangular structure which effectually pre-
serves the natural form of the soft tissues as the skeleton
does in the total animal body, without interfering with a
slight bending or compression of the tissues of the partition.
On the upper side of the partition, opposite the basilar mem-
brane, we notice another membrane, but much more delicate
in structure, easily torn to pieces when sections are made
for the miscroscope. This membrane touches the tufts of hairs

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 17

which are the extreme peripheral parts of the sensory
organs. This membrane, however, is firmly attached to the
left side of the partition only. Its right end is free or seems
to be almost free. The kind of action exerted by this mem-
brane upon the hair tufts can only be guessed. The real con-
nections between, and the physical properties of, these tissues
are not well enough known. We may perhaps make this
action a little clearer by assuming that the upper membrane,
when the partition bulges upwards, pulls the hairs slight-
ly, and that a bulging of the partition downwards means
merely a relief from this pull. It is hardly worth while, how-
ever, to enter into details of a function which cannot be more
than hypothetical since there are no data upon which to
base any more definite theory. But there is little doubt, that
the points between the tufts of hairs and the membrane in
question are to be regarded as in the strictest sense the per-
iphery of the sensory apparatus of hearing. And we shall
scarcely make a grave mistake in assuming that a double
bulging, back and forth in the vertical direction, of the
partition causes a single shock in all those nerve fibres whose
termini are located in this part of the partition, and that
somewhere in the neurons a new process, perhaps a kind of
chemical process, is set up if more than one of such shocks
are received in quick succession, that the special character
of this new process is dependent on the frequency with which
these shocks follow each other, and that thus we perceive a
definite tone, occupying—according to the frequency of shocks
received—a definite point in the total series of sensations of
hearing.

18 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

In the preceding paragraph we studied briefly the ana-
tomical elements of the partition in their mutual relations. We
now have to get a definite idea of the

The physical physical properties of the partition as a

properties of whole in its relation to the surrounding
the partition fluid. These properties depend, of course,
as a whole on the properties of its elements. The

partition as a whole can certainly not be
regarded as perfectly rigid and unyielding to pressure. It con-
sists of tissues too soft to be unyielding. On the other hand,
we cannot possibly assume that under the influence of pres-
sure the partition could bulge to any large extent, for
this would be disastrous to the delicate end organs of the
nerve fibres. We could hardly make a mistake, then, in as-
suming that the partition can yield, but only withm very nar-
row limits up as well as down, even if we did not know
anything about the physical properties of the anatomical
elements. We know, however, that the basilar membrane is
a comparatively tough structure, probably capable of consid-
erable resistance. We are justified, then, in our conviction
that the whole partition bulges in response to pressure
but resists such pressure as soon as a certain rather narrow
limit of displacement is reached.

Here, however, arises another question of the greatest
importance, which, unfortunately, cannot be answered with
anything approaching accuracy. This is the question as to
the elasticity of the partition. Of course, all the elasticity
the partition can possibly have must be the elasticity of the
basilar membrane. The basilar membrane is the only one of
the anatomical elements of the partition which might have
a tendency to restore spontaneously the whole partition to
its original position after the pressure causing the displace-
ment has ceased and before any pressure in the opposite
direction has had time to act towards this result.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 19

There is only one way of deciding for our present pur-
pose the question as to the elasticity of the basilar mem-
brane. We must recall our knowledge

Is the basilar of the elastic properties of similar mem-
membrane elastic? branous tissues which are found in divers
parts of the human body and elsewhere

in the organic world. Now, we know that there are plenty
of membranes in the body which, when stretched within
certain limits, show a tendency to return to the original
shape. But they never remain in a stretched condition, that
is, under tension, for any length of time. Indeed, they would
become permanently lengthened if they remained thus. This
is the consequence of a universal biological law. We may,
for instance, bend a sapling and expect it to straighten itself
as soon as we let it go, because of the elasticity of the
stretched tissues of the convex side and the compressed tis-
sues of the concave side. But if we tie it in this bent po-
sition to another tree and return after a year and cut
the tie, we find that it has adjusted itself to the position
we gave it. This biological fact does away at once with cer-
tain theories found quite frequently in physical and other
textbooks, which speak of the basilar membrane as con-
sisting of a great number of stretched strings, comparable
to the strings in a piano. These theories assert, after having
introduced, in opposition to the laws of biology, the idea
of a permanent, constant tension of the basilar membrane,
that these different strings—as in a piano—are under different
tension and differently weighted and that they serve accord-
ingly as resonators, responding sympathetically to the va-
rious sounds of the external world. However pretty this
theory of “the piano in the ear” may appear, authors who
expect their readers to accept it as the truth should first of all
try to convince them of the possibility of living animal tissues
retaining their tension for any length of time instead of ad-

zO UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

justing themselves to the permanent stretching and thus los-
ing their tension, as all living tissues do. We shall not, of
course, entertain for a moment this idea of the basilar mem-
brane being under constant tension, since our alm is not
unreality, but reality. We need not, therefore, discuss any
further the assumption of the presence of resonators in the
inner ear, which falls with the above rejected, preposterous
assumption of a permanent tension. That the membrane is
capable of resistance, as it probably is, means something
very different from the assertion that it is under constant
tension, which is biologically impossible.
The actual question before us is evidently the question
as to the elasticity of the partition as a whole. Now, we
have seen that the only element of it
Is the partition which, according to its structure, may be
as a whole regarded as elastic, is the basilar mem-
elastic? brane. This membrane, however, we have
found to be quite a small part of the bulk -
of the partition. If the partition is displaced by an external
force and, this force having ceased, is caused to return to
its original place by the tension which the basilar membrane
has just suffered, such a spontaneous return movement must
be greatly retarded by the bulk of inelastic tissues of the
partition which the membranous part of it has to drag or
shove along with itself. A spontaneous return of the par-
tition to its normal position must be therefore very slow
when compared with the velocity of a displacement caused
by a rather powerful external influence from the stirrup.
Let us, then, keep in mind that with respect to the elastic
properties of the partition there are only two alternatives:
Either the basilar membrane is practically inelastic; then
the partition as a whole is inelastic and cannot sponta-
neously return to its original position after having been
displaced. Or the basilar membrane is elastic; then the par-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 21

tition can spontaneously return after having been displaced,
but with a velocity that is only very small compared with
the velocity of its displacement. Of the two alternatives
the latter seems to be the more probable.

We saw on a previous page, in our second imaginary
case of a partition, that the fluid moves along the unyielding
partition, causing friction on the sur-
faces of the partition. The same friction

Protection of the
must be suffered by any part of the real

surfaces of the

partition from partition as soon as it has reached its
the friction upper or lower limit and as long as the
of the fluid stirrup continues to move in the same

direction, pushing the fluid on over the
initial parts of the partition. If we had to design an ap-
paratus to function thus, would we not see that the sur-
faces of the partition were sufficiently protected so that the
rush of the fluid over them could not injure them? It is
interesting to raise this question of protection with respect
to the actual partition in the tube. If we look above at fig-
ure 7, representing a cross-section of the partition, we
notice that the lower surface of the partition is well
protected from injury by friction of the fluid by a part of its
own structure, the tough basilar membrane. The upper sur-
face, however, with its delicate sensory cells would be ex-
posed to injuries by friction were it not for the membrane of
Reissner which we see stretching across the upper division
of the tube. The space between this membrane and the
partition does not communicate with the rest of the upper
division or with the lower division. It would therefore be
really more nearly correct, in speaking of a partition divid-
ing the tube into two divisions which communicate through
an opening at the extreme end, to call the total body between
the membrane of Reissner and the basilar membrane the
partition. No movements perpendicular to the plane of the

22 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

drawing can occur in the fluid below the Reissner membrane.
The fluid here can only move up and down, pushing or pull-
ing the organ of Corti into its limit of displacement. No fric-
tion of the kind above referred to, which might do injury to
the delicate tissues of the organ of Corti, can therefore take
place, and the problem of protection from friction is thus
solved. We shall, however, in order to make our language as
simple as possible, restrict the term partition to the organ of
Corti, neglecting the membrane of Reissner, since this mem-
brane, aside from the important protection which it offers to
the tissues below, does not seem to possess any function
whatever.
We saw on a previous page that an imaginary partition
which is able to yield to the pressure of the fluid only within
certain limits would be exposed to the dan-
The safety valve ger of breaking whenever an extraordina-
rily powerful external force tended to
cause a movement of the stirrup which would displace more
fluid than the yielding partition could make room for, and
that this danger might be avoided or at least greatly lessened
by an opening of communication between the two divisions at
the end of the tube. It is interesting to learn from the re-
searches of the anatomists that such an opening—a safety
valve, as we may call it—actually exists at the extremity of
the tube of the cochlea.
We may now, after making ourselves familiar with the
structural elements of the inner ear and their physical prop-
erties, enter into a discussion of the actual function of the

organ.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 23

We have thus far taken into consideration only a single
movement of the stirrup, in either direction. We must now
study the result of a rhythmical movement
of the stirrup, back and forth, a number of

Stimulations of times during a certain length of time. In

the brain resulting

from a given order to have a definite case before our
rhythmical mind we will suppose the stirrup to move
movement of back and forth in such a way that it will
the stirrup describe a sine curve on a board moving

parallel to the plane of the paper. In fig-
ure 8 is represented a single period of such a curve in a hor-
izontal position. It is not necessary, however, to imagine this
definite curve. What we shall have to say will apply equally
to any simple periodic movement, whether of the form of a
sinusoid or of a combination of straight lines or of any other

Fig. 8. A curve representing stirrup movement

curve connecting each maximum with the preceding and the
following minimum. The question arises then by what means
—computation, simple description in words, or otherwise—we
can obtain a clear and sufficiently detailed view of the move-
ments of the partition. What we want to know is the form
of motion for each point of the partition, and the temporal

24 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

relations existing between all the several movements. Only
thus can we obtain a definite view concerning the nervous
stimulations received by the brain as the result of a given
rhythmical movement of the stirrup. In order to find the
movements of the partition in every detail we might try com-
putation since this is the method which yields, although not
always the clearest, yet in general the most accurate results.
Our chief task, then, would be, stated again as definitely

as possible, to find out for each point of the partition which
moves at all the exact time which elapses

Computation of | {tom a jerk down to a jerk up and from

the form of a jerk up to a jerk down. Figure 9 may
motion of the help us to understand the conditions of
partition computing the time interval in question.

Let us call x the distance of any point of
the partition from the point of +, nearest the windows. The
length of the part of the partition which moves in response
to the motion of the stirrup depends, of course, on the ampli-
tude of the movement of the stirrup. This length alone is
represented in the figure. What is farther to the right re-
mains motionless. The dotted lines above and below rep-
resent the upper and lower limit of each moving point of

Fig. 9. The partition in the tube and its
limits of movement

the partition. In our curve, figure 8, the minimum, at A, rep-
resents the position of the stirrup most to the left, the max-
imum, at the time B, the position of the stirrup most to the
right. The horizontal line represents, of course, the time. To
the position of the stirrup at A corresponds the position of the
partition (in figure 9) in its upper limit; to the position of

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 25

the stirrup at B the position of the partition in its lower limit.
Let us now find out when any arbitrary point +, is jerked up
and when it is jerked down, measuring the time from A. It
is obvious that the amount of fluid for which room is made
by the piece of the partition from x, to +, moving from its
upper to its lower limit is equal to the amount of fluid dis-
placed by the stirrup moving inwards through the distance
measured by y. (For convenience we place the zero point
of the system of coordinates in a minimum point of the curve.)
It would be very easy, therefore, to find the equation of inter-
dependence of x and y, if the following conditions were ful-
filled :
1. Ifthe quantity of fluid displaced were proportional to
the horizontal movement of the stirrup.
a. If the partition were perfectly in-
sit elastic; that is, not offering any resistance
provisionally : Hits tae
made; not as to a displacement until either of the limits
hypotheses, but is reached, and then offering absolute re-
for the sake of a_ sistance.
gradual compre- 3. If the distance between the upper
hension and lower limits were the same at any
point of the partition.
4. If the width of the partition at any point near the
windows were the same as at any point far away from them.
Let us temporarily regard these conditions as fulfilled. If
they are fulfilled, + is proportional to y. That is, a unit of
movement of the stirrup always pushes

Four assumptions

Attempt at down (or raises, as the case may be) a
computation unit of the partition lengthwise. Or, ex-
continued pressed in a formula:

(1) y= Cr

where C is a constant dependent on the physical properties
of the organ.

26 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The equation of the curve in figure 8 is:
(11) y = c(1— cos 2unt) ;
that is, while ¢ changes from zero to _1_, y changes from
2

zero through c, 2c, and again c, back to zero. We now sub-
stitute Cx for y:
c (1—cos 2ant) = Cx, consequently :

G

(111) cos 2ant = 1 — ert

This formula permits us to calculate ¢, that is, the exact
time when any point of the partition is jerked down. But
it holds good only for the time from A to B, that is, while the
stirrup moves in one direction. As soon as the stirrup reverses
its movement a new formula has to be applied, since the move-
ment of the partition is of a kind which is mathematically
called a discontinuous function. The moment when the stir-
rup reverses its movement and the farthest point of the par-
tition has been jerked down, the function jumps, so to speak,
from this point to the beginning of the partition and the first
point, nearest the windows, is jerked up. The formula to be
used from B to C is to be derived by substituting (2c—y)
for y in (1), since + would now be proportional to (2c—vy).
We then have the following new equations:

(IV) 2c— y= Cx.
(11) y =c (1—cos 2nnt), consequently :
(V) cos 2ant = HE ISS

c

This {crmula is valid from B to C, that is for values of

t varying from = to 1, while the partition is being
nN n
jerked upwards. We notice that the only difference between

the right side of (III)i and the right side of (V) is the sign,
For the same + we obtain the same absolute value of cos 2rnt,
but in the one case it is positive, in the other negative. Now,
it is easy to see what this means for the time interval between
a downward and an upward jerk of any point of the partition.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 27

Remembering that (III) is valid for jerking down, (V)
for jerking up, we notice that the arc of cos 2nt runs through
the first and second quadrant while the partition is being
jerked down, through the third and fourth quadrant while
the partition is being jerked up. Therefore, since we found
that the time of jerking down of a definite point x, and the
time of jerking up of the same point are subject to the con-
dition that cos 2mnt yields the same absolute value, but differ-
ing in sign, the time of jerking up must be found in a quad-
rant opposite to the quadrant wherein the time of jerking down
occurred, never in an adjoining quadrant; that is, if the
former time is to be found in the arc 2zmt, the latter must

be found in the arc 2an(t + a), since the addition of
7
=a to ¢ means the addition of two quadrants. The differ-
7
ence of time, therefore, is always ak. In other words, the
an

time interval from a jerk down to a jerk up and from a jerk
up to a jerk down of any definite point is with this particular
curve always the same, being exactly one half of the whole
period. We have thus found by computation the exact move-
ment of the partition in case the movement of the stirrup
is of the form of a sinusoid.
We have seen then that, provided a certain set of condi-
tions (our four provisional assumptions) is fulfilled, and pro-
vided the movement of the stirrup is of the
Summary of form of a simple sine (or cosine, as this
the foregoing means the same) curve, computation of
discussion the movement of the partition is possible.
But computation is neither particularly
clear—at least those who are not professional mathemati-
cians will think so—nor is it universally applicable, but only
in a few cases of stirrup movement, the above, the case of
straight lines connecting the maxima and minima, and a very
small number of others.

28 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

To prove that computation is not universally applicable
let the movement of the stirrup be represented by the function
y = c(2— cos 2ermt — cos 2rnt)

4 and let m be equal to 4 and m equal to
Computation 5 (the simple case of a major third,
abandoned : : i d

musically speaking). Even in a case like
this, by no means far fetched, rather the
contrary, computation is impossible since it would involve,
as the mathematical reader may easily convince himself, the
solution of an equation of the fifth degree in order to find the
mutually corresponding values of y and ¢ for the maxima and
minima of the curve. Without these values for the maxima
and minima, which are the points of discontinuity of the func-
tion representing the movement of the partition, we could
not proceed at all. It is out of the question, therefore, to ex-
pect that computation pure and simple, even under the four
assumptions provisionally made, will ever give us a satisfac-
tory comprehension of the function of the inner ear. We
must look for other means in order to obtain our end, an
insight into the details of movement of the partition.
Let us, then, try to represent the movement of the par-
tition in the above case as well as in others graphically. I
shall offer to the reader two methods of

i h
Graphic ieee graphic representation. The first of these

of determining

the exact is more accurate in some respects than the
movement of second, but a little more difficult of ap-
the partition plication.

The vertical axis of our system of coordinates in figure

10 may represent the succession of points of the partition, be-
ginning from next to the windows. The

First graphic horizontal axis may represent the time. I
method must warn the reader against thinking
that the figures resulting on the paper are

pictures of something that exists in the ear or elsewhere. The

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 29

figures are not pictures of existing things but merely symbols
of a function, that is, of the time when any point of the par-
tition is jerked up or down. The construction of the figure
is based on the following considerations. Let us mark on the
paper the points indicating the time when any given point
of the partition is jerked. When we shall have marked a
sufficient number of such points, we shall draw a curve
through them. But how do we find the points? The move-
ment of the stirrup is represented in figure 8. When the stir-
rup has its extreme position to the left (according to Fig.
x

Fig. to. Graph of the times when each point of the partition is jerked down
(curves of odd numbers) and up (curves of even numbers). Compare figure 8

9) and just begins to move inwards, we mark the time as
zero and the point of the partition which is jerked down also
as zero, since the point which is jerked is the point nearest
the windows. In figure 10 we find this point near a. As the
time advances (Fig. 8) the stirrup moves farther and farther
inwards, with gradually increasing and later again decreas-
ing velocity. A further point, say b, in figure 10 must be
located somewhat to the right of a and above a, since a
more distant point of the partition is represented by a higher
position of the mark in our system of coordinates, and the

30 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

fact that it is jerked later is represented by a position farther
to the right. Now, since the velocity of the stirrup increases
as shown by figure 8, the following marks have to be placed
higher than proportionate to their advance to the right. That
is, points marked off by equal steps on the partition are now
jerked successively in briefer time intervals than before.
Later approaching the time B in figure 8, the stirrup moves
again more slowly, and the marks in figure 10 advance there-
fore more rapidly towards the right, as seen in f and g. If
we now draw a complete curve through the marks a, b, c, d,
e, f, g, we convince ourselves readily that the new curve is
the same curve as the one in figure 8 from A to B. Of course,
if we have not chosen the same vertical and horizontal scales
in both figures, the new curve must appear more or less steep
than the old one. But the selection of a scale for a graphic
representation is entirely a matter of convenience. Choosing
identical scales, we simply have to transplant the first half
of the curve in figure 8 from A to B into the new figure.

But now the stirrup begins to move in the opposite di-
rection, causing the partition to be jerked upwards gradually.
The point of the partition nearest the windows is jerked up
first, the others later in regular order. Now, it can be easily
seen where we have to place the further marks in our new fig-
ure, namely k, 1, 7, k, 1, m, n. We find them, or rather immed-
iately the complete curve of which they are points, by simply
turning the second half (B to C) of the curve in figure 8 up-
side down, without, however, making any change between
right and left. In this way we go on, simply transplanting the
parts of the stirrup curve, leaving the rising ones in the same
position, but turning the falling parts upside down.

If we now desire to find out for any point of the parti-
tion, for example, for x, the exact time when it is jerked
down and when it is jerked up, all we have to do is to pass
on from this point (Fig. 10) to the right (along the dotted

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 31

line), since this direction, according to definition, represents
the time. Our first crossing of a curve (in e¢) means a jerk
down; the next crossing (in /) a jerk up; and so forth. That
is, the odd crossings mean each a jerk down, the even crossings
each a jerk up. The time intervals can then be measured
with a rule. We find in this special case that the intervals are
all equal. We have thus graphically represented the exact
movement of the partition in a case where the movement of
the stirrup is of the form of a sinusoid. The same graphic
tepresentation is applicable to any given curve, however com-
plicated it may appear. This method has universal validity.
We shall soon convince ourselves of its importance for the
analysis of a complicated curve.
We can easily learn from the graphic representation be-
fore us that under the assumptions provisionally made the
stimulation of each nerve ending can
RU Be rise eanent Rardly be insitienced by the ‘ona of the
of the stirrup stirrup curve, that is, whether this curve
produces the is a sinusoid, or made up of straight lines
sensation of a connecting the maxima and minima, or of
single tone (free any other shape, provided the maxima and
from overtones)? minima remain unaltered. Let us sup-
pose that each “down” means a shock to
the nerve end and that the “ups” are indifferent as to ner-
vous excitation. We see immediately (Fig. 10) that the time
interval between two shocks at any point of the partition
must be exactly the same, since each down curve would be
exactly like any other down curve, whatever the shape of
the up curve. (This result would be the same if the “ups”
meant excitation of the nerve end and the “downs” were in-
different.) That is, the particular shape of the curve rep-
resenting the movement of the stirrup, has no significance
for the question whether a single tone will be heard or not.
If all the down curves are identical, a single tone only is

32 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

audible. I remind the reader, however, that we are deriving
this conclusion on the basis of our provisional assumptions,
and further, that we are speaking here of movements of the
stirrup, not of rhythmical pressure changes of the air in the
external ear or of movements of a tuning fork or any other
vibrating body. In discussing later the effect of the latter
conditions upon the stirrup, we shall see that their form is
not necessarily identical with the form of the stirrup move-
ment.
As yet, we have studied only very simple movements of
the stirrup. Before we take up the problem of how the inner
ear analyzes more complicated move-
The physiological ments of the stirrup, we ought to remem-
condition of ber that we have not yet discussed the
tone intensity physiological condition of tone intensity.
We have spoken only of the frequency
with which shocks are received by the nerve ends. But the
frequency of the shocks determines only the attributes of
pitch and quality, not the attribute of intensity of a tone sen-
sation. Let us look to another sense organ, the olfactory
organ, for a suggestion. On what physiological condition
does the intensity of an odor depend? Although we have no
definite knowledge here any more than in the sense of hear-
ing, we have reason to believe that the intensity of an odor
depends, or may depend, on two conditions: 1. The num-
ber of nerve ends stimulated; and 2. the concentration of the
substance which stimulates each of these nerve ends. Ac-
cepting this suggestion we have to see what conditions might
determine tone intensity. Only these two can come up for
consideration, so far as I can see: 1. The number of nerve
ends which receive shocks in a definite frequency; and 2.
the suddenness, the impetuosity with which each nerve end
is shaken when the point of the partition in which it is lo-
cated is jerked down. Now, the second of these two conditions

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 33

is theoretically almost beyond our reach. We cannot, in the
present state of our knowledge, obtain a very clear idea of
differences in the suddenness with which the nerve ends
might be shaken in different cases. It will be best, therefore,
to omit this factor in the discussion of intensity altogether,
or at least for the present, rather than burden our theory
with arbitrary hypotheses the usefulness of which is no more
probable than their uselessness. At present we shall limit
our discussion to the first condition, the number of those nerve
ends which are stimulated with equal frequency.
It is clear that the number of nerve ends stimulated de-
pends in some way on the length of that part of the partition
which is jerked up and down in a certain
A difficulty in frequency. But here we are confronted by
the hesretical this difficulty. We do not know whether
determination of the nerve fibres are equally distributed
tone intensity. along the partition. It might be the case
Fifth provisional that on a certain length of the partition
assumption near the windows a greater number of
nerve ends were found than on an equal
length farther away from the windows; or the reverse. In
our present state of knowledge this difficulty cannot be over-
come. In order to go on with our theory, we have to make
an assumption. We shall make, of course, the simplest, the
least arbitrary assumption. We assume, provisionally, that
equal parts of the partition lengthwise contain equal num-
bers of nerve ends. If it should be found that the theory
agrees with the facts of auditory observation more closely un-
der another assumption, we would have to substitute this for
the one now made. Of course a definite answer given to the
problem by the anatomists would be more satisfactory.

34 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

We can measure the length of that part of the partition
which is jerked up and down, only by the aid of our knowledge
(if we have any) of the movement of the
Another difficulty stirrup. Now, the reader will recall among
in the theoretical Our provisional assumptions the one that
determination of the width of the partition at any point near
tone intensity the windows is the same as at any point
far away from them. But the anatomists
tell us that this assumption is incorrect; that the partition is
about twelve (or more) times as wide at the end
as near the windows. Nevertheless we shall provisionally
make the assumption of proportionality between any
length of the partition being jerked up and down and
the extent of the movement of the stirrup which causes
the movement of this piece of the partition, in order to under-
stand first a simpler, though imaginary, case and to proceed
gradually to a comprehension of the actual, rather compli-
cated function of the partition. Let us be aware, however,
that, having thus simplified the actual conditions, we cannot
expect to find a perfect, but only an approximate harmony
between the results of a theoretical analysis and the direct
observations of an actual sound analysis by the ear. We
may find, indeed, with respect to tone intensity, rather se-
rious disagreements between the facts and the theory. But
these disagreements will disappear as soon as the theory takes
account of what, for simplicity’s sake, we provisionally neg-
lect.
Making the two provisional assumptions just mentioned,
we can theoretically measure the intensity of a tone sensa-
tion by the total length of that part of the
Tone intensity partition the nerve ends of which are ex-
in our graphic cited with one definite frequency. In our
representation graphic representation (Fig. 10) the inten-
sity can then be measured by the vertical
distance between the horizontal coordinate and the top of the
curves which represent the down and up jerks.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 35

We discussed above the result of a simple back and forth
movement of the stirrup. Let us now do the same with a
more complicated movement. Figure 11

Analysis of the represents the new stirrup movement

combination which we are going to study. This curve
2 and 3 is approximately the one represented by the
equation

y = (1—cos 2r2t) + (1 — cos 2x8t) ;
which justifies us in saying that it represents physically the
sum of two tones of the vibration ratio 2:3. Let us apply

Fig. 11. ‘(he combination 2 and 3. First characteristic phase

the same graphic method to this case. We have first to trans-
plant the part of the curve from the first minimum to the fol-
lowing maximum, A to B, into figure 12. Now, when the stirrup
reverses its motion, the parts of the partition near the windows
begin to be jerked up. Therefore, the curve from the maximum B
to the next minimum C has to be turned upside down and then
transplanted. The following part of the curve, from C to D, must
be transplanted in its original upright position, but placed on the

36 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

horizontal coordinate of the new figure, whatever its elevation in
the original curve may be, since every reversal of the movement of
the stirrup causes at once a movement of the parts of the parti-
tion next to the windows and only later a movement of the follow-
ing parts. So we continue transplanting each section of the
curve, alternately upright and upside down. This figure (Fig. 12)

X3

Tone 2

Figure 12. The combination 2 and 3. First characteristic
phase. (A is identical with G.) Compare figure 11

is to be interpreted in the same way as figure 10. The distances
from 4, toz,, z, to x, and x, to 4, represent three pieces
of the partition, +, being next to the windows. During the
unit of time, which is here the period from A to G, all the
nerve ends located between +, and # receive, as is easily
seen, three shocks, counting the number of shocks received
by the number of downs (or ups, since this distinction between
the physiologically effective and ineffective direction of jerk-
ing is arbitrary, for want of better knowledge as to the man-
ner of excitation of the nerve ends). All the nerve ends be-
tween +, and +, receive, as the figure shows, counting from
left to right, two shocks in the unit of time. And all the

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR Bi

nerve ends between +, and x, receive one shock. The nerve
ends located farther towards the apex of the cochlea do not
receive any stimulation and do not, therefore, concern us. How
many tones should we expect then to hear in this case? The
answer is as easy as simple: Three different tones, since shocks
of three different frequencies are received by the several nerve
ends. And the musical relationship, the pitch, as we say, of
these tones is determined by the relative frequencies found,
which are 3 and 2 and 1. The relative intensity of these tones
is to be measured, in accordance with our remarks in the pre-
ceding paragraph, by the relative lengths 42,2, 4,%, and

Lp ee
A movement of the stirrup, not probably exactly like,
but similar to the one just discussed could be produced by
sounding simultaneously with approxi-

, mately equal intensities two tuning forks
Two important ahs bi 8

See | Seuindl representing the ratio of vibration rates

analysis and 3:2. It is well known that we hear in such
production of a case three different tones, 3 and 2, which
subjective we may call “objective” or primary tones,

difference tones ang 1, which we may call a “subjective” or

difference tone. Some further facts con-
cerning such subjective or difference tones will be mentioned
subsequently for those readers who are not familiar with the
conditions under which they make their appearance. The
appropriateness of calling the subjective tones in question
“difference tones” will then become apparent. The fact that
our theory of the function of the inner ear and actual obser-
vation in this case agree so nicely, is highly satisfactory to
us and ought to encourage us to proceed further in applying
the theory to other special cases of movements of the stirrup.
Let us keep in mind that our theory thus far has explained in
a special case two most fundamental observations: 1. That
our organ of hearing is capable of analyzing a compound

38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

acoustic process; and 2. that it has the power of producing
on its own account subjective tones which no study of mere
external conditions could ever have revealed to us as a natural
consequence of the physical processes we call tones.
We saw in the preceding paragraph that all the nerve
ends between +, and +, received three shocks in the unit of
time. A measurement of the distances in
A problem for the figure, however, shows that the time
future solution intervals between these three shocks, al-
though approximately the same, are not’
exactly alike (and, moreover, there are differences in this re-
spect between the several nerve ends all of which receive three
stimulations). Now, it is probable that the particular nervous
excitation set up in each ganglion cell by these three stimula-
tions of its terminal fibre and thence carried farther to the
brain, may be just the same in either case, whether the shocks
are received in an exactly regular rhythm or in a slightly irreg-
ular succession. It will be one of the problems of the future
to decide what is the limit of irregularity which must not be
overstepped if the sensation produced is to be the same as that
of a regular series of shocks of the same frequency. At pres-
ent we have hardly any certain data upon which to found a
decision. We must leave this problem open for the present.
It would be well, however, to remember that the above graphic
representation of the movement of the partition—for simplic-
ity’s sake—is based on a number of assumptions, and that
the actual movement of the partition is doubtless somewhat
different from the one which is here under discussion, and
which contains probably only the essential features of the
actual movement, not all its minor details. It is entirely pos-
sible, under these circumstances, that the irregularity in ques-
tion is in reality much less considerable than it appears to us
now, and what seems to be an important problem, may turn
out to be no problem at all. The reason we have for believ-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 39

ing that the actual irregularity might be less than the one
found here, is that in the graphic representation we have as-
sumed a movement made up of absolutely sudden, unpre-
pared jerks, with intervals of perfect rest between them. The
real movement is probably a more gradual change from rest
to motion and back to rest; and the result of this might
very well be an equalization of the time intervals preceding
the shocks received by the nerve ends. This, however, is not
offered as a solution of the problem, but merely as a sugges-
tion for the future investigator of this subject.
Let us try another method of graphically representing
the movement of the partition under the provisional as-
sumptions made. This method has a cer-
Second method tain disadvantage as compared with the
of graphic method used above, in being less accurate
representation of with regard to the time intervals, but, on
the movement of the other hand, the advantage of a greater
the partition simplicity for the constructor as well as
for the reader. The extension of the par-
tition from the windows towards the apex of the cochlea is here
represented, not—as before—by the vertical, but by the hori-
zontal extension of the figure, from left to right. Figure 13
shows the method as applied to the same curve (Fig. 11) which
we have just discussed. The first thing we have to do is to
draw in the given curve (Fig. 11) at equal distances so many
lines parallel to the horizontal coordinate that each of the
maxima and minima can be regarded as lying on one of these
parallels. If this is not easily done, then any arbitrary number
of parallels may be drawn. But the drawing as well as
the interpretation of the new figure requires a little more atten-
tion in this case, because we have to consider fractions. In this
figure there are thirty equidistant lines drawn parallel to the
horizontal coordinate. A greater accuracy than this would
be entirely out of place, since our representation in any case

40 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

is merely an approximate representation of the actual move-
ment of the partition. These horizontal parallels are auxiliary
lines, serving the purpose of a measuring scale. The second
thing we have to do is to draw a second, independent, system
of auxiliary lines enclosing a corresponding number of spaces.
These lines are the thirty-one vertical parallels in figure 13.
The horizontal lines here indicate for the times A, B, C, and
so forth, the positions of the different points of the parti-
tion at the upper or lower limit of movement. The vertical

Fig. 13. Successive positions of the partition. The combination 2 and 3.
First characteristic phase. Compare figure 11

auxiliaries serve the purpose of cutting off the partition a
number of equal sections corresponding to the number of parts
into which we divided the total amplitude of the given curve
representing the movement of the stirrup. To the right of
these sections which move are to be imagined the parts of the
partition nearer the apex which do not move at all in this spe-
cial case and which do not, for this reason, concern us here.
At the time A, all the moving parts of the partition are at
their upper limits, since the stirrup has at this time its extreme
outward position. From A to B, the stirrup moves through

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 41

thirty units inwards, pushing down successively all the thirty
sections of the initial part of the partition. We find, therefore,
in figure 13 at B all the thirty sections at their lower limits.
From B to C, the stirrup makes an outward movement through
nineteen spaces. The result is an upward movement of an
equal number of sections of the partition. We find, therefore,
at C the first nineteen sections of the partition at their upper
limits. All the following parts of the partition remain ex-
actly in the positions at which they were at the time B, since—
according to the assumptions under which we are working—
no force whatsover has acted upon them. That is, the sec-
tions twenty to thirty are still at the lower limits, and the
further parts of the partition in their normal positions. From
C to D the stirrup moves inward through six spaces, as seen
in figure 11. It causes therefore the first six sections of the
partition to be jerked down. In this position we find them
in figure 13 at D. All the rest of the partition remains exactly
as it was at C. That is, the next thirteen sections are still
at the upper limits and the following eleven still at the lower
limits where we found them at B. From D to E, the stirrup
makes an outward movement through six spaces, causing an
equal number of the initial sections of the partition to be jerked
up. We therefore find in the figure at E the first nineteen sec-
tions of the partition at the upper limits, the following eleven
at the lower limits. From E to F, the stirrup moves inward
again through nineteen spaces, causing nineteen sections of
the partition to be jerked down. We find, therefore, in the
figure at F all the thirty moving sections of the partition at
the lower limits. From F to G, the stirrup moves outward
through thirty spaces, as seen in figure 11. This causes thirty
sections of the partition to be jerked up. So we find in figure
13 at G the whole initial piece of the partition which moves
and therefore alone concerns us, at the upper limit. The stir-
tup has now reached the very position from which it started

42 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

at A; and the partition has the same position which it had
then. We have thus graphically represented the characteristic
positions through which the partition passes during a com-
plete period of the movement in question.
The graphic representation, of course, is only a means
to an end.. We have to read off from this representation
how many shocks are received during the
Elowitalreadvotk period by the nerve ends on each section
the tones heard of the partition. This is easily done. Let
and their us again, for want of definite knowledge,
intensities make the assumption that a jerk down of
the partition means a stimulation of the
nerve ends, and that a jerk up is irrelevant. We then sim-
ply have to go down in the figure from the top to the bottom
and count the number of times each section is jerked down.
The first section is down at B, up again at C, down for a sec-
ond time at D, up again at E, down for a third time at F,
and up again at G. The nerve ends on this section, there-
fore, receive three shocks during the period. We find the
same number of stimulations on the following five sections.
Let us now inspect the seventh section. It is down at B, up at
C and still up at D and E. It is down for a second time
at F and up again at G. That is, the nerve ends on this sec-
tion receive two shocks during the period. The same is true
for the following twelve sections. Let us now look at the
twentieth section of the partition. It is down at B, still down
at C, D, E, and F; up again at G. That is, the nerve ends here
receive only one shock during the period. The same holds
for the following ten sections. We see, then, that three
tones must be simultaneously heard, which we may call,
according to the relative frequency of stimulation, the tones 3,
2, and 1. The relative intensities of these tones may be re-
garded—under the provisional assumption of a uniform dis-
tribution of nerve ends lengthwise over the partition—as six,

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 43

thirteen, and eleven, according to the number of sections which
receive the greater or smaller number of shocks.
Let us now appiy the second graphic method to another
given movement of the stirrup, which will make clear to us
another interesting property of the ear with
Difference OF respect to the AQIS in which this or-
phase. Charac- am analyzes an objective sound. The curve
teristic curves of the stirrup (Fig. 14) is made up of
of a tone combi- two component curves, very similar to the
nation curves composing the last curve discussed.
That is, each of the two components is ap-
proximately a sinusoid, one of a period equal to two thirds of the
other’s period, both of approximately the same amplitude. The
resultant curve is constructed here as before by measuring
and adding together the ordinate values of the components
in the drawing. The difference between the present case and
the last case discussed is a difference of phase. If the reader
should not know what this means, it can be easily understood
by the aid of figure 14. We find there two sinusoids, one with
two and one with three maxima within the same period, which
accordingly may be called curve two and curve three. Now
imagine curve two moved slightly to the right until the
minima at the extreme right and also the minima at the ex-
treme left coincide. We then have exactly the case discussed
above; that is, the addition of the two curves would result
in a compound curve as represented by figure 11. The curves
of figure 11 and of figure 14 may be called the characteristic
curves of the ratio 2:3, because they are the two extreme forms
between which the compound curve changes as the result of
a change of phase, that is, of a lateral movement of curve two,
while curve three remains stationary. Let us convince our-
selves here that there are no more than two characteristic
compound curves. If we move curve two again slightly to the
tight, the same distance as before, that is, one twelfth of the

44 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

period, we obtain a compound curve as shown in figure 16,
which is exactly like figure 14 when read from the right to the
left. And if we change the phase again in the same manner,
that is, move curve two again one-twelfth of the period
to the right, we obtain a compound curve as shown
in figure 18, which is exactly like figure 11 only turned
upside down. We shall demonstrate in the succeeding
paragraphs that it is entirely irrelevant with respect

Fig. 14. The combination 2 and 3. Second characteristic phase

to our theory whether we read a curve from the left
or from the right, in its first position or turned upside
down. We shall demonstrate thus that there are in-
deed only two compound curves, no more, which are character-
istic of a combination of two sinusoids. This is an important
fact because it makes much simpler and easier our task of
comprehending the function of the inner ear.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 45

Let us apply, then, the second graphic method to this
second characteristic curve of the combination 2 and 3. We
locate, in figure 14, the horizontal coordi-
Theory applied nate so that the absolute minima of the
to second charac- Compound curve are to be found thereon.
teristic curve of We then draw a number of equidistant
combination lines, say thirty, parallel to the horizontal
2 and 3 coordinate. To avoid making the figure

obscure I have indicated of these parallels
only those which pass approximately through the maxima and
minima of the curve. We further draw a system of thirty-one
equidistant vertical parallels enclosing a series of thirty equal
spaces which represent succeeding pieces of the partition. In
this system of auxiliaries we represent the positions of the par-
tition at the time A, B, C, and so forth. At A in figure 15 we
find all the moving sections of the partition at their upper lim-
its, since the stirrup has at this time, as figure 14 shows, the
most outward position, the external air pressure and accord-
ingly the density of the air in the middle ear being lowest. At
B we find all the thirty initial sections of the partition down,

sree

Fig. 15. Compare figure 14

46 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

since from A to B the stirrup has moved through thirty units
of space inwards. At C we find the twenty-four initial sections
raised again since the stirrup has moved outward through
twenty-four spaces. At D the eleven initial sections of the par-
tition are at their lower limits since from C to D the stirrup has
moved through eleven spaces in an inward direction. From D
to E the stirrup moves outwards through three spaces. Ac-
cordingly we find at E the first three sections of the partition
raised to their upper limits. From E to F the stirrup moves
inwards through eleven spaces. Accordingly eleven sections of
the partition must be. pushed down to their lower limits. We
find the first three down at F. The following sections up to
the twelfth were already down at E. In order to represent
eleven sections of the partition as just pushed down we have
to place at F the twelfth and the following, including the nine-
teenth, sections of the partition at their lower limits. Then the
first three and the latter eight make up the total number of
eleven sections pushed down. From F to G the stirrup moves
outwards through twenty-four spaces. Accordingly all sec-
tions of the partition are raised to their upper limits except
those from the nineteenth to the twenty-fifth which were
already at their upper limits at F and therefore simply stay
there. So we find the partition at the time G in exactly the
same position in which it was at A; and we must find it again
in the same position since now another period of stirrup move-
ment begins, exactly like the period just discussed. We now
have to read off the tones heard and their intensities in the
same manner as we did this before. The result is that we must
expect to hear the three tones 3, 2, and 1 in the relative inten-
sities three, sixteen, and eleven.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 47

Comparing our analysis of the curve in figure 14 with the
former result obtained from figure 11, we observe that in
spite of the remarkable difference of ap-

Practical pearance of these curves to the eye, the
irrelevance tones which we expect to hear are the
of phase same. This is, of course, of the greatest

importance in musical practice. Imagine
the unsurmountable difficulties if the director of an orchestra
were responsible for the phase in which the several tones pro-
duced by the members of the orchestra acted upon the audi-
tory organs of each hearer in the concert hall. But, as it is,
each hearer perceives the same tones whatever the phases of
the objective processes in the air. Now those who believe
in the existence of a system of strings like “a piano in the
ear,” have laid much stress on this fact of the practical irrel-
evance of phase, and some have even gone so far as to say that
it compels us to assume sympathetic resonance to be the me-
chanical power of the auditory organ. I need not persuade
the reader, however, that such a compulsion does not exist.
Some have gone still farther and asserted that phase differ-
ence has never and under no circumstances any influence
whatsoever upon the auditory perception. Their theory of the
mechanics of the inner ear may lead to such a consequence, to
an absolute irrelevance of phase. Experiment, however, has
not yet proved that phase difference of the sinusoidal compon-
ents of stirrup movement has never any influence of any kind
upon the perception. Our theory has shown us the practical ir-
relevance of phase differences and, at the same time, left a pos-
sibility for slight influences of this kind upon the perception,
resulting in a change of the relative intensities of the sev-
eral tones heard. The intensities of the three tones
for one phase we found to be six, thirteen, and eleven; for the
other phase three, sixteen, and eleven. That is to say, we
would hear in the second case the same tones, but their relative

48 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

intensities would not be exactly the same as those in the first
case. That is, difference of phase may be irrelevant, but it
need not be so. Let us recall, however, that our representa-
tion is only a rather remote approximation to the actual
movements of the partition, so that actually the influence of
phase upon the perception may be other than it here appears
to be. What is important is our insight into the possibility
of a slight influence of this kind.

Fig, 16. Compare figure 14

I promised to demonstrate that the application of our the-

ory yields the same result if we read the curve of stirrup move-
ment from the right to the left, or turn it

Theoretic irrel. UPSide down. The former case is illus-
evance of the trated by figure 16, which is exactly like
sign of the co- figure 14 when read from the right to the
ordinates left. Figure 17% shows the successive posi-
tions of the partition. At B the twenty-

four initial sections are down. At C the first eleven of them

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 49

are up again. At D three are down again. From D to E the
stirrup moves through eleven units of space outwards.

Fig. 17. Compare figure 16

Therefore at E the first nineteen sections are up, eight of them
being up already at D. From E to F the stirrup moves in-

Fig. 18. Compare figure 11

wards through a little more than twenty-four units of space.
Therefore at F thirty sections are down, five of them being

5° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

down already at E. At G (equal to A) all the thirty sections
are up again. The tones to be heard, which the reader after
all the previous practice in this task can easily read off, are
3, 2, and 1 with the relative intensities three, sixteen, and eleven.

Fig. 19. Compare figure 18

As expected, this result agrees perfectly with our analysis of

the curve in figure 14.

Let us now demonstrate that turning the curve upside down
has no influence on the theoretic result. Figure 18 is exactly
like figure 11, only turned upside down. In figure 19 we see

Fig. 20. The combination 24 and 25

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 51

Fig. 21. The combination 24 and 25. Compare figure 20

52 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

the successive positions of the partition corresponding to this
curve. The interpretation of the figure is so simple that the
reader will easily read off, without any aid, what tones are to
be heard; namely the tones.3, 2, and 1 with the relative intensi-
ties six, thirteen, and eleven. This is exactly the same result
as that of our analysis of the curve in figure 11.
The interval studied above is in musical terminology that
of a fifth. Let us now study an interval which is even small-
er than a semitone. The compound curve
in figure 20 is made up of twenty-four
The tone com- vibrations originating from one source and
bination 24 :
and 25 twenty-five from another. Figure 21
shows the successive positions of the parti-
tion corresponding thereto. The initial
section of the partition moves up and down twenty-five times
during the period. We may, therefore, conclude that
the nerve ends located here will transmit to the brain
a process resulting in the sensation of the tone 25.
In order to discuss this matter with more accuracy,
I have not relied only upon the draftsman’s skill in con-
structing the compound curve, but computed the ordinate
values of some of the maxima and minima. Such a compu-
tation is exceedingly tiresome work, since for each pair of val-
ues in the table it is necessary to compute twenty or more
values in order to select from them what appears as the maxi-
mum or minimum. But the accuracy of this method can be
carried to any decimal desired. We learn from the table of
these values that the relative intensity (when determined in
the same way as above) of the tone 25 would be nine (that is,
200—191).

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 53

INTERVAL 24:25, EQuAL AMPLITUDES

Abscissa | Ordinate Ree Point arena
Min. {o} fo} 73 fo} 400
Max. 73 400 73 I 400
Min 147 2 74 2 388
Max 1540 246 — 21 —
Min 1620 167 80 22 79
Max 1685 221 65 23 54
Min 1755 191 70 24 30
Max 1800 200 45 25 9
Min 1845 191 45 26 9
Max 1915 221 70 27 30
Min 1980 167 65 28 54
Max 2060 246 80 29 79
Min.| 3453 2 = 48 -—
Max.) 3527 400 74 49 388
Min 3600 {o} 73 50 400

If we regard—quite arbitrarily—the time from one stimu-
lation to the next as measurable by the abscissa differences
of the succeeding maxima, we observe that

Do we hear this difference is about one hundred and
the tone 25? forty-seven at the beginning of the period,
that it decreases very slowly and is about

one hundred and forty-five at the maximum twenty-three,
about one hundred and fifteen at the maximum twenty-five,
the same at the maximum twenty-seven, and that it increases
gradually till the end of the period. One twenty-fifth of the
whole period is one hundred and forty-four. This is the average
abscissa difference, on which the pitch of the tone heard depends,
since the abscissa difference is inversely proportional to the fre-
quency of stimulation. But the actual abscissa differences, as we

54 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

have just seen, deviate from the average, particularly in the
middle of the period. Now, some one might prefer to
conclude that we ought not to hear the tone 25 all the
time, but at first a tone somewhat lower than this, gradually
rising slightly and falling again in pitch towards the end of the
period. Whether we should draw this conclusion I will not
attempt to decide. Neither do I care to express a definite
opinion as to what we actually hear. Let the reader who
wants to know this find it out by an experiment of his own.
What I must point out, however, is the fact that the time inter-
val between two maxima is not necessarily the time between
two stimulations. In a provisional way, the interval be-
tween two maxima or between two minima or between two
points of inflection or between two points of any other name
and definition may be used thus, but let us always remember
that this is only a provisional, an artificially simplified method,
which can scarcely yield more than a rough approximation of
what actually happens.
Another section of the partition moves up and down twen-
ty-four times during the period. The length of this section,
which determines the relative intensity of
Do we hear the tone heard, is derived from the table
the tone 24? as being twenty-one (221 — 200). If we
look at the time interval between the
successive maxima, we find this to be at the beginning of
the period: one hundred and forty-seven, to decrease gradually
to one hundred and forty-five at the maximum twenty-three,
tc be two hundred and thirty from maximum twenty-three to
maximum twenty-seven (maximum twenty-five has disappeared,
as seen in figure 21), and to fall again to one hundred and
forty-five. Here again, I will not attempt to decide what we
ought to expect theoretically, because we have no right to
deduce anything definite from a theory in a direction in which
this theory is as yet professedly indefinite, in which it obvious-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 55

ly lacks as yet all details, owing to the deficiency of the requisite
experimental data. I can only repeat here what I said in the
preceding paragraph.
Before we continue this attempt at an interpretation of
figure 21, let us consider an imaginary case the application
of which to our figure will soon make
Notindicenimi: itself clear. Imagine that during half a
nate counting of Second a nerve end receives in regular in-
stimuli allowed tervals fifty stimulations, but during the
following half-second no stimulations at
all; then again for half a second fifty stimulations in regular
intervals, and again for half a second none; and so on. What
could we hear in such a case, but a tone for half a second,
nothing for half a second, a tone again for half a second, noth-
ing again for half a second, and.so on. And what tone would
it be? Plainly the tone which we ordinarily call 100,
because the frequency with which fifty stimuli are received in
half a second is the same as that with which one hundred are
received'in one second. I need not waste any effort in trying
to prove what is self evident, namely that it would be absurd
to count in a case like this simply the number of stimuli during
any whole second and to expect, these being fifty, that we should
hear the tone 50. Amd yet this way of counting has been
actually proposed. But this proposition may well be ignored.
Now let us return to the interpretation of figure 21. The
third section of the partition, the length of which is twenty-

four (191 — 167), receives stimulations in
What beats approximately equal intervals until about the
do we hear? miximum twenty-three when there is no

stimulus at all until about the maximum
twenty-nine. With the rough approximation here possible we
may say that there is no stimulus during about one-tenth of the
period. From our discussion in the preceding paragraph it fol-
lows that during about nine-tenths of the period we should

56 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

hear a tone and during one-tenth of the period we should
hear nothing so far as the nerve ends of this section are con-
cerned. The pitch of the tone we must expect to lie between
the tones 24 and 25, acording to the probable frequency with
which the stimulations are received during that part of the period
during which they are received.
It is plain that the fourth, fifth and following sections of the
partition must move up and down very much the same as the third
section does, with this difference only,
The “mean” tone that for each further section the pause
when no stimulations at all are received
becomes longer and longer. The total sensation, then, which
is derived from the sum of the nerve ends of the third and the
following sections must be a tone of a certain intensity at a
certain time when all these sections mediate the sensation,
but becoming weaker and weaker as one after another of the
sections stops moving until for a moment it ceases alto-
gether, then appearing again and increasing up to its former
intensity. And so on again and again. That is to say, we
hear this tone “beating.” And since its pitch lies probably
somewhere between 24 and 25, between the “primary”
tones (perhaps its pitch is not quite constant but may
vary slightly during each period), I propose to call it
the “mean tone” (German: Zwischenton). The question
whether we hear such a mean tone I do not care to answer
here, this discussion being devoted to theory, not to experi-
mental research. Let the reader who desires make observa-
tions of this kind himself.
The farthest section of the partition set in motion by this
movement of the stirrup moves up and down only once dur-
ing the period. The nerve ends located
The difference here receive one shock during each period
tone and convey therefore the sensation of the
tone 1, the difference tone of this case. The
intensity of the difference tone, corresponding to the length
of this section of the partition, is two.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 57

It is not impossible, however, it is even probable, also
that a few of the sections just preceding this last convey the
sensation of this difference tone, instead of that of the mean
tone. The last section which may convey the sensation of
the mean tone moves only twice up and down during
the period, in quick succession. This double move-
ment is followed by a long pause during which no movement
occurs. Now, experimental research of recent years has prov-
ed that two shocks received by the auditory nerve ends may
be sufficient to give the sensation of the tone corresponding
to the frequency with which the two shocks are received—
but only within the middle region of the tonal series. To-
wards either end of this series four, six, and even more shocks
are found to be necessary for the sensation of the tone cor-
responding to the frequency of the shocks. What, then, will
be the consequence of choosing the tones 24 and 25 somewhat
higher? The section of the partition which makes the two
up and down movements in quick succession can no longer
convey the sensation of a short mean tone. If there is only
one period of movement, no sensation at all will then result.
But if many periods succeed, it is much more likely that the
double movement of the partition section will have the effect
of a single shock than no effect at all; and the repetition of
this shock in each succeeding period must result in the sen-
sation of the tone 1, the difference tone.

If the tones 24 and 25 are chosen still higher, it becomes
improbable that even three shocks received by the nerve ends
in quick succession between two long pauses can give the
sensation of a short mean tone. In this case it is highly prob-
able also that the second section before the last conveys the
sensation of the difference tone. And so a few more of those
more distant sections may convey the sensation of the dif-
ference tone instead of the mean tone.

58 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

If the difference tone results exclusively from the func-
tion of the nerve ends located on the last moving section of
the partition, its relative intensity is two, according to the
above table. But if the difference tone results from the func-
tion of the nerve ends of further sections, its relative inten-
sity must be higher and the maximum intensity of the mean
tone correspondingly lower. That is, the phenomenon of a
beating mean tone must be the less pronounced the
more audible the difference tone; and the difference tone of
a small interval like the one in question must be the more
audible the higher the pair of primary tones in the tonal series.

Summarizing now our interpretations of figure 21, we
must say that so far as the meager data reach from which we

can draw theoretical conclusions, the fol-
The combination /owing seems likely to be the total -im-
24 and 25; pression (listening with one ear, having
summary the other ear plugged): 1. A tone 25

of the constant, but comparatively weak
intensity nine; 2. a tone 24 of the constant, but compar-
atively weak intensity twenty-one; 3. a mean tone (perhaps
slightly varying in pitch during each period) of an intensity
which varies once during each period from zero to a definite
maximum intensity and back to zero. This maximum inten-
sity may be (under the most favorable conditions) as high
as (relatively) three hundred and sixty-eight, but must be
much less if the primary tones are above the middle region
of the tonal series. Its being less means that the “beats” are
less pronounced; 4. a difference tone the relative inten-
sity of which may be (under the most unfavorable condi-
tions) as low as two. Its intensity, however, may be greatly
increased, at the expense of the maximum intensity of the
beating mean tone, in case the pitch of the primary tones is
raised.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 59

Before we take up the theoretical discussion of further
tone combinations, the reader ought to obtain some informa-
tion concerning the difference tones which

awsvot we hear in addition to the “objective”
difference tones in the several combinations. To
tones give such information of this kind as is

indispensable, I shall state here the laws
of these phenomena in as clear and comprehensible a manner
as possible. These laws given below do not pretend to tell
all the difference tones which we might possibly hear in every
possible combination of objective tones. Neither do they tell
the relative intensities of the difference tones, although this
is a matter of no small importance. Laws of difference tones
of this scientific perfection are as yet not known and may
never be known. The laws below merely tell those differ-
ence tones which one is most likely to hear in those combi-
nations which correspond to relatively simple ratios of the
vibration rates and are therefore (musically and otherwise)
particularly interesting. These laws are the following four:
In case the ratio of the vibration rates does not differ
much from 1:1, let us say 11:12, or 9911: 9989, a single dif-
ference tone is audible, whose pitch corre
First law of sponds to the pitch of a tuning fork the
difference tones vibration rate of which is equal to the
difference of the vibration rates of our
case. In addition to the difference tone, however, beats are
usually clearly audible, and a mean tone may be audible too
which lies between the two primary tones. If the interval is
quite small, this mean tone is usually more pronounced than
either of the primary tones, particularly when we hear with
one ear only, having the other ear plugged. The beats just
mentioned seem to be the fluctuations of the intensity of the
mean tone rather than of the primary tones, if we use one
ear only.

60 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

A second class of ratios which is of particular interest,

is that of the ratios whose numbers differ by one. In each
of these cases the difference tone 1! is audi-

Second law of ble, but often quite a number of additional
difference tones difference tones can be perceived. If the
numbers of the ratio are rather small,

as in the case of 5:4, all the tones from the

highest, that is, 5, down to 1 are without any great difficulty
noticeable. As we study ratios of increasing numbers, the
tones following directly upon 1 (in a rising direction) seem
to have a tendency to drop out. And if we go on in the same

Objective tones Difference tones easily audible
Fy ie -
By 2 I
4, 3 2,92
Bp) a 3, 2) 25
6, 5 4, 3, % 2
7, 6 5) 4 ? 1
8, 6 5, % 1
9, 8 7 (6. 5) By 2
10, 9 By. Ty

way, we soon find only one difference tone left, the tone 1. We
have then simply reached a case in which the difference tone
is determined by the first law above. The accompanying table
represents this class of ratios with their difference tones.

A third class of ratios are the ratios made up of com-
paratively small numbers, representing intervals less than an

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 61

octave. In these cases three difference
Third law of tones are often easily noticeable, one cor-
difference tones responding to the direct difference of

the vibration rates (4 —/) ; one correspond-

ing to the difference between the lat-
ter number (A—/) and the vibration rate? of the lower
primary tone, that is, (2/—-h); and one corresponding
to the difference between the just mentioned differences (4 —/)
and (2/—/), that is (2h—31). It is to be noticed, however, that
a difference tone is rarely audible which corresponds to
a difference larger than the subtrahend; for example, the
primary tones 9 and 5 produce the difference tones 4 and 1,
but not 3 = 41, or at least not an easily noticeable tone 3, three
being larger than one. The following table contains a few ex-
amples of this class:

Objective tones Difference tones easily audible
Sh 5 By By
SB |S Ap Tt
Op. 5 4, 1
7 4 op
Ti, fly By 1

The fourth class are the ratios made up of comparatively
small numbers, representing intervals larger than an octave.
The first fact to be noticed here is the lack
of an easily observable difference tone
corresponding to the direct difference
of the two vibration rates. Such a tone, if
audible, would lie between the primary
tones. As a rule, only one difference tone is easily noticeable
in these cases, which can be found according to the following

Fourth law of
difference tones

62 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

tule: Find the smallest difference between the larger num-
ber of the ratio and any multiple of the smaller number. The
table contains a few instances of this class:

Objective tones Difference tones easily audible
Il, 4 I=3x4—I1
12, 5 2—=12—2 x5
9, 4 Ome,
II, 3 I=4x3—I1
Gy 2 I=5—2x2
8, 3 1=3x3—8

Let me repeat that the above rules do not pretend to
represent scientific laws in the strict sense of the word. They
are stated here chiefly for a practical pur-
The use of pose. If the reader who is unfamiliar with
such laws difference tones will use the above “laws”
as directions for observation and obtain
a first hand knowledge of the phenomena of difference tones,
he will be more interested in the theoretical discussions which
are to follow, and able to decide for himself in what di-
rections the mechanical theory is yet most undeveloped and
most wanting in details.
Let us apply our theory now to the combination of two
sinusoids of the relative periods nine and four, that is, of the
relative frequencies 4 and 9. The com-
The combination pound curve, representing the function
4 and 9 f(+) = 1.99 + sindy + sin9x
is shown in figure 22. The period is made
to begin and to end with the lowest ordinate value of the
function, zero, because this has certain technical advantages.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 63

It is, of course, in a periodical function, entirely irrelevant for
the mechanical theory what point we regard as the beginning
of the period. The accompanying table contains the pairs of
corresponding coordinate values of all the maxima and min-
ima of the curve. These values are found by computing a
large number of pairs of values and selecting from them

INTERVAL 4:9, EQUAL AMPLITUDES

Ordinate | Abscissa | Ordinate | pordinat
Max.| + 169 119 368 | P 338
Min.| — 16 318 | 183 Q 185
Max. + 75 aos | Ais R 91
Min.| — 199 696 | oO A 274
Max.| -+ 110 929 309 B 309
Min.| — 2 1094 197 C 112
Max.| + 142 1275 341 D 144
Min.| — 189 1512 10 E 331
Max.| + 42 1724 241 1 231
Min | — 42 1876 157 G 84
Max.! + 189 2088 388 H 231
Min.| — 142 2325 57 I 331
Max. | =). 2 2506 201 J 144
Min. — 110 2671 89 K 112
Max.| + 199 2904 398 L 309
Min.|} — 75 3129 124 M 274
Max.| + 16 3282 215 N gI
a — 169 3481 30 O 185
Max. + 169 3719 368 P 338

those which have the highest and lowest ordinate values.
This computation is a very slow process, but has no limit of
accuracy. Figure 23 shows the positions of the partition be-
longing to the maxima and minima of figure 22. We see that
at A the initial forty sections of the partition are in their

64 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

upper positions. At B, the first thirty-one of them are at
their lower limits. At C, the stirrup has caused eleven
sections to assume their upper limits. From C to D,
the stirrup moves inwards through fourteen units of space,
pushing down the eleven sections which were up at C, leaving
the following twenty unmoved since they are down already,
and pushing down three more, so that now the first thirty-four

Fig. 22. The combination 4 and 9

sections of the partition are down, six further sections are up,
and all the following ones are in their normal positions. From
D to E the stirrup makes an outward movement through
thirty-three units of space, moving up the first thirty-three
sections of the partition. From E to F, the stirrup moves
inwards through twenty-three units of space; and so on. At
S, we find the partition in the same position as at A, our
starting point; then, a new period begins.
Let us now try to interpret the figure. We can easily
see that the first eight sections move down and up again nine
times during the period. This would mean
Do we hear 9? that the nerve ends located on this section
convey to our mind the sensation of the
tone 9 of the relative intensity eight. The ninth section of
the partition moves down and up only eight times during the
period; but after our discussion about the omission of stimuli

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 65

it is clear that we should not be justified in concluding that
we must hear the tone 8. This tone would be audible only
if the frequency with which the stimuli occur on the ninth
section was less than the frequency on the first eight sections.
However, there is no reason why we should regard the ire-

aD = Ft 2 ee
lf | |

o_O
9 8° 6? 4 e |
Fig. 23. The combination 4 and 9. Compare figure 22

quency as different. It seems most probable, then, that
the nerve ends of the ninth section convey to us the sensation
of the tone 9, but with a short pause (or possibly, because of
the after-sensation, a diminution of intensity only) at the
moment about G, when no stimulation takes place. Our total
impression of the tone 9 is, of course, the sum of the sensa-
tions conveyed by all the nine initial sections. This means
that the tone intensity perceived would, on the whole, be
nine; but that for one moment in each period this intensity of
the tone might suddenly be slightly decreased. It does not

66 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

seem improbable—so far as our theoretical data permit us to
draw a conclusion—that such a sudden, but weak decrease
in intensity might become noticeable as a kind of just per-
ceptible “beat.” I leave it to the reader to decide experi-
mentally whether the tone 9 in this combination appears
slightly “rough” or perfectly ‘“smooth.”
The tenth and eleventh sections of the partition move
down and up six times during the period. But we must
remember here from our previous discus-
Do we hear @? sion that—in order to conclude as to the
tones to be heard—no indiscriminate count-
ing is permissible. Mere counting of stimuli would indicate
the tone heard only in case it seems probable that these stimuli
occur in equal or approximately equal intervals. Now, a
survey of figure 23 does not make it appear probable that the
stimuli on the two sections in question occur in even approx-
imately equal intervals. The partition moves down at F
and remains in the lower position until it moves up at I. It
moves down at J and immediately, at K, up again. Down
at L and up at M. In this upper position it remains until
P, when it moves down. At Q it is up again, to stay in the
upper position until B, when it moves down. At C it is up
again. At D it moves down, at E up, and at F down again.
Are we justified in concluding that the nerve ends located on
these two sections of the partition must convey to our mind
the sensation of the tone 6 of the intensity two; or any other
definite sensation? I do not know how to answer this ques-
tion. If we knew the time intervals between the successive
stimuli exactly, we might attempt to decide whether one or
the other sensation would be more or less probable in this
case. But we know that figure 23 is only an approximate,
not an exact representation of the actual movement of the
partition. It is a certain comfort in this dilemma that the prac-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 67

tical importance of a decision in this case is rather small, for
the reason that, whatever sensation these two sections might
produce, it would be a sensation of the relative intensity two
only, a rather weak sensation compared with the tones which
appear theoretically certain.
The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth sections of the
partition move down at B, a second time at F, a third time
at J, and a fourth time at P. These sec-
Do we hear 4? tions, therefore, move down and up four
times during the period in approximately
equal intervals. The five following sections of the partition
move down at B, a second time at F, a third time at L, and
a fourth time at P. These sections, therefore, move down
and up four times during the period in approximately equal
intervals. The four sections from the twentieth to the twenty-
third move down at B, a second time at F, a third time at L,
and a fourth time at P. These sections, therefore, move
down and up four times during the period in approximately
equal intervals. The following four sections move down at B,
a second time at H, a third time at L, and a fourth time at
P; that is, four times during the period in approximately equal
intervals. The four sections from the twenty-eighth to the
thirty-first move down at B, a second time at H, a third time
at L, and a fourth time at P; again, four times during the
period in approximately equal intervals. The thirty-second
and thirty-third sections move down at D, a second time at
H, a third time at L, and a fourth time at P. These sections,
therefore, move down and up four times during the period in
approximately equal intervals. It follows that according to
our theory we must expect to hear the tone 4 of a relative in-
tensity twenty-two, since it is produced by all the sections
from the twelfth to the thirty-third.

68 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The thirty-fourth section of the partition moves down at
D, and up again at O'; down at P, and up again at S. That
is, the nerve ends of this section receive
Do we hear any _two stimuli during the period. We may
difference tones? expect to hear, therefore, the tone 2 of the
relative intensity one. The three follow-
ing sections of the partition move down at H and up again
at O. The nerve ends on these sections receive, therefore,
one stimulus during the period. The next two sections move
down at H and up again at S. The nerve ends here receive
one stimulus during the period. The fortieth section moves
down at L and up again at S. The nerve ends here receive
one stimulus during the period. We must hear, then, the
tone 1 of the relative intensity six. The tones 2 (weak) and 1
(strong) are the only difference tones in this case which we
can derive from our theory with some degree of certainty.
Summarizing now the results derived from our represen-
tation of the movements of the partition in the case of the
ratio 4:9, we find that we must expect to
The relative hear the tones 9, 4, 2 and 1, with the rel-
intensities ative intensities nine, twenty-two, one and
compared six; leaving out of discussion the doubt-
ful sensation of the intensity two which
may be conveyed to our mind by the tenth and eleventh sec-
tions. Now, it is quite natural to ask the question whether
we hear these tones with just these relative intensities. Un-
fortunately, no exact answer to this question is possible,
because this matter, owing to technical difficulties and other
circumstances, has never been experimentally subjected to
accurate measurement. It is known, however—what also ap-
pears in the above statement of our results—that in a com-
bination of two tones the higher one loses in intensity, com-
pared with the lower one. Yet it is doubtful if this loss in
intensity is so great as the number nine indicates, compared

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 69

with twenty-two. The present writer at least is inclined to
doubt this. He believes that the theory, representing only an
approximation to what actually happens in the organ of hear-
ing, exaggerates the degree of this loss of intensity on the
part of the higher tone. He is also inclined to believe that
the theory exaggerates the relative intensity of the difference
tone 1, which was found to be six. In reality, this tone seems

to be somewhat weaker than is indicated by this number.
Let us remember, now, the provisional assumptions
which we made in order to render the graphic representation
of the movement of the partition as sim-

The third and ple as possible. We may raise this ques-
fourth provisional tion: Is not, perhaps, the above disagree-
assumptions ment between theory and experimental ob-
recalled servation a result of one or more of these

provisional assumptions? I shall demon-
strate that this is indeed the case. Or, more exactly, I shall
demonstrate that, if we omit one of these assumptions and
take into account in its stead the actual anatomical conditions
so far as these are known, we change the results of the theory
in such a direction as to diminish the exaggerated loss of
intensity of the higher primary tone and also the exaggerated
intensity of the difference tone.
The partition was provisionally assumed to be of equal
width all along the tube. As a matter of fact, its width near
the windows is only one-twelfth or one-
The partition is tenth (measurements differ somewhat) of
narrower near what it is at the far end of the tube. And
the windows further, it is to be noted that the width
of the partition does not increase uniformly
along the tube, like the area between the dotted lines of figure
24, but that it increases first rather rapidly, later more slowly,
like the area between the curved lines. The figure, however,
does not represent the true relation between the width and

79° UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

the length of the partition. The partition as a whole is much
Narrower in comparison to its length than appears in the fig-
ure. Let us try, then, to get a clear conception of the func-
tional significance of these facts. It is of no particular im-
portance, in this connection, whether the measurements upon

Fig. 24. Shape of the partition

which the following considerations are based are more or less
incorrect, as they probably are; for our intention is merely to
get an idea of the general direction in which the actual shape
of the partition changes the results of a theory having pro-
visionally assumed that the partition is everywhere of equal
width.
When the partition yields in either direction, up or down,
its former place is taken by the fluid of the tube. Let us call
the quantity of fluid which has taken po-
A unit of stirrup sitions formerly occupied by the partition
movement equals “the displaced fluid.” Now, it is plain that
a unit of dis- the quantity of displaced fluid must al-
placed fluid ways be approximately proportional to the
distance through which the stirrup has
moved since its last reversal of movement. If the partition
were equally wide everywhere, then any section of equal
length, far from or near the windows, would make room, in
moving from one limit to the other, to the same quantity of
displaced fluid as any other section. And then, plainly, the
length of that part of the partition which is caused to move
from one limit to the other would always be proportional to
that part of the stirrup movement which caused it to move.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 71

This is the effect of our provisional assumption. But if the
partition tapers as it does, a unit of displaced fluid (corre-
sponding to a unit of stirrup movement) is made room for by
sections of the partition of very unequal length according as
the displaced fluid unit is located nearer or farther from the
windows. Where the partition is narrow, a longer section
would have to move in order to make room for a unit of dis-
placed fluid. Where the partition is wider, a shorter section
would make room for the same quantity of fluid.
Since, then, tone intensity depends on the length of the
partition section which is jerked up and down, and since this
length is not proportional to the given
The computation value of the stirrup movement, it is use-
of a table ful to have a table showing the partition
lengths corresponding to various stirrup
movements in order to get a clear idea of the influence of the
tapering of the partition upon the relative tone intensities.
To simplify the computation of such a table, it is well to
restrict it to a short distance from the windows, so that we

Fig. 25. The partition widens

may approximately assume the partition to increase uni-
formly in width within this distance. Let us call w the
smallest width of the partition, near the windows; let us
assume that a distance from the windows equal to 50w the
width of the partition is 6w, and let us assume a uniform in-
crease of width. Let us call y the width at any point of the
partition and x» the distance of this point from the beginning

72 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

near the windows. We then know (Fig. 25) that the ratio
6w—w
507

Y~® is equal to the ratio of
a

Len OID)

Ba Ee WO)

low--x
10

x
By, Uses

The area described by the cross-section of the partition in
being jerked from one limit to the other may be called a at
the point where the width of the partition
is smallest, g at any arbitrary point of the

The area Ha

described by a partition. These areas, let us assume, are
cross-section of geometrically similar. This assumption
the partition possesses a higher degree of probability

than what would follow for the areas from
the third provisional assumption made above for the sake of
simplicity. It then follows that the ratio of the areas is equal
to the ratio of the squares of the widths of the partition at the
same points.

a S
BG

a 2
ar

For y we substitute its value found above and have then the
equation:

el a(1ow-+-+)?
10720"

The left side of this equation is a measure of the area
described by the cross-section of the partition at the point
x, in being jerked from one limit to the other. The right
side of the equation contains the variable +, the distance of
any point of the partition from its beginning near the windows,

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 73

and the two constants a and w. The former of these con-
stants is the area described by the initial point of the partition
in moving from one limit to the other, of whatever form this
area may actually be found to be. The latter is the width of
the partition at the initial point.

The mathematical reader immediately sees that that quan-
tity F of displaced fluid for which room is made by a move-
The quantity of ment of any given section of the partition
fluid for which is determined by the following equation,
room is made which can be easily integrated.

a,
i i aadx
4,

In order to integrate this equation we have to express g
as a function of x. This has been done above under the tem-
porary assumption of a uniform increase of width. The re-
sult is stated in the equation just preceding the last. We
then have

1007”

4% a
raf? (1ow+2)'d*z—=

— Sant | (row-+1,) — (100+) 5

where +,is the farther, , the nearer of the two points enclosing
whatever section of the partition is in question.

If the section in question is an initial section of the par-
tition, then x, is equal to zero, and the quantity of displaced
fluid is

imal |
= I 4,)°—(10w)3) -
Let us regard the partition as consisting of sections each of
the length of w. We can find, then, the quantities of dis-
placed fluid for which room is made by the first section, the
first two, the first three, the first four, and so forth, sections

74 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

by making +, successively equal to w, to 2w, to 3w, to 4w,
and so forth. If + —=xnw, we have

AD . ole
aCor: (eee) —(10w) i =

al as
aes [core — 10'|.

7,

Let us arbitrarily regard ae as the unit of displaced

fluid. We could then easily compute a table which contains
the number of fluid units displaced by the

Two tables number » of partition units. If the num-

possible ber of partition units is, for example, three,
the quantity of displaced fluid is

(13"—10°) units and so on.

More useful, however, is a table which progresses in a
regular series of units of fluid and tells us—in decimals—the
lengths of the initial sections which make room for these quan-
tities of fluid; for our representation of the movement of the
partition tells us the quantities of displaced fluid, and the cor-
responding section lengths are to be found in order to obtain
a more correct idea of the relative tone intensities. In order
to compute such a table it is advantageous to use a larger
fluid unit than the above. Let us determine the total quan-
tity of fluid for which room is made by the partition section
from += 0 to + = 50w, that is, the whole part of the partition
near the windows for which we have assumed a uniform taper-
ing or change of width; and let us—arbitrarily—regard one-
fiftieth of this quantity as the fluid unit.

wl BN dN
moe uae) 103 em

__ 215000 a w
fa 300

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 15

The fluid unit, defined as one-fiftieth of the above quantity,
is therefore

4300 a w
300

Any number m of such fluid units is then

4300 a wm
300

We derived above the following equation between fluid
quantities and partition lengths

= =o ae ( 1ow-+4,)>—( row)"

In this equation we have to substitute for F the above
expression of fluid quantity and then to solve the equation
LOL

ACNE DEB) BI
300 ~ 3002? |

(1ow + +#,)? — (10%)
(10w-+#,)? = 10°23 4300703
1ow+24, = wV 1000--4300m

x, = (V1000-++4300m — 10)w

The following table contains the corresponding values of
m and «#,, measured in the unit of length w.

76 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Let us see, now, how we must use the table of fluid
quantities and partition lengths. We recall that any unit of
stirrup movement causes the displacement

The use of of a unit of fluid. What we have
the table called above “the relative intensities of the
tones heard” refers directly to relative

numbers of units of stirrup movement; indirectly also to rela-
tive numbers of units of displaced fluid, since it is highly prob-
able that the quantity of displaced fluid is approximately pro-
portional to the extent of a stirrup movement. What we want

TABLE OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN FLUID DISPLACEMENT AND
PARTITION LENGTH

m nN m x m x m x m x

I 7.43 II | 26.42 21 | 35-03 31 | 41.22 41 | 46.18
2 | 11.25 12 | 27.47 22 | 35.73 32 | 41.75 42 | 46.62

14.04 13 | 28 46 23 | 36.40 33 | 42.28 43 | 47.07

3
4 | 16.30 || 14 | 29.41 || 24 | 37-05 || 34 | 42-80 || 44 | 47.50

5 | 18.23 15 | 30-31 25 | 37-70 35 | 43-31 45 | 47.94
6 | 19.92 16 | 31.17 26 | 38.32 36 | 43.81 46 | 48.36

7 | 21-45 || 17 | 32.00 || 27 | 38.92 || 37 | 44-30 || 47 | 48.78

10 | 25.30 20 | 34.31 30 | 40.65 40 | 45.72 50 | 50.00

to know now, is the length of the several sections of the par-
tition of which—in the last case of tone combination, 4 and
9—the first or initial one moves up and down nine times and
produces the tone 9, the second produces no definite tone with

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 9/7)

certainty, the third produces the tone 4, the fourth the tone
2, and the fifth the tone 1.

The fluid quantity for the tone 9 is measured, as we found
above, by the relative number nine. Now, let us, for exam-
ple, assume that this means an equal number of fluid
units in our table. We then read off the corresponding par-
tition length as being 24.11 units. The fluid quantity for the
uncertain tone was measured as two units. But now, we can-
not simply read off from the table the number of partition
units corresponding to two; for the partition section making

TONE INTENSITIES IN THE COMBINATION 4 AND 9

Tones |Uniform width| Tapering
9 22.5% 52.7%
Uncertain 5.0% 5.0%
4 55-0% 34.8%
2 2.5% L.1%
I 15.0% 6.4%

room for these two fluid units is not an initial section. We
must read off, therefore, the value corresponding to eleven
fluid units (26.42) and subtract from this the value correspond-
ing to nine fluid units (24.11). We thus see that the length
of the partition section about the tone of which we could not
come to a decision is 2.31 units. The fluid quantity for the
tone 4 was measured as twenty-two. But here again we can-
not simply read off the length of the partition section pro-
ducing this tone, because this section is not an initial section.
We must read off the values for 9--2+-22—33 and for 9+2=11
and subtract the latter from the former. These values are
42.28 and 26.42. The length of that section of the partition

48 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

which moves up and down four times is therefore 15.86 units.
The intensity of the tone 2 is one fluid unit. The length of
the partition section corresponding to this fluid unit is 42.80—
42.28—.52. The fluid quantity for the tone 1 is six fluid units.
We have to read off from the table the values corresponding
to 9+24+22+1+6=—40 and to 9+2+22+1—34 fluid units. These
values are 45.72 and 42.80. The length of that section of the
partition which produces the tone 1 is therefore 2.92 units of
the partition.
The relative intensities of the four tones 9, 4, 2, and 1,
would then be, not as nine to twenty-two to one to six, but as
24.1 to 15.9 to .5 to 2.9; and the tone about
Thevrelative which we could not reach a definite con-
intensities of the clusion would have the relative intensity
tones 9, 4, 2, 2.3 instead of two. For the sake of better
and 1 . comparison let us express the relative in-
tensities in percentages. The table shows
in one column the tone intensities in case we regard the par-
tition as of uniform width and in another column the intensi-
ties in case we regard the partition as tapering and possess-
ing those properties upon which the present computation is
based.
We must not, of course, regard the result found in the
second column of intensities as any more final than that in
the first column. We have assumed that
This result the initial section of the partition tapers
not final uniformly so that, the initial width being
w, its width is 6w at a distance of 50w. But
we do not know that it tapers just this way. We have further
assumed that the areas described by cross-sections of the par-
tition in moving from one limit of position to the other, are
geometrically similar. But we do not know whether they are
or not. We have further assumed that the total movement of
the partition in this case extends just to the distance of 45.72w.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 79

But this is an arbitrary assumption, and the results of the ta-
ble, as is shown farther below, would look different if the total
movement did not extend just so far, but farther or less far.
We must not, then, regard this result as final, but simply ob-
serve if it tends to change the relative intensities in such a
direction as might correct the intensities which seemed some-
what objectionable. Now, we objected, first, to the fact that
the higher of the primary tones had such a slight intensity com-
pared with the lower one, 22.5 per cent compared with 55.0
per cent. Now we see that taking into account the tapering
of the partition raises the intensity of the tone 9 to 52.7 per
cent and lowers that of the tone 4 to 34.8 per cent. As stated
before, these particular figures must not be regarded as a final
result. It is irrelevant that now the lower tone is weaker than
the higher. What is important is the fact that the influence
in question is in the direction in which it must be in order to
correct the objectionable features of the former computation.
A further result of this influence is the reduction of the former
intensity of the difference tone 1, which we regarded as
rather high, from 15.0 per cent to 6.4 per cent—again a change
in the desired direction.
We can obtain here a more special insight in addition
to the general insight into the fact that tapering of the par-
tition tends to increase the intensities of the
Tihs Pee tones piocuced by tne initial sections, to
tensities not inde- decrease the intensities of the tones pro-
pendent of the duced by more distant sections of the par-
absolute intensity tition. More especially, we shall observe
of the compound that the amount of this increasing or de-
sound creasing influence varies according as the
total length of the partition section set in
motion varies, that is, as the total intensity of the compound
sound heard varies. Imagine, for example, three tones, which
we call A, B, and C, being produced by successive sections of

80 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

the partition. Imagine further that the quantity of displaced
fluid for the tone A’ is 20 per cent of the total amount of fluid
displaced by the compound sound wave, that the quantity
for B is 50 per cent, and the quantity for C 30 per cent. This
is a percentage which might easily be found in an actual case.
The pitch of the tones A, B, and C is irrelevant. The table
below contains all the values which are of interest to us, for
two cases. In the first case the actual fluid quantities are
two, five, and three, by assumption; in the second case they
are ten, twenty-five, and fifteen. That is, the stirrup move-
ment in the second case is of the same form, but exactly five
times as large as in the first.

Quantities of dis- Length of sections Length of sections
placed fluid (absolute values) (percentages)
A B C A B Cc a A B C
2 5 3 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 3.8 | 25.3 | 44.7% | 40.3% | 15.0%

18.0] 6.7 | 50.0] 50.6% | 36.0% | 13.4%

Lal
°
is)
n
4
wn
iS)
on
iS)

The table shows that the tone intensities do not increase
proportionally to the increase in the amplitude of stirrup move-
ment. The amplitude in the second case is five times that of
the first case; but the total intensity (3) of the audible sound
in the second case is less than twice that of the first case (50.0
compared with 25.3). The table shows further that the inten-
sity of the tone A is in the first case 44.7 per cent, in the second
case 50.6 per cent. That is the increase in the intensity of the
whole sound is favorable to the relative intensity of the tone
produced by the initial section of the partition. The percentage
intensity of this tone, A, is increased at the cost of the tones
B and C, the percentages of both of which are diminished.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 81

Thus far we have studied the effect upon the relative tone
intensities of initial and more distant sections which would
result from a uniform increase in width of
Increase in width the partition as compared with a uniform
of partition width. But we know that the partition
not uniform does not increase uniformly, but rapid-
ly at first, near the windows, and more
slowly the farther we go from the windows (Fig. 24). To
understand the theoretical result of this manner of increase,
it is not necessary to compute a new table. It is plain that,
if a more distant section increases less than we assumed in
computing the preceding table, showing the corresponding
values of m and x, this would cause a longer piece of this dis-
tant part of the partition to move in order to make room for
a certain quantity of displaced fluid. That is, the decrease in
the broadening of the partition would counteract the effect
last discussed. We saw in the preceding paragraph that an
increase in the intensity of the whole sound does not leave
the relative intensities of the partial tones unaltered, but favors
the intensities of the tones on the initial sections, reduces
those on the distant sections. But now, if we increase the in-
tensity of the whole sound, we throw the tones of the more
distant sections on still more distant sections, that is, on sec-
tions where the broadening of the partition is much less than
that assumed in the table. Consequently, the tones of distant
sections cannot lose in percentage as much as a derivation
from the table would indicate, but might even gain somewhat
in percentage of intensity through an increase of the total in-
tensity of the sound.

82 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The preceding paragraphs must impress us with the per-
plexity of our situation. We want to comprehend the facts
of audition as depending on the structure

THe necd Of a and function of the sense organ. But every

more accurate endeavor to enter into the details of the
and detailed function of the organ is thwarted by the
anatomical poverty and inaccuracy of our anatomical
knowledge knowledge. We cannot obtain a definite

idea of the intensities of the various physi-
ological processes resulting from a compound aerial wave un-
less we know exactly the manner of increase in width of the
partition. It is not sufficient to know that it increases first
tapidly, then slowly. We need a very exact measurement
of the width of succeeding cross-sections of the partition and
of the distance of each of them from the beginning of the par-
tition near the windows.
On the other hand, we need also a much more detailed
and accurate comparison of the relative intensities of the
components of stronger and weaker com-

The nesdiok a pound sounds, based on psychological ex-
more accurate perimentation and observation. Thus far,
observation of the practically nothing in this regard is known
psychological with exactness. It is to be hoped that, in

facts of hearing spite of the extraordinary technical diffi-

culties and the costliness of the apparatus
required for such investigations, an accurate knowledge of
these psychological facts will be obtained. We _ need this
knowledge because some of the constants contained in the
mechanical theory may never become directly measurable, for
example, the elastic properties of the partition, and, therefore,
will have to be inferred from their psychological conse-
quences.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 83

‘

Two consequences of the particular shape of the partition
which we have just discussed in as much detail as anatomical
knowledge permits should be emphasized.
The first of these is of the greatest biolog-

Two important 5 SiN x g
ical significance. It is certainly important

consequences of

the partition’s for the animal to be very sensitive to
shape. sound, that is, to be able to hear sounds
Sensitiveness which are very weak and cause only a
of the ear

minute movement of the stirrup. Now,
the initial part of the partition being ex-
ceedingly narrow, even the minutest quantity of fluid dis-
placed by the stirrup must spread considerably lengthwise
over the partition and thus stimulate quite a number of nerve
ends. But it would not be advantageous to have the partition
equally narrow all along. In that case comparatively weak
objective sounds would cause the whole partition to move up
and down and the displaced fluid for which no room can be
made by the partition, to flow back and forth through the
“safety valve.” Strong objective sounds would then make
the same impression upon the animal as sounds of medium
physical intensity. This disadvantage is overcome by the
partition’s tapering, by its being narrow at the beginning,
but wide farther on, so that even sounds of considerable
strength do not involve the whole partition. But again, there
would be a disadvantage if the partition’s width increased uni-
formly : for then the relative intensities of simultaneous tones
—as we have seen—would not be even approximately inde-
pendent of the absolute intensity of the total sound. This
disadvantage might be avoided by the width increasing first
rapidly, then more and more slowly. If it is thus avoided,
either partially or totally, we do not exactly know because of lack
of exact anatomical data.

$4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The second of the consequences to be emphasized is
probably of little biological significance, but possibly of some
importance to the student observing differ-
Conditions more °¢e tones in a psychological iaboratory.
or less favorable It is quite possible that, as a result of the
to the observation tapering not being uniform but decreasing
of difference as the windows are left behind, the rela-
tones tive intensity of difference tones, which are
obviously produced by the more distant
sections of the partition, is somewhat greater when the abso-
lute intensity of the whole sound is rather great. If this is
so, it would be advisable to use for the observation of dif-
ference tones fairly strong primary tones rather than weak
ones. Whether this conclusion is borne out by experience, I
must leave to the reader to decide.
The above discussion of tone intensities naturally leads us
to take up the theoretical aspects of the fact frequently ob-
served by experimenters that in a combina-

The dis- tion of a lower and a higher tone the latter
appearance of is sometimes entirely inaudible, provided,
a higher tone of course, that it is physically much weaker

than the former. The reverse, however,
that is, the disappearance of a physically weak low tone when
sounded together with a strong higher tone, has hardly been
observed. The phenomenon in question can, perhaps, be most
easily observed with such ratios at 1:2, 2:3, or 1:3. Let us
study, then, one of these ratios, say 1:2, from the theoretical
point of view.

G-A

Fig. 26. The combination r and 2, unequal amplitudes

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 85

Let us combine two sinusoids according to the following

equation :

f(#) = 2sina-+sin2dsv.
The combination hat is, the amplitude of the sinusoid of
1 and 2, when 2 ‘the shorter period is one-half of the am-
is comparatively plitude of the sinusoid of the longer pe-
weak riod. Figure 26 shows the curve represent-

ing the stirrup movement, and the accom-
panying table shows the exact numerical values of those points
of the curve which, as we shall see, are of particular import-
ance to us, that is, the maxima and minima, and the points
of inflection. These values are easily found in this particular
case. To find the maxima and minima, we have to set the
first derivative of the above function equal to zero and solve
the equation for +; for the maxima and minima are those
points where the tangential angle or differential coefficient
is zero.

f' (4) = 2cosx + 2cos2y = 0.

To find the points of inflection, we have to set the second
derivative equal to zero and solve the equation for x; for the
points of inflection are those points of the curve where the
tangential angle neither increases nor decreases.

f’ (#) = — 2sinex — 4sin2« = 0.

The purely arithmetical work I do not care to perform
here. The table shows its results. It is plain that, if we rep-
resent the successive positions of the partition according to
the same rules as formerly employed, we find that only one
tone can become audible, the tone 1. The tone 2 has disap-
peared because its addition does not increase the number of
the maxima and minima of the compound curve (Fig. 26), but
merely influences its shape. However interesting this in-
sight may be into the fact that a weak higher tone added
to a strong lower tone may be entirely inaudible, the present
theoretic result is not quite satisfactory. It is somewhat un-

86 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

satisfactory because it seems improbable that the higher octave
should become inaudible as soon as its amplitude is decreased
to one-half of the amplitude of the lower tone. It seems, judg-
ing from experimental experience, that the higher octave must
be weakened by far more, in order to become entirely inaudi-

INTERVAL 1:2, AMPLITUDES 2:1

Ordinate | Abscissa | Ordinate Orne,
Inf. fo) fo) 2598 B 2598
Max.| + 2598 600 5196 Cc 2598
Inf. | + 1125 1045 3723 D 1473
Inf. fo) 1800 2598 E 1125
Inf. — 1125 2555 1473 F 1125
Min.| — 2598 3000 fo) GVA 1473
Inf. fo) 3600 2598 B 1473

ble. Now, to correct the above theoretic result, we cannot
make use of the previous considerations concerning the in-
fluence of the tapering of the partition. As long as there is
an initial section, however short, jerked down and up twice
during the period, the result of tapering may be the length-
ening of this section and a corresponding increase of the rel-
ative intensity of the higher tone. But when there is no
initial section at all which moves twice, no tapering of the par-
tition can create one. Let us, therefore, recall the other pro-
visional assumptions.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 87

The second of our provisional assumptions is that the
partition is perfectly inelastic, that is, not offering any re-
sistance to a displacement until either of

Hel secontd the limits is reached, and then offering ab-

provisional solute resistance. Now, does our anatom-
assumption ical knowledge warrant such an assump-
recalled tion? The most striking fact derived from

an anatomical study of the organ is the
absence of any solid body which might serve to interfere sud-
denly, abruptly, with a yielding movement of the partition in
either direction. Even the analogy with the leather seat
of a chair is hardly admissible if we mean thereby a flabby,
wrinkled piece of leather. The analogy probably holds good
only if we imagine the leather in such a condition as we find
it in a new, unused chair, occupying a perfect plane, being
practically free, however, from any stresses as long as no weight
is resting upon it, yielding to a certain extent if a certain weight
is placed upon it, but not yielding in proportion to the weight
if the weight is increased. It is probably in a similar manner
that the partition resists pressure. What determines the
limit of yielding must be the partition’s own elasticity. But
let us always remember that there is no elastic force—no
stress—in the partition while in its normal position, that its
elastic force is the result of a displacement in either direction,
that this elastic force increases much more rapidly than the
displacement, and that therefore a constant increase of press-
ure on any point of the partition does not cause a constant
movement of this point, but a movement first rapid, then
quickly decreasing in velocity. Figure 27 is a graphic repre-
sentation of such a function under the arbitrary assumption—
which, perhaps, may be regarded as a rough approximation
to the actual conditions—that the elastic force of the partition
increases proportionally to the tangent of its displacement. The
abscisse represent the increasing pressure, the ordinates

88 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

the corresponding displacements of the partition. We notice,
then, that there is a practical limit of yielding, that an increase
of pressure beyond a certain point is practically ineffective, does
not cause any further displacement to speak of.

There can be no doubt that the assumption of a relation
existing between the displacement of the partition and the
pressure, similar to the relation between an angle and its
tangent—however rough the approximation to the facts—is

ee
ine
| HH ,

ce GyeniSi Sir Ciaigine,
Fig. 27. The probable relation between pressure and displacement of the partition

much better adapted to the anatomical facts than the second
provisional assumption. Of course, the second provisional as-
sumption simplifies greatly the graphic representation of the
successive positions of the partition, but at the cost of ail
accuracy. Wherever the approximation thus possible is suffi-
cient for our purposes, we shall, of course, continue to work
under that simpler assumption. But let us now apply the
latter assumption to our problem of representing the succes-
sive positions of the partition which correspond to the stirrup

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 89

movement of the curve in figure 26. Let us disregard, how-
ever, the varying width of the partition, in order to avoid too
much complication. We shall again assume the partition to be
of uniform width, without, however, forgetting the fact that
this is an arbitrary simplification of the conditions.
Imagine that the whole partition is in its normal posi-
tion, free of any stress, and that the stirrup begins an outward
movement of the form of the curve from E
The significance to G in figure 26. We see from the curve
of a point of that the stirrup moves at first very slowly,
inflection then gradually more and more quickly un-
til at F, the point of inflection, it moves
with the greatest velocity. Now, a simple consideration will
make it plain to us that the pressure acting upon the initial part
of the partition must be dependent on, probably be propor-
tional to the velocity of the stirrup. If the velocity of the stir-
rup movement were extremely small, no point of the partition
would move more readily than any other, and consequently
none of them would move to a considerable extent; but the
fluid would every time and all the time flow through the
opening at the end of the tube which we called the safety
valve, because there would then be practically no friction at
any point within the tube, and an infinitesimal elastic force
of displacement could keep the partition in place. On the other
hand, if the velocity of the stirrup movement is not very
small, the points of the partition near the windows receive
the greatest push from the fluid, farther points only a slighter
push, very quickly diminishing with increasing distance, and
at some distance away the push could be regarded as practi-
cally infinitesimal; all this as the result of the friction of the
fluid in the narrow tube, the total influence of which is the greater
the longer the column of fluid in question, measuring this column
from the windows.

go UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

As the stirrup moves away from H, the initial part of the
partition yields upwards, as shown in figure 28 at I. By I,
II, and so forth, are meant successive moments between E
and G in figure 26. The increasing velocity of the stirrup re-
sults at II in an increased pressure at all the points of the
partition which had yielded at I. Therefore, at II in figure 28
these points are somewhat farther displaced than they were at
I, but not proportional to the increase of the velocity of the
stirrup but much less, according to figure 27. At the same

Fig, 28. Seven successive positions of the partition, three preceding
and three following an inflection point (F)

time we notice that the part of the partition which has now
yielded extends much farther to the right at II than at I;
for the stirrup has displaced much more fluid at II than at the
earlier moment I, and the slight increase in the displacement
of those parts of the partition which were already displaced
at I, can not nearly make room for all this fluid. Therefore the

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR gI

spreading of the displacement lengthwise over the partition.
At III the velocity of the stirrup is still greater than at II.
Therefore we notice again a slight increase in the displace-
ment of the initial part of the partition. But as the stirrup
approaches F, this increase of displacement of the initial parts
must become less; for the velocity of the stirrup is now nearly
constant, its increase very slight, and the increase of displace-
ment is in any case much less than proportional to the increase
of velocity, according to figure 27. As soon as the stirrup passes
F, its velocity begins to decrease. Immediately the press-
ure on the whole piece of the partition which has yielded de-
creases; and this whole piece, therefore begins to move
slowly back by its elasticity in the direction of its normal
position. It is clear, however, from figure 27 that even a
considerable decrease of the velocity of the stirrup causes only
a slight decrease of the displacement until the stirrup ap-
proaches G, when its velocity approaches zero and the part
of the partition in question can move more rapidly by its
elasticity since it has no longer to overcome much pressure
caused by the stirrup. It does not follow, however, that any
point of the partition has returned to its normal position by
the time the stirrup reaches G. The initial sections have
merely moved in the direction of their normal position. And
meanwhile, new points of the partition to the right must
have yielded upwards to make room for the fluid being dis-
placed all the time by the stirrup in moving towards G.
Three positions of the partition between F and G are shown
in figure 28 at IV, V, and VI.

g2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

One of the consequences of the decrease of pressure on the
partition at the point of inflection between a maximum and a
preceding or following minimum of the

Thearetiocons curve consists in the fact that the partition

sequences of does not move up and down so suddenly
the inflection as it appeared from our previous graphic
of the curve representations. We had to point out this

fact before in mentioning the irregular-
ity with which stimuli often seem to be received by the nerve
ends according to our simplified graphic representation. The
exact time when a stimulus—a shock, as we called it—is re-
ceived we now find to be dependent also on the location of each
inflection point, not merely on the temporal location of the
maxima and minima. Unfortunately, however, we can not
determine the time of each shock with certainty even now,
taking into account the inflection point. This important ques-
tion of theoretical detail must be left open for future investi-
gation.

Another consequence of the decrease of pressure on
the partition marked by any point of inflection consists in the
fact that a double movement—up and down—of the partition
may result, not only from an alternation of maxima and mini-
ma of a curve, but also from an alternation of inflection points
marking an increasing and decreasing velocity of the stirrup.
This means that the number of shocks received by the nerve
ends during one period of the curve may exceed the total num-
ber of maxima (or minima) in case any part of the curve
from a maximum to a minimum or from a minimum to a max-
imum contains more than a single point of inflection. An example
will be given at once.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 93

Let us return to the theoretical analysis of the whole
curve in figure 26. From A to C the stirrup moves inwards,
pushing down a certain length of the parti-

mie sueceadive tion. The initial part of this length, how-
positions of the ever, begins a slow upward movement as
partition corres- soon as the velocity of the stirrup begins
ponding to to decrease, at B. The same part moves
figure 26 up more quickly when, at C, the stirrup
reverses its movement and begins to pull

it upward. We therefore see at B in figure 29 the initial two
sections in an extreme downward position. At C, we see them

Fig. 29. The combination 1 and 2. Compare figure 26

only in a medium downward position, and at the same time
we find the following two sections of the partition in a similar
downward position since the stirrup has continued, from B to
C, to move inwards. It is plain that to take into account, in
our graphic representation, only two kinds of displacements in
either direction, an extreme and a medium one, is again an ar-
tificial simplification, introduced merely to suit our momentary
needs, in spite of the fact that thus we lose sight of some of the
details of the movement. Actually, the movement probably
occurs rather in the form of figure 28. But the simplification
used in figure 29 not only renders the drawing of the figure

94 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

easier, but also contributes towards a readier comprehension
of the significance of the graphic representation, towards a
quicker reading off of the tones to be heard.

At D we see the first section in an extreme upward position
since the stirrup has moved outwards and has reached a max-
imum velocity. At E, the first section has returned to a me-
dium displacement since the velocity of the stirrup has reached
a minimum. At the same time the second section of the par-
tition has moved upwards as a result of the continued outward
movement of the stirrup. At F we find the initial three sec-
tions of the partition in an extreme upward position; for the
stirrup has continued to move outwards and has also reached
a maximum of velocity. At G all four initial sections of the
partition are in an upward position since the stirrup has con-
tinued to move outwards. But they are only in a medium
displacement since the velocity of the stirrup has again reach-
ed a minimum.

Looking now over the four columns in figure 29, we notice
that the first shows an extreme upward position of this section

of the partition at F, a medium upward

De we hear position at G=A, an extreme downward
both tones position at B, a medium downward posi-
2 and 1? tion at C, an extreme upward position at

D, a medium upward position at E, an ex-
treme upward position again at F. This section of the parti-
tion, therefore, has moved up and down twice during the pe-
riod, the second upward movement occurring between E and
F. It is quite probable, then, that the nerve ends located on
this section receive two shocks during the period. The second
section of the partition has an extreme upward position at F,
a medium upward position at G=A, an extreme downward
position at B, a medium downward position at C and D,
and a medium upward position at E. It follows that
this section moves up and down only once during the pe-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 95

riod, and that the nerve ends located there recefve only one
shock during the period. The third section has an extreme
upward position at F, a medium upward position at G=A and
also at B, a medium downward position at C, D, and E, The
nerve ends of this section receive therefore one shock during
the period. The fourth section has a medium upward position
at G=A and at B, a medium downward position at C, D, E, and
F. The nerve ends of this section receive therefore one shock
during the period. It is plain, then, that from our theory we
must expect to hear the tone 2 as well as the tone 1, the former
conveyed by the first, the latter by the three following sec-
tions of the partition.
To determine the relative intensities of the tones heard,
we have to compare the length of the initial section of the par-
tition with the total length of the three
Sixth provision- following sections when added together.
al assumption For simplicity’s sake, let us make this
comparison again under the third and
fourth provisional assumptions, and also under a new assump-
tion, namely, that the fluid for which room is made or whose
room is taken by a move of the partition from a medium to an
extreme (or the reverse) displacement on the same side (eith-
er above or below the normal position) is a negligible quanti-
ty. That this assumption simplifies our representation of the
successive positions of the several sections of the partition is
clear, since we may thus take the length of each section pro-
portional to the ordinate difference of the corresponding points
of the curve. For instance, the third and fourth sections in
figure 29, which move down at C, would be longer than pro-
portional to the ordinate difference of the points B and C in
figure 26 if the fluid displaced by the first and second sections
in moving from an extreme position at B to a medium displace-
ment at C were not a negligible quantity. In the latter case,
the fluid displaced by the first and second sections during the

96 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

time from B to C would have to be made room for by the third
and fourth sections, which, then, by necessity would extend
farther to the right than in proportion to the stirrup movement
from B to C. To take this into account would extraordinarily
complicate the graphic representation without offering, at
present, a correspondingly great advantage. This additional
extension of the third and fourth sections to the right could
be but slight since the amount of fluid in question would be
but slight. This becomes clear from a glance at figure 27.
We have learnt from this figure that some pressure added to
a given pressure does not cause a proportional, but a much
smaller increment to be added to the previous displacement of
the partition; and thus the amount of fluid in question may be
entirely neglected without depriving us of the right to regard
our representation as an approximation to the actual positions
of the partition sections.
We may, then, under the third, fourth, and sixth pro-
visional assumptions, regard the relative intensities of the
tones as proportional to the ordinate dif-
Theurclative ferences in the table belonging to figure
intensities of 26. We find in the table the value 1473: as
2 and 1 expressing the ordinate difference of C and
D, the value 1125 of D and E, 1125
of E and F, and 1473 of F and G, the sum of these last three being
3728. Therefore, under the above simplifying assumptions,
the relative intensity of the tone 2 compared with 1 is about
as fifteen to thirty-seven.
Let us now apply our theory to the ratio of the vibration
rates 5:8. The curve in figure 30 represents the function
f(#) = sindx + sin8x.
The table below contains all the abscissa and ordinate
: values of the maxima and minima as well
The combina- ( E :
oninndle as of the inflection points of the curve.
Equal ampli- The inflection points are computed as the
tudes of stirrup maxima and minima of the first derivative
movement curve, represented by the function

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 97

f' (#) = 5cos5w ++ 8cos8xr.
It is impossible, in this case, to apply the simple method of

K W,

Fig. 36

Fig. 38

The combination 5 and 8 with different amplitude ratios

98 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

finding the corresponding ordinate and abscissa values of the
maxima and minima of these two functions by making their
derivatives equal to zero and solving the resultant equations

INTERVAL 5:8, EQUAL AMPLITUDES

Ordinate | Abscissa | Ordinate Cee
Inf. fo) fo) 199 Vv 188
Max.| + 188 131 387 WwW 188
Inf. + 24 249 223 x 164
Min.| — Ioo 385 99 Y 124
Inf. | — 51 474 148 Z 49
Max.| + 3 576 202 Dye 54
Inf. — 29 661 170 Da} 32
Min.|; — 61 740 138 € 32
Inf. + 59 8472 258 D 120
Max.| + 167 983 366 & 108
Inf. | — 18 I116 181 S 185
Min.| — 199 1244 fo) A 181
Inf. | — 36 1367 163 B 163
Max.| + 137 1504. 336 Cc 173
Inf. + 61 1603 260 D 76
Min — 26 1725 173 E 87
Inf fo) 1800 199 F 26
Max.| + 26 1875 225 G 26
Inf. | — 61 1997 138 H 87
Min.| — 137 2096 62 I 76
Inf. | + 36 2233 235 J 173
Max.| + 199 2356 398 K 163
Inf. + 18 2484 217 L 181
Min.| — 167 2617 32 M 185
Inf — 59 2728 140 N 108
Max.| + 61 2860 260 Oo 120
Inf + 29 2939 228 P 32
Min.| — 3 3024 196 Q 32
Inf + 51 3126 250 R 54
Max.} -++ 100 3215 299 S 49
Inf — 24 3351 175 T 124
Min.| — 188 3469 II U 164
Inf fo) 3600 199 Vv 188

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 99

for +. This is impossible because the equations to be solved
would be of the eighth degree. We have to use, therefore,
the only method left, however great our sacrifice of time, and
to calculate directly a sufficiently large number of values from
which we then select the largest and smallest. In this way the
values of the table have been obtained. By adding 199 to each
of the values of the first column we get the third column,
which offers the advantage of containing only positive ordi-
nates. This procedure is equivalent to selecting a different
horizontal coordinate, which is always dependent on our
choice. The ordinate value zero, thus obtained, is the one which
belongs to point A in figure 30. The successive positions of
the partition corresponding, under the sixth provisional as-
sumption, to all the maxima, minima, and inflection points of
the curve are shown in figure 31.
Let us at once examine the movements of the three sec-
tions, the fiftieth, the fifty-first, and the fifty-second.* At A, we
find these sections occupying a medium up-
What tones do ward position. From A to B they move down.
we hear? The From B to C they begin to move up.
tone 8 From C to D they continue to move up.
From D to E they begin to move down
and continue to move down until G. From G to H they move
up, completing thus the second down and up movement.
From H to J they move down, and from J to L up, complet-
ing the third down and up movement. From L to N they move
down, and from N to Q up, completing the fourth down and
up movement. From Q to R they move down, and from R to T
up, completing the fifth down and up movement. From T to
V they move down, and from V to X up, completing the sixth

* For a perfect understanding of the details, the reader will have to
draw figure 31 (and the similar figures following) for himself on a larger
scale, and to inscribe the exact values as derived from each corresponding
table.

100 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

fo}
50
100

% 8 & 8 & 8
_ a a (Se) ise) +

Fig. 31. Compare figure 30

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 101

dowm and up movement. From X to 9% they move down,
and from % to © up, completing the seventh down and up
movement. From © to D they move down, and from D to §
up, completing the eighth down and up movement. From %
to ®©=A they begin to move down and continue to .move
down aiter A, as we have seen.

The movements of the forty-nine initial sections are so sim+
ilar to those of the three sections just discussed that we convince
ourselves easily that the nerve ends located there receive the
same number of shocks during the period.

The fifty-third and fifty-fourth sections move down from %
to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to G, and up from G
to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from
Lto N, and up from N toQ. Down from Q to R, and up from
R to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down
from X to %, and up from 2% to ©. Down from € to 9, and
up from D to %. The nerve ends located on these sections
therefore receive eight shocks during the period.

The ten sections from the fifty-fifth to the sixty-fourth move
down from % to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to G,
and up from Gto H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L.
Down from L to N, and up from N' to Q. Down from Q to S,
and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to
X. Down from X to Y%, and up from % to ©. Down from €
to ©, and up from 9 to %. The nerve ends located on these
sections therefore receive eight shocks during the period.

The twelve sections from the sixty-fifth to the seventy-sixth
move down from % to B, and up from B to D. Down from D

to G, and up from Gto H, Down from H

The tone 6 to J, and up from J to L. Down from L

to N, and up from N to T. Down from

T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 9, and up from

® to %. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore re-
ceive six shocks during the period.

The twenty seven sections from the seventy-seventh to the

102 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

hundred and third move down from % to C, and up from C to
H. Down from H to J, and up from J to
The tone 5 L. Down from L to N, and up from N to
T. Down from T to V, and up from V to
X. Down from X to 9, and up from D to %. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during
the period.

The five sections from the hundred and fourth to the hun-
dred and eighth move down from % to C, and up from C to H.
Down from H to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to N,
and up from N to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to
X. Down from X to 9, and up from 9 to 3. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive five shocks during
the period.

All the following sections to the two hundred and sixty-
seventh move down and up five times during the period. Let
us study in detail only the movements of the last few of this
group. The sections from the two hundred and twenty-eighth to
the two hundred and sixty-seventh move down from A to C,
and up from C to I. Down from I to K, and up from K to
M. Down from M to S, and up from S to U. Down from U
to W, and up from W to Y. Down from Y to ©, and up from
& to G=A. The nerve ends located on these sections there-
fore receive five shocks during the period.

The seven sections from the two hundred and sixty-eighth
to the two hundred and seventy-fourth move down from Y

to C, and up from C to I. Down from I
The tone 3 to K, and up from K to M. Down from

M to W, and up from Wi to Y. The nerve-
ends located on these sections therefore receive three shocks
during the period.

The fourteen sections from the two hundred and seventy-
fifth to the two hundred and eighty-eighth move down

from Y to C, and up from C to M. Down
The tone 2 from M to W, and up from W to Y. The
sections from the two hundred and eighty-
ninth to the three hundred and thirty-sixth move down from

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 103

A to C, and up from C to M. Down from M to W,
and up from W to @=A. The sections from the
three hundred and thirty-seventh to the three hundred
and sixty-sixth move down from A to K, and up from K to M.
Down from M to W, and up from W to G@=A. The sections
from the three hundred and sixty-seventh to the three hun-
dred and seventy-sixth move down from A to K, and up from
K to U. Down from U to W, and up from Wi to ®@=A. All
these sections therefore receive two shocks during the period.
The sections from the three hundred and seventy-seventh
to the three hundred and eighty-seventh move down from U
to K, and up from K to U. The sections
The tone 1 from the three hundred and eighty-eighth
to the three hundred and ninety-eighth
move down from A to K, and up from K to G@=A. All
these sections therefore receive one shock during the period.
The relative intensities of the several tones, if we accept
the third, fourth, and sixth provisional assumptions for this
case, are shown in the following table,
The relative which contains the number of partition
intensities sections conveying each tone in absolute
numbers as well as in percentages.

Tones 8 6 5 3 2 I

Intensities} 64 I2 {191 7 {102 22

Percent- 16.1 3.0 | 48.0 | 1.8] 25.6] 5.5
ages

Let us now apply our theory to the same ratio of the
vibration rates, but with different amplitudes of the two sin-
usoids. The curve in figure 32 represents

The combination the function

5 and 8. The f(#) = 2sind% + sin8x.
amplitude of This signifies that the stirrup movement
8 is decreased eight has an amplitude which is only one-

half of the amplitude of the stirrup move-
ment five. The table below contains all the abscissa and

104 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

ordinate values of the maxima and minima and of the inflec-
tion points of the curve.

INTERVAL 5:8, AMPLITUDES 2:1

Ordinate | Abscissa | Ordinate idinae

Inf. fo) fo) 298 Vv 281
Max.} + 281 142 579 Ww 281
Inf + 87 268 385 xX 194
Min — 143 436 I55 AY4 230
Inf — 118 512 180 Z 25
Max. ») I

Inf. | — 82 636 216 B 36
Min ity

Inf. + 110 846 408 D 192
Max.| + 248 962 546 E 138
Inf. — 34 III 264 o 282
Min.| — 298 1247 fo} A 264
Inf. | — 62 1379 236 B 236
Max.| -++ 200 1535 498 Cc 262
Inf. + 120 1638 418 D 80
Min E

Inf. fe) 1800 298 F 120
Max G

Inf. | — 120 1962 178 H 120
Min.}| — 200 2065 98 I 80
Inf. + 62 2221 360 J 262
Max.) -+ 298 2353 596 K 236
Inf. + 34 2489 332 L 264
Min.| — 248 2638 50 M 282
Inf. — 110 2754 188 N 138
Max O

Inf. + 82 2964 380 1p 192
Min Q

Inf + 118 3088 416 R 36
Max.| + 143 3164 441 Ss 25
Inf. — 87 3332 211 T 230
Min.| — 281 3458 17 U 194
Inf. fo) 3600 298 Vv 281

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 105

These values have been computed in the same manner
as in the case immediately preceding. The successive po-
sitions of the partition corresponding, under the sixth pro-
visional assumption, to the maxima, minima, and inflection points
of the curve are shown in figure 33,

°

je) ° ° °
° je} {2} fo}
Lal a ise) +

8

600

Fig. 33. The combination 5 and 8. Compare figure 32

106 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Let us examine the movements of the twenty-five initial
sections. From % to B they move down, and from B to D up.
From D to F down, that is, from an ex-
The tone 8 treme upward position to a medium up-
ward position; and from F to H_ they
move up again, that is, from a medium upward position to an
extreme upward position. From H to J they move down, and
from J to L up, completing thus the third down and up move-
ment. From L to N they move down and from N to P up,
completing thus the fourth down and up movement. From
P to R they move down, and from R to T up, completing
thus the fifth down and up movement. From T to V down,
and from V to X up, completing thus the sixth down and up
movement. From X to Z down, and from Z to 8 up, com-
pleting thus the seventh down and up movement. From 6
to ® down and from D to § up again. The nerve ends lo
cated on these twenty-five sections therefore receive eight
shocks during the period, and accordingly, convey the sen-
sation of the tone 8.

The thirty-six sections from the twenty-sixth to the sixty-
first move down from % to B, and up from B to D. Down
from D to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to J, and
up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from Ni to P.
Down from P to R, and up from R to T. Down from T to
V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 9, and up from D
to %. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore
receive seven shocks during the period. But, in accordance
with previous considerations, it is highly impfobable that they
could convey the sensation of the tone 7. When seven shocks
are received in time intervals identical with those of the tone
8, and when the eighth shock, at the moment Z, chances to
be omitted, it is rather to be expected that the tone 8 is
heard, only with a little pause or, perhaps, merely a diminu-
tion of intensity at the moment Z. The sensation conveyed

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 107

by these nerve ends, then, is probably the tone 8 slightly
beating, that is, being characterized by a slight roughness.
The nineteen sections from the sixty-second to the eight-
ieth move down from % to B, and up from B to D. Down
from D to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to J, and
up from J to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to P.
Down from P to R, and up from R to T. Down from T
to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 9, and up from
® to %. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore
receive seven shocks during the period; but, here as above,
it is highly improbable that they could convey, merely be-
cause of the omission of the stimulus at Z, the sensation of the
tone 7 instead of 8. Most probably the tone heard is 8 with
a slight roughness.
The fifty-eight sections from the eighty-first to the one
hundred and thirty-eighth move down from § to B, and up
from B to H. Down from H to J, and up
The tone 6 from J to L. Down from L to N, and up
from N to P. Down from P to R, and
up fon R to T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X.
Down from X to 9, and up from D to %. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive six shocks during
the period.
The fifty-six sections from the one hundred and thirty-
ninth to the one hundred and ninety-fourth move down from
@ to B, and up from B to H. Down from
The tone 5 H to J, and up from J to L. Down from
L to R, and up from R to T. Down from
T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X to 9, and up
from D to §. The nerve ends located on these sections there-
fore receive five shocks during the period.
All the following sections to the three hundred and ninety-
first move down and up five times during the period. Let
‘us examine only the last twenty-five of this group. They move

108 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

down from A to C and up from C to I. Down from I
to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to S, and up from
S to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y, Down
from Y to G, and up from € to G6=A.
The nine sections from the three hundred and ninety-
second to the four hundredth move down from Y to C, and
up from C to I. Down from I to K, and
The tone 3 up from K to M. Down from M to W,
and up from W to Y. The nerve ends lo-
cated on these sections therefore receive three shocks during
the period.
The sections from the four hundred and first to the four
hundred and twenty-fourth move down from Y to C, and up
from C to M. Down from M to W, and
The tone 2 up from W to Y. The sections from the
four hundred and twenty-fifth to the four
hundred and ninety-eighth move down from A to C, and up
from C to M. Down from M to Wi, and up from W to G@=A.
The sections from the four hundred and ninety-ninth to the
five hundred and forty-sixth move down from A to K, and
up from K to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to
@=A. The sections from the five hundred and forty-seventh
to the five hundred and sixty-second move down from A to
K, and up from K to U. Down from U to W, and up from
W to @=A. The nerve ends located on these sections of
the partition therefore receive two shocks during the period.
The sections from the five hundred and sixty-third to the
five hundred and seventy-ninth move down from U to K, and
up from K to U. The sections from the
The tone 1 five hundred and eightieth to the five hun-
dred and ninety-sixth move down from A
to K, and up from K to G=A. The nerve ends located on
these sections therefore receive one shock during the period.
The relative intensities of the several tones, if we accept

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 109

the third, fourth, and sixth provisional assumptions, are shown
in the following table, which contains the

The relative number of partition sections conveying

intensities each tone in absolute numbers as well as
in percentages.

Tones /|8, smooth} 8, rough 6 5 3 2 it
Intensities} 25 55 58 253 9 162 34
Percent- 4.2 g.2 Caf || C@oH || wo |) Bes WW He¥/

ages

Since in the case just studied the higher of the two primary
tones, though weak, is yet audible, let us still further change the
relative intensities of the objective tones in favor of the lower one.
The curve in figure 34 represents the function

f(#) = 3sindx + sin8x,
This signifies that the stirrup move-

Thevcombinas ment eight has an amplitude which is only

tion 5 and 8. one-third of the amplitude of the stirrup
Amplitude of 8 movement five. The table below contains
still less all the abscissa and ordinate values of the

maxima and minima and of the inflection
points of the curve.

1@ te)

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

INTERVAL 5:8, AMPLITUDES 3:1

Ordinate

oO

+ 376
+ 114

— 219

+ 140
+ 336

7 SY

+++
S

Abscissa | Ordinate

820
949
1106
1250
1389
1558

1800

2042
2211
2350
2494
2651
2780

3117
3317
3451
3600

397
773
51I
178

397

116
474
794
438

61

257

616
283

21
397

SGHY*ANHVOFZRZHPAAWKMTODBAHASCAWDPRROeRSRENKK Zs

Ordinate
Difference

376
376
262

333

359
196
377
356
320
358

281

281
358
320
356
377
196

359
333
262

376

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR III

The successive positions of the partition corresponding,
under the sixth provisional assumption, to the maxima, minima,
and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 35.

FB 88, BUN SNC seg

» ive)

Fig. 35. The combination 5 and 8. Compare figure 34

The five hundred and fifty-five initial sections of the par-
tition move down and up five times during the period. Let
us here closely examine only the one hun-

The tone 5 dred and ninety-six initial sections and
the one hundred and seventy-eight most

distant sections of this group. The initial sections move

I12 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

down from % to B, and up from B to F. Down from F to J,
and up from J' to L. Down from L to N, and up from N to
T. Down from T to V, and up from V to X. Down from X
to 9, and up from ® to %. The sections from the three hun-
dred and seventy-eighth to the five hundred and fifty-fifth
move down from A' to C, and up from C to I. Down from
I to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to S, and up from
S to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y. Down
from Y to € and up from © to G@=A. The nerve ends of all
these sections therefore receive five shocks during the period.
The seven sections from the five hundred and fifty-sixth
to the five hundred and sixty-second move down from Y to
C, and up from C to I. Down from I to
The tone 3 K, and up from K to M. Down from M
to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive three shocks
during the period.
The sections of the partition from the five hundred and
sixty-third to the five hundred and seventy-second move down
and up twice during the period. Let us
The tone 2 here examine only the sections from the
five hundred and sixty-third to the five
hundred and ninety-fifth. They move down from Y to C, and
up from C to M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y.
The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive two
shocks during the period.
The partition sections from the seven hundred and fifty-
third to the seven hundred and seventy-third move down from
U to K, and up from K to U. The sec-
The tone 1 tions from the seven hundred and seventy-
fourth to the seven hundred and ninety-
fourth move down from A to K, and up from K to @=A.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 113

All the nerve ends on these sections therefore receive one
shock during the period.
The relative intensities of the several
The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro-
intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol-
lowing table.

Tones 5 3 2 I

Intensities] 555 7 190 | 42

Percent- | 69.9 AONEZ3COn MSS
ages

Having studied the effect of changing the relative intensities
of the objective tones in favor of the lower one, we shall now in-
vestigate the effect of increasing the intensity of the higher objec-
tive tone. The curve in figure 36 represents the function

f (+) = sindx + 2sin8x.

The stirrup movement eight has an am-
The combination Plitude which is twice the amplitude of
5 and 8. The the stirrup movement five. The table be-
amplitude of 8is low contains the abscissa and ordinate
greaterthanof5 yalues of the maxima, minima, and inflec-

tion points.

114

Eee eee

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Ordinate | Abscissa

INTERVAL 5:8, AMPLITUDES 1:2

++

Orainate| |, 0sfinate
298 Vv 286
584 WwW 286
353 x 231
108 Y 245
249 Z 141
400 2 151
272 B 128
146 Cc 126
358 D> 212
560 & 202
278 AY 282

fo) A 278
258 B 258
527 Cc 269
358 D 169
178 E 180
298 F 120
418 G 120
238 H 180

69 I 169
338 J 269
596 K 258
318 L 278

36 M 282
238 N 202
450 O 212
324 P 126
196 Q 128
347 R 151
488 Ss 141
243 T 245

12 U 231
298 Vv 286

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 15

The successive positions of the partition corresponding,
under the sixth provisional assumption, to the maxima, min-
ima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 37.

The two hundred and forty initial sections move down
and up 8 times during the period. Let us here examine only

the nine most distant sections of this
The tone 8 group, from the two hundred and thirty-

second to the two hundred and fortieth.
They move down from A to B, and up from B to E. Down
from E to G, and up from G to I. Down from I to J, and up
from J to L. Down from L to O, and up from O' to Q. Down
from QO to S, and up from S to T. Down from T to V, and up
from V to Y. Down from Y to 2%, and up from % to ©. Down
from © to ©, and up from © to G=A. The nerve ends lo-
cated on these sections therefore receive eight shocks during
the period.

The fourteen sections from the two hundred and forty-
first to the two hundred and fifty-fourth do not move down
from E to G. The nerve ends located on these sections do not,
therefore, receive a shock between E and I, but receive the
other seven shocks in the same manner as the two hundred and
forty initial sections. For the same reasons as in the similar
cases with which we have met before, it is not probable that
these nerve ends convey the tone 7, but rather the tone 8 with
a slight beat occurring once during the period, producing a
slightly rough tone 8.

The sections of the partition from the two hundred and
fifty-fifth to the four hundred and fifty-second move down and

up five times during the period. Let us
The tone 5 examine those from the two hundred and
fifty-fifth to the two hundred and fifty-
eighth. They move down from A to B, and up from B to E.
Down from E to J, and up from J to L. Down from L to O,
and up from O to U. Down from U to V, and up from V.

116

100

Fig. 37.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

400
500

je} °
fe} jo}
a ior)

The combination 5 and 8. Compare figure 36

600

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR I 17

to Y. Down from Y to %, and up from 2% to G=A. The
nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive five
shocks during the period.
The sections from the four hundred and fifty-third to
the four hundred and fifty-eighth move down from Y to C,
and up from C to I. Down from I to K,
The tone 3 and up from K to M. Down from M to
W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive three shocks dur-
ing the period.
The sections of the partition from the four hundred and
fifty-ninth to the five hundred and seventy-second move down
and up twice during the period. Let us
The tone 2 examine, for example, the four hundred
and fifty-ninth and the four hundred and
sixtieth. They move down from Y to C, and up from C to
M. Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive two shocks
during the period.
The sections of the partition from the five hundred and
seventy-third to the five hundred and eighty-fourth move down
from U to K, and up from K to U, The
The tone 1 sections from the five hundred and eighty-
fifth to the five hundred and ninety-sixth
move down from Ai to K, and up from K to A. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock
during the period.
The relative intensities of the several
The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro-
intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol-
lowing table.

Tones |8smooth| 8 rough 5 3 2 I
Intensities} 240 14 198 6 114 | 24
Percent-

ages. .. 40.3 Af || BeoW

I 18 UNiVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The curve in figure 38 represents the function
f(#) = sinds’ + 3sin8x.

THe ota binetion The stirrup movement eight has an ampli-

Band S)) the tude three times as great as that of five.
amplitude of 8 The table below contains the:abscissa and
is three times ordinate values of the maxima, minima,
that of 5 and inflection points.

The successive positions of the partition corresponding,
under the sixth provisional assumption, to the maxima, min-
ima, and inflection points of the curve are shown in figure 39.

The four hundred and thirty-eight initial sections of the
partition move down and up eight times during the period.

Let us examine those from the three hun-
The tone 8 dred and eighty-sixth to the four hundred

and thirty-eighth. They move down from
A to C and up from C to E. Down from E to G, and up from
G tol. Down from I to K and up from K to M. Down from
M to O, and up from O to Q. Down from Q to S, and up
from S to U. Down from U to W, and up from W to Y.
Down from Y to Y, and up from 2 to ©. Down from € to G,
and up from © to G@=A. The nerve ends located on these sec-
tions therefore receive eight shocks during the period.

The sections from the four hundred and thirty-ninth to
the four hundred and fifty-first move down and up only seven
times, since they do not make a double movement between
EK and I. In accordance with our former considerations, how-
ever, in similar cases, it does not seem probable that the nerve
ends located on these sections should convey any other tone
than the tone 8 of a slight roughness.

The sections of the partition from the four hundred and
fifty-second to the six hundred and forty-seventh move down

five times during the period. Let
The tone 5 us examine those from the four hundred
and fifty-second to the four hundred and
eighty-ninth. They move down from A to C, and up from

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

INTERVAL 5:8, AMPLITUDES 1:3

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Int.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Max.

Inf.

Min.

Inf.

Ordinate | Abscissa | Ordinate eae
° © 398 W 385
‘+ 385 120 783 Ww 385
ar Be 233 454 x 329
Tm 353 111 Y 343
— 46 457 352 Z 241
+ 202 566 600 yt 248
Ties 671 373 Da) 2247
an ene 774 149 ity 224
ar BF 890 456 Dd 307
+ 360 IOOI 758 & 302
— 18 1121 380 % 378
= 3 eee QIAN 380
= | Ge 1356 356 B 356
+ 326 1477 724, (o 368
ap Be 1584 456 D 268
Ta oe 1697 179 E 277
i 1800 398 ie 219
+ 219 1903 617 G BO
— 58 2016 340 H 207
G2.) SHE ip od 268
+ 42 2244 440 J 368
+ 398 2360 796 K 356
ap te 2479 416 0, 380
= g60 2599 38 M 378
aes 27/20 340 N 302
+ 249 2826 647 O 307
7 8) 2929 423 P 224
EI 3034 196 Q 227
ar | he 3143 444 R 248
+ 287 3247 685 Ss 241
TSS 3367 342 aly 343
Sa 385) 3480 13 U 329
o 3600 398 Vv 385

119

120

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Fig. 39. The combination 5 and 8. Compare figure 38

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 121

C to E. Down from E to K, and up from to K to M. Down
from M to O, and up from O to U. Down from U to W, and
up from W to Y. Down from Y to 2%, and up from YF to
@G=A. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore
teceive five shocks during the period.
The five sections from the six hundred and forty-eighth
to the six hundred and fifty-second move down from Y to C,
and up from C to I. Down from I to K,
The tone 3 and up from K to M. Down from M to W,
and up from W to Y. The nerve ends lo-
cated on these sections therefore receive three shocks during
the period.
The sections of the partition from the six hundred and
fifty-third to the seven hundred and seventieth move down
and up twice during the period. Let us
The tone 2 examine those from the six hundred and
fifty-third to the six hundred and seventy-
second. They move down from Y to C, and up from C to M.
Down from M to W, and up from W to Y. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive two shocks during
the period.
The sections from the seven hundred and seventy-first
to the seven hundred and eighty-third move down from U
to K, and up from K to U. The sections
The tone 1 from the seven hundred and eighty-fourth
to the seven hundred and ninety-sixth move
down from Ato K,and up from K to @©=A. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock during
the period.
The relative intensities of the several
The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro-
intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol-
lowing table:

122 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Tones |8smooth| 8 rough 3 2
Intensities} 438 13 196 5 118
Percent- 55.0 1.6 | 24.6 .6 | 14.8

ages

3:3

It is interesting to compare the intensities of the several
tones in the last five cases, all representing the combination 8 plus
5 of stirrup movement, but differing in the
relative amplitudes of 8 and 5. The table con-
tains the percentages of the five preceding ta-

Comparison of
the last five
cases

bles.

The first two columns show the ra-

tio of the amplitudes of the stirrup movements of 8 and 5
For example, in the first case this ratio is as 3:1 or seventy-
five to twenty-five; in the fifth case as 1:3 or twenty-five to
seventy-five. The columns to the right contain the relative
intensities of the several tones calculated under the provisional

assumptions.

Amplitudes

of stirrup Subjective (theoretic) intensity
movement
8 5 8 6 5 3 2 I
75 25 | 56.6 | —— | 24.6 SONeT4mou|le sis
67 33 | 42.7 | —— | 33-2 |] 1.0] 19.1] 4.0
50 50 16.1 | 3.0 | 48.0 1.8 {25.6} 5.5
33. | 67 | 13-4] 9-7] 42-5] 1-5] 27-2] 5.7
A OS Wi las Ce) -9 | 23-9] 5.3

We notice that the tone 8 decreases in intensity from 56.6
to 42.7, to 16.1, to 13.4, and finally disappears entirely. This
latter case, however, does not mean that now the tone 5 is

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 123

alone audible. We see from the table that even now, in ad-
dition to 5, the very weak difference tone 3 and the fairly
strong difference tones 2 and 1 are to be expected by the ob-
server.

As to the several difference tones, the most favorable con-
dition for 6 seems to be, to have the component 5 of the com-
pound stirrup movement somewhat more pronounced than 8.
It appears, however, that in no case will this difference tone
become very conspicuous. The most favorable condition for
the difference tone 3 seems to be, to have the component 8 of
stirrup movement about as strong as 5. The difference tones
2 and 1, on the other hand, appear with a maximum of in-
tensity when the component 5 of stirrup movement is some-
what greater than 8. But their intensities are but little less
in case the amplitudes of the two stirrup movements 8 and
5 are equal. With respect to all the difference tones taken to-
gether, it appears that these tones are very unfavorably influ-
enced by a considerable difference in the amplitudes of the
component stirrup movements, for no difference tone has a
maximum intensity in either the first or the fifth case. And

1Although this booklet is devoted to theory and not to experimental
methods of research, I cannot refrain from mentioning a way of testing
the theoretical results just spoken of, because it is so easy for any one who
possesses a skillful hand and a trained ear, and the observation to be made
is so pretty. No instruments are required but two good tuning forks on
resonance boxes, accurately tuned in the ratio of 5:8, and a bass bow. The
fork 5 must be sounded first, as strongly as possible, and it is necessary to
have a fork which continues to sound strongly for quite a while. Then
the bow is applied with the most delicate touch to the fork 8. It is neces-
sary for the success of the experiment that the intensity of the higher tone
vibration be increased from zero very slowly and uniformly. If these con-
ditions are fulfilled, one suddenly hears the low difference tones 1 and 2
being added distinctly to the tone 5, whereas of 8 no trace is yet audible.
If now the fork 8 is left to itself, and the fork 5 is stopped by firmly touch-
ing it with a finger, the tone 5 together with the difference tones disap-
pears, but immediately one hears with surprising clearness the tone 8, which
a moment ago was entirely inaudible. No similar observation can be
made with a strongly sounding fork 8 and a weakly sounding fork 5. Ac-
cording to our theoretic deduction the lower tone does not become
inaudible when the amplitude of 8 is three times that of 5, but still has a
respectable intensity.

124 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

a prevailing intensity of 8 seems to be even less favorable to the
difference tones than a prevailing intensity of 5. All these con-
clusions have, of course, only a relative value, since taking into
account the various provisional assumptions changes the result
considerably.
Let us study one more combination of sinusoidal stirrup
movements. We have had only one interval greater than an
octave, the combination 4 and 9. But
The combination We did not, then, take into account the in-
3 and 8. The flection points of the curve. Let us do
amplitude of 3 this with the combination 3 and 8, taking
twice that of 8 the amplitude of 3 twice as great as that
of 8. This ratio of the amplitudes is arbi-
trarily chosen. But the selection of equal
amplitudes would be no less arbitrary. The curve in figure
40. represents the function
f(+) = 2sin3v + sin8x.
The table below contains the abscissa and ordinate values of
the maxima, minima, and inflection points of the curve.

Fig. 40. The combination 3 and 8

The successive positions of the partition corresponding
to the maxima, minima, and inflection points are shown in
figure 41.

The thirteen initial sections of the partition move down
from % to B, and up from B to D. Down from D to F, and

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR

Ordinate

INTERVAL 3:8, AMPLITUDES 2:1

Abscissa | Ordinate

297
525
461
392
428
462
237

24
126
242
224
207
410
594
449

BEAU ME ONHUOMRMSYGERNXKE Tan onENO Z|

Ordinate
Difference

228
228
64
69
36
34
225
213
102
116
18
17
203
184
145
165
13
13
165
145
184
203
17
18
116
102
213
225
34
36
69
64
228

125

126 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

up from F to H. Down from H to J, and up from J to L.

Down from L to N, and up from N to P.
The tone 8 Down from P to R, and up from R to T.

Down from T to V, and up from V
to X. Down from X to Z, and up from Z to $8. Down from
8 to D, and up from D to %. The nerve ends located on
these sections therefore receive eight shocks during the pe-
riod.

Let us examine the sections from the sixty-fifth to the
sixty-ninth. They move down from § to B, and up from
B to E. Down from E to F, and up from F to H. Down from
H to K, and up from K to L. Down from L to N, and up from
N to Q. Down from Q to S, and up from S to T. Down from
T to V, and up from V to Y. Down fom Y to Z, and up from
Z to 8. Down from % to ©, and up from © to %. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive eight shocks
during the period.

The seventieth section moves down from § to B, and up
from B to E. Down from E to F, and up from F to H. Down
from H to K, and up from K to M. Down from M to N, and
up from N to Q. Down from Q to S, and up from S to T.
Down from T to V, and up from V to Y. Down from Y to Z,
and up from Z to 8. Down from % to ©, and up from € to §.
The nerve ends located on this section therefore receive eight
shocks during the period.

The sections of the partition from the seventy-first to the
one hundred and second move down from % to B, and up from

B to E. Down from E to F, and up from
The tone 6 F to H. Down from H to N, and up from
N to T. Down from T to V, and up
from V to Y. Down from Y to Z, and up from Z to 8. Down
from % to ©, and up from & to %. The nerve ends located
on these sections therefore receive six shocks during the period.
The sections from the one hundred and third to the one

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 127

500
600

je} ° fo)
fe} je) fe)
a Se) +

Io0o

Fig. 41. The combination 3 and $8. Compare figure 40

128 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

hundred and forty-fifth move down from % to B, and up from
B to E. Down from E to F, and up from
The tone 5 Eto H. Down from H to N, and up from
N to T. Down from T to Z, and up from
Z to 8. Down from $ to ©, and up from € to %. The nerve
ends located on these sections therefore receive five shocks
during the period.
The sections from the one hundred and forty-sixth to the
one hundred and eighty-fourth move down from % to B, and
up from B to E. Down from E to F, and
The tone 4 up from F to H. Down from H to N, and
up from N to T. Down from T to Z, and
up from Z to %. The nerve ends located on these sections
therefore receive four shocks during the period.
The sections from the one hundred and eighty-fifth to the
four hundred and fifty-sixth move down and up three times dur-
ing the period. Let us examine those from
The tone 3 the one hundred and eighty-fifth to the
two hundred and thirteenth. They move
down from % to F, and up from F to H. Down from H to N,
and up from N to T. Down from T to Z, and up from Z to
%. The nerve ends located on these sections therefore receive
three shocks during the period.
The sections from the four hundred and fifty-seventh to
the four hundred and sixty-eighth move down from A to F, and
up from F to M. Down from M to %f, and
The tone 2 up from % to G=A. The sections from
the four hundred and sixty-ninth to the
five hundred and first move down from A to G, and up from
Gto M. Down from M to %, and up from 1 to G=A. The
sections from the five hundred and second to the five hundred
and forty-sixth move down from A to G, and up from G to U.
Down from U to % and up from 9% to G=A. The nerve ends
located on these sections therefore receive two shocks during
the period.

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 1329

The sections of the partition from the five hundred and

forty-seventh to the five hundred and seventieth move down

from A to G, and up from G to ®@=A. The

The tone 1 sections from the five hundred and seventy-

first to the five hundred and ninety-fourth

move down from A‘ to %, and up from 2% to G=A. The nerve

ends located on these sections therefore receive one shock

during the period.

The relative intensities of the several

The relative tones under the third, fourth, and sixth pro-

intensities visional assumptions are shown in the fol-
lowing table:

Tones 8 6 | 5 4 3 2 I

Intensities] 70 32 43 39— «272 go 48

Percent. THES |] Gozt |l) 4fo2 6.6 | 45.8 | 15.1 8.1
ages

We notice that the tone 3 is theoretically by far the
‘strongest, as is to be expected. Of the difference tones, the
tones 2, 1, and 5 appear to be somewhat more pronounced than
4 and 6. Under different assumptions concerning the physical
properties of the partition these results would, of course, be
somewhat different.
Throughout our previous discussions we have never taken
into account the possibility of the tone intensities being
further modified by a more central nervous
Weber’s law condition like the one usually referred to
in audition as Weber’s law. All our various approxi-
mations towards the intensities of the ner-
vous processes take into consideration only conditions in the
peripheral organ. Whether the intensities thus found are
modified more centrally in accordance with Weber’s law or

130 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

not, is a question which at present must be left entirely open,
like so many others, because of lack of experimental data.

Whenever we have spoken of “amplitudes” we have
meant exclusively the amplitudes of stirrup movement. In

order to make use of our theory in experi-
Sounding bodies mental investigations we must remember
and stirrup the fact that the stirrup movements result
movement from movements of the tympanum, trans-

mitted by a rather complicated system of
levers, the auditory ossicles. It is quite probable that the
vibratory movements of the stirrup—even when these move-
ments are highly complex—are approximately like those re-
ceived by the hammer, the ossicle attached to the tympanum.
But no one knows as yet how close or remote this approxima-
tion is. We certainly have no right to regard this approxima-
tion as infinitely close, save by way of a provisional assump-
tion.

The movements of the tympanum result from rhythmical
changes of the density of the external air. These density
changes, in experimental investigations, are sometimes pro-
duced by the vibrations of gaseous bodies, as in labial organ pipes;
more frequently, however, by the vibrations of solid bodies, par-
ticularly of tuning forks on resonance boxes. Now, we must not
think that by graphically recording—which is a comparatively
easy method—the vibrations of a tuning fork, we obtain a record
of the exact form of the resulting air waves. It has been
experimentally and mathematically proved that the form of
the resulting air waves must be more or less different from
the form of the vibratory movement of the fork or other solid
body. The cause of this alteration of the form is to be found
in the fact that the layer of air which adjoins the solid body
and therefore directly receives the impulses from that body,
is unsymmetric with respect to its elastic properties, because

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 131

it is in contact on one side with a practically unyielding body,
on the opposite side with the easily yielding air.

It is of the utmost importance, therefore, if we wish to
develop the theory by experimental investigation, to keep
free from the delusion that any of the above theoretic results,
say, in the case of the combination 5 and 8 with equal ampli-
tudes, applies to what we hear in case two tuning forks of the
vibration ratio 5:8, standing at an arbitrary distance from
our ears and from the reflecting walls of our laboratory, vi-
brate with equal amplitudes. It is only by way of approxima-
tion that we can derive any theoretic conclusion from such an
experiment. The starting point of our theory is the form of
movement of the stirrup, not of external sounding bodies.

Under ordinary conditions, it is a great advantage that we
possess two organs of hearing, some distance apart. In ex-

perimental investigations, however, for the
The duality of development of a theory of audition, this
our auditory fact is often a serious obstacle. Since we
organ cannot make experiments on audition while

soaring like an eagle, any source of sound
is likely to surround our body with standing waves, resulting
from reflection. Let us regard the velocity of sound as three
hundred and thirty meters, the distance between our ears as
about fifteen centimeters. A tone of five hundred and fifty
complete vibrations, that is, a tone representing the ordi-
nary human voice quite well, has therefore a wave length of
about sixty centimeters. The distance between a nodal point,
where the rhythmic density changes of the air occur with full
intensity, and a point of maximum vibratory movement, where
there are practically no density changes affecting the tympa-
num, is then about fifteen centimeters. That is, it might
happen with standing waves—if the head was kept perfectly
still_that the amplitude of one of the components of stirrup.
movement would be almost zero in one ear, but very large in

132 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

the other, and every movement of the head would greatly alter
these conditions; while the resulting consciousness would be,
of course, the sum total of the tones heard by each ear. It
is unnecessary to point out in further detail how this fact of
hearing with two ears complicates the comparison of experi-
mental results with the theoretical deductions of the present
study, which refer only to one stirrup and one inner ear, and
to an unalterable form of the components of stirrup movement
in a given case.

The fact that we have two ears would be irrelevant only
with exceedingly high tones, whose wave lengths in air would
be so small as to be negligible quantities in comparison with
the distance between our ears, as the wave lengths of light
are negligible quantities in comparison with the distance be-
tween our eyes and even with the sensory elements of each
eye.

Every one is familiar with the comparative clearness with
which the ticking of a watch or the sound of a tuning fork

is perceived if the vibrating body is firmly
Hearing without pressed on the head or against the teeth.
the ear drum Some believe that the physiological func-

tion of the ear in such a case is not essen-
tially different from hearing under ordinary conditions; that the
sound waves, the rhythmic changes of molecular density, which
pass through the head, naturally pass also through the cavities
of the head, of which one, the middle ear, particularly concerns
us here. As soon as rhythmic changes of density occur in
the air of the middle ear, the tympanum adjusts itself to them
by rhythmically moving back and forth. The stirrup cannot
help following the tympanum, and so on. The only difference
between this case and a case of ordinary hearing consists
in the fact that the changes of density of the air affecting
the tympanum originate on the inside of the tympanum in-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR - 133

stead of on the outside, and that they must, on the whole,
be much weaker in the former case.

There can be little doubt that the process just spoken
of actually occurs. Some have insisted also on the possibility
of hearing when the middle ear is destroyed and no movements
of the stirrup occur. There is no reason why we should a
priori deny the possibility of a shock being received by the
nerve ends whenever a rhythmical change of molecular den-
sity takes its path directly through them. Such a molecular
wave might originate from a vibrating solid body being pressed
against skull or teeth, or from sound waves in the air strik-
ing the head and passing through it.

We must not overlook the fact, however, that even when
the tympanum is totally destroyed, if sounds are perceived,
the perception need not be the result of the sound waves
simply passing through the nerves. Even in such a case stirrup
movements are not excluded. If we blow over the mouth of
a bottle, we cause rhythmical changes of density within the
bottle, and, as a natural consequence, the air in the
neck of the bottle rushes back and forth. These move-
ments may often be observed with the naked eye when a fiber
adherent to the inside of the neck of a bottle is forced by friction
to follow the movements of the air. Now, when rhythmic
changes of density occur in a middle ear whose tympanum is
destroyed, there must naturally occur a back and forth move-
ment of the air in the air passage, just as in the neck of a
bottle. These back and forth movements of the air may
cause by friction corresponding movements of the hammer
and anvil and thus of the stirrup. No doubt, stirrup move-
ments which are caused in this way must be of small magni-
tude. But no one who knows the surprisingly small amount
of mechanical energy which is sufficient to call forth a response
of the auditory organ will deny that they might result in an
auditory sensation.

134 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

If not only a part or the whole of the tympanum is de-
stroyed, but the chain of ossicles is also lost, the mechanical
processes in the inner ear could be brought about by pressure
differences on the two windows. An air wave, coming in
through the external passage and the open middle ear, would
at any given moment affect the two windows with a slightly
different phase, arriving at one window a little earlier than
at the other. This difference of phase means, of course, a
difference of air pressure on the windows, and a difference of
air pressure on the windows, according to the laws
of mechanics, results in a movement of the internal fluid
from the point of higher to that of lower pressure. It is plain,
however, that this difference of phase, owing to the small distance
between the two windows, must be very slight; and hearing which
results in this way must be rather weak. But its possibility cannot
be doubted.

Few cases, therefore, will be found where a sound is
heard and we have to have recourse to the rather improbable
assumption that the mere passing of molecular waves of
density changes through the head and, thus, through the audi-
tory nerve ends directly results in some weak response of the
nerves. Nevertheless at least we may admit this assumption
as possible. To admit it as possible would not cause any diffi-
culty in comprehending the ordinary phenomena of audition,
which might thus seem to become more complicated because
such density waves must, of course, pass through the head
whenever anybody hears anything. But such effects on the
nerve ends, granted that they always exist, must ordinarily
be overpowered by the incomparably stronger stimulations
simultaneously received by the nerve ends by way of the
stirrup movement.

Having studied the function of the human ear, it is in-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 135

teresting to compare this with the organ of hearing of the

lower vertebrates. Figure 42 indicates the
Comparative manner of evolution of the cochlea. An
anatomy of the original pit (Fig. 42 a) as found in a frog is
auditory organ gradually lengthened and assumes in the birds

a banana-like shape (Fig. 42 b), showing a
distinct tendency to coil. In mammals the process of lengthening
and coiling has proceeded so far that the organ (Fig. 42 c), if it
were transparent, would appear as a spiral. It is clear that the
coiling can have little influence,on the mechanical function
of the organ. The lengthening of the organ, however, is of
the utmost functional importance. The original pit does not
differ materially from the other cavities which we find within

Fig. 42. Evolution of the auditory
organ

the labyrinth, communicating with the semicircular canals.
In this pit movements of the fluid caused by movements of
the stirrup—or rather columella plate, since the lower verte-
brates have a much simpler connection of tympanum and
oval window—produce, probably by mere friction, stimulation
of the endings of the auditory nerve. The organ of the birds
must function more nearly like the human organ, excepting
the difference of function resulting from the fact that the endings
of the auditory nerve are spread out over a small linear extent,
whereas in the mammals they are distributed over a long distance.

136 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

In birds one can hardly speak of some nerve ends being farther
away from the windows than others.

It is of some interest, in this connection, to note that ani-
mals with a short tube, as the birds, do not possess in the par-
tition of the tube the pillars of Corti. They can get along
without these pillars. And naturally. The longer the tube,
the greater is the maximum pressure which may act upon the
partition near the windows, in case the bulging of the partition
is forced to proceed far towards the end of the tube. The
greater the possible pressure, the greater is, of course, the need
of a skeleton-like support in order to protect the sensitive cells
from collapsing. Thus the mammals need the pillars because
of the greater length of the tube.

What must be the difference of sound perception resulting
from these anatomical differences in various species of ani-
mals? We saw that the human ear can
perceive several tones at the same time be-

Comparative / ‘ ;

psychology of cause the linear extension of the auditory

the sense of organ permits the compound mechanical
: gan p p

hearing processes, transmitted from the stirrup to

the fluid of the cochlea, to be analyzed into
much simpler mechanical processes taking place in successive
sections of the partition. It is plain, then, that in the auditory
pit of a frog no analysis is possible. The result must be that
the frog’s ear can perceive only one tone at any moment; and
this tone is most probably, as a rule, the highest of the sev-
eral tones heard simultaneously under the same circumstances
by the human ear.

The bird’s ear, as we have seen, is intermediate between
the frog’s ear and the human ear. But it does not seem very
probable that even birds can perceive very many tones simulta-
neously. The fact that birds sing is no indication to the con-
trary, since their song does not consist—like orchestral music
—of simultaneous, but only of successive tones. Of more sig-
nificance, in this respect, is the fact that some birds, for ex-

MECHANICS OF THE INNER EAR 137

ample, parrots, are able to imitate human speech sounds.
Speech sounds are characterized, according to the present state
of phonetics, by particular groupings of tones in both simul-
taneity and succession. It is not certain that the rough imi-
tation of human speech sounds by parrots is more than an
imitation of the successive groupings of tones. Granted even
that the birds possess the ability to perceive more than one
tone simultaneously, the anatomical facts would make it prob-
able that this ability is very limited in comparison with the
human ear which perceives the most varied combinations of

tones in speech sounds and in harmonic music.
Let us now briefly look back upon what we have done.
We have regarded the organ of hearing as a long and narrow
tube, filled with a practically incompress-

hheineedios ible fluid and divided lengthwise by an im-
experimental perfectly elastic partition which is the seat
data of the auditory nerve ends. We have found

that the problem of determining exactly,
for each given form of stirrup movement, the mechanical pro-
cesses taking place in the tube is from the mathematical side
an almost hepelessly complex one, made still more difficult
by the lack of data concerning the mere facts of hearing as
well as the elastic and other physical properties of the parti-
tion. In order to overcome the intrinsic and accidental diffi-
culties standing in our way, we have introduced six simpli-
fying provisional assumptions; not using all six in every case,
but now some of them, now others, according as the purpose
of the moment seems to warrant. We have thus obtained a
superficial, but for a beginning satisfactory, insight into the
wonderful machinery by which we analyze the complicated
sound waves with a result which—for example, with respect
to the hearing of difference tones—is most surprizing to one
who knows nothing of the mechanics of the inner ear.

138 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

The theory thus developed does not pretend to be the

ultimate solution of the problems attacked. We do not pos-

sess the data upon which to found a final

theory. But we shall scarcely obtain these

The necessity data without the guidance of a the-

ae ory. Experimental research must be

systematic, must start from a theory, how-

ever imperfect this may be, in order to lead to

scientific advancement. If the theory here offered succeeds

in stimulating experimental research in a field somewhat neg-
lected for many years, the author’s hope will be realized.

APPENDIX

A list of former publications by the same author concerning the me-
chanics of the inner ear:

Uber Kombinationsténe und einige hierzu in Beziehung
stehende akustische Erscheinungen. Zeitschrift fiir Psychol-
ogie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane 11, 177-229. 1896.

Zur Theorie der Differenzténe und der Gehdrsempfin-
dungen tiberhaupt. Ibid. 16, 1-34. 1898.

Uber die Intensitét der Einzeltdne zusammengesetzter
Klange. Ibid. 17, 1-14. 1898.

Uber die Funktion des Gehérorgans. Verhandlungen der
Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 17 (5), 49-55. 1898.

Zur Theorie des Horens. Archiv fiir die Gesammte Physi-
ologie 78, 346-362. 1899.

Karl L. Schafer’s “Neue Erklarung der subjectiven Com-
binationstone.” Ibid. 81, 49-60. 1900.

E. ter Kuile’s Theorie des Horens. Ibid. 81, 61-75. 1900.

Zur Theorie der Gerduschempfindungen. Zeitschrift fiir
Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane 31, 233-247. 1903.

Uber Kombinations-und Asymmetrietone. Annalen der
Physik (Vierte Folge) 12, 889-892. 1903.

The significance of wave-form for our comprehension of
audition. American journal of psychology 18, 170-176. 1907.

139

INDEX

Analysis, 37.

Anatomy of the inner ear, 14, 69,
81, 87.

Beats, 55, 58, 66, 107, 115, 118.

Birds, 5, 136.

Brain, 23.

Clay experiment, 8.

Cochlea, 1.

Comparative anatomy, 135.

Comparative psychology, 136.

Computation, 24, 28.

Corti’s organ, 16, 22, 136.

Difference tones, 37, 59, 68, 84, 123.

Disappearance of higher tone, 84, 122.

Duality of the organ, 131.

Ear, 1, 14.

Elasticity, 12, 18, 20, 87.

External ear, 1.

Fluid displacement, 76, 90, 95.

Graphic methods, 28, 39.

Inflection points, 85, 89, 92.

Inner ear, 14.

Intensity, 32, 34, 42, 68, 77, 79, 96,
122; 129.

Labyrinth, 3.

Leather seated chair, 12.

Leverage of the ossicles, 5,

Mean tone, 56, 58.

Middle ear, 3.

Ossicles, 5.

Overtones, 31.

Partition, 11.
Pathology, 132ff.

Phase, 35, 44, 47ff.
Pillars of Corti, 16, 136.
Pinna, 1.
Pressure on partition, 88.
Provisional assumptions, 25, 33, 69,
87, 95.
Reissner’s membrane, 21.
Resonators, 19.
Psychological observation, 82, 137.
Safety valve, 14, 22.
Sensitiveness of the ear, 83.
Snail, 1.
Sounding bodies, 32, 130.
Stirrup, 4.
Subjective tones, 37, 59.
Tension, 19.
Tone combinations:
2and 3; 35, 44, 48, 49.
24 and 25; 50, 58.
4 and 9; 62, 77.
land 2; 85, 93.
5 and 8; 96, 103, 109, 113,
118, 122.
3 and 8; 124.
Tone intensity, 32, 34, 42, 68, 77,
79, 96, 122, 129.
Tympanum, 4.
Weber’s law, 129.
Windows, 3, 6.

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Formerly Assistant in the University of Missouri

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Copyright, 1911, by
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COLUMBIA MO.:
E. W. STEPHENS PUBLISHING COMPANY,
IQII

a) PROFESSOR T. D. A. COCKERELL
THIS STUDY IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

PREFACE

During the summer of 1906 I was employed by the Depart-
ment of Botany of the University of Missouri to collect plants
in Colorado for the Herbarium of the University. I spent,
therefore, a period of two months and a half in this work. I
arrived at Boulder, Colorado, June eighteenth, and departed
thence September third. All the collecting was done in Boul-
der County, and the greater part of it within a radius of five
miles from the city of Boulder. I collected altogether about
1,036 species of flowering plants and ferns. The vernal plants,
of course, had blossomed before my arrival, but except for
these the flora of Boulder is fairly well shown in the collection.

In the list of plants here given there have been included
all that are known to occur in Boulder County; but inasmuch
as the boundary between Grand and Boulder Counties lies
along the summits of the main range of mountains it is impos-
sible often to tell in what county a given plant has been col-
lected. Similarly Long’s Peak lies partly in Larimer County
and partly in Boulder County. In all cases in which plants
have been cited from a mountain lying partly in Boulder Coun-
ty, these have been included in the list, unless a definite locali-
ty in the other county is given. Plants admitted to the list
because of the citations given in Rydberg’s Flora of Colorado

al

xii PREFACE

are ascribed to Rydberg; it is of course understood that this
ascription does not imply that these plants were collected by
Rydberg in the localities named, but merely that by examina-
tion of the plants or otherwise he is satisfied that they occur
in those places. In the case of plants collected by myself I
have added the collection number, so that these can be identi-
fied at any time. I may add that besides the set of Boulder
plants in the Herbarium of the University of Missouri, there
is a duplicate set in the Herbarium of the Michigan Agricul-
tural College; there is also a set in my own possession. The
Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden has an incom-
plete set. As the numbers are the same for all plants of the
same species, the identification of any of these plants can be
made out from the number given in the list.

In the introduction I have sought to present what knowl-
edge I have of the distribution of plants in Boulder County.
I have tried to present them in their natural plant-societies.
I saw, however, too little of the montane, subalpine, and the
alpine floras to be able to give a comprehensive account of these,
and it must be remembered that I did not see the vernal facies
of any portion of the vegetation.

As to nomenclature I have followed, except where plainly
deficient in the light of later investigation, that of Rydberg’s
Flora of Colorado. While I feel that in the case of both
genera and species there has been an over-multiplication—as
for instance the splitting up of such a natural group as the
pines into several genera, yet at the time of the preparation
of this Flora the only convenient guide was Rydberg’s work.

It is to Professor T. D. A. Cockerell of the University of
Colorado to whom I am most indebted for assistance in this
work. Remote both from the vegetation itself and from an

PREFACE Xiil

adequate library, I could not have carried on the work at all
without his cheerful codperation. He has examined every
page of the manuscript, and I owe much to his apt suggestions
and kindly criticism. My thanks are also due to Professor
Francis Ramaley for his kindness in examining the proof-
sheets, and to Professor J. Henderson who has perused the
article on the physiography. Both have given me notes of
much value.

ERRATA

Page 15, line 13, for Chrysopogon, read Sorghastrum.

Page 18, line 3 from bottom of page, for C. umbellata bre-
virostris, read C. umbellata brachyrhina.

Page 26, line 4, for Cogswellia Grayi read Cogswellia orientalis.

Page 27, line 22, for F. confinis, read F. Kingii.
Line 12 for Agropyron Vaseyi, read Agropyron spicatum

inerme.

Page 31, line 2 from bottom of page, for Trisetum subspicatum,
read Trisetum spicatum.

Page 33, line 14, same correction.

Page 39, line 8 from bottom of page, for Pseudocymopterus
tenuifolius, read Pseudocymopterus multifidus.

Page 41, line 9, for Trisetum subspicatum, read Trisetum
spicatum.

Page 42, line 6 from bottom of page, for Polemonium scopu-
linum, read Polemonium pulcherrimum.

XIV

INTRODUCTION

I. PHYSIOGRAPHY

Boulder, Colorado, lies nestling close to the Rocky Moun-
tains just north of the 4oth parallel. There the foot-
hills are strikingly beautiful and high, and only twenty miles
away Arapahoe Peak, clasping to its bosom the best glacier
of the southern Rockies, gleams whitely in full view, while
twenty-four miles to the northwest towers jaggedly Long’s
Peak, 14,271 ft. high, the highest point in Boulder County, and
one of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Away to
the eastward the plain stretches unbrokenly, save for an oc-
casional butte, till lost to vision. There is then room for a
great diversity of vegetation, ranging from the semi-desert
plants of the arid plains to the arctic plants that grow at the
wasting edge of the perpetual snow.

The Continental Divide, which, due west of Boulder,
touches its easternmost point in North America, is only from
twenty to twenty-four miles away. It rises as a vast snow-
covered wall of rock to an average height of from 11,000 to
12,000 feet; the highest points in the Divide in this region
are Long’s Peak, 14,271 ft., Mt. Audubon, 13,173 ft., Mt.
Baldy, 11,470 ft., Arapahoe Peak, 13,520 ft., and James’
Peak, 13,283 ft. Due west of Boulder Arapahoe Pass
crosses the Divide at an altitude of 12,000 feet. It
will be seen, therefore, that there is an almost impassable

barrier between the vegetation of the Pacific slope and that of

149] I

2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [150

the Atlantic. Since this barrier is almost everywhere above
timberline, only a few Pacific species are found on the Atlantic
side of the slope within the region about Boulder. Perhaps
the most interesting exception is the occurrence of one of the
orchids, Piperia Unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb., a few indi-
viduals of which I found in the foot-hills near Boulder, and
which is not known to occur elsewhere east of the mountains
of Utah, it having its main range from Alaska to California.

All the streams of Boulder County flow ultimately into the
South Fork of the Platte river, and thence into the Missouri
and the Mississippi. Boulder creek, the chief stream of the
region, and one of the headwaters of the Platte, is fed from the
snows ‘of the Divide, especially between Arapahoe and James’
Peaks. Just over the other side of the Divide are some of the
headwaters of Grand river, which flows into the Colorado,
and thence into the Gulf of California.

All the matn streams in Boulder County have their sources
in the wasting snows of the Main Range. These have cut gor-
ges, in most cases over a thousand feet deep, into the elevated
plateau between the main range and the foot-hills proper, and
by means of these deep valleys have transformed this plateau
into what are now really mountain masses, having an average
altitude of about 8,000 feet, the eastern and western slopes of
which are long longitudinal valleys, and the northern and
southern ones the precipitous gorges cut by the streams. Be-
tween Boulder and the Main Range there are about four of
these mountain ridges, the first, or that of the foot-hills proper,
rising to a height of from 7,000 to 8,600 feet, the others slightly
lower, having an altitude of about 7,500 to 8,000 feet. Among
these Sugarloaf Mountain stands out prominently as an

isolated peak a thousand feet higher, it being a por-

151 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 3

phyry dike, and thus weathering more slowly than the
granitic peaks. This whole elevated plateau, cut by
streams into what now appear as definite mountain
ridges, we shall call the foot-hills, although the foot-hills
proper are the ridges of sandstone at the edge of this granite
plateau. The flora, however, is the same, save for
a few ferns and other rock-plants which are confined to cer-
tain kinds of rocks, some to the limestones, others to the sand-
stones, still others to the granite.

The main range of mountains as well as the high plateau
at its base is composed of granite, granite-porphyry, and
granite-gneiss, gray or reddish in color. Dikes are frequent,
either of pegmatite or of felsitic porphyry. When the uplift
or uplifts occurred, which made the Rocky Mountains, the
sedimentary rocks resting upon the basement of granite, were
tilted until they stood nearly on end. The jagged crags of the
foot-hills proper are, then, the ends of these sedimentary layers.
Thus it happens, too, that the oldest beds lie next the granite,
while the younger underlie the plains.

The oldest and lowest, that is, the one lying directly upon,
or rather against the granite, is a layer of quartzite 550 feet
thick, and of Algonkin age. This, however, is absent in front
of Boulder and occurs in but two places in the county.

The next, and of Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) age,
is the red Fountain sandstone, 500 to 1,500 feet thick.
In the immediate vicinity of Boulder it lies directly
upon the granite. On the east slope of Green Moun-
tain it hangs in five triangular blocks of about 500 feet
in thickness at an angle of about 52°. These, called the
Flat-irons, are each about 1,000 feet high and about 1,500
feet wide; the third Flat-iron, however, rises to an altitude
of nearly 8,000 feet, or about 2,000 feet above the mesa. At

4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [152

Boulder Cafion the red sandstone walls are vertical. These
perpendicular sandstone crags are the most striking feature
of the scenery of the foot-hills.

Lying next to the Fountain sandstone, and also of Pennsyl-
vanian age, is the creamy Lyons sandstone, which is quarried
in large amounts. It has a maximum thickness of almost 300
feet.

Next in order, and still of Pennsylvanian age, is the Lykins
formation, about 800 feet thick and consisting of sandstones,
sandy shales, and a little limestone. It is easily weathered and
is consequently thickly covered with waste.

The Morrison formation occurs next, and consists of sand-
stone, clays, and limestone, and is a little less than 600 feet
thick. It is of Jurassic age.

Then come various Cretaceous beds, the first of which,
the“‘Dakota,” is a firm sandstone of about 350 feet in thickness.
Its resistance to weathering causes the characteristic hogback
of the foot-hills, consisting of one, two, or even three distinct
combs, or crags.

Then follow in succession the Benton shales, 500 feet
thick; the Niobrara shales and limestones, 400 feet thick; the
Pierre shales, 5,000 feet thick; the Fox Hills shales, 1,300 feet
thick ; and the Laramie beds, which’are coal-bearing and about
115 feet thick. Lastly are the Quaternary deposits of allu-
vium and terrace gravels. The various shales have weathered
and eroded rapidly and underlie the plain, while the more
resistant beds next the granite persist as crags, while the high
mesas at the base of the foot-hills are shale outliers left by
stream-erosion and are really stream terraces.

The soil of the region, outside of the alluvium and ter-
race gravels, is granitic in the mountains, while in the foot-
hills it is apt to be brick-red from the detritus of the red

153] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 5

sandstones. The soft Lykins formation yields a very red soil.
The Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks have layers of sand and
clay.

II, CLIMATE AND RAINFALL*

The climate of Boulder, however enjoyable it may be to
human beings, can hardly be said to be highly favorable to
plant-life. At least this is true of the foot-hills, the mesas,
and the plains. The Main Range, however, is well watered,
but here the high elevation and the low temperature repress
plant-life. The montane and subalpine slopes have a dense vege-
tation, and yet even here the shallow soil and the rapid run-off
of the water cause portions of them to have the aspect of
deserts. A subalpine meadow has an opulent luxuriance; an
adjoining slope may be gray with sage brush. In part the ap-
parent thinness of vegetation in the mountains may be due to
the superabundance of naked rock. In many portions of the
Rockies the greater part of the surface has no soil whatever,
and only a cranny-and-crevice vegetation is possible. The
Rocky Mountains are new; their rocks are sharp and jagged;
even lichens are rare on their surfaces. About Eldora and
Arapahoe Peak, however, the rocks are beautifully rounded
by glacial action.

In the summer of 1906 there were rains almost daily, many
of them soaking rains, but their distribution was uneven and
capricious. In general the rainfall decreases as the distance

from the snowy range increases. The alpine and subalpine

*For the climatology of the region, consult the article by Professor
Ramaley on the Climatology of the Mesas near Boulder, Univ. of Colo,
Studies, 6, 19-35, also, the paper by Ramaley and Robbins on Redrock
lake near Ward, Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 138-147.

6 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [154

regions receive most; the foot-hills less; the mesas receive
some from every shower; the plains for five or six miles get
a portion of the larger showers; but beyond that for several
hundred miles good rains are very few. The summer
of 1906 was exceptional,* for even the plains about Boulder
seemed to receive more water than do many parts of the
eastern United States in midsummer. When I left Boulder
the third of September, the native vegetation for five or six
miles out on the plain was as green as a prevailingly gray
vegetation well can be; there was no sign of drouth, while
when I reached Missouri and Iowa, the pastures were parched.

In fact what I shall remember most about Colorado is its
exuberance of water. It courses down all the mountain
cafions, roaring and bubbling and dashing into foam. Springs
are frequent and of a pureness and coolness that make them
perfect. On the plains everywhere that one goes, a ditch full
to the brim runs beside one. From the top of Green Mountain
a hundred lakes may be seen gleaming on the plain. It is
plainly a land of abundant rain and water.

And yet why this feverish haste to irrigate the fields, why
these ditches, these sluices, these storage-reservoirs? Why
is land with a water-right worth several hundred dollars an
acre, and land without one but five dollars? And why, to ask
a still deeper question, why does nearly every kind of native
plant have some means of conserving water, or some contriv-
ance for preventing too rapid transpiration? Why do desert
plants meet one at every hand: cacti, yuccae, sages, and
xerophytic grasses? No, this region cannot be a land of
abundant rain and water, in spite of the fact that I have never

*In 1906 the greatest rainfall was recorded (26.17 inches), while 1901
was the driest year (13.67 inches).

155] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 7

seen so much anywhere else, nor anywhere else have had such
drenchings to the skin. It is a semi-arid land, parched and
thirsty. And the farmer, whom I saw flooding his land the
morning after an all night’s pouring rain, knew from long
experience that there could not be too much water. The
rapid drainage, the light dry air, the fierce light of the high
elevation, the hot sun, the soil unfitted for the retention of
water, all these things parch and wither our cultural plants,
for while the native vegetation has organs for storing water
and for diminishing transpiration, the cultivated plants have
none of these. Nevertheless for the native vegetation in
1906 there was ample water-supply; it grew with an almost
incredible luxuriance, so much so that I found the measure-
ments given in the manuals were often valueless for my pur-
pose, as many of my plants were taller and larger than the
books say that they grow. I was told that after the first of
July there would be no botanizing as everything on the plains
and foot-hills would dry up; but I remained till September
first and the plants did not dry up, and I was able to collect
over a thousand species in about two months and a half.

The following table, which I use by the kind permission of
Professor Ramaley, will furnish the data requisite to an under-
standing of the temperature and rainfall of the region. The
data holds true only for the city of Boulder.

8 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [156

TABLE
COMPILED BY DR. FRANCIS RAMALEY
Summary of data on temperature and rainfall at Boulder,
Colorado, for eleven years, ending August, 1908.

& & | Warmest Coldest =| Greatest R
rs E,| mean on | mean on ‘S| rainfall on eee mevatel
MonvH < 3 record. record. |E"g| record. Os! LO

E E [ear Degs | Year |Degs 2 : Year/Inc’s Year Inc’s
January arene iar 34... 1|1906/39.0,1905|29.3/0.4 |18gg/0.87 1903 |0.08
February. ....... 32.9|1907/42 .8|1899|18 0/0. 66/1903]1 . 52 1908 0.09
March..... .-++ |39.4|1907|48.1]1906|30.2/1.6 |1899]2.79] 1908 |0.23
EN MK Goard 660000 47 -7|1908)52. 5;1900/45.6/3.58|1900/9.18] 1908 1.71
May........-- -.|56.4/1898]60. 5}1907)51 -0|3 -02/1904|5 . 35 1899 0.55
June........ ... |64.6/1902|66.8/1907|/62.1]1.53/1897|3.71/ 1908 0.29
WMbosAdosscicocnes 70.1}1901|75.3|1906|67. 2/1. '72/1906/3.81 Ig0r_ |0.46
August. ........ |71.0]1898]73.2/1906/68.0|1.3 |1897!3.3 |1900&1905]/0. 22
September....... 64.0/1897|66.8}1900)61 . 5)1. 55|1902|2.7 I90I 0.10
October -is 53 -0|1900|57.2]1905|48. 5|1.47|1903/3.43| I900 0.13
November....... .|43.0]1904]48. 3]1898/38. 1/0. 59|1906|1 .87/1899&1901/0.00
December........ 37.0|1906|41 .0]1898|29.0|0. 68] 1902/0. 54/1905 &1g06|0.00

Annual........ 51.0 18.0

Highest recorded temperature is 97 degrees, July 15, 1902.

Lowest recorded temperature is —20 degrees, January 8, 1902, and
again February 20, 1905.

Greatest rainfall recorded, 26.17 inches, 1906.

Smallest rainfall recorded, 13.67 inches, Igor.

III ZONES OF VEGETATION*
There are six great zones of vegetation about Boulder,
which, proceeding from east to west, are: A. The Zone of

*These zones of vegetation are practically those of Robbins (Cli-
matology and Vegetation in Colorado, Bot. Gaz., 49, 256-280), who rec-
ognized (1) plains, (2) eastern lower foothills and mesas, (3) eastern
upper foothills, 6,000 to 8,000 feet, (4) montane zone, (5) subalpine
zone, (6) alpine zone. Professor Ramaley, however, would unite the

mesas and foothills into one zone (Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 50-51).

157] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 9

the Plains, CAMPESTRES; B. The Zone of the Mesas,
MENSALES; C. The Zone of the Foot-hills and Mountain
Plateau, SUBMONTANABE; fourth, The Zone of the Lower
Mountain Slopes, MONTANAE; fifth, The Zone of the Sub-
alpine Mountain Slopes, SUBALPESTRES; sixth, The
Zone of the Alpine Summits, ALPESTRES. Of these the
Plains Flora, the Foot-hill Flora, the Montane Flora, the Sub-
alpine Flora, and the Alpine Flora are primary, while that of
the Mesas is a transition from the Flora of the Plains to the
Flora of the Foot-hills. The Alpine corresponds to the Arctic
Circumpolar vegetation, the Subalpine to the Hudsonian, the
Montane to the Canadian, the Foot-hill and the Mesa to the
Upper Transition, and that of the Plains to the Lower Transi-
tion with some Upper Sonoran forms.

A. CAMPESTRES

The plains are not so arid about Boulder as they are far-
ther east. In fact after riding for hundreds of miles through
a desert of dried up grass, it is with a feeling of inutterable
joy that one sees this narrow ribbon of green from six to
twelve miles wide at the foot of the mountains. This green-
ness and freshness is due mainly to two causes: First, this
strip receives more rain than does the rest of the Great Plains.
The clouds do not quite rain out before reaching the plains.
These rains are, however, capricious. The clouds are narrow.
The southern part of Boulder may receive a thorough drench-
ing, the northern part may not have a drop. One Sunday
there was a cloud-burst in Sunshine Cafion, farms and bridges
were washed away ; from three to five feet of water came dash-
ing through the main street of Boulder, while it scarcely
sprinkled where I was a half mile to the south. The second
cause is the abundant irrigation.

10 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [158

The Plains Flora falls into five main societies: The
Aquatic (Aquatiles); The Palustrous (Palustres); The Ri-
parian (Ripariae); The Prairie Meadow, the plains flora
proper, (Campanales); and the Alkali Flat (Alkalinae).

a. Aquatiles, The Aquatic Flora is found in lakes and
streams. It consists of submerged or floating aquatics—pond-
weeds, duckweeds, water-milfoils, hornworts, water starworts,
besides various algae. It is seen best in Owen’s lake and
Boulder lake, which while about twenty feet deep, are very
brackish. The slower streams also have aquatic plants, as do
likewise the aqueous nuclei of swamps and swales. The fol-

lowing is a list of typical species:

Potamogeton lonchites L. minor

P. heterophyllus Ceratophyllum demersum
P. foliosus Callitriche palustris

P. pectinatus C. bifida

P. Spirillus Myriophyllum spicatum
Zanichellia palustris Limosella aquatica
Lemna gibba

All the above species occur in the eastern United States.

b. Palustres. The Palustrous, or Swamp Flora is found
in bogs, in swales, along ditches, and about the miry margins
of ponds and lakes and streams. It consists of rushes, bul-
rushes, sedges, swamp grasses, sweet flags, cat-tails, stick-
tights, swamp asters, water peppers, and various other plants.
I have included here the whole subaquatic flora, since the for-
mation is so slight that it is best treated as a whole without
separation into amphibious, limose, paludose, and uliginose
societies. The following are characteristic species:

Equisetum arvense Typha latifolia

E. laevigatum Alisma Plantago

159]

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO II

Sagittaria arifolia
Homalocenchrus oryzoides
Phalaris arundinacea
Muhlenbergia racemosa
Alopecurus aristulatus
Spartina cynosurioides
Poa triflora
Panicularia nervata

P. Americana

P. borealis

Cyperus inflexus
Scirpus Americanus

S. lacustris

S. atrovirens pallidus
Eleocharis palustris

E. glaucescens

E. acicularis

E. acuminata

Carex vulpinoidea

C. stipata

C. stricta

C. lanuginosa

Acorus Calamus
Heteranthera limosa
Juncus Balticus montanus
J. longistylis

J. nodosus

J. Torreyi

J. marginatus

Iris Missouriensis

Rumex occidentalis

R. salicifolius

Persicaria lapathifolia

P. emersa.

P. punctata

Crunocallis Chamissoi

Ranunculus sceleratus
eremogenes

R. Macounii

Halerpestes Cymbalaria

Nasturtium
Nasturtium-aquaticum

Radicula calycina

R. hispida

Hypericum majus

Lythrum alatum

Epilobium adenocaulon

Cicuta occidentalis

Berula erecta

Verbena hastata

Phyla cuneifolia

Teucrium occidentale

Scutellaria galericulata

Prunella vulgaris

Stachys scopulorum

Lycopus lucidus

L. Americanus

Mentha spicata

M. Penardi

Mimulus Geyeri

M. floribundus

Gratiola Virginiana

12 UNIVERSITY OF

Lobelia syphilitica
Ludoviciana

Iva xanthifolia

I. axillaris

Ambrosia trifida

Xanthium commune

Aster caerulescens

It will be noted that all

MISSOURI STUDIES

[ 160

A. Osterhoutii
Bidens vulgata

B. glaucescens
Helenium montanum
Lactuca pulchella

L. spicata

but a very few of the above

species are common palustrous species of the eastern United

States.

c. Ripariae. The Riparian Flora occurs along the banks

of streams.

It consists of trees, shrubs, and herbs.

There

are no trees nor shrubs proper on the Great Plains, except

those that grow along the streams.

tonwoods, box-elders, and willows.

Here occur various cot-

The herbs are partly

marsh herbs and partly plants from the plains, especially

grasses.
Equisetum laevigatum
Eatonia robusta
Agropyron riparium
Elymus Canadensis
E. robustus
Populus Sargentii
P. acuminata
P. angustifolia
Salix amygdalioides
S. exigua

S. luteosericea

The following are typical riparian species:

Betula fontinalis (only near
the foot-hills)

Urtica gracilis

Cardamine vallicola

Rulac Negundo

R. Texanum

Vitis vulpina

Pesedera vitacea

Solidago Pitcheri

S. Canadensis

d. Campanales. The Prairie Flora is that which is

proper to the greater part of the plains region.

In aspect it

is a vast meadow, above which now and then a yucca rises with

161] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 13

its bayonet-like leaves and its large cluster of flowers. But
this aspect changes according to the season of the year, nor
is it uniform at any season. As various plants come into
bloom, so is it tinged red or purple, white or yellow; here it
is an upland meadow of broom-grasses with purplish leaves;
there it is dark green with meadow-grasses ; yonder it is white
and hoar with sages. In early summer it is red, or purple,
or blue with loco-weeds, beard-tongues, and thistles, yellow
with golden asters, orange with cone-flowers and gaillardias,
or white with Mexican poppies. In midsummer the psoraleas
are numerous; here and there are large clumps of lupines; the
tall porcupine grasses abound, and sunflowers rear their heads
of gold. In late summer it is yellow with gumweeds of all
kinds, with golden-rods and rabbit-brushes, or purple with
blazing-stars and turkey-foot grasses. In autumn the gray
sages put forth their inconspicuous flowers, the late composites
ripen their achenes and whiten the landscape with their pappus.
But the chief plants of this formation are those not seen—
the little buffalo and mesquite grasses only a few inches high,
but forming the turf of these vast plains. There are no shrubs
proper in this flora. At most there are a few undershrubs
and suffrutescent plants, such as roses, yuccas, and the like.
It should be added that the vegetation of the moister por-
tions of the plains differs, especially in aspect and also some-
what in species, from that of the drier portions; but while it
is possible to distinguish these two elements of the flora in
the extreme cases of moistness and dryness, yet in the greater
part of the area the two vegetations mingle inextricably. I
shall, however, arrange the plants typical of the Great Plains
into two classes, Humidae and Aridae, although the two
classes occur quite commonly together:

14

is

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Humidae.
Andropogon furcatus
Panicum virgatum
Agrostis alba
A. asperifolia
Bouteloua olgostachya
Bulbilis dactyloides
Koeleria cristata
Poa pratensis
P. triflora
P. interior
P. pseudopratensis
Festuca elatior
Bromus marginatus latior
B. Pumpellianus
Agropyron pseudorepens
A. occidentale
Hordeum jubatum
Elymus Macounii
Carex marcida
C. scoparia
C. athrostachya
C. pratensis
C. festucacea
Juncus interior
J. Arizonicus
J. confusus
J. Dudleyi

Sisyrinchium angustifolium

Argemone intermedia
A. hispida

Sophia intermedia
Potentilla Hippiana
Drymocallis arguta
Rosa pratincola
Lupinus decumbens

L. decumbens argentatus
Astragalus goniatus
Homalobus Salidae
Aragallus Lambertii

A. patens

Psoralea tenuiflora

P. argophylla
Petalostemon oligophyllus
P. purpureus

P. pubescens

Poinsettia dentata
Malvastrum dissectum
Oenothera strigosa
Anogra rhizomata

A. coronopifolia

Gaura parviflora

G. coccinea

G. glabra

Asclepias speciosa
Lithospermum canescens

Onosmodium occidentale

' Verbena bracteosa

V. ambrosifolia
Salvia lanceolata

Physalis lanceolata

[162

163]

ii,

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO

P. Virginiana
Androcera rostrata
Pentstemon unilateralis
Gerardia Besseyana
Grindelia serrulata

G. perennis
Oligoneuron canescens
Aster commutatus

Erigeron divergens

Aridae.

Schizachyrium scoparium
Andropogon chrysocomus
Chrysopogon nutans
Aristida fasciculata

A. longiseta

Stipa comata

S. viridula

S. Nelsonii
Muhlenbergia cuspidata
Sporobolus airoides

S. cryptandrus

S. heterolepis

S. asperifolius
Agrostis hiemalis
Merathrepta spicata
Bouteloua hirsuta

B. oligostachya
Munroa squarrosa
Eragrostis pectinacea
Poa crocata

P. juncifolia

E. flagellaris

Ratibida columnaris
Helianthus lenticularis
H. grosseserratus
Gaillardia aristata
Artemisia gnaphalodes
Cirsium megacephalum
C. ochrocentrum

Agoseris glauca

P. confusa

Festuca octoflora
Agropyron molle
Hordeum pusillum
Sitanion longifolium
S. brevifolium
Elymus brachystachys
Carex Douglasii

C. siccata

C. straminea

Yucca glauca
Eriogonum effusum
Paronychia Jamesii
Allionia linearis
Delphinium Penardii
Stanleya glauca
Xylophacos Shortianus
Amorpha nana
Psoralea tenuiflora

Linum Lewisii

15

16

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Chamaesyce Fendleri

C. serpyllifolia
Tithymalus Arkansanus
Acerates viridiflora

A. angustifolia

Asclepias pumila
Evolvulus Nuttallianus
Lappula occidentalis

L. cupulata

Cryptanthe crassisepala
Lithospermum breviflorum
Monarda pectinata
Hedeoma hispida
Physalis rotundata
Quincula lobata
Pentstemon secundiflorus
P. gracilis

P. humilis

Orthocarpus luteus
Plantago Purshii
Ambrosia psilostachya
Gaertneria tomentosa
Kuhnia Hitchcockii

K. glutinosa

Laciniaria punctata

e. Alkalinae.

Gutierrezia longifolia
G. scoparia
Chrysopsis villosa

C. hispida

[164

Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus

Sideranthus annuus

' S. spinulosus

Solidago glaberrima
S. nana
Townsendia exscapa
Aster exiguus

A. crassulus

A. polycephalus
Erigeron ramosus
Wyomingia cana
Helianthus petiolaris
H. pumilus
Thelesperma gracile
Boebera papposa
Artemisia dracunculoides
A. Brittonnii
Senecio Riddellii

S. multicapitatus

S. spartioides

Cirsium undulatum

The best examples of the Flora of the

Alkali Flats occur in the vicinity of Owen’s lake and Boulder

lake, where large tracts are white as snow with alkali.

The

plants are mainly succulent chenopods, but a few other plants

also occur. The following species are characteristic:

Distichlis stricta

Puccinellia airoides

Polygonum buxiforme

Chenopodium rubrum

165] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 17

Monolepis Nuttalliana Iva axillaris

Atriplex carnosa Chrysothamnus graveolens
A. argentea C. pulcherrimus

Dondia depressa Solidago gilvocanescens

Sophora sericea

B. MENSALES*

The Flora of the Mesas is a transitional flora; the mesas
have most of the plants of the plains and in addition many of
the plants of the foot-hills. There are, however, a considerable
number of species, which are peculiar to the mesas. These
mesas are flat tablelands rising abruptly a hundred feet or so
above the plains in successive terraces. The altitude of the
plains in Boulder County is from 5,000 to 5,500 feet. The
lowest mesa, at an altitude of about 5,600 feet, has the
flora of the plains, but at the next mesa, at an altitude of 5,700
feet, the flora begins to change, and from then on to the foot
of the crags, 6,000 feet, the plains plants gradually tend to
disappear and the foot-hill flora to come in. The highest
mesas are so filled with waste from landslips from the crags,
that they may be said to be an integral part of the foot-hills.
And so, too, the streams have made deep cafions through the
mesas, the flora of which is not so very unlike that of the
cafions of the foot-hills. West of Marshall there is a high bog
on the mesa, but as its plants differ in no wise from the bog
plants of the plains, it will be dismissed with this notice.

Six plant-societies are to be found upon the mesas: a. The
meadow (Pratenses), which differs little from the plains
meadow, although certain mountain species, such as the Mari-

*For a detailed account of the vegetation of the mesas, see the pa-
pers by Dodds, Ramaley, and Robbins, Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 11-49.

18 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES | 166

posa lily, the painted cups, and the wool-joints are present. b.
The cactus mesa (Spinosae). c. The Yucca mesa (Ensi-
formes). d. The wooded mesa (Sylvestres). e. The
brush mesa (Arbustales). f. The mesa cafion (Vallicolae).

a. Pratenses. The flora of the mesa meadow is com-
posed of an admixture of plants both from the plains and the

foot-hills. Typical plants are:

Sorghastrum nutans
Stipa comata

S. viridula
Bouteloua hirsuta

B. oligostachya
Atheropogon curtipendulus
Koeleria cristata

Poa triflora

P. interior

P. pseudopratensis
P. juncifolia

P. confusa

Festuca octoflora
Agropyron tenerum
A. pseudorepens
Elymus brachystachys
E. villiflorus

Carex marcida
pratensis
straminea

. straminiformis

@E@=@- Gro)

. umbellata brevirostris
Tradescantia Universitatis

Yucca glauca

Calochortus Gunnisonii
Comandra pallida
Eriogonum alatum

E. flavum

E. umbellatum
Polygonum Douglasii
Silene antirrhina
Lychnis Drummondii
Delphinium Penardii
D. camporum

D. Nelsonii
Anemone cylindrica
Pulsatilla hirsutissima
Argemone intermedia
Potentilla effusa
Drymoceallis fissa
Lupinus Plattensis

L. decumbens
Geoprumnon succulentum
Astragalus nitidus

A. goniatus

. Pennsylvanica vespertina Tium Drummondii

Aragallus Lambertii
A. sericeus

Psoralea tenuiflora

167]

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO

P. argophylla
Geranium Fremontii
Linum Lewisii
Tithymalus philorus
Nuttallia multiflora

N. stricta

Epilobium paniculatum
Gayophytum intermedium
Meriolix serrulata
Gaura parviflora

Gilia candida

G. pinnatifida

G. sinuata

Collomia linearis
Phacelia heterophylla
Oreocarya virgata
Mertensia linearis

M. lanceolata
Pentstemon unilateralis
P. secundiflorus

b. Spinosae.

19

P. gracilis

P. humilis

Castilleja linariaefolia
Campanula petiolata
Gutierrezia longifolia

G. scoparia

Chrysopsis resinolens
Solidago pallida
Townsendia grandiflora
Rudbeckia flava
Ratibida columnaris
Helianthus subrhomboideus
Gaillardia aristata
Artemisia dracunculoides
A. Forwoodii

A. frigida

A. Brittonii

Senecio Plattensis

S. Nelsonii

S. Fendleri

The vegetation of the cactus mesa con-

sists of a few species of cacti, of the prickly Ceanothus Fend-

leri, and a few other xerophytic plants and undershrubs. The

principal cacti are:

Echinocereus viridiflorus
Opuntia mesacantha
O. rhodantha

c. Ensiformes.

O. polyacantha
O. fragilis
O. Greenei

The best example of the Yucca mesa

occurs near the entrance of Bear Cafion. There the ground is

practically denuded, and only sparse clumps of Yuccas and

20 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [168

bunch-grasses occupy the ground. The two species of im-
portance are Yucca glauca and Eriocoma cuspidata.

d. Sylvestres. A good example of the wooded mesa
lies immediately back of the Chautauqua grounds. There the
bull pine has descended from the foot-hills and taken posses-
sion of the mesa. Besides the bull pine, Pinus scopulorum,
the low juniper, Juniperus Sibirica, is of rare occurrence.
Of herbs the most noteworthy is Arnica pedunculata, which
is frequent under the pines. I found also only there Centun-
culus minimus, perhaps the only known station of this plant in
Colorado, since it is not included in Rydberg’s Flora of Colo-
rado. It is growing with Linaria Canadensis, which is like-
wise an eastern plant.

e. Arbustales. The brush mesa assumes various forms.
Ordinarily some cne species is in control. Occasionally it con-
sists of various haws, as at the entrance of Gregory Cafion,
or of a thicket of juneberries, wax-currants, and skunk-bushes.
South of Bluebell Cafion is a mesa covered with the peculiar
mountain mahogany. Wild cherries and plums are frequent,
and the hackberry occasional in these shrubby thickets. The
principal species are:

Celtis reticulata C. erythropoda

Ribes pumilum Prunus Americana

R. longifolium P. melanocarpa
Oreobatus deliciosus Toxicodendron Rydbergii
Batidaea laetissima Schmaltzia trilobata

Cercocarpus parvifolium Ceanothus Fendleri

Rosa Sayi C. mollissimus
Amelanchier oreophila C. subsericeus
Crataegus occidentalis Symphoricarpos occidentalis

C. Coloradensis

169] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO aI

Of herbs the vetches and vetchlings are the most im-
portant:

Vicia sparsifolia V. producta
V. dissitifolia Lathyrus leucanthus
V. oregana

f. Vallicolae. The mesa cafion has a bewildering di-
versity of floral elements, now consisting of thickets of haws
with extremely vicious thorns, wild briers, the long-beaked
hazel, and dwarf maples, now with a fontinal vegetation
strikingly like our own Carolinian. One little gulch at the
base of Flagstaff Hill has a vegetation composed quite wholly
of eastern plants. Here occur Phragmites Phragmites, Sani-
cula Marilandica, Steironema ciliatum, Veronica Americana,
Eupatorium maculatum, and a form of Apios Apios, the last
of which was not known to occur west of eastern Kansas
previous to this collection. Since the streams have cut deeply
into the surface, the cafion of the mesa resembles greatly the
cafion of the foot-hills. There are riparian, rupestrine, clivose,
and fontinal elements compressed within the space of a few
feet. Mountain forms follow these streams often for some
distance into the plain. And yet the facies of the flora is dis-
tinctly eastern. Here are haws, hazels, maples, grapes, wild
cherries, willows, cottonwoods, dogwoods, nine-barks. The
herbs, too, have an eastern look—sweet cicelies, false Solo-
mon’s seals, water-leafs, fragile ferns, avens, bog-orchids. It
is true that a closer examination reveals the fact that many of
these plants belong to species which are strictly western, yet the
fact remains that there is little in the vegetation that impresses
as strange, one who is familiar only with the eastern flora,
while all about him in plain, mesa, foot-hill, and mountain are
utterly unfamiliar types of vegetation. So in this narrow

22 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

[170

zone of gulches and cafions is alone to be found the exact
analogue of the Carolinian flora. The following are the im-

portant species:

Filix fragilis

Phragmites Phragmites
Carex festiva

Allium Nuttallii

A. Geyeri

A. reticulatum

Vagnera stellata

Nemexia lasioneuron
Limnorchis viridiflora

L. laxiflora

Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza
Populus Sargentii

P. acuminata

P. angustifolia

Corylus rostrata

Parietaria Pennsylvanica
12),
Humulus lupulus Neo-

obtusa

Mexicanus
Cerastium occidentale
Ranunculus abortivus
Thalictrum purpurascens
Sedum stenopetalum
Heuchera parvifolia
Ribes pumilum
R. longifolium
Opulaster intermedius

O. Ramaleyi

Oreobatus deliciosus

Potentilla Pennsylvanica
strigosa

Geum scopulorum

Rosa Sayi

Amelanchier oreophila

Crataegus Coloradensis

C. occidentalis

C. erythropoda

C. Doddsii

C. Coloradoides

Prunus Americana

P. Pennsylvanica

P. melanocarpa

Thermopsis divaricarpa

Amorpha fruticosa

Vicia oregana

V. producta

Apios Apios Boulderensis

Geranium Parryi

Toxicodendron Rydbergii

Acer glabrum

Rulac Negundo

R. Texanum

Vitis vulpina

Pesedera vitacea

Calceolaria linearis

Circaea alpina

171] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 23

Aralia nudicaulis Mertensia lanceolata

Svida stolonifera Dracocephalum parviflorum
Sanicula Marilandica Mimulus Halli
Osmorrhiza longistylis Veronica Americana

O. obtusa Galium Vaillantii
Ligusticum Porteri G. boreale

Heracleum lanatum G. flaviflorum

Steironema ciliatum Viburnum Lentago
Collomia linearis Ambrosia trifida
Hydrophyllum Fendleri Eupatorium maculatum

Macrocalyx Nyctelea

Cc. SUBMONTANAE

The Foot-hill Flora covers not only the true foot-hills of
the sandstone crags, but also the lower part of the mountain
plateau. The flora is rich but monotonous. In most places the
vegetation is thin; it is mainly a forest, but the trees are
strewn but sparsely over the steep slopes. The amount of
naked rock is very great. The altitude ranges from 5,800 to
8,600 feet. Some of the main streams, such as Boulder creek,
have cut down to about 5,500 feet. Directly west of Boulder,
and lying between Boulder and Gregory Cajfions, is Flagstaff
Hill with an altitude of about 6,500 feet. Southwest of Boulder
is Green Mountain, lying between Gregory and Bear Cafions
and having an altitude of 8,100 feet. South of Green Moun-
tain is Bear Mountain, which attains a height of 8,600 feet,
and is the loftiest peak in the first range of foot-hills in the
vicinity of Boulder.

The Foot-hill Flora merges rather abruptly into that of the
mesas at the foot of the crags, and melts insensibly into the
Subalpine Flora as it approaches the Main Range. It reaches
its maximum development between an altitude of 6,500 and

24 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [172

7,000 feet. Below 6,500 feet there occur still many species be-
longing to the Great Plains; above 7,000 feet there is a rapid
thinning out of species, and subalpine species become occas-
ional, although it is not rare for such species in cold situations
to go down to the 6,000 foot level. Yet at the summit of
Green Mountain (8,100 feet) I found the flora still consisting in
the main of the genuine foot-hill species. The Foot-hill Flora
may be gathered into four main societies: a. The wooded
slope (Sylvestres). b. The foot-hill meadow (Pratenses).
c. The foot-hill cafion (Vallicolae). d. The crevice and
cranny vegetation of the rocks (Rimosae).

a. Sylvestres.* The wooded slope society consists quite
purely of bull pine and Douglas spruce, with now and then
a few trees of other species of pine, and spruce, and fir. The
trees stand usually at wide intervals, oftenest in rows, where
some fault in the rock enables them to get a secure foothold.
Occasionally on the north slopes, which are moister than any
other, the trees stand in such close formation that it is almost
impossible to make one’s way through them. Ordinarily it is
the Douglas spruce that behaves in this way, since the bull

pine prefers a more open formation. Often two rather dis-

*Young (Bot. Gaz. 44, 321-352) finds the following forest associa-
tions about Boulder: 1. Populus occidentalis—Salix fluviatilis, riparian
upon the plains, but extending somewhat up the cafions. 2. Populus
angustifolia—Salix Nuttallii, riparian in the foothills. 3. Pinus scop u
lorum, sylvan on the dry slopes of the foothills. 4. Pinus Murrayana,
sylvan on the dry mountain sides. 5. Apinus flexilis, dry mountain
slopes up to timber line. 6. Pseudotsuga—Picea Engelmanni, lower
cafions (submontane and montane). 7. Picea Engelmanni—-Abies
lasiocarpa, upper cafions (high montane and subalpine to timber line).
8. Aspen society, throughout (north slopes at low altitudes, all slopes
higher altitudes).

173]

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 25

tinct forms of forest are discernible, the one of bull pine, the

other of Douglas spruce; at other times the two are mixed.

The Douglas spruce is at its best in moist ravines, and ascends

to timber-line on the mountains, while the bull pine seldom gets

above 9,000 feet. The following are characteristic species:

Botrychium Virginianum
Pteridium aquilinum
pubescens
Pinus scopulorum
P. Murrayana (rare)
Apinus flexilis (rare)
Picea Parryana
Pseudotsuga mucronata
Oryzopsis micrantha
Muhlenbergia gracilis
Melica bella
Carex Deweyana
Toxicoscordion falcatum
Vagnera racemosa
V. amplexicaulis
Piperia Unalaschensis
Peramium ophioides
Populus tremuloides
Betula papyrifera
Andrewsii
Chenopodium Fremontii
Blitum capitatum
Actaea arguta
A. arguta eburnea
Aquilegia coerulea (rare)

Anemone globosa

Atragene occidentalis
Ranunculus abortivus

R. micrantha
Cyrtorrhyncha ranunculina
Odostemon repens
Erysimum Cockerellianum
Bosseckia parviflora
Oreobatus deliciosus
Batidaea laetissima
Potentilla Hippiana
Amelanchier oreophila
Sorbus scopulina (rare)
Thermopsis divaricarpa
T. pinetorum

Tium alpinum
Homalobus tenella

H. decumbens

Lathyrus leucanthus
Xanthoxalis stricta
Ceanothus velutinus
Viola vallicola

V. Canadensis Rydbergit
Lepargyraea Canadensis
Chamaenerion angustifolium

Harbouria trachypleura

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Aletes obovata

A. acaulis

Ligusticum Porteri
Cogswellia Grayi
Pterospora Andromedea
Chimaphila umbellata
Pyrola secunda

P. uliginosa
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
Frasera stenosepala
Apocynum scopulorum
Phlox depressa
Lappula floribunda

L. angustata
Scutellaria Brittoni

Dracocephalum parviflorum

Prunella vulgaris
Monarda menthaefolia
M. mollis
Scrophularia occidentalis
Pentstemon oreophilus
P. alpinus

P. humilis

Castilleja linariaefolia
C. cognata

C. integra

C. confusa

Galium boreale

G. triflorum
Sambucus microbotrys

Linnaea Americana

Campanula petiolata
Specularia perfoliata
Laciniaria ligulistylis
Oreochrysum Parryi
Solidago oreophila
S. viscidula

S. radulina

S. trinervata
Eucephalus glaucus
Aster polycephalus
A. laevis

A. Porteri
Machaeranthera Bigelovii
M. aspera

Erigeron salicinus

E. macranthus
Antennaria oxyphylla
Anaphalis subalpina
Gnaphalium Wrightii
Rudbeckia flava
Achillaea lanulosa
Arnica cordifolia
Senecio salicinus

S. Nelsonii

S. Fendleri

Cirsium Americanum
C. erosum

Crepis petiolata

C. angustata
Hieracium albiflorum
H. Fendleri

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Agoseris rostrata

[174

175] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 27

b. Pratenses. The foot-hill meadow is not very unlike
the mesa meadow; the species are in part the same, but there
is no sharp line between the flora of the foot-hill forest and the
foot-hill meadow, on account of the openness of the former.
Only where the forest is dense enough to have a truly sylvan
floor, are the light-loving plants absent. The foot-hill meadow
society includes various grasses and certain herbs, such as
painted-cups, fleabanes, Mariposa lilies, anemones, gaillardias,
and the like. The following are the characteristic grasses and

sedges:
Stipa comata B. Pumpellianus
S. viridula Agropyron Vaseyi
S. Nelsonii A. Richardsoni
S. Scribneri A. violaceum

Calamagrostis purpurascens A. pseudorepens

Koeleria cristata Elymus ambiguus
Poa platyphylla E. strigosus

P. crocata E. villiflorus

P. longiligula Carex marcida

P. longipedunculata C. Douglasii
Festuca brachyphylla C. festiva

F. confinis C. petasata
Bromus lanatipes C. pratensis

B. Richardsonii C. siccata

c. WVallicolae. The foot-hill cafion society consists of
dense thickets of hazel, dwarf birch, willows, dogwoods, al-
ders, and the like. About springs and along small rills is
found a brief fontinal vegetation, the most delicate of all the
plant-groups—mosses, liverworts, ferns, tway-blades, adder’s-
mouths, twisted-stalks, mountain lilies, shooting stars, cresses,
sedges, and bog-orchids. The foot-hill cafion flora differs from

28 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [176

the mesa cafion principally in the absence of the chaparral ele-
ment, the haws and wild plums being absent. Most of the re-
maining shrubs and arborescent plants are identical—the
dwarf maple, the birch, the dogwood, the beaked hazel, the
wild cherries, and the cottonwoods. The following are the

chief species:

Equisetum laevigatum

Cinna latifolia

Avena striata

Eatonia Pennsylvanica

Poa triflora

Panicularia nervata

P. Holmii

Carex tenella

C. Hoodii

C. festiva

C. aurea

Juncus Balticus montanus

Juncoides parviflorum

Allium Geyeri

A. reticulatum

Lilium Philadelphicum
montanum

Vagnera stellata

Streptopus amplexifolius

Disporum majus

Limnorchis viridiflora

L. laxiflora

Ibidium Romanzoffanum
strictum

Ophrys borealis

Acroanthes monophylla

Populus Sargentii

P. angustifolia

Salix caudata

S. perrostrata

S. Bebbiana

Betula fontinalis
Alnus tenuifolia
Corylus rostrata
Crunocallis Chamissoi
Clematis ligusticifolia
Ranunculus reptans
R. abortivus
Thalictrum Fendleri
Thlaspi Nuttallii

T. Coloradense
Draba streptocarpa
Ribes Purpusi
Opulaster intermedius
O. Ramaleyi

O. glabratus

O. monogynus
Rubus triflorus
Fragaria bracteata
Geum strictum

G. Oregonense

Rosa Macounii

177] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 29

R. Fendleri Mertensia punctata
R. aciculata M. viridula

R. Maximiliani M. lanceolata
Prunus Pennsylvanica Collinsia tenella

P. melanocarpa Mimulus floribundus
Geranium Richardsonii Veronica Americana
Acer glabrum Distegia involucrata
Epilobium adenocaulon Adoxa Moschatellina
Circaea alpina Solidago Pitcheri
Aralia nudicaulis S. polyphylla

Svida stolonifera Gymnolomia multiflora
Heracleum lanatum Rudbeckia laciniata
Angelica ampla Bahia dissecta
Dodecatheon radicatum Senecio hydrophyllus
D. sinuatum S. perplexus

Amarella scopulorum

d. Rimosae. The crevice and cranny vegetation of the
rocks consists of lichens, rupestrine ferns, alum roots, orpines,
selaginellas, and many shrubs, such as the Jamesia, the wax-
currant, juneberries, flowering raspberries, salmonberries,
roses, and gooseberries. The Rocky Mountain red cedar
stands often in grotesquely gnarled and twisted forms at
the verges of the crags. It mav be remarked that this flora
is of prime importance, since so large a portion of the region
‘consists of naked rock. In fact the foot-hill flora in general
is more or less rupestrine in character. There is gathered here

only the strictly rock-loving vegetation. These are typical

species :
Polypodium hesperium W. oregana
Dryopteris Filix-mas Filix fragilis

Woodsia scopulina Cryptogramma acrostichoides

30 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Cheilanthes Féei ~

C. Fendleri

Asplenium Trichomanes
A. Andrewsii

Belvisia septentrionalis
Selaginella Underwoodii
Sabina scopulorum
Parietaria Pennsylvanica
Talinum parviflorum
Physaria didymocarpa
P. floribunda

Sedum stenopetalum
Heuchera bracteata
Micranthes rhomboidea

[178

Edwinia Americana
Ribes Purpusi

R. pumilum
Oreobatus deliciosus
Rosa melina
Amelanchier oreophila
Xylophacos Parryi
Androsace puberulenta
A. pinetorum
Coleosanthus minor

C. albicaulis
Chrysopsis caudata
Senecio Nelsonii

S. longipetiolatus

D. MONTANAE

The Montane Flora begins at about the 8,000 foot level,
though, as we have seen, on the isolated peaks of the first
range of foot-hills the Foot-hill Flora still largely persists even
The Montane Flora
extends upward to the approximate altitude of 10,000 feet.

to the summits, or some 600 feet higher.
It is for the most part a forest of lodgepole pine. The zone
includes the slopes of the main range below 10,000 feet, and
also the higher portions of the adjacent mountain plateau.
Some of its characteristic species, indeed, tend to spread
throughout the mountain plateau, and in cold valleys may
even go as low as 6,000 feet. The montane as also the

subalpine slopes have abundant rainfall, showers occur-

ring nearly every afternoon. At least this was true of the sum-
mer of 1906. The ground is often boggy and springy, and
cold with snow water. On north and east slopes the snow

remains in the higher and deeper valleys till midsummer ;

179] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 31

hence the flowering season is short. In a period of about six
weeks, from the middle of July to the first of September, the
main part of the vegetation in these cool valleys is brought to
perfection. Species, which on the mesas had bloomed before
my arrival on the eighteenth of June, I found just in blossom
at Eldora on the mountainsides August thirty-first.

I saw too little of the Montane Flora, since I spent only
six days in collections, where it occurs, to be able to separate
it definitely into plant-societies. But the chief types as I saw it
at Ward, Eldora, and Glacier lake, will be briefly described.
In the Montane Subzone there are, perhaps, six tolerably
distinct types of vegetation-association: a. The montane
forest (Sylvales). b. The montane bog (Paludosae). c.
The montane lake (Lacustres). d. The arid brush slope
(Arbustales). e. The montane meadow (Pratenses). f.
The montane stream (Amnicolae).

a. Sylvales. The montane sylva consists of a close for-
est of lodgepole pine interspersed with some bull pine and
Rocky Mountain white pine, as well as with the various
spruces and firs. The spruces and firs occur principally in the
valleys, while on the barren ridges, the pines assume a scrub-
like form. On these ridges occur many peculiar species of
dwarf herbs—golden rods, asters, fleabanes, cat’s-feet, actin-
ellas, groundsels. A few of the more characteristic species of

the montane sylva are the following:

Pinus scopulorum Pseudotsuga mucronata

P. Murrayana Abies lasiocarpa

Apinus flexilis Calamagrostis purpurascens
Picea Engelmanni Trisetum subspicatum —

P. Parryana Avena striata

32

Poa longipedunculata
Agropyron Arizonicum
A. andinum

A. violaceum

Carex Geyeri

Cytherea bulbosa
Populus tremuloides
Aquilegia coerulea
Delphinium occidentalis
Erysimum Cockerellianum
Draba streptocarpa

D. aurea

Ribes lentum
Potentilla concinna
Fragaria glauca
Thermopsis divaricarpa
Tium alpinum
Atelophragma elegans
Aragallus deflexus
Conioselinum scopulorum
Eutoca sericea
Pentstemon oreophilus
P. alpinus

Castilleja integra

C. confusa

C. lauta

C. lancifolia

C. sulphurea
Pedicularis racemosa
P. Grayi

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

[180

Symphoricarpos oreophilus
Chrysopsis Bakeri
Oreochrysum Parryi
Solidago decurnbens

S. oreophila
Eucephalus Engelmannii
Aster Underwoodii

A. Porteri

A. Andrewsi1

Erigeron multifidus

. trifidus

. glandulosus

. superbus

. macranthus

. speciosus

. subtrinervis

esi coMes Ie eoIeo ime)

. eximius
Antennaria concinna
A. parvifolia

A. aprica

Anaphalis subalpina
Tetraneuris lanigera
Artemisia silvicola
Senecio pudicus

S. lanatifolius

S. ambrosioides
Cirsium Coloradense
Hieracium albiflorum
Agoseris Leontodon
A. humilis

b. Paludosae. The montane bog is characterized by

the presence of the quaking aspen and other Hudsonian plants.

181] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 33

The aspen, however, is not confined to the bogs, but forms
groves in slight depressions throughout the mountains, and oc-
curs on Green Mountain not much, if any, above 6,000 feet.
The aspen occurs in the drier portions of the bogs along with
other uliginose plants. The bog vegetation is very rich in
species. A fine specimen of the montane bog is found just
west of Eldora at an elevation of 8,600 feet. The following

are characteristic species :

Muhlenbergia simplex
M. filiformis

Phleum alpinum
Cinna latifolia
Trisetum montanum
T. subspicatum
Merathrepta intermedia
Poa reflexa

P. Vaseyana

Carex canescens

C. occidentalis

C. ebenea

C. Goodenovii

C. utriculata

Juncus Saximontanus
Juncoides parviflorum
Limnorchis stricta

L. borealis

Ibidium strictum
Populus tremuloides
Salix Scouleriana

S. brachycarpa

S. glaucops

S. chlorophylla

Betula glandulosa

Rumex densiflorus

Polygonum confertiflorum

Alsine longifolia
Aconitum Columbianum
A. insigne

A. ochroleucum
Ranunculus cardiophyllus
R. inamoenus

R. micropetalus

R. pedatifidus
Pectianthia pentandra
Micranthes arguta
Parnassia fimbriata
Dasiphora fruticosa
Sidalcea candida

Viola palustris

V. pallens

Epilobium adenocaulon
E. rubescens

E. anagallidifolium
Oxypolis Fendleri
Dodecatheon philoscia
Anthopogon barbellatus

34 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [182

Amarella plebeja E. jucundus
Pleurogyne fontana Gnaphalium palustre
Allocarya scopulorum Artemisia biennis
Mimulus puberulus Senecio triangularis
Veronica Wormskjoldii S. admirabilis —

Elephantella Groenlandica S. cymbalarioides
Erigeron minor Crepis denticulata
E. lonchophyllus

c. Lacustres.* The montane lacustrine and marginal,
vegetation I saw only at Glacier lake. Besides some aquatic
grasses, notably Deschampsia caespitosa, there occur the float-
ing bur-reed, Sparganium angustifolium, the white water-
crowfoot, Batrachium flaccidum, and the aquatic mudwort,
Limosella aquatica. The yellow pond-lily, Nymphaea poly-
sepala, grows also in some of these high lakes.

d. Arbustales. The arid brush slope vegetation consists
quite wholly of the true sage-brush, Artemisia tridentata. This
community is rare in the region, and I have seen it only be-
tween Glacier lake and Eldora near Bluebird mine.

e. Pratenses. The montane meadow is truly a paradise
of flowers. It is not uncommon to see acre upon acre of
meadow glorious with purple and blue and red and yellow and
white and scarlet. Never have I seen flowers anywhere else
in such profusion nor with such gorgeous hues—monkshoods,
larkspurs, louseworts, milk-vetches, locoweeds, squawweeds,
death-camasses, grasses, rushes, sedges, and blue-eyed grasses.
The following species are typical:

*For a detailed account of the vegetation of these high Jakes, con-
sult the paper by Ramaley and Robbins on Redrock lake near Ward
(Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-168).

183]

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO

Muhlenbergia Richardsonis Anemone globosa

M. simplex

Phleum alpinum
Agrostis asperifolia
Deschampsia caespitosa
Poa pratensis

P. reflexa

P. leptocoma

P. interior

P. Vaseyana
Festuca rubra
Carex occidentalis
Hoodii

festiva

ebenea

petasata

AAP asa

lanuginosa
Anticlea Coloradensis
Juncus longistylis

J. parous

J. Saximontanus
Sisyrinchium alpestre
S. angustifolium
Delphinium occidentale
Aconitum porrectum
A. Columbianum

A. insigne

A. ochroleucum

There is, of course,

Rupestres,

able to give an adequate account of it.

a montane

Clementsia rhodantha
Potentilla pulcherrima
P. Hippiana

P. propinqua
Dasiphora fruticosa
Geum Oregonense
Erythrocoma ciliata
Tium alpinum
Homalobus tenellus
Aragallus Lambertii
A. patens

A. Richardsonii
Geranium Richardsonii
Sidalcea candida
Dodecatheon radicatum
Castilleja sulphurea
Elephantella Groenlandica
Pedicularis Grayi
Valeriana ceratophylla
Erigeron Smithi
Arnica subplumosa
Senecio scopulinus

S. chloranthus

S. pseudaureus
Agoseris parviflora

A. laciniata

A. humilis

rupestrine

35

society,
but I am too little acquainted with it to be

I, however, noted the

36 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [184

austromontane saxifrage, Leptasea austromontana, and the
glandular phacelia, Phacelia glandulosa. There is also a brief
‘campestrian vegetation about Eldora, reproducing, in other
species, the facies of the Great Plains, Campestres;
I may instance as species: Grindelia subalpina, G. Eldorae,
Chrysothamnus Parryi, and C. elegans.

f. Amnicolae. The montane stream vegetation is seen
at its best about small rills. Along the larger streams it as-
sumes a typical riparian aspect, much like that of the canon
society of the foot-hills along the large streams. Since the
water in these streams is very cold inasmuch as they are fed
from the wasting snows of the alpine valleys, the montane
vegetation can scarcely be distinguished from the true sub-
alpine vegetation of the streams. The list of species will,
therefore, be deferred until the subalpine stream vegetation

is reached.

E. SUBALPESTRES

The Subalpine zone extends from about the 10000 foot
level to timberline, and hence coincides with the upper slopes
of the Main Range. It is in the main a forest of Engelmann
spruce, with occasional high meadows and bogs. Lakes, too,
are numerous.

I have personal knowledge of only two formations: a.
The subalpine forest (Sylvales). b. The subalpine stream
(Amnicolae).

a. Ses.lval. The subalpine forest consists mainly of
Engelmann spruce, Picea Engelmanni, and balsam fir,Abies
lasiocarpa. I have but a very slight knowledge of the herbs
characterizing this formation, but I noticed along the Arapahoe

Trail the following species, which I had not seen in the mon-

185 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 37

tane forest: Eriogonum subalpinum, Arnica Parryt, and Sene-
cio atratus. A large number of the montane sylvan species
were observed.

b. Amnicolae. The subalpine stream vegetation is very
luxuriant. It has on the one hand a very close affinity with
the montane stream vegetation, and on the other with that of
the wet alpine tundra. Not only does the snow linger late in
these high valleys, the water of the streams is also very cold.

In the list that follows the montane species are included as

well:

Poa platyphylla

P. alpina

Carex Goodenovii
Populus balsamifera
P. angustifolia

Salix caudata

S. Scouleriana
Betula fontinalis
Alnus tenuifolia
Bistorta bistortioides
Alsine Baicalensis
Caltha leptosepala
Trollius albiflorus
Anemone Canadensis
Ranunculus reptans
R. inamoenus

R. micropetalus

Cardamine cordifolia
C. incana

Clementsia rhodantha
Pectianthia pentandra
Micranthes arguta
Parnassia fimbriata
Sidalcea candida
Oxypolis Fendleri
Primula Parryi
Swertia palustris
Polemonium robustum
Mertensia polyphylla
Mimulus Langsdorfii
M. puberulus
Helianthella quinquenervis

Senecio triangularis

I am almost wholly unacquainted with the remaining sub-

alpine formations, such as the lacustrine, palustrous, rupes-

trine, the subalpine summit and high ridge floras. I saw a

38 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [186

little of these at Ward and on the high slopes'above Bloomer-
ville, and on Arapahoe Peak just below timberline, but I am

unable to give any clear account of the vegetation.*

F. ALPESTRES}+

Between 11,000 and 12,000 feet tree-growth ceases ab-
ruptly. The spruces and firs bend and hug the ground. The
willows branch and fork underground and rise to the height
of but a few inches. The precise altitude of the timberline
depends somewhat on the exposure, and differs, therefore,
from peak to peak, but 11,500 feet is, perhaps, on an average
the lower limit of the alpine zone. I am acquainted with this
zone only on Arapahoe Peak, where I spent one day, Septem-
ber first, and collected some 110 species, most of them above
timberline. The total number of species known to reach an
altitude of 12,000 feet, or above, in Colorado is 386.4

The alpine flora may be conveniently gathered into two
societies: a. The wet alpine tundra (Tundrales). b. The
dry rock-desert (Alpinae) of the summits.

a. Tundrales. The wet tundra occupies the region of
cold water-soaked soil. The water from the wasting snows

collects in depressions, streams are formed, and along these the

*T refer the reader to the excellent paper on Redrock lake near
Ward, by Ramaley and Robbins (Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-168).

+Consult for the Alpine Flora Cooper’s Alpine vegetation in the vi-
cinity of Long’s Peak, Colorado (Bot. Gaz., 45, 319-337). He recog-
nizes three plant formations: 1. The dry meadow. 2. The wet mead-
ow. 3. The Krummbholtz. The latter, while striking enough, is rather
but the upper level of the spruce forest, striving to persist in Alpine con-

ditions.

{For a list of these see the article by Cockerell on the Alpine Flora
of Colorado (Am, Nat., 40, 86-873).

187] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 39

vegetation clings. Often the streams flow concealed under the
dwarf spruces and firs, their existence there being known
only by their roaring underneath. Parry’s primrose, saxi-
frages, globeflowers, white cowslips, gentians, red elephants,
several sedges, grasses, and rushes are examples of the wet
tundra vegetation. The Krummboltz of spruce and fir at the
timberline consists chiefly of Engelmann spruce, Picea Engel-
manm, and balsam fir, Abies lasiocarpa. The wet tundra con-
tinues down to the lower edge of the alpine zone, whence it de-
scends and coalesces with the subalpine stream vegetation.

The following are characteristic species:

Lycopodium annetinum
Picea Engelmanni
Abies lasiocarpa
Alopecurus occidentalis
Trisetum majus

Poa reflexa

P. leptocoma

P. alpicola

P. alpina

Carex festiva

C. ebenea

C. bella

Juncus Drummondii
Juncoides spicatum
Salix glaucops

S. chlorophylla

Bistorta bistortioides

B. vivipara

Alsine Baicalensis
Caltha leptosepala

Trollius albiflorus

Ranunculus pedatifidus

R. alpeophilus

Thlaspi Coloradense

Draba Fladnizensis

Clementsia rhodantha

Pectianthia pentandra

Saxifraga debilis

Micranthes arguta

Viola Canadensis Neo-
Mexicani

Angelica Grayi

Pseudocymopterus
tenuifolius

Kalmia microphylla

Primula Parryi

Androsace subumbellata

A. diffusa

Anthopogon elegans

A. barbellatus

40 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [188

Amarella monantha Erigeron jucundus
A. plebeja Holmii E. salsuginosus
Swertia palustris E. superbus
Mertensia polyphylla Senecio carthamoides
Veronica Wormskjoldia S. blitoides
Castilleja Arapahoensis S. pseudaureus

Elephantella Groenlandica Hieracium gracile

Pedicularis Parryi

b. Alpinae. The dry rock-desert lies mingled with or
above the wet tundra and extends to the summit, wherever there
is soil not covered with snow. The vegetation suffers from ex-
treme exposure, and grows close to the ground, seldom, unless
sheltered by rocks, rising more than an inch or two in height.
In sheltered places under rocks, even at this extreme altitude,
I found several beautiful clusters of the blue columbine, the
state flower of Colorado, with stems twelve to eighteen inches
high, and with blossoms two inches across. The wooly-headed
thistle, too, was found of the same height. But in general
the vegetation is much dwarfed. Next to the wet tundra the
Krummholtz of spruce and fir still persists, under which I
detected some fine specimens of club-moss; but farther up
there is no shrubby vegetation except the underground wil-
lows. The vegetation grows in little rounded tussocks, and
consists of the alpine catch-fly, rock-primrose scarcely half
an inch high, sibbaldia, dryas, alpine clovers, dwarf sedges,
grasses, and rushes, and, last of all, the little yellow saxi-
frages and the snowflowers, which are often blossoming at the
snow-line. Now and then on the high exposed ridges the
beautiful rydbergia rises five or six inches above the mountain
turf, its stems and leaves and large yellow flowers swathed
in dense wool. For what must be the tribulations of this

189 |

alpine vegetation at the line of perpetual snow, with the alter-

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 41

nate freezing by night and thawing by day, with the keen light,
And yet
It shares the fascina-

and bleak winds, and the fierce fury of the storms?
the alpine flora is exquisitely beautiful.
tion of its sublime mountain home, to which it lends the only
touch of delicate grace. I append a list of alpine summit
species, most of which I found on Arapahoe Peak or are known

to grow there:

\

Trisetum subspicatum
Poa crocata
P. rupicola
P. Pattersonii
P. longipedunculata
Festuca brachyphylla
F. minutiflora
Agropyron violaceum
Carex incurva

. atrata

. chalciolepis

. rigida

C

C

Cc

C. chimaphila
C. nigricans
C. Pyrenaica
C. rupestris
C. obtusata
C. capillaris

Juncus triglumis

J. castaneus

Allium Pikeanum
Erythronium parviflorum

Lloydia serotina

Salix pseudolapponicum
S. petrophila

S. Saximontana
Monolepis Nuttalliana
Oxyria digyna
Paronychia pulvinata
Claytonia megarrhiza
Oreobroma pygmaea
Arenaria Tweedyi

A. Fendleri
Alsinopsis propinqua
A. obtusiloba

Silene acaulis
Aquilegia coerulea
Ranunculus adoneus
Thlaspi Nuttallii

T. purpurascens
Erysimum nivale

E. Cockerellianum
Draba crassifolia

D. cana

D. streptocarpa

D. luteola

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

D. aureiformis

D. aurea

D. decumbens

Sedum stenopetalum
Heuchera Hallii

H. parvifolia
Micranthes rhomboidea
Leptasea chrysantha
L. austromontana

L. flagellaris
Potentilla dissecta
Sibbaldia procumbens
Erythrocoma ciliata
Acomastylis turbinata
A. Arapahoensis

Dryas octopetala
Amelanchier polycarpa
Trifolium lividum

T. dasyphyllum
Epilobium anagallidifolium
Vaccinium scoparium
Primula angustifolia
P. Parryi
Dasystephana Romanzovii
D. Parryi
Polemonium scopulinum
P. delicatum

P. Brandegeet:

Eutoca sericea
Mertensia alpina

M. perplexa

Pentstemon glaucus
stenosepalus

Chionophila Jamesii

Besseya alpina

Castilleja occidentalis

Pedicularis scopulorum

Campanula uniflora

Tonestus pygmaeus

Solidago decumbens

Erigeron pinnatisectus

E. multifidus

E. melanocephalus

E. simplex

E. leucotrichus

Antennaria media

. umbrinella

. imbricata

. corymbosa

aprica

> > > > >

. anaphaloides
Tetraneuris lanigera
Rydbergia grandiflora
Artemisia spithamea
Arnica platyphylla
A. Parryi

Senecio crassulus

S. atratus

S. crocatus

Cirsium scopulorum
C. griseum

Crepis alpicola

191 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 43
IV. SPECIAL CLASSES OF PLANTS

Independent of the five great zones of vegetation are two
special classes of plants: A. The saprophytic and parasi-
tic plants (SAPROPHYTICALES ET PARASITI-
CALES). B. The plants which largely owe their presence to
human agency (ANTHROPOPHYTICALES). These
consist of the various cultural plants, of weeds, and of es-
capes.

A. SAPROPHYTICALES ET PARASITICALES

Besides the saprophytic and parasitic fungi there are a
few phanerogams, which are destitute of chlorophyl and are
true saprophytes or parasites. The following are known to
occur in the region:

Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza (saprophytic in rich soil)

C. multiflora (saprophytic in rich soil )

Razoumofskya Americana (parasitic on lodgepole pine)

R. cryptopoda (parasitic on bull pine)

Pterospora Andromedea (parasitic on the roots of bull
pine)

Cuscuta curta (parasitic on Iva xanthifolia and other
coarse herbs)

C. indecora (parasitic on Thermopsis pinetorum and other
legumes )

Thalesia fasciculata (parasitic on Artemisia frigida and
other Composites )

There are also a few root-parasites with green foliage,
notably Comandra pallida, Gerardia Besseyana, and the Cas-
tillejas.

B. ANTHROPOPHYTICALES

Only three kinds of anthropophytic plants need concern
us here: a. Forage plants (Faenales), which have become

44 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [192

thoroughly naturalized. b. Weeds (Ruderales). c. Cul-
tural and ornamental plants that have escaped (Fugitivae).

a. Faenales. Most of the common forage grasses and
clovers have become thoroughly established about Boulder.
I have noted the following:

Phleum pratense Festuca elatior

Agrostis alba Lolium Italicum
Dactylis glomerata Trifolium pratense
T. repens

T. hybridum

Medica sativa

Poa pratensis

P. compressa

P. trivialis

b. Ruderales. In the appended list of weeds only those
that have been introduced from elsewhere, or, if native, are
also common weeds in many parts of the United States, have
been included. However, many native species, such as the
various gum-weeds and spurges, must often be bad weeds in
cultivated grounds. But to do justice to the ruderal aspects
of the native flora would require much special study, such as
one is unable to make in the course of a few weeks, and es-
pecially one who is unfamiliar with agriculture as carried on
in Colorado. I noted the following weeds:

Syntherisma sanguinale B. secalinus

Panicum capillare
Echinochloa Crus-galli
Chaetochloa glauca

C. viridis

Cenchrus Carolinianus
Avena fatua
Eragrostis major

Poa annua

Bromus brizaeformis

B. hordeaceus

B. tectorum

Rumex Acetosella
R. crispus

R. obtusifolius
Polygonum erectum
P. aviculare
Persicaria Persicaria

Tiniaria Convolvulus

| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO

Chenopodium leptophyllum Mentha spicata

C. album

C. hybridum

C. Botrys

Salsola Tragus
Amaranthus retroflexus
A. blitoides

A. graecizens
Mollugo verticillata
Portulaca oleracea
P. retusa

Alsine media

Silene antirrhina

S. noctiflora
Vaccaria Vaccaria
Thlaspi arvense
Bursa Bursa-pastoris
Sisymbrium officinale
Brassica juncea

B. nigra

Camelina sativa

Tridophyllum Monspeliensis

Medicago Lupulina
Melilotus alba

M. officinale
Erodium cicutarium
Malva rotundifolia
Pastinaca sativa
Convolvulus arvensis
Nepeta Cataria
Glecoma hederacea
Leonurus Cardiaca

Physalis Virginiana
P. heterophylla
Datura Stramonium
D. Tatula
Verbascum Thapsus
V. Blattaria

Veronica serpyllifolia
V. Byzantina
Plantago major

P. lanceolata
Micrampelis lobata
Iva xanthifolia

I. axillaris

Ambrosia trifida

A. artemisifolia

A. psilostachya
Xanthium commune
Erigeron ramosus
Leptilon Canadense
Helianthus petiolaris
Bidens vulgata
Boebera papposa
Anthemis Cotula
Tragopogon pratensis
T. porrifolius
Cichorium Intybus
Taraxacum Taraxacum
Lactuca integrata
Sonchus arvense

S. asper

45

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [194

c. Fugitivae. I noted the following escapes:

Chaetochloa Italica
Avena sativa
Triticum vulgare
Hordeum sativum
hexastichon
Asparagus officinale
Atriplex hortensis
Saponaria officinalis
Delphinium Ajacis
Papaver Argemone
Armoracia Armoracia

Brassica campestris
Koniga maritima

Raphanus sativus

Ribes vulgare

Althaea rosea

Carum Carvi

Pharbitis purpurea
Lycopsis arvensis

Lycium vulgare
Lycopersicon Lycopersicon

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Allison, Edith M. Bibliography and history of Colorado botany.
Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 51-76, 1908.

Clements, Frederic E. Formation and succession herbaria.
Univ. of Neb. Studies, 4, 329-355.

Cockerell, T. D. A. The alpine flora of Colorado. Am. Nat.,
40, 861-873.

Cooper, William S. Alpine vegetation in the vicinity of Long’s
Peak, Colorado. Bot. Gaz., 45, 319-337.

Dodds, Gideon S. Students of mesa and foothill vegetation, I.
1. Geology and physiography of the mesas. Univ. of Colo. Studies,
6, 11-19.

Ramaley, Francis. Botanical opportunity in Colorado. Univ.
of Colo. Studies, 6, 5-10.

Ramaley, Francis. Botany of northeastern Larimer County,
Colo. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 119-131.

Ramaley, Francis. Plants of the Florissant region in Colorado.
Univ. of Colo. Studies, 3, 177-185.

Ramaley, Francis. Remarks on some Northern Colorado plant
communities with special reference to Boulder Park (Tolland, Col-
orado). Univ. of Colo. Studies, 7, 223-236.

Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado, I. Trees of the Pine
family in Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 4, 109-122.

Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado, IJ. The poplars,
aspens, and cottonwoods. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 4, 187-197.

Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado, 888. Woody plants
of Boulder County. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 47-63.

Ramaley, Francis. Studies of mesa and foothill vegetation,
I. 2. Climatology of the mesas near Boulder. Univ. of Colo. Stud-
ies, 6, 19-31.

Ramaley, Francis. The University of Colorado mountain lab-

oratory. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 7, 91-95.
195] 47

48 BIBLIOGRAPHY [196

Ramaley, Francis, and Robbins, W. W. Ecological notes from
North-Central Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 5, 111-117.

Ramaley, Fancis, and Robbins, W. W. Studies in lake and
streamside vegetation, I. Redrock lake near Ward, Colorado. Univ.
of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-168.

Robbins, W. W. Climatology and vegetation in Colorado. Bot.
Gaz., 49, 256-280.

Robbins, W. W. Studies in mesa and foothill vegetation, I. 4.
Distribution of deciduous trees and shrubs on the mesas. Univ.
of Colo. Studies, 6, 36-49.

Robbins, W. W., and Dodds, G. S. Studies in mesna and foot-
hill vegitation, I. 38. Distribution of conifers os the mesas. Univ.
of Colo. Studies, 6, 31-36.

Shantz, H. L. A biological study of the lakes of the Pike’s
Peak region. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc., 27, 75-98.

Shantz, H. L. A study of the vegetation of the mesa region
east of Pike’s Peak. Bot. Gaz, 42, 16-47; 179-207.

Young, R. T. Forest formations of Boulder County, Colorado.
Bot. Gaz. 44, 321-352.

FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO,
AND VICINITY

Subkingdom I. PTERIDOPHYTA, Fern-worts.

Order 1. OPHIOGLOSSALES.

Family 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. Adder’s-tongue
family.

1. BOTRYCHIUM Swartz. Moonwort.

1. B, Virginianum (L.) Swartz. VIRGINIA GRAPE-FERN.
Forested slopes of Green Mt., above 7000 ft.; very scarce,
only two or three plants discovered (Daniels, 606).*
Laprapor to British Cotumpia; FLroripA to TExas and
WASHINGTON.

Order 2. FILICALES.

Family 2. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Polypody family.
2. POLYPODIUM L. Potyropy.

2. P. hesperlum Maxon. WESTERN POLYPODY.

On a single rock in a cafion on the north slope of Green
Mt., 7500 ft. (Daniels, 605).

Montana to British CoLumBiA and WASHINGTON; COoLo-
RADO to ARIZONA.

3. DRYOPTERIS Adans. SHIELD-FERN.

3. D. Filix-mas (L.) Schott [Aspidiwm Filix-mas (L.)
Swartz]. MALE-FERN.

Summit of South Boulder Peak; Bear Cafion; high cafions

of Green Mt.; Boulder Cafion near Falls; apparently quite

* See preface for explanation of numbers.

197] 49

50 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [198

evenly, but not abundantly distributed throughout in moist
rocky cafions, 6000-8600 ft. (Daniels, 555).

Nova Scotia and Micuicgan to ALaskA; NEw Mexico and
CoLoRADo to CALIFORNIA.

4, WOODSIA R. Br.

4. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Ciirr Woopsta.

The most abundant fern of the foot-hills and lower moun-
tainsides, occurring wherever rocks are exposed to the sur-
face, 5700-8100 ft. (Daniels, 156).

Micuican to British CcLumBpia; COLORADO and ARIZONA
to CALIFORNIA.

5. W. Oregana D. C. Eaton. Mountain Woopsta.

With the preceding, but much scarcer, and ranging to the
timberline or above, 5600-11000 ft. (Daniels, 361). Long’s
Peak (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Micuican to British Cotumpia; CoLorApo and ARIZONA
to CALIFORNIA.

5. FIIX Adans. BLADDER-FERN.

6. F. fragilis (L.) Underw. [Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.].
FRAGILE-FERN.
Throughout on the moister rocks; apparently the only
fern of the plains region, 5100-13000 ft. (Daniels, 23).
Almost cosmopolitan.

6. PTERIDIUM Scop. BRACKEN.

7. P. aquilinum pubescens Underw. Hairy BRAKE.

Cafions of Green Mt., and gulches at the foot of the Flat-
irons; Bear Cafion; local, but abundant where found, 5800-
10000 ft. (Daniels, 277).

Monrana and Cortorapo to ArIzoNA and CALIFORNIA.

7. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. PARSLEY-FERN.

8. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Rock PARSLEY-FERN.

High ridges of rock, descending on Green Mt. to about
6500 ft., thence to above 11000 ft. (Daniels, 271).

Micuican to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

199] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 51

8. CHEILANTHES Swartz. Lip-FERN.

g. C. Féei Moore [C. gracilis Mett.; C. lanuginosa Nutt.].
WOOLLY LIP-FERN.

Growing with Asplenium Andrewsit A. Nelson on the south
face of a white sandstone (alkaline) cliff extending along
Boulder creek for a mile or more (Andrews, in Nelson, Proc.
of the Biol. Soc. of Wash., 17, 175).

InLrnois and Minnesota to BririsH CotumBia; Missouri
to Texas and ARIzONA.

10. C. Fendleri Hook. FENDLER’S LIP-FERN.
Dry rocks, Boulder, 5900-8500 ft. (Rydberg).

CoLorapo and TrExas to CALIFORNIA.
9, ASPLENIUM L. Sprreenwort.

11. A. Trichomanes L. MaIpDEN-HAIR SPLEENWORT.
Limestone rocks, South Boulder Canon, 5400-7000 it.
(Rydberg).
NortH AMERICA: Europe: AsIA: SOUTH AFRICA: PACIFIC
ISLANDS.

12. A. Andrewsii A. Nelson. ANDREWS’S SPLEENWORT.
Growing abundantly in crevices with Cheilanthes Féci
Moore (Andrews, in Nelson, loc. cit. pp. 174-175).
Known only from the type locality as above.

10. BELVISIA Mirb. Grass-FERN.

13. B. septentrionalis (L.) Mirb. [Asplemum septentrio-
nalis (L.) Hoffm.] NorTHERN GRASS-FERN.
Bald ridges of Green Mt.; south slope of Bear Mt.; South
Boulder Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 358).
Soutu Daxora to Monrana; New MExico to ARIZONA.

52 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [200

Order 3. EQUISETALES.
Family 3. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail family.
11. EQUISETUM L. MHorserait.

14. E. arvense L. FIELD HORSETAIL.

Swales and shores of streams; sandy moist meadows, 5100-
10000 ft. (Daniels, 260).

NortH AMERICA: Europe: ASIA.

15. E. laevigatum A. Br. SMOOTH SCOURING RUSH.

Along streams and railway embankments in the plains
and on the mountains, 5100-12500 ft. (Daniels, 392).

New Jersey to British Co_umpia; NorTH CAROLINA to
Mexico and CaLrFornia.

Order 4. LYCOPODIALES.
Family 4. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Clubmoss family.
12. LYCOPODIUM L. Ciusmoss.

16. L. annotinum L. StirF CLUBMOSS.

Under dwarf and procumbent shrubs, hidden almost com-
pletely from view, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11000-
11500 ft. (Daniels, 370).

LaBRADOR to ALASKA; WEST VIRGINIA to COLORADO and
WASHINGTON: EUROPE: ASIA.

Family 5. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Selaginella
family.
18. SELAGINELLA Beauv. LItTtLe cLUBMoss.

17. §. densa Rybd.[S. Engelmanni Hieron.] DENSE SELA-
GINELLA.
Forests, Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Soutu Daxora to Montana; NesRaAsKaA to COLORADO.

174%. §. Underwoodii Hieron. [S. rupestris Fendlert Un-
derw.]. UNDERWOOD’S SELAGINELLA.
Common on exposed rocks, 6000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 151).
Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
CoLorabo to New Mexico.

201 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 53

Subkingdom II, SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed plants.
Class1. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Order 5. PINALES.
Family 6. PINACEAE Lind]. Pine family.
14, PINUS L. Prne.

18. P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon [P. ponderosa scopu-
lorum Engelm.]. BULL PINE.
Common on the higher mesas, foothills, and mountains,
5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 97).
South Daxkota and Nersraska to Montana; Trexas to
ARIZONA.

19. P. contorta Murrayana (Oreg. Com.) Engelm. Lopce
POLE PINE.
Mountains about Ward, and between Sugarloaf Mt. and
Glacier Lake, 7000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 302).
Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

15. APINUS Necker. CEMBRA PINE.

20. A. flexilis (James) Rydb. [Pinus flexils James].
Rocky MOUNTAIN WHITE PINE.
Rare on high ridges of Green Mt.; also at Ward, 7300-
11000 ft. (Daniels, 771).
ALBERTA to TEXAS and CALIFORNIA.

16. PICEA Link. Spruce.

21. P. Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm. ENGELMANN SPRUCE.
Bear Cafion; Boulder Cafion near Falls; common upon the
main range of the mountains, 7000 (Bear Caiion) -11000 ft.
(Daniels, 294).
ALBERTA to British Cotumpia; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

22. P. Parryana (Andrée) Sarg. [P. pungens Engelm.].
BLUE SPRUCE.
Common in cafions throughout, 6500-10000 ft. (Cockerell);
Fourth of July Mine; South Boulder Cafion (Ramaley).
Wyomine and New Mexico to Uran.

54 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [202

17. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Rep Fir.

23. BP. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. [P. Douglasti Carr.].
DOUGLAS SPRUCE.

Abundant on the foothills and mountains; some trees have
green foliage, others glaucous blue, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels,
142).

ALBERTA to BritisH CoLumpia; Texas to Mexico and
CALIFORNIA.

18. ABIES Miller. Batsam Fir.

24. AA, lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. WESTERN BALSAM FIR.
North slope of Green Mt.; Bear Cafion; Boulder Cafion
near Falls and above them; common on the main mountain
range, 7000 (Bear Cafion) -11000 ft. (Daniels, 303).
ALBERTA to ALaskA; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

Family 7. JUNIPERACEAE Horan. Juniper family.

19. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.

25. J. Sibirica Burgsd. MouUNTAIN JUNIPER.
Mesa at the foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels,
182). Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Laprapor to ALasKka; MassacHusETts and MuicuHicGan to
Utau: Europe: ASIA.

20. SABINA Haller. Savin.

26. §. scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb. [Juniperus scopulorum
Sarg.]. Rocky MOUNTAIN RED CEDAR.
High mesas and mountain crags; some trees have green
foliage, others glaucous blue, 5700-8500 (Daniels, 217).
ALBERTA to British CoLumBra; Texas to ARIZONA and
OREGON.

203] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 55
Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES,
Order 6. PANDANALES.
Family 8. TYPHACEAE Jo Sito Lehi, Cattail family.

Pal, UM aeo Ib) (Amerie,

27. 1. latifolia L. Broap-LEAVED CATTAIL.

Swales and bogs in. the plains, common, 5100-5600 ft.
(Daniels, 408).

Nortu AMERICA, except the far north: EUROPE: AsIA.

Family 9. SPARGANIACEAE Agard. Bur-reed family.

22. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reep.

28. 8S. angustifolium Michx. [S. simplex angustifolium
(Michx.) Engelm.]. NARROW-LEAVED BUR-REED.
Floating in a pond at Glacier Lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 620).
Also Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
NEWFOUNDLAND to OREGON; NEw York to CALIFORNIA.

Order 7. NAIADALES.

Family 10. ZANICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Zanichellia
family.

23. POTAMOGETON L. Ponpweep.

29. P.lonchites Tuckerm. [P. fluitans Roth.] Lonc-LEAvED
PONDWEED.
Owen’s lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 683).
NEw Brunswick to WASHINGTON; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA.
29%. P.alpinus Balbis [P. rufescens Schrad.]. ALPINE POND-
WEED.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins.).
Nova Scotra to ALasKA; New Jersey to CALIFORNIA.

56 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [204

30. P. heterophyllus Schreb. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Near Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg).
NortH AMERICA, except extreme north: Europe.

31. P. foliosus Raf. [P. pauciflorus Pursh]. Lrary PoNp-
WEED.
Streams and ditches east of Boulder, 5100-5500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 736).
New Brunswick to BritisH CoLumBiA; FLoripa to CaL-
IFORNIA,

32. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. SprraAL PONDWEED.

Swales along railroad between Boulder and Marshall,
5400 ft. (Daniels, 486). Not included in Rydberg’s Flora of
Colorado.

Nova Scotia to MINNESOTA; VIRGINIA to COLORADO.

33. P. pectinatus L. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Owen’s lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 681).
Nort AMERICA: EUROPE.
24. ZANICHELLIA L.
34. Z. palustris L. Marsa ZANICHELLIA.
Owen’s lake; Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 682). Red-

rock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
NortH TEMPERATE ZONE.

Order 8. ALISMALES.
Family 11. ALISMACEAE DC. Water-plantain family.

25. ALISMA L. WatTER-PLANTAIN.

35. A. Plantago L. ComMoN WATER-PLANTAIN.

Bogs west of Marshall; swales, ditches, streams, and ponds
east of Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 424).

NorTHERN HEMISPHERE.

26. SAGITTARIA L. ARROWHEAD.
36. S. arifolia J. G. Smith. ARUM-LEAVED ARROWHEAD.
With the preceding, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 441).
QuEBEC to BriTisH CoLtumBiA; MAINE and MIcHIGAN to
New Mexico and CaLtFornia.

205] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 57

Order 9. POALES.
Family 12. POACEAE R. Br. Meadowgrass family.

27. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. BuNcH-GRASS.
37. §. scoparium (Michx.) Nash [Andropogon scoparius
Michx.]. BRroom-Grass.
Common in dry plains and mesas; occasional in the lower
foothills, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 478).
NEw Brunswick to SASKATCHEWAN; FLORIDA to TEXAS.

28. ANDROPOGON L. Berarp-crass.
38. A. fureatus Muhl. TuRKEY-FOOT GRASS.
Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 512).
Marne to SASKATCHEWAN; FLorIDA to TExas and CoLo-
RADO.
39. A. chrysocomus Nash. GOLDEN BEARD-GRASS,
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
486).
NEBRASKA to COLORADO; Kansas to TEXAS.
29. SORGHASTRUM Nash. INDIAN Grass.

4o. §. nutans (L.) Nash [Chrysopogon nutans (L.) Benth.].
NoppincG INDIAN GRASS.
Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
655).

ONTARIO to MANITOBA; FLORIDA to ARIZONA.

30. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Crap GrAss.
41. §. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. [Panicum sanguinale L.].
FINGER GRASS.
Along roadsides, and in yards and fields, still uncommon,
5300-5700 ft. (Daniels).
Op Wor Lp, thence to the NEw.

31. PANICUM L. Panic-crAss.

42. P. capillare L. WutTcH GRASS.
Along roads and railroads, and in yards and fields, appear-
ing as if introduced, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 586).

58 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [206

A form, undoubtedly native, with somewhat narrower
leaves, slenderer stems, which are branched from the root,
the sheaths less hairy and less prominently papillose, the
spikelets acute and greenish, or the uppermost purplish,
occurs in swales in the plains region, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels,
985). An analogous, or perhaps identical form, gathered by
P. A. Rydberg in the sand-hills of Nebraska, is referred by
him (somewhat doubtfully) to P. capillare agreste Gatt. with
the remark that the form is named var. occidentale in the
National Herbarium with no published description (Rydberg
U. S. Nat. Herb. Cont. 3, 186).

Throughout SouTHERN CANADA and the Unirep States.

43. P.virgatum L. Tat switcH GRAss.
Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
397).

Marne to AssINIBoIA; FLORIDA to ARIZONA.

43%. BP. Tennesseense Ashe. TENNESSEE PANIC-GRASS.
Collected by Jones at South Boulder (Hitchcock and Chase).
Marne to Mrnnesora and UTAH; GeorciA to ARIZONA.

44. P. Scribnerianum Nash [P. scoparium Auct., not Lam.].
SCRIBNER’S PANIC-GRASS.
Common among rocks on the foot-hills, but occurring oc-
casionally on the mesas and plains, 5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, gg).
Maine to BritisH CoLumBIA; VIRGINIA to ARIZONA and
OREGON.

32. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. BARNYARD GRASS.

45. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. [Panicum Crus-galli L.].
COCKSPUR GRASS.
Common in waste places and along irrigation ditches,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 741).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

45a. HE. Crus-galli mutica (Vasey) Rydb.
With the type (Daniels, 997).
Range of the type.

207] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 59

33. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxratt.

46. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.].
YELLOW FOXTAIL.
Along streets and waste places, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels,
773):

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

47. (. viridis (L.) Scribn. [S. viridis (L.) Beauv.]. GREEN
FOXTAIL.
With the preceding, but far more common, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 507).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

48. C. Italica (L.) Scribn. [S. Italica (L.) Kunth.]. Irartan
MILLET.
Escaped to roads and waste places, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels):
The OLp Wor Lp, thence to the New.

34. CENCHRUS L. Bur-crass.

49. C€. Carolinianus Walt. [C. tribuloides Auct., not L.].
SAND-BUR.
Along railroads and on the sandy shores of streams, 5 100-
6500 ft. (Daniels, 776).
Marne to MInnESoTA; FLorIDA to TEXAS and CoLoRApbo.

35. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. CatTcH-FLY GRASS.

50. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. [Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.].
RICE CUT-GRASS.
Swales, streams, and irrigation ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 786).
Nova Scotia to WasHINGTON; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA:
Europe: ASIA.

36. PHALARIS L. CANARY-GRASS.

51. P. arundinacea L. RreeD CANARY-GRASS.

Swales and wet meadows near Boulder lake, 5300 ft.
(Daniels, 732).

Temperate NortH AMERICA: Europe: ASIA.

60 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [208

3614. HIEROCHLOE Gmel. Hoty crass.

51%. H. odorata (L.) R. and S. [Savastana odorata (L.)
Scribn; H. borealis R. and S.] SWEET HOLY GRASS.
Redrock lake, to100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Laprapor to ALASKA; NEw JeERSEY to ARIZONA; EUROPE:
ASIA.

3¢. ARISTIDA L. TripLe-AWNED GRASS.

52. A. fasciculata Torr. BusHy POVERTY-GRASS.
In the plains, scarce, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 777).
Kansas to CatirorniA; Texas to MExico.

53. A. longiseta Steud. LoNnc-AWNED POVERTY-GRASS.
Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8500 ft.
(Daniels, 300). Also on the mountains between Sunshine
and Ward (Rydberg).
ILLtnoIs to WASHINGTON; TExAs to MExIco.

38. STIPA L. Porcupine GRASS.

54. §S. comata Trin. & Rupr. WESTERN PORCUPINE GRASS.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 197).
ALBERTA to ALaskA; NEw MExico to CaLiFornia.
55. 8. viridula Trin. [S. parviflora Americana Schultes].
GREENISH PORCUPINE GRASS.
Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8500
ft. (Daniels, 301). Also at Gato (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Kansas to Uran.

56. SS. Nelsonii Scribn. NELSON’S PORCUPINE GRASS.

On the mesas, foothills, and mountain sides, 5700-10000
ft. (Daniels, 365).
AssInrpo1A to IDAHO and CoLorapbo.

57. 8. Scribneri Vasey. SCRIBNER’S PORCUPINE GRASS.

On the plains, mesas, foothills and mountainsides, 5100-
g500 ft. (Daniels, 749).

CoLorapo to New Mexico.

209] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 61

58. S. Lettermannii Vasey. LrTTERMANN’S PORCUPINE GRASS.
Barren hilltops east of the Flat-irons, 5800 ft. (Daniels,
184).
Wyominec to IpaHo; CoLorapo to UTAH.
39. ORYZOPSIS Michx. MounrTaAIN RICE.

59. 0. micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurber. SMatLi-FLow-
ERED MOUNTAIN RICE. ;
Rocky soil on the mesas and foothills, 5700-8500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 260).
ASSINIBOIA to Montana; NEBRASKA to ARIZONA.

40. ERIOCOMA Nutt.
60. E. cuspidata Nutt. [Oryzopsis cuspidata (Nutt.) Benth.].
SILKY MOUNTAIN RICE.
Barren mesa near entrance to Bear Cafion, 5800-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 765).
SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON; TExas and Mexico to
CALIFORNIA.

41. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-sEED GRASS.

61. M. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. [M. glomerata Trin.].
MARSH DROP-SEED GRASS.
Cafion on Green Mt.; subalpine meadows at Eldora,
6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 526).
NEWFOUNDLAND to British CoLumBia; NEw JERSEY to
New Mexico.

62. M. cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. [Sporobolus cuspidatus
(Torr.) Woods]. PRAIRIE RUSH-GRASS.
Dry ledges, Gregory Cafion, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 371).
Manirospa to ALBERTA; Missouri to COLORADO.

63. M. Richardsoni (Trin.) Rydb. [Vilfa Richardsomi
Trin.; Sporobolus depauperatus Coulter in part]. Ricu-
ARDSON’S RUSH-GRASS.

Subalpine meadows and open bogs, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Dan-

iels, 840).

Anticosti to British CoLtumpia; NEw Mexico to Catti-

FORNIA.

62 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [210

64. M. simplex (Scribn.) Rydb. [Sporobolus simplex Scribn.]}.
SIMPLE RUSH-GRASS.

In shallow water, aspen bogs about Glacier Lake, gooo ft.
(Daniels, 708). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward,
(Rydberg).

NEBRASKA to WyominG and New Mexico.

65. M. filiformis (Thurber) Rydb. [Vilfa depauperata fili-
formis Thurber]. FILiFORM RUSH-GRASS.
Subalpine bogs, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 366).
Wyominc to OREGON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

66. M. gracilis Trin. SLENDER DROP-SEED.

Summits of crags on the foot-hills, thence to subalpine
mountain-ridges, the most characteristic grass of such places,
6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 208).

CoLoRAbDO to CALIFORNIA; TExas to MExico.

42. LYCURUS H. B. K.

67. UL. phleoides H. B. K. Fatse tTImMotHy.
Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg).
Cotorapo and TrExas to ARIZONA and Mexico.

43. PHLEUM L. Timorny.

68. P. pratense L. CoMMON TIMOTHY.

Throughout the area of cultivation, but has penetrat-
ed distant cafions, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 504).

Temperate OLp Wor Lp, thence to all temperate lands.
69. P. alpinum L. Mountain TIMOTHY.

Subalpine meadows from Glacier Lake to Eldora; above
timber-line, Arapahoe Peak, 8500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 632).

Circumboreal and alpine, Europe: Asta: NortH AMERICA.

44, ALOPECURUS L. Foxrait.

70. A. aristulatus Michx. [d. fulvus J. E. Smith]. Swamr
FOXTAIL.
Along irrigation ditches and at the margins of ponds and
puddles, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 246).
MaINneE to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to CALIFORNIA.

2it]| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 63

7i. A. oceidentalis Scribn. [A. alpinus Coulter, not L.].
WESTERN FOXTAIL.
Above timber-line, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-11500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 942). i
ALBERTA to BriTIsH CoLumsBia; CoLorapo to Uran.

45. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Dropserep.

72, §. airoides Torr. HArr-GRASS DROPSEED.

Alkaline flats about Boulder lake, scarce, 5300 ft. (Dan-
iels, 731).

NEBRASKA and TExas to CALIFORNIA.

73. SS. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. SAND DROPSEED.
Common on the plains, mesas, and grassy slopes of the
foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 513).
MASSACHUSETTS to WASHINGTON; PENNSYLVANIA to ARIZONA
and Mexico.

74. §. heterolepis Gray. NORTHERN DROPSEED.

Common along the railroad between Boulder and Mar-
shall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 518).

QUEBEC to SASKATCHEWAN; PENNSYLVANIA to COLORADO.

75. . asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurber. RoucH prop-
SEED.
Common on the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 493).
ASSINIBOIA to BriTISH CoLumBiA; Missouri and TExAs to
CALIFORNIA.

46. POLYPOGON Desf. BEARD-GRASS.

76. BP. Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. DitcH FOXTAIL.

Common along irrigation ditches east of Boulder, 5100-
5500 ft. (Daniels, 676).

Europe and Asia, thence to NoRTH AMERICA.

47. CINNA L. Woop REED-GRASS.

77. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. [C. pendula Trin.]. SLENDER
WOOD REED-GRASS.
Deep cafions in shade, frequent; in aspen bogs at Glacier
lake and Eldora, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 987).

64 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [212

NEWFOUNDLAND to British CoLtumspiA; NoRTH CAROLINA to
Urau: Europe,

48. AGROSTIS L. Bernt-crass.
78. A.alba L. WHITE BENT-GRASS. REeED-TOP.

Common about ditches and swales throughout the culti-
vated area, and already penetrating remote cafions, where
the smaller forms are quite possibly native. The larger
cultivated form is A. alba vulgaris (With.) Thurber, 5100-
8600 ft. (Daniels, 689).

Mostly naturalized from Europe, and now in all temper-
ate lands; there are indigenous boreal and alpine forms in
NortH AMERICA.

79. A. asperifolia Trin. [A. exarata Coult. in part, not Trin.].
HARSH BENT-GRASS.
Moist meadows throughout, 5100-10500 ft. (Daniels, 376)
Manirospa and New Mexico to CALiFoRNIA.

791%. A. Rossae Vasey [A. varians Trin.]. Miss Ross’s BenT-
GRASS.
Long’s Peak (Holm).
BritisH CotumBiIA to CoLorapo and CALIFORNIA.

80. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. [A. scabra Willd.]. Hatr-
GRASS.

Common throughout in both dry and moist soil, 5100-
t1000 ft. (Daniels, 374). Also on the mountains between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

NortH AMERICA, except the extreme north.

80%. A. tenuiculmis Nash [A. ¢enwzs Vasey]. THIN BENT-
GRASS.
Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana to WASHINGTON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

49. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. ReEeEp-cRAsS.
8r. C. purpurascens R. Br.- [Deyeuxria sylvatica Vasey,
not DC.]. PURPLE BLUE-JOINT.
Barren ridges in the foothills and mountains, common,

6000-12500 ft. (Daniels, 700). Long’s Peak (Holm).
GREENLAND to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

213] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 65

82. C. Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. [Deyeuxia Canadensis
(Michx.) Munro]. CANADA BLUE-JOINT.

Along streams in the plains; also in deep cafions and aspen
bogs in the foothills and mountains, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels,
649).

Lasprapor to British CoLumpra; NorTH CAROLINA to
‘ CALIFORNIA.

50. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hair-crass.

83. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUurrepD HAIR-GRASS.

Wet margins of Glacier lake, often in water of some
depth, 9000 ft. (Daniels, 617). Redrock lake, ro100 ft. (Ram-
aley and Robbins).

NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; NEW JERSEY to CALIFORNIA.

51. TRISETUM Pers. Fatser oat.

84. T. spicatum (L.) Richter [7. subspicatum molle Gray].
NARROW FALSE OAT.
Mountainsides at Ward, Bloomerville, Glacier Lake, and
Eldora, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 330).
GREENLAND to ALaska; NEw HAmpsHIRE to COLORADO
and CaLiFORNIA: EuROopE: ASIA.

85. T.majus (Vasey) Rydb. [Z. subspicatwin majus Vasey |.
LARGER FALSE OAT.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
988).
Montana to British CoLumBIA; COLORADO to UTau.
86. T. montanum Vasey. MouNTAIN FALSE OAT.
Deep cafions and aspen bogs, local, 7000 (Bear Cafion)
-10000 ft. (Daniels, 631).
Wyominc to New Mexico.
52. AVENAL. Oar.

87. A. striata Michx. PURPLE OAT.

Rare in deep canons and aspen bogs, usually with the
preceding; Bear Caton; Eldora, 7000-11000 ft. (Daniels,
665).

New Brunswick to British CoLuMBIA; PENNSYLVANIA to
COLORADO.

66 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [214

88. A. fatua L. WIzp oat.

Common along streets and waste places in the city of
Boulder, 5300-5700 ft. (Daniels, 387).

Europe: Asia, thence to NorTH AMERICA.

89. A. sativa L. Common oat.
Adventitious along railroads, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels, 479).
Op WorLD, thence universal in cultivation.

53. MERATHREPTA Raf. WHI OAT-GRASS.
go. M. Californica (Bolander) Piper [Danthonia Calfornica
Bolander]. CALIFORNIA WILD OAT-GRASS.
Arapahoe Pass, 12000 ft. (Rydberg).
Montana to BritisH CoLUMBIA ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

gt. M. intermedia (Vasey) Piper [Danthonia intermedia
Vasey]. INTERMEDIATE WILD OAT-GRASS.
Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8600-11500 ft.
(Daniels, 621).
ALBERTA to BRITISH COLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
92. M. spicata (L) Raf. [Danthonia spicata (L) Beauv.].
COMMON WILD OAT-GRASS.
Common on dry slopes in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 370). Also mesas at foot of the Flat-irons.
NEWFOUNDLAND to British CoLtumBpia; NortTH CaroLina
to Louisiana and CALIFORNIA.

54. SPARTINA Schreb. Corp-Gcrass.
93. S. cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Tati MARSH GRASS. FRESH-
WATER CORD-GRASS.
Swales and bogs in the plains, infrequent, 5100-5500 ft.
(Daniels, 522).
Nova Scotia to Mackenzie; NEw JERSEY to TExas and
COLORADO.

55. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Crazs-crass.

94. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease [S. Texanus Steud.].
WILD CRAB-GRASS.
Frequent on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,

175).

215] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 67

Manitopa to AssInipoiA; ILLINoIs to TExas and NEw
Mexico.

56. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama-crass. MESQUIT-GRASS.
g5. B. hirsuta Lag. Harry MEsQuirt.

Dry plains and mesas, less common than the next, 5100-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 956). Also at Meadow Park, 6500 ft.
(Rydberg).

ILLiInoIs to SourH Daxora; Texas to ARIZONA.

96. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. ComMoN GRAMA-GRASS,
Or MESQUIT-GRASS.

Common on the plains and mesas; occasional on the foot-
hills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 220). One of the most charac-
teristic grasses of the Great Plains.

Wisconsin to ASSINIBOIA; Mississippr1 to ARIZONA and
MEXxIco.

57. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. Tati mesourr.

97. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn [Boutelowa racemosa
Lag.]. PRAIRIE GRAMA-GRASS.
Frequent on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 299). Meadow Park (Rydberg).
Onrario and Micuican to Manirosa; NEw JERSEY to TEx-
AS, ARIZONA, and Mexico.

58. BULBILIS Raf. Burrato crass.
98. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.)
Eng.]. COMMON BUFFALO GRASS.
Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
198).
Minnesota to NortH Daxota; ArKANSAS to NEw Mexico
and Mexico.

59. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reep.
99. P. Phragmites (L.) Karst. [P. communis Trin.]. Com-
MON REED.
About a spring at foot of Flagstaff Hill, only three or four
plants, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 834).
Europe: ASIA: temperate NorTH AMERICA.

68 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [216

60. MUNROA Torr. FALSE BUFFALO GRASS.

too. M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Muwnro’s crass.

Dry plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 359). Also
at Lafayette (Rydberg).

Nort Dakota to ASSINIBOIA; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

61. KOELERIA Pers.

1o1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. [K. mitida Nutt., as to
some of the forms]. PRAIRIE-GRASS.
Throughout below 10000 ft., but especially common on
the foothills, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 133).
Ontario to British CoLtuMBIA; PENNSYLVANIA to CALI-
FORNIA.

62. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. STINK-GRASS.

io2. E.major Host. SKUNK GRASS.
Waste places and along railroads, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
588). Also at Longmont (Rydberg).
Europe, thence to NORTH AMERICA.

103. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. PURPLE STINK-GRASS.
Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg).
MassacHusetrs to SourH Dakota: FLoripA to TExAs
and CoLoRADo.

68. EATONIA Raf. Eaton Grass.

104. E. robusta (Vasey) Rydb. [E. obtusata robusta Vasey].
Stout EATON GRASS.
Along streams and springy cafions, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels,
416).
NEBRASKA to WasHINGTON; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.
105. E. cbtusata (Michx.) Gray. BLunt-scatep EATON
GRASS.
About Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg).
MassACHUSETTS to MONTANA; FLORIDA to ARIZONA.

106. E. Pennsylvanica (DC.) Gray. PENNSyLvVANIA EATON
GRASS.
Deep mountain cafions, 5600-7000 ft. (Daniels, 718).

217] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 69

New Brunswick to British CoLuMBIA; GEORGIA to CoLo-
RADO.
64. MELICA L. Metic-crass.
107. M. bella Piper [M. bulbosa Geyer]. BuLsBous MELIc-
GRASS.
North slopes of Flagstaff Hill along Boulder Cafion,
6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 144). Spikelets often monstrous.
Monrana to WASHINGTON; CoLoRADO and UraH to
OREGON.
65. DACTYLIS L. OrcHARD GRASS.

108. D. glomerata L. CoMMON ORCHARD GRASS.
Throughout the whole cultivated district and penetrating
into shady cafions; 5100-go00 ft. (Daniels, 235).
Europe, thence to NorTH AMERICA.

66. DISTICHLIS Raf. Satt-crass.
1og. D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. [D. maritima stricta (Torr.)
Thurber]. Mars SPIKE-GRASS.
Alkali flats about Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 728).
SASKATCHEWAN to WasHincton; Missouri to TExas and
CALIFORNIA.

67. POA L. Merapow-ecrass.

110. P. annua L. Low SPEAR-GRASS.

Roadsides and at the entrance to Gregory Cafion, 5100-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 250).

Europe and Asia, thence to NortTH AMERICA.

111. P. pratensis L. KrNTUCKY BLUE-GRASS.

Meadows throughout, 5100-11500 ft. (Daniels, 558). Prob-
ably naturalized in the irrigated district.

Europe: Asta: NortH America, but only the boreal and
alpine forms native.

112. P. trivialis L. RouGH MEADOW-GRASS.

About ponds and ditches, 5400-5500 ft. (Daniels, 245).
Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Europe, thence naturalized in many places in the UniTED
STATES.

70 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [218

112%. P. cenisia All. [P. flexuosa Wahl.]. FLEexuous
MEADOW-GRASS.
Long’s Peak (Holm).
GREENLAND to ALASKA; COLORADO.

113. P. callichroa Rydb. FAIR-HUED MEADOW-GRASS.
Mountain-sides at Eldora, 8600-11500 ft. (Daniels, 647).
CoLoRAbo.

114. P. reflexa V.& S. REFLEXED MEADOW-GRASS.
In mountain meadows descending to the slopes of the
foothills, 6400 (Flagstaff Hill) -13000 ft. (Daniels, 952).
Montana to New Mexico and OrEGoNn.

115. P. leptocoma Trin. SMooTH-GLUMED MEADOW-GRASS.
In mountain meadows with the preceding, 6300 (Flagstaff
Hill) -12500 ft. (Daniels, 225).
Monrana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
116. P. alpicola Nash [P. Jara Thurber]. Mountain
MEADOW-GRASS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft.
(Daniels, 941). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
CoLorAbDOo to UTAH; CALIFORNIA.

117. P. platyphylla Nash & Rydb. [P. occidentalis Vasey].
WESTERN MEADOW-GRASS.

Along mountain streams, 5600 (Boulder Cafion) -10500
ft. (Daniels, 150).

Cortorapo to NEw Mexico.
118. P. compressa L. ENGLISH BLUE-GRASS.

Common throughout the irrigated district, but not noticed
in the mountains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 242).

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

119. P. triflora Gilib. [P. serotina Ehr.]. Fowt MEADOW-
GRASS.
Common in swales and wet meadows, 5100-8600 (Eldora)
ft. (Daniels, 482).
NEWFOUNDLAND to BririsH CoLumBia; NEw JERSEY to
CALIFORNIA: EUROPE.

2 19] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 7 i

120. P. interior Rydb. INLAND MEADOW-GRASS.

Along streams and in wet meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 28).

MACKENZIE to WasHINGTON and NEw Mexico.

121. P. crocata. Michx. [P. caesia strictior Gray]. Woop
MEADOW-GRASS.

High mesas, dry slopes of the foothills, and mountain
ridges, 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 154). Mountains between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

LABRADOR to ALASKA; MassACHUSETTS to MINNESOTA and
ARIZONA.

122. P. rupicola Nash [P. rupestris Vasey]. CRAG MEAD-
OW-GRASS.
Dry tundras above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-
13000 ft. (Daniels, 1010).
Montana to OREGON; COLORADO to UTAH.

123. P. Pattersonii Vasey. PATTERSON’S MEADOW-GRASS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 895).
CoLoRADO to ARIZONA.

124. P. alpina L. ALPINE MEADOW-GRASS.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 935). Long’s Peak (Holm).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; QUEBEC to UTAH.

124%. P. Wheeleri Vasey. [P. cuspidata Vasey]. WHEEL-
ER’S MEADOW-GRASS.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana to IDAHO; CoLorRADO to OREGON.

125. P. Vaseyana Scribn. VASEY’S MEADOW-GRASS.
Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels,
868).
COLORADO.

72 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [220

120. P. longiligula Scribn. & Will. LOoNnG-LIGULATE MEAD-
OW-GRASS.

Boulder (E. Bethel), determined by P. L. Ricker of U.S.
Dept. of Agric., and recorded (as host of a fungus) by Ar-
thur in Journal of Mycology, Jan. 1908, p. 13.

SoutH DaxoTa to OrEGoN; New Mexico to CALIFornia.

127. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb. Fatse Kentucky
BLUE-GRASS.
About swales and streams in tne plains and mesas, 5100-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 953).
SoutH Dakota to NEBRASKA and CoLoRADO.

128. P. longipedunculata Scribn. LoNG-PEDUNCULATE MEAD-
OW-GRASS.
Plains and mountain-cafions, 5100-12500 ft. (Daniels, 503).
Wyominc to New Mexico.

129. P. juncifolia Scribn. RUSH-LEAVED MEADOW-GRASS.
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
905).
WyomiInG to CoLorapbo and Urau.
130. P. confusa Rydb. BUNCH MEADOW-GRASS.
Dry plains, mesas, and mountainsides, 5100-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 924).
NEBRASKA to Montana and CoLorapo.

131. P. pratericola Rydb. & Nash [P. andina Nutt.]. Pratrie
MEADOW-GRASS.
Near Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
NEBRASKA to WyomInG and CoLorapbo.

68. PANICULARIA Fabr. MANNA-GRASS.

132. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze [Glyceria nervata ( Willd.)
Trin.]. NERVED MANNA-GRASS.
About streams and ditches, in swales and at the margins
of lakes and ponds, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 264).
LaBprRADoR to British CoLumpBia; FLoripa to Mexico
and CALIFORNIA.

221] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 8

133. P. Americana (Torr.) Mac M. [Glyceria grandis Wats.].
REED MEADOW-GRASS.
In swales and along streams, less common than the pre-
ceding, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 969).
New Brunswick to ALASKA; TENNESSEE to NEVADA.

134. P. Holmii Beal. Hotm’s MANNA-GRASS.

Deep cafions on north slope of Green Mountain, 7000-
8100 ft. (Daniels, 464). Lamb’s Ranch, Long’s Peak, g100
ft. (Beal).

COLORADO.

135. 2. borealis Nash. NorTHERN FLOATING MANNA.

In irrigation ditches about Boulder; also floating in
Glacier lake, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 739).

MaInE to ALASKA; NEw York to CALIFORNIA.

69. PUCCINELLIA Parl. SALT MEADOW-GRASS.

136. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. SLENDER SALT
MEADOW-GRASS.

Along water-courses in the mesas, and in alkaline soil on
the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 383). Also at Longmont
(Rydberg).

Maniropa to MACKENZIE and British CoLtumpia; Kansas
to NEVADA.

70. FESTUCA L. FeEscue-crass.

137. F. octoflora Walt. [F. tenella Willd.]. SLENDER FESCUE-
GRASS.
Abundant on the plains and arid open mountain slopes,
5100-goo0 ft. (Daniels, 181).
QUEBEC to BritisH CoLumpra; FLoRIDA to CALIFORNIA.

138. F. elatior L. [F. elatior pratensis (Huds.) Gray].
MEADOW FESCUE.
Common throughout the irrigated area, especially along
ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 785).
Europe, thence to temperate NortH AMERICA.

74 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [222

139. F. rubra L. RED FESCUE.
Subalpine meadows at Glacier Lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 699).
LaBRApDoR to ALasKA; NORTH CAROLINA to CALIFORNIA:
Europe: ASIA.
140. F. brachyphylla Schultes [F. ovina brevifolia S. Wat-
son]. SHORT-LEAVED FESCUE.
Bald ridges in the mountain region, 7000 (Green Mt.)
-14500 ft. (Daniels, 364).
GREENLAND to ALASKA; VERMONT to CALIFORNIA.
141. F. minutiflora Rydb. SMALL-FLOWERED FESCUE.
Mountainsides at Eldora, and on Arapahoe Peak above
timberline, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 1oor).
COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

141%. F.ovinaL. SHEEP FESCUE.

Redrock lake, 10100 it. (Ramaley and Robbins). Long’s
Peak (Holm).

NortH AMERICA: EUROPE.
141%a. F. ovina supina (Schur). Hack. Prostrate FESCUE.

Long’s Peak (Holm).

GREENLAND and British CotumeB1a to NEw HAMPSHIRE,
ARIZONA, and CALIFORNIA.
142. F. ingrata nudata (Vasey) Rydb. [F. ovina nudata

Vasey]. NAKED-STEMMED FESCUE, BLUE BUNCH-GRASS.

Common throughout the mountain region and the mesas,
5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 174). The type doubtless occurs,
but all the material preserved belongs to the variety.

Montana to BritisH CoLumBiA; CoLorapo to Urau.
143. F. Kingii (S. Watson) Scribn. [F. confinis Vasey].

KINnG’s FESCUE.

Boulder Cafion, 6500-10000 ft. (Rydberg); Boulder (E.
Bethel).

Montana to COLORADO and CALIFORNIA.

71. BROMUS L. Brome-crass.

144. B. marginatus latior Shear. LARGE MARGINATE BROME.
Vicinity of Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to BRITISH CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

223] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 75

145. 3B. brizaeformis F. & M. QUAKE-GRASS BROME.

The commonest ruderal grass about Boulder, and fast
spreading throughout the plains district, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 257).

Europe and Asta, thence to the UNITED STATES.

146. B. secalinus L. ComMMON CHESS, or CHEAT.
In fields and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 388).
Europe and Asta, thence to all temperate lands.

147. B. hordeaceus L. [B. mollis L.]. Sort cHEss.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400
ft. (Daniels, 524).

Europe, thence to the UNITED STATEs.

148. B. lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. [B. Porteri lanatipes
Shear]. LanaTE BROME.

Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes,
less frequent in the plains, 5100-goo00 ft. (Daniels, 346). Also
at Lafayette (Rydberg).

COLORADO.

149. B. Richardsonii Link. RIcHARDSON’S BROME.

Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 6000-
11000 ft. (Daniels, 454).

SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLumBIA; COLORADO to ARIZO-
NA and OREGON.

150. B. Pumpellianus Scribn. PUMPELLY’S BROME.
Frequent throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 382).
SASKATCHEWAN to ALASKA and NEw Mexico.

151. B. tectorum L. THatcH CHEAT.

Waste places about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 496).
Also at Longmont (Rydberg).

Europe, thence to the UNITED STATES.

72. LOLIUM L. Darnet.
152. LL. Italicum A. Br. ITALIAN RYE GRASS.
About irrigation ditches in the city of Boulder, 5300-
5600 ft. (Daniels, $39). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.
Europe, thence to the UNITED SraTEs.

76 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [224

78. AGROPYRON Gaertn. WHEAT GRASS.

153. A. Scribneri Vasey. ScRIBNER’S WHEAT GRASS.
Long’s Peak (Holm).
Montana to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

15344. A.spicatum inerme (Scribn. & Sm.) Heller [4, Vaseyi
S.&S.]. VaAsEy’s WHEAT GRASS.
Frequent on the mesas and foothills, 5700-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 171).
MontTaANA to OREGON; COLORADO to UTAH.

154. A. Arizonicum S. & S. ARIZONA WHEAT GRASS.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward, 8000-11000 ft.
(Rydberg).
CoLorapo to ARIZONA and Mexico.

155. A. Richardsonii (Trin.) Schrad. [A. unilaterale Cas-
sidy]. R1cHARDSON’S WHEAT GRASS.
Mountain meadows, rather local, 7000 (Bear Cafion)-10000
ft. (Daniels, 830).
Minnesora to BritisH CoLumspia; Iowa to COLORADO.

156. A. andinum (S. & S.) Rydb. [4. violaceum andinum
S. & S.J. Mounrarn WHEAT GRASS.
Mountainsides at Eldora 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 640).
Montana to COLORADO.

157. A. violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey. VIOLET WHEAT GRASS.
Common on the foothills and mountains, 6300 (GreenMt.)
—12000 ft. (Daniels, 362).
GREENLAND to ALAaskKA; NEw HampsuireE to UTAH.

158. A. tenerum Vasey. SLENDER WHEAT GRASS.

Common on the plains, foothills, and lower mountain
slopes, 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 395).

LaBRADOR to ALASKA; NEW HAMPSHIRE to COLORADO.

159. A. pseudorepens S. & S. FALSE QUACK GRASS.

Common on the plains and in mountain meadows, 5100-
10000 ft. (Daniels, 511).

Iowa to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to UTauH.

225] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO Wai

160. A. riparium S. & S. RIPARIAN WHEAT GRASS.
About ditches in the plains, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 398).
Montana to CoLorapo.

161. A. occidentale Scribn. WESTERN WHEAT GRASS.

On the plains, where it is very abundant; also sparingly
in mountain meadows, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 402). Also
at Longmont (Rydberg).

MANITOBA to SASKATCHEWAN and OreEGon; Missouri to
ARIZONA.

162. A.molle (S.&S.) Rydb. Sorr WHEAT GRASS.

On the plains, where it is especially characteristic of
alkaline flats, and in the drier mountain valleys, 5100-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 978).

SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON and NEw Mexico.

74. TRITICUM L. Wueat.

163. T. sativum vulgare (Vill.) Hack. [T. vulgare Vill.].
WHEAT.
Adventitious along the railroad between Boulder and
Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 514).
Op Wor Lp, thence to the NEw.

75. HORDEUM L. Bar tey.

164. H. jubatum L. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.
Common on the plains and in mountain cafions; a fre-
quent weed in waste places, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 380).
Ontario to Araska; Missourr to CaLtrorniA, thence
naturalized eastward.

165. H. pusillum Nutt. LirrLe BARLEY.

Abundant on the plains and mesas, and following the
roads into the mountain district, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels,
203).

Ontario to British CoLuMBIA; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA.

166. H. sativum hexastichon (L.) Hack. SIx-ROWED BARLEY.
Adventitious along the railroad between Boulder and
Mrshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 480).
OxLp WorLD, thence to the NEw.

78 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [226

76. SITANION Raf. BristLe GRASS.

167. S. longifolium J. G. Smith. LONG-LEAVED BRISTLE GRASS.
Common on the foothills and mountain slopes, 6000-9000
ft. (Daniels, 363).
NEBRASKA to NEvApDA; TExas to ARIZONA,

168. §S. brevifolium J. G. Smith. SHORT-LEAVED BRISTLE
GRASS.

Abundant on the plains, and frequent on open mountain
slopes, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 202). Also on the mountains
between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

Wyomine to UTAH; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

77. ELYMUS L. Lyme erass.

169. E. Canadensis L. CANADIAN WILD RYE.

Common along ditches and streams both in and out of
shade, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 357).

Nova Scotia to WASHINGTON; GEORGIA to NEw Mexico.

170. E.robustus S.& S. Srour wip RYE.

In swales along railroads and on stream-banks, 5100-6000
ft. (Daniels, 489).

SoutH Daxota to IpaHo; Missourt to COLORADO.

171. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. SLENDER WILD RYE.
Plains south of Boulder, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 396).
Micuican to Sour Dakota; Texas to Uran and Mexico.

172. EH. Macounii Vasey. Macoun’s WILD RYE.

On the plains and in meadows on the foot-hills, 5100-7000
ft. (Daniels, 417).

MAniTopa and SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico
to UrauH.

173. E. condensatus Presl SmooTH LYME GRASS.
Dry meadows throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 961).
ALBERTA to BritisH CoLumpia; New Mexico to CAti-
FORNIA.

227| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 79

174.. E. ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. AMBIGUOUS LYME GRASS.
Common on the foothills and mountainsides, 5900-9000 ft.
(Daniels, 158).
COLORADO.

175. 4K. strigosus Rydb. STRIGOSE LYME GRASS.

Common on the foothills and mountain ridges, 6000-8600
ft. (Daniels, 962). Boulder is the type locality.

WyominG to CoLorabo.

176. E. villiflorus Rydb. ViLLous LYME Grass.

Common on the foothills; occasional on the plains and
mesas, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 963). Boulder is the type
locality.

SoutH Daxora and the Canapran ROCKIES to COLORADO.

Family 13. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Galingale family.

78. CYPERUS L. GaALINGALE.

177. C. inflexus Muhl. [C. aristatus Boeckl.]. AWNED cy-
PER GRASS.
Scarce on the plains and foothills in moist sands, 5100-
6500 ft. (Daniels, 253).
VERMONT to BritisH CoLuMBIA; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA
and Mexico.

178. C. Bushii Britt. Busu’s CYPER GRASS.
In sandy soil at Meadow Park, 6500 ft. (Rydberg).
WISCONSIN to OREGON; Kansas to COLORADO.

79. SCIRPUS L. BuLrusuH.

179. §. Americanus Pers. [S. pungens Vahl.]. THREE
SQUARE.

In swales, along ditches and streams, and at the margins
of ponds and lakes, but apparently not following the streams
very far into the foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 668).

NortH AMERICA: CHILI: EUROPE.

80 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [228

180. S. lacustris L. GREAT BULRUSH.

With the preceding but often in water of greater depth,
and penetrating farther back into the mountains, 5100-8600
ft. (Daniels, 414).

Throughout the NortH TEMPERATE ZONE.

181. §. atrovirens pallidus Britton. PALE BULRUSH.

Swales, ditches and streams in the plains and mesas, and
ascending but slightly into the foot-hills, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 490).

Minnesota to the NoRTHWEST TERRITORY and COLORADO-

80. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike RUSH.

182. KE. palustris (L.) R.& S. Swamp SPIKE RUSH.
Common in swamps, swales, and stagnant pools through-
out, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 492).
Nortu AMERICA: Europe: Asta.

183. EH. glaucescens (Willd.) Schultes [E. palustris glauces-
cens (Willd.) Gray]. PALE SWAMP SPIKE RUSH.
Common with the above, but in shallower water, 5100-go00
(Glacier Lake, Eldora) ft. (Daniels, 733).
Onrario and the UNITED STATES.

184. EK. acicularis (L.) R.& S. NEEDLE RUSH.

Common in limose places throughout, 5100-i0000 ft.
(Daniels, 254).

Europe: Asra: NortH AMERICA: CENTRAL AMERICA.

1844. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. SLENDER SPIKE RUSH.

Redrock lake, ro10o ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
NEWFOUNDLAND to MANITOBA; FLorIDA to CoLoRapo.

185. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. FLat-steEMMED SPIKE RUSH.
Ditches and swales in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels,

734):

ANTICOSTI to ALBERTA; GEORGIA to Louisiana and
COLORADO.

229 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 81

81. CAREX L. SeEncE.

186. C. canescens L. SILVERY SEDGE.
Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8500-11500 ft. (Daniels, 852).
Redrock lake, 1o1co ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
NEWFOUNDLAND to BRITISH COLUMBIA; VIRGINIA to COLO-
RADO and OREGON: EUROPE and Astra.

187. ©. tenella Schkuhr. Sorr-LEAVED SEDGE.

Local in deep mountain cafions in shade, 6000-11500 ft.
(Daniels, 610).

NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CoLtumBia; NEW JERSEY to
CALIFORNIA: EUROPE.

188. C. Deweyana Schwein. DEWEyY’s SEDGE.

Only detected in Bear Cafion, where it is very rare, 6000-
7000 ft. (Daniels, 762).

Nova Scotia to ManiToBA and OREGON; PENNSYLVANIA to
New Mexico and Uran.

189. Carex stipata Muhl. AWtL-FRUITED SEDGE.

Irrigation ditches, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 237). Not in
Rydberg’s Flora.

NEWFOUNDLAND to British CoLumBIA; FLoripA to CaLi-
FORNIA.

190. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Fox SEDGE.

Irrigation ditches, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 745).

New Brunswick to Maniropa; FLoripa to Trxas and
COLORADO.

191. C. occidentalis Bailey [C. muricata Americana Bailey].
WESTERN SEDGE. -
Low meadows at Eldora, 8600-11000 ft. (Daniels, 611).
CoxLorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

192. ©. Hoodii Boott [C. muricata confixa Bailey]. Hoop’s
SEDGE.
Grassy meadows, Bluebell cafion, thence to the subalpine
zone, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 497).
Montana to British CoLumBiIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA,

82 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [230

193. ©. marcida Boott. CLUSTERED FIELD SEDGE.
Abundant in dry meadows, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, gs).
ManitTospa to British CoLumBia; Kansas to New Mexico
and Nrvapa.

194. C. Sartwellii Dewey. SaRTWELL’S SEDGE.

Swales along railroads in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 971).

OnTaArIo to BritisH CoLumBiA; NEw York to Ura.

195. ©. Douglasii Boott. Doucias’ SEDGE.

Common in dry soil throughout, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels,
317). Also near Long’s Peak (Rydberg; Coulter in Wabash
College Herb.).

Manitospa to British CoLumpia; NEBRASKA to New MeEx-
1cO and CALIFORNIA.

196. (C. scoparia Schkuhr. Broom sEDGE.

Wet meadows about ditches and streams, 5100-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 266).

Nova Scotra to ManiToBa; FLORIDA to CoLoRADO.
197. C. athrostachya Olney. BRACTED SEDGE.

Shores of a pond south of Boulder, thence to timberline,
5500-11000 ft. (Daniels, 258).

ASSINIBOIA to BRITISH COLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

198. C. festiva Dewey. PRETTY SEDGE.
Abundant throughout the foothills and mountains in
cafions and humid meadows, 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 103).
ASSINIBOIA and BritisH CoLtumBia to Mexico.

199. O©.ebenea Rydb. [C. festiva Haydemana Bailey]. Esony
SEDGE.

In frozen ground, alpine valley near snow, above Bloom-
erville, go00-10000 ft. (Daniels, 324). Also on Long’s Peak
(Rydberg).

ALBERTA to BRITISH CoLumBIA; COLORADO to UTAH.

200. C. petasata Dewey. WESTERN’S HARE’S-FOOT SEDGE.

Deep cafions, north slope of Green Mt., 7000 ft. (Daniels,
469).

ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to OREGON.

231 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 83

2o1. C. pratensis Drej. MEADOW SEDGE.

Gregory Cafion, 6000-6500 ft. (Daniels, 688). Also on
Long’s Peak (Rydberg).

Ontario to ALASKA; MicuiGAn to COLORADO.

202. C. siccata Dewey. DRry-SPIKED SEDGE.

Common in dry meadows throughout, 5100-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 972). Also near Long’s Peak (Rydberg).

Ontario to British CotumBia; NEw YorK to CALIFORNIA.

203. C.straminea Willd. Srraw SEDGE.
Common along watercourses and grassy meadows in the
plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 372).
New Brunswick to Manirosa; NortH CaROLina to OKLA-
HOMA and COLORADO.

204. C.straminiformis Bailey. FALSE STRAW SEDGE.

Dry torrents, high mesas at the foot of the Flat-irons,
5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 381).

CoLorabDo to WASHINGTON and CALIFORNIA.

205. C. festucacea Schkuhr. FESCUE SEDGE.

Meadows and swales, frequent in the plains and mesas,
and in meadows on the lower foothills, 5100-6400 (Flagstaff
Hill) ft. (Daniels, 185).

New Brunswick to MINNESOTA; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

206. (C. stenophylla Wahl. NArROW-LEAVED SEDGE.

Dry mesas between Marshall and South Boulder Peak,
5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 438).

Maniroga to British Cotumsia; Iowa to CoLoRApDo.

207. C. incurva Lightf. CURVED SEDGE.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
916).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; CoLoRApO to BriTISH COLUMBIA.

208. C. alpina Stevenii Holm. STEVEN’S ALPINE SEDGE.
Lamb’s ranch, near Long’s Peak, gioo ft. (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

84 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [232

209. C. atrata L. BLAcK SEDGE.

Long’s Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Rydberg).

LABRADOR to ALASKA; QUEBEC to CoLorapo and Catt-
FORNIA.
210. ©. chalciolepis Holm. BroNzE-sCcALED SEDGE.

Long’s Peak, 8500-13000 ft. (Rydberg).

COLORADO.

211. ©. bella Bailey. BrautTIFUL SEDGE.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 940).
CoLorapo to UraH and Arizona,

212. €. rhomboidea Holm. RuHompBIc SEDGE.
In swamps near Long’s Peak, 8500-9500 ft. (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

213. ©. Goodenovii J. Gay [C. vulgaris Fries]. Common
SEDGE.
Subalpine bogs, Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 851).
NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to COLORADO:
EUROPE.

214. C. rigida Good. [C. vulgaris alpina Booth]. Stirr
SEDGE.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 907).

ALASKA to COLORADO.
215. ©. chimaphila Holm. WHINTER-LOVING SEDGE.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 923). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).

COLORADO.

216. C. acutina Bailey. ACUTISH SEDGE.

Boulder Cafion (5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, 556). Also Lamb’s
ranch, near Long’s Peak, g100 ft. (Rydberg).

MacKENZIE to ALASKA; COLORADO to OREGON.

217. C. stricta Lam. EREcT SEDGE.
Swales along railroad between Boulder and Marshall,
5400 ft. (Daniels, 418). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

233) FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 85

Eastern UNITED States and Canapa to COLORADO and
TEXAS.

21744. C. variabilis Bailey. VARIABLE SEDGE.
Redrock lake, toroo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana to CoLorapo.

218. C. aurea Nutt. GOLDEN SEDGE.

About springs in deep cafions, 6700-11000 ft. (Daniels,
354).

NEWFOUNDLAND to BritTIsH COLUMBIA; PENNSYLVANIA to
UraH and WASHINGTON.

219. C. Geyeri Boott. GEYER’S SEDGE.

At edge of snow in alpine valley above Bloomerville,.
gooo-10000 ft. (Daniels, 311).

Montana to British CoLumpiA; COLORADO to OREGON.

220. OC. nigricans C. A. Mey. BLACKISH SEDGE.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 926). Also Thompson’s Cafion, Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA: ASIA.

221. C. Pyrenaica Wahl. PyRENAIC SEDGE.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-14000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 925). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).

ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to OREGON: EUROPE.

222. (C. rupestris All. CRAG SEDGE.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 930). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).

GREENLAND to ALASKA and CoLoraADo: Europe: ASIA.

223. C. obtusata Lilj. OxsrusisH SEDGE.
Above timberline on Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000. ft.
(Daniels, 931). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CoLumBi1a and COLORADO.

224. C. oreocharis Holm. MouNTAIN-GRACE SEDGE.
Lamb’s ranch, near Long’s Peak, g100 ft. (Rydberg).
CoLoRabo.

86 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [234

225. C. Pennsylvanica vespertina Bailey [C. vespertina (Bai-
ley) Howell]. Western PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8500 ft. (Dan-
iels, II).
CoLoRADO to OREGON and British CoLumBia.

226. C. umbellata brachyrhina Piper [C. wmbellata breviros-
tris Boott]. SHORT-BEAKED UMBELLATE SEDGE.
Dry rocky mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 125).
Marne to British CoLtumBia; NEw Mexico to CALiFoRNIA.

227. C. Beckii Boott [C. durifolia Bailey]. Brck’s SEDGE.
Cafion at base of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels,
463).
Ontario to Manitrosa; New York to CoLorapo.

228. C. capillaris L. Harr sEpGe.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 915). Also Thompson’s Cafion on Long’s Peak (Ryd-
berg).

GREENLAND to ALAsKA; NEw Hampsuire to Uran: Europe:
ASIA.

229. OC. utriculata Boott. BotTLe SEDGE.

Swales and limose banks of streams, local (Boulder creek
half way to Falls; subalpine bogs at Eldora, etc.), 5100-10000
ft. (Daniels, 563).

LaBRADOR to BRITISH COLUMBIA; DELAWARE to CALIFORNIA.

229%. C. saxatilis L. [C. pulla Gooden.]. Rock sEpGE.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
GREENLAND and ALASKA to CoLoranpo.

230. C. lanuginosa Michx. Woorty sepcE.

Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 652).

Nova Scotia to British Cotumpia; NEw JERSEY to
CALIFORNIA.

235 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 87

Order 10. ARALES.

Family 14. ARACEAE Neck. Arum family.
82. ACORUS L. CarLamus.

231. A.Calamus L. Sweet FLac.

Swales along railroad in the city of Boulder, 5300-5400 ft.
(Daniels).

Nova Scotia to MinngEsota; FLormpa to Trxas and
CoLoRADO: EuROPE: ASIA.

Family 15. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed family.
83. LEMNA L. Duckweep.

232. L. gibba L. Gippous DUCKWEED.

Ponds near Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Rydberg).

NEBRASKA to CALIFORNIA; TEXAS to Mexico: OLD WorLD
and AUSTRALIA.

233. L. minor L. LrsseR DUCKWEED.

Springy swales in the city of Boulder, 5400 ft. (Daniels
748).

Cosmopolitan.

Order 11. XYRIDALES.
Family 16. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Dayflower family.
84. TRADESCANTIA L. SprpERwort.

234. T. Universitatis Cockerell [T. occidentalis Rydb., not
Britton]. UNIVERSITY SPIDERWORT.

Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, and follow-
ing the deeper cafions several miles into the mountain re-
gion, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 44). The vicinity about Bould-
er is the type locality. Both 7. scopulorum Rose and T. oc-
cidentalis Britton, according to Rydberg’s Flora, occur about
Boulder, but the former is a New Mexico plant, while the
latter is from Wisconsin.

CoLoRabo.

88 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [236

Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerel-w eed
family.
85. HETERANTHERA Willd. Mup pLanTain.
235. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Limose Mup PLANTAIN.
Between Longmont and Loveland, 5100-5500 ft. (Ryd-
berg), in shallow water or mud.
Vircinia to NEBRASKA and COLORADO; FLoRIpA to MExI-
co, the West INpI&s, and CENTRAL AMERICA.

Orden n2.) ee PAS:
Family 18. MELANTHACEAE R.Br. SBunch-flower family.

86. ANTICLEA Kunth. ZycGapENus.

23514. A. elegans (Pursh) Rydb. [Zygadenus elegans
Pursh]. SHOWy ZYGADENUS.

Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALASKA; COLORADO to NEVADA.
230. A. Coloradensis Rydb. CoLoraDo zYGADENUS.

In canons and subalpine meadows, locally abundant, 7000
(Bear Cafion) -12000 ft. (Daniels, 651).

CoLorapo and New Mexico to Urau.

87. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Poison camass.

237. T.gramineum Rydb. DEATH CAMASS.

Mesas and foothills; blossoming in June, 5800-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 106).

SASKATCHEWAN to IDAHO and COLORADO.
238. T. faleatum Rydb. FaLcaTE POISON CAMASS.

Spruce forests along Bear Cafion, 6000-7500 ft. (Daniels
759).

COLORADO.
Family 19. JUNCACEA® Vent. Rush family.
88. JUNCUS L. Rusu.
239. J. Balticus montanus Engelm. Mountain Battic RUSH.
Along ditches and in swales and wet meadows, 5100-11000
ft. (Daniels, 3709).
LABRADOR to WASHINGTON, CoLoRabo, and Urau.

237] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 89

240. J. Drummondii Mey. DrumMonn’s RUSH.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 922).

Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

241. J. interior Wiegand. INLAND RUSH.

Common in swales and meadows on the plains, mesas,
and foothills, and following the main streams some distance
into the mountains, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels, 152).

ILLinors to Wyomrine; Missouri to COLORADO. y

242. J. Arizonicus Wiegand. ARIZONA RUSH.

Cry beds of torrents, mesas at foot of the Flat-irons
5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 964).

Texas to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

243. J. confusus Coville. CoNFUSED RUSH.

Swales along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall,
5400 ft. (Daniels, 421).

Montana to WASHINGTON and CoLorapo.

244. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. DupLeEy’s RUSH.

Swales, meadows, and mountain cafions, 5100-8600 ft.
(Daniels, 965). Replaces /. znterzor Wiegand in the moun-
tain region.

Maine to Wasuincton; New York to Mexico.

245. J. bufonius L. Toap rusH.

Wet sandy soil throughout except at the higher eleva-
tions, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 251).

Cosmopolitan.

246. J. marginatus Rostk. GRASS-LEAVED RUSH.

Irrigation ditches along the Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft.
(Daniels, 740). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

MaINneE to ONTARIO; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

247. J. longistylis Torr. LoNG-sTYLED RUSH.
Common in swales, about ditches and ponds, and in wet
meadows throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 240).
ALBERTA to IpaHo; NEBRASKA to Mexico and CALIFORNIA.

go UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [238

248. J. trigumis L. THREE-FLOWERED RUSH.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, t1000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 1007).

LasBrapor to ALasKA; NEw YORK to COLORADO.
249. J. /castaneus Smith. CHESTNUT RUSH.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 639).

GREENLAND to ALASKA and CoLorapo.
250. J. nodosus L. KNOTTED RUSH.

In swales and along ditches and streams, 5100-6500 ft.
(Daniels, 735).

Nova Scotia to MacKENZzIE and BritisH CoLumBia: VIR-
Ginta to NEVADA.
251. J. Torreyi Coville. Torrey’s RUSH.

With the preceding, but more abundant, 5100-6500 ft.

(Daniels, 495).
New York to Montana; Texas to ARIZONA.

25144. J. Mertensianus Bong. MERTENS’ RUSH.
Redrock lake, rotoo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

252. J. parous Rydb. REDDISH BROWN RUSH.

Dry beds of torrents, mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 373).

CoLorapo to New Mexico.

253. J. Saximontanus A. Nelson [J. xiphioides montanus
Engelm.]. Rocky MouNTAIN RUSH.

Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora; also a dwarf form
on Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 8500-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 703).

89. JUNCOIDES Adans. Woop RUsH.

254. J. parviflorum melanocarpum (Michx.) Cockerell. Nov.
comb. [Luzula melanocarpus Michx.]. SMALL-FLOWERED
WOOD RUSH.

Cafions on the north slope of Green Mt., 7000-8100 ft.

239] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO QI

(Daniels, 332). A similar form was gathered above Bloom-
erville, go00-10000 ft. Also at Caribou (Rydberg).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA: EUROPE:
ASIA.

2s4a. J. parviflorum subcongestum (S. Wats.) Daniels. Nov.
comb. [Luzula spadicea subcongesta S. Wats.]. DENSE-
CYMED WOOD RUSH.
Alpine valley near edge of snow, Bloomerville, 8500-
11500 ft. (Daniels, 328).
CoLoRADO to CALIFORNIA.

255. J: spicatum (L.) Kuntze [Luzula spicata (L.) Desv.].
SPIKED WOOD RUSH.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 896).
GREENLAND to British CoLumpiA; NEw HAMPSHIRE to
CALIFORNIA.

Family 20. ALLIACEAE Batch. Onion family.

90. ALLIUM L. Onton.

256. A. recurvatum Rydb. [4. cernuwm obtusum Cocker-
ell]. RECURVED WILD ONION.

Common throughout the mesas, foothills and the moun-
tain plateau, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 452). Also in the
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

South Daxora to British CoLumBia and New Mexico.

257. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. NutraLi’s WILD ONION.

Aspen bog at Glacier Lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 336). Also
southwest of Ward (Rydberg).

SourH Daxora to WyominG; Kansas to COLORADO.

258. A. Geyeri S. Wats. [A. dictyotum Greene; A. reticula-
tum deserticola Jones|. GEYER’S WILD ONION.
Common throughout in both dry and moist soils, 5100-
11500 ft. (Daniels, 54).
NortuH Dakota to WasHINGTON and New Mexico.

92 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [240

259. A. reticulatum Fraser. FRASER’S WILD ONION.

Springy cafions in the foothills and the mountain plateau,
6000-8500 ft. (Daniels, 292).

SASKATCHEWAN to IpAHO; SouTH DaKoTa to ARIZONA.

200. A. Pikeanum Rydb. Prke’s PEAK WILD ONION.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, T002).

CoLoRADO.

Family 21. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily family.

91. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Sawnp tity.

261. L.montanum Nutt. MouNnTAIN SAND LILY.
Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400
ft. (Daniels). Very abundant at Boulder (Cockerell).
SoutH Daxora to Montana and CoLorapo.

92. LILIUM L. Luiry.

262. L. Philadelphicum montanum (A. Nelson) Cocker-
ell. Nov. comb. Mounratn tity.
Springy cafion on north slope of Green Mt., 6500-8000
ft. (Daniels, 355). Occasionally bearing two or more flowers.
Montana to CoLorapo.

93. ERYTHRONIUM L. Avper’s-roncur. Doc-TooTtH
VIOLET.

263. E. parviflorum (S. Wats.) Goodding [E. grandiflorum
parviftorum S. Wats.]. SMALL-FLOWERED ADDER’S TONGUE.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-11500 ft. (Dan-
lels, 888).
WyomineG to CoLorapo and Urau.

94. LLOYDIA Salisb.

264. LL. serotina (L.) Sweet. Late Lioypta.
Arapahoe Peak, 10000-14000 ft. (Rydberg).
Monrana to ALASKA and COLORADO.

241] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 93

Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Lily-of-the-valley
family.
95. VAGNERA Adans. Fatse SoLOMON’S SEAL.
265. V. racemosa (L.) Morong [Smilacina racemosa (L.)
Desf.]. WILD SPIKENARD.

Boulder Cafion, 6500-8500 ft. (Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to WASHINGTON; GEORGIA to CALIFORNIA.
266. V. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Greene [Smilacina amplex-

tcaulis Nutt.] CLASPING-LEAVED FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL.

Common in shady cafions throughout; at the edge of the
wasting snows in a high alpine valley above Bloomerville
July 7, 1906, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 143).

Montana to British CoLuMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
267. V. stellata (L.) Morong [Smuilacina stellata (L.)

Desf.] STARRY FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL.

Common throughout; along ditches and streams in the
plains, and in cafions and wooded valleys in the mesas and
mountains, 5100-12000 ft. (Daniels, 111). St. Vrain creek
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

NEWFOUNDLAND to SASKATCHEWAN and MonrtTaANA; VIRGINIA
to COLORADO.

96. STREPTOPUS Michx. TwisTED STALK.

268. 8S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED
STALK.

Local in deep cafions in the foothills and mountains,
6500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 456).

GREENLAND to ALasKA; NorTH CAROLINA to COLORADO
and OREGON.

97. DISPORUM Salisb.

269. D. majus (Hook.) Britton [D. trachycarpum (S. Wats.)
B. & H.; Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats.]. Roucu-
FRUITED DISPORUM.

Local in company with the preceeding, 6500 (Green Mt.;
Bear Cafion) -11000 it. (Daniels, 455). Also at Eldora
(Rydberg).

MAnitopa to British CoLumpia; NEBRASKA to ARIZONA.

Q4 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [242

98. ASPARAGUS L.

270. AA. officinalis L. CoMMON ASPARAGUS.

A common escape throughout the cultivated district,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 114).

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Family 23. DRACAENACEAE Link. Dragon-tree family.

99. YUCCA L. SPANISH BAYONET.

271. Y. glauca Nutt. [Y. angustifolia Pursh]. Narrow-
LEAVED SPANISH BAYONET.

Common in the plains, mesas, and foothills; just north of
the entrance to Bear Cafion it forms the main facies of the
vegetation, 5100-6500 (Green Mt.) ft. (Even higher I think
on the first line of hills). (Daniels, 39).

NEBRASKA to Montana; Missouri to Texas and ARIZONA.

Family 24. CALOCHORTACEAE Rydb. Mariposa lily family.
100. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa LIty.

272. C. Gunnisonii S. Wats. GUNNISON’S MARIPOSA LILY.
Common in the mesas and mountain meadows, 5600-
10000 ft. (Daniels, 53). At Ward occurs the forma zmma-
culatus Cockerell (Cockerell).
Montana to COLORADO and ARIZONA.

Family 25. SMILACEAE Vent. Greenbrier family.
101. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion FLOWER.

273. N. lasioneuron (Hook.) Rydb. [Smilax lasioneuron
Hook.; WV. herbacea melica A. Nelson]. WESTERN CAR-
RION FLOWER.

Cafions in the mesas and foothills; especially frequent in
gulches on the east slope of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 224). The type locality of VV. herbacea melica A-
Nelson.

SASKATCHEWAN to NEBRASKA and CoLorapo.

243] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 95

Order 13. AMARYLLIDALES.
Family 26. IXIACEAE Ecklon. Ixia family.

102. SISYRINCHIUM L. BLvueE-EvYeED GRASS.

274. §. alpestre Bickn. ALPINE BLUE-EYED GRASS.
Mountain meadows at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 648).
CoLoRabo.

275. S. angustifolium Miller. NARROW-LEAVED BLUE-EYED
GRASS.

Common in meadows and about streams throughout ex-
cept at the higher elevations, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 72).
Also at North Boulder Peak (Rydberg).

NEWFOUNDLAND to MackENzIE and British COLUMBIA;
VIRGINIA to COLORADO.

108. IRIS L. FLeur-peE-.ts.

276. I. Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri BLUE FLAG. 2
In swales and wet meadows about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels). Common at 8000-9000 ft. at Eldora, Hesse, Mil-
ler’s Ranch (Ramaley). Near Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wa-
bash College Herb.)
Nortu Dakota to IDAHO; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

Order 14. ORCHIDALES.
Family 27. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchis family.
104. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Boc orcuis.

277. UL. stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. NArrRowW-SPIKED BOG ORCHIS.
Subalpine bogs and springy mountainsides at Eldora,
8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 993).
Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to WASHINGTON,

278. L. viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb. GREEN-FLOWERED BOG OR-
CHIS.

Common in deep cafions and about springs throughout
the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels,
69).

ALBERTA to ALASKA and CoLoRADO,

96 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [244

279. lL. borealis (Cham.) Rydb. NorrHERN BOG ORCHIS.
Springs on mountainside at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 842).
Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to WASHINGTON.

280. L. laxiflora Rydb. Loosr-FLOWERED BOG ORCHIS.
Common in deep mountain cafions, 6500-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 602).
OREGON to CoLorADOo and UTAH.

105. PIPERIA Rydb. Piper’s orcHts.

281. P. Unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. [Habenaria Una-
laschensis S. Wats.| ALASKAN PIPER’S ORCHIS.

Under pines on north slope of Green Mt., very rare, 6000-
8100 ft. (Daniels, 470). Also on South Boulder Peak, 8500
ft. (Rydberg).

Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

106. IBIDIUM Salisb. LaptEs’ TRESSES.

282. I. Romanzoffianum strictum (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov.
comb. [Gyrostachys stricta Rydb.| Narrow - SPIKED
LADIES’ TRESSES.

One plant in a deep cafion on the north slope of Green
Mt.; common in springy bogs at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 769).

NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to COLORADO.

107. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. Tways ape.

283. 0. borealis (Morong) Rydb. [Listera borealis Morong].
NORTHERN TWAYBLADE.
Deep cafions on north slope of Green Mt., very rare, 6500-
8100 ft (Daniels, 607).
Hupson Bay to MackENzIE; COLORADO to MONTANA.

283%. 0. nephrophylla Rydb. [Listera nephrophylla Rydb.]
KIDNEY-LEAVED TWAYBLADE.
Redrock lake 1oroo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
ALASKA to CoLorADO and OREGON.

245] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 97

108. PERAMIUM Salisb. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.

284. P. ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. SNAKE-MOUTH RATTLE-
SNAKE PLANTAIN.
Densely wooded cafions on north slope of Green Mt., very
rare, 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 827).
PRINCE Epwarp’s IsLanp to SoutH Daxota; NortH Car-
OLINA to COLORADO.

109. ACROANTHES Raf. ApprER’s MOUTH.

285. A. monophylla (L.) Greene [Microstylis monophylla
(L.) Lindl.]. ONE-LEAVED ADDER’S MOUTH.
Deep cafions on north slope of Green Mt., very scarce,
6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 342).
QueEBEc to MINNESOTA; PENNSYLVANIA to COLORADO.

110. CYTHEREA Salisb. Catypso.

286. C. bulbosa (L.) House. [Calypso borealis Salisb.].
NORTHERN CALYPSO.
Nederland, Boulder County, 8263 ft. (Miss Zora Phillips).
LABRADOR to ALASKA; MAINE to CALIFORNIA: EUROPE.

111. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Coratroor.
28044. C. ochroleuca Rydb. YELLOW CORALROOT.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

287. ©. Corallorhiza (L.). Karst. [C. innata R. Br.]. Earty
CORALROOT.

Cafion in mesa at foot of Flagstaff Hill, only two plants,
5700-5800 ft. (Daniels, 122). Also at Caribou, 10000 ft.
(Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to Ataska; GkEORGIA to CoLorapo and
WASHINGTON.

288. C. multiflora Nutt. LARGE CoRALROOT.

A solitary cluster of plants under conifers at the Royal
Arch at base of the Flat-irons, 6200 ft. (Daniels, 229). Also
on North Boulder Peak (Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to ALASKA; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA.

98 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [246
Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES.

Series t. CHORIPETALAE.

Order 14-)) SALICALE'S:

Family 28. SALICACEAE Lindl. Willow family.
112. POPULUS L. Poprar. Aspen. Corronwoop.

289. P. tremuloides aurea (Tidestrom) Daniels, Nov. comb.*
AMERICAN ASPEN.
Throughout the foothills and mountain region except at the
higher elevations, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels, 314).
NEWFOUNDLAND to Hupson Bay and Ataska; NEw JERSEY
and TENNESSEE to Mexico and LOWER CALIFORNIA.

290. P. Sargentii Dode. [P. occidentalis (Rydb.) Britton;
P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb.]. WESTERN COTTONWOOD.
Common along streams, ascending Boulder creek as far
as Eldora, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 820). Also at Lyons
(Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Kansas to ARIZONA.
291. P. acuminata Rydb. BLack corronwoop.

A solitary tree near a stream about half way between
Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 819). Common in
all gulches ; there are large trees in Sunshine Cafion, 6500 ft.
(Ramaley).

SoutH Daxora to Ipano; NEw Mexico to Nevapa.

292. P. angustifolia James. NARROW-LEAVED COTTONWOOD.

Along streams and in cafions on the mesas and in the
foothills and mountains, 5400-9000 ft. (Daniels, 52).

Nortu Dakota to WasHinecton; New Mexico to Cattr-
FORNIA.

293. P. balsamifera L. Batsam POPLAR,

Fourth of July mine; Eldora; Allenspark, 8000-10000 ft.
(Ramaley).

Laprapor to ALASKA; New ENGLAND to COLORADO.

*See Appendix A.

247 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 99

113. SALIX L. WILtLow.

294. §. amygdaloides Anders. PEACH WILLOW.
Common along streams; the only willow, except the next,
of tree size about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 90).
Quesec to WasuHincton; New York to Mrssourr and
ARIZONA.

295. S. caudata (Nutt.) Piper [S. Fendleriana Anders. ; S.
pentandra caudata Nutt.; S. lasiandra Fendleriana Bebb].
FENDLER’S WILLOW.

Along streams in mountain cafions, 5500 (Boulder creek)-

10000 ft. (Daniels, 807).

ALBERTA to British Cotumpia; NEw Mexico to Cati-

FORNIA.

296. §. exigua Nutt. NarrRoWLEAF WILLOW.

Marshall; Valmont; Boulder; South Boulder Cafion; near
junction of Fourmile and Boulder creeks, 5000-9000 ft.
(Ramaley).

MACKENZIE to WASHINGTON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

297. S. luteosericea Rydb. SILKY SANDBAR WILLOW.

Sandy stream flats in the plains and mesas, 5100-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 134).

Nesraska to IDAHO and CoLoRabo.

297%. S. lutea Nutt. YELLOW wiILiow.
Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
CaNnapA to CoLorapo and CALIFORNIA.

298. S. Wolfii Bebb. WotLrF’s wILLow.
Eldora to Baltimore, 8000-10000 ft. (Rydberg).
Wyominc to COLORADO.

299. S. irrorata Anders. BLOOM-BRANCHED WILLOW.
Gregory Cafion (E. Bethel).
Cotorapo to NEw Mexico.

300. S. perrostrata Rydb. LonG-BEAKED WILLOW.
Common in mountain cafions, 5500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 811).
Hupson Bay to ALAsKA and CoLoRADO.

100 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [248

301. §. Bebbiana Sarg. [S. rostrata Richardson]. Brss’s
WILLOW.

Cafions and mountain valleys, frequent, 5700-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 824). St.Vrain Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

Anticosti to ALASKA; New JerSEy to CALIFORNIA.

302. §. Scouleriana Barratt [S. Nuttall Sarg.; S. flavescens
Nutt.]. NUurTraLi’s wILLow.

High alpine valley next to snow, above Bloomerville,
Boulder Cafion, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 321). Also from
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Asstnigo1a to British Cotumsia; New Mexico to CAtt-
FORNIA.

303. 8. brachycarpa Nutt. Dwarr wiLtow.
Silver lake, 7000-11000 ft. (Ramaley).
QueEsec to ALBERTA and COLORADO.

304. §. pseudolapponicum Seem. FaLts—E LAPLAND WILLOW.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 883). Also between Eldora and Baltimore (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

305. 8. glaucops Anderson. GLAUCOUS WILLOW.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 937). Also mountains south of Ward, and between
Sunshine and Ward, (Rydberg).

ALBERTA to YUKON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

306. §. chlorophylla Anders. GREEN-LEAF WILLOW.
Near Fourth of July mine, (Ramaley).
LasBrapor and New Hampsurre to ALASKA and CoLorabo.

307. §. petrophila Rydb. [S. arctica petraea Anderson].
ROCK-LOVING WILLOW.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-14000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 951).
New HampsHtreE to British CoLtumpia; CoLoRApO to
UTAH.

249 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IOI

308. §. Saximontana Rydb. Rocky MounraIn wIiLLow.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-14000 ft. (Dan-
iels, gOI).
WyominG and CoLorapo to WASHINGTON and CALIFORNIA.

Order 16. FAGALES.

Family 29. BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch family.
114. BETULA L. Brrcu.

309. B. papyrifera Andrewsii (A. Nels.) Daniels [B. Andrews
A. Nels.] ANDREWS’S CANOE BIRCH.
A few patches in valleys on the north slope of Green
Mountain (Daniels, 1018). The type locality.
COLORADO, as above.

310. B. fontinalis Sarg. [B. occidentalis S. Wats.]. Foun-
TAIN BIRCH. WESTERN RED BIRCH.

Everywhere along streams except at high altitudes, where
the next takes its place, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 149). Also
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Long’s Peak (Couiter
in Wabash College Herb.).

ALBERTA to YuKoN; SoutH Dakota to New Mexico and
OREGON.

311. B. glandulosa Michx. GLANDULAR BIRCH. SCRUB BIRCH.
In bogs, Eldora to Baltimore, gooo-11000 ft. (Rydberg):
Ward (Cockerell).
GREENLAND to ALASKA; Maine to CoLorADO and OREGON:
ASIA.

115. ALNUS Gaertn. ALprer.

312. A. tenuifolia Nutt. [A. imeana virescens S. Wats.].
THIN-LEAVED ALDER.

Along streams throughout, 5400 (Boulder creek) -10000 ft.
(Daniels, 571). Also mountains between Sunshine and
Ward (Rydberg).

Montana to ALaskA; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

102 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [250
Family 30. CORYLACEAE Mirbel. Hazel family.

116. CORYLUS L. Haze.

313. C. rostrata Ait. BEAKED HAZEL NUT.

Abundant in cafons in the mesas, foothills, and the moun-
tain plateau, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 116).

Nova Scotia to NortH Dakota; GEorGIA to COLORADO.

Order 17. URTICALES.

Family 31. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Nettle family.

117. URTICA L. Nertte.

314. U. gracilis Ait. SLENDER NETTLE.

Common in stream-flats both in and out of shade, 5100-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 583). Also mountains between Sunshine
and Ward (Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to ALasKA; NorTH CAROLINA to NEw Mexico

118. PARIETARIA L. PEL.irory.

315. P. Pennsylvanica Muhl. PENNSYLVANIA PELLITORY.
Moist places under rocks and in cafions and on shady
banks of streams, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 498).
Ontario to British CoLumBiIA; FLoripa to MExtco.

316. P. obtusa Rydb. OBTUSE-LEAVED PELLITORY.
Sunset Cafion, 6000 ft. (Rydberg).
CoLorapbo to UTAH; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

Family 32. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Hemp family.

119. HUMULUS L. Hop.

317. H. Lupulus Neo-Mexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell. NEw
MEXICO HOP.
Rocky banks of cafions and along streams and in waste
places as along fences, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 573).
Wyominc to UTan; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

251] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 103

Family 33. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Elm family.

120. ULMUS L. Exo.
318. U. Americana L. AMERICAN ELM.

A tree of considerable size occurs in a wild place near the
entrance to Boulder Cafion, doubtless self-sown from trees
planted for shade, 5500 ft. (Daniels).

NEWFOUNDLAND to Manitopa; FLoripa to TEXas.

121. CELTIS L. Hackperry.
319. OC. reticulata Torr. VEtNY-LEAVED HACKBERRY.
Rocky ridges on the mesas and foothills, scarce, 5700-
6500 ft. (Daniels, 796).
Texas to COLORADO and ARIZONA.

Order 184 SAIN APA Ae BS)
Family 34. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. Mistletoe family.
122. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hofim. SMALL MISTLETOE.
320. R. Americana (Nutt.) Kuntze [Arceuthobium Ameri-
canum Nutt.]. AMERICAN SMALL MISTLETOE.
On Pinus contorta Murrayana (Oreg. Com.) Engelm. at
Sunset, 7700 it. (Rydberg).
British CoLumpia to COLORADO and OREGON.

321. R. eryptopoda (Engelm.) Coville [Arceuthobium cryp-
topodum Engelm; A. robustum Engelm]|. HipDEN-FOOTED
SMALL MISTLETOE.

On Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon upon high ridge
well toward eastern summit of Green Mt., 7500-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 770). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

Texas and CoLorapo to Arizona and Mexico.

Family 35. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood family.
123. COMANDRA Nutt. Bastarp TOAD-FLAX.

322. €. pallida A. DC. Pate BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

Frequent on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000
ft. (Daniels, 49). St. Vrain Cafion (Coulter in Wabash Col-
lege Herb.).

Manitopa to BritisH CoLumBia; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

104 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [252

Order 19. POLYGONALES.
Family 36. POLYGONACEAE Lind]. Knotweed family.
124. ERIOGONUM Michx. Woot-joInt. .

323. KE. alatum Torr. WINGED WOOL-JOINT.

Common on the plains, mesas, foothills, and open moun-
tainsides, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 170).

NEBRASKA to WyomINnG; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

324. E. vegetius (T. & G.) A. Nels. [E. flavum vegetius T.
& G.; E. Jamesu flavescens S. Wats.; E. Bakeri Greene].
BAKER’S WOOL-JOINT.

Mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and at Meadow

Park, 9000-10000 ft. (Rydberg).

Wyominc to Uran; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

325. E. flavum Nutt. [E. crassifolium Dougl.]. YELLow
WOOL-JOINT.
Common in open places throughout, 5100-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 368).
SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

326. KE. umbellatum Torr. UMBELLATE WOOL-JOINT.

Very abundant in open places throughout, 5100-12000 ft.
(Daniels, 55).

Wyominc to IpaHo; Cotorapo to UTAH.

327. E. subalpinum Greene. SUBALPINE WOOL-JOINT.

Along the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak
and ascending to the timberline, but not above it, 8600-
11000 ft. (Daniels, 950).

ALBERTA to British CoLtumBiIA; CoLorapo to NEVADA.

328. KE. effusum Nutt. Errusr wooL-yornt.

Plains and mesas between Marshall and South Boulder
Peaks, and along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall,
5 400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 439).

NEBRASKA to MonTANA and CoLorapo.

253] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 105

125. RUMEX L. Dock.

329. R. Acetosella L. SHEEP SORREL.

Along railroads and roadsides, and in fields and waste
places, in 1906 still somewhat scarce, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
589). Very common now (1910), along railways up to gooo ft.
and higher (Ramaley).

Europe: Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

330. R. occidentalis S. Wats. WESTERN DOCK.
In Bear Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 710).
LABRADOR to ALASKA; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

331. R. densiflorus Osterh. [R. Bakeri Greene]. DENSE-
FLOWERED DOCK.
Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 908).
WYoMING to COLORADO.

332. R. crispus L. Curty DOcK.

Fields and waste places and becoming common in ditches
and swales, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 491).

Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

333. R. salicifolius Weinm. WAILLOW-LEAVED DOCK.

Common in ditches, shallow streams, and in swales and
low meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 234).

Laprapor to ALASKA; TEXAS to LOWER CALIFORNIA: Evu-
ROPE.

334. R. obtusifolius L. Bitrer Dock.
Waste places and fields, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels).
Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

126. OXYRIA Hill.

335. 0. digyna (L.) Hill. Mounrarn sorre-.

Creek-banks at Eldora; above timberline, Arapahoe Peak,
8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 844).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; New HAmpsHire to ARIZONA and
CALIFORNIA: Europe: Asta.

106 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [254

127. POLYGONUM L. KwNorweep.

336. P. erectum L. Erect KNOTWEED.
Along the railroad in Boulder Cafion, 5500 ft. (Daniels, 580).
Marne to ALBERTA; GEorGIA to ARKANSAS and CoLoRADO.

337. P. buxiforme Small. Box-LIkE KNOTWEED.

Bear Cafion, and all waste places, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels,
698).

ONTARIO to WASHINGTON ; VIRGINIA to TEXAS and NEvADA.
338. P. aviculare L. Doorweep.

Common about houses, along railroads, and in all waste
places, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 582).

Asta: Europe: NortH AMERICA.

339. P. ramosissimum Michx. Bushy KNOTWEED.

Common along railroads and roads, and in low weedy -
grounds, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 519).

MinNEsora to WASHINGTON ; ILLINOIS to NEw Mexico and
Nevapa; Marne to New Jersey along the coast.

340. P. Sawatchense Small. SAaGUACHE KNOTWEED.

High mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 178).

SoutH Daxora to WASHINGTON; COLORADO to ARIZONA and
CALIFORNIA.

341. P. confertiflorum Nuttall [P. Watsonit Small]. War-
SON’S KNOTWEED.
About the quarries at foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 660).
Montana to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

342. P. unifolium Small. ONE-LEAVED KNOTWEED.
Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake, gooo ft (Daniels, 672).
Montana to CoLorabo.
343. P. Engelmannii Greene [P. tenue microspermum
Engelm.]. ENGELMANN’S ENOTWEED.
Sandy stream-flats, especially common along the railroad in
Boulder Cafion, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 568).
Montana and CoLorapo to British CoLuMBIA.

255] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 107

344. P. Douglasii Greene. DouGLas’s KNOTWEED.

Common in open, especially sandy places throughout, 5100-
10000 ft. (Daniels, 958).

VeRMONT to BritisH CotumpiA; NEw York to New Mex-
Ico and CALIFORNIA.

344a. P. Douglasii consimile (Greene) Small [P. consimile
Greene]. BRANCHED DOUGLAS'S KNOTWEED.
Gregory Cafion, 6000-6300 ft. (Daniels, 546). Lower Boul-
der Canon (Rydberg).
Range of the type?
128. PERSICARIA Adans. SMaArTWEED. Lapy’s
THUMB.

345. P. emersa (Michx.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Polygonum
Muhlenbergu S. Wats; Polygonum emersum (Michx.)
Britton]. MUHLENBERG’S LADY’S THUMB.

Along ditches and in swales in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
jels).
Marne to BritisH CoLUMBIA; VIRGINIA to CALIFORNIA and

MExIco.

346. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray [Polygonum lapathifo-
lium L.|. Dock-LEAVED LADY’S THUMB.
Swales and ditches in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
506). ;
Europe: Asta: NortH AMERICA.
347. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. [Polygonum Persicaria L.]-
COMMON LADY'S THUMB.
Common in waste places, and along ditches and in swales,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 517).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

348. P. punctata (Ell.) Small [Polygonum punctatum ELL. ;
Polygonum acre H. B. K.].. WATER SMARTWEED. DOTTED
WATER PEPPER.

Margins of ponds, in swales and springy grounds, 5100-6000

ft. (Daniels, 798).

NortH AMERICA: CENTRAL AMERICA: SOUTH AMERICA.

108 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [256

129. BISTORTA Tourn. Brsrorr.
349. B. bistortoides (Pursh) Small [Polygonum Bistorta ob-
longifolium Meisn.]. OBLONG-LEAVED BISTORT.
Along Arapahoe Trail and above timberline on Arapahoe
Peak, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 890).
Montana to WasHIncTon; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

350. B. vivipara (L.) S. F. Gray [Polygonum viviparum L.].
ALPINE BISTORT.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
894). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake,
1o1oo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; New Hampsuire to CoLorapo: Ev-
ROPE: ASIA.

130. TINIARIA Reichenb. Fatse BucKWHEAT.

351. T. Convolvulus (L.) Webb. & Mog. [Polygonum Con-
volvulus L.].. BLACK BINDWEED. COMMON FALSE BUCK-
WHEAT.

Along railroads and roads; throughout the cultivated area

as a weed in fields, 5100-go00 ft. (Daniels, 484).

Europe and Asta, thence to Nort AMERICA.

Order 20. CHENOPODIALES.
Family 37. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot family.

131. CHENOPODIUM L. Goosrroor. Lamp’s QuAR-
TERS. PIGWEED.
352. C. leptophyllum Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.
Common in the plains, mesas, and gullies of the foothills and
mountains, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 604).
NEBRASKA to Montana; Missourt to ARIZONA.

353. C. oblongifolium (S. Wats.) Rydb. [C. leptophyllum ob-
longifolium S. Wats.]. OBLONG-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.
Common in dry places on the plains and mesas, 5100-7000
ft. (Daniels, 994).
NortH Daxora to Wyominc; Missourt and Texas to ArRI-
ZONA.

257]| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 109

354. C. incanum (S. Wats.) Heller [C. Fremonti imcanum
S. Wats.]. Hoary GOOSEFOOT.
Frequent on the plains and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 411).
NEBRASKA to Cotorapo; NEw Mexico to NEvapa.

355. C. Fremontii S. Wats. FREMONT’S GOOSEFOOT.
Bear Cafion in shade, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 829).
Soutu Daxota to Montana; New Mexico to Arizona and
Mexico.

356. ©. album L. WHuite GoosEeroor. COMMON PIGWEED.
Common in fields, yards, and waste places, 5100-8600 ft.
(Daniels, 806).
Europe and Asia, thence a cosmopolitan weed.

357. C. hybridum L. MapLr-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.

Common in shady cafions, and as a weed in gardens and
waste places, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 6or).

Temperate NortH AMERICA: EUROPE.

358. C. rubrum L. [Blitum rubrum (L.) Reichenb.]. Rep
GOOSEFOOT.
Along Boulder Cafion near Falls, 6500-8000 ft. (Daniels,
549).
NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CotumBIA; NEW JERSEY to CoL-
ORADO: Europe: Asia.

359. C. Botrys L. FEATHER GERANIUM. JERUSALEM OAK.
Common in waste places and along railroads in coal ashes.
5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 598).
Europe and Asta, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

132. BLITUML. B.itre.

360. B. capitatum L. STRAWBERRY BLITE.

Frequent in cafions and along mountain roads, 6000-10000
ft. (Daniels, 545). Also mountains between Sunshine and
Ward (Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to ALAsKA; New JERSEY to CALIFORNIA: Eu-
ROPE.

110 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [258

133. CYCLOLOMA Mog.
361. ©. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. [C. platyphyllum
Mogq.] WINGED PIGWEED.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall ; also along
the railroad in Sunset Cafion, 5400-7700 ft. (Daniels, 485).
Marshall (W. W. Robbins).

Ontario to Montana; ARKANSAS to ARIZONA.

134. MONOLEPIS Schrad.
302. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene [M. chenopodioides
Mog.].. Nurraty’s Mono.erts.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, the only ruderal observed
there, 11000-15000 ft. (Daniels, 918).

MINNESOTA to WASHINGTON; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

135. ATRIPLEX L. Oracue.
363. A. carnosa A. Nels. FLESHY ORACHE.
Alkaline flats at Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 729).
NEBRASKA to MontANA; KANSAS to COLORADO.
364. A. argentea Nutt. SILVERY ORACHE.

Alkaline flats at Boulder lake, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 730).

NortH Dakota to British CoLtumBiaA; Kansas to CoLo-
RADO.

365. A. occidentalis Torr & Fremont. WESTERN ORACHE.

Dry mesas at Boulder (Rydberg).

CoLorapo to UTAH; TExAs to ARIZONA.

366. A. hortensis L. GaRDEN ORACHE.
Along railroads and in yards, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 679).
Evurorpr, thence to NortH AMERICA.
136. EUROTIA Adans. WHITE SAGE.
367. E. lanata (Pursh) Mog. WooLLy WHITE SAGE.
Plains at Boulder (Rydberg).
SourH DaKoTa to WASHINGTON; KANSAS to CALIFORNIA.
137. CORISPERMUM L. Bucseep.
368. C. marginale Rydb. MaARrGINAL-FRUITED BUGSEED.
Valleys near Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyominc to CoLoRADO.

259] FLORA OF BOULDBR, COLORADO ITT

138. DONDIA Adans. SEA BLITE.

369. D. depressa (Pursh) Britton [Suaeda depressa S. Wats. ].
Low SEA BLITE.

About the shores of Boulder lake, and other brackish lakes
and pools, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 778). Near Boulder (W. W.
Robbins ).

SASKATCHEWAN to MontTANA;-CoLorApo to NEVADA.

369%. D. erecta (S. Wats.) A. Nels. [Suaeda depressa
erecta S. Wats.]. ERECT SEA BLIT#
Calkins lake (W. W. Robbins).
NorrH Dakota to MontTANA; CoLorApo to NEVADA.

139. SALSOLA L. Sattrworr. SEA KALE.

370. §. Tragus L. RussIAN THISTLE.

Very common in waste places and along railroads, 5100-
7ooo ft. (Daniels, 419).

Europe and AsrA, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

Family 38. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth
family.

140. AMARANTHUS L. AmarantH. PIGWEED.

371. A. Powellii S. Wats. POWELL’s PIGWEED.
Sandy valleys at Boulder (Rydberg).
Texas to CoLoraApo and CALIFORNIA.

372. A. retroflexus L. RoUGH PIGWEED.

Abounding in fields and waste places, 5100-7000 (clearings
in Bear Canon, perhaps even higher in the mountains) ft.
(Daniels, 812).

TropicAL AMERICA, thence a cosmopolitan weed.

373. AA. blitoides S. Wats. PRosTRATE PIGWEED.
Along thoroughfares, and in fields, waste places, and creek-
sands throughout, very common, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 814).
CoLorapo to Uran and Mexico, thence to the rest of the
Unitep States and SOUTHERN CANADA.

II2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [260

374. A. graecizans L. [A. albus L.]. WHITE PIGwEED. TUM-
BLE WEED.

Common in waste places, especially on the plains, 5100-6000
ft. (Daniels, 813).

TropicaAL America, thence throughout NortH AMERICA.

141. FROELICHIA Moench.
375. F. gracilis Moq. SLENDER FROELICHIA.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall; also
along the railroad in Boulder Cafion, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels,
476).

NEBRASKA to CoLorADo; ARKANSAS to TEXAS.

Family 39. CORRIGIOLACEAE Reichenb. Corrigiola
family.
142. PARONYCHIA Adans. WuitrLowwort.

376. P. pulvinata Gray. PULVINATE WHITLOWWORT.
Massif de Il’ Arapahoe, 1100-13500 ft. (Rydberg).
Wyominc and Cotorapo to UTAH.

377. P.Jamesii T.& G. JAMES’S WHITLOW-woRT.

Common in open situations throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 136). Also mountains between Sunshine and Wee, and
at Meadow Park and Lyons (Rydberg).

NEBRASKA to WYOMING; TEXAS to NEw Mexico and MeEx-
ICO.

Family 40. ALLIONIACEAE Reichenb. Umbrella-wort

family.
143. ABRONIA Juss.

378. A. fragrans Nutt. FRAGRANT ABRONIA.

Near Boulder (Tweedy). Valmont Butte, not getting to
Boulder (Ramaley).

SoutH Daxora to IpaAHo; Kansas to New MExIco.

144, ALLIONIA Loeffl. Umpretia-worr.
379. A. nyctaginea Michx. [Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet].
HEART-LEAVED UMBRELLA-WORT.

Plains and mesas, especially about streams, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 113).

ILLInoIs to SASKATCHEWAN ; Missourt to COLORADO.

261 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 113

380. A. hirsuta Pursh. HaAtRY UMBRELLA-WORT.

Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 353).

WIsconsiIn and Minnesota to SourH Daxota; Missouri
to COLORADO.

381. A. diffusa Heller. Dirrus— UMBRELLA-WoORT.

On the plains and mesas and rich mountain slopes, 5100-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 167).

Nortu Daxora to WyomMIncG; Kansas to ARIZONA.

382. A. lanceolata Rydb. LANCE-LEAVED UMBRELLA-WORT.
Between Sunshine and Ward (Tweedy).
Minnesota to Wyominc; TENNESSEE to TExAs and CoLo-
RADO.

383. A. linearis Pursh [Oxybaphus angustifolius Sweet].
NARROW-LEAVED UMBRELLA-WORT.
On the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 960).
Minnesota to Montana; LoursiANna to Arizona and MEx-
ICO.

Family 41. TETRAGONIACEAE Reichenb. New Zealand
spinach family.

145. MOLLUGO L. Carpet-weEeEb.

384. M. verticillata L. CoMMON CARPET-WEED.

Common on shales with thin soil between Marshall and
South Boulder Peaks, 5400-6000 ft. (Daniels, 427). Not in
Rydberg’s Flora.

TroprcaAL AmerIcA, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Family 42. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Purslane family.
146. TALINUM Adans. FAME-FLOWER.

385. TT. parviflorum Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED FAME-FLOWER.
Common on shales with thin soil between Marshall and
South Boulder Peaks; also on rocks in Gregory Cafion, 5400-
7000 ft. (Daniels, 437).
Minnesota to SoutH Daxkota; Texas to ArRIzonA and
Mexico.

114 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [262

147. CLAYTONIA L. Sprinc Beauty.

386. C. rosea Rydb. Rosy spRiNG BEAUTY.

Common at Boulder (Cockerell).

SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLuMBIA; CoLorapo to CALT-
FORNIA.

387. C. megarrhiza Parry. LARGE-ROOTED SPRING BEAUTY.
Arapakoe Peak, towards summit, 12000-13500 ft. (Daniels,
889, collected by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell).
Montana and Cotorapo to Uran.

148. CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. WATER SPRING BEAUTY.

388. C. Chamissoi (Ledeb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Claytonia
Chamissonis Esch.]. CHAMISSO’S WATER SPRING BEAUTY.
Along ditches in the plains, and in deep cafions in the foot-
hills and mountains ; along streams at Ward and Bloomerville;
in subalpine bogs at Eldora; and in wet tundras on Arapahoe
Peak, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 239). Arapahoe Pass (Ryd-
berg).
Minnesota to British Cotumsia; New Mexico to Cati-
FORNIA.

149. OREOBROMA Howell. Burrrer root.

389. 0. pygmaea (Gray) Howell. [Calandrinia pygmaca
Gray; Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robinson]. PyGmy sit-
TER ROOT.
Arapahoe Peak, 12000 ft. (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100
ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana and CoLorapo to CALIFORNIA.

150. PORTULACA L. Purstane. PussLey.
390. P. oleracea L. CoMMON PURSLANE.
Campus of the University of Colorado at Boulder (Cock-
erell).
TROPICAL AMERICA, now cosmopolitan.

391. P. retusa Engelm. RETUSE-LEAVED PURSLANE.
Along the railroad in Sunset Cafion, 5700-7700 ft. (Daniels,
V2.2).

ARKANSAS to NEvADA; TExas to New Mexico.

263] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IIc
Family 43. ALSINACEAE Wahl. Chickweed Family.

151. ALSINE L. CuickweEep. STARWORT.

392. A. media L. [Stellaria media (L.) Cyr.]. COMMON CHICK-
WEED.
Streets in the city of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 803).
Europe and Ast, thence a cosmopolitan weed.

393. A. Baicalensis Coville [Stellaria umbellata Turcz.]. LAKE
BAICAL STARWORT.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline in wet tundras, 11000-
13500 ft. (Daniels, 929). Also along mountain streams from
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Montana to OrEGON; CoLorADO to CALIFORNIA: SIBERIA.

394. A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton [Stellaria longifolia
Muhl.]. LoNncG-LEAVED STITCHWORT.
In high alpine valley near snow above Bloomerville, gooo-
t1000 ft. (Daniels, 326).
NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; MARYLAND to CoLtorapo: Eu-
ROPE: ASIA.

395. A. longipes (Goldie) Coville [Stellaria longipes Goldie].
LONG-PEDICELLED STITCH WORT.
Wet meadows at Caribou, 8000-10000 ft. (Rydberg).
LABRADOR to ALASKA and COLORADO: SIBERIA.

395a. A. longipes stricta (Richardson) Rydb. [Stellaria
stricta Richardson]. STRICT LONG-PEDICELLED STITCHWORT.
Eldora to Baltimore, 8000-11000 ft. (Rydberg).
Range of the type, but extending to CALIFORNIA.
396. A. Jamesiana (Torr.) Heller [Stellaria Jamesiana Vorr.].
JAMES’S STARWORT.
Along a stream in the mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 26). The plants have fimbriate petals!
Wyominc to NEw Mexico and CALtrornta.
152 CERASTIUM L. Mousr-Ear CHICKWEED.

397. C. occidentale Greene. WESTERN MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.
Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountainsides in

116 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [264

sheltered places and about streams and springs, 5700 (stream

in mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill)—12000 ft. (Daniels, 24). St.

Vrain Cafion, 7000 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
Montana to CoLorapo and Uran.

153. ARENARIA L. SAnpwort.

398. A. Tweedyi Rydb. Twerepy’s sANDWoRT.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 1003).

Wyominc to New Mexico and Arizona.

399. A. Fendleri Gray. FENDLER’S SANDWORT.

High mesas between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks,
thence throughout the mountain region, 5700-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 425). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and
at Caribou (Rydberg).

Wvyominc to New Mexico and Arizona.

399a. A. Fendleri diffusa Porter & Coulter. Dirrusr FENnp-
LER’S SANDWORT.
Plains and mesas about Boulder and Marshall, and in the
foothills and mountains, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 423).
CoLoRADo.

154. ALSINOPSIS Small.

4oo. A. propinqua (Richardson) Rydb. [Arenaria propinqua
Richardson; A. verna aequicaulis A. Nels.]. GLANDULAR
SANDWORT.

Arapahoe Peak in dry tundras, 11000-13000 ft. (Daniels,

754). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Hupson Bay to British CotumBraA; CoLtorapo to UTAH.

4o1. A. obtusiloba Rydb. [Arenaria obtusa Torr.]. OBTusE-
LEAVED SANDWORT.

Very common in dry tundras, forming often the main part of
the turf, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 913). Also
at Caribou, 10000 ft. (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft.
(Ramaley & Robbins).

ALBERTA to British CoLumBia; NEw Mexico to UTAH.

265 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 117

Family 44. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink family.
155. SILENE L. Campion. CATCHFLY.

4o2. S. antirrhina L. SLEEPY CATCHFLY.

Common on the plains and mesas, and in deep cafions for
some distance in the mountains, 5100-6500 (Boulder Cafion),
ft. (Daniels, 477).

NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CoLuMBIA; FLortpa to CALI-
FORNIA and Mexico.

4o2a. §. antirrhina depauperata Rydb. DrEPAUPERATE SLEEPY
CATCHFLY.
Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 974).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLumpBiA; CoLorapo to ARI-
ZONA.

403. S. noctiflora L. NiGHT-BLOOMING CATCHELY.

Along streets and in waste places in the city of Boulder,
5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 815). Campus of the University of
Colorado (Cockerell).

Europe, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

4o4. §. acaulis L. Moss cAmpPion.

Dry tundras, Arapahoe Peak, where it is abundant and char-
acteristic, I1000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 902).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; NEw HAMPSHIRE to ARIZONA: arc-
tic-alpine in the OLD Wor tp.

156. LYCHNIS L.

405. L. Drummondii (Hook.) S. Wats. DrumMoNnp’s PINK.
Common in open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels,
173). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).
Manirtora to British Cotumpia; New Mexico to ARIzoNna.

157. WACCARIA Medic.

406. V. Vaccaria (L.) Britton [V. vulgaris Host; Saponaria
Vaccaria L.]. Cow HERB.
Common in waste places about Boulder, 5300-5700 ft. (Dan-

iels, 135).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

118 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [266

158. SAPONARIA L. Soapwort.

407. S. officinalis L. Bouncine Ber.

Roadsides and along railroads, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 725).
Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Order 21. RANALES.
Family 45. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Gray. Hornwort family.

159. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort.

408. €.demersum L. COMMON HORNWORT.
Owen’s lake; Boulder lake, 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 614).
NortH AMERICA: Europe: Astra.

Family 46. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot family.

160. CALTHA L. MarsH MARIGOLD.

409. C. leptosepala DC. [C. rotundifolia (Huth) Greene;
C. chionophila Greene]. \WHITE MARSH MARIGOLD.

Along brooks crossing the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to
Arapahoe Peak, where in the wet tundras it ascends above
timberline, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 880). Long’s Peak (Coul-
ter in Wabash College Herb.).

MackKeENzIE to YuKON and ALAsKA; CoLtorapo to NEVADA
and OREGON.

161. TROLLIUS L. GLope FLOWER.

4to. T. albiflorus (Gray) Rydb. [T. laxus albiflorus Gray].
WHITE GLOBE FLOWER.

Along brooks crossing the Arapahoe Trail from Eldora to
Arapahoe Peak, where in the wet tundras it ascends above
timberline, g000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 919). Long’s Peak (Coul-
ter in Wabash College Herb.).

Montana to WASHINGTON; CoLorApo to Uran.

267 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO - 119

162. ACTAEA L. BANEBERRY.

4ut. A. arguta Nutt. WESTERN RED BANEBERRY.

Frequent in deep cafions throughout, 6000 (Bear Cafion at
entrance )—10000 ft. (Daniels, 970).

Montana to ALtAska ; NEw Mexico to Cattrornia: Nortu-
ERN ASIA.

4tta. <A, arguta eburnea (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Ac-
taea eburnea Rydb.]. Ivory BANEBERRY.
Mountain cafions throughout, 6500 (Bear Cafion)—tr1oo00 ft.
(Daniels, 468).
NEWFOUNDLAND to ALBERTA; VERMONT to UTAH.
163. AQUILEGIA L. CoLumBINeE.

412. A. coerulea James. AZURE COLUMBINE.

North slope of Green Mt.; Bear Cafion; common on the
mountains between Sunset and Ward; above timberline, Arap-
ahoe Peak, 6500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 350). Nearly extermi-
nated in the immediate region about Boulder. Also North
Boulder Peak (Rydberg). The State flower of Colorado.

Montana to CotoraApo and Utan.

164. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur.

413. D. Penardii Huth. PENARD’S LARKSPUR.
Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 66).
COLORADO.
414. D. camporum Greene. PLAINS LARKSPUR.
Plains and foothills near Boulder, 5100-8000 ft. (Rydberg).
Texas to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

415. D. Nelsonii Greene. NELSON’S LARKSPUR.
Along streams in mesa fronting Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000
ft. (Daniels, 112). Sugarloaf Mountain, 8000 ft. (Ramaley).
ALBERTA to WASHINGTON; NEBRASKA to Uran.
416. D. occidentale S. Wats. [D. quercetorum Greene].
WESTERN LARKSPUR.

Rich mountainsides between Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8000-
roooo ft. (Daniels, 628).
WyYomMING and Cotorapo to UTAH.

120 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [268

416%. D. Barbeyi Huth [D. scopulorum subalpinum Gray; D.
subalpinum (Gray) A. Nels.]. BAarBEy’S LARKSPUR.
Boulder Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
Wyominc and CoLorapo.

417. D. Ajacis L. GARDEN LARKSPUR.

Escaped into streets in the city of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft.
(Daniels, 191).

Europe, thence to CANADA and the UNITED STATES.

165. ACONITUM L. MonxsHoop.

418. A. porrectum Rydb. PorrEcT MONKSHOOD.
Arapahoe Pass, toooo ft. (Rydberg).
WyYomMING to COLORADO.

419. A. Columbianum Nutt. CoLumsBra MONKSHOOD.
Boulder Cafion above the Falls near the Perfect Tree, 7500:
8000 ft. (Daniels, 540). Also Redrock lake, totoo it. (Rama-
ley & Robbins).
Montana to British Cotumpta; New Mexico to Cati-
FORNIA.

420. A. insigne Greene. SHOWY MONKSHOOD.
Subalpine meadows near Eldora, 8600-11000 ft. (Daniels,

979).
COLORADO.

421. A. ochroleucum A. Nels. OcHROLEUCOUS MONKSHOOD.
Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600-go00 ft. (Daniels, 980).
Wyominc to CoLoraAbo.

166. ANEMONE L. WIdnNpD FLoweERr.

422. A. globosa Nutt. GLOBOSE ANEMONE.

Bear Cafion, scarce; common in aspen bogs at Eldora and
Glacier Lake, 7000-11000 ft. (Daniels, 446). Also at Caribou
(Rydberg).

SoutH Daxota to MACKENZIE and ALASKA; COLORADO to
CALIFORNIA.

269 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO T2I

423. A. cylindrica Gray. LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.
Common in the mesas, thence following the streams in the
plains, and on the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 186).
New Brunswick to British CotumpBia; NEw JERSEY to
ARIZONA.

424. A. Canadensis L. [A. Pennsylvanica L.] CANADA ANE-
MONE. PENNSYLVANIA ANEMONE.
Common in cafions and along streams throughout, except in
the higher elevations, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 443).
LABRADOR to ALBERTA; MARYLAND to NEw Mexico.
167. PULSATILLA Adans. PASQUE FLOWER.

425. P. hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton [Anemone patens Nut-
talliana Gray|. AMERICAN PASQUE FLOWER.

Common in open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels,
219). Also Sugarleaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell), and North Boul-
der Peak, and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Long’s Peak
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Ittinois to MACKENZIE; TEXAS to WASHINGTON.

425a. P. hirsutissima rosea (Cockerell) Daniels. Nov. comb.
PINK PASQUE FLOWER.
Boulder (Miss Marie Gill). This rose-colored form is due
to some unusual acidity of the sap, not to a difference in the
character of the pigment.

168. CLEMATIS L. Vrrcin’s BOWER.

426. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. WESTERN VIRGIN’S BOWER.
Common among bushes in cafions and along streams, ascend-
ing for a considerable distance into the mountains along the
principal streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 155).
NortH Daxora to British CoLtumsiA; Missourtr to Cati-
FORNIA.
169. VIORNA Reichenb. LEATHER FLOWER.
427. V. Jones (Kuntze) Rydb. [Clematis Douglasii Jonesi
Kuntze]. JONES'S LEATHER FLOWER.
Scarce in the foothills at Orodell along Boulder Cafion, 6000-
7oo0 ft. (Daniels, 723). Near Boulder (Patterson).
CoLorapo to NEvapa,

122 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [270

428. V. eriophora Rydb. [Clematis eriophora Rydb.]. Woot-
LY LEATHER FLOWER.

Foothills along Boulder Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 998).
Puzzling intermediates between this species and the preceding
were found at Orodell.

Wyominc to CoLtorapo and UTau.

170. ATRAGENE L. BE Lt Rue.

429. A. occidentalis Hornem. [A. Columbiana Nutt.]. West-
ERN BELL RUE.
Very scarce in Bear Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 761).
Redrock lake 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana to British CotumsBia; CoLorapo to UTAH.

171. MYOSURUS L. Mouse rain.

430. M. apetalus Gay [M. aristatus Benth.]|. BEAKED MOUSE
TAIL.
In muddy places, Long’s Peak, go00 ft. (Rydberg).
Montana to WASHINGTON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA:
CuHitt: NEw ZEALAND.

172. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray., WHITE WATER CROW-
FOOT.

431. B. aquatile flaccidum (Pers.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [B.
flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr.]. FLAccID-LEAVED WHITE WA-
TER CROWFOOT.

Aquatic in a pond at Glacier Lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 618).
Also at Boulder (Rydberg). Redrock lake, ro1oo ft. (Rama-
ley & Robbins).

LABRADOR to WASHINGTON; NortTH CaARroLina to LOWER
CALIFORNIA.

173. RANUNCULUS L. Crowroor. Burtrercup.

432. R. reptans L. [R. Flammula reptans (L.) E. Meyer].
CREEPING CROWFOOT.

Common in limose places about Boulder; at Marshall; in

Sunset Cafion; aspen and subalpine bogs at Glacier Lake and

271 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 123

Eldora, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 619). Also at Ward (Ryd-
berg).
Lasrapor to ALASKA; New Jersey to Urau and OREGON:
Europe: Asta.
433. R. ellipticus Greene. ELLIPTIC-LEAVED CROW-FOOT.
Long’s Peak (Porter and Coulter).
Montana to British CoLtuMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

434. R. cardiophyllus Hook. [R. affinis cardiophyllus Gray].
HEART-LEAVED CROWFOOT.

Wet meadows and bogs from Eldora to Baltimore, 8000-
10000 ft. (Rydberg).

SASKATCHEWAN to COLORADO.

435. R. inamoenus Greene. Ucty crowroor.

Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 449). Also in meadows and
along streams at Caribou, and from Eldora to Baltimore, 7000-
10000 ft. (Rydberg).

Montana to New Mexico and Uraun.

436. R. micropetalus (Greene) Rydb. [R. affinis micropetalus
Greene]. SMALL-PETALLED CROWFOOT.
Aspen bogs at Glacier Lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 715).
Cotorapo to Uta and Arizona.

437. R. pedatifidus J. G. Smith [R. affinis R. Br.]. Nortu-
ERN BUTTERCUP.

Alpine bogs and meadows, Eldora to Baltimore, 7000-12000
ft. (Rydberg). Near Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wabash Col-
lege Herb.).

Laprapor to ALASKA; COLORADO to ARIZONA: SIBERIA.

438. R. alpeophilus A. Nels. ALPINE CROWFOOT.

In wet places near the snow at Caribou, 9000-12000 ft.
(Rydberg).

Montana to CoLorabo.

439. R. adoneus Gray. ADONIS-LIKE BUTTERCUP.
Alpine peaks at Ward (Rydberg).
Wyominc and CoLorapo to UTAH.

124 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [272

440. R. abortivus L. KIDNEY-LEAVED CROWFOOT.

Common in low grounds, 5100-go00 (streams at Bloomer-
ville) ft. (Daniels, 322).

LABRADOR to SASKATCHEWAN; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

441. R. micranthus Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT.
In Bear Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 828).
MASSACHUSETTS to SASKATCHEWAN; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

442. R. sceleratus eremogenes (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb.
[R. eremogenes Greene]. WESTERN SWAMP CROWFOOT.

Along ditches and in swales about Boulder and Marshall;
along Four-mile creek in Sunset Cafion, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 429).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.
443. R. Macounii Britton. Macoun’s BUTTERCUP.

About irrigation ditches in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 236).

Ontario to ALBERTA: Iowa to CoLoRADo.

174. HALERPESTES Greene.

444. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene [Ranunculus Cymbalaria
Pursh; Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl; Cyrtor-
rhyncha Cymbalaria (Pursh) Britton]. SEASIDE cRow-
FOOT.

Around ponds and irrigation ditches about Boulder and Mar-
shall on the plains, 5100-5700 it. (Daniels, 255). Also at
Ward (Cockerell). Valmont (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

NortaH AMErIcA: SoutH America: ASIA.

175. CYRTORRHYNCHA Nutt.

445. €. ranunculina Nutt. [Ranunculus Nuttallii Gray].
NUTTALL’S BUTTERCUP.

Rare on the north slope of Green Mt., 6500-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 369). Near Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter
in Wabash College Herb.).

WyoMInG to CoLorapo.

273] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 125

176. THALICTRUM L. Merapow-RUveE.”

446. T. purpurascens L. PUuRPLISH MEADOW-RUE.

Springy cafion at the foot of Flagstaff Hill; wet meadows
between Marshall and South Boulder Peaks, 5400-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 434).

Nova Scotra to SASKATCHEWAN ; FLorIDA to COLORADO.

447. T. Fendleri Engelm. FENDLER’S MEADOW-RUE.

Cafions on the north slope of Green Mt., 6000-8100 ft. (Dan-
iels, 532). Also in the mountains from Eldora to Baltimore
(Rydberg).

Wyomine and New Mexico to Arizona.

Family 47. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water-lily family.
177. NYMPHAEA L. YELLow ponp LILy.

448. N. polysepala (Engelm.) Greene [Nuphar polysepalum
Engelm.]. MANy-SEPALLED YELLOW POND LILY. WEST-
ERN SPATTER DOCK.

Alpine lakes at Ward, gooo-11000 ft. (Daniels). A portion
of Engelmann’s type material came from the vicinity of Long’s
Peak, lat. 40°.

Montana to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

Family 48. BERBERIDACEAE T.& G. Barbeiry family.

178. ODOSTEMON Raf. OREGON GRAPES.

449. 0. repens (Lindl.) Cockerell [O. Aquifolium Rydb., not
Berberis Aquifolium Pursh; B. repens Lindl.]. CREEPING
OREGON GRAPES. HOLLY BARBERRY.

Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes, 5700-
toooo ft. (Daniels, 471). Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wabash
College Herb.).

Montana to IpAHo; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

/

126 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [274
Order 22. PAPAVERALES.
Family 49. PAPAVERACEAE Juss. Poppy family.

179. PAPAVER L. Poppy.

450. P. Argemone L. RoUGH-FRUITED Poppy. WIND ROSE.
Escaped into streets and plains near dwellings, 5500-5600 ft.
(Daniels, 200).
Europe, thence to the UNITED STATES.

180. ARGEMONE L. Prickly Poppy.

451. A. intermedia Sweet. WHITE PRICKLY POPPY.
Abundant on the plains, mesas, and open meadows in the
foothills, 5100-7500 ft. (Daniels, 85).
SoutH Daxora to Wyominc; Texas to MExico.

452. A. hispida Gray [A. bipinnatifida Greene]. Harry PRICK-
LY POPPY.
Plains and foothills near Boulder, 5100-9000 ft. (Rydberg).
Wyominc to New Mexico and UrtaH.

Family 50. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumitory family.

181. CAPNOIDES Adans. CorypALis.

453. C. aureum (Willd.) Kuntze [Corydalis aurea Willd.].,
GOLDEN CORYDALIS. ,

Rather frequent in rocky places throughout, 5100-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 82). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and
Ward, and at Ward (Rydberg). Long’s Peak (Coulter in
Wabash College Herb.).

Nova Scotia to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to CALIFORNIA.

454. C€. montanum (Engelm.) Britton [C. pachylobum
Greene; Corydalis aurea occidentalis Gray]. MouNntTAIN
CORYDALIS.

Near Boulder, and in the mountains between Sunshine and

Ward (Rydberg).

SoutH Daxkora to UraH; Missouri to Texas and ARIZONA.

275] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 127

Family 51. BRASSICACEAE Lind]. Mustard family.
182. CARDARIA Desv.

455. C€. Draba (L.) Desv. [Lepidium Draba L.]. Hoary
CRESS.
Near Boulder, (Rydberg).
Europe and Asta, thence to the Unirep STATES.

183. LEPIDIUM L. Perpper crass.

456. lL. medium Greene. MEDIUM PEPPER GRASS.

Plains and foothills near Boulder, and in Boulder Cafion,
5000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 123).

Missourt to Texas and CALIFORNIA.

457. lL. divergens Osterh. DIVERGENT PEPPER GRASS.
Common in creek-sands and along roads and railroads in the
foothills and mesas, 5400-8000 it. (Daniels, 32).
COLORADO.

184. THLASPI L. Penny erass.

458. T. arvense L. FIELD PENNY GRASS.
Local in waste places; especially abundant along roadsides
at the entrance of Boulder Cafion, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 163).
Europe and Asta, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

459. T. Nuttallii Rydb. NutTTALL’s PENNY GRASS.

Rocky cafions on the north slope of Green Mt., 6000-8100
ft. (Daniels, 275).

Montana and CoLorapo to WASHINGTON.

460. T. Coloradense Rydb. CoLoRApO PENNY GRASS.

Gregory Cafion, 6200 ft. (Daniels, 194). Also in wet places
among rocks, Massif de I’ Arapahoe, 11000-13500 ft. (Ryd-
berg).

CoLorRaAbo.

461. T. purpurascens Rydb. PurpPLISH PENNY GRASS.
Among rocks on the peaks, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
CoLorapo to. ARIZONA.

128 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [276

185. BURSA Weber. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

462. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Weber [Capsella Bursa-pastoris
(L.) Medic.]. ComMoN SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
Very common in fields and waste places, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 252).
Europe, thence now cosmopolitan.

186. PHYSARIA Gray. DovuBLE BLADDER POD.

463. P. didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray. CoMMON DOUBLE BLAD-
DER POD.

Common under rocks in the mesas and foothills, 5700-7000
ft. (Daniels, 80). Also Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter; Coul-
ter in Wabash College Herb.).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; CoLorADO to UTAH.

464. P. floribunda Rydb. Many-FLOWERED DOUBLE BLADDER
POD.
Plains and foothills near Boulder; Eldora to Baltimore,
(Rydberg). Also Boulder (Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell).
CoLoRADO.

187, LESQUERELLA S. Wats. BLappDER Pop.

465. LL. Shearis Rydb. SHEAR’S BLADDER POD.

On shales with thin soil between Marshall and South Boul-
der Peaks, 5400-6000 it. (Daniels, 436). Plains and foothills
at Boulder (Rydberg).

CoLoRADO.

188. CAMELINA Crantz. Myacrum.

466. C. sativa (L.) Crantz [Myagrum sativum L.]. FALSE
FLAX.
Along streets and in waste places in the city of Boulder,
5300-5700 ft. (Daniels, 281). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

189. NASTURTIUM R. Br. Cress.

467. N. Nasturtium—aquaticum (L.) Karst. [N. officinale R.
Br.; Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby.]. Water cREss.

277 FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 129

Frequent in ditches, streams, and springy swales in and
about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 590).

Europe and Asta, thence to both Norru and SoutH AMER-
ICA.

190. RADICULA Hill. YELLow cress.

468. R. calycina (Engelm.) Greene [Nasturtium calycinum
Engelm.; Roripa calycina (Engelm.) Rydb.]. Warty
PODDED YELLOW CRESS.

Along the railroad near Boulder lake, 5200-5300 ft. (Dan-

iels, 774).
Montana to WaAsHINGTON and New Mexico.

469. R. sinuata (Nutt.) Greene [Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. ;
Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitche.]. SPREADING YEL-
LOW CRESS.

On stream banks and in wet ground near Boulder (Ryd-
berg).
Minnesota to WasHincton; Missourt to ARIZONA.

470. R. hispida (Desv.) Moench. [Nasturtium Iuspidum
Desv.; Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton]. HaAtry MARSH
CRESS.

Along streams, ditches, and in swales, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 581).

New Brunswick to British CotumBriA; Froripa to NEw

Mexico.

471. R. obtusa (Nutt.) Greene [Nasturtium obtusum Nutt. ;
Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton]. BLUNT-LEAVED MARSH
CRESS.

Massif de I’ Arapahoe, roooo ft. (Rydberg).
MicHIGAN to WASHINGTON; TEXAS to UTAH.

472. R.curvipes (Greene) Greene [Roripa curvipes Greene].
CURVED-PODDED MARSH CRESS.
In Boulder Cafion, 5500-6000 ft. (Daniels, 544).
Wyomine to CoLoRApbo.

130 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [278

19014. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Horse RaApIsH.

473. A. Armoracia (L.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Roripa Armo-
racia (L.) A. S. Hitche.; Nasturtium Armoracia (L.)
Fries.]. COMMON HORSE RADISH.

Escaped to waysides, Boulder (Daniels).
Europe, thence to AMERICA.

191. SISYMBRIUM L. Hence mustarp.

474. §. officinale (L.) Scop. CoMMON HEDGE MUSTARD.
Common in waste places about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 256).
Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.
192. SOPHIA Adans. Tansy MUSTARD.

475. 8. leptophylla Rydb. FINE-LEAVED TANSY MUSTARD.
Along Boulder Cafion, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 284).
WyominG and IpaHo to CoLorapo.

476. S. incisa (Engelm.) Greene [Sisymbrium incisum
Engelm.; Descurainia incisa (Engelm.) Britton]. Cur-
LEAVED TANSY MUSTARD.

Boulder Cafion at Falls; also in Gregory Cafion on rocky

banks, 6000-gooo0 ft. (Daniels, 981).

Wyominec to New Mexico.

477. §S. intermedia Rydb. WESTERN TANSY MUSTARD.
Common ™hroughout the lower elevations, 5100-9000 ft.
(Daniels, 121).
Micuican to British Cotumpta; TENNESSEE to CALIFOR-
NIA.
478. §. andrenarum Cockerell. Hoary TANSY MUSTARD.
Rather frequent in Boulder Cafion, 5500-7000 ft. (Daniels,
550).
Montana to WasHINGTON and New Mexico.
1938. ERYSIMUM L. Treacte musrarp.
479. E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. WesTeERN WALLFLOWER.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to ARKANSAS and CoLorapo.

279] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 131

480. E. oblanceolatum Rydb. OBLANCEOLATE-LEAVED WALL-
FLOWER.
Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyomine to CoLorabo.

481. HE. nivale (Greene) Rydb. [E. asperum nanum Cock-
erell]. SNOW WALLFLOWER.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 885).
WYOMING to COLORADO.

482. KE. Cockerellianum Daniels. Nov. nomen. [E. asperum
alpestre Cockerell; 4. alpestre (Cockerell) Rydb.~not
Kotschy nor Jordan]. CoCKERELL’S WALLFLOWER.

Abundant throughout, 5100-12000 ft. (Daniels, 57). Also
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Since

E. alpestre has been twice used as a specific name (by Kot-

schy and by Jordan) a new name is necessary for the species.

CoLorAbo to UTAH; Texas to ARIZONA.

194. RAPHANUS L. RapisuH.

483. R. sativus L. GARDEN RADISH.

Spontaneous along streets in waste places, 5400-5600 ft.
(Daniels, 772).

AstA, thence universal in cultivation.

195. CAMPE Dulac. WHINTER CRESS.

484. (C. Americana (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Bar-
barea Americana, Rydb.]. AMERICAN WINTER CRESS.
In rich soil, between Eldora and Baltimore, 8500-gooo it.
(Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to MontTANA; CoLorapo to NEVADA.

196. BRASSICA L. Musrarp.

485. B. juncea (L.) Coss. INDIAN MUSTARD.

Along Boulder Canon Road about six miles beyond Boul-
der, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 283).

AstiA, thence to both NortH and SourH AMERICA.

132 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [280

486. B. nigra (L.) Koch. BLack MUSTARD.
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft.

(Danieis, 747).
Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

487. B. campestris L. Ruta Baca.
Adventitious along the Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft. (Daniels,
790).

Europe, thence universal in cultivation.
197. ALYSSUM L. Mapworr.

488. A. alyssoides (L.) Gouan. [A. calycinum L.]. YeEt-
LOW ALYSSUM.
Boulder, roadside on University Hill, 5300-5600 ft. (Cock-
erell).
Europe, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

198. KONIGA Adans.

489. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. [Alyssum maritimum (L.)
Lam.]. SWEET ALYSSUM.
Spontaneous on the campus of the University of Colorado,
Boulder, 5500 ft. (Daniels, 680).
Europe, thence universal in cultivation.

199. DRABAL. WHuitLow-crass.

490. D. Coloradensis Rydb. CoLorADO WHITLOW-GRASS.
Plains and hillsides near Boulder, 5100-5500 ft. (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

491. D.nemorosa L. Woop wHITLOW-GRASS.

At Boulder, University Hill, on rise opposite base of Flagstaff
Hill, 5500-6000 ft. (Cockerell).

Micuican and Ontario to BririsH CoLUMBIA; COLORADO
to OREGON: Europe: ASIA.

492. D. crassifolia Graham. THICK-LEAVED WHITLOW-GRASS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13500 ft. (Daniels,

928).
GREENLAND to BririsH CoLumsBIA ; CoLorapo to UTAH.

281] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 133

493. D. Fladnizensis Wulf. WHITE ARCTIC WHITLOW-GRASS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Daniels,
1009).
Laprapor to BririsH CoLuMBIA; CoLorApo to UTAH: Eu-
ROPE: ASIA.

494. D. cana Rydb. Hoary wHITLow-cRASs.
Massif de I’ Arapahoe, 11000-12000 ft. (Rydberg).
Laprapor to YUKON and CoLorapo.

495. D.streptocarpa Gray. TwisTED-PODDED WHITLOW-GRASS.
Common in barren, rocky places throughout the mountain-

Gus region 6000-13000 ft. (Daniels, 313). Also Eldora to

Baltimore (Rydberg). Sugarloaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell).
Cotorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

496. D. Iuteola Greene. YELLOWISH WHITLOWWORT.
In spray of Boulder Falls, a decumbent small-flowered form,
7500 ft. (Daniels, 295). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
CoLoRADO.
497. D. aureiformis Rydb. [D. Bakeri Greene]. Baxesr’s
WHITLOW-GRASS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
1004).
SoutH DaxKora to CoLorapo.

498. D. aurea Wahl. GoLDEN WHITLOWWORT.

Common in the subalpine and alpine district, 8600 (Eldora)-
13000 (Arapahoe Peak) ft. (Daniels, 805). Also Eldora to
Baltimore (Rydberg).

GREENLAND to British CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to ARIZONA.

499. D. decumbens Rydb. DrecumMBentT WHITLOWWORT.
At snow-line, Arapahoe Peak, 12000-13000 ft. (Daniels,
914).
COLORADO.
200. CARDAMINE L. Brrrercress.

soo. C. cordifolia Gray. HEART-LEAVED BITTERCRESS.
Wet mossy tundras above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-
12000 ft. (Daniels, 713). Also mountains between Sunshine

134 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [282

and Ward, and at Caribou (Rydberg). Common everywhere
above gooo ft. (Ramaley).
Wyominc to New Mexico and Arizona.

sor. (C. incana (Gray) <A. Nels. [C. cardiophylla Rydb.;
C. infausta Greene]. Hoary BITTERCRESS.
Along an alpine brook at edge of snow above Bloomerville,
g000-10000 it. (Daniels, 323).
COLORADO.

502. C. vallicola Greene. VALLEY BITTERCRESS.

Dripping rocks under an irrigation sluice, Boulder Cajfion,
5500-5600 ft. (Daniels, 578).

WYOMING to COLORADO.

201. ARABIS L. Rock-cress.

503. A. ovata (Pursh) Poir. OVATE-LEAVED ROCK-CRESS.
Common among rocks throughout the mountain region and
the rougher mesas, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 567). Also from
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
New Brunswick to ALBERTA; GEORGIA to CALIFORNIA.

504. A. philonipha A. Nelson. SNOW-LOVING ROCK-CRESS.
Mountainsides at Ward, go00-9500 ft. (Daniels, 954).
Montana to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to UTAH.

505. A. oxyphylla Greene. SHARP-LEAVED ROCK-CRESS.
Mesas and foothills ; common, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 199).
University Hill near base of Flagstaff Hill (Cockerell).
WyomiInc to CoLorapo and Uran.

506. A. connexa Greene. RELATED ROCK-CRESS.

Ward 9200 ft. (Daniels, 207). Also from Eldora to Bal-
timore (Rydberg).

Montana to CoLtorapo and Utan.
507. A. Fendleri (S. Wats.) Greene [A. Hoelboellii Fend-

lert S. Wats.]. FENDLER’S ROCK-CRESS.

High alpine slope near snow above Bloomerville, goo0-10000
ft. (Daniels, 318).

CoLtorapo to NEw Mexico.

283] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 135

508. A. divaricarpa. A. Nels. DiIvERGENTLY PODDED ROCK-
CRESS.

North slope of Green Mt., Gregory Cafion, 6400 ft. (Dan-
iels, 528). Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

ASSINIBOIA to CoLtorapo and Utau.

202. THELYPODIUM Endl.

sog. T. paniculatum A. Nels. [7. sagittatum Endl.; T.
torulosum Heller]. PANICLED THELYPODIUM.
Near the summit of Flagstaff Hill, 6500-7000 ft. (Daniels,

223).
Montana to CoLorapo and UraH.

203. STANLEYA Nutt.

sto. §. glauca Rydb. Griaucous STANLEY’S CRESS.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Valmont, 5200-5300
ft. (Daniels, 415).

NorrH Dakota to Wyominc; CoLorapo to UTAH.

Family 52. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Caper family.
204. POLANISIA Raf. CLAMMyY-WEED.

sir. P. trachysperma T. & G. JLARGE-FLOWERED CLAMMY
WEED.
Along railroads and in creek-sands, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels,

483).
ASSINIBOIA to Texas and Nevapa.

205. PERITOMA DC. CLEomeE.

512. P. serrulatum (Pursh) DC. [Cleome serrulata Pursh].
PINK CLEOME. Rocky MOUNTAIN BEE PLANT.
Sands and waste places, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 286).
SASKATCHEWAN to IpaAHo; Missourt to ARIZONA.

5i2a. P. serrulatum albiflorum Cockerell, WouttE CLEOME.
Sunset Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 603).

136 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [284
Order 23. ROSALES.
Family 53. CRASSULACEAE DC. Orpine family.

206. CLEMENTSIA Rose.

513. C. rhodantha (Gray) Rose [Sedum rhodanthwm Gray].
RED ORPINE.

Alpine and subalpine in bogs and along streams, 8600 (EI-
dora)—13000 (Arapahoe Peak) ft. (Daniels, 848). Also at
Caribou (Rydberg).

Montana to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

20614. RHODIOLA L. Rose-roort.

513%. R. integrifolia Raf. ENTIRE-LEAVED ROSE-ROOT.
Common at high altitudes (Ramaley). Arapahoe Peak
(Rydberg).
ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

207. SEDUM L. Orpine. STONE-CROP.

514. §. stenopetalum Pursh. NaRrROW-PETALLED ORPINE.
Abundant throughout the mountainous regions in rocky places,
5600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 104). Also in the mountains between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to BritisH CotumBIA; NEw Mexico to CALiror-
NIA.

5i4a. 8. stenopetalum rubrolineatum Cockerell.
With the type, but in the higher altitude (Cockerell).
Rocky MountaIns.

Family 54. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Saxifrage family.

208. PECTIANTHIA Raf. BisHop’s CAP.

515. P. pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. [Mitella pentandra
Hook.]. WESTERN BISHOP’S CAP.
Springy places and along streams, Caribou (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

285] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 137

209. OZOMELIS Raf. Murre-wort.

516. O.stenopetala (Piper) Rydb. [Mitella stenopetala Piper].
NARROW-PETALLED MITRE-WORT.
Springy places, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Cotorapo to UTAH.

210. HEUCHERA L. AtuM-roor.

517. H. bracteata (Torr.) Ser. BRrAcTED ALUM-ROOT.
Common in the crevices of rocks, 5800-10000 ft. (Daniels,
139). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward, and
from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
WyoMInG to CoLoRAbDO.

518. H. Hallii Gray. HALi’s ALUM-ROOT.

Rocky places, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels,
881).

COLORADO.
519. H. parvifolia Nutt. SMALL-LEAVED ALUM-ROOT.

Common on banks in the mesas, foothills, and mountains
throughout, 5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 98). Also at Ward and
Caribou (Rydberg).

ALBERTA to OREGON ; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

211. SAXIFRAGA L. SaxirraGe.

520. §. debilis Engelm. WEAK SAXIFRAGE.

Wet rocks, Massif de 1’ Arapahoe, gooo-13000 ft. (Ryd-
berg).

Monrana to Cotorapo and Urau.

212. MICRANTHES Haw.

521. M. rhomboidea (Greene) Small [Saxifraga rhombor-
dea Greene]. RHOMBOID-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE.

Among rocks in the foothills and mountains, Flagstaff Hill,
6000 ft. (Daniels). Also Massif de I’ Arapahoe, 12000 ft.,
and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Long’s Peak
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Saxifraga nivalis L., re-
ported by Ramaley & Robbins from Redrock lake, 1o1oo ft.,

138 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [286

1s probably this plant (cf. Coulter-Nelson’s New Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany, p. 240).
Montana and IpaHo to CoLorapo.

522. M. arguta (D. Don) Small [Savifraga arguta D. Don;
S. denudata Nutt.; S. punctata Hook., in part; not L.].
SMOOTH SAXIFRAGE.

In springy places and along streams; mountains between
Sunshine and Ward; Massif de 1’ Arapahoe (Rydberg).
Streams near Bloomerville, and on Arapahoe Peak, gooo-
12000 ft. (Daniels, 308).

Montana to British Cotump1A; NEw Mexico to CALti-
FORNIA.

213. LEPTASEA Haw.

523. L. chrysantha (Gray) Small [Saxifraga chrysantha
Gray]. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
Toward summit of Arapahoe Peak, 13000-13500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 949, collected by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell).
Cotorapo and New Mexico.

524. L.Hirculus (L.) Small [Saxifraga Hirculus L.]. Arc-
TIC SAXIFRAGE.
In wet places at Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100
ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
GREENLAND to ALASKA; CoLorapo to BririsH COLUMBIA:
Europe: ASIA.

525. L. austromontana (Wieg.) Small [Savxifraga bronchia-
les Torr.; not L.; S. austromontana Wieg.|]. WESTERN
MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.

On rocky ledges, Boulder Cafion above the Falls; at Sun-
set; and above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 7000-13000 ft.
(Daniels, 542). Also at Caribou; South Boulder Peak; moun-
tains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

ALBERTA to BritrisH CotumBia; New Mexico to WASHING-
TON.

526. L. flagellaris (Willd.) Small [Saxifraga flagellaris
Willd.]. FLAGELLATE SAXIFRAGE.

Massif de l’ Arapahoe, 10000-13500 it. (Rydberg).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; COLORADO to ARIZONA.

287 FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 139

Family 55. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. Grass of Parnassus
family.
214. PARNASSIA L. Grass oF PARNASSUS.
527. P.fimbriata Banks. FIMBRIATE GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
Springs and springy places, Caribou (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to ALASKA ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
Family 56. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. Hydrangea family.
215. EDWINIA Heller. Jamesta.
528. E. Americana (T. & G.) Heller [Jamesia Americana
T. & G.]. AMERICAN JAMESIA.

Abundant in the foothills and mountains in rocky and
clivose places, 5700-10000 ft. (Daniels, 138). Also at Ward;
in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward; and from
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Wyominec and Urau to New Mexico.

Family 57. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Gooseberry family.

216. RIBES L. GoosEBEerRy. CURRANT.
529. R. Purpusi Koehne. Purpus’s GOOSEBERRY.

Common in mountain cafions, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 290).
Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

_ Wvyomine to New Mexico.
530. R. vallicola Greene. VALLEY GOOSEBERRY.

Along streams and in gulches, 5000-9000 ft., St. Vrain creek
below Lyons; Pine Glade School (Ramaley).

Montana to WASHINGTON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
531. R. lentum (Jones) Coville & Rose [R. lacustre molle

Gray]. WESTERN RED CURRANT.

Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Wyominec and Cotorapo to CALIFORNIA.

532. R. parvulum (Gray) Rydb. [R. lacustre parvulum
Gray]. SMALL BLACK CURRANT.
Moist places, 8000 to 11500 ft.; Redrock lake, west of
Ward; Fourth of July mine (Ramaley).
ALBERTA and YUKON to CoLorapo and UraH.

140 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [288

533. R. pumilum Nutt. [&. cerewm Coulter, in part]. SMALL
WAX-CURRANT.

Abundant on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5500-10000
ft. (Daniels, 84). Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

Montana to New Mexico and Arizona.

534. R. longiflorum Nutt. [R. aurewm T. & G.; not Pursh].
LONG-FLOWERED GOLDEN CURRANT.

Along stream in mesa at the foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700 ft.
(Daniels, 600).

SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; Kansas to ARIZONA.

535. RB. vulgare Lam. Rep CURRANT.

Escaped into a thicket about a pond near Boulder, 5400 ft.
(Daniels, 265).

Laprapor to ALASKA; New Jersey to InpraANA and MINNE-
soTA: Europe: Asta. Frequently escaped from cultivation in
all temperate regions.

Family 58. ROSACEAE Juss. Rose family.

217. OPULASTER Medic. NINE-BARKS.
536. 0. intermedius Rydb. [O. Missouriensis Daniels]. In-
TERMEDIATE NINE-BARKS.
Cafions in the foothills, 5700-6500 ft. (Daniels, 74). Lower
Boulder Caton, 5600-7000 ft. (Rydberg).
Ittinois to SourH Daxota; Missourt to CoLorApo.

537. 0. Ramaleyi Aven Nelson [O. bracteatus Rydb.]. Ram-
ALEY’S NINE-BARKS.
Cafions in the foothills, 5600-6500 ft. (Daniels, 693).
COLORADO.
538. 0. glabratus Rydb. GLABROUS NINE-BARKS.
Boulder, along streams, 5000-11000 ft. (Rydberg).
CoLoRADO.
539. 0. monogynus (Torr.) Kuntze [Physocarpus Torrey
Max.]. TORREY’S NINE-BARKS.
Rocky cafions in the foothills, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 450).
SoutH Dakota to Wyominc; New Mexico to Nevapa.

289] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 141

218. BOSSEKIA Necker. SALMON-BERRY.

540. B. parviflora (Nutt.) Greene [Rubus Nutkanus
Moc.; Rubacer parviflorus (Nutt-) Rydb.]. NurKa
SOUND SALMON-BERRY.

Local in deep wooded cafions in the foothills and mountains,
6500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 533). Near Long’s Peak (Porter &
Coulter).

Ontario to ALasKA; New Mexico to CALIFORNIA and MeEx-
ICO.

219. OREOBATUS Rydb. FLOWERING RASPBERRY.

541. 0. deliciosus (James) Rydb. [Rubus deliciosus James].
SAVORY FLOWERING RASPBERRY.
Abundant throughout the higher mesas, the foothills and the
mountains, 5500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 29).
CoLORADO.

220. RUBUS L. BRAmMBLE.

542. R. Americanus (Pers.) Britton [R. triflorus Richard-
son]. DWarr RASPBERRY.
Deep cafions on north slope of Green Mt., 6400-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 345). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.
NEWFOUNDLAND to Manirosa; NEw JERSEY to COLORADO.

221. BATIDAEA Dumort. RED RASPBERRY.

543. 8B. laetissima Greene. WILD RED RASPBERRY.

Common in gulches in the mesas and foothills, 5500-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 212).

Laprapor to MACKENZIE; NEW JERSEY to COLORADO.

222. TRIDOPHYLLUM Necker. FIVE-FINGER. CIN-
QUEFOIL.

544. T. paradoxum (Nutt.) Greene [Potentilla paradoxa
Nutt.]. Busy CINQUEFOIL.
Wet places and along streams, ascending in Sunset Cafion
to about 7000 ft., 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 241).
PENNSYLVANIA and ONTARIO to WASHINGTON; Missouri to
New Mexico and Mexico: Eastern ASIA.

142 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [290

545. T. leucocarpum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Poten-
tilla leucocarpa Rydb.]. \WHITE-SEEDED CINQUEFOIL.

Wet places in the plains and ascending in the cafions to a
considerable distance into the mountain region, 5100-7000
(Bear Cafion) ft. (Daniels, 826).

Iuirnois to WasHincton ; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.
546. T. lateriflorum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Poten-

tilla lateriflora Rydb.]. - LATERAL-FLOWERED CINQUEFOIL.

Foothills at Boulder, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 238).

ASSINIBOIA to BritisH CoLuMBiIA; CoLoRApDO to ARIZONA.
547. T. Monspeliense (L.) Greene [P. Norvegica hirsuta T.

& G.; P. Monspeliensis L.]. RouGH CINQUEFOIL.

Common in meadows in the plains, mesas, and foothills, and
in aspen bogs in the mountains, 5100-8600 (Eldora) ft. (Dan-
iels, 117).

Laprapor to ALASKA; SouTH CaroLina to Arizona and
Mexico: Europe: Asta.

223. POTENTILLA L. Five-FINGER. CINQUEFOIL.

548. P. concinna Richardson [P. humifusa Nutt.]. Grounp
CINQUEFOIL.

Mountainsides at Eldora, and bald ridges at Glacier Lake,
8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 989). Also Long’s Peak (Porter &
Coulter; and Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Redrock
lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; CoLorapo to Uran.

549. P. dissecta Pursh [P. diversifolia Lehm.]. Cur-
LEAVED CINQUEFOIL.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Daniels,
933). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, totoo ft.
(Ramalev & Robbins).

SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLUMBIA; CoLORADO to CALI-
FORNIA.

550. P. glaucopyhylla Lehm. [P. dissecta glaucophylla (Lehm.)
S. Wats.]. GLAUCOUS CUT-LEAVED CINQUEFOIL.
At Caribou, ggoo ft. (Rydberg).
Rocky Mountains.

291] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 143

551. P. pulcherrima Lehm. F arrest CINQUEFOIL.

Aspen bogs and subalpine meadows at Eldora and Glacier

Lake, 8000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 630).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to NEvADA.

552. P. Pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh. Vi_ttous PENNSYL-

VANIA CINQUEFOIL.
Common on the plains and in mountain meadows, 5100-8000

ft. (Daniels, 31).

Hupson Bay to ALBERTA; Kansas to NEw Mexico: SIBERIA
552a. P. Pennsylvanica arachnoidea Lehm. ARACHNOID
PENNSYLVANIA CINQUEFOIL.
Near Boulder, 5000-8000 ft. (Rydberg).
Montana to Uran; New Mexico to ARIZONA.

553. P. minutifolia Rydb. MINUTE-LEAVED CINQUEFOIL.
High peaks, Eldora to Baltimore, gooo-13000 ft. (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

554. P. Hippiana Lehm. WOooLLY CINQUEFOIL.

Plains, mesas, and mountain meadows, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 433).

Minnesota to SASKATCHEWAN and ALBerTtA; NEw MeEx-
ico to ARIZONA.

555. P. propingua Rydb. [P. Hippiana diffusa Lehm.]. Drr-

FUSE CINQUEFOIL.
Plains, mesas, and mountain meadows, 5700-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 206). Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Cotorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

556. P. effusa Dougl. BRANCHED CINQUEFOIL.

Plains, mesas, and mountain ridges, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 287).

Assinigo1a to Montana; thence to NEw Mexico.
224. FRAGARIA L. StTrRAWBERRY.

557. ¥. bracteata Heller. BracTED STRAWBERRY.

Common in cafions in the foothills and mountains, 6300-

11000 ft. (Daniels, 291).

Montana to British Cotumpi1a; New Mexico to CALIFor-

NIA.

144 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [292

558. F. Americana (Porter) Britton |F. vesca Americana
Porter ]. AMERICAN STRAWBERRY.
At Boulder, 5400 ft. (Rydberg).
NEWFOUNDLAND to MANITOBA; VIRGINIA to NEw Mexico
and OREGON.

55814. F. prolifica Baker & Rydb. PRoLIFIC STRAWBERRY.
Boulder Cafion, 8500 ft. (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
COLORADO.

559. F. glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. GLAucous STRAWBERRY.
Mountainsides at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 850). Redrock
lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
MaAcKENZIE to Montana; SoutH DAKoTA to CoLorabo and
Nevapa.

560. F. pauciflora Rydb. SMALL-FLOWERED STRAWBERRY.
North Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Boulder Cafion, 8500 ft.
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
Hupson Bay to ALsBerTA; CoLorapo to UTAH.

225. SIBBALDIA L.

561. §. procumbens L. PROCUMBENT SIBBALDIA.

Above timberline in dry tundras near the snow, 11500-13500
ft., Arapahoe Peak (Daniels, 912). Redrock lake, 1o1oo ft.
(Ramaley & Robbins).

Arctic-alpine around the world.

226. DASIPHORA Raf.

562. D. fruticosa (L.) Rydb. [Potentilla fruticosa L.].
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL.
Subalpine bogs, mostly in aspen zone; but also in bogs in
the plains and mesas, 5600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 541).
Laprapor to ALASKA; NEW JERSEY to CALIFORNIA: EUROPE:
ASIA.

227. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr.

563. D. arguta (Pursh) Rydb. [Potentilla arguta Pursh].
TALL CINQUEFOIL.
On the plains and mesas, the flowers yellow as well as white,

293] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 145

5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 432). St. Vrain Cafion (Porter &
Coulter).

New Brunswick to MAcKEeNnzIE; District or CoLUMBIA
to COLORADO.

564. OD. fissa (Nutt.) Rydb. [Potentilla fissa Nutt.]. LARGE-
FLOWERED GLANDULAR CINQUEFOIL.

‘Common in the mesas, foothills, and mountains throughout,
5700-12000 ft. (Daniels, 30). St. Vrain Cafion 7ooo it.,
and Boulder Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Montana to COLORADO.

228. GEUM L. Avens.

565. G. strictum Ait. YELLOW AVENS.

In Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 637).

NEWFOUNDLAND to British COLUMBIA; PENNSYLVANIA to
Arizona and Mexico: Europe: Asta.

566. G. Oregonense (Scheutz) Rydb. [G. urbanum Oregon-
ense Scheutz]. OREGON AVENS.
Mountain meadows and cafions, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels,
634). Also at Arapahoe Pass and Eldora (Rydberg).
MACKENZIE to British Cotumpia; New Mexico to CAati-
FORNIA.

567. G. scopulorum Greene. Rocky MOUNTAIN AVENS.

In cafions and gulches about springs, 5700-9000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 68).

Rocky MounraIns.

229. ERYTHROCOMA Greene. PURPLE MOUNTAIN AVENS.

568. E. ciliata (Pursh) Greene [Geum ciliatum Pursh; Ste-
versia ciliata (Pursh) Don; G. triflorwm Pursh]. THREE-
FLOWERED MOUNTAIN AVENS.

Subalpine and alpine meadows at Eldora, 8000-12000 ft.
(Daniels, 627). Also at Arapahoe Pass (Rydberg). Near
Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).

LapBrapbor to British CoLtumpia; NEw York to CALIFORNIA
and Mexico.

146 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [294

230. ACOMASTYLIS Greene. YELLOW MOUNTAIN
AVENS.

569. A. turbinata (Rydb.) Greene [Geum turbinatum (Rydb) ;
Steversia turbinata (Rydb.) Greene]. TuRBINATE MOUN-
TAIN AVENS.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13500 ft. (Dan-

iels, 877).

Wyominc to New Mexico and Arizona.

570. A. Arapahoensis Daniels. Nov. spec. ARAPAHOE YELLOW
MOUNTAIN AVENS.

Plant 20- 30 cm. high, the stems (about three in number)
puberulent, becoming softly hairy or villous above; basal leaves
ascending, about 1 dm. long and 3 cm. wide, pinnate, the lower
pinnae narrowly falcate, entire, the others mainly ovate in
outline, deeply cut into 2- 7 cuneate lobes, but with occasional
little, simple pinnae interspersed with the larger ones; leaves
puberulent or glabrate, the margins softly ciliate with white
hairs ; rhachis about 3 mm. broad, the base of the petiole about
1 cm. broad, becoming chaffy and sheathing the stems; lower
half of stem leafless, the upper half bearing two leaves, 21%4- 3
cm. long, pinnately parted into about Io narrow lobes, the
lowermost broad, stipule-like, and sheathing the stem; pe-
duncles softly hairy, 3- 4 in number, subtended by leaves closely
resembling the two stem leaves, but smaller, the peduncles
themselves occasionally bearing 1 or 2 bracts, simple or 2-
5 pinnately incised; flowers 2-2'% cm. wide, bright yellow,
the petals broadly obovate, five in number; sepals and bract-
lets villous at base, 5 each, spreading, becoming erect in fruit
or the tips reflexed in age; sepals broadly triangular, about
twice as high as the narrower bractlets; stamens numerous;
styles included in fruit, glabrate; achenes softly villous with
white hairs. Foliage, stems, sepals and bractlets purple-tinged.

The plant differs from A. turbinata (Rydb.) Greene, in its
larger size, its softly hairy upper portion, its 3- 4 flowered
stems, its broader sepals, which are much longer than the
bractlets, and in its larger flowers. This is probably the

295] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 147

Geum Rossti humilis of Coulter’s Manual, but genuine G.
Rossti humilis T. & G. comes no nearer than Unalaska, the
type locality. A. turbinata (Rydb.) Greene is a low plant, 7- 15
em. high, usually 1- flowered.

At timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500 ft. (Daniels, 906).

231. HOLODISCUS Max. MErapowsweEET.

571. H. dumosus (Nutt.) Heller. [Spiraea dumosa Nutt.].
BusSHY MEADOWSWEET.
Boulder County (McFarland).
Wyominec and Uran to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

232. KUNZIA Spreng. Pursuia.

572. K. tridentata (Pursh) Spreng. [Purslia tridentata
(Pursh) DC.]. THREE-TOOTHED PURSHIA.

Rocky hillsides, 6500-8500 ft.; head of Gregory Cafion;
north of Nederland (Ramaley). Boulder Cafion, gooo ft.
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Montana to Wasuincton; New Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

233. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. MountTAIn MAHOG-
ANY.

573. C. parvifolius Nutt. SMALL-LEAVED MOUNTAIN MAHOG-
ANY.
High mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 172). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
SoutH Dakota to Montana; New Mexico to Utan.

234. DRYAS L.

574. D. octopetala L. WHITE MOUNTAIN AVENS.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 939). Also mountains south of Ward (Rydberg).
Arctic-alpine around the world.

235. AGRIMONIA L. Acrimony.

575. A. Brittoniana occidentalis Bickn. WESTERN AGRIMONY.
Plains, and cafions among the foothills, 5100-7500 (Bear
Cafion) ft. (Daniels, 259).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; New Mexico to ArIzona.

148 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [296

236. ROSA L. Rose. Brter.

576. R. pratincola Greene. PRAIRIE ROSE.
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
58).

Minnesota to ALBERTA; KANSAS to COLORADO.

576a. R. pratincola angustiarum Cockerell, n. var. CASTLE
Rock ROSE.

Boulder Cafion, 7340 ft. (near Castle Rock), Sept. 22, 1907,
growing close to kt. Engelmann Wats.

Low bush. Flowers corymbose, often four together.

Sepals foliolar-tipped, narrow tomentose, with scattered
large dark marginal stalked glands, these last present or absent
on same branch. No lateral lobes. Length of sepals prox. 17
mm. Sepals in fruit erect.

Fruit depressed globose, very shiny, with no sign of a neck.

Long. (mm.) 11. 91%. 11. 10. 10. Meas-

Five fruits ured while fresh.

Lat. (mm.) 13. 11. 12. 10 %,. 1014.

Twigs and peduncles deep crimson. Penduncles minutely
hairy.

Branches with straw colored, fairly numerous, straight slen-
der prickles, the larger ones about 7 mm., long; infrastipular
prickles normally absent.

Stipules broad, to 8% mm., margins dentate, more or less
glandular.

Leaflets: a series of leaves counted showed leaflets: 11. 9. 9.
MO} OH OH Fo Wily @; Wits hi Gyy aes) ©e ©), i) Wiis Oy’ B

Leaflets; cuneate basally, simply and strongly toothed, very
finely but closely pubescent beneath. Terminal leaflet long.
26., lat. 1314 mm.

Frequently one or two leaflets from between auricies of sti-
pules, as in R. suffulta. Stipules convolute as in R. Woodsu,
but leaves not shining. (Cockerell, MS., Oct. 1907.)

576b. R. pratincola setulosa Cockerell. N. var.
Fruit bristly. Bluebell Canon (Cockerell); 1910.

297 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 149

577. R. Sayi Schweinitz. Say’s ROSE.

Common throughout the mesas, foothills and lower moun-
tainsides, 5500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 47). Also Eldora to Balti-
more (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley & Rob-
bins).

Quesec to AtBertA; MiIcHIGAN to CoLorapo and New
Mexico.

578. R. Engelmannii S. Wats. ENGELMANN’S ROSE.

High ridges of Green Mt., 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 535).
Also Boulder Cafion above Falls (Cockerell). Eldora; foot of
Long’s Peak (Ramaley).

Micuican to Nortu Dakota; TEXAS to COLORADO.

579. R. melina Greene. ASHEN ROSE.

Cafions and gulches at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 102). R. Nutkana Presl., reported by Ramaley
from Marshall; Bluebell Canon; Gregory Cafion; and Pine
Glade School, is probably R. Melina Greene.

WyomMiNnG to CoLorapo.

580. R. Macounii Greene. MaAcoun’s ROSE.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft.
(Daniels, 968). R. Woodsu Lindl., reported by Ramaley
from Sugarloaf Mt., Bluebird Mine.; and Spencer Mt. at
Eldora, is probably R. Macouni Greene.

SoutH Daxota to ALBERTA; KANSAS to COLORADO.

581. R. Fendleri Crepin. FENDLER’S ROSE.

Bear Cafion, 7ooo ft. (Daniels, 205). Also mountains be-
tween Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Marshall; above Mag-
nolia (Ramaley).

Soutu Daxota to Montana; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

582. R. aciculata (Cockerell) Cockerell [R. blanda aciculata
Cockerell]. PRICKLY ROSE..

Gulches at the foot of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 462). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

Cortorapo to NEw Mexico.

150 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [298

583. R. Maximiliani Nees. MAXIMILIAN’S ROSE.
Gregory Cafion, 5800-6500 ft. (Daniels, 190).
SASKATCHEWAN to WaSHINGTON ; CoLorapo to UTAH.

Family 59. MALACEAE Small. Apple family.

237. AMELANCHIER L. SwapsusuH.

584. A. polycarpa Greene. MANyY-FRUITED JUNEBERRY.
Mountainsides from Eldora to Arapahoe Peak, where it
occurs at timberline, 8600-11500 ft. (Daniels, 909).
Wyominec to CoLorapo.

585. A. elliptica A. Nels. ELLIPTICAL-LEAVED JUNEBERRY.
Sugarloaf Mountain (Ramaley).
SoutH DaxKota to COLORADO.

586. A. alnifolia Nutt. ALDER-LEAVED SHADBUSH.
Sunshine Cafion and Eldora (Ramaley).
Nortu Daxota to Montana; CoLtorapo to UTAH.

587. A. oreophila A. Nels. MouNTAIN SHADBUSH.
Mesas and foothills, common, 5700-8100 ft. (Daniels, 501).
WyomiInc to CoLorabo.

238. CRATAEGUS L. Hawrnorn.

588. C. occidentalis Britton [C. Colorado Ashe]. WESTERN
HAW.
Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 835).
COLORADO.

589. C. Coloradensis A. Nels. CoLorapo HAW.

Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 767). A form from the entrance to Gregory
Cafion (Daniels, 838) has the petioles not distally widened.

North Daxora to Montana; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

299] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO I51

590. C. erythropoda Ashe, 1900 [C. Cerronis A. Nels., 1902].
CERRO HAW.
Banks of gulches in the mesas and lower foothills, 5700-6000
ft. (Daniels, 794).
COLORADO.

591. ©. Doddsii Ramaley. Dopps’s Haw.

Pole Cafion (the type locality); also various localities in
Boulder Co., 5000-8000 ft. (Ramaley).

COLORADO.

592. C. Coloradoides Ramaley. FAatsE CoLorapo HAW.

Pole Cafion (the type locality) ; also gulches in the lower
foot-hills, 5500-7000 ft. (Ramaley).

COLORADO.

239. SORBUS L. Mountain AsH.

593. 8. scopulina Greene. Rocky MouNTAIN MOUNTAIN ASH.
At entrance of Bear Cafion and very sparingly throughout

the mountainous region, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 764).
ALBERTA to WASHINGTON ; CoLorApo to UTAH.

Family 60. AMYGDALACEAE Reichenb. Peach family.
240. PRUNUS L. Prum. Cuerry.

594. P. Americana Marsh. AMERICAN WILD PLUM.
Mesas and lower foothills, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 795).
New York to Montana; Fioripa to CoLoRApbo.

595. PP. prunella Daniels. Nov. sp. PyGmMy PLUM.
Undershrub, thornless, trailing or ascending, 3-6 dm. high
with grayish bark, the new twigs reddish; fruits lateral, soli-
tary in the specimens secured, on slender pedicels 1 cm. long;
drupes oblong, 1’/4-14%4 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when dried,
black-purple with but slight traces of bloom; pulp red-purple,
astringent but sweet and edible; stone oblong 12 mm. long
by 7 mm. wide, bean-shaped, flattish, rugose, the margins
slightly winged, the ends plainly so; leaves lanceolate, 3-5 cm.
long including the petiole, and 12-15 mm. wide in the middle,
sharply but not deeply serrate, entire toward the acuminate

152 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [300

base; upper surfaces glossy green, under surfaces paler, the
midrib white and shining both above and below. Flowers not
seen. Mesa at entrance of Gregory Cafion and facing the
first Flat-iron, scarce; 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 654). A true
plum, having perhaps as its nearest ally P. Watsoni Sargent.
Specific name the diminutive of Prunus.

596. P. Besseyi Bailey. BrSSEY’s SAND CHERRY.

One-fourth mile above Chautauqua grounds, Boulder, (Beth-
el). Also White Rocks (Ramaley).

Nortu Dakota to Kansas and CoLorapo.

597. P. Pennsylvanica L. f. WILD RED CHERRY.

Common throughout, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 327). Also
mountains between Sunshine and Ward and from Eldora to
Baltimore (Rydberg).

NEWFOUNDLAND to NortH DaKorTa; GEORGIA to COLORADO.

598. P. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Cerasus demissa
melanocarpa A. Nels.| BLACK-FRUITED WESTERN WILD
CHERRY.

Common along cafions throughout the mesas and foothills,

5600-8500 ft. (Daniels, 465).

_ Norta Daxora to ALBERTA and BritisH Cotumpia; NEw

TRxICcO to CALIFORNIA.
Family 61. FABACEAE Reichenb. Bean family.
241. SOPHORA L.

599. S. sericea Nutt. SmKy SoPHORA.
Alkaline flats about Owen’s lake, 5200 ft. (Daniels, 664).
SoutH Dakota to Wyominc; TExas to ARIZONA.

242. THERMOPSIS R. Br.

600. T. pinetorum Greene. PINELAND THERMOPSIS.
Marshall, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 273). Open woodlands and hill-
sides, Boulder (Rydberg).
Cotorapo to New Mexico.

301] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 153

601. TT. divaricarpa A. Nels. DivartcATE-PODDED THERMOP-
SIS.

Abundant throughout the mesas, foothills, and mountains,
5600-11000 ft. (Daniels, tog). Also from Eldora to Balti-
more (Rydberg).

Wyominc to CoLorapo.

602. T. arenosa A. Nels. SAND THERMOPSIS.

In sandy soil, Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock
lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

SASKATCHEWAN and MonTANA to COLORADO.

243. LUPINUS L. LupIne.

603. L. Plattensis S. Wats. PLATTE LUPINE.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 48).

NEBRASKA and Wyominc to CoLoRADo.

604. LL. rubricaulis Greene. RED-STEMMED LUPINE.
Mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 394).
COLORADO.

6041%4. L. alpestris A. Nels. [L. alsophilus Greene]. ALPINE
LUPINE.
Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana to CoLtorapo and UTan.

605. LL. parviflorus Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED LUPINE.

Among pines, Gregory Cafion and slopes of Green Moun-
tain, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 344).

SoutH Dakota to Montana; CotorApo to UTAH,

606. L. decumbens Torr. [L. argenteus decumbens (Torr.)
Gray; L. leptostachys Greene]. DECUMBENT LUPINE.
Common in the plains and foothills, 5100-9000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 704).
NEBRASKA to MontTANA and OrEGON ; COLORADO to CALIFOR-
NIA.

154 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [302

606a. L. decumbens argentatus Rydb. SILVERY DECUMBENT
LUPINE.
Plains, foothills, and mountain slopes, 5100-9000 it. (Dan-
iels, 131). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
WyYoMING to CoLoRADO.

244. TRIFOLIUM L. Ctrover.

607. T. pratense L. RED CLOVER.

Throughout the cultivated area, 5100-8500 ft. (Daniels, 744).

Europe and Asta, thence cultivated and naturalized in all
temperate lands.
608. T. hybridum L. ALsIKE CLOVER.

Roadsides and fields about Boulder, 5100-5700 ft. (Dan-
iels, 244). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Europe, thence to all temperate lands.

609. T. repens L. WHITE CLOVER. SHEEP CLOVER.

Common throughout the cultivated area, whence it has pen-
etrated to distant cafions in the foothills, 5100-7500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 500).

EUROPE: SIBERIA: SUB-ARCTIC AMERICA; now in the greater
part of NortH AMERICA.

610. T. lividum Rydb. Livin clover.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 1019).

Wyominc to CoLorapo.

611. T. dasyphyllum Torr. GRAy CLOVER.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 874). Also Eldora to Baltimore and in the mountains
south of Ward (Rydberg).

Montana to CoLorapo.

245. MEDICA Hill. Lucerne.
612. M. sativa (L.) Hill [Medicago sativa L.]. ALFALFA.
Throughout the cultivated area, and extending into the
mountains along the roads and railroads, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 509).
Europe, thence to all temperate lands.

303] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 155

246. MEDICAGO L. Mepic.

613. M. lupulina L. Hop mepic.

Streets of Boulder, and about the quarries at the base of
the Flat-irons, 5300-6000 ft. (Daniels, 658). Not in Ryd-
berg’s Flora.

Europe and Asta, becoming cosmopolitan.

247. MELILOTUS Juss. Sweet cLover. MELiLor.

614. M. alba Desv. WHITE SWEET CLOVER.

Throughout the cultivated area, and abundant along rail-
roads, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 591).

Europe and AstA, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

615. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. YELLOW MELILoT.

Streets and waste places, and about the quarries at the base
of the Flat-irons, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 657).

Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

248. GEOPRUMNON Rydb. Grounp PLUM.

616. G. succulentum (Richardson) Rydb. [Astragalus succu-
lentus Richardson; A. prunifer Rydb.]. SuccuLENT
GROUND PLUM.

Plains and foothills about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; SoutH Daxkora to CoLo-
RADO.

249. ASTRAGALUS L. MILK vercuH.

617. A. Canadensis L. [A. Carolinianus L.]. CANADA MILK
VETCH.
Frequent on the plains, mesas, and along cafions in the foot-
hills, 5100-7000 (Green Mt.) ft. (Daniels, 461).
Quesec to BritisH CoLtumBIA; FLoRIDA to CALIFORNIA.

618. A. oreophilus Rydb. MouNTAIN MILK VETCH.
Plains, mesas, and foothills, local, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,

124).
COLORADO.

150 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [304

619. A. nitidus Dougl. SHINING MILK VETCH.

Cafions, north slope of Green Mt., 7000 ft. (Daniels, 278).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA and OrEGoN; MINNESOTA to
CoLoRADO.

620. A. sulphurescens Rydb. SULPHUR MILK VETCH.

Gregory Cafion, and cafions on Green Mt., 6000-7500 ft.
(Daniels, 613). Also Boulder Cafion and near Boulder (Ryd-
berg). Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

COLORADO.

621. A. virgultatus Sheld. [A. hypoglotiis bracteosus Osterh.].
BuSHY MILK VETCH.

At Boulder, 5000-8000 ft. (Rydberg).

Wyomine to CoLorapo.

622. A. goniatus Nutt. [A. hypoglottis polyspermus T. & G.].
PURPLE MILK VETCH.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and along streams in the
foothills, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 5).

SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

250. TIUM Medic.
623. T. Drummondii (Dougl.) Rydb. [Astragalus Drum-
mondu Dougl.]|. DRUMMOND’S MILK VETCH.

Mesas and foothills, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels, 76). Valmont
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.
624. T. alpinum (L.) Rydb. [Astragalus alpinus L.]. At-

PINE MILK VETCH.

Boulder Cafion above Falls; Eldora and along the Arap-
ahoe Trail to timberline, 7000-11500 ft. (Daniels, 857).

Laprapor to ALASKA; VERMONT to COLORADO: NORTHERN
Europe and Asta.

251. ATELOPHRAGMA Rydb.

625. A. elegans (Hook.) Rydb. [Phaca elegans Hook.; Astrag-
alus oroboides Americanus Gray]. PRETTY MILK VETCH.
About Eldora and along the Arapahoe Trail to timberline
and beyond, 8600-13000 ft. (Daniels, 1020).
Laprapor and QueBEc to SASKATCHEWAN; IDAHO to CoLo-
RADO.

305] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 157

252. XYLOPHACOS Rydb.

626. X. Parryi (Gray) Rydb. [Astragalus Parryi Gray]. Par-
RYS MILK VETCH.
On rocks, Gregory Cafion road and other bare ridges in the
foothills, 5900-gooo ft. (Daniels, 638).
WyYoMINc to CoLorapo.

627. X. Shortianus (Nutt.) Rydb. [Astragalus Shortianus
Nutt.]. SHoRt’s MILK VETCH.
Dry plains, mesas, and ridges in the foothills, 5100-gooo ft.
(Daniels, 35).
NEBRASKA to WyomMING; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

2538. HOMALOBUS Nutt.

628. H. tenellus (Pursh) Britton [Astragalus tenellus Pursh;
A. multiflorus (Pursh) Gray]. SLENDER MILK VETCH.
Boulder Cafion above Falls and at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 539). Also at Ward, and mountains between Sun-
shine and Ward (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to YUKON; MINNESOTA and NEBRASKA to
Cotorapo and Nevapa.

629. H. decumbens Nutt. [Astragalus decumbens Gray]. DeE-
CUMBENT MILK VETCH.
Valley lying west of South Boulder Peak and Bear Moun-
tain, 7000-7500 ft. (Daniels, 444).
WyomInc to CoLoRADOo.

630. H. campestris Nutt. [Astragalus campestris Gray; A.
convallarius Greene]. PLAINS MILK VETCH.
Meadows on Green Mountain, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 316).
Montana to British CoLtumpiaA; CoLorApo to UTAH.

631. H. flexuosus (Dougl.) Rydb. [Phaca flexuosa (Dougl.)
Hook.; Astragalus flexuosus Dougl.]. FLEXILE MILK
VETCH.

Near Boulder (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; MINNESOTA to Kansas and

COLORADO.

158 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [306

632. H. Salidae Rydb. Satipa MILK veETCH.
Plains in Boulder, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 4).
COLORADO.

254. OROPHACA Britton.

633. 0. tridactylica (Gray) Rydb. [Astragalus tridactylcus
Gray]. THREE-FINGERED MILK VETCH.
St. Vrain’s Cafion (Rydberg; also Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.). |
COLORADO.

255. ARAGALLUS Necker. Loco-weep.

634. A. deflexus (Pall.) Heller [Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.)
DC.]. DEFLEXED LOCO-WEED.
Boulder Cafion; also in subalpine meadows about Eldora
and along the Arapahoe Trail, 6000-11000 ft. (Daniels, 808).
SASKATCHEWAN and ALAsKA to NEw Mexico.

634%. A multiceps (Nutt) Heller [Oxytropis multiceps
Nutt.]. CESPITOSE LOCO-WEED.
Boulder Cafion, gooo ft. (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.). Redrock lake, to100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
NEBRASKA to Wyomine and Cotorapo.

635. A. minor (Gray) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [O-xytropis
multiceps minor Gray; A. multiceps minor (Gray) A.
Nels.]. LitrLe Loco-weep.

Sugarloaf, 8500 ft. (Cockerell). Also mountains between

Sunshine and Ward, and at Caribou (Rydberg).

CoLoRADO.

636. A. patens Rydb. BRoaD-LEAVED LOCO-WEED.

Plains and foothills near Boulder; below Sunshine and
Ward; Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Common throughout,
5500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 333). Boulder is the type locality.

CoLoRADO.

307] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 159

637. A. Lamberti (Pursh) Greene [O-xytropis Lamberti
Pursh; Spiesia Lamberti (Pursh) Kuntze]. LAmsBert’s
LOCO-WEED.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, foothills, and in subalpine
meadows, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 15). Also on the mountains
between Sunshine and Ward, and from Eldora to Baltimore
(Rydberg). Saint Vrain creek (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

Minnesota to Montana; Missourt to CoLorapo.

638. A. sericeus (Nutt.) Greene [Oxytropis sericea Nutt.;
Spiesia Lamberti sericea (Nutt.) Rydb.] StrKy Loco-
WEED.

With the preceding, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 43).
NortH Dakota to Wyominc; New Mexico to ARIZONA.

639. A. Richardsonii (Hook.) Greene [O-rytropis splendens
Richardsoni Hook.]. RicHARDSON’S LOCO-WEED.
In mountain valleys from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to YUKON; and in the Rocky MounTAINs
to CoLoRADo.

256. GLYCYRRHIZA L. WiILpD LIQuUORICE.

640. G. lepidota Nutt. ScaLy WILD LIQUORICE.
Common along roads and railroads, and in the larger cafions,
and on the plains throughout, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 160).
Ontario to WasHincton; New York to Arizona and
MEXICco.

257. AMORPHA L. Fatse 1npico. LEAD PLANT.

641. A. fruticosa L. SHRUBBY FALSE INDIGO.

Along streams and in gulches in the mesas and plains, 5100-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 50). Not in Rydberg’s Flora. Prof. Ram-
aley reports A. angustifolia (Pursh) Boynton from Boul-
der, but according to Prof. Cockerell the specimen in the Univ.
of Colorado Herbarium is A. fruticosa L.

Ouio to MAntropa; FLoripa to Cotorapo and CHIHUAHUA.

160 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [308

642. A. nana Nutt. [A. microphylla Pursh]. SMALL-LEAVED
FALSE INDIGO.
Dry plains between Boulder and Marshall, 5400 ft. (Dan-
iels, 521).
Towa to MAnirospa; Missourt to CoLorapo.

258. PSORALEA L. InprIaAN pBREADROOT. POMME
BLANCHE.

643. P. tenuiflora Pursh. FrEW-FLOWERED INDIAN BREADROOT.
One of the commonest and most characteristic plants of
the plains and mesas, and in open meadows on the foothills,
5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 297). A white-flowered form is oc-
casional (Daniels, 2974).
MINNESOTA to Montana; ILLinois to ARKANSAS, TEXAS
and ARIZONA.

644. P. argophylla Pursh. SiLver-LEAF INDIAN BREADROOT.
Local on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 189).
Wisconsin to SASKATCHEWAN; Missourr to New Mexico

and ARIZONA.

259. PETALOSTEMON Lam. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

645. FP. oligophyllus (Torr.) Rydb. [P. gracilis oligophyllus
Torr.; Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller]. SLENDER
WHITE PRAIRIE CLOVER.

On the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 161).
Towa to AsstnrtporA; TExAs to Artzona and Mexico.

646. P. purpureus (Vent.) Rydb. [P. violaceus Michx.; Kuh-
mistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM.]. ViIoLET PRAIRIE CLO-
VER.

Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels).
INDIANA to SASKATCHEWAN and ALrsBertA; Mussourr to
Texas and New Mexico. f

647. P. pubescens A. Nelson. HAtry VIOLET PRAIRIE CLOVER.
Plains about Boulder, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 349).
COLORADO.

309] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 161

260. VICIA L. VeEtcH.
648. Vicia sparsifolia Nutt. [V. linearis (Nutt.) Greene].
NARROW-LEAVED VETCH.
Mesas and gulches about Boulder, 5600-6000 ft. (Daniels,
334)-
Maniropa and Arzerta to IpAHO; KANSAS to CALIFORNIA.
649. V. dissitifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. [Lathyrus dissitifolius
Nutt.]. REMOTE-LEAVED VETCH.
In gulches and cafions in the plains, mesas, and foothills,
5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 107).
NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

650. V.oregana Nutt. MouNrTAIN VETCH.

Common throughout in cafions and along the banks of
streams, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 78).

MINNESOTA to SASKATCHEWAN and WASHINGTON ; KANSAS
to CALIFORNIA.

651. V. producta Rydb. SMALL-FLOWERED MOUNTAIN VETCH.
Gulches on east slope of Flagstaff Hill, 6000 ft. (Daniels,
100).
CoLorapo to UTAH; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.
261. LATHYRUS L. VEeEtTcHLING.

652. IL. leucanthus Rydb. WHITE-FLOWERED VETCHLING.
Common in gulches and cafions, 5700-7000 ft. (Daniels, 79).
Cotorapo to New Mexico.

262. APIOS Moench. GrouND NUT.

653. A. Apios Boulderensis Daniels. Noy. var. BOULDER
GROUND NUT.

Differing from the typical eastern plant chiefly in the some-
what larger, thinner long-acuminate leaflets, which are nine
as well as seven in number, the somewhat smaller brownish
deep-violet flowers, which are densely granular under a lens.
No pods were secured, nor tubers from the rootstock, only
one vine being discovered, which it did not seem wise to up-
root for fear of exterminating the plant in the only locality
known for the ground nut in the Rocky Mountains.

162 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [310

One vine in a gulch at the foot of Flagstaff Hill, Aug. 18,
1906, 5900-6000 ft. (Daniels, 799).

The species ranges from New Brunswick to ONTARIO;
FLoripA to Louisiana and Eastern Kansas.

Order 24. GERANIALES.
Family 62. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Geranium family.

263. GERANIUM L. CrANESBILL.

654. G. Richardsonii Fish. & Traut. [G. gracilentum Greene].
RICHARDSON’S CRANESBILL.
Common in springy cafions and damp meadows in the foot-
hills and mountains, 6500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 447).
SASKATCHEWAN to British CoLumBpia; NEw Mexico to
CALIFORNIA.

655. G. Parryi (Engelm.) Heller [G. Fremontu Parryi
Engelm.]. Parry’s CRANESBILL.

Meadows and gulches in the high mesas and foothills, 5700-
8000 ft. (Daniels, 64). Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wabash Col-
lege Herb.).

WyomInG to CoLorapo.

656. G. Pattersonii Rydb. PATTERSON’S CRANESBILL.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

657. G. Fremontii Torr. in Gray. FREMONT’S CRANESBILL.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and mountain meadows,
5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 62). Five miles north of Boulder
(Cockerell). St. Vrain Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

CoLorapo.
658. G. longipes (Wats.) Goodding [G. Bicknellii Britton].

BICKNELL’S CRANESBILL.

Waste places, acting like an introduced weed, about Boulder,
and along Boulder Cafion road almost to the Falls in the’
vicinity of houses, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 558).

311] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 163,

Nova Scotia to British CoLtumpia; NEw York to CaA.i-—
FORNIA.

264. ERODIUM L. Srorx’s-BiL.
659. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her. HeEMLock srorK’s-BILL.
PIN-CLOVER.
Boulder (Rydberg), where it is very common (Cockerell)..
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Family 63. LINACEAE Dumont. Flax family.

265. LINUML. Frax.
660. L. Lewisii Pursh [L. perenne Lewisti (Pursh) Eat. &
Wright]. Lrwis’s FLAX.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and open mountain slopes,
5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 132).

MACKENZIE to YUKON; Texas to CALIFORNIA and Mexico.
661. L. pratense (Norton) Small. Merapow Frax.

Abundant in a meadow north of Boulder (Henderson &
Cockerell).

Range of the preceding.

Family 64. OXALIDACEAE Lind]. Wood sorrel family.

266. XANTHOXALIS Small. Yerrow woop sorreL.

662. X. stricta (L.) Small [Oralis stricta L.] Upricur vet-

LOW WOOD SORREL.

Common throughout except at the higher elevations, espe-

cially along roads and railroads, and in yards about houses,

5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 572).

Nova Scorra to SourH Daxora; Froripa to Texas and

CoLorabo: adventitious in Europe.

Order 25. EKUPHORBIALES.
Family 65. EUPHORBIACEAE St. Hil. Spurge family.

267. CROTON L. Croton.
663. C. Texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. TrExas cRoron.
Longmont and Boulder (Rydberg).
Itttnotis to Wyomine; ALArAma to ArIzonaA and Mexico.

164 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [312

268. TRAGIA L. NETTLE SPURGE.

664. T. ramosa Torr. BRANCHING NETTLE SPURGE.
Dry soil and under rocks, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 86).
Missouri to CoLtorapo; Texas to Arizona and Mexico.

269. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray. SPurGE.

665. C. petaloidea (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia petaloidea
Engelm.]. WHITE-FLOWERED SPURGE.

Along the road and railroad in Boulder Cafion, and in creek-
sands along Boulder creek, 5400-7000 ft. (Daniels, 775). Also
at Longmont (Rydberg).

Iowa to Wyominc; TExAs to CoLoRADO.

666. C. Fendleri (T. & G.) Small [Euphorbia Fendleri T. &
G.]. FENDLER’S SPURGE.
Foot of Valmont Butte, near Owen’s lake, 5300-5400 ft.
(Daniels, 666).
NEBRASKA to WYOMING; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

667. C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia glyptosper-
ma Engelm.]. RIDGE-SEEDED SPURGE.
Abundant in sandy places and along railroads, 5100-7000
(Sunset Cafion) ft. (Daniels, 576).
Ontario to British CoLtumBIA; TExAs to MExIco.

668. C. rugulosa (Engelm.) Rydb. [Euphorbia serpylhfoha
rugulosa Engelm.]. RUGULOSE-SEEDED SPURGE.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Wyominec and New Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

669. C. serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small [Euphorbia serpyllifolia
Pers.].. THYME-LEAVED SPURGE.

Very common in waste places, along roadsides and rail-
roads, and on creek-sands, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 420). Also
at Lyons (Rydberg).

MicHicAn to WASHINGTON; TExaAs to CALIFORNIA and
MEXxtco.

313] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 165

270. TITHYMALUS Adans.

670. T. marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell [Euphorbia margi-
nata Pursh; Dichrophyllum marginatum (Pursh) Kl. &
Garcke]. SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN.

Plains and mesas about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,

188). My specimens have flowers with five glands.

Minnesota to Montana; Missourrt to TExas and CoLo-

RADO.

670a. T. marginatus tetramerus Cockerell. BouLDER SNOW-
ON-THE-MOUNTAIN.

Very common about Boulder; although in some plants the
central flower of each umbel has five petaloid appendages,
the others have but three or four. An occasional form—forma
inornata has the white margin of the leaves obsolete, or
nearly so, but my material is too scant to enable me to deter-
mine whether this is characteristic of the variety alone, though
a few of my specimens have the central flower with five
appendages, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 957).

671. T. robustus (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia montana ro-
busta Engelm.]. Stout SPURGE.
High mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels,
187). Also at Longmont (Rydberg).
Soutu Daxota to Montana; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

672. T. philorus Cockerell [Euphorbia montana Engelm.; not
Raf.]. MouNTAIN SPURGE.

Frequent on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5500-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 16). Boulder Cafion (Porter & Coulter). A
form,—forma dichotoma (Daniels, 367) from the high ridges
of Green Mt. repeatedly forks into long leafy branches topped
by a cluster of two or three flowers, with a few others in the
axils of the upper leaves, the central cyme or umbel not being
present.

CoLtorapo to UTAH; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

673. T. Arkansanus (Engelm. & Gray) Kl. & Garcke [Eu-
phorbia Arkansana Engelm. & Gray]. ARKANSAS SPURGE.

166 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [314

Plains about Boulder, especially on the banks of irrigation
ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 391).

Missourt to SoutH Dakota and CoLtorapo; ALABAMA to
ARIZONA.

271. POINSETTIA Graham.

674. P. cuphosperma (Engelm.) Small [Euphorbia cuphos-
perma. Boiss.]. WARTY SPURGE.
Plains east of Boulder and along railroads, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 692). Tenth Street, Boulder (Cockerell).
SoutH DaxKota to Wyominc; Texas to Arizona and MEx-
ICO.

675. P. dentata (Michx.) Small [Euphorbia dentata Michx.].
TOOTHED SPURGE.
On the plains and mesas, frequent, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
431).
PENNSYLVANIA to SourH Dakota; Louistana to UTA and
MExiIco.

Family 66. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Water starwort
family.

272. CALLITRICHE L. Warer sTARwort.

676. C. palustris L. MarsH WATER STARWORT.

Aspen bog, Glacier Lake; also in streams and ponds about
Boulder, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 248). Eldora lake (W. W.
Robbins).

Nova Scotia to BritisH CoLumsBiIA; FLoripA to CALIFOR-
NIA: Europe: Asta: SouTH AMERICA.

677. C. bifida (L.) Morong [C. autwmnalis L.]. AUTUMNAL
WATER STARWORT.

South Boulder creek, Arapahoe Road, common; in com-
pany with the preceding species, but more abuncant, 5200-5400
ft. (Daniels, 738). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

QueseEc to MaAniTosa and OrEcon ; MIcHIGAN to COLORADO.

315] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 167

Order 26. SAPINDALES.
Family 67. SPONDIACEAE Kunth. Cashew family.

278. TOXICODENDRON Miller. Potson ivy.

678. T. Rydbergii (Small) Greene [Rhus Rydbergwu Small].
RyYDBERG’S POISON IVY.

Common along streams, roadsides, gulches, and cafons for
some distance in the mountainous region, 5100-7000 (Bear
Cafion) ft. (Daniels, 42).

Montana to British CotumMBiA; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

274. RHUS L. Sumacu.

679. R. glabra cismontana (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb.
[R. cismontana Greene]. CISMONTANE SUMACH.
Common on the mesas and foothills, 5400-8000 ft. (Daniels.
221). Magnificently scarlet in the fall.
Daxora and Uraxn to New Mexico and Arizona.

275. SCHMALTZIA Desvy. FRAGRANT SUMAC.

680. §. trilobata (Nutt.) Small [Rhus trilobata Nutt.].

THREE-LOBED FRAGRANT SUMAC.

On the dry banks of streams, and on dry hills and ridges,
5400-8000 ft. (Daniels, 599).

ASSINIBOIA to WASHINGTON ; MissourrI to TEXAS, CALIFOR-
ntA, and Mexico.

Family 68. ACERACEAE J. St. Hil. Maple family
276. ACER L. Map te.

681. A. glabrum Torr. SMOOTH MAPLE.

In gulches and cafions and along streams, 5400-8600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 96). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward.
and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

NeEsBRASKA to Wyominc; New Mexico to Urau.

681a. A. glabrum tripartitum (Nutt.) Pax [A. tripartitum
Nutt.]. THREE-LEAVED MAPLE.
Along Boulder Canon road, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 285).
Range of the type.

168 “UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [316

277. RULAC Adans. Box ELDER.

682. R. Negundo (L.) Hitche. [Acer Negundo L. ; Negundo
Negundo (L.) Karst.; Negundo aceroides Moench].
COMMON BOX ELDER.

Common along streams, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 390). Also

St. Vrain creek below Lyons (Ramaley).

VERMONT to IDAHO; FLoRIDA to TEXAS.

683. R. Texanum (Pax) Small [Acer Texanum Pax; Acer
Negundo Texanum Pax]. TEXAN BOX ELDER.
Bear and Bluebell Cafions (Ramaley). Foothills near Boul-
der (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Missourtr to ARIZONA.

Order 27. RHAMNALES.

Family 69. FRANGULACEAE DC. Buckthorn family.
278. CEANOTHUS L. New Jersey TEA.

684. C. velutinus Dougl. VARNISHED NEW JERSEY TEA.
Common on the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 272). Also
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg); Eldora
and near foot of Long’s Peak (Ramaley).
Montana to BritisH CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

685. C. mollissimus Torr. [C. ovatus pubescens T. & G. ; C.
pubescens (T. & G.) Rydb.] Hatry NEw Jersey TEA.
Common on the mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 65). Eldora (Ramaley).
MicuHican to SoutH Daxota; Missourt to COLORADO.

686. C. subsericeus Rydb. SmxisH NEw JERSEY TEA.

Slopes of Green Mt., 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 756). Plains
north of Marshall, and Boulder Cafion (Ramaley). Appears
like a hybrid between the preceding and the next.

COLORADO.

687. C. Fendleri Gray. FENDLER’s NEW JERSEY TEA.
Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5600-9000
ft. (Daniels, 91). Also in the mountains between Sunshine

317] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 169

and Ward (Rydberg). South Boulder Cajon, and hill north
of Nederland (Ramaley).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; New Mexico to ARIZONA.

Family 7o. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape family.
279. VITIS L. Grape.

688. V. vulpina L. [V. riparia Michx.]. RiIveR-BANK GRAPE.
Common along the banks of streams in the plains, mesas,
and lower foothills, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 110). Certain
forms with strongly lobed leaves simulate /. palmata Vahl.,
and may be a distinct species.
New Brunswick to NortH Daxota; WEsT VIRGINIA to
Texas and CoLoRApo.

689. V. Boulderensis Daniels. Nov. sp. BOULDER GRAPE.

Plant weakly climbing, tendrils few, but these stout and
little curled, bark reddish brown, the young twigs densely
floccose pubescent, leaves small, at most 6 cm. long and wide,
exclusive of the petiole, ovate to orbicular, the sinus often
deep or sometimes shallow, broad and nearly obsolete; leaves
mostly truncate at the top, the apices of the two shallow lat-
eral lobes but little shorter than the main apex, the leaves,
however, occasionally sharply acuminate, the margins coarsely
dentate, slightly lobed, on slender petioles, which are loosely
floccose as well as the veins both above and beneath, but be-
coming glabrate in age; clusters small, mostly in simple ra-
cemes, or with one or two prominent branches, fruit not set on
the only vine discovered, and all flowers examined staminate.

Nearest Vitis Arizonica Engelm.

Gulch at base of Flagstaff Hill, 5800-6000 ft. (Daniels,
IIQ).

280. PESEDERA Neck. VIRGINIA CREEPER.

690. P. vitacea (Hitchc.) Greene [Ampelopsis quinquefolia
vitacea (Hitche.) Knerr; Parthenocissus vitacea
(Hitche.)]. VWINELIKE VIRGINIA CREEPER.

Common about streams and along fences, in the latter case
perhaps the plant is P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch, intro-

170 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [318

duced; my material which came from cafions in the foothills
is, however, all of P. vitacea (Hitchc.) Greene, 5100-6500 ft.
Daniels, 584).

MicHIGAN to WYOMING; Onto to ARIZONA.

Order 28. MALVALES.
Family 71. MALVACEAE Neck. Mallow family.

281. MALVA L. Mattow.

691. M. rotundifolia L. Rounp-LEAVED MALLOW. CoMMON
CHEESES.
Common in waste places, and following the roads and rail-
roads, into the foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 587).
Europe, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

282. SIDALCEA Gray. WESTERN MALLOW.

692. §. candida Gray. WHITE WESTERN MALLOW.

Along irrigation ditches and streams and in moist mountain
meadows, both at Boulder (rare) and at Eldora, 5400-t1000
ft. (Daniels, 162).

Wyomine to New Mexico and Urau.

283. ALTHAEA L. HotityHock.

693. A. rosea Cav. COMMON HOLLYHOCK.

Escaped to roadsides and along streams at Boulder. 5300-
5600 ft. (Daniels, 746).

TuRKEY, GREECE, and CreTE, thence widely cultivated.

284. MALVASTRUM Gray. FALsE MALLow.

694. M. dissectum (Nutt.) Cockerell. ScarLET FALSE MAL-
LOW.
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,

204).
SASKATCHEWAN to: OrEGoN; Iowa to Texas and UTAH.

319] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 171

Order 29. HYPERICALES.

Family 72. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. Johnswort family.

285. HYPERICUM L. Sr. JouNnsworr.

694%. H. formosum H. B. K. HanpsomMe St. JOHNSworrt.
Common in mountain swamps (Ramaley).
Cortorapo and Uran to Mextco and SoUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

695. H. majus (Gray ) Britton [H. Canadense majus Gray].
LARGER CANADIAN St. JOHNSWORT.

Along streams in the plains, a dwarf form only a decimetre
high, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 787). Also foothills near Boul-
der (Rydberg).

Maine to British CotumsBiaA; NEw JERSEY to COLORADO.

Family 73. VIOLACEAE DC. Violet family.

286. VIOLA L. VZIoLET.

696. V. palustris L. Marsx VIOLET.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Laprapor to ALtasKA; NEw York to CoLorapo.

697. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. PALE VIOLET.

Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley &
Robbins).

NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CotumBiA; NortH CAROLINA
to UTAH.

698. V. cognata Greene. WESTERN BLUE VIOLET.
Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg).
SoutH Daxkota to ALBERTA; NEw Mextco to CALIFORNIA.

699. V. Nuttallii Pursh. NutTati’s VIOLET.

Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg). Abundant
at Boulder (Cockerell).

Manitopa to Montana; Missourt to NEw Mexico and
ARIZONA.

172 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [320

700. V. vallicola A. Nels. [V. physalodes Greene]. VALLEY
VIOLET.
Spruce forest, Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 760). The
plant in fruit only.
NortH Dakota to Montana; CoLorapo to UTAH.

7o1. V. biflora L. Two-FLOWERED VIOLET.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
CoLorapo: Europe: ASTA.

702. V. Canadensis Rydbergii (Greene) House [V. Rydbergu
Greene]. RypDBERG’S VIOLET.

Common in moist cafions and along streams, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 126). Long’s Peak (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

ALBERTA to IDAHO; SourH Dakota to CoLorapo.

7o2za. V. Canadensis Neo-Mexicana (Greene) House [V. Neo-
Mexicana Greene]. New Mexico VIOLET.

Common in moist soil at Glacier Lake, Eldora, and Arapahoe
Peak above timberline, 8000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 864). Also
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Cotorapo to New Mexico.

703. V. bellidifolia Greene. DaAisy-LEAVED VIOLET.

Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 1o100 ft.
(Ramaley & Robbins).

WYOMING to COLORADO.

287. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. NoppiNG VIOLET.

704. C. linearis (Torr.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Jonidium
lineare Torr.]. NARROW-LEAVED NODDING VIOLET.
Banks of stream at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 108).
Kansas to CoLtorapo; Texas to ArIzonA and Mexico.

321] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 173

Order 30. OPUNTIALES.

Family 74. LOASACEAE Reichenb. Loasa family.

288. NUTTALLIA Raf. WESTERN STAR.

705. N. multiflora (Nutt.) Greene [Mentzelia multiflora
(Nutt.) Gray; Touterea multiflora (Nutt.) Rydb.]
MANY-FLOWERED WESTERN STAR.

Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.

(Daniels, 77).

Texas to CoLoraAbo, ArIzonaA and Mexico.

706. N. speciosa (Osterh.) Greene [Mentzelia speciosa
Osterh. ; Touterea speciosa Osterh.]. SHOWY WESTERN
STAR.

Near Boulder; also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).
WyomMinGc to CoLorapo.

707. N. sinuata (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov. comb. [Touterea sinu-
ata Rydb.]. WaAvy-LEAVED WESTERN STAR.
At Boulder the type-locality (Rydberg).
CoLORADO.

708. N. nuda (Pursh) Greene [Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. &
G. ; Touterea nuda (Pursh) Eat. & Wr.]. NakeEp WEs-
TERN STAR.

At Boulder (Rydberg).
NEBRASKA to WyomING and CoLorabo.

709. N. stricta (Osterh.) Greene [Hesperaster strictus
Osterh.]. STRICT WESTERN STAR.

Along the Union Pacific Railroad, the flowers as large as
in the next, but the outer filaments dilated, 5200-5400 ft.
(Daniels, 678). Also at Lyons (Rydberg).

NEBRASKA to WYOMING; TEXAS to COLORADO.

710. N. decapetala (Pursh) Greene [Bartonia decapetala
Pursh; Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urb. & Gilg.; M.

174 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [322

ornata Pursh; Touterea decapetala (Pursh) Rydb.]. TEN-
PETALLED WESTERN STAR.

Near Boulder (Rydberg).

ALBERTA to MONTANA; TEXAS to NEVADA.

289. ACROLASIA Presl. MeEnrTzeELIA.

711. Aa. latifolia Rydb. BRoAD-LEAVED MENTZELIA.

At Boulder the type locality (Daniels). Between Sunshine
and Ward (Rydberg).

CoLoRADO.

712. A. albicaulis (Dougl.) Rydb. [Mentzelia albicaulis
Dougl.]. WHITE-STEMMED MENTZELIA.
Common in dry, especially sandy soil, 5100-6500 ft. (Daniels,
92).
NEBRASKA to British CotumsBiA; New Mexico and Urau.
712a. A. albicaulis integrifolia (Wats.) Daniels. Nov. comb.
[Mentzelia albicaulis integrifolia Wats.; A. integrifolia
(Wats.) Rydb.; M. dispersa Wats.]. EENTIRE-LEAVED
MENTZELIA.
With the preceding, into which it apparently passes, 5100-
6500 ft. (Daniels, 88).
MontTAna to British CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

cr Family 75. CACTACEAE H.B.K. Cactus family.

290. CACTUS L. Batt cactus.
713. C.viviparus Nutt. [Mamullaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw.].
VIVIPAROUS BALL CACTUS.
Near Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
Nepraska and Montana to CoLorapo.

291. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. Prickiy CEREUS.

714. E. viridiflorus Engelm. [Cereus viridiflorus Engelm.].
GREEN-FLOWERED PRICKLY CEREUS.
Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 818). Not seen in flower.
Kansas to Wyominc; Texas to New Mexico.

323] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 175

292. OPUNTIA Mill. PrickLy PEAR.

715. O. mesacantha Raf. [O. humifusus Raf.; O. Rafinesquit
Engelm.]. WESTERN PRICKLY PEAR.
Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, the commonest
cactus about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 93).
WIsconsIn and Minnesota to CoLorapo; Kentucky and
TEXAS to ARIZONA.

716. O. polyacantha Haw. MANy-SPINED PRICKLY PEAR.

On the mesas and foothills, apparently ascending higher than
the preceding species, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels, 690).

Nortu Dakota to British COLUMBIA; OKLAHOMA to NEW
Mexico and OreEcon.

717. ©. rhodantha K. Sch. ReED-FLOWERED PRICKLY PEAR.

On the foothills near the juncture of Sunset and Boulder

Cafions, 6500 ft. (Daniels).

NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

718. 0. Greenei Englm., in Coult. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3.
431, [O. mesacantha Greenii (Engelm.). Coult.]. GREENE'S
PRICKLY PEAR.

Vicinity of Boulder (Andrews).

COLORADO.
719. O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. BRritTLe PRICKLY PEAR.

Common on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500
ft. (Daniels, 817). Not seen in flower.

Wisconsin to British Cotumpia; Kansas to New Mex-
1co and UTAH.

Onclse gig IMS CMUSILIVAIE Sy
Family 76. ELAEAGNACEAE Lind]. Silverberry family.

293. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. Burrao BERRY.

720. L. Canadensis (L.) Greene [Shepherdia Canadensis (L.)
Nutt.]. CANADIAN BUFFALO BERRY.

Valleys in the foothills west of Bear Mountain and South

Boulder Peaks, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 445). Also from Eldora to

176 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [324

Baltimore (Rydberg). Near Magnolia; Sugarloaf Mt.; Spen-
cer Mt. (Ramaley).
NEWFOUNDLAND to AtAskA; NEw York and MiIcHIGAN to

CoLoRADO and OREGON.

Orden gion!) INDRA ATES:
Family 77. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Loosestrife family.
29314. AMMANNIA L.

72044. A. coccinea Rottb. ScARLET AMMANNIA.

Marshall lake (W. W. Robbins).

Micuican to SourH DaxKota; FLoripa to Mexico: SoutTH
AMERICA.

294. LYTHRUM L. LooseEstrirFe.

721. L. alatum Pursh. WINGED LOOSESTRIFE.

Common in swales in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels,
413).

MassacuHusetts to SourH Dakota; KENTUCKY to COLO-
RADO.

Family 78. EPILOBIACEAE DC. Willowherb family.
295. CHAMAENERION Adans. FrIREWEED.

722. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. [Epilobium angustifolium
L.]. GREAT WILLOW-HERB. NARROW-LEAVED FIREWEED.

Common throughout, especially in burns and in aspen thick-
ets, 5700-10000 (Arapahoe Trail) ft. (Daniels, 211). Also at
Caribou, and in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg). A. form from the foothills has white flowers
(Daniels, 196).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; NortTH CAROLINA to CALIFORNIA:
Europe: Asta.

722a. ©. angustifolium platyphyllum Daniels. Nov. var.
Leaves remarkably large and broad, some being 17 cm. long
and 4 cm. broad, and merely acutish at apex; lateral nerves

325] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 177

evident, confluent in loops; flowers few, 2-3 cm. wide, dark
purple, subtended by large leaves ; style pubescent at base.
Cafions on Green Mt., 6500-7000 ft. (Daniels, 268).

296. EPILOBIUM L. WILLow-HERB.

723. KE. occidentale (Trelease) Rydb. [E. adenocaulon occt-
dentale Trelease]. WESTERN WILLOW-HERB.
In wet ground at Caribou and Boulder (Rydberg).
Montana to ALBERTA; SouTH Daxkora to CoLoRADO.

724. KH. adenocaulon Haussk. NorTHERN WILLOW-HERB.
Common in swales and along streams in the plains, and in
mountain cafions and aspen bogs, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 243).
New Brunswick to WASHINGTON; PENNSYLVANIA to CAL-
IFORNIA.

725. H. rubescens Rydb. REDDISH WILLOW-HERB.

In aspen bogs at Glacier Lake and Eldora, 8600-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 707).

CoLoRADO.

725%. E. alpinum L. ALPINE WILLOW-HERB.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
GREENLAND and ALaskKa to NEw HAMPSHIRE, COLORADO,
and CALIFORNIA.

726. E. anagallidifolium Lam. PrImMPERNEL WILLOW-HERB.
Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow, and above
timberline on Arapahoe Peak in wet tundras, 10000-12000 ft.
(Daniels, 325). Also at Caribou (Rydberg).
Laprapor and Arcric America to ALASKA; COLORADO to
NevapA: Europe: Asta.

727. H. paniculatum Nutt. PANICcLED WILLOW-HERB.
Common, especially on creek-sands and along roads and
railroads, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 440).
Lake Huron to ALBERTA and British CoLUMBIA ; COLORADO
and ArIzoNA to CALIFORNIA.

178 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [326

728. E. adenocladon (Haussk.) Rydb. [E. pamiculatum aden-
ocladon Haussk.]. GLANDULAR PANICLED WILLOW-HERB.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
SoutH DaKota to WyomInc; CoLorapo to UTAH.

297. GAYOPHYTUM Juss. GayoPHYTE.

729. G.intermedium Rydb. INTERMEDIATE GAYOPHYTE.

Very common throughout except in the high alpine region,
5100-8600 (Eldora) ft. (Daniels, 159). Also at Caribou,
Ward, and between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

MontTANA to WASHINGTON ; CoLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

298. OENOTHERA L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

730. 0. strigosa (Rydb.) Blankinship [Onagra strigosa Rydb. ;
Oenothera biennis strigosa Rydb.]._ Hatry EVENING PRIM-
ROSE.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,

137).

MINNESOTA to WASHINGTON; Missourr to NEw Mexico
and UTaH.

731. 0. Hookeri T. & G. [O. biennis hirsutissima Gray ; Ona-
gra Hookeri (T. & G.) Small]. Hooxer’s EVENING PRIM-
ROSE.

Rare on the mesas and foothills, the flowers turning pink

in withering, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 562).

IpaHo to CALIForNIA; NEw Mexico to Mexico.

299. ANOGRA Spach. WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.

732. A. albicaulis (Pursh) Britton [Oenothera albicaulis
Pursh; O. pinnatifida Nutt.]. WHITE-STEMMED WHITE
EVENING PRIMROSE.

Common on the plains and mesas, and along the shore-sands

of Boulder creek, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 141).

NortH Daxora to Montana; Texas to New Mexico and

SONORA.

327] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 179

733. A rhizomata A. Nels. RHIZOMATOUS WHITE EVENING
PRIMROSE.

Local on the plains, but abundant where found, since it
spreads fast with its slender rootstocks, 5600-5400 ft. (Daniels,
393)-

WYOMING to COLORADO.

734. A. Nuttallii (Sweet) A. Nels. [Oenothera Nuttallu
Lindl.]. NutTTALL’s WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Minnesota to IpaHo and CoLorRApo.

735. A. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton [Oenothera coronopi-
folia T. & G.]. CUT-LEAVED WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.
At Boulder (Rydberg). Very common from Boulder and
Marshall up to about 8000 ft. in dry soil (Ramaley).
SoutH DaxKota to Wyominc; Kansas to NEw Mexico.

300. PACHYLOPHUS Spach. ScaposE EVENING PRIM-
ROSE.
736. P. montanus (Nutt.) A. Nels. [Oenothera montana
Nutt.]. MouNnTaIN SCAPOSE EVENING PRIMROSE.
In eroded soil on Green Mountain and along Boulder Cafion
road, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 536).
ASSINIBOIA to IDAHO; CoLoRADO to NEVADA.

737. P. macroglottis Rydb. LARGE-THROATED SCAPOSE EVEN-
ING PRIMROSE.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
COLORADO.
738. P. hirsutus Rydb. Harry SCAPOSE EVENING PRIMROSE.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Wvyominc to New Mexico and UTAH.

301. LAVAUXIA Spach. DeELAvaux’ EVENING PRIM-
ROSE.

739. lL. brachycarpa (Gray) Britton [Oenothera brachycarpa
Gray]. SHoRT-PODDED DELAVAUX’ EVENING PRIMROSE.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Kansas to Montana; Texas to NEw Mexico.

180 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [328
302. MERIOLIX Raf.

740. M. serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. [Oenothera serrulata Nutt.].
TOOTH-LEAVED EVENING PRIMROSE.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,

38).
ManirTopa to SASKATCHEWAN; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

303. GAURAL. Gaura.*

741. G. parviflora Dougl. SMALL-FLOWERED GAURA.
Frequent on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-7000
ft. (Daniels, 263).
SoutH Dakota to WasHINGTON; LouUISIANA to ARIZONA
and Sonora.

742. G. coccinea Pursh. SCARLET GAURA.
_ Abundant on the plains and mesas, and in meadows on
lower hillslopes, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 12).

Manrropa to Montana; Texas to ARIZONA and MEXxIco.

743. G. glabra Lehm. SMooTH GAURA.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
South Daxora to Montana; CoLoraApo to ARIZONA.

304, CIRCAEA LL. ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE.

744. C. alpina L. ALPINE ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE.
Locally abundant along streams in shady canons, 5700-8000
ft. (Daniels, 279).
LABRADOR to ALASKA; GEORGIA to COLORADO: Europe: ASIA.

*«Gaura and allied evening flowering plants have a special bee-visi-
or, Halictus galpinsiae Cockerell, which has been taken by my wife at
Boulder. It flies in the evening, at 7:30 p. m., when the other bees
have retired.’’—Prof. T. D. A, Cockerell, in a letter to the author, Jan.
23, 1908.

329] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 181

Family 79. GUNNERACEAE End]. Gunnera family.
305. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. WatTeER MILFOIL.

745. M. spicatum L. SPIKED WATER MILFOIL.

Common in Boulder and Owen’s lakes, 5200 ft. (Daniels,
661).

NEWFOUNDLAND to SASKATCHEWAN and IDAHO; FLORIDA to:
CALIFORNIA: EurROoPE: ASIA.

Order 33. UMBELLALES.

Family 80. HEDERACEAE L. Ivy family.
306. ARALIA L. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

746. A. nudicaulis L. ComMoN WILD SARSAPARILLA.

Very common in shady cafions, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 341).
South Boulder Canon (Ramaley).

NEWFOUNDLAND to Maniropa and IpaHo; NorTtH CAROLINA
to Missourt and CoLorapo.

Family 81. CORNACEAE Link. Dogwood family.
307. SVIDA Opiz. Docwoon.

747. §. stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. JRepD-OIsER DoG-
WOOD.
Common along streams throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 289). Sugarloaf Mt.; South Boulder Cafion (Ramaley).
Maniropa to MAcKENZIE and ALtasKkA; NEBRASKA to CoLo-
RADO and ARIZONA.

Family 82. AMMIACEAE Pres]. Parsley family.
308. SANICULA L. SAnIcLe.

748. §. Marilandica L. MaryLAND SANICLE. BLACK SNAKE-
ROOT.
Common in springy gulches and cafions, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 71).
NEWFOUNDLAND to WASHINGTON; GEORGIA to COLORADO.

182 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [330

309. OSMORRHIZA Raf. SWEET CICELY.
749. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. [Washingtonia longistyls
(Torr.) Britton]. SMOOTH SWEET CICELY.
Gulches in the mesas at the base of the foothills, rare, 5700-
6300 ft. (Daniels, 118).
Nova Scotia to ASSINIBOIA ; GEORGIA to COLORADO.

750. O. obtusa (C. & R.) Fernald [Washingtonia obtusa C.
& R.]. OBTUSE-FRUITED SWEET CICELY.
Common in cafions in the mesas, foothills and mountains,
5700-11000 (Arapahoe Trail) ft. (Daniels, 128).
ALBERTA to New Mexico and CALIFORNIA.

310. CARUM L. Caraway.
751. C. Carvi L. Common CARAWAY.
Escaped in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg).
Europe and the MEDITERRANEAN region to THIBET and Sr-
BERIA, thence to NortH AMERICA.

311. CICUTA L. Water HEMLOCK. COWBANE.
752. C. occidentalis Greene. WESTERN COWBANE. WESTERN
MUSQUASH ROOT.
Swales in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Daniels, 412).
Norru Daxorta to IpAHO; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.
312. HARBOURIA C. & R. Harpour’s HEMLOCK.
753. H. trachypleura (Gray) C. & R. [Cicuta trachypleura
(Gray) S. Wats.]. RouGH-RIBpBED HARBOUR’S HEMLOCK.
At Boulder, and in the mountains between Sunshine and
Ward (Rydberg). In Boulder Cafion (Porter & Coulter). St.
Vrain Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.). Common
in the foothills. (Daniels, 157, in part.)
Wyominc to New Mexico.

313. ALETES C.& R. Mounrtatn caraway.
754. A. obovata Rydb. OBovaATE-LEAVED MOUNTAIN CARAWAY.
Very common on naked mountain slopes, 6000-8100 (sum-

mit of Green Mt.) ft. (Daniels, 145).
COLORADO.

331] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 183

7os. A. acaulis (Torr.) C. & R. [Deweya acaulis (Torr.) ;
Carum Hallii S. Wats.]. STEMLESS MOUNTAIN CARAWAY.
High mesa at entrance to South Boulder Cafion, 5900-6000
ft. (Daniels, 422). Also in gulch south of Boulder (perhaps
the same locality as the above), and in the mountains between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Cotorapbo to New Mexico.

314. BERULA Hoffm.

756. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville [B. angustifolia (L.) Mert.
& Koch]. CUT-LEAVED WATER PARSNIP.
In a springy puddle in the eastern part of Boulder, 5300-
5400 ft. (Daniels, 410).
Ontario to British CoLumBIA; MASSACHUSETTS to TEXAS
and CALIFORNIA: Europe: ASIA.

315. LIGUSTICUM L. Lovace.

757. lL. Porteri C. & R. Porrer’s LOVAGE.

Common in shady cafions and gulches, 5700-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 83). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg). A plant was gathered in a cafion on the north
slope of Green Mt., with somewhat differently shaped leaf-
segments; it may possibly be L. affine A. Nels.

Wvominc to NEw Mexico and Arizona.

316. MUSINEON Raf.

758. M. divaricatum (Pursh) C. & R. [Seseli divaricatum
Pursh; Adorium divaricatum (Pursh) Rydb.]. Leary
MUSINEON.

At Boulder (Rydberg).
ASSINIBOIA to ALBERTA; SoUTH DAKOTA to COLORADO.

317. OXYPOLIS Raf. WATER DROPWORT.

759. 0. Fendleri (Gray) Heller [Archemora Fendleri Gray].
FENDLER’S WATER DROPWORT.
In bogs at Eldora and at Bloomerville, 8600-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 310). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Wyominc to New Mexico.

184 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [332

318. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. HeEmMtLock PARSLEY.

760. C. scopulorum (Gray) C. & R. [Ligusticum scopulorum
Gray]. Rocky MouNTAIN HELMLOCK PARSLEY.
In aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600-go00 ft. (Daniels, 721). Red-
rock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
CoLorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

319. HERACLEUM L. Cow parsnip.

761. H. lanatum Michx. Wootty cow PARSNIP.

Common in gulches and cafions, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 75).
Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

Laprapor and NEwFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; NortH Caro-
LINA to CALIFORNIA.

320. ANGELICA L. AwNGELICca.

762. A. Grayi C. & R. GRAy’s ANGELICA.

In wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11500-
13000 ft. (Daniels, 891).

WyomMInc to CoLorapo.
763. A.ampla A. Nels. LARGE ANGELICA.

Bear Cafion, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 763).

WyYoMING to CoLorapo.

321. PASTINACA L. Parsnip.

764. P. sativa L. ComMon PARSNIP.

Very common in waste places about Boulder, and along
Boulder Cafion road well towards Falls, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 560).

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

322. COGSWELLIA Sprengel. Parstey.
765. C. orientalis (C.& R.) Jones [Lomatium orientale C. &
R.; Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. in part].
Common in the foothills, 4000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 157 in
part).
SoutH Daxota, Montana and IpAHO to Kansas, NEw
Mexico and ARIZONA.

333] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 185

323. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C.& R. Fase cymop-
TERUS.
766. P. sylvaticus A. Nels. SyLVAN FALSE CYMOPTERUS.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
WYoMING to CoLorapo.

767. P. multifidus Rydb. [P. montanus multifidus Rydb.].
MULTIFID-LEAVED FALSE CYMOPTERUS.
Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels,

899).

COLORADO.
Series 2. SYMPETALAE.
OrderaZe) EE RIGAIES:

Family 83. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Indian pipe family.

324. PTEROSPORA Nutt. PINrE props.

768. P. Andromedea Nutt. GIANT BIRD’S-NEST.

Rare under pines on the north slopes of Green Mt., 6000-
8100 ft. (Daniels, 530). Also on North and South Boulder
Peaks (Rydberg).

Nova Scotia to ALASKA; GEORGIA to CALIFORNIA.

Family 84. PYROLACEAE Agardh. Wintergreen family.

825. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Prpsissewa.

769. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. UMBELLATE PIPSISSEWA.
Common in shady cafions on Green Mt., 6500-8100 ft. (Dan-
iels, 751). Also on north and south Boulder Peaks (Rydberg).
Nova Scoria to ALASKA; GEORGIA to CALIFORNIA and MEx-
1co: Europe: Asta.

326. MONESES Salisb. SINGLE DELIGHT.
770. M. uniflora (L.) Gray [Pyrola uniflora L.]. ONE-
FLOWERED WINTERGREEN.
At Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley
& Robbins).
LABRADOR to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to COLORADO and ORE-
GON: Europe: ASIA.

186 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [334

327. PYROLA L. WINTERGREEN. SHINLEAF.

771. P. secunda L. ONE-SIDED WINTERGREEN, Or SHINLEAF.
Shady banks of cafions on the north slopes of Green Mt.,
mainly under Douglas spruce, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 531).
Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Lasprapor to ALASKA; District oF COLUMBIA to CALIFOR-
NIA: Europe: ASIA.

772. P. uliginosa Torr. [P. rotundifolia uliginosa Gray]. Boc
WINTERGREEN, Or SHINLEAF.
With the preceding, 6500-8100 ft. (Daniels, 534). Also on
South Boulder Peak (Rydberg).
Nova Scotia to British Cotumpia; NEw York to CoLo-
RADO and CALIFORNIA: JAPAN.

Family 85. ERICACEAE DC. Heath family.

328. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. BEARBERRY.

773. A. Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. [Uva-ursi Uva-ursi (L.)
Cockerell. nov. comb.; U. procumbens Moench]. Rep
BEARBERRY.

Common on dry slopes, 5800-8600 ft. (Daniels, 453). Also
at Eldora and on the mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg). South Boulder Cafion; Sugarloaf Mt.; Pine
Glade School; Copeland’s (Ramaley). Uva-ursi (Tourn.)
Miller, 1754, has priority over Arctostaphylos Adans. 1763,
but should such a hyphenated word stand as a generic name?

Laprapor and Arctic AMeErtca to ALASKA; NEw JERSEY to
CoLorapo and OrEGon: Europe: Asia.

329. GAULTHERIA L. WINTERGREEN.

774. G. humifusa (Graham) Rydb. [G. Myrsinitis Hook.].
CREEPING WINTERGREEN.
Fourth of July Mine, 10000-11000 ft. (Andrews).
Montana to British CoLumBiIA; CoLoRADO to CALIFORNIA.
330. KALMIA L. Lamepxitt.

775. XK. microphylla (Hook.) Heller [K. glauca microphylla
Hook.]. SMALL-LEAVED SWAMP LAUREL.

335] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 187

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-12000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 900). Also at Caribou, and on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
Camp Albion; Fourth of July Mine (Ramaley).
ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

Family 86. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Blueberry family.

331. VACCINIUM L. Biurserry. BILBERRY.
776. V. caespitosum Michx. Dwarr BILBERRY.
From Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Laprapor to ALASKA; New Brunswick and New Hamp-
SHIRE to CoLoRADO and WASHINGTON.

777. W. scoparium Leiberg. [V. Myrtillus mucrophyllum
Hoox; V. erythrococcum Rydb.]. RED-BERRIED BILBERRY\
Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow and on
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, gooo-12000 ft. (Daniels, 331).
ALBERTA to BRITISH COLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

778. V. oreophilum Rydb. Myrtle BLUEBERRY.

Common in coniferous forests at 10000 ft. (Ramaley), where
it has been collected at Bald Mountain near Ward; Redrock
lake above Ward; Fourth of July Mine; and at the foot of
Long’s Peak.

ALBERTA and British CotumBia to NEw MExico.

Order 35. PRIMULALES.
Family 87. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Primrose family.
332. PRIMULA L. Primrose.

779. P. angustifolia Torr. NARROW-LEAVED PRIMROSE.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline in dry tundras near snow,
12000-13500 ft. (Daniels, 886).
COLORADO.

780. P. Parryi Gray. PARRY’S PRIMROSE.

Along cold streams crossing the Arapahoe Trail, and in wet
tundras, Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, 9000-13000 ft.
(Daniels, 921). Also at Caribou, and in the mountains south
of Ward (Rydberg).

Monvrana to Cotorapo and ARIZONA.

188 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [336

333. ANDROSACE L. Rock PRIMROSE.

781. <A. puberulenta Rydb. PUBERULENT ROCK PRIMROSE.
Mountain slopes above Bloomerville near snow, 9200 ft.
(Daniels, 338). Plains near Boulder (Rydberg).
Maniropa, MACKENZIE and ALBerta to New Mexico.

782. A. pinetorum Greene. PINE FOREST ROCK PRIMROSE.
Common under rocks in the foothills and mesas, 5700-8100
ft. (Daniels, 276). Probably Porter and Coulter’s A. septen-
trionalis L. from Long’s Peak is this plant, as is Coulter’s
plant from Long’s Peak in Wabash College Herb.
MACKENZIE to YUKON ; COLORADO to ARIZONA.

783. A. subumbellata (A. Nelson) Small. SuBUMBELLATE
ROCK PRIMROSE.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, a diminutive alpine form,
11500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 876).
Montana to Cotorapo and ARIZONA.

784. A. diffusa Small. DrIrrUSE ROCK PRIMROSE.

At Glacier lake, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 714). Also Massif
de l Arapahoe (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley
& Robbins).

MackENziE to British Cotumpia; New Mexico to Art:
ZONA.

785. A. subulifera (Gray) Rydb. [A. septentrionalis subuli-
fera Gray]. SUBULIFEROUS ROCK PRIMROSE.
Near Boulder (Coulter).
Montana to CoLorapo.

334. STEIRONEMA Raf. LooseEstriFe.

786. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. [Lysimachia ciliata L.]. FRINGED
LOOSESTRIFE.
In springy grounds and moist cafions, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
1elswi73ie
Nova Scorra to BririsH CoLumBIA; GEORGIA to ARIZONA:
naturalized in EuROPE.

337] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 189

335. CENTUNCULUS L. CuHarrweep.

787. C. minimus L. Least CHAFFWEED.

Under pines, mesas south of Chautauqua grounds, Boulder,
5800 ft. (Daniels, 180). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Itt1no1s and Minnesota to BritisH CoLUMBIA; FLORIDA
to Texas and Mexico: Europe: SourH AMERICA.

336. DODECATHEON L. SHoorTING sTAr.

788. D. philoscia A. Nels. SHADE-LOVING SHOOTING STAR.
In the spray of Boulder Falls and along other deep canons,
6500-8600 ft. (Daniels, 800).
WyYoMING to CoLoRADOo.

789. JD. radicatum Greene. MANY-FLOWERED SHOOTING STAR.
Common in deep cafions, 6200-8000 ft. (Daniels, 274).
Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Boulder Cafion
(Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
SoutH Dakota to Wyominc; Kansas to New Mexico.

790. D. sinuatum Rydb. [D. radicatum sinuatum Rydb.].
WAVY-LEAVED SHOOTING STAR.

Occasional in cafions with the preceding, of which it seems
to be merely a wavy-leaved form, 6200-8000 ft. (Daniels,
854).

COLORADO.

790%. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene. FEW-FLOWERED
SHOOTING STAR.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
MAcKENZzIE and SASKATCHEWAN to COLORADO.

337. DROSACE A. Nels.

791. OD. carinata (Torr.) A. Nels. [Douglasia Johnstoni Aven
Nelson]. Jounston’s Douctasta.
Long’s Peak (Aven Nelson), the type locality of Douglasia
Johnstoni.
CoLoRADOo.

190 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [338

Order 36. GENTIANALES,

Family 88. GENTIANACEAE Dumont. Gentian family.

338. EUSTOMA Salisb.

792. KH. Andrewsii A. Nelson. ANDREWs’s EuSTOMA.
Near Boulder, the type locality (Andrews).
COLORADO.

339. ANTHOPOGON Heck. FRINGED GENTIAN.

793. A. elegans (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Gentiana elegans A. Nels.].
SHOWY FRINGED GENTIAN.
Long’s Peak (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley
& Robbins).
MAcKENZIE to CoLorapo and ARIZONA.

794. A. barbellatus (Engelm.) Rydb. [Gentiana barbellata
Engelm.; G. Moseleyi A. Nels.]. BEARDED FRINGED GEN-
TIAN.

Aspen bogs at Eldora and along streams crossing Arapahoe
Trail, 8600-11000 ft. (Daniels, 863). Redrock lake, 10100 ft.
(Ramaley and Robbins). The type of Nelson’s G. Moseleyi is
from Boulder Co.

CoLoRADOo,

340. AMARELLA Gileb. GENTIAN.

795. A. monantha (A. Nels.) Rydb. [Gentiana monantha
A. Nels.]. ONE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.

Above timberline in wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-
12000 ft. (Daniels, 897). Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley
& Robbins).

CoLoRabo.

796. Aa. strictiflora (Rydb.) Greene [Gentiana amarella stric-
ta S. Wats.; G. strictiflora Rydb.] StTRIcT-FLOWERED GEN-
TIAN.

Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

339] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO IgI

797. A. scopulorum Greene [Gentianella Clementis Rydb.].

CRAG GENTIAN.

Common in deep cafions and aspen bogs, 6500 (Green Mt.)-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 608). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley &
Robbins ).

Soutu Daxota to Montana; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

798. A. plebeja (Cham.) Greene [Gentiana plebeja
Cham.; G. amarella acuta Gray, not Hook.]. Low GEN-
TIAN.

Ward (Cockerell).
MackeENziE and ALASKA to CoLorapo and CALIFORNIA. (?)

798a. A. plebeja Holmii (Wettst.) Rydb. [Gentiana plebeja
Holmiu Wettst.; Amarella nana Engelm.]. Hoim’s GEN-

TIAN.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 944). Also at Caribou (Rydberg).

Range of the type.

341. CHONDROPHYLLA A. Nels.

799. C. Fremontii (Torr.) A. Nels. [Gentiana Fremontu
Torr.]. FREMONT’S GENTIAN.
Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter in Wabash
College Herb.).
Wyomine to CoLorapbo.

799%. ©. Americana (Engelm.) A. Nels. [Gentiana pros-
trata Americana Engelm.]. AMERICAN GENTIAN.
Redrock lake, tot0o ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
ALBERTA and ALASKA to COLORADO.

342. DASYSTEPHANA Adans. CLOSED GENTIAN.

800. D. Romanzovii (Ledeb.) Rydb. [Gentiana Romanzovu
Ledeb.]. ROMANZOF’S CLOSED GENTIAN.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11500-13000 ft. (Daniels,
892). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana to ALASKA; CoLorapo to UTAH: ASIA.

1g2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [340

8o1. D. Parryi (Engelm.) Rydb. [Gentiana Parryi Engelm.].
PARRY’S CLOSED GENTIAN.

Bogs at Eldora, thence along Arapahoe Trail to Arapahoe
Peak, 8600-12000 ft. (Daniels, 847). Redrock lake, toroo ft.
(Ramaley & Robbins). Also mountains between Sunshine
and Ward (Rydberg).

Wyominc to Cotorapo and UTAH.

802. D. Bigelovii (Gray) Rydb. [Gentiana Bigelovii Gray].
BIGELOW’S CLOSED GENTIAN.

Dry mesas near entrance to Bear Cafion, 5800-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 766).

CoLorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

343. PLEUROGYNE Eschsch.

803. P. fontana A. Nels. [P. rotata tenuifolia Griseb.]. Foun-
TAIN PLEUROGYNE.
At Caribou (Rydberg).
Hupson Bay and ALasKa to CoLorapo.

344. SWERTIA L.

804. S. palustris A. Nels. MarsH SWERTIA.

Along alpine streams, Arapahoe Trail, and in wet tundras,
Arapahoe Peak, above timberline, gooo-12000 ft. (Daniels,
893). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

Montana to Cotorapo and Uran.

804%. §. congesta A. Nels. DENSE-FLOWERED SWERTIA.

Long’s Peak (Cooper).

Montana to Cotorapo and Uran.

345. FRASERA Walt. CoLumso.
805. F. stenosepala Rydb. NARROW-SEPALLED COLUMBO.

On the mesas and foothills, common, 5700-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 168). Also at Ward (Rydberg).

Wyominc to New Mexico.

806. F. speciosa Dougl. Suowy coLuMBo.

Redrock lake, ro100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

SoutH Dakota to Montana and OrEGon; CoLorapo to
CALIFORNIA.

341] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 193

807. F. angustifolia Rydb. NARROW-LEAVED COLUMBO.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Montana to CoLorabo.

Order 37. ASCLEPIADALES.
Family 89. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Dogbane Family.
346. APOCYNUM L. Doapane.

808. A. androsaemifolium L. SPREADING DOGBANE.

South Boulder Cafion, and north of Nederland, 6500-go00
ft. (Ramaley).

ANTICOSTI to BritisH CoLUMBIA; GEORGIA to ARIZONA.

809. A. scopulorum Greene. CRAG DOGBANE.

Common on the foothills, 6000-go00 ft. (Daniels, 231). Su-
garloaf (Ramaley).

SASKATCHEWAN and YUKON to COLORADO.

810. A. lividum Greene. PALE DOGBANE.
Eldora (Ramaley).
COLORADO.

811. A. ambigens Greene. SMOOTH DOGBANE.

In Boulder Cafion, Bear Cafion, and other valleys in the
foothills, 5600-8000 it. (Daniels, 515).

MonTANA to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

812. A. cannabinum L. INDIAN HEMP.

Along railroads and stream banks, and ascending along the
cafions and gulches for some distance into the foothills, 5100-
6500 ft. (Daniels, 348).

ANTICOSTI to WASHINGTON; FLORIDA to Lower CALIFoR-
NIA.

813. A. hypericifolium Ait. CLASPING-LEAVED DOGBANE.. ST.
JoHNSwort INDIAN HEMP.
Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, and along
roads in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 409).
Onrario to British CotumsB1A; Onto to NEw Mexico.

194 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [342

Family 90. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed family.

347. ACERATES Ell. GreEEN MILKWEED.

814. A. viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. CoMMON GREEN MILKWEED.
Occasional in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 405).
MASSACHUSETTS to MonTANA; FLortpa to NEw Mexico.
815. A. angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. [Asclepias stenophylla
Gray]. NARROW-LEAVED GREEN MILKWEED.
Common in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 298).
SoutH Daxkora to Cotorapo; Missouri to Texas and New
Mexico.

348. ASCLEPIAS L. Mi_Kkweep.

816. A. speciosa Torr. SHOWY MILKWEED.

Frequent in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 262).

Manirtopa to BritisH CoLtumpia; New Mexico to CALIFoR-
NIA.

817. A. brachystephana Engelm. SHoRT-cROWNED MILKWEED.
Rare on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
404).
WyomiInc to TExAs and ARIZONA.
818. A. incarnata L. Swamp MILKWEED.
In swales and along streams in the plains, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 671).
New Brunswick to Manrroza; FLtortpa to New Mexico.

819. A. pumila (Gray) Vail [A. verticillata pumila Gray].
DWARF MILKWEED.
Local in the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
380).
SoutH Dakota to Montana; ARKANSAS to New Mexico.

343] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 195
Order 38. POLEMONIALES.
Family 91. CUSCUTACEAE Dumont. Dodder family.

349. CUSCUTA L. Donner.

820. C.curta Engelm. [C. Gronovii curta Engelm.] Suort-
STYLED DODDER. —
On Ambrosia psilostachya DC., along Union Pacific Rail-
road east of Boulder, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 696).
CoLorapo to UTAH.

821. (C. indecora Choisy. PrEtTry DODDER.

On Thermopsis pinetorum Greene. Rocky ledge at Mar-
shall, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 426).

Ittiniits to NEBRASKA and CoLorapo; FLorima to CALIFOR-
NIA; TROPICAL AMERICA.

Family 92. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Bindweed family.

350. EVOLVULUS L.

822. E. Nuttallianus R. & S. [E. argenteus Pursh]. Nut-
TALL’S EVOLVULUS.
Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 474).
SoutH Daxora to Cotorapo; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

351. PHARBITIS Choisy. Mornrnc GLory.

823. P. purpurea (L.) Voight [P. hispida Choisy; Ipomoea
purpurea (L.) Roth]. ComMMON MORNING GLORY.
Escaped along Arapahoe Road, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 792).
TroprcAL AmeErIcA, thence to NortH AMERICA.

352. CONVOLVULUS L. Binpwecrp.

824. C. arvensis L. FIELD BINDWEED.

Along streets of Boulder, 5300-5700 (Chautauqua grounds)
ft. (Daniels, 816).

Europe, thence to North AMERICA.

196 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [344

825. C. ambigens House. Harry BINDWEED.

Plains near Boulder (Rydberg). Perhaps only a state of
the preceding.

Cotorapo to New Mexico and CALiFornia.

353. VOLVULUS Medic. BractEeD BINDWEED.

826. V. interior (House) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Convolvu-
lus interior House]. INLAND BRACTED BINDWEED.
Low flats near Valmont Dike, 5200-5300 ft. (Daniels, 669).
NEBRASKA to COLORADO; OKLAHOMA to ARIZONA.

Family 93. POLEMONIACEAE. Jacob’s ladder family.
354. PHLOX L. Putox.

827. P. multiflora A. Nelson. MANyY-FLOWERED PHLOX.
North Boulder Peak (Rydberg).
Montana to CoLorapo.

828. P. depressa (E. Nelson) Rydberg [P. multiflora de-
pressa E. Nelson]. Low PHLox.
Dry slopes of the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 105).
COLORADO.

829. P. longifolia Nutt. LoNG-LEAVED PHLOX.
~ Near Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter; also Coulter in Wa-
bash College Herb.).

Montana to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to OREGON.

355. MICROSTERIS Greene.

830. M. micrantha (Kellogg) Greene [Collomia micrantha
Kellogg]. SMALL-FLOWERED MICROSTERIS.
At Boulder (Cockerell).
NEBRASKA to WYOMING; CoLorAbo to CALIFORNIA; SOUTH
‘America (Cutitt and Bottvia to MAGELLAN Srratts).

356. LINANTHUS Benth.

831. L. Harknessii (Curran) Greene [Gilia Harknessu Cur-
ran]. Harkness’ LINANTHUS.
Flood-sands of streams, north slope of Green Mt., 6000-8000
ft. (Daniels, 467).
Montana to BririsH COLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

<

345] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 197

357. GILIAR.& P. Gita.

832. G. spicata Nutt. SPIKED GILIA.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
NEBRASKA to WyomInc; CoLoraApo to UTAH.

833. G. attenuata (Gray) A. Nelson [G. aggregata attenuata
Gray]. ACUTE-LOBED GILIA.

Foothills and mesas about Boulder, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels).
White flowered, but it passes into the following variety
through a series of forms of all shades of pink from nearly
white to almost scarlet.

IpaHo to CoLtorapo and Ura.

833a. G. attenuata collina (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb.
[Callisteris collina Greene]. FOOTHILL GILIA.

Alpine forested slopes near Eldora, and also near the sum-
mit of Flagstaff Hill, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 343). The pink
of the flowers varies from nearly white to scarlet.

Range of the type?

834. G. candida Rydb. [Callisteris leucantha Greene]. WHITE
GILIA.

Common on the mesas, foothills and mountain s!opes, 5700-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 46). Corollas often pinkish, perhaps hy-
brids with the above. Also South Boulder Peak, and in the
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

COLORADO.

835. G. pinnatifida Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED GILIA.

Common throughout and very variable, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 45). Also in the mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg).

NepraskA and Wyomine to New Mexico.

836. G. sinuata Benth. WaAvy-LEAVED GILIA.

Common in the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500
ft. (Daniels, 193).

Cotorapo and New Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

837. G. inconspicua (Smith) Dougl.. INconspicuous GILIA.

On the foothills, 5900-8000 ft. (Daniels).
CoLorapo and Uran to Artzona and Mexico.

198 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [346

358. COLLOMIA Nutt.
838. C. linearis Nutt. [Glia linearis (Nutt.) Gray]. Nar-
ROW-LEAVED COLLOMIA.

Very common throughout in shady or half-shady places,
especially on creek sands, 5100-go0o ft. (Daniels, 51). Also
at Ward (Rydberg).

Nort Daxora and Maniropa to British CoLUMBIA; ARI-
ZONA to CALIFORNIA; introduced eastward.
838a. C. linearis Boulderensis Daniels. Nov. var.

Leaves narrower than in the type, sharply acuminate ; flower-
clusters densely capitate, the calyx-lobes and the bracts strongly
pungent; a dwarfish form, blossoming earlier than the type.
Near Gilia linearis subulata Gray.

Plains about Boulder, 5400-5700 ft. (Daniels, 60).

309. POLEMONIUM L. Jacop’s LADDER. GREEK VA-
LERIAN.

839. P. pulcherrimum Hook. Fatrest JAcOB’S LADDER.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
to21). Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and in the mountains
between Sunshine and Ward, Brand makes this species a
synonym of the next.

COLORADO.
840. P. delicatum Rydb. DELIcaTE JAcoB’s LADDER.

At timberline (or just below) under shrubs, Arapahoe Peak,
10500-11500 ft. (Daniels, 872).

Cotorapo and New Mexico.
841. P. molle Greene. Sort JAcos’s LADDER.

Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

COLORADO.
842. P. robustum Rydb. Stour GREEK VALERIAN,

Boulder creek near Falls, 6500-7500 ft. (Daniels, 296).

COLORADO.
843. P. mellitum (Gray) Greene [P. confertwm mellitum

Gray]. YELLOW GREEK VALERIAN.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Wyominc and Cotorapo to NEVADA.

347] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 199

843%. P.confertum Gray. PURPLE GREEK VALERIAN.
Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
WyoMINnG to CoLorapo.

844, P. Brandegeei (Gray) Greene [Gilia Brandegéei Gray].
BRANDEGEE’S GREEK VALERIAN.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

Family 94. HYDROLEACEAE. H.B.K. Hydrolea family.

860. HYDROPHYLLUM L. WaArTERLEAF.

845. H. Fendleri (Gray) Heller [H. occidentale Fendlert
Gray]. FENDLER’S WATERLEAF.

Common along streams in shade, and in deep mountain
cafions, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 129). Also in the mountains
between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

Wyomine and Ipano to New Mexico.

361. MACROCALYX Trew.

846. M. Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze [Ellisia Nyctelea L.]. Nycre-
LEA.
Along streams and in gulches in mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 597).
SASKATCHEWAN to MoNTANA; VIRGINIA to COLORADO.

362. PHACELIA Juss. PHACELIA.

847. P. leucophylla Torr. WHITE-LEAVED PHACELIA.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
SoutH DaxKota to WASHINGTON ; CoLorADo to UTAH.

848. P. heterophylla Pursh. VARIOUS-LEAVED PHACELIA.
Common on the mesas and foothills, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels,
40). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
MontTANna to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

849. P. glandulosa Nutt. GLANDULAR PHACELIA.
Boulder Cafion above Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 548).
Montana to TEXAS and ARIZONA.

200 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [348

850. P. Neo-Mexicana alba (Rydb.) Daniels. Nov. comb.
Wuite New Mexican PHACELIA.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Wyominc to NEw Mexico.

3863. EUTOCA R. Br.

851. E. sericea Graham in Hook. [Phacelia sericea (Grah.)
Gray]. Sirxy PHACELTA.
Common about Ward, gooo-9500 ft. (Daniels, 312). Also
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Montana to British CoLumMBIA; CoLoRADO to NEVADA.

Family 95. BORAGINACEAE Gray. Borage family.

364. LAPPULA Moench. STICKSEED.

852. L. floribunda (Lehm.) Greene [Echinospermum flort-
bundum Lehm.]. LARGE-FLOWERED STICKSEED.
Frequent in Bear and Boulder Cafions, 6000-7500 it. (Dan-
iels, 448).
Manriropa to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to CALIFORNIA.

853. L. angustata Rydb. NARROW-LEAVED STICKSEED.
Common in cafions in the foothills, 5600-7500 ft. (Daniels,

674).
CoLoRADO to WYOMING.

854. L. occidentalis (Wats.) Greene [Echinospermum Redow-
skys occidentale Wats.] WESTERN STICKSEED.
Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
6).
SASKATCHEWAN to WaSHINGTON; MissourrI to NEw MeEx-
Ico.

855. L. cupulata (Gray) Rydb. [Echinospermum Redowsky
cupulatum Gray]. CUPULATE STICKSEED.
Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 9).
Soutu Daxorta to IpAHO; TExas to COLORADO.

349] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 201

36414. ERITRICHIUM Schrader. MouNTAIN FORGET-
ME-NOT.

85514. E. argenteum Wight. SILVERY MOUNTAIN FORGET-ME-
NOT.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Wyomine and Cotorapo to UTAH.

865. OREOCARYA Greene. MouNTAIN NUT.

856. 0. suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene [Krynitzkia James
Gray]. JAMES’S MOUNTAIN NUT.
Slopes of Green Mountain, 6300 ft. (Daniels, 527). Plains
and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg).
SourH Daxora to Wyominc and Coorapo.

857. 0. virgata (Porter) Greene [Krynitzkia virgata (Por-
ter) Gray]. VIRGATE MOUNTAIN NUT.
Common on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 19).
Wvyominc to COLORADO.

857%. O. pulvinata A. Nels. PULVINATE MOUNTAIN NUT.
Redrock lake, toroo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
COLORADO.

366. ALLOCARYA Greene.

858. A. scopulorum Greene. MouNTAIN ALLOCARYA.

Aspen bogs at Glacier lake, 8600-go00 ft. (Daniels, 7or).
Also at Boulder (Rydberg).

Montana to WasHINGTON ; CoLorapDo to NEVADA.

367. CRYPTANTHE Lehm.

859. C. crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene [Krynitzkia crassise-
pala (T. & G.) Gray]. THIcK-SEPALLED CRYPTANTHE.
Frequent on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 389).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Texas to UTan and MeEx-
ICO.

202 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [350

860. C. Pattersonii (Gray) Greene [Krynitzkia Pattersonii
Gray]. PATTERSON’S CRYPTANTHE.
In the spray of Boulder Falls, 7500 ft. (Daniels, 609).
WYOMING and CoLorapo.

368. MERTENSIA Roth. LunGwortr. BLUEBELLS.

861. M. punctata Greene. PUNCTATE BLUEBELLS.
Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 716).
COLORADO.

862. M. polyphylla Greene. MANY-LEAVED BLUEBELLS.
Along stream in alpine valley near snow, above Bloomer-
ville, and in Boulder Cafion above the Falls, 8000-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 320). Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and at Ward
(Rydberg).
Wyominc to CoLorabo.
863. M. lateriflora Greene. S1pE-FLOWERED LUNGWORT.
Along streams on mountain slope above Bloomerville near
snow, 9300 it. (Daniels. 337). Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Rama-
ley & Robbins). Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

864. M. viridula Rydb. GREENISH LUNGWORT.
Cafions in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 34).
CoLorRapo.

_ 865. M. amoena A. Nels. PLEASANT LUNGWORT.
At Boulder; and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
WYoMING to CoLorRADo.

866. M. linearis Greene. LINEAR-LEAVED LUNGWORT.
Subalpine meadows, Boulder Cafion beyond the Falls, 7000-
8000 ft. (Daniels, 226). Also at Boulder; and from Eldora
to Baltimore (Rydberg).
ASSINIBOIA to NEBRASKA and CoLoRADO,

867. M. lanceolata (Pursh) DC. LANcE-LEAVED LUNGWORT.
Common throughout except in high alpine places, 5100-9000
ft. (Daniels, 14). Very variable.
Montana to Cotorapo and New Mexico.

351| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 203

868. M. Secundorum Cockerell. Harry LUNGWoRT.

Near mouth of Boulder Cafion (Cockerell), the type local-
ity, where it was discovered by students of the State Prepara-
tory School, whence the specific name.

CoLoRADO.

869. M. micrantha Aven Nelson. SMALL-FLOWERED LUNG-
WORT.

Flagstaff Hill, 6000-6500 ft. (Daniels, 636). Also Sugar
Loaf Mt., collected by Dr. Ramaley (Nelson), the type local-
ity.

COLORADO.

870. M. perplexa Rydb. PERPLEXING LUNGWORT.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 it. (Daniels,
645). Also mountains south of Ward the type-locality (Ryd-
berg).

COLORADO.

871. M. alpina (Torr.) Don. ALPINE LUNGWoRT.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11500-12000 ft. (Daniels,
1022).

COLORADO.

369. LITHOSPERMUM L. Gromwetr. Puccoon.
872. IL. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary puccoon.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Ontario to North Daxora; ALABAMA to CoLoRADO and
ARIZONA.

873. L. linearifolium Goldie [L. angustifolium Michx.]. Nar-
ROW-LEAVED PUCCOON.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
TIntrinots and Manritopa to British CoLumsBiA; TExas to
ARIZONA.

874. L. breviflorum Engelm. & Gray [L. albescens Greene].
SHORT-FLOWERED PUCCOON.
Common on the plains, mesas, and meadows on the lower
foothills, 5100-6300 ft. (Daniels, 130).
ARKANSAS to Cotorapo; TExAs to New Mexico and Mex-
ICO.

204 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [352

370. ONOSMODIUM Michx. FaLsz GROMWELL.

875. 0. occidentale Mackenzie. WESTERN FALSE GROMWELL.
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
183). Also at Longmont (Rydberg).
Manirtopa to British CotumpBia; Missourt to Texas and
UTau.

371. LYCOPSIS L. Buctoss.

876. IL. arvensis L. SMALL BUGLOSS.

Roadsides near entrance to Boulder Cafion, 5400-5500 ft.
(Daniels, 165). Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Family 96. VERBENACEAE St. Hil. Vervain family.

372. VERBENA L. Vervain.

877. V. hastata L. BLUE VERVAIN.

Along streams in the plains, but ascending Boulder creek
for a considerable distance into the foothills, 5100-6500 ft.
(Daniels, 579).

Nova Scotta to British CotumBIA; FLorma to CALIFOR-
NIA.

878. V. bracteosa Michx. [V. rudis Greene]. LARGE-BRACTED
VERVAIN.

Common in waste places, and on the plains, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 2).

MicuiIcANn to ALBERTA and BritisH CoLuMBIA; FLORIDA to
CALIFORNIA.

878a. V. bracteosa albiflora Cockerell. Nov. var. WHITE-
FLOWERED LARGE-BRACTED VERVAIN.
Differs from the type in having white flowers. Campus of
the University of Colorado, July 15, 1908 (Cockerell).

879. V. ambrosifolia Rydb. RAGWEED-LEAVED VERVAIN.

At Boulder, and in Boulder Co. (Rydberg).

SoutH Dakota to Cotorapo; Texas to Arizona and Mex-
ICO.

353] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 205

879%. V. Canadensis (L.) Brit. [V. Aubletia Jacq.]. Com-
MON WILD VERBENA.
St. Vrain river (Porter and Coulter).
INDIANA to CoLoraDo; FLoripa to New Mexico and Mex-
ICO.

373. PHYLA Lour. Foc-Fruit.

880. P. cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene [Lippia cuneifolia Torr.].
WEDGE-LEAVED FOG-FRUIT.

Along the railroad between Boulder and Marshall, and on
the sandy shores of Boulder creek for some distance in the
foothills, 5300-6200 ft. (Daniels, 406).

SoutH Daxora to Wyominc; Texas to Arizona and Mex-
Ico.

Family 97. LAMIACEAE. Dead nettle family.
374, TEUCRIUM L. GrerMANDER.

881. T. occidentale Gray. WESTERN GERMANDER.
Swales in the plains, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 407).
Ontario to British CoLuMBIA; PENNSYLVANIA to COLO-
RADO and CALIFORNIA.

375. SCUTELLARIA L. SKuLLcApP.

882. S. galericulta L. Hoopep SKULLCAP.

At Boulder (Rydberg).

NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; NorTH CAROLINA to ARIZONA:
Europe: Asta.

883. 5S. Brittonii Porter. Britron’s SKULLCAP.

Common on the foothills and mesas, 5700-8000 ft. (Daniels,
146). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). St. Vrain
river, as S. resinosa Torr. (Porter and Coulter), unless this
plant be indeed the next.

Wyominc to CoLorapo.

883%. S. virgulata A. Nels. [S. Brittona virgulata (A. Nels.)
Rydb.]. WAND-LIKE SKULLCAP.
Along streams in mesas, 5700-6000 it. (Daniels, 33).
WyYoMING to COLORADO.

206 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [354

376. NEPETA L. Catnip. CATMINT.

884. N. Cataria L. Common cCATNIP.
Common in waste places, and following the roads for some
distance in the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 459).
Europe and Astra, thence to NortH AMERICA.

377. GLECOMA (GLECHOMA) L. Gnrouwnp tvy.

885. G. hederacea L. [Nepeta Glechoma Benth.]. GILL-ovER-
THE-GROUND.
At Boulder (Rydberg). Found in Boulder, April, 1905, by.
Miss Tollie Rudd; a specimen was sent to Dr. Rydberg.
Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

378. DRACOCEPHALUM L. Dracon’s-HEAD.

886. D. parviflorum Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED DRAGON’S-HEAD.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 87).
New York to AraskA; New Mexico to ARIZONA.

379. PRUNELLA (BRUNELLA) L. SELF-HEAL.
HEAL-ALL.

887. P. (B.) vulgaris L. ComMMON SELF-HEAL.

Common in damp places on the plains, and occasional in
remote cafions, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 240).

Europe and Asta, thence to NorrH America, where north-
ward it is possibly native.

380. LEONURUS L. Moruerwort.

888. L. Cardiaca L. ComMoNn MOTHERWORT.

Common in waste places, and following the roads for some
distance in the foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 460).

Europe and Asta, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

381. STACHYS L. Hence NETTLE.
889. S. scopulorum Greene. CRAG HEDGE NETTLE.
In swales in the plains, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels, 502). Also

at Longmont (Rydberg).
Minnesota, MACKENZIE and ALBERTA to NEw Mexico.

355] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 207

382. SALVIA L. Sacer.

890. S. lanceolata Willd. LANCE-LEAVED SAGE.

Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 280).

SoutH Daxota to Montana; Texas to Arizona and Mex-
Ico.

383. MONARDA. L. Horsemint. BERGAMOT.

891. M. menthaefolia Grah. MINT-LEAVED BERGAMOT.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 955). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).
Itt1nots to MAnrTopa and IpanHo; Texas to CoLorapbo.

892. M. stricta Wooton. Srricr BERGAMOT.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyomine to New Mexico and Arizona.

893. M. mollis L. Sorr BeRGAMor.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,
222).

Missourt to SourH Daxora and Montana; GeorcIA to
Texas and CoLorapo.

894. M. pectinata Nutt. [M@. Nuttallii A. Nels.]. PrcrINaTE
HORSE-MINT.
Abounding in the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
13). Boulder is the type-locality of M. Nuttallii A. Nels.
CoLorapo to UTAH; Texas to ARIZONA.

895. M. Ramaleyi A. Nels. RAMALEY’S HORSE-MINT.
Boulder creek near Boulder, the type locality (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

384. HEDEOMA Pers. PENNYROYAL.

896. H. hispida Pursh. Htspip PENNYROYAL.
Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,

195).
Cotorapo to UTAH; Texas to ARIZONA.

208 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [356

385. LYCOPUS L. WATER HOARHOUND.

897. L. lucidus Turcz. WESTERN WATER HOARHOUND.
Along ditches and streams, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 783).
Minnesota to British CotumsBia; Missourt to COLORADO

and CALIFORNIA.

898. L. Americanus Muhl. [L. sinuatus Ell. ; L. Europeus sin-
uatus (Ell.) Gray]. AMERICAN WATER HOARHOUND.
Along ditches and streams and in swales, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 508).
NEWFOUNDLAND to BritisH CoLUMBIA; FLORIDA to CALI-
FORNIA.
386. MENTHA L. Mint.
899. M. spicata L. [M. viridis L.]. SPEARMINT.
Along the Arapahoe Road, 5300-5400 ft. (Daniels, 742).
Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

goo. M. Penardi (Briq.) Rydb. [M. arvensis Penardi Briq.].
PENARD’S MINT.
Along ditches and streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 164).
NEBRASKA to MACKENZIE and BriTisH CoLUMBIA; COLO-
RADO to UTAH.

Family 98. SOLANACEAE Pers. Nightshade family.

887. PHYSALIS L. GroUND CHERRY.

gor. P. longifolia Nutt. [P. lanceolata laevigata Gray]. Lonc-
LEAVED GROUND CHERRY.
Boulder Cafion, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 153).
Towa to Montana; ARKANSAS to ARIZONA and MExIco.

go2. P. lanceolata Michx. PRAIRIE GROUND CHERRY.
Common on the plains and mesas in loose or sandy soils,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 523).
Micuican to WyomMING; SoutH CaAroLiIna to ARIZONA and
Mexico.

903. P. Virginiana Mill. VirGINIA GROUND CHERRY.

Cultivated fields and roadsides on the plains, and foothills,
appearing like an introduced weed, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,
684). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

357] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 209

New York to MAnirosa and Montana; FLoripa to TEXAS
and COLoRADO.

904. P. heterophylla Nees. CLAMMyY GROUND CHERRY.

At Boulder and Longmont (Rydberg).

New Brunswick to SASKATCHEWAN; FLoRIDA to TEXAS
and UraH.

905. P. comata Rydb. Hatry WESTERN GROUND CHERRY.
Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 403).
NEBRASKA and CoLorapo to TEXAS.

906. P. rotundata Rydb. RouND-LEAVED GROUND CHERRY.
Plains about Boulder, chiefly in loose sands, 5100-5700 ft.
(Daniels, 487).
Nortu Daxora to Cotorapo; Texas to New Mexico.

.888. QUINCULA Raf. PurrPLeE GROUND CHERRY.

907. Q. lobata (Torr.) Raf. [Physalis lobata Torr.]. Lopep
PURPLE GROUND CHERRY.

At Boulder and Longmont (Rydberg). A few miles north
of Boulder, abundant on the Pierre (Cretaceous) shales, May
1906 (Cockerell).

Kansas to Cotorapo; TExas to CALIFORNIA and Mexico.

389. ANDROCERA Nutt. Bur NIGHTSHADE.

go8. A. rostrata (Dunal) Rydb. [Solanum rostratum Dunal ;
A. lobata Nutt.]. ComMoNn BUR NIGHTSHADE.
Common in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 384). The
original host of the Colorado beetle or potato-bug.
NortH Daxora to Wyominc; Texas to New Mexico and
MEXICco; as an introduced weed throughout the eastern UNITED
STATES.

390. SOLANUM L. NicHrTsHaADe.

gog. S. triflorum Nutt. THREE-FLOWERED NIGHTSHADE.
Common in yards, waste places, and loose soils on the plains,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 282).
Ontario to ALBERTA; KANSAS to ARIZONA.

210 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [358

9094. S. interius Rydb. INLAND NIGHTSHADE.
Near Boulder (Rydberg).
NEBRASKA to CoLorADO; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

gto. §. villosum (Mill.) Lam. [S. nigrum villosum Mill.].
VILLOUS NIGHTSHADE.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyominc to British CoLuMBIA; CoLorApo to Lower CAL-
IFORNIA.

391. LYCOPERSICON (LYCOPERSICUM) Mill. To-
MATO.

git. IL. Lycopersicum (L.) Karst. [Solanum Lycopersicum
L.]. ComMon TOMATO.
Adventitious along the Arapahoe Road, 5300-5400 ft. (Dan-
iels, 791).
SoutH America, thence common in cultivation.
392. LYCIUM L. Matrimony vINE.

giz. L. vulgare L. CoMMON MATRIMONY VINE.

South of University Campus, Boulder (W. W. Robbins).
Not in Rydberg’s Flora.

Europe, Arrica, and AstA, thence to NortH AMERICA.

393. DATURA L. THoRN-APPLE.

913. D. Stramonium L. JiImson WEED.
Waste places, especially common along railroads, and on
creek-sands in Boulder Cafion, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 810).
AstA, thence cosmopolitan.

g14. D. Tatula L. PurpLE THORN-APPLE.

Streets of Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 566). Also at
Salina (Ramaley).

SoutH America, thence cosmopolitan.

394. NICOTIANA L. Tosacco.

g15. N. attenuata Torr. NIGHT-BLOOMING TOBACCO.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Montana to British CotumBia; New Mexico to CALiror-
NIA.

359] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 211

Family 99. RHINANTHACEAE St. Hil. Rattle-box family.
395. VERBASCUM L. Mu ten.

g16. V. Thapsus L. CoMMON MULLEN.
Waste places and cultivated grounds, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-

iels, 457).
Europe and Asta, thence to Norra AMERICA.

917. V. Blattaria L. Motu MULLEN.

Along Union Pacific Railroad, near Boulder, 5200-5400 ft.
(Daniels, 677).

Europe and AstA, thence to Norra AMERICA.

396. LINARIA Mill. Toap-FrLax.

g18. UL. Canadensis (L.) Dumont. CANADA TOAD-FLAX.
Common on the mesas in pine groves south of the Chautau-
qua grounds, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 179).
Nova Scotia to WASHINGTON; FLORIDA to CALIFORNIA:
CENTRAL AMERICA: SOUTH AMERICA.

397. COLLINSIA Nutt. INNOCENCE.

gig. C. tenella (Pursh) Piper [C. parviflora Dougl.] LirtLe
BLUE-EYED Mary.

Shady springs and cafions in the foothills and gulches in the
mesas, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels, 267). Also at Ward (Ryd-
berg). St. Vrain’s Cafion (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Ontario to British CoLtumBiIA; MIcHIGAN to ARIZONA and
CALIFORNIA.

398. SCROPHULARIA L. Ficworrt.

g20. S. occidentalis (Rydb.) Bickn. [S. nodosa occidentalis
Rydb.]. WESTERN FIGWORT.
Cafions, common, 5700-8600 ft. (Daniels, 127).
NortH Daxora to WASHINGTON; OKLAHOMA to CALIFOR-
NIA.

399. PENTSTEMON Soland. Brarp-TONGUE.

g21. P. oreophilus Rydb. MouNTAIN BEARD-TONGUE.
Common on the foothills and mountains, 6500-10000 ft.

212 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [360

(Daniels, 213). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

922. P. alpinus Torr. [P. glaber alpinus Gray; P. riparius A.
Nels.]. ALPINE BEARD-TONGUE.
Common on the foothills and mountains, 6000-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 214). Also at Ward (Rydberg).
CoLoraApo to WYOMING.

923. P. unilateralis Rydb. ONE-SIDED BEARD-TONGUE.
Common throughout in open places, 5300-8600 ft. (Daniels,
7). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Wyominc to New Mexico.

924. P. secundiflorus Benth. SHARP-LEAVED BEARD-TONGUE.
Common throughout in open situations, 5100-8600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 8).
Wvyominc to New Mexico.
925. P. glaucus Graham. GLAUCOUS BEARD-TONGUE.
Mountains south of Ward (Rydberg).
Wyomine to UraH; CoLtorapo to ARIZONA.

g25a. P. glaucus stenosepalus Gray. NARROW-SEPALLED BEARD-
TONGUE.

Arapahoe Peak at timberline, r1000 ft. (Daniels, 936). Also
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake t1o1o0o ft.
(Ramaley and Robbins).

Range of the type, but strictly alpine.

926. P. gracilis Nutt. SLENDER BEARD-TONGUE.

Common on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-
8000 ft. (Daniels, 22).

Maniropa to SASKATCHEWAN; TEXAS to CoLoRADO.

927. P. humilis Nutt. Low BEARD-TONGUE.
Common throughout in open places, 5100-9200 (Ward) it.
(Daniels, 177). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Montana and ALBERTA to CoLorapo and NeEvapA.

928. P. Rydbergii A. Nels. [P. erosus Rydb.]. Rypperc’s
BEARD-TONGUE.

361 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 213

Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
WYomING and WASHINGTON to COLORADO.

928%: P. procerus Dougl. TALL BEARD-TONGUE.
Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
SASKATCHEWAN to BriTIsH CoLtuMBIA; COLORADO to CAL-
IFORNIA.

400. CHIONOPHILA Benth. SNow-FLOWER.

929. C. Jamesii Benth. JAMES’s SNOW-FLOWER.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, growing usually near the
snow, 11500-13500 ft. (Daniels, 911).

Wyominc to COLORADO.

401. MIMULUS L. Monkey FLOWER.

930. M. Langsdorfii Sims. LLANGSDORF’S MONKEY FLOWER.
Between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
AssINiIBorA to ALtasKA; New Mexico to CALIFORNIA and
Mexico.

g30a. M. Langsdorfii minor (A. Nels.) Cockerell. Nov. comb.
[M. minor A. Nelson]. Smart LANGSDORF’S MONKEY
FLOWER.
Near Boulder, the type locality (A. Nelson).
COLORADO.
931. M. puberulus Greene. PUBERULENT MONKEY FLOWER.
Subalpine bogs along streams, Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels,
853)-
CoLoRADO.
932. M. Hallii Greene. HaLi’s MONKEY FLOWER.
Moist banks of stream at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000
ft. (Daniels, 25).
COLORADO.

933. M. Geyeri Torr. [M. Jamesii T. & G.] GeEvER’s MON-
KEY FLOWER.
Along streams and irrigation ditches, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 904).
Micuican to Nort Daxota; ILLttNots to CoLorapbo.

214 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [362

934. M. floribundus Dougl. MANy-FLOWERED MONKEY FLOW-
ER. un
Common in wet sands along streams and ditches, 5100-8000
ft. (Daniels, 247). Also mountains between Sunshine and
Ward (Rydberg).
MontTana to British CoLtumMBIA; ARIZONA to CALIFORNIA.

402. LIMOSELLA L. Mupwort.

935. lL. aquatica L. AQuatic MUDWoORT.

In shallow water at the margins of Owen’s lake, and also
Glacier lake, 5200-9000 ft. (Daniels, 662).

Cosmopolitan in cold and alpine situations.

403. GRATIOLA L. HeEncE uyssop.
936. G. Virginiana L. CLAMMY HEDGE HYSSOP.
Limose places along streams and irrigation ditches, 5100-
5800 ft. (Daniels, 377). Marshall lake (W. W. Robbins).
QuesBeEc to BritisH CoLumpBia; FLoripA to CALIFORNIA.

404. VERONICA L. SprEpDWELL. BROOKLIME.

937. V. Americana Schwein. AMERICAN BROOKLIME.

In springs and shallow streams, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,
70).

ANTIcOosTI to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to CALIFORNIA.
938. V. Wormskjoldii R. & S. WormsxyoLp’s SPEEDWELL.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
927). Redrock lake, to10o0 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; New Hampsuire to CoLorapo and
CALIFORNIA.

939. V. serpyllifolia L. THyME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.

Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 869). Also at
Caribou (Rydberg).

COSMOPOLITAN, except AFrricA and AUSTRALIA.

940. V. Xalapensis H. B. K. XALAPA SPEEDWELL.

Common in limose places, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 577).
Young’s V’. peregrina from the forests about Boulder is doubt-
less this plant.

363] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 215

SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLuMBIA; TEXAS to CALIFOR-
NIA,

941. V. agrestis L. FIELD SPEEDWELL.

Boulder, April, t905 (Chas. Sellers). Not in Rydberg’s
Flora.

Europe and Asta, thence to NortH AMERICA.

942. V. Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S. P. [V. Buxbaumu
Tenore]. ByZANTINE SPEEDWELL.
At Boulder (Rydberg).
Europe and Asia, thence to NortH AMERICA.

405. BESSEYA Rydb.

943. B. alpina (Gray) Rydb. [Synthyris alpina Gray]. AL-
PINE SYNTHYRIS.
Massif de I’ Arapahoe (Rydberg).
Wyominc to CoLorabo.

406. GERARDIA L. PuRPLE FALSE FOXGLOVE.

944. G. Besseyana Britton. Brssry’s PURPLE FALSE FOXGLOVE.
Along irrigation ditches, Arapahoe Road, 5200-5400 ft.
(Daniels, 789). Also at Longmont (Rydberg).
Iowa to Wvyominc; LouIstANA to COLORADO.

407. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Parintep cup. INDIAN
PINK. PAINT BRUSH.

945. OC. linariaefolia Benth. ToAp-FLAX-LEAVED PAINTED CUP.
Very common on the foothills and mountain slopes, and

occasional on the higher mesas, 5800-9000 ft. (Daniels, 538).

Also North Boulder Peak (Rydberg).
Wyominc to New Mexico, CALirorniA and Mextca

945a. C. linariaefolia filiformis Daniels. Nov. var. FILLroRM
TOAD-FLAX-LEAVED PAINTED CUP.

Plant dwarf, 1-2%4 decimetres high, stem purplish, villous
at the base, leaves filiform, 1 mm. wide, 3-4%4 cm. long, the
lower with an occasional lobe or two; flowers few with cleft
bracts, the lower of which are green, the upper crimson, these
and the flowers puberulent, rather than villous as in the type.

216 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [364

Barren ridges between Sugarloaf Mountain and Glacier
Lake, 8700-9200 ft. (Daniels, 976).

946. C. Crista-galli Rydb. CocKScoMB PAINTED CUP.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Montana to CoLoRApo.

947. C. cognata Greene. YELLOW PAINTED CUP.

North slopes of Green Mountain; rare, 7000 ft. (Daniels,
975). Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell suggests that this plant is
probably a hybrid of C. linariaefolia Benth. and C. sulphurea
Rydb.

CoLoRADO.

948. C. integra Gray. ENTIRE-LEAVED PAINTED CUP.
Abundant throughout, except on the alpine summits; on the

plains occurring principally on banks and ridges, 5600-9000

ft. (Daniels, 169). Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Cotorapo to New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.

94844. C. rhexifolia Rydb. RHEXIA-LEAVED PAINTED CUP.
Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
ALBERTA and ALASKA to COLORADO.

949. C. confusa Greene. CONFUSED PAINTED CUP.

Subalpine meadows, but a few plants were also found on
a high bank in the mesas at base of the Flat-irons, 5800-10000
ft. (Daniels, 959). Also at Silver lake and north of Neder-
land (Ramaley); and from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Wyomine to CoLorapo.

950. (C. Arapahoensis Daniels. Nov. spec. ARAPAHOE PAINT-
ED CUP.

Perennial, the tufted stems, 2-214 dm. high, curved at the
base, smooth or slightly pubescent below, sparingly villous

with white hairs above; basal leaves short, purplish, obtusely
spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide; lower stem-
leaves, as well as the leaves of the sterile shoots narrowly
linear 214-334 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acuminate, 3-ribbed,
puberulent; thence the leaves increase progressively in width
to the inflorescence, where they are from 14-1 cm. wide, lan-

365] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 217

ceolate acuminate, slightly-clasping at the base, entire, the up-
permost pubescent, or somewhat villous on the midribs and
margins, three-ribbed, the leaf-traces visible as prominent
ridges on the stem; bracts of the inflorescence relatively
broad, the lowermost 1-114 cm. broad, about 2 cm. long, sub-
acute; the uppermost shorter and relatively broader, obtuse
or rounded at the apex; some of the bracts occasionally
notched toward the apices, or slightly lobed on each side; the
margins and veins somewhat villous; the bracts, as well as
the uppermost leaves rosy-pink; calyx with four nearly equal
subacute lobes, the sinus of the lateral lobes shallow; calyx
rosy-pink, villous; corolla exserted, 214 cm. long, glabrous, or
slightly puberulent above, the tip of the galea rosy pink, which
is thrice the length of the slightly incurved lip; the upper
pair of stamens more or less extruded from the galea; cap-
sule black-purple 4-5 mm. long, oblong, abruptly acutish.

Wet tundras, above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, Sept. 1, 1906,
11000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 910).

gsi. C. lauta A. Nels. [C. oreopola subintegra Fernald]. Sus-
ENTIRE PAINTED CUP.
Near Fourth of July Mine (Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana and Orecon to CoLorapo.

g52. C. lancifolia Rydb. LANCE-LEAVED PAINTED CUP.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
ALASKA to OrEGON, MontTANa and CoLorapo.

953. C. occidentalis Torr. [C. pallida occidentalis (Torr.)
Gray]. WESTERN PAINTED CUP.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-13000 ft. (Daniels,
884), where also collected by Ramaley & Robbins. Also at
Ward (Rydberg). A dwarf alpine form (about 1 dm. high)
occurs on the higher altitudes of Arapahoe Peak,

ALBERTA and BritisH CoLtumMBIA to COLORADO.

954. C. sulphurea Rydb. SuLPHuR PAINTED CUP.

Subalpine mountain-slopes and valleys at Eldora and Glacier
Lake, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 623). Also at Ward (Ryd-
berg).

218 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [366

Soutu Daxota to WyomING; CoLorapo to UTAH.

408. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt.
955. 0. luteus Nutt. YELLOW ORTHOCARPUS.
Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
352). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON ; CoLoRADO to NEVADA.

409. ELEPHANTELLA Rydb. Little RED ELEPHANT.

956. E. Groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb. [Pedicularis Groenlan-
dica Retz.]. GREENLAND LITTLE RED ELEPHANT.

Subalpine meadows at Eldora, thence to Arapahoe Peak

above timberline, 8500-12000 ft. (Daniels, 625). Also from
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg) ; Ward (Cockerell).

GREENLAND and Hupson Bay to Britis CotumsBia; LAs-

RADOR to New Mexico and CALirornia.

410. PEDICULARIS L. Lousreworrt.
957. P. racemosa Dougl. RACEMOSE LOUSEWORT.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 1or1oo ft.
(Ramaley and Robbins).
Montana to British CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

958. P. Parryi Gray. PARry’s LOUSEWORT.

Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels).
1023). Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

Wyominc to CoLorapo and UTAH.
959. P. Grayi A. Nels. [P. procera Gray]. GRAy’S LOUSE-

WORT.

Subalpine slopes at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 644).
Also at Ward (Cockerell).

WyomiInc to CoLorapo.

960. P. scopulorum Gray. CRAG LOUSEWORT.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
882). Redrock lake, 10100 ft (Ramaley and Robbins).
COLORADO.

367] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 219

Family too. PINGUICULACEAE. Dumort. Butterwort
family.

411. UTRICULARIA L. BLappERwort.

961. U. vulgaris L. Common BLADDERWORT.
Cold marsh near Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
NortH AMERICA: Europe: ASIA.

Eamily 101. OROBANCHACEAE. Lind]. Broom-rape
family.

412. THALESIA Raf. CANCER-ROOT.

962. T. fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton [Aphyllon fasciculatum
(Nutt.) Gray]. CLUSTERED CANCER-ROOT.

Plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 18). All
the plants collected were parasitic on the roots of Psoralea
tenuiflora Pursh. My plants, as also some collected by Prof.
Cockerell north of Boulder, have larger calyx lobes (5-6 mm.)
than is usual in eastern plants.

INDIANA to YUKON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA and Mexico.

g62a. TT. fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton. YELLOW cLus-
TERED CANCER-ROOT.
Boulder (W. P. Cockerell).
Range of the type?

Order 39. PLANTAGINALES.
Family 102. PLANTAGINACEAE. Lind]. Plantain family.

413. PLANTAGO L. PLantratn.

963. P. major L. ComMMoN PLANTAIN.
Waste places and along ditches, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
675).
Cosmopolitan.
964. P. lanceolata L. ENGLISH PLANTAIN. RIBGRASS.
Waste places and roadsides, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 793).
Europe and Asta, now cosmopolitan.

965. P. Purshii R. & S. [P. Patagonica gnaphalioides ( Nutt.)
Gray]. PurRsH’s PLANTAIN.

220 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [368

Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 494).
Ontario to British CoLumsBiA; Missourt and Texas to
Arizona and Mexico.

Order 40. RUBIALES.
Family 103. RUBIACEAE. Juss. Madder family.

414, GALIUM L. Benstraw.

966. G. Vaillantii DC. [G. Aparine Vaillant Koch]. Vait-
LANT’S BEDSTRAW.
In gulches and cafions, mainly in the shade, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 120).
Montana and BritisH CoLumMBIA to Mexico.

967. G. boreale L. NorTHERN BEDSTRAW.

Common on the mesas, foothills and mountainsides, 5600-
8600 ft. (Daniels, 89). Also between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg).

QuEBEc to ALASKA; NEW JERSEY to CALIFORNIA: EUROPE:
ASIA.

968. G. flaviflorum Heller. YELLOW-FLOWERED BEDSTRAW.
In gulches at base of the Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels,
499).
Cotorapo to New Mexico.
969. G. triflorum Michx. FRAGRANT BEDSTRAW.
Cafions of the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 466).
NEWFOUNDLAND to ALASKA; ALABAMA to CALIFORNIA.

Family 104. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Vent. Honeysuckle
family.

415. SAMBUCUS L. Exper.

970. S. microbotrys Rydb. SMALL-BERRIED ELDER.

Slopes at Ward, 9200 ft. (Daniels, 306). Also between Sun-
shine and Ward (Rydberg) ; Spencer Mountain at Eldora;
Silver lake; foot of Long’s Peak; Redrock lake, west of
Ward (Ramaley).

SoutH Daxora to WyomMING; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

369] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 221

g71. S. melanocarpa Gray. BLACK-BERRIED ELDER.
Sugarloaf Mountain and North Boulder creek (Ramaley).
ALBERTA to IDAHO, CoLoRADO and OREGON.

416. VIBURNUM L. Arrowwoop.

972. V. pauciflorum Pylaie. HiGH-BUSH CRANBERRY.
Sugarloaf Mountain (Ramaley).
LasBrapor to ALASKA; PENNSYLVANIA to CoLoRADO and
ALASKA.

973. V.Lentago L. SHEEPBERRY. NANNYBERRY.

Gulch south of Boulder (Rydberg). Also Bluebell Cafion,
if indeed the locality is not the same (Ramaley).

MAINE to Manrropa; GEORGIA to COLORADO.

417. LINNAEA Gron. TWwIN-FLOWER.

974. 1. Americana Forbes. AMERICAN TWIN-FLOWER.

South Boulder Peak (Rydberg). Also Magnolia; Eldora;
Spencer Mountain at Eldora; foot of Arapahoe Peak; hill
south of Ward (Ramaley).

GREENLAND to ALASKA; NEw Jersey and Micuican to CoL-
orADO and Uta.

418. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. SNow-BERRY.

975. S. occidentalis Hook. WESTERN SNOW-BERRY.

Abundant on the higher mesas and foothills, 5700-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 94). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
South Boulder creek (Ramaley).

MACKENZIE to British CoLtumBia; MicuicAn and Mis-
SOURI to COLORADO.

976. §. vaccinioides Rydb. HuckLEeBerry INDIAN CURRANT.
Sugarloaf; foot of Long’s Peak (Ramaley).
MontTANA to WASHINGTON ; CoLorADO to NEVADA.

977. SS. oreophilus Gray. Mountain INDIAN CURRANT.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
CoLorapo to Uran; New Mexico to ARIzona.

222 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [370

419. DISTEGIA Raf. FLyY-HONEYSUCKLE.

978. D. involucrata (Richards.) Cockerell [Lonicera involu-
crata (Richards.) Banks]. INvoLuUcRED FLY-HONEY-
SUCKLE.

Common in cool, deep cafions, 6500-goo0 ft. (Daniels, 340).
Also from Eldora to Baltimore and in the mountains between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg): Allen’s Park; Eldora; Spen-
cer Mountain; Redrock lake; Ward (Ramaley).

QueEsBeEc to ALAsKA; MiIcHIGAN to CALIFORNIA and MeEx-
ICO.

Family 105. ADOXACEAE. Fritch. Moschatel family.

420. ADOXA L. MoscHatet.

979. A. Moschatellina L. Musx-roor.

Boulder Cafion (Rydberg).

Arctic AMERICA to WISCONSIN and CoLorADo: EUROPE:
ASIA.

Order 41. CAMPANULALES.

Family 106. CUCURBITACEAE. Juss. Gourd family.
421. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Barsam APPLE.

980. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene [Echinocystis lobata
(Michx.) T. & G.]. WuLpD BALSAM APPLE.

Fence-rows and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 743).
MAINE to MonTANA; VIRGINIA to COLORADO.

Family 107. CAMPANULACEAE. Juss. Bellflower family.

422. CAMPANULA L. BeELLFLOWER. HAREBELL.
BLUEBELL.

g81. C. uniflora L. ARcTIC HAREBELL.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
938).

Arctic-alpine in the NorTHERN HEMISPHERE.
982. C. Parryi Gray. PARRY’S HAREBELL.

Foothills and mountain slopes, 6500-9000 ft. (Daniels, ror).

371] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 223

Also from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

Wyominc to Uran; New Mexico to ARIzona.
983. C. petiolata DC. WHeESTERN BLUEBELL.

Abundant throughout, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 27). Red-
rock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).

MacKenzie to WasHincton; New Mexico to Uran.

423. SPECULARIA Heist. VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS.
984. S. perfoliata (L.) A. D C. [Legouzia perfoliata (L.)
Britton]. Common VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS.
Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 56).
Maine and Onrario to British CoLuMBIA; FLORIDA to
ARIZONA and OrEGON ; MEXIco.
985. S. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray [Legouzia leptocarpa (Nutt.)
Britton]. WESTERN VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS.
Mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, 5600-6000 ft. (Daniels,
192).
Missouri to Montana; TExAs to CoLoRAbo.

Family 108. LOBELIACEAE. Dumort. Lobelia family.
424, LOBELIA L. Lopetta.

986. LL. syphilitica Ludoviciana A. D C. LouisIANA GREAT
BLUE LOBELIA.
Along ditches and streams in the plains, 5100-5600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 784).
Loutstana and SoutH Daxora to CoLorabo.

Order 42. VALERIANALES.
Family 109. VALERIANACEAE. Batsch. Valerian family.
425. VALERIANA L. VALERIAN.

987. V. ceratophylla (Hook.) Piper [V- edulis Nutt.]. Enp-
IBLE VALERIAN.
Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8500-go00 ft. (Daniels, 626).
IpaHo to MontTANnA; CoLorapo to UTAH.

224 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [372

Order 43. CARDUALES.
Family 110. AMBROSIACEAE. Reich. Ragweed family.

426. IVA L. MarsH-ELDER.

988. I. xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. BURWEED MARSH-ELDER.
Common on the plains along streams, and in waste places,
and following the larger streams several miles into the foot-
hills and mountains, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 821). Also in
Sunset Cafion (Rydberg).
Micuican and SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON ; NEBRASKA
to New Mexico.

989. I. axillaris Pursh. SMALL-FLOWERED MARSH-ELDER.
Railroads and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 832).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLuMBIA; OKLAHOMA to CAL-

IFORNIA.

427. AMBROSIA L. Racweep.

ggo. A. trifida L. GREAT RAGWEED. HoRSE-CANE.

Common along streams and in low waste places, 5100-6000
ft. (Daniels, 378).

QueseEc to ASsINIBOIA; FLoripA to CoLorapo.

ggoa. A. trifida integrifola (Muhl.) T. & G. ENrTrIRE-LEAVED
RAGWEED.
With the preceding (Daniels, 506).
Range of the type?

g91. <A. artemisiaefolia L. ComMMON RAGWEED.
Waste places and fields, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 520).
Nova Scotia to British CoLtumpBia; Fioripa to CoLoRAbo.

992. A. psilostachya DC. WESTERN RAGWEED.

On the plains, especially along railroads, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 516). Also at Lyons (Rydberg).

MicHIGAN to SASKATCHEWAN and Ipauo; Loutstana to
CALIFORNIA and Mexico.

428. GAERTNERIA Med.
993. G. tomentosa (Nutt.) Heller [Franseria discolor Nutt.].

373] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 225

WooLiy GAERTNERIA.
Along railroads in the plains, 5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 510).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominec; Kansas to New Mexico.

429. XANTHIUM L. Cock Lesur.

994. X. commune Britton. Common CocKLEBUR.
Along streams and in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
695)-

Quesec and NEw York to Ura and Arizona.
Family 111. CARDUACEAE. Necker. Thistle family.

430. EUPATORIUM L. THoroucHwort.

995. E. maculatum L. Sporrep JoE-PYE WEED.

Springy gulch at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5800-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 801).

New York to British CoLumBia; Kentucky to NEw
Mexico.

431. KUHNIA L.

995%. K. Hitchcockii A. Nels. Hircucock’s Kuunta.
Marshall, collected by E. Bethel, (J. C. Arthur, in Mycol-
ogia, Nov., 1909, p. 233). Host of a fungus, Puccinia Kuhn-
tae Schw.
Kansas to CoLoRAbDOo.
996. K. glutinosa Ell. [K. eupatorioides corymbulosa T. & G.].
Sticky KuHNIA.
Frequent on the plains, mesas, and lower foothills, 5100-6500
ft. (Daniels, 686).
Iztino1s to Montana; Kentucky to CoLorapo.
997. K. Gooddingii A. Nels. Gooppinc’s KUHNIA.
Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 727). The type
is from West Dry Creek, Larimer County, Colorado.
Cotorapo to Texas and ArIzona.
432. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. BRICKELLIA.
g98. C. minor (Gray). Daniels. Nov. comb. [Brickellia grandi-
flora minor Gray; C. umbellatus Greene; C. congestus
A. Nels.]. UMBELLATE BRICKELLIA.
Common on the foothills and mountains, 5800-10000 ft.

226 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [374

(Daniels, 551). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg).

Wyominc to NEw Mexico and Arizona.
gg99. C. albicaulis Rydb. WHITE-STEMMED BRICKELLIA.

Among rocks and in rocky cafions in the foothills, 6000-8500
ft. (Daniels, 822).

CoLorapo to New Mexico and Uran.

433. LACINIARIA Hill. Biazinc-star. Burron-
SNAKEROOT.
tooo. L. punctata (Hook.) Kuntze [Liatris punctata Hook.]}.
DOTTED BLAZING-STAR.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and meadows on the foot-
hills and mountains, 5100-go0o ft. (Daniels, 615). Also in the
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydb.). Very varia-
ble; an extreme form, gathered in alkali flats near Boulder
lake, (Daniels, 768) simulates L. acidota (Engelm. & Gray)
Kuntze.

Iowa to SASKATCHEWAN and Montana; TrExas to ARrI-
ZONA.
tool. L. ligulistylis A. Nels. PURPLE-BRACTED BLAZING-STAR.

Bear Cafion, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 758).

SASKATCHEWAN to COLORADO.

434, GUTIERREZIA Lag.
1002. G. longifolia Greene. LONG-LEAVED GUTIERREZIA.

Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,

595).
CoLorapo to New Mexico and Urau.

1003. G. scoparia Rydb. Broom GUTIERREZIA.
Plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 984).
WyYomMInc to CoLorapo.

435. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum prant.

1004. G. Texana Scheele. TEXAN GUM PLANT.
Lower Boulder Cafion (Rydberg).
Texas to New Mexico and Cotorapo.

1005. G. serrulata Rydb. SrRRULATE GUM PLANT.

375] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 227

Very abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-
7000 ft. (Daniels, 385).
WyomINncG to COLORADO.

1oosa. G. serrulata Rydb. & G. perennis A. Nels.
Plants apparently intermediate between this species and the
next were found on the plains in Boulder (Daniels, 837).

1006. G. perennis A. Nels. PERENNIAL GUM PLANT.
Plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 836).
SASKATCHEWAN to IDAHO and CoLorapo.

1007. G. erecta A. Nels. EREcT GUM PLANT.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Wyomine to CoLorapo.

1008. G. subalpina Greene. SUBALPINE GUM PLANT.
Common at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 845). Also at
Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyominec to CoLorapo.

1009. G. Eldorae Daniels, Nov. sp. ELpora GUM PLANT.

Plant glabrous, apparently biennial, 3 dm. tall, branched
from, or near the base, the secondary branches 1-2 headed;
radical and lower cauline leaves oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long,
slender-petioled, remotely toothed or incised; upper cauline
leaves, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, small and bract-like,
slightly toothed, subentire, or entire, 1-3 cm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide; heads copiously glutinous, 1-114 cm. broad; bracts num-
erous, narrow, the tips squarrose-spreading; rays numerous,
1-3 mm. wide, barbules of the pappus plainly obvious.

Eldora, 8500-8700 ft. (Daniels, 859).

Plant near G. subalpina Greene, but differing in its smaller,
narrower and less prominently toothed or entire leaves, and
especially in its smaller heads, which are only about one-half
as broad.

436. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. GoLpEN ASTER.

to1o. C. hirsutissima Greene. HAtIRIEST GOLDEN ASTER.
Plains between Boulder and Marshall along railroad, 5400
ft. (Daniels, 1024).

228 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [376

NortH Daxota to SASKATCHEWAN ; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.
t1o10¥4. OC. foliosa Nutt. LEAFY GOLDEN ASTER.

Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).

MINNESOTA to WASHINGTON ; KANSAS to COLORADO.
to1r. C. caudata Rydb. CAUDATE GOLDEN ASTER.

Mesas, foothills, and mountain slopes, common, 5700-9000
ft. (Daniels, 356).

COLORADO.
zor2. C. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. VILLOUS GOLDEN ASTER.

Abundant on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,
I).

Minnesota to Ipano; Texas to NEw Mexico.

1013. C. amplifolia Rydb. AMPLE-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER.

Foothills and mountain slopes, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 687).
Also at Ward, and Longmont (Rydb.).

CoLoRADO.

1014. C. Bakeri Greene [C. imcana Greene; C. compacta
Greene]. BAKER'S GOLDEN ASTER.

Mountainsides at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 862). A
plant was gathered in Gregory Cafion, which appears interme-
diate between this and the preceding.

Montana and IpaHo to NEw Mexico.

1o15. C.arida A. Nels. ARID GOLDEN ASTER.

Boulder (Rydb.).

Kansas to Montana; New Mexico to ARIZONA.
to16. C. resinolens A. Nels. RESINOUS GOLDEN ASTER.

Plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 293).

Wyominc to CoLorapo.
1o16a. C. resinolens obtusata A. Nels. OBTUSE-LEAVED RESI-

NOUS GOLDEN ASTER.

Foot of the Flat-irons, and mountainsides at Eldora, 6000-
gooo ft. (Daniels, 809). Also mountains between Sunshine
and Ward (Rydberg).

Range of the type, but usually at higher altitudes.

i017. C. hispida (Hook.) Nutt. [C. villosa hispida Gray].
HISPID GOLDEN ASTER.

377] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 229

Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 831).
SASKATCHEWAN to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

1018. C. Cooperi A. Nels. COooPEeR’s GOLDEN ASTER.
Long’s Peak near timberline, the type locality, (A. Nels).
CoLorAbo.

437. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. RassitT-BRUSH.

ro1g. C. Parryi (Gray) Greene [Bigelovia Parryi Gray].
PARRY’S RABBIT-BRUSH.
Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8700 ft. (Daniels, 866).
WyomInc to COLORADO.

1020. C. graveolens (Nuti.) Greene [C. mauseosus graveo-
lens (Nutt.) Piper]. HEAvy-SCENTED RABBIT-BRUSH.
Mesa south of the Chautauqua grounds, Boulder, (Rama-
ley).
Nepraska to Montana; New Mexico to Uraun.

1021. C. pulcherrimus A. Nels. FAIREST RABBIT-BRUSH.
Alkali flat east of Boulder near Owen’s lake, 5200-5300 ft.

(Daniels, 663).

Montana to CoLorapo.
1o2ta. C. pulcherrimus fasciculatus A. Nels. FASCICULATE
RABBIT-BRUSH.
Boulder creek, the type locality (A. Nels.).

1022. C. elegans Greene. HANDSOME RABBIT-BRUSH.
Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8700 ft. (Daniels, 867).
COLORADO.

438. SIDERANTHUS Nutt. Srar-FLOWeERr.
1023. S. annuus Rydb. ANNUAL STAR-FLOWER.
Arapahoe Road east of Boulder, 5300 ft. (Daniels, 726).
NEBRASKA and CoLorapo to TEXAS.
1024. §. spinulosus (Pursh) Sweet [Aplopappus spinulosus
(Pursh) DC.]. SpPINULOSE STAR-FLOWER.
Frequent on the plains, 5100-5700 ft. (Daniels, 473).
MINNESOTA to SASKATCHEWAN and Montana; TExas to
ARIZONA.
439. PYRROCOMA Nutt.
1025. P.crocea (Gray) Greene [A. croceus Gray]. YELLOW

230 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [378

PyRROCOMA.
Boulder (Rydb.).
Wvominc to New Mexico and Arizona.
440. OREOCHRYSUM Rydb. Movuwnratn: corp.

1026. 0. Parryi (Gray) Rydb. [Aplopappus Parryi Gray].

Parry’S MOUNTAIN GOLD.

Slopes of Green Mt.; common in the mountains at Eldora,
ascending on Arapahoe Peak to the timberline, 7000-11000 ft.
(Daniels, 752). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydb.).

Wyominc to New Mexico and Arizona. .

441. TONESTUS A. Nels.

1027. T. pee (T. & G.) A. Nels. [Aplopappus pygmaeus
(T. & G.) Gray; Macronema pygmaeum (T. & G.)

Greene]. Pycmy ToNnesTUS.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 917).
Wyominc to CoLorapo.
442. SOLIDAGO L. GoLpDEN Rop.
1028. §. decumbens Greene [S. humilis nana Gray]. DEcuM-
BENT GOLDEN ROD.
Barren ridges at Glacier lake, and above timberline on
Arapahoe Peak, 9000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 641).
WYOMING to CoLorabo.

1o28a. §. decumbens minuescens A. Nels. DwaArr DECUM-
BENT GOLDEN ROD.
Redrock lake, 1oroo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).
Range of the type.

1029. §. oreophila Rydb. [S. humilis Patterson Gandoger].
MounTAIN-LOVING GOLDEN ROD.

Abundant on the foothills and mountains, 6000-11000 ft.
(Daniels, 529). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

MACKENZIE to COLORADO.

1030. §. dilatata A. Nels. OPEN-TOPPED GOLDEN ROD.

379] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 231

Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Ac-
cording to A. Nelson authentic specimens have been found
from the type locality only, Yellowstone Park.

Wyominc to CoLorApo.

rogt. S&S. pallida (Porter) Rydb. [S. speciosa pallida Porter].
PALE GOLDEN ROD.

Mesa at foot of Flagstaff Hill, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 802).
Also Lower Boulder Cafion (Rydberg).

Nort Dakota and NesrasKa to COLORADO.
1032. S§. viscidula Rydb. VuisciD GOLDEN ROD.

High mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5900-8600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 375).

COLORADO.
1033. S. glaberrima Martens. SMOOTHEST GOLDEN ROD.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 616).

MicuicAn to ALBerta and InpaAno; Missourt to TEXAS and
ARIZONA.

1034. 8. concinna A. Nels. [S. Missouriensis extraria Gray].
Stout Missouri GOLDEN ROD.
Plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 977).
ALBERTA to BritisH CoLumBiA and COLORADO.

1035. S. Pitcheri Nutt. PircHER’s GOLDEN ROD.

Along ditches and streams in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 505).

MInNEsoTA to WASHINGTON; ARKANSAS to COLORADO.
1036. §. polyphylla Rydb. MaAny-LEAVED GOLDEN ROD.

Along streams in the foothills, especially frequent in Greg-
ory Cafion, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 823).

BritisH CoLuMBIA and WASHINGTON to NEw Mexico.
1037. S. Canadensis L. CoMMON GOLDEN ROD.

Boulder Cafion near Falls, 7000 ft. (Daniels, 557).

LABRADOR to MACKENZIE; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

1038. §. gilvocanescens Rydb. [S. Canadensis gilvocanescens
Rydb.]. YELLOWISH-GRAY GOLDEN ROD.

232 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [380

Alkali flats and dry plains about Boulder lake and Owen’s
lake, 5100-5300 ft. (Daniels, 782).
Minnesota to NortH Daxota; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

1039. S. nana Nutt. DWwarr GOLDEN ROD.

Dry slopes of Green Mountain, 6000-8100 ft. (Daniels, 825).
An allied form occurs on the plains.

Montana to CoLorapo and ARIzoNna.

1040. §. pulcherrima A. Nels. PRETTIEST GOLDEN ROD.
Common on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 983). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).
Minnesota to NortH Daxota; CoLoraApo to ARIZONA.

1041. §S. radulina Rydb. HaARSH-LEAVED GOLDEN ROD.
Plains, mesas, foothills and mountains, frequent, 5600-8000
ft. (Daniels, 753). Also at Meadow Park (Rydberg).
CoLorabo to UTAH.

1042. S. trinervata Greene. THREE-NERVED GOLDEN ROD.
Boulder Cafion, ascending at least as far as the Falls, 5500-
7000 ft. (Daniels, 553).
SoutH DaxKora to WyoMING; CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

1043. 8. mollis Bartl. [S. nemoralis incana Gray]. Hoary
GOLDEN ROD.
Mesas at foot of the Flat-irons, and foothills along Boulder
Cafion, 5500-8000 ft. (Daniels, 574).
NortH Dakota to Montana; Texas to COLORADO.

443. OLIGONEURON Small.

1044. 0. canescens Rydb. [Solidago rigida humilis Porter].
HOARY STIFF GOLDEN ROD.
Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 781).
SASKATCHEWAN to MontTAnaA; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

444, TOWNSENDIA Hook.

1045. TT. grandiflora Nutt. LARGE-FLOWERED TOWNSENDIA.
Common in rough hilly places throughout, 5100-8600 ft.
(Daniels, 41).

381] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 233

SoutH DaxKota to WyomInc; OKLAHOMA to COLORADO.

1046. TT. exscapa (Richardson) Porter [T. sericea Hook.].
Sirky TOWNSENDIA.
Common at Boulder (Cockerell).
SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Texas to New MExico.
445. EUCEPHALUS Nutt.

1047. E. Engelmannii (Gray) Greene [Aster Engelmanniu
Gray]. ENGELMANN’S ASTER.

In cafions about Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Daniels, 841).

Montana to British CoLtumBpia; CoLoRADO to WASHING-
TON.

1048. E. glaucus Nutt. [Aster glaucus (Nutt.) T. & GJ.
GLAUCOUS ASTER.

Hills adjoining Boulder Cafion, and on the slopes of Green
Mountain, local, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 569). Also moun-
tains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

Wyominc to CoLorapo and UtaH.

446. ASTER L. Srarwort.

1049. A. Underwoodii Rydb. UNDERWOOD’s ASTER.
Cafions and mountain sides at Eldora, 8500-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 1025). Also Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
WYoMING to CoLoRapo.

1050. A. Nelsonii Greene. NELSON’S ASTER.
Subalpine valley at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 861).
WYOMING to COLORADO.

1051. A. violaceus Greene. VIOLET ASTER.
Cafions at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 554).
COLORADO.

1052. A. exiguus (Fern.) Rydb. [A. ciliatus Muhl.] Civiate
ASTER.
Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 999). Also in Sunset Cafion (Rydb.).
VERMONT to WASHINGTON; PENNSYLVANIA to ARIZONA and
MExIco.

234 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [382

1053. A. crassulus Rydb. THICKISH ASTER.

Sunset Cafion; common on the plains, 5100-8000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 720).

NortH Dakota to IpAHO; CoLorADO to CALIFORNIA. (?)

1054. A. polycephalus Rydb. MANyY-HEADED ASTER.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, T1000).

ALBERTA to NEBRASKA; TEXAS to ARIZONA.
1055. A. commutatus Gray [A. incanopilosus (Lindl.) Shel-

don]. WHITE PRAIRIE ASTER.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 717).

MINnNEsSotTA to Wyominc; Kansas to NEvaADA.
1056. A. laevis L. Smoorn ASTER.

Cafions and wooded slopes on the foothills, 5800-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 685).

Ontario to SASKATCHEWAN; LouisiANA to New Mexico.

1057. <A. Porteri Gray. PoRTER’S ASTER.

Abundant throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Daniels, 697). Also
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Very va-
riable; an extreme form, only 1-1!4dm., high, was col-
lected on bare ridges at Glacier lake.

COLORADO.

1058. A laetevirens Greene. LIGHT-GREEN-LEAVED ASTER.
Cafions at Eldora, 8600-8700 ft. (Daniels, 858).
CoLorApo and WYoMING.

1059. A. coerulescens DC. [A. salicifolius coerulescens (DC.)
Gray]. CAERULEAN ASTER.
Swales in the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 995).
Wyominc to TExAs.

1060. A. Osterhoutii Rydb. OstrrRHoUT’S ASTER.

About lakes and swales and along ditches in the plains,
5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 779).

CoLoRAbo.

383 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 235

to61. A. adscendens Lindl. ASCENDING ASTER.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
ASSINIBOIA to COLORADO and NEVADA.

1062. A. Andrewsii A. Nels. ANDREWS’S ASTER.
Near Eldora, 9500 ft., the type locality (Nelson).
COLORADO.
1063. A. Eatonii (Gray) Howell [A. foliaceus Eatonu Gray ;
Brachyactis hybrida Greene]. EATON’S ASTER.

Banks of Boulder creek, 5400 ft. (Daniels, 592).
Montana to British CoLUMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

447. MACHAERANTHERA Nees.

1064. M. Bigelovii (Gray) Greene [Aster Bigelovu Gray].
BIGELOW’S ASTER.

Common on the plains and foothills, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels,
724).

Cotorapo to New Mexico.
10644%. M. varians Greene. VARYING ASTER.

Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley and Robbins).

Cotorapo to New Mexico.

1065. M. coronopifolia (Nutt.) A. Nels. WArt-cCRESS-LEAVED

ASTER.

Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 1026).

SoutH Daxora to Montana; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

1066. M. aspera Greene. HARSH ASTER.

High slopes of Green Mountain, 7500-8100 ft. (Daniels,
209). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

CoLoraApo.

1007. M. Pattersonii (Gray) Greene [Aster Patterson Gray].
PATTERSON'S ASTER.
Caribou (Rydberg).
CoLoRADO.
448. ERIGERON L. FLeABAne.
1068. E. lonchophyllus Hook. LANCE-LEAVED FLEABANE.

236 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [384

Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8500-gooo ft. (Daniels, 856).
SASKATCHEWAN to MonTANA; CoLorRADO to NEVADA.

1069. E. minor (Hook.) Rydb. SMALLER FLEABANE.
Aspen bogs at Eldora, 8500-go00 ft. (Daniels, 1027).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLumBIA; CoLorapo to UtTan.

1070. KE. jucundus Greene [E. acris debilis Gray; E. debilis
Rydb.]. PLEASANT FLEABANE.
Massif de 1’ Arapahoe, and Eldora to Baltimore (Ryd-
berg).
Hupson Bay to British CoLumMBIA; CoLorApo to UTAH.

1071. E. pinnatisectus (Gray) A. Nels. [E. compositus pin-
natisectus Gray]. PINNATE FLEABANE.
South of Ward (Rydberg).
WYOMING to CoLoRADO.

1072. E. compositus Pursh. COMPOSITE FLEABANE.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg). Long’s
Peak (Porter & Coulter; Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
Montana to YUKON; CoLorApo to WASHINGTON.

1073. HE. multifidus Rydb. MULTIFID FLEABANE.

Ridges at Glacier lake, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 307). Also
from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Sugarloaf Moun-
tain (Cockerell).

ASSINIBOIA to BriTIsH COLUMBIA ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

1074. E. trifidus Hook. [E. compositus trifidus (Hook.).
Gray]. THREE-PARTED FLEABANE.
Mountains about Ward, 9000-9500 ft. (Daniels, 757).
ALBERTA and BritisH CotumBiIa to CoLoRApo.

1075. E. melanocephalus A. Nels. [E. oreocharis Greene]-
BLACK-HEADED FLEABANE.
Wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000:
ft. (Daniels, 898). Also at Caribou (Rydberg).
WYOMING to COLORADO.
1076. E. simplex Greene [E. uniflorus Auct.]. SIMPLE:
FLEABANE.
Wet tundras, Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000

385] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 237

ft. (Daniels, 1008).
LABRADOR and Arctic AMERICA to ALASKA; COLORADO to
CALIFORNIA: EUROPE.

1077. HK. leucotrichus Rydb. WHITE-HAIRED FLEABANE.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,

875). Also at Caribou (Rydberg). Probably to be united

with the preceding, of which it seems but a larger form.
WyomInc to CoLorabo.

1078. HK. glandulosus Porter. GLANDULAR FLEABANE.

High and bare ridges above Sunset between Sugarloaf
Mountain and Glacier lake, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 642).
Also Boulder Cafion (Porter and Coulter).

WyoMING to CoLorapbo.

1078Y%. E. pumilus Nutt. SMALL FLEABANE.
St. Vrain creek (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
NortH Dakota to WASHINGTON; KANSAS to UTAH.

1079. E. salsuginosus (Richardson) Gray. BROAD-RAYED
FLEABANE.

Along Arapahoe Trail to Arapahoe Peak above timberline,
go00-1200 ft. (Daniels, 873). Redrock lake, 1o100 ft. Ramaley
& Robbins).

ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

1079a. KE. salsuginosus glacialis (Nutt.) Gray. Ick FLEABANE.
At Caribou (Rydberg). Redrock lake, 1o1oo ft. (Rama-
ley and Robbins).
Wyominc to New Mexico and Urau.

1080. KE. superbus Greene. SUPERB FLEABANE.

Rich slopes of Green Mountain, 7000-8100 ft. (Daniels,
973). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

COLORADO.

1081. KH. salicinus Rydb. WuILLOW FLEABANE.
Boulder Cafion on the hill slopes, 5700 ft. (Daniels, 288).
COLORADO.

238 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [386

1082. E. macranthus Nutt. LARGE-FLOWERED FLEABANE.
Common in the foothills and mountains, 6500-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 472). Also at Sunset, and from Eldora to Balti-
more (Rydberg).
Montana to BritisH CoLumBIA; CoLorApo and UTAH to
OREGON.

1082a. E. macranthus mirus A. Nelson. WoNDERFUL FLEA-
BANE.

Boulder County, the type locality (Nelson).

1083. KE. speciosus D C. SHowy FLEABANE.
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Montana to WASHINGTON; CoLoRADO and Uta _ to

OREGON.

1084. E. subtrinervis Rydb. THREE-NERVED FLEABANE.
Mountainsides at Eldora, 8500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 646).
Soutu Daxota and Wyominc to New Mexico.

1085. HE. eximius Greene. CHOICE FLEABANE.

Boulder Cafion above the Falls and on mountainsides at
Eldora, 7o00-go00 ft. (Daniels, 860). Also from Eldora to
Baltimore (Rydberg).

CoLoravo.

1086. E. Smithii Rydb. SmITH’s FLEABANE.
Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8500-go00 ft. (Daniels, 865).
COLORADO.

1087. E. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. [E. strigosus Muhl.].
COMMON FLEABANE.
Fields and waste places on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
570).
Nova Scotia to British CoLumBIA; FLorIpA to CALt-
FORNIA.

1088. KE. Bellidastrum Nutt. Daisy FLEABANE.
Mesas at foot of Flat-irons, 5700-6000 ft. (Daniels, 691).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; Kansas to ARIZONA.

1089. E. divergens T. & G. DIVERGENT FLEABANE.

387] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 239

Plains and mesas about Boulder and Marshall, 5100-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 435).
NEBRASKA to WASHINGTON; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

togo. KE. flagellaris Gray [E. stolonifer Greene]. STOLon-
IFEROUS FLEABANE.
Abundant on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 3).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; New Mexico to UTAH.

4481. WYOMINGIA A. Nels. MountTaIn palsy.

Iogt. W. cana (Gray). A. Nels. [Erigeron canus Gray].
Hoary MOUNTAIN DAISY.
Sunset Cafion (Rydberg).
SoutH Daxota to Wyominc; NesrAska to NEw Mexico.

449, LEPTILON Raf. Horseweep.

tog2. L. Canadense (L.) Britton [Erigeron Canadensis L.]}.
COMMON HORSEWEED.
Fields and waste places, common, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels,
585).

NortH America, thence spreading throughout the world.

tog2a. L. Canadense pusillum (Nutt.) Daniels. Nov. comb.
[Erigeron pusillus Nutt.]|. DwArr HORSEWEED.
The common form of the foothills, 144-1 dm. high, and but
few-flowered, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 694).

450. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. EVERLASTING. CAT’s-
FOOT.

1093. A. media Greene. Meprum cat’s-FOoT.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
1005).

Monrana to British CoLuMBIA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

1094. A. umbrinella Rydb. Umper car’s-Foor.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12000 ft. (Daniels,
932).

Montana and IpaHo to CoLorapo.

1095. A. concinna E. Nels.
\

240 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [388

Alpine forest at Ward, 9000-9300 ft. (Daniels, 304).
CoLorapo to UTAH.

1096. A. rosea (D. C. Eaton) Greene. Rosy cat’s-Foor.
Common throughout the foothills and mountains, and de-
scending to the mesas and plains along gulches, 5700-9000 ft.
(Daniels, 775). Also North Boulder Peak and from Eldora
to Baltimore (Rydberg).
ALBERTA to YUKON; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

1097. A. imbricata E. Nels. ImpBrIcATE CAT’S-FOOT.
At timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 10500-11000 ft. (Daniels,

934).
Montana to CortorApo and Uran.

1098. A. corymbosa A. Nels. [A. nardina Greene]. CorymM-
BED CAT’S-FOOT.
Alpine forest at Ward, 9000-9300 ft. (Daniels, 305).
Montana and Orecon to CoLorabo.

1099. A. parvifolia Nutt. [A. formosa Greene; A. microphylla
Rydb.]. SMALL-LEAVED CAT’S-FOOT.
Common on barren knolls throughout, 5100-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 702).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLtumMBiA; NEBRASKA to NEW
Mexico.

1100. A. oxyphylla Greene. SHARP-LEAVED CAT’S-FOOT.
Common on the mesas, foothills, and mountains, 5700-10000
ft. (Daniels, 115).
SoutH Dakota to Montana; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

1101. A. aprica Greene. SUNNY CAT’S-FOOT.

Mountains at Ward, a dwarf form, 4 cm. high, goo0-9300 ft.
(Daniels, 1028). Also Eldora to Baltimore(Rydberg). Piper,
however, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11, 605, makes this species
identical with A. parvifolia Nutt.

SoutH Daxota to ALBERTA; NEw Mexico to UTAH.

1102. A. marginata Greene. MARGINATE CAT’S-FOOT.

Foothills along Boulder Cafion, 6500-8000 ft. (Daniels,
1029). The plants have leaves glabrous and bright green

389] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 241

above.
CoLtorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.
1103. A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene [A. Carpathica pul-
cherrima Hook.]. FAtREST CAT’S-FOOT.
Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
SASKATCHEWAN and YuKON to WASHINGTON and CoLo-
RADO.

1104. A. anaphaloides Rydb. FALSE PEARLY EVERLASTING.
Massif de I’ Arapahoe (Rydberg).
MonTaNna and OREGON to CALIFORNIA.

451. ANAPHATIS D C. PrARLY EVERLASTING.

1105. A. subalpina (Gray) Rydb. [A. margaritacea subalpina
Gray]. SUBALPINE PEARLY EVERLASTING.

Common throughout the foothills and mountains, 6000-10000
ft. (Daniels, 552). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).

SoutH Daxorta to BritisH CoLtumBriA; CoLorADo to CAL-
IFORNIA.

452. GNAPHALIUM L. Cupweep.

1106. G. Wrightii Gray. WRriGHT’s CUDWEED.

Boulder Cafion near Falls, 7400 ft. (Daniels, 1030). Also
Meadow Park and at Lyons (Rydberg).

Cotorapo and New Mextco to CALtrornia and Mexico.

1107. G. sulphurescens Rydb. SuLPHURESCENP CUDWEED.
Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyominc to WAsHINGTON; TExAs to NEw MExtco.

1108. G, palustre Nutt. MarsH CUDWEED.
Aspen bogs at Glacier lake, go00 ft. (Daniels, 711).
Montana to British CoLumMBIA; CoLoRApDO to CALIFORNIA.
453. GYMNOLOMIA H. B. K.

1109. G. multiflora (Nutt.) B. & H. Many-rLowerepD Gym-
NOLOMIA.

Boulder Cafion near the Falls, at Eldora, and in Sunset

Cafion, 6000-10000 ft. (Daniels, 565). Also between Sunshine

242 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [390

and Ward (Rydberg).
Montana to Nevapa; NEw Mexico to ARIZONA.

454. RUDBECKIA L. Cone-FLoWER.
1110. R. flava Moore. YELLOW CONE-FLOWER.
On the plains and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 428).
Nortu Daxorta and WyomING to CoLorapbo.

1111. R. laciniata L. GrAyY-HEADED CONE-FLOWER.
GOLDEN GLOW.
Common along streams, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 561).
Quesec to IpaAHo; FLoripa to ARIZONA.

455. RATIBIDA Raf.

1112. R. columnaris (Sims) D. Don [Lepachys columnaris
(Sims) T. & G.]. LoNnG-HEADED CONE-FLOWER.
Abundant on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
21).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLumBiIA; TENNESSEE to
Texas, ARIZONA and Mexico.

1112a. R. columnaris pulcherrima (D C.) D. Don. Brown
LONG-HEADED CONE-FLOWER.
With the type but much less frequent, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 201).
Range of the type.
456. WYETHIA Nutt.
1113. W. amplexicaulis Nutt. CLASPING-LEAVED WYETHIA.
Arapahoe Pass (Rydberg).
MontTANA to BritisH CoLtuMBIA ; CoLoRADO to NEVADA.
457. HELIANTHUS L. SuNnFLower.
1114. H. lenticularis Doug]. ComMoNn SUNFLOWER.
Plains, mesas and lower foothills, especially in denuded
soils, 5100-7000 ft. (Daniels, 400).
Nort Daxora to InpaHo; Texas to ARIZONA.
1114a. H. lenticularis coronatus Cockerell. REp-sTREAKED

SUNFLOWER.
Found by Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell near her home in Boulder.

391 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 243

t115. 4H. petiolaris Nutt. PrTIoLED SUNFLOWER.

Common in waste places and denuded soils throughout ex-
cept in the alpine region, 5100-9500 ft. (Daniels, 67). Also
from Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

MInneEsora and SASKATCHEWAN to OrEGON ; TEXAS to CAL-
IFORNIA.

trisa. H. petiolaris phenax Cockerell.
Boulder, the type locality (Cockerell).

1116. H. subrhomboideus Rydb. SuBRHOMBOID SUNFLOWER.
Locally frequent on the mesas fronting the Flat-irons, 5700-
6000 ft. (Daniels, 656).
Manrrosa to Montana; NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

1117. H. pumilus Nutt. Dwarr suNFLOWER.

Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7500 ft.
(Daniels, 59).

WyoMING and Cotorapo.

1118. H. grosse-serratus Martens. COARSELY TOOTHED SUN-
FLOWER.
Lowlands and stream-flats in the plains, 5100-5400 ft. (Dan-
iels, 670).
New York to WyomiInc; PENNSYLVANIA to TExas and
CoLoRADOo.
1119. H. fascicularia Greene [H. giganteus Utahensis D. C.
Eaton; H. Utahensis A. Nelson]. UTAH SUNFLOWER.
Boulder (Rydberg).
AssINIBoIA to ALBERTA; COLORADO to ARIZONA.
458. HELIANTHELLA T. & G.

1120. H. quinquenervis Gray. FIVE-RIBBED FALSE SUNFLOWER.
In cafions and on rich mountain slopes at Eldora and along
the Arapahoe Trail, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 843). Also EI-
dora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Soutu Dakota to IpAHo and CoLorapo.

459. VERBESINA L. CrowNeeEArp.

1121. V. exauriculata (Rob. & Greenm.) Cockerell [Verbesina

244 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [394

encelioides exauriculata Rob. & Greenm.; Ximenesia
exauriculata’ (Rob. & Greenm.) Rydb.]. WestTERN
CROW NBEARD.
Boulder (Rydberg). In great abundance near Lafayette
(Cockerell).
Montana to Texas and ARIZONA.

460. BIDENS L. Bur-Maricorp.

1122. B. vulgata Greene. COMMON STICKTIGHTS.

Along ditches and in low grounds, 5100-5500 ft. (Daniels,
788).

Ontario to BririsH Cotumpia; NortH Caro.ina to CALt-
FORNIA.
1123. B .glaucesens Greene. GLAUCESCENT BUR-MARIGOLD.

Along ditches and streams and in swales, 5100-5500 ft. (Dan-
iels, 667). Hardly glaucescent as it occurs about Boulder.

SASKATCHEWAN to Montana; Kansas to CoLorapo.

11234. B. tenuisecta Gray. WESTERN SPANISH NEEDLES.
Marshall lake (W. W. Robbins).
CoLorapo to IpAHO; Texas to Arizona and Mexico.

461. THELESPERMA Less.
1124. T. gracile Gray. SLENDER 'THELESPERMA.

Common on the plains and mesas, and occurring also on the
open mountain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 233). Also
between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

NEBRASKA to Cotorapo; Missourr and Texas to ARIZONA.

462. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb.
1125. P. oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. [Bahia oppositifoha
Nutt.]. OpposiTE-LEAveD BAHIA.
Boulder (Rydberg).
SoutH Daxota to Montana; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

463. BAHIA Lag.
1126. B. dissecta (Gray) Britton [B. chrysanthemoides Gray].
FINE-LEAVED BAHIA.
Infrequent along cafions, 6000-9000 ft. (Daniels, 719). Also

393] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 245

mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
Wvyominec to New Mexico and ArIzona.

464, TETRANEURIS Greene.
1127. T. lanigera Daniels, Nov. nom. [Actinella lanata Nutt.,
1841; not Pursh, 1814; Tetraneuris lanata (Nutt.)
Greene]. WOOLLY ACTINELLA.

Barren ridges between Sunset and Glacier lake, 7000-9000
ft. (Daniels, 643), Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley and
Robbins). Pursh’s A. lanata equals Eriophyllum lanatum
(Pursh) Forbes, a plant of the Pacific coast, hence a new
name is necessary for Nuttall’s plant. If Actznea Juss. should
replace Tetraneuris Greene (as the new Gray’s Manual main-
tains), our plant becomes Actinea lanigera Daniels.

WyomincG and CoLorabo.

465. RYDBERGIA Greene.

1128. R. grandiflora (T. & G.) Greene [Actinella grandiflora
T. & G.]. LArGE-FLOWERED RYDBERGIA.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-13500 ft. (Daniels,
878). Also mountains south of Ward (Rydberg).
Montana to New Mexico and CALIrornia.

466. HELENIUM L. SNEEZEWEED.

1129. H. montanum Nutt. MouNTAIN SNEEZEWEED.

Along ditches and streams in the plains east of Boulder,
5100-5400 ft. (Daniels, 780).

Minnesota and SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON; Misstss-
IPPI to COLORADO.

467. GAILLARDIA Foug.

1130. G. aristata Pursh. AWNED GAILLARDIA.

Common on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 37).

SASKATCHEWAN to British CoLUMBIA; CoLoRADO to ORE-
GON.

468. BOEBERA Willd.

246 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [394

1131. B. papposa (Vent.) Rydb. [Dysodta chrysanthemordes
Lag.]. FETID MARIGOLD.
Roadsides, waste places and sandy stream flats, 5100-7000 ft.
(Daniels, 594). Also at Lyons (Rydberg).
Ouio to Montana; ARKANSAS to ARIZONA and Mexico.

469. ANTHEMIS L. Mayweep.

1132. A. Cotula L. ComMMON MAYWEED.
Yards and waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 593).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

470. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow.

1133. A. lanulosa Nutt. [A. MMillefoliwm lanulosa (Nutt.)
Piper]. WooLLy YARROW.
Open grounds throughout, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 360).
Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
ONTARIO to YUKON; OKLAHOMA to CALIFORNIA and MEx-
ICO.

47014. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. OxeEyE patsy.

1133%. C. Leucanthemum L. CoMMON OXEYE DAISY.
Bluebird Mine, in quantity, 1910 (Miss Pearl Turner).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

471. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwoop. SAcE-prusH. Muc-
WORT.
1134. A. dracunculoides Pursh. PRAIRIE MUGWORT.
Abundant on the plains, mesas and foothills, 5100-8000 ft.
(Daniels, 833).
Montana to Ipano; TEXAS to CALIFORNIA.

1135. A. Scouleriana (Besser) Rydb. [A. desertorum Scou-
leriana Besser]. SCOULER’S SAGE.
Gregory Cafion and adjacent mesas and foothills, 5600-8000
ft. (Daniels, 612).
BritisH CoLuMBIA to COLORADO.

1136. A. Forwoodii S. Wats. Forwoop’s sace.
Abundant on the plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-7500 ft.
(Daniels, 992).

395] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 247

AsstnrporA to Montana and New Mexico.

1137. A. spithamaea Pursh. ALPINE MUGWORT.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 11000-12500 ft. (Daniels,
920).
Laprapor to ALASKA and CoLoRADo.
1138. A. frigida Willd. BaArrENS SAGE.
Common in dry open places throughout, 5100-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 451).
Hupson Bay to ALAsKA; Texas to UTAH.
1139. A. scopulorum Gray. Rocky MOouNTAIN SAGE.
Mountains south of Ward (Rydberg).
WyYominc to CoLorapo and Utan.

1140. A. biennis Willd. BreEnnrAL WoRMWOOD.
Boulder Cafion at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 846).
Nova Scotia to MACKENZIE; PENNSYLVANIA to CALIFORNIA.

1141. A. saxicola Rydb. [A. Chanussoniana saxatilis Besser].
ROcK SAGE.
Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
WyYomMInG to CoLoRApO.
1142. A. silvicola Osterh. SyYLVAN SAGE.

Subalpine slopes and valleys at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels,
996).

CoLorapo to New Mexico.

1143. A. gnaphalodes Nutt. CUDWEED SAGE.

Common on the plains, mesas, foothills, and lower moun-
tain slopes, 5100-9000 ft. (Daniels, 755). The original spell-
ing of the specific name is as above, though the word should
have been gnaphalhoides.

North Dakota to Wyominc; ARKANSAS to COLORADO;
naturalized eastward to New Yorr and ONTARIO.

1144. A. Brittonii Rydb. Brirron’s SAGE.
Plains, mesas, and foothills, 5100-8000 ft. (Daniels, 967).
Cotorapo to UTAH.

1145. A. diversifolia Rydb. DiIvERSE-LEAVED SAGE.
Valleys in the foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 966).

248 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [396

IpaAHo to BritisH CoLUMBIA; CoLorapo to WASHINGTON.
1146. A. tridentata Nutt. ComMMON SAGE-BRUSH.

Barren mountain slopes near Bluebird Mine, between
Glacier lake and Eldora, 8500-9500 ft. (Daniels).

NEBRASKA and Montana to BritisH CoLuMBIA; CoLoRADO
to CALIFORNIA.

472. PETASITES Tourn. Sweer coLtsroor.
1147. P. sagittata (Pursh) Gray. ARROW-LEAVED SWEET
COLTSFOOT.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg). Eldora lake, May, 1910
(W. W. Robbins).
Lagprapor to ALASKA; MINNESOTA to COLORADO.
473. ARNICA L. Arnica.
1148. A. platyphylla A. Nels. Broap-LEAVED ARNICA.
Arapahoe Trail just below timberline on Arapahoe Peak,
gooo-10500 ft. (Daniels, 948).
Montana and IpAHo to CoLorapo.

1149. A. pumila Rydb. [A. parvifolia Greene]. Dwarr ar-
NICA.
Gregory Cafion, 6600 ft. (Daniels, 903).
Wyomine to CoLtorapo and UtaH.

1150. A. cordifolia Hook. NHEART-LEAVED ARNICA.

In the wooded region throughout, 6000-11000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 270). Also Eldora to Baltimore; between Sunshine and
Ward; and Massif de I’ Arapahoe (Rydberg).

Montana to British CoLumMsBIA; CoLorApo to CALIFORNIA.

1151. A. Rydbergii Greene. RyDBERG’S ARNICA.
Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Montana to CoLorabo.

1152. A. subplumosa Greene [A. Chamissonis longinodosa A.
Nels.]. SUBPLUMOSE ARNICA.
Boulder Cafion above the Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 537).
Montana to CoLorapo.
1153. A. pedunculata Rydb. PEDUNCLED ARNICA.
Under pines in the mesas south of the Chautauqua grounds,

397] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 249

5800-6000 ft. (Daniels, 176). Gulch south of Boulder (Ryd-
berg).
Nortu Daxota to WASHINGTON ; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.

1153%4. A. monocephala. Rydb. SINGLE-HEADED ARNICA.
Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
Montana and IpAHo to CoLoRapo.

1154. A. Parryi Gray [A. eradiata (Gray) Heller]. Parry’s
ARNICA.

Arapahoe Trail just below timberline, Arapahoe Peak, thence
well toward Eldora, gooo-1to500 ft. (Daniels, 946). Also at
Caribou (Rydberg).

Montana to British CotumeiA; CoLtorApo to WASHING-
TON.

474, SENECIO L. Grounpsev.
1155. §. scopulinus Greene [S. Bigelovii Halli Gray]. Hatv’s
GROUNDSEL.
Subalpine meadows at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 624).
Wyominc to CoLorapo.

1156. §. chloranthus Greene. GREEN-FLOWERED GROUNDSEL.
Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 990).
COLORADO.

1157. S. pudicus Greene. BASHFUL GROUNDSEL.

Along Boulder Cafion, and at Eldora, 7000-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 547). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

1158. SS. carthamoides Greene. ALPINE GROUNDSEL.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-11000 ft. (Daniels,

943).
WyomING to COLORADO.

1159. S. blitoides Greene. BLITE GROUNDSEL.
Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-12000 ft. (Daniels,.
1006).
COLORADO.
1160. S. triangularis Hook. TRIANGULAR-LEAVED GROUNDSEL.
Common in subalpine bogs and along stream banks at El-

250 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [398

dora, and ascending to timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 8600-11000
ft. (Daniels, 635). Also between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg).
ALBERTA to ALASKA; COLORADO to CALIFORNIA.
1161. §. admirabilis Greene. ADMIRABLE GROUNDSEL.
Subalpine bogs at Eldora, 8600 ft. (Daniels, 650).
WyYoMING to COLORADO.

1162. §. lapathifolium Greene. LAPATHUS-LEAVED GROUND-
SEL.
High slope near snow above Bloomerville, gooo-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 315).
COLORADO.

1163. §. crassulus Gray. THICKISH GROUNDSEL.
Above timberline, Arapahoe Peak, 10500-11000 ft. (Daniels,
945). Also at Ward; and Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).
Montana to IpAHo; CoLorapo to UTAH.

1164. S. rapifolius Nutt. TURNIP-LEAVED GROUNDSEL.
Boulder Cafion near Falls, 7000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 543).
SoutH Daxora to IpAHO and CoLorano.

1165. S. hydrophilus Nutt. WATER-LOVING GROUNDSEL.

Alpine valley near snow above Bloomerville, go00-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 319).

Montana to CoLtorapo and NEvADa.
1166. §. Hookeri Gray. HooKEr’s GROUNDSEL.

Eldora to Baltimore (Rydberg).

ALBERTA and BritisH COLUMBIA to COLORADO.
116614. §. Columbianus Greene. COoLUMBIAN GROUNDSEL.

Middle Boulder Caton gooo ft. (Coulter in Wabash College
Herb.).

This is, in part at least, the S. Jugens Parryi Eaton of Porter
& Coulter.

SASKATCHEWAN to ALASKA; MINNESOTA to COLORADO.
1167. S. perplexus A. Nels. PERPLEXING GROUNDSEL.

North slope of Flagstaff Hill, 6000 ft. (Daniels, 148). Plant
too old, the basal leaves gone, perhaps S. dispar A. Nels.

399] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 251

Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins). Middle Boul-

der Cafion (Porter & Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).

Also from Eldora to Baltimore, and at Boulder (Rydberg).
Wyominc and IDAHO to CoLorRAbo.

1168. §. atratus Greene [S. lugens foliosus Gray]. Leary
GROUNDSEL.

Arapahoe Trail just below timberline, Arapahoe Peak, thence
to Eldora, 8600-10500 ft. (Daniels, 947). Also at Ward; be-
tween Sunshine and Ward; and Eldora to Baltimore (Ryd-
berg).

CoLorabo.

1169. §. Purshianus Nutt. PuRsH’s GROUNDSEL.
Redrock lake totoo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
SASKATCHEWAN to BritisH CoLumBiA; TExAs to UTAH.

1170. §. Harbourii Rydb. Harsour’s GROUNDSEL.
Mountains south of Ward, the type locality, and between
Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

1171. §. Plattensis Nutt. PLATTE RAGWORT.

Common on the plains and mesas, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels,
36).

Ontario to SoutH Dakota; Missourt and TExAs to CoLo-
RADO.

1172. §, salicmus Rydb. WILLOW RAGWORT.
Foothills about Boulder, 6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 1031).
COLORADO.

1173. SS. Nelsonii Rydb. [S. rosulatus Rydb.]. NELSON’S RAG-
WORT.

Exceedingly abundant throughout, and occurring in a maze
of forms so confluent that any segregation seems impossi-
ble, 5100-11000 ft. (Daniels, 210). Also at Caribou; and be-
tween Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).

CoLorabo.

1174. S. Fendleri Gray. FENDLER’S RAGWORT.

252 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [400

Plains and foothills about Boulder, 5600-8000 ft. (Daniels,
10).

Cotorapo to UTaH and New Mexico.
1175. S. lanatifolius Osterh. [S. Fendleri lanatus Osterh.].

WOOLLY-LEAVED RAGWORT.

warren ridges, Glacier lake to Eldora, 8500-go00 ft. (Dan-
iels, 218). Basal leaves very crisp.

CoLoRADO.

1176. S. Balsamitae Muhl. [S. aureus Balsamitae (Muhl.)
T. &G.; S. flavulus Greene; S. flavovirens Rydb. in part].
NARROW-LEAVED GOLDEN SQUAW-WEED.

Long’s Peak (Porter & Coulter).
Quesec to MaryLaAnp northwestward across the continent.

1177. §. longipetiolatus Rydb. LONG-PETIOLED RAGWORT.
Plains at Boulder, uncommon, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 61).
WyomincG to COLORADO.

1178. §S. crocatus Rydb. [S. aureus croceus Gray; S. dimor-
phophyllus Greene; S. heterodoxus Greene]. SAFFRON
RAGWORT.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, and at Eldora, 8600-12000
ft. (Daniels, 870). Also on Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
WyYomMInc to CoLorapo.

1179. §. cymbalariodes Nutt. [S. aureus borealis T. & G.
NORTHERN GOLDEN RAGWORT.
Subalpine meadows at Glacier lake, gooo ft. (Daniels, 705).
MACKENZIE to CoLorapo and Utau.
1180. S. pseudaureus Rydb. FALSE GOLDEN RAGWORT.
Long’s Peak (Rydberg).
Mackenzie to British CoLtumpiA; NEw Mexico to NE-
VADA.

1180%. §. mutabilis Greene [S. aurellus Rydb.]. MurTasie
RAGWORT.
Redrock lake, totoo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
COLORADO.

1181. §. ambrosioides Rydb. RAGWEEDLIKE GROUNDSEL.

4or| FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 253

Common in the mountainous region, 7000-10000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 629). Also at Ward (Rydberg).
NortH Dakota to Montana; New Mexico to ARIZONA.

1182. §. Riddellii T. & G. [S. filifolius Fremontu T. & G.].
RIDDELL’S GROUNDSEL.
Frequent on the plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 481).
NEBRASKA to CoLtorapo; Texas to New Mexico.
1183. S. multicapitatus Rydb. MANy-HEADED GROUNDSEL.
Plains about Boulder, 5600 ft. (Daniels, 401).
Cotorapo to New Mexico and Arizona.

1184. §. spartioides T. & G. BrooM-LIKE GROUNDSEL.
Along Boulder Cafion road, 5500 ft. (Daniels, 804). Also
mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
NEBRASKA to WYOMING; TExAs to ARIZONA.

475. CIRSIUM Hill. Tuist.e.

1185. (. Parryi (Gray), Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Cnicus Par-
ryt Gray; Carduus Parryt (Gray) Greene]. Parry’s
THISTLE.

Boulder (Rydberg).
Cotorapo to NEw Mexico and Urau.

1186. €. scopulorum (Greene) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Cni-
cus ertocephalus Gray; Carduus scopulorum Greene].
CRAG THISTLE.

Arapahoe Peak above timberline, 10500-12000 ft. (Daniels,

887). Also at Ward (Rydberg).

COLORADO.

1187. C.- griseum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Carduus
griseus Rydb.]. GRAY THISTLE.
Ward (Rydberg).
COLORADO.

1188. ©. Americanum (Gray), Daniels. Nov. comb. [Cnzcus
Americanus Gray; Carduus Centaureae Rydb.; Cirsium

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [402

iS)
OL
ass

Centaureae (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb.]. KNapweEep
THISTLE.

Common in the foothills and mountains, 6000-10000 ft.
(Daniels, 442). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward
(Rydberg).

WyomiInc to CoLorapo.
1188a. C. Americanum (Gray), Daniels. C. griseum (Rydb.)

Cockerell.

Ward (Rydberg).

T1884. C. acaulescens (Gray) Daniels; Nov. comb. C.
Americanum (Gray) Daniels.
Plains and foothills near Boulder (Rydberg).

1189. C. erosum (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Carduus
erosus Rydb.|]. EROSE-BRACTED THISTLE.
Boulder Cafion, 7000-7500 ft. (Daniels, 1032). Bracts
merely erose, otherwise like the preceding.
COLORADO.

1190. C. Coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Carduus
Coloradensis Rydb.]. CoLoRADO THISTLE.
Subalpine valley at Eldora, and frequent along the Arapahoe
Trail, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 855).
COLORADO.

1191. C. Plattense (Rydb.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Carduus
Plattensis Rydb.]. PLATTE THISTLE.
Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 63).
NEBRASKA to COLORADO.

1192. C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. [Cwicus undulatus
(Nutt.) Gray; Carduus undulatus Nutt.].
- Common on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 673).
MicHIGAN to AsstnrBoriA and Montana; Texas to UTAH.

1193. C. megacephalum (Nutt.) Cockerell. Nov. comb. [Cni-
cus undulatus megacephalus (Nutt.) Gray ; Carduus mega-
cephalus Nutt.]. LLARGE-HEADED THISTLE.

Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 986).

403 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 255

SoutH Daxora to Ipano; Missourt to Texas and CotLo-
RADO.

1194. €. ochrocentrum Gray [Cuicus ochrocentrus Gray;
Carduus ochrocentrus (Gray) Greene]. YELLOW-SPINED
THISTLE.

Plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 1033).
NEBRASKA to CoLorApo; TExas to ARIZONA.

476. CENTAUREA L. Srar THISTLE.

1195. C. Cyanus L. BLuEBoTrLe. CoRNFLOWER. BACHELOR'S
BUTTON.
Escaped into roadsides and streets about Boulder, 5300-5600
ft. (Daniels, 140).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

Family 112. CICHORIACEAE. Reich. Chicory family.
477. PTILORIA Raf.

1196. P. ramosa Rydb. BRANCHING PTILORIA.
Boulder (Rydberg).
Nepsraska and Montana to CoLorAbo.

1197. P. pauciflora (Torr.) Raf. [Stephanomeria runcinata
Nutt.]. .FEw-FLOWERED PTILoRia.
Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 475). Also
between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
CoLtorapo to Nrvapa; TEXAS to ARIZONA.

478. TRAGOPOGON L. Satsiry.

1198. T. pratensis L. YELLOW GOAT’S-BEARD.
Boulder Cafion road and about Boulder, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 559).
Europe, thence to North AMERICA.
1199. T. porrifolius L. Sausiry. Oyster PLANT.
Common about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 17).
Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.
t1gga. T. porrifolius L. x T. pratensis L.
Aurora St., Boulder (Cockerell).

256 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [404

479, CICHORIUM L. Curtcory.
1200. C. Intybus L. Common cHIcory.
Along roadsides and in waste places, 5100-5600 ft. (Dan-
iels, 1034).
Europe, thence to North AMERICA.
480. LYGODESMIA D. Don.

1201. L. grandiflora T. & G. LARGE-FLOWERED LYGODESMIA.
Roadside at entrance to Boulder Cafion and along the streets
in Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 166).
Wyomine to IpAHO; CoLorApo to ARIZONA.

12014. L. juncea (Pursh) D. Don. RusH-Lixe LyGopEsMIA.
Common about Boulder (Ramaley).
MINNESOTA to SASKATCHEWAN and ALBERTA; MIssourRI to_
New Mexico.

481. CREPIS L. Hawkx’s-BEarD.

1202. C. petiolata Rydb. PrTIOLED HAWK’S-BEARD.

Gregory Cafion, and aspen bogs at Glacier lake, 6800-go00
ft. (Daniels, 351). Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley & Rob-
bins).

WyomineG and CoLorapo.

1202%. C. glaucella Rydb. GLAUCESCENT HAWK’S-BEARD.
Redrock lake, roroo ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana to CoLorabo.

120234. §. perplexa Rydb. PrRPLEXING HAWK’S-BEARD.
Redrock lake, 1o1co ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
NortH Daxorta and ALBERTA to NEBRASKA and COLORADO.

1203. C. runcinata (James) T. & G. RUNCINATE HAWK’s-
BEARD.
Ward, 9200 ft. (Cockerell).
Norru Daxota and ALBERTA to COLORADO.

1204. C. denticulata Rydb. ToorTHEeD HAWK’S-BEARD.
Aspen bog at Glacier lake, 3500-9000 ft. (Daniels, 706).
Wyominc to CoLoraApo and Uran.

405 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO Diet)

1205. C. angustata Rydb. NARROW-LEAVED HAWK’S-BEARD.
North slope of Flagstaff Hill along Boulder Cafion, 6000 ft.
(Daniels, 147).
Montana to WASHINGTON; CoLoRADO to OREGON.

1206. C. occidentalis Nutt. WersTERN HAWK’S-BEARD.
Boulder (Rydberg).
Montana to WASHINGTON ; CoLoRADO to CALIFORNIA.
1207. C. alpicola (Rydb.) A. Nels. ALPINE HAWK’S-BEARD
Long’s Peak, r1000 ft., the type locality (Nelson).
Rocky Mountains.
482. HIERACIUM L. Hawxkweerp.

1208. H. gracile Hook. SLENDER HAWKWEED.

At and above timberline under dwarfed spruce, Arapahoe
Peak, Colo., 10000-12000 ft. (Daniels, 871). Also at Caribou
(Rydberg).

Montana and ALasKa to CoLtorapo and CaALirornia.

1209. H. albiflorum Hook. \HITE-FLOWERED HAWKWEED.
Wooded banks, Bear Cafion, and other deep cafions in the
foothills, 6000-8000 ft. (Daniels, 750). Also mountains be-
tween Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
YuKOoN to Cotorapo and CALIFORNIA.
1210. H. Fendleri Schultz Bip. FENDLER’s HAWKWEED.
Under pines, east slope of Flagstaff Hill, 6000-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 215).
Sout Daxota to New Mexico and Arizona.

48214. NOTHOCALAIS Greene.

12104. N. cuspidata (Pursh) Greene [Troximon cuspidatum
Pursh]. Cusprpate TROXIMON.
St. Vrain Canon (Coulter in Wabash College Herb.).
Itt1noIs to SourH Daxora; Missourr to COLORADO.
483. AGOSERIS Raf.

1211. A. agrestis Osterh. FIELD AGOSERIS.

Common on the foothills and mountains, 6000-9000 ft. (Dan-
1els, 1035).

COLORADO

258 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [406

1212. A. Leontodon Rydb. DANDELION AGOSERIS.
Mountainsides at Eldora, 8600-10000 ft. (Daniels, 991).
Sout Daxora to Montana, CoLorapo to ARIZONA.

1213. A. glauca (Nutt.) Greene [Troximon glaucum Nutt.].
GLAUCOUS AGOSERIS.
Abundant on the plains, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 20).
SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON ; CoLorApo to UTAH.

1214. A. parviflora (Nutt.) Dietr. [Troximon glaucum parvi-
florum (Nutt.) Gray]. SMALL-FLOWERED AGOSERIS.
Frequent about Boulder, and in meadows and grassy bogs at
Eldora, 5100-8600 ft. (Daniels, 622).
NortH Dakota to ALBERTA and CoLoRAbo.
1215. A. laciniata (Nutt.) Greene [Stylosanthus laciniatus
Nutt.]. CUT-LEAVED AGOSERIS.
Boulder (Rydberg).
Wvyominc to IDAHO; CoLoRADO to CALIFORNIA.
1216. A. humilis Rydb. Low acoseErts.
Bogs at Eldora, 8600-9000 ft. (Daniels, 633).
WyYoMING to COLORADO.

1217. A. rostrata Rydb. BEAKED AGOSERIS.

Abundant on the mesas and foothills, 5700-9000 ft. (Daniels,
232). Also mountains between Sunshine and Ward (Ryd-
berg). A plant was gathered in Gregory Cafion, which bore
two heads of flowers.

COLORADO.

484. TARAXACUM Hall. Danpetion.
1218. T. Taraxacum (L.) Karst. [T. officinale Weber]. Com-
MON DANDELION.

Common in fields and along roadsides, 5100-7000 ft. (Dan-
iels, 261). Ward, 9200 ft. (Cockerell).

Europes, thence to NorrH AMERICA.

1218%. T. montanum Nutt. Mountain DANDELION.

Redrock lake, 10100 ft. (Ramaley & Robbins).
Montana to CoLorapo.

485. LACTUCA L. Lerruce.

407 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 259

1219. L. integrata (Gren. & Godr.) A. Nels. [L. virosa
Auct., not L.] PRIcKLY LETTUCE.
Common in waste places, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 653).
Europe, thence to North AMERICA.

1220. L. Canadensis L. CoMMON WILD LETTUCE.

Boulder Cafion, and along other streams in the foothills,
6000-7000 ft. (Daniels, 564).

Nova Scotia to SASKATCHEWAN; FLORIDA to COLORADO.

1221. L. Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. LoumstANA LETTUCE.
Between Sunshine and Ward (Rydberg).
NortH Carorina to Missourt and CoLorapo and Texas.

1222. L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. Swowy Lerruce.
Plains about Boulder, 5100-6000 ft. (Daniels, 399).
SASKATCHEWAN to WASHINGTON; Missouri to CALIFORNIA.

1223. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitche. [L. leucophaea Gray].
COMMON BLUE LETTUCE.
Sunset Cafion, 6300 ft. (Daniels, 982). Also Boulder (Ryd-
berg).
NEWFOUNDLAND to Manitosa; NortH CARroLINA to CoLo-
RADO.

486. SONCHUS L. Sow-ruisttLe.

1224. §. arvensis L. FIELD SOW-THISTLE.

Waste places in Boulder, 5300-5600 ft. (Daniels, 1036).

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.
1225. S.asper (L.) Hill. Harsu sow-THISTLeE.

Boulder Cafion road, and Gregory Cafion road, 5600-6000 ft.
(Daniels, 458).

Europe, thence to NortH AMERICA.

MAN

ae

aiai

MOF
qu)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bennett, Mrs. Cora. List of Colorado trees. Plant World, 11,
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Nelson, Aven. Contributions from the Rocky Mt. Herbarium.
II. Bot. Gaz. 31, 394-409; III. ibid., 34, 21-35; IV. ibid., 34, 355-71; V.
ibid., 37, 260-279; VI. ibid., 40, 54-67; VII. ibid., 42, 48-54.

Nelson, Aven. Plantae Andrewseae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
17, 178-180.

411] FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO 263

Nelson, Aven. Some western plants and their collectors. Proc,
Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, 33-40.

Nelson, Elias. Revision of western North American Phloxes.
1889.

Osterhout, G. E. New plants from Colorado. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club, 26, 256, 257; 27, 506-508; 28, 644, 645; 30, 236, 237; 32, 611-613.

Osterhout, G. E. Notes on Colorado plants. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club, 21, 357, 358.

Osterhout, G. E. Colorado notes. Muhlenbergia, 1, 139-143.

Pammel, L. H., and Scribner, F. Lamson. Some notes on
grasses collected in 1895 between Jefferson, Iowa, and Denver,
Colo. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agri. Sci. 17, 94-104.

Parry, C. C. Catalogue of plants. U. S. Geol. Surv., Ann. Re-
port, 4, 484-487.

Penard, E. An enumeration of the plants collected by M. E.
Penard in Colorado during the summer of 1892. Herb. of Colum-
bia Coll., Contrib. 75.

Penard, E. (List of plants collected in Colorado, 1891). Bull.
Herb. Boiss. 3, No. 5.

Porter, T. C. Catalogue of plants. U. S. Geol. Surv. of Wy. and
Contiguous Terr., 4, 472-484.

Porter, T. C., and Coulter, J. M. Synopsis of the flora of Col-
orado. U.S. Geol. Surv. of the Terr., Miscell. Pub. 4.

Ramaley, Francis. Plants of the Florissant region in Colorado.
Univ. of Colo. Studies, 3, 177-185.

Ramaley, Francis. Scientific expedition to northeastern Col-
orado, 8. Botany, account of collections made. Univ. of Colo.
Studies, 4, 161-164.

Ramaley, Francis. The silva of Colorado. I. Univ. of Colo.
Studies, 4, 109-122; II, ibid., 4, 187-197; III. ibid., 5, 47-63.

Ramaley, Francis. New Colorado species of Crataegus. Bot.
Gaz. 46, 381-384.

Ramaley, Francis, and Robbins, W. W. Redrock lake near
Ward. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 6, 133-168.

264 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES [412

Rothrock, J. T. Catalogue of plants. U. S. Geog. Surv. west
of the 100th meridian, 6, 58-352.

Rydberg, P. A. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora. I. Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, 27, 169-189; II., ibid., 528-538; IIL, ibid., 614-636;
IV. ibid., 28, 20-38; V. ibid., 266-283; VI. ibid., 499-513; VII. ibid.,
29, 145-160; VIII. ibid., 232-246; IX. ibid., 680-693; X. ibid., 30,
247-262; XI. ibid., 31, 399-410; XII. ibid. 555-575; XIII., ibid. 631-
666; XIV. 32, 123-188; XV. ibid. 597-611; XVI. ibid., 33, 137-161;
XVII. ibid., 34, 35-50; XVIII. ibid., 417-487; XIX. ibid., 36, 531-541;
XX. ibid., 675-698; XXI. ibid., 37, 127-148; XXII. ibid., 313-335;
XXIII. ibid., 443-471; XXIV. ibid., 541-557; XXV. ibid., 38, 11-23.

Rydberg, P. A. The oaks of the Continental Divide north of
Mexico. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 1901.

Rydberg, P. A. Astragalus and its segregates as represented
in Colorado. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 32, 657-668.

Rydberg, P. A. Flora of Colorado. Bull. 100, Colo. Agric. Coll.
Exper. Sta.

Rydberg, P. A., and Shear, C. L. A report upon the grasses
and forage plants of the Rocky Mountain region. Bull. 5, Div. of
Agros., U. S. Dept. Agric.

Sudworth, G. B. Forest flora of the Rocky Mountains. Bull. 2,
Div. Forest., U. S. Dept. Agric.

Thacher, Mrs. G. W. Alpine flowers of Colorado. Appalachia,
5, 284-291.

Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa. (A botanical report of plants
collected by Mr. F. Crentzfeldt). Pacific Railroad report, 2, 125-
131.

Vasey, George. Report on grasses of Kansas, Nebraska, and
Colorado. Bull. 1, Botanic. Div., U. S. Dept. of Agric.

413 | FLORA OF BOULDER, COLORADO

iS}
O”’
UL

APPENDIX A.

Tidestrom in the Am. Midl. Nat. 2, 35, has described as a new
species this aspen under the name of P. aurea Tidestrom, with
the remark that it forms forests throughout Colorado, Utah, and
adjoining territory. But the differences relied upon to separate it
from Michaux’s species seem to me to be at most varietal, and
hence I prefer to call the Colorado tree P. tremuloides aurea (Tide-
strom) Daniels. See page 98.

INDEX

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

PAIDIE Seog aires aint ms NN hone [54] | Adder’s-mouth........... 27, [97]
lasiocarpa... ..24, 31, 36,39, [54] ‘one-leavedse eee eae [97]
PATON are abe eie aap eoeie eine [112] | Adder’s-tongue.............. [92]
frACrans asi ais aeieleeveu sree (112) small-flowered............. [92]
Albroniayiracrant-s <5 4a er [112] | AppER’s-TONGUE FAMILY...... [49]
PAIGE Tyee wees ark Se hace OnLy) RON NG lopeavn olan icbtuminmolglamlouin yan 222
GIA HENS 456.56 50 ey Os OZ Moschatellina.... . 29, [222]
(MATING Soibo og adoebe MO} | ANDYOR NGOS oo oo cekcbuecoss [222]
NOZGH MDA 5 cco eseoned hd be LO AGGESHS: scoousddondoocusece (257]
CLAM UNT toes Soha eiersoe [168] ASTESEIS Mean eater ine Tae 257
HO RUPT oo oo be ope toaob oc [167] PTA UGAl Many ner snanta he ieee 15, [258]
INCE RAGEAIE ate tise olen [167] Mowe o 506 oso0 80 55 32, 35, [258]
ENCE ALES Hee sls Srobieate eens [194] laciniataseeeen eee 35, [258]
ANSUStILOliaseeee eee 16, [194] Weontodonmne noes eee 35, [258]
Vili Cet OLaeeee ar eeree eee 16, [194] Dalvillorayeeee ee aes 35, [258]
PAT Hal eae rae tior cies cases cyeve roves [246] TOstratar ss weaeyaeeaee 26, [258]
lamimlosaseeetcie crores 26, [246] | Agoseris, beaked..............[258]
Millefolium lanulosa.........[246] Gut-leaviedee ee [258]
INComasiy lisse eee ene nine [146] dandeliontits verse cpeiseatas [258]
Arapahoensis...........42, [146] freld ei ees he eee eee [257]
GuLbIna tae eee eer 42, [146] HEMEL Ecc ossooboasoneuse [258]
AGG esa coausoeoogaas oc [120] LO wea te OA ace aed sale [258]
Columbianum....... 33, 35, [120] small-flowereden eee any: [258]
rks KetrSoiou oginuisleedat Sono 4 2 Ot PAgrimoniaeeeee eerie ee [147]
ochroleucum........33, 35, [120] Brittoniana occidentalis... .[147]
LOMOSANMSs ocoogadoons 35), (ANG H] || ZAG INO aoe co oo oon Goonsn oe [147]
INGOTS Net eer etre eet [87] Western. ise ae ee [147]
Galamustsayase ancien Th. SZA) |) ANOONARONES seo Go akon obod cs [76]
AGHOEYMEINGS., oouoscaaceaseges [97] Eyaehinites 5 occoooccosns 32, [76]
MOnophyllae eee eee one Lal ATIZONIGUIME Eee eae BA lik
(Acrolaisiaei nitrite eet ee (174] MO lester vac eA 15, [77]
AleAwINS os cascacdaoo snes (174] occidentales sei idl
THIEN Boss scacogqcccos [174] |} pseudorepens.....14,18,27, [76]
OMAL DOM cos eecandes sods [174] | Richardsonii........... 27, [76]
latifoliatyjacvae so eens [Oe panc time epee 12, lara
A Gtaealst at iieacis oasis ark clei TO} | Sera obookeossoeoce se [76]
ALOU bas. eysjescietestsey sheen bie 25, [119] spicatum inerme........... [76]
eburneasssacisscoce 25m [Oil tenerumbn sear en eee 18, [76]
CUUTME AE teen tN enemy shinee MMO | CMA gos c nce es do we oo [76]
Actinea..... [245] VASES Pigg bere tow saloia Co eh 27, [76]
Jani vera eave tye eee [245] | violaceum.......27,32,41, [76]
Actinella, grandiflora. .. [245] | CHOU eee [76]
lei por PAC On we Ae oam Borda PES | NGOS coocc cos soosaos sacs (Hl
Actinella acter iciecta nl aes no alba. scr bisiindels lap 4a LOA]
Woolbjsosowadceedocupea dl HA | CAG TO TS:s2 goo dedisiooces Oe
417] 269

270 INDEX [418

References to the Plora are in brackets [ ]

asperifolia.......... 14,35, [64] longipes saeiichehis coer [115]
GURUBesoaodonen6o00600,a% [64] SthiCtasaeeeei ennai (115]
hyemalisncryejiienerriel rts 15, [64] Median damp eee eee 45, [115]
Rossa ence incest [G4] 7|PAlsinopsiseceeee eee eee ee [116]
SCOORG ROA ee one ea RAE [64] obtusiloba............. 41, [116]
fenuiculmisee aera [64] PLOPInquaeeieeeeeeese 41, [116]
LEMUUS AN Rete Rent ETO [(@es]] || ANTEC Soo bo bods ooob oC ou ks [170]
DOTEGISH Meds eo eens 64] ROSCA Ae geh eatirahe rye A Nae 46, [170]
Vallala Raven el aa Och caNtcy arta ay Zip LOU eAluim=rooty nee eee 29, [137]
thin-leaved yn cly-rsevlneeie eit: {101] bracted ssc seinenacnoer ee (137]
IIE TESS e Oe eee [182] El all ese ean ae ape ibe aee [137]
ACAULIS HA eee 26, [183] small-leaved.............. [137]
Obovatateeroec eee ZA), SS] || ANGERS bio ob doo cd aa aos od [132]
AN are rn epee eva aha TOM ally ssoidessyeee py nee eae [132]
INSURE O bien ood aooK ond odEoo [56] Caly cine nee [132]
Rlantagopeeeecsceiccier 10, [56] MOVUIMUMe eee [132]
IALISMACEAE\ eiaeiciacie tie: [56] hy Ssumsiswieet-eny eee [132]
VATETSMIAT RS. erre un unre eee [56] ello ware y MeL ind Me Mane [132]
Alicalinflatitlorasnncrercrtecs NOK: TOW) Aree oo sles Gude doc on os [190]
ALKALINAE............. 105) 16 monantha wesc 40, [190]
INGA ND do oda boaadece coda, Mul Hr eiee ev Oia a usa: Akai a [191]
Alllioniay ee yeaa cern eben entaye {112] plebejaic ee eae 34, [191]
GUthUSals ee eee ree tien [112] Flolimin get eases. 40, [191]
INGA Ss oovvoscedooos von allasl| scopulorum............29, [191]
lan'ceolatatrcMierr a narrnnie [113] StrGbill Ora eee [190]
lineaniswe aaa 15))[0 13]; |VAMARYEEIDAL ES.) ) 2) ora [95]
My Ctagdnearjaweis aes ete (LVAN |) enRNEONS 45 dob bobo bons o6 4 {111]
ALLTONTACEAB acm rican. [112] | AMARANTH FAMILY.......... {111]
PNT ia vies eer eee aKa Bat [91] | AMARANTHACEAE............ {111]
cernuum obtusum.......... [9a}|yAtmaranthuse set) ({111]
GIGI OLUIER Ee eee (91] albus. Panag rr et in {112]
(Geverieee eres: 22,28, [91] Dittoidestaa ener 45, [111]
INURE MSG s'5'5.6 bo 6,46 60 lb 22, [91] SrAeCIZANSHM Ve 45, [112]
THECURVAEUIM elle eine [91] Powellticeusc nici {111]
reticulatum.........22,28, [92] GELLOMEXUSH ener ee 45, [111]
reticulatum deserticola....... [91] | Ambrosia................... [224]
Allocanyarcneet tna eude [201] artemisiaefolia..........45, [224]
scopulorum............ 34, [201] psilostachya.........16, 45, [224]
Allocarya, mountain......... [201] Eri ase vee ae 12, 45, [224]
PAU ES IO a eres a a Ei {101] INCCOTILO lia eee [224]
incana virescens............[101] | AMBROSIACEAE..............[224]
CeMUIOliane mine 2 OHS LLOL Miipamelanchiersn eileen reiee [150]
Alopecunus:4-4 ae ee LO alnifolian ye aes eee [150]
Alpin Use eee [63] ellipticanceueenalmenieiee [150]
aristulacus serene renee 11, [62] oreophila.....20, 22, 25, 30, [150]
AULD US eee Nera ae Rae [62] polycarpakeron cere 42, [150]
occidentalis\sannenenicre SOO) [OSI], | evoniewerels Go ooo bed du polo oF [176]
ALPESTRE Sie iene nae 9, 38 COCCIN GA MT en rae [176]
/NABUNY NING G 6 e646 bo 684.60 38, 40 | Ammannia, scarlet...........[176]
Alpinesfiorassaee teens Oks GEL I GANENGUNCIDNDS Geb cb od ono oe o ol Lehil]]
Alpineitundrassee ieee 38 | AMNICOLAE........ 31, 36, 37
Alpine zone............. GO) 1 Bi) | YNioolioooosadoosooboes code (159]
JAUSINACEAB Seneca tee {115] angustifoliasds seeec eee [159]
Asin ery eae MiMiais seubour eieseneu [115] WAMBO ois Golcialbo bpd e0 22, [159]
Baicalensis..........37, 39, [115] MIUCKOPNYLUG reece els [160]
Jamesianayn meri aia {115] DENTE Saat GeNalad olan idoiiecs 15, [160]
longifolia 33, [115] |) Ampelopsis quinquefolia vitacea[169]

419 |

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

AI GDAT ACE AE sya piirtste (151]
Anaphalis... sco co El]
margaritacea subalpina... . [241]
SUubalpinave-.- a5 ane 26, 328 a
Androceran nae ic seen mk [20
LODO Ses pera ieee davon sia eR oe {309
GOSELACAN sels tessiateedoe 15, [209]
ANNGhO DHA Mocc oo coco odGaanS [57]
cGhinySOcomas-eeeire 1S sol
MLIKGCAGUS Heer eeser nile 14, [57]
QROSOMO Beng oosodeod 600060 [57]
FATT OSACE eee er eae rh ari ie [188]
Giffiisayey recess eecdeie cients 39, [188]
INetOnUIMs. ee sees 30, [188]
pubeculemtasee ae sect 30, [188]
septentrionalis............. [188]
SHDULULET Oe [188]
subumbellata...........39, [188]
ATeMOne Rae yes [120]
Ganadensistmeni eee 37, [121]
Gylindricaeemrrrerare 18, [121]
PlObosaeeenrrrcee 25, 35, [120]
Ren SNUG ICOM teas [121]
[ND@TICMOs 556 shoo ce bods cay MAO)
ama asus shies rayerneenyenae {121}
PILODOSE Mr tee renee [120]

Long—triitecdsrayin very aelersier

Bennsylvania-.0-y. 42ers]
PAIGE i Casey eeu setsicut citer abren [184]
VaR) Blas cre twee CeO en to mEN [184]
Gewese oe come sees [184]
ANGIOSPERMAE.............. [55]
NDOT SG Horas SO OID De EES [178]
AbiGaulisha emer ner {178]
coronopifolia...........14, [179]
Nittany tebe eec idl cisors {179}
AI ZO Ra cae eye eee 14, [179]
AMMISMMEINE ono gGoccse boob aS [239]
anaphaloides........... 42, [241]
AUDI CAN ease epse nec pas 32, 42, [240]
Carpathica pulcherrima..... (241
Concinna= pee 2, 2, [239]
COnMMPOE ooo wadooooeds 2, [240]
OMMOS Gy Verrest ee Ve [240]
heMloyANo i clo oso cae Hobe 42, [240]
MAAN o cobooueaoob 446 [240]
Media Wee aM ene cde ea eUn oe 42, [239]
TUCKOP NIC ee [240]
MATIN Ay ern ieuerte ans tvecsice neon [240]
Oxy p Diy aseerseaciereat rae 26, [240]
Patwiloliaeneee cia eee 32, [240]
pulchesmmaeeese eee [241]
ROSCA i Menstas ec actlctaces ey. (240
wind one cssedoncoooc 42, [239]
ENGINES coco oncocco no cs sel HO
Cotulaten was stepwise 45, [246]
TIE HO POZOU-- melee ne [190]

271

barbellatus.......... 33, 39, [190]
elegans. )sciynystesusieiee otc 39, [190]
Anthropophytic plants....... 43
ANTHROPOPHYTICALES.. 43
Amticleat sarc raevs se yeains Mette [88 ]
(Coloradensisnee eae (88]
elepan sr 2G Miata [88]
BAND UTLTES MA yarns te ee en oar tie ae [53]
flexilis. . 24, 25,31, [53]
ADIOS Ha sucka eee ees [161]
INDIOS en Us aqyoks taets rata eto 21
Boulderensis......... 22, [161]
Aplopappus, croceus.......... [229]
OHTV isa aera eee oe [230]

DY SING CUSE ere tere te aaa [230]
SPULULOSUS HEE eae [229]
IAP OGVINAGE AB) Peary [193]
FSD OGY ey ite ete [193]
AMbIgENnS reteset ee [193]
androsaemifolium..........[193]
CAMEO 5 6dosnoocoube [193]
hypericiolum-e eel LoSl
live dummies Aenea ee: [193]
SCOPHLOGIIne ener 26, [193]
LNB IAW ooo ooo oe oo or [150]
ANGUS 1 igonoonovoncades 10
INOUUMN IMIS 56 oo coccoccoas 10
INGTUS EVs bdiaoes on donb [119]
coenuilearaeeeerioe 25, 32, 41, [119]
IAT AD ISIN aiaheniaiaue eee ores [134]
Connexaninse arenes [134]
divanica, panne eee eee [135]
Rendleria. tee aca ae [134]
Hoelboelit Fendleri......... [134]
Cilla oun e ctosdonig- ota ie ac [134]
oxy phivllaeer een it [134]
poilont phase eeaeenree ere [134]
INRIAICEAB Ascii aoc eee [87]
Aragallus. . eed Oa cso tia.
deexusine sacha aes igo [158]
Lamberti. . . 14, 18, 35, [159]
THinOe he _. [158]
HOMME aiooacdoscovebn us [158]
WEN OPM aVebetetnee ee ee [158]
DAtens! Wie ees 14, 35, [158]
Ruchardsontineeee eee 35, [159]
SCLICEUS Yea) Wi abate rates 18, [159]
IARIATE TS Ouz yell HE) RADE eS ALO Rea a ae [87]
Ara liaiyn Ops cen melee neeteentae [181]
MUGiGaulismee ire 23, 29, [181]
ARBUSTALES..... 18, 20,31, 34
Arceuthobium Americanum....[103]
canum. Set Graeesit ete LOSI]
cryptopodum . 3 Sid hip arco [103]
GLOUULSTLT [103]
A ctostapnylosseneehe enone [186]

INDEX [420

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

272
Arenaria.. .[116]
Fendleri.. 41, [116]
CobhaRbIS Tend mil uty Nl cl gina atclcl alo [116]
ODEUS Cs ON MPN Me ECAR IE Ay ({116]
PLO PUNGUC Naw Atalay elt ets [116]
Mweedyiseae ails aeons 41, [116]
verna aequicaulis........... {116]
AT ZEMONE A AM en [126]
bipinnatifida.............. 126]
hispida anaciyusr 14, [126]
intermedia.......... 14, 18, [126]
Arid brush slope society....31, 34
ARID AB cys ae NSS
Aristida esac se eee [60]
fasciculatasnnseeeeenee 15, [60]
longisetasseciei ici ioe 15, [60]
INGORE soe docdenoccoocoes [130]
Armoracias-eeiserieece 46, [130]
ANT TI Gans a ets vetial ae eau age [248]
Chamissonis longinodosa.. . .[248]
cordifoliasnneene seer 26, [248]
CLACTCLO PE ARs [249]
monocephala..-3.54..45..- 249]
Palriyateos so cide) son 425 (249)
PATUU OLN eee [248]
pedunculata........... 20, [248]
platyphylla............42, [248]
OMG GetTT FRAG aie aI OU Ian loa [248]
RMyoloysgubessan daopapioccs vo [248]
subplumosa............35, [248]
Anni Gakeeg eine sar sisteicleae) pares [248]
broad-leaved [248]
Gowralriteed era po en ute eaters [248]
heart-leavedimuireiiaceii (248]
PATEyASeisioeys soe sacle ate aie [249]
peduncled erica: [248]
Riydibereeshaey en iaaereceiee [248]
single-headed.............. [249]
subplumosesya eee niece [248]
IAT LOWWOOC EA iu peladleye tile) fisiaots [221]
Airée misiaZem niin aby inna eeis [246]
brenni sear elas 34, [247]
Brittonii............16, 19, [247]
Chamissoniana saxatilis.....{247]
desertorum Scouleriana......(246]
diversifoliaige seein 247]
dracunculoides...... 16, 19, [246]
Forwoodii............ 19, [246]
fricidaeener sori: 19, 43, [247]
gnaphalodes........... 15, [247]
Saxicolarien iii irae te atts (247]
silvicolamameiiciinilicieie 32, [247]
Scopulonumeny tees 2a)
Scoulerianassoeee eee [246]
Spithamacasyn nicer 42, [247]
tridentata miaterie ee 34, eee!
ARUM FAMILY........... . [87]

ASCLEPIADACEAE............ [194]
ASCLEPIADALES.............. [193]
INScle piaSHya aor einial aeeae {194]
Does eb ane See AOU [194]
incarnata. BAe eyeleuene LOA]
PUmMilas ac siey ate 16, [194]
SPECIOSals siecle 14, [194]
Stenophiyllans sss arian eon [194]
verticillata pumila.......... [194]
IAS para gusi nes iin yaa ne [94]
Officinalissea aes 46, [94]
Asparagus, common.......... [94]
ASpenHes yo on eee 33,47, [98]
American................. [98]
quaking anaes 32
Aspen society..............- 24
Aspidium Filix-mas.......... [49]
ASpleniumyeee ieee eer [51]
Andrewsii.............. 30, [51]
septentrionalis............. [51]
Trichomanes...........30, [51]
INS HET aa lata eiai trey a alaeecel areas [233]
adscendens..............-- [235]
Andrewsii.............. 32, [235]
BUG CLOUIT tance [235]
CULALUS eee ee onehe keene [233]
coerulescens............12, [234]
commutatus........... 15, [234]
crassulus..............16, [234]
Eatoniinasnenc ie Soccer [235]
Engelmannit.............. [233]
EXd PUSS S cep a ntens 16, [233]
foliaceus Eatonit........... [235]
QIGUCUS naire oat ala anal [233]
incanopilosus..............[234]
laetevanens i444 sere [234]
IGN 6 oso albedo 6 doo 0 020, (ASE
INKS ropebtigind a adorei pelivialo trains 0 [233]
Osterhoutii............ 12, [234]
IPOiEVSONLU Ae penne 235
polycephalus........ 16, 26, [234]
Rotary een 26, 32, [234]
salicifolius coerulescens.. [234]
Underwoodii. . AMG ian) [233]
WiOEGSNGG dalbadebucaddeces [233]
INSEE RIOR ais eee Uap ea ed poses ea aan 31
ATIGRE WSESUElonitnetsr ener rete [235]
ascending wn a see 2S)
Bigelow Ssce eee ecoenns [235]
Coeruleanee nen eae 2o-s]
(UIE ais ares Ube elo aa ow did0.0 [233]
IDENOMVGhop Bobo don accan 4oo [235]
Engelmann’s ECE ein 23'S)
goldentearmm nae oii eer [227]
HENCOUEhescciciicecoocsoou [233]
MeNgbNa MES a ee MHY Baldiaia a o/c [235]
light-green-leaved...........[234]

421]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

many-headed.............- [234]
INelSonys ays eciscar acters stots [233]
ORBNOUIE Sao cocccodunacc [234]
IRaGteLSOULSH eae eine ciel [235]
RortensSteiccn vies creates [234]
Lainie Whe.) ee eel [234]
SMOOUM rye ane eee eres [234]
EDI CKISH MeN eee ia atede yaya [234]
Wrderwood’ssy i eeeierae [233]
SVU LTI OF ori ai tails tevshayal er aparet teen [235]
RUT OLE Ceneeie teh starsat srolerseereyetenstises [235]
wart-cress-leaved.......... [235]
white prairie..............[234]
MATEUS Boo pollo ce sonia cas [155]
MOLE Sada wid oles ao oe S60 [156]
GOMUpESITA Seen ee aceeeeers [157]
Ganadensisten ener [155]
Carolintanuss--ace ee ose [155]
GEGIINUCN SPREE race: {157]
DUUMMONG ite ee ee [156]
ILE SGILO SUS Heda n lsteslehstaye [157]
POMIALUS Heian el-ts 14, 18, [156]
hypoglottis bracteosus....... {156]
DUNS PATE oan so aaadne es [156]
MBG ggasdeuodecadne 18, [156]
oroboides Americanus.......[156]
ICT TSS Se OO aa (157]
SWOTIOPISs 05050 00 c00008b0 {157]
sulphurescens............. [156]
LOMELLUUS HRC HUNIS oak aslo orcuep oe jess ee [157]
PACACLYLUGUS ME eie einen [158]
VATS ULEACUSH etter stn tans cio [156]
Atelophragimalenminn see [156]
elesamsaeianatnsyeneayernsse 32, [156]
LNINSCO VOOM cos coocodudee oo [67]
curtipendulus.......... 18, [67]
INGTARETICN one ecinnere ie cries {122]
COMMUTUDOS 5 05d00c0060004 [122]
occidentalissa-s- ee 25, [122]
IAtErI plese ae err en pe teen ees [110]
argenteasan ences 17, [110]
CALNOSA semis sytonecse ie 17, [110]
IMOAWANS Tso oodcoaooacss 17, [110]
occidentalisee-ee erate {110]
LUSTER SE ides o AEG DE GIRC een iO [65]
Patras cee ere sires 44, [66]
SAUL AN ere i pte 46, [66]
Strata ie seisrsies 22,31, [66]
PAVED Samiene ie ieire aie ino 21, [145]
mountain, purple.......... (145]
three-flowered........... [145]
tunbinateccae ase eae [146]
WHILE Minicabs aera [147]

y ellowsesasisartag eevee [146]
Arapahoe sear nie [146]
Oregon ents haattiic keine [145]
Rocky Mountain.......... [145]

273

Vie llowaae eet eee [145]
Bachelor’s button..... [225]
Bahia spay omecastoe atcvsa ee [244]
chrysanthemoides........... [244]
GISSECtA we Seas elena 29, [244]
oppostizfoltaye ry. entre [244]
Bahia, fine-leaved............ [244]
opposite-leaved............ [244]
Balsam-appleneerioce cece [222]
Wl ee GPO A EL ena [222]
Balsamittire-n eee: 36, 39, [54]
WESECDI Ao shud ep alecaeel jee [54]
Balsamipoplarsqeeees eee lool
Bane berryncoasaeias cere dete [119]
VOL Ysera ne ence chats [119]
KEG MWEStEEN ama ae [119]
WUESTCU MEL C Oat ae errs [119]
Barbernyapbollyessemeeriae secs {125]
BARBERRY FAMILY...........[125]
Barleyacciis elon gaa teers cea [77]
Het eee tN sede manta [77]
SIx-TOWeEd seats ate cise) eerie [77]
Barnyardigrasssee sere acer [58]
Bastard toad-flax............ [103]
Daler A rrlps Sis nuiice sys aayate [103]
Batidaeaacuse semen ieee 141]
laetissima...........20, 25, [141]
Batrachiwm-ae ieee (122]
aquatile flaccidum......... [122]
LOCCLO Ue 34, [122]
IB OVAIN, IVNMITUN Gog goa moo ad ec [152]
Bearberny eile screen iene [186]
TEC set Th Sa AN Ree Say [186]
Beard-crassaee eet [57], [63]
FOlden yyy Nea ey Aen aie [57]
Beard-tongue............ 13, [211]
all PINE): s ane LRT oy ce nee [212]
MECH eco gedcboloesasae [212]
LO Wisi hscenac cheater eee [212]
ROU S paouccodgagee cc [211]
narrow-sepalled............[212]
one=sidedeperrenaeiaeeriie [212]
Rey. dibpercrs seni cieiere [212]
sharp-leaved:............- [212]
slender.(e)s. vain [212]
12 | LES eA Net OSES biotch ic [213]
Bedstrawres sisi eeterters [220]
fragrantece re een Le ZO
NOFtH|eRM. a eee pane hae [220]
Naillantiss cen sends rice [220]
yellow-flowered............ [220]
Bee plant, Rocky Mountain... [135]
Bellflower eee eee [222]
BELLFLOWER FAMILY......... [222]
Bellyruesa eats cere ee [122]
WESLELD ss parenrreusinertee tei: [122]
Belvisia sesh ee tiatesiree [51]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

274
septentrionalis............. [51]
Bent-orassyip joie atria [64]
harsh eis rascals alg sae [64]
INITSSWROSSISHEEntnie Oo eeaete [64]
ESN OG abeiried (Uren LUND tai [64]
WTEC R ORAS re ale oar [64]
BERBERIDACEAE............. [125]
Berberis, Aquifolium......... {125]
TE PENS same eae rate uae eee [125]
Bergamot-vernerinins eee 2 Ol
mint=leaviedsoe eee TZ Ol
SOLES cosas leat Greys (207
strict BM (207
Benulayeeeania area ae SS
Ongustifolva wees retel {183]
ErECtay isin dauee pee 11, [183]
Besseyayenieai ter. ieleavens an aleriabe (215]
Bho S as alata ninils Wi Gig ols ors 42, [215]
IBeGula erty isan sat aya Sa {101]
AGT EW SU eee ean 101]
fontinalis........ 12, 28, 37, [101]
glandulosa................[101]
occidentalis ere ae LO
papyrifera Andrewsii....25, [101]
BERULACEAE RACE 101]
Bibliography....... 47-48, 261- 264
IBiGlen Sena Anise ake ei ence alate [244]
glaucescensie inert ne 12, [244]
EETMUISE Chale oii sramne ete [244]
NAWUKEN Hos dial bib \e b'ova 6 12, 45, [244]
Bilbermyeenaueiee ore peice [187]
Giwartei ee Wena eke nian [187]
red-berried................[187]
Bindweed ana geeicce sistepe cise [195]
[oy Vol es pare NRSC ae SU [108]
bracted far aiensegusnyr iyaubate [196]
Thal eevalanta clogiorgtove a oaiG Oo: [196]
hairy.. . [196]
Birch een anne ie 28, [101]
Andrews’s canoe...........{101]
canoe, Andrews’s.........- [101]
Gira E ESRI ay ely Deaton ni gr 27
FOUNTAIN ee dose ie py atae {101]
glandulanw ricer iil: {101]
LEG awestenne- coma e LO
SCHUD er tiie ia SEU aire {101]
westerm requis cry cil etetneleoens {101]
BIRCHVRAMIIAVE Aarti [101]
Bird’s-nest, giant............ {185]
Bishopysiicalpraq acacia [136]
WEStEMM As vtishetienn roealae [136]
Bistontjn ie eeeeseg sinners [108]
Alpine rsnanoii emer oa [108]
oblong-leaved:............ [108]
Bistor ta ey ees tain ar Abana 108]

bistortoides.........

.37, 39, [108]
ViLVAPATAerelcrener eres

39, [108]

Bittercresssse eerie oer [133]
heart-leavedit.. sae asaeeee [133]
hoary ees AOS UAE ING iene {134]
RUEUU LEN cRReA SRG SAN chal Esai rey i [134]

Bittersnootsc cj ane icles [114]
PY SIN eee sel eee ees (114]

Black currant, small......... [139]

Bladderferneeen eee [50]

Bladderspodeer mein sore ({128]
doubles vanauk ay ene atte {128]

COWRIMO MN bo'bcdb 00 co 6 5 {128]
many-flowered.......... [128]
Sears aaa ey Ny anos {128]

Bladdenwortsneeee eae [219]
COMMMO Ne bb bio ou do damocdos 219]

Blazing-starss4 oi ae 13, [226]
COtCER lava Ayn M naman (226]
purple-bracted............ [226]

Bilite ree ee Saale ({109]
SO ae Te Rear aie {111]
strawberry..... eee A LLOD

Bilt aye oe en aD [109]
capitatum.............25, [109]
TUDT ALU am cea Cera [109]

Bluebelle Ver een et era tes [222]
WESLEEM arc sitchen Goya [223]

Bluebellsy yee eee ae anaes 202]
mianiy-leavedmani ile ates 202]
PUNCCALC AG eee eae [202]

Blueberry eee eae aie we [187]
uehtAce (Lanai MenR ARN Al atdiglglty ie [187]

BLUEBERRY FAMILY..........[187]

Bluebottles- haan ccn sore er [255]

Blue-eyed grass........... 34, [95]
alpine: Backes Heo RGre ool
narrow-leaved............. [95]

Blue-eyed Mary, little........[211]

Blue flag, Missouri........... [95]

Blue-grass, English.......... [70]
false Kentucky............ [72]
Kentuckyze seer ee eeniciens [69]

false dios elie iey eM Penta ana [72]

Blue-joint, Canada........... [65]
PUPP le A [64]

Blue-lettuce, common........ [259]

Boeberay tannic arin nn dane narnia [245]
PaApposarmane ee 16, 45, [246]

Bogyorchidssse) ene Dil Qi

Bosvorchiss=-se eee [95]
green-flowered............. [95]
loose-flowered............. [96]
NOKCHELIP A oe [96]

BORAGE FAMILY............- [200]

BORAGINACEAE...........-.- [200]

Bosseckia seis earners ({141]
Panvillorasees ween 25, [141]

Botny.chiumee seek [49]

423]

INDEX 275

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Wit Aine yb ss coco cow. 25, [49]
Bouncing Betis 42 eaeies {118}
Bowtelouaa wasn ceiver ee [67]

Iver Slagle we alates 15,18, [67]

oligostachya..... 14,15,18, [67]

RO GETOSG Na eusiaisiehy Seer ee 67
IBOX#eLA Er ai cryersneiiee cere 12, [168]

COMMON eee ae 168]

TPE Sid SRS ea GI eet ota [168]
BraGke nen gtshestsnsancesst sea Aeonete [50]
Bracted bindweed........... [196]

hal EnioYa log sanvaolaiarei OR ead aieectere [196]
Brakewmhainyaciesacisco cheer [50]
Barb leteyayiiecrsiche ee cia s.accelals © [141]
SASSI GA eM iqraredaiitcialsccaslcnee eee {131]

GAMIPEStEISm easier sie oe 46, [132]

LIM Gears acsieviaie) core une ne 45, [131

Tell sic lacie ican eh See eRe 45, [132]
BRASSTOAGE AUS eee ene Lard
Breadroot, Indian............[160]
Brickellia, grandiflora minor. . .|225]
Briokelliameier) iiss citns seas nuke [225

Time llateweererre errr L225)

white-stemmed............ [226]
Bier erica vWekatecriie. vols M48]
Bristle-grassine eisce ene ee [78]

long-leaved!. ose. = Hie [78]

Short-leaviedreeic sisi eine [78]
Brome-crassemee ei ets [74]

Derr aCe suey Neen ay Arseetin) eyicee [75]

large marginate............ [74]

marginate, large........... [74]

Punch, aqdoedeocsdoese [75]

quake-crasstesneereeeniZol

RIcKAaLdSOnYSHEeR ee cies [75]
BROMUS tard jena karan act shouts [74]

brizaeformiss. eee 44, [75]

hordeaceuseae ee eee 44, [75]

lanatipesiryae) choc ser Hi, |S

marginatus latior.......14, [74]

MLOLLUS merase ay Nore eeimie eS [75]

Porteri lanatipes........... [75]

Pumpellianus....... Ne De {lS

Rechandsonieeeeee ee Die iH

Ssecalimlls.aneee cen 44, [75]

UACHOMUNNG Go Scosancvads 44, [75]
Brooklimessrcronoeeon one [214]

Amenicantenaiea eee LL]
Broom-rrassaesnee eee ae Toe Si]
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY......... [219]

Brunella, see Prunella
Buchloe dactyloides........... [67]

BUCKTHORN FAMILY.......... [168]
Buckwheatitalsesenereeeire [108]
GOMNMOS oshdccouvsvcseeo [108]
Buttalolbernyeqs5 ao ceer eee [175]
(Canadiantaee ere een rit [175]

Buitaloyenass serene 13, [67]
COMIN Ls sotceoogucoaaaee [67]
fal seeba Aneesh oeeicen. Metter gs ede [68]

Buglosssyarrenitactarvacie cert [204]
Smale yee haa dene teas [204]

Bugseediva-rayersr sey sicctyeri tere [110]
marginal-friuted...........[110]

Bulbilisseva saree seen ere [67]
dactyloidesmanreecri irr [67]

Bull pine....... XO ES De, Sil, [ISS

Bulrusht enya nee 10, [79]
GLA te ss) lavas atennteleseeveteiens rs [80]
Dales er ny cians Heiner mat [80]

BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY....... 88]

Bunch-grasseae ree 20, [57]
IB) AP Le eto Ste Sore IU te TE Ieuaty ce [74]

Bur grass ere eee [59]

Buremanigoldserwereree rie [244]
glancescentame en eeeeene [244]

Bln nightshade: sree reir ek [209]

(Combi conok coon doshbood

Bur-reed? seg encteedtasete ee (55]
narrow-leaved............. [55]
BUR-REED FAMILY........... (55]
Bigsarvys Sey soe Goes Mini ecient ({128]
Bursa-pastoris..........45, [128]
Buttercup see ase [122]
Adonis-liker se pperieeeneene (123]
IMICOUR' Sos oc oo no db0a 000 [124]
NOKtHEnM eset {123]
BUTTERWORT FAMILY.........[219]
Button-snakeroot............[226]
CACTACHABS Herne [174]
Cactus ase onatteagee sone [174]
WinawoENscaaoacroeucuouse [174]
Backus ue) see @, | als)
Bande ele) Senay cheysee sane [OLA]
WNAENROMScocodcachodva calli iy
CACTUS} RAMID, Van eeieeieieees Lal

Cactus mesa society.......18, 19

Galamagrostish-)-)-)ie isis [64]
@anadensisHaEee eee [65]
purpurascens........27, 31, [64]

Gallaimus sheers eer eueee oe e [87]

Calandrinia pygmaea......... ({114]

Galceolaria: tim. ace {172]
lineanissee oa eee 22, [172]

Callasteris colling...=.)..-.).... (197]
Leuconthqeenee ee eee [197]

CALLITRICHACEAE............[166]

Callitricheeeee eee ner ILO]
CULUTUNGLISN Ee [166]
bifiidaysc Gris asabas 10, [166]
DANIStHIS Oe ee Eee 10, [166]

CALOCHORTACEAE............ [94]

Galochoriis aera os

Gunnison eee 18, [94]

276 INDEX [424

References to the Flora are in brackets [ |

Garlehasy ii benga ile Pay alii [118] IROT Ly Os RR elie Ruste vat aenole [253]
Chrono philas imi onie ne la: [118] I ZUBMOPSIS: 606 olb o\0i8/a'6a 6looo [254]
leptosepala.......... 37, 39, [118] SCOPULOLALIMAe eae E tae [253]
LOLUNATPOILONN Ee ae {118] UNGULGLUS Hae ee ee [254]

Calypsolvoredliss nse ee [QT si Eanextiy i aN ae nie ee anaes [81]

GCalyPSONOr spine Moret [97] acubinal- Eee Ene ee ro aee [84]
MOMANITMGs vo sdooonomasn eae OZ alpina Stevenii............ [83]

Camass, death........... 34, [88] athrostachya...........14, [82]
POISON EA MEBs LANE Gace [88] Atra ta tA aon 41, [84]

FalCate nig nGN a EMO [88] DUNS Ns PUA ang eas 28, [85]

Gatmmel imalyana nies tise eye eie 128] Beckisciianieiel euler ga [86]
Sativau ene la noha 45, [128] bel Tan nee Ry aise dees 39, [84]

CAMPANALES........... LO 2 Camescensssesee eee 33, [81]

Camipanulaliene eer rire [222] capillanishsr reece 41, [86]
Rialrnysiih syne re estar [223] chalciolepis............ 41, [84]
Detiolatars nm icirprets 19, 26, [222] chimaphilawenee nee 41, [84]
WUniHora eee ey 42, (222] Deweyana).......-...2.25; [81]

CAMPANULACEAE........-... [222] Douglas sepa Loew Lez

CAMPANULALES..............[222] CHAM ng 54'3,0,4 BoB widld obo 4 6 [86]

Calm pene eerie ai aeUn nS HED {131] ebenea.......... 33, 35, 39, [82]
Ameri cananeeirscc cen {131] festiva....22, 27, 28, 35,39, [82]

CAMPESTRES ..........9, 36 Haydentana............. [82]

campestrian vegetation....... 36 festucaceas aire 14, [83]

Campion see oe {117] Geyeri see yeahs 32, [85]
TOSS V EVM ace yan Uhl aiuto TNS {117] Goodenovii......... 33,37, [84]

Canadian vegetation......... 9 Hoodiityy eee. 28,35, [81]

Cankinyeeariccigod auocweuad sla) oo LNCURVASS eet lelanet oe 41, [83]
TEE Cee atl ce naapee hep spe Nea aya [59] lanuginosa.......... 11,35, [86]

Gancer-rootsnerenennerne [219] marcida......... 14,18, 27, [82]
clusteredee an neeio ee oe [219] muricata Americana........ [81]

Yellows aL] CONPGE eyecare [81]

CANNABINACEAE.............[102] MI SEICATS Sane ee Eee 41, [85]

@APERURAMILVAC SEE ae iP stae [135] Obgusalta wey hyalina reer 41, [85]

Gapnoidestare nae ee ee {126] occidentalis.........33,35, [81]
AULEUM Somer eee ee [126] oreocharissee ey ieee ane [85]
MON CATS esas dR Res [126] Pennsylvanica vespertinal8, [86]
PAGHILOOUIMIN Ee My Heiney [126] petasataysacisen te 27,35, [82]

CAPPARIDACEAE............- {135] pratensis........ 14,18, 27, [83]

GCarawaye eer eee eee eee oz) MUS sesiguedoooosoe ces ao | ko
COMMON ALG ee Tea [182] Byrenalcas ne leno
MOUNtAIM Ae nee eels LOD] Ehomboideay ene [84]

Cardaminey shane eee) PU LOL WAU a aie WG a al ete 41, [84]
cardiophylla...............[134] LUPEStHIS seo e lee 41, [85]
cordifolia wie eee AS lLoSt Sartwelliiseee aero ee
INCANaneem eee 37, [134] GEES, s epoabeddoado ds oo ISO
CATS sibiak ae oo ob NewooL [134] SCOpariaysaeierseerenoees 14, [82]
Vallicola seem nee 12, [134] SiCGatae cua Nabi 15,27, [83]

Cardariaey yin ynnunt aie MMe L274] stenophylla............... [83]
Dralbarc egy e i neis Mieiu wae ent: [127] Stipatar lene ain 11, [81]

CARDUAGCEAE Yanna eel 2201 Stramineas sae 15,18, [83]

GAR DUIAT RSAMM TM eep ae miata [224] straminiformis..........18, [83]

Carduus Centaureae..........[253] Stricta ys Macnee eee 11, [84]
Coloradensis..............-.[254] tenellae iene 28, [81]
CTOSTIESAN ee ee ae [254] umbellata brachyrhina...... [86]
LRUSCUS nM eur na wa a [253] brevirostras..... 6.2655 18, [86]
MMEZACEPIALUS i areas eta [254] UcrICMlacayevsnn sete 33, [86]
OGHTOCENIT US eee Z OO Warlalbilisuiseer meta nele er: [85]

425 | INDEX 277

References to the Flora are in brackets [ |

DESPELLUILG seer cteeiieie [86] mollissimus............ 20, Heel
VULSAMES Se rerse ies wey earner [84] ovatus pubescens........... [168]
GLb Una Nee UA Aaa T NR [84] DUDESGENSH EAE ere cei {168]

Vl pIMOld eas cweiaeleeicrae 11, [81] subsericeus.............20, [168]
Carolimanyiorassese eee Lee WEAN oe Slama cule d 25, [168]
@arnpetsweed yee el as [113] | Cedar, Rocky Mount’nred.29, [54]
COMMING oececeoouwe poo [iS ire | Sehr See ae AIS Mine Dire CVV orate aieed eee [103]
Garrionifower- nee eee Los] Leticulatas ere wie a eee 20, [103]
WESLEDI slim ni dese t ars TA reas [94] MGenchrustee a elas ciksevaniee [59]
Ganuimbees Weenie eee eine ({182] Garolinranuisheee arene 44, [59]
(CEA TIS cee en asa uta 46, [182] PADLIOTCeS eee ano aee [59]
JEL ES AEC RS IRIS [S3)s | kGentaureacteiseemrrsa eer [255]
CARYOPHYLLACEAE........... {117] Gyanuseeneee ree [255]
GASHEWARAMID eH ieee Onl Centuncnlisnar hip enas [189]
Gastillepay ses ecco) sires [215] iebbovpoEee sds dusneoas oe 20, [189]
ATApanOensis ee eer +O 2] mCerasti meee eae [115]
COMMA sd bee eengus occ 26, [216] occidentale.. 22, [115]
(COULUSA A sete e202 (2 L0])|) Cerasas demissa melanocar pa....[152]
Grista-valllitcss ise eee [216] | CERATOPHYLLACEAE.......... [118]
NUKIS EA AS SOO ROE 26, 32, [216] | Ceratophyllum..............[118]
lanreitolianemnee ree Cie 32, [217] Gemersumanr seer 10, [118]
Navritalye ener vens ete hats cue S2e (2 yilininGexcocarpuss4e eee LAr
linariaefolia..19, 26, [215], [216] PAnvatolnisey eye eee ONL ul
MiiOmveocoasbeeodabeve (215] | Cereus virtdiflorus............ [174]
occidentalistmenr eee 42, [217] | Cereus, prickly..............[174]
oreopola subintegra ...... [217] green-flowered.............[174]
pallida occidentalis ...... Zid Rehactochloayeee eee eeeee eee [59]
RHexitOlaee ee eee [217] ClAUCA Areas Cae MOO
sulphurea.....32, 35, [216], oe Ttalicae eae ee Oo
Gastilleyar ee nae VARI CIS VR ae see 44, [59]
(Coie) WER VGAE alain ae Mares ia ciety a4] Ghathweedansaaner rena Loo]
ALPINE SC Nc ey encicte i Seetelctonece 49 Least iii eye eee eeeg a tue [189]
night-blooming............[117] | Chamaenerion...............[176]
SIEEDY ates Musiseueratsielapainans (117] angustifolium..........25, [176]
depauperate=s soe e eee [117] platy phyllumen renee [176]
Catch-fysigrassiene iri eyes 9h e@Chamalesyceleeeeeee eae eee [174]
(CRrieieat MER Hy Neste AIAG Ce A ee tee [206] Hendleris sass eee ee Loy LO4]
(CEMsev ina eia.a ols ier suthhel Nin bya [206] glyptosperma.............[164]
COIMMOGMa(ccaghoordoccoses [206] petaloideas ener renee eee (164]
Catis-foope tec ey 31, [239] TUS ULOSA esa Meee et vee ates {164]
Gonyimoecheracsscndoousd so [240] serpyllitoliasseemeaeee nos 16, [164]
PAILES Pees ere ieee 2420) | heat Conmilmm Ont aii tae [75]
falseipearlyacey tae ees AU) |) MEN ood oo ches sb a6 os ac [75]
Imbricatengeec one [240] | Cheilanthes. . [51]
rN Goo Ao ue Wend So [240] 1 REY) Tepe ESHA aS 30, [51]
ANE GLU ITH Seen Ney ot nee tara [239] Hendleneereneniee eno Ose oui
peanlyatalseeeeeee Ce Zee fi dted OSes che Mermreninlnaola acid dole [51]
PRONE Wohin. bea cee toilse aia a 6 be [240] LaNUSINOSG= eee een Loe
sharp-leaved.............. [240] | CHENOPODIACEAE............[108]
Small leavedueeesice rite [240])\ | GHENOPODIALES? = coe meeane [108]
SUNMY, po stene a tsteei aorta [240]) | "Cbedopodinminy ase ase {108]
EBD soll OSS copies CoV esc a ie nee nich cea aly [239] Biloyiins eb Gaby cao ddan ofton IKON]
Eatta ee ors See 10, [55] Botryss ne uvasioual wns enen 45, [109]
broad-leavedaeee ieee neren ool RGeMOuEH ieee eee ee 25. [109]
CATTATHINAMDAY EEE einer eee ol TNCONUM eee [109]
Geanothuses aeeeesacelne [168] hybridum..............45, [109]
Hendlexiueee errr eee 19, 20, [168] MCE TCG S oluvolbeoneo cc onli

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

278
leptophyllum........... 45, [108]
oblongifolium............{108]
oblongifoliummeeeenoeeeios 108]
RUDKUIM eee eee eee LOM LO9]
Chenopods Wee nen eee 16
Cherny oeerspvawioeis aera {151]
fearolhaKa oso ico lnidla toes [208]
Fed cwild/ acre iaay a aeyremtea [152]
sand, Bessey’s............. [152]
wild.. 2.0% an 28
black- fruited, ‘western. [152]
Chess, common. ee [75]
SORE Use mune Meese tie blea a [75]
Ghickwee diese ie) Eada ie 115]
COMMON Pee Eee ia Lao
MOLUSe-Careneee eee {115
WESCE RMON Nhat puncte miele {115]
Ehiconyaen ecco cee te [256]
Commonteeeee eee een 250)
(Chimaphilaysannae seen nae [185]
umbellatav eae 2 Or Loo)
Chionophilassneseneaeeeriee 213]
James eA Raed ee 42, [213]
Ghondrophyllaveee yee {191]
Americana: anneineee iors {191]
Kremontis nee eeneooe tee {191]
(CHORIPETAT AR neds e ee [98]
Chrysanthemum............. [246]
Leucanthemum............[246]
Chrysopogon nutans....... 15, [57]
(Chimysojostisousicgaddesovncdac [227]
amplifolias.eeer ecco eIe2 5)
Fe Rake ay vr aerogenes 228]
Balkericpys re ie ON eee 32, [228]
Caudatanyaracnonenie set 30, [228]
COMUPUCLE ears [228]
Cooper ee Vela (229]
LOLOSAT ASN ote AeA ener AU (228]
hinsucissimas ya eee ei [227]
hispidalsse ware eee 16, [228]
BAN cs bainsias ooadiss cas sls
Tesinolens ae eee lO Zao
Obtusatal eee eee ee [228
vallosarios eink anna rye 16, [228
LUSPid ane ie ee eeee [228]
Chrysothamnuseatie noe 229]
CABIN AS os bss oo belo oOOy LLLO
gSraveolenss ee ener Z2ol
nauseosus graveolens........[229]
Parnydesene a iaaeeecatae
pulcherrimus.. Se al Oval [ 229)
fascicularis.. BE AD2.O)]
Cicely, Swe a CNT 182]
CICHORTACEAE aaa ZO)
Cichoritimeee ee eee eee 256
IiMAVIOUES Gargo's 4 64 \dosde ve 45, [256]
Gicutars rissa eee ae te Loa

[426

occidentalis............ ili en
Canina raya ats eh oui sep papa [63]
latifolia see eee eae 28, 33, [63]
Pencila yy eee eae [63]
Cinguetol eee ene [141], [142]
branch edi yaar eee [143]
DWM eodnccoobsoonoodos oolUZil]|
Cut-leaviedianaeeeeneene: {142]
glaUCOUS See re [142]

Gi UISC Sh SS LT RN Rte [143]
fairest sonny ee ae [143]
glandular, large-flowered.. . .[145]
SROUNGH MG He eee LS eRe [142]
lateral-flowered............[142]
minute-leaved............. [143]
Pennsylvania, arachnoid... .[143]
WallOoUss ae verse [143]
GOW LS ote aa ei aes [142]
shrubbyeee eee ee eee [144]
1a) Ua RISE AR A ER he A pi ({144]
white-seeded.............. ({142]
Woolly Awa NE Reale marae Ne [143]
Cireaea tie Fay Mas Aan Ae {180]
al pina ssa ne een nee 22, 29, [180]
Circumpolar vegetation....... 9
Cirsium eR eae a ne eu [253]
acaulescens X Americanum..[254]
iAmericanumerneeea eZ ONlZoo)
Americanum X anante . [254]
Centaureae.. (253), [254]
Coloradense.. 32, [254]
ELOSUT eon Ene eae 26, [254]
STISEUM ede ate eM eee 42’ [253]
megacephalum........ 15, [254
ochrocentrumeenaeeaene 15, [255]
Batenyate suet ee ee [253]
Plattense ah cm esnne near 254]
SCopulonumien sain 42, [253]
undulatum.............16, [254
Clammy-weed............... [135]
large-flowered............. [135]
Claytoniae eee eee rae [114]
Chamissontss eee eee {114]
Megarnhizace eee 41, [114]
TOSCA A sey estan SHAM EMT a eR {114]
Glemaeis ene een UN MStE May aeINRt (121)
Douglasit Jonesit.......... [121]
CRLOD ROTO Eee ere [122]
ligusticifolia.....:.... ..28) [£21]

| Cleome serrulata............. [135]
Cleome sey line Maen [135]
BOLTS veyed eRe Uy pe hee OR [135]
WI TES Hee hte La Sad theta [135]
Climate and rainfall..........5- 8
Climatology.. ‘ 5
Clivose vegetation.. 21
@losedigentiantr sees {191]

427 |

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1]

BHAI OW Eoooocopeandacooue [192]
RAG YUSH tc tocisteiot icine {192]
RomanzowSeeerne eae {192]
Glovieritiversecci Ns coistereisisieiavene 44, [154]
Al PID Omer years erses corel icueciers
ASI K@svenyecns cise eieuctcrtis scious [154]
ARNT ore Deo IGIOORT OE IGAIS [154]
Ih fat leauigig eecreeovernaitere acne a [154]
POR AITIC es. Sepauey hoy useusha eye {160}
REG era a were eos swears cinteo wane He [154]
SHEED ese) soda ichsrensisunialncs [154]
SWEEG Memes ae rakes onsnaatee [155]
WIMaso5 Soe ROGER ose e [155]
WILE Seats ttenevais eueesititer ease [154]
Clib=mosskeyarieee acts at 40, [52]
NEEL Eten ear eae salcrelsisopana {52]
SEL yea rate ceeosees omer aye [52]
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY........... [52]
G@ancerrootnaatoia toca: [219]
GlUStEKedesinie sees keke ceroreys 219]
VETO Were re rep stacy s,cceichauenat [219]
Cnicus Americanus...........[253]
ChLOGEPHGLUSHA eee see 209)
CAMOGAINDSs bob gan coeaas oo 255]
POLY NUON foots iets lay eciraiaete 253]
DiI AIDS so oie ova obad es 6 A [254]
megacephalus...........- 254]
Cockleburaee inetd ceases 225]
COMMON eae ae (225]
Cockspurgerasseesee eee [58]
Gogswellidemanmieci occa: {184]
Onlentalisennemier ace: 26, [184]
Coleosanthussaeee nice cee [225]
AN CAANS,scccca non ec cos} LAO
GONZESTLUS Meera epee {225]
MMITIOGE Seer elaine eens ches 30, [225]
PDUGVOIID: o sonccnceaaecee [225]
(Colliers abo wecouesodmadee 211]
MUTANT Bo coossnhaanoevdase (211]
tenellay ee aceeeeatnc 29, [211]
Collomian ere [198]
linearis. . .19, 23, [198]
Boulderensis........-..- {198}
WME h nos obooanooeaadue [196]
Goltsfootsweets.-4456 47 [248]
Coltinibineaanerer oon cee [119]
AZULGs esp yoreucten eebeeoversucneuey NER {119]
blue Hirer aemeecralscmeran eter 40
Columbos ern ese eae [192]
narrow-leaved...........-- {193]
narrow-sepalled............ {192]
SHOW ieee tere neces [192]
Gomandraaer eye ee eerie [103]
pallidaseeyerrasacue 18, 43, ee
COMMELINACEAE............. [87]
Gompositestaeceme acer 13, 43
Gone-flowernaeeaeeee oes 13, [242]

gray-headed...............[242]
long-headedieyiatrclenr-tter [242]
Browns, leis coe igenecs [242]
Vellowswenaateyso ee ee [242]
Gontoselinwmery ye [184]
SCOPULOGUIMEN sire ieterer 32, [184]
CONVALLARIACEAE. ......... [93]
CONVOLVULACEAE........... [195]
Convolvulusieri eee [195]
ambigensmyjcise ee aoe 196]
ALVESISHe ara eerie ae 45, [196]
ANLETUOTE AAP cha enor [196]
Corallonhizaseeeeee cee [97]
Corallorhiza.........22,43, [97]
DILNGLE yes eK ume NOG [97]
MBIA wa cog bed bb Os 43, [97]
Ochroleucaseree neers 97]
Cord-crassnee ee ee oe [66]
Freshwater OO
Conispegmiumnn eee eee [110]
MAHA osoossogcccons WoltilO)|
CORNACEAB Ste orci vsen ene [181]
Cornflower.. eae [255]
CORRIGIOLA FAMILY.. ER atlayane eS {112]
CORRIGIOVACEAD oer ee: [112 ]
Gory dalysvauned arr eee [126]
aurea occidentalis.......... [126]
Conydalisenc Ae sci e el: [126]
goldemiaay vader mele {126]
AMMEN 5 oo nooo danscevollAO|
(CORAAY/NGIIND 555 cb 0cbeco ss coll]
Conylustindits ccna tee eee [102]
TOStratas ete .22, 28, [102]
Cottonwood... 1, Di, 28, [98]
black.. : . [98]
narrow- -leaved.. BAe ole giant exe [98]
W.ESEELM: setts vercespaciera secre [98]
Cowbaness eee eee oe
WESLERD aya sha centeneieen [182]
Cowsherbsjcae ect one [117]
CowapaTsnp sii eee erent [184]
woolly... 5 [184]
Cowslip, white. 39
Grabscrass- eerie 1571, [66]
wild.. ae . [66]
Cranberry, high-b Ushi beeen [221]
Cranesbill . o60 coo oll@|

[
Bicknell’s.. GR Sa ONT
Rremiontis eel eee nTTGa
ParnyAS ec eee
Rattersonisecemeericee eae
Richardsonisse saree ere
Cranny and crevice vegetation. 5

GRASSULAGEARA a nies [136]
Grataecusys tree rns eee {150]
Cerronts as ecru eeu nee {151]

Coloradensise eee 22) oO]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

280
Golor adore iene menial [150]
Coloradoides........ 20, 22, [151]
Doddsitete ae 22, [151]

erythropoda.........20, 22, [151]

occidentalis.........20, 22, [150]
Creeper, Virginia............ [169]
Grepis setulae memati [256]

alpicolay cee yen anon 42, [257]

angustata-gee sy AceeG ieee [257]

denticulata)..))53).).- 26, 34, [257]

glaucellamewe jie sean eae, [257]

occidentalis............... [257]

penplexae ce recrniaokrrelaiats [256]

petiolatay ween ZO (200)

RUNCIMAtA emer ey Ulead [256]
Gress Sa Laat Meas 27, (128]

OA TA NE Mae [127]

MATS hie Suva ie cr REM oe [129]

blunt-leaved............ [129]
curved-podded..........[129]

TOOK paiudennenesas one ueoleye [134]

Stamleyiseis esac Mica at alisha [135]

MENKCONERGs giao saga od vol [135]
NILES Cea Na cus AUER ANH Cae ({128]
WiIntensa tn he nie cory lont ees {131]

Americal aeece elaine: 131]
yiellowagmeryenccr renee 129]

Spreadinoeemimreeiciere [129]

warty-podded........... [129]

Crevice and cranny vegeta-

CLOT epee eee eysuaray ncaa 29
Groton ence pin aha lM i seumans [163]

MREXeENSi sy eC UNM nay, [163]
Croton ey ceca mos irae eae 163]

WMexa stay yeaa ys ee 163]
Growlootee en Aue ana Niels rae 122]

all ITE Aerator eNO Edad ([123]

Creeping eee aeons E2SI

elliptic-leaved............. {123]

heart-leavied shana Wales ae [123]

kidney-leaved.. .......... [124]

INeattalllis ea eral {124]

Seaside nye ac uinen yaya ye 124]

small-flowered...........-. [124]

small-petalled.............[123]

swamp, western........... {124]

Lis bea car Seg ny eat Ala eal {123]

western swamp............ [124]

white water............ 34, [122]

flaccid-leaved........... [122]
CROWFOOT FAMILY......... {118
GCrownbeardesenenysei sore [243

WTO Case puibuien eo oioce a [244]
Grunocallisheysaee nee {114]

Chamissoi........ 11, 28, [114]
Gry ptanthesa sores (201]

crassisepala..........16, [201]

Pattersonie arene [202]
Cryptogramme... .......... [50]
acrostichoides ....... 29, [50]
Gud weedy en sennhayy swan agEe [241]
paaveh ee iy ais ora erate Ale bias [241]
sulphurescent ............ (241]
Wirigh tisuinioire sie aera teats [241]
Cultivated plants............ 7
Cultural (plants seen. 7, 44
Cupra nt e ya e iin eek eA ery eau les [139]
blackismall ee ewer ee [139]
golden, long-flowered.......[140]
TOC HS RTA LOR EUR ay AS ae [140]
western..... se xo lllso)|
Weaken esac cepa a aes 20, 29
smallish ore [140]
Guscutay ance Hevea [195]
GN Aon dla wecods pooh (LOSI
Gronovit curta............. [195]
indecorasse lee eon LOS
CUSCUTACEAE...............[195]
Cut-grass, rice.............-- [59]
Gy clolomaneeennaecrionnoa: [110]
atriplicifolium............. [110]
platy phyllum: se oe. ae [110]
Cymopterus, false........... [185]
CYPERACEAE................ [79]
Cypeqierassseor merce eters [79]
EKTiMIGwod ge odeoeuedaae co, ICO
IBArshusiiais accu eauae are enn coae (79]
GQyoxmssessevoddousseoulowas) (ZO
GEGHOSssobebacsoaocancsies, dO
Bushs sie sey wean teenie [79]
IMAEXUIS 7-4 Glee icene aeeeae 11, [79]
Cyrtorchynchapreceaeeeee 25, [124]
CAMO 6156 d)4 30 obs 3.6 0:5 (124]
LAnuNGwlinay avian [124]
G@ythereary sine sang ees Wana [97]
DulboOsameie sen 32, [97]
Da cty lis aie ahaniiual aye nats [69]
glomlenatainn eer eiehicier: 44, [69]
Daisy, mountain............. [239]
Cop Conan Hiota Misia eicinleraa la e\Nro'bb53 [246]
Daisyifleabaneseren aes [238]
Dandelionteya neon eeiceieies [248]
COMMONS Ae eee enor [248]
MOLINE Wigalatleg aelao oo co [248]
Danthonia, Californica........ [66]
OOARLEAHM Os 6 be 6 aoa be b09 06 0 [66]
SOUCOGI. s clnioiciaigasio'oo as.2.0106 [66]
Darnel BRIT NE RT so MtRCe ea ITER
Dasiphorataeren eee [144]

fEUtlCOSasee aceon

Dasystephana.........

Bigelovil...........
Rarnyiscicescaeos
Romanzovii........

33, 35, [144]
Sead salut

rota
eae 92)

91]

429 | INDEX 281

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Daturarcncre sclessvetresec co uoaes [210] | Dog-tooth violet............. [92]
Seramoniwmene ssc 45, [210] Dogwood BE lee Pil XU, RS; Feat
Miabala ee cps etal 45, [210] TEC-OSLET taverns es nl eke [181]

DAYFLOWER FAMILY.......... [87] | DoGwooD FAMILY............ {181]

DEAD NETTLE FAMILY........ POS) | IDG .oconaecboocgodeones {111]

Delavaux’ evening primrose...[179] Gepressarisciisieieiea lai ays 17, [111]
short-podded..............[179] EKeCt a MMU EE Neate [111]

Delphinium-pe eee LLL On Doubleibladder pods a-aeae [128]
INV AGIS ary ees eye 46, [120] COUNMOMG oo docadvcaagavec [128]
BEE Bolooue Oecd ccna ol AA0)| many-flowered............ {128]
camporum.............18,[119] | Douglas spruce........24,25, [54]
INelsoniis eesti nets 18, [119] | Douglasia Johnstont.......... {189]
occidentale.) .. 2... .. By SO (MNO|[ | IDNA Ass coco oadecoagnesaouse {132]
Benandilerey eis ae 15, 18, [119] AUDA reo eee 32, 42, [133]
Quercetorumes.--sreiee eee [119] aureiformis............42, [133]
scopulorum subalpinum..... [120] BORE rye ie Wash ava cuuUN a ets [133]
Slibal pintimeeens ei eee LZ Ol] CEnE cid mimelornoinelced alae are 41, [133]

Deschampsia-eemnie. nace cee: [65] Coloradensiseee eerie ({132]
caespitosa.......... 34,35, [65] Crassitoliaseeeeeeeeee 41, [132]

Dewey apacaulysn nee eee LOS] decumbens.............42, [133]

Deyeuxia Canadensis......... [65] inladmizensismneen eee 39, [133]
STATA ass oo Meee O Dai [64] Iteo ae cies es 41, [133]

Dichrophyllum marginatum....[165] MEMOLOSA eee (132]

DICODYEEDONES Hs) es 98) streptocarpa..... 28, 32, 41, [133]

Disponumseeesecee eee 28 [93] N | PORA CARNAGE AH ise neene [94]
MAbs occddnssaccaeeksy (MSI ||) IDrEeocaolmalliins 5 oo seco 5000 boot
TAKE NEU 7D ion 0.0 6 clo dao a0 ee [93] parviflorum. Seer on On 200)

Disporum, rough-fruited...... [93] | Dragon’s-head.. pieces ’ [206]

Wiste pian ay soe ees sie ciel ce [222] small-flowered............. [206]
WOMAN ooo oboe cecs 29, [222] | DRAGON-TREE FAMILY........ [94]

DIStiGhhseee eerste [GOA sDropsecdeeeeaeeeeeeecrnee [63]
maritima stricta............ [69] hair-prassiesissae seseee [63]
StrIGta yaaa ee ete euesiete 16, [69] MOAI s.5doa0d5d000n noc 63]
OG ey sss ieia esha sien ghouls [105] TOUSH Ne a steamer 63]
IDI BEC Te ey ee ier ues oe {105] SAT Cee Sew eae yan aeae 63]
GUT yer akss ann aac a [105] | Drop-seed grass............. [61]
dense-flowered............. [105] Marsh ye ayer {61]
spatter, western........... [125] slenderd.s 5) sneer ee [62]
western.. eRe eae LOS) ilimOnopwortwwatenem eee [183]
willow-leaved............. [LOS]: |/Drosaces 2.44 2 asec aeianiee [189]

Od ener seen ener abe [195] Canimataeree eee Soy]
(AA Gon dbo cuarurakae dad LOST iD pyase civic seuss la cayenne {147]
Short-styledsanneeeirae eee [195] octopetalassjeerceeneee 42, [147]

DODDER HAMIL Vermette MOSM iDryalsls eicls 4 els se) eeesna els eieres 40

Dodecatheon-s eee eee [SSP Dnymocalliseeeene eine [144]
PANCITOGUIM eye eee [189] Elaedb tine mnerrosremole icote 14, [144]
Paoiloscia eee eo LOO)| fissaite ns Aa eae ae ee 18, [145]
TaAdicatumeneee eee PK), Sy, [MEO] || IDO OUST Goa cdovasiasoleo0s5 [49]

SUIVLOLIUI Eee eee [189] Bilix-maseenueie vane eee a Leo
SIDUACUMERS Eee cece ZO MSO eDuckweeds saree nee 10, [87]

Dogbaneowenel aoe seneee [193] Mil oCMlEragucodda ds souisoooe [87]
clasping-leaved... . .[193] TESSE DE ae ate Ea [87]
CHASTE NCE Dyin hae ie [193] | DucKWEED FAMILY.......... 87
pale......................[193] | Dysodia chrysanthemotdes..... [246]
STOOL A ates otnetet ee MSSlhPEatonverassee eee eee [68]
SPLEAcin Cae eee en eae [193] blunt=scaledieeeerenecr cee: [68]

DOGBANE FAMILY............[193] Pennsylvania.............. [68]

282 INDEX [430

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

SEOU Cae are eya ene Ee [68] paniculatum........... 19, [177]
Ratoni eae Wee a ea ee [68] TUbescens ae ae SON LWA
ObDEUSa tas a ey MONE ius eS Hania [68] | EQUISETACEAE.............. [52]
TOOUSED AHN ee EN eae [68] | EQUISETALES................ [52]
Pennsylvania........... 28 OS tl EG UISeCUIM A eis see [52]
TODUStaLee reer eee 12, [68] arvense. ; -10, [52]
Echinocereus sapere [174] laevigatum... “10, 12, 28, [52]
VITICIMORUS eee ent: 198 [Aa EragKrostishameen err neee [68]
Echinochloamasneaeieernicienc [58] TAY ORV Area eee 44, [68]
Grusscallicnee ere 44, [58] Pectinaceayn eet 15, [68]
MULT CAA ees [SSI MERICACHAR Se erin saree [186]
Echinocystis lobata........... [22:21 p|MESRT CARESS ae ene eerie eee [185]
Echinospermum floribundum...(200] | Erigeron.................... [235]
Redowskyi occidentale... ... .[200] acris\ debits... 0.022) se 230)
CUPULGLUIM Ea ete ae [200] Bellidastrumten eee [238]
Edwina ee eau ote ree [139] Canadensis anne ee [239]
Americana ieee 30, [139] COMUS EN Oar ns Mea aus aL aaa (239]
EPABAGNAGCEAB Wane tn Ee {175] COMPOsitUs: eee eee [236]
1B Kalas coy iciee an aMee an MU HAUNT [220] DUNNO SeCLUS Hes eee [236]
black-berried.............. (221] RAE adele ine cigiea Soto 6 [236]
Ox ese see OU 2 LOS] QT TICS RM tet eit avi igs a [236]
MATS Hy ES ceh srs Gne aan aaa [224] divergens..............15, [238]
small-berried.............. [220] EMTS See ee a ae 32, [238]
Eleochanisea eee eee [80] flagellaristasonoeeer ea LomIZool
aciculanissennusriceeinore 11, [80] clandulosustesee ane eeeE 32, [237]
acuminata rt ie ee 11, [80] jucundussaneMne ey 34, 40, [236]
glaucescens............ 11, [80] leucotrichus............42, [237]
PAlustrish yy ecw Cote 11, [80] lonchophyllus.......... 34, [235]
laUcescens-ee renee [80] macranthus.........26, 37, [238]

EE RTULIS HE Sey ee aaa Muted Me ten [80] TTUITAULS OA peers a NL ene eae [238]
Elephant, little red....... 39, [218] melanocephalus.........42, [236]
Elephantellaneunee eons 2Lel TTMTLOR a a ence 34, [236]
Groenlandica.....34, 35, 40, [2 pis] MAUI. soneecoc00cs 32, [236]
Eelam aati s ale ee ate eT Geeta [103] OLEOCHATISHMA ante [236]
ENIAC go) o.o10.4 ano a0 Bop. [103] pinnatisectus...........42, [236]
IDC IWAN, ob ola bo ole bao 50 [103] PUM US ee eae ans [237]
Fe lymisy saree eels [78] PUSULUS Noein ae [239]
aimMbiguusesae eee 27, [79] TAM OSUSMA ei ne 16, 45, [238]
brachystachys.......15,18, [78] Salicinustsseeeeen eee ZOOM IZ orl
Canadensisse peer 12, [78] salsuginosus............40, [237]
Condensatus mane oer nlaSll glaciallis neni ii wes arsiaied [237]
Mialcoumiit syennyan erie 14, [78] Simplex naenenaseieeiae 445 (25.0)
TODUSGUS Ae ets en eae 12, [78] Smithers 36, [238]
StH COSUS Ee eee emo] SPECIOSUS SMe ae ars 32, [236]
Williflorus-aaeeisecere 18,27, [79] SLOLONA CTA eee aerate [239]
Enchanter’s nightshade....... [180] SHULOSUSs o3o.0b 0664 c006 25 volZSe|
al DINE Sa aM Ne noes {180] SUbtrINeRVIsMe ree 32, [238]
ENSIFORMES.......... 18, 19 SUPeEEDUS ee oes ON Zsa
EPIVOBTACE AE Saharan [176] WAUNGIBISs bo ob 4005 0600 noe KO
EB pilobiumeasreeee eee eee {177] UNTLOLUS eee eS
adenocaulon..... NO SOD NI aoYeOre ss cada occ sono bees [61]
OCCT Ent aleMne ee eee (177] Cuspidatay nana ee On Ol]
adenocladonea eae eae ees [LSI GETiogontuin i eae [104]
alpinum en Ae eee: [177] EVEN A bboge ma laiglbra Glog Aine G 18, [104]
anagallidifolium..... 33, 42, aa BORG Saar Nene ne LOA
angustifolium........ [176] crassifolium...............[{104]
occidentale Mannan ae ene {177] eihUS WUT Reiser st [104]

431]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

NEN bilan asidaoor daaaco 18, [104]
VELEMUS ays ete Ss ackeae [104]
Jamesit flavescens..........[104]
Subalpiniimer ase eee 37, [104]
Tm be llatum-aseeeee ere 18, [104]
Eriophyllum lanatum.........[245]
ID MMOs adicaododaacos oo (201]
ALSeNCeUME ene ee hei aici {201]
Idrocbitinsnego dans oe emee en 5S [163]
CHOMMATTIT oS oo 6 ons anos 45, [163]
IDSAPin Lib aolmeede deo domo oo [130]
GUpes tiers vars sede cps) keeles [131]
ASP EGU seater, sro cusranee aise [130]
Gl pestre varies tier oleae (131]
THEO les too EROS EC oon {131]
Cockerellianum...25, 32, 41, [131]
MUL Vall Coys tos cts eey oe ay es alae sc) ois 41, [131]
oblanceolatum............. [131]
ID AYU NMOCOMMscagaadggesugonee (145]
GUT AUEISS Weis eran nar 35, 42, [145]
IDRUOTOMMTTNGS oo Gaga cab oeoo [92]
grandiflorum Barone: [92]
parviflorum....... al [92]
FEESCADE Shy ewe ersyeysi seks tel cis) overeN: 43, 46
Byrcephalusteey yer cceiee een [233]
Bnigelmannitsee see oe 32, [233]
BlAMIGUSSap ite aoas Niekersiee 26, [233]
BP PLOS MSS Soodecaceaasa 5 alN)
MACWEIMNS 5 cone oooeKe 21, [225]
Euphorbia Arkansana........ [165]
CODING POT Bd 6 oe seen s00acC [166]
EMAL Manny vaereosio teres ks [166]
en der abe essseveusha is y-8A cusps sets ({164]
GY POS HEA Bae co bgeceasu se [164]
TULA occ oocnoon es oo 0 allOS|
COI LOS eg DO ORO Oe [165]
TODUSLO isis nT ut EN oGin prone [165]
HM Atins 6 oo 2G ades bose a0 [164]
Sa AODs on s00ccbonocer {164]
MU CULLOS Os ee ea ree [164]
EUPHORBIACEAE............. [163]
EUPHORBIALES aes crieeienee [163]
IDibidoln clnsatnein a aeio Alecia {110}
lanata.. [110]
Bustomaysaumysuericyyraritacser [190]
Andrewsii SAGE easton ee LOO]
IBSISCOMAl yer ey peep eas [190]
Atnidrewsisistyericia scree [190]
EW OCAS IS faye tees ose hers cee eeteve [200]
SETICC AN inka e 32, ae [200]
Evening primrose... . . .(178]
Delavaux sae bcuseae {179]
NAIL Act e Lee Se LLL
FOO Ken Sif hy setae che [178]
SCAPOSES saa yyy ererse eave lees [179]
tooth-leaved! == .3.4-.--.- [180]

WHI GENN corres ira rte Acetone [178]

283

EVerlastinceeenrcr eee Zoo
Pearly yoreein ja nnictecarouheeon [241]
false aeiva actin. ae See [241]
Byolvulissserecenen eee oe [195]
CYZCNICUS Eee eee [195]
Nuttallianus............16, [195]
ABA CHAR Huanias ata.k snr ee [152]
FAENALES 43, 44
IA GALES Seen aenisce ces eee {101]
False buckwheat [108]
COMMON ee eee Pa ere [108]
False buffalo grass........... [68]
False cymopterus............ ({185]
multifid-leaved............[185]
Sylvanite i soir aig ee hae {185]
Hallsetflancsert pase sinseen se eee (128]
False foxglove, purple........ (215]
Ralsesoromuwe lle eye seer [204]
WESTERM Ath vy so srecucereey a foal [204]
Rallsesindi :ox-sfaeeiinie e eee [159]
ww oacoocurss soscans SO
small-leaved.............. [160]
Ralsevoate inertia [65]
LAGS ET ats mee ey ere eee cee [65]
TNOMUMADINS 5 56 dno0ou00 0d ee [65]
narrow.. .. odoae. OSI
False pearly everlasting. pope [241]
False Solomon’s seal......... [ 93]
clasping-leaved............ [93]
Starny iy aetain eae eee eee [93]

False sunflower, five-ribbed.. .
Halsextimothycamne sere ere
Hame-flowereaaecseon ene

small-flowered.............
Feather geranium............
Merm’stsi: fy ivegsiteaee syccs echoes Sj 2

Shieldecsiiva 3. asa poe ee

Hiern WOrts)sys/s sss ser eee
Hescue-grassuy-iiaisy ae
[rGhaley CROWES ema Seles ota oo

small-flowered..
Festuca.

brachyphylla..

CONSULTS eet ey ee 27

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

284
elation canner 14,44, [73]
DIGlEnSISonytiiveriMeree [73]
ingrata nudata............ [74]
SGT NO winlo Sly Sta bid Glegia Alb [74]
minutiflora............. 41, [74]
octoflora 15,18, [73]
OVATIA Nasa Siete Mae Ee aed [74]
Onevapolsa eae err ier (74]
UG GLAY INE Natacha Sa (74]
SUPINA. Ae ena Anne [74]
TAU iGiae A iNade ola bold ore 35, [74]
Lene lla aE eiel dale tenons [73]
AO Enid co ce saw osc booed oc [211]
NCSU Dog cies aapsidd. oH 06 (211]
FIGWORT FAMILY............ (211]
PHONO 5 soohedsoegoob os [49]
LDTItb ee Mig enatanneti cy Sa) ex aibo 50]
fra cilisheeee eerie 22,29, [50]
Finger grass: orto L etl a tala eres [57]
Bienes 24, 31,38, 39, 40
Banlerea ana Gae Oa uRA 36, 39, [54]
Frac aN ar at aa ARCO Aten eC He [54]
Bineweedemeneiniencane cree {176]
narrow-leaved............- {176]
Five-finger............. {141], [142]
BY eb een eID Cuah eM sa nv rahe atc en beat inop [163]
falsene wane An erloceeine [128]
We WSUS EIN Wy Ae At lestatneeu ste bein [163]
meadow. [163]
IO CASS INN GINS dato aiaoold 6. b/0l5 0 [163]
Filealbanesanerisinies 27, 31, [235]

black-headed............../236]

broad-rayedeawne eee een IZoal
CHOICES res ae UNA NES US en [238]
COMMONER A ee eee [238]
COMPOSite sine eile [236]
Galisy Maen pevarlennyaeial shaper [238]
Givercentyse nelle evita: [238]
glandular................. [237]
ice. PSS De ee 2S]
lamees leaved AR NPA VCS [235]
large-flowered............. [238]
ronibU DITA Sia.bis ain Gg osiorelain ido [236]
PINNAtE LEE aA Ee eS
Dleasam ee aa nen aleniae [236]
ANOWARGW bide oda ocimloo doce aolAerell
Then eyoawyaa saa aidedoidwicdio's [236]
STM ee eee a iN) aioe [237]
smaller sence etal anos 236]
Smithyss ary Meee ape note [238]
stoloniferous.............- 239]
Superbyyy sees lei de renedsichen: [237]
three-nerved.............- [238]
three-parted.............. [236]
white-haired.............. [237]
willoweenec eo reet (237]

Fleur-de-lis................. [
Flora of Boulder, Colorado.... [49]

Flowering raspberry.......29, [141]
SAVORY cee eu iaia eaosinaeior eats [141]
Fly-honeysuckle.............[222]
involucrediis je saci oie [222]
Bogetrutt ein sme ercn Gavel [205]
wedge-leaved.............. [205]
Fontinal vegetation. . Boils ZU
Foot-hill cafion society... We Dip 36
Foot-hill flora 9, 17, 23,.. 24, 29° 30
Foot-hill meadow society feats 2A. 2
Forage plants. . lealolal arose Soy ee
Foxglove, false Ge Oh aa [215]
Boxtailie sve sane [59], [62]
abhiel slanenet iar ecn una Stale tl act [63]
SHEEN earner nae eho [59]
Guichen) amieisinemiols ciainlarsic laine [62]
Westerner cee [63]
Vellowease eee [59]
Bragariase rican) eee [143]
Americana eicieeeenin {144]
bracteataeen ss aan caer 28, [144]
elaiucaysi tice. 2 klar nian ({144]
Paucitlorasne eee [144]
proliticas 44a eae Lee
vesca Americand........... [144]
Hragile-ferns4eeeaieeweeer 21, [50]
Fragrant sumach............[{167]
three-lobedixiiekiiaed oan (167]
FRANGULACEAE.............. (168]
Franseria discolor............{224]
Brasera secs h ea ee need ae [192]
angustitoliay.e nie [193]
SPECLOSA aime nA eon teen etapa [192]
stenosepala............ 26, [192]
EUIGIDIVAR A seen: 44, 46
FUMARIACEAE...............[126]
FUMITORY FAMILY........... [126]
Fungi, PaaS AIH i ano 43
saprophytic. . Baa nt pa kcal ihs a9)
Gaentneniasiccueeniaeiad ae [224]
tomentosan sane een ensEi 16, [224]
Gaertneria, woolly...........[225]
Gaillardias eri or ae nner (245]
anistatarcunme mera 15, 19, [245]
Gaillarcdias arate Ss anmeatif
AWE Cee eM ee Si An [245]
Galingale:yiaein crises [79]
Gali: MEA EEE UE ae eae ei [220]
Aparine Vaillantit......... [220]
boreale.............23, 26, [220]
Havitlorumlnre ese 5D. [220]
EnIMOTUIMeeee eee 26, [220]
Maillantiiaeeiaeeiier 23, [220]
Gaultheriay Seer [186]
humitusasse eee [186]

INDEX

285

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1]

433]
WETS ZOD aor 0 36-800 oon a0 06 [186]
CANIIRE as on eo CHO TTC ei om eeont [180]
GOCCINeaMe ny dance pers 14, [180]
Salma reese) cleus eee 14, [180]
parviflora.... 14, 19, [180]
(Gali ine Easioten Geleigaeebiae [180]
Cale ten se iesleteeley cuataccus arian [180]
small-flowered [180]
SIMOO LMM tPA esterase edie {180]
Gavophiytersn\issscienecane [178]
TinWeereNGG FENCES ob bio dia lo os a6 {178]
(Gavophytumen eee [178]
intermedium........... 19, [178]
Gerrans. ieee 39, [190]
meniGaneepeseeaeiopeian ta as [191]
closed...... [191]
Bigelow’s [192]
ATTA Sees ences aier yo nyo veseilel [192]
IRGmAMADUS ocd ugg cn ac {191]
CHB oid oa OS Sia HSM CIERRA E [191]
IPRENOMIE So ola oproblae Osiold de [191]
PRIN SECA Pai att eh a cle ul {190}
eanc ec ea rres tad clita an [190]
showy {190]
Holm’s RUM Ee [191]
LOWES sia eu seve ee ae. ee eitecenciebaks {191}
Oue-Howereduameeacnin dese. {190]
Strict-lowenredsnnss sea) 4 [190]
GENTIAN FAMILY............ [190]
‘Gentiana amarella acuta.......{191]
amoarella stricta.....:.....- {190]
WADA, 6 3.5 d)ad ole Boje 60 bc [190]
IEAM ioocoae cocoooasue solOAl|
GATED RS Ses BOO aE OE ae ole [190]
LCRDO Diss 6 So obd000 80 obon [191]
ORCL ee eee [190]
WIOSHEMaocolscos boat div 6o [190]
CRONIN USA oye erate, retest can wien [192]
DICE] Ova era ager ate. [191]
LOUD aan Eee eee [191]
prostrata Americana........ [191]
ROMAN ZOUUL Ee ee ae {191]
SIVICLUILOT Oe era LoL]
(GENDIANAGCE AR heer ierae [190]
GENDTANAL ESE pe eaenne ner [190]
Genitianella Clementis......... [191]
Geoprumnonsseeee eee [155]
succulentum...........18, [155]
GERANTACEAEA LEE Eee ee nee LLo2)|
GERANTAT-ES eye yaa ep ohare [162]
(Greens go udagoevodooocd [162]

Bicknell nytt eel

PrrQnOrMsiccgdcisscodess 19, [162]

OKLA Sete) ae3 Gee Re Oe [162]
GOCHWARITD oon ccesocosorne [162]
lonigipestae i acuneriee aie [162]

Parry ee oh cane 22, [162]

Patterson eee eee [162]
Richardsonii........ 29, 35, [162]
Geranium, feather........... [109]
GERANIUM FAMILY...........[162]
Gerardiany yy One aR ie) wale [215]
Besseyana.......... 15, 43, [215]
Germandersernen ase cick [205]
WEStER MN al pataeen Wlcers Mas [205]
Gem eiae Seeley chalk an eas [145]
CLLOLUMNS Meer ei eva 1145]
Qregonense......... 28, 35, [145]
INoOssiighuimailiseaeee eee [147]
scopulorum............22, [145]
Suse aos ovodaoeded 28, [145]
LAONUT eee ce oe eo
CATA ac 565000600530 00 [146]
urbanum Oregonense........[146]
Gila ys ris LeU CE ONE gail [197]
aggregata attenuata.........[197]
aucenuatala- mie eee {197]
Collinge yi ime oiocrarohy on [197]
IBY ONCE SECT EEE Ep eee [199]
candid amen eee 19, [197]
INCOUSPICUAEE eee ee [197]
TAO Se eloscalGeke eh oc erel iota che [198]
Pinnatio daseeee eer eee 19, [197]
GMA. oooncotoapocss 19, [197]
Spicatarre circ ethet eu ee [197]
Giltarnyye Sie aea ae seo uasaemiags [197]
acute-lobed........... no oll Z/]|
foothill Be eva [197]
HN CONSPICUOUS Meee [197]
small-flowered............. [197]
Spiked eather sae. [197]
wavy-leaved...........-.- [197]
WT Ge ee ee Ce yee eee 197]
Gill-over-the-ground......... [206]
Glechoma, see Glecoma.
Glecomaete eee eee ees 200
hederaceal-ae- eee 45, [206]
Globe-flower............. 39, [118]
Vid ub WOW tena ner eae a) nal a sie [118]
Clyeynnhiza-e eee eee ers LoS
lepidotalen Hauer [159]
Gnaphalinm see eee 241]
PAlUsStre res Ainslie 34, [241]
Sil phurescensas see eetee (241]
WEGMBSo doce ssvacces 26, [241]
Goatsbeard, yellow......... [255]
Goldiimountaimneee eee [230]
Golden’aster..-20- 4485" 13, [227]
ample-leaved..... [228]
ATIC Hae ei ONS R Oa [228]
Balkerssii (sce ay terrae eats [228]
Caudate sek tia ie detects [228]
Coopers eee e229]
hairiesti3 32s seen [227]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

lanspo Noles oatyorda wahin oti bio /o-4 [228]
Leaty aoa ie eh ccoehs (228]
obtuse-leaved............. [228]
TESINOUS Hae eciyaae aie tae [228]
VilloUStee enero anae keener [228]
Golden currant, long-flowered..[140]
Goldentglows- ener [242]
Goldentrode eee ee 13, 31, [230]
COMUMOMds c¢00000000n0ed00 [231]
decumbent --hqee seme [230]
Giwarrke iss ao rei a [230]
Gwar hiya isms nye wettest eis [232]
harsh-leaviediuicieek sen [232]
hoanyeye lacks vias one [232]
many-leavedeynenaeei aoe [231]
Missouriistouteere eee [231]
mountain loving........... [230]
open-topped.. j...)........ [230]
Daler cate eae aes 1231]
Pitchers acme ei [231]
DRE CELESt ye en uel [232]
SMOOLNESE PEs ee [231]
Stiftsphoalnyeaeeec icici (232]
three-nerved.............. [232]
VISCUM eRe Ei eee [231]
yellowish-gray............. [231]
Gooseberry eee sone. 29, [139]
PUL PUS Soya i scsi erasers [139]
Valle syne ee een RL Onde [139]
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY......... [139]
Gooseloot enc seeiccicets sacioene [108]
Hremontishaea ee [109]
OAT YA eles come auaia ee [109]
maple-leaved.............. [109]
narrow-leaved............. [108]
oblong-leaved.............[108]
TEC epee reece bat tinal saat [109]
WIT EO etre eat et eh Ea AU [109]
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.......... [108]
GOURDIRAMIE VE etn [222]
(Grama-onasshenemneeee eae [67]
COMMONER [67]
jana (eo ug dialon Olio qe gains oa [67]
Grapes aiian Ginianpar elon 21, [169]
Boulderctn cee ra wenn eae [169]
BHKATIOENMGb Gh aancodadoo ae [169]
GRAPE RAMILWe iy riences [169]
Grape-fern, Virginia.......... [49]
Crapesw Oregon nee eer [125]
Grass. .6, 10, 12, 27, 34, 39, 40, [44]
Des eMly aig gous dodo. co msi [58]
beard ennai [57], [63]
[DY Shr oata ts rive ase an Cay tats io ros [64
blue..............[69], [70], [72]
blue-eyed.............. 34, [95]
bristlenniseieerea ern anae [78]
doh era giaicig Mab Kai miow no aioe [74]

[434

brooms eerste 13, [57]
buttalopeePeeinerner 13, [67], [68]
bunchiseenornracoer ,o7, [74]
ID UT ete Wy PSOE TS Da [59]
CWS Gla Gi Maat) AS crtatto [59]
catch thy seit here gama [59]
Cockspurweeemioneee ee oes [58]
COT yea Rye Pn a ae [66]
Crab eeu ae ey ae ears [57], [66]
(oD oaN oie ick ore eal evra cits c [59]
CYIDET Aeun ey uae ete ae ee [79]
Gropsee desta etars miseaiae [61]
Baton averse elcome [68]
FESCUE ye le) Gat eet ena Ons ae [73]
finger [57]
STaimascseidsiaeeeion eee [67]
hair [64], [65]
Ole eee ele a heyhey en [60]
I BaXeh ena oy ia ere sigle cas os [57]
WAsrlona a maraeeier aot a tne iG [78]
jpohobeieryd alain at mtaly Binks olGih [72]
MATS WS cae sev ecto eee ee eras [66]
AMEACWYoccaccvdvovvccs 14, [69]
mele eee CN a [69]
MESGUIE- We eerie een 13, [67]
Miuninalsigaucvaace cece oe [68]
Oa Ee us SOS eS a are [66]
orchard. eos
panic... .. (57], [58]
DED Per NUS ROL 27]
DENIM yee Wem elses retaever stele {127]
POLCUPING AEE eee 13, [60]
DONEMAYo ods c'osinida do.Qa-cn.e 6 [60]
PLAIDLES Aohege Gaenoseseckoee neta [68]
quack. edioc (Z|
Fist Ao ae el ey need aateg Oy [63], [64]
TUSH ice te eee {61], [62]
BY Oeste aay e ioeat alee ne {75]
SAE aise) ay Sieilenet me peeeetete [69]
salt meadow.............. [73]
Skunks Re Pea ee [68]
SPOAL aie) sip hacer larendoieue eta [69]
Spiker ee ME AU NDA an [69]
squirrel-tarleseee eee [77]
Stim oon. Pts ieee [68]
SWite hye ec UNS [58]
triple-awned.............. [60]
turkey-foot............ IS, Sz]
WiHea ER ee ee ETA UI aura [76]
WiHLGLO Wie scl eaeeeu ce mete [132]
Wit Cae RYN AEH gaa [57]
GRASS FAMILY............... 157]
Grass-fenm.. cvaltacuiec cote veut (51]
Grass of Parnassus..... [139]
fimlbriates nae ieee [139]
GRASS OF PARNASSUS FAMILY..[139]
Gratiolayeyn see eas eRe ]

435] INDEX 287

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Wirginianan sence 11, [214]
Great blue lobelia, Louisiana... [223]
Greektvaleniania gee eneeece [198]

brandereelssaneir itt [199]

BURD LEM ae tericeievolesseasiele [199]

SOV S Aarau OO Aes Ae [198]

eNO witssce esuare cusses haslnetebarens [198]
GREENBRIER FAMILY ...... [94]
Green milkweed .......... [194]

COMMMOT Eg .yehevesersee er eye [194]

narrow leaved. ........... [194]
(Graindelial eteryaciegst ors aes wioevens [226]

Pel donae src aiaiercrakeesscos 36, [227]

CLEGLARE ET Tie yercisisiorae cierers [227]

PCKENMISG-piee crevasse 15, [227]

SEEGU lartalecshaa tne ives eieerve 15, [226]

serrulata X perennis....... [227]

Siipal pina see ieee 36, [227]

Weare gayi =. si buelsists\ echo [226]
GROSSULARIACEAE.. ........ [139]
(Gromwe lle cent ravens [203]

IONBGs a6 oo ROS UO OR Ene [204]
Groundiichertyne. 24522-4606 [208]

Genin ono bond sncoesneas [209]

NATTY Relates nee ese Sa, hayes [209]

fongcleavediies ecru tate [208]

DRANTIOso.0.0.0.09 plnide Hoey oma [208]

DULDIE Neer ec sess ake [209]

rroualieEnKaAGk. po onscacabes [209]

Ike] ovata alight Meneses [209]

Waroaiiatenyajacne rt eus cies crete G [209]
Groundhivyeene eee ZOO!
(GiroenGl wos cb noudueboccos {161]

BOuIderntaryucc mt teree crite [161]
Growndiplumemrry sees eee {155]

SGM ENE a5. od. 50 dodoouduue [155]
(Groundsele eerie a 31, [249]

admirable=eeeneermernr [250]

Alpines sieimcch yaecene ose [249]

bashhuless cre cnrec cise ees [249]

|n) Fhweys ac ecetre Ch ee Res [249]

lpre OMS, daonocomanoodcs [253]

Columbianteasee eee eae [250]

Ren dlerisajeistonverisesaice ichcy: [251]

green-flowered............. [249]

Place seein ue hanes oe nee [249]

Harbounmsseeee ee eco rear. [251]

Hooker'siis accion csc [250]

lapathus-leaved............ [250]

leafivaWeeins thew rs waeiehie ere [251]

many-headed..............[253]

DAPSONE, oc codescosoans [250]

Purshisseine eicrcrackorse lorena (251]

ragweed-like .............[253]

Rid delivsssmeniemee ee [253]

bhickishetay sion wernt sie oy are [250]

triangular-leaved.......... [249]

Pnounnip-leavedeneenney-r rit [250]
water-loving.............. [250]
Giimplanteeeeee reer 220)
Bildorar ae ievccenruet teers [227]
CLEC EU sess reuerennee [227]
DELEN Mal Meier teeter ke (227]
Sennulatescce, cpa nce seers [226]
AHO Lone ooo donns occ [227]
MORAN peers iets ee ee [226]
Guimweed= anne nnn 13, [44]
GUNNERA FAMILY...........- ({181]
GUNNERAGEAB AS ree ace ee [181]
GutierreZziaey eee eee ers [226]
longitoliasareeieeiseee 16, 19, [226]
SCOPAatla nee Ee 16, 19, [226]
Gutierrezia, broom........... [226]
longeleaveduaianirceia [226]
Gy mnolomian eee eee (241]
MIKO sdoadagccoce 29, (241]
Gymnolomia, many-flowered.. [241]
Gyrostachsysustngota.eey tin ae [96]
Habenaria Unalaschensis...... [96]
Hackbernyeaceeree meee 20, [103]
veiny-leaved.............. [103]
InENie GIS oo cdocucue0s [64], [65]
tufted eee eee ee ee [65]
FlallerpeStes nicer: fnioiete tokerey ere [124]
Gymbalaniateesan eer 11, [124]
Halictus galpinsiae...........[180]
lanbourias ecient eee [182]
trachypleuraseaeeereeene 25, [182]
Harbour’s hemlock........... [182]
OWATONNA yaa cabooneaac {182]
Harebell?a- see ee ee [222]
IAT CLIC ASA haNa came U eR eE eRe: (222]
Panny Sica opera eeu 222
Flaws vstigsca fischeri 20, 21, [28]
Eero’: aah n)5 Shame eee 51
COORGCDsscbuddnoseoccove [150]
alS@n ie) paeiechstuadesereeonae {151]
Doddds---saseosc Nee tees {151]
WESUEDM 21.) 45 ciate RIE Cree {150]
lARdn@na@.ccacakcoconodg co's cll SG]
Hawikis-bearderceeee eerie [256]
alpine se Wie. yaa ere eee (257]
glaucescen tase eee rier (256]
MATEO Wsleav.ed eee (257]
PELplexingejcri-y tae ene ee [256]
Petioled hee ene eee [256]
HUNCIN ATEN eRee ere [256]
LOOLHEG cee pee ern eens [256]
WESEEDIIS.. Wome RGR oes (257]
Hawkweedtacasececnennr men Zou
Rendlers7 ema ee eine al
Slender. ce isiaen civ eee (257]
white-flowered............. 257

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

288
long-beaked............ 21, [28]
HAZEL FAMILY.. solo sole oll]
Hazelnut, peaked aie cian 102]
TRICE ERIN A ANA aid ale We otal Bicdlad [206]
IEbDYNaney ROA BIEN GG 314 6 dloigia.0 o.c' 410 [186]
Fedeomaninena ei eel [207]
hispidage ayaa aia ncaimeesr 16, [207]
Je DT RIAC RANE sey pubis sie se [181]
Hedge hyssop............... [214]
clammy arene rieicenchete (214]
Hedge mustard.............. [130]
COMMON Saree eerie eee [130]
Redicemetties ener aeeeese 206]
Cra ge ML AUER Ce ie [206]
Helentum sven yer tek [245]
MONtANUMs seis oie 12, [245]
Helianthellaueeeee ere mee [243]
quinquenervis.......... 37, [243]
Helianthustaaqoen nee oer [242]
fasciculariap meee aeoe nae [243]
giganteus Utahensts........ [243]
grosse-serratus......... 15, [243]
lenticularis)..2)...)....15, [242]
CORONATUS eee [246]
Detlolanissaseneeae 16, 45, [243]
phenax.. Bieta is .(243]
DUTT, 3 is\)o page va ao o ioe [243]
subrhomboideus........19, [243]
(OH IGISISS ab do ooecdeaecc6 [243]
Hemlock, Harbour’s......... [182]
Watery huni eA, eis danas {182]
Hemlock parsley............- [184]
Rocky Mountain.......... [184]
lemprelindianta aera [193]
ELE MP AMIL Vere email ir [102]
Rleracleums- sania ecieies [184]
lana enya eineteitiae 23, 29, [184]
Hesperaster strictus........... [173]
Heteranthera yy sees. [88]
IMO Saye Ry Ae ey 11, [88]
eu chieraa nena wee eee (137]
bracteatay an oa aacennis 30, [137]
Leite DET aay ttountaias 6 Wom uibteG 42) [137]
Panvatolials eee set 22,42, 3H]
EN eraciuimee een eee (25
albiflorumane ae: 26, 32, Boat
Render aneneennecne 26, [257]
eracile yee Nan wanaeieaiets 40, [257]
Eierochloeaeee eee eee [60]
Dor ealisn eye suse Weve ain ee tet [60]
odorata s a Mek etait [60]
High ridge flora............. 37
Hoarhound, water........... [208]
Hoanyacresssaarin canis {127]
Holly barberry.............. {125]
Hollyhockeaseemenmanonnrest [170]

COMMON...............+---

Holodiscusss-4aee eee neers [147]
dumosus- en ane ee (147]
Homalobusteaseaeoae eee: (157]
CaImMpestnisv amen [157]
decumbens.............25, [157]
TEXT OSUSISE REDO IE Rattle [157]
Salidaen rn esse 14, [158]
tenellus............. 25, 35, [157]
Homalocenchrus............- [59]
oryzoides..... 11, [59]
Honeysuckle, ffly.. ue [222]
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY... [220]
Dla) oye ecru NEMS CL [102]
New, Mexicosa. arcane ce [102]
Hordeum sane one [77]
PULBUUINNE SY Go gabeocous se 14, [77]
pusillim sean 15, [77]
sativum hexastichon.....46, [77]
IEAM Po doo oos cobs co bo NM), [lis]
COMMONS oboo000¢cqs000b0 {118]
HORNWORT FAMILY.......... {118]
Hlorse-canesnnneenio eee [224]
Hlorsemint.«.) s,s ues eee oe 20M
DEctinaten ene ZOzl
Namaleyisseneoenoee eae [207]
Horsemradishwene eee een [130]
COMmmMon eee ee [130]
Horsetaile aaa cine one [52]
(2) Ca ENS rena erraal aes ennai ea a [52]
HORSETAIL FAMILY........... [52]
MOrse weedeat cee lesol
COMMON Eee eee [239]
iwar feral e ens eau alae [239]
Hudsonian vegetation....... 9, [32]
HUMIDAE................13, [14]
lndiinmUhiSoos seed oobeodonvoes [102
Lupulus Neo-Mexicanus.22, [102]
HYDRANGEA FAMILY.. Ae 1139]
HYDRANGEACEAE.. 4 [139]
HyDROLEA FAMILY.......... . [199]
HYDROLEACEAE............-. [199]
Hydrophyllum..............[199]
Mendlenriernweineieeigs 23, [199]
occidentale Fendleri.........[199]
FivPERIGAGHEAR Aan ee ee ee Lia]
FIVPERICAILES Hey ani eer aie (171]
Eby pericumhner eerste eae (171)
Canadense majus...........[171]
HOFMMOTNos boos oodooduy oe (171)
MAPUS BAe Aes gece 11, [171]
Hyssop, hedge............... [214]
op yaliiubonweacsie meteictaidtaia ait aie edials [96]
Romanzofhanum strict-
(ohne helt nia acinodie 28, 33, [96]
Indian breadroot............ [160]
few-flowered..............[160]
Sihramlwissogceoaougoo.a006 [160]

437] INDEX 289

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1

Indian currant, huckleberry.. .[221] elliptical-leaved............ 150]
MObAVEG 5 sadneedodoogse [221] MaMy=LnUItedeeiedacye ey seer {150]
Incdiangerassere ieee ESralieitinipertee See ia sey ak [54]
MOU CIN GA Ate eam teet oe [57] LOW eet AEH cn cca Nea 20
Indranvhempreeee meet eeeee [193] MUONS Gh obonocodene do [54]
Stam obnswortaeeecieeeaer [193] | JUNIPER FAMILY............. [54]
Unidiarpinkse ys eae eres [21S iONTPERACE AES sae elev leoe [54]
INDIAN PIPE FAMILY.......... [185] SCOPULONAULTII eee [54]
IMMCCENGAs 550 bo coedcoobeo neil) SibDInIGa aeRO 20, [54]
MmtrOductloneaaeeee eee La Kalen sean eine hyp lripotes Aere hii bey {111]
Tonidium lineare............. [2 Kalimiateann seen eee [186]
Ipomoea purpured............ [195] glauca microphylla......... [186]
IT Se 9a gh Batare Ge CE aC ee eREIOnCtS [95] MAcLOp hyllasseeane eee 39, [186]
Missouriensis........... Tal [ROSH || Um@ernseealoc cdc gblowoucdebos [106]
LHS Aa aS BA A ee 224 Doxslikcens eee a tea abita ae [106]
@xillariseerite 12,17, 45, [224] bushy eae sa eae yest ron [106]
xanthifolia.......12, 43, 45, [224] Moupglasissen aca seie sea [106]
Itai Pacobblays wElolnis uu bledee as [206] branched serene ae [106]
DOOM ada wig ae oreo eee ie [167] Pngelmannvsis earners [106]
TWAS IAG TINA Biaala ie nee ena [181] CROCE rM A Nene nun gue tatiana [106]
IDSON IPAM TIONS U oleic oars Ennio [95] one-leaved..... [106]
IXIACEAE..... [95] Saguache... [106]
Jacobysiladdertaneee seen [198] WIdIESOTIS era nance nent [106]
delicate... [198] | KNOTWEED FAMILY.......... [104]
PAITES te ee hee ee [LOST iiioelentalyeeys ar eaters area
SOV ES oe Aa CNN Seal De Uo [198] Chistata-ee sea S427 [OS
JACOB’S LADDER FAMILY.... ..[196] TIGL ayia red Myoeasene ache ale [68]
Jamesia Americana.......... MESSI NKonigasersaen eo se ore ce [132]
JAMIOTAS oS be oe eoe one 29, [139] TAT ELT eee ee 46, [132]
PNTTIERI CAT eee eee [139] | Krummbholtz...........38, 39, [40]
equsalemloak* trac ences: [109] | Krynitzkia crassisepala....... [201]
iiimiSonaweedene nena s cane. [210] TOMESTIS A aly oars ha ieeeees [201]
Joe-Pye weed, spotted........[225] IPO erSOniipe eee ee [201]
IUINCAC TAR SNS ei eo hs [88] CALs e oe acicavoodgaccose (201]
Jlancoidestha sania ei ery XO |) UGE so oos wooo do odouas cade 1225]
Pabvitlonumley eee 2-295 [39] eupatorioides corymbulosa... .(225]
melanocarpumlse) sys ace [90] glutinosasye eee eee 16, [225]
subcongestum........... (91] Gooddingi eee eee ee (225]
SPICAUUTA EE Neer 39, [91] Eitchcockis seen 16, [225]
Af CRAKS hes Bight Wig eee nN es sis [88] | Kuhnia, Goodding’s..........[225]
LNEVOMOUES oacan aden odes 14, [89] Inbtel Coho gocoechaoea as [225]
Balticus montanus.....11, 28, [88] Stickyeenao as ance tee
[DUO 6 Hoe oc ounless dco [89] | Kuhnistera oligophylla........[160]
Gastaneussaneeaeiaei eee ley [9,0] DULDULEG.) AT eae a eae [160]
COMES noagoocds cocoa olZh (IO I IRMA AEISs cigs ciouo boenso solo ol lb
Drummondii............39, [89] tridentata ieee eee [147]
Dudleyiesi teas oll mzaciniarian ene een teeter [226]
ROA ono deovadoseca collet, IK lig listy lisse eee 26, [226]
longisty lista eeneetion 11, 35, [89] PuNnctatamscece eer 16, [226]
MANGAN S ooccosooceccollil, (Oi |) ACARI Le coc édcoulod oc 0d65 50 [258]
IMeqrensianlitissaeree rene [90] Canadensisheee eee eee [259]
MOGOSUSH yea aes 11, [90] LUbeE grata ne eects 45, [259]
PALOUS ence ete eho 35, [90] Mudovicianarencreieeeciecee [259]
Saximontanus........ 33, 35, [90] pulchellayar einer 12, [259]
MOLE y Alessi terse ee 11, [90] Spicatals vrais yon ees 12, [259]
Caplin ocsccecodoosoos 41, [90] | LACUSTRES..............31, [34]

iunebernyon niece 2029] hiMGacustrinesoras seers [37]

290 _ INDEX [438

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Wadies! stressesassee oes [96] prickly java ho ees [259]
narrow-spiked............. (96] Showyctsi. Cea case eee [259]
Vady/sthumbeeewererreeie MO7It Peecocrinumesee ee ene e ee [92]
COMMON a ee {107] MO LtATIULITI eee ee [92]
dock-leaved............... [107] | Ltatris punctata..........5... [226]
Muhlenberg’s............. MON ILFOMEMEGy Cae loo dodo duoceelee 29
Bamblall ee ee yoni eer eee MS Ole etgusticumpem serene [183]
Lamb’s quarters............. [108] ALAMOS eeNiica ves aerator ee [183]
VAMTACE AE ei nti hare ae rae [205] Pontentany..yeee eee 23, 26, laid
Lappulais eine oe Sie eae [200] SCOPULONIUN Eee ene [18
angustata seem enter 2 On (200) i fen A GE AE Sees pinnae 1924
cupulatay: nance: HOM (200) 0 METETADES Te nice aaa [88]
floribunda eee ZOMZOO]e Meilium pee eer ene [92]
occidentalis 16, [200] Philadelphicum montan-
Barkspuragnuceiio eee 34, [119] THT GES es Ba cea 28, [92]
Barbeycci suey iien wir caeain PU ZO TST lycra NENG ME Onis [92]
CANA eM iis ey wele o iteasosnwennnieas {120] Mariposa........17, 18,27, [94]
Nelsons sione ene apie. [120] MOUntaIN EE eee 27, [92]
Renardisn ye iiivci ii acpi ats [120] j OX a a ES ANY ea algerie Gel a 34, [125]
PLAINS EM ech neee eeewerceei a [120] San de cieve cae eee eae [92]
WESEORIG steranever-veniicds miansepeegs AAO)) |), LEM IRAINGIRN So po oaadoooc se bo [92]
Wath ynusieevoiacpeer eee [161] | Lity-oFr-THE-VALLEY FAMILY... [93]
leucanthus.......... 2ilewd/ Spa [Ort a |ieleimanonrchisteee eee eee [95]
Laurel, swamp..............[186] borealis: eee eer aoo ye SO)
ava xialieerciete weer torte (179] laxahl orale eras 22,28, [96]
brachy.carpareenn ee tar ianer [179] SEnICta sae riarei on ene 33, [95]
Weadiiplanteey wer inva cnnaees [159] viridiflora...........22,28, [95]
Leather flower............... [121] | Limose society.............. 10
MOMS TS Weta wtele ns Gee Hee eae Rane [2s etme sellaya eee peer eae [214]
WO Olly. ie Lareico eo [121] EUGWENBISAIab 15 6 66 dl0.6.00.6 10, 34, Cee
Leersia oryzoides............. GD] | ILMNACINND obo odooodEdouso oo [163]
Derm may eke eressieeeneeeashe) ae Re (Siieleinanchussee cence ieee [196]
gibbagrcuncmeca see 10, [87] Hankirvessilsssewi ioc [196]
IMINO LA eoee see 10, [87] | Linanthus, Harkness’........ [196]
BEMNACEAE Sata sce bien [Sidi pleinariase ier eee (211]
Beonurnussssc hen eee [206] Ganadensiseaeee eee 20, [211]
Gandiacaleee een eee AS 206) hl mleinnaecaser rarer tenet 221
Mepargymndleaivie easton {175] Americana ene eee 26, [221]
Canadensis............ Pass SMM Ml bebolibonvcc iy ohota'e Ase nicl bit Ao.aio osc [163]
Wepidium eee eitsp rans [127] Lewisii. . Helen ORLOM ee
divercens:: eee ennai [127] perenne Lewisti i Spat A a
DRAPER AG SAN a a aiete ae g E [127] pratensesir.j scores tr 63]
MeciumMenee Ree {127] Ipsfernel Oe Di ea anna [51]
eptasealn nents sees [138] Fendlertsi yey aeye acces [51]
austromontana......36, 42, [138] Woolly sacs epg aa [51]
chrysanthas perenne 42, [138] | Lippia cunetfolia............ [205]
flagellaristeee tere erick AQ [138] |) Lequoniceswildieess. cele [159]
lnbiecmlbhono Gd oclooon nods oullloksll | VLeads WOATIG4 5 s64 bois baeooe [96]
Weptilom ee ew ae ere pene [239] Mephropny lane Hee [96]
Ganadensevann nein 45, [239] | Lithospermum.............. [203]
pusillumyeaeee AAEe eae Zool albescensen eee re [203]
Mesquerellasvenic see cee [128] ANUGUSLUTOLIUT EER eee [203]
Sheanisa wise coe ekenatare [128] brevitlopumea eee eee 16, [203]
HES EEUU CeO a Rue ete ae Ee [258] canescens. .............145 [203]
commonybluetceuen eae es [259] linearitoliumiyy eee ne [203]
common wild..............[259] | Little red Ane PNG cuhovics [218]

ouisiana shee ee [259] Greelandieieeeeen oneal ZLel

439 |

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

MIVeRWORbeca vanat a wie geheetenes 27
BT sy. icia'ste sonra ha chs sat oy eee [92]
SCLOLINAg | ceed cee 41, [92]
loydia lately vscusdcenctacrvee [92]
HOAGAERAMILAW nue eee an [173]
ILOMGAG UMD bin-nio dle ean OLS {173]
IL@ a ITAR Se eriaer Ges one ress [223]
syphilitica Ludoviciana..12, [223]
WObeliavwcts sins see tidatlos [223]
Louisiana great blue....... [223]
BOREL VAMHAMTE Van an ce sles [223]
WOBBITA GEAR) ics) jccre casts reiticaye [223]
Woco=weedsy. sts e.6 = 13, 34, [58
broad-leaved.............. [158]
GESPILOSE ker ene ces Sane [158]
Geflexedberet ake eases Giae [158]
WamibentiS amen acacia: ce [159]
IGS os ee Oe [158]
RiGhardsonussemeeaceye re [159]
CHEST 5 Souslo.cictas oReDe eee anata: [159]
Holnimisenty ees seen eis tee [75]
lfeallicrimasseeerenere crear 44, [75]
Woman Grate. s sods 2s [184]
Long-headed coneflower......[242]
IDLO W Neer a a iennelacie ads ales [242]
Looking-glass, Venus’s....... [223]
Woosestrifer..5 40-205 .4- [176], [188]
Pring eden ce eue = lca abe [188]
Wane Cre mys rs aint eaeats sen [176]
LORANTHACEAE.............. [103]
IL@ESERWIOito po woe we cEaoo. 34, [218]
CLARA Hain he dua nustereia sutiaaueinns [218]
(Cie Ae oecee ie Pate tc a heed [218]
IBA EYES aarti e Mer aie cranes Suet [218]
FAKEOMOSE>s sooo bo aacoos eco 218]
WOVva gern cuss nasa kites eorenls [183]
ROGtEMSs paca sicko sens etree [183]
Lower Transition vegetation. . 9
MG UGERN ES wares vie seee sp eeteatenie sete [154]
Bungwortercc sce rice een (202)
allpines ye Ne eye eye [202]
STEEMISM LAs pes sre isaevons cierto [202]
airy see al hed hetobey ova cate teeter spa [203]
lance-leavied nei arse en [202]
linear-leaved.............. [202]
DEGDIexi noe et ten eet [203]
Dleasantameterceynce ieee rs [202]
small-flowerede.. se -6-)ee [203]
Pupils ines aaa tae ec ere 13, [153]
Alpine yee ne hears eee erect [153]
decumbentss. en eer [153]
SUVERYcS odcinek [154]

1 et Soe eieantereraniicin a aeciatccotrns [153]
red-stemmed.............. [153]
small-flowered............. [153]
ILW PMN s5 o scocccaccb coco sollilSsill
AEs cooosaoocouoda {153]

201
alsophilus.. 53)
argenteus decumbens.. [153]
decumbens, defecssas eens 14, 18, [153]
argentatus. | 5... 14, [154]
Leplostachs) Smears [153]
DAV OR Semen etter [153]
Plattensismecrraarecie 18, [153]
MUllyaKeRIEGo bo oooaca cence [153]
Luzula melanocarpus........- [90]
spadicea subcongesta........ [91]
SPUCCLG ai rsisy etaye oe sh susterersy eae [91]
Wy Chisels grees sae semen tee (117]
Drummondii 18, [117]
Ey ciuan ey ae cio ve sensei eee [210]
WLS Aes eile clades sees 46, [210]

Lycopersicum, see Lycopersicon

LEyCGOpPErsiCOnner waite [21
Lycopersicum ....... 46, [210]

EVCORODIAGCEAES Eee [52]

ILMCORODWNUDS sod uelocgo ec ne [52]

ILAAOO OGM o obncoo obese a. IS

AMON, condagousc 39, [52]
TSVCOPSISy Ua cleiiie sxe nents eee [204]
AGVENSIS Satara eo 46, [204]
ey COPUS Meir ete sails sete [208
Americanusse secs 11, [208]
Europeus sinuatus.........{208]
Lucidtisn aaa ter 11, [208]
SULUGIUS A HAS Lo ee [208]
WAU Ss gocooneooadvaccos ce All
phleoideswasneee eee eer [62]
Eyvcodesmitase aerate [256]
PACH, cove esono0c ear [256]
juncea.. . [256]
Lygodesmia, large- flowered... .. [256]
rush-like. . Moiiointctoanion [256]
Lyimegrasss yada ieee [78]
AM DIS11O USHA eee [79]
SMOOUCHS 3 fi etnd sane eee eae [79]
SUFIZOSCs5 0 8 Se Ute ee [79]
VALGUS vers susan Aichossy Saw toere tenes [79]
LYTHRACEAE [176]
Lythrum fan sed nee tert [176]
alabums eyo erences 11, [176]
Machaeranthera............. [235
aS Dera dina asrertasionienet 26, [235]
Bicclovienenmneee rere OFlZo5)|
Coronopitoliasen sneer aeZo5)
PAtteLsOni seer eee eee Zoo)
Varian ssi fcc 3s Webs abacheluavarhens [235]
Macrocaly.x-an nee ene ooo)
INwvcteleatiiascnaueieeins 23, [199]
Macronema pygmaeum....... [230]
MADDER FAMILY............ [220]
Miadwortinacanadcce nace [132]
Mahogany, mountain........ 147]

IMMATIACE AE NS Rona eod seeker te [150]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1

2092
Malle-ferneey ss easier as [49]
IMatlloweeeseiicice er eee Ol)
Fallse eevee MN aaa at arte ee [170]
scanletenyiis sie hae ({170]
round-leaved ace [170]
WESEE RI Ae a yi en eal whanau {170}
Whites wisn etree {170]
MALLOW FAMILY............. {170]
Mallia ian ciceiNte Meee ile gay nea 170
rotundifolia............ 45, [170]
MUNN PNGDINONOS SSG Hn Sie abaldod [170]
INVAD VATS ery epslorstebietaier oyna [170]
Miallyais taut tein ernst 170
dissectumen ys enie ae 14, [170]
Manna=orassa inner eine [72]
floating, northern.......... [73]
lo limis aa asia at ie pa Maco e [73]
MET VEC HA ohne te Naa [72]
Miaples siya cnaianl Myr Shean ..21, [167]
dwar ee BUSS Uns aie ian 1
STOO EMMA Mercenaries aa [167]
three-leaved............... {167]
MAPLE PAMILY..............[167]
Messe unsere [244]
fetid.. pinata [246]
FEV aS He RUAN en oa [118]
Mariposa lily.......17, 18,27, [94]
Cunnisonyss panera [94]
MARIPOSA LILY FAMILY....... [94]
Marsh cress, blunt-leaved.... .[129]
curved-podded............ [129]
aI Tey ee hermit sy alanine ened {129]
Miarsh=elderi)js sys inca cee [224]
Bur weeds Ayaan niece [224]
small-flowered............. [224]
Marshvgrasssitallpa sean ne [66]
Marshwmarigoldtee mre aie: [118]
WHILE EIS chews Mee [118]
Mary, little blue-eyed........[211]
Matrimony vine............. [210]
COMMON A Saat [210]
Miaryweedeii eye bsiuarssi unr ae lin [246]
COMMING Graocdododeoosue 246]
Meadow-grass.. 13, [69]
Alpines isteley cia eleee pean anal es {71]
JoXeeVe NINH H BIO Ia ee hi ete Oe [72]
(Oeabee Mitt ee el aie eligi orien cic: G (71]
fair=huedaeei se seer nears [70]
MexOUS ee EAR eevee aes [70]
Ho) EA Sena eb tum ae Oh [70]
AMlan ds ya ON Aue enl rip (71]
long-ligulate.............. [72]
long-pedunculate.......... [72]
MOMMA NG soolsoob so aso ooM [70]
Rattersonisp iar an sepes ae (71]
PLairie ie OR ANE ca heen [72]
Keflexed yA Neh eS a Mana [70]

fel ex0 CA Naas epee Hana MATS \ I [73]
TOUS eleva sack eR ea [69]
RUSH leavieduni eet ree [72]
Salley eA ett ee [72]
smooth-glumed............ [70]
Vialseyis ly sien iA asa [e719]
WeStEEMsa elton nies [70]
Wiheelerist occa merece [71]
WOOG Ay Hace WLU ta {71]
Mieadow-rues peer [125]
BendlernisheyQusn ann san in (125]
pPUuTplisher yy were eee [125]
Meadowsweet............... ([147]
ushy...... (147]
Medi cya Ue AAD [155]
1aX0) ODS eat sem HATA GH) [155]
Medica ei ai ha ae UASu eae [154]
SAtiVvaan en ehe sees 44, [154]
Miedicag ov asn aise hate ei aoe [155]
lupulina Rea etary SCA 215, Lars)
RYT MOA MA et a tata te [154]
MELANTHACEAE............. [88]
Mielicaia, } 25 So eeu UR Saad [69]
bella py ncoeise cee ane an ean 25, [69]
DULDOSa RE Se Ee [69]
Melic-grassaee ene [69]
IUNTXONOSS J 6sabcatoardcness [69]
Mello tai iie rary UE oe [155]
NINO eal iguacatacneta a ally ereuareca i (155]
Melilotusheenenee ron ne (155]
all Dar Rye A au 45, [155]
Oficinaliskeese ee eee 45, [155]
MENSALES Hees nlne seer 9, [17]
Mentha ee ia Ae [208]
arvensis Penardy ........ [208]
Renardithwrava seri ente 1, [208]
spicata.. iersan testa nig [208]
ULTLA TS oteser ene EN AA a [208]
Mentzelia albicaulis . oe Al
albicaulis integrifolia....... [174]
decapetalas nen ee [173]
AUS Pensa ree aay ue (174]
MULT LOZ eae [173]
CU TENCHRALEANS emi nsaryes uae aN aia [173]
ODay Oe dighiodia big oe [173], [174]
SPECLOS Gina) etna nel Ain Can [173]
Mentzeliaseene nna eet Lis]
broad-leavedsa see [174]
entire-leaved.............. (174]
white-stemmed............ ({174]
Mierathrepta reece [66]
Californicaseaee eee ene [66]
intermedia............. 33, [66]
Spicarta) je Mehaes eames 15, [66]
Meniolixtvenanyacstace earns [180]
Sernulatase ee eee eee OM ool
Mertensiay i eee aes [202]

441]

INDEX.

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Alli, can coocas sacos 0! | ZO
EMianYoycha¥ ect ous) ONE aacts Boe (202]
lanceolata... ..-- 23, 29, Be
lateriflorav a ais 2ecler actise [202]
MINE ATISNa ea cae 19, [202]
MICLantharyepryer ene seats [203]
perplexainn sa eislscheie 42, [203]
polyphylla..........37, 42, [202]
Punctatar meyers cine 29, [202]
Secundoqumpeee seen eee [203]
Wate GDI ELS oo cis bente nig aus a eis 29, [202]
Miesanflorar/s 22s 18.08 SAGAR 9, [17]
Mesa cafion society... ...18, oie [28]
Mesa meadow society... : Ae {18]
Mesquit-grass............ 1 aat [67]
COMMO Tete ray aie [67]
hairy.. [67]
Cal DW erettvak st citiayissci sia eee eet [67]
Mexican) poppy-s-4J- skies ee 13
Mitcramipelisseerinmen eae (222]
LOD altaya ptescrsnpe seat ase 45, [222]
IMircranthessery arenes eran ae [137[
AL Utaee OO OM OOM LSS]
rhomboidea......... 39, 42, Heel
INiicrOStenismenec ates [196]
VGA MEIB gocccebecanccs oe 196]
Microsteris, small-flowered.. . .[196]
Wihibionl, Werc6 5 doc Foe oec 10, [181]
Milk vetch.. 34, [155]
ADIN er pasciere he eeu since chars [156]
Hauspie seve steccussy nl ve Were [156]
Canadas gas eisreyesinistolek (155]
decumbent-sere ere 157]
Drummondisss-e yee [156]
HeExiles aunts a cmaaee et [157]
MOMMA ee [155]
IBArryase nay vate cit eye aye {157]
DIAINSEM LR Ee ae ee [157]
FMAM rerio non amie e tO crororole [156]
DUTP learcaletoes phew shaveeny Savona [156]
Salidasrer-ettepet atari {158]
Shamim Seyeyae oper eee sees [156]
Shortissyasccsace rae {157]
slend en aediisicce cae (157]
Gul N Ro sookcoucoecanco solllS@|
three-fingered.............[158]
Malkweedie cava vorecsyetsieos ees [194]
Ghigid oid noemeeo ee mee nos [194]
PTEEMSy4 yc epse rane [194]
short-crowned [194]
SHO Wiyicpretorderatoy aes tee eee tate [194]
SWa1l Dace ricer {194]
MILKWEED FAMILY........... (194]
NMilletwitalian eerie [59]
IMM. bes bobbie bodase oes 213]
HOLDING USee eee eee 11, 29, [214]
Geyerige es Ga see 11, , [213]

293
ISIN TIE G ng, croveebre aicteeentrl sic 23, [213]
NOGLOS Bac.3 10 60.6 100 6066 BGI04 3 [213]
Wangsdoriineeeea ee OMe 2 Lol]
AMET OG ees spar ai stiaea alstisenionse (213]
NUN OVATE Ao [213]
puberulus........... 34, 37, ae
IMEI NESS Spscavetaieie aecei el asshole (20
Renardists eave eee Bae
Mistletoe) smallies essen: [103]
MISTLETOE FAMILY.......... [103]
Mitella pentandra............ [136]
SPRATT Sos coeedoos oe se {137]
IMGT OO) ese pis-ouoc odne be as [137]
narrow-petalled............[137]
Mollugo....... sp Mae aika (ube ny paees {113]
werticillatan sme eee 45, [113]
Mionardas sane is eee [207]
menthaefolia..........- 26, [207]
MO] TSH meas oa 26, [207]
INCE 60.06 66:60 9.6 02.0-4 80 [207]
pectinataseamet aor 16, [207]
Ramaleyi-eaycrsa nese [207]
SELIG Ay Vee eee eae (207]
Moneses sii etyatve anaes [185]
uniflora sae le eee [185]
Monkey-flower............-. [213]
Geyen'sire aia jee ee [213]
ase ans ee a Seer aera [213]
angsdorfs seer (213]
Small Vek a esesiee eee ee [213]
many-flowered............ [214]
puberulentseeeerie eee [213]
Monkshoodeneeninaeieneee 34, [120]
Colimbiaeeee eee [120]
ochroleucous.+-.5--.2.-4.- [120]
POrrect= 245 Ho aoe eee {120]
SHOW yserseuceh otf eee [120]
MONOCOTYLEDONES.......... [55]
IMonolepisse see eee LO
chenopodioides............. {110]
INtttallianaseee nce [110]
Monolepis, Nuttall’s......... [110]
MONOTROPACEAE.. sao eal lilS]]
MONTANAE.. se acoesy (SO)
Montane bog association . .31, [32]
Montane flora.......... 9, 30, [31]
Montane forest........ 31, 36, [37]
Montane lake association. .31, [34]
Montane marginal vegetation. [34]
Montane meadow.........31, [34]
Montane rupestrine society.... [35]
Montane stream ass’n..... 31, [36]
Montane subzone...........- {31]
Montane sylva........... 31, [37]
Moonworte- eee eee [49]
Moxningiglonyeceiei ree [195]

COMMON. 3 ee w=

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ }

204
MORNING GLORY FAMILY...... [195]
MoschatelQannnennicne rie [222]
MOSCHATEL FAMILY.......... [222]
Miossesiinit yah tiie) aaa a 27
Motherwort...... (206]
COMMON Ae ee [206]
Mountamntashseeee eee eee (151)
Rocky Mountain.......... {151]
Mountain avens.............[145]
PUEple eRe Re ee [145]
three-flowered............. (145]
cunbinatey Mey nee ee [146]
WES a ete RT AUS Shahn aa [147]
VITO WEEE HAM Pa ent Aaa Su [146]
Arapahoewa anna e nie [146]
Mountain caraway...........[182]
obovate-leaved............ [182]
Stemlessenee eee ae [183]
Mountainidaisyserenenennne [239]
NOaTy aij valerian eee [239]
Mountain forget-me-not ....[201]
Silvery ye etclavee yee eae (201]
Mountaingoldl) Soe) es [230]
Barry eS st Nant cee p aps [230]
Mountain mahogany. ....20, [147]
smalll-leaved see entenee {147]
Mountaintnute eee eee (201]
NAMES KSA ai AAS Ne [201]
Pulvinatese eae eee [201]
VIR gate avi N anew) [201]
Mountainirices pee ene [61]
SI Rey Bin HN ai cee [61]
small-flowered............. [61]
Mountain sorrel............. [105]
Mouse-ear chickweed.........[115]
WEAMse beadooessove nba ols]
Mouseytallae eee an [122]
Dealkedd is Oey Ne a Sie tsa {122]
Mudiplantainey ane Sol
HimosesAy sence [88]
Mudworteeneenonee eee [214]
EGIMENRISS So acacudbu sabe 34, [214]
Miugwortipe ee eee [246]
al pin ee Sen a eas [247]
PEAT Cae Ae wee lesa [246]
Miuhlenbergialeee eerie [61]
cuspidata seen 15, [61]
filitOrM See ee ee 33, [62]
glomeratas eee [61]
Sracilissmy sano Les 25, [62]
TaceMmosawuee eee 11, [61]
Richardsoni soe Koall]
simplex) hyo aus 33,35, [62]
Mallen ea yan iniaht pees 211]
COMMON eee ees (211]
paeCold eg inimenaemrare muainey ariel rity 2 [211]
Min roantsiicieninnpiin aan these tehrmn [68]

squarrosa..............15, [68]
Miunnrolsigrassy eerie een [68]
IMUTSUNEOM ccoooocodadodce os cos

divaricatum. eee ee LOS
Musineon, leafy............. [183]
Miuskroothnisskice ie eee [222]
Musquash root, western...... [182]
Mustard seen eye ene {131]

latches Ree ho ny a [131]

hed ey) yeaa ons ana [130]

Lindiaini eyes rn aera ae a [131]

LENG NAsclaa Pale nea se Gaicis uate b [130]

treacley Aa ie ieee eee [130]
MUSTARD FAMILY. .......... [127]
Myagrum sativum. ......... [128]
Miyalonunpeniany pena ae (128]
IMGYORUWIAEEhes gods bop obSobobec [122]

apetallusi cepaecie nie acts paar [122]

GAVOMSsos00c80q00000800¢ [122]
Myriophyllumaa-eeeaeeeene {181]

SpICAGUIMN Eee 10, [181]
IMEI RIND 5 55.06 oad ooo o0 {176]
Nannyberry............:.... (221]
INEASENTMIINS Cobo gobo bob Uo DOE [128]

AVAWOMEHO> fo 3500600450010)

GUBIEDEPacc59 05 00b00Db005 {129}

[BSDWIOS 09-6. 6'9'9 5.6.0 010.0 0G oe {129]

Nasturtium-aquaticum...11, [128]

ObLUSUTIRA Rae cee [129]

OQUPCHHM2.5 Joico sehoocsodeese [128]

RUED Bo soocosobecediocco [129]
Negundo aceroides. ......... [168]

NCB s.0000 6006505000 colll@S|
INGmexda a2 bith: ses ee [94]

henbacea) melicanmccaaeeeee [94]

lasioneuron............ 22, [94]
INE peta eae ak ates (206}

Cataria... [206]

Glechomanene ene eee ee [206]
Nettle ene ae a neae {102]

(a L320 |e rre l aeraneg ee ene [205]

hedge... . [206]

Slen'densvaeh ie eerily ae [102]
INR IVAN ica ool oo oo co GO [102]
INettleispurgessncn seen [164]

branchin gene ecioeeeecines [164]
New Jersey tea.............. [168],

Kendlerishie aussie [168]

hainyeeer {168]

Silkishye nag eis ea eee [168]

varnished.......
NEw ZEALAND SPINACH FAMILY[113]

INicotianasne see eee ALO}
attenuata rer rnneneie (210]
Nightshade seems heretics [209]
burycommons ieee [209]
enchanternSiacomnoee eee [180].

443] INDEX 295

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

inland a.4 it ee atseuereite [210] borealiseet ene ee eee coool
three-flowered.. .......... [209] mephropliyllaseseeeeeee eee [96]
WillOuSs) ancien nsec PO RO pulastersaseeceee tere [140]
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.........[208] WPODABT BS scdobdodscadcsass [140]
INimesbanicsSan semen reriere 21, [140] glabratusteeeen ec . 28, [140]
glabrousis. issm aac rioe {140] intermedius......... Oy, 28, {140}
AMtCLMedIAtes see eee [140] Missouriensis....... . [140]
Ramaleysshecas sence sere LLL Ol MONO Gy S eerie 28, {140]
POrrey/Sios cece some ees [140] Ramaleyitenes sere 20, 28, [140]
Nodding violet.. 22.5. .s460- 26 hO puntiageeem see eee 175]
narrow-leaved. ...........[172] fragilistysteascrsse sae 19, [175]
INothocalaiswanaeaees eee [257] Gréeneleeehist sos oe 19, [175]
GUSPIGataryscicuslncis oe see [257] (PAE TSOS J iciecaoo0808 085% {175]
Nuphar polysepalum......... [125] MLeSAcanth asm eee 19, [175]
INUttallia ye saey estes ae oe ete [173] Greenet nen sone [175]
decapetalay ss caine ses oees [173] polyacanthaserin- sae 19, [175]
AULA OLa ae seye oie ee [173] ROS MESCUI AN eee eres iio)
SNGEIS" S Sio tone oI eine cme [173] Ghodanthasnne ee eeprom iS)
SIMUMAtAs) eres se acacia stharaleve | |) QHURMWNDE 5 ooloocoosuuasoe [173]
SPECIOSAls nats trom Aeiecat eee (dS ROracheta nae sere eee [110]
SEMIC tana cyst eis edi cee [173] Mesh yeti oracer eee: [110]
INvcteleaiasaccics Acad vc eeeeas [199] Pardeninsvea aes seiacun one [110]
INiy ti Ae ale iliac) a <aituses vase [125] SilVeryeoyesies dace Meee [110]
Polysepalas-n ease 34, [125] WESEOD Desc us cy cnntanees ancy en rae {110]
DAE NAD eisicne isle wainrs eee [OSi# MOxchardicrass eerie [69]
COMMON Naar [65] COMMONS Ae Lee eer [69]
LAISE Nahm cm evceean (ie eva eee [CS]t | RORcHIDACE AES eee [95]
UTP lever cveracveysewveucia revert [CS] R WORGHIDAEES See ee [95]
pW Ll Seen eres see Jone hcceanreeas OS |) Orel cote snlacécccescsne 2
Q@at-rrassawilduean see lool BOS ze cutee ree ee il, Pf
Odostemoneenenene renee 251s ROrchistboceeeem ere [95]
HPO Bo oc s'co0ecan0 0b. {125] Piper Stake ae ee [96]
iaolanHan Ebomonmente aoe 2525) RORGHISEOAMIN Vere eee [95]
@enotheray SoMa eee: Mish) Oregon! erapess-- ne eenee ee (125]
albicaulisan ci ere [178] CREEPING sca cis lee [125]
brennis hirsutissima........(178] | Oreobatus..----:---+-----.- 141]
SEED OS Onc oe Ne [178] deliciosus.....20, 22, 25, 30, aa
RUSCH. 5000000007 0006 [SR ROreobroma--neenee eee {11
GOYONOPUfOld. 24-42-22 {179] Py emMaca eee eee 41, {114
LOO Ker setae stasis DAS) WOMSOCRINEl o Gc Sccdnadsocssuc (201]
MONLAN GN Payette eee [179] pulvinatatny vase eee (201]
INPUT io bon ee ede Goue oe ob [179] Sufinuticosas. see eee 2OLi|
PUL GMFICC i ae) ee [178] Wireeialsorade coe cede coo cl, Oil]
SOMMULGLD =, cvsiarereie oe ei yes SO} || Creoeerpsiinticosnocoasccense [230]
SETS OSA seis ae terial tole 14, [178] Bannyinnecscn ene 26, 32, go
Oligoneuronte-- eee Zoe lle Oxnnamentala plants see
Ganescensia-)4-1s- see 15, [232] | OROBANCHACEAE............ p19}
Onagra Hookert.............. [SIR hOxophacasese eee eee eee [158]
SUALOSOs se) ih tonaese ei ee [178] tridactylicas-meeme eee {158]
Onions facies ee (SU \MOxpine se atecin eae 29, [136]
WAL step cccssircesrsrsoreOsatslerns [91], [92] narrow-petalled............ [136]
ONION RAMILVe eerie ae [SU] | MORPINE RAMILYA. 4-5 see ere [136]
Onosmodiuneeeee eee ere ZO MOxthocarpusseeere eee ee [219]
occidentaleseninmeneeia. 14, [204] luteus yee eatin ee 16, [218]
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE........... [49] | Orthocarpus, yellow.. . [218]
OPHIOGLOSSALES............. EN || ORAS Ecco co coondndesese [61]

206 INDEX [444
References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

micranthaswrodecc ook 25, [61] SOEs ob odaabobooso ss (57],
@Osmorrhizanyaye ee nee [182] SCOPOTLUTI NE EE ele [538]
longisty lish in eis san sae 23, [182] Scribnerianum............. [58]
ODtUSA sms emaseuteey: 23, [182] Tennesseense.............. [58]
OXATIDACEAE Satan eee [163] Vingacumse eee eno 14, [58]
Oxalisistractay eee [OSTh WRalpaversias nee eee [126]
Oxeyerdaisyseaeecivere ice [246] ATL eeMonen errant: 46, [126]
COMMONER [246] | PAPAVERACEAE.............. [126]
Oxy polish anna serena [183] | PAPAVERALES............... [126]
Fiendilermeyeyaen teen 33, 37, [183] | Parasitic plants.............. 43
Oxyriaig Nee Saya [105] | PARASITICALES........... 43
Gigynane eerste terse AAO Sil Rarasitessste ee eee eee 43
Oxytropis deflexa............. [SSR tParietariassseeee nee ee nnee [102]
TOA AA Ol BOO LIS NO8 [159] Obtusaeee asereaeeas 22, [102]
MUULLLLCED SHAR eae ere [158] Pennsylvanica....... 22, 30, [102]
MLO ue anne [USS a vBarnalssiaeee nena eas [139]
SCKECEC SEPA AEN A Ye art RONAN [159] fimbriatay. eens sen 33, 37, [139]
splendens Richardsonit......[159] | PARNASSIACEAE............. 139]
Oystersplantyaree eens [255] | Parnassus, grass of........... [139]
OZomelistp se noe ae [Sila iearony.chiaewe yeaa (112]
stenopetalannti eae [137] Jamesins su yen ee 15, [112]
Pachylobusthiinietre secre [179] pulvinatals anon eee 41, [112]
HIGSUGUS ease clonal DD eRarsleyaenear seen eine [184]
macroglottis......--2...40.% [179] Grays es ane eal a [184]
MONCAMUS tenets {179] hemlock 3 [184]
Raintibnush eens pen eee [215] | PARSLEY FAMILY.... ({181]
Painted cup........... 1S P27 M2 ola barsley-tern ea erie [50]
Arapahoersovsnisiia <tcseieey vee [216] ROCK ee APU ec SURRY a [50]
cockscombinmenine eae: (ALO Wi eevee seco edah cco oa ous [184]
Copmingaalvios a aipaou ode solo [216] GOMNIMG Rs soopeasoracocooose [184]
entire-leavedssnnicnei eee [216] cow.. Ba a a [184]
lance-leaved............... [216] Wal tera Wire schaumaste MILE Ve VaNe ee [183]
Rhexia-leaved............. [216] | Parthenocissus vitacea.........{169]
SUDERLIne MAROC een [216] | Pasque flower............... [121]
Sul ph ura Herp lence [216] American senor teie {121]
toad-flax-leaved........... (215] Jo}Ou coil PRIaNEMIB ATU Ie Bibldta ein ah [121]
mpi a bo sana daneon oe [BiSl| | PASE obs duocedsboc oe [184]
WEStERM ennui rae: Cuevas [216] Sativa: is. sisi 45, [184]
Mello went VAL aurie nays [216] i REACH MAMET veso0 tee esl oii
PALUDOSAE ............ SiS 2u eaten prickly aan any a aaa [175]
Paludose society.............. 10 | Peraly everlasting........... [241]
PAGUSTRESHe ede) solotacneienienou 10 Parl Sere aA ORLEANS ena [241]
Palustrous flora..........,10, 37 suballpiness ana eee (241]
RANDANALESS aspen ieee [SSIil tRediculariare seme nae [218]
Panic-grasseeeen eee ener [57] Grayi d’a\g bo Heyyy Soy, [SI]
Seribnenisy rier sheets ou [58] Balerya steerer ee de tauoes 40, [218]
Tennessee ic ede ee [58] DYOCETON ant ickalee eu NC ane [218]
Raniculaniaseeienoeeeee ene [72] PAG SNO cio beduoce buco 32, [218]
Americanaleiscviy ae cia 11, [73] scopulorum............ 42, [218]
borealis enero LIS plRectianthiareen ean nme e ee [136]
JE bitiG GaSe oso men b eS 28, [73] pentandra....... 33, 34, 37, [136]
NenVvatayeewerne Heda Summ izih Me llit one at wae [102]
Panicumsniyeyaeue Se ae (Sz obtuse-leaved............. {102]
Capillanesiec cores 44, [57] Pennsylvanians csieiseeeies [102]
ABTESEE Mies oven eee [SSiti@Rennyjenasssey eens ees (127]
occidentalevyas aij elon [58] Coloradote Syst ya ake ai (127]
(CATS COHIS 5 Gig 6 B.ca elo om olo¢ [57] fel dea oO es Mein ae ea NTA

445]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

INU EteULIYS Mitbs yatrsrc sreseienepeucteee [127]
DEEDES Syaoobonomeseee oe [127]
Renmyroyalleriece.s cee ctaee [207]
LVGiOsb. o.d-cig EGR RE See [207]
IPEDESEEMONG.\4 ie0s' = ess ioc ses [211]
AIDS epee es. Sav e)e) 3 26, 31, [212]
GONG. co.cc odondo dO so bOUE [212]
labersalpinuss .2..4..0 2 4. [212]
PH ALIGUS Step soerevexeus's midusiocete (212]
stenosepalus......... 42, [212
MACIGs64 00 dod bees 19, 26, [212]
uma lisseeee eee. 16, 19) 26, [212]
oreophilus.......... 26, 32, (211]
LOCELUS semen oer cis) sis tensveres sie [213]
TOTES sooo boo ete eee (212]
LSS al DEI ett bon colgled BIER eee [212]
secundiflorus........16, 19, [212]
unilateralis.......... 15, 19, [212]
IREppemerassMpe ic oka (127]
ivergentacnniicccts sis. ec {127]
MACHU, 5 4 podeobbee eee oe {127]
eran iinepe ret acios ail acteclc ne [97]
QAIMVOCES 4 6obceobooeds 25, [97]
[RET IOI ciao cia poe ee ee [135]
SCLRUIACUIMIS ese cies cne [135]
alloiiemnan, ) podgocucouecdae [135]
IPEEICAT Egos oc 6.6 id Gee Dae [107]
GHIGIEESs oslo OO COO OU Or 11, [107]
lapathitoliaaeeeee cee. 11, [107]
ersicaniansperinnecinw a 44, [107]
DUM oo oobo0nKOnOE 11, [107]
ESEG ELevece sus ence ore cbetat letersi. ele [169]
quinguefoliazeenneecria eee [169]
WCC po boo cose 12, 22, 169, eh
Betalostemonmene none asc a: [160]
gracilis oligophyllus........ [160]
oligophyllismes sy. 4.5 0s. 14, [160]
pubescens ee weciee 14, [160]
DUGDULCUSHAe eee ee ae 14, [160]
ULOLECE ES IEEE er he eee [160]
TPERNSTCS 2 o Glove Os rCROS oi ar Ea [248]
SACMELAL Ary a erusishe aevencaaee [248]
SHED GAMIS 666s bo0bb0c0000 [156]
SILEDLOS Cote iensy sve lepareval en) aceite [156]
BAGEL Aros ierses ches seseun wictonas [199]
glandulosavaneneisierinc 36, [199]
heterophylla......... -..19, [199]
hencopbyllaseerrnieeecie ee [199]
Neo-Mexicana alba........[200]
SEMLGCE Ms necilc ty Ve aians sans ateresiens [200]
phaceliatie were crcton Gials so nes es [199]
glandinlarseerirecirttirs 36, [199]
New Mexican, white.......[200]
Silky aiians Se cists gees sree [200]
various-leaved............. [199]
alaTisacern sexes rere eeaie er [59]
arundinacea............ 11, [59]

297

hanerogams spreader 43
Bhanbitrs eerie [195]
RUS Prd Ns yvueuss) c/s ions e fetes [195]
PULpULea ere torcclor 46, [195]
Phloem ey yy warera cla chee tees [62]
al lpinuimeneeeeeeeiee 33,35, [62]
Pratense:srieeieii eis 44, [62]

Led U lop aA R NN athe ote chee enka Stas [196
depressassieiieisinavenions 26, [196]
longifoliapeeeee eee [196]
MUle OLA eerie oe [196]
GEPTES SAIS Mi tiarelsetn naire [196]
Bhloxe taco ic eee [196]
long-leavediyeisasccocine ie [196]
OW? seas eu ctenaa aicketotkeianeeiees [196]
many-flowered............ [196]
Phracimitesseeneee eee ene [67]
COMMUNES EECA ne [67]
Phragmitessyeeeri 21,22, [67]
Phy laa aceiecalniy on a aes ee ne [205
cuneifolia 11, [205]
Phy salisteeeeey sae eee [208]
COMMENE a AdGCGoSO oO bb Kodo 209
heterophylla........... 45, [209]
lanceolatamer nr eee 14, [208]
OGTECHT obs cenn00ba0060 [208]
QD LEN Scns S Oromo that oer [209]
longitoliaeaneeReenee eee (208]
ROcuNGata- serene 16, [209]
War ciniananeren rire 15, 45, [208]
Physaria2 ei ocp su erga ({128]
didymocarpa...........30, [128]
WOAMOINGES so cueccccccs 30, [128]
Physiographiyaeeee eerie 1
Picea yo eiashinc aaa ee ee [53]
Engelmannii. .24, 31, 36,37, [53]
Rarny ana eeerie As) Sil, ISS3|
DUNGEONS A). /zcpetae eye [53]
PICKERELL-WEED FAMILY..... [88]
Ricradeniopsis:-6i-) nee rie [244]
eppesiiolie: aa
Pigweed.. [108], Loa

GOUMMIO TN: AUER Ee

Powell’s. Peet
prostrate. . MR Hinata nines Burners [111]
TOUPD seye circles elon oem [111]
WihikE Yeisen oars {112]
VEU OS conboodaoa econ oa lilOy|
Rin-clovenseeoee ee eee Losi
IP RINNE G5 do ooboucopoo dea. [Sel
PINABES Syrians rele bred eee [53]
Piney elas sevieaierebeas 24, 31, [53]
IGS 6 coc 20, 24, 25, 31, 43, [52]
Gembrarnwnliny cethvasceie cane [53]
lodgepole. . . 30, 31,43, [53]
Rocky Mountain white..31, [53]
PINE FAMILY. 2 ee 1S6)l|

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

298
PINGUIGULACEAE. yo: sass [219]
Pink, Drummond’s.......... [117]
PINK} RAMID Yen iia. pahy miei tr {117]
Pins stata aires [53]
contorta Murrayana.. .[53], [103]
WLERTLS PANINI erie Oe Nera [53]
Murrayana.. .24, 25,31, [53]
ponderosa scopulorum.. [53]
scopulorum 20,24,25,31 [53], [103]
Pipeniassnor cen cesooo eee [96]
Unalaschensis........2,25, [96]
Pipers orchis\sacciey ee eae [96]
iAilais kalnyeye irae secu han ieee [96]
Pipsisse way y)-/ijlersedee curse leniele [185]
umbellateiwaucie cineca Lool
Plainsitloraeeeiaeeotnstniae 9, 10
PLANTAGINACEAE............[219]
PLANTAGINALES..:.:....-... [219]
Blantagoee ance aceenas (219]
lanceolata. ~ 2... -\-).. +... 45, [219]
MAJOR.) jancsran nee 45, [219]
Balgsonieg, SEs [219]
Purshii. . Beenie arla (219]
Blanca an ere nere {219]
COMMON ees acinar (219]
IB Aca dsWacu cas aln aos [219]
FoOUTTO RANG MUNN Terma a aN RUA [88]
LEAD ec) NSY LS sane yen otellazataie cts ic [219]
rattlesnakes ive amieene cele [97]
PLANTAIN FAMILY............[219]
Pleunogy ners acne ee [192]
fontanaryaaeniia cates i ats 34, [192]
rotata tenutfolia............[192]
Pleurogyne, fountain......... [192]
JET iNoolap ayaa Mig mtaane ela esta BB 20, [151]
American wild............. [151]
hfs onic aps oonueios oa oc {151]
WAKO bo ua a ioioidinislG de Sic Oo\nls 28
An ericantnmaane mci {151]
1 ELOY Va UMS SAN ale) cee el donde [69]
allprcolayene ian aan ian 39, [70]
alpina swine 37,39, [71]
CHO Blan UO Giosieia sae aia 8 [72]
ANIM Uae AU ie yaar ne abe 44, [69]
Cdestastractiora a ee aL]
callichroa tend eioee eels {70]
CeNnisiagy in aaen eerste [70]
ran UNE aca ae a 44, [70]
confusa.. is .15,18, [72]
Crocata-eeeanrine 15, DEAL [71]
flexuosa... A . [70]
INteHIOT eee 14, 18, 35) (71]
juncifolia. . Suites "15, 18, [72]
GK AG RY ARES Aah eal dy pia PAC AL ta [70]
leptocomaiquneiniee 35, 39, [70]
longiligulay ones POE NGAI
longipedunculata . 27, 32, 40, [72]

Occidentalissenn4 ae eae {70]
Pattersonii.. pede AOA TAG
platyphylla.. Paella aie 27,37, [70]
pratensis........ 14, 35, 44) [69]
pratericolawian ence ec [72]
pseudopratensis..... 14,18, [72]
Tenlexalenne einen 32, 35, 39, [70]
FUNG Seo Ob bao Rd ooo ot [71]
oan ALANS UN IU GAT ea 40, [71]
serotina.. [70]
triflora.. LB aM 18, DR. (70]
enivaalish eng e e e yet 4, [69]
Vaseyanai een 33,35, [71]
Wiheel erie en a ea [71]
RONCE AEN ia Ulva hee anata [57]
TEXOVN GA DSR ane Gyamesi HRS lea [57]
Pomsettiann vane ae [166]
cuphosperma.: scene nine [166]
dentata ye oe aaa 14, [166]
Roisonycamassteeennnnerinnaee [88]
falcata cry Ob raie easiness [88]
IPOSON INAVoo odo oso dodo dcl06e (167]
Ry dbergisewee pase maces [167]
Rolainisia eeepc ie tons [135]
trachy Spermannnie reels [135]
POLEMONIACEAE...........-. [196]
POLEMONTALES > de ye ve cise [195]
PRolemoniumlsee eee [198]
Brandegeei............. 42, [199]
COMPETE ene [199]
VILELLOLUTI eee ttn eee [198]
delicatumeyeaaee eee [198]
meliittumibee arn eee [198]
TILO LT Ore Ae se NAME UP ae [198]
pulcherrimum..............[198]
TODUStUIME neon LOS
SCOpUlinUTm mre eee 4
ROLEvGONAGCESE See eeineooe (104]
POLYGONALES...............[104]
Polygonuimebnee icici [106]
CHAO AA a SIT aelne.clsis) ca: ale {107]
aviculanelen Hence nitiae 44, [106]
Bistorta oblongifolium.......{108]
buxitonmes semen 16, [106]
confertiflorum.......... 33, [106]
CONSINIIIER eee een {107]
GColvolouluisse saree ae een [108]
Douglasiteranimceecet 18, [107]
Consimilesneee ee eece [107]
COLES LIT eect aN [107]
Engelmanniine je iceaeerier [106]
Grable sasosaoouoooas 44, [106]
lapathifoliums. 4) 14-0): [107]
Muhlenberg... ......-.-: [107]
IRAP FUGOs 6 bb 0 U'd ob8.e!9.9\6 [107]
DUNCEALU UNE Coli sieenns (107]
ramosissimum, ........... [106]

447] i INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Sawatchense ............. [106]
tenue microspermum........ [106]
io MNS doo opaneous so colllOol
DGHNOLY Oro ad dead pavace ao [108]
WAGES ON. 5 ose atsiee eens eee [106]
IROLYPODIAGEAES: seer koe [49]
Rolypoditimtenn eae [49]
eS peniume eee eee 29, [49]
THE FBA AOS Gana od Osta Bion [49]
Roly podiy itis are Sepepatsy sive caine [49]
WEStEEMYs ee dnlaie eich ees ener La
Roly pogoneeree eee eerie [63]
Monspeliensis............. [63]
Ronmmelblanchesserias ee [160]
Pond lily, yellow......... 34, [125]
Rondweedtnrimntarrira aie 10, [55]
Cuber a dle cieiota ci oct oicua abe [55]
fennel-leaved.............. [56]
long-leaviedenenrinnricni tt [55]
Meer tiygerieteoryeieorte nso geyG) EAI tue [56]
Spinal vragen s ev vetocsshie eens [56

various-leaved............. [56]
PONDWEED FAMILY........... [55]
PONTEDERIACEAE............ [88]

IBoplaiiianrscitadieesewereener set [98]
av Sarrnwlomshrct ANA aie ib Abe ie 98
IBODDYA Ae eee eke nlc [126]
IMiexicain ieee sataitenevle mats 13
Dahyocooudoooobeesemnio [126] |
rough-fruited..............[126]
IRORPWARAMIE Ny arlcieteiatielciiete [126
FOUN o hoc aa noEooe bene oe [98]
AUCUIMIAT Atay elteeneel el: 12,22, [98]
angustifolia.12, 22, 24, 28, 37 [98]
QUT EO say des at anat chee ter 98
Dalsamiteraseee eee 37, [98
deltoides occidentalis........ [98]
GMC TAS 3300.0 a. 000 9000 a6 [98]
Sareentiineee ane 12, 22,28, [98]
tremuloides...... 25, 32, 33, [98]
AUNCAse cused erie tee 98]
Porcupine grass.......... 13, [60]
HAS MINGso op cede yanoo [60]
Wettermannys cee eer {61]
INIGIBOHVERG IS cian von abesocode [60]
Scribmenissacriacicn ae ee [60]
WESECRI es tices esse ee hoeneed ens [60]
POEs ooacaoodudopadagn [114]
oleracea sa cieruy reine 45, [114]
TECUSAL. 4) siesta cieneyerets 45, [114]

PORTULACAGCEAE epee see els
Potamosetoneee eee eee lool

Vi IME Jbovasaccaddsuanos [55]
ELBE Sac 3.6. b.00'9.018.90000 0926 [55]
FOLOSUSH Ae ent oracle 10, [55]
heterophyllus.......... 10, [56]
lonchitessss- semen: 10, [55]

299
OUCULONSHA Ere eee [56]
pectinatusseeeee eer 10, [56]
(PUYIGTTALOS dob o0dcddoaoo sc [56
Spintllusteeeeeeeeeeeee 10, [56]
Rotentillaseneeerin eee [142]
UEKI. oc oo adeeddcdaseeac [144]
COncinnayee eae ere 32, [142]
dissecta. . PRN RAD LAD
glaucophylla. Re raetetateved Noseee [142]
diversifoliaeeeeeoce eee (142]
MUSA a Peete sie minmeiaeste 18, [143]
MPSS Ose te Msi} eae re eee ate {145]
IP MULELCOS Gey fraps avey eet en sneha ody [144]
glaucophyllasesaene ears [142]
Huppianayeeeae 14, 25, 35, tre
GUUS OF Re Oats Reba
[PUTPAOXE eoodosobvvigsacue Ha
UMAAPOO Saoaclogassso0¥0 [142]
2D EDABARXD 65 604.456 ovo cin 0 ¢ (142]
MPM NGO ca ggaobdoomoo¢ {143]
Monspeliensis.............[142]
Norvegica hirsuta.......... [142]
POTHLOAO 6 66°30 406 bo 06 dacs [141] .
Pennsylvanica arachnoidea. [143]
StI ZOSae Renee 22, [143]
PLOpinguare ae eeee roe 35, [143]
pulcherriman ssi 35, [143]
Poverty-grass, bushy......... [60]
long-awned err asee eee [60]
Prainieicloveneeri-eiiae ines [160]
slender whites-en aoe [160]
VIOlets ine ois ake a [160]
hagryes tera ee ea [160]
Prairie flora.. 12
Brairie-orass ay asa eee [68]
PRATENSES 17,18,24, 27,31, 34
Bricklyicereus see eee eee ee [174]
green-flowered............. (174]
Bricklyspeate. eee eee {175]
brittless oe c\lia neat eloere eens [175]
Greene's:i oye ae ee {175]
Many-Sidedsiys nce ae [175]
TFed—tloweredssaa eer [175]
WESEEDIMS syne ncvsieherore ne epee {175]
Brcklyspoppyaseeneneeeeeee [126]
BIT 23 tea AC eee [126]
WD TEC TA .\ siete Deane iter ae [126]
Prim nose tis eta eR rae [187]
Evening ea Vea cone [178]
Delaivaxe.s ee aoe (179[
SCAPOSENy seein erepa) see [179]
tooth-leaved ...........[180]
Wi LLO seperate as eRe pee [178]
narrow-leaved. ........... {187]
Parry) Simin cerns alten ees 39, [187]

rock...

PRIMROSE. FAMILY... Wea As

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

300
IBshiile ys bs So aols gid sido ciao wie {187]
angustifolia. . .42, [187
Parryi.. Wai 39, 42’ ee
PRIMUUACHAE Lia Moa aminanis {18
PRIMULATES ashe e tiie Her
Prosartes trachycarpa......... [93]
Prunella ua sees nia ae a [206]
Viulgarish ee an ian 11, 26, [206]
IPTUNUSHAe ee teen [151]
Americana.......... 20, 22, [151]
Bessey ae eieideitustieneiaieket [152]
melanocarpa..... 23, 29, 30, [152]
Pennsylvanica....... 22, 29, [152]
Prunella ee Renee ane {151]
NWViAESOnIgNe a Renee [152]
Pseudocymopterus...........[185]
montanus multifidus........ [185]
footihanschiGe 6 gmoulco cl oo o0 86 [185]
Sylvaticussy sree ioe ciee [185]
TENUOUS HA eee oD
Pseudotsugannaontcaeieiiere 24, [54]
DOMAOSBG Sobbodo4o0edgb eos [54]
mucronata.......... 25,31, [54]
Psoraleara sein a [160]
argophylla.......... 14, 18, [160]
tenuiflora........ 14, 15, 18, [160]
Psoralea eens ANN ie subdues 13
Ptericiumee eee eee (50]
aquilinum pubescens....25, [50]
PTERIDOPHYTA.............. [49]
PUTO DOM odboedooseasaade [185]
Andromedea........ 26, 43, [185]
Ptiloniaeee tee eee Zool
paucihonra eee eee eee 255]
HAMLOSA ee Arh te) arereueM steer: [255]
Ptiloria, branching...........[255]
few-flowered.............. [255]
Puccinelliaseee ae Ee [73]
AIGOI eS Seen ee 16, [73]
PUCCOON EE eos [203]
HoOaTyiaey a Ae aReu ate [203]
narrow-leaved [203]
short-flowered............. 203
IFAM ERNIE Wig ho adiod wold ooo 4 6 121
hirsutissimare sick ee 18, [121]
TOSCA Aart AUC eLeEat nets {121]
Purple false foxglove......... [215]
Bessey’s. . Bis ord aie gil PAaes)
Purple ground cherry BS CMa [209
LO Ded ee een a eae [209]
Purshia tridentata............[147
Purshia.. WESC CONGR Bn LAST
three- toothed Ba An ra tbe ea [147]
Purslanencenrac einen [114]
common. Ne aN NSS {114]
retuse- leaved.. POR SaRaTAtenat one {114]
PURSLANE FAMILY........... {113]

Pussleyaaea ea selene {114]
Pyro lace iets Mi Ata bil vena [186]
rotundtfolia uliginosa....... [186]
SECU AME MCSE Enie 26, [186]
Wliginosaeyenja once aes 26, [186]
UNULONG err tel eee [185]
PY, ROUAGEAE wae ae eee [185]
Ry rrocoma seer cine [229]
CLOGEA ie iailiare ere saree [229]
Pyrrocoma, yellow...........[229]
Quack grass, false............ [76]
Oirhvetlkys seonasecaqsacacgion 209]
lobata eyes ay leven rey 16, [209]
Rabbit-brush 13, [229]
fairest eS ee aS [229]
fasciculatess eae [229]
handsome:eae ener [229]
heavy-scented............. [229]
[EE NO AACN ioIatE eee Gioia diglad [229]
Radi culls niece elated tah ts {129]
cally cinabenemaeeinin 11, [129]
GUEVADES )s5seisave amoeisalones [129]
Hispidaneen erste or 11, [129]
Ob tulsa see Cee eae [129]
SINUAtA ee aeons [129]
Readishu pyciiGee hyena, Cor ain le (131]
Gard emyite ise se seckeve eons {131]
Ragweed secu yen any paniue Huan (224]
COMMON ee [224]
entire-leaved..............[224]
PTE Aten kOe Ue Ue [224]
WEStELM state i penelienaten eat p as (224]
RAGWEED FAMILY... ........ [224]
Rainfall ea Tevet a a aia 5- 8
RVANALES Hes hee ne aera sect dono)
RANUNCULACEAE............[118]
Ranunculusmeci eee [122]
abortiviuls: eee eee 22, 28, [124]
AGOWMEAWISS 6 oo oaddoan od oe 41, [123]
OPN US eae RU ON Learn ems [123]
cardiophyllus............[123]
micropetalus.............[123]
alpeophilusase eeeien car 39, [123]
cardiophyllus........... 33, [123]
Cymbalarnca syle asic (124
ellipticu seen aeani kena [123]
eremogeneS...... {124|
Flammula reptans.. . [122]
inamoenus. A 33) Bin [123]
Macounii..... . SER SIC IAS pects [124]
MUcranthuUSH ee eer [124]
micropetalus. . Op Sd, a
INOHOUG.6 coobe dbacoss coos {12
pedatifidus.. 31h GOO [123
Teptans eee eee 28, 37, [122].

sceleratus eremogenes. ..11, Hea
IREVOMAMING 5 gugcooldoabosoe on {131]

449]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ |

SACIVIUS SS coi ererern earn 46, [131]
Raspberry, dwarf............ [141]
HOWELIN GME 29, [141]
hor Gorancnno DEE Aaa [141]

inthe s ons MbloO Matonto ca clot o [141]
Vist olererona ata cteioucstotoneeclone sc (141]
Rati id acne yendieessryrace te era [242]
columinarise isi 15, 19, [242]
pulchercima. pee [242]
Rattlesnake plantain......... [97]
snake-mouwchy sen sie cael {97]
Razonmots kaya sera rere [103]
PNIMELICATIA shy alae ere 43, [103]
CEypLopodan sesame ce 43, [103]
Red cedar, Rocky Mount’n 29, [54]
Red cherry, wild.. ae [52]
Redtelephamtssuemoreeeceie 39
DEEL vane Ya Heats cay ata [218]
RG Ai iraepaeuc ie sy Lisa ate cena ierctens [54]
Rederaspbernysee see sacle [141]
seve cepts a LA i Ee a cr re a [141]
INEC=tO persicae tol een [64]
Ree dere ay sos arc oate raises sie leieas te [67]
[DRED eS erietatnond RERanerOIN eR ntnars Bia [55]
COMMON ele nuc hes [67]
Reed=orassisc ene teeatiee sae oe [64]

WOO Cistrerereucen tact peaie nue aia sacle
IRFANMINAT ESS: ees) ejeieieenes es ae LOS]

RHINANTHACEAE............. (211]
Rihodiolakieeyen incite eu. [136]
MEERA as oaadoe acwooe [136]
IC b cia oto Sie CEC OIE CERO CNC {167]
CUSIMONLO RO En ee eae [167]
glabra cismontana.........[167]
TRAN Tse Nols the pie He epee {167]
THOUS J bac ccogonged eon [167]
RUDE se oes cisieon sc oisea ba ie lnee [139]
CUTEUTU SN Pe onsets seis [140]
CONC UITINUIN aes Street feyet actich Asan ([140]
lacustre molle Soeie ae nL 39]
ral efOb Gipsy gneteenicn cheat ech eakenes [139
longiflorum......... 20, 22, [140]
PERV W ons no padopagaaned [139]
pumilum........ 20, 22, 30, [140]
IPL 6 o's a0 bolo ale 28, 30, [130]
Wallicolaraecs eaten eis liete [139]
WALL Caeser penis tetas ials 46, [140]
Rub erassaasieat cee erste ets [219]
RIGeCut=erassse ees aoe [59]
RTM O SAB ais seus sense Z4, 29
RIPARIAE...... sO, ly
Riparian flora. .. “il, 12, 21, 36
IROGK=Gresst is eiscieacsaes es [134]
divergently podded........ [135]
Bemdlerssws cise ee tty very earths [134]

301
sharp-leavedee meric aeriariae {134]
snow-loving...............[134]
Rock desert formation..... 38, 40
Rock primrose.............40, [188]
diffuse ake nee aero [188]
DINEMOLeES EME eae rie acelin [188]
WIMNAA Sito cscowskoouaaes [188]
subumbellate.............. [188]
Roripa Armoracia............ {130]
COLIN CANO ee oe {129]
GUNULDES veins) \eictsesepercie hits {129]
RUS PLd Ge Sires Pia ey Ere elles g {129]
IMPORT boo boo oe oh odes {128]
OOLUS Ais eae ss eee tere eee [129]
StMUALD Wee acne ey sae eio evens [129]
RO Sas is ara acter et atin Geng [148]
aciculatanmrmem neni rs 29, [149]
blanda aciculatare.. ae: [149]
Engelmannii......... ian [149]
Rendlent heen eaiee oe 2o no)
Maicounnite ieee: | De, [149]
Maximiliani............29, [150]
MEIN AAV ante 30, [149]
Nutkanay i Oue tire aa [149]
Pratincolaeey sere 14, [148]
angustianiimnae ee ene [148]
SCtUlOSAs shipeyen eee eae [148]
AYA hae eae eee 20, 22, ae
suffulta..

Wieoalsts So éscabedcbouus ase
ROSAGCBAB ee yaiely Mine ener gee [140]
ROSAEES 334/25. dis been mate [136]
Rose. . ee .13, 29, Nice

ashen. TENURE A cAI fa ts Sy et [14
Castle Rock.. Te StS ee
Engelmann’s.. NODS UG AO EN lee [149]
rendler sins eee eee [149]
Macounts}-.-e eee hone [149]
MaximilianiSseeeeeeeeeiee [150]
PLAITIe A Dee eee IEE (148]
pricklys che tie ore elements [149]
Say. Stace cave Meee be eae [149]
ROSE HAMIL Y.s-ce eee ee ai LO)
INOS€=rOOts. sc eRe eae [136]
entire-leaved..............{136]
Rubacer parviflorus........... {141]
RUBIACHAER rian ook [220]
IRUBIATES Us shesseeiepe stereos [220]
Rubus Ase see ate ({141]
Americantiseeenienice etn lean
GeliCiOsuUs eee eee ete [141]
NA RANUSy eet: {141]
UgOrUsseniee eee 28, [141]
Rud beckian seta eieri-wer reeds ete [242]
flava acc! a sisueye caine 19, 26, [242]
laciniata.. bit 29, On
RUDERALES Melee in uals

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

302
PROS A in ab a ong olaale [168]
Negundosee)-n- or 12, 22, [168]
Texanum...........12) 22, [168]
FRAME XA een nace el nananeta the [105
Acetosella............- 44, [105]
BORETE Me RAP ele sete aE an [105]
CHISPUSHU Aa Rie Naess 44, [105]
GenisimlOTUSM wie oilseed ete [105]
obtusifolius .......... 44, [105]
occidentalis ......... 11, [105]
Saliciholiusyiienieylstener: 11, [105]
RUPESDRESE yo oeeenee 35
Bupestine | ior Wo pea AO ANS Se
Rush. .10, 34, 39, 40, [88]
TER arava a OMA ae [89]
Baltic, mountain.......... [88]
Chestnut seca eters [90]
Confused See eee [89]
Druimmondyssy i eeien er ({89]
IDyGlENASY deo oclgedicoo0.50'Go [89]
grass-leaved [89]
ted eivoa yeh a eib is a Bisse ore /o0'0\0'8 [89]
KO EEEGIS eel creineen tatdeaerens [90]
long-styled.. ............ [89]
IMertenys eeomiaecrnie [90]
reddishybrowily heise eiee [90]
Rocky Mountain.......... [90]
SCOUTIN SA Pk eer tat: [52]
Spilcevnys span aerate ava [80]
MOnKe VES ey Ato eaee: [90]
three-flowered [90]
LOA a NT Adda [89]
WOOC Ea SMT aun Ene ahage [90]
RUSH RAMETS sry sleiel tet snyar ale [88]
Rush-grass, filiform. ....... [62]
PUALLS A sania atte R Maltw EN [61]
Rucharcdsonvssyeeianieee tee [61]
Sasha) SO aaio mala Wistolsigiaidiaty's [62]
RutavBalgasyaann iiss [132]
Rydbergia................--[245]
granditlorascyaaeiierie vein 42, [245]
Ry dibergiane sae renin tiene O
large-flowered.............[245]
Rye vy iwal dayne ce naisioey ae [78]
Rye-grass, Italian............ (75]
Sabina. Ris (54)
scopulorum.. WSS eMac 30, [54]
SECO RIM TA SIGN GING) ABS A eIH G 13, [207]
barrens:eae eee wy ee es LAAT
Brictonysy ease kee [247]
cudweed.. (247]
diverse-leaved............ [247]
orwood!siat sais) aes [246]
lance-leaved...............[207]
OC HSI ULE MARE Seas [247]
Rocky Mountain..........[247]
Scoulenis ye iene ieee [246]

sylvan acre bees [246]
sw nabele ee a ae dicen ae 110]
Salige-brushin nian ane 5, 34, [246]
COMMON aye me hea ea [246]
SHENG sun d's BAG os amo xo MSO
AudbOVem wabaimaias ou eae pls 11, [56]
SEI OhNSwonthawes eee [171]
Canadian, larger...........[171]
handsomeseee seen {171]
ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY.......[171]
SVNGIOUNGIINO SN big Gog aalorone Bis [98]
SATTC@ATERS uaa Unni Aa een [98]
Sallie nye a eT SENG [99]
amygdaloides.......... 12, [99]
COMED, JABAL 010 6 Boo'd 60 [100]
Bebbianasan aaneeer ete 28, [100]
brachycarpasanenccece 33, [100]
catidaitala eens 28,37, [99]
chlorophylla........... 39, [100]
exigua.. Bias .12, [99]
Fendleriana. rohan A RULE [99]
Haviescensseance ieee [100]
WENBENMES ols b dodo clo od Oe e 24
glaucops..07.04)..0-)- 33, 39, [100]
WHOM aos Cele hb oaooboo bo So [99]
lasiandra Fendleriana.. [99]
INTEC SraNA MR rah SaaS a te [99]
luteosericea............ 12, [99]
INERT Gob s:o'e ois ovo d oc 24, [100]
pentandra caudata.......... [99]
DELLOStLata-saane ena 28, [99]
petrophilaneey seine 41, [100]
pseudolapponicum...... 41, [100]
TOSIT GLA a Le {100]
Saximontanace)) sonia ena Ona
Scouleriana......... 33, 36, [100]
AVON Gite AN areca eRe [99]
Salmon-berry............ 29, [141]
INutkalSoundscrmciee eine {141]
Sallsutyi eyes Meni vein ca a [255]
Sallsolayie ese vans enh eer {111]
Mra Suse eran aeons 45, [111]
Salltconasssaa eee eee [69]
Salt meadow-grass........... [73]
slender ic eee [73]
Saleworteene 20 ean penta ena {111]
Sall via Seige nee eea gg ie ein tees [207]
lanceolatan nner oer La 2 Od
Sam bDUCUS Mee aee eo (220]
melanocanpavciy tse ae 22H
Microbotrys.s.s ses ZO n220)
SANDALWOOD FAMILY.........[103]
Sand-bur.. ‘ Ae See aU S Ol]
Sand cherry, Bessey’: Bole so oa USAT
Saindililysecimaaw arse dati [92]
MOUNCtAIN PaO ee eee [92]
Sandworteaceort tore ocroon {116]

451] INDEX. 303
References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1]

Rendlenis eters smet trace rer [116] Americanus st). =!) oe) 11, [79]
GMs dodos bho code o alktH()| atrovirens pallidus...... 10, [80]
HEMCWEB eS Bio coso oe be ae 6 [116] HEV 6 ind osieoogocdo 10, [80]
obtuse-leaved............- [116] DUNZENS Meshal aianieestrc eee {79]
ANSGCCOY Soasaonmaeenina doles {116] | Scouring rush, smooth........ [52]
Samicle. Me eisscisiesce Sl oesieciets WSiisieScrophulaniaseaeeee see: (211]
IMarylandeenerr ere erreer {181] nodosa occidentalis......... [211]
Samicilaranccmct tates cree eens {181] Occidentalisa-ne aie 26, [211]
Mam EMEhe poo on cool, AK [Sill || SomaBleisesccoadsocencbsoges [205]
SARMALACIADD Sisp con boos cos [103] Britlontieaee eee ee 26, [205]
SIANNDAT ES Sen epyanice sceneries [103] ULL SU OO eae [205]
SAPTINDIAT BS sea aerer) salieri [167] galericulatar-eneeaeee 11, [205]
Saponanian eee toi [118] TESINOSAL nahin) emleiseys ata [205]
Oficinalis=eee eee eee eos uts)] WHA po osdoonaocoon te [205]
WiGecarta sickened (ULE Seat birtera a ae Uatuny sy ical apy tas 111]
Sapro phy teste alert sere ct 43 EHECEAM aes weather {111]
Saprophytic plants........... 43 LOW) SEAN at A TO ea URED Te EE {111]
SARPROPHYTICALES We) Wau Wa onlisearkalenee nese anu wae {111]
Sarsaparillary waldeia tet ita [181] | Sedge....... 10, 27, 34, 39,40, [81]
Savastana odorata............ [60] EVs Ho esi et bis oly anhete [84]
Se rihak sll es Wel eet aya eset RSNA [54] Bindeirwieedlso does edesbedebe (81]
Saxifma sane sor ncreesieiry a seus [137] eater Peer rs eee [84]
AG CULER erage stole) ehciisyaveleialalsvopeo siete [138] Beck Sy aa enna S Ol
austromontana............- [138] Lee ees Nee see ny ck RO ee [84]
DLOMCHLGLES inne ee eee [138] pla ckish aan fees ars wo peei aia [85]
NTU Sa caoosadenedae {138] (efoyciel (aarti OR Cre ae ee alte [86]
Gebiliss ests Seisuieuaey 39, [137] bracted cue aes eine [82]
GENE OLO a Eee [138] bronze-scaled ae anaes [84]
UGS sa gag Ob COB A) [138] broom eae aa re ie [82]
LAr CULUS AT Noe ee orks [138] Glustere dene eee [82]
MWA sed eos kbuouiceoenes {137] COMO G5 chobbdsasdouns [84]
DUNGLOLOM RNR seit rN cone: [138] CEA cae te ea aa [85]
rhomboidea...........----- [137] Ciaene sere coenesewas [83]
SASINRAGACE ARE eran aan: [136] Deweyis nnn ne ee eee [81]
Samitrag en niermicta aioe 39, [137] Douglass eee eee [82]
EMT CLT O eve ERA RA OEE RE ee [138] Ciyespiked eee eerie [83]
austromontane...........- 36 EDONVE ee eT ete [82]
acellate arent rier [138] Chaz BAP GIS ey brotci eaalauaaalaNsiers [84]
FOlMEeMsse emis ere eel seats [138] FESClie eRe eee [83]
rhomboid-leaved...........[137] oy SRM alba eddy atcia [$1]
STOOL aE Ce Eon [138] Geyer sie) ae eee. (85]
Titazl lon sls meatal au (137] Polder ee eee an mceeeaytts [85]
western mountain.......... [138] ara Sa EA IR SN sai [86]
Veo Was ecient eees Samer 40 hare’s-foot, western........ [82]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY...........[136] Elood’Sh et eee ane oie [81]
Scapose evening primrose. ....[179] meadow Rae (8S
Fairey sto) panne titres eter [179] mountain-grace........-..- [85]
large-throated............. [179] narrow-leaved............. [83]
MOUtATR Ee eee nice {179] ODLUSISH EEE Eee eee ee [85]
Schedonnanrduss- inner ener [66] Pennsylvania, western...... (86]
PRMVCHIERHS. seccedcos5Genc [66] DEELEY eee eee un SZ
EOL OIVUS US Pee ee oake [66] Ry renaice erties rel [85]
Schizachyxiume eee ier (57] THOMDIC EEOC ee [84]
SCOPAn UME eeet eit 15, [57] TOC Ke eee eee bake ease eh oo Ma [86]
Schimaltziasee ere ete eee [167] Sartwellistaurres seu sceaare [82]
IO MB pdossapodoencds 20, [167] SIhiaaiaseisinih cid @ cation pie (81]
SOiMNSs osaacasebsoosooegde [79] SOftleaved epee ee eee nl oul

304 INDEX [452

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1

Stevens Given inane hie [83]
SC Like sy Meas UDA Ae Pa ote [84]
SENAWio corals stem nereioile [83]
falseny sinh SMa Se Mee nae [83
short-beaked.............. [86]
Variable sae yeitataa iain es [85]
WESEE RM nie) toniey Nansen ee einer (81]
winter-loving.............. [84]
WOO] ymcri cea ene Reins [86]
SEDGERPAMIUL Ven seer an eniae [79]
Sedume eeu eecin arouses eae [136]
ACU DIKIT AS 5 Ob oo od peloo Ae 136]
stenopetalum... ..22, 30, 42, ite!
rubrolineatum.......-... [136]
Seediplantssemee meine [53]
Selaginellaeaneeiaises hice (52]
GETS a A eA AE RIS [52]
EN Gel Mannie nae oe [52]
rupestris Fendlert.......... [52]
Underwoodii........... 30, [52]
Selaiginellaneeeeeariac eater mne®)
GEMS pe enue a ST [52]
Winderwoodistisanier cee [52]
SELAGINELLA FAMILY......... [52]
SELAGINELLACEAE........... [52]
Selfcheal anaes ee eee 206)
COMMON eee ee 206
Senecio neem eer 19, 26, 30, [249]
adiminalbilisw. J.) sl ices 34, [250]
ambrosioides........... 32, [252]
ALLALCUS iene Nera evan 37, 42: [251]
aurelluseee eynenueeise isi [252]
aureus Balsamitae...........[252]
ORECITS Ree Te aMa [252]
Croceus Halli... a2 202)
Balsamitaese eae eee [252]
Bigelout Halli... .....-.-: [249]
blitoidesaeeecen ae ee ee ON(249)]
carthamoides...........40, [249]
chiloranthushes sea 35, [249]
GColumbianusanaesreeeee [250]
crassulusia sion aeons 42, [250]
crocatus. aa eretyiey ecereiae CA eS Yl|
cymbalarioides. ENON MeSH 34, [252]
dior hep iis, MINUS I are [252]
Fendleri. . wee O26" pet
Lanatusseee eee nee [252]
fililfolius Fremontit.........[253]
PLAVOUIZEN Sse Ze
WLAVULUS SAS Hotes [252]
Mar bouriite eee ene eee [251]
heterodoxus... Seicio o's SolASAl|
Hookerih yay sea [250]
hydrophilus............ 29, [250]
lanatifoliusys eee 32, [252]
lapathifoliamanns aoe [250]
longipetiolatus......... 30, [252]

lugens foliosus..............[251]

RAMEN IG elac eyotne eh era eek [250]
multicapitatus.......... 16, [253]
MUtabilisyeraaeeieee eee (252]
Nelsonii......... 19, 26, 30, [251]
Perplexuseeeaeeee ee 29, [250]
IPlattensis serene neenon 19, [251]
pseudaureus.. .35, 40, [252]
DUGICUS ARR 32, [249]
Ipurshiants eee eee [251]
PANES. soadbdacdcasoous [250]
Riddellissnaeeee eee 16, [253]
FOSUIAtUSH THe eee (251]
Sallicitus:2).c05 ceil eee 251
Scopulinusseys sien aeelee 35, [249] ,
Spantioides.e 4 ce een 16, [253]
triangularis. . 34, 37, [249]

SHE HOYER co seooes bases [59]
Wt GHiCa sae ee [59]
DLUL AUS Neenah [59]

Shadbushte ane nereee ere {150]
alder-leaved............... [150]
THOME NN, cuolsooodudduces [150]

Sheepberry ese ser eee [221]

Sheeprsonrel eee eee eee [105]

Shepherdia Canadensis........{175]

Shepherd’s purse............ {128]
COMMONS ene [128]

Shield-ferne se erieimeeee ie [49]

Shinleaty esos ua see re [186]
bog.. ied Ansa Nanay al Leo)
Gnersidede ey yet AM [186]

Shootingistansaneree eee 27, [189]
few-flowered.............. [189]
many-flowered............ [189]
shade-loving.............. [189]
wavy-leaved.............. [189]

Sibbaldiasaaeeeeeeeeeearree [144]
procumbens............ 42, [144]

Sibbaldiatea eee ere 40
PLOcumMbent waar eee [144]

Sidalcean scan nev anye wea [170]
candida aeninnae 33, 35, 37, [170]

Sideranthusssee eee eee nee 29]
ANNUUSH Eee 16, [229]
Spinulosustenee eee 16, [229]

Silene sane Ra Aa Ane {117]
acaulis san envs Pye 41, [117]
antirrhina.......... 18, 45, [117]

depauperata............ ({117]
MOCLIDOTA Se Reee eee 45, [117]

SILVERBERRY FAMILY.........[175]

Singlejdelightsaaeemmuearcies [185]

Sisyanbritum eee: [130]
ANGUSU IM. Seminar RTE [130]
officinale miacismrionee 45, [130]

Sisyrinchiwumyne eee [95]

453]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ 1]

alpestre. 8.4 ssuef claire 35, [95]
angustifolium.......14,35, [95]
Sitamionee Sars wine eosin tee [78]
brevatolimm=sneeeeeniee 15, [78]
longifolium(e):)). eet 15, [78]
Skullcap sentry in see ween [205]
Brieconyspee nore ae [205]
hooded se esissciwecs Seen se [205]
Wan dali kespeyqsiry tetera crore [205]
Skumk=bush emcee error 20
Skunk=prasseaseie as cecacn ee [68]
Small mistletoe.............. [103]
AIMETICANs tides aioe [103]
hidden) footedepean asses ee [103]
Smartweedsenen wuts sa calenen [107]
WENN 4 to NCOO CSI ERES SRE oie [107]
SMIDAGHAIE ae ania tie esr 94]
Smilacina amplexicaulis...... [93]
MECEMOS Oa eee [93]
SLELLOEC ry Nosh rere nevanmoes ear al eter [93]
Smilax lasioneuron........... [94]
Snakerootyblacks-.jeaenneae [181]
DUtEOTIE cr arkoomierece sues [226]
Sneezeweed oes.) s6 secs eee [245]
MMOLIMEVI osoadapoaumod ue [245]
Snowhernynece neuer [221]
WESEELM sete rae nue ett aie bees (221)
SNOWHOWELSEcmmcaac ce 40, [213]
ia@MeES (Sens mest cses creer see [213]
Snow-on-the-mountain....... [165]
Bowlderaaeiceisic tects oie scree [165]
Soapwonttescs seca cence es ({118]
SOLARINGIING Sd saloouaounada06 [208]
Solanutmencny aise aya aeereser [209]
LMEERIU SH coeyeneved even sheer areiaie ts [210]
WEN GOPELSUCILIN eee [210]
nigrum villosum...........- [210]
HOSTUM Boocgoasco0nee5006 [209]
CriAOGUMMs cue ose ate [209]
Solidagolttmucsmpeceane eee [230]
Ganadensishaaeseeeee ee 12, [231]
gilvocanescens............ [231]
COncinnas.ceee eee ene [231]
decumbens..........32, 42, [230]
MINWESCENS HEE ee eee Zool
dilatatare ecw eee [230]
gilvocanescens.......... 17, [231]
Slaberrima-reneree eer Onlzoul
PIAS (Li Bososnaosdaoo00 [230]
Pathersonttaeene ache [230]
Missouriensts extraria......[231]
MOLISE chy eco iSroee lente [232]
MEMES cadciy ond aon Oc 16, [232]
nemoralis incand.........-. 232]
oreophilayeee eae 26, 32, [230]
pallidakrercey-semece er 19, [231]
PONTE 5 Gacog0d000 12, 29, [231]

3095
poly phyllavewrerartee 29, [231]
pulchernma ear ae [232]
Ladulinayepee ee aeteie 26, [232]
TUT WUMAS os ee ee el [232]
speciosa pallida............ [231]
trinenvatanrre tree 26, [231]
VISCICU aera 26, [231]
Solomon’s seal, false...... 21, [93]
Sonchussjecnsey eee [259]
ALVENSIS iia nse eis eee 45, [259]
ASPENS eines Teese tte 45, [259]
Sophiattiew acre {130]
andrenaniineeeeri eee eis [130]
hash CRIBS Aiba ni ae Bice cay Mots [130]
IN cenMedia-e eee eee 14, [130]
leptophiyllamemeiaarieen en [130]
Sophoraictyec ote seem ae cee [152]
SELICCA sy ects 7 ISA 2
Sophoranisilkysseeere ene [152]
Sorbus se Ee a [151]
SOOM Ed socodaceooo 25, [151]
SOMA co asoaccovasd call OY
TUtan sae reer 18, [57]
SOLLelsaMountain=ae eee [105]
SHEED ieee ene ao ee [105]
WOOK si iied my eats vemaetne [163]
Vellowe ee Ane eee ie [163]
Sowithistles. asc [259]
Held a sein A ae cee eae [259]
Harsha) os sce aerney ete: [259]
Spanish bayonet............. [94]
narrow-leaved............. [94]
Spanish needles, western...... [244]
SPARGANIACEAE............. [55]
Sparganitine eee eter nr [55]
‘angustifolium.......... 34, [55]
simplex angustifolium....... [55]
Spartina.) [66]
cynosuroides .......... 11, [66]
Spatter dock, western........[125]
Spearmint. aceon [208]
Special classes of plants...... 43
Speculiariaeaeeeeiee eerie (223]
leptocarpa- eee eee [223]
perfoliata... a. assess ene 26, [223]
Speedwellis- eaten veel eee [214]
Byzantines eee eee [215]
field. AP or eon eee [215]
thyme-leaved............. (214]
Wornmskjoldes eens: [214]
Kallapaisslosenien seca eee [214]
SPERMATOPHYTA............. [53]
Spiderworteeeeecrneoecnen Loal
Wniversityanere meee [87]
Spiesia Lamberti.............{159]

Lamberti sertcea........... [159]
Spike-grass, marsh...........

306

INDEX

[454

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Spike srushyo eae estan reel oy
flat-stemmed.............. [79]

bot stata KOM Sel A uMiA ag RENT atiee ie {79]
Slendersisa aii os lucida arenes [79]
SWAT Py a eC IE nana atniels [79]
Dale ree via yay Mia WA a [79]
SPINOSAB ao eeeeieysue 18, 19
Spiraea dumosay iis eile eee [147]
Spleenwortaaice eee [51]
ATI Ge WSIS CNM ee iaetel ate (51]
maiden-haireqaws aces [51]
SPRONDEAGEAE ea a eee noe [167]
Sporobolus see eae eieee eee [63]
AITOLdeESeaaEae ee 15, [63]
asperifolius............ 15, [63]
cnyptandruse eco. Lon 103)
CUSPLdGtUS iar jer [61]
depauperatus.............- {61]
heterolepis............. 15, [63]
SUNUDIC CMG Epa un ara EAS [62]
Springybeautyaseeee alee {114]
large-rooted............... {114]
THOS nee Ue ses tueana {114]
SW) DE TAIN A AN Mu Sn ae Eero {114]
C@hamissojsse seein {114]
Spruce ssc 24, 31, 38, 39,40, [53]
Bree ae OTe ae aN [53]
Douglas eee seen 242 5a [OS
Engelmann.........36,39, [53]
SPULZO Tee eee aan 44, [164]
Arkansas tenements [165]
Benders anni sen raion [164]
MOUNTS Ay ob plasisie alee 60 [165]
FOSRELeI CHAU MIRA ARS MUA nt ate [164]
ridge-seeded............... {164]
rugulose-seeded............[164]
SEO UCASE MAPA testers Se Earn [165]
thyme-leaved............. [164]
reoYaye eYetoliy een eta Maal ey ana [166]
SEMTUNZ nid Genie RNB oulol slates [166]
white-flowered............. [164]
SPURGE RAMIEY einen Nene {163]
Squaiwiwe edie cabin enue 34
Squirrel-tail grass............ [77]
SHV DVA uid a bus olald gine asarcidlallp b [206]
scopulorum............ 11, [206]
Stanley aaisiua avarice seus [135]
lau Caaanminmetencueyiis 15, [135]
Stanley’s cress, glaucous...... [135]
Star-lowervee ne aeons (229]
ann alan see e Ce SI ae ee (229
Sspinulose cya eee alae [229]
Stanithistle sy wan eee [255]
Stanwonre seen eee {115], [233]
NJAATIES YS! EOIN LAB Aen {115]
alkeyBaicalleyaetsyan plete {115]

State flower of Colorado....

Steijoneman nana [
eliatiumaeee aan 21, 23, [188]
Stellaria Jamesiana.......... [115]
UO EON 5 3'5 Calais be bla\ 6 60 (115]
LOGE IOS Six dato dloicia'a a. casld, 66 (1135]
GAUGING Raa aI EA Si {115]
SETECED so star dneyainrd Cen evap {115]
UMUC GLE eee ee [115]
Stephanomeria runcinata...... [255]
Stickseedinicni is mine eae [200]
Cupulatesaern see eeent ior: [200]
large-flowered.............[200]
narrow-leaved............. [200]
western ?ccn anita een amie [200]
Sticktightsssaeme aceon 1
COMMONER eee eee [244]

Stiff golden rod, hoary........

Stinks crass en eerie ota [68]
UI OMEbecd do nsoeedod ba noose [68]
S fi pan cance eG I Mi aaa [60]
Gomatasaee ene 15,18,27, [60]
Wettermannit.s24. 96 eee [61]
Nelsonii............15,27, [60]
parviflora Americana....... [60]
Sceribnerigncs saeco ene 27, [60]
ViriClulaepeeee ser 15, 18,27, [60]
Stitchwort, long-leaved.......[115]
long-pedicelled...... ..[115]
Gide leona Rta aa ast to emi At uAate ({115]
SOME Vas sicosdsaas saeoloc [136]
Stornksbill Peas erGe eer LOSI
hemlock wenn ee eee a LOS)
Stra wbernyeen cc ccior ace [143]
LMONKIMEUNSS bo agocudh ov woes [143]
bracted.. 4 {143]
PIAUCOUS Ae amie eset {144
PrLOliNGs wey sees Cee ae [144]
small-flowered.............[144]
Streptopussqama ascii [93]
amplexifolius............28, [93]
Stylosanthus laciniatus........[238]
Suaeda depressa............. {111]
depressaenectane a yen ats {111]
SUBALPESTRES............9, 36
Subalpine flora............9, 23, 36

Subalpine forest formation..... 36
Subalpine stream formation 36, 37
Subalpine summit flora....... 37

Subalpineizoneten eee ik 36
Subaquaticiloraseewinee rer 10
SUBMONTANAE...........9, 23
Sumachoriantiacccacen teenie. [167]
CiSMOntaneae see eee [167]
fragranteee inert ieee (167]
three-lobed............. {167]
SUNMOW Ene eee eos 13, [242]

455]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

coarsely toothed........... [243]
COMMON eee see (242]
GWArh wees eu ysis.cteon suvenetsean: [243]
false, five-ribbed...........[243]
petioledins eyicnis mys cee [243]
red-streaked..............[242]
Subrhomboid-anee ees [243]
Wat ere eed abt cabal’ [243]
Sis EV ates ae Men Eee er eet Oict oe [181]

stolonifera..........23, 29, [181]
Swampitloraseenerier eee 10
Swamp laurel, small leaved.. . . [186]
Sweet ciceley......

obtuse-frurtedse jie eae ack [182]
STOO UI Re ir cee ie eae ata [182]
Sweeticloverznivse sea alae [155]
WIRTEE LAT Pare) acne lola neces earpiece {155]
Sweet coltsfoot...............[248]
Boro Enealogacns cs asacox [248]
Sweetihaee eats ryeeacue eee i0, 87
SS ACIATE I on ser pee ig ote Alcea emenoet ey lt Ke)74T|
COMBE Ho ecard bie sclalc [192]
Palustristeiseeeee 34, 40, [192]
SHIGE SG a sinte onteeeerei teri cart oer [192]
dense-flowered..... [192]
TENE NES Neeliaia WHat Geka elena lebeecte [192]
Swicehyorassecall eee ere [58]
SIVA VAIE Sees cereale: Bil) BO
SYLVESTRES..........18, 20, 24
SPADE NID AD Meee Gite Bini 8G [185]
Syiphoricanpose.4 ee. [221]

-20, 26, [221]
13-5 2, (22M

occidentalis........
oreophilussee ees:

WACSMOC~E OG sa goocbe be oe [221]
SiyAlelenismeasey sapere ae (57]
TAMMIE 55 46 50cG done 44, [57]
Synthyris alpina.............[215]
Syuthyrissalpines see. [215]
Atal kiaiiirlsa a aiololoras Hecliacme cle [113]
Eagvillonumeree nee e305 lS
(tansyemilustanrd eae eee [130]
Gut-leaved Barre eis cia ois [130]
iene -leavied eye shen oh elas ya the [130]
noaiys earn elie miaay NA de At {130]
WESEORM Sa spaepen i Mehiaerene. cs {130]
MaraxacumlmenyAckoecaeetec! [258]
PHO MAM G 65 co oo boaueHoS [258]
OPC Bow 6 odiecod de enos 5 olOSs}}
(liaraxacumnner ae see 45, [258]
Temperature and rainfall...... 88
MEDRAGONTACBAR. 64)... 525. 2) [113]
Metranetinissee eee eee eZa5
HOURS SAG Gino oie rOenete rome Veo
lanigeraeye eco 32,42, [245]
UGUCHITIR ob Bo oars easdeaceos| AOS
ccecidentalesaaeenrcicee 11, [205]

pH alesiaw remeron wen ies. ccisy nose [219]

307
fasciculatassaeeeeee ee 43, [219]
lutea a sis saan wean [219]
(chalictrum-eeer eee rete (125]
Mendlertsocc ee) settee 28, [125]
purpurascens........... 22, [125]
(hielespermasaae eee eee ee er [244]
race eae ye Naan 16, [244]
Thelesperma, slender.........[244]
ihhely podiums eee ieee [135]
paniculacimeree eee ee [135]
SOZULLCLU TI Cee [135]
LoGulosume eee eee [135]
Thelypodium, panicled....... [135]
(Rhermopsisuneeoree re eee [152]
ATEN OSaé a Ae Ay eae [153]
divaricarpa...... PY BS. S(t S3SHI
pinetorum.......... 25, 43, [152]
Thermopsis, divaricate-podded[153]
pinelandseeer eee (152]
SET Aes ae) NAD eth ea [153]
Myhistlen eae : 13, [253]
Colorado see eee eee eee [254]
(ol ge =a SPA me Rta ee I rou [253]
erose-bracted...:.......... [254]
STAY, Lei ie ea aeasaye Vaan [253]
Knaip weeds aca ceeeee [254]
large-headed.............. [254]
Parryys: a yevisnieeiceneeerlae [253]
Platters uy ave ae eey ey, [254]
Russian? eee See eee [111]
SOWG Mdina eee OSG eas [259]
Stars she hind aon sieve os kepeeons [255]
woolly-headed.............
yellow-spined............. [255]
PDAISTE ES AMIL Verrier ieee) (22,5)
Thlaspiss ices eee eae eines (127]
Barbecue sdococav soso AM
Coloradense.........28, 39, [127]
INimt¢allivees eee 2 les tes [eral]
purpurascens........... 41, [127]
(ihorn=applese see eee eee [210]
PUNPlE=5 he:< sie A cictiseneeieiek: [210]
(Rioroughwortieeeee ieee (225]
Mhreevsquaneyie ice [79]
(DAVMELTATES yey ieee ee [175]
Dimothy. esto ckeyeee atte etek [62]
COMIN ON See een aan [62]
failses 0 NYS SER Aer aaa [62]
MLOUNtAIM eee r heer rere [62]
Miniarias acted sie eer nee [108]
Conwolvulusteeee cece 44, [108]
Pbithyamalushes eee ets [165]
Arkansanusue-j ieee cel On liLooll
MAL CUMMALUSaee seer LLOO|
LetLamMerus ayer dares [165]
philorussyienn Geseeee 19, [165]
dichotomalanenarereerricr [165]

308 INDEX [456

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

TODUSCUSS ee eee LOS) MOTUS Ae ee OORT
ARDS cole iaha aati eMusic [156] COURS Seo snicliodeed sous o, KOSI]
all pinuimeeeeee PR CH Sop (MOGI || Atanas so de soe cook noeey (77]
Drummondii........... 8, [156] sativum vulgare 77]
foald= fan ayy nema ltenacttete [211] UULCAT Ee eA eye eae 46, [77]
bastardy ey ae aie anrd ata (MOR) Asolo Soc bobo bvoo bo does [118]
Gaintald aye gael sea Ba (211] albiflorus...........37, 39, [118]
HAG) oF Korero ais Menerorcciaiaie ous ota bic [210] laxus albiflorus............ [118]
night-blooming............ [210] | Troxtmon cuspidaium.........[157]
Pomatopaiwis ane oe [210] PIGUCU NDA Cee ene [258]
commons eee ene [210] PATUULORILTU RAR eee [258]
Monestush eee eee [230] | Troximon, cuspidate.........[257]
DYSMAcUs eee 42, [230] | Tumble weed............... (112]
Touterea decapetala........... {174] | Tundra, wet sone be 38, 39, 40
TEU OME en ey ie [173] TUNDRALES . idly ile lacs oxo)
UGC err AUN seein eee [173] | Turkey-foot grass BAA lata 13, [57]
SENUALE PIAA a este vars Roe MAS) |) Uva Goss dodbooes 27, [96]
SPECLOS Dla deri nea ers e [173] kidney-leaved............. [96]
Mownsendiasnaaiec nee [232] MOMMA daogobooobuod oo [OO
EXSCapaleseeiu tei LOn (25.5) u menwainl Hl OWers ee ae ei eee [221]
grandiflora eee 19, [232] IAMeGI CON eee [221]
SELECE Os SrA Lae ei [233)]5\ @iwasted-stalkeas woe aeee 27, [93]
Townsendia, large-flowered. . .[232] clasping-leaved............ [93]
Silleya yay ER OE Sapa Gene ZS) UMO oS ossslodeddocosaboce [55]
Toxicodendron.............. [167] latifoliay tiara see anne 10, [55]
Riyidibergirssyeieceiee XD MAA |) | IaaUNCVND, OO Goes bo oa oo} oe ([55]
MOxiCOSCOLdione eee [88] | Uliginose society............. 10
falcatuimeyy eae aan Pe (RSEU| Ih) WGRUNCIDYNID OS So 5 66 05.0 65 06 [103]
SrAMINe ume yas ineice (RSU i Obron Bisbee iy cubediond tanaio Maro o {103]
Mradescantiayy noni qe [87] PNeagiceGlog go asabenboodeo [103]
occidentalis aia einer ES |) Wavirimnr NUDES bodes boda ss {181]
Scopulonumeyne eerie [87] | Umbrella-wort.............. [112]
Universitatis........... 18, [87] bboy agin etna yea Bete BiNG 8 [113]
nL ESeeeaies), Li ata ee eat eee eR [164] TEIN BE Rie are ao hietainlarctas 6 ({113]
LAMIOSA Van ars onset aeree [164] heart-leaved.............. {112]
‘ra copogsoneee Meets [255] lance-leaved............... ({113]
PoTnloliusseseeee eee 45, [255] narrow-leaved............. (113]
porrifolius X pratensis...... [255] | UMBRELLA-WoRT FAMILY......[112]
Pratensisemewws eerie 45, [255] | Upper Sonoran vegetation.... 9
Dreacleymustard:))) 4 -s9- 2 oe [130] | Upper Transition vegetation... 9
Mridophy lume udeeaeeeoe. (ZEUS Gy eng ooo on cow cce so OB
lateriflorum............... [142] gracilishc ce eee Nae 12, [102]
leucocarpum.............. Re NUR YNGNDG Gh! ou bo dood ooo [102]
Monspeliense........... ANS AZ) MURRICAT ES efter eee eae [102]
paradoxum-cqes sae ees PANE Urticulaniayees eaten [219]
sbritolitnm sane oe [154] Wall Sari siies ie panieusse pat pene [219]
dasyphyllum........... 42, [154] | Uva-ursi procumbens......... {186]
hybridum..............44, [154] (CLV OL RRM E a G BAG eb Elo sO [186]
Lividiuimbaacaecie sea OP Sa) Wee bicoccco vega dio obicd duos {117]
pratenses yn Avy aes 44, [154] Vaccariasa-peene eae 45, [117]
FEPENS are Psa eiee 44, [154] DULIATUS HAC eae {117]
Triple-awned grass........... [60] | Vaccinium.................. [187]
ARTISEE UIE LC eee [65] caespitosum............... [187]
MAUS ae eee 39, [65] CPrVENNOCOCCUME:. 02 sie oioiels ai [187]
montanum............. 33, [65] Myrtillus microphyllum.... .{187]
SPIca tums avail aie [65] oreophilum............... [187]
SUDSPICALUM Anse eisetelr 31,32, 41 SCOPATIUIMe Eee eee 42, [187].

457]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ |

WAGCGCINTACEAE:. so 42 oe elo
Vagnera......... Rare aye TeASeet [93]
amplexicaulis........... 25, [93]
KACCIMMOSAK ie) ceheislvenere cle 25, [93]
stellataynercr cence 22,28, [93]
Wallerian ecrtischscccaceon miners 223]
edible. . [223]
Greek ae aceeenval terns [198]
VALERIAN FAMILY............ [223]
Walenianaselsciccis acelin 223]
ceratophylla........... 35, [223]
COTS Saeed o tors o Teter Dati [223]
VALERIANACEAE............. [223]
WATE RTANALES sie cicieiet (223]
VALLICOLAE........18, 21, 24, 27
Venus’s looking-glass. ata . [223]
COMMON sno Oeil [223]
WESTER th amiaccysererses cheats [223]
Werbascum*:scererielcereiei [221]
Blattariay cose e cies aie 45, [211]
aphapsusia)spcvacvecvsicnnels 45, [211]
Wien benal-\ryaly sate neiehe eas 204
ambrosifolia............ 14, [204]

AlcDLetia at ayetie ominstoisiekenete a

Dracteosaseeeeaen eee 204]
albiflora emcee [204]
Canadensisheceeea ease [205]
hastata ioe eicitys\s a etetiel- 11, [204]
Verbena, common wild.......[205]
IWERBENA GEAR ere eietereley ie) feet: [204]
Wernbesinast rca. saci css aces we [243]
encelioides exauriculata[243], [244]
exaunculatareereer oor: [243
Weronicam eis ysrciacieac cals [214]
AQLEStIS rote hee) . [215]
Americana....... on Ag, 29, pial
IBUSUCUIIE eee (215
ByZantinaee ernie 45, [215]
PEKERTINA sen tee aarciiens (214]
Senpyllitolianssee ea 45, [214]
Wormskjoldii....... 34, 40, [214]
J ueXalapensisiaa-yraceraciscrie [214]
WOnichiiamanaoioddameiciimorae > [204]
Wey sisi rotenone eee ioe ns [204]
large-bracteditei))-.)-12 mis [204]
white-flowered........... [204]
ragweed-leaved............ [204]
VERVAIN FAMILY.............[204]
Wetcht itamgiesasr serene 21, [161]
tN) per neta iero crt o aaa 34, [155]
mop uMEvt es So anaoeadoadodC {161]
narrow-leaved............. [161]
remote-leaved..............[161]
small-flowered............. {161]
Wetchlling sa aicrectancr il: 21, [161]
white-flowered.............[161]
WA XBEM, oo cboaddoddoga aC (221]

309
Bentagoteniccvesssc vse 23, [221]
PANG OLUMISst leer eee [221]
Miciaiis lars Aoio sie didislaiocuarekote 161]
Gissitifolianeerereeee eee 21, [161]
UGTA Sandon as oane ne tee eae 161
Oneganayisiteeioe 21, 22, [161]
PLOdLuctareee eee: 21, 22, [161]
Sparsitolianeerreeeaoee 21, [161]
Vilfa depauperata filiformis... (o7]
Ruchardsonteseeree nacre (61
Viola dU eS ae aa eee (171]
bellidifoliaseeyaceic ste crek [172]
biflorasie hese s see [172]
Canadensis- Neo-Mexicanus
39, [172]
Ryd bergieeerrenine cn 23, [172]
Cognatay wwe ww notes ae [171]
Neo-Mexicana............. [172]
Nuttalllitey (uae ceoaciasie (172]
pallens nee cae 33, [171]
Dalustriswa ener 33, [171]
DIY SCLOCESS Reenter cate {172]
ene: HIDE Greer nae [172]
vallicola.. 25, [172]
VIOLACEAE.. SR Ghote oes {171]
Violetin nce Maier ven teil {171]
blue, western..............[171]
Gereeleeniaelos sodboncccade {172]
dog=tootheeeericneee error: [92]
marsh iayicikr uneasy: [171]
New) Mexicosscemsasec eee: {172]
noddingiNncaarcnysceeto: {172]
Nuttallisy eye [171]
Delbaere riding cicinio coin ana {171]
Rydbergishs Seance: [172]
two-flowered.............. {172]
Valleys s-vita eee on: [172]
WIGEWAN INS Soacecooocdds (172]
VIOLET RAMI Yaseen eee Lal
Wiornaye a,c ac sista enero rae nae {121]
erlophoraeac-mieeeiorecie (122]
NOnests ema cacobdecdabmes [121]
Virginia creeper............. [169]
Vinelike\.Sactseiennee eas [169]
Wir ginisiboweletneee eet {121]
WESLELD vais aveisvetcyesse seitence ia: {121]
VITACHAE en yacuiiaer var treae [169]
Witistxc eee tiarher eee as [169]
ATIZOMICAs eerie ae LOO
Boulderensisiece seein ee [169]
palmatasysieierrerrm tortie [169]
FLPOVAD said wispe 0s ts)'s a apa haa [169]
Tyee cgos oo dooee 12, 22, [169]
Wolwiiluss.ceiarcg aceite [195]
ANLOLIOMepsbetonetekstrctete te tehatrete [195]
Wallflower, Cockerell’s....... {131]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

310
STOW MEN EIS ene tedsete [131]
WeESLELM ese einai aite [130]

Washingtonia longistylis...... [182]
CDIUSA MES Maurie) coe aelster ees [182]

Weer Crees cose edoadod soe [128]

Water crowfoot.............. (122
White muy cae serene 34, [122]

flaccid-leaved........... (122]

Water dropwort.............. [183]
endlersshanreneicieericiniitcr [183]

Water hemlock.............. [182]

Water hoarhound............ [208]
ENINANCEIGY ob adoopidagboooK [208]
WESLETM ss iierleperesetsieneheteteiele [208

Wraterleateaciaaier tle oo]
Rendler/s ayy ones [199]

WATER-LILY FAMILY.......... [125]

Water milfoil.............10, [181]
Spiked AEM aate [181]

Water parsnip............... [183]
Gut-leavedsaenmmmiirnacevatcl [183]

Water pepper............... 10

Water-plantain..............

COMMON eae [56]
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY..... [56]
Water spring bee [114]

Chamisso’s. (114]
Water starwort........... 10, [166]

AIKEN be 5 )4'g'd6 go Go clauiae.s [166]

MATS Hes ae ee eer years 166]
WATER STARWORT FAMILY [166]
Wiax-cunrantanenineneeehicn 20, 29

Sra ee Pe ile aap aaa [140]
Wieed Sure Naya yA RUE ae
Western mallow............. [170]

WATER vn eee aya paar [170]
Westernlistare oreo: [173]

many-flowered............ [173]

nakedwer ae are eee Ludo

SHOW Eset csi ciel eno tinier [173]

StrIiCE Se etnine np au nh enn hunreioe {173]

ten-petalled............... {174]

wavy-leaved.............. [173]
Wihea ea ica ine natn itratora [77]
Wiheatioralssmmemecianiri-iets [76]

ANGVANIES os ola gesododagood00 [76]

WHOMINEMINSG Gig gbeesodoaucos [76]

Ruchardsonvs eae eeeeeee [76]

Lipanane verter Keio [77]

Scnibnerissseeueiince ace [76]

Slender (eiepaiicrewstaye/aaisherhoinvs [76]

SOLE RU a LN rade Sat rela [77]

Vasey’s [76]

VIOLE EN ROCHA Vt NOR eee ar naa [76]

WESTER! siirean ie cr om a Vann [77]
White evening primrose....... [178]

cut-leaved nye ateliaraior [179]

INUttallis heise saan ers [179]
rhizomatous............... [179]
white-stemmed............ [178]
White sage.................. [110]
woolly.syhaieee sua ee ee [110]
Whitlow-grass............... [132]
artic) whitess casero ae [133]
Baker’se.i7. ee eS 3]
Goloradone ae eee [132]
hoary jessy Nese idee milo cesses [133]
thick=leaved-eeysemeneenee ts [132]
twisted-podded............ [133]
wihitefancticun ee eee [133]
iC Bab StoES HLS Gididia wuoldraiorokn [132]
Wihitlowworteeeeseeinee ane (112]
decumbentso555), sheen [133]
fexo) (a Keron Iu Bid eh Atala lai [133]
James sii ane aaa Ne tage {112]
pUlVvinate.se eee {112]
vellowisheer cece ne [133]
Waldibrientiarien sec ince 21
Wild cherry ponee bCWS Mile 2X)
black- fated western....... [152]
Wild oat-grass............... [66]
(Camtigaws) Gucb igs cabooo 0% [66]
COMO Nooisccceddacss aa [66]
intermediate.............. [66]
Waldiliquonicesse nyse lent [159]
SCaly eat ei httene oceans [159]
Wild onion, Fraser’s......... [92]
Geyer Gee snes ee aes yale [91]
Nuttall lise eee ea Ss [91]
Pike's) Peak.cs-32))2 20-5. 4. [92]
GHECURVER rp iae ee bieeene [92]
Waldéplummaraeniie steric 20, 28
Almerican ere enoeeeemeree {151]
Wild rye, Canadian.......... [78]
Macounys ieee [78]
slendere nae oe ene [78]
StOUEN: Agen Een ona [78]
Wildsarsaparilla............. [181]
COMMMONG daiscosegesoooaos 181
Willow. . 12, 21,27, 38, [99]
Bebbis se uuice see yee 00]
bloom-branched........... [99]
Gwar k eee ca eae ear ae eeom [100]
falseyWaplandeeeeeeeeeeers [100]
Hendlerisceriiciiuas sured [99]
clacous nn nee eee [100]
green-leates einen ieee [100]
aplandtifalsesseemaaeeceee [100]
long-beaked............... [99]
Narrow-leatye eee [99]
Nuttall lice ie ant eae siete [100]
Peachy eee MMO Se [99]
rock-lovingesee semen [100]
Rocky Mountain.......... [101]

459]

INDEX

References to the Flora are in brackets [ ]

Wolf starr aruercraristeetce sy ctcrerets
Yellows ee CIO ere

STA Easy fore secs tere neree srekete
Nortehernvaceve reese eee
paniclediwrnsa cc seimchktee ee
glandulanacceee ieee
Plmperne leslie
TEA dishes wapeje sere eesetaiels rae
western.. Pra ele
WILLow- HERB PAMIDY Jone

IDOa socnmic adios eed GoMlnsidD
creeping... PAL ed CU KN eae
Gnestlowerede animale

one-sidedmanseie cea oae i

WINTERGREEN FAMILY........
Witchvonasseniniyeine yikes
Wood reed-grass.............
SIS ET esi sere cmcailsbateuetebers
Wicoal ®iGitcssscdbogomecdsans
dense-cymed..............
small-flowered.............
Sprecher te velerter ition

WooD SORREL FAMILY........
Wooded mesa formation......

Oreganan eo silos woe 29,
SCOpULInaas eee tei 29,
WioodsiaNiclittivnisererr rica
MOMMMEAV Ga concadonuoaaae
Wiool-jomltenmr eerie 18,
Bakerisiisemisiicesmia ioctl ares

SUbal pines -tereyetceasieaeieret:
umbellate BAH Sais marcia crolatrok

WOlOiocdodccosacunovesce

Bur
bienniallvin racine omcheatssmens (247]
Wiyethialy arises Oye ions read [242]
amplexicaulissn. cis.) [242]
Wyethia, clasping-leaved..... [242]
\WarowiieAs Gboobubecocapasc [239]
(6a FIG, Gate el SU nm Ents ian 16, [239]
DERI, doodosicoocacebonS [225]
Commune eee 12, 45, [225]
MantEhOxalisueryeieva seer {163]
stricta einem 25, [163]
Ximenesia exauriculata....... [244]
Xylophacoswae yee aes [157]
ISEWe wid boone aio consi Ceteasc 30, [157]
Shortianuss see 15, [157]
EXGVIRIDAT ESS alsin yecd evar aera [87]
AERO Wirsaactsuallensenyeie eteuattncra tke [246]
WOOL Lys ey a wat testa ele [246]
Nellowicressee eee eee {129]
Spreadinccnew cy tae rrr ne {129]
warty-podded:2......../.- [129]
Yellow mountain avens.......[146]
Arapahoehnancneraaiicncceit [146]
Yellow pond lily.......... 24, [125]
many-sepalled.. 5c ol ASI)
Yellow wood sorrel.. [163]
tikoyated raced oldiama Arico e3 [163[
h Alcor Banter dich caacicca waco n [94]
ONMSUSTUROLLO Aeterna [94]
glaucarepaeroer 15,18, 20, [94]
Yucca nae ats aR 19
Yucca mesa formation.. aouliyy te)
Zanichellia. . RARE Dodie tieen SO]
palustriss-ceee cee ene 10, [56]
Zanichellia, marsh........... [56]
ZANICHELLIACEAE.... [55]
Zones of vegetation.......... 8
alpine summits............ 9
foothills and mountain pla-

EAU Laer Matte 9
lower mountain slopes Beat 9
mesas. babe 9
plains... : 9
subalpine mountain slopes... 9

Zygadenus elegans...........- [88]
ESPEN MCD Cb aoa sooo KO Od [88]
Coloradowepeterarrya-Precrer [83]
SHOW shisloseision gl seatsien selee aieeke [88]

(Ss)

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES

Edited by W.“G, Brown) '

SCIENCE SERIES
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