GE
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA FRANKLIN'S COLLEGE
THIS LIMITED EDITION HAS BEEN PRINTED FROM TYPE AND THE TYPE DISTRIBUTED
THE OLD COLLEGE TOWER
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
FRANKLIN'S COLLEGE
BEING SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT ITS CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS AND ITS GIFTS TO THE NATION
BY HORACE MATHER LIPPINCOTT
Alumni Secretary and Editor of "The Alumni Register"; Author of "Early
Philadelphia: Its People, Life and Progress"; "George Washington
and the University of Pennsylvania"; Joint Author of
"The Colonial Homes of Philadelphia"
WITH 22 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS BY EDWIN F. BAYHA AND FROM PRINTS
PHILADELPHIA fcf LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
1919
COPYRIGHT, IQIg, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
PRINTED BT J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
AT THE WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS
PHILADELPHIA, U. 9. A.
TO
NINETY-SEVEN
Volenti nil difficile
464060
FOREWORD
THE history of our venerable University has never been written. During the 178 years since its origin its career has been full of a romance and useful- ness that has touched every part of our country's progress. It has been more varied and distin- guished, perhaps, than the history of any of our Colonial Colleges. To describe this in intimate detail would fill many volumes, but the story has been set down in this book in what is hoped will prove a convenient and readable form.
Our University had its origin among a number of plain citizens of Philadelphia who organized themselves in 1740 to found and build a Charity School upon broad, catholic lines. The greatest of all Americans, Benjamin Franklin, put it into proper form and gave it being. In his plan for the school he urged useful things and he secured the active interest of the most useful, influential and trusted citizens to serve upon its Board of Trustees. So, as our motto indicates, character building has been the chief aim of the institution from its origin.
The fortunate position of Alumni Secretary has brought to me many records, accounts and
7
FOREWORD
traditions of early life at the College which it seemed to me should be gathered into permanent form. Indebtedness to many individuals is ac- knowledged in the text; in addition I wish to thank Provost Edgar F. Smith, Charles M. Burns, '59, Charles Gilpin, '64, Beauveau Borie, '65, Ewing Jordan, '68, Samuel W. Pennypacker, '66, Charles W. Dulles, '70, Edward W. Mumford, '89, Harry C. Thayer, '92, John Blakeley, '95, Charles C, Harrison, '62, Thomas B. Donaldson, '99, Charles J. Stille, "The History of the University," by Thomas H. Montgomery, and the records of The General Alumni Society.
HORACE MATHER LIPPINCOTT CHESTNUT HILL, PENNSYLVANIA APRIL, 1919
CONTENTS
I. THE STORY OF AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY 13
II. THE PROVOSTS 79
III. THE SEAL, THE COLOURS, THE CHEER AND THE
SONGS 112
IV. UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS 138
V. UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS 160
VI. ATHLETICS 178
VII. To THE NATION 208
VIII. THE ALUMNI 241
ILLUSTRATIONS
PACK
The Old College Tower Frontispiece
The Charity School, Academy and College on Fourth
Street Below Arch Street 14
House Built for President Washington, Southwest Cor- ner Ninth and Market Streets 14
The First Medical Building of the University 31
The Medical School 35
Entrance to the Law School on Thirty-Fourth Street. . . 45 The University on Ninth Street Below Market, 1829 to
1873 62
Back of College and Houston Halls 71
'73*8 Gate, Hamilton Walk 78
'72*8 Gate and the Provost's Tower on Spruce Street. . . 88
Vista on Thirty-Third Street 109
'93*3 Gate and Houston Hall on Spruce Street 115
Dormitory Archway 133
Thomas Penn House of the Dormitories 141
The "Little Quad" of the Dormitories 149
An Early Commencement Program — 1856 152
Mock Program of 1856 Commencement Exercises 152
Program of Commencement at a Critical Time— 1863 . 154
The Gymnasium and Franklin Field 178
Northwest corner of the "Big Quad" 196
Entrance to the Dental School on Spruce Street 210
The Museum Courtyard 227
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
FRANKLIN'S COLLEGE
CHAPTER I
THE STORY OF AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
THE Province of Pennsylvania was foun- ded and settled because of religious persecution, and the movement which developed into the University of Penn- sylvania, begun in Philadelphia in 1740, had a like origin.
It was a time of intense religious feeling and very appropriate for a visit from the most cele- brated evangelist of his day, George Whitefield, who arrived in 1739 on his way to his parish at Savannah, Georgia. Whitefield was but twenty- four years old, but as a preacher had already out- stripped his, brethren of the Episcopal Church. When he was ordained and preached his first sermon in Gloucester Cathedral complaint was made to the bishop that fifteen people had been driven mad by it. The bishop was, however, a loyal and vigourous soul and merely replied that he hoped the madness might not be forgotten before another Sunday.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Whitefield's ministry lasted four and thirty years and during this time he preached eighteen thousand times. His eloquence and the power of his voice were notable, and Franklin wrote of him to a friend, "I knew him intimately for upwards of thirty years. His integrity, disinterestedness, and indefatigable zeal in prosecuting every good work, I have never seen equalled, and shall never see excelled." He adds that Whitefield used sometimes to pray for his conversion, " but never had the satis- faction of believing that his prayers were heard."
Whitefield's vigour, directness and the way he denounced ecclesiasticism and frivolity soon caused the doors of Christ Church and St. Peter's to be closed to him, and the crowds that assembled to hear him were too great for any house in the city, so that a movement was set on foot by a number of plain persons of various denominations to provide a building which would accommodate the people and protect them from the weather. Franklin was foremost in the work and tells us that sufficient sums were soon received to procure the ground on Fourth Street below Arch and to erect the building, which was 100 feet long and 70 broad, "about the size of Westminster Hall." The work was carried on with such spirit that Whitefield preached in it in November, 1740. There was another purpose which the trustees of this building had in mind and which appears in
H
THE CHARITY SCHOOL, ACADEMY AND COLLEGE ON FOURTH STREET BELOW ARCH STREET 1'he "New Building" of 1740 and the College Dormitories
HOUSE BUILT FOR PRESIDENT WASHINGTON, SOUTHWEST CORNER NINTH AND MARKET STREETS
Occupied by the University 1802-1829
AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
their advertisement in July of 1740 where they say it is "for a charity school for the instruction of poor children, gratis, in useful literature and the knowledge of the Christian religion." Their proposal ran thus:
"Proposed Advertisement of the Charity School of Philadelphia, 1740. — " Advertisement,
It has pleased Almighty God of his infinite Goodness and Mercy in these latter Days to visit with his Holy Spirit the Hearts and Minds of many professing Christianity in this as well as diverse other Parts of the World however divided or distinguished in denomination or Interest, so as to make them lay aside Bigottry and party Zeal and unite their endeavours to promote the truly Noble Interest of the Kingdom of the Blessed Jesus.
With this View it hath been thought proper to erect a large building for a Charity School for the Instruction of Poor Children Gratis in useful Literature and the Knowledge of the Christian Religion and also for a House of Publick Worship in this Place being insufficient to contain the great Numbers who convene on such Occasions And it being Impracticable to meet in the open Air at all Times of the Year because of the inclemency of the Weather.
"It is agreed that the use of the aforesaid School and House of Religious Worship be under the direction of certain Trustees Viz
and other persons to be appointed by them who in Case of the Decease of one of their Number are to choose by a Majority of their Votes one other fit Person to succeed to his Place and so from Time to Time as often as any of the before named Trustees or others so as to be chosen shall dye the Place of such deced Trustees shall be supplyed by the Votes of a Majority of the Surviving Trustees.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
"Which Trustees before named and hereafter to be chosen are from time to Time to appoint fit and able School Masters and School Mistresses and introduce such Protes- tant Ministers as they judge to be Sound in principle ac- quainted with experimental Religion in their own Hearts and faithful in their Practise without regard to those dis- tinctions or different sentiments in lesser matters which have unhappily divided real Christians.
"These are therefore to give Notice to all Charitable Persons who are inclined to encourage the undertaking that the Building is actually begun under the direction of
and the foundation laid on a Lot of ground (late of Jonathan Price and Mary his Wife who have generously contributed) Situate near Mulberry Street in the City of Philada where Materials for the Building will be received as also Subscrip- tions for Money and Work taken in by the underwritten persons.
Philada July 1740"
The undertaking was naturally in the hands of persons with no strong sectarian feelings and they thought it a good opportunity to supply also the lack in educational facilities for the poor. The advertisement of July indicates a previous association, but the deed for the ground and build- ing was not executed until September 15, 1740, when Edmund Woolley, carpenter, John Coats, brickmaker, John Howell, mariner, and William Price, carpenter, were named as the legal repre- sentatives of the subscribers, whose names are unknown. These made a deed of trust November
14, 1740, engaging to hold the property subject to
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
the direction of certain "Trustees for the Uses" who were also to have the power to direct a trans- fer of the property to others. The Trustees for the Uses were George Whitefield, of Georgia, William Seward, of London, Thomas Noble, Merchant, New York, John Stephen Benezet. Merchant, Samuel Hazard, Merchant, Robert Eastburn, Blacksmith, James Read, Gent., Ed- ward Evans, Cordwainer, and Charles Brockden, Gent., of Philadelphia. The, indenture defines the object of the trust in the very words of the adver- tisement of July, 1740.
As one of the Trustees, Whitefield was com- missioned to select a master and a mistress for the Charity School. What measure of success was attained for this school has never been positively determined, but it is the clause which was incor- porated word for word in the deed to the Trustees of the Academy in 1749 that connects the Univer- sity with the origin of 1740.
Franklin's first proposal for a "compleat ed- ucation of youth" was mentioned in 1743, but it was not until his publication of "Proposals rela- ting to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania," 1749, that the idea took the form of a definite prospectus, which he distributed freely among the principal inhabitants. It is well to note his de- parture from the common practice of the time of
emphasizing the usual classical education, in his 2 17
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
particular mention of the importance of keeping our mother tongue foremost in the aims of the in- stitution. He was ahead of his time also in urging that as "art is long, and their time is short" they "learn those things that are likely to be the most useful and most ornamental; regard being had to the several professions forwhich they are intended." Also "that to keep them in Health, and to strengthen and render active their Bodies, they be frequently exercised in Running, Leaping, Wrestling, and Swimming, etc."
Franklin was ably seconded by Dr. Richard Peters, afterward rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. Franklin wanted him to organize and head the Academy in 1743, but he declined. He became President of the Board of Trustees in 1756 and was the leading spirit during Franklin's long absences abroad.
It may be well to name the 24 gentlemen who associated themselves to carry this project into being. They were:
James Logan, Esquire Thomas Lawrence, Esquire William Allen, Esquire John Inglis, Merchant Tench Francis, Esquire William Masters, Esquire Lloyd Zachary, Practitioner in Physic Samuel McCall, Jr., Merchant Joseph Turner, Esquire 18
AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
Benjamin Franklin, Printer
Thomas Leech, Merchant
William Shippen, Practitioner in Physic
Robert Strettell, Esquire
Philip Syng, Silversmith
Charles Willing, Esquire
Phineas Bond, Practitioner in Physic
Thomas Hopkinson, Esquire
William Plumsted, Esquire
Joshua Maddox, Esquire
Thomas White, Esquire
William Coleman, Merchant
Abram Taylor, Esquire
Richard Peters, Esquire
Thomas Bond, Practitioner in Physic
Thus they are named and described in the deed of conveyance of the property on Fourth Street and in their first Minutes. They were the most talented, richest and influential men in the Province.
In taking over the "New Building," as it was called when erected for Whitefield, the conveyors dictated a continuance of their original purpose of the Charity School and in each of the Charters granted to the institution this has been continued, forming an unbroken connection back to 1740. The original Trustees, besides, contributed a con- siderable amount ol the money for the Academy of 1749 at tne time of the transfer of their property.
The first meeting of the new subscribers was held at Robert's Coffee House, February I, 1750,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
when Messrs. Benezet, Hazard, Eastburn, Read, and Evans directed their associates, Edmund Wooley and John Coats, to make the deed convey- ing the property on Fourth Street near Arch to the new Trustees.
Franklin wanted the Rev. Samuel Johnson, of Stratford, Connecticut, to head the Academy and journeyed thence to persuade him, but in vain, and David Martin, M.A., was chosen Rector to start the undertaking. He died in 1751 and Fran- cis Allison was chosen in his place "upon Trial."
In the Academy there were then "schools" after the example of some foreign Universities- one for Latin — one for English — one for Mathe- matics. Dr. Francis Allison, who afterward be- came a Presbyterian Minister of eminence and Vice-Provost of the College for nearly 25 years, was Rector of the Academy, and Master of the Latin School; David James Dove was Master of the English School; and Theophilus Grew was Master of the Mathematical School. These masters were aided by Ushers or Tutors, one of whom, Charles Thompson, afterward became the distinguished Secretary of the Continental Con- gress. There was also the Charity School and, when Dr. Smith came, the Philosophy School under his care.
David James Dove, the English Master at this time, deserves mention, for he was one of the
20
AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
characters of the time. Alexander Graydon, who was a pupil under him, tells us that he was much celebrated as a teacher both at his own school, kept in Videll's Alley, and in the Academy. It was his practice to substitute disgrace lor corporal punishment and he rarely used his birch in the usual way. It was, however, stuck into the back part of the collar of the culprit who was compelled to stand at the top of the form with this badge of disgrace towering from his nape. When his scholars were late he would send a committee of boys for them with a lighted lantern and a bell to escort them through the streets to their class-room. He was fair about it and one day when late himself subjected himself good humoredly to the same treatment on the part of his watchful pupils. He tried to conduct a girl's school of his own in addi- tion to his duties at the Academy and so lost his position, for the Trustees were not lenient then as to a division of allegiance in the Faculty.
The only reference to the doings of the boys of those days is in the formal minutes of the Trustees in the entry of I5th of November, 1752, "Agreed that a small Ladder be bought, to be always at hand for the Conveniency of Mending the Win- dows," but Graydon gives some account of their pranks while he was a student.
He tells in his memoirs of his entry into the College and how he was compelled at the out-
21
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
set reluctantly to fight a battle with one John Appowen in order to establish his claim to the honour of being an Academy boy. He was de- feated, but was acknowledged to have behaved well and not unworthily, so that he had no more battles imposed upon him.
John Beveridge, a native of Scotland, was the Latin master at this time and made a free use of the rattan and ferule. The boys imposed upon him, and one actually twitched off his wig under the pretense of brushing a spider from it. The poor man could only exclaim, "Hoot, mon!" The worst prank, however, that Graydon relates is the sudden darkening of the room by boys on the outside closing the shutters soon after the master had entered and before he reached his place. From the utter darkness came "the most hideous yells that can be conceived" and all the books available were hurled at the head of the astonished preceptor. He groped and crawled to the door, attained light and returned to a death-like silence. Every boy was at his lesson. After several days of this Graydon says the Fac- ulty interfered and decreed most exemplary pun- ishment for those who were caught. He tells, in striking contrast, of the sterling qualities and dignity and the respect in which the students held Patrick Alison, later chaplain to the Continental Congress; James Wilson, professor of English,
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
founder of the Law School and Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in after years, and John Andrews, later Provost. Boys were boys in those days, too, it seems, although their appearance and stilted writings have often caused us to regard them as more serious and dignified than our present Freshmen.
Graydon's account of early athletics is so interesting that it should be quoted :
My course was much shortened by the removal to my mother's who had taken a house in Arch Street, facing the Friends' burying ground. The first lads that were placed with her were two brothers, the sons of a Colonel Lewis, of Virginia. The younger, named Samuel, . . . had the attrac- tions of a pleasing countenance and great gentleness of manners. . . . There was not a boy in the school in whose welfare and competitions I took so decided an interest; the ardor of which was in almost perpetual requisition, from the circumstance of his being a champion in the gymnastic exer- cise of running, which was then the rage. The enthusiasm of the turf had pervaded the Academy, and the most ex- travagant transports of that theatre on the triumph of a favorite horse were not more zealous and impassioned than were the acclamations which followed the victor in a foot-race around a square. Stripped to the shirt, and accoutred for the heat by a handkerchief bound round the head, another round the middle, with loosened knee-bands, without shoes, or with moccasins instead of them, the racers were started; and turning to the left around the corner of Arch Street, they encompassed the square in which the Academy stands, while the most eager spectators, in imita- tion of those who scour across the course at a horse race, scampered over the church burying ground to Fifth Street, in order to see the state of the runners as they passed, and
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
to ascertain which was likely to be foremost, on turning Market Street corner. The four sides of this square cannot be much less than three-quarters of a mile; wherefore, bottom in the coursers was no less essential than swiftness, and in both Lewis bore away the palm from every one that dared enter against him. After having, in a great number of matches, completely triumphed over the Academy, other schools were resorted to for racers; but all in vain — Lewis was the Eclipse that distanced every competitor, the swift- footed Achilles, against the vigorous agility of whose straight and well-proportioned form the long-legged stride of the overgrown and the nimble step of the dapper were equally unavailing.
Again the Trustees' Minutes tell us of their trouble with youthful spirits, for on the 2nd of February, 1773, they say " several Things are want- ing" and begin by naming the playing of Truant and going about the streets in improper Company. Then they say "The Bell, morning and afternoon, rings a Quarter of an hour, or Twenty minutes; during which Time, the Boys are running over the Benches in the Schools, and up and down the Stairs in a very rude manner; none of the Masters or Ushers coming into the Schools, till after the Ring- ing of the Bell is finished."
A notable addition to the Faculty upon Mr. Dove's retirement in 1753 was that of Ebenezer Kinnersley, who was chosen "Professor of the English Tongue and of Oratory." It was, how- ever, for his proficiency in electricity that he be- came best known, and much of Franklin's repu-
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
tation for his discoveries in the new wonder is attributed to him.
In 1753 Governor Thomas Penn gave the institution a Charter under the name of "The Trustees of the Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania" and there was much rejoicing among both Trustees and Pupils, the latter delivering several declamations in Latin to celebrate the event.
The Academy was growing and soon the necessity of enlarging its sphere was apparent.
The publication of a scheme for an ideal "College of Mirania" by William Smith, who had been educated at the University of Aberdeen, attracted much attention in 1752, and in enclosing a copy to Franklin the author inquired about the placing of his pupils in the Philadelphia Academy. The correspondence led to a visit and finally to the choice of William Smith as Provost of the College in 1755. The career of this remarkable man was long and distinguished. It is to his skillful man- agement that the rise and success of the Univer- sity must be attributed. The plan of his ideal "College of Mirania," which he endeavoured to put into practice, was a step in advance in educa- tion, and the courses of study which he first incul- cated have formed the basis for nearly all Ameri- can Colleges. These advanced ideas were in har- mony with those of Franklin and his associates, so
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
that the modern theory of American education had its beginnings at Philadelphia nearly a hun- dred years before it was established in any other community in the country. Dr. Smith was elo- quent, forcible and courageous. He drew up the new Charter of 1755 incorporating the College, which name was added to the title, still including the "Charity School" of 1740.
In the agitated times that followed, during the wars with the French, the Provost, Dr. Smith, opposed so vehemently the non-resistance policy of the Assembly of Pennsylvania that by an arbi- trary stretch of power he was thrown into prison. In faithfulness to his duties as Provost, however, he received his classes at the windows of his gaol, at Third and Market Streets, and continued his instructions to them there while still a prisoner. Finally he was set at liberty, for the purpose of going to England to make a personal appeal to the King, and his kindly reception there was not lessened by the strain to which his loyalty at home had been put. Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. On his return home so highly did his fellow-citizens rate his influence abroad that, when in 1761 the Trustees were hard beset, they sent him back to England to raise funds for an endowment. It happened that King's College (now Columbia) in New York was in sim- ilar straits, and had resolved on similar efforts.
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
The two commissioners met in England and ami- cably resolved to " divide the land between them" and share the proceeds. Through the influence of the Archbishop of Canterbury they received a circular letter from the King to all the churches, and succeeded in raising a very considerable en- dowment for each College. David Garrick gave a benefit in Drury Lane which netted a good sum, and altogether Dr. Smith raised at home and abroad £20,000 for his College, from 12,000 people. The members of the first class became more than usually distinguished. Francis Hopkinson was one of the most prominent patriots of the Revolutionary War, was a member of Congress and Assembly, a Judge, and a signer of the Decla- ration of Independence. He was a musician and writer of ability, in fact the most prolific writer of both prose and verse ever graduated from the College. He became a trustee in 1778 and his family has been prominently identified with the institution to the present day. Jacob Duche be- came Rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's and was the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. John Adams, writing of the opening of the Congress, says that Duche "struck out into an extemporary prayer, which filled the bosom of every man pres- ent." But when the British entered Philadelphia in 1777 his patriotism left him and he begged Washington to conclude a peace. He was the
27
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
first alumnus to become a Trustee, which he did in 1761, and ably seconded the plans of the Provost.
Paul Jackson was the first to receive a degree from the College of Philadelphia, became Professor of Languages, and died at the early age of 36 years.
James Latta was a Tutor in the College both before and after graduation and became Clerk to the Trustees. He entered the Presbyterian min- istry and received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from his Alma Mater in 1799.
Samuel Magaw, who entered the ministry of the Anglican Church, was Vice-Provost for a short time.
John Morgan was the founder of our Medical School and will be mentioned later.
Hugh Williamson became a Presbyterian Minister, Professor of Mathematics and an ardent supporter of the Proprietary party in Pennsylvania. His health prevented his continuing any stated duties, and he began the practice of medicine after two years' study abroad. His attainments in sci- ence were widely recognized at home and abroad. During the Revolution he became Chief of the Medical Department of North Carolina and later a member of the Assembly of that State. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention and the first Congress.
The beginning of American drama was work- ing in the College, and in 1757 Francis Hopkinson
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
tells us that "Ever since the Foundation of the College and Academy in this City the Improve- ment of the Youth in Oratory and correct speaking has always been considered as an essential Branch of their Education." He tells us of the success that has attended the oratorical exercises, the youth having "delivered proper Speeches" and acted parts before large audiences. The develop- ment was rapid and soon a whole dramatic piece was demanded. This laudable ambition was en- couraged by the Professors as an easier method of teaching pronunciation. They had some difficulty, we find, in choosing an "English Performance" which would include a large number of speakers, exalt the sentiments, engage the passions and better the hearts of the youth. The " Masque of Alfred," by Mr. Thompson and Mr. Mallet, was chosen, representing the redemption of England from the cruelties of the Danish invasion, and was adapted by Mr. Hopkinson so as to eliminate the female parts and put their words into other mouths. Hymns, "Pieces of Music" and a Prologue and Epilogue were added by Mr. Hopkinson and the whole presented several times during the Christ- mas Holidays of 1756 in one of the apartments of the College "as an Oratorical Exercise, by a Sett of young gentlemen." Mr. Hopkinson says the town was entertained, there were crowded, discerning and applauding audiences, and each
29
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
speaker, young and old, "acquired Honor in his Part." It was repeated in January, 1757, before Lord Loudon and the Governors of several of the Colonies who were in Philadelphia consulting upon plans for common resistance to the Indians who were then ravaging the western frontiers.
It was this performance that inspired Thomas Godfrey, Jr., a pupil of Provost William Smith, to write the first American play ever publicly acted in the Colonies. It was a strictly moral drama entitled the "Prince of Parthia," and was produced on the 24th of April, 1767, by Hallam's Company, who returned in 1766 to occupy a new theatre built for them at South and Apollo Streets and opened on the I2th of November in that year.
The beginning of American Fine Art was also fostered in the College in the person of Benjamin West, of the Class of 1757. The God-given talent for painting possessed by this Chester County Quaker had already been recognized and blessed by Friends, and while at College he was encouraged and inspired by Francis Hopkinson and "Billy" White, afterward Bishop, who used to stroll along the sylvan banks of the Schuylkill reading the classics to the young artist. With Benjamin Franklin they helped his sweetheart to escape by night from her stern brother and sent her to her marriage with him in England, where he became a founder and President of the Royal Academy.
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THE FIRST MEDICAL BUILDING OF
THE UNIVERSITY
Fifth Street below Library Street, 1765
AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
John Morgan, of the class of 1757, has shed great glory upon his Alma Mater. Beginning his medical studies under Dr. Redman, he served as a surgeon of the Provincial Troops against the French and Indians until 1760, when he went to Europe to complete his medical education at Edinburgh, London and Paris. Returning -to Philadelphia in 1765 he laid before the Trustees of the College, at a special meeting on the 3rd of May, a recommendation of his plans for a Medical Department from Governor Thomas Penn and similar letters from James Hamilton and Rev. Mr. Richard Peters, two Trustees then in England. The Trustees immediately entered into the project with enthusiasm and appointed Dr. Morgan Pro- fessor of Theory and Practice of Physick. Thus was begun the first Medical School in America, which, as Thomas Penn said, gave "Reputation and Strength to the Institution" and made it the first University on the Continent, a fact which was strengthened by the first Law Department in 1790. It is this great achievement of the old Col- lege which has maintained Philadelphia as the centre of medicine in this country, an achievement rendered permanent by the recent merger of other medical schools with the pioneer.
In the Revolutionary War Dr. Morgan was made Director General and Physician in Chief of the army.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
His address at the ensuing Commencement of 1765 acquired much notoriety and his prediction that the example thus set would be copied by other institutions and thus "spread the light of knowl- edge throughout the whole American continent" has been amply fulfilled. An early associate in the University was Dr. Adam Kuhn, who studied abroad and became Professor of Botany and Materia Medica.
Perhaps the most distinguished of Dr. John Redman's pupils was Benjamin Rush, who also studied under Dr. Shippen and abroad. He brought home a chemical apparatus presented to the University by Thomas Penn and a recommen- dation from him and was unanimously elected to the Chair of Chemistry in 1769. Dr. Rush was an author of prominence and had a talent for public discussion. His oration before the Philosophical Society on the history of medicine among the Indians, with a comparison of their diseases and remedies with those of civilized nations, made him famous. The feature of this address was his dis- cussion of the evils of the intemperate use of in- toxicating liquors, which was the first instance of such a discussion in Philadelphia. Dr. Rush was a member of the Continental Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Shortly af- terward he became Surgeon-General of the Army for the Middle Department, but his participation
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AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
in the Conway Cabal for the removal of General Washington soon led to his resignation. Dr. Rush's part in the yellow-fever outbreak of 1793 was notable. He adopted a heroic practice which he boldly asserted was of domestic and not foreign origin and it raised loud outcries against him. He kept going day and night during this terrible year, sometimes fainting in the street from ex- haustion, yet attending more than a hundred patients in twenty-four hours. His never-for- gotten notebook was always at hand and from it he wrote the history of the plague. His death caused universal sorrow, only exceeded, it was thought, by that at the death of Washington. The College of Physicians was established mainly through his influence.
Its first President, Dr. John Redman, a Trustee of the University, has been referred to as a teacher of medicine. He began practice in Bermuda after studying with Dr. John Kearsley and then completed his studies in Edinburgh, Paris and Leyden. For more than half a century he lived in Second Street near Arch, retiring from active practice many years before his death. In his later years he used to visit his old friends on a fat pony mare which he hitched to the turn-buckle of the mansion shutter, so that she always stood on the foot-pavement. Greatly respected for his learning and good sense he was also notable for his anti-
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quated appearance. He usually wore a broad- skirted dark coat, with long pocket-flaps, but- toned across his under dress, and wearing, in strict conformity to the cut of the coat, a pair of Baron Steuben's military-shaped boots, coming above the knees. "His hat flapped before and cocked up smartly behind, covering a full-buttoned powdered wig, in the front of which might be seen an eagle-pointed nose, separating a pair of piercing black eyes, his lips exhibiting, but only now and then, a quick motion, as though at the moment he was endeavouring to extract the essence of a small quid." Thus almost daily he was to be seen on his short, fat, black, switch-tailed mare riding in a brisk rocking canter about the streets.
Dr. Caspar Wistar, 1782, and Dr. James Hutchinson, 1774, were men of influence and note. Both studied abroad and both served the Uni- versity well. Dr. Wistar was President of the American Philosophical Society and a gentleman of wide influence and learning. He was the orig- inator of the famous " Wistar Parties," a social gathering of famous men of culture and refine- ment kept up to this day.
Philip Syng Physick is known as the "Father of American Surgery." He was graduated from the College in 1785 and began attending the Med- ical lectures. In 1789 he went abroad and qualified at the Royal College of Surgeons and at Edin-
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burgh University. He began his lectures on sur- gery at the suggestion of Dr. Rush in 1800 and in 1805 became our first Professor of Surgery.
The anatomist of those days pursued his investigations at the risk of his life and his abode was looked upon as the haunt of body-snatchers and the favourite abiding place of ghosts. The dead bodies were brought there, it was said, and "their flesh was boiled and their bones burnt down for the use of the faculty." Boys would advance as far as they dared and retreat suddenly, singing:
The body-snatchers! They have come,
And made a snatch at me; It's very hard them kind of men
Won't let a body be!
Don't go to weep upon my grave,
And think that there I'll be; They haven't left an atom there
Of my anatomy!
David Rittenhouse, the greatest American astronomer, who succeeded Franklin as President of the American Philosophical Society, was Vice- Provost of the University, first Director of the Mint, and contributed the first purely scientific paper in the series of the "Transactions of the Society." In June, 1769, he made observations on the transit of Venus, only seen twice before, from the observatory erected in the State House yard. It was from this balcony that Trustee John Nixon first read the Declaration of Independence
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to the people. He constructed an orrery repre- senting the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, which appeared upon the seal of the University for a time. David was not above a little practical work, and Washington depended upon him to grind the glasses for his spectacles made famous by that remark of the first President as he adjusted them to his nose, "I have grown gray and blind in your service."
On account of the presence of the Continental Congress the Commencement of 1775 was a notable one. Many of the delegates were at home in the College Hall, for they had been a part of the insti- tution, and two of them, Franklin and Mifflin, Trustees, were appointed a committee of reception. Allen, Mifflin, John and Lambert Cadwalader, Peters, Bingham and Smith, of Pennsylvania; Hopkinson, Neilson and Sergeant, of New Jersey; Paca, Seney and Hindman, of Maryland; William- son and Hill, of North Carolina; Dickinson, of Delaware; Marchant, of Rhode Island; Grayson, of Virginia; and Ramsey, of South Carolina, all knew the place, and it was dear to them. We can imagine their reminiscences and the pranks they recounted to their distinguished colleagues as the assemblage gathered. Some perhaps had appeared in the "Masque of Alfred," performed by the students in January of 1757 in honour of Lord Loudoun and the Governors of several of the Col-
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onies, who were in Philadelphia consulting upon plans for common resistance to the Indians. Some grew enthusiastic, no doubt, as they pointed out the course, about the square, taken by young Sam- uel Lewis, of Virginia, in 1770, when he won the championship at foot-racing. There may have been some in the company who had led the assault with apples upon the windows and new street lamps in 1752, which caused a formal entry upon the Minutes of the Trustees "that a small Ladder be bought, to be always at hand for the Conven- iency of mending the windows."
As a member of the Congress came Colonel George Washington, a delegate from Virginia, who was to be called within a month to the com- mand of his country's army. He lodged at Dr. Shippen's and was entertained at Andrew and James Allen's, James Tilghman's, Thomas Mifflin's, William Hamilton's, John Dickinson's, Benjamin Chew's, Thomas Writing's, Dr. Cadwalader's, General Cadwalader's, Thomas Wharton's, Dr. Rush's, and at the homes of other University men. He wore his uniform because it was the best suit he had, and it consisted of a blue coat, scarlet waist- coat and breeches. And so Washington first ap- peared at the University in the Colours it now holds so dear.
On Monday,May 15, 1775, the following adver- tisement appeared in the "Pennsylvania Packet'':
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. . . The Commencement for degrees in the Arts will begin at the College, on Wednesday next at nine o'clock; and the business will be finished in the forenoon. That there may be the more room for strangers in the Hall, the worthy inhabitants of the City are requested to accommodate them- selves (as far as they conveniently can) in the Galleries; the doors of which will be opened at half an hour Past Eight o'clock.
The account of the Commencement is given in the "Pennsylvania Packet" of May 22, 1775: College of Philadelphia, May 17, 1775.
This day the public Commencement for Graduation in the Arts was held here, in the presence of the most illustrious assembly this Seminary ever beheld.
About half an hour after nine o'clock, agreeable to an invitation previously given to them, the Honorable members of the Continental Congress were pleased to proceed in a body from the State House to the College, where they were received at the gate by the Provost and conducted to places prepared for their reception in the Hall. As soon as they were seated, the Trustees, with the Governor as President at their head, followed by the Provost, Vice-Provost, Pro- fessors, Graduates and other students, in their proper habits, entered the Hall, took their places; the Galleries and other parts of the house being filled with as many of the re- spectable inhabitants of the City as could find room. The business then proceeded in the following order, viz. :
1. Part of the Church Service, with an occasional Prayer, by the Provost.
2. An Anthem, accompanied with the organ and other instrumental music.
3. Latin Salutatory Oration, de Amicitia, by Henry Ridgeley.
4. On the Education of Young Ladies, by Francis Brown Sappington.
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5. Latin Syllogistic Dispute, Utrum detur Sensus Moralis? Respondent, William Moore Smith; Opponents, Benjamin Chew and John Mifflin.
6. On Ancient Eloquence, by Thomas Ennals.
7. On Politeness, by John Mifflin.
8. On the Fall of Empires, by William Moore Smith.
9. The degrees were then conferred as follows, viz.: Bachelor of Arts — Benjamin Chew, *Townsend Eden, *Thomas Ennals, John Farrel, John Mifflin, *Henry Ridg- ley, * Francis Brown Sappington, and William Moore Smith. (*The young Gentlemen whose names are marked with an asterisk [thus*] are of Maryland, the others of Philadelphia.) Samuel Armor, John Park and John Thomas. Honorary Master of Arts, James Ross.
10. A Dialogue and two Odes set to music. The speakers in the Dialogue were John Farrel, F. B. Sappington and W. M. Smith.
11. Valedictory Oration — B. Chew.
12. CHARGE to the Graduates, by the Provost.
13. Concluding Prayer, by the Vice-Provost.
The Condescension of the Gentlemen Delegates, who thought it not unworthy of them, amid their other arduous concerns, to devote a few hours towards the encouragement of youth in literary pursuits, and the great generous applause given by them, as well as the audience in general, to the different speakers and to their exercises, especially such of them as had a reference to the present state of our public affairs, are circumstances which will be long remembered as honorable to the Seminary. At the desire, therefore, of some very respectable names, and also that the principles constantly propagated in this Seminary may be known to the whole world, all those parts of the exercises which touched on mat- ters of a public nature, are herewith communicated.
In the next issue of the "Packet," May 29, 1775, the speeches on "Ancient Eloquence," "Fall
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of Empires," the Valedictory, and the Charge of the Provost are given.
"The Fall of Empires," by the son of Dr. Smith, caused the audience to break "forth into one loud and general plaudit" when he cried out, "Liberty is our idol! She is the parent of virtue, the guardian of innocence, and the terror of vice ! Equal laws, security of property, true religion, wisdom, magnanimity, arts and sciences are her lovely offspring ! " Listening to this oration and to others of like sentiment we can imagine Washing- ton's heart responding warmly to the spirit of the occasion. How enthusiastic he must have felt for the College that was instilling into its youth the principles he heard so ardently proclaimed that day in May of 1775 when he was on the threshold of the consecration of his life to the ideals it taught ! Washington soon had further evidence of the patriotic attitude of the University he had visited. On the 23rd of June he attended Christ Church with the members of the Continental Congress, the officers of the Third Battalion of Philadelphia Militia, Colonel John Cadwalader, 1760, command- ing, and a "vast concourse of people " to hear a ser- mon by Provost William Smith. It was on the "Present Situation of American Affairs" and laid down certain moral and political principles, leaving the obvious application to the distinguished gentle- men in the audience. This sermon caused much
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comment and was considered a patriotic call to the liberties of America.
The ceremony of the Commencement to which Washington listened was the last public one until 1779. The Commencement of 1776 was a private one on June loth. The buildings and yard were filled with militia and the classes discontinued. The Trustees did not meet on account of "public alarms." The Faculty complained that their lec- ture and even bedrooms were forced open and that there were "hundreds of soldiers quartered in the College at one time."
There were many of the University's men in the Revolution. Ten of them had signed the Dec- laration of Independence. This is not the place to enumerate them, but it may be well to tell of a few who stood near to Washington, were dear to him, and were trusted in founding the Republic.
For Benjamin Franklin, Washington formed an early attachment. Indeed it was Franklin, as one of a committee of three sent by Congress in 1775, who framed the plan, with the Commander- in-Chief, at Cambridge for putting the defence of the country upon a permanent basis. The scheme was a continental army which enabled Washington to carry on a seven years' war and, through Franklin's later efforts in Paris, to carry it to a successful conclusion. Washington wrote to him afar off in Passy in 1781, virtually telling him that
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it lay with him to save his country if she was to be saved at all. It is Washington's words that are cut in the base of the Franklin Statue in Philadel- phia on the site of the one-time University build- ings:
Venerated for Benevolence Admired for Talents Esteemed for Patriotism Beloved for Philanthropy.
The splendid figure of Washington which stands in the Capitol at Richmond is due to Franklin's selection of Houdon to execute the commission voted by the State of Virginia.
Anthony Wayne, of the Class of 1765, was the most picturesque figure of the Revolution and one of the finest soldiers America has produced. He was also an Assemblyman and sat in the Penn- sylvania Convention which ratified the Constitu- tion of the United States. Washington's reliance upon him is indicated by the account of every battle in which he was engaged where "Wayne led the advance." On June 24, 1778, Washington invited his generals to a council at Hopewell, New Jersey, and, after explaining to them the conditions of his own force and that of the enemy, asked if it would be advisable to hazard a general action. Sixteen generals were gathered and all answered against such an action with considerable explanation until it came to Anthony Wayne.
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Washington then said to him, "What would you do, General?" He arose in his place and replied with emphasis, "Fight, sir." The Battle of Mon- mouth was the result. He served with distinction in nearly every important engagement from Can- ada in the North to Georgia in the South, and after the war Washington made him Commander-in- Chief of the American Army. In this position he conquered the middle and northwest and secured for civilization the territory between the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Upon the centre of the outer line at Valley Forge stands a noble equestrian statue of General Wayne. It is where he stood on that hallowed camp-ground and the place he held upon many a field of battle. There is no commonwealth in America but has a county or town bearing his name.
John Cadwalader, of the Class of 1760, after serving as a member of the Provisional Congress, took command of the "Silk Stocking Company" in Philadelphia before which Provost Smith de- livered his celebrated address in Christ Church in 1775. He soon rose to be a Brigadier-General, meriting the report of Washington in which he said, "General Cadwalader is a man of ability, a good disciplinarian, a man of good principles and of intrepid bravery." He was always an enthu- siastic supporter of Washington and fought a duel in his behalf with Conway, author of the " Cabal, "
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whose purpose was to substitute General Gates as Commander-in-Chief . Cadwalader badly wounded Conway, who apologized to Washington and left the country. In 1779 he became a Trustee. A brother, Lambert, of the same class, was a member of the Provincial Convention and Continental Congress. He was a Captain and Colonel of Penn- sylvania Militia in the Revolution.
Thomas Mifflin graduated in 1760. He soon took an interest in public affairs and became a member of the Provincial Assembly and Conti- nental Congress. Although a member of the So- ciety of Friends, he enlisted for the defence of Pennsylvania as a major upon the outbreak of hostilities. When Washington became Comman- der-in-Chief of the American Army, Mifflin was the first aide-de-camp he chose and soon after he appointed him Quartermaster-General "from a thorough persuasion of his integrity and my own experience of his activity.'' He quickly rose to be a Major-General and Congress maintained im- plicit confidence in him by almost unlimited finan- cial support while he was a Quartermaster-General. He became, indeed, President of Congress and received Washington's resignation in the historic scene at Annapolis after the war. As Mifflin rose in fame and position he was suspected of a critical attitude toward Washington and was unjustly accused of being a party to the Conway Cabal. He
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ENTRANCE TO THE LAW SCHOOL ON THIRTY-FOURTH STREET
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maintained his old allegiance, however, and in receiv- ing Washington's resignation made a particularly graceful and eloquent reply. "You retire," said he in closing, "from the theatre of action with the blessings of your fellow-citizens; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military command: it will continue to animate remotest ages." He was long a member of the Pennsyl- vania Assembly, Governor and member of the Convention which formed the National Constitu- tion. He was a Trustee of the College.
James Wilson was one of the most distin- guished lawyers of his day. He was professor of English in the College in 1773, received the degrees A.M. in 1766 and LL.D. in 1790. He founded the Law School of the University in 1 790, the first on the Continent, was the first Professor of Law and a Trustee. He was a member of Congress until 1787, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and member of the Constitutional Convention, in which he was intellectually the ablest of the mem- bers. He is said to have had much, if not most, to do with the writing of the Constitution of the United States and was appointed a Justice of the National Supreme Court in 1789 by President Washington, who had already recognized his ability by placing his nephew Bushrod under him.
Philemon Dickinson, of the Class of 1759, was a soldier and statesman. He was a member of
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the Continental Congress and entered the Revolu- tion as a Colonel of New Jersey troops, soon rising, as a Major-General, to the command of all the troops of his state. He displayed great bravery at the Battle of Monmouth and was especially com- mended by Washington. As Chief Signal Officer of the Continental Army he had much to do with Washington and was Cadwalader's second in his duel with Conway. After the war he became United States Senator from New Jersey.
John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, of the Class of 1763, was a picturesque and romantic figure. At the outbreak of the Revolution he was the pastor of a church at Woodstock, Virginia. Hav- ing accepted a Colonel's commission at Washing- ton's solicitation, he appeared in his pulpit with his uniform under his gown and after preaching a sermon on the wrongs the Colonists had suffered from Great Britain he proclaimed, "There is a time for all things — a time to preach, and a time to pray; but there is also a time to fight, and that time is now come." Then pronouncing the benediction he threw off his gown and took his place at the head of his recruits. He participated in many battles and became a Major-General. After the war he was a member of Congress and United States Senator from Pennsylvania, but resigned before taking his seat. His figure is Pennsylvania's sole representa- tive in Statuary Hall of the National Capitol.
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Richard Peters, Jr., graduated in 1761 and received his Master's degree in 1765 and Doctor of Laws in 1827. He was a member of the Conti- nental Congress, Assemblyman and Judge of the U.S. District Court. He commanded a company when the Revolution broke out and in 1776 was ap- pointed by Congress Secretary of the Board of War. As the first Secretary of War he frequently came into contact with General Washington. He was aTrustee of the College. Another alumnus, Benjamin Stod- dert,of Maryland, who served as a Major of Cavalry in the Revolution until badly wounded at Brandy- wine, was the first Secretary of the Navy and served in the cabinets of Adams and Jefferson.
Perhaps the most unusual of Richard Peters' many attainments was his keen wit and brilliant con- versation. He used to follow the assizes or circuits of the courts in all the surrounding counties and always relieved the tedium of the legal atmosphere by his humourous sallies. When the Pennsylvania del- egation went to the conference with the Indians at Fort Stanwix, in New York State, Peters accom- panied them and, during the negotiations,, so insinuated himself into the good graces of the In- dian chiefs that they proposed to adopt him into their tribe. Their offer was accepted and Peters was introduced to his adopted relatives by the name "Tegohtias," bestowed in allusion to his amusing talkativeness.
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In 1771 he became Register of the Admiralty, retaining this post until the Revolution broke out. Although this association might have been ex- pected to attach him to the King's interests, he did not hesitate to espouse the cause of American rights and organized a company in the neigh- bourhood of his home, filling the post of captain. His administrative and executive abilities were so well known, however, that he was soon summoned to act as Secretary of the Board of War and thus became on June 13, 1776, the first Secretary of War of the new Republic. Everyone who has read the record of that memorable time can imagine the difficult and trying position in which he was placed and it was undoubtedly due to his indom- itable energy and unceasing labours that Wash- ington's army had what provisions and amuni- tion they got. Some notion of the army's frequent grievous state and of the tremendous burden Peters bore on his shoulders during all the anxious years of strife may be gained from one of his letters :
I was Commissioner of War in 1779. General Wash- ington wrote to me that all his powder was wet and that he was entirely without lead or balls, so that, should the enemy approach, he must retreat. When I received this letter I was going to a grand gala at the Spanish Ambassador's, who lived in Mr. Chew's fine house in South Third Street. The spacious gardens were superbly decorated with varie- gated lamps, the edifice itself was a blaze of lights, the show
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was splendid, but my feelings were far from being in harmony with all this brilliancy. I met at this party my friend, Robert Morris, who soon discovered the state of my mind. "You are not yourself tonight, Peters, what is the matter?" asked Morris. Notwithstanding my unlimited confidence in that great patriot, it was some time before I could prevail upon myself to disclose the cause of my depression, but at length I ventured to give him a hint of my inability to an- swer the pressing calls of the Commander-in-Chief. The army is without lead and I know not where to get an ounce to supply it; the General must retreat for want of ammu- nition. "Well, let him retreat," replied the high and liberal- minded Morris; "but cheer up; there are in the Holker Privateer, just arrived, ninety tons of lead, one-half of which is mine and at your service, the residue you can get by apply- ing to Blair McClenachan and Holker, both of whom are in the house with us." I accepted the offer of Mr. Morris.
Peters then goes on to relate how he ap- proached McClenachan and Holker, both of whom, however, demurred because of the large sums already owing them. Thereupon Trustee Morris came forward, assumed the whole respon- sibility, the lead was delivered and so the army for the nonce had a supply of bullets.
After the surrender of Cornwallis, Mr. Peters resigned his post and received the thanks of Con- gress for his "long and faithful services." He was thereupon elected to Congress and had his share in the business of ending the war and arranging the longed-for peace. He was a member of the Assembly in 1787 and its Speaker from 1788 to 1790. One day during this time a member tripped 4 49
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on the carpet and fell flat. This was followed by laughter on the part of the House, but Judge Peters with great gravity called, "Order, order, gentlemen ! Do you not see that a member is on the floor!"
When Washington was on his way to New York for his first inauguration as President of the United States, Peters and General Thomas Mifflin, the Speaker of the State Senate, were the repre- sentatives of Pennsylvania who met him as he entered the state.
The University made him a trustee in 1789 and in 1791 he became the Speaker of the State Senate. Declining the Comptrollership of the United States Treasury he was commissioned Judge of the Federal Court of Pennsylvania in 1792 and held the office until his death.
Judge Peters was one of the founders of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, the first of its kind in America, and held the pres- idency of it until his death. From the farm at Belmont came many model things. His specialty was dairying and the Belmont butter went to market put up in one-pound packages.
Unfortunately for the Judge, his one-pound weight, according to a new assize of weights and measures, was too light, and the whole consign- ment was seized by the inspector and confiscated for the benefit of the poor. The Judge then sent his old weight to be examined and corrected by the
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standard and when it was returned the letters "C. P." (for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) were stamped upon it. The servant who brought it back carried it at once to the Judge, who was at dinner with a party of friends. Taking it, he carefully inspected it and, looking gravely at his wife, said, as he held it up for her to see, "My dear, they have at last found us out. Here is the old weight come back with C. P. stamped in it which can stand for nothing in the world but Cheating Peters."
As may be imagined, Belmont was the scene of lavish and constant hospitality, and while Philadelphia was the seat of the Federal govern- ment the chief statesmen, diplomats and foreign notables were frequent guests there.
The Judge dearly loved to surround himself with his friends, and his political prominence, his intellectual brilliance, and his genial personality drew a large coterie about him. Washington and Lafayette were on terms of great intimacy with him, and the former, "whenever a morning of leisure permitted," was in the habit of driving to Belmont and there, free for a time from the cares of state, would enjoy his host's vivacious flow of conversation, walking for hours with him in the beautiful gardens between "clipped hedges of pyramids, obelisks and balls" of evergreen and spruce, or beneath the shade of ancient trees.
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Judge Peters' many stories and bon mots were wholesome and without the least trace of ill- humor or sharpness. On one occasion while at- tending a dinner of the Schuylkill Fishing Com- pany he was seated beside the president, Gov- ernor Wharton. Toward the end of the dinner more wine was required and the Governor called a servingman named John to fetch it. Said the Judge, " If you want more wine you should call for the demi-John," adding that he himself "drank like a fish" from his goblet of water.
To advertise one of his suburban tracts of land he posted a plan of the locality on a signboard and carefully covered it with glass, saying that if he left it exposed "every hunter who comes along will riddle it with shot and then everybody will see through my plan." The project was not suc- cessful and one of his friends advised him to have it officially laid out. "All right," said Peters, "it's time to lay it out. It's been dead long enough." Once when going to court, a very fat and a very thin man stood at the entrance of a door into which his honour wished to pass. He stopped for a moment for them to make way, but perceiving they were not inclined to move, he pushed on between them, exclaiming, "Here I go then, through thick and thin."
As he grew older his nose and chin approached each other and a friend observed that they would
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soon be at loggerheads. "Very likely," the Judge replied, "for hard words often pass between them."
Judge Peters was one of the courtliest of men and retained the ancient mode of dress long after others had abandoned it. To his dying day he wore knee-breeches, and silver buckles on his shoes, always powdered his hair and dressed it in a queue. He died August 22, 1828.
James Tilton, Bachelor of Medicine, 1768, and Doctor in 1771, was a Delawarean and entered the war as a lieutenant of light infantry. He soon became regimental surgeon, however, and after serving in several campaigns was called to the hospital department of the army, where he brought order out of chaos and established methodical procedure. He refused the chair of Materia Medica at his Alma Mater, preferring not to desert his country at a critical time. He was present at the surrender of Cornwallis and soon after was elected to Congress. When the war of 1812 came Tilton was made Surgeon-General of the United States Army. He was a distinguished publicist and member of many important scientific societies.
Jonathan Potts, of the Class of 1768, was made a Doctor of Medicine in 1771 also. He delivered the valedictory at Commencement, emphasizing the advantage to be derived in the Study of Physic from a previous liberal education in the other sciences. He was a member of the
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Provincial Congress and upon the outbreak of hostilities was appointed physician-surgeon of the army for Canada and Lake George. In 1777 he became deputy director-general of the General Hospital in the Northern district. His work of reorganization and efficiency gained for him a commendatory vote of Congress and he was made director-general of the hospitals of the middle department. This brought him into the enormous task of caring for the sick and wounded at Valley Forge. From this exertion he died at the age of 36, before the independence of his country for which he had so ardently longed.
William White, of the Class of 1765, was chosen chaplain to Congress in 1777. He was riding with a friend when a messenger from Con- gress overtook him. Realizing the danger of enrolling with the patriots he hesitated a few moments, turned his horse's head and accompa- nied the emissary to General Washington's head- quarters. The rector of the United Churches of Christ and St. Peter's and the first American Bishop of the Episcopal Church, was made a Master of Arts in 1767 and a Doctor of Divinity in 1783. He was a Trustee from 1774 to I^36 and only lacked one vote of being chosen Provost. He had close and confidential relations with Washing- ton, who attended Christ Church. The Bishop was often present at dinners of state, and his
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residence on Walnut Street was the only place where President and Mrs. Washington allowed themselves to make a social call. The Bishop was the dispenser of the President's alms.
In 1762, at the age of 18, Tench Tilghman came to Philadelphia from Maryland. His father was a lawyer and soon became a prominent man in the Commonwealth and a Trustee of the Uni- versity. Sympathizing with the loyalists, the elder Tilghman retired to Chestertown, Maryland, at the outbreak of hostilities, leaving his son a merchant in Philadelphia. Tench Tilghman's mother was the daughter of Tench Francis,Esquire, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania. He was a founder and one of the first Trustees of the Uni- versity. With Franklin he drew up its constitution and rules of government. His grandfather assumed the direction of young Tilghman's education and he entered the College in 1758, graduating A.B. in 1761. Soon after Lexington and Concord, Tench Tilghman became a lieutenant in "The Silk Stockings," a company composed of the young men of the best social position in Philadelphia. When it was merged into Washington's army Tilghman was Captain. Trained in filial piety and the reverence of a son he found himself violat- ing some of the tenderest sentiments of his nature, but in his relations with his father during the war there never was an alienation of feeling,
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but mutual affection and respect was cherished to the end.
Thus disregarding pecuniary interests, per- sonal comfort and family ties, Tench Tilghman became the most trusted and nearest of Washing- ton's aides, " master of the most valuable secrets of the cabinet and the field" and proof against the many attempts made to alarm the general's suspicions as to his being near his person. In August, 1776, he became a member of Washington's family and served as his military aide andsecretary throughout the war, being in every action in which the main army was engaged.
Upon the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington selected Colonel Tilghman to bear the news to Thomas McKean (A.M. 1763, LL.D. 1785, and president of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity), president of the Congress then in session in Philadelphia. He asked, too, that the merits of his aide be " honoured by the notice of your Excel- lency and Congress." The messenger reached Philadelphia in four days, having spread the joyful news to an anxious countryside. McKean was awakened in the middle of the night and the news given to the aroused city, the watchmen calling "Cornwallis is taken" with their announce- ment of the hours. Congress presented Colonel Tilghman with a sword and a horse fully accoutred. When Washington resigned his commission in that
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memorable scene before the Congress at Annapolis, Tench Tilghman stood by his side as they faced the President of Congress, Thomas Mifflin, of the Class of 1760.
At the Commencement of 1783 Washington was given the degree of Doctor of Laws, although he did not receive it in person until he was in Philadelphia in December, on his way to Annapolis to resign his commission.
It has already been mentioned that Wash- ington had a high regard for James Wilson. In 1790 when he was President, and Judge Wilson was made Professor of Law at the University he attended, on December i$th, the introductory lecture in College Hall which was the beginning of the first law school in America. Mrs. Washington accompanied the President on this important occasion, as did also the Vice-President, John Adams, both houses of Congress, President Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania, and both houses of the Legislature, "together with a great number of iadies and gentlemen, the whole composing a most brilliant and respectable audience."
As has been said, Washington placed his nephew Bushrod under James Wilson for the study of the law. He became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Two other nephews, George Steptoe and Augustine Washington, were entered in the College by their uncle and were of
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the Class of 1792. Thomas Jefferson sent his nephew John Randolph to the University to study medicine.
After Washington returned to Mt. Vernon for his last years, Elisha Cullen Dick, of the Class of 1782 Medicine, who was settled in practice at Alexandria, Virginia, became one of the family physicians. He was the Worshipful Master of the Masonic Order in the District of Columbia and walked arm in arm with Washington when the cornerstone of the Capitol was laid. Mr. Dick was the first to arrive at the bedside of the dying General and remained with him until the end.
Dr. James Craik, another alumnus of the University, was not only the family physician but a life-long friend. He spent much time with Washington from the French wars of 1754 until the General's last moments. "Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go," were his last words, and as the end came Dr. Craik put his hands over the eyes of the great man who expired without a struggle or a sigh.
On Washington's birthday in 1794, at noon, the Faculty waited upon him in person to present their felicitations, which he graciously acknowl- edged. Since 1826 the University of which he was the friend and patron has celebrated his birthday as an especial occasion to do honour to one who is "enrolled in the catalogue of her sons," hoping,
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as did those early fathers, that "the rising gener- ation under our care, when hereafter they shall see their names enrolled with yours, will be fired with emulation to copy your distinguished virtues, and learn (from your example) to grow great in the service of their country."
The importance and usefulness of a Univer- sity can best be determined by the careers of the sons whom she has equipped and this brief glimpse of some of them may perhaps yield an idea of the the place which the University of Pennsylvania held in the early days. The list of graduates who have been Attorneys-General and Justices of Su- preme Courts in both State and Nation is a consid- erable one, and of Governors of many States there are not a few. Of Commanders-in-Chief of the the United States Army there have been three — Anthony Wayne, Jacob Brown and George B. McClellan, and of Cabinet officers seven. In literature, art, science, religion and education the list is obviously too long to give entire, but is reviewed later.
In 1779 the men who had once ruled the Colony, driven from office and power and almost even from social influence, were gathered together in the College. These were men like Robert Morris and James Wilson, signers of the Declara- tion of Independence. It seemed to be the object of President Reed of the Supreme Executive
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Council of the State to drive such men out of prominence, and the destruction of the College seemed to be the final blow in this design. Reed's party, called the Constitutionalists, had already handled the College as roughly as they could. They had quartered soldiers in it, suspended the functions of its Trustees and called it a nest of Tories and traitors, although there was nothing to justify the accusation, and its officers had been among the most distinguished patriots. All but three of the twenty-four Trustees had taken the oath of allegiance. The attack indeed was not on account of the so-called Tories in the Board, but on account of the patriots in it who differed politically from the Constitutionalists. The spoil- ing of the College was consummated in 1779, the charter declared void, the Board of Trustees and Faculty dissolved and the property given to new Trustees of the Constitutionalist party, who were to be called the University of the State of Penn- sylvania. Provost Smith was banished to Mary- land where he founded Washington College.
The Assembly seem to have supposed that great Universities could be created on paper. They destroyed a true College, the slow growth of years, containing the first and greatest medical school in America, and put in its place a sham. For the next eleven years there were two Colleges in Philadelphia, both of them worthless.
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The old Trustees of the College kept up a struggle for the restoration of their property, which was successful in 1789. Sydney George Fisher, the historian, says:
But they could not restore the past or bring back life. The wound had been too deep. The eleven years of death had broken up the tone, the traditions, and the spirit of the old College of Philadelphia, and it never could be made to live again. Its rival, the State University, was still alongside of it, and within a year or two it became evident that neither one was accomplishing anything. A union was suggested and effected, and a third institution appeared, which was the present University of Pennsylvania.
But the Provost was not connected with it, and it is doubtful whether he ever cared to be. Its Board of Trustees was made up of representatives from every party, clique, and faction in the city, in the hope that the more dissimilar and disunited they were the more they would work in har- mony. It was a miserable failure. From the year 1794 to the year 1830 this hotch-potch University graduated an average of twelve students a year in the department of arts, and sometimes went down as low as three. The only part of it which managed to pull itself together and make a name was the medical school, which shows how strongly rooted among us are institutions of science. It was not until after the Civil War that the healing effects of time and the ener- getic administration of Dr. Stille began to restore some of the ancient strength and usefulness.
The old buildings at Fourth and Arch Streets eventually became too contracted and too badly situated for further usefulness, and the minds of the Trustees were turned toward the securing of a
new location. On Ninth Street, between Market
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and Chestnut, there was a large and handsome building erected at the expense of the state as a dwelling place for the President of the United States, when it was expected that Philadelphia would remain the national capital. But destiny chose a far different spot for the White House, and the Philadelphia presidential mansion remained untenanted. In 1802 this building was secured for the College, which immediately emigrated thither from its old Fourth Street home. Alter- ations and additions were made from time to time, till in 1829 it was torn down and two buildings were put up on the same site, one for the Depart- ment of Arts, one for the Medical School. In 1825 the College course was raised from three to four years, entrance requirements made more rigourous, and then, or not long previously, a rule was made that students should not be admitted under four- teen years of age.
The plans of these two buildings were nearly identical — on the main floor through the centre east and west was an ample hall or passage to a smaller transverse hall at the west in which were the stairways, and the side entrances from the campus which was between the two buildings. West of these stairways on the first floor were three lecture rooms, while on the second floor over these was a fairly large room with plain white- washed walls and white woodwork, called the
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Chapel, wherein, with the exception of the Com- mencement, all important functions took place. This occupied in length the entire width of the building north and south and its ceiling rather higher than those of the other rooms on that floor.
The opening morning service consisted of reading a chapter of the Scriptures and a prayer by the Provost or Vice-Provost.
At this period the Commencement took place in Musical Fund Hall, in Locust Street west of Eighth.
The principal entrance to the Chapel was midway on its east side, otherwise the west end of the second-floor hall. The seats were very plain and, though having backs, were very comfortable benches somewhat hand-carved by the students.
At the north end of this Chapel was a dais about seven feet high, under which was a low room where the professors donned their gowns. At this time " mortar-boards" were not used. In front of this dais on which the Faculty sat, was a small platform raised about three steps above the Chapel floor. This platform was the torture field where each morning immediately after the devo- tional exercises the Provost called some shy under- graduate to face "his peers" and "speak his piece" while the latter, particularly the Freshmen, played a game with the Faculty, the former trying to dis- concert the speaker and the latter trying to catch them at it.
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Charles Gilpin, of 1864, thus recalls these scenes:
The southern building was the Medical Department, a terra incognita to us of the Academic, and its students a strange and alien race with whom we never came in contact. Our building was entered by a door on Ninth Street opening on a broad hall running west for perhaps two-thirds of the depth of the building. It joined a cross hall running the width of the building from north to south, the passages forming a letter T. The cross hall had a stairway on either hand leading upward. Each of the two blocks between the entrance and the cross halls was divided into three rooms. On the left was the library, then the room of Professor Coppee and behind that the room of the janitor. On the right was the dreaded Faculty Room, where unlucky youths appeared before a solemn tribunal when "summoned" by a professor for some high crime or misdemeanor. Back of this was the Provost's room. With him we read 1|tiral F.rrmntny(" sound Protectionist
s of Morality," and kindred subjects. Some bold and daring spirits used to have long discussions with him which we others welcomed as an agreeable diversion. The only topic which I remember was whether the virtuous man, on the whole, was better off than the vicious one. I do not think any definite conclusion was ever reached, but much time was consumed. The third room was that of Professor Jackson who taught us Latin. Back of the cross hall were three other rooms, one, I think, the Department of Mines and Engineering, which had neither professor nor students, then the Law School whose sessions were held in the afternoon and we had nothing to do with. The southern room was a lecture room used by Professor Frazer. I remember one occasion when we had a fourth-hour lecture by him, the third hour in some way became vacant and, at our request, he agreed to give us the lecture then and have it over.
AMERICA'S FIRST UNIVERSITY
The lecture was on sulphur and as there had not been time to air the room the fumes were overpowering. In a short time we were nearly asphyxiated and the professor in pity to us and perhaps to himself dismissed us to our great joy.
The second story had halls similar to the first and a single staircase leading to the third floor. The west part of this, say a third part of the floor, was taken up by the Chapel where services were held in the morning and written exami- nations when these times came around. On this floor were also the rooms of Professors Kendall, Frazer and Allen. The first of these as Frazer once expressed it "called our attention to" mathematics. The latter was one of the teachers who could make Greek interesting. For instance he had sub- mitted the Sicilian expedition to competent military critics who explained operations to him as he in turn did to us.
The third floor contained the rooms of the Philomath- ean and Zelosophic Societies.
The Greek letter societies had modest rooms in various places, not whole houses as now.
With the middle of the century a number of scientific courses in the College were successively established, additional members were added to the Faculty, and several professors of strong person- ality and influence were teaching simultaneously. Perhaps the most distinguished of these was Henry Reed, '25, a great teacher of the English Lan- guage, Literature and History. He started each on its way to the independent foundations we have today. He was not only great in his chair, but in the community at large and in the world of letters. He introduced the knowledge of Words- worth and the whole Lake School to the American
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public. By those who came in contact with him he was regarded with reverence.
Stille, Wylie, and Allen were others of marked distinction. As Professor of Belles Lettres and as Provost Dr. Stille began the upbuilding of the University of today. More is to be said of him among the Provosts. Samuel Wylie gave languages a basis of their own that they had not had prior to his advent. He taught Hebrew, Greek and Latin and upon the vantage ground won by him George Allen took his stand. Allen brought an atmosphere of classic literature and history more than linguis- tics into the classroom and thus did much the same kind of work that Reed did in English. All these men teaching together in the sixties won the love and respect of their students. They formed an unexcelled group that gave the University a new birth and reclaimed for it the intellectual standing it had enjoyed in the previous century.
In 1855 Ezra Otis Kendall became Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy where he remained until his death in 1899. He was Dean of the College from 1883 to 1889 and Vice-Provost from 1883 to 1894. Dr. Kendall was a Christian gentleman of the old school and though his scientific attainments were important he is best remembered for the intense affection in which he was held by all those who came in contact with him. Francis Aristide Jackson, Professor of Latin, well remembered
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as "Goat Jackson" from his flowing beard, and William A. Lamberton, "Zeus," Professor of Greek, formed with Dr. Kendall a famous trio that are well remembered by many graduates living today.
In every institution of learning there are men who seem to give the tone of originality and scholarship and character to the place. These were some of them. In the professional schools there was a long list during this period, of names well known and respected in the community, whose owners gave an impress of worth and inspiration to their students. In the Law School there were Mitchell, Sharswood, Hare, and Parsons; n Medicine, Long, Leidy, Agnew, Wood, Pepper and Tyson, with many others whose names are widely known in their professions.
In 1872 the great break with the past was made by the removal from the centre of the city to West Philadelphia.
The Dutch explorers who discovered the two rivers between which old Philadelphia is settled named one of these " Schuylkill, " meaning "Hid- den River," because of the verdure of its banks and the beds of rushes and sedgy flats that well- nigh concealed its entrance. To those of us who know it as we go to and from the University, now housed near its western bank, the name seems still appropriate, for bridges, factories, wharves and gas works meet our eye rather than the winding
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waters that once flowed through the veritable syl- van paradise in which Benjamin Franklin used to disport himself to the delight of many and the instruction of not a few.
Upon the rolling ground above the stream Andrew Hamilton in 1735 established his country seat and called it "The Woodlands," and the sec- tion of West Philadelphia east of Fortieth Street and south of Market took the name of "Hamilton Village." Little did Andrew Hamilton, 2nd, realize when he became a Trustee of the Academy in 1754 in the place of Thomas Lawrence, that his land was one day to be occupied by the great University of today, nor perhaps did he expect that one of his descendants would be among its Provosts.
His second son, William, born in 1745, was a member of the Class of 1762 and while at the Academy took part in the first public exhibition designed to display the oratorical powers of the students. This was in November of 1754 and was participated in by the students in philosophy of the higher class, before the Trustees and a distinguished audience of ladies and gentlemen. The program concluded with an "Occasional Epilogue spoken by Master Billy Hamilton. As he is a child under nine years of age, and spoke it with a great deal of Humour and Propriety, it gave
inexpressable Satisfaction to the Audience."
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When William Hamilton graduated from the College in 1762 he was the Valedictorian of his class and gave a fete for his college friends, which is the first recorded alumni dinner. It was held at his country seat, the "Woodlands," upon a part of the land on which the present University is situated. Among those present were Jasper Yeates, 1761, who afterward became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; Richard Peters, Jr., 1761, afterward the first Secretary of War, member of the Continental Congress, Speaker of the Penn- sylvania Assembly, Judge of the United States District Court, Trustee of the University, and a famous wit; Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant, 1763, later a member of the Continental Congress, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania and member of the American Philosophical Society; John An- drews, 1765, who became an Episcopal clergyman, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the College, Vice-Provost and Provost; and William White, 1765, famous as the first Anglican Bishop in this country, member of the American Philosophical society, Chaplain to Congress, Trustee and beloved citizen. This was a notable gathering indeed, and no doubt many more alumni who were to become useful and distinguished citizens were present.
William Hamilton was a man of culture and luxurious tastes. Soon after his graduation he
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built the present spacious and elegant structure. Its walls were hung with valuable paintings, collected with the assistance of Benjamin West of the Class of 1757. Among the many rare works of art was the well-known portrait of the owner of the mansion, with his sister, Miss Anne Hamilton, painted by West and now in the possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. William Hamil- ton's book-shelves were well filled with the choicest volumes, and his retinue of servants kept every- thing in a splendour of style that quite eclipsed the domestic arrangements of most of his neighbors. When he drove abroad he commonly went in a chariot-and-four with postillion boys in livery. His board was always surrounded by an assem- blage of eminent men, in addition to the social celebrities. Sundays and Thursdays were the favorite days for his parties and many are the notable gatherings that took place on the afternoons of these days in spring, summer and autumn.
Hamilton's gardens contained an extraor- dinary collection of exotic trees and plants, as well as an abundant collection of native plants and shrubs. He was a born gardener and his interest was increased by a visit to England. He selected luscious fruits and exquisite flowers with the greatest care and taste, which attracted the attention of the cultivated people of the entire country.
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When trouble with the mother country broke out he raised a regiment of troops, but could not agree to absolute separation, so his ardor cooled, he became disaffected and indeed was tried for treason, but was acquitted.
What a splendid thing it would be if the fine old colonial mansion and its wooded slope should one day come into the possession of the University whose son built it !
The move to West Philadelphia proved to be the beginning of a new life, especially as it coincided with the administration of a new Provost, Dr. Stille. What the Fourth Street location had become by 1802, the Ninth Street site had become by 1872. It was surrounded and hemmed in by the world of business. In West Philadelphia the University had elbow-room, and it began promptly to take advantage of its opportunity for expan- sion. In the years immediately succeeding was erected the original group of four buildings, con- sisting of College Hall, Medical Hall, the Medical Laboratory, and the University Hospital. All these buildings were of green serpentine stone and were designed by Professor Richards.
Between 1880 and 1890, during Dr. Pepper's provostship, several more buildings were erected, among these the Library, the present Botanical Building, and the old Veterinary buildings, which have since given way to the new Medical labora-
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
tories, erected in 1904. Between 1890 and 1900 the additions to the University group of buildings included the Observatory, the beginning of the Dormitory system, the Harrison Laboratory of Chemistry, the Randall Morgan Laboratory of Physics, the Museum, Wistar Institute, Houston Hall, Dental Hall, and the Law School. During this period the direction of the University passed from Dr. Pepper to Charles Custis Harrison, LL.D., whose term of office as Provost dated from 1894 to 1910, Vice-Provost Edgar F. Smith, Sc.D., LL.D., succeeding him in office.
Since 1900 the physical equipment of the University has been materially augmented, the erection of the following buildings attesting a period of remarkable development and extension: the new Medical laboratories, already referred to; the Engineering Building, the Veterinary Hall and Hospital; the Gymnasium; the Training House and Franklin Field; the remodeling of the University Hospital; enlargement of the Museum of Science and Art; additions to the Dormitories; the School of Dentistry; the Women's Dormitory; The Phipps Institute for the Study, Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis; and the University Settlement House. The new building for the Graduate School will shortly be constructed, and a site for the Wharton School building has been chosen.
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In addition, the University has acquired, by grant from the city, a neighboring tract of about fifty acres, which extends the Campus to the western edge of the Schuylkill River, and gives it a total acreage of one hundred and seven- teen, exclusive of streets and sidewalks.
But after all, the Campus and buildings are only the shell of the University. It is the history of the life within them which is important. During the period from 1870 to 1913 a number of new departments of study were established, in the Scientific courses, in Biology, in Finance and Economy, in Architecture, in Dentistry, in Music, in Veterinary Medicine, in Education, and in the Graduate School, in addition to corresponding extensions of the old departments, the College, and the Medical and the Law Schools; the separa- tion of the Wharton School and the Towne Sci- entific School from the College in 1912 was an important administrative change. The number of students in all departments had risen from less than a thousand, in 1870, to 9000 in 1916, and the number of instructors from less than fifty to more than six hundred. Representatives from every state of the Union and forty-one foreign countries are included in the student enrollment.
A parallel movement has been the growth of a series of connections between the University and the community at large. For instance, between
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
1883 and 1887, a commission of members of the Faculty and of the Board of Trustees carried out a series of investigations in modern spiritualism and published their results. During the same period Mr. Eadweard Muybridge anticipated the inven- tion of the commercialized moving picture by performing, under the supervision of the Univer- sity, a system of experiments on the photography of animals in motion. The publication of the results of his experiments furnishes a valuable and interesting document in the history of the devel- opment of the motion picture. The Babylonian explorations, which have since made valuable contributions to the world's knowledge of ancient history, were begun at about the same time. The Museum of Art and Science, in which the Baby- lonian collection and other valuable collections are exhibited, is now the mecca of week-end pilgrim- ages of school children and others throughout the year.
The free clinics in the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Schools annually provide treatment for thousands of the city's sufferers. The Phipps Institute for the Study, Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis is also a splendid instance of the double function of the University. The work of the Psychological Clinic, in studying and treating backward and defective children, is rapidly becom- ing recognized as an important adjunct to the com-
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munity. Instances multiply in which the various laboratories of Medicine, Botany, Zoology, Physics, and Engineering have been drawn upon by the national, state, or municipal bureaus for expert assistance. Each year one or more commissions, such as the Chestnut Blight Commission, make the University a headquarters for research work. In a similar way, the various departments of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce have given practical and valuable assistance in the solving of problems affecting national and munic- ipal finances and administration. The solution of many of the perplexing questions of policy, arising out of the construction of the Panama Canal, was achieved by members of the Wharton School faculty. The Department of Architecture also, through its students and faculty, has rendered efficient aid to many municipalities. In many other ways does the University respond to requests for expert assistance.
The free public lectures by distinguished mem- bers of the Faculty on Saturday afternoons have been appreciated by large audiences and have been since 1913 a large factor in bringing the University and the public closer together.
The more purely social side of the University life goes farther back, and has been less changed of recent years than the intellectual or the athletic side. Fraternities, musical and dramatic clubs,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
college literary societies, and such organizations have their roots well back in the early part of the century. However, the custom of keeping up fraternity houses in which members live while at College has sprung up within the last twenty years. Many attractive houses have recently been built by local chapters of national societies.
But of all the changes that have taken place in the life of students of the University since 1872, when the removal to West Philadelphia was made, the most important, if not the most conspicuous, is the greater closeness of connection of the students with the University, the large part of their life which centers in it. This has resulted partly from the erection of the Dormitories, partly from the establishment of Houston Hall, in which so many of the students meet one another and spend much of their time, partly also from the policy of the University authorities, and the growth of a habit among the students of looking upon the University as the center of all their interests. Twenty-five years ago the greater number of the students had but little more connection than that involved in attendance during lecture or recitation hours. It has since then become more and more general for a student to feel during the three or four years of his course that all his interests, material, intel- lectual, social, and religious, gather around his University. There he spends almost all his time
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and there he finds enough to satisfy all his normal instincts and interests.
The advantages of the University's location in Philadelphia are manifold. The city is one of the oldest and largest on the continent, and is well described as the "City of Homes." The privileges which the student obtains toward a liberal educa- tion are very valuable. In music he can attend the performances of Grand Opera by the Met- ropolitan Opera Company and the Symphony Concerts of the Philadelphia Orchestra. In art the advantages of the Academy of the Fine Arts and of Memorial Hall are open to him, as well as many other features valuable to students of architecture.
The situation of the various engineering departments in the principal manufacturing city of the nation is obvious, as well as the advan- tage to the Wharton School of such an industrial center where the problems of business management can be shown in a practical way. The various institutions for the care of the dependent classes are also valuable to the study of social and eco- nomic problems. The Courts and the Hospitals are indispensable to the thorough work of the Law and Medical Schools. And yet the scholar or lover of literature who would seek to step aside from the immediate can readily find seclusion and monastic quiet within the limits of the University
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
on the west bank of the Schuylkill, just removed from the city's turmoil. One has but to retire within the enclosures of the Dormitories, the bosky limits of the Botanical Gardens, or stroll along Hamilton Walk with its ample shrubbery and poplar sentinels, to find the blessings of solitude.
CHAPTER II THE PROVOSTS
THE name by which the University's head is called is not the only unique feature of the office. Its powers and responsibilities have been different from those of the presidents of all the other Colonial Colleges of America. These early institutions of learning were all founded in a time when religion was the most prominent factor in life. It swayed private and public affairs, and its controversies occupied the most active and capable minds of the time. The Colonial Colleges were founded to prepare young men for the ministry and their trustees were churchmen and scholars. Not so in Philadelphia, however, where the Quakers controlled the Province for nearly a hundred years and influenced the community and its institutions. Their toleration and peaceable, liberal government ( gave refuge to many sects and nationalities, but I none predominated over them and their simple, t thrifty ways. Penn sought men of industry and \ liberal views rather than bigots or cavaliers for / settlers, and to this is due the rapid progress of the city in wealth and usefulness. Turn back to the list of the first Board of Trustees of the Academy, and you will see the names, not of scholars and
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churchmen as were found upon the governing bodies of other Colonial Colleges, but men of business with a scattering of physicians. Frank- lin himself was the embodiment of practical ' industry and urged the useful things and the [language of every-day life upon the institution. '•Richard Peters was the only Trustee that had seen 1 the inside of a University and he only hesitated al Leyden. The rest were merchants, physicians, lawyers, and James Logan a self-made scholar who attended but one meeting. The character of the Board, maintained to the present day, is important because it affected the career of the University very much and made it quite different from our sister institutions of like age. Until Dr. ^Pepper's time the Provost was not permitted to ) attend the meetings of the Trustees, and they managed the College in fact, deciding upon the curriculum and even the rosters for a long while. It is easy to see how hard this made the position of Provost and Faculty. Until about 1876 the Trustees really had control of the College only, the Medical and Law Schools being leased to prom- inent practitioners who charged their own fees and paid the small expenses of their departments. This meant a very large renumeration for these professors and no control by the Trustees whatever.
IThe whole system contributed very much to the decline of the College and the predominance of
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THE PROVOSTS
the Medical School. Under Dr. Beasley's provost- ship, indeed, he had but 29 pupils in the College as compared to 500 in the Medical School. The financial problem was constantly unfortunate in this state of affairs.
The Academy and Charity School was carried through its early career under the rectorship of David Martin, M.A., and Francis Alison, M.A., D.D., who were the first professors in honour and rank, but not regarded as having any general governance of the institution or any responsibility attaching to the office of head of the Faculty. David Martin did not live to the end of his first year as Rector, dying December 17, 1757. Francis Alison, who succeeded him, was a Scotchman educated at the University of Glasgow, who came to America in 1735 and in 1737 became the Presby- terian Minister at New London, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Here he also became principal of a celebrated school attended by many scholars who afterward became distinguished. It was after- ward removed to Newark, Delaware, and later became Delaware College. The University owes much of its early nurture to Francis Alison, a remarkable man in natural powers and trained gifts. He was indeed second only to William Smith in learning and force. As to the latter Dr. Stille says: "The History of the progress of the College of Philadelphia during the first 30 years 6 81
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
of its existence, is the history of the result of the extraordinary zeal, the unwearied devotion, and the wonderful skill, capacity and energy displayed in promoting its welfare by a single man — Rev. Dr. William Smith, first Provost of the College." William Smith was a Scotchman, born Sep- tember 7, 1725, and bred nearby at the University of Aberdeen, which he left in 1747. Although intended for the Church he had an enthusiasm for education and original plans concerning it. In 1751 he turned toward the inviting field of America and sailed for New York as the tutor of three young gentlemen in whose family he remained for two years. Here he set down his advanced views on education in "A General Idea of the College of Mirania " a copy of which he sent to Dr. Franklin, then president of the Board of Trustees of the "Academy and Charity School in Philadelphia." Impressed with the report Dr. Franklin gave them the Trustees invited Dr. Smith to become teacher of Logic, Rhetoric, and Natural and Moral Philos- ophy in the Academy. He consented upon con- dition of being allowed to visit England to re- ceive Holy Orders. Having accomplished this he entered upon his duties in May, 1754, and soon gained a distinguished place for himself. In 1755 he became Provost and the former Rector, Dr. Alison, became Vice-Provost, the introduction of
the Scotch jtitle|being^attributable, no doubt, to
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Dr. Smith. His salary was £250; and he entered at once upon his duties with enthusiasm and vigour. With Mr. Alison he immediately proposed a new charter giving the needed power of granting degrees not accorded in the charter of 1753. The "additional charter" erecting a College in the city was granted in March, 1755. Dr. Smith soon formed his ideas about the politics of his adopted country and took an active hand as the head of the Church party, which waged such vigourous warfare against the dominant Quaker party. This later brought him into conflict with Franklin who became the head of the Quaker or Assembly party, and caused an estrangement between them. Dr. Smith continued also his activity as a clergyman and was noted for his eloquent and stirring sermons.^' He kept the College and the achievements of his students well before the public, and under his care the institution reached a degree of popularity through skillful publicity that it has never since attained. The Provost's formula for a complete curriculum was unequalled in any institution in America for its comprehensiveness and thorough- ness. Indeed it has formed the basis for every other American College. He continued the unique plan of Franklin, that had been followed from the outset, of giving direct attention to the training of boys in the correct use of their own language in contrast to the tendency of the day to elevate the
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study of the classics and the knowledge of the ancients. Dr. Smith felt that a new departure in higher education was needed in the Colonies where the aim of the Colleges had been primarily to prepare young men for the ministry. The condi- tions of the organization and progress of the jEliiladelphia institution opened the way for him. Here churchmen were regarded as dissenters, clerical influence was not foremost, and church and state were absolutely separate. It was curious for a clergyman of the Episcopal Church to fall in with this Quaker situation and propound a scheme free of the earlier Colonial tradition, building a new, a richer and a broader curriculum for higher education. As his pupils took their places in the world thoroughly trained mentally for their various calls Dr. Smith found his highest gratification in the success of his scheme.
The staid duties of the College, with its full- day sessions, were not so congenial to the Provost as political and theological controversies in which he displayed his keenest abilities and trenchant pen. The bitter contest long continued between the Proprietary and Assembly parties engaged much of his attention and naturally affected the College. At length the Trustees were brought into his defence against the public insinuations, the Assembly party which he opposed being the people's party dominated by the Quakers. The
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THE PROVOSTS
most conspicuous case in which Dr. Smith figured was the removal of Judge Moore, of Chester County, by the Assembly, the animus for which was said to be his attacks upon the Quakers' peace policy. Dr. Smith was Judge Moore's son- in-law and defended him vigourously for which he was put in the old gaol at Third and Market Streets. Here he taught his classes assembled at the window.
The Provost's visit to England and to the other Colonies on behalf of the financial support of the College has been related. He gained the assistance of the King, the Archbishops of Canter- bury and York, the Proprietor Thomas Penn, the University of Oxford and many powerful personages. Mr. David Garrick gave a benefit performance at the Drury Lane Theatre in London. Upon his return home after his triumphal tour he was given a reception by the Professors of the Colleges "in their proper Habits" and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
Dr. Smith's collections enabled the Trustees to finish the Dormitories which contained sixteen lodging-rooms in the two upper stories and were expected to take care of fifty boys at £6 for the second story and £5 for the third. There was a double room on the first floor for the Charity Boys, a kitchen, a dining-room and a sitting-room for the Steward. It was estimated that the whole
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
annual expense would be as follows for the boys who live four in a room:
To Commons £18. o.o
Steward 2 . o.o
Room Rent, the highest 1 . 10.0
Washing and Mending 2.12.0
Servants' Wages o. 10.0
Firewood separate from the
schools 0.15.0
Wear of Kitchen Furniture
and other Contingencies ... 8.0
Total £25.15.0
There is another interesting and important paragraph in the committee's report which appears on the minutes of the Trustees:
A School for Girls was never a part of our original Plan, it is unbecoming and indecent to have Girls among our Students; it is a reproach to our Institution, and were our Friends able to support them, as they are not, they should be removed to another part of the City.
The Trustees having added to the property, a Provost's House was built at the request of Dr. Smith at the Southwest corner of Fourth and Arch Streets adjoining the College grounds. In the min- utes of the Board of Trustees for the meeting held December 21, 1773, there are the following entries:
" The following Application was laid before the Board by the Provost, viz:
Gentlemen:
A few Months will compleat the Twentieth year since you were pleased to commit the Care of this Seminary to me; during which time I have never troubled you for any other
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THE PROVOSTS
Support than you have freely conferred upon me, and have constantly exerted myself for encreasing both its Funds and literary Reputation, with a Zeal and Success, which in any other liberal Profession would probably long before now have made my Situation easy.
Through the Favor of Providence, & the Credit of your Names and Authority, I have been enabled to add more than Fourteen Thousand Pounds to its Capital, at a very moderate expense to you; esteeming the kind manner in which you have accepted my Services, as a sufficient compen- sation for my Labors, and long absences from my family.
Still desiring to act upon the same public Principles, I should have the utmost Reluctance even now to trouble you, if I did not believe that your Funds will permit, and your own Goodness induce you, to put me at least nearly on an equal Footing with Gentlemen in the like Stations in the neigh- bouring Seminaries, who have neither the same Length of Services, nor such large Families, to plead in their Behalf.
When you consider the advanced Price of Necessaries, and the growing Expence of a growing Family, with the public Character which, for the Reputation of the Seminary, I must maintain; I flatter myself, you will readily believe me when I declare that I cannot make the Sum of Three Hundred & fifty Pounds a year, which I receive from you, answer my annual expences, House-Rent &c., with all the Frugality which I can with Decency use.
I do not mean by this to introduce any unreasonable Demand. Although what I am to request will be of consider- able Service to me, yet I believe it will be of still greater Ser- vice to the Institution, which would certainly be much better conducted, and the People who have Children there much better satisfied, if I could live so near it as to have it imme- diately under my Eye, upon the Collegiate Plan. For as I advance in years, the Travelling five or six Times a-day a considerable Distance, backwards & forwards, must grow more and more inconvenient to me.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
If then you will be pleased to provide me with a House on the College Grounds which now lie vacant, I shall never, while I continue in your Service, make any further Demand of you, whatever may be the Difference of Living. And, I trust, the Expence of this need not be much thought of. We have never yet been without Resources for money when we wanted it, and in this growing Country more Resources will be always opening to us, if we preserve the Reputation of the Seminary as a place of Letters; and I will even engage to find ways & means, with your Consent, of refunding a con- siderable Part of what you may lay out in this way. Hoping, therefore, that you will favor me in this Request, which I have particular Reasons for wishing the Accomplishment of the ensuing Season, I am with all due Regard, &c.,
(Signed) WILLIAM SMITH. Feb. 22d, 1774.
The Board having considered the foregoing Represen- tation given by Dr. Smith, unanimously agreed to erect a House at the Corner of Arch-Street & Fourth-Street for the Residence of the Provost of the College; and appointed Mr. Shippen, Mr. Laurence and Mr. Willing a Committee to prepare and lay before the next Meeting a Plan of the pro- posed Building, and an Estimate of the Cost of the same."
"March I5th, 1774, present
Honble Richard Penn, Dr. Peters, Mr. Laurence, Mr. Willing, Dr. Bond and Mr. Mifflin.
The Committee appointed at last Meeting produced a Plan of the House proposed to be built for the Provost, with an Estimate of the Cost amounting to Sixteen Hundred & Thirty Seven Pounds, as follows, viz —
j House Forty Feet by Thirty four ) like ye Memoranda a f
Tw£nty Qne by Eighteen plan
"A Three Story Brick House designed to be built on the Corner of 4th & Arch Streets. First Story, Eleven feet in the Clear. Second Do ten feet; third Story Nine feet high.
88
'72*S GATE AND THE PROVOSTS* TOWER ON SPRUCE STREET
THE PROVOSTS
The Cellar Walls to be of Stone Eight feet high, & of suffi- cient Thickness to support the Brick walls above. The East, North and West Walls to be of Brick of the Thickness of Fourteen Inches. The South Wall to be of Nine Inches thick. All the Partition Walls to be of Brick Nine Inches thick, ex- cept that which forms the smallest Room, part of which from the Chimney to the Front-Wall of the House to be of Wood. These Partitions to go three Stories high of Brick. There are to be Fifteen Windows of Twenty four Lights each, Glass 8y£ by II Inches, for the two principal Stories. The lower Story to have good lined Shutters, and the 2d Story to have single Shutters i$i Inch thick — "
"There are to be eight Windows in the 3d Story of Sixteen Lights, and two in the Gable Ends to light the Gar- rets— A plain Cornice to the eves of the House & up the Gable End. The House to be well Shingled and Gutturs, Pipes &c made of Cedar to convey the Water to the Ground. Stone Steps to the Door, and Red Cedar Checks & Sill to the Cellar Door.
"There is to be a Brick Kitchin with a Cellar under the whole of one Story above Ground, and a small Piazza in which are to be the Stairs going down to the Cellar, and a small Closet. This Kitchin is to be finished in the Common Way. There is to be a Necessary House of Brick, and a Door in by the West End of the Kitchin, and a Fence cross the Yard as a Screen to the Necessary; the Yard to be well paved with Bricks — "
"A good Floor of Inch & Quarter Boards for the lower Story; a plain Cornice to the two large Rooms & Hall, Wash- Boards & Surface, a small Mantle Cornice to the Chimney with an Architrave under to form the Margin of the Chim- neys, which are to be finished with Tiles Jamm-boards to the windows, with a Moulding on the Edge. Doors as in the Plan & Architraves round; good Locks & Hinges to these and all the other Doors. A neat plain Stair Case. The Rooms in Second Story to be finished plain, with Surface &
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Wash boards, Jamm-linings to the windows, Doors & Ar- chitraves, a Mantle Piece to the Chimneys, Closets by the Sides of the Chimneys, good Floors nailed through.
Third Story to have Wash-boards, Closets, Doors and Architraves Stairs from this Story up to the Garrets — said Garrets to be divided, Washboards, &c. The whole of the Wooden Work, outside & Inside, to be painted, except the Shingling; and all the Rooms within to be well plaistered; and the whole to be finished in a neat, plain, Workman like Manner, for the sum of Sixteen Hundred and fifty five Pounds, & I then to pay for that Part of Dove's Wall that joins this Building.
(Signed) ROBT. SMITH.
£1655
1 8 for Dove's Wall.
N. B. He did not know that the adjoining House was pur-
£ , chased by the Trustees, & the
;i £18 is therefore deducted,
when this was told him.
The foregoing Plan and Estimate being examined were approved, and the Committee directed to agree for finishing the same as soon as possible, and to draw on the Treasury for Money as they shall have Occasion."
There has been some doubt about the location of this house, but it has been generally supposed that it was the fine old mansion still standing at the northeast corner of Fourth and Arch Streets. Pictures of this house have from time to time appeared, and it is to be noted that the minutes of the Trustees do not disclose upon which corner it was erected. They do direct, however, under date of March 19, 1776, that insurance be placed on the
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THE PROVOSTS
Provost's House and the records of the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire show that a policy on the house and kitchen "at the southwest corner of Fourth and Mulberry Streets where Dr. William Smith dwells" was taken out by the University on May 7, 1776.
This of course establishes beyond a doubt the location of the first Provost's House. It is much changed now, although the brick walls are still standing. They are topped with a villainous mansard roof and there are large bulk windows on the first floor where the leather dealers who occupy the building display their wares. The brick walls are painted over all, black downstairs and buff upstairs.
Dr. William Smith and his successor, Dr. John Ewing, were the only Provosts who occupied the house, so that it has been a long lapse of time since our University properly cared for its head.
As has been said Dr. Smith continued his cler- ical duties and the demands for his sermons were constant. He acted as rector of Christ Church for a while and for Trinity Church, Oxford. He was chaplain of the i8th or Royal Irish Regiment, quartered in Philadelphia, and preached a series of sermons before the Regiment on the Christian Soldier's Duty, "In the great Hall of the College of Philadelphia."
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The Commencement of 1771 is memorable on account of the Provost's first public claim for the institution to the rank and place of a University, to which in fact it had attained in 1768.
The troublous times of the Revolution closed the University in June, 1777, on account of the quartering of the patriot troops in the buildings and grounds. The British occupation in Sep- tember, which lasted until June 18, 1778, of course kept it closed, and Provost Smith retired to his country place at the Falls of Schuylkill. The returned Congress occupied the College Hall during that summer until the State House was renovated, and Dr. Smith had little opportunity for reorganization until the autumn. Some success was achieved and the reopening occurred in Janu- ary, 1779. Then came the antagonism described in our earlier chapter. The resultant Act of Assem- bly of November 27, 1779, created a new institu- tion with three classes of Trustees — officers of the state, ministers of certain named denominations, and certain individuals. It was called the Univer- sity of the State of Pennsylvania and existed for ten years, causing a divided institution as the organization of the College was kept up without exercising any functions. Dr. Smith removed to Chestertown, Maryland, in 1780, where he took charge of a parish and of the Kent County School
which two years later he made into Washington
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THE PROVOSTS
College. He was the President and collected a large sum of money for its endowment. In 1783^ he was chosen Bishop of Maryland, but was never |
I
consecrated. In 1789 he returned to Philadelphia and took charge of the reorganization of the University when the restoration was made. The controversy had left scars which prevented his resumption of the office of Provost, if indeed he ever wanted it. The position was vacant until 1780, as the popular accusations of Episcopal control would not down, and the new Board of Trustees were unable promptly to fill his place. The Episcopal party was still strong and vigourous, however, and urged the choice of Bishop William White. The Presbyterians were active, too, and won by one vote for Dr. Ewing, who had been Acting-Provost. The deciding vote had been promised Bishop White, but threats of the exposure of a revolutionary scandal by the Presbyterian party caused the unnamed Trustee to change his ballot.
Dr. Smith died in 1803, honoured, feared, maligned and full of achievement. Franklin and Benjamin Rush accused him of many natural, manly failings but not of dishonesty or lack of ability. Six feet two in stature he was a command- ing figure and the most powerful orator in America. He was given the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the Universities of Oxford, Aberdeen and Dublin.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
The ancestors of John Ewing, D.D., second Provost of the University, came from Scotland and settled on the banks of the Susquehanna River at an early period. He was born June 22, 1732, in Nottingham Township, Cecil County, Maryland, and gained a rugged physique from his boyhood on his father's farm. His education was at the school of Francis Alison, which has been mentioned, where he remained a tutor for three years, continuing his favorite study of mathematics. He frequently rode forty miles to obtain a book which he wanted. In 1754 ne entered the senior class at Princeton and engaged at the same time as teacher of the grammar school connected with the College. After graduation he become a tutor in the College but soon decided to enter the Pres- byterian ministry, so returned to Dr. Alison for further instruction and was licensed to preach, in a short time, at New Castle, Delaware. Before settling in any pastorate, however, he was called at the age of twenty-six to instruct the philosophical classes in the College of Philadelphia during the absence in England of its Provost, Dr. Smith.
In 1759 he became minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, where he soon established himself in the hearts of his flock. In 1773 he went to Great Britain to solicit funds for the Academy at Newark, Delaware, and was received with much honour and hospitality.
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THE PROVOSTS
Glasgow, Montrose, Dundee, and Perth presented to him their freedom, and the University of Edin- burgh made him a Doctor of Divinity. In England he was urged to remain, and Lord North held fre- quent conversations with him concerning the ap- proaching union of the Colonies. Dr. Ewing was intensely loyal to his country and labored faithfully to avoid the contest whose issue he predicted.
In 1780 he was chosen Provost of the new University of the State of Pennsylvania and proved uncommonly competent in teaching the branches of learning and science taught in the College. He was greatly beloved by his students, and his mild manner was that of a parent. He rose with the sun and his day was full, keeping him busy with College, private and pastoral duties until late at night. For forty years he never knew sickness, and gave his spare time to public duties as well as those of his calling. This was mainly in running the boundary lines of states, surveying for turnpikes and acting as Vice-President of the American Philosophical Society. He raised a large family, trusted everyone, was easily duped, and in his old age was rendered penniless by those to whom he had been kind. He never spoke harshly of them, however, and died on the 8th of September, 1812, without a foe.
Dr. Ewing was considered a mathematician without a peer, a distinguished linguist and a
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
diligent and accurate investigator. His under- standing predominated over his imagination and his discourses were in plain language without declamation.
John McDowell, LL.D., third Provost, was born on the family homestead near Mt. Parnell, Peters Township, near Chambersburg, Pennsyl- vania, February n, 1751. In the French and Indian war his home was burned, and his youth was spent in troublous times. He entered the College of Philadelphia in 1768 and was graduated in 1771 when twenty years old. He enlisted as a private in 1777, but could not stand army life and took to teaching at Cambridge, Maryland. Here he studied law and practiced until 1789 when he was appointed professor of mathematics at St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, where he became President in 1790. In 1806 he was chosen Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania and in 1807 was made a Doctor of Laws and Provost, being the first graduate to attain that distinction. He never enjoyed good health and in 1810 was compelled to resign, returning to Annapolis and acting again for some time as Pres- ident of St. John's College, The unusual distinc- tion for a layman, lawyer and educator came to him in 1818, when Union College made him a Doctor of Divinity. He had a weak voice, was not an orator, but was a writer of much force. He was thrifty, kind and simple and was highly
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THE PROVOSTS
regarded as a Christian gentleman. His death occurred December 22, 1820, in Peter's Township, near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.
The fourth Provost was Dr. John Andrews, another Marylander, born near the head of Elk on the 4th of April, 1746. The piety of his father gave him a serious and fixed purpose. He was educa- ted in a Presbyterian school near his home, and when seventeen years old he entered the College and Academy of Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1765, although his course was com- pleted the year previous while the Provost was abroad and no Commencement held. He was a tutor in the College for a year, received his Master's degree in 1767, and then took a school in Lancaster, where he found time to prepare for the Episcopal ministry. He was ordained in London in 1767 and appointed a missionary at Lewiston, Delaware. After three years the climate caused his removal to York, Pennsylvania, and from thence he went to Queen Anne's County, Maryland, as rector of St. John's parish. He was a warm friend of liberty, but thought opposition should be confined to con- stitutional measures. He was a strong supporter of the Federal Constitution and of General Wash- ington. His pacific views caused his removal from Maryland and he opened a Greek and Latin school at York, Pennsylvania, which flourished until he became rector of St. Thomas' parish in Maryland.
7 97
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
In 1785 the Academy of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in Philadelphia was established and Dr. Andrews was selected to preside over it, which he did with great success until the old Charter and rights were restored to the University in 1779. Then the Episcopal Academy became of secondary importance because of the school connected with the College, and Dr. Andrews became Vice-Provost and Professor of Moral Philosophy in the new University of Pennsylvania. In 1810 he became Provost, but his health had begun to decline, and in 1812 he resigned after a long and distinguished connection with the institution. He died on the 29th of March, universally beloved. He was a systematic, punctual man, readily adaptable to conditions and associations which caused his accustomed dignity to unbend to mirth and gayety when with his friends. He was generous, unas- suming and mild, and seldom had to recede from his judgment. His sermons were simple and sincere, inspiring confidence by their genuine piety and pure morality. His pupils learned from his example, patience and industry, and he com- manded the affection of them all.
Frederick Beasley, D.D., fifth Provost, was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church and a graduate of Princeton, 1797. He was born at Edenton, North Carolina, 1777. After his graduation he was a tutor and in 1801 was ordained. He had
98
THE PROVOSTS
parishes at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, Christ Church, Baltimore, and St. Peter's Church, Albany, New York. He was appointed Provost of the University in 1813 and held the position for 15 years, when he became rector of the Episcopal Church at Trenton, New Jersey. He died at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, November 2, 1845. He was a scholar of note and enthusiasm.
William Heathcote DeLancey, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., sixth Provost, was a man of wide distinc- tion, a graduate of Yale, 1817, and the recipient of honourary degrees from Oxford, Yale and Union. He was born at Mamaroneck, New York, Octo- ber 8, 1797, and after leaving college studied theology under Bishop Hobart. He was ordained deacon in 1819 and priest in 1822, whereupon he became Bishop White's assistant in Philadelphia. He was secretary of the Diocesan Convention of Pennsylvania and of the House of Bishops. In 1828 he become Provost of the University, but his mind and heart were in the Church and he remained but five years, becoming rector of St. Peter's after Bishop White's death.
In 1838 Dr. DeLancey became Bishop of western New York and gave much time to the support of Hobart College at Geneva. In 1852 he was the delegate of the American Bishops to England and was a leader of the High-Church party. Andrew D. White in his biography says
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
that Bishop DeLancey was the most impressive man he had ever seen. "His entry into a church chancel was an event; no music could be finer than his reading of the service; his confirmation prayer still dwells in my memory as the most perfect petition I have ever heard; and his simple, earnest sermons took strong hold of me."
The seventh Provost was John Ludlow, D.D., LL.D., continuing the line of clergymen who held that office. He was born at Aquackanonk, New Jersey, December 13, 1793, and first studied law, then theology, and became pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick, New Jersey. From 1823 to 1834 ne was pastor of the Church in Albany and left to become Provost of the University. He remained until 1853, when he took the chair of ecclesiastical history in the Theo- logical Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick, New Jersey, where his desire had always rested. He died in Philadelphia, September 8, 1857.
A break from the church was made in the choice of the eighth Provost. Henry Vethake, LL.D., was born at Essequibo, Guiana, South America, in 1702, graduated from Columbia 1808, and was instructor there in mathematics and geography in 1813. He taught at Rutgers and the New York City University and was President of Washington College, Virginia, in 1825-26. In
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THE PROVOSTS
1836 the University of Pennsylvania made him Professor of Mathematics and in 1854 he was chosen Provost and Professor of Philosophy. He was known among the students as "Pap" Vethake. He published works on political economy and education and was a contributor to periodicals. He resigned from the University in 1859 an^ died in Philadelphia December 16, 1866. Dr. Vethake suffered from dyspepsia and was much affected in disposition on this account, a peppery Provost having a difficult course to travel.
The ninth Provost was again a churchman. Daniel Raynes Goodwin was born in North Ber- wick, Maine, April 12, 1811. His early schooling in the sparsely settled New England country was mostly obtained at home, but he entered Bowdoin College at Brunswick, Maine, at the age of seven- teen and soon became foremost in scholarship, so that he was ahead of his teacher and instructed his own class in Greek and Latin. Being graduated in 1832 he taught school for a while and was back at Bowdoin in 1835 as tutor, soon succeeding Henry W. Longfellow as Professor of Modern Languages. Travel abroad and studies in philol- ogy and history enriched his powers, and writing became his recreation. In 1848 he was ordained a priest by the Episcopal Church. In 1853 he became President of Trinity College at Hartford, Connecticut, and taught modern languages, and
101
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
moral and intellectual philosophy. Bowdoin made him a Doctor of Divinity in 1855.
The University chose Dr. Goodwin Provost in 1860 and he held the position until 1868, when he became Dean of the Philadelphia Divinity School, where he had been teaching apologetics. Dr. Goodwin was very active in the Church and dili- gent in his labors on behalf of the Low-Church party. He was tall, dignified and had a musical voice. He was a member of the American Philo- sophical Society as well as numerous other organi- zations and a publicist of note.
Charles Janeway Stille, LL.D., tenth Pro- vost, marked the final abandonment of the rule that the University's guiding hand must be a clergyman. Dr. Stille found an institution that had fallen far away from the early prominence enjoyed before the vicissitudes of State control in 1779. The Civil War had further strained its resources and influence. It is to Dr. Stille that we owe the beginning of our present University. He was the first Philadelphian to head its Univer- sity. His provostship began in 1868 and marked the entrance of the University into the place it had held in Colonial days. Old restrictions were abandoned, and progressive reorganization of the College undertaken, the Faculty greatly strength- ened, contributions secured, and the great move to West Philadelphia accomplished. The last was
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THE PROVOSTS
made possible by a grant of the land by the City Councils at $8000 an acre. In June, 1871, the cornerstone of College Hall was laid, and in September, 1872, the new building was occupied.
Dr. Stille was born September 23, 1819, was educated in the Academic Department of the University and at Yale, where he graduated in 1839. He studied law under Jared R. Ingersoll in Philadelphia and was admitted to the bar in 1842. Travel and study occupied his time until the Civil War, when he became a Philadelphia Associate of the United States Sanitary Commis- sion, publishing a history of the whole movement. He also wrote at this time a pamphlet entitled "How a Free People Conduct a Long War," and another called "Northern Interest and Southern Independence."
In 1864 he was made Professor of Belles Lettres, English Language and Literature in the University and in 1878 became the first incumbent of the John Welsh Chair of History and English Literature. A somewhat irascible and un concilia- tory disposition lessened his influence with Trus- tees and students, but this was no doubt in large measure caused by the subjugation in which the Trustees had always kept the Provost and Facul- ties. His broad and progressive suggestions were mainly pigeon-holed, and his cautions regarding finance disregarded so that the institution got
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
greatly into debt. The anonymous recollections of his provostship which he has left are a sad recital of a capable, vigorous man thwarted. He resigned in 1880 and devoted the rest of his life to study and writing history. His monograph on Dr. William Smith and his biographies of Anthony Wayne and John Dickinson are among the valuable contributions he made while President of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, a position he held until his death on August n, 1899. Yale made him a Doctor of Laws in 1868 and Pennsyl- vania in 1894.
William Pepper, M.D., LL.D., was born in Philadelphia, August 21, 1843, and graduated from the College as Valedictorian of the Class of 1862 after a brilliant undergraduate career which included many prizes, the presidency of his class, and membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1864 and began a successful career as a physician. He soon began lecturing at the University and was made Professor of Clinical Medicine in 1874. After ten years here he became Professor of the Theory and Prac- tice of Medicine. He was prominent in many medical associations as editor, writer, author of textbooks and practitioner. His addresses before medical bodies attracted much attention and his fame became world-wide. When he became Provost in 1 88 1 he began a wise and energetic
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THE PROVOSTS
leadership. For the first time in the history of the University he insisted upon a place at the Trustees' meetings as a condition of his accep- tance of the post of Provost and thus removed a cause of irritation that had handicapped the University from the beginning. The office became a purely administrative one under Dr. Pepper. His leadership, organizing ability and attractive personality at once won great success for the institution, backed up as it was by the financial ability and generosity of Charles C. Harrison, his classmate and chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the Board of Trustees. By this combination the property of the University in land and buildings was greatly increased, from 15 acres to 54. The faculty of 88 to 268, and the students from 982 to 2180.
The University Hospital, the Museum, the Free Library System, the Commercial Museums, University Extension, and the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art are some of the monuments to Dr. Pepper's energy. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Lafay- ette in 1 88 1 and from Princeton in 1888. He had an intense energy and capacity for work which, coupled with his capability and irresistible persua- siveness, made his life as full as could possibly be imagined. He retired in 1894 and died suddenly at Oakland, California, July 28, 1898.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Charles Custis Harrison, LL.D., twelfth Pro- vost, is perhaps too well known by the present generation to need an introduction here, and the author of this book wishes to escape the writing of contemporary history. It would seem a pity, however, to abridge the record of Provosts, and as the University's progress under Dr. Har- rison's guidance has already been outlined, some facts of his life may well be added. He was born in Philadelphia in 1844. As a young man he played cricket well and was an accomplished musician. His gentleness and courtesy are carried into the details of his association with individuals and this addition to his large capacity for bigger affairs has brought him much accomplishment. The degree of Doctor of Laws has been conferred upon him by Princeton and Columbia in 1896, Yale in 1901, and Pennsylvania in 1911. In 1885, upon the death of John Welsh, Mr. Har- rison was made Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the Board of Trustees and from that time to his retirement in 1910 he guided the finances of the institution. How much his own generosity contributed to its progress will never be known, but while he was Provost, from 1894 to 1911, he raised ten million dollars in contributions. It will never be known how intimate and helpful he was with undergraduates in his quiet, retiring way. His
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THE PROVOSTS
classmate, John Cadwalader, in presenting his portrait to the University said :
Charles Harrison from early childhood has been a close student, indefatigable and never satisfied unless able to lead efficiently in any work he undertook. At the Episcopal Academy the boys sat in chapel and classrooms according to their rank. When dismissed they were called to rise in order, one, two, three, etc., class by class, and every leader was marked as he headed in single file his fellows. Harrison, as I well remember, always led his Class. In college the ranking was publicly announced every term and Harrison, never below third, after the Sophomore year always stood the first in our class. In this way distinction was shown and rewarded.
On July 3, 1862, twenty-five college men, as we thought ourselves, stood before the then Provost in Musical Fund Hall to receive the degree of A.B. in course. Charles Custis Harrison, taking the first honor, made the Salutatory ad- dress, opening with these words:
at
dv0' tov ijAdeTe iv rawrjj rr) ^//^/>a iva &eutpo?T£ ^Ata? paxpou %aip£tv ^oaCavra? rrj
I am afraid they are indeed "Greek" to most of those who hear them today. Then it was not deemed out of place to appeal to that "most intelligent audience" and "thank them for coming to see our class, and bid a long farewell to the University " in a language educated persons were expected to understand.
I would be glad to give the whole address, for it received the highest praise from that great scholar, Professor George Allen, who inspired us all by his own love for the humanities. Of those twenty-five graduates, twenty were nineteen years old or younger. Harrison was just eighteen.
Six months after his graduation, Harrison, who had intended to enter the Army and was actually in camp, was
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
urged by his father to return and form a firm to purchase and conduct a great sugar refinery which had not been suc- cessful in the hands of its former owners. Thus when only eighteen years old he headed the firm of Harrison, Newhall & Welsh, later Harrison & Havemeyer, and finally Harrison, Frazier & Company until incorporated as the Franklin Sugar Refining Company, the family being the only stockholders. The extensive nature of this business may be realized when it is stated that the refinery had an annual capacity of over 600,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. It was probably at that time the largest manufacturing firm in Pennsylvania, if not in the United States.
The public has very generally considered Dr. Harrison as a man of great business ability but has overlooked the intellectual side of his life.
In 1876 when only thirty-two he was elected a Trustee of the University and soon became Chairman of the Com- mittee on Ways and Means. In 1892 he retired from busi- ness and two years later his former classmate, Dr. Pepper, resigned as Provost and Dr. Harrison was unanimously chosen to succeed him.
His sixteen years as Provost produced wonderful changes in the University.
Those of us who have served with him on the Board saw how quietly he presided and with what precision every mat- ter to be considered was prepared and arranged. There was no delay, every question was promptly answered, and all material needed to show facts, inquired into, was always ready and at hand.
He saw the great value of a dormitory system and all who have visited Oxford or Cambridge know what an in- spiration to students life at a university may be. The beau- tiful dormitories designed by the great architects, Cope and Stewardson, under Dr. Harrison's supervision, are in them- selves a noble monument to his judgment and indefatigable efforts.
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VISTA ON THIRTY-THIRD STREET Showing Gymnasium, Franklin Statue and Museum
THE PROVOSTS
On becoming Provost he resigned directorship on the many boards of banks and other institutions he had filled to devote himself entirely to the great work he had assumed.
The wonderful growth in all departments must amaze anyone who considers the matter. No Trustee ever had to enquire as to funds when Dr. Harrison presented any pro- posal; the only question to be discussed was its wisdom, not its cost, for the Trustees knew he had provided the means before he suggested the measure.
In 1895 he established "The George Leib Harrison Foundation for the Encouragement of Liberal Studies and the Advancement of Knowledge" as a memorial to his father, giving #500,000 to provide for the scholarships.
Modest to a fault and living in a community singularly unmindful of what is due to its great citizens, there are few men who have any idea that this great man of business began his career and continues today to be truly a scholar. His activities have never ceased. Believing that after thirty-six years of service as Trustee and Provost he should make way for one whose capacities he knew and whose years could promise continued work in the field so well established, he retired.
Dr. Harrison has not lessened his interest in our Univer- sity. With untiring zeal and generosity he is giving his great abilities and time and money to the work of the University Museum. The beautiful dome, bearing Dr. Harrison's name, stands out against the horizon a fitting tribute to his earnest efforts in this cause.
"Fitting" indeed, for the great acreage from Thirty-Fourth Street to the river, partly occupied by the Museum, was saved to the University by Dr. Harrison. Years ago when the Brill Car Works and builders tried to get this section from Chancellor Street to Spruce for the erection of
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
factories and little houses, Dr. Harrison bid it in and held it until the University could take it over. How vital this was for the University's progress and welfare may be easily imagined when we remember that today Franklin Field, the Museums, the Morgan Laboratories of Physics, the Harrison Laboratory of Chemistry, and the Engineering and Architectural Buildings occupy the ground and there remains of it the only vacant space for the University's expansion.
Edgar Fahs Smith is the thirteenth Provost of the University, and as no fitting tribute or account could be made until his stewardship is complete it seems best to close with the simple record of his incumbency which began in 1911 after a connection with the University dating from 1876. He was born at York, Pennsylvania, in 1855 and was graduated from Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 1874. His studies at the Univer- sity of Gottingen resulted in the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. in 1876. He came to Pennsylvania then as assistant to Professor Genth in Chemistry. In 1 88 1 he was called to Muhlenberg College, Allentown, in chemistry and in 1883 to Witten- berg College, Ohio. In 1888 he returned to Penn- sylvania as Analytical Professor of Chemistry and in 1898 was appointed Vice-Provost. As a scientific investigator in the field of electro-chemistry Dr. Smith has a world-wide reputation and his text-
no
THE PROVOSTS
books are authorities. He is connected with many scientific bodies and was for several years president of the American Philosophical Society. He has had the following degrees conferred upon him:
A.M. and Ph.D., Gottingen, 1876; LL.D., Wisconsin, 1904; Pennsylvania, 1906; Pennsylvania College, 1906; Franklin and Marshall, 1910; Rutgers, 1911; Pittsburgh, 1912; Wittenberg, 1914; Brown, 1914; L.H.D., Muhlenberg, 1911; Pennsylvania, 1899; Sc.D., Dublin, 1912; Yale, 1914; Litt.D., Swarthmore, 1918.
It is perhaps in his intimate relations of every- day life that he is best known, and the living alumni need no written attempt to describe this.
CHAPTER III
THE SEAL, THE COLOURS, THE CHEER AND THE SONGS
THE seal and motto of the University have undergone several changes, al- though a part of each remains from the earliest days. We do not know who designed the pile of books upon a desk-top used for the diplomas of the first graduating class in 1757, but we know that Provost William Smith selected a quotation from Horace, "Quid Leges, sine Mor- ibus, vanae proficient," as the motto for his "Col- lege of Mirania," the ideal institution after which he planned the Academy and College in Philadelphia." Thus "Leges, sine Moribus, vanae" appears upon the book-plate of the library as early as 1764 and as the motto of the University until 1866 when in some unrecorded way "Literae" was substituted for "Leges." The designer of the seal found it incon- venient or inartistic, in his opinion, to include the desk-top and "leges," the first word of the motto, believing, no doubt, that the pile of books would in- dicate the word as the picture of a boot often tells the trade of its maker, upon his sign. In 1900 some wag translated the mutilated inscription, "sine Moribus vanae, " as "loose women without morals," and this so distressed Trustee Horace Howard Furness that he had "Literae" placed in front of
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
the other three words. In the new seal designed in 1900 the Trustees approved a further addition of an incorrect rendition of the arms borne by William Penn, which complicated the simple, quaint and historical design of the founders. No doubt the Penn arms were intended to commem- orate the granting of the charter and liberal gifts by Governor Thomas Penn, although his good Quaker father would most certainly have objected since the College was the stronghold of the Epis- copal party and its Provost a vigourous opponent of the Quakers. From 1782 to some time prior to 1812 and from near 1840 until 1848 the seal displayed the orrery of David Rittenhouse, Vice- Provost, and the greatest American astronomer.
The University colours were heraldic blue, a bright shade of blue and rather unimportant until the development of competitive athletics in the late eighteen-seventies. This colour was displayed upon University occasions and was worn by our first football teams and crews, generally a blue and white jersey or a white jersey for the oarsmen with a blue U. P. This was worn by a member of the crew through the season of 1879 but more wide and public competition began to cause some confusion with the colours of Columbia University.
The lining of the hoods given to the graduates was blue in colour as was the ribbon attached to the seal on their diplomas.
8 113
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
The origin of the Red and Blue of today has been the subject of some controversy. In 1779 the Adjutant-General of the State of Pennsyl- vania recommended to the Assembly that a red and blue cockade be adopted as the State's col- ours and the militia laws of 1802 and 1807 con- firmed this as the State cockade. This is mentioned, however, merely as an interesting event; it had nothing to do so far as is known with the subse- quent choice of the University colours but it seems to make them more appropriate. The Class of 1867 adopted a badge of red and blue ribbons with the class motto and year inscribed upon it. This appears to be the first record of the use of these colours at the University. The universal adoption of the colours came, however, through athletics, naturally enough since they were the only channel of public competition. The first time that they were worn was by Henry Laussat Geyelin, '77, at some games at Saratoga, New York, July IJ/, 1875, given by the Inter-Collegiate Rowing Association and a citizens' committee of Saratoga. Geyelin was Pennsylvania's only representative and entered upon his own responsibility. He was asked what colours he would wear and finding almost all other combinations had been selected by other Col- leges he chose a cap of red and blue which had been used intheracesof the New York Yacht Club, as they
represented two of the colours of the national flag.
114
HALL ON SPRUCE STREET
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
A number of undergraduates were wont to meet in the gallery of Holy Trinity Church on Sunday afternoons and here in the north-east corner they were discussing one Sunday in Jan- uary, 1876, the approaching athletic meet in which Harvard and Yale were the most prominent competitors. In talking of Pennsylvania's chances Addinell Hewson, '76, exclaimed "Let's beat them with their own colours !" At a meeting of the Athletic Association on the Monday following, in Professor Sadtler's room under that used by Professor Kendall in the north-west corner of College Hall, presided over by Henry W. Andrews, '76, it was proposed that Pennsylvania join the Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association. With the approval of this and the choice of Andrews and Geyelin as delegates to the meeting in New York the necessity arose for an official sanction of colours. Accordingly John Neill, '77, moved the adoption of red and blue and he was seconded by Addinell Hewson, '76, who suggested that the shirt be red and the trousers blue amid much laughter. Hewson's suggestion of the day before, though independent, therefore coincided with Geyelin's choice of the previous summer, and his thought as to the combination of the colours of Harvard and Yale seems to have prevailed for a time because there is testimony of some objection to the magenta shade of red used by Harvard. In July, 1876, Geyelin succeeded in collecting a
"5
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
number of undergraduates to enter the first field sports of the Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association at Saratoga. They were handsomely entertained there by Hugh L. Willoughby, '77, whose hospit- able house was opened to them. On the top of the coach that took them to the games John Neill suggested the University cheer of "Hoorah! Hoorah! Hoorah! Pennsylvania!" which has rung out so heartily ever since. So it is that the names of Geyelin, Neill and Hewson should be revered among Pennsylvania men for all time. Theirs is a heritage that can never fail.
Cheering was not generally organized until the advent of Horace Palmer Beck, '970, '98M, one of three brothers all famous Pennsylvania athletes. Horace Beck came from Wilkes Barre, Pennsyl- vania, and was a crew man and wrestler. "Becky" was an energetic, spectacular, loyal soul. He started the University Band in 1897 through con- tributions he collected from the alumni and by passing the hat along the line of march when the students paraded for University Day, Commence- ment or celebrations. He decorated the Dormi- tories and organized riots in Broad Street Station after football victories. He took charge of the students on the Old Field and afterward on Franklin Field. He just carried everything along with him and had the crowd cheering itself hoarse in no time. He "whoop-de-doodled" the "Wil- liam Goat" song and started all feet a-tumping
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
and all throats a-yelping. After the long hoorahs that only Beck could produce he would call for the old "Os-kee-wow-wow ! Whiskey- wow-wow, Holy muckle-ii, Kintuck-e-ii, Penn-syl-van-e-ii ! " After this blood-curdling, cruel yell he would bring us to chirping " Chee ! Hee ! Chee ! Ha ! Chee-ha-ha-ha ! Pennsyl! Pennsyl! Van-i-a!" And "Becky" did more yelling than anyone in the crowd. No one who has come after him has approached his mag- netism or spontaneous participation. He is now a very dignified and successful physician in New- port, Rhode Island, and the cheering is very highly organized by a number of carefully selected cheer- leaders. A "locomotive" yell has been added and a more staccato effect for the "Pennsylvania."
The Glee Club was founded on Tuesday, November 5, 1862, by Francis Ashhurst, '64, William W. Newton, '65, Richard N. Thomas, '65, Thomas Mitchell, '65, John C. Sims, Jr., '65, William E. Rogers, '65, J. H. Brown, '65, and George H. Bates, '65. A constitution and by-laws were adopted and signed and a serious, enthu- astic career begun. Mr. T. Bishop was chosen music teacher and the following is a description of the first concert written by John C. Sims, '65. This account from their old record book tells the story of the first organized Music at the University and the songs they sang gives us a colourful picture of undergraduate life in those days.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
CONCERT OF THE GLEE CLUB OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENN- SYLVANIA GIVEN ON MONDAY EVENING MAY 23, 1864, AT THE HALL OF THE UNIVERSITY. IN AID OF THE GREAT CENTRAL FAIR.
The Glee Club gave a concert in aid of the Great Cen- tral Fair for the Sanitary Commission on the evening of Monday, May 23rd, (1864) and after defraying expenses realized for the Fair the sum of two hundred and two dollars thirty one cents ($202.31) which was handed in to the Chair- man of the Committee on College per Mr. Ellis Williams, Class of '65. The following gentlemen sang: Francis Ash- hurst, Dr. E. C. Bullard, Thomas Mitchell, John N. Mitchell, Wm. W. Newton, Francis J. C. Headman, George Woolsey Hodge, John H. Easby, Lieut. Mclntyre, Thomas C. Miles, Clement S. Phillips, Henry Emlen, Albert Redles, William W. Montgomery, Thomas Stichter, and John C. Sims, Jr., in all sixteen. Francis Ashhurst presided at the piano, which was a Bradbury loaned by Andre & Co., and Thomas Mitchell acted as leader. Mr. Bishop, the former musical instructor of the Club was invited upon the platform.
Copy of the Programme
Concert of the Glee Club of the University of Pennsylvania
in aid of the
Great Central Fair
at the Hall of the University
on Monday Evening
May 23d, 1864,
Programme
Part First
Gaudeamus igitur, Chorus
Integer Vitae, Quartet
Sleep Well, Solo
Lauriger Horatius, Quartet
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
Let every young Sophomore, Solo & Chorus
We think it is no Sin, Sir, Chorus
Co-ca-che-lunc (with Examination Doxology) Solo & Chorus
Part Second
Lutzour's " Wild Hunt " Quartet
The last Cigar, Solo & Chorus
There's Music in the Air, Quartet
Tears, Solo
Upidee, Solo & Chorus
Landlord fill the flowing bowl, Quartet
Alma Mater O, Solo & Chorus
Rally round the Flag, Chorus
The Piano used on the occasion (Bradbury & Co.) is kindly loaned by Andre & Co.
Tickets, Fifty Cents Doors open at *]% o'clock Commences at 8 o'clock
Expenses of the Concert of the Glee Club, Monday May 23d, 1864.
Hire of Piano (for practising) from Schomaker &
Co. two weeks use and cartage $10,00 Printing 1000 cards of admission, Old Style Type
by Evans & Co. 6.50
Dearest Mae .25
Advertising (4 times Press) (5 times Bulletin) 4 . 25 Cartage of Piano loaned by Andre & Co., (and
music stand) 4-5°
Printing of Programmes 4.75
For Hall (Dick for gas $2., Alfred $2.50) 4. 50
Lutzour's Wild Hunt .25
Blue Ribbons (College Colours) 1 .68
Loaned by T. Mitchell for piano 5 .00
" music .25
" " printing cards 3.25
For Doorkeeper 1 . 50
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Mr. Frank Darley and Mr. Elsegood were also on the platform and Dr. Samuel Ashhurst. Dr. Bullard sang " Sleep Well." The Quartet was composed of John N. Mitch- ell, First Tenor, John C. Sims, Jr., Second Tenor, Thomas Mitchell, First Bass and Dr. Bullard, Second Bass. The Solo of "Let every young Sophomore" was sung by John N. Mitchell. The duet in the middle of "We think it is no Sin, Sir," was sung by J. Mitchell & Sims & Co-ca-che-lunc" (with "Examination Doxology") solo by Sims. In the Sec- ond Part "The last Cigar" by Sims, Tears which was to have been sung by Dr. Bullard was omitted because Ashhurst had learned the wrong accompaniment.
Dr. Bullard was stationed at Mowyer Hospital, Chest- nut Hill, and hence could practise but little with the Club. Upidee, solo sung by J. Mitchell, Landlord fill the flowing Bowl by Sims, Alma Mater O, by Sims and second part in middle by J. Mitchell, Rally Round the Flag by Dr. Bullard. A comic programme was gotten up and circulated through the audience, by members of the Junior Class (Class of '65) Professor Frazer was very obliging to the Club while prac- tising for the Concert, and loaned his room. Dr. Goodwin granted the use of the Chapel to the Club both to practise in before the Concert and to hold the Concert in. Hamilton, doorkeeper at Musical Fund Hall was employed at $1.50 for the evening. George H. Bates, formerly a member of the Club, sold the tickets at the door, realizing there nearly thirty ($30) dollars. R. Somers Hayes and George Oakman of Class of '64 acted as gentlemen ushers and showed ladies to seats and distributed programmes. Dr. Goodwin took four (4) tickets; Prof. Frazer four, Prof. Kendall, two; Prof. Allen, two; Prof. Coppee, two and Prof. Jackson took none. The audience on the occasion was unusually select and large, the Hall being filled to its utmost capacity. The Quartets, ("Integer Vitae," "There's Music in the Air," "Lauriger Horatius," & Loutzour's "Wild Hunt") were not as well performed as it was expected they would be.
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
There were a number of encores during the evening. In "Let every young Sophomore" the last verse was arranged as follows:
"Though we think Mathematics decidedly flat
We'll cheer good Prof. Kendall in spite of all that" Also in Alma Mater O, the word Penn was substituted for Yale — thus —
"For Sons of "Penn" can ne'er forget
Their Alma Mater O."
A criticism appeared in the Press of the next day; quite cutting but somewhat encouraging and written in a disgus- tingly patronizing way. Mr. Francis Wells appeared on the stage between the parts and requested that Mr. Bishop be asked to sing. Lemonade and Ice Water were provided and kept in Prof. Frazer's Lecture Room; where the Club met. Blue being the College colours, the members of the Club all wore blue ribbons in their buttonholes.
It is worthy of record that Madam Casey's school came en masse, twenty in number, the Secretary of the Club having written a polite invitation to the Madam & also to Madam Anable, to the latter without effect.
The comic Programme circulated by '65, was as follows:
University Gay Club A Blow For The Benefit
of the U. S. Satanary Commission
Programme
Part First
1. Solo — The Captain with (out) his whiskers.
Mr. T. Mitchell
2. Chorus — Gaudeamus igitur juvenes Dumb Sumus.
Gay Club
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
3. Solo — Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?
(The singer expects to be encored, and if so» will sing John Brown's Body) Mr. Stichter
4. Solo — Lannigan's Ball (in the original).
Prof. Kendall
5. Solo — Is it cold up there?
Mr. Simes
6. Duet— The Ham Fat Man.
Messrs Ashhurst and Emlen
7. Solo— Hark from the Tombs a Doleful Sound!
Mr. Reddles
8. Solo — Let me Kiss him for his Mother,
He's the broth of a boy; When this cruel war is over No Irish need apply.
Mr. Easby
3. Solo — The American Doodle, an adaptation for the occasion.
Prof. C.
Intermission of Five Minutes
During which Misses Meigs of the Sophomore Class will be drilled for the Benefit of the audience.
Part Second
1. Solo — (Per Nasum) — I would I were a bishop and folks
that put on airs.
Mr. Hodge
2. Lieut. Montgomery ist, will next amuse the company
by holding his tongue. N.B. Encore.
3. Quartette — The Girl I left behind me (with double
Brazilian accompaniments). Mr. Newton
4. Prof. Jackson will here repeat his Grand Feet of Dancing
an Asclepiadic Choriambus — with Lydia Dic(k).
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
5. Duett — The Siamese Twins.
Messrs J. Mitchell and Simes
6. The Editor of the United States Service Magazine, to
secure a good night's rest for the audience, will here read his last Editorial (without gestures).
7. The Examination Doxology, will close the Performance.
N.B. The Members not being able to get through, expect the ladies to join in.
8. Benediction, by Prof. Frazer, (without notes).
The words of a number of the songs used were written by the members and what may be called the first University song-book was a little single- sheet folder, three by four inches, with some of these printqd upon it.
IT'S THE WAY WE HAVE AT OLD PENN, SIR! We've just come out to sing, Sir, Our books aside to sling, Sir, And make the building ring, Sir, To drive dull care away.
CHORUS It's the way we have at old Penn, Sir, etc.
For where on earth's the wrong, Sir, To sing a college song, Sir, Provided it's not too long, Sir,
To drive dull care away? CHORUS
For does not Horace say, Sir, Black care is blown away, Sir, By a trifling little lay, Sir?
So drive dull care away.
CHORUS 123
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
We're a band of College boys, Sir, Who sing of College joys, Sir, And make a jolly noise, Sir,
To drive dull care away. CHORUS
We think it is no sin, Sir,
To take the Freshmen in, Sir, etc., etc.
"LAURIGER"
Translated by JOHN H. EASBY, '65 Horace, with the laurel crowned,
Truly hast thou spoken; Time, destroying, glides his round;
Dearest ties are broken.
CHORUS Give us cups of honeyed bliss,
Cups with nectar laden, And the pout — the yielding kiss —
Of some blushing maiden.
Let the grape grow rich and ripe;
May the maiden flourish; But the poet's thirsty pipe
Tune with drinks that nourish.
CHORUS Give us cups of honeyed bliss,
Cups with nectar laden; Grant the coy, half-willing kiss
Of some blooming maiden.
Why should fame delight us here
If love be not given, And the cup, brimfull of cheer,
Nectar-lips and Heaven? 124
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
CHORUS Give us then the cup and kiss,
With rich nectar laden; Change each coy or flirty miss
To a loving maiden.
JOLLY JUNIORS
Air, "Scots wae has wi9 Wallace bled"
By JOHN C. SIMS, JR. Jolly Juniors, let us roar; Fresh and Soph'more days are o'er; We have reached Canaan's shore;
We are lazy Junes. Let us sing our College glees, Smoke our pipes and take our ease, And flirt with the girls — for such agrees
With jolly, lazy Junes. Soon will come Commencement Day Then we'll throw our cribs away, And Doctor solemnly will say,
Friends, you are A. B's. Then we'll have a marriage spree, Do our duty manfully, And in a year or so you'll see
A little jolly June.
EXAMINATION PIE ( )
(Expressive of the feelings of the Senior Class in having passed their late examination.) Dedication to the
Class of '65 Air— "John Brown99 By W. W. NEWTON, '65 Sing a song of sixpence — a pocket full of rye, Four and twenty Seniors baked in a pie ( ), Who through the crust of college life the daylight 'most can spy As we go marching on.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
CHORUS
Heigh hoi Brothers, sing it merrily; Heigh ho ! Brothers, sing it cheerily ; Heigh ho! Brothers, sing it verily; For we are marching on.
The Faculty were in their rooms a-feeling very funny; The Major he was down below eating bread and honey; The Freshmen, bless their little hearts, were getting eased of
money; And all were traveling on.
CHORUS
The Sophomores were feeling gay and hanging out new clothes ; The Juniors were groaning on beneath a weight of woes; When down came the Calculus and struck us — how? Dear
knows; But still we're marching on.
CHORUS
Now when the pie ( ) was opened the Seniors they did sing And made the dusty chapel walls with joyful voices ring; And the wondering Freshmen thought that it was quite a
funny thing; And thus we're marching on.
CHORUS
And now that we are almost through we mean to take our ease
Until the day on which we settle up the Major's fees,
When we end our College course and take our Bachelor's
degrees, And so be marching on.
CHORUS
Heigh ho! Brothers, sing it merrily, Heigh ho ! Brothers, sing it cheerily; Heigh ho! Brothers, sing it verily; For we are marching on. (Amen.) 126
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
MATHEW MATICS Old Mathew Matics had a little angle Which used to make the Freshmen wrangle And gnarled them up in a dreadful tangle — , This little angle, oh!
CHORUS
One little angle — two little angles — Three little angles — four little angles — A right little angle — a cute little angle — Six little angles, oh!
ALMA MATER— A SONG (Translated in Philo. Maj., February 6, 1886, by JOHN H
EASBY, '65) Air, "Juanita" Sweetly the moonlight
Silvers with its rays the skies; Soft through the midnight
Singing voices rise; Let their mellow sweetness,
Floating through the slumbering air, Praise old Time, whose fleetness Bears away "Dark Care."
CHORUS Alma Mater, Alma Mater
Friendship's joys around thee cling; Alma Mater, Alma Mater,
We thy praises sing.
Soon though we leave thee,
Soon though we forsake thy tender care, We'll ne'er forget thee;
We thy children are. 127
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Brothers, sing in chorus
While our hearts are free from care; Life is short — soon cometh
One who will not spare.
CHORUS Alma Mater, Alma Mater,
Sweetly may our voices ring, Alma Mater, Alma Mater,
As of thee we sing.
Join we in chorus;
Hours glide by on rapid wing; Grief may come o'er us,
When we may not sing. Children of one mother,
Let us by each other stand, Till our life is over
Go we hand in hand.
CHORUS Alma Mater, Alma Mater,
Heaven's dew upon thee fall, Alma Mater, Alma Mater,
Mother of us all.
TO THE LADIES By CHARLES GILPIN, JR., '64
We students hold your memory sweet; Gladly we your presence greet When we meet you in the street, Where the "dress parade" is. 128
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
Be you dark or be you fair, With golden curls or raven hair, Of stately mien or saucy air,
We don't forget you, Ladies. Senior, Freshman, gay Soph'more, Junior, whom "Mechanics" floor, Vote Athene quite a bore
And adore the Graces. Greek is crabbed, Latin dry; The "Calculus" our souls doth try; For consolation now we fly
To your pretty faces. What care we for Goodwin's gown, Ccppee's beard or Frazer's frown? We'd lay our highest honours down
If you'd take the present. What care we for metric feet When on crowded Chestnut Street Pretty dipodees we meet?
Scanning them is pleasant. May he flunk in every room; May his lot be one of gloom; May he meet an early doom
And descend to Hades; May he summoned be each week; Break down when he tries to speak; Let every student vengeance wreak
On him who scorns the Ladies.
WHAT CAN A FELLOW DO? Air, " The Captain with his Whiskers"
By CHARLES GILPIN, JR. You're walking down to College,
With your Horace in your hand, And longing for a knowledge
Of the ode as yet unscanned, 9 129
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
When some pretty face nods smiling
And off with her takes you; For when girls are so beguiling
What can a fellow do?
The chapel bell is tolling
And you know you will be late; You hear its deep notes rolling
As you pass the College gate; The Provost's stopped believing
That the tales you tell are true; You know you should be leaving,
But what can a fellow do ?
At home your good intentions
Are plenty but they go, As a certain Proverb mentions,
To pave highways down below. So you go out for a visit,
To studies bid adieu; For it is not easy, is it?
To tell what else to do.
You know you'll flunk tomorrow;
Your excuses won't go down; And your breast is filled with sorrow
At the thought of F ?s frown.
The prospect is alarming,
But the fault is not in you; For if girls will be so charming
What can a fellow do?
THE FACULTY ROOM
Air, "Yankee Doodle" By CHARLES GILPIN, JR., '64 Know ye the room where Freshmen green Are oft on Monday morning seen? Where hurrying crowds of students run 130
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
On Friday, when third hour is done? Ah, yes, we know that room too well! But ask us not its name to tell.
Know ye the room where lies are told ? Where brass is worth much more than gold? Where well-wrought tales that sound like truth Are told by every truant youth ? Ah, yes, we know that room too well ! Oh! ask us not its name to tell.
Know ye the room where jest and song Are banished from the waiting throng? Where fabrication is an art, And terror fills each waiting heart? Ah, yes, we know that room too well! Then ask us not its name to tell.
COMMENCEMENT DAY By CHARLES GILPIN, JR., '64
Four years have gone o'er us, And friends now must sever, To meet perhaps never; Our short race is run. As others before us
Have sorrowed at parting, We sadly are starting; Our days here are done. Farewells must be spoken, And tender ties broken;
For College is over and life has begun.
We meet again never!
And rows of new faces Fill our vacant places At sound of the bell.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Farewell then forever;
But sadness don't borrow; Though toil comes tomorrow There's pleasure as well. Our "Kind Mother" leaves us; The cold world receives us;
Alma Mater, we bid thee forever farewell.
EDITE, BIBITE, COLLEGIALES ByJ. C.SIMS, JR., '65
Veniamus, studiosi; Canamus, modulati; Simus jam beati; Gaudeamus.
CHORUS
Edite, bibite, collegiales
Post multa saecula, pocula, nulla.
Puellae admirant Melodies canus Et longas barbas In juvenis.
Edite, etc.
Testae professores Et matres familias Dummodo sant nobis Bonas notas. Edite, etc.
Et amamus matrem Almam Universitatem Et omnis lapis in collega, In collega.
Edite, etc. 132
DORMITORY ARCHWAY, Looking toward the Pro- vosts' Tower from the Triangle
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
STUDENTS' SONG
Air, " Co-ca-che-lunc" "Carpe diem" says the poet, Meaning " While you are young to go it " ; So let every studious wight Leave his musty books tonight.
Neither Locke nor Leibnitz vex us; No false theories perplex us; For the truth to wine we go — "In vino veritas" you know.
Of chemists surely we've the best; We've bottled up the alcahest; Pleasures here dissolved we hold; Time's dull sand we turn to gold.
Why with mathematics bore us And with "Comic sections" floor us? Curves enough are in our gait, Though we take our liquor straight.
"Nunc est bibendum" said old Flaccus, Jolly worshipper of Bacchus; Follow classical advice, Though a headache be the price.
"Carpe diem" says the poet, Meaning "While you're young to go it"; So let every studious wight Leave his musty books tonight.
SMOKING SONG
Air, "Off the Blue Canaries"
By JOHN H. EASBY, '65 Ruby Wine with genial glow
Through ev'ry nerve may thrill; 'T'may cause the song and jest to flow, But leaves a headache still. 133
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
CHORUS
Then sing the song of smoke; 'Tis fancy's gauzy cloak,
Yet keeps it warm
And free from harm; For "What's so thick as smoke"?
Ruby Lip that softly smiles,
The kiss it tempts, denies. It oft the fledgling's heart beguiles
And still smiles at his sighs.
CHORUS
Ruby Fire 'neath shadowy ash
Beams bright as maiden's eye. The perfume and the "weed's "warm flash
Are sweet as Love's own sigh. CHORUS
Rolling Smoke, in fleecy rings
That melting float away, Far from us bears on flitting wings
Cares that would cloud the day. CHORUS
Feath'ry Ash may shroud the beams
Of flames that brightest glow; And sorrow come 'mid fairest dreams;
We'll let them come — and go. CHORUS
The first substantial collection of songs to be really published was issued by members of the Glee Club in 1879 through the energies of C. Howard Colket, '79. The second was published by the following Edition Committee appointed by the Glee Club in 1895 :
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SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
E. G. McCollin, '78 David Halstead, Jr., '95
A. L. Church, '78 W. J. Goeckel, '96 L.
E. W. Mumford, '89 E. M. Dilley, '97
F. B. Neilson, '90 Wells D. Reed, '97 L.
V. F. Gable, '92
They conducted a competition which resulted in the choice of "Hail! Pennsylvania " by Edgar M. Dilley, '97, and "The Red and Blue" by H. C. Westervelt, '98, and William J. Goeckel, '96.
These two songs have remained the permanent songs of the University although many others have been added and are sung from time to time — notably a revival of "Ben Franklin" written by Edward G. McCollin, '78, while an undergraduate. The complexity of modern life and the many present attractions of College days have crowded out the popularity which singing once enjoyed.
BEN FRANKLIN
By CHARLES I. JUNKIN, '77
Music by Edward G. McCollin, '78
H'rah!H'rah!H'rah!
Penn-syl-van-i-a 1 in days of old, as we are told,
There lived a man named Ben; A friend was he, and so are we, To Pennsylvania men.
A ready blade, he often made
Ingenious little toys; He built a kite with great delight,
And shocked the little boys.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
This ancient squire did then aspire
A public school to found; And with a dash he raised the cash
And bought a lot of ground.
And now we raise our song of praise
To good old Father Ben; A friend was he, and so are we,
To Pennsylvania men.
CHORUS
Ben Franklin was his name, And not unknown to fame; The founder first was he Of the U-ni-ver-si-tee.
THE RED AND BLUE By HARRY E. WESTERVELT, '98 Music by William J. Goeckel, '96 Come all ye loyal class-men now,
In hall and campus through, Life up your hearts and voices for
The royal Red and Blue. We ask no other emblem,
No other sign to view, We only ask to see and cheer
Our colours, Red and Blue.
CHORUS Hurrah, Hurrah, Pennsylvania,
Hurrah for the Red and Blue; Hurrah, Hurrah, Hurrah, Hurrah!
Hurrah for the Red and Blue.
And now thro' all the years to come,
In midst of toil and care, We'll get new inspiration
From the colours waving there. 136
SEAL, COLOURS, CHEER AND SONGS
And when to all our College life
We've said our last adieu, We'll never say adieu to thee,
Our colours, Red and Blue.
HAIL! PENNSYLVANIA
By EDGAR M. DILLEY, '97
Air, Russian Hymn Hail! Pennsylvania, noble and strong; To thee with loyal hearts we raise our song. Swelling to Heaven loud our praises ring; Hail! Pennsylvania, of thee we sing!
Majesty, as a crown, rests on thy brow; Pride, Honor, Glory, Love, before thee bow. Ne'er can thy spirit die, thy walls decay; Hail! Pennsylvania, for thee we pray.
Hail! Pennsylvania! guide of our youth; Lead thou thy children on to light and truth; Thee, when death summons us, others shall praise, Hail! Pennsylvania, through endless days.
CHAPTER IV UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
PENNSYLVANIA'S rich horde of tradi- tions, many of which have their root in the very foundations upon which the University rests, and all of which have been handed down from year to year until they have become a part of the atmosphere of the place, have given us the strength of sentiment and memory that has made the institution loved.
The organizations of our undergraduate days, many of them dating back in their origin to the earliest days of the University, although in no way a part of the official institution, are recognized by all as an integral part of Pennsylvania, whose rules are as sacred and whose regulations are as inviolable as the University statutes. It is these "undergrad- uate activities," as they are heavily termed, which go to make up the real student life and spirit, and which serve as a necessary complement to the more serious side of a University education.
In every College and University such things are a necessity. The very fact that their origin has been spontaneous and their perpetuation voluntary proves that they have their place. Though not essential to a College education, they are so nearly so that without them there is a tendency for the
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UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
student to become narrow and single-purposed, for him to become blinded to the larger and more humanitarian interests of the world, and for his mental horizon to become clouded with purely academic ideas and intricacies.
As these things have multiplied, the danger that their importance would be overemphasized by the student has been minimized by a carefully conducted system of Faculty oversight so that relative values are preserved. In fact it is these activities, in one form or another, that make our memories of Pennsylvania so pleasant and which, in supplement to the regular curriculum routine, made going to College really worth while.
What an intimate little place it was fifty years ago may be guessed when we realize that the whole family was described in the following by Charles Gilpin, Jr., '64:
There was a Professor Coppee, Who filled a spittoon every day. "By expectoration I'm saving the nation," Said long-bearded Henry Coppee.
George Allen's great name I exalt; A love of Greek roots his sole fault. As I am a sinner he'd eat one for dinner, Instead of a radish, with salt.
The amiable Kendall's my hero I pray all you students give ear O! So wise is his pate he'd prove crooked lines straight Or make a fifteen of a zero. 139
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Dick's work is to ring the great bell, And I have heard graduates tell That once he fell down, alarming the town,
For he shook the whole earth when he fell.
Alfred Pompey's the knight of the broom, With what grace he can sweep out a room! Or deliver a letter; no man can do't better Than Alfred the knight of the broom.
There was a professor called John. If you looked at the coat he had on You would say, "Oh my eye! what a regular guy," Yet he was a right jovial John.
There once was a Provost named Dan, A talkative sort of a man, But they said, "Let him chatter: it makes no great
matter, For nobody listens to Dan."1
The Bowl Fight was a unique custom. No other College had anything like it and it has had a hold upon our memories that makes it a fond tradition. The affair was between the Sophomore and Fresh- man Classes of the College, the former providing a bowl and the latter a "bowl-man." In the very early eighteen-sixties, when the College was on
1 Henry Copp€e, Professor of Belles Lettres and of the English Language and
Literature.
George Allen, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages and Literature. E. Otis Kendall, Professor of Mathematics. Frederick Dick, the corpulent Janitor of the University. Alfred Wilson ("Pomp")> his assistant, afterward Janitor. John F. Frazer, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. Rev. Daniel R. Goodwin, Provost and Professor of Intellectual and Mora
Philosophy.
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THOMAS PENN HOUSE OF THE DORMITORIES
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
Ninth Street, in the city, the year was divided into three terms, the first ending at the Christmas holiday in December. For many years it was cus- tomary for the secretary of the Faculty to announce the results of the term's work, and "honours" were awarded to the best students in each class. There were not many first and second honour men but several third honours, and these were graded according to their ranks. Some joyous spirits about 1 86 1, pitying, no doubt, the lowest third honour man who seemed so far from the head, thought they would compensate him and have a little fun too by presenting him with a spoon. It was a large wooden one and was presented by a crowd of Sophomores at the door of the Chapel as the Freshmen emerged. There was no contention and all were equally amused. The cheers and inscription on the spoon were ironical and the demonstrations grew from year to year so that soon the third honour Freshman began to resist the added indignities put upon him. The bowl was probably introduced in 1865 and in 1866 George F. Martin, '70, was put in it and carried about the Campus. He got a bowl, too, and says "it was all brave, jolly and not extravagant at all." This custom grew and soon included a reckless rush through the near-by Continental Hotel. The bowls and spoons seem to have had Latin inscrip- tions rudely cut upon them from the earliest time,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
and this is very interesting as it denotes the rather more scholarly habits of thought in those days.
In 1869 there was something of a fight and the bowl was broken. When the University moved to West Philadelphia there was a real fight begin- ning often at the door of the Chapel, waging about College Hall and pursued over the hills and valleys of the surrounding country. It became the duty of the Freshmen to protect the bowl-man, cause him to escape and then to break the bowl, while the Sophomores strove to put the bowl-man in the bowl and to protect it for presentation to their second most popular man on Class Day. Rules began to creep in, and there was an umpire and a time limit in the nineties. The fight grad- uated to the old athletic field, to Franklin Field, and finally to the Museum Field. It came after the "Mid-Terms" then and was usually in inclement weather with mud and snow as com- forters. Great crowds surrounded the participants and interfered with careless zeal. The "Medicals" were particularly obstructive and frequently the affair would end by the Sophomores and Freshmen Combining to save the bowl from the marauding "Meds."
The tremendous growth in the College after 1900 made the Bowl Fight assume proportions which took away much of the spirit of the occasion, and when in 1914 a student was suffocated the old
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UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
custom was abolished. Only second to it in age was the hall-rush and corner fight. After the Freshman class-meeting on the first day of College the Sophomores attacked them and each class massed at opposite ends of the hall in the basement of College Hall. They rushed toward each other in close formation with shouting upper class-men perched on top of the lockers and met at the foot of the stairs where the struggling and pushing, after the tremendous impact, resulted in one class getting through. The defeated class after about three rushes took to the corner in the adjacent assembly room and defied the other to put them out. The object then was to get in or keep in the corner and here, watched over by a so-called umpire, the men battled for half an hour with no ventilation. Numbers caused the abandonment of this custom also.
The Cane Fight was of shorter duration and Harry Hayward, '94, the last cane-man. He stood in the middle of the field with a cane and the two classes rushed at him. At the end of a specified period the hands on the cane were counted and the winning class announced.
These were brave struggling days, and there were few who did not enter the fights for the honour of their class. They gave a solidity, an esprit de corps to the class that cannot now be achieved by the great numbers in the separated groups of the
H3
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
old College. No substitute has been found to pro- duce the spirit caused by physical striving together for a common purpose.
The hallway in the basement of College Hall was the scene of undergraduate mingling both friendly and otherwise. Here each student kept his things in wooden lockers and woe betide the unfortunate Freshman that drew a closet in a cer- tain "row" or transept. The Assembly Room has gone, the long hall has been cut up and wire lockers have replaced the ancient wooden ones with their inscriptions of many generations, but the smell is just the same.
Foremost among the student organizations and institutions since the late eighteen-seventies are the various forms of athletics, which tend to promote, possibly more than any other, what is known as "College Spirit" —that spirit which must be felt to be realized and which has been the under- lying cause for Pennsylvania's numerous victories. No matter how great one's supposed infirmities may be there is now some branch of sport in Pennsyl- vania, be it a "major" or a "minor" one, that will attract the student to a participation.
With this now comes the competition for man- agerships of the various teams, which ranks as one of the greatest honours in the Senior year. It is usually in the Sophomore Class that this competi- tion starts and is continued through the remaining
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UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
years, the student being given more responsibility as he slowly loses his first coat of "greenness." One of these responsibilities is a participation in one or more of the various College publications. Positions on the staffs of the "Pennsylvanian," the daily newspaper, the Red and Blue," the old monthly literary magazine, and the " Punch Bowl, " are the coveted prizes of the Senior year. The last publication attracts the jesters of the Campus who make it a convenient antidote to the other more serious publications.
These have survived but some of us can remem- ber the old "University Magazine," the "Daily University News," the "Courier," "Ben Franklin," "Chaff," the "Examiner," the "Zelosophic Maga- zine" of 1834 an(i l%35 and tne weekly magazine of the Philomathean Society of the seventies and eighties.
The Senior Class of almost every College publishes a Year Book. At Pennsylvania it is known as the "Record" and has grown to include the portraits of each member of the class, his hon- ours, and what he has accomplished during the four years, conveniently leaving out what he has not, so that no matter how lazy a student may be, it always turns out that when the "Record" is printed he will find a list of titles or organizations tacked after his name in the book, which with much pride he shows to the fair one at home who
10 i
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
usually comes to see him graduate. All the work incidental to the issue of these publications, except the actual printing, is done by students. The "Record" first appeared in 1865 and has grown from a four-page sheet to a large, leather-bound volume handsomely printed and profusely illustra- ted. The Medical, Law, Dental, and Veterinary classes now publish similar books.
Those who have dramatic inclinations, and they are usually many, find a convenient outlet in the various dramatic organizations. Chief among these is the "Mask and Wig Club," whose ambition is to be funny rather than serious, leaving the latter intention to the Priestley Chemical Club, Philomathean Society, Zelosophic Society? Deutscher Verein, the Cercle Fran^ais, and the Architectural play or pageant.
The Philomathean and the Zelosophic Socie- ties, the two literary societies, have long and hon- ourable careers and have numbered among their members men who have won unusual distinction in after life. For many years they furnished the only association among groups of students. Three members of the Philomathean Society, S. Hunting- don Jones, '57, Henry Morton, '57, late President of the Stevens Institute, and Charles R. Hale, '58, afterward Bishop of Springfield, at its behest trans- lated "The Rosetta Stone" and this was the most im- portant work ever undertaken by undergraduates.
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
An account of the beginning of the drama at Pennsylvania has been given. No doubt there were many such " exercises," but the first record of a University Dramatic Club organized among the students is in the spring of 1878, when one was formed with W. L. Rowland, William P. Elwell, W. E. Helme, A. L. Church and Charles T. Moore as officers. The first "entertainment" was "A new musical travesty, in six scenes, Romeo and Juliet" given on Wednesday evening, May 15, 1878, at the Amateur Drawing Room.
More serious effort was begun in January, 1886, with rehearsals for the "Acharnians" of Aristophanes, the first Greek comedy to be played in this country. The libretto was prepared by Dr. William H. Klapp, the artistic features by John Ashhurst, 3rd, '87, and the music was written by Dr. Hugh Clarke. Professor Easton directed the staging of the play, and it was rehearsed in the Pennsylvania Railroad depot at Thirty-Second and Market Streets in West Philadelphia. The performance in May was the second recorded one after a lapse of twenty centuries. It was given in the Academy of Music, Philadelphia and in the Opera House, New York City. The stage setting and costumes were notable, as were the audiences and newspaper comments. E. S. Dunn, George Wharton Pepper, George Brinton, James A Mont- gomery and Messrs Levin, Seguin and Woodruff
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
played the principal parts and played them well. No Greek play was given after this until 1903 when "Iphigenia among the Taurians" was produced under the direction of Professors Lam- berton and Bates. The music was once more by Dr. Clarke and the chief actors were Messrs. Slack, Miller, McClelland, Burnes, Robins, Stall- man arid Moore.
The Mask and Wig Club was next in the field, and its popularity is so long-continued that it is of course a Pennsylvania institution. It was started by Clayton Fotterall McMichael in 1889 with some other undergraduates and is the most prominent undergraduate dramatic organization in America. "Lurline, or the Knights and the Naiads" was the first of the long series of musical comedies that have entertained Philadelphians and those of many other Eastern cities, and con- tributed very much financially to the University. Clayton McMichael wrote the librettos for many years and was the club's only President until his death in 1907. William Ernst, Barclay Warburton, Howard K. Mohr, Thomas B. Donaldson and Edwin Lavino have made the books in recent years with help from the Committee on Production. The music has been culled from the popular operas of the day with increasing contributions from Charles Gilpin, '99. The productions are not at all serious and have a spirit and "go" that
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UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
are famous. The Club feels that female imper- sonations by men in any spirit other than that of burlesque is improper and distasteful. No effort is made or would be tolerated to simulate effeminacy. The dancing, costumes and scenic effects of these burlesques are often the envy of professionals, and the whole undertaking rounds out the sphere of dramatic effort at the University.
In 1895 the Garrick Club began a serious but brief career, and in 1908 "Philo" and "Zelo" began their excellent productions of the English classical drama which have been a distinct addi- tion to the intellectual life of the University. They have the assistance of the Faculty and are often very ambitious, as when, for instance, they pro- duced the "Comedy of Errors" in a theatre modeled after that of Shakespeare's day. These two literary societies were established in 1813 and 1829 respectively and have attracted many of the more earnest undergraduates.
For fear that a student may become so inter- ested in all these alluring activities as to entirely forget his home, numerous school and sectional, state or county clubs have been formed, composed of men hailing from certain localities, or who come to Pennsylvania from certain preparatory schools. There are also variouk other organizations which are composed of men who have common interests
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
along certain lines and who have combined to pursue their interests together.
In every Senior Class there are always those men who are known as the "Big Men" of the class, not in physique, but in ability — men who have come to be recognized as leaders. From this group the two Senior societies, Sphinx and Friars, are formed. Fraternities, at Pennsylvania, occupy an important place in undergraduate life. Delta Psi and Delta Phi were established in 1849 and Zeta Psi and Phi Kappa Sigma in 1850. Thirty- one College fraternities now maintain active Chap- ters at the University, all of which occupy houses on or near the Campus. They have always had the constant countenance of the authorities and have never been subjected to censure or restriction. To alleviate some of the objectionable characteris- tics which are claimed against fraternities in general an Inter-Fraternity Agreement has been formed by those having Pennsylvania's interests most at heart, prohibiting all "rushing" prior to matric- ulation and setting aside a certain period during the Freshman's first year in which he is not allowed to receive an invitation to join a fraternity. This agreement is strongly endorsed by the Provost, as tending toward a greater fairness and better results both for the Freshmen and the fraternities.
Those students who are termed "high-brows" by their less fortunate classmates are elected into
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UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
the honourary societies of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi, each of which selects about twelve men every year, basing their election upon scholarship. The former draws men from the Arts Course, the latter from the Scientific Schools.
In addition to the various student organiza- tions which comprise such a large part of the life at Pennsylvania, there is a host of local customs which are carried out every year and which are a domin- ating factor in undergraduate life. Among these are ancient social functions like the Ivy Ball, a dance given by the Senior Class and one very pop- ular among the debutantes, the Junior Ball and the Sophomore Dance.
The Commencements were held for more than a hundred years in the Hall of the University, first on Fourth Street and then on Ninth. When this became too restricted they were held at Musical Fund Hall, Horticultural Hall, the Acad- emy of Music and now at the Metropolitan Opera House. Until some fifty years ago the program was made up of music and of addresses and orations by the students in Latin, Greek and English. The conferring of degrees and the pray- ers and charge of the Provost were followed by the valedictory by one of the graduating class. On June 2, 1865, the Class of '65 held the first Class Day. James Hutchins Brown presided and besides music there was the class history by Robert
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Emmet McDonald, an oration by George Woolsey Hodge, a poem by William Wilberforce Newton, the presentation of a wooden spoon to John T. Lewis, and a farewell song by the Class. This was also the first time a spoon was given to the most popular member of a class. Beauveau Borie had this one made, from a design by Mr. Benson, by Harvey and Ford, famous ivory carvers.
So the participation of the graduates in the program of Commencement passed away.
The Junior Class issued a "Mock Program" of the Commencement as early as 1856 and dis- tributed it among the audience. This custom was transferred to Class Day and existed until about ten years ago.
Class Day has become the most popular event in the life of an undergraduate class and is now held out of doors in the apex of the Dormitory Triangle.
Although a joyful occasion, it has yet a cer- tain sense of sadness about it, as it is the final part- ing from the active life of the University. This is the day that all the terrible threats against the professor or professors who found it their duty to " flunk" a student are redeemed, and although the "Mock Presentations" lend a lighter tone to the proceedings, they are mostly of a more serious nature. On this occasion, the four "Honour Men," chosen each year by the class on a basis of popu-
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litikrsitg of Itntisjtoia
JULY 3d, 1856*
ORCHESTRA UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR BAYLEY.
J RICHARD L. ASIIIIURST,
MUSIC. MUSIC.
Crock Salutatory Oration.
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CHAHI.KS E. HACKLEY, - |
. > - The Aristocracy of Intellect. |
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EDWARD DOLES, Jr., |
Excused. |
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MUSIC. |
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THOMAS K. DuNfJLisON, |
Nature and Art. |
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E.MLKN T. LITTEI.L, |
Lost Cities. |
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MUSIC. |
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WILLIAM 11. BAD«;ER, |
Pope. |
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BIDKR.MAN Du PONT, |
The Era of Science. |
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MUSIC. |
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CHARLICS C. JACK.SON, |
Excused. |
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F. BARTLKTT CONVERSE, |
Genius of Sir Walter Raleigh. |
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MUSIC. |
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EDMUND CASH PI:CHIN, |
True Greatness. |
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ROUKKT HUNTER McGRATii |
, - The Literature of the Sea. |
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C fv "VL \ |
MUSIC. Ti ^ Tl \ >i f\ f\ Tl !f\ t C*. "tt T: T. t. |
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The Degree of Bachelor of Arts will then be conferred on the following members of the |
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Graduating Clasa. |
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r.EORC.K ALLEN, Jr. |
HARRY C. KlillERT. |
EDMUND CASH PEClflN, |
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Kll'IIAKD L. ASIMIl'RST, |
(Ml MILKS 1C. HACKLEY, |
RICHARD It. I'ETTIT, |
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WILLIAM 11. KAIiiiEK. |
WILLIAM S. HKNDRIE, |
HENRY PHILLIPS. |
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f'ADW ALADKR III DDI.K, EDWARD COLES, Jr. |
CHARLES C.JACKSON, EDWAR1- S. KELLY, |
SERAIMO RECIO, WILLIAM RUED, |
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F. IIAKTLKTT CONVERSE, |
EMLEN T. LITTKLL. |
WILLIAM SHARSWOOD, |
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ALEXANDER It. COXE, . |
KOrlEKT 11. McilRATU, |
JOHN 11. SLACK, |
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JAMES DEVERKL'X. Jr., |
R1C11AKD C. MOORE, Jr., |
JOHN W. WILLIAMS. |
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THO.MAS R. DUNUL1SON, |
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Tlic Degree of Bachelor of Science will then be conferred upon |
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BIDERMAN DU PONT. |
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The Degree |
of Bachelor of JLaws will then be conferred oil |
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JOHN Q. ADAMS, TIlO.MAS 1. \S11TON, |
SAMUEL K. EVANS, |
JAMES DUVAL RODNEY, |
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JOSLl'll 1'. DltlNTON, |
WILLIAM F. JUDS'ON, |
EDWARD SPEAKMAN, |
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SAMl'EL CHEW, |
CHARLES W. LITTEI.L, |
DAVID II. SPRONG, |
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Z. 1'UILSUN DOUSON, |
ALFRED LONOSTRETII, |
WILLIAM WELLS. |
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The Degree of Master of Aria will then be conferred on the following Graduate* of |
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three yean standing. |
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RICHARD ASIIIIURST, Jr. |
WILLIAM F. JUDSON, |
FAIRMAN ROr.ERK. |
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JOHN K. i: ARC-LAY, |
DANIEL S. MKRUITT, |
OIDEON SCULL, Jr., |
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JAMES C. DIDDLE, |
CHARLES li: NORTON, |
ALHERT II. SMITH. |
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ROI1EIIT C. CORNELIUS, |
HENRY N. PAUL. |
EDWARD W. SMITH, |
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Z. POULSoN DOIISON. |
ROttKRf E. RANDALL, |
OEOROE WARNER. |
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WILLIAM II. DURlilN, |
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The Degree of Doctor of Medicine will then be conferred on |
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FRANKLIN EADS, oi Al.il.nina, |
WALTER U. CARTH, uf VirSinia, JOHN L. IVEY, of North C.roHon, |
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VALEDICTORY ORATION,
The Degree of Doctor of Divinity will then be conferred on
REV. WILLIAM JI. ODENHEIMER.
MUSIC.
JOHN W. WILLIAMS.
FINALE.
AN EARLY COMMENCEMENT PROGRAM
University of Pennsylvania.
COME-SIT-THEE-BOWN AT THE
MULE-SOUP FUND HALL.
The Procession will form at 10 o'clock, in the campus, and after countermarching in the rear ol'Uie College, will perambulate, via Gtape Street, to the Hall ia the fol- lowing order :
Clam Shell Band.
Fresh, Soph and Junior Classes highly elated by Balti S— w— r's eleven o'clock
lunch, headed by Messrs. St — r — d and 11— ce.
George Munday and Crazy Norah, arm in arm.
Graduating Class "in black shirts for execution (of speeches.)
Faculty, on a dray.
Turtle Shell Band and Infant Drummer.
Heads of the Public Institutions on polrs .
Alumni Association and Friendless Children.
President of the Moyamensing Soup Society and Billy Bow-Legs in a wheelbarrow.
B. C. C— ss, ear-Musician (o the University. The gentlemen from the " back bench," suitably attired.
Prof. Am— r— Hi and the " Italian Class."
Delegations from the Cannibal Islands and the University of Timbtteioo. Citizens and Native*.
The Morning's entertainment will be served up as follows :
MUSIC— "Lord Lovel stood at his castle gate." PRAYER— with great ogony and contortion of countenance — by one of the fogies In
the Board of Trustees. MUSIC-" My Mary Ann."
R. L. AH! SHIRT, - - • - .,.-.- \W Guns in Honor of ttuGrtilg Pud a-squirt will first open in very bad Greek, (Intelligible English unable to spealc,) As from his great swagger you'll easily tell, He is nothing more than a vulgar youns; cwell, He ha* for his them* (but his feelings w'ell hurt.) That Shaksperean motto, " A shirt ! A shirt!
Oh, granny dear, give me a shirt I" MUSIC—" There was a washenvoman, her name was Mrs. Simms,
She had fourteen little children and she used them for clothes pin)/'
C. E. SHACK-LY, - . - . • . Big Bugs oftfa Head
This gentleman will PAt-losophise on-the eggs-pea-diency of having no intelle-.-t at all. He introduces the sleam engine " Younz America" very often, nnd ha« been very diligent in preparing his speech. He will kap the climax with the temple of fame. It he were at all giddy, the heiarht would make him St( °0ck,- At the close of his speech the Freshmen Class of the Univtrsity of Pennsylvania, will applaud Gen. Washington ! ! ! !
LEHIOH COAL-S, Jn. , Jj.vnmtlH
This speaker's shaft of learning not beug applied with sufficient itreneh, nothing has struck his inint'd ; and the. gratt-heat ul the present season hoS rendered coal-s unnecessary.
MOCK PROGRAM OF 1856 COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES, ISSUED BY THE JUNIOR CLASS
" Lehigu mufl do better." DANCE— "Rattlesnake Jig," by Prof. J— k-4n.
Tom (cat) Dit— g-son, - - : , . • Pie?, and Tarts
Come let us wind our toilsome way,
And view the ch.inns of naiur; Each liarkin' di>g, each !>que'ilin' hog,
And every roasted latur.
The down on this gentleman's chin will illustrate most clearly, what nature, insisted by art, has done lor kirn.
AIN'T HE LITTLE, Y« Aiift'ent Habitation
When but a Junior \\o dr.alt a sigh O'er the burning oJ Pompeii, And now, to end hj* college life, He'll give an account of Lot's salt wife. Unlike— yet like— the fruit of the Dead Sea. Without, he's ugly — within, empty. MU3IC— " Thai's *o '. Thai's »o '."
BILLY BY GAR! Poe-(p)
This antiquary, who has been burrowing in the recesses of the past, will badger Pope. Not the Pope of the Vet/ude-A\\, but bun who was always A(l)le-n 'till he went tc his bier.
BIDDY DO POUT, -Ears of Silenct
You'd f car< e expect one of my size,'
To stnnd before '.he public s eyes ;
Though I \vear fpr.eks — do uoi suppose
That mine are bad— it's for my long nose. MUSIC — "Prima Donna." at the request of out first familiti,
GENERAL J—CK— ON, Non Compos
This gentleman, unlike his great iia-me*aL'e, has been compelled to si rreiider. We understand he takes t/ie rt*tnn*ibilily. He designs pur timing the vocntion of an Ark- ileet, and we ««Vccrely hope /<* will he drawn through the stream of life as nobly as was Noah's of old, but with less of the creeping things.
F. B-OOZY BLANK VERSE, .... T/ie Greasnttss of Oily Water This orthostadicaHy encased specimen of the coitus will, while violently gesticu- lating with liis pcr.tadactyliK appendages, ?esquipe<'aliate on the infusoria capitii of IhcJ'mt Engli>hman who disembogued volatile exhalation* from his osclatory orilice. MUSIC — " Mr. John Brown powe.-sed a diminutive Seminole."
CHEAP FOR CASH.' PITCH IN, - - Too .G,-eatt-n»s»
This speaker will pilot us through a great many ,«<-a-nes of cur->\°c. He i? n temper- ate man, but, nevertheless, will ichineover the ae-jptw-eraey of the rac<'. He trusts the quantity of true grea'uess will be much la(t)gf.r and will display itself on every h-occasion. " Little more Cider."
BOBBY HUNT-HER GRIMATH, TouSte?
Thi* Iwy, just released from his A. B and C, Has come here to-day to take his A. B.. And to >how himself Hi for the title to B He'll deljver a speech on the books of the C. MUSIC— " The C the Q, the open C."
CONFERRING DISGRACE
ON
![L<.
BY PAP V— T— KE.
The E egree of Butcher of Senst on Mr. Dew Point, solitary and alont. The Degree of M-nrd»i*r+ofA*t3 on oeventeen youths who have been sound asleep
three years. The Degree of B-ac/utors on L-egs on thirteen /<V-ons of the University.
The Degree ot M-ad D-»s on five late fpritig fowls. The 'Oncrv Decree of D-umb D-uncf, on Rev. Win. H. Olden hammer, a disciple of
5/. Petci's.
MUSIC—" Now, wh'ite folks, we are going to leave you.1'
DEMI-JOHN WILL- TAMS, - - - - - Mrs. Parting-ton Spetcb F>an(d)ana handkerchiefs will flourish during this gentleman's oration and the t(e)ares that will (low so Coi>ptr.-o\\<\y from the eyes ol Mr. K— I— y will, no doubt, destroy the tint on his cheeks.
TLAUDITIv-FINMCE.
Throughout the er.iei-uinmenl 7-ce S-'reum will be served to the anjiencf. wilhou' rccjtrd lo expense. Those on the platform wi;l cons/turns claret from a bucket and tin dipper.
N. B.— Th^se senilemcnontlio "i'jr/ bt»rJi" will preserve their^ratvVyand ! maintain order, or they'll be considered as delinquents and marked accordingly.
REVERSE OF MOCK PROGRAM
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
larity, are presented with handsome trophies as the gift of the class. The " Spoon Man," the most popular, still receives the hand-carved ebony, silver-marked spoon, and in order follow the "Bowl Man," the "Cane Man," and the "Spade Man." To the last falls the duty immediately afterward to plant the class ivy at the base of the class stone in some University building, a custom which has existed at Pennsylvania since her early classes passed out into the world.
Class fights or "rushes" of some sort followed the older ones described, every year between the Freshmen and Sophomo,res. For years the "Poster Fight" happened on the night before College opened. The Sophomores defended a huge poster which they placed upon the back door of College Hall and which derided the "greenness" of the Freshmen and set forth instructions in the matter of conduct which they were commanded to follow. If the Freshmen tore down this insulting placard, which to them was as a red rag to a bull, they were accorded the victory. The next morning the "Campus Fight" took place, and thereafter the two belligerent classes declared a truce until spring. By 1914 the large numbers caused the abandonment of these fracases, but in 1918 the last was revived and is called the "Pants Fight," the object being to remove the outer nether garment of a chosen Sophomore.
153
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
On the evening of the first of May, in celebra- tion of Admiral Dewey's victory at Manila, a final struggle occurred between the two classes each year until the war interrupted all customs. In a large ring, roped off in the center of Franklin Field and lighted by calcium lights, the members of the two classes battled for supremacy in exciting boring and wrestling matches, enthusiastically cheered on by their cohorts in the stands.
A Sophomore Cremation comes in May, also. It is at this time that the members of the class wreak vengeance upon unpopular class-room task- masters. An election is held, and the three pro- fessors who prove to be the most disliked are burned in effigy on Franklin Field, but only after long speenches have been made by the class spokesman, stating why these three professors should be condemned and finally placing their fate in the hands of the audience, who exercise the right to " recall " and whose reply is always a blood- curdling shriek for vengeance, and every thumb is turned down in the true Roman style.
There never has been a great deal of hazing at Pennsylvania, and what once obtained was defi- nitely abolished by the Undergraduate Committee several years ago. Many, however, remember the Lily Pond, in the Botanical Gardens, which cooled their ardour. The Freshmen are now required to
JULY 3d, 1863.
The tYuc«.<«ion will form und more from the College Hall, Ninth street above Chestnut, at 10 o'clock, A. SI.
MUSIC BY HASSLER'S ORCHESTRA.
MUSIC. 4xva
MUSIC.
|
Greek Salutatory, (Italian. — " ^findud. ffifat (Ptdti.Q.n. — " ^ficui-dticLii, " (Piatian. — ' ' ^/ifli>tociacii. . " |
MUSIC. MUSIC. |
Frar (Eicu* |
Frank W. Winslow.
(Excused— gone fur defence of the State.)
fltfiLLiam. <£ainie..,
MUSIC. Jufi. and <$dde of, $a
_/«A. fW.
(Lieutenant in Service of the United Sutet.)
MUSIC.
CONFERRING OF DEGREES,
The Degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS will then be conferred on the following Members of the Senior Class:
James W. Ashton, Win. Rawle Brooke, Charles F. Corson, Alexis I. du Pout, John Ferguson, Nathan Hatfield, Ezekiel Hunn, Jr.,
Daniel Jacoby, William Laurie, William Main, Jr., James.-L. Newbold, George W. Pauly, Charles P. Perkins, Eugene I. Santee,
Francis G. Smyth, Geors-e W. L. Spiese, George Strawbridge, William F. Swahlen. Theodore H. Williamson. Frank W. Winslow, Samuel Young,
The Degree of MASTER of ARTS will be conferred on the following Graduates of Three
Tears' standing.
R. Dale Benson, Archibald H. Engle. Theodore H. Reakirt,
Henry B. Coxe, Woodruff Jones, John G. Steen,
Caleb W. Creeaon, John Markoe, Roben White,
Robert H. Crozer. Charles Morison, William W. White,
Francellus G. Dalton, C. Stuart Patterson, David B. Willson,
Lemuel J. Deal, George W. Powell, Francis Wister.
Eugene Devereux. The Degree of BACHELOR of LAWS will be conferred on John G. Johnson and
George M . Conarroe.
The Degree of DOCTOR OF DIVINITY will be conferred on the Rev. HENRY 12. MONTGOMERY, A. M.
tfusic.
Valedictory Oration, . . . Tlieo. H. Williamson. MUSIC.
PROGRAM OF COMMENCEMENT AT A CRITICAL TIME
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
wear small black caps, conveniently known among the upper-classmen as "Ink Spots," while on the Campus. They are not allowed to smoke on the streets near the University, and the front door of College Hall is denied them.
These are the "regulations" laid down by the Sophomores. They are obeyed in a more or less exact degree, according to the interest of the Freshmen for the custom, or the absence of a Sophomore at the time being.
University Day, each year, is an important event on the undergraduate calendar. It is con- ducted by the authorities, and for nearly a century has been held on Washington's Birthday. At this time the students and the guests of the University gather in the Academy of Music to participate in the celebration, which consists of addresses by prominent men in National affairs, and other appro- priate exercises.
At the University of today College Hall, clasped in the ivy loyal sons have planted, and the old College Chapel in it, hold the most cher- ished memories for Pennsylvania men. We think of the chapel as the common gathering place upon the first day of College when no doubt we entered the front door for the first and last time. To the upper-classmen it was a joyful gathering full of hearty greetings after the sum- mer recess. As Freshmen we entered with awe
155
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
and silently gazed about, us, trying to adjust our- selves to the new surroundings. We had suddenly become University men! We looked anxiously into the faces, searching for friend and foe. The arrangement of the benches with upper-classmen and under-classmen facing each other, after the manner at Oxford, was strange to us. The raised platform, with its row of carved thrones, was filled with the men who were to guide us and rule us during the next four years. There were shouts as they entered, and the calling of their names with affectionate boyishness. The next event in the year was the assemblage there for a mass meeting, probably to rehearse songs for the approaching football game, or to hear thrilling speeches about supporting the team.
We remember the old hymns which were our favorites; the attempts at part singing; the hurling of the hymn-books; Professor Clarke at the organ, or some of the ministers who came out from the city to preach to us. Some will recall the class dances once held in the room when the company was surely select. The list of distinguished men who have addressed the students in the Chapel is a great one. We need but to mention Matthew Arnold and Hall Caine, Edmund Clarence Sted- man, Horace Howard Furness and S. Weir Mitch- ell, John Fiske and Joseph Jacobs, Lord Kelvin and George Grenfel. Afternoon lectures by men
156
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
of note, the Friday historical addresses by our own men, debates, the Sophomore Declamation and sometimes a funeral service, make up the infi- nite variety of Chapel memories.
The room was full of memorials and paintings of the Provosts, Vice-Provosts and distinguished professors. There were tablets to the men who gave their lives in the "War of the Rebellion,'* to benefactors, and to the first class to graduate. The stained-glass windows inscribed in Latin were to commemorate the Zelosophic and Philo- mathean Societies, Provost John Ludlow, Thomas and William Penn, David Rittenhouse, Profes- sors Bache, Reed, Wylie, White and Bishop Potter, and the large central window with the picture of Benjamin Franklin which we all remember. In 1910 the old place was taken over as a drafting room for the Architects and the shape of the room is all that remains, although when the architects moved to their own building the old Chapel was restored as a place for the assemblage of large classes and a few tablets were replaced.
The Bowl Fight and milder class altercations sometimes began in the Chapel and once a blithe spirit introduced a guinea-hen into the solemn proceedings. This was no worse, however, than when Charlie Borie, '92, climbed on a classmate's shoulders and bellowed through the transom. These wece the days of the terrible " Mafia"
'57
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
whose members were wont to lay in wait for some marked victim and give him a frightful beating. The playful pastime of throwing paper bags filled with water, down the stairway opening from an upper floor was prevalent all during the nineties. The victims were any who ventured across the open area but preference was always accorded to "Pomp." There were many solicitous attentions given to various professors that will occur to many a graduate of twenty years ago, but the coming of the new century marked a change, and gradually there grew up a spirit of decorum almost approach- ing monastic consecration. Professors tell us that there is no disorder any more and that apprehen- sion never occurs to them now. Shades of Homer Smith ! Perhaps the tremendous growth and diver- sity of the place and the student body with its consequent loss of the old intimacies and many friendships partially account for the change. There are so many added diversions of student life now- a-days, that youthful humour and energy find relief outside the class-room.
When the Wharton School occupied rooms on the second floor in the east end of College Hall nu- merous animals and fowls found their way mysteri- ously into its quarters. Here also in 1896 origi- nated the famous Christmas Tree laden with gifts for the professors. Professor McMaster used to mistake the gong on a passing patrol wagon for
158
UNDERGRADUATE CUSTOMS
the hall bell and would dismiss his class accordingly. There was a certain board in Kendall's room that caused the windows of the room to rattle when skillfully manipulated by an industrious foot. When accompanied by much blowing and disguised whistling the effect of a tremendous wind storm was produced. "Pop" Easton's rostrum, his alarm clock and his ways were the subject of many under- graduate pranks, while the later amusing stories that cluster about Doctor Schwa tt are too numerous to mention. Dormitory life has, of course, pro- duced many a custom and tradition. There are a lot of fellows who would start from their chairs now if they heard the cry of "Yea, Row-bottom!"
CHAPTER V UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
THE University has been served by many faithful servants of high and low de- gree and there are several family names that are inseparable from her welfare. None shows more fidelity over a long period than the family of William Dick, senior. William was born at Paisley, Scotland, in 1778 and received a collegiate education. He sailed, with his excellent wife and four children, for America in 1813 and landed at Philadelphia.
Upon the recommendation of Bishop White, a Trustee of the University, William Dick was chosen Janitor of the Medical Department, where he per- formed faithful service until his death, March 3, 1831. He had six children — William Dick, Jr., who was graduated A.B. in 1821 and died the year following, John Brisbane Dick, who graduated in medicine in 1828 and died in 1833, and Frederick Dick, who succeeded his father as Janitor of the Medical Department, were the first three.
Frederick was born at Paisley, Scotland, May 9, 1805. In 1837 he was transferred to the Arts Department, where he remained until 1875, dying on his farm at Williamsport, New Jersey, in May of that year. This service of 44 years covered a
1 60
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
period of great changes in the University's history. "Major" Dick, as he was affectionately called, was very popular, and was a prodigious man, jolly and kind-hearted, a friend to all the students. He was very prominent at Commencements, where he led the academic processions of Trustees, professors and students in the march to Musical Fund Hall in the early days and Horticultural Hall and the Academy of Music later. With flushed face and dignified mien he would toddle, under the weight of his big body, to the Provost seated on a dais on the stage, to receive the parchment, which he would hand to the first of the candidates for de- grees lined up in front of the Provost, who received it and passed it hand over hand to his classmates to be returned to the "Major" at the end of the line, when the Latin formula pronounced by the Provost declared the gentlemen graduates of the venerable institution, followed by noisy applause.
The "Major's" son, Walter Brisbane Dick, graduated from the Medical School in 1860. He was an assistant surgeon in both the Army and the Navy during the Civil War.
The last son of William Dick was Francis Brisbane Dick, who was born in Medical Hall, Ninth and Chestnut Streets, June 5, 1814, and became Janitor of the Medical Department in 1850,
remaining until his death in 1859. His son, George ii 161
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Handy Dick, graduated in medicine in 1862 and died in 1864 from overwork.
William Dick's last child, Sarah McAllister, was also born in Medical Hall and married Enon Harris. Enon Major Harris, Jr., graduated from the Towne Scientific School in 1886.
When "Major" Frederick Dick withdrew from the Medical Department to become Janitor of the Department of Arts he was succeeded by Benjamin West, 1846-49; Francis Brisbane Dick before mentioned, 1850-59; Samuel Price, 1860- 65, and finally William Henry Salvador, who entered the employ of the University in 1856, began his duties as Janitor in 1866 and continued until his death in 1902. The position of Janitor in any department of the big place ceased with his death.
Of all the characters that have been associated with the University none perhaps had so long a term of service or reached so wide an esteem as "Pomp." In June, 1854, when Henry Vethake was Provost and the burly "Major" Frederick Dick was Janitor, there came a colored boy to help clean the rooms on Ninth Street. His name was Albert Monroe Wilson and he was forthwith dubbed "Pompey" by the students. Some of the professors called him "Alfred," but he soon came to be generally known as "Pomp," and claimed to belong to the Class of '58.
162
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
After a few years he became a special assistant to Professor John F. Frazer and took care of his laboratory and the apparatus for his lectures in chemistry and physics. When the University moved to West Philadelphia "Pomp" took an active part in the arduous labor of the occasion and by his vigilance saved the old cornerstone with its noteworthy inscription. Early in his career he was given a watch by the Faculty headed by Professor Allen, and his punctuality and regularity were always a marked characteristic. Very early in the morning he was always on hand to unlock the doors of College Hall, ready to receive the first comer and have everything in perfect order.
"Pomp" was a short man and had a scar in his forehead received from a stone thrown in the riots of 1850, when he was eleven years old. He had an undaunted courage, an unlimited vocabu- lary of abuse, and a high but not vindictive temper. In his early days he was made the victim of all sorts of practical jokes and his life was spent in constant turmoil with the exuberant spirits of the students, who then numbered but a hundred. He always called a student of the Ninth Street days "one of our gang" and he never had any use for the "salubrious" Freshman. He immediately instituted a harsh course of treatment for such a one, aimed to teach respect for his elders and remove all traces of affectation or arrogance. He
163
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
was all gentle courtesy, however, when in the com- pany of the venerable Professor Kendall or his friend, Dr. Jesse Burk.
If he grumbled or threatened to "kick you in de stummick," you could be sure he was going to do what you asked. His loyalty to the Univer- sity was intense and he hated a sham. He had a wonderful memory of men and things and was always the first person sought by the returning graduate, who greeted him with the greatest cor- diality and delight, followed by mutual chucklings and reminiscences. When asked why he did not write his recollections, he replied that there were too many people alive who knew the truth.
The younger alumni he greeted with a fierce scowl, soon softening into a grin and some such exclamation as "Hello, you dynamic crank, what you doin' 'roun here?" He was exact to a degree and everyone would have trusted him with his property. His standard of service knew no measure of hours, money, or strength.
He was born in 1839 on Spruce Street above Eighth on the north side and attended Bird's School, Sixth above Lombard. He had the secre- tiveness of his race, never talked about himself and never permitted himself to be photographed if he could help it. His stories about old days, old boys, old tricks and old treasures were, however, ever ready.
164
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
"Pomp" died on March 19, 1904, after five days' illness, at 1030 Lombard Street, having served the University under five Provosts. On the 22nd his body lay in state in the old Chapel he had cared for so long. Stalwart seniors bore him up the stairs while Faculty, Trustees, gray-haired graduates and students stood silently by. Fifty classes heaped their flowers about his bier and his
"POMP," "PLUTO" AND "TOMMY* IN FRONT OF COLLEGE HALL
friend, Rev. Jesse Y. Burk, Secretary of the Uni- versity, read the service. The bell he had tolled so often rang fifty times and the flag he had raised was at half-mast. A brass tablet on the stairway in College Hall commemorates his long and faithful service, and a scholarship is provided in his name. There remained another well-beloved char- acter in College Hall in the person of "Tommy,"
165
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
the Architectural students' best friend. Thomas Hassell was born in Cheshire, England, and when a boy of fourteen enlisted in the British Navy, with which he went to many foreign shores and had many wonderful and strange experiences. While stationed at Halifax he left his country's forces and skipped down to Boston, where he entered the American merchant marine and later the Navy. There is very little of the world that "Tommy" has not seen and he says if he could remember all the things he has seen and heard and could write them out, he "wouldn't dare write them." While perched on a high drafting stool, leaning forward on his broom, he will relate some of the most start- ling stories you have ever heard, and it is impossible to shut off his flow of enthusiasm. He has been janitor, organ blower in the old Chapel for Dr. Hugh Clarke, and general utility man for the Archi- tectural Department. He has no prejudices and is kind and attentive to everyone. He bore a large part of the work incident to the plays of the Architectural Society and worked as if their success depended upon him. The students and Faculty always remember him at Christmas, and he is a real gleam of sunshine about "the Department." Since 1870 there was a rotund man with a rosy face, squinty eyes and little iron-gray mus- tache, who could generally be seen with a wheel- barrow and rake or other gardening implements.
1 66
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
This was "Billy" Bingham, often known as "Pluto" because he used to frequent the cellar of College Hall, where he looked after the portable heaters. He was afterward the night watchman at the Physics Laboratory and died January 7, 1919.
Then there was Simpson, the carpenter, an ardent Methodist who complained bitterly of Pomp's language. He said that Pomp had four kinds, one for each floor of College Hall, and that while his remarks before the Chapel door were respectable, the language he used in the basement was frightful.
About that time Mrs. Dougherty kept a famous restaurant in the Assembly Room, which was then situated in the northeast corner of the basement in College Hall. There you could get a very fine dinner for the sum of twenty-five cents. She left about 1891 and now keeps a prosperous boarding house in West Philadelphia.
Daniel Webster was one of the most pictu- resque characters about the University on account of his long, untrimmed whiskers. He was the clerk of the Faculty and had an office to the right of the door of College Hall where the Bursar now is. He looked after the mail and did little odd jobs for the Faculty. He afterward studied medicine and kept a sanitarium in Atlantic City.
"Gold Annie," a mulatto woman, who dis- pensed the gold to the Dental students, was a
167
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
famous character for a number of years. Of course the most distinguished character in the Dental Department is John Reimold. He started in 1880 and is the general factotum in the department. He is a personal directory of the history of dentistry in Philadelphia and a faithful friend of the students. He came to the University as a clerk in the Medi- cal Department, assistant to W. H. Salvador, and in 1882 became chief clerk of the Dental Depart- ment. He is usually called "John" and has a remarkable memory for men and events. His real title now is Registrar.
Everybody in the late eighties and the nineties remembers Otto Reunig's saloon opposite College Hall on Woodland Avenue. Indeed it was common in answering a question as to the location of the University to say that it was out Woodland Avenue "opposite Otto's." "Otto" now keeps a saloon at Eighth and Sansom Streets, where several of those who made his acquaintance in their youth continue to visit him.
Many of the older graduates in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering remember the faithful old janitor, affectionately known as "Old John," the kind, gracious, courteous old man who looked after their comforts, serving them promptly and efficiently.
Old John's unassuming manner and quiet dignity exempted him from the usual "students'
168
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
pranks," and throughout his long years of service only the kindliest feelings prevailed between them.
John Paul entered the service of the University in May, 1889, as assistant to the gardener of the College campus, part of his duties being to keep the Engineering Department in condition.
The Engineering Departments were of small proportions in those days, occupying a section of the basement in College Hall, with about twenty students, four instructors and "Old John." This little family was fathered by Professor H. M. Spangler, who up to the time of his death, in 1912, looked to the welfare of his faithful old janitor.
In 1892 the Mechanical and Electrical Engin- eering Department took possession of the Engin- eering Building, which was destroyed by fire in 1906. Up to this period of the school's development, "Old John" was its only janitor. The present building requires the services of ten janitors, and of late years "Old John's" duties were of a general nature, serving where he was most useful, partic- ularly in the Students' Supply Room, 212, familiar only to students of later years.
John Christian Paul was born in Austria, in the town of Ash, November 16, 1843, and resided there until he was sixteen years of age. He came to this country in 1859, making his home in Phil- adelphia. He served in the Civil War for a short period, and of late years received a service pension
169
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
from the Government. From 1875 to 1878 he was clerk of the Philadelphia Club, and for the ten years following he was a conductor on the street cars running by the University into Darby. After leaving the railway, he entered the service of the University, where he remained until his death, March 29, 1918.
One of the first professional trainers of ath- letes that Pennsylvania had was "Sam" White, who will be remembered by all University men of the eighties and early nineties as the trainer of 'Varsity athletes on the Old Field at Thirty-Sev- enth and Locust Streets, where our athletics were made and reached their most prominent position in the College world. Over in the southwest corner there was a frame building, which was our minia- ture training house. There are many men who will never forget the big, black man standing in front of this structure and bellowing forth, in exciting contests, "Come on, mah babies!" or, "I'm a coming, children!" He became attached to the University in the seventies when he was chosen janitor of the College Boat Club on the Schuylkill, where he remained until 1886. His well- known cry was first heard on the river encouraging the crews and it became famous at Lake George in '82 and '83, and at Saratoga Lake in '84. He had no teeth in front, and the yells met no ob- struction. "Sam" severed his connection with the
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UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
University about 1896 and was employed by Phila- delphia athletes. In 1904, when nearly sixty years of age, he was brought to the University Hospital to die, "at home," as he told Dr. White. He passed away from heart lesion on March 2$th and an autopsy disclosed a wire nail an inch and a quarter long imbedded in his appendix, although he had never had any symptoms of appendicitis.
There was another colored trainer in the early nineties. He called himself David Paul Brown and always said his address was "Cape May, New Jersey." That was because the football team trained there in September, 1893, and "Dave" liked the place. Like many of his race, "Dave" liked to use big words and grandiloquent speeches. One of his familiar recitations was "Here lies the body of John Greer," followed by hearty laughter.
As well known as "Dave" was Ben Wiggins, who became Janitor of the Boat House in 1889. "Black Ben" was for fifteen years as much of a Pennsylvania institution as one of the buildings. He first became identified with the crew's training table. In 1892, '93, '94 and '95 Ben had under his zealous care the teams that have passed into Pennsylvania's athletic history as the greatest of all time. It was the well-cooked food which he served that was no small factor in the success of these men of iron. Ben was always on hand, even after leaving the training table, to cheer the boys
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on, and when the University Band was created he always marched at its head, waving a red and blue flag. He was a loyal, modest, deserving negro.
Eighteen eighty-five was the first year that we had a professional athletic coach in the person of Frank C. Dole of New Haven. In those days the athletic field was back of College Hall, where Houston Hall now stands, and the captain of the football team played in a cut-off pair of trousers and his mother's stockings. Dole coached the football team and the track men, and stayed for three years*. More men perhaps remember E. O. Wagenhurst, who entered the Law School and subsequently coached baseball as well as football. Soon another coach appeared in the person of "Will" Bryan, a predecessor of "Mike" Murphy. While Mike was back at New Haven for his interim, "Doc" Shell, '8iM, took charge of the track. George Woodruff became coach of the football team in 1892, while a student in the Law School. During his ten years at Pennsylvania he brought the Eleven through its most successful years, and through his development of several plays, particu- larly that known as "Guards' Back," made an impress upon the game of football that will always be remembered. Students in the College during the early nineties remember William Pennel, who was instructor in the gymnasium, which was then
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UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
in College Hall. He was a famous weight-lifter in his time, but wasted away with tuberculosis.
Professional baseball coaching in the Univer- sity began with Henry Boyle in the early eighties. He was a pitcher for the St. Louis Americans and lives at present in Philadelphia.
It is not hard to get an old oarsman started on the excellences of Ellis Ward, who, with the exception of four years, when George Woodruff was in charge, coached the University crews from 1879 to I9I4- The "old man" was held in high favor by most of the crews, and in his early days was a remarkable oarsman himself. Perhaps his greatest product was the crew we sent to the Henley Regatta in 1901, which came through to the finals and was then beaten by the Leander Rowing Club in a close finish.
Everyone who has heard of athletics knows about "Mike" Murphy. That he made a lasting impression upon Pennsylvania men goes without saying. Though of humble origin and scant edu- cation he rose to be the greatest trainer of track athletes the world has ever known. He did not belong to Pennsylvania, he did not belong to Yale, he belonged to the manhood of the world. " Mike " came to us from Yale in 1897 and with an inter- ruption from 1900 to 1904 was with us until his death on June 4, 1913. He won his world-wide fame at Pennsylvania and gave us eight cham-
i73
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
pionship track teams. He was responsible for practically every world's champion since his advent as a trainer. Perhaps his greatest feat was his development of Kraenzlein, McCracken and Tewk- esbury, who won 35 points for Pennsylvania in the Inter-Collegiate games of 1899. His fame attained its utmost height by the triumphs of the American teams in the Olympic Games at London and Stockholm.
"Mike" was a slight man of medium height, with an inflexible determination. In his youth, near Worcester and Hopkinton, Massachusetts, he gained success as a boxer and professional sprinter. He had a wonderful discernment, mag- netism and ability to inspire men and make them really exceed themselves. He was idolized by all who came into contact with him and showed great affection for his "boys." His speeches between the halves of a football game have won many victories for Pennsylvania, notably his appeal on Thanksgiving Day in 1902, which turned a score of o to ii into a 12 to n victory over Cornell. His words were persuasive, pleading, incisive and his voice was a high, penetrating monotone, per- haps owing to his deafness. So much could be written about "Mike" that it is best to say too little. The alumni of the University no doubt said it all in the fewest words when their Directors resolved the day after his death :
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UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
As representatives of the alumni of the University of Pennsylvania we desire to record upon their behalf the sense of loss which we share with all those interested in athletics everywhere in the death of Michael C. Murphy on June 4, 1913. While this feeling must be keen wherever he was known, yet we feel a particular sorrow at Penn- sylvania, where he spent 13 years of life and in the warmth of whose hearth he died. To those who knew him intimately his going will bring a loss that time will not repair. Wherever skill and cleanliness in athletics are known Mike Murphy was appreciated beyond technical skill as a maker of manly men. It has been well said that " nobler far than any epitaph in bronze, he leaves hundreds of sturdy, clear-brained men of muscle in the genuine mold of manhood to testify his worth."
Many a graduate will recognize the deep salutation, " 'Ow are you, mah son !" and remember the stentorian, cheerful greeting of George Turner, he of the generous physical proportions.
George Dugdale Turner was born on Sep- tember 26, 1850, in Yorkshire, England, and came to America when he was thirty years old, bringing his dialect with him. For eighteen years he was identified with Pennsylvania athletics on the Old and Franklin Fields as trainer, referee, grounds keeper and general reliance man. He was a capa- ble judge of athletes and was in general demand as referee and starter. Although of limited schooling he liked poetry and was an enthusiastic student of English history. He was hearty in everything he did, he looked hearty and he inspired a consequent respect. When he died on January 20, 1908, the
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University lost a staunch supporter and Franklin Field its most prominent feature.
George Turner was succeeded by one as dimin- utive as he was prodigious. This was "Scotty." In April, 1917, the " 'Varsity Club," composed of the wearers of the University letter, presented "Scotty" with a gold watch in token of their appreciation and affection, "Scotty" having served Pennsylvania athletics for 25 years.
William J. Re^iwick was born in Hawick ("Scotty" would call it "Hyke"), Scotland, in 1864 and came to Philadelphia in 1889. He is a little man, with a dialect, a smile, a short pipe, and a stubby, vizored cap. He is runty, waddling, bow-legged and cocky, but he is loyal, lovable and chuckling too. He came to the Old Field (of hallowed memory) a month after George Turner in the first part of 1892, when our athletics were coming fast and both the College and the city were full of the raw, overwhelming enthusiasm of a new success. Every man who has worn the Red and Blue in the early years of "Scotty's" regime can recall any night as he looks at his old legs the joys of those horny hands, gnarled and powerful, bring- ing new vigor and life and hope as they rubbed him down in the old, frame dressing-room.
"Scotty" used to go on trips with the baseball team, too, look after the balls, bats and baggage and get up early in the morning. It was a standing
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UNIVERSITY CHARACTERS
joke in those days to compare "Scotty" with a diminutive outfielder, at which he would indig- nantly protest that he was "bigger as Pat Tracy."
About 1905 " Scotty" was hit by the 16- pound hammer while working on Franklin Field and suffered a terrible injury that permanently disfigured his forehead. Not to be discouraged the little fellow came back again and when George Turner died became the "boss" of the grounds with a stalwart son to help him. He was most varied in his usefulness. He tugged Old Glory to the flagpole top, marked the gridiron and diamond, chased the hoodlums, was carpenter, painter, gardener, track-building expert, plumber, physical trainer, masseur, grounds custodian and rabid Red and Blue enthusiast. "Scotty" never struck for higher pay or shorter hours. He was always cheerful and made the returning "old-grad" feel more at home and happier than anyone on the whole n6-acre plot. You felt kind of lonely and neglected until you saw that smiling, runty form waddling toward you at a rapid pace. He retired on Alumni Day in June, 1918.
These are some of the famous personages who have been a real part of the University's history since they have served her so well and lett their impress upon so many of her sons.
12
CHAPTER VI ATHLETICS
THAT to keep them in health, and to strengthen and render active their Bodies, they be frequently exercised in Running, Leaping, Wrestling, and Swimming." So wrote the Founder, Benjamin Frank- lin, in his " Proposals Relating to the Education of Yolith in Pennsylvania," printed in the year 1749. This early recognition of the importance of physical exercise for the healthy development of youth has prompted the motto of the Athletic Association, "Mens Sana in Corpore Sano" — a sound mind in a sound body — and has caused the University to see its responsibility in the proper direction of athletics so that the sport of the students may not run to abuse or idleness. If there is one feature in athletic management more dis- tinctive than another at Pennsylvania it is the enthusiastic purpose of both University Adminis- tration and Athletic Association to get the largest possible number of students to take part in sports— to exercise with their friends in the open air with competitive games as an added incentive.
There are sixteen games played at the Univer- sity— football, baseball, rowing, track athletics, basketball, cricket, swimming, fencing, wrestling,
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gymnastics, tennis, golf, shooting, Association football, Rugby football, and lacrosse. There are 'Varsity squads in all and Class teams in many of these, and they are directed by competent teachers; the active participants are close to a thousand men; and with the development of adjacent land along the river under control of the University, more men will undoubtedly take part.
When one remembers that Philadelphia was settled by English Quakers it is easy to see why cricket was so popular at an early time. It was the first organized game at the University. The English hosiery weavers in Germantown formed a club about 1842. They played in a field near Logan Station, on the Old York Road, and here William Rotch Wister, '46, began his cricket. Mr. Wister found a number of his fellow-students at the University ready to form a club and so organ- ized the Junior Cricket Club there. This was the first club of Americans formed in the United States and Mr. Wister was chosen its first Presi- dent. He may be regarded as the father of Amer- ican cricket and played actively and in many matches up to 1861. He was the chairman of the meeting which formed the Philadelphia Cricket Club, in 1854, and became its first Vice-President.
Though the total enrollment of the University was only 479 in 1843, yet the cricket club had a membership of forty, a coach, and a place to prac-
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tice indoors during the winter months. This was at "Barrett's Gymnasium," in Chestnut Street about Sixth. Some of the original members were S. Weir Mitchell, '48, John J. Borie, '50, William S. Blight, '46, George Harding, '46, Hartman Kuhn, Jr., '49, John Perot, '46, Thomas Steward- son, '47, Benjamin W. Richards, '49, T. H. Bache, '46, and Frederick Klett, '46. The first outside match was played with the Germantown Cricket Club atMr. Coleman Fisher's place on Man- heim Street, Germantown, in 1843, and from that time to this cricket has been played at the University. The first Inter-Collegiate game in any branch of sport was played at Haverford College, May 7, 1864, between a cricket eleven of the University of Pennsylvania and one from Haverford College. It was won by Haverford, darkness coming on before the second inning was finished, and the game being therefore decided upon the result of the first inning. The umpires were: for Pennsyl- vania, Beauveau Borie, and for Haverford, Edward Starr. The score:
FIRST INNING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
J. W. Hoffman, c. Garrett, b. Vail o
William F. Armstrong, c. & b. Wistar 7
Horace Magee, b. Vail 22
W. George Oakman, b. Ashbridge 2
Charles E. Morgan (Captain), b. Ashbridge. . . o
Cadwalader Evans, run out 3
o 1 80
ATHLETICS
Frederick W. Beasley, Jr., b. Wistar 3
John Clark Sims, b. Ashbridge 4
John B. Morgan, c. Cooper, b. Vail I
Thomas Mitchell, not out 4
Byes 5
Wides 9
Total 60
SECOND INNING
J. W. Hoffman, b. Wistar i
William F. Armstrong, b. Ashbridge 3
Horace Magee, not out 5
W. George Oakman, not out 3
Cadwalader Evans, run out. 2
Frederick W. Beasley, Jr., b. Ashbridge 9
John B. Morgan, 1. b. w., b. Wistar 3
Thomas Mitchell, b. Wistar o
Wides i
Total 27
HAVERFORD COLLEGE
Randolph Wood (Captain), b. Hoffman 20
W. Ashbridge, run out 3
A. Haviland, b. Oakman o
E. L. Scull, b. Oakman o
A. Garrett, b. C. E. Morgan 7
M. Longstreth, b. C. E. Morgan 3
C. C. Wistar, b. Evans 24
B. A. Vail, c. Armstrong, b. Magee 2
George Smith, 1. b. w., b. Evans 12
A. C. Thomas, b. Evans o
H. M. Cooper, not out 5
Extras 13
Total 89
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
This was an achievement of note, and Haver- ford and Pennsylvania have played cricket together ever since with nothing but cordiality and mutual respect between them. In 1881 they founded the Inter-Collegiate Cricket Association which has had a continuous career to the present day, and a membership in which the two founders have always been active with Harvard, Princeton, Cornell and Trinity among the other members at various times. Pennsylvania elevens have carried Philadelphia cricket to England, Ireland, Canada and Bermuda, sharing this honour with numerous sides composed of the gentlemen of Philadelphia and club elevens.
AH International elevens from this country have contained a number of Pennsylvania men, the greatest of all being George S. Patterson, '90. Other notables have been Edward W. Clark, Jr., '77, John B. Thayer, Jr., '82, William W. Noble, '85, J. Alison Scott, '85, Samuel Welsh, '85, W. Brockie, '85, Crawford Coates, Jr., '87, Francis H. Bohlen, '88, Francis W. Ralston, Jr., '88, Walter Scott, '89, Henry I. Brown, '91, Harry C. Thayer, '92, Reynolds D. Brown, '94, Samuel Goodman, '97, Percy H. Clark, '99, Frank A. Greene, 'oo, T. Carrick Jordan, '01, N. Z. Graves, '02, and F. S. White, '05.
A cricket match to be remembered was played on September 13, 14, and 16, 1895, at the Philadel- phia Cricket Club between past and present
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players of Oxford and Cambridge and Pennsyl- vania. It was won by the Pennsylvania side, which scored 138 and 307 to the visitors' 284 and 61. The men who played were W. Brockie, H. C. Thayer, E. W. Clark, Jr., J. S. Clark, G. S. Pat- terson, C. Coates, Jr., F. H. Bohlen, W. W. Noble, F. W. Ralston, H. I. Brown and S. Goodman.
In 1907 the Eleven toured England and Ire- land under the guidance of J. Alison Scott, '85, and achieved remarkable success, its record at home and abroad being thirteen games won, eight drawn and two lost. The following men composed this team: Lothrop Lee, '07, Captain, F. Wharton Baker, '07, Harold H. Bond, '07, Wayne S. Evans, '07, Norman St. C. Hales, '07, Joseph M. Shoe- maker, '07, Arthur N. Goodfellow, '08, C. Merwyn Graham, '08, Donald Graham, '08, Ruckman Lee, '08, Harold H. Morris, '08, Walter F. Keenan, Jr., '08, Herbert V. Hordern, '09, and Charles H. Winter, 'n.
It seems best to relate the origin of the other early sports at the University in the words of those who took part.
John W. Townsend of the class of '75 has an interesting recollection of the beginnings of football at the University in the fall of 1871. He modestly omits his name from the list of players and is the father of five sons, four of whom have made their "P" at Pennsylvania.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
When the University of Pennsylvania consisted of only two buildings at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, a game of so- called football was played between the Senior Class and the other three College classes.
The following is a copy of a valued archive: "The eighteen undersigned members of the Senior Class hereby do challenge an equal number — to be chosen six from each of the remaining classes — to play a match game of football on Saturday, December 9, 1871. The two sides will meet at the Philadelphia Cricket Grounds at 10 o'clock, each provided with a football. The side winning three mounts out of five will retain the two balls. Should this challenge be accepted you will please return with its accept- ance the names of your eighteen players, after which no substitutes will be allowed. (Signed):
1. W. M. Meigs 10 E. G. Hirsch
2. E. Hopkinson n. Wm. P. Huston
3. Robt. P. Field 12. C. Elvin Haupt
4. J. Bonsall Taylor 13. W. H. Washington
5. L. K. Lewis 14. H. Murphy
6. Geo. T. Purves 15. Sutherland Law
7. R. C. Dale 16. J. M. Murray
8. Hood Gilpin 17. Louis M. Childs
9. Horace Castle 18. A. Burt
To Messrs. H. Carleton Adams, William H. Addicks, and John W. Townsend, Presidents of Junior, Sophomore and Freshmen Classes."
Of the above-named, George T. Purves became a prom- inent Presbyterian divine and a professor in the Princeton Theological Seminary, R. C. Dale became one of the most prominent members of the Philadelphia Bar, E. G. Hirsch is the well-known Rabbi of Chicago, Louis M. Childs is the Norristown lawyer, L. K. Lewis the Athenaeum Librarian, and other names will be recognized as well known in Phila- delphia affairs, past and present.
ATHLETICS
As to those who played from the other three classes, all that have been consulted have very hazy recollections, after 43 years. As far as can be ascertained or surmised, they were: Samuel T. Bodine, President of the United Gas Improvement Company; Randal Morgan, Vice-Presi- dent of the same Company; Walter George Smith, promi- nent lawyer, churchman and orator; Coleman Sellers, late President of the Commercial Exchange of Philadelphia; Lawrence T. Paul, electrical engineer; Judge Bernard Gil- pin, Judge William W. Porter, Effingham B. Morris, Presi- dent Girard Trust Company ; William T. Elliott, President Central National Bank; William R. Philler, Secretary Real Estate Trust Company, and Lindley Johnson, the architect.
Nothing much is remembered of the game except that it was very crude and primitive compared with modern foot- ball, probably something like an "association" game. There were no football suits, just any old clothes, and no girls for audience. The following reference is made to it in the Uni- versity Record of the Class of '72: "Football, which has been greatly in abeyance for some time, took a vigorous start last fall in two games; one between the Sophomores and the Freshmen, in which the latter were victorious, and the other between the Seniors and the rest of the College. The last contest was a most exciting one. After three to four hours of continual kicking, the Seniors obtained the best out of 5 'homers' and were declared victors."
Henry P. Lincoln, '80, of Williamsport, Penn- sylvania, was a University Captain and has an intimate recollection of the introduction of the Rugby game. Here it is:
My first knowledge of football was obtained at Adams Academy, Quincy, Massachusetts, which I attended for sev- eral years previous to 1876. One of the professors of this
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
school was a Harvard graduate, whom we called "Billy" Tyler. He and the Principal of the School, William Rey- nolds Dimmock, were two exceedingly lovely men, and were great friends; they were familiarly known as the manly boy and the boyish man. The Principal was far too old (in fact, was lame) to participate in the sport, but "Billy" Tyler did, and was much encouraged in doing so by Professor Dimmock. I believe these two men were largely responsi- ble for building up quite a football enthusiasm in and around Boston, and in inducing quite a number of men to attend Adams Academy, who afterward became renowned in Col- lege football. I, particularly, remember a man by the name of Gardner from Boston, who made most wonderful drop- kicks, and, I think, was afterward a renowned player at Harvard. Professor Tyler had, during his time at Harvard, been a football player, and, if I mistake not, was on the first team which played Rugby rules, and had gone to Canada in order to have games under those rules with Canadian Col- leges— this for the reason that no one of the Colleges in the United States played this game. I merely introduced this in order to get my start in the game, and I would also say that Mr. Evans Dick, who was afterward a captain of the University of Pennsylvania team, was a student at Adams Academy.
When I started as a Freshman in 1876 at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania there was very little athletic feeling in the University. There were no dormitories; there were very few scholars; there was no good place for dressing for games, and the hours at which the different classes were dis- missed were not always the same. The classical side of the College generally got out earlier than the scientific side, which often had work in the afternoon up to four or five o'clock. There was little or no connection between the scholars in the College and those in the Medical Department. I dare say it is very hard for the present students to under- stand what these difficulties meant in the way of getting up a
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ATHLETICS
team. For instance, it was not always possible to get what we thought was the best material for the football team; we had to take the men who would play, and would go to some trouble to do so.
When I, as a Freshman, went out on the football field at the back of the College where Houston Hall now stands, I found a team under Charles Farnum as captain. I think every man on the team had a pamphlet or book of rules of the Rugby game in his hands. Against this team anybody and everybody in the College was allowed to play. This was known as the Scrub, and a good many of them had pam- phlets in their hands. After some time it was decided that the ball should be kicked off. As nobody else seemed to do anything, I, as one of the Scrub, captured the ball and started to run for a touchdown, which I had no difficulty in making as all the team were reading their books to see whether things were regular, and nobody interfered with me. I brought the ball out and dropkicked the goal, and again nobody interfered with me, but there was a great deal of consultation and going over the books to see whether everything was regular. It was finally decided that the Scrub had kicked one goal against the 'Varsity. Before the game was over, I had probably done some other things that led Captain Farnum to believe I knew something about the game. Anyhow, I can distinctly remember Farnum saying, "Freshie, what's your name? Have you ever played this game before?" Upon giving satisfactory answers to these questions, I was asked to join the team to play against the Scrub. I had the pleasure after this of teaching the members of the club all I knew about the game, and I also played on the team whenever my College work would permit.
The Rugby game as then played was very much differ- ent from the football of today. I think the first changes from the old Rugby rules were due to a very unsportsman-like feeling, viz., that it sometimes paid to break a rule because
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
the punishment was not so severe as to overcome the ad- vantage gained by breaking the rule.
In your consideration of the game of football as played at the University of Pennsylvania, you must take into ac- count that at that time there was a considerable amount of energy used up in playing baseball, cricket, and rowing, and that all three of these sports were far more popular than football. If I remember rightly, we had some quite distin- guished cricket teams.
About this same time the Athletic Association at the University was either established or became more active than it had been. I remember that in order to permit run- ners and walkers to train, a cinder path was constructed around the football field, and that John Perot, of the Class of '80, used to do considerable walking on this path. I also remember another man of the Class of '80, by the name of Harrah, who started the pole vault, and that H. H. Lee, of '79, did some wonderful stunts in jumping, putting the shot and hammer, but the principal thing he did was to establish a low record for a loo-yard dash. If I remember correctly, it was 10 seconds flat. Lee was probably one of the best athletes ever attending the University, and if he had received the training which the present athletes have, he would have produced a most wonderful record.
John C. Sherlock, '75, remembers the first game of baseball played by the University nine. It was indeed "a time of small things" in baseball. Captain Sherlock was a modest leader. He writes from Long Island:
If my memory is good, I think the first baseball nine of the U. of P. to appear in uniform was in the Sophomore year of the Class of '75, and our first game, played away from our cinder and boulder grounds in the rear of College Hall, was at Chester, Pennsylvania, where the Hyatt Acad-
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ATHLETICS
emy nine did us up. The nine consisted of S. Johnson, c.; Kelley, p.; Gowen, ist b.; Handy, 2nd b.; Andrews, 3rd b.; Hollis, s. s.; Sherlock, 1. f.; Hall, c. f.; Porter, r. f. and change pitcher.
After the game we were entertained at a repast and invited to come again by Colonel Hyatt, also complimenting us on our fine appearance. The U. of P. were called on to respond. After much talk among ourselves, the bunch called on the Captain. I had never made a speech before, not even in Chapel, so simply said, "We thank you for your hospitality and will certainly come again." Great applause, but I thought at the time, most of it from the U. of P. con- tingent.
A little more detail comes to us from William D. Kelley, '76, who is now living in Chattanooga, Tennessee :
It is a far cry from the triangle bounded by College Hall, Woodland Avenue and Thirty-Fourth Street, to the Franklin Field of today, and equally far from the ash piles and debris which covered the former, to the turf of the latter. The first University baseball nine of which the writer has any knowledge was organized late in '72 or early '73, and was composed of members of the classes of '75, '76, and '77. There was little change in its membership until the Class of '75 was graduated, when the nine practically disbanded. John C. Sherlock, F. B. Gowen, W. W. Porter, L. Johnson, W. H. Hollis, of '75; H. W. Andrews, E. S. Handy, H. R. Hall, and Wm. D. Kelley, of '76, and Ray W. Jones, of '77, constituted this mighty nine, which was never known to practice together except when engaged in a match game.
Our practice ground was the before-mentioned triangle where fungo batting could be enjoyed. Sometimes we played on the lot south of College Hall, between it and the site of the University Hospital, which was then being built.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Homeless, we played an occasional match game with local clubs on the grounds of the Young America Club at Stenton. Our aspirations were the highest, but we never reached the realm of the big four of the day, to wit, Harvard, Princeton Yale and Columbia. We played, on their own grounds, such teams as Hyatt's Military Academy at Chester, Swarth- more, and once ventured as far as Easton where we played Lafayette. With no support from the University author- ities, athletics of every description struggled along. The first baseball team had no club house. Its equipment was kept by the members at their homes, except a few bats and balls which were left with Pomp, the janitor, to be used at odd times for practice.
If this team ever won a game from another College, the writer fails to remember it. Colors, we had none, except the ancient white and blue, which were the same as those of Columbia and were therefore not used. During these years came the Athletic Association and the adoption of the Car- dinal and Dark Blue, but that is another story.
Thomas Lynch Montgomery, '84, now State Librarian, as befits his position, has contributed some varied and interesting recollections:
Although born in Germantown I was sent at the age of eight to Ury House, Fox Chase, which was then kept by Mrs. Crawford, and this school turned out a great many well-known Pennsylvania men. Mrs. Crawford was an English lady and the tendency in the school was all toward cricket as a sport, and of the men that I remember there Joseph U. Crawford, '62, and his older brothers, Henry Gordon McCouch, N. Allen Stockton, '79, George Harding of the Class of '80, Harry Fuller, '82, and Jim Bond, '77, stand out conspicuously. Sam Shober, '85, came, I think, the next year. After staying at home for a winter I went to the Hill^School at Pottstown, where baseball was a favorite
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sport. The tendency of the Meigs Brothers at that time was toward Lafayette, their Alma Mater, and I cannot remem- ber any Pennsylvania men who were in that school at that time.
In the fall of 1875 I went to the Episcopal Academy. At this period the Department of Arts received its best students from the Episcopal Academy, Rugby Academy and Fanes' School, together with some of the graduates of the Central High School. Cricket and football were both pop- ular sports and John and George Thayer were on the school elevens. It is needless to say that in teamwork and in indi- vidual performance these fellows were among the leaders of their time.
Lincoln was in the Class of '80 and he was about the only one in the class to distinguish himself at football, al- though the class had a most versatile athlete in Bertram Hughes, a hard-hitting cricketer in George Murphy. Lin- coln was a very lively half-back and added a great deal to the gayety of nations whenever he grabbed the ball.
'8 1 contributed Joseph Trowbridge Bailey, one of the best half-backs of his time, and George Thayer, who won about thirty first prizes in track athletics, was captain of the football team and was also an oarsman of considerable abil- ity. Ellis Ballard succeeded in annexing a couple of Inter- Collegiate championships and Joseph S. Clark was a tennis and a cricket expert.
'82 brought John Thayer, one of the best all-round athletes ever known at Pennsylvania, and Tom Hunter, who was the leading oarsman of his time.
On June 4, 1881, the cricket eleven won from Haver- ford for the first time in years. I had the melancholy pleas- ure of blocking balls for about an hour while John Thayer contributed enough to tie the Haverford score. The bat- ting and bowling of Joe Clark and John Thayer together with the wicket-keeping of George Thayer were responsible for this'result. It might be said at this time that the athletic
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events of the year paled in comparison with the cremation ceremonies of the Class of '83. The medicals had resolved to break up the ceremonies, and sticks and stones were thrown at random for about two hours, during which time the speak- ers went on with their parts despite the flying missiles and a plentiful supply of overdue eggs. The use of the goal-posts on the Campus as battering-rams gave the affair a Graeco- Roman aspect. The upper classmen did great service in this contest in wiping up the stone-throwers on the outskirts of the crowd.
In May, 1882, baseball was resuscitated at Pennsyl- vania, chiefly through the efforts of Schamburg, '82. Two games were played with Rutgers, each College winning a game.
Throughout the years of which I have spoken Pennsyl- vania had good tennis players, but there was little concerted action except during the time that J. S. Clark and John Thayer were partners.
In rowing, one of the most popular victories ever gained by Pennsylvania was in 1879 over Columbia and Princeton. In fact this victory gave the encouragement which brought forth the splendid oarsmen who made Ward famous and inci- dentally won many honors for the University. I remember buying a red and blue hat-band for this race which cost 75 cents and this represented a week's income at that time. In fact I think I am overstating the case.
Bond, Stewart, Kennedy and Hart became heroes and many with invisible calves took to the machines. Cornell for some years was our only real competitor and we won a fair share of victories from them. Columbia also ran. Dick- inson, Hunter, Wiltberger, Gray, Sergeant and Martin were strong performers. The crew of 1882, consisting of Wiltberger, '85; Gray, '84; Hunter, '82, and Sergeant, '84, was the best crew of my time, and Cornell rowed fourth in the Lake George contest.
In the fall of 1883 under the captaincy of A. L. Gray one of the best football teams was developed. Gray, taking
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the five-year course, was captain for two years and I was manager during that time. The team was strengthened by Beck, Medical Department, from Yale; W. S. Harvey,'85, and Sid. Thayer, '86. George Sergeant developed into one of the finest goal-kickers within my memory and Price, '84, was the finest linesman of his time. Columbia, Harvard, Johns Hopkins and Lafayette were badly beaten and the only reverse was the well-played game with Princeton. In this game Paul Thompson made a beautiful run through the Princeton team and when tackled near the goal-line passed the ball to Beck, who made a touchdown.
It must be remembered that at this time we had no coaching, except in rowing, and the practicing was of the most desultory kind. Randolph Faries, '85, won the Inter- Collegiate mile run and W. B. Page startled the world with his high jumping.
In '84 the University developed a strong tug-of-war team, consisting of Sergeant, Price, Clement Jones of '84 and Paul Thompson of '85. It was some time after we entered College before a gymnasium was provided. A lot of apparatus was placed in what had been the Assembly Room in the basement. The crews used the machines in the east corridor. A path of cinders encircled the Campus and to be tackled thereon in football was a painful business. The team generally spent the time of intermission in picking the cinders out of their arms. All the teams provided their own suits and each team had to settle its own accounts, as no money was provided by the General Athletic Association.
Reginald L. Hart, '79, stroked the first crew which competed for Pennsylvania in Inter-Collegi- ate rowing. His continued interest is well known:
The College Boat Club was organized in 1872 through the efforts of men of the Class of '75, Calhoun Megargee, Carroll Smyth, Wm. R. Philler, Francis I. Gowen, Effingham B. Morris, Eugene Townsend and Bernard Gilpin being
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among those most active. These men succeeded in raising the funds to build the house, which ever since has been used as the boat house of the University. For several years the members confined their efforts to inter-class, inter-club and Schuylkill Navy races.
The first Inter-Collegiate competition engaged in was in 1879, when Princeton, Columbia and Pennsylvania inaug- urated the Child's Cup Races. The crew was made up as follows: James Bond (Bow and Captain), Wm. M. Stewart, Jr. (No. 2), Davidson Kennedy (No. 3), Reginald L. Hart (Stroke). We were coached by Ellis F. Ward and were fortunate enough to win, Columbia being a close second and Princeton third. More than ordinary interest attached to this race by reason of Columbia having won the Visitors' Cup at Henley the previous year.
Whatever measure of success we achieved in the early days was not without personal sacrifice; we paid dues of $24 per annum to the Boat Club, we bought our own uniforms, contributed to the salary of our coach, and paid our own traveling expenses and board when on trips away from home. Contrast with this the non-essential extravagance of present- day administration.
In conclusion let me quote from a noted English his- torian in summing up his estimate of the American soldiers of the Revolution, when he said: "They learned to stand in need only of a few things; to be content with the small allowance; to suffer as well as to act. Their councils, under the most distressing circumstances, took a grand and high- spirited course and they were finally triumphant," and this was equally true of the pioneer oarsmen of Pennsylvania.
The Athletic Association was formed in 1873 by a number of undergraduates of the classes of *75> '76, and '77 with a view to promoting track and field sports at the University. In the follow- ing spring the association was reorganized and
ATHLETICS
opened to all classes with E. B. Morris, '75, presi- dent, G. S. Philler, '77> vice-president, W. R. Philler, '75, treasurer, S. T. Kerr, '75, secretary, and W. T. Elliot, '75, H. W. Andrews, '76, J. R. Fell, '77, and J. Murphy, '78, directors. There was no track at the University, so the contests were held on Steel's trotting track near Haines Street and Limekiln Pike, Germantown, the Ger- mantown Cricket Club, or the Young American Cricket Club grounds near Nicetown. The other sports already established had associations of their own and were separately managed. Just as in the case of the separate departments of the University and in the Alumni Society, this arrange- ment was hard to change, but all yielded at last to a united organization when the present corporation was formed on November 21, 1882, with Thomas McKean, '62, president, E. C. Mitchell, '55, Edwin N. Benson,'S9, John Markoe, '60, J.William White, '71, vice-presidents; E. B. Morris, '75, sec- retary; W. R. Philler, '75, treasurer; John C. Sims, '65, H. C. Olmstead, '72, James P. Scott, Charles H. Townsend, '74, and Alfred G. Baker, '51, directors. The "Old Field" was secured from the Trustees of the University and here at Thirty- Seventh and Spruce Streets many notable games were played from 1885 to 1895.
It was opened by the Spring Athletic Sports on May n, 1885. When the Dormitories were
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started in 1893 the Trustees authorized the transference of athletics to what is now Franklin Field, the modest, homelike athletic "plant" within the bounds of the University, equipped at a cost of $500,000 by a committee headed by the indefatigable J. William White. Here games were begun in 1895. Although the Athletic Asso- ciation, through its Board of Directors, made up of graduates and undergraduates, managed the details of athletics, the real or ultimate control was in the hands of the University Committee on Athletics commonly known as "the Faculty Com- mittee." It was composed of a member of the Faculty of each department, two Trustees, two Directors of the Athletic Association and two undergraduates. This committee drew up rules of eligibility, known as the "Ironclad" and decided all matters pertaining to them as well as schedules and coaches. Until he became Provost Dr. Edgar F. Smith was the chairman of this committee. He was succeeded by Dr. Arthur W. Goodspeed, '89, Professor of Physics. For many years the most active members of the committee were Dr. J. William White, '7 1 , and John C. Bell, '84. The intense rivalry and bitterness of College athletics in the nineties and early nineteen-hundreds brought many a heated controversy and much abuse to these men which was exaggerated by the frequent mis- leading partisan accounts in the newspapers, organs
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of public opinion which Pennsylvania seems never to have managed to influence.
Pennsylvania's first notable achievement in football was the defeat of Harvard in 1884 by the score of 4 to o. It was not until 1892, under the coaching of George W. Woodruff, '95, that we took the prominent place in Inter-Collegiate foot- ball that we still occupy. The defeat of Princeton at "Manheim," the grounds of the Germantown Cricket Club, November 5th, by the score of 6 to 4, is the red-letter day of the game at Pennsylvania. The halves in those days were forty-five minutes each with ten minutes' intermission. In the words of "Pop" Thayer, '92, who played full-back and kicked the goal that won the game after "Jake" Camp, '93, had made the touchdown, "we fought like hell for the game and for our lives." " Charlie " Schoff, '93, was the Captain of this team and with the blond-haired "Dick" Simmons, '93, played end. John W. Adams, 92, was at center; Henry Thornton, '94, and H. D. Oliver, '94, guards; J. L. Reese, '96, and H. A. Mackey, '93, tackles; "Bucky" Vail, '94, quarter-back; Camp and Arthur Knipe, '94, halves. That night there was a great celebration in the city but i,t was more than duplicated when the '94 team beat Princeton 12 to o at the Trenton Fair Grounds on November loth of that year. This team, captained by Arthur Knipe, was the best Pennsylvania has ever pro-
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duced and the eleven men played throughout the season without change, defeating Princeton, Cor- nell and Harvard besides the usual games with lesser lights. The line-up was M. G. Rosengarten, '95, and Charles S. Gelbert, '97, ends; O. F. Wag- enhurst, '96, and John H. Minds, '95, tackles; W. G. Woodruff, '97, and Charles M. Wharton, '96, guards; Albert E. Bull, '96, center; Carl S. Wil- liams, '97, quarter-back; W. D. Osgood, '95, and A. Arthur Knipe, '94, halves; and George H. Brooke, '95, full-back. Chestnut Street was jammed after the victory over Princeton, from Ninth to Broad Streets, with a singing, yelling, pushing, marching crowd. The cafes were filled with roysterers and the performance of "Russell's Comedians" at the Chestnut Street Theatre had to suspend, so great was the enthusiasm. That concluded our engagements on the gridiron with our nearest rival.
The Harvard game at Cambridge in 1895, which we won 17 to 14, was one of the hardest ever played because of the incompetency of the offi- cials, who made us play forty-five minutes too long and permitted the Harvard line to charge when our flying interference started, which was before the ball was put in play. George Brooke kicked a goal from the field that won the game for Pennsylvania. In 1895 Harvard came to Franklin Field and Captain "Jack" Minds made a long run
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down the side line for a touchdown only to be brought back by the umpire, who said he stepped out of bounds — a decision still vigorously disputed. This was followed by a famous march to victory, 8 to 6, in the last few minutes of play. There are of course many games and incidents which old graduates recall with joy, but two stand out par- ticularly in addition to those mentioned. In 1902 the first half of the Cornell game on Thanksgiving Day ended 1 1 to o against us and our friends from Ithaca offered to shorten the second half. This was the touch needed to inspire the team and they pulled out a victory 12 to 1 1. In 1906 Cornell had a very strong team and outplayed us throughout the game. She could not score, however, and the game ended o to o after Pennsylvania had held for five downs inside the two-yard line in the last few moments of play.
George Woodruff retired as coach in 1901 after producing some remarkable teams and estab- lishing "guards' back" as one of the greatest plays in the history of the game. Carl S. Williams, '94-C, ?97M, was made head coach, and then began Pennsylvania's system of graduate coaching which is too well known to need description. There are names in our football history besides those men- tioned which ought to be recorded in any chronicle of the game at the University — such men as the Thayer family, George, '81, John, '82, Sydney,
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'86, Harry, '92, Walter, '97 and Edmund, '12, (Alexander, '10, played on the baseball team and John B., Jr., '16, on the cricket eleven); A. J. Gray, '84 (three years captain), F. W. W. Graham, '87, T. W. Hulme, '89, Edgar M. Church, '92 (three years captain), A. J. Bowser, '90, B. Dickson '97, John Hedges, '99, Peter D. Overfield, '99, John H. Outland, 'oo, Samuel Goodman, '97, J. C. McCracken, '99, W. N. Morice, '99, T. Truxton Hare, 'or (the peer of them all), Otis F. Lamson, '07, Robert G. Torrey, '06 (a great cap- tain), Vincent M. Stevenson, '08 (a brilliant quarter-back), E. L. Greene, '08, A. L. Smith, '05, H. W. Scarlett, '07, Robert C. Folwell, '08, W. M. Hollenback, '08, E. L. Mercer, '13, and C. A. Minds, '14.
Baseball has had many ups and downs since its beginning. About 1891 the teams improved and in 1896 a wave of reform and purity swept the country that affected all College nines by elimi- nating those who played in the summer at various resorts. In 1892 the team was captained by "Beau" Thompson, '94, a very popular man and a hard hitter. He appeared on the score card as a second baseman but was noted for fielding all the positions adjacent to this one. Clarence Bayne, '95, pitched for this team and was the greatest pitcher that ever played College baseball. He faced Yale one Saturday, struck out seventeen
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men, and on the Monday following struck out thirteen. In the first game he pitched against Harvard he struck out the first seven Crimson batsmen. In the game with Wesleyan the score was 3 to 2 in our favor in the eighth inning when the first man up tripled. Bayne struck out the next three men on nine successive balls. He retired thirteen of the champion Boston National League team on strike-outs in seven innings. Bayne died from appendicitis before the close of the season and a bronze tablet with his figure in relief by Dr. McKenzie has been placed on the gymna- sium wall.
The '94 team was the greatest we have ever had, winning every game on Franklin Field and making more than twenty runs in each one except with Cornell which it won 6 to o. This team was composed of Charles M. Hollister, '94, captain; Daniel Coogan, '95, Louis Reunig, '97, H. E. Schoenhut, '97, A. C. Boswell, '97, A. King Dick- son, '97, W. J. Goeckel, '96, R. G. Contrell, '95, John Blakeley, '95, J. E. Blair, '95, Roy A.Thom- as, '94, and George W. Reese, '96.
John Blakeley was Captain for the next three years, a unique distinction, and one of his team-mates was Zane Grey, '96, the now well- known novelist whose specialty was home-run hit- ting. Another was Theodore Brown, '01, the speedy left-hand pitcher who won many a game for us.
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The game with Princeton in 1903 marked the resumption of these contests after a lapse since 1894, and was a hard-fought, exciting contest of twelve innings at Princeton. The score was 3 to 3 at the end of the ninth inning and the large crowd was held tense until the twelfth inning, when Pennsylvania made four runs and won.
There have been some good players developed besides those mentioned, and the list that could be named would be a long one; Lansing, '92, Bow- man, '90, Collier, '02, Flavell, '01, White, '01, Londrigan, '10, and Schultz, '12, are some of them.
On the track we had a long, up-hill pathway to distinction. Hugh de Laussat Willoughby, '77, won the broad jump at the first Inter-Collegiate meet in 1876, and H. H. Lee, '79, won the ico-yds. dash and H. L. Geyelin, '77, the running high jump in 1877. Lee was a great track athlete and with W. B. Page, '87, world's champion high jumper, was without a peer until the advent of "Mike" Murphy. Ernie Ramsdell, '95, won the 100 and 220 yds. dashes and broad jump in 1895, a remarkable record. From 1897 to 1900 Pennsyl- vania won the Inter-Collegiate Championship with such men as A. C. Kraenzlein, 'oo, J. C. McCracken, '99, J. D. Winsor, '97, J. W. B. Tewk- esbury, '99, J. P. Remington, '98, G. W. Orton, '94, Alex. Grant, 'oo, I. K. Baxter, '01, and T. Truxton Hare, '01.
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Rowing really started with the formation of the University Barge Club in 1854, as tms was then a distinctly Pennsylvania organization, not confined, however, to undergraduates. The Inter- Collegiate Regattas were started in 1880 and were won by Pennsylvania crews in 1898, 1899 and 1900. In 1901 the crew went to Henley and were only beaten by a scant length by Leander, the best crew in all England.
The men who rowed on the Thames were R. R. Zane, R. H. Eisenbrey, F. L. Davenport, S. Crowther, Jr., A. H. Flickwir (captain), G. S. Allyn, W. G. Gardiner, J. P. Gardiner and L. H. Smith (coxswain). John Gardiner was one of the best strokes that ever sat in a boat, and much of our success in these years was due to him. From 1879 to 1915, with the exception of four years when George W. Woodruff was in charge, the crews were coached by Ellis Ward the "Old Man" so enthusiastically supported by all who rowed under him. Vivian Nickalls and Joseph Wright have revived interest in the last few years and achieved several victories over Yale.
Space will not permit an account of the numer- ous other games that have attained prominence in later years, notably basketball and "soccer" foot- ball. More ground for play is all that is needed to make each of these flourish with the increased number of students they now have to draw from.
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The large increase in the number of games in which a University team takes part and the general diversity of interest among a huge body of students have caused the abandonment of the class games in cricket, football, baseball, track and rowing which used to be so keenly contested and really enjoyed. A good many of us will remember with more pleasure and detail some of these games with the fellows we knew than the more important University victories. The battles for the Dean's Trophy between the Freshman and Sophomore Classes beginning in the early nineties as a sub- stitute for the cane rush, seemed like critical times in our lives. In those days there were no palatial dressing quarters, showers or marble pools. We dressed in front of our wooden locker in College Hall and Ihnping back begrimed were fortunate, after awaiting out turn, to get our faces washed at the one cold tap in the Assembly Room. This was real sport and we thought it fine. To many the recollection of these old class games is the dearest memory of their College days. These class teams used to play games about Phila- delphia with schools and really had quite a long schedule. A humourous incident of '95*8 foot-ball team in Freshman year was when John Blakeley, its manager, wrote to the School of Design, among others, for their " open dates.' ' This is a school for girls and their reply was an open box of candied dates !
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There was a famous itinerant baseball team in the nineties called the "Sweat Nots" that played many games within and without the College. It was made up from year to year of blithe and con- genial spirits without much skill at ball playing.
During the summer of 1917 an important change in control of athletics was made at the University. The Athletic Association remained as a moral and supporting factor but the "control and management" was taken over by a newly organized "Athletic Council." By agreement between the Association and the Trustees it con- sists of three Trustees and three Alumni, elected by the Trustees; three Faculty members appointed by the Provost; and three undergraduates elected by the Athletic Association; twelve in all. The objects of the change were, to provide for a more permanent and continuous policy in athletics than could be expected from a Board of Directors elected annually and subject at times to violent changes, and to strengthen the business management of athletics through a graduate manager. The con- tract of organization is extremely general in its terms and leaves much to interpretation. This has occupied considerable time during the year. The Council now mal es all contracts, collects all receipts from games and disburses them. It fixes all rules of eligibility. Title to Franklin Field remains with the Association through its lease, and the Council,
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so far as its annual income will permit, will transfer funds to the Association to meet the interest on its bonds. The Association will continue to solicit annual members, and they will have the usual field privileges.
The Council, headed by Dean William McClel- lan, 'oo, of the Wharton School, adopted new By-Laws and a new Eligibility Code. In both of these notable advances were made. In the By- Laws more system in management is introduced, the student managers and captains are given more dignity and responsibility by examinations and commission, and the indiscriminate and irre- sponsible publication of interviews and news is prohibited.
Pennsylvania now has a three-year rule in its Eligibility Code. This is the only — but a most important — new feature. Under present conditions of entrance to professional schools, it fixes the real amateur standing of all our athletes. It as- sumes not more than four years of College athletic activity, the first year, under the rules, being in Freshman standing. Furthermore, "good scholastic standing" for all student activities has been de- fined by the Board of Deans, as follows :
A student is not in good academic standing who has con- ditions recorded in excess of one and one-half academic units.
A student is not in good academic standing who is on general probation.
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A student who has to repeat a year shall be regarded as having been placed on general probation.
A student who transfers from one department to an- other retains, during his first year in the department to which he has transferred, the academic standing he had on leaving the department from which he transferred.
It is probably the highest standard set any- where in the collegiate world.
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CHAPTER VII TO THE NATION
P • HHE real test of distinction for any • educational institution is the record in
after life of the men she has trained- The degree of usefulness to which they attain, as recognized by their fellow-citizens, measures the place which their Alma Mater holds in the progress of civilization. To describe Penn- sylvania's contribution in some detail during more than a century and a half would mean in large part a history of the useful achievements of mankind in the western hemisphere. It is a tempting field of romance and research. The most comprehensive record we could make here is merely to name the men of particular distinction in various fields, a statement long enough indeed to satisfy any reader of the University's proud position:
In the Continental Congress — Allen, Mifflin, John and Lambert Cadwalader, Peters, Bingham, McKean, Dickinson, and Smith, of Pennsylvania; Hopkinson, Neilson, and Ser- geant, of New Jersey; Paca, Seney, and Hindman, of Mary- land; Williamson and Hill, of North Carolina; Dickinson, of Delaware; Marchant, of Rhode Island; Grayson, of Virginia; and Ramsay, of South Carolina.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence — Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, James Wilson, Ben- jamin Rush, Thomas McKean, John Penn, Francis Hop- kinson, William Paca, and James Smith.
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In the War of the Revolution these graduates were particularly distinguished:
Major-General Anthony Wayne, 1765, afterward Com- mander-in-Chief of the Army of the U. S. and the most pic- turesque soldier America has produced.
Brigadier-General John Cadwalader, 1760.
Colonel Lambert Cadwalader, 1760.
Major-General Thomas Mifflin, 1760, Aide-de-camp to Washington and Quartermaster-General, President of the Continental Congress and Governor of Pennsylvania.
John Morgan, 1757, Director-General and Physician- in-Chief of the Hospital of the American Army.
Major-General Philemon Dickinson, 1759, Chief Signal Officer of the Continental Army and U. S. Senator.
Major-General J. P. G. Muhlenberg, 1763, U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania.
Lieutenant-Colonel Tench Tilghman, 1761, Aide and Secretary to Washington.
Hugh Williamson, 1757, Medical Director-General of the North Carolina Militia.
William Grayson, 1760, Colonel and Aide-de-camp to Washington, member of the Board of War and U. S. Senator from Virginia.
Samuel Cadwalader Morris, 1760, Captain and member of the Board of War.
John Neilson, 1761, Brigadier-General of New Jer- sey Militia.
Benjamin Alison, 1765, '71 M, Surgeon of 1st Penn- sylvania Battalion.
Rev. Thomas Read, 1766, a zealous patriot and guide to Washington's Army.
Francis Johnston, 1 767, Colonel 5th Pennsylvania Reg- iment, Commanding 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade.
Francis Alison, Jr., 1770, Surgeon.
Henry Latimer, 1770, Surgeon and U. S. Senator from Delaware.
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John Clopton, 1776, a Captain of a Virginia Company who served throughout the war and always refused promo- tion.
James Biddle, Captain of the "Wasp."
George Simpson, Commissary-General.
Every member of the first Medical class, with one ex- ception, served with more or less distinction in the War. These were the men of 1768 M: John Archer, David Co well, Humphrey Fullerton, Jonathan Potts, Jonathan Elmer, James Tilton, Nicholas Way, Samuel Duffield, David Jackson, John Lawrence.
Other Medical men who served well were — William Aspinwall, 1808; Solomon Drowne, 1781; Ennals Martin, 1782; John R. B. Rodgers, 1784; Ebenezer Crosby, 1780; David Ramsay, 1773; Benjamin Duffield, 1774; Thomas Parke, 1770; Alexander Skinner, 1769; William Smith, 1771; Caspar Wistar, 1782; Charles Worthington, 1782; John Ramsay, 1787; James Hutchinson, 1774; John Newman, 1793; Bodo Otto, 1771; E. S. Miller, 1785; J. C. Hall, 1769; John Pfeiffer, 1791; Benjamin DeWitt, 1797; Joseph Blythe, 1784; Samuel Cooper, 1797; John Redman Coxe, 1794; Jon- athan Easton, 1771; James Armstrong, 1769; John An- drews, 1793; Charles McKnight, 1773, and John Houston, 1769.
In the War of 1812 the only General to achieve notable success was Jacob Brown of the Class of 1790, who rose to be Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army. With him in this war were — Capt. Caesar Rodney, 1789, later Attorney- General and Senator of the United States; Major-General George Izard, 1792, U.S.A.; General Thomas Cadwalader, 1795, of Pennsylvania Volunteers; General John Fox, 1803, of the Pennsylvania Militia; Colonel John Powell Hare, 1803, U.S.A.; Rev. Robert Reid, 1805, Chaplain on Commodore Perry's flagship; Captain Thomas I. Wharton, 1807; Major John Ross Mifflin, 1808; Captain Thomas F. Pleasants, 1808; Colonel Benjamin Chew, 1810; Captain Richard Bache, 1812,
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TO THE NATION
U.S.A.; John Chew, 1812, U.S.N., and Major-General Wil- liam H. Winder.
The Medical men in the Army were — Matthew J. Christopher, 1808; Nathan Levi Boulden, 1816; Littlebury R. Robinson, 1810; John Smith Carpenter, 1810; James W. Hunt, 1813; Carter Edmunds, 1814; Henry Field, 1814; Thomas Ball, 1796; James John Hamm, 1813; Franklin Bache, 1814; Wright Tucker, 1806; Elisha DeButts, 1805; Wm. R. Coxe, 1817; Wm. Thomas, 1814; Charles Gignilliat, 1813; Edward Brux, 1813; Robert B. Archer, 1809; Patrick Macauley, 1815; John Ward McCall, 1817; Wm. I. Cocke, 1798; Garrett Elliott Pendergrast, 1803 ; John P. Gough, 1800; Oliver H. Spencer, 1803; Anthony Benezet, 1815; Richard Shutrick, 1808; Adam Hays, 1811; Isaac Davis, 1810; Wm. Wilmot Hall, 1808; Jacob De LaMotta, 1810; James Trimble, 1812; James C. Bronaugh, 1809; John Yates Lansing, 1811; John R. Young, 1803; Alexander Montgomery, 1909; Joseph Francis Lee, 1811; Wm. McCaw, 1811; Wm. H. Brown, 1812; Wm. J. Jones, 1812; Hugh Mercer Stanard, 1812; James Tilton, 1768; Ezekiel W. Bull, 1781; Wm. Edmonds Horner, 1814; Abraham Van Hoy, 1813; James Kent Harper, 1810; Wm. Richard Waring, 1813; Marcus C. Brick, 1812; Wm. Newton Mercer, 1812; Harvey Bradford, 1819; Samuel Gaunt, 1809; George Edward Mitchell, 1805; James P. Hill, 1819; Thomas Triplett, 1798.
The Medical men in the Navy were — Samuel Ayre, 1811; Wm. Baldwin, 1807; Robert Rittenhouse Barton 1813; Wm. P. C. Barton, 1808; Gustavus Richard Alex. Brown, 1815; Charles Campbell, 1812; Edward Cutbush, 1794; Thomas Ewell, 1805; John H. Gordon, 1813; Thomas Harris, 1809; Samuel Jackson, 1808; Samuel Jackson, Jr., 1838; Wm. Payne Jones, 1812; Elijah L. Lawton, 1809; George Logan, 1802; John Morris Lynn, 1812; Robert Miller, 1807; Thos. Griffin Peachy, 1815; Thos. Barton Salter, 1813; Samuel Vernon, 1810; Horatio Smith Waring, 1812; Bailey Washington, 1810; Donaldson Yeates, 1810; Richard Wilmot
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Hall, 1806; John Archer, Jr., 1798; John Arnest, 1808; Jacob Spellman Baer, 1808; John Hanson Briscoe, 1811; Michael Diffenderffer, 1814; Reverdy Ghiselin, 1788; Caleb Mordecai Jones, 1813; Allen McLane, 1811; Cosmo Gordon Stevenson, 1803; Hugh Whiteford, 1802; Henry Wilkins, 1793.
In the Mexican War there were from the College of distinction — Buchanan McKean, 1817; Thomas L. Caldwell, 1817; Brigadier-General George Cadwalader, 1823, U.S.V.; Captain John Mease, 1823; Joseph Beale, Jr., 1832, Sur- geon, U.S.N.; George Harrison White, 1832, U.S.N.; Lieu- tenant-Colonel William Gilpin, 1833; Lieutenant George Wm. Chapman, 1833, U.S.N.; Captain Joseph Roberts, 1833, U.S.A.; John Clifford Pemberton, 834, U.S.A.; Montgomery
C. Meigs, 1836, U.S.A.; Aaron D. Chaloner, 1837, Surgeon, U.S.N.; Samuel B. Elliott, 1840, U.S.N.; Lieutenant Francis E. Patterson, 1841, U.S.A.; Hewson Cox, 1841, Staff Inter- preter to General Scott; James H. Watmough, 1841, U.S.N.; Wm. Lowber, 1842, Surgeon, U.S.A.; G. Mallet-Prevost, 1842, Surgeon; Horace R. Wirtz, 1842, Surgeon; Robert Newton, 1842, Assistant-Surgeon; Lieutenant Andrew M. Law, 1844, New Jersey Volunteers; Lieutenant Alexander McKinley, 1844, New Jersey Volunteers; James Suddards, 1844, Assist- ant-Surgeon, U.S.N.; Lieutenant George B. McClellan, 1844, U.S.A.; Lieutenant T. Hewson Neill, 1845, U.S.A.; George
D. Twiggs, 1846, Aide-de-camp to General Twiggs.
From the Medical Department there were — Wm. Shakespeare King, 1833; Thos. Cooper Madison, 1838; Joel Martin, 1809; Robert Hedding McGinniss, 1845; Richard McSherry, Jr., 1841; Benj. Schaum Muhlenberg, 1845; Robert Murray, 1843; Robert Newton, 1845; Grayson Mallet-Prevost, 1844; Burton Randall, 1828; Robert R. Ritchie, 1837; Wm. Roberts, 1840; Flavius Josephus Rob- ertson, 1846; Samuel D. Scott, 1844; Josiah Simpson, 1836; Richard French Simpson, 1840; James Bog Slade, 1826; Robert Southgate, 1 835; Hay Hegner Steiner, 1838; John Ed- ward Summers, 1 846; John Webb Tyler, 1 843; Joseph Walker,
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1836; Robert C. Wickham, 1846; Horace Raguet Wirtz, 1846; Eugene Hilarian Abadie, 1833; Richard Porter Ashe, 1844; Joseph K. Barnes, 1838; James Fort Bozeman, 1846; Thos. Sydenham Bryant, 1835; John Bracken Butler, 1836; Greene Washington Caldwell, 1831; Archibald Barrington Campbell, 1840; Aaron D. Chaloner, 1840; James Lyle Clarke, 1844; James Roberdeau Conrad, 1831; George Edward Cooper, 1847; David Camden DeLeon, 1836; Charles P. Deyerle, 1846; Lewis Allison Edwards, 1845; Clement Alex. Finley, 1834; John Minson Gait, 1831; John Strother Griffin, 1837; Robert Hagan, 1846; John Fox Hammond, 1841; Wm. Hammond, 1811; Henry Lee Heiskill, 1828; Levi Hall Holden, 1839.
There were in the Navy during the Mexican War the following Medical men — Samuel R. Addison, 1836; Benj. F. Bache, 1823; John O'Connor Barclay, 1836; Napoleon Constantine Barrabino, 1831; Samuel Barrington, 1822; Oscar F. Baxter, 1842; Joseph Beale, 1836; Ephraim Jaggard Bee, 1841; George Blacknall, 1831; Daniel Warren Brickell, 1847; Isaac Brinckerhoff, 1825; John F. Brooke, 1820; John L. Burtt, 1842; George Clymer, 1828; Peter Benson Delaney, Jr., 1840; Thomas Dillard, 1825; Edmund Lewis Dubarry, 1822; Marius Duvall, 1848; Daniel Egbert, 1834; Robert James Farquharson, 1844; Alex. Y. P. Garnett, 1841; Joseph S. Gilliam, 1837; Horatio Nelson Glen two rth, 1828; Daniel S. Green, 1832; James M. Greene, 1823; Chas. F. G. Guillou, 1836; Thomas Harris, 1809; Wm. A. Harris, 1843; Charles A. Hassler, 1833; John Hastings, 1840; Bernard Henry, 1844; Joseph Hopkinson, 1838; Gustavus R. B. Horner, 1826; Edward Hudson, 1839; Lewis B. Hunter, 1828; Samuel Jackson, 1838; Richard W. Jeffrey, 1838; Wm. Johnson,i826; Elisha Kent Kane, 1842; Philip Lansdale, 1838; William Lowber, 1845; Robert T. Maccoun, 1843; George Maulsby, 1831; Charles D. Maxwell, 1836; Richard T. Max- well, 1840, Wm. F. McClenahan, 1831; Daniel C. McLeod, 1832; J. Dickinson Miller, 1835; James M. Minor, 1837; Lewis W. Minor, 1831; Samuel Moseley, 1826; Wm. A. Nel-
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son, 1839; John A. Pettit, 1844; Thomas M. Potter, 1838; Henry S. Rennolds, 1831; Wm. S. W. Ruschenberger, 1830; Solomon Sharp, 1826; Wm. B. Sinclair, 1838; John Thos. Smith, 1833; J. Malcolm Smith, 1835; J. Winthrop Taylor, 1838; George Terrill, 1826; John Thornley, 1838; Wm. L. VanHorn, 1828; Edward H. Van Wyck, 1838; Robert E. Wall, 1843; James H. Watmough, i84iC; William Whelan, 1828; John S. Whittle, 1835; Lewis J. Williams, 1841; Joseph Wilson, 1837; Robert Woodworth, 1834.
The remarkable record made by the University of Pennsylvania men in the Civil War has been the subject of wide remark. No other exhibit of the University is as credita- ble to it as this record of her sons, for no other service of training and character is so fine as that rendered to the State and humanity on a great scale in a vital epoch.
University men, themselves, and the people of the State and Nation must be astonished at the large number of University of Pennsylvania men who served with the armed forces during the Civil War, and the surpassing proportion of them who rose to places of distinction and high responsibility. Dr. Jordan places their number at 4,000, and he gives the record of 2350. Among them were six major-generals, in- cluding McClellan, the organizer and commander of the Army of the Potomac, whose methods of complete preparation were not appreciated at their full worth by either his Government or the people in 1861 and 1862. The experience of the late European war must result in a much higher valuation of McClellan's services in building up an army out of the raw- est material than was given it at the time. He also under- stood the value of artillery as this war has made it understood.
The Southern muster contains the names of Gibson, '33, of Virginia, Surgeon-General of the State of Virginia; Tru- deau, '37, of Louisiana, Brigadier-General C.S.A.; Kinloch, of South Carolina, Colonel and Surgeon C.S.A., and Medical Director of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida; Coale, Surgeon on Stonewall Jackson's staff; Mastin,
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of Alabama, Medical Inspector of the Army of the Mississippi under General Beauregard; Venable, of Virginia, Medical Director of General E well's Division C.S.A.; Garnett, of Virginia, Chief Surgeon C.S.A. and physician to President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet. These are taken at random from a long list that must ever appeal to the imagination of a Northern University. A great part of the medical science of the Southern Armies was the University's contribution to the bonds that brought the two people together again.
Lieutenant-General John Clifford Pemberton, C.S.A., of Philadelphia, '34, commanded at Vicksburg; James Murray Mason, '18, Senator and Commissioner with Slidell of the Confederacy to Great Britain and France; Thomas Henry Carter, '52, Colonel and Chief of Artillery of Early 's Corps, Army of Northern Virginia.
To the Confederate Army and Navy the University of Pennsylvania contributed, besides the one lieutenant-general, 2 brigadier-generals, II colonels, n lieutenant-colonels, 2 adjutants, 12 majors, 28 captains, 16 lieutenants and 535 surgeons, whose records are known, including I fleet surgeon and 35 surgeons-in-chief and brigade surgeons.
And the roll of the North is as glorious:
Major-General George Brinton McClellan, '44, Com- mander of the Army of the Potomac.
Major-General John Grubb Parke, '47, Burnside's Chief of Staff and Commander of the 9th Corps, Army of the Poto- mac, before Petersburg.
Major-General Samuel Wylie Crawford, Jr., '46. Fort Sumpter, Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Gettys- burg, The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Petersburg.
Quartermaster-General Montgomery C. Meigs, '35, who equipped and supplied all the armies of the North and built the aqueduct, extension to the Capitol, the General Post-Office and the Pension Building in Washington.
Brigadier-Generals Leslie, '12; Cadwalader, '23; Rob- erts, '33; Meredith, '34; Tilghman, '39; West, '40; Patterson,
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'41; Tevis, '45; Neill, '45; Crawford, '46; Morton, '47; La Motte, '58; Clay, '59; Markoe, '60; Leiper, '63.
Add to these dozens of colonels, majors, and captains and hundreds of privates and a full quota of surgeons. There is no University in the land that has such a list to be proud of.
Besides the six major-generals, among the University of Pennsylvania men serving with the Union forces were 15 brigadier-generals, 2 adjutant-generals, 19 colonels, 15 lieutenant-colonels, 21 majors, 85 captains, 38 lieutenants, 835 surgeons and 16 chaplains. Among the surgeons were the Surgeon-General of the United States Army and 65 sur- geons-in-chief and division and brigade surgeons. In the Northern Navy were some fifty Pennsylvania men in posi- tions of responsibility, including two fleet surgeons.
Unrivalled distinction attaches to the Civil War record of University of Pennsylvania men in two ways. More of them rose to be army, corps and department commanders than did the students of any other University. While Har- vard claims four major-generals to Pennsylvania's six, no son of Harvard became an army commander. Pennsylvania sent far more surgeons to the Union and Southern armies than were sent by any other University. Some 2000 known surgeons from this one University relieved the sufferings of soldiers and sailors, North and South, a service to humanity unri- valled in this country. This period of service, too, was in a time when the College department had failed to hold the early reputation acquired in the previous century, when so many Pennsylvania men won distinction in the Revolutionary struggle, and it antedated the greatest increase in strength which set in shortly after the Civil War.
It is interesting to record the life at the Uni- versity during the period of the Civil War as related by several graduates who lived through it. William Brooke Rawle, '63, says:
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Nothing happened to interfere with our studies until the cloud burst upon the arrival of the news that early on the morning of Friday, April 12, 1861, that fatal shot which began the war was fired upon Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, and upon the Stars and Stripes floating over it. Matters then came to a crisis and pandemonium broke loose. When we met in the College yard that morning the excite- ment and turmoil among the students beggared description. Indeed, the whole Nation awoke as from a trance. Realiza- tion of the seriousness of the times had at last arrived, and each one of us students, like everybody else, felt that he must now take his stand for loyalty to our Government and the maintenance of the Union of the States, or — the contrary. Little attention was then paid to the question of slavery by others than the politicians and the abolitionists and other similar agitators.
The University of Pennsylvania in our time was rela- tively a small institution. The education, so far as it went, was more practical and thorough, to my mind, and more serious than it is now, though the curriculum was not so extensive nor the scholarship so high. But educational life began earlier then than now. Up almost to our time the custom had been for boys intended for a College education to enter the Freshman Class at the age of thirteen years and to graduate at seventeen. When we entered College the average entrance age was fifteen. There was little or no play for us as College students. During the College season of 1860-61, in the third term of which the war broke out, there were in the Department of Arts and the Scientific and Partial Courses 140 students; during the second season, that of 1861-62, there were 136; during the third, 1862-63, there were 121; during that of 1863-64 there were 113; and during the final season, 1864-65, there were but in. There were, however, many more students in the Depart- ment of Medicine, and a relatively large number in the Law Department. Among the medical students especially
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there were many from the Southern states at the outbreak of the war.
In those days the University buildings were situated on the west side of Ninth Street, between Chestnut and Market Streets, with an open yard or campus between the Depart- ment of Arts on the north, and the Medical Department on the south, and an iron railing around both. The center of everything in the city, in the way of news, was the Continental Hotel, diagonally across the street, where the last intelligence from "The Front" was always posted up conspicuously as it came in. At exciting moments, or often when there was a lull in affairs, we boys would stand up in class for permission to leave the room, and would run as fast as our legs could carry us over to the hotel, to find out the latest news from the seat of war and then bring it back and secretly retail it in the classroom.
About this time the Board of Trustees passed a resolu- tion that the Faculty of Arts should be requested to institute for the undergraduates a system of instruction in the Mil- itary Arts and Science and the Military Drill, by and under the direction of Professor Coppee: provided that none should be required to attend the same against the wishes of their parents or guardians, or in violation of their own religious opinions.
We youngsters who remained at home were accordingly, soon after the outbreak of the war, organized under the au- thority and auspices of the Faculty of Arts and under the supervision of Professor Henry Coppee, who held the chair of Belles Lettres and the English Language and Literature, into a cadet military company called the "University Light Infantry" — well named, for infants many of us certainly were, and light at that, except the full-grown muskets we had to carry.
Professor Coppee was graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, and afterwards had served through the the war with Mexico. Subsequently thereto he
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had resigned from the army with the brevet of captain for gallant service. As commandant of the corps and instructor he selected and the Faculty appointed the officers of the company. I cannot now remember, nor have I been able to ascertain, who were the officers of the company for the first term of its existence, in the spring of 1861, except that Chester D. Hartranft was the captain, John Cadwalader (then junior) the first sergeant and I myself the fourth duty sergeant.
The Trustees gave us for our armory the use of the building back from the west side of Fourth Street belowArch, where had originally stood the old "Academy and Charitable School," the forerunner of the University. What with our frequent drills and occasional street parades, our martial enthusiasm was kept up to the sticking-point. Our ardour was considerably abated for a while when we were paraded on the Fourth of July, 1861, an exceedingly hot day, with the "Home Guards" and militia under the command of General Pleasonton, who kept us for hours, it seemed, in the broiling sun at Broad and Brown Streets, while he was having his photograph taken in full and splendid uniform, the conse- quence being that several of our company fell outof the ranks, thoroughly used up and exhausted. The company also turned out to receive a beautiful silk stand of National and State colours, presented to it by Mrs. George H. Boker, a grand affair we thought, though the members of the band we hired for the occasion wore citizens' clothes, and seedy ones at that.
The infantry corps was in the fall of 1864 changed into a battery of light artillery, and the ugly yellowish-gray cadet cloth uniform changed to one of dark blue with red trimmings.
That sad summer of 1862, after the unfortunate cam- paign of the Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula of Vir- ginia, brought great gloom over the country, and to replete our armies a conscription was ordered by the National Gov- ernment. On August 5th the Board of Trustees met and
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"Resolved, That if any undergraduates of the Univer- sity should volunteer to serve their country in her present noble efforts to crush a wicked rebellion, or if any such should be drafted under the militia laws, this Board pledges itself to make any interruption of their studies as little onerous to them as possible, granting degrees when asked to do so by the Faculties to all in good standing when their respective classes shall graduate, if such undergraduates shall be at the time of such volunteering or drafting within twelve months of the completion of their respective courses; Provided, that in case of the previous discharge of any of them from militia service they shall as diligently as practicable pursue their class studies in the University after such discharge."
Now this had a very disquieting effect on some of us who neglected our studies at the beginning of the Senior year (September, 1862), spent our time in drilling, practicing the manual of arms and sabre exercise, studying tactics, taking riding lessons, etc.
In the Chapel of the University there was erected many years ago a mural tablet commemora- ting nineteen of her sons in the College Department "who died," as the inscription reads, "to uphold the laws of their country in the War of the Great Rebellion," and below their names there follows, in early Greek characters, the famous memorial couplet of Simonides of Ceos, and a translation of its words:
Go, stranger, go! and to the Spartans tell, That here, obedient to their laws, we fell.
A modest, yet a well-deserved tribute to the noble dead — a silent inspiration to patriotism and to high endeavour.
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The nineteen names inscribed upon the tablet
were:
John Righter Jones, Class of '21 Henry Jonathan Biddle, Class of '34 Francis Engle Patterson, Class of '41 Thomas S. Martin, Class of '42 William Platt, Jr., Class of '46 James St. Clair Morton, Class of '47 Albert Owen Stille, Class of '48 Charles Frederick Taggart, Class of '52 Charles Izard MacEuen, Class of '53 Henry Courtland Whelan, Class of '53 Daniel Penrose Buckley, Class pf '55 James Hamilton Kuhn, Class of '57 Charles Baker Riehle, Class of '58 John Hazeltine Haddock, Class of '59 George McClelland, Bredin, Class of '60 Francellus Gordon Dalton, Class of '60 Archibald Hill Engles, Class of '60 Robert Patterson Engles, Class of '60 George William Powell, Class of '60 Sons of the University who died to uphold the laws of their country in the war of the Great Rebellion.
James W. Ashton, '63, gives these recollections :
The military connection of the University with the Civil War began when the first gun was fired at Fort Sumter. Then was organized the "University Light Infantry," which was the school of the soldier for many an undergraduate. It comprised nearly all the loyal members of the College.
It was under the remarkable training of Professor Coppee, himself a West Point man, and former teacher in that great National institution. It counted among its ranks some of the men who gained distinction in their several pro- fessions later on. Its first Captain was Chester Hartranft,
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who became a celebrated theologian of his church and pro- fessor in the Hartford Seminary. It would be interesting to look up its roster, of which I have no copy, unfortunately. Height determined the place of the men in the ranks, and it was my good fortune to form a file with Henry Morton, afterward President of Stevens Institute of Technology. Et hoc genus omne.
The drills of the squads were conducted in the large front court of the brick school-building that stood back from the sidewalk on Fourth Street near Chestnut. Sometimes we were marched to open lots on North Broad Street for the evolutions of the company. Hardie's "Tactics" was our military textbook. And the organization was carried for- ward in everything that appertained to efficiency and thor- oughness. After a while we wore our uniform of gray; jackets and trousers; our accoutrements were the knapsack, the cartridge-box and cross-belt; our weapons, the Springfield musket and bayonet furnished, I believe, by the State. And these under the regulation visored cap of the volunteer army made our appearance quite martial. For such fellows as the war had fired with the hope of active service in the field these factors were inspiring. But before they left their classes their minds were drilled in warlike matters by many of their recitations. Especially was this the case in the reading of those Greek and Latin authors that treated of these subjects, like Thucydides and Livy. Professor Allen was famous for his taste for accuracy and explicitness in the translation and explanation of military phrases and terms in the originals. And it was one of the daily exercises of the writer to draw diagrams of battles and maneuvres of armies and squadrons, and of the circumvallations and sieges of cities described in the texts. And it was his special delight when the correspondence between the technical words of the ancient author and their translation was illumined by some sketch on the blackboard which the student had worked out in the solitude of his room.
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W. W. Montgomery of '65 writes:
Having been an undergraduate of the University from 1861 to 1865, the years of the Civil War, I am asked to give some account of the feelings and doings there at that time. My memory is of the College alone. The students of the several departments, Arts, Law and Medicine, in those days saw practically nothing of those of the others. A very few medical students were members of the Glee Club and of some of the Greek letter fraternities; but except for an occa- sional snow battle royal between our men and the Meds on the old Ninth Street Campus, we passed in and out among them as total strangers, and of the undergraduates of the Law Department we saw nothing. The general age of the students of the College was, I should say, decidedly younger than at the present time and the numbers very much fewer. Our class — 1865 — had not over 50 or 60 in all, and we grad- uated but 23.
TheTrustees and Faculty, as might have been expected in the case of a Philadelphia College — for such it then was essentially — were thoroughly loyal in their feelings, and so were most of the students. Not a very large number entered the military or naval service, except on the occasions of the invasions of Maryland and Pennsylvania, when many of them entered the emergency regiments and batteries, which were disbanded and sent home when the Confederates re- tired. Quite a number, including several men from my own class, received appointments to West Point or Annapolis during the course of the war. A few of the students, who came from the Southern States, entered the Confederate service, or were said to have done so.
With the enemy "thundering at our gates," and hun- dreds of thousands of the young men of the land at the front or walking the roads and streets crippled from wounds, and families everywhere in mourning for those who had died in the service, consciousness of the great conflict was omni- present, yet the general course of life went on much as usual
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
with those at home. The University Glee Club, Class Day and the Bowl Fight all came into being during the Civil War; though athletics — such as there were in those days — were a good deal interrupted.
The student is a light-hearted fellow, and in spite of the anxiety from which old and young were never free, though the Glee Club with John Sims at its head toured and sang for the benefit of the Sanitary Commission, and we worked for the cause as we got the chance, we lost no opportunity for fun, and in the Class of '65 had a good deal of it. It was in war times that the poet of our class, afterward a reverend Doctor of Divinity, even as a youth passionately inter- ested in the success of the National cause and half heart- broken when reverses came, amused us with the doggerel describing a professor of wide fame and for whom he had really great respect.
Montgomery was captain of the University Battery during the College year 1864-65. This military organization, he says, was organized in the spring of 1861 as an infantry company, but no drills were held during the ensuing year and it was not revived until the beginning of the College term in 1862. The next year, under the direction of Somers Hayes, '64, who had been first sergeant, by permission of the College authorities it was recog- ized as a Battery of Light Artillery and as such was maintained until the end of the Civil War. Cap- tain Hayes was a man of unusual ability as a discip- linarian and full of enthusiasm. The organization was never called into active service as a body, although many of its members entered the service in other organizations. No Medical or Law stu-
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dents ever belonged to the company and it suffered greatly from the want of interest on the part of the Trustees of the University and the College Faculty. Any student who became tired of the drills could be permanently excused, so that it was impossible to keep the organization sufficiently full to be a real credit to the University. Captain Montgomery adds, "I know that this was heart-breaking to both Captain Hayes and his officers and afterward to me and those under me."
Edward F. Pugh, '67, entered College in April, 1864, at the beginning of the third term Freshman year and immediately joined the company. Drills were held once and sometimes twice a week — usually on Monday, sometimes on Friday after- noon in the Armory at Broad and Race Streets. In October, 1864, drills were held temporarily in the building owned by the University on Fourth Street near Arch. The battery had six (6) guns and on Saturday, April 22, 1865, was stationed on Penn Square firing salutes in honor of the funeral procession of President Lincoln. Archibald Mont- gomery and James H. Lyman, of the Class of '67, were seriously injured by the premature discharge of the gun which they were serving. Both finally recovered, but Montgomery had lost an eye and an arm. Lyman's injuries were not severe. Pro- fessor Coppee, a graduate of West Point, was in nominal command and the officers were students,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
the captains being members of the Senior Class. Prizes were awarded for proficiency in various exercises and in 1865 the fencing prize was taken by Clement C. Dickey, '66. It was the custom to present a revolver to the retiring captain. Says George Woolsey Hodge, '65 :
As to the feeling in the College at that time, as far as my recollection goes, I should say that the war did nothing to interfere with its regular procedures. None of the profess- ors went to the war, and none of my class. We were all con- sidered too young. In fact there was an unusual spurt, so to speak, in College interests. The class to which I belonged was the first to adopt a class organization and hold a class day. It instituted the custom of a Baccalaureate sermon, the first being preached by the Rev. Phillips Brooks, then Rector of Holy Trinity Church. It was in the College Chapel, and the Glee Club, which was formed by our class, acted as choir. His text was, "If the light that is in you be darkness, how great is that darkness."
Our class also introduced the use of the College cap at graduation. Before that none but Provost Goodwin had worn one. I remember how difficult it was to get them made.
To return to civil life we must record that the University has given to the Nation:
In the Constitutional Convention — Wilson, Franklin, Morris, Mifflin, Clymer, and Ingersoll.
Attorneys-General have been Smith, Meredith, Read, Sergent, Morris, Brewster, McKean, Allen, Reed, Kittera, Carson, Bell, and Brown, of Pennsylvania; Bozman, of Mary- land; Marchant, of Rhode Island; Rodney, Gilpin, Brewster, and Wickersham, of the United States.
United States Senators have been Dickinson, of New 226
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Jersey; Mason and Gray son, of Virginia; Muhlenberg and Bingham, of Pennsylvania; Clayton, Latimer, and Rodney, of Delaware; Whitesides and Cooke, of Tennessee; and Walker, of Mississippi.
Governors have been Dickinson, McKean, Mifflin, Pennypacker, and Brumbaugh, of Pennsylvania; Clayton and Miller, of Delaware; Paca, Goldsborough, Carroll, Thomas, and Loundes, of Maryland; Izard, of Arkansas; Dickerson, of New Jersey; Carey, of Wyoming; Barber, of Montana; Bibb, of Alabama; McCullough, of Vermont; Walker, of Kansas; Hulbert, of Maine; Floyd, of Virginia; and Gilpin, of Colorado.
Justices of Supreme Courts have been Paca, Seney, and Ridgeley, of Maryland; McKean, Read, Tilghman, Sharswood, Smith, Gordon, Yeates, and Mitchell, of Penn- sylvania; and Wilson, of the United States.
Cabinet Officers — Stoddert and Boric, Secretaries of the Navy; Peters and Garrison, Secretaries of War; Mere- dith and Dallas, Secretaries of the Treasury; William T. Otto, Secretary of the Interior.
Joseph Beale, Surgeon-General, U.S.N.; James Tilton and Robert M. O'Reilly, Surgeons-General, U.S.A.; and Washington's physicians, James Craik, and Elisha Cullen Dick.
The machinery and dies for making the coin of the young Republic were devised and made by Rittenhouse when appointed Director of the Mint by Washington.
To Literature and Art — Francis Hopkinson, Henry Reed, Benjamin West, Joseph Hopkinson, Thomas Dunn English, Charles Dudley Warner, John McClintock, John M. MacCauley, Robert M. Patterson, S. Weir Mitchell, Francis O. Ticknor, Robert M. Bird, Charles Henry Liiders, and Rene Gregory.
To Science — Ebenezer Kinnersley, Robert Hare, Alex- ander Dallas Bache, Edward D. Cope, F. A. Genth, Daniel G. Brinton, Caspar Wistar, James I. Biederman,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Elisha Kent Kane, John Morgan, Benjamin Rush* Philip Syng Physick, Crawford Long, H. C. Wood, D. Hays Agnew, William Pepper, William Sellers, J. Peter Lesley, Joseph Leidy, Benjamin Smith Barton, John Ryder, Henry D. Rogers, Robert E. Rogers, Thomas Cooper, James Woodhouse, and Alfred Stille.
To the Law besides those already mentioned — George Sharswood, John I. C. Hare, George Tucker Bispham, James Parsons, and John G. Johnson.
To Religion — The three chaplains of the Continental Congress, Jacob Duche, Patrick Allison, the founder of the Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, and William White, who was the first chaplain of the Congress of the United States, the first Bishop of Pennsylvania, and for the last forty years of his life the presiding Bishop of the United States and a Trustee of the University; Austin Phelps; John Henry Hobart, Bishop of Western New York; W. H. Delancey, Bishop of Western New York ; William H. Odenheimer, Bishop of New Jersey; S. S. Schmucker, founder Lutheran Sem- inary of Gettysburg; W. A. Muhlenberg, writer of hymns; Samuel Miller, founder Princeton Theological Seminary; James DeWolf Perry, Bishop of Rhode Island; Charles R. Hale, Bishop of Springfield; and William P. Remington, Bishop of Montana.
To Education — Samuel Jones, founder Brown Uni- versity; Charles Nassau, President Lafayette; S. B. How, and Robert Davidson, Presidents Dickinson; Jacob Hall, President of CokesburyCollege,Maryland; Richard S.Nassau, President of Hobart and Delaware Colleges; William Smith, founder Washington College, Maryland; Edward D. Neille, Chancellor University of Minnesota; Josiah Clarke Nott, founder of Mobile Medical College; Joseph Wright Taylor, founder of Bryn Mawr College; Henry Morton, founder of the Stevens Institute of Technology; Lyman Pierson Pow- ell, President of Hobart College, New York; and J. A. W. Haas, President of Muhlenberg College.
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TO THE NATION
Diplomats— E. S. Sayers, Minister to Brazil; E. J. Morris, Minister to Turkey; Torben Bille, Danish Minister to Great Britain; Lloyd Griscom, Minister to Brazil, Persia, Turkey, Italy, and Japan; Lawrence Townsend, Minister to Portugal and Belgium.
In the War with Spain the University con- tributed 502 sons to the military forces of the country. Of these Henry Clay Egbert, '56, Colonel of the 6th Infantry at Santiago, where he was badly wounded July ist, 1898, was made a Briga- dier General for his gallantry. He was killed in action at Malinta, Luzon, March 27th, 1898.
Louis Henry Carpenter, '59, a veteran of the Civil War, was made a Brigadier General in the War with Spain and commanded a division of the Third Corps. He was in command of the first troops of occupation of Cuba and displayed signal ability as Governor of Puerto Principe.
George L. Darte, '96, U. S. Consul at Martin- ique, W. I., discovered Admiral Cervera's Spanish fleet.
When the Great War brought its clarion call to humanity the University nobly responded to her best traditions and turned over her resources with quiet enthusiasm to the service of the Gov- ernment.
From Plattsburg seems to have come the initial impulse toward military training felt at the University. Those of the students who attended
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
the first camp in 1915 began an agitation which finally resulted in the establishment of a course in military training before the 1916-17 session had progressed very far.
The interest which had attended the projec- tion of the course abated somewhat when the time came for the men to devote a certain number of hours weekly to drill. Nevertheless a very fair number could soon be seen marching and " facing" right and left in the "Quad" and Franklin Field. At the same time the "O. D. " uniforms, which had peeped forth at first somewhat in the manner of the timid wild flower, gradually grew bolder until the lecture and recitation rooms showed a goodly sprinkling of this fashionable color.
As the situation began to develop and we could feel that the entrance of the United States into the great turmoil was daily nearing, it was apparent to anyone whose finger was on the pulse of the student body that this anatomy was not insensible to the National danger.
Then came the declaration of war and the hysterical behavior in many varied places. De- ceived by this patriotic upheaval some rather timid criticism was directed at the University of Pennsylvania because her Faculty and students did not ramp and put a stop to athletics and in general close up shop. Then it developed that we were following to the letter the advice of the President.
230
TO THE NATION
Our Faculty and our undergraduate leaders preached deliberation. "The National leaders will soon let us know what they wish us to do; let's keep our heads," we were told again and again. This we strove to do. We were the last to drop athletics, and in general we did our best to keep affairs running along normally.
It was not long, however, until figures com- piled by the Provost showed that we had 2200 men drilling under Major William Kelly, U.S.A., more than any other large University. Empty seats in the hitherto crowded lecture and recita- tion rooms testified that the exodus had begun; but it was not like the general panicky exodus that tempted us, which would have ill become men supposedly the leaders of thought in the nation. We went with our eyes open.
Our Faculty, our laboratories and our class- rooms were devoted unreservedly to the needs of the hour. Notable achievements there were in Chemistry (gases and masks), in Medicine, Dent- istry and Veterinary Medicine.
Many members of the Faculty distinguished themselves in the service of their country. Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor, Professor of Physiological Chem- istry, made important studies of the food condi- tions abroad and was a member of the Inter- Allied Commission; Dr. Emory R. Johnson, Pro- fessor of Transportation and Commerce, served on
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
the National Export Food Commission; Dr. Leo S. Rowe, Professor of Political Science, became Assistant Secretary of the Treasury; Dr. Louis A. Klein, Dean of the Veterinary School, became Director of the American Veterinary Service abroad as a member of General Pershing's staff, while Dr. Clarence J. Marshall, of the same school, took charge of the Veterinary Service of the United States Army in America; Drs. Wm. Pepper, D. J. McCarthy, Alonzo E. Taylor, George E. de Schweinitz, Charles H. Frazier, Edward Martin and G. G. Davis gave distinguished service in medical training and service, and Dr. S. H. Gilliland, 'oiV; ?O4M, was made Director of the Army Bacteriological Laboratory established in the Veterinary School.
The University Base Hospital which made such a fine record in France was entirely outfitted by the University, all its Surgical and Medical staff being members of the Faculty and under the direction of Major John B. Carnett, '99M. It was equipped to take care of 500 cases with a force of 150 enlisted men and 60 nurses, but the demands made upon it in France far exceeded this.
In the Laboratory of Chemistry many notable things were accomplished, Drs. Taggart, Shinn, Harned and McCutcheon serving so diligently that most of them were broken in health.
In the College, courses were given in Naviga- tion, and in the Towne Scientific School a course
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TO THE NATION
in Radio Communication. The Wharton School distinguished itself by providing the first Stores Course for the Ordnance Department of the Army, and its Dean, Dr. William McClellan, made a most useful contribution to the Government by the establishment of the Inter-Collegiate Intelli- gence Bureau which included in its membership every important University and College in the United States. This Bureau supplied College graduates with specialized training wherever the Government needed them, and after a successful existence of a year was taken over by the War Department.
A course in Military Science and Tactics was established in 1917 under the direction of Major Charles T. Griffith, U.S.A., and a Reserve Officers' Training Camp established at the University. This was followed in 1918 by the arrangement with the Government similar to that established at other Colleges and Universities which converted the University into a military institution, forming a Students' Army Training Corps. Under this arrangement all students in the draft age of 1 8 or over were inducted into the United States Army subject to call. Major Griffith became the Com- mandant and students were housed in Dormito- ries and Fraternities with a mess hall provided by leasing a building owned by Croft and Allen on Woodland Avenue near Thirty-second Street. A
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Naval Unit was established under the command
of Captain Harrison Bispham, U.S.N.
The record of the sons of the University in
the Great War, compiled and verified by The
General Alumni Society, up to University Day,
February 22nd, 1919, follows:
This will of course be considerably added to
as it becomes possible to reach more men and learn
of their record.
In the United States Army 5198
The Navy 702
Auxiliary Service 590
IN THE ARMIES OF OUR ALLIES
England 37
Australia and New Zealand 18
Canada 13
France 36
6594
Students Army Training Corps. . . . 2287 Naval Unit 450
2737 The dead 176
Wounded 86
Decorated 75
Prisoners 9
The highest rank was obtained by Brigadier Generals Henry Davis Todd, Jr., '86 and Charles
234
TO THE NATION
S. Blakely, '02, and Rear-Admiral Edward R. Stitt, '89M, in the American service, and Major General Sir Henry W. Thornton, K. B. E., '94, in the Royal Engineers of the British Army.
These are the men who gave their lives:
Raymond Charles Hummell, '15. Herbert H. Hunter, '07 D. Edwin Austin Abbey, 2nd, '12. Hew Dalrymple, '14 D, Robert Brinton Hill, '14. Harold St. George Taylor, 'i6T. Arthur Howell Wilson, '15 C. Frederick Neel Henderson, '03 M. Robert Harold Heath, '10 D. Franklin A. Dick, '04 C. Phinehas Prouty Chrystie, '15 L. Henry Clement Welker, '06 M. Eldred Leslie Fraser, '13 D. George Durfree Deshon, '93 M. Frederick David Clair, '15 M. John Henry Andres, 'n M. Clarence D. Bradley, '07 M. Thomas B. W. Fales, '05. William Deetjen, '17. Richard Foulke Day, '15. Richard Stockton Bullitt, '18. Reginald Black, '07 D.
Gail Hamilton Alexander, '17 M.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Howard Clifton McCall, '13. Thomas Massey, '19. John Lawrence Layton, '16. Arthur W. LaFlamme, '12. Joseph E. Hoopes, '17. Henry Howard Houston, 2nd, '16. John Ralston Graham, '15. Edward Benjamin Goward, '16. Thomas M. Golden, '16 Ev. James Francis Feeley, '09. Harry S. Ross, '18. Edward Glenn Royce, '08. Albert Charles Roberts, '09. Rufus Ford Montgall, '10. Thomas Roberts Reath, '19. Robert B. Woodbury, '12. David M. Vogt, '03 M. Ivar E. Tinnerholm, '19 D. MortLrer Sanderson, '09 D. Hal Brougham Chapman, '15. William H. Mulvihill, '16 L. Ward W. Pierson, '08. KirkW. Machette, '16. Joseph Addison Abrams, '07. Albert Lewis Thompson, '06. Paul J. Sykes, '18 L. Thomas Graham Hirst, '15. Knox B. Birney, '13. Frank R. Walker, '19.
236
TO THE NATION
Charles T. Evans, Jr., '15. Theodore W. Gerhardy, '20. Paris Townsend Carlisle, '15. Joseph Harold Parsons, '16 D. Henry D. Reichert, '12. Ernest L. Brautigan, '07. Harry E. McCausland, '14. Robert Alexander Balfour, '16. Frank Battles, '12. William Frederick Craig, '02 M. Philip James Davidson, '15. Taylor Everly Walthour, '17. William A. Freihofer, '07. John J. Springer, '14. Fay Mills Scott, '15. John Stokes Baldwin, '11. Rexford Mason Glaspey, '12. Timothy Joseph Moran, '05. James MacFarland, '11 M. William A. Cortwright, '14. Maurice McKnight Hill, '17. William F. Guilfoyle, '05 M. Alfred Reginald Allen, '98 M. Benjamin Franklin Pepper, '01. Gilbert Doolittle, '15. Pennington H. Way, '14. Emanuel R. Wilson, '13. Frederick B. Prichett, '13. Joseph F. Bellak, '11 L.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Howard Schell Baker, '08. Clarence J. Devlin, 'n. Jamard Richard Zeckwer, 09. Emil King, 93 M. George Herbert Walsh, '05. Benjamin C. Disharoon, '19. Carl C. Glanz, '18. William B. Black, '16. James T. McLean, '17 L. Van Horn D. Wolfe, '13. Arthur T. Eissing, '18. William Eyer Robinson, '17. Harry B. Ingersoll, '15 L. Henry Frank Singer, '12. Clarence Patton Freeman, '17 L. Nelson W. Perrine, '18. Benjamin Lee, 2nd, '17. J. C. Morris Small, '15* David Rupp, 3rd, '05. Frederich Oswin Waage, '04 M. Maurice F. Maxwell, '10. Alfred Brooks Lister, '15. Samuel Hazelhurst, '12. Augustus R. Stanley, '10. Norton Downs, Jr., '17. Raymond T. Turn, '17. James A. Bonsack, Jr., '19. Milton J. Lichty, '95 M. Harold S. Small, 'u C.
238
TO THE NATION
Percy Byron McNally, '08 D. Wm. Besse Kuen, JnT. Charles Prevost McMichael, '12 L. Edward J. Kelley, 'ioV. Clark B. Nichol, '15. Ernest Charles Winstone, '10 D. Almeron Walton Shanklin, '08 L. Ernest G. Wold, '19. Herbert Dakin Howe, '20. George Harold Righter, '09. Edward Ingersoll, '06. Frederick G. Wilmsen, '19. William Cleveland Reese, '10 M. Chester Fremont Willey, '20. Clay G. Stephens, Jr., '17. Alf Gilbert Wald, '17. Herbert Alyea Collins, '18. Harold Laforest Dutton, '14. Luther L. Peck, '13 L. Edward Glenn Henry, Jn M. James Malcolm McKibbin, '99 M. Frederick James Bradburn, 'oo D. Basil L. Steel, '13 L. Earle LeBre Hackett, '10. Coleman Riggs Havens, 'n. Watson Beatty Lenderman, '06. Earlston Lilburn Hargett, '17. Robert L. Houck, '21 M. Isaac Amandre Chapman, '16.
239
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Hilary Baker Rex, '16. John Jacob Fisher, '12. Max Fisher Lehman, '12. Lewis Gouveneur Smith, '14. Lyster Luke Brennan, '16 L. Albert Leonard Sporkin, '17 L. Earnest Frank Hausser, '17. Forney Linville Parker, 'n. Lawrence Charles Crockett, '09 D. Abram K. Street, '19 Ev. Allan Irving Huckins, '09, '12 L. Raymond Oscar Ludwick, '20. Lauren S. Eckels, '06, '09 M. Milton O. Fox, '20. Warden McLean, '16 Ev. Frank Dolan, '14 Ev. Merle Chesterfield Reed, '17. George Washington Sassaman, '19. Robert H. Pollock. Paul E. Fleisher, '17. Alfred Wanner Satterthwaite, '13. Clinton Van Pelt Newbold, '15. Jesse Warren Guise, 'n. Karl Brooks Crawford, JI9M. Malcolm McNaughton Metcalf, *2oM. Ricardo Jorge Hernandez, ?2oD. Francis Philip Croke, ' Edwin Marcus Smith, ' Thomas Weber Laird, '20 D.
240
TO THE NATION
Nelson DeWitt Willson, '20.
John Weaver Luther, 'o8M.
Jacob Zaun, 3rd, '17.
Samuel Harold Boyd, '10, 'i3M.
Wilbur Conrad Kreamer, Ji6V.
Harold Holcomb Kirk, '17.
William Hoyl, '18.
Earle Schuyler Barker, '13.
CHAPTER VIII THE ALUMNI
THE Founder of this University was one of the most fruitful advocates of union. He led in the formation of the union of the Colonies and he united many groups of people in useful endeavors. He is perhaps the greatest founder of useful organizations the world has known. Loyal association in a common purpose, fellowship, helpfulness and service are all emblems of Franklin's spirit. The next step is organization, which is the beginning of effective- ness. We have seen how the seizure of the College by the State in 1779 destroyed a true College, and took away its tone, traditions and spirit. For a hundred years the University suffered from this blow. Until 1830 the University averaged twelve graduates a year from its College department, and sometimes went down as low as three. During this period Yale and Harvard were graduating an average of forty men each year. The only depart- ment that kept the University of Pennsylvania prominent until near 1900 was the Medical School. This predominance of our professional schools until the last decade and this late development of our undergraduate departments makes our problem different from that of other Universities whose
242
THE ALUMNI
development has been exactly the reverse and whose alumni organization is founded entirely upon graduates of the College and thus not so complex as ours. Most of our alumni outside of Philadelphia are graduates of our professional schools. Many of them owe their first allegiance to another College and many came to Pennsylvania purely as a business proposition.
Owing to these facts and the importance of several departments at Pennsylvania, alumni organization was in a rather chaotic condition until recent years. The graduates of each depart- ment have been associated for many years. Indeed the alumni of the College have been orga5nized since 1836 when Thomas I. Wharton made them a formal address. The Schools of Medicine and Law, established respectively in 1765 and 1790, being the first on this continent, naturally attracted a large number of men who after graduation were attached to their particular department.
Recognizing the necessity for a strong central body for real service to the growing University and a wider responsibility among the graduates, Provost Pepper established the Central Committee of the Alumni in 1881 by statute of the University. This committee consisted of thirty members, six elected annually by graduates who were required to cast their ballot in person on Commencement Day. The committee was given the privilege of
243
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
nominating for every third vacancy in the Board of Trustees of the University and was required, through committees, to visit annually the insti- tution and report to the Trustees.
As all these Alumni bodies were without the facilities or organization for real, continuous ser- vice among what had become a great National group of men, Dr. Pepper took another step in 1895 when he founded The General Alumni Society and the graduate magazine," The Alumni Register." It was his hope that this general body would attract the alumni to a united zeal in the Univer- sity's service and that equipped by them it could undertake the wide service necessary and so lift a burden of detail, expense and administration from the University. Unfortunately he died before the Society got a fair start and although there were several efforts toward centralization from 1895 on, none of them made much progress until Provost Smith brought the alumni of the University together in 1911, loyal graduates capitalized the Society, and so was started a united organization equipped to do efficient work.
This alumni organization has overcome years of apathy. It has caused Pennsylvania's many alumni, and others, on this continent to know and think more of the University, which it has
aimed to nationalize.
244
THE ALUMNI
The registration of students in 1911 showed a decrease. In 1912 there were 5,323 students and since then there has been an increase of nearly 1000 in each year up to 1917 when the Great War came.
The Presidents of the Alumni who have suc- ceeded Dr. Pepper are Effingham B. Morris, '75, Samuel F. Houston, '87, Charles F. Gummey, '84, William A. Redding, '76, Francis S. Mcllhenny, '95, and Thomas W. Hulme, '89.
The Society has from the beginning kept full and accurate records of the alumni and maintains memorabilia of thousands of living and dead men, arranged alphabetically in envelopes; a card index of all the names and addresses of the living arranged alphabetically, by classes, and again geographi- cally— an invaluable equipment and service. It has published the first catalogue of these men, and from them raises a lot of money for the Uni- versity. It has compiled the record of the Great War and of former wars.
Through this Society, sons of Pennsylvania, in seventy-five localities in the United States and foreign countries, have been organized and made to feel a due sense of obligation toward their Alma Mater. They are joined in the Associated Penn- sylvania Clubs. The Alumni Secretary has carried her message to them and aided by the graduate magazine keeps them in touch with the University
245
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
and its development. The Alumni Society estab- lished and has maintained "Alumni Day" in June and "Alumni University Day" in February, the one a day of social activities, class reunions and general celebration, the other a visit to the Univ- ersity in session and a discussion of fcs intellectual leadership with Trustees and Faculty.
The usefulness, indeed the necessity, of all this is obvious. If the alumni organization did not perform these services the University would have to do so, and thus we lift from it a large burden of expense and administration.
The chosen representatives of the alumni manage alumni affairs and form a Board of Visitors to the University learning at first hand of its con- dition and needs. In April, 1916, the Trustees by statute granted the alumni the right to choose a Trustee for every vacancy, thus giving the alumni a participation in the management of the University and a consequent responsibility. William A. Redding, '76, President of The General Alumni Society and President of the New York Club, was the first alumnus to be chosen a Trustee in this way.
The Alumni Secretaries have been William Lane Winner, '85; Ewing Jordan, '68; Lewis Neilson, '81; Thomas Blaine Donaldson, '99; Isaac Anderson Pennypacker, '02; and Horace Mather Lippincott, '97.
246
THE ALUMNI
It is almost a trite statement to say that a College man should cherish grateful remembrances of his Alma Mater. The equipment she unsparingly gave him, both intellectual and otherwise, fitted him for the success he has made in after life. The opportunities enjoyed at the University always provide at least one association for every alumnus, that sticks in his head and heart and causes him to return annually for at least one function at his old College. During the winter the class dinner is an expected function which refreshes class associa- tions, while the alumni dinner on the evening of University Day in February is the occasion for a general foregathering. In June, Alumni Day serves to bring a man back for a more informal visit to the University, and at other times various affiliations, mostly of an athletic nature, draw alumni back to familiar scenes.
These occasions, all making for fellowship, were added to in 1915 by Alumni University Day. It seemed that the interest of the graduates in intellectual and educational matters should be maintained after they left College, and this oppor- tunity is now provided lor on February 2ist, the day before University Day. At this time there are no inspiriting bands, gaily costumed reunionists or Inter-Collegiate athletic contests to divide atten- tion. "The tumult and the shoutings" are still, and the University is in session.
247
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
This was an experiment of real significance and is an opportunity for those who are seriously interested in the intellectual leadership of the University to show their earnestness. It is a family council which the institution that sent us forth invites us to hold, whether we be near or far. The more points of view we can bring together and the wider we can scatter an intimate knowledge of her, the more steadily will she advance.
Two purposes of the Alumni Society are to keep the graduates all over the country in touch with the University and in touch with themselves. It is by doing this in an interesting and attractive way that a widespread and intelligent enthusiasm is maintained for the service of the University. Thus the "Alumni Register," which Dr. Pepper founded in 1895 as the monthly graduate magazine, is the principal bond of union and informant. It has been edited by Clayton F. McMichael, '91, Thomas B. Donaldson, '99, Cornelius Weygandt, '91, Isaac A. Pennypacker, '02, and Horace Mather Lippincott, '97.
The chief purpose of alumni meetings is to hear about the University in a more direct and interesting way than through literature, and to get to know each other. No Alumni organization can be strong and enthusiastic unless its members know each other, and the only way they can know each other is by coming together, when men of all
248
THE ALUMNI
ages and departments rub elbows in the common bond of Pennsylvania spirit. An English writer has said:
The idea of a University reaches far beyond a varied supply of professional training, the prodigal granting of degrees, the anxious encouragement of research, and the politic performance of educational contracts. Extend the catalogue of such activities as far as we please, we shall discover in the end that a University is something more than an engine of utility or a product of organization. The essence of a University is a spirit, a principle of life and energy and influence. And that influence must be impov- erished and robbed of efficiency if, owing to want of means, or want of ideas, or want of freedom, a University falls short of the great end of its being, that of caring for the spirit and mind of man, regardless of considerations of utility.
EARLY PHILADELPHIA
ITS PEOPLE, LIFE AND PROGRESS
BY HORACE MATHER LIPPINCOTT
JOINT AUTHOR WITH HAROLD DONALDSON EBERLEIN OF "COLONIAL HOMES OF PHILADELPHIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD."
1 20 illustrations. Decorated cloth. Octavo. $6.00 net.
Philadelphia originated many great and useful institu- tions which concern the civic growth and development of the American colonies. A pioneer, it can point to things still extant which have the distinction of being " the oldest" in American history. To read " Early Philadelphia " is to embark on a voyage of discovery in which all the Colonial scenes, its important and peculiar customs, unique sporting life, institutions of all kinds from grave to gay, and all the varied aspect of Colonial existence, are interpreted for us by the author in authoritative and fascinating style.
"A reconstruction from original documents of every description of Colonial times. The book furnishes an important chapter in the social history of America." — New York Times.
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE.
OCT 20 1936
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY