TE

924
.065
1938
V.2

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALyEONTOLOGY

UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

11: FLORA OF THE LANCE FORMATION AT ITS
TYPE LOCALITY, NIOBRARA COUNTY. WYOMING

By Erling Dorf

Princeton University

With seventeen plates and 3 text figurea

[Preprinted from Carneqib Institution of Washington Publication No. 508, pages 79 to 159, October 2, 1942]

'Gray Herbarium

Purchase
December 1970

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL/EONTOLOGY

UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

II: FLORA OF THE LANCE FORMATION AT ITS
TYPE LOCALITY, NIOBRARA COUNTY. WYOMING

By Erling Dorf

Princeton University

With Beventeen plates and 3 text figurea

[Issued October 2, 1942]

CONTENTS

PAGK

Introduction 83

Earlier Work in the Area 84

Stratigraphy 88

Composition of the Flora 97

Systematic Relationships ; 97

Quantitative Analysis 98

Climatic Conditions Indicated by the Lance Flora 100

Correlation 103

Summary 122

Systematic Palaeobotany 124

Synonyms and Changes of Names 124

Descriptions 126

Q

FLORA OF THE LANCE FORMATION AT ITS TYPE LOCALITY,
NIOBRARA COUNTY, WYOMING

INTRODUCTION

The flora of the Lance formation has been the subject of considerable discussion
in the past because of its connection with the controversial Mesozoic-Cenozoic
boundarj^ problems. Several years ago it became apparent that many of the fossil
plants supposed to have been collected from the Lance formation of Wyoming,
Montana, and the Dakotas were in reahty obtained from beds which are above and
younger than the Lance formation as originally defined.^ It has seemed wise, there-
fore, to Hmit the scope of this report to the description and discussion of plants
known definitely to have come from the Lance formation at its type locahty.

Although plants were collected by Knowlton from the type Lance (then called
the " Ceratops beds of Converse County ") as early as 1896,- they were only partially
identified and have never been described or figured. These plants are now in the

FiG. 1 — Index map showing location of Lance Creek area

' Dorf, E., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 33, 35, 1938.

2 Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 128, 1897.

83

84 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

coUections of the U. S. National Museum, where they were kindly made available to
me for the present study. Mj' own larger collections of plants from the tj^De Lance
werc obtainod during two weeks of the field season of 1936 and five weeks of 1938.

As is shown in figure 1, the type locaUty of the Lance formation is in eastern
Wj-oming in the north-central part of Niobrara County (formerly the eastern part of
Converse County). It is referred to generally as the Lance Creek area and is the
location of the well-known Lance Creek oil field.' The area hes within a radius of
5 miles northward of the town of Lance Creek and is 25 miles north-northwest of
Lusk, Wyoming.

The study of the Lance flora is a continuation of my program on Upper Cre-
taceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region, conducted under the auspices of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington and Princeton University. For their competent
assistance in the field I am indebted to H. H. Sharkey, K. M. Waage, F. D. Boice,
and J. S. Shirk, students at Princeton University, and J. S. Eddy, of LawTenceville
School. Suggestions and technical advice have been given by Dr. John B. Reeside
and Dr. Roland W. Brown, of the U. S. Geological Survey. Herbarium material
has been freely consulted at the New York Botanical Garden, whose stafT has been
most hclpful in offering suggestions regarding the systematic position of the fossil
plants. For his constructive criticism of the manuscript I am particularly indebted
to Dr. Ralph W. Chaney, of the Universitj^ of Cahfornia.

EARLIER WORK IN THE AREA

The Lance Creek area was first brought to scientific attention by Hatcher,^ who
had coUectcd a largc suitc of dinosaur remains there between 1889 and 1895. Before
the pubhcation of Hatchcr's papcr Marsh had described several species of Triceratops
(originally called Ceraiops) and other vertebrates from Hatcher's collections; he had
failed, however, to specify the locahtj'^ from which these specimens had been ob-
tained, other than that they were "from thc Laramie" or "from the Ceratops beds of
Wyoming." ^ It romainod for Hatchor to locatc the area, and to describe in detail
the Hthologic charactors and skotch thc areal boundaries of the beds which had
yieldod dinosaur remains. Regarding the stratigraphic position of the "Ceratops
beds," Hatcher statcd: " All the bcds of the entirc section arc conformablo, and bear
evidence of a continuous doposition, from tho Fort Picrre shales up through the Fox
HiUs sandstonos and tlic ovorlying frosh-water Ceratops bods." * Hatchor subse-
quently pubUshcd two othor short papors ^ which mcntioned the Lance Crock area,
but did not add any data pertinent to the present report.

At about the same time, Stanton and Knowlton visitcd the Lance Creek area
and made collections of invertebrates and plants from both the "Ceratops beds" and

'Hanpock, E. T., U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 716, 91-122. 1921. Emcry, W. B., Araer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists,
Structure of Typical American Oil Fields. vol. 2, 604-61.3, 1929.

» Hatchcr. J. B., Amcr. Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. vol. 45, 135-144, 1893.

» Marsh, O. C, Amcr. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37. 334, 1889; ibid., vol. 38, 81, 177, 501, 1889; ibid., vol. 39, 422, 1890;
ibid., vol. 41, 167, 1891; ibid., vol. 43. 249. 1892.

« Hatchcr, J. B., op. cit., 139. 1893.

•Hatchcr, J. B., Amcr. Naturaliet, vol. 30, 112-120, 1896; Amcr. Gcologist, vol. 31, 369-375, 1903.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 85

adjacent strata. The report on this visit was pubhshed in 1897.^ At tliis time
Knowlton regarded the plants as indicative of the "true Laramie" age of the "Cera-
tops beds," that is, equivalent to the Upper Cretaceous Laramie formation of the
Denver basin, and of the same age as the plant-bearing "Black Buttes beds" of
southwestern Wyoming. The fresh-water invertebrates and the dinosaurs corrob-
orated this conchision. The stratigraphic section, as observed by Stanton and
Knowlton, showed a conformable sequence from the Pierre shales up through the
Fox Hills sandstone, the "Ceratops beds," and finally the "Fort Union group."
The " Fort Union " age of the beds overlying the " Ceratops beds " was determined on
plant evidence and on the absence of dinosaur remains.-

The complete descriptions and discussions of the ceratopsian dinosaurs, includ-
ing those of the Lance Creek area, were pubhshed by Hatcher and Lull a decade
later.^ The map (plate 51) accompanying that report showed both the exact locah-
ties where the dinosaurs had been coUected and the areal hmits of the beds, which
were here called the " Converse County beds" and the " Lance Creek beds." ■* The
fauna was regarded as of true Laramie (Cretaceous) age, and at least in part con-
temporaneous with the dinosaurs from near Black Buttes, Wyoming and from the
"Hell Creek beds" of Montana.

Up to 1909 there was apparent unanimity of pubhshed opinion for the Creta-
ceous age of the "Ceratops beds" of the Lance Creek area. In that year, however,
Knowlton changed his opinion concerning both their stratigraphic relations and
their age. He concluded:

"Conformably below the beds by some geologists considered as the true Fort Union occur
dark-colored sandstones, claj^s and shales, which have often been incorrectly referred to the
Laramie, or its equivalent, but which are stratigraphically and paleontologically distinct from the
Laramie, and the contention is liere made that these beds, which include the 'Hell Creek beds'
and so-called 'somber beds' of Montana, the 'Ceratops beds' or 'Lance Creek beds' of Wyoming,
and their stratigraphic and paleontologic equivalents elsewhere, are to be regarded as constituting
the lower member of the Fort Union formation, and are Eocene in age." *

In this paper Knowlton included a revised hst of the plants coUected from the
"Ceratops beds" of the Lance Creek area; this differed considerably from the one
previously pubhshed.'^ Of 48 recognized forms, only 16 species were specificaUy
identified; of 14 species having an outside distribution, 9 were reported known from
the Fort Union. In view of the fact that 6 of these 9 species were not mentioned in
Knowlton's previous hsts and have not been seen in any of my own larger collections
from the "Ceratops beds," I have been much concerned about their validity. An
examination of Knowlton's coUections at the U. S. National Museum has revealed
that the specimens representing 4 of the species were actually collected from the
acknowledged Fort Union beds above the top of the "Ceratops beds," and those
representing 3 species are not to be found. The remaining 2 species, Sequoia norden-

' Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 127-156, 1897.

' Ibid., 134, 135.

' Hatcher, J. B., and Lull, R. S., U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 49, 1907.

< Ibid., 180, 184.

' Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 180, 1909.

« Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 136, 1897.

86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

skioldi Heer and Trapa? microphylla Lesquereux, were found to be valid; both of
these species are, however, long-ranging forms of little value for correlation.

Although the obviously mixed collection of Lance Creek specimens did not add
any appreciable weiglit to his argument, Knowlton was by this time thoroughly
convinced by accumulatcd evidence from elsewhere that the flora of the "Ceratops
beds" and their supposed equivalents elsewhere could not be distinguished from the
Fort Union flora. The stratigraphic misconceptions which led him to this conclu-
sion have been discussed elsewhere.^

Thc "Ceratops beds" of the Lance Creek area were discussed again in the same
3'ear by Stanton,- who reiterated his opinion regarding the Cretaceous age of the
beds as determined by their stratigraphic relations, their vertebrates, and their
invertebrates. In the foUowing year, Stanton first appUed the name Lance forma-
tion to the "Ceratops beds," as foUows:

'*Tlie namc Lance formation has recently been adopted by the United States Geological
Surs'ey for the 'Ceratops beds' of eastern Wyoming and adjacent areas. It is an abbreviated
form of the term 'Lance Creek beds' which J. B. Hatcher applied to these deposits . . . with the
statement that the name is taken 'from the principal stream in the region where they are best
represented in Converse County, Wyoming.'" '

In this report Stanton was primarily concerned with the stratigraphic relations of
the Lance formation. In the Lance Creek area, and elsewhere, he observed that
there was no evidence of an unconformity between the Lance and the underlying
Fox Hills sandstone, such as had been postulated by some geologists. He pointed
out also that the Fox Hills sandstone of the Lance Creek area was somewhat thicker
than had previously been determined, and estimated the thickness of thc Lance
formation at 2100 to 2200 feet.

Within the next few years the controversy concerning the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary in the western interior reached its cUmax. The Lance Creek area, how-
ever, was no longer the focus of attention. In 1911 Knowlton ^ described a new
species from his Lancc Creek coUections but did not discuss furtlier the qucstion of
the age of the flora. In 1912 Winchester ^ described a section from the Pierre shale
to the Fort Union in the Lance Creek area, in which the Lance formation was esti-
mated to be 2539 feet thick. CoUections of invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants
were obtained from a number of locaUties. Problems of correlation were not dis-
cussed. The area was only brieUy mcntioned in connection with the symj)osium
on the "Close of the Cretaceous and Opening of Eocene Time in North America"
of 1913-1914.''

In the summer of 1914 LuU vi.sited the Lance Creek area, and subsequently he
I)ul)Ushed an exccUent summary of the known vertebratc remains, both mammaUan
and dinosaurian, which had by this time becn coUected from the Lance formation of

■ Dorf. K.. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 213-230. 1940.

•Stanton, T. W., Proc. Washington .\tad. .Sci., vol. II. 241-244, 1909.

» Stanton, T. W., Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 30, 172, 184, 1910.

• Knowlton, F. H., Bull. Torrey Bot. Chib. vol. 38, .389, 1911.
> Winchestcr, D. E.. U. S. Geol. Surv. B\ill. 471. 477, 1912.

• Osborn, H. I'., Knowlton, F. H., et al., BuU. Geol. Soc. .-Vmer., vol. 25, 321-102, 1914.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 87

the region.^ The chief contribution of this report was the observation that the
mammaUan remains had been coUected from the same zone that had yielded the
dinosaur remains, and were uniformly distributed throughout the entire Lance
formation. Emphasizing the relationships of the mammals, LuU regarded these as
substantiating the testimony of the dinosaurs for the Mesozoic age of the beds.

Reports on the structure and the oil and gas resources of the Lance Creek area
were pubUshed in 1921 by Hancock,^ and in 1929 by Emery.^ The area between
Lance Creek and Newcastle, Wyoming was visited at about this time by Dobbin
and Reeside, who convincingly showed that here, as elsewhere, the contact of the
Lance formation and the Fox Hills sandstone is essentially transitional.^ This was
an important observation, since by this time proponents of the contention that the
Lance formation belongs in the Cenozoic had stressed the presence of a major un-
conformity at the top of the Fox Hills.

The report by Dobbin and Barnett ^ on the GUlette coal field, which Ues just
north of the Lance Creek area, contains observations of significance to the present
report. The Lance formation in that region is subdivided by Dobbin and Barnett
into two members, which "are respectively correlated with and are directly trace-
able northward into the Hell Creek and TuIIock members of the Lance formation as
recognized in eastern Montana. The Hell Creek member is also traceable south-
eastward into the ' Ceratops beds ' of the Lance Creek area, described by Hatcher and
by Stanton and Knowlton." ^ This clearly implies, as I have also noted in a visit
to the area, that the TuIIock member of the Lance, which overlies the Hell Creek, is
directly traceable southeastward into the well-recognized Fort Union beds of the
Lance Creek area. This is in agreement with the evidence of the fossil plants, as
discussed elsewhere in this report, that the TuIIock is Paleocene "Fort Union," and
not a part of the Lance formation as originally defined.

The mammalian remains of the Lance Creek area were included in Simpson's
monograph on American Mesozoic mammals,^ pubUshed in 1929. The Lance mam-
maUan fauna is regarded (fig. 61 of Simpson) as of latest Cretaceous age. The dino-
saurs of the area were again discussed in 1930 by RusseU,* who listed the nineteen
species known and discussed their relation to other faunas. He concluded that the
Lance formation, as originally defined in the Lance Creek area, is equivalent in
Montana and the Dakotas to only the Hell Creek beds, and that the TuUock and
Cannonball should be provisionally included in the Paleocene. This opinion is now
beUeved to be substantiated by the positive evidence of the fossU plants of the
present report.

In the past decade the Lance Creek area has not often been the subject of dis-
cussion. In 1933 LuII included a systematic treatment and discussion of the dino-

• LuU. R. S., Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 40, 319-348. 1915.
' Hancock. E. T., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 716, 91-122, 1921.

' Emery, W. B., Amer. Assoe. Petroleum Geologists, Structure of Typical Amcrican Oil Fields, vol. 2, 604-613, 1929.

* Dobbin, C. E., and R«eside, J. B., Jr., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 158-B, 18-20, 1929.
' Dobbin, C. E., and Barnett, V. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 796-A, 1-50, 1927.

« Ibid., 8.

' Simpson, G. G., Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hiat., vol. 3, pt. 1, 97-139, 146, 149, 150, 1929.

' RusseU, L., Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 69, 139-141, 1930.

88 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

saur species known from the area in his monograph on the revision of the Ceratopsia.*
My own preliminary statements regarding the plants from the Lance and a discus-
sion of their stratigraphic relationships have preceded the present comprehensive
report.^

The palaeobotanical conclusion that the Tullock and Ludlow beds, generally
regarded as the upper member of the Lance formation in regions to the north of the
Lance Creek area, are of early Paleocene age has recently been substantiated by the
study of the foraminifera of the marine Cannonball beds, which interfinger westward
into the Ludlow.^

STRATIGRAPHY

General Section

The sedimentary rocks exposed in the Lance Creek area, as shown in figure 2,
are of Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Ohgocene age. The generaUzed section of
formations is as foUows:

Tertiary

Oligoeene :

White River group (nonmarine)
Unconformity
Paleocene:

Fort Union group (nonmarine)
Upper Cretaceous

Lance formation (nonmarine)

Fox Hills sandstone (marine)

Pierre shale (marine)

From the Pierre shale up into the Fort Union group the succession is one of ap-
parently continuous deposition. AU these formations crop out as a result of erosion
on the steep to gently dipping northwestern Umb of an asymmetrical anticUne. The
sediments of the White River group Ue essentiaUy horizontaUy on the dipping,
eroded Pierre shale in the southern part of the region. The best exposures of the
formations are to be seen in the banks of the main streams and their numerous
tributaries, aU of which are practicaUy dry during the summer months. In the
descriptions which foUow, details concerning the Pierre shale and the White River
group are omitted, as these beds have no immediate bearing on the problems con-
cerning the Lance formation.

Fox Hills Sandstone

From the typical dark-gray clay shales of the Pierre shale, exposures in the
Lance Creek area show a gradual transition upward into a succession of Ught-gray
and grayish-brown sandstones. These have been referred to the Fox HUls sand-
stone ■• on the basis of their stratigraphic position, their gross Uthology, and their

' Lull. R. S., Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. .3, pt. 3, 19,33.

» Dorf, E., Carnegie Inat. Wash. Pub. No. 608, pt. I, 33-36, 1938; BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 61, 213-236, 1940.

» Fox. S. K., Jr., and Rosa. R. J., Jr.. Bull. Ocol. Soo. Amer., vol. 51, no. 12, pt. 2, 1970, 1940.

«Stanton. T. W., and Knowlton, F. H.. BuU. Gcol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 128-132, 1897. Dobbin, C. F,., and Recside,
J. B., Jr., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 158-B, 18-20, 1929. Waagfe, K. M., The StralUjraphy and Palseoniology of the Fox
HilU Formation in the Lance Creek Area, Niobrara Counly, Wuoming, scnior thesia, Priuceton University, 4, 43-62, 1939.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING

89

abundant marine invertebrates, which include Veniella humilis Meek and Hayden,
Discoscaphites conradi (Morton), D. cheyennensis (Owen), and the diagnostic zone
index Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen),

The thickness of the Fox Hills sandstone in the region has been variously esti-
mated at between 300 and 750 feet. Discrepancies in thickness appear to be the

R 65 W.

Rg^W.

T

36
N

X PLANT LOCALITY OOIL WELL

OLIGOCENE PALEOCENE UPPER .CRETACEOUS

• OIL TANK

OROUP

m

FORT UNION
fOHMATION

D'

ANCe
F0RMA7I0N

FOX HILLS
FOBMATION

H

flERHC SH/M.C

FiG. 2 — Areal geology of Lance Creek area, showiiig locations of plant localities

result of difficulties involved in properly placing the contact with the overlying
Lance formation. The practical sokition to these difficulties has been ably stated
by Dobbin and Reeside:

"In general, minor individual lithologic units are not persistent in either the Fox Hills or the
Lance. On the other hand, largcr Hthologic units, aggregations of these smaller, variable units,
persist over large areas and are trustworthy features for identification. In some places, however,

90 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

there is little lithologic distinction between beds that contain characteristic Lance species and
others that contain characteristic Fox Hills species, and in these places the fossils must be made
the chief rcHancc for separating the formations." '

In keeping with these suggestions, the foUowing criteria for the practical de-
limitation of the Fox Hills sandstone in northeastern Colorado were subsequently
pubUshed by a committee of the Rocky Mountain Association of Petroleum Geolo-
gists after a field conference with Dr. Reeside:

"The base of the Fox Hills formation shall be considered as the horizon below which the
section is prcdominantly gray marine clay shales and sandy shales of Pierre age, and above which
the section changes rapidly to a bufl to brown sandstone containing numerous large gray to brown,
hard sandy concretions. This lower concretionary member is commonly overlain by a series of
Hght gray to brown sandstones and sandy shales.

"The top of the Fox Hills formation shall be considered as the horizon above which the sec-
tion is composed predominantly of fresh and brackish-water deposits accompanied bj' coals and
hgnitic shales, and below which it is predominantly marine." ^

Attempts by our field party to apply these practical criteria to the section in the
Lance Creek area showed that the Fox Hills sandstone, though somewhat variable
in thickness, averages about 250 to 350 feet in thickness, as has also been shown by
Dobbin and Reeside.^ The greater thicknesses reported by earUer writers are ap-
parently the result of the inclusion in the Fox HiUs of several massive, gray sand-
stones (Colgate equivalent?) which in places Ue above the tj^pical, fossiUferous Fox
HiUs beds. These massive sandstones are locally present in the Lance Creek area,
where they have the following characteristics : (1) they are lenticular bodies of sand,
which were traced laterally along the strike from just east of Localit}' P3652 into the
typical duU-gray sandy shales, lignites, and plant-bearing gray sandstones of the
lower Lance formation at LocaUty P3853; (2) they contain a well-defined lignite bed
above thc lowest massive sandstone, as well as several lignite lenses higher up; (3)
they contain no marine invertebrates ; (4) locally they have jielded both dinosaur
remains and impressions of land plants; and (5) they resemble more closely the
lenticular sandstones of the overlying Lance succession than any beds of the true
Fox Hills. On the basis of the criteria set forth above, these massive sandstones
are not considerod a part of the Fox Hills formation.

The following section, measured by Stauton ■* at the mouth of Lance Creek, is
typical of the Fox HUIs sandstonc in this region, and shows the relation of the mas-
sive sandstones, which were regarded by Stanton as upper Fox Hills, to the beds
below.

Seclion of Fox Hills Sandslone at Mouth of Lance Creek, Sec. 11, T. 39 N., R. 62 W., Wyoming

Lance formation [part] : '^'infed^

White cros.s-bcdded sandstone with irrcgular brown indurated bands, masses, and

concretions 50.0

Soft sandy shale with bands of lignitic shale. Fragmeuts of dinosaur bone were

found on the surfacc hcre 50. 0

[Both units above were included by Stanton in tlie Fox Hills[

' Dobbin, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., op. cit., 11, 1929.

' Lovering, T. S., Aurand, H. A., Lavington, C. S., and Wilson, J. H., Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologista, vol.
16, 702, 1932.

• Dobbin, C. E., and Reesidc, J. B., Jr., op. cit., 19, 1929.

* Stanton. T. W., Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 30, 184, 1910.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 91

Fox Hills sandstone: Thickness

Sandy shale full of Corbicula cytheriforinis? and Corbicula subelliptica var. 7no- *^/^"

reauensis 0.5-1.0

More or less carbonaceous shale 15.0

Soft, massive gray sandstone with many brown concretions 25.0

Gray sandstone and sandy shale with bands of sandstone containing Fox Hills

fossils about 150.0

Cross-bedded, ripple-marked, reddish-brown sandstone with irregular base 8.0-10.0

Massive, soft, buff sandstone with many large and indurated masses and an abun-

dant Fox Hills fauna 100.0

Total Fox Hills about 300

Pierre shale with only the top exposed

Lance Formation

As exposed in the Lance Creek area, v^^hich is its designated type locality, the
Lance formation consists of about 2600 feet of dull-gray sandy shales alternating
irregularly with lenticular, Hght-colored sandstones and thin Hgnite beds. Along
both Lance and Lightning creeks there are numerous good exposures which show
that individual units are very irregular, sandstones passing laterally into shales and
vice versa. Large, irregular concretions are prevalent at many horizons. The
massive sandstones are generally friable, though occasionally well cemented, and
are characteristically dull gray, weathering to light brown. The shaly beds are
generally dull gray or purplish gray, occasionally yellowish gray, and usually
weather to a somewhat lighter gray or pinkish gray. The lignite beds are thin,
discontinuous, and of poor quality.

Although considerable time was spent in the field in search of a complete section
of the Lance to be measured, none of the sections examined was found suitable.
The following complete section was measured by Winchester and Barnett ^ in a
traverse which cuts across the northwest corner of the region shown in figure 2 and
ends at the mouth of Lance Creek:

Section of Lance Formation Measured between East Cow Creek Butte, Sec. 32, T. 38 N., R. 67 W.,
and the Mouih of Lance Creek, Sec. 11, T. 39 N., R. 62 W., Wyoming

Thickness

" Fort Union " formation [part] : «» feet

Shale, carbonaceous, dark, sandy with a few thin beds of sandstone 200.0

Shale, dark, carbonaceous 40.0

Lance formation:

Sandstone, yellowish, friable [may be "Fort Union"], with some light shale (bone
fragments at 90 feet below top; Triceratops skull at 180 feet below top; shells

at 229 and 250 feet below top) 320.0

Shale, sandy, with some hard brown, slightly carbonaceous bands and friable

sandstone 147.0

Sandstone, massive, friable; shells at base [identified by T. W. Stanton]:
Campeloma multilineata Meek and Hayden Unio sp.

Sphserium sp. Viviparus? sp 47.0

Tulotoma thompsoni White

Sandstone, shaly, concretionary 3.0

Sandstone, massive, yellowish brown, friable; Trachodon skeleton at base 30.0

Shale, dark bluish gray, slightly carbonaceous 7.0

Shale, sandy 5.5

' Winchester, D. E., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 471, 477, 1912.

92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL.EONTOLOGY

Thickness
in feel

Sandstone, raassive, yellowish brown 22.0

Shale, sand}', bluish gray 6.0

Sandstone, friable, yellowish, with soft, sandy light-colored shale 1150.0

Sandstone, friable, massive, concretionary, shaly in places, with some hard brown,
slightly calcareous sandstone and a few bands of soft sandy shale; Unios found

at top 570.0

Shaie and sandstone, banded 30.0

Sandstone, massive, yellowish brown, with the following fossils [identified by
C. AV. Gilmore] :

Tooth of Triceratops

Fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, probably belonging to

the genus Aspiderates 25.0

Sandstone, shaly, with some shale 25.0

Sandstone and shale; light colors prevailing 120.0

Sandstone, massive, yellowish brown, friable 12.0

Shale, carbonaceous, sandy, and sandstone, soft 20.0

Total Lance formation 2539.5

Fox Hills sandstone:

Sandstones, yellowish brown, soft, interbedded with sandy, light-colored shale
[probably in part Lancej

The lower limit of the Lance formation has been discussed under the Fox Hills
sandstone. The upper limit, following its original definition, has been conveniently
drawn at the top of the dinosaur-bearing beds. This horizon coincides with a
marked change, without a recognized erosional or structural unconformity, from the
characteristic dull-gray shales and shaly sandstones of the typical Lance formation
to a sequence of more persistent ridge-forming yellowish sandstones, 5'ellowish
sandy shales, and coal beds.

The Lance formation of the Lance Creek area has yielded abundant fossil
remains of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. The dinosaur remains, most of
which were collected from the area included in figure 2, have been discussed recently
by Russell ' and Lull.- The mammaUan fauna has been thoroughly treated by
Simpson,^ and the invertebrates have been listed by both Stanton * and Henderson.^
Up to the present report the plant remains have not been systematically treated, and
only a provisional list of species has been published by Knowlton.'^

Except for the few specimens kindly loaned to me by the U. S. National Mu-
seum, the plant remains described in the present report were collected by me from
the Lance formation at the foUowing localities, shown in figure 2:

Locality P3853. Base of low ridge, near center of SE. \ sec. 23, T. 36 N., R. 65 W. (See
plate 1, figs. 1, 2.) Leaves occur in great numbers in a dull-graj^ hard, calcareous sandstone,
which is a lenticular unit within a thicker unit of gray, carbonaceous, sandy shales and thin lignite
beds. The horizon is about 210 feet above the top of the Fox Hills sandstone. The following
species of plants were obtained here:

Anona? robusta Asplenites tenellum

Araucarites longifolia Canna? magnifolia

' Russell, L., Proc. .\racr. Philos. Soc. vol. 69, 139-141, 1930.

> Lull, R. S., Mcm. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, pt. 3, 8, 15, 1933.

'Simpaon, G. G.. Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, pt. 1, 97-139, 146, 149, 150, 1929.

«Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 128-1.36, 1897.

• Henderson, J., Gcol. Soc. Amer., Spcc. Paper No. 3, 33, 1935.

« Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Washington .Vcad. Sci., vol. 11, 180, 1909.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 93

Carpites lancensis Phj^liites sp.

Cornophyllum wardii Pistia corrugata

Dombeyopsis trivialis Quercophyllum gardneri

Equisetum sp. Quercus? viburnifoUa

Ficus planicostata Sabalites eocenica

Fraxinus leii Sabalites montana

Laurophylhim meeki SaHx lancensis

Menispermites belh Selaginella? falcata

Menispermites cockerclli Trapa? microphylla

Myrtophyllum torreyi Typha sp.

Nymphseites dawsoni Viburnum marginatum

Locality P3854. South bank of small valley, southwest corner of SE. j sec. 15, T. 36 N.,
R. 65 W. (See plate 2, fig. 1.) A fair coUection of leaves was obtained from a lens of dark-gray,
hard, calcareous siltstone, estimated to lie about 1000 feet above the base of the Lance f ormation :

Aristolochites brittoni Laurophyllum salicifolium

Carpites sp. Palseoaster inquirenda

Cercidiphyllum arcticum Phyllites sp.

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Platanophyllum montanum

Dombeyopsis obtusa Quercus? viburnifolia

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Salix lancensis

Ficus? trinervis Trapa? microphylla

Fraxinus leii Viburnum montanum

Grewiopsis saportana Woodwardia? crenata
Laurophyllum coloradensis

Locality P3855. North bank of small valley, near center of SW. l sec. 13, T. 36 N., R. 65 W.

The following species were obtained from a bed of dull-gray, thinly bedded siltstone, estimated to

be about 1200 feet above the base of the Lance:

Anona? robusta Magnoliophyllum cordatum

Carpites walcotti Phyllites sp.

Carpites sp. Platanophyllum montanum

Cissus? lobato-crenata Quercus? viburnifolia

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Sequoia dakotensis

Grewiopsis saportana Viburnum marginatum

Laurophyllum coloradensis Vitis stantoni

Locality P3856. Head of small valley, southeastern part of SW. l sec. 2, T. 36 N., R. 65 W.
Only a few species were obtained, from a massive, buff to light-gray, soft claystone, estimated to
lie about 1600 feet above the base of the Lance. As nearly as can be determined, this is the same
locality as U. S. Geological Survey Locality 1462, referred to as "a clay bed . . . one and a half
miles southwest" of the U-L Ranch.' Only the following species were obtained:

Equisetum sp. Trapa? microphylla

Filicites knowltoni Typha sp.

Localiiy P3857. Middle of steep cliff along east bank of Lance Creek, center of SE. \ sec.
25, T. 37 N., R. 65 W. (See plate 2, fig. 2.) Numerous plant remains occur in an irregular stra-
tum of dull-gray siltstone in direct association with numerous well-preserved but fragile shells of
fresh-water invertebrates. This is the locality (U. S. Geological Survey Locality 1464) about
which Stanton and Knowlton remarked, "one of the best localities is in a bluff on the right bank
of the Lance Creek just below the U-L Ranch." " I obtained the following species from this
horizon, estimated to be about 1700 feet above the base of the Lance:

Apeibopsis? discolor Grewiopsis saportana

Cyperacites sp. Laurophyllum salicifolium

Dombeyopsis trivialis Magnoliophyllum cordatum

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Platanophyllum montanum

Fraxinus leii Quercus? viburnifolia

Ginkgo adiantoides? Rhamnus? minutus

' Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 133, 1897.
«Ibid., 132.

94

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL.EONTOLOGY

Salioiphyllum wyoraingensis
Salix lancensis
Sequoia dalcotensis
Typha sp.

Viburnum marginatum
Viburnum montanum
Vitis stantoni

Locality P3858. Base of steep east bank of Lance Creek, southwest corncr of SW. \ sec. 19,
T. 37 N., R. 64 W. (See plate 3, fig. 1.) Leaves occur in large dull-gray siltstone concretions
embeddcd in beds of lighter-gray, sandy shalcs. Horizon cstimated to be slightly above the
stratigraphic level of Locality P3857, about 1800 feet above the base of the Lance:

Asplenites tenellum
Cercidiphyllum ellipticum
Dryophyllum subfalcatum
Equisetum sp.
Filicites knowltoni
Fraxinus leii

Laurophyllum coloradensis
Menispermites knightii

Phyllites sp.
Pistia corrugata
Quercophyllum gardneri
Trapa? microphj-IIa
Typha sp.
Vitis stantoni
Woodwardia? crenata

Locality P3651. Sandstone outcrops in small badlands area, western edge of SE. j sec. 2,
T. 37 N., R. 65 W. Scattered plant remains occur in irregularly bedded, grayish-buff, hard silt-
stone, estimated to be about 2000 feet above the base of the Lance:

Apeibopsis? discolor
Aralisephyllum artocarpoides
Carpites lancensis
Carpites verrucosus
Celastrus? taurinensis
Cornophyllum wardii

Dillenites cleburni
Dryophyllum subfalcatum
Fraxinus leii
Pistacia eriensis
Sequoia dakotensis
Typha sp.

Locality P3652. West bank of deep guUy, northwestern corner of SE. \ sec. 15, T. 36 N.,
R. 64 W. A small collection of excellent impressions was obtained from a grayish-buff, hard,
fine-grained sandstone, which lies 450 feet above the base of the Lance:

Apeibopsis? discolor
Cercidiphyllum ellipticum
Dillenites cleburni
Dombeyopsis trivialis
Platanophyllum platanoides

Quercus? viburnifolia
Sequoia dakotensis
Viburnum marginatum
Viburnum montanum
Vitis stantoni

The following species were obtained from a massive, friable, coarse, buff sandstone just 26 feet
stratigraphically below the horizon above :

Canna? magnifolia Salix lancensis

Cinnamomum? afhne

Locality P3859. North bank of wide gully, western edge of NE. \ .sec. 14, T. 36 N., R. 64 W.
(See platc 3, fig. 2.) Leaves occur in a thinly bedded, grayish-buff siltstonc 2 feet above a layer
of fine-grained gray sandstone concretions. Horizon lies 440 feet abovc the basc of thc Lance:

Araucarites longifolia Laurophyllum wardiana

Carpites verrucosus Pistacia criensis

Cercidiphyllum cllipticum Platanophyllum montanum

Dombeyopsis obtusa Quercus? viburnifolia

Dombcyopsis trivialis Rhamnus? miiuitus

Dryophyllum subfalcatum , Salix lanccnsis

Equi.setum sp. Scquoia dakotcnsis

Ficus? trinervis Typha sp.

Grewiopsis saportana Viburnum marginatum
Laurophj-llum salicifolium

In addition to tho .spccics obtaincd from thcse localities, the following species
were borrowcd from thc U. S. National Muscum:

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 95

U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1463. Ravine IJ miles southwest of U-L Ranch (apparently
same as Locality P3856 of the present report) :

FiUcites knowltoni Salvinia? sp.

Nymphaeites browni Trapa? microphylla

Phyllites trifoliatus

U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1464- East bank of Lance Creek, just below U-L Ranch (same
as Locahty P3857 of present report) :
Myrtophyllum torreyi

U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1469. East bank of Lance Creek, 2 miles above the mouth of
Lightning Creek:

Salix lancensis

U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1479. Near Buck Creek corrals, Converse County, Wyoming.
CoIIected by T. W. Stanton, July 17, 1896:
Carpites ulmiformis
U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1485. East side of Lance Creek, 1 mile north of the Pierre shale:
Nelumbo tenuifolia

U. S. Geol. Survey Locality. No number given; Lance formation ("Ceratops beds"), Lance
Creek, Converse County, Wyoming. Collected by J. B. Hatcher, June 1881:

Ficus? ceratops

Fort Union Group

The deposits above the Lance formation have been generally referred to the
Fort Union "formation" on the basis of stratigraphic position, hthology, absence of
dinosaurs, and the presence of a typical Lower Eocene (Paleocene) flora.^ The
contact between the typical Lance formation and the lowest unit of the Fort Union
group has been discussed under the Lance formation. This contact is traceable
northward into the Gillette coal field region, where it coincides, so far as I can deter-
mine, with the contact between the Hell Creek and TuIIock formations.- The Tul-
lock formation was regarded by Dobbin and Barnett, as elsewhere by others, as the
upper member of the Lance formation. In the Gillette coal field, as well as at its
type locality and elsewhere, the TuIIock formation is now known to contain plant
remains of typical Paleocene Fort Union aspect.^ This conclusion is substantiated
by the southward extension of the Tullock of the Gillette coal field into the Fort
Union beds above the top of the Lance formation, as defined, in the Lance Creek
area. It is evident, therefore, that the lower unit of the Fort Union group of the
Lance Creek area is equivalent to the Tullock formation, which is traceable from
its type locality in eastern Montana into the area of the Gillette coal field.*

The lithologic characters of the "TuIIock" formation in the Lance Creek area
are in distinct contrast with those of the type Lance. Sandstones are thin, yel-
lowish, fine-grained, and fairly hard. They are more persistent than the sandstones
of the Lance formation and form a fairly prominent succession of low scarps which
stand above the rolling, subdued lowlands developed on the Lance formation. The

■ Stanton T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 134, 1897. Dorf, E., BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 216, 232, 1940.

2 Dobbin, C. E., and Barnett, V. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 796-A, 8, 9, 1927.

' Dorf, E., op. cit., 223-232, 1940.

• Dobbin, C. E., and Barnett, V. H., op. cit., 8, 1927.

96

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

interbedded shales are also yellowish, and are soft and sandy, and non-concretion-
ary. The coal beds are generally thin but arc of better quaUty than the hgnites of
the Lance formation. The thickness of the "TuUock" formation in this region is
roughly estimated at about 400 feet.

The beds above the "Tullock" were not examined in the Lance Creek area.
In the Gillette coal field Dobbin and Barnett divided these beds into the Lebo shale
member and the Tongue River member of the Fort Union "formation." '

The various units of the Fort Union group of the Lance Creek area and con-
tiguous arcas have yielded a considerable number of fossil plants. The foUowing
identified species were reported by Knowlton from the lower 200 feet of the Fort
Union "formation" of the region shown in figure 2: -

Ampelopsis montanensis Cockerell
(Vitis cuspidata of Knowlton)

Celastrus pterospermoides Ward

Celastrus? taurinensis Ward

(C. curvinervis of Knowlton)

Cornus newberryi Hollick?

(C. acuminata? of Knowlton)

Diospyros brachysepala Al. Braun

Grewia celastroides Ward
Grewia crenata (Unger) Hecr
Parottia cuneata (NewberrjO Berry

(Viburnum cuneatum of Knowlton)
Platanus raynoldsii Newberry
Sequoia nordenskioldi Heer
Zizyphus serrulatus Ward

Only 1 of these species, Celaslrusl taurinensis, is known also from the underlying
type Lance formation. Sequoia nordenskioldi is known elsewhere from beds of
Lance age, but is of no correlative significance, as it represents a type of conifer
foUage of extended stratigraphic range from the Upper Cretaceous into the Ceno-
zoic. Of the remaining 9 species, 5 are known elsewhere only in the type Fort
Union or other undoubted Paleocene beds, and the remaining 4 species are known
only in beds of Paleocene and Eocene age. This analysis leaves Uttle doubt as to
the Paleocene age of the beds.

During the summcr of 1938 I coUected, on the basis of information received
from Dr. William W. Rubey, of the U. S. Geological Survey,^ a number of fossil
plants from thc lowcr 100 feet of the TuUock formation of the Gillette coal field area.
These were obtained from an old coal prospect on Coal Draw, 11 miles south by east

of Moorcroft, Wyoming, SE.
have been identified:

sec. 28, T. 48 N., R. 67 W. The following species

Ancimia lanccolata Knowlton
Celastrus? taurinensis Ward
Glyptostrobus dakotensis Brown
Hicoria antiquora (Newbcrry) Knowlton
Onoclea sensibiUs fossiiis Newberry

Platanus coloradensis Knowlton
Sapindus afFmis Newberry
Sequoia nordenskioldi Hcer
Thuja intcrrupta Newbcrry

In this assemblage, the 2 species which occur also in the type Lance or equiva-
lent beds {Celastrus? taurinensis and Sequoia nordenskioldi) are elsewhcre known to
extcnd from late Cretaceous into Paleocene time and were discusscd above. Of the
remaining 7 species, 5 are known definitely onlj^ in undoubted Paleocene beds, and

'Ibid.,9-n.

' SlQnton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 134-136, 1897.

' Writtcn communication, May 11, 1936.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING

97

the remaining 2 species (Aneimia lanceolata and Platanus coloradensis) occur else-
where only in the Middle Park formation (Paleocene?) of Grand County, Colorado.
In addition to these typical Paleocene fiioral assemblages from the lower Fort
Union group of the Lance Creek area, Knowlton has identified another collection of
typical Paleocene species from somewhat higher beds of the Fort Union group a few
miles southwest of the Lance Creek area.^

COMPOSITION OF THE FLORA
SYSTEMATIG RELATIONSHIPS

The fiora of the type Lance formation, as described in the present report, is
composed of 70 recognizable forms distributed among 32 families. The major
divisions of the plant kingdom are represented in the fiora as foUows: Dicotyledones,
55 species; Monocotyledones, 6 species; Coniferales, 2 species; Ginkgoales, 1 species;
Lycopodiales, 1 species; Equisetales, 1 species; FiHcales, 4 species. There are 56
forms referred to species previously known, 5 are described as new species, and 9
are given generic designation but are not specifically determinable.

The task of allocating Upper Cretaceous species to their proper botanical
genera continues to be a difficult one. Many of the Lance species are still of very
uncertain systematic position. Others are believed to show only a family relation-
ship to existing forms. Not many can be shown to have a marked resemblance to
living genera. The systematic position of the Lance species, in so far as it is
beUeved to be determinable, is shown in the following list :

Pteridophyta
Filicales

Polypodiaceae
Asplenites tenelluni (Knowlton) Dorf,

n. comb.
Woodwardial crenata Knowlton
Salviniaceae?

Salvinial sp.
Position uncertain

Filicites knowltoni Dorf, n. sp.
Equisetaies
Equisetacese
Equisetum sp.
Lycopodiales
Selaginellacese?

Selaginellal falcata Lesquereux
Spermatophyta
Gymnospermae
Ginkgoales
Ginkgoacese

Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer ?
Coniferales
Taxodiacese

Sequoia dakotensis Brown
Araucariacese

Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux)
Dorf, n. comb.

Angiospermae
Monocotyledones
Typhacese

Typha sp.
Cyperacese

Cyperacites sp.
Palmse

Sabalites eocenica (Lesquereux) Dorf
Sabalites montana (Knowlton) Dorf
Aracese

Pistia corrugata Lesquereux
Cannaceae

Canna? niagmfolia Knowlton
Dicotyledones
Salicacese

Salix lancensis Berry
Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowl-
ton and Cockerell) Dorf, n. comb.
Fagaceae

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux
Quercophyllum gardneri (Knowlton)
Dorf, n. comb.
Moraceae

Ficus planicostata Lesquereux
Platanaceae

Platanophyllum montanum (Brown)
Dorf, n. comb.

' Wincheeter. D. E., op. cit., 481-483, 1912.

98

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Platanaceae — continued

Platanophyllum platanoides (Lesque-
reux) Dorf, n. comb.
Aristolochiacea;
Aristolochitesbrittoni (Knowlton) Dorf,
n. comb.
Lauraceae

Laurophyllum coloradensis (Knowlton)

Dorf, n. comb.
Laurophyllum meeki Dorf
Laurophyllum salicifolium (Lesque-

reux) Dorf, n. comb.
Laurophyllum wardiana (Knowlton)
Dorf, n. comb.
Cercidiphyllaccse

Cercidiphyllum arcticum (Heer) Brown
Cercidiphyllum ellipticum (Newberry)
Brown
Nyraphaeacose
Nelumbo tenuifolia (Lesquereux)

Knowlton
Nymphseites browni Dorf, n. sp.
Nymphmtes daivsoni (Hollick) Dorf, n.
comb.
Menispermacese

Menispermites belli Berry
Menispermites cockerelli (Knowlton)

Dorf, n. corab.
Menispermites knightii Knowlton
Magnoliacese

Magnoliophyllum cordatum Dorf
Anacardiacese

Pistacia eriensis Knowlton
Vitacese

Vilis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown
TiHacese

Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux
Dilleniacese

Dillenites cleburni (Lesquereux) Dorf,
n. comb.

Myrtacese

Myrtophyllum torreyi (Lesquereux)
Dorf, n. comb.
AraUacese

Aralisephyllum artocarpoides (Lesque-
reux) Dorf, n. corab.
Cornacese

Cornophyllum wardii Dorf
Oleaceae

Fraxinus leii Berry
Bignoniacese

Dombeyopsis colgalensis Brown

Dombeyopsis obtusa Lesquereux

Dombeyopsis trivialis Lesquereux
Caprifoliaceae

Viburyium marginatum Lesquereux

Viburnum montanum Knowlton
Position uncertain

Anona? robusta Lesquereux

Apeibopsis? discolor (Lesquereux) Les-
quereux

Celastrusl taurinensis Ward

Cinnamormiml affine Lesquereux

Cissus? lobato-crenata Lesquereux

Ficusl ceratops Knowlton

Ficus"! trinervis Knowlton

Quercusl viburnifolia Lesquereux

Rhamnus? mimdus Knowlton

Trapal microphylla Lesquereux

Phyllites trifoliatus Dorf, n. sp.

Phyllites sp.

Phyllites sp.

Phyllites sp.

Carpites lancensis Dorf, n. sp.

Carpites ulmiformis Dorf, n. sp.

Carpites verrucosus Le.squereux

Carpites ivalcotti Dorf

Carpites sp.

Carpites sp.

Palxoaster inquirenda Knowlton

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

The dominant spccies of an assemblage may be said to include both those spe-
cies whose remains are most abundant and those whose remains are most persistently
present at the various horizons within the deposit. The most useful results of
quantitative studies are obtained from locaHties where several thousand specimens
can be collccted.' Unfortunately, none of the localitics in the Lance Creek area has
yielded more than 280 spccimens. Failure to securc largc collcctions is a result of
the Umited extent, both horizontally and vertically, of thc lenticular beds containing
the plant remains.

At each locality quarrying was continued as long as the plant remains continued
to appear. Lcaf counts at Localitics P3853 and P3857 wcre madc in thc ficld, and
species not definitely identified were temporarily dcsignated by letters. AII the

' Chaney, R. W., Amer. Jour. Sci., Sth ser., vol. 8, 127-144, 1925.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING

99

specimens obtained at the remaining localities were shipped and leaf counts were
made in the laboratory. In the following lists the species are shown in the order of
dominance at each locality, the numbers referring to the actual number of specimens
of each species counted. Species represented by less than 5 specimens are omitted.

Locality P3853 (280 specimens counted)

Araucarites longifolia 182

Pistia corrugata 24

Menispermites cockerelli 8

Ficus planicostata 7

Equisetum sp 6

Locality PS854 (146 specimens counted)

Platanophyllum montanum 74

Salix lancensis 29

Fraxinus leii 7

Locality P3855 (57 specimens counted)

Viburnum marginatum 16

Sequoia dakotensis 15

Dryophyllum subfalcatum 5

Locality P3856 (22 specimens counted)

Trapa? microphylia 14

Locality P3857 (193 specimens counted)

Salix lancensis 43

Fraxinus leii 35

Vitis stantoni 34

Dryophyllum subfalcatum 28

Sequoia dakotensis 8

Locality P3858 (42 specimens counted)

Cercidiphyllum ellipticum 6

Menispermites knightii 6

Locality P3651 (88 specimens counted)

Sequoia dakotensis 44

Cornophyllum wardii 25

Locality P3652 (61 specimens counted)

Vitis stantoni 25

Viburnum marginatum 7

Locality P3859 (72 specimens counted)

Salix lancensis 19

Dryophyllum subfalcatum 15

Trapa? microphylla 6

Nymphaeites dawsoni 5

Sabalites eocenica 5

Salix lancensis 5

Dryophyllum subfalcatum 6

Ficus? trinervis 6

Dombeyopsis colgatensis 5

Grewiopsis saportana 5

Quercus? viburnifolia 5

Filicites knowltoni 5

Viburnum marginatum 6

Viburnum montanum 6

Dombeyopsis trivialis 5

Platanophyllum montanum 5

Fraxinus leii 5

Celastrus? taurinensis 5

Apeibopsis? discolor 6

Viburnum montanum 6

Sequoia dakotensis 6

Viburnum marginatum 5

On the basis of the above leaf counts, in which a total of 951 specimens were
examined and counted, the following species are considered the dominants of the
type Lance flora as a whole :

Araucarites longifolia
Platanophyllum montanum
Salix lancensis
Sequoia dakotensis
Vitis stantoni

Dryophyllum subfalcatum
Fraxinus leii
Viburnum marginatum
Cornophyllum wardii
Pistia corrugata

These 10 species represent about 69 per cent of all the specimens encountered
in the collections from the nine locaUties Usted.

100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

As regards frequency of occurrence, the foUowing 13 species are recorded from
f our or more of the type Lance localities :

Dryophyllum subfalcatum 6 Viburnum marginatum 5

Querous? viburnifolia 6 Dombeyopsis trivialis 4

Salix lancensis 6 Equisetum sp 4

Typha sp 6 Platanophyllum montanum 4

Fraxinus lcii 5 Vitis stantoni 4

Sequoia dakotensis 5 Grewiopsis saportana 4

Trapa? microphylla 5

A comparison of this Hst with that of the 10 species which are of greatest indi-
vidual abundance shows that 7 of the latter are also among the 13 most persistent
species of the Lance flora, as at present known. The remaining 3 species are very
abundant locally but are each restricted to two of the nine Lance Creek locaUties.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS INDICATED BY THE LANCE FLORA

There are in my opinion two reUable methods of employing fossil plants as
indicators of cHmatic conditions of the past; both methods apply only to floras of
late Mesozoic or Cenozoic time, and each method is wholly independent of the
other. These are (1) an analysis of the structural characters of the dicotjdedonous
leaves (chiefly size, venation, texture, and marginal characters) as compared with
modern leavcs of known chmatic rcquirements; and (2) a generic and specific com-
parison of fossil species with hving forms whose climatic requirements are known,
on the assumption that the past conditions wcre analogous to those under which
the majority of the closcly related Uving species grow.

The apphcation of these methods to carly and middlc Tertiary floras has been
described by Chaney and Sanborn,' MacGinitie,- and Potbury.^ The details of
their appHcation to Upper Cretaceous floras are contained in my report on the
Medicine Bow flora.^ Ahhough neither of these methods is strictly quantitative,
they are considered much more accurate than conchisions based on individual
species or genera, particularly since each method may be used as a check against
the other.

The analyses of the leaf characters of the dicotyledonous Lance spccies are
shown in table 1. For purposes of comparison the table also includcs analyses of
various modcrn and fossil asscmblagcs studicd by tlic authors mentioncd above or
by me. In each catcgory in the table the Lance flora stands between the warm
temperate to subtropical floras and the subtropical to tropical. The perccntage of
entire-leaved species in the Lance flora (54 per cent) is similar to the highest figure
obtained by Bailcy and Sinnott for warm temperatc forests.^ This is in agrcement
with thc intermediate position of this flora, in rcsj^cct to this character, bctween the
warm temperate WeaverviHe flora and the subtrojncal Goshen flora. In their com-
parative lengths the Lance species are between the warm temperate La Porte flora

' Chaney, R. W., and Sanborn, E. I., Carncgic Inst. Waah. Pub. No. 439. 18, 1933.
' MacGinitic. H. D., CarncRio Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 405, 11.5. 1937.

• Potbury, S. S., Carncgio Inst. Wa«h. Pub. No. 465, 52, 1935.

* Dorf, E., Carncgio Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 25-31, 1938.
•Bailey, E. W., and Sinnott, I. W., Science, n. s.. vol. 41. 832, 1015.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 101

Table l~-Leaf characters of dicotyledons, showing relative percentages in each category

Flora

Margin

Entire

Xon-
entire

Length

Over
10 cm.

Under
10 em.

Venation

Pinnate

Palmate

Texture

Thick

Thin

Temperate:
Muir Woods, 22 species (modern)
Bridge Creek, 20 species

Warm temperate to subtropical:

Weaverville, 36 species

La Porte, 35 species

Hell Creek, 28 species

Lance, 46 species

Medicine Bow, 42 species

Sublropical lo iropical:

Laramie, 55 species

Goshen, 49 species

Panama, 41 species (modern) . . . .

23
15

47
71
54
54
67

71
61

88

77
85

53
29
46
46
33

29
39
12

27
30

60
35
36
41
45

45
53
56

73

70

40
65
64
59
55

55
47
44

77
70

60
65
64
54
60

64

82
83

23
30

40
35
36
46
40

36
18
17

64
55

57
83
64
67
71

73
98
98

36

45

43
17
36
33
29

27
2
2

and the essentially subtropical Medicine Bow. In texture and venation characters
they are only 4 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively, out of accord with the Medicine
Bow flora. In their combined characters the Lance species are closest to those of
the Medicine Bow flora, which is considered intermediate between warm temperate
and subtropical, more nearly approaching the latter. In view of the usual difficul-
ties of definition it may be said that the leaf characters of the Lance species indicate
climatic conditions intermediate between warm temperate and subtropical, more
nearly approaching the former.

As the data of table 1 were being arranged, it became apparent that the per-
centages representing the Lance, Medicine Bow, and Laramie leaf characters fall
rather precisely into a steady progression. In terms of chmatic conditions this is
interpreted to mean that the Lance conditions were somewhat more temperate than
those of the Medicine Bow, which in turn were somewhat more temperate (or less
subtropical) than those of the Laramie. Since these three floras are essentially con-
temporaneous and occupy progressively more southerly positions in latitude, such
an observation is rather to be expected in view of latitudinal control of vegetational
zones. It was consequently a natural step to determine whether or not the con-
temporaneous Colgate-Hell Creek flora, from a region lying north of the Lance
deposits, would fit into this progression. This it does to a large degree, as is shown
in table 1. In length, texture, and marginal characters the Colgate-Hell Creek
species indicate, as anticipated, a sHghtly more temperate aspect than the Lance
species. A considerable discrepancy is to be noted, however, in venation charac-
ters, which are the same in the Colgate-Hell Creek species as in the more sub-
tropical Laramie species. I can offer no suggestion as to the real meaning of this
discrepancy. It must be noted, however, that there is another inexphcable anomaly
in this column of table 1, namely, the abnormaUy high percentage of pinnately
veined leaves in the temperate Muir Woods and Bridge Creek floras.

102

C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

The use of modern correlatives in attempting to determine the climatic require-
ments of the Lance species is indicated in table 2. The modern genera or famihes
which are considered most closely related to the Lance species are hsted with their
modern distribution, so far as it is determinable. Fossil species whose modern re-
lationships are unknown or in doubt have been omitted ; in the case of species which
show an equally close relationship to two modern genera, both genera are hsted. It

Table 2

Fossil species

Modern correlatives

Modern distribution

Cool
temp.

Warm
temp.

Sub-
tropical

Tropical

AraliiBphyllum artocaipoides
Araucarites longifolia
Aristolochites brittoni
Canna? magnifolia

Cercidipliyllum arcticum
Cercidipliyllum elliptii-um
Cornophyliinn wardii
Dillenites cleburni
Dombeyopsis colgatensis
Dombej-opsis oljtusa
Dombeyopsis trivialis
Dryophyllum subfalcatum

Equisetum sp.
Ficus planico.stata
Fraxinus leii
GinkKo adiantoides?
Grewiopsis saiKjrtana

Laurophyllum coloradensis
Laurophyllum meeki
Lauropliyllum salicifolium
Lauropliyllum wardiana
MaKnoliophyllum cordatum
Menispermites belli
Menispeiniites cockerelli
Menispermites knightii
Myrtophyllum torreyi
Nelumbo tenuifolia
Nympha'ites browni
Nympha;ites dawsoni
Pistacia eriensis
Pistia corruKata
Platanophyllum montanum
Platanophyllum platanoides
Quercophyllum gardneri
Sabalites eocenica
Sabalites montana
Sali.x lancensis
Sequoia dakotensis
Typha sp.

Viburnum marginatum
Viburnura montanum
Vitis stantoni

Araliacese

Araucaria

Aristolochaceae

Canna

Thalia

Cercidiphyllum ....
Cercidiphyllura ....

Cornus

Dilleniacese

Menispermacese. . . .
Menispermace». . . .
Cocculus (Cebatha) .

Quercus

Castanea

Equisetum

Ficus

Fraxinus

Ginkgo

Grewiopsis

Callichlamys

Lauracea;

Laurace»

Lauracea;

Lauracea;

Magnoliaceae

Menispermacese. . . .
Menispermaceai. . . .
Menispermaceae. . . .

Myrtace»

Nelumbo

Nynipha;acese

NyniphieacetE

Pistacia

Pistia

Platanacese

Platanacea;

Quercus

Sabalese

SabalesB

Salix

Sequoia

Typha

Viburnum

Viburnum

Vitis

Totals .

X
X
X
X
X
X

29

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

42

X
X
X

40

28

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 103

msiy at once be observed from the totals of this table that the floral assemblage is
neither strictly cool temperate nor strictly tropical. Without exception, moreover,
the cool temperate and tropical distributions belong to genera which are known to
thrive — often thrive best — also under warm temperate or subtropical conditions.
In contrast, the table shows that 16 of the modern correlatives do not grow under
cool temperate conditions and 17 do not grow under tropical conditions, whereas all
the species are apparently at home in warm temperate or subtropical regions. The
sHghtly higher number of warm temperate correlatives would imply that the Lance
assemblage is more nearly warm temperate than subtropical. This conclusion is
precisely the conclusion reached on the basis of the leaf characters of the Lance
species. In this connection it should be noted that the dominants of the Lance
fiora (p. 99) belong to genera which are warm temperate rather than subtropical
in modern distribution.

The above inferences regarding climate are supported by the fact that there
are a number of genera or families whose presence togetlier in the Lance flora indi-
cates a lowland coastal-plain environment. These include Canna?, Trapa?, Saba-
lites, and Pistia, all of whose modern relatives are typically restricted to or best
developed in the humid coastal lowlands of subtropical to warm temperate regions.

In summary it may be stated that the leaf characters and the distribution of
modern correlatives of the Lance species, as well as the absence or scarcity of typi-
cally cool temperate genera, point to humid lowland conditions of growth under a
warm temperate to subtropical climate, more nearly approaching the former.

CORRELATION

General principles and niethods — It must, I believe, be admitted that there is no
empirical quantitative means of exact correlation between rocks of different regions.
Certain fundamentals have, to be sure, graduaUy developed as guiding principles.'
But each investigator must carefuUy weigh, qualify, and modify each principle in
the light of his own experience to suit the facts and conditions which he encounters.

In the present analysis, the principles which have been most applicable and
useful in the correlation of certain Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Rocky Moun-
tain region are as follows:

1. If two or more fossil assemblages are essentially identical, the rocks from
which they were obtained are considered contemporaneous. This principle is not
considered infallible. In the first place, it must be remembered that a fossil as-
semblage is neither more nor less than a recovered sample of the remains of the
living organisms which inhabited the region at the time of fossilization. All samples
are not necessarily fair samples; for example, some may be too small. A small
assemblage of 20 species which are identical with 20 out of 30 species of a second
assemblage is not necessarily contemporaneous with the second assemblage, if the
20 species happen to be long-ranging types. In the second place, in view of the
element of chance involved both in the preservation of organisms and in the re-

'Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. Surv., Lower Cretaceous, 153, 1911. Clark, W. B., U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 141,
47-53, 1896. Neaverson, E., Stratiffraphical Palsontology, 1-14, 1928.

104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

covery of a fair sample, it would indeed be rare to find absolute 100 per cent identity
between two or more sets of fossil assemblages. Moreover, sUght differences in
environmental conditions, which may follow each other in short spaces of time or in
short distances, may be expected to have produced shght or even marked differences
in various assembUiges of organisms. FinaUy, it must be recognized that similar
assemblages may be homotaxial rather than synchronous. For most problems of
correlation, however, this quahfication is not necessarj'^, since the span of time
needed for the migration of newly evolved organisms from one region to another is
negUgible as compared with the time required for the deposition of the average
geological formation. If barriers to migration are known to have existed, however,
homotaxis must be considered.

2. The most useful index fossils are those which are abundant, easily identified,
and of wide geographic range and short stratigraphic range. Although generally
understood and usually reUable in appUcation, this principle needs some quaUfica-
tion. Each investigator, for example, is entitled to an opinion as to the exact mean-
ing of such terms as "abundant," "easily," "wide," and "short." Moreover, fos-
sils that seem reUable today may become unreUable tomorrow as a result of new
discoveries extending their stratigraphic range. Furthermore, a short stratigraphic
range of a species or genus cannot be estabUshed unless its position in time can be
determined at several stations by clear stratigraphic relations and by associations
with other organisms. It is also considered more satisfactory for correlation to use
indcx associations of as many species as possible, rather than merely a single or a
few index species. Fiiiany, in cases where index fossils present conflicting evidence,
careful consideration must be given to such possibiUties as mixed coUections, in-
correct idcntifications, and inadequate deUmitation of zones.

3. The earliest appearance of new forms in abundance is a valuable criterion for
correlation.

4. The latest appearance of old forms is sometimes an important guide, par-
ticularly when they are accompanied by other organisms of restricted range. The
earUest appearance of new forms is, I beUeve, a safer criterion than the latest ap-
pearance of old forms, since the lattcr may be surviving reUcts of long-ranging
organisms, wliereas the incoming of abuudant new forms to a region is generaUy a
result of invasion or major environmental change, eithcr of which would result
in widespread biotic changcs which would be useful in exact correlation within that
region.

5. The dominance of certain genera or spccies is a reUable adjunct to other
palaeontological methods of correlation. Dominancc is here meant to include both
abundance of individuals and widespread occurrence at many locaUties. It is often
found that dominance of a form or group of forms may be of time significance even
though the form or forms occur in more Umited numbers in both older and younger
rocks. In cases where a single form or several forms are dominant, a "zone" may
be defined and named for the dominant form or forms.

6. Similarities of stratigraj^liic succession, though often unreUable criteria, may
contribute materiaUy to conclusions reached by palajontological methods of correla-

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 105

tion. This principle is best applied to unfossiliferous rocks occurring above, below,
or between rocks containing datable fossil assemblages. It does not imply that
dissimilarities of stratigraphic succession preclude the possibiUty of correlation.

7. Exact correlation of fossil assemblages does not necessarily inchide exact age
determination unless one or another of the assemblages has been properly placed in
the geologic time scale. Although sometimes forgotten, this principle is obviously
fundamental in all problems of correlation, since the geologic time scale is an arbi-
trary and empirical classification based in the first instance on superposition rather
than on fossil content. There are known instances in which diverse fossil assem-
blages have been proved synchronous yet cannot be accurately assigned to a definite
position in the time scale because of their isolation from rocks of known age.

8. Accuracy in paliEontoIogical correlation depends largely on the vaUdity of
the identifications of the fossils used.

Lance flora as a standard — The Lance fiora, herein described, is an exceUent
standard flora with which to compare and contrast other late Cretaceous and early
Tertiary floras of the Rocky Mountain region. It is composed of specimens which
were all coUected from the type locaUty of the Lance formation. It is a compara-
tively large flora, comprising 70 species, of which 57 have an outside distribution.
It is accurately dated in terms of the geologic time scale (aside from its own floral
testimony), since it occurs in beds which have yielded abundant remains of dino-
saurs of the Triceratops zone of latest Cretaceous age and which are conformably
above the Sphenodiscus zone of true Fox Hills (latest Montanan) age. It also con-
tains a sufficient number of index species of short stratigraphic range elsewhere to be
reUable for correlation. Finallj^, the stratigraphic succession and the relation of the
floral assemblage to the Triceratops zone and to the Sphenodiscus zone in this region
are strictly comparable with the conditions observed in several other regions.

Definition of Lancian age — There does not exist at present a clearly defined
temporal term for the latest Cretaceous of the Rocky Mountain region. For the
practical purposes of clarity and precision it is here proposed to use Lancian age as a
convenient provincial time term, based on the Lance formation at its type locality
near Lance Creek, Niobrara County, Wyoming. This time unit is deUmited below
by true Fox Hills time (i.e., latest Montanan age, characterized by marine sand-
stones comprising the well-defined Sphenodiscus zone) , and delimited above by the
beginning of Paleocene time. The terrestrial sediments of Lancian age carry the
characteristic mammals ' and dinosaurs - of the Triceratops zone, as well as the plants
here described.

Lanceflora — As is shown in table 3, there are 57 species of the Lance flora which
are known elsewhere in the late Cretaceous and to some extent the early Tertiary
deposits of North America, chiefly the Rocky Mountain region. In the analysis of
the relation of this assemblage to other assemblages, the stratigraphic range of spe-
cies elsewhere is determined on the following basis : species restricted to Montanan
age are those whose occurrences, where stratigraphic and palaeontologic relations are

' Wood, H. E., et al., Bull. Geol. Son. Amer., vol. 52, 8, 1941.
2 Ruasell, L. S., Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 69, 139-141, 1930.

Table 3 — Outside dislrUmlion of the type Lance species

\^ FORMATIONS

TypE \.
Lance \^

8PKCIES ^v

§

u

>

■6

3

•-5

§

u

O
>

s

>>

a

co

>

6
>>

i

■6
§
S
<

B

d
o

O

V

s

z

C

_«

-o
c:

_«

'3

fcu,

o
■3
0

0
6
>

i

'5

6
>i

>

6

c:
c

s

X

X

0

a
0

i

"o

0

6
>>

1

3

m

u
03

5

s

6
■3
Q

a

6
>>

&

1

m

c
•B

■f

s

CD

&
•8

1

s

£
X

d

oi
U

S

CJ
00

C

0!

«

T

•a

3

a

2

d

s

g

Q

a

d

6

0

2

1
Z

a
■5

d
a

Ifl
Q

<«

c

0

0

0
1

(S

Q

c
0

a
,0
'c

1

c

d
0
a

g
>

BJ

3

3
0
ti

8

X

?

X

X

X

X

AralisephyUuin artocarpoides

X
X

9

X

?

X

7

X

X

X

X
X

X

Asplenites teneUum

X

X

X

X

X
X

Carpitcs verrucosus

X

X

X

Celastrus^ taurinensis. . . ....

X

X

X

X

?

X

X
X

X
X

X

CercidiphyUura arcticum

X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X

X

Cissus? lobato-crenata

X

X
X

Cornophynum wardii

X

s

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

Dombeyopsis obtusa

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

DryophyUum subfalcatuni ...

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

Ficus? ceratops

X

X
X

7

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

Ficus? trinervis

Fraxinus leii

X

X

?

X

X

X

Grewiopsis saportana

X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

?

X

X

•>

X
X

LaurophyHunk saUcifoUum

X

X

X

LaurophyUuni wardiana

X

X

X
X

X

Menispermites cockereUi

X

X

Menispermitea knightii

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

Nelumbo tenuifoUa

X

X

Nymphffiites dawsoni

X

X

X

X

PaliEoaster inQuirenda

X

X

X
X

?

X

X

Pistacia eriensis

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

PlatanophyUum montanum

PlatanophvUura platanoides

?

X

X

Quercus? viburnifoUa

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X

X

Rhamnus? minutus

X

X
X

SabaUtes montana

X

X

9

X

SaliciphyUum wyomingensis

X

X

SelagineUa? falcata

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Viburnum marginatum

X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X

?

X

X

X

Viburnum montanum

X

Vitis stantoni

X

7

X

X

X

X

X

Woodwardia? crenata

X

Totala

5

3

5

14

4

17

1

2

13

22

27

28

21

11

14

2

10

6

5

4

1

106

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 107

clear, are known only from deposits ranging from the top of the Colorado group be-
low to the top of the true Sphenodiscus-hea.Tmg Fox Hills above — i.e., Judith River,
Belly River, Ericson-Almond (Mesaverde), and Fox Hills; species restricted to
Lancian age are those known only from bedslyingbetween the top of the true Spheno-
discus-bearing Fox Hills and the top of the Tncemtops-bearing beds — i.e., Colgate,
Hell Creek, Medicine Bow, Laramie, Whitemud-lower Ravenscrag, Arapahoe-lower
Denver, and lower Dawson; those restricted to Paleocene age are those known only
from beds lying between the Tncemtops-bearing beds below and the true Lower
Eocene Wasatchian above — i.e., TuUock, Ludlow, Fort Union and equivalents,
middle and upper Ravenscrag, and Paskapoo.

Formations whose position in Montanan, Lancian, or Paleocene time is uncer-
tain because of lack of convincing stratigraphic or palseontologic data are disre-
garded for the present. The correlation of most of these formations, including
the Fruitland, Kirtland, Vermejo, Whitemud, and "Laramie" (Black Buttes) of
southwestern W}'oming, is made below on the basis of their floral assemblages.

An analysis of table 3 gives the foUowing summary of data regarding the outside
distribution of the type Lance species of plants:

No outside distribution 13

Outside distribution 57

Total number of species 70

Short-ranging species: Long-ranging species: Species of uncertain range . . 2

Montanan 3 Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . 3

Lancian 28 Montanan-Lancian 17

Paleocene 1 Lancian-Paleocene 3

32 23

The short-ranging species, which are considered most rehable for correlation
purposes, are as fohows:

Sliort-ranging species restricted elsewhere to Paleocene age:

Cercidiphyllum arcticum

Short-ranging species restricted elsewhere to Lancian age:

Anona? robusta Laurophyllum meeki

Apeibopsis? discolor Laurophyllum wardiana

Aristolochites brittoni Magnoliophylium cordatum

Carpites lancensis Menispermites cockerelli

Carpites verrucosus Nelumbo tenuifolia

Carpites walcotti Palaeoaster inquirenda

Cinnamomum? affine Pistacia eriensis

Cissus? lobato-crenata Platanophyllum montanum

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Rhamnus? minutus

Dombeyopsis trivialis Sabalites eocenica

Ficus? ceratops Saliciphyllum wyomingensis

Fraxinus leii Salix lancensis

Grewiopsis saportana Sequoia dakotensis

Laurophyllum coloradensis Viburnum marginatum

Short-ranging species restricted elsewhere to Montanan age:

Menispermites knightii Selaginella? falcata

Woodwardia? crenata

108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

This analysis of the Lance flora is not introduced in order to ascertain its age,
since it is obviously of Lancian age as defined. The data will be useful, however, in
comparing the analyses of other fioras with that of the Lance.

The question may be raised as to the significance of the small Paleocene and
Montanan elements in the Lance flora. In view of the overwhehning majority of
species restricted elsewhere to floras of known Lancian age, it is evident that the
4 species previously thought to be restricted in stratigraphic range can no longer be
so considered, unless, of course, other investigators should disagree with my identi-
fications of these species. Moreover, it is to be expected that future work with
floras of Paleocene and Montanan age wiU extend the stratigraphic range of species
now known only in floras of Lancian age.

As will be ampUfied below in the discussion of the Paleocene "Fort Union"
flora, the analysis above shows that the flora of the type Lance formation is dis-
tinctlj^ not a " Fort Union " assemblage, but is closely related to floras obtained from
beds lying between the true Fox HiUs formation and the top of the Triceratops zone.
These comprise the Colgate-HeU Creek, Laramie, and Medicine Bow floras, whose
analj^ses foUow. These are presented in order to determine the reUabiUty of floral
assemblages in the correlation of deposits whose contemporaneity is ah-cady rather
definitely estabUshed on the basis of similar stratigraphic position, similar relations
to underlying marine invertebrates, and simUar associations with dinosaur remains.

Colgate-Hell Creek floras — The Colgate flora of eastern Montana and western
South Dakota ' is here combined with the HeU Creek flora of the same region for
three reasons: (1) Since the Colgate beds lie above the *S'p/ie/iodiscus-beai'ing Fox
HiUs marine sandstone, they obviously are of Lancian age as defined. (2) The
Colgate beds are lateraUy discontinuous and are seen to interfinger along the strike
with the lower beds of the Lance formation as originaUy defined at its type locaUty.
(3) The flora of the Colgate beds is distinctly a Lancian flora, containing 13 species,
out of 17 species with outside distribution, in common with the type Lance flora;
of these 17, 8 are long-ranging species, 6 are restricted elsewhere to Lancian age, and
3 are at present of uncertain range but probably Lancian. In this connection it
seems significant to montion that the Colgate bcds were originaUy defined as the
lower member of the Lance formation.- Their redefinition as a member of the Fox
HiUs sandstone ^ docs not seem supported by conclusive facts, particularly in view
of the criteria now used elsewhere for the recognition of the upper limit of the Fox
HiUs sandstone.* It is felt, however, that whatever the aUocation of the Colgate
beds as a Uthologic unit, there should be no coufusion as to their temjioral position.

The Colgate and HeU Creek floras have been described by Brown,^ and a small
HeU Creek flora from South Dakota has been described by Berry.® In the Sayen
coUection of Colgate plants at Princeton University there are, besides most of
Brown's recorded species, also specimens of Celastrus? taurinensis Ward and

' Brown, R. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189-1, 242. 1939.
' Calvert, W. R., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 471, 194-195, 1910.

• Thom, W. T., Jr.. and Dobbin, C. E., BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 35, 490, 1924.

* Lovering, T. S., ct al., Bull. Amer. Assoc. Potrolcum Geologista, vol. 16, 702, 1932.
' Brown. R. W., op. cit., 244, 1939.

' Berry. E. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 18S-F. 127-132, 1934.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 109

Rha77im(s? minutus Knowlton.^ The Corbin collection of Hell Creek plants at
Princeton University contains excellent specimens of Quercus? vihurnifolia Lesque-
reux and Ficusl trincrvis Knowlton, which have not been previously recorded.^
An analysis of the Colgate-Hell Creek fiora gives the following summary :

No outside distribution 3

Outside distribution 38 (29 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species ... 41

Short-ranging species : Long-ranging species : Species of uncertain range . . 4

Montanan 0 Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . 2

Lancian 18 Montanan-Lancian 10

Paleocene 0 Lancian-Paleocene 4

Ts 16

The short-ranging Lancian species, restricted elsewhere to deposits lying be-
tween the Sphenodiscus zone and the top of the Triceratops zone, are as follows:

Anona? robusta Laurophyllum wardiana

Carpites lake.sii Magnolia dakotana

Carpites lancensis Magnolia lakesii

Cinnamomum? affine Palseoaster inquirenda

Diospyros berryana Platanophyllum montanum

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Rhamnus? minutus

Ficus? ceratops Salix lancensis

Fraxinus leii Sequoia dakotensis

Grewiopsis saportana Viburnum marginatum

This analysis shows that the Colgate-Hell Creek flora is closely comparable
with the flora of the type Lance and has a majority of species restricted elsewhere
exclusively to beds of Lancian age. As a test case the analysis indicates perfect
agreement between plants, vertebrates, marine invertebrates, and stratigraphy in
the correlation of the Colgate-Hell Creek beds with those of the Lance formation at
its type locality.

The close relationship of the Colgate-Hell Creek flora to that of the type
Lance is seen in the fact that of 38 species with outside distribution, 29 (76 per cent)
are known in the type Lance flora. This is a high degree of resemblance and is per-
haps somewhat higher than could normally be expected in view of the factors, men-
tioned above, which contribute toward preventing absolute identity of contem-
poraneous fossil assemblages.

The time relations here believed to exist between the Colgate-Hell Creek
deposits and those of the Lance formation at its type locality are shown in figure 3.

Medicine Bow flora — In southern Wyoming and adjacent Colorado the Medi-
cine Bow formation has yielded a flora of 64 species.'' The plant horizons lie in the
lower third of the formation, above Sphenodiscus-hearing Fox Hills sandstone and

' Sayen, W. H., IH, Tlie Pierre-Fort Union Succession near Glendive, Monlana, senior thesia, Princeton University,
14, 32, 41, 59, 1938.

' Corbin, R. S., Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Pierre, Fox Hills, and Lance Formationa in Southwestern North
Dakota, senior thesis, Princeton University, 19, 20, 97, 115, 1938.

> Dorf, E., Carnegie Inst. Waah. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 22-38, 1938.

110

C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

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LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 111

below the top of the Triceratops zone. The analysis of the floral assemblage is
as foUows:

No outside distribution 13

Outside distribution 51 (28 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species ... 64

Short-ranging species: Long-ranging .species: Species of uncertain range . . 4

Montanan 0 Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . 1

Lancian 26 Montanan-Lancian 17

Paleocene 0 Lancian-Paleocene 3

26 21

As has already been pointed out in my report on the Medicine Bow flora, its
resemblance to the Lance flora is striking. Out of a total of 51 species with outside
distribution, it has 28 species (55 per cent) in common with the type Lance flora.
Its reference to Lancian age is amply corroborated by a study of its component
short-range species. Not a single species has previously been known only from
deposits of Montanan or Paleocene age. In contrast, there are 26 (51 per cent)
which have been found previously only in deposits of Lancian age, as follows:

Apeibopsis? laramiensis LaurophyHum coloradensis

Carpites walcotti Laurophyllum meeki

Cinnamomum? affine Magnoha dakotana

Cinnamomum linifolium Magnolia lakesii

Cissites lobatus Magnohophyllum cordatum

Dombeyopsis trivialis Menispermites cockerelli

Dryopteris? carbonensis Palaeoaster inquirenda

Ficus coloradensis Pisonia? racemosa

Ficus cowanensis Pistacia eriensis

Grewiopsis saportana Sabalites eocenica

Juglans leconteana Viburnum marginatum

Juglans newberryi Zingiberites dubius

Juglans prserugosa Zizyphus hendcrsoni

The temporal relations of the Medicine Bow formation, as here interpreted,
are shown in figure 3. The inckision of the upper Medicine Bow and overlying
lower Ferris in the Lancian age is based entirely on the reported presence of Tri-
ceratops remains in these beds. No plants are now known from this part of the
sequence.

Laramie-Denver-Dawson floras — The flora of the Laramie formation of the
Denver basin of Colorado has been described by Knowlton.^ Although I beheve
it is somewhat overspeciated, there are apparently about 100 recognizable species.
The plant-bearing beds lie between the Sphenodiscus-heaTing Fox HiUs sandstone
below and the top of the Triceratops zone of the overlying Arapahoe and lower
Dawson formations,- and are thus clearly of Lancian age. The testimony of the
floral assemblage, even without other evidence, supports the same conclusion on

' Knowlton. F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 1-168, 1922.

' Lull. R. S., Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, pt. 3, 3, 7, 1933. Hatcher, J. B., and Lull, R. S., U. S. Geol.
Surv. Mon. 49, 182-184, 1907.

112

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

the basis of its correlation with the Lance, Colgate-Hell Creek, and Medicine Bow
floras, as is shown in the foUowing analysis:

No outside distribution 57

Outside distribution 43 (27 in common with type Lance)

Short-ranging species :

Montanan 1

Lancian 22

Paleocene 0

23

Total number of species 100

Long-ranging species:

Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . 0

Montanan-Lancian 13

Lancian-Paleocene 3

16

Species of uncertain range . . 4

Of the 23 short-ranging species, only 1, Aneimia elongata (Newberry) Knowlton,
has elsewhere been known only from deposits of Montanan age. This single dis-
cordance is minimized by the serious doubt which Knowlton cast on the identifica-
tion of the specimen from the Laramie formation.' The remaining restricted spe-
cies, all of which are known elsewhere only from rocks of true Lancian age, are
as foUows:

Anona? robusta
Apeibopsis? laramiensis
Aristolochites brittoni
Asplenium? coloradensis
Carpites lakesii
Cinnamomum? affine
Diospyros berryana
Dombeyop.sis trivialis
Dryopteris? carbonensis
Ficus cowanensis
Jugians leconteana

Juglans newberryi
Juglans praerugosa
Laurophjdlum coloradensis
Laurophyllum wardiana
Magnolia lakesii
Menispermites cockerelli
Palseoaster inquirenda
Pistacia eriensis
Rhamnus? minutus
Saliciphyllum wyomingensis
Zizyphus hendersoni

In regard to the Arapahoe-Denver and Dawson formations, which overUe the
Laramic formation, the Lancian age of at least their lowest part has already been
estabUshed, on the basis of both Triceratops dinosaurs ^ and Lancian species of
plants.' Many of the oldcr plant collections of the Denver region were obtained
without due regard to their exact stratigraphic position. As a consequence it is
often difficult to determine whether or not a species is restricted to the lower beds
of the Arapahoc-Dcnver or Dawson. Pending further work in the region, it can
be said at present that at least the following dominant or typical Montanan and
Lancian species are known from the lower part of the Denver-Dawson, and not
from the upper part, which is beUeved to be of Paleocene age :

Cercidiphyllum ellipticum
Cinnamomum linifolium
Cissus? lobato-crenata
Cornophyllum wardii
Dillenites clcburni
Dombcyoi)sis obtusa
Ficus coloradensis
Ficus planicostata

' Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 112. 1922.
' Lull, R. S., op. cit., 3, 7, 1933.
» Dorf, E., op. cit.. 34, 1938.

Ficus? trinervis
Laurophyllum coloradensis
Myrtophyllum torreyi
Nelumbo tenuifolia
Qucrcus? viburnifolia
Sabalites montaiia
Viburnum marginatum
Vitis stantoni

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 113

The representation in figure 3 of the age relations of the Laramie and the over-
lying Arapahoe-Denver and Dawson formations is based on an opinion derived from
combination of the evidence of the vertebrates, the plants, and the stratigraphic
succession. The placing of the exact horizon marking the Upper Cretaceous-
Paleocene boundary in the Denver and Dawson beds, if it is determinable at all,
must await further work in the region.

Black Buttes " Laramie" flora — The flora from near Black Buttes in south-
western Wyoming has been discussed ^ in my report on the Medicine Bow fiora,
to which it is closely related. The plant-bearing beds near Black Buttes overlie a
massive coarse sandstone tentatively called " Fox Hills." Diagnostic invertebrates
of true Fox Hills age are lacking, however, although the fauna of the underlying
Lewis shale is clearly of late Montanan age." Remains of a single species of dino-
saur, Agathaumas sijlvestris Cope, were collected from the same beds that contain
the plant horizons.^ The unique characters of this ceratopsian dinosaur make it
rather unreUable for exact age determination, except, of course, as it places the
beds in the Upper Cretaceous and not the Paleocene. The floral assemblage must
therefore be the chief basis for correlation at the present time.

The latest complete floral list of plant species from the Black Buttes " Laramie "
was given by Knowlton in 1919.* Aflowing for subsequent synonymies, this as-
semblage may be analyzed as follows :

No outside distribution 19

Outside distribution 31 (22 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species ... 50

Short-ranging species : Long-ranging species : Species of uncertain range . . 7

Montanan 0 Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . 1

Lancian 13 Montanan-Lancian 6

Paleocene 0 Lancian-Paleocene 4

l3 Tl

With a total of 22 species (71 per cent), out of 31 species with outside distribu-
tion, in common with the type Lance flora, the Black Buttes "Laramie" is clearly
of true Lancian age. This is further corroborated by the 13 short-ranging species,
all of which are elsewhere restricted to deposits of known Lancian age. These
species are as follows:

Apeibopsis? discolor Menispermites cockerelli

Carpites glumaeformis Pisonia? racemosa

Carpites verrucosus Platanophyllum platanoides

Cissus? lobato-crenata Sabalites eocenica

Grewiopsis saportana Saliciphyllum wyomingensis

Laurophyllum coloradensis Viburnum marginatum
Laurophyllum meeki

'Ibid.

' Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 146, 147, 1897.

' Hatcher, J. B., and Lull, R. S., op. cit., 104, 1907. Lull, R. S., op. cit., 15, 1933. Stanton, T. W., Proc. Washington
Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 270, 1909.

* Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 767, 1919.

114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

The time relations between the Black Buttes "Laramie" and other deposits of
Lancian age are shown in figure 3. The transition between the so-called "Fox
Hills" and the overlying "Laramie" is tentativcly placed somewhat carUer than in
eastern Colorado because of the absence of diagnostic invertebrates of the Splmio-
discus zone in the " Fox Hills " of this region. It is suggestcd that in the future the
Black Buttes "Laramie" be referred either to the Lance formation or to the Medi-
cine Bow formation, to either of which it is both nearer geographically and more
nearlj^ synchronous in its entirety than it is to the true Laramie of the Denvcr basin.

Vermejo-Raton floras — In south-central Colorado the terrestrial beds overlying
the late Montanan marine deposits have been separatcd rather arbitrarily into two
formations, the Vermejo and the overlying Raton. No vertebrates are known from
eithcr of thcse formations, so their agc determinations must bc based primarily on
the fossil plants and on the evidcncc from the underlying marine rocks. Thc lattcr
are the Trinidad sandstone, whose fauna appears to be late Montanan, probably
somewhat older than true Fox Hills.' The Vermejo flora, adequately described by
Knowlton, was referred by him to Montanan age.^ The present study agrees in
part with such an age assignmcnt, as is shown in the foUowing analysis of the
Vermejo species:

No outside distribution 45

Outside distribution 43 (17 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species ... 88

Short-ranging species : Long-ranging species : Species of uncertain range . . 2

Montanan 8 Pre-Montanan-Montanan . . 1

Lancian 11 Montanan-Lancian 18

Paleocene 0 Lancian-Paleocene 3

Tg 22

This is a more difficult analysis to evakiate than any of the others presented.
In the first place thcre are, out of 43 specics with outside distribution, 17 species
(40 per cent) in common with the flora of the type Lance formation. This is 15 to
36 per cent less than in any of the floras known to be of true Lancian age. Yet
there arc 1 1 out of 19 short-ranging spccies which arc rcstricted elsewhcrc to Lancian
age, and 3 long-ranging specics which are not known carher than Lancian time.
Thcse are as f oUows :

Lancian age only:

Aneimia supercretacea Ficus tesseilata

Artocarpus dis.secta Magnolia nervosa

Asplenium? coloradcnsis Palaeoastcr inquirciula

Canna? raagnifolia (Jucrcophyllum gardncri

Cissites panduratus \'iburnum marginatum
Credneria protophylloides

Not known previous to Lancian age :

Dillenites cleburni Qiicrcus? viburnifolia

Sabal? ungeri

' Lce, W. T.. and Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Papcr 101, 50. 1917.
Ubid., 230, 231.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 115

There is no alternative but to conclude that at least a part of the Vermejo
deposits are of Lancian age. This at once suggests that it may be possible to show
that the tj^pical Lancian species occur only in the upper part of the Vermejo forma-
tion. The stratigraphic position of some of the plant horizons in the Vermejo
formation has not been recorded. It is clear, however, that of the 14 species Hsted
above, the stratigraphic positions of 11 are known: all the 11 are in the upper Ver-
mejo and only 3 {Artocarpus dissecta, Cissites panduratus, and Palxoaster inquirenda)
are reported also in beds which are questionably in the lower Vermejo. I beheve
it just as significant to point out that the majority of the restricted Lancian species
listed above as occurring in the Vermejo are known elsewhere only in beds of lower
rather than upper Lancian age.

With respect to the restricted Montanan and pre-Montanan species present
in the Vermejo fiora, it is difficult to determine whether these are rehcts in a fiora
of early Lancian age or are actually indicative of Montanan age for the lower part
of the formation. These species are as foUows:

Brachyphyllum cf. B. macrocarpum Liriodendron alatum

Ficus regularis Pterospermites undulatus

Ficus rhamnoides Pterospermites wardii

Ficus? starkvillensis Widdringtonia? complanata
Ficus wardii

Disregarding Liriodendron alatum, whose stratigraphic position in the Vermejo
formation is very much in doubt, 3 species (Ficus regularis, Ficus rhaynnoides, and
Brachyphyllum cf. B. macrocarpum) are confined to the lower Vermejo, 2 species
(Pterospermites wardii and Widdringtonia? complanata) are confined to the upper
Vermejo, and the remaining 3 are known in both the lower and the upper Vermejo.
This leads me to the conclusion that the lower Vermejo is of latest Montanan age,
as shown in figure 3, and that the upper Vermejo is of early Lancian age, during
which time a few Montanan species survived as rehcts.

The Raton flora is a large fiora of about 135 species which is Paleocene in general
aspect. It contains, however, an element (20 out of a total of about 70 species with
outside distribution) which is elsewhere restricted to Lancian age or older. This
element includes the following species, of which those marked by an asterisk are
definitely known only from the Raton and the Triceratops-hesiTmg Arapahoe-Denver
or lower Dawson :

Allantodiopsis erosa Ficus planicostata

Anona? robusta Ficus? trinervis

*Artocarpus similis *Geonomites tenuirachis
*Castanea intermedia? Nekimbo tenuifolia

Cinnamomum linifolium Palaeoaster inquirenda

*Cissus coloradensis *Paloreodoxites plicatus

*Cissus grosse-dentata *PIatanus rhomboidea
Cornophylkim wardii Pteris russclH

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Sabalites eocenica

*Ficus aquilar Viburnum marginatum

It has been possible to determine, from the report of Lee and Knowlton,' the
approximate position in the Raton formation of all but 4 of the species listed. Of

> Lee, W. T., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 66-161, 1917.

116 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

the total of 18 species, 13 are known onlj^ from the lower 500 feet of the Raton, 2
(Artocarpus similis and Ficus planicostata) are known from both the lower and the
uppcr Raton, and only 2 {Cornophijllum wardii and Platanus rhomboidea) are
known only from the middle or uppcr Raton. These facts seem to me to indicate
that a part of thc lower Raton formation is of Lancian age, specifically upper Lan-
cian age, corrcsponding to the Trjcera^ops-bearing beds of the Arapahoe-lower Den-
ver and the lower Dawson.

Whitemud-lower Ravenscrag floras — The Whitemud formation of southern
Saskatchewan has yielded a flora of 26 species, described by Berry.^ Omitting 4
species which Berry says are only questionably determined, the analysis of this
flora is as f oUows :

No outside distribution 4

Outside distribution 18 (8 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species 22

Short-ranging species: Long-ranging species: Species of uncertain range . . 4

Montanan 0 Montanan-Lancian-Palcocene . . 3

Lancian 5 Montanan-Lancian 4

Paleocene 1 Lancian-Paleocene 1

6 8

Out of a total of 18 species with outside distribution, 8 (44 per cent) are also
found in the tj^De Lance flora. This percentage is somewhat lower than that seen
in typical Lancian floras, and is of the same order as in the Vermejo flora, of late
Montanan and early Lancian age. Yet in the appraisal of the short-ranging species
it is noted that no Whitemud species are restricted elsewhere to Montanan age, 6
are restricted to Lancian age, and 1 is restricted to the Paleocene. These are as
follows :

Restrirtcd clsewherc to Lancian age:

Leguminosites arachioides minor \'iburnum marginatum

NeKimbo tenuifolia Zizyphus coloradensis

Smilax? inquircnda

Restricted elsewhere to Paleocene age:
Viburnum antiquum

The overwhelming preponderance of restricted Lancian species in the White-
mud should cast suspicion on the idcntification of the single restricted Paleocene
species, which is not figured in Berry's report. The conclusion from the analysis is
definitely that the Whitemud flora is of Lancian agc. From occurrcnccs of its
species elsewhere its asscmblagc seems also to bc carl}- rathcr than latc Lancian.

The flora of the lower Ravcnscrag formation of southcrn Saskatchewan com-
prises only 9 species, of which 2 are of doubtful vaUdity.- Of 6 specics with outside
distribution, 2 {Ficusl ceratops and Fraxinus leii) are restrictcd to Lancian age, 2
{Ginkgo adiantoides and Dillenites clehurni) arc morc abundant in Lancian floras
than in the Palcocene, and 1 (^4ra/ia notata) is known elsewhere only in the Paleo-

' Berry. E. W., Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 3-4, 1935.
» Ibid., 4.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 117

cene. This analysis is, of course, very suggestive of Lancian age, but cannot be
considered conclusive because of the small number of species in the assemblage.
Fortunately, the suggestive floral testimony is made rather conchisive by the
occurrence of the typical Lancian dinosaur Triceratops in the lower Ravenscrag
deposits.

The floras of the middle and upper Ravenscrag beds, also described by Berry,
are so clearly Paleocene that they do not need further analysis here.

Fruitland-Kirtland floras — The flora of the Fruitland formation of northwestern
New Mexico has been described by Knowlton.^ From his analysis of the fioral
assemblage he conckided that the beds were of Montanan age. This conclusion is
supported by the following analysis :

No outside distribution 17

Outside distribution 14 (3 in common with t.ype Lance)

Total number of species 31

Short-ranging species: Long-ranging species: Species of uncertain range . . 0

Montanan 4 (-|-2?) Pre-Montanan-Montanan 1

Lancian 0 Montanan-Lancian 6

Paleocene 0 Pre-Montanan-Montanan-Lancian 1

6(?) 8

From the fact that 3 of the short-ranging species are known elsewhere only in
the lower Vermejo and that the 2 species questioned in the Ust are also restricted
to the Vermejo, but of unknown stratigraphic position, it can be conckided that the
Fruitland is not younger than Vermejo, and most Hkely synchronous with the
lower Vermejo.

The Kirtland fiora, described by Knowlton as an integral unit of the Fruitland
flora, comprises at present only 7 species. Such a small assemblage is, in my opin-
ion, not a fair sample for reUable correlation, particularly in view of the fact that
only 3 of tlie species have an outside distribution. Until a larger floral assemblage is
known, it can only be said that from its relation to overlying and underlying beds
the Kirtland shale is either late Montanan or early Lancian in age.

Ericson-Almond flora — Fossil plants coUected near Point of Rocks in south-
western Wyoming have been described by Ward,^ Lesquereux,^ and Knowkon.'*
These specimens were collected at a time when neither stratigraphic nor geographic
position could be easUy determined. From the published reports and my visit to
the area, however, it seems reasonably certain that most of the plants were obtained
from the massive sandstone and overlying shale exposed j to | mile north and east
of the Point of Rocks station on the Union Pacific raik-oad. The massive sandstone
has since been called the Ericson sandstone and the overlying shales the Almond
formation.^ These were included in the Mesaverde group on the basis of their
stratigraphic position below the Lewis shale, whose marine fauna is of late Montanan

> Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98-S, 327-344. 1916.

'■ Ward, L. F., U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 549-557, 1885: U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 37, 13-115, 1887.

» Lesquereux, L., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 314-329, 343, 344, 1878.

' Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 6. 17-77, 1900.

' Sears, J. D., U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 781, 20, 1926.

118

C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

age.' Here, then, is an opportunity to see what kind of floral analj^^sis is derived
from an assemblage vvhose Montanan age is estabhshed by stratigraphic position
and adjacent marine faunas. Such an analysis should prove useful in the correla-
tion of other floral assemblages whose age is not so definitely estabhshed.
The Ericson-Ahiiond species give the foUowing analysis :

No outside distribution 14

Outside distribution 35 (14 in common with type Lance)

Total number of species ... 49

Short-ranging species:

Montanan 11

Lancian 4

Paleocene 0

15

Long-ranging species:

Montanan-Lancian-Paleocene . . 4

Montanan-Lancian 12

Lancian-Paleocene 1 (?)

I7(?)

Species of uncertain range . . 3

This summary shows that out of a total of 35 species with outside distribution,
14 (40 per cent) are also found in the flora of the type Lance. This is in contrast
with the higher percentages seen in floras of known Lancian age and is comparable
with the figure for the Vermejo flora. The short-ranging species, however, are
overwhelmingly of typical Montanan age, as foUows :

Montanan age only:

Ficus regularis
Ficus rhamnoides
Ficus squarrosa
Ficus wardii
Grewiopsis cleburni
Pterospermites unduiatus

Lancian age only :

Cornophyllum wardii
Ficus crossii

Pterospermites wardii
Quercus dentonoides
Trapa? cuneata
Viburnum anomalinervum
Widdringtonia? complanata

Menispermites belli
Selaginella? falcata

The age relations of the liricson-Ahiiond formations to other formations dis-
cussed are shown in figure 3.

Mesaverde flora, southeastern Wyorning — Knowlton has described a number of
species coUected from the Mesaverde formation northwest of Laramie, Wyoming.^
This small assemblage gives the foUowing analysis :

Nooutsidcdistribution 10

Outsidi; distiibution 1 1 (5 in common witli type Lance)

Short-ranging species:

Pre-Montanan 1

Montanan 0

Lancian 2

Total numl)er of .species 21

Long-ranging species:

Pre-Montanan-Montanan ... 2

Montanan-Lancian 5

Lancian-Paleocene 0

Species of unccrtain range . . 1

' Stanton, T. W., and Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 146, 147, 1897. Wilmarth, M. Grace, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 896.
1176. 1938.

« Knowlton, F. H., op. cit., 1-5, 1900.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERNWYOMING 119

Here is a typical example of the difficulty encountered when the short-ranging
species of an assemblage are too few for reliabiUty. The presence in the flora of 3
species of pre-Montanan occurrence is a fair indication that it is somewhat older
than any previously discussed. It is to be hoped that larger coUections of plants
may be obtained from the Mesaverde formation in order to make its floral assem-
blage of greater value for correlation.

Tullock-Ludlow flora — The contrast between the flora of the type TuUock and
Ludlow and the type Lance has previously been pointed out.^ Out of a total of
33 species in the type TuUock-Ludlow, there are 21 species with outside distribution,
of which only 5 are known also from the type Lance, as is shown in table 3. More-
over, these 5 species are aU long-ranging species, 3 from Montanan through Paleo-
cene age and 2 from Lancian through Paleocene. Of the total 21 species there are
11 that are restricted elsewhere to Paleocene age, 5 that are known in both Lancian
and Paleocene age, and 5 that range from the Paleocene into the Eocene or later.
It is concluded from these figures that the type TuUock and Ludlow beds, which
are non-dinosaur-bearing, are of Paleocene age.

It has been shown further ^ that other non-dinosaur-bearing beds which else-
where overUe the true Lance or HeU Creek formations have at many locaUties
yielded plants which are clearly of Paleocene and not Lancian age. These beds are
stratigraphicaUy equivalent to the type TuUock-Ludlow beds, which had previously
been regarded as the upper member of the Lance formation mainly because of their
interfingering relation with the CannonbaU beds, whose marine fauna was regarded
as Upper Cretaceous. Recently, however, Fox and Rqss have obtained a large
foraminiferal assemblage from the CannonbaU which is correlated with the Paleo-
cene Midway of the Gulf Coast.^ Had this correlation been known at the time when
the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary dispute was at high pitch, it seems reasonably
sure that Knowlton would not have included the plants of the TuUock, Ludlow, and
equivalent beds in his "Lance flora." It would have been apparent that the flora
of the true Tnceratops-bearing Lance and HeU Creek beds is quite distinct from
that of the overlying non-dinosaur-bearing TuUock, Ludlow, and equivalents. It
is now clear that the beUef that the plants of the TuUock, Ludlow, and equivalents
belonged to the true Lance was largely responsible for Knowlton's conclusion that
this "Lance flora" was essentiaUy a "Fort Union" (Paleocene) assemblage.

Fort Union flora — As is shown in table 3, there are only 5 species of the Lance
flora which occur also in the widespread Paleocene "Fort Union" beds. Only 1 of
these species, Cercidiphyllum arcticum, is elsewhere restricted to beds of known
Paleocene age; the remaining 4 species are long-ranging forms in both the late
Cretaceous and early Tertiary. The detaUed differences between the flora of the
type Fort Union and equivalent beds and that of the type Lance has already been
reported."' It may here be added that other floras of Lancian age, analyzed above,
are Ukewise easily distinguishable from the Fort Union flora or other floras of known

• Dorf, E., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 223-226. 1940.

Ubid., 226-232.

' Fox. S. K., Jr., and Ross, R. J., Jr., Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. 51, no. 12, pt. 2, 1970, 1940.

< Dorf, E., op. cit., 217-223, 1940.

120

C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO P A L ^E O N T O L O G Y

Paleocene age. Pending the much-needed revision of Rocky Mountain Paleocene
floras, at present being undertaken by Dr. Roland W. Brown, of the U. S. Geological
Survey, it may be observed that of a total of over 250 Paleocene species there are
only 30, of which 15 are very doubtful, which are reported as extending from the
Paleocene into the Lance or from the Lance into the Paleocene. These are as
follows :

?Aralia notata
Araliffiphyllum artocarpoides

?Araucarites longifolia
Celastrus? taurinensis
Cercidiphyllum arcticum
Cercidiphyllum ellipticum
Dillenites cleburni
Diosp3'ros brachysepala

?Euonymus xantholithensis

?Ficus coloradcnsis

?Ficus planicostata

?Fraxinus leii
Ginkgo adiantoides

?Hicoria antiquora

?Laurophylkim coloradensis

Laurus primigenia

Magnolia magnifolia
?Magnolia pulchra

Platanus aceroides

Platanus raynoldsii integrifolia
?Quercus? viburnifolia

Salix angusta
?Sapindus affinis
?Sequoia dakotensis

Sequoia nordenskioldi
?Taxodium occidentale

Thuja interrupta

Trapa? microphylla
?Viburnum antiquum
?Viburnum whymperi

This Hst shows an extremely small number of species that are known definitely
to bridge the span between Lancian and Paleocene time. They represent only
about 6 per cent of the total number of species of either the Lancian or the Paleocene
assemblage. It is difficult to explain this great difference between the typically
Lancian forests and those of the Paleocene of the same general region, particularly in
view of the apparent conformity between the Lancian and Paleocene rocks. I am
not prepared to offer an explanation, though I beUeve it may be sought in one or
another, or some combination, of the following suggestions: (1) there may exist an
unrecognized hiatus between the Lancian and Paleocene deposits; (2) there have as
yet not been a sufficient number of specimens coUected from the upper parts of the
Lancian formations or the lower parts of the Paleocene to present a true picture of
the floral changes; (3) the late Lancian orogeny in the Rocky Mountain region may
have been of sufficient intensity to cause rather sudden and widespread environ-
mental changes and concurrent floral changes; (4) the sudden floral cliange in the
early Paleocene may have been a result of a rather rapid invasion of the Rocky
Mountain region, possibly from eastern North America by way of the newly opened
route around the north end of the early Paleocene Cannonbafl sca.

Other floras — There are other floras in the Rocky Mountain region and clse-
where which have a few species in common with that of the type Lance formation,
as is shown in table 3. These floras are, however, too remotely related to that of
the type Lance or other formations of Lancian age to be considered further at the
present time.

Index species and dominanls of Lancian floras — From the foregoing analyses
it is evident that there are a number of species in the flora of the type Lance which
are, so far as is known, restricted elsewhere to floras of Lancian age. These are
shown, along with those of wider stratigraphic rango, in tal)le 4. TheoreticaUy,

9Q

O 'O

s Q
s'»

2.S

■< •D

■o ■o

To

|g

§

3

§i

g »
<t. a

Pliocene,
Miocene, and
Oligocene

> /

n /
a /

Trinidad-Iower Vermejo

Fox Hilla

Ericson-Almond

Mesaverde

,Iudith River

Belly River

Laramie

Colgate-Hell Creek

Medicine Bow

Lower Denver-lower Dawson

Upper Vermejo?-lower Raton?

•g

P

0

c!

S.

o

Wilcox, Hanna, middle and

upper Ravenscrag
Fort Union

Upper Denver-upper Dawson
Upper Raton
Tullock-Ludlow

a

B
—

<0

■^ /

o / co

S / 3 5

S / H H
O / »

/ H a
/ "^

Araucarites longifolia
Asplenites tenellum
Canna? magnifolia
Cinnamomum? affine
Cornophyllum wardii
Dombeyopsis obtusa
Dryophyllum subfalcatum
Ficus planicostata
Ficus? trinervis
Platanoph.yllum platanoides
LaurophyUum meeki
Laurophyllum salicifolium
Menispermites belli
Menispermites knightii
Myrtophyllum torreyi
Nymph^eites dawsoni
Pistia corrugata
Quercophyllum gardneri
Sabalites montana
Selaginella? falcata
Viburnum montanum
Vitis stantoni
Woodwardia? crenata
Anona? robusta
Apeibopsis? discolor
Aristolochites brittoni
Carpites lancensis
Carpites verrucosus
Carpites walcotti
Cissus? lobato-crenata
Dombeyopsis colgatensis
Dombeyopsis trivialis
Ficus? ceratops
Fraxinus leii
Grewiopsis saportana
Laurophyllum coloradensis
Laurophyllum wardiana
Magnoliophyllum cordatum
Menispermites cockerelli
Nelumbo tenuifolia
Pateoaster inquirenda
Pistacia eriensis
Platanophyllum montanum
Rhamnus? minutus
Sabalites eocenica
Saliciphyllum wyomingensis
Salix lancensis
Sequoia dakotensis
Viburnum marginatum
.\ralisphyllum artocarpoides
Celastrus? taurinensis
Cercidiphyllum arcticum
Cercidiphyllum ellipticum
DUIenites cleburni
Quercus? viburnifolia
Trapa? microphylla
Ginkgo adiantoides?

^"

^

"°

"i

-^

■'=

"*

^

.^

. .^ .

-»

a

121

122

C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

the presence of any one of the restricted Lancian species in an assemblage of un-
known age should indicate Lancian age. In actual practice, however, no such
assumption can be made with confidence, since an extension of the range of some of
these species can reasonably be expected to be made by future discoveries. An
association of a number of these restricted species in a fiora should indicate Lancian
age. Some species are considered more rehable than others because of their abun-
dance and their well-defined characters. Also there are a few species which are
absent from the type Lance, for unknown reasons, which are abundant in other
floras of Lancian age. The complete association of species which I consider the
best indices of Lancian age is as follows :

Anona? robusta
Dombeyopsis trivialis
Ficus? eeratops
Fraxinus leii
Grewiopsis saportana
Laurophyllum vvardiana
Magnoiiophyllum cordatum

Menispermites cockerelli
Nelumbo tenuifolia
Pistacia eriensis
Platanophyllum montanum
Sabalites eocenica
Viburnum marginatum

In addition to these restricted species there are others which though of wider
stratigraphic range are, so far as is known, abundant only in floras of Lancian age.
These dominants are as follows :

Cercidiphyllum eliipticum
Dillenites cleburni
Dryophyllum subfalcatum
Ficus planicostata

Ficus? trinervis
Quercus? viburnifolia
Sequoia dalcotensis
Vitis stantoni

Both of these lists are obviously to be regarded only as showuig tlie status of
these species in the present state of knowledge. As work progresses on the late
Cretaceous and early Tertiary fioras of the Rocky Mountain region there will un-
doubtedly be deletions and additions in both Usts.

SUMMARY

The present report discusses the fiora collected from the Lance formation at its
type locaUty, Niobrara C'ounty, Wyoming. The plant remains were obtained from
nine locaUties in the vicinity of Lance Creek; some additional specimens from this
area were secured through loan from the U. S. National Museiun.

The type Lance formation Ues conformably above the Fox Hills sandstone,
which carries thc typical late Montanan marine fauna of the Splienodiscus zone,
and below the typical beds of the Paleocene Fort Union group. Numerous dinosaur
remains of the late Cretaceous Triceratops zone have long been known from the
same parts of the type Lance formation that have now yielded numerous plant
remains. Late Cretaceous mammals and fresh-water moUusks are also recorded
from the same beds.

The flora of the type Lance formation, as described in the present report, com-
prises 70 recognizable forms, chiefiy of dicotyledons. There are 56 forms referred
to species previously known, 5 are described as new species, and 9 are given generic

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 123

designation but are not specifically determinable. Most of the species are regarded
as only distantly related to existing genera. Some of the species are still of very
uncertain systematic position ; others have been systematically revised or described
in detail on the basis of better and more abundant specimens and of comparisons
with modern plants. A quantitative analysis of the plant remains indicates that
10 species may be regarded as the dominants of the floral association.

Studies of the structural characters of the dicotyledonous leaves in the Lance
flora indicate lowland, humid, warm temperate conditions of growth, approaching
subtropical. This conchision is substantiated by the present distribution of modern
correlatives of the Lance species.

For purposes of correlation the Lance formation at its type locahty is made the
basis of a new provincial time term, " Lancian age." This time unit is regarded, on
the basis of the stratigraphic position and palseontology of the type Lance formation,
as latest Cretaceous, i.e., post-Montanan and pre-Paleocene.

Analyses of other late Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region indicate
that (1) the Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Colgate-HeU Creek formations are of
Lancian age, as is shown also by their stratigraphic position and by other fossil
remains; (2) the Arapahoe-lower Denver, lower Dawson, upper Vermejo-lower
Raton, and Whitemud-lower Ravenscrag formations and the so-called "Laramie"
of southwestern Wyoming are also of Lancian age; (3) the Almond-Ericson, Mesa-
verde, lower Vermejo, and Fruitland formations are of late Montanan age.

Analyses of Paleocene floras indicate that: (1) the floras of the type Fort Union
formation or other undoubted Paleocene beds have less than 10 per cent of their
species in common with the type Lance flora or other floras of Lancian age; (2)
the floras of the type TuUock and Ludlow beds and equivalents are closely related
to the Paleocene Fort Union flora and have httle in common with Lancian floras.

The placing of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary below the TuUock, Ludlow,
and demonstrable equivalents and above the HeU Creek and Lance is consistent
with the recent discovery of Paleocene foraminifera in the CannonbaU beds of the
Dakotas.

SYSTEMATIC PALiEOBOTANY

SYNONYMS AND CHANGES OF NAMES

The disposition of the names which Knowlton^ tentatively applied to the speci-
mens coUected in 1896 in the Lance Creek area is as follows:

Alga (gen. et sp. nov.) — unidentifiable, probably roots.

Aralia sp. = Platanophylluin montanum (Brown) Dorf, n. comb.

Carpiies 2 sp. — very poor, fragmentary speeimens, indeterminable.

Cyperacites sp. = Cyperacites sp.

Equisetum sp.? = Equisetum sp.

Fern (gen. et sp. nov.) = Filicites knoivltoni Dorf, n. sp.

Ficus 5 sp. = (1) Menispermites belli Berry; (2) Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux; (3) Ficusl

ceratops Knowlton; (4) very poor specimen, unidentifiable, seems nearest to Cissites lobatus

Dorf; (5) disregarded because specimen comes from "Fort Union" beds above the type

Lance, according to locality records at the U. S. National Museum.
Flabellaria eocenica Lesquereux = Sabalites eocenica (Lesquereux) Dorf.
Grewiopsis eocenica (Lesquereux) Knowlton = Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux.
Hicoria sp. — not considered in the present report because specimen comes from "Fort Union"

beds above the type Lance, according to locality records at the U. S. National Museum.
Juglans 2 sp. — both specimens disregarded since they are from "Fort Union" beds above the type

Lance, according to locality records at the U. S. National Museum.
Lysimachia sp. (new) = Phyllites IrifoUatus Dorf, n. sp.

Myrica torreyi Lesquereux = Myrtophijllum torreyi (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Ottelia? sp. (new) — poorly preserved, flattened round objects, not considered identifiable.
Palmocarpon palmarum (Lesquereux) Knowlton — very poorly preserved, unidentifiable.
Phyllites 3 sp. — (1) and (2) poorly preserved, unidentifiable; (3) disregarded since specimen is

from "Fort Union" beds above the type Lance, according to locality records at the U. S.

National Museum.
Platanus raynoldsii Newberry — disregarded since specimens come from "Fort Union" beds above

the type Lance, according to locality records at the U. S. National Museum.
Platanus raynoldsii integrifolia Lesquereux, Populus subrotunda Lesquereux, and Populus ambly-

rhyncha Ward — disregarded since specimens come from "Fort Union" bcds above the type

Lance, according to locality records at the U. S. National Museum.
Quercus cinereoides Lesquereux of Knowlton = Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowlton and

Cockcrell) Dorf, n. comb.
Quercus viburnifolia Lesquereux = Quercusl vibumifolia Lesquereux.
Quercus 3 sp. (new?) — (1) and (2) unidentifiable; (3) disrcgarded since specimen comes from "Fort

Union" beds above the type Lance, according to locality rccords at the U. S. National

Museum.
Sabal rigida Hatcher — palm rays only; may belong to Sabalites montana (Knowlton) Dorf.
Salix angusta AI. Braun — disregarded since no specimens referred to this species could be found

in the collections at the U. S. National Museum.
Salix 3 sp. (new?) — (1) and (2) = Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux; (3) = Salix lancensis

Berry.
Salvinia sp. = Salvinia? sp.

Sassafras sp. (new) = Platanophyllum montanum (Brown) Dorf, n. comb.
Sequoia nordenskioldi Heer = Scquoia dakotensis Brown ?
Taxodium distichum miocenum Heer — disregarded since no specimcns referred to this species could

be found in the coUections at the U. S. National Museum.
Trapa microphylla Lesquereux = Trapal microphylla Lesquereux.

' Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Waabington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207. 1909.

124

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 125

Ulmus sp. = Carpitcs uhniformis Dorf, n. sp.

Viburnum sp. (new) = small leaves of Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown.

Viburnum whymperi Heer = Vihumum montanum Knowlton.

Other changes in species concepts, involving either synonymies or changes in

generic allocation, are as follows:

Anona coloradensis Knowlton = Laurophyllum coloradensis (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Aristolochia brittoni Knowlton = Aristolochites brittoni (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Aspleniuni teneUum Knowlton = Asplenites tenelhnn (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Carpolithus hirsutus Newberry of Brown, and of Dorf = Carpites lancensis Dorf, n. sp.
Cornus fosteri Ward = Araliasphylluni artocarpoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Cunninghamites? sp., Knowlton = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Dammara sp., Knowlton = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Dammaral sp., Dorf = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Ficus artocarpoides Lesquereux = Aralisephyllu7n artocarpoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Ficus cockerelli Knowlton and its included synonyms ' = Menispermites cockerelli (Knowlton)

Dorf, n. comb.
Ficus crossii Ward of Knowlton, and of Dorf = Laurophyllum meeki Dorf.
Ficus post-trinervis Knowlton = Ficus? trinervis Knowlton.

Ficus preartocarpoides Brown (in part) = Aralisephyllum artocarpoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Ficus uncata Lesquereux of Knowlton, and of Dorf = Anona? robusta Lesquereux.
Geinitzia formosa Heer of Knowlton = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf , n. comb.
Geinitzia longifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Ginkgo laramiensis Ward = Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer.
Grewiopsis tenuifolia Lesquereux = Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown.

Laurus lakesii Knowlton = Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowlton and Cockerell) Dorf, n. comb.
Laurus lanceolata Knowlton = Laurophyllum salicifolium (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Laurus ocoteoides Lesquereux = Laurophyllum wardiana (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Laurus socialis Lesquereux of Knowlton, and of Dorf = Laurophyllum coloradensis (Knowlton)

Dorf, n. comb.
Laurus wardiana Knowlton = Laurophyllum wardiana (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Liriodendron sp., Brown = Apeibopsisl discolor (Lesquereux) Lesquereux.
Myrica torreyi Lesquereux and its included synonyms - = Myrtophyllum torreyi (Lesquereux)

Dorf, n. comb.
Nelumho dawsoni Hollick = Nymphseites dawsoni (Hollick) Dorf, n. comb.
Phyllites colubrinoides Dorf, 1940 (not Dorf, 1938) = Cercidiphylluni arcticum (Heer) Brown.
Platanus platanoides (Lesquereux) Knowlton (in part) = Platanophyllum platanoides (Lesquereux)

Dorf, n. comb.
Platanus sp., Brown = Platanophyllum platanoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Quercus cinereoides Lesquereux of Knowlton = Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowlton and

Cockerell) Dorf, n. comb.
Quercus gardneri Knowlton = Quercophyllum gardneri (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Quercus rockvalensis Knowlton = Quercophyllum gardneri (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
Rhamnus cleburni Lesquereux (in part) and its included synonyms ' = Dillcnites clehurni (Les-

quereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Rhamnus salicifolius Lesquereux and its included synonyms ■* = Laurophyllum salicifolium (Les-

quereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Salix wyomingensis Knowlton and Cockerell = Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowlton and

Cockerell) Dorf, n. comb.
Sassafras montana Brown = Platanophyllum montanum (Brown) Dorf, n. comb.
SelagincUa laciniata Lesquereux = SelagineUa? falcata Lesquereux.
Sequoia acuminata Lesquereux = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

■ Dorf, E., Carnegie Inat. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 55, 1938.
2 Ibid., 49.
' Ibid., 67.
* Ibid., 66.

126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL.EONTOLOGY

Sequoia longifolia Lesquereux = Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

Trochodendroides sp., Dorf, 1940 = Cercidiphyllnm ellipticum (Newberry) Brown.

Viburnitm anomalinervum Knowlton of Dorf, 1940 (not Knowlton) = Vitis stantoni (Knowlton)

Brown.
Viburmim platanoides Lcsquereux = Platanophyllum plalanoides (Lcsquereux) Dorf, n. comb.
Viburnum richardsoni Knowlton = Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown.
Viburnum whymperi Heer (in part) = Vitis slantoni (Knowlton) Brown.
Zizyphus ripleyensis Berrj' of Dorf, 1940 = Phylliles sp.

DESCRIPTIONS

Family POLYPODIACEiE

Genus ASPLENITES Goeppert

|ilcnitcs tenellum (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate 4, Figs. 1-3)

Asplmium. tenellum Knowlton, U. S. GeoL Surv. Bull. 163, 19, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1900. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv.
Prof. Paper 189, 245, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1939. Dorf, BuU. Geoi. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 222, 1940.

There are 3 specimens in the collections which are similar in all essential characters to the
figurecl and type specimens of this species. In plate 4, figure 3 are shown the delicate pinnules
bome alternateiy on a slender pinna. The details of the venation and margins are shown in the
enlarged pinnules, figures 1 and 2.

The general shape, size, and venation of these pinnules are suggestive of HymenophyUum
confusum Lesquereux from the Denver flora; ' this may be distinguished, however, by the decurrent
extension of the pinnules along the pinna;, a character not seen in any of the known specimens of
Asplenites tenellum.

The original type specimens of A. tcnellum wcre obtaincd from the Montana group (Mcsa-
verde formation) of southeastern Wj^oming. It has since been encountered only in the Colgate
flora of eastern Montana and in the type Lance of the present report.

Although thcsc pinnules are undeniably similar to those of several living species of Asplenium,
it scems advisable to rcfcr this spccies to the less positive Asplenites, at least until specimens of
fertile parts are discovcred.

Occwrrewce— Localities P3853, P3858.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2450, 2451, 2452.

Genus WOODWARDIA Smith ?

Woodwardia? crenata Knowlton

(Plate 4, Figs. 5, 6)

Woodwardia crenala Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 22, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper

101,246, 1917.
Woodwardia sp., Knowlton, BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 154, 1897.

There are 6 specimens of fern fragments which I cannot distingui.sh from thc type and
described specimens of this species. As is shown in thc fragments here figured, thc pinnulcs arc
distinctly crcnatc and the venation is precisely as in the original type. The absence of fincr
serrations in the Lance Creek specimcns is not considered sufficicntly important for specific sepa-
ration, in view of the variations of this kind notcd in pinnulcs of modern ferns.

I have questioned the refercncc of this spccics to the gcnus Woodivardia. Therc is, to be
sure, a resemblance to several living spccies of this gcnus, but there is also rcsemblancc to the
living Onoclea. A definite generic reference can probably not be made until fruiting organs have
been found in attachment to pinnules of this form.

' Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 17, pl. 1, fig. 4. 1930.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 127

Aside from its occurrence in the type Lance flora, this species is known onl.y from the upper
Mesaverde group and the Vermejo formation.
Occurrence — LocaUties P3854, P3858.
Collection—lS . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2453, 2454.

Family SALVINIACE^?

Genus SALVINIA (Micheli) Schreber 7

Salvinia? sp.

(Plate 4, Fig. 4)

Salvinia sp., Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 133, 1897; Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 1 1 , 207, 1909.

In the collections at the U. S. National Museum there is a single specimen, here figured,
which Knowlton regarded as belonging to the genus Salvinia. Unfortunately the two incomplete
pinnules on the specimen are too poorly preserved to bring out the details of venation and of pitting
which are essential for description or identification.

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1462.

Collection — U. S. National Museum, No. 40249.

FILICALES, PosiTioN Uncertain

Genus FILICITES Brongniart
Filicites knowltoni Dorf, n. sp.
(PIate4, Figs. 7,8, 10, 11)
Fern (gen. et sp. nov.), Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There are 1 1 well-preserved specimens of this species, of which 9 are in the collections of the
U. S. National Museum.

Description — Pinnules relatively small, averaging 6-9 mm. long and 3-5 mm. wide, oblong-
elliptic, entire-margined, and with fine, numerous, anastomosing veins obliquely diverging from
an indistinct midrib; pinnules closelj^ spaced on pinna in alternate arrangement, attached only by
central part of base; ultiraate disposition of pinnae unknown; fertile parts not preserved.

I have been unable to find any living or fossil ferns with which these delicate specimens can
be adequately compared.

Occwrrence— Localities P3856, P3858; U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1462.

Collection—V. S. National Museum, Cotype Nos. 40250, 40250a (counterpart) ; U. C. Mus.
Pal., Cotypes Nos. 2455, 2456.

Family EQUISETACE^

Genus EQUISETUM Linne
Equisetum sp.
(Plate 6, Figs. 2, 3)
Equiselum sp.?, Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There are 3 well-preserved specimens and several fragments of ribbed, jointed stems clearly
referable to the genus Equisetum. There is also an excellent specimen of this form in the Lance
collections from this same area in the U. S. National Museum (specimen No. 1007 [1462]). As is
usually the case, none of these specimens shows features of diagnostic value for specific identifica-
tion. In addition to jointed stems, the Lance Creek collections also contain a specimen (fig. 3)
which I regard as a pair of typical equisetaceous tubers, and another specimen (fig. 2) which is
clearly an impression of a nodal diaphragra.

128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Although widely recorded in floras of Cretaceous and Tertiary age, the remains of Equisetum
are too generalized to be safely used for purposes of correlation.
Occi/rrence— Localities P3853, P3856, P3858, P3859.
CoUection—\: . C. Mus. Pal., Nos. 2457, 2458.

Family SELAGINELLACE.E?

Genus SELAGINELLA Spring ?

Selaginella? falcata Lesquereux

(Plate 6, Fig. 1)

Selaginellal fakala Lesquereux. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.. Bull., vol. 1, 365, 1876; U. S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 297, 1876; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 46, only pl. 61,
figs. 12-1.5, 1S78.

Selnginella laciniata Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Bull., vol. 1. 378, 1876; U. S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr.. Ann. Rept. (1874), 297, 1876; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 47, pl. 64, figs. 12,
12a, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 24, pl. 3, figs. 5-8, 1900. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Araer.,
vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

There are 5 specimens from Locality P3853 which were at first regarded as SelagineUa
laciniata. After consulting the collections at the V. S. National Museum, however, I believe
that the two species listed above, which were collccted from precisely the same locality, represent
one and the same species in different states of preservation. The distinguishing features of these
two species have been the threadlike laciniae of S. laciniata and the narrow leaves of S.l falcata.
Both of these features are to be seen on a single stalk in several of the Lance Creek specimens.
There are apparentlj' no other comparable specimens reported from Cretaceous or Tertiary floras
of North America.

The reference of this species to SelagineUa is doubtful, as is indicated by the question mark
originally inserted by Lesquereux. I have been unable to find anj' Uving species with either
aerial or submerged leaves of this particular form.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

CoUection—V. C. Mus. PaL, Plesiotype No. 2459.

Family GINKGOACE^

Genus GINKGO (Kaempfer) Linn6
Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer ?

Ginkgo adiantoidfs (Unger) Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., vol. 5, pt. 3, 21, pl. 2, figs. 7-10, 1878. Ward, U. S. Geol.

Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 549, pl. 31, figs. 5, 6, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 37, 15, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 1887.

Lesquereux, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, 35, 1887. Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 5, 579, 1893;

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, 215, 1894; Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 185, 197, 198, 204, 213,

1909; Jour. Geol., vol. 19, 370, 1911. Penhallow, Canada Geol. Surv., Pub. 1013, 57, text fig. 12, 1908.

Berry, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. 20, sec. 4, 190, 1926; Canada Geol. Surv. BuII. 42, 96, 1926; Canada

Nat. Mus. Mem. 63, 18, 1930; Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 17, 1935. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer.,

vol.51,218, 222, 225, 1940.
Salisburia adianloidfs Unger, Syn. PI. Foss., 211, 1845.
Ginkgo larajniensis Ward, Science, vol. 5, 496, fig. 7, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 549, pl. 31, fig. 4,

1SR5; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 37, 15, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 31, pl. 4,

figs. 7-10, pl. 5, fig. 5, 1900. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 246, pl. 48, figs. 12-18, pl. 59,

figs. 1-3, 1939 (see synonymy).

There is a single specimen from LocaHty P3857 which clearly is a characteristic fan-shaped
leaf of the modorn genus Ginkgo. The widespread oceurrences of Tertiary representatives of this
genus are usuaiiy referred to thc nominal species Ginkgo adiantoides, whose leaves are identical
with those of the living species G. biloha Linn6. Several attempts have becn made by palceo-
botanists to distinguish the late Cretaceous Ginkgo leaves as a separate spccies, G. laramiensis.
As Berry has pointed out,' the leaf forms shown in specimens of both the Cretaceous and the
Tertiary species fail "to disclo.se as much variation as can be selected from a single existing tree."

> Berry, E. W., Canada Geol. Surv. Mcm. 182, 17, 1935.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 129

Shaparenko,' who has studied the past records of Ginkgo in detail, does not regard G. laramiensis
as a vahd species. Brown, on the other hand, distinguishes between G. adiantoides and G. lara-
miensis on the basis of the character of mature average leaf forms.^ He states: "During Upper
Cretaceous time the average form was still cuneate, but the tendency was to be entire, undulate,
or only slightly bilobate, as in G. laramiensis. From the Eocene onward the average type was
reniform and bilobate and is typified by G. adianloides." This is certainly a valid observation,
but is impossible to apply, as Brown has pointed out, unless abundant specimens are secured.
In the Lance Creek collections, only a single, incomplete specimen is known, so that a positive
specific reference cannot be made.

As is indicated in the long list of references above, the well-defined leaves of this form are of
common occurrence in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of North America. Whether
or not a single species of Ginkgo has survived from the Upper Cretaceous to the present day cannot
be determined on the basis of leavcs alone.

Occurrence — Locality P3857.

Colledion—U. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2460.

Family TAXODIACE.E

Genus SEQUOIA Endlicher

Sequoia dakotensis Brown

(Plate 6, Figs. 4-11)

Sequoia dakoknsis Brown, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 25, 447, 1935; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1S9,

247, pl. 48, figs. 6-10, 1939. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
ISequoia nordenskioldi Heer. Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There are 20 specimens of cone impressions and casts in the collections. The excellent
preservation of one of these (plate 6, fig. 7) as a mud cast makes it possible to compare it with the
casts described by Brown as Sequoia dakotensis. The description given by Brown is as follows:

"Cones, L5-4 cm. long, 1.2-3 cm. in diameter, with about 30 scales, arranged in two sets
of spiral rows, the steep-angled set in 5 rows, and the flat-angled set in 3 rows. The faces of the
scales present sections that are long and narrow, roughly diamond-shaped, but occasionally with
one or two additional angle.s. Peduncles of the scales abruptly narrowed to the point of attach-
ment at the axis of the cone. Surface of the scales smooth, or sometimes slightly wrinkled."

The single cast in the Lance Creek collection has 28 scales; an examination of the large
number of typical specimens of this species at the U. S. National Museum has shown that this
number of scales is within the range of variability of "about 30 scales," as described above. The
remaining characters of the cone and of other cone impressions in my collections are precisely as
enumerated by Brown.

At the Lance Creek localities which have yielded them, these cones are always associated
with foliage which is clearly of the Seqiioia type (plate 6, figs. 4-6). In view of this invariable
association and the absence of other coniferous foliage at these localities, it is reasonably certain
that the cones and foliage belong to the same species. This foliage cannot be distinguished from
that of such nominal "species" as S. langsdorfii (Brongniart) Heer, S. nordenskioldi Heer, or S.
obovata Knowlton.' These "species" have little meaning, either botanically or geologically,
because of their lack of distinguishing characteristics. On foliage characters alone they cannot be
separated from the living S. sempervirens Endlicher. When foliage remains are intimately asso-
ciated with well-defined cones, however, there can be no natural or valid grounds for referring
the foliage and the cones to two distinct "species."

OccMrre^ce— Localities P3651, P3652, P3855, P3857, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype.s Nos. 2461, 2462, 2462a (counterpart), 2463, 2464,
2465, 2466, 2467, 2468; Nos. 2469, 2470, 2471, 2472, 2473.

' Shaparenko, K., Philippine Jour. Sei., vol. 57, pt. 1, 1-28. 1935.
' Brown, R. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 247, 1939.

' For the numerous references to these wideapread forms, consult Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 696, 594,
595, 596, 1919.

130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL.EONTOLOGY

Family ARAUCARIACE.E

Genus ARAUCARITES Presl

Araucarites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate 4, Figs. 9, 12, 13; Plate 5, Figs. 1-6)

Sequoia Inngifolia Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 298, 1870; Rept. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 79, pl. 7, figs. 14, 14a, pl. 61, figs. 2S, 29, 1878. Cockerell, Torreya, vol. 9, 142,

1909. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 115, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1922. Dorf, Bull.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Sequoia acuminata Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 310, 1876; Rept. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 80, pl. 7, figs. 15-16o, 1878. Knowlton, Jour. Geol., vol. 19, 371, 1911; U. S.

Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 114, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I,

45, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1938.
Geinitzia longifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 28, 1900.
Cunninghamites? sp., Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 163, 29, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1900.
Geinilzia formom Heer. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 28, pl. 5, figs. 1,2, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 101, 251, pl. 31, figs. 1-3, 1917.
Dammara sp., Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 114, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1922.
Dammara'! sp., Dorf, BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

Several hundred specimens of this long-leaved conifer and associated cone scales were ob-
tained, mainly from Locality P3853. About 150 specimens were retained for study. The re-
covery of so large a suite of specimens, showing man.y stages of growth and varieties of preserva-
tion, has made it possible to show that the .several species cited above are in reaUty referable to a
single species. The specific name longifolia has priority over the others.

As was pointed out by Knowlton,' the original type specimens of Sequoia longifolia were
described by Lesquereux from the Mesaverde formation at Point of Rocks, Wyoming. The
original description was as foUows:

"Branches and branchlets thick; leaves close, open, sHghtly narrowed to the decurring base,
thick; scars deep, ligulate, obtusely pointed, marked by a deep groove in the middle."

The Lance Creek foliage specimens clearly agree with this description and are indistingui.sh-
able from the original type and figured specimens. None of these, moreover, differ in any vaUd,
essential detail from the specimens from Black Buttes which were called Sequoia acuminata.
Lesquereux recognized the close resemblance of these specimens to S. longifolia and hesitated to
describe the two specics as distinct. They apparently differed only in the absencc of scars on the
branches of S. acuminata. From the numerous specimcns available in the Lance Creek coUections
it is evident that leaf scars are often concealed by fiattened leaf bases; accordingly, the absence of
leaf scars in the Black Buttes specimens is here regarded as fortuitous.

The Mesaverde (?) specimens of Geinitzia longifolia and Cunninghamites? sp. were inchided
in the species Sequoia longifolia by Knowlton - on what appear to be justifiable grounds. Nor is
thcre any discernible differcnce in f he Mesaverde and Vermejo specimens which Knowlton rcforred
to Geinitzia formosa Heer. Knowiton characterized these specimens in part by the alternation
of the normal needles "with smaller intermediate scalelike leaves." The type specimens do not
bear out this observation ; the apparent smaller loaves aro merely the basal parts of longer leaves
which are cut off by projcction into the matrix or out to the fracturo i)lano along whicli the rock
was split.

The intimate association of a groat many individual cone scales with the hundreds of speci-
mens of the foHage of this type, coupled with the absence of other conifer foliage or cone scales at
these locahties, makes it reasonably certain that these two types of remains belong to the same
species of conifer. These cone scales (plate 5, figs. 2-6) are identical with the type specimen and
with more completo, unfigurcd specimens ' of Dammara sp., from the Laramie formation at
Marshall, Colorado. As at the Lance Creek localities, these Laramie cone scales wcre associated
at the Marshall locality with foliage referred to Scquoia longifolia. A similar occurrence of this
type of cone scale and foHage has been noted in a coUection frora the Hell Creek formation at the

• Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Gcol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 115, 1922.
> Ibid.

• U. S. National Museum collections, No. 36709.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 131

U. S. National Museum (specimens No. 5, Locality 8536). Comparable scales, referred to Dani-
mara acicularis Knowlton,' from the Judith River formation differ from the Lance and Laramie
species chiefiy in their consistently shorter apical spines; they undoubtedlj^ belong to the same
genus.

I can see no justification for the retention of the generic name Sequoia for this species.
Neither the foliage nor the cone scales resemble in any way the living species of Sequoia. An
examination of herbarium specimens of all available species of conifers at the New York Botanical
Garden has convinced me that the closest resemblance is to the living AraucariaceEe. The
foliage is of the same type seen in Araucaria excelsa (Lamb.) R. Br. and A. cunninghamii Ait.
The needles of these species are radially arranged, are marked by a medial fold or false midrib, and
are attached to the branches in the same manner as in the fossil specimens. They differ only in
their shorter length and greater width. It is significant, moreover, that the cones of these living
species are deciduous, as in the fossil species, and have cone scales which closely resemble those of
the fossil specimens in size, shape, and terminal spines.

Occurrence — Localities P3853, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2474, 2475, 2476, 2477, 2478, 2479, 2480, 2481,
2482.

Family TYPHACE.^

Genus TYPHA Linne
Typha sp.

There are 9 specimens of this ubiquitous form. None of these has characters sufEciently
well defined to attempt specific determination or description.

Remains of this type, generally referred to Typha, are common throughout Cretaceous and
Tertiary time. Of no use for correlation purposes because of their lack of diagnostic features,
they indicate a wet habitat, with inadequate drainage resulting in shallow standing bodies of water.

Ocrarrence— Localities P3651, P3853, P3856, P3857, P38o8, P3859.

Colledion—V. C. Mus. Pal., Nos. 2483, 2484.

Family CYPERACE^

Genus CYPERACITES Schimper

Cyperacites sp.

Remains of finely parallel-veined leaves, referable to the form genus Cyperacites, are fairly
abundant in the collection from Locality P3857. These are the same as other specimens from
the Lance Creek area which are in the collections at the U. S. National Museum.- These mono-
cotyledonous leaves do not have any characters by which they can be defined or recognized as
"species"; they are recorded here only for their ecological connotations.

Occurrence — Locality P3857.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2485.

Family PALM^

Genus SABALITES Saporta

Sabalites eocenica (Lesquereux) Dorf

(Plate 7, Fig. 1)

Sahalites eocenica (Lesquereux) Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 48, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1938.

Flabellaria eocenica Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 391, 1873; U. S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 380, 1874; U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1876),
502, 1878; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 111, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2 (not 3), 1878.

Sabal communis Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 311, 1876.

' Knowlton. F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 257, 134, pl. 15, egs. 2-5. 1905.
«Specimen No. 1008 (1462).

132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Flabellaria communis Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1875), 385, 1876.
Sabal irujuirenda Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 288, pl. 56, 1917.
Saball rtigosa Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 288, pl. 58, 1917.
Sabal? eocenica Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 557, 1919.

There are 2 impressions from Locality P3853 which have the characters considered diagnostic
of this species. Knowlton has previously reported this species (as Flabellaria eocemca) from the
Lance Creek area.* I have seen this specimen in the collections at the U. S. National Museum;
it is not numbered, so that the exact locaHty from which it was collected is not known. In view
of the present discovery of this species in the same region, it is reasonably certain that Knowlton
was correct in stating that his specimen was collected from the type Lance formation.

In addition to its present occurrence, this species is reported only from fioras which I con-
sider the uppermost Cretaceous in the Rocky Mountain region: the Black Buttes, the lower Raton,
and the Medicine Bow; it is also present in the Laramie flora, being represented in the collection of
undescribed and unlabeled Laramie specimens at the U. S. National Museum (specimens Nos.
570a, 1327).

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

CoUection—\J. C. Mus. Pal., Pleisotype No. 2487.

Saballtes montana (Knowlton) Dorf
(Plate 6, Fig. 12)

Sabalites montana (Knowlton) Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 47, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1938; Bull.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Sabal montana Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 2.53, pl. 32, fig. 3, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 130, 119, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1922.
Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Lesquereux (in part), Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 112, pl. 12, fig. 1

(not pl. 12, fig. 2), 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 36, pl. 9, fig. 5, 1930.
ISabal rigida Hatcher, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, 263, text fig. 1, 1901.

In addition to a large number of impre.ssions of the outer rays of palm leaves, the Lance Creek
collcctions contain 2 impressions of the basal parts of leaves, of which the better is figured. In
size, appro.ximate number of rays, and length and character of acumen, these impressions are
referable to the species Sabalites montana.

In 1900 Hatcher collected an impre.ssion of a part of a palm leaf from the Lance Creek area.
This was described and figured as a new species, Sabal rigida. In the absence of the diagnostic
basal part of this leaf, it is doubtful whether the recognition of this specimen as a distinct species
will serve any useful purpose. I have questionably united it with the present species, whose
outer rays are of the same general character and size.

As known at present, this species occurs in the upper Mesaverde group and the Vermejo,
Laramic,^ Medicine Bow, lower Denver, and type Lance formations.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2486.

Family ARACE^

Genus PISTIA Unn6

Pistia corrugata Lesquereux

(Plate 7, Figs. 3, 4, 6)

Pislia corrtigata Ix-squercux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 299, 1876; Rept. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 103, pl. 61,fig8. 1,3,4,6,7,9-11, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163,

31, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 334, pl. 85, fig. 4, 1916. Berry, Canada Gcol. Surv. Mem. 182.

23, 1935. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 248, pl. 49, figs. 7-9, pl. 56, fig. 6a, 1939. Dorf,

Bvill. Geol. Sor. Amcr., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Oltrlia americana I^squercux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 300, 1876; Rept. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 98, pl. 61, fig. 8, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 32, 1900.
Lemna sculala Dawson. Lesquercux, Rcpt. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 102, pl. 61, fig. 5 only, 1878.

' Knowlton, F. H.. Proc. Waahington Acad. Sci.. vol. 11. 207. 1909.

' In addition to tho figurcd Laramie spccimcn, thcro ie a bctter, undescribed Bpecimen (No. 569o) in the Laramio col-
lection at the U. S. National Muscum.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 133

There are 27 specimens clearly referable to this well-defined species, from two locaUties in
the Lance Creek area. Most of the speciraens are well preserved, although the venation seems
always to be only faintly impressed, as a result of the thick texture of the leaves.

Pistia corrugata was described by Lesquereux from abundant remains in the upper Mesaverde
group at Point of Rocks, Wyoming. The original description is as follows:

"Leaves broadly obovate, incrassated from the middle toward the base, bordered upward
by a wavy margin, gradually narrowed into a short pedicel with bundles of radicles at its base;
veins going out from the pedicel in two or three compact fascicles, dividing in passing up from the
base of the leaves, and forming, by cross-branchlets, large irregular polygonal meshes."

The abundant specimens in the Lance Creek coUections do not differ in any respect frora the
above description. Coraparisons with 'the type speciraens at the U. S. National Museura have
shown that the average size of the Lance Creek leaves is soraewhat greater than that of the type
specimens figured by Lesquereux. Berry has raade the same observation on specimens from the
Whitemud formation of Saskatchewan. There are, however, several unfigured specimens from
the Mesaverde formation in the collections at the U. S. National Museum which closely approach
in size the Lance and Whitemud specimens. On the basis of other variatious observed in a large
number of specimens frora the Fox Hills and Colgate, Brown has synonyraized the speciraen of
Ottelia americana Lesquereux and one speciraen of Lemna scutata Dawson with Pistia corrugata.

As known at present, the leaves of P. corrugata, which are usually well defined and fairly
common, are valuable index forras for the Montana and post-Montana Cretaceous. They are
now known from the Mesaverde, Judith River, Kirtland, Belly River, Whiteraud, Fox Hills,
Colgate, and true Lance formations. No comparable leaves have ever been reported from the
extensive "Fort Union" flora of the Rocky Mountain region. The Wilcox species, Pistia wil-
coxensis, is regarded by Berry as " clearly distinct from previously described fossil forms of Pistia." '

The reference of these fossil leaves to the genus Pistia has been amply substantiated by
comparison with leaves of the single living species. They are, indeed, difficult to separate from
the leaves of the modern "water lettuce," Pistia stratiotes Linne,- which is widespread in south-
eastern United States, Mexico, and Central and South America, and is known also in Asia and
Africa.

Occurrence— Localities P3853, P3858.

Collection—l!. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2488, 2489, 2490; No. 2491.

Family CANNACEiE

Genus CANNA Linn^ ?

Canna? magnifolia Knowlton

(PlateS, Fig. 1)

Canna'! magnifolia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 2.54, pl. 30, fig. 3, 1917. Berry, U. S. Geol.
Surv. Prof. Paper 185-F, 129, 1934. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. 51, 222, 225, 1940.

The specimen here figured is the better of 2 incomplete leaves of this type in the Lance
Creek collections. Except for the somewhat larger angle of divergence of the secondary venation,
these leaves cannot be distinguished from the figured and type specimen of Cannal magnifolia
from the Verraejo forraation of Colorado. The Medicine Bow specimen referred to Canna cf.
C? magnifolia differs only in the ab.sence of the alternation of thick and thin veins.' I have not
been able to compare these specimens with the reported example of this species which Berry de-
scribed from the lower Lance (Hell Creek) formation of South Dakota.''

The uncertainty regarding the taxonoraic affinities of this species has been discussed in my
cited report on the Medicine Bow flora.

Occurrence — Localities P3652, P3853.

Collection—\5 . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2492.

' Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91, 175, pl. 113, fig. 4, 1910.
» New York Botanical Garden, aheets Noa. 18, 2687.

> Dorf, E., Carnegie Inst. Waah. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 49, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1938.
* Property of Mr. Henry Lee, of Rapid City, South Dalfota.

134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALiEONTOLOGY

Family SALICACEiE

Genus SALIX Linn6

Salix lancensis Berry

(Plate 7, Figs. 2, 5, 7, 8; Plate 8, Fig. 3)

Salix laTu-ensis Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 185-F, 130, pl. 25, fig. 8, 1934.
Salii sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There are nearly a hundred specimens, from six localities, which agree closely with the speci-
mens which Berry described and figured from the lower Lance (Hell Creek) formation of Harding
County, South Dakota. The Lance Creek specimens apparently differ only in the somewhat
more widelj' spaced marginal teeth. Since the marginal characters of the Harding County speci-
mens are poorly preserved, it may be that more adequate specimens would reveal the same kind
of teeth as are seen in those from the Lance Creek area.

There are apparently no other later Cretaceous or early Tertiary species of <SaKx with which
these specimens can be compared. There is a possibiUty that they may be slender forms of
Fraxinus leii Berry, from which they appear to differ mainly in their very lanceolate shape and
their more numerous secondaries and marginal teeth.

The generic reference to Salix seems reasonably justifiable.

OccMTTence— LocaUties P3652, P3853, P3854, P3857, P3859; U. S. Geol. Survey LocaUty 1469.

Colledion—lJ. S. National Museum, Plesiotypes Nos. 40251, 40252; U. C. Mus. Pal., Plesio-
types Nos. 2493, 2494, 2495.

Genus SALICIPHYLLUM Fontaine
Saliciphyllum wyomingensis (Knowlton and Cockerell) Dorf, n. comb.
(Plate 8, Fig. 5)

Salix wyomingensis Knowlton and Cockerell, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 572, 1919. Knowlton, U. S. Geol.

Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 125, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4, 8, 1922.
Salix inlegra Goeppert, Ztschr. Deut. geol. Gesellsch., vol. 4, 493, 1852. Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog.

Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 397, 1874; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 167, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2,

1878.
IQuercus cinereoides Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 152, pl. 21, fig. 6, 1878. Knowlton,

Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.
Laurus lakesii Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 144, pl. 22, fig. 6, 1922.

There are 3 specimens which are sufficiently complete to indicate their identity with the
tj'pe and figured specimens of Salix wyomingensis froni the Black Buttes and Laramie floras. I
have also seen the specimen from the Lance formation which Knowlton referred to Quercus
cinereoides and find it indistinguishable. The original type specimen of Q. cinereoides ("LocaUty
unknown") is not to be found in the coUection at the U. S. National Museum, hence I have
questioned its reference to the new combination. I can see no justifiable basis of distinction
for the Laramie specimen described by Knowlton as Laurus lakesii, which was coUected from the
same locaUty as several specimens of Salix wyomingensis.

This somewhat generaUzed leaf form may be distinguislied from other species of slmilar
shape by the number and the high angle of its secondaries, which loop abruptly upward near the
margins, by its indistinct tertiary venation, and by its entire margins. It resembles, except for
its tertiary venation, the speciraens from Evanston, Wyoming, which Lesquereux referred to
Laurus primigenia Unger.'

A definite reference of this species to the existing genus Salix seems unwarranted. Its
characters seem equaUy lauraceous.- Pending more definite comparisons, it is advisable to refer
it to the form genus Saliciphyllum, indicating only a similarity to the leaves of Salix.

Occurrence — LocaUty P3857.

CoUedion—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2496.

' Lesquereux, L., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Tcrr., vol. 7, 214, pl. 36, figs. 5. 6, 8, 1878.
' Cf. Lit»ea glaucescena H. B. and K., New York Botanical Garden, Noa. 7352, 1489.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 135

Family FAGACE^

Genus DRYOPHYLLUM Debey

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux

(Pkte 8, Figs. 2, 4, 6, 7)

Dryophyllum {Quercus) subfalcatum Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Bull., vol. 1, 379, 1876;

U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 301, 1876; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7,

163, pl. 63, fig. 10, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 163, 41, 1900; Proc. Washington Acad. Sci.,

vol. 11, 211, 1909. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 51, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 6, 1938. Brown,

U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 248, pl. 50, figs. 1-8, pl. 51, figs. 1-7, 86, pl. 52, figs. 1-3, pl. 54, fig. 1,

1939. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Dryophyllum aquamaruin Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 551, pl. 37, figs. 3-5, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.

BuU. 37, 26, pl. 10, figs. 2-4, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 299, pl. 70, fig. 2, 1917.
Dryophyllum bruneri Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 551, pl. 36, figs. 6-9, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.

Bull. 37, 27, pl. 10, figs. 5-8, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 259, pl. 53, fig. 5, 1917.

Hollick, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 159, 70, pl. 38, fig. 2, 1930.
Dryophyllum falcatum Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 551, pl. 37, fig. 10, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.

Bull. 37, 27, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 42, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1900.
Quercus gracilis Newberry, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, 504, 1883; U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 35, 75, pl. 67, fig.

4, 1898.
Quercus doljensis Pilar. Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 551, pl. 36, figs. 9, 10, 1885; U. S. Geoi.

Suiv. BuU. 37, 25, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5, 1887.
Quercus ivhitnumi Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 52, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1930.
Quercus turbuknta HolUck, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 159, 70, pl. 38, fig. 3, 1930.
Rhus pseudo-meriani Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 293, pl. 58, fig. 11, 1878.
Fraxinusl priru:etoniana Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 161, pl. 22, fig. 7, 1922.
Salix sp., Knowlton (2 spp.), Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

As in the Medicine Bow flora, the leaves of this distinctive type are among the dominants
of the Lance flora in the Lance Creek area. They are also reported by Brown as abundant in the
Colgate and true Lance (Hell Creek formation) of eastern Montana. The Lance Creek specimens,
of which 2 are here figured, show the same kind and degree of variation as is apparent in the leaves
of this form in the Medicine Bow, the Hell Creek, and the Black Buttes floras.

The systematic status and the stratigraphic significance of this species have been fuUy dis-
cussed in my report, cited above, on the Medicine Bow flora.

Occurrence— Locahties P365I, P3854, P3855, P3857, P3858, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2497, 2498, 2499, 2500.

Genus QUERCOPHYLLUM Fontaine

Quercophyllum gardneri (Knowlton) Dorf, n. conib.

(Plate 9, Fig. 3)

Quercus gardneri Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 259, pl. 38, fig. 3, 1917. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc.

Amer., vol.51, 222, 1940.
Quercus rockvalensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 259, pl. 38, fig. 4, 1917.

There are 4 fairly complete specimens, from two locahties, which I cannot distinguish from
the type and figured Vermejo specimens which Knowlton referred to the two species above. I
can see no vaUd grounds for their separation; tlie slight differences in a few tertiary veins between
the two Vermejo specimens, and between these and the Lance Creek example figured, can hardly
be regarded as of specific importance. No other recorded leaves from the late Cretaceous or
early Tertiary have comparable features.

These leaves bear an undeniable resemblance to the leaves of several existing oaks, such as
Quercus undulala Torrey, as is pointed out by Knowlton, and more especially Q. sinuata Walter
and Q. margaretta Ashe of southeastern United States. These are generally more prominently
lobed, however, and have stronger veins. In view of the absence of positive evidence of relation-
ship to Quercus, it is thought best to refer the fos.siI species to the less definite form genus Querco-
phyllum.

Occurrence — Localities P3853, P3858.

Collection—M. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2501.

136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Family MORACE.E

Genus FICUS (Tournefort) Linn^
Ficus planicostata Lesquereux

Ficus ■planicoslata Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 393, 1S73; Rept. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 201, pl, 31, figs. 1-8, 10-12, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 163, 52, pl.

10, fig. 4, pl. 12, figs. 2, 3 (not 4), 1900; Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 211, 1909. Cockerell, Univ.

Colorado Studies, vol. 7, 151, 1910. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Suiv. Prof. Paper 130, 131, 1922; U. S. Geol.

Surv. Prof. Paper 134, 82, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1924. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 53, pl. 5,

figs. 3-5, 7, 1938; BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Fitus planicostala goldiana Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 399, 1S74;

Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 202, pl. 33, figs. 1-3, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper

155, 70, pl. 28, fig. 5, 1930.
Ficus ptanicostata clintoni (Le.squereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 152, 103, 1898; U. S. Geol. Surv.

Prof. Paper 101, 303, pl. 76, fig. 3, 1917.
Ficus clintoni Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 393, 1873.
Ficus planicostata magnifolia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 133, pl. 10, fig. 3, 1922.
Ficus kei Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 261, pl. 39, figs. 2-5 only, 1917; U. S. Geol.

Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 338, pl. 90, fig. 2, 1916.
Ficus pseudopopulus Lesquereux (in part). Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 304, pl. 72, figs. 3, 4

onlv. 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 134, 83, pl. 7, fig. 4, pl. 9, fig. 3, 1924; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 155, 66, only pl. 25, figs. 3-5, 1930.
Ficus neoplanicostata Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 303, pl. 73, fig. 4, pl. 74, figs. 2, 3,

pl. 76, fig. 4, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 134, 82, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1924; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper

155, 69, only pl. 28, figs. 3-7, 1930.
Ficus prs-latifolia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 338, pl. 87, fig. 4, 1916.
Pterospermites ruomexicanus Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 341, pl. 90, fig. 6, 1916.
Ficus impressa Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 134, pl. 7, figs. 1-3, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1922.

There are onlj' 5 .specimens in the collections which are referable to this well-defined leaf
type. This is in marked contrast with its abundance in the Black Buttes, Laramie, and Medicine
Bow floras.

A detailed discussion of this species has already been given in my report on the Medicine
Bow fiora, cited above. On the basis of present knowledge, it is apparent that the Lance Creek
area was near the northern limit of the range of this species, since it is not known to occur in the
Hell Creek flora of similar age in Montana and the Dakotas, or in the equivalent Whitemud fiora
of Saskatchevvan.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

Collection—l!. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2502.

Family PLATANACE^

Genus PLATANOPHYLLUM Fontaine

Platanophylluni montanum (Brown) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate9, Figs. 1,4)

Sassafras montana Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 250, pl. 52, fig. 4, pl. 55, fig. 4b, 1939. Dorf,

Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Sassafras sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.
Aralia sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

This vvell-defined lcaf form is the dominant among the specimens collected at Locality P3854.
More than 75 specimens were obtained for study. None of these is preserved in its entirety, owing
to the conchoidal and fractured nature of the matrix. A sufBcient numbcr of fairly complete
specimens vvere secured, however, to shovv the essential details of shape, size, margin, and venation.

Sassafras montana vvas described by Brown for specimens from the Hell Creek formation of
Montana, as follows:

"Leaves 8 centimeters or more vvide, three-Iobed, the lobes relatively short, i)luiit-rouiided;
sinuses narrovv, rounded; base cuneate; petiole 5 centimeters long. The lateral primary veins
depart from the midrib 0.5 centimeter above the top of the petiole, aiid after ruiining a fairly
straight course pass into the tvvo lateral lobes. The secondary venation is camptodrome."

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 137

Exanaination of Brown's type specimens at the U. S. National Museum has shown that the
leaves are actually remotely dentate, though the coarse sandy matrix makes this feature incon-
spicuous. There is no doubt in my mind, therefore, that the Lance Creek forms are referable
to the species described by Brown.

Knowlton had already encountered this type of leaf in his collections from the Lance Creek
area, which I have consulted at the U. S. National Museum. These were tentatively referred
by him to Sassafras sp. and Aralia sp. in his published lists, and to Aralia n. sp. (specimen No.
1017) in the collections. AII these specimens are essentially similar to those from my collection
and from Montana.

As was pointed out by Brown, there is a general resemblance between this species and
Araliopsoides cretacea (Newberry) Berry (= Sassafras cretaceum Newberry) from the Dakota,
Raritan, and Magothy floras.' There is also a resemblance to Aralia veatchii Knowlton from the
Frontier formation.^ In both these species, however, there are differences from Platanophylliim
montanum in shape, venation, and marginal characters.

After consulting all available herbarium specimens of the living species of Sassafras at the
New York Botanical Garden, I am convinced that the Lance specimens of this species are not
referable to the genus Sassafras. In Sassafras leaves the 3 basal primaries are always suprabasilar,
the lobes are entire and rounded, and the venation is lauraceous in character. In the modern
Platanaceae, on the other hand, the leaves are more like the fossils here concerned in shape, vena-
tion, and marginal characters.

OccM/Tence— Localities P3854, P3855, P3857, P3859.

Collection—lJ. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2503, 2504, 2505.

Platanophyllum platanoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

Viburnum platanoides Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 314, 1876; Rept.

U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 224, pl. 38, figs. 8, 9, 1878. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222,

225, 1940.
Platanus platanoides (Lesquereux) Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Buli. 152, 171, 1898.
Platanus sp., Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 249, pl. 59, fig. 4 oniy, 1939.

There are 4 well-preserved, though not complete, specimens from Locality P3652 which are
referable to this species. Unfortunately the specimens are so curled in the matrix that they
cannot be adequately photographed and figured.

Lesquereux distinguished this species from Viburnum marginatum Lesquereux by "the less
numerous, more open, lateral veins, whose branches are more curved in passing up to the borders,
and especially by the enlarged truncate or subtruncate base of the leaves." It may be added that
the coarse tertiaries, the large, obtuse teeth, and the presence of teeth along the basal edge of the
leaves are also diagnostic characters.

Outside of its type locality at Black Buttes, Wyoming, this species has been described and
figured from the Raton,' the Denver," and the Laramie floras.'' The Raton and Laramie speci-
mens do not have the diagnostic characters of the species and have been referred to Viburnum
marginatum Lesquereux.^ The Denver specimen is a very inadequate one which does not, more-
over, have the truncate, enlarged basal characters of Platanophyllum platanoides.

One of the Fox Hills specimens which Brown referred to Platanus sp., which I have seen, is
believed to belong to this same species.

The platanoid character of these leaves is apparent. Following the trend of modern no-
menclators, it seems advisable, in the absence of definite proof, to refer the species to the less
positive genus Platanophyllum.

Occurrence — Locality P3G52.

Collection—V . C. Mus. Pal., No. 2506.

' Berry, E. W., Maryland Geoi. Surv., Upper Cretaeeous, 879, pl. 74, fig. 3, pi. 84, figs. 1, 2, pi. 85, figs. 1-5, pi. 88, figs.
1-3, 1916. Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geoi. Surv. Terr., voi. 6, 80, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2, pi. 12, fig. 2, 1874.

' Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 108, 92, pl. 30. fig. 4, pi. 37, fig. 4, pl. 38, fig. 1, pl. 39, 1917.
s Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 323, pl. 95, fig. 4, 1917.
• Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geoi. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 82, pi. 36, fig. 5, 1930.
' Knowiton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 146, pi. 13, fig. 1, 1922.
' Dorf, E., Carnegie Inst. Wasli. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 73, 1938.

138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Family ARISTOLOCHIACE^

Genus ARISTOLOCHITES Heer

Aristolochites brittoni (Knowlton) Dorf, n. tomb.

(Plate 10, Fig. 1)

Aristolochia bTiltoni Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 96, 1919; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 140, pl.
23, figs. 3-5, 1922. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

There are 2 fairly complete specimens in the collections which are indistinguishable in essen-
tial details from the figured and type specimens of this species, known previously only from the
Laramie formation.

After consulting several hundred genera of Uving forras, one has little doubt, as Knowlton
has already stated, as to the close similarity between these fossil leaves and those of several existing
species of Aristolochia. Knowlton has pointed out the resemblance to A. clematis Linn6 and
A. hirta Linne of the Old World and to the American A. tomentosa Sims. I have noted also an
agreement in essential details with the leaves of A. gigantea M. and Z., at the New York Botanical
Garden.' In the absence of positive proof of generic idqntity, however, it seems advisable to
refer this species to Aristolochites, implying family relationship to the modern Aristolochiaceae.

Occurrence — Locahty P3854.

Collection—V . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2507.

Family LAURACEiE

Genus LAUROPHYLLUM Goeppert

Laurophyllum eoloradensis (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate 9, Fig. 2)

Anona cnhradensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 696, 78, 1919; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 143, pl.

18, fig. 4, 1922.
Laurus socialis Lesquereux. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 85, pl. 38, fig. 4, 1930. Dorf,

Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 61, pl. 7, fig. 4, 1938; BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222,

225, 1940.

There is a single nearly complete specimen and several fragmentary impressions which are
indistinguishable from the type and figured specimens listed above. In the discussion of this
leaf form in the Mediciue Bow flora, I stated tliat the incomplete specimens were "referred with
doubt" to Laurus socialis. It was noted that in the type specimens of that species "the shape is
more lanceolate and the secondaries are more numerous, more obtuse, and less prominently looped
near the borders." With the more complete material now at hand in the Lance collections, it is
certain that these well-defined leaves are not referabie to Laurus socialis. Thc type specimen of
Anona coloradensis from the Laramie formation is, on the other hand, more cloarly defiued than
its reproduction implies, and is not distinguishable from the Dawson and Medicine Bow specimens
which were alleged to be Laurus socialis. The specimen previouslj' idcntified as Juglans leconteana
Lesquereux - comes from the same locality as tiie specimcn of Laurophyllum coloradcnsis here
figured and is not now regarded as sufficiently distinct to warrant separation from the latter
species.

In his description of Ano7ia coloradensis, Knowlton noted a re.semblance to the living Anona
palmeri Safford of Mcxico, but observed that there were usually fewer secondaries in the fossil
specimens. After consulting the leaves of all available spccies of Anona at the New York Botani-
cal Garden, I ara convinced that this comparison is ratlier remote. As was pointed out in my
Medicine Bow report,' these fossil specimens resemble more closely such lauraceous genera as
Persea and Laurus. It has thcrefore secmed more advisablc to refer these forms to the genus
Laurophyllum, indicating a similarity to the leaves of the Lauracese.

Occurrcnce— Localities P385-1, P3855, P3858.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2508.

> Sheet No. 19982— Vicinity of Machado Portello, Bahia. Brazil.
' Dorr, E., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amcr.. vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
• Dorf, E.. Carncgie Inat. Waah. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 61, 1938.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 139

Laurophyllum meeki Dorf

Laurophyllum meeki Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 60, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1938.

Diospyros? ficoidea Lesquereux (in part), Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 231, pl. 40, fig. 6 only, 1878.

Daphnogene elegans Watelet. Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 553, pl. 47, fig. 4, 1885; U. S. Geol.

Surv. Bull. 37, 51, pl. 35, fig. 1, 1887.
Ficus crossii Ward. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 139, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1922. Dorf, BuU. Geol.

Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

There are 4 well-preserved .specimens which were misidentified as Ficus crossii because of
their similarity to the Laramie specimen which Knowlton had referred to that species. I had
previously regarded the Laramie specimen as more probably referable to Rhamnus goldianus
Lesquereux ' and certainly not to Ficus crossii. On the basis of further studies with the type
specimens at the U. S. National Museum, however, it has become evident that the Laramle
specimen, as well as those of the type Lance, cannot be distinguished from the type specimens of
Laurophyllum meeki or its synonymous forms. The leaves of Rhamnus goldianus were found to
be uniformly of thinner texture, with more closely spaced secondaries and with more numerous,
parallel tertiaries.

As here interpreted, Laurophyllum meeki is known from the Black Buttes, Medicine Bow,
Laramie, and type Lance floras. Its resemblance to existing lauraceous leaves has already been
pointed out in my original discussion of the species.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

CoUection—V. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2509.

Laurophyllum salicifohum (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. oomb.
(Plate 9, Fig. 5)

Rhamnus salicifolius Lesquereux, Amer. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 45, 206, 1868; U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,

Ann. Rept. (1869), 196, 1873 (reprint); Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 282, pl. 53, figs. 9, 10, 1878.

Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 271, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 154, pl. 15, fig.

4, pl. 19, fig. 26, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 66, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5, pl. 13, fig. 4,

1938; BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Rhamnus salicifolius Lesquereux?. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 70, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 155, 107, pl. 46, fig. 12, 1930.
Rhamnus belmonlensis Knowlton and Cockerell, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 544, 1919. Knowlton, U. S. Geol.

Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 155, 1922.
Rhamnus elegans Newberry, Ann. New York Lyc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 49, 1868; U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 35, 117,

pl. 50, fig. 2, 1898.
Juglans laramiensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 120, pl. 20, fig. 12, 1922.
Ficus? smilhsoniana (Lesquereux) Lesquereux ?. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 130, pl. 21,

fig. 4, 1922.
Laurus lanceolala Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 696, 346, 1919; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 143, pl.

21, fig. 7, 1922. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 250, pl. 53, fig. 6, 1939.

This well-defined leaf form is rare in the Lance Creek collections, being represented by only
5 specimens from three localities. A full description and discussion of this species has been given
in my report on the Medicine Bow flora. The inclusion of the specimens of Laurus lanceolata
in this species is here made on the basis of further consultation of the collections at the U. S. Na-
tional Mufseum. These collections were found to contain also the following unidentified speci-
mens which I believe belong to this species: 1 nearly perfect specimen in the Laramie collection
(No. 130), and 3 specimens in the Vermejo collection (Nos. 34502, 51154, 254). The species was
reported and figured previously from both these formations.

As I have previously pointed out, these fossil leaves are distinctly not rhamnaceous, but are
difficult to distinguish from several living species of Persea and Neclandra of the Lauracese. The
resemblance to this family is accordingly indicated by referring the species to the genus Lauro-
phyllum.

Occurrence— Localities P3854, P3857, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2510.

' Dorf, E., Carnegie Inat. Waah. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 56, 1938.

140 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Laurophyllum wardiana (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
(Plate 9, Fig. 6)

Laurus wardiana Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 152, 129, 1898. Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91,

13, 1916. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 144, pl. 16, fig. 1, 1922. Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv.

Prof. Paper 1S5-F, 132, pl. 26, fig. 3, 1934. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Laurus ocoteoides Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 215, pl. 36, fig. 10, 1878; U. S. Geol. and

Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1876), 510, 1878. (Homonym Laurus ocoteaioides Massalongo, Syn. FI.

Foss. Senogalliensis, 57, pl. 24, fig. 3, pl. 40, fig. 1, 1858.]

The nearly complete specimen figured here is the best of 3 specimens of this leaf form in the
collections. These are clearly indistinguishable from the type and figured specimens of the
Laramie species originally referred by Lesquereux to Laurus ocoteoides, a name preoccupied by
Massalongo. The original description of this species was as follows:

"Leaf long, coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering from below the middle
upward to an obtuse acumen, cuneate to the petiole; lateral veins thin, open, subequidistant,
close, slightiy curved."

Although the essential characters of the leaf of this species are well defined, the species is
apparentlj' not a common form in the late Cretaceous of the Rocky Mountain region. It is
at present known only from a few specimens frora each of the following formations: Laramie,
Hell Creek, Medicine Bow (?), lower Dawson (?),' and the type Lance. There is a similarity in
leaf form to the Laramie specimens referred to Ficus navicularis Cockerell.- Both the figured
and the type specimens of this species indicate, however, striking differences in the areolated
tertiary venation.

There seems Httle justification for tlie positive reference of this species to the modern genus
Laurus. As Berry has pointed out, these leaves "cannot be certainly distinguished from the
leaves of a number of existing genera such as Nectandra, Oreodaphne, and Mespilodaphne."

Occurrence — Localitj'^ P3859.

Collection—l! . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2511.

Family CERCIDIPHYLLACE.E

Genus CERCIDIPHYLLUM Siebold and Zuccarini

Cercidiphyllum arcticum (Heer) Brown

(Plate 10, Fig. 5)

Cercidiphyllum arcticum (Heer) Brown, Jour. Paleontol., vol. 13, 492, pl. 53, pl. 54, figs. 1-7, 12, 13, 17, pl. 56,

figs. l-6a, 10, 11, 1939 (see complete synonymy).
PhyUites colubrirwides Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940 (not Dorf, 1938).

There is a single complete specimen from Locality P3854 which I had previously regarded
as a variant of the normal leaf form of Phyllites colubrinoides. Since the excellent synthesis of
the late Cretaceous and Tertiary species of Cercidiphyllum by Brown, it has become evident that
the specimen is more properly considered within the rather wide range of variability of C. arcticum.
It cannot be separated on any rational basis, for example, from the specimens figured by Brown
on his plate 53, figure G, nor from those figured by Berry from the Ravenscrag formation ' of
Saskatchewan.

Leaves of this species are exceedingly rare in the late Cretaceous sediments of tho Rocky
Mountain region. They are very abundant, on the other hand, in deposits of known Paleocene
age, such as the "Fort Union," Hanna, Paskapoo, and Ravenscrag.

Both Berry and Brown have pointed out the similarity of the leaves of this species to those
of Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. & Z. of eastern Asia.

Occurrence — Locality P3854.

Colleclion—lJ. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2515.

' Knowlton. F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paiier 130, 24, 1922.

> Ibid., 137, pl. 6, figs. 4. 5. pl. 11. figs. 3-5.

• Borry. E. W., Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 34, pl. 6, fig8. 3. 5, 1935 (.Trochodendroides cuneata).

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 141

Cercidiphyllum ellipticum (Newberry) Brown
(Plate 10, Figs. 2-1)

Cercidiphyllum ellipHcum (Newberry) Brown, Jour. Paleontol., vol. 13, no. 5, 491, pl. 52, figs. 1-17, pl. 54, figs.

8, 9-11, 14-16, 1939 (see synonymy).
Populus elKplica Newberry, Ann. New York Lyc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 16, 1868; U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 35, 43,

pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1898.
Trochodendroides nebrascen-sis (Newberry) Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 61, pl. 11, figs.

1, 4, 6, 7, 1938 (see synonymy); BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 220, 222, 225, 1940.
Trochodendroides sp., Dorf, BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 220, 225, 1940.

The somewhat variable leaves of this species are not so abundant in the type Lance flora
as they are in the Medicine Bow and Denver. Only 9 specimens from three localities have been
found. The figured specimen, though not complete, shows the typical ovate-elliptic shape,
rounded base, and toothed margin which serve to distinguish this species from others. The
venation, which is known to be variable, is of precisely the character seen in several of the numerous
Medicine Bow specimens of this species in the Princeton and University of California collections.'
Numerous specimens from the Hell Creek formation in the collections of Princeton University
(Corbin collection) are also of precisely the same character.

Brown's recent studies of this and related species have shown that leaves of the form referred
to Cercidiphyllum ellipticum are widely distributed, and usually abundant, in the Upper Cretaceous
of the Northern Hemisphere. It is apparently also known, though of rare occurrence, in the early
Paleocene of North America.

The generic status of this species has been satisfactorily clarified by Brown's discovery of the
characteristic fruits and seeds of Cercidiphyllum in association with the leaves, which had already
previously been regarded as of the Cercidiphyllum form. Brown has found the leaves, fruits, and
seeds in association at no less than thirty localities in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits
of the United States. In the Lance Creek collections there are associated fruits, hitherto called
Leguminosites arachioides minor, but none of the small winged seeds have been detected.

Occurrence— Localities P3652, P3858, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2512, 2513, 2514.

Family NYMPH^ACEiE

Genus NELUMBO Adanson

Nelurabo tenuifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton

(Plate 10, Fig. 10)

Nelumbo tenuifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 141, pl. 26, fig. 7, 1922; U. S.

Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 92, pl. 41, fig. 2, 1930. Berry, Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 37, pl. 7,

figs. 2, 3, 1935.
Nelumbium ienuifolium. Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 402, 1874; Rept.

U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 253, pl. 46, fig. 3, 1878.
Nelumbium lakesianum Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 403, 1874.
Nelumbium lakesii Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 2.52, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2, 1878.
Nelumbo lakesiana (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 308, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv.

Prof. Paper 155, 91, pl. 41, fig. 1, pl. 42, fig. 2, 1930.

In the collection borrowed from the U. S. National Museum there is a single fairly complete
specimen which agrees in all essential details wilh the characters of the type specimens of Nelumbo
tenuifolia. Berry has recently properly united N. lakesiana with the former species on the basis
of similarity of significant features.

As at present interpreted, this species is fairly widely distributed in the late Cretaceous sedi-
ments of the Rocky Mountain region and may possibly continue into the early Paleocene. It has
been reported on adequate material from the Laramie, Denver, and Raton formations of Colorado,
the Lance of Wyoming, and the Whitemud and middle Ravenscrag (7) of Saskatchewan. It is

1 Dorf, E., Camegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, pl. 11, fig. 6, 1938.

142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

not known to occur in "Fort Union" sediments or other formations of undisputed Paleocene or
later age.

The reference of this species to the existing genus Nelumbo seems rather certain; no other
modern leaves have come to my attention which have the combination of features observed in the
fossil forms.

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1485.

Collection — U. S. National Museum, No. 40253.

Genus NYMPH^ITES Sternberg

Nymphseites browni Dorf, n. sp.

(Plate 10, Fig. 9)

The figured specimen, and one othor from the coUections of the U. S. National Museum, are
the only ones of this kind encountered.

Description — Leaf cordate-orbicular, about 3.5-4 cm. in diameter, with entire margin and
deeply cordate base; veins radiating from base, about 14 in number, irregularly forking acutely
toward the margin, usually twice or three times; tertiary venation not preserved; texture appar-
ently fairly thick.

This species, which differs mainly in its well-defined cordate base from the other species of
Nymphseacese in the Lance flora, is comparable in some of its characters to Castalial dxdtoniana
Knowlton ' from the Mesaverde formation of southeastern W.yoming. The deeply cordate base,
however, clearly distingui.shcs it from that species as well as other fossil species. Its modern
relationship is clearly with the Nj^mphseacese.

The species is named for Dr. Roland W. Brown, of the U. S. Geological Survey.

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1462.

Collection — U. S. National Museum, Cotypes Nos. 40254, 40255.

Nymphaeites dawsoni (Holllck) Dorf, n. comb.
(Plate 10, Figs. 6-8)

Nelumhn dawsoni HoIIiok, Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club, vol. 21, 309, 1894. Berry, Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182,
36, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1935. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 250, pl. 48, fig. 11, 1939. Dorf, Bull.
Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

Brascnia anliqua Newberry. Dawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. 3, sec. 4, 15, text fig., 1886.

Lemna scutala Dawson. I^squereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 102, pl. 61, fig. 2 only, 1878.

Nelumho laramiensis HoIIick, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 21, 307, text fig., 1894.

Nelumho inUrmedia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 53, pl. 13, figs. 3-5, 1900.

The 3 specimens figured are the best of 6 impressions of this leaf form in the collections.
These cannot be distinguished on any valid, natural basis from the figured or type specimens of
the several species listed above.

In their discus.sions of Nelumbo daicsoni, both Berry and Brown united all the above species
into one, on the basis of vaHd resemblances in essential details. No other leaves of comparable
size and characteristics havo been reportcd from the Mesozoic or Ccnozoic of North America.
The species is at present known in the upper Mesaverde, Belly River, Vermejo, Whitemud,
Colgate, and type Lance floras. It is not reported from anj'^ deposits of known Paleocene or later
age.

As was intimated by Berry, the generic reference of this species to Nelumbo is doubtful. I
have not seen any leaves of modern species of Nehanbo which are comparablc with the fossil
specimenseitherinsizeorinaverage number of secondary veins. Theleaves of theliving Brasenia,
on the other hand, are more nearly similar; see, for example, Brascnia ppltata Pursh. In view of
the general resemblance of the fo.ssil specics to several gencra of the Nympha-acese, it seems ad-
visable to refer it to the genus Nymphseites, implying family relationship only.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

Collection—\J. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2516, 2517, 2518.

' Knowlton. F. H.. U. S. Gcol. Surv. BuU. 163, 65, pl. 13, fig. 7. 1900.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 143

Family MENISPERMACE.E

Genus MENISPERMITES Lesquereux

Menispermites belli Berry

(Plate 11, Fig. 4)

Menispermiles belli Berry, Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 36, 1935. Dorf, Bull. GeoJ. Soc. Amer., vol. 51,

218, 222, 225, 1940.
Ficus asarifoUa Ettingshausen. Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 207, 1878. Knowlton,

U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 49, pl. 11, fig. 4, pl. 13, fig. 2, 1900.
Ficus asarifolia winor Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 208, pl. 61, figs. 18-21, 1878. New-

berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 35, 85, pl. 67, figs. 5, 6, 1898.
Fious sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

ThLs well-defined leaf form is represented in the collections by 4 well-preserved specimens, of
which the figured specimen is the most nearly complete. There are also 2 good specimens of it
in the collections from the Lance Creek area in the U. S. National Museum.'

The original figured specimens of Ficus asarijolia ininor Lesquereux were obtained from the
upper Mesaverde group at Point of Rocks, Wyoming. Additional specimens were subsequently
obtained from the same locality by Knowlton, who referred the specimens with much hesitation
to Ficus asarifolia Ettingshausen. Knowlton also recorded the presence of a specimen of this
species from the Black Buttes collection at the U. S. National Museum. I have consulted both
the Mesaverde and Black Buttes specimens at the National Museum and find no essential dif-
ferences between them and the Lance Creek specimens. Berry has recently obtained identical
leaves from the Whitemud formation of Saskatchewan, and has synonymized all previously re-
corded specimens in the species Menispermites belli Berry.

As pointed out by both Knowlton and Berry, there is an unmistakable resemblance of these
leaves to the modern family Menispermacese.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

Collection—\]. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2519.

Menispermites cockereUi (Knowlton) Dorf, n. comb.
(Plate 11, Fig. 2)

Ficu^ cockerelli Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 273, 1919; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 132, pl. 12,

fig. 2, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 55, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1938; BuII.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Ficus lalifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 152, 102, 1898; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper

101, 304, 1917. [Homonym, Kunth, Ind. Sera. Hort. Berol., 1846.]
Ficu.'^ planicostata latifolia Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 393, 1873; Rept.

U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 202, pl. 31, fig. 9, 1878.

This species is represented in the collections by 2 fairly complete leaf impressions and several
fragments. The 2 better specimens are slightly larger than the original type specimen from Black
Buttes, Wyoming, though differing in no other way. They are essentially similar in observable
details to the larger leaves figured by Knowlton from the Laramie flora.

In the Rocky Mountain rcgion, this species is now known reliably from abundant specimens
in the Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Black Buttes floras, from fewer specimens in the Lance flora,
and doubtfully from a single fragment in the Raton flora.

As was pointed out in the discussion of Ficus cockerelli in my cited report on the Medicine
Bow flora, the relationships of these leaves to modern genera or species are uncertain; they seem
to resemble the Menispermacese more closely than any other family examined.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2520.

Menispermites knightii Knowlton

(Plate 10, Fig. 11)

Menispermites knightii Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 163, 61, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1900. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc.
Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

' Specimens No. 1002 (1462).

144 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

The collections contain 6 impressions of cordate-orbicular leaves which differ only in an
additional pair of secondaries along the midrib from the type and figured specimen of Menisper-
mites knightii. The original description was as follows:

"Leaf evidently thick in texture, broadly cordate, with roundcd base and verj' deep sinusesi
rounded, truncate at apex; margin undulate lobed, thc lobes very short, obtuse, and entire or
erose; nervation pahnate, with about sevcn primary nerves of equal strength which apparently
pass to the roundcd lobes or are once or twice forked, the branches passing to the lobes; finer
nervation not preserved."

The obscrvablc characters of this leaf form resemble those of several menispermaceous genera,
particularl.y Cocculus. On the other hand, the thick texture is suggestive of an aquatic leaf.
Among aquatic genera there is a marked resemblancc to several of the Nj-mpha^acese, particularly
Castalia {Nympbsea). These differ, however, in minor respects, mainly in their more numerous
secondaries and in their deeply cordate bases. In the absence of better comparison with modern
leaves, it seems advisable to retain the more gencral name applied by Knowlton.

This species is at present known only from the Lance formation and the Mesaverde formation
of southeastern AVyoming.

Occurrence — Locality P3858.

Collection—lJ. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 252L

Family MAGNOLIACE^

Genus MAGNOLIOPHYLLUM Conwentz

Magnoliophyllum cordatum Dorf

Magnoliophyllum cordalum Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 64, pl. 9, fig. 5, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1938;
BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

This species is not abundant in the collections. Only 4 specimens of incomplete, though
well-preserved, leaves were encountered. The general .shape, the cordate base, and the prominent
secondaries with pronounced marginal loops are sufficientlj' well shown, however, to permit the
determination without hcsitation.

I have not as yet cncountercd spccimens or figures of prcviously rcported leaves of this form
in the Cretaceous or early Tertiary floras, aside from those of the Medicine Bow flora. The re-
semblancc of thcse forms to the leaves of the Magnoliacese has already been discussed in the
original description of this species.

Occurrence — Localities P3855, P3857.

Collection—\5 . C. Mus. Pal., No. 2522.

Family ANACARDIACEJE

Genus PISTACIA Linn6

Pistacia eriensis Knowlton

(Plate ll.Figs. 1,3)

Pistacia ericTUfis Knowlton, V. 8. Gcol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 150, pl. 28, figs. 1-4, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 5as, pt. I, 65, pl. 19, fig. 7, 1938; HuII. Gcol. Sor. Amer., vol. 51, 21S, 222, 225, 1940.
Pistacia hoUicki Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 151, pl. 28, figs. 5, 6, 1922.

Therc are 3 specimcns, from two localities, which cannot be distinguished from any of the
various type and figured specimcns of this species froni the Medicinc Bow and Laramie formations.

Both the fo.ssil and modcrn relationships of this species have already been adequatelj' dis-
cussed in the reports citcd abovc.

Occurrence — Localities P3651, P3859.

Colleclion—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2523, 2524.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 145

Family VITACE^

Genus VITIS (Tournefort) Linne

Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown

(Plate 11, Figs. 5, 6; Plate 12, Figs. 1-6)

Vilis stanloni (Knowlton) Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 252, pl. 56, figs. 1-5, 66, pl. 57, figs. 1-6,

7a, pl. 58, figs. 1-4, pl. 59, fig. 6, 1939. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 69, pl. 17, fig. 1,

1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Castalia sianloni Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 258, 147, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1905.
Vibumiim vulpinutn Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 92, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1916.
Vitis dakolana Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 185-F, 130, pl. 26, figs. 4-6, pl. 27, 1934; Canada Geol. Surv.

Mem. 182, 47, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1935.
Vihurnum whymperi Heer. Lesquereux, Rept. LT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 225, pl. 61, fig. 23 only, 1878.
Viburnum richardsoni Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 126, pl. 52, fig. 8, pl. 53, figs. 1, 3-5, pl.

54, figs. 2, 3, 1930.
Viburnuyn sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

Viburnum. anomalinervum Knowlton. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Greuriopsis tenuifolia Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 258, pl. 40, fig. 14, 1878.

Well-preserved specimens clearly referable to this species were collected from four localities
in the Lance Creek area. A suite of 34 specimens was obtained from Locahty P3857, where the
leaves of this species are among the dominant forms.

This species has been so adequately described and discussed by Brown and Berry that no
additional comment is here necessary. It is apparent that these clearly defined leaves of re-
stricted stratigraphic range are useful as indices of late Cretaceous age. The species is now known
in the Judith River, Vermejo, Fox Hills, Whitemud, Colgate, lower Denver, lower Dawson, and
lower Medicine Bow floras, in addition to its abundance in the true Lance of both eastern Montana
(Hell Creek formation) and the Lance Creek area. It has never been reported in the extensive
Fort Union flora of the Rocky Mountain region, nor from other deposits of post-Lance age
elsewhere.

Occurrence— Localities P3855, P3857, P3858, P3652.

Colledion—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2525, 2526, 2527, 2528, 2528a (counterpart),
2529, 2530, 2531; Nos. 2532, 2533.

Family TILIACE.E

Genus GREWIOPSIS Saporta
Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux

Gremopsis saportana Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 257, pl. 50, figs. 10-12, 1878.

Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 70, pl. 13, figs. 1, 5, 6, 1938. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv.

Prof. Paper 189, 251, pl. 55, figs. 1-3, 4a, 1939. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Akurites eocenica Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 397, 1873.
Grewiopsis ficifolia Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 556, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull.

37, 92, pl. 41, figs. 1, 2, 1887.
Greiviopsis eocenica (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 152, 114, 1898; Proc. Washington Acad.

Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.
Ficus sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

In contrast with its abundance in the Medicine Bow formation, there are only 9 specimens
from four localities in the Lance Creek area which are referable to this species. Its occurrence
in the type Lance formation was previously reported by Knowlton,' whose specimen I have seen
at the U. S. National Museum.^

The modern relationships of this species are still in doubt.

Occwrrence— Localities P3854, P3855, P3857, P3859.

CoUedion — U. S. National Museum, No. 40256.

• Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.
» Specimen No. 40256.

146 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOG\

Family DILLENIACE^

Genus DILLENITES Berry

Dillenites cleburni (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate 13, Fig. 1)

Rhamnus cleburni Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 381. 400, 1873; Rept.

U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 2S0, pl. 53, figs. 1-3, 1878. Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91, 283,

1916. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 332, pl. 113, fig. 3, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 155, 104, only pl. 46, figs. 10, 11, 1930. Berry, Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 45, 1935. Dorf,

Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 67, pl. 14, figs. 5, 6, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 222,

1940.
Rhnmnus reclinerris Heer (in part). Lesquereu.x, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1871), 295,

298, 1872; U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 382, 397, 402, 1873; U. S. Geol. and Geog.

Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 405, 1874; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 278, pl. 52, fig. 15 onlv,

1878.
Rhamnus hrittoni Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 156, pl. 15, fig. 6, pl. 24, fig. 8, 1922.
Rhamnus marshallensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 155, pl. 15, fig. 3, 1922. Dorf, Bull.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 222, 1940.

There are several fairly complete specimens f rom Localit}' P3652 which are esseRtiallj' similar
to the average leaves of this species, such as the original t}'pe specimens figured by Lesquereux.
In addition, there are several smaller leaves, one of which is here figured, which were identified
as Rhamnus marshallensis in my earlier report on the type Lance flora. After a thorough examina-
tion of the tj'pe collections at the U. S. National Museum, I believe that there can be no vaUd
basis for separating this species from R. clehurni. These smaller leaves difTer from the type speci-
mens of R. cleburni only in the number of secondaries; they are precisely the same in their shape,
in their parallel, closely spaced secondaries, and in their very characteristic tertiary venation.
The Laramie specimen which Knowlton named R. marshallensis is here regarded as an incomplete
specimen of the same form.

The coUections at the U. S. National Museum contain several undescribed specimens which
appear to belong to this species. In the Laramie collection, for example, there is a single specimen
(No. 4367, with Cissus lobato-crenata) which is similar; in the Vermejo collection there are 7
specimens (see especially Nos. 51216, 51219) which have the typical characters of R. cleburni;
and in the Denver collection there are 2 smaller leaves (No. 37828) which are similar in form and
size to the Lance Creek specimen here figured. It is evident that this species is well represented
in the late Cretaceous deposits of the Rocky Mountain region and is not yet authentically reported
from beds of undisputed Paleocene age.

After a continued search for comparable leaf forms among living species, I am convinced of
the close resemblance of these fossil leaves to the Dilleniacese. The similarity to Doliocarpus
dentatus (Aubl.) Standley and Davilla multiflora St. Hil. has already been pointed out.' Con-
tinued reference to Rhamnus would only be misleading and is wholly unsupported by comparison
with modern leaves. It has therefore seemed advisable to refer this species to the genus Dillcnites.

Occurrence — Localities P3G51, P36o2.

CoUection — U. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype Nos. 2534, 2534a (counterpart).

Family MYRTACE^

Genus MYRTOPHYLLUM Heer

Myrtophyllum torreyi (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

Mt/rica torreyi Le.squereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 392, 1873; Rept. U. S. Geol.
Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 129, pl. 16, figs. 3-10, 1878. Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 551, pl. 40, fig.
4, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 37, 32, pl. 14, fig. 5, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 163, 34, pl. 6,
figs. 1-3, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 90, 336, pl. 17, fig. 7, pl. 86, fig. 1, 1916; U. S. Geol.
Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 2.56, pl. 37, figs. 2-4, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 123, 1922. Dorf,
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. Xo. .508, pt. I, 49, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3, 1938; BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218,
222, 225, 1940.

' Dorf, E., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 68, 1938.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 147

Myrica torreyi minor Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 397, 1874.
Myrica coriacea Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 256, pl. 37, fig. 5, 1917.
Myrica duhia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 123, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1922.
Myrica oblongifolia Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 124, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1922.
Myrica sp., Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 44, pl. 11, fig. 7, 1930.

Remains of this characteristic leaf, which are abundant in several other floras of similar age,
are conspicuously rare in the Lance Creek collections. Only 3 fragmentary specimens have been
obtained; one of these from this region is in the collections of the U. S. National Museum (specimen
No. 40257). This was probably the specimen on which Knowlton had previously reported the
occurrence of this species in the Lance Creek area.'

A full description and a discussion of the possible relationships of Myrica torreyi has pre-
viously been given in my report on the Medicine Bow flora, cited above. A persistent search
among living species for leaves like those of this well-defined form has failed to disclose further
comparisons. The continued retention of the generic name Myrica, with its definite implication
of relationship to this modern genus, is therefore not considered warranted. The change to the
name Myrtophyllum is believed to be substantiated by comparison with leaves of the living Myr-
tacese.

Occurrence — Locality P3853; U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1464.

Collection — U. S. National Museum, No. 40257.

Family ARALIACE^

Genus ARALI^PHYLLUM Fontaine

Aralisephyllum artocarpoides (Lesquereux) Dorf, n. comb.

(Plate 13, Fig. 4)

Ficus arlocarpoides Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 8, 227, pl. 47, figs. 1-5, 1883. Knowlton,
Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 185, 1909. Dorf, BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225,
1940.

Ficics preartocarpoides Brown (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 249, pl. 53, figs. 4, 5 only, 1939.

Cornus fosteri Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 553, pl. 47, fig. 8, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 37, 54,
pl. 25, fig. 5, 1887.

The specimen here figured and its counterpart were the only ones of this form encountered.
A comparison with the type and figured specimens of Ficus artocarpoides and Cornus fosteri indi-
cates a striking similarity in all details. The specimens of Ficus preartocarpoides recorded by
Brown from the Hell Creek flora of Montana are equally comparable, except that some of his
larger specimens have distinct lobelike teeth, usually above the middle on one side of the leaf.
This occasional occurrence of short lobelike teeth on otherwise entire-margined leaves is often
met with in members of the Araliacese, especially in Anomopanax cumingianus (Presl) Merrill
(New York Botanical Garden, sheet No. 1108). I have not seen this type of marginal variation
in any species of Ficus or Cormis, so have accordingly changed the generic name of this leaf type
to Aralisephyllum, implying a family relationship to the existing Araliaceae.

As here interpreted, this species is at present known from the type Lance, the Hell Creek,
and the Fort Union floras. Brown has recently suggested additions to the synonymy of this
species,^ including specimens from the Paskapoo and Ravenscrag formations of Canada. The
Lance Creek specimens are unfortunately not sufficiently complete in the apical region to verify
Brown's suggestions. The specimens from the Wilcox and Raton formations which have been
referred to this species ' seem to me to have a different type of venation, lacking branches on the
lower sides of the secondaries.

Occurrence — Locality P3651.

Colleciion—lJ. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2535.

' Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.
2 Brown, R. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 249, 1939.

' Hollick, A., Geol. Surv. Louisiana, Spec. Rept. 5, 281, pl. 47, figa. 1-5, 1899. Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91,
200, pl. 34, fig. 2, 1916. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 300, pl. 71, fig. 3, 1917.

148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Family CORNACEiE

Genus CORNOPHYLLUM Newberry

Cornophyllum wardii Dorf

Cornophyllum wardii Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 71, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc.

Amer., vol. 51, 222, 1940.
Cormis studeri Heer ?. Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 244, pl. 42, figs. 4, 5, 1878. Ward,

U. S. Geol. Surv, 6th Ann. Rept., 553, pl. 48, fig. 1, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 37, 55, pl. 26, fig. 1,

1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 68, pl. 15, fig. 3, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101,

342, pl. 109, fig. 2, 1917.
Rhammis cleburni Lesquereux (in part). Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 104, only pl. 40, fig.

6, 1930.

There are about a dozen nearly complete specimens of this well-defined species and an equal
number of identifiable fragments. The majority of these are from Locality P3651, where this
type of leaf is one of the two dominants. The best specimens are unfortunately curled and
twisted, making them difficult or impossible to photograph for reproduction.

In addition to its occurrence in the type Lance formation, this species is now reliably known
from the Ericson-Almond (Mesaverde), Medicine Bow, Raton, and Denver formations.

As was pointed out in my original discussion of this species, its modern affinities are somewhat
in doubt, though the resemblance to the leaves of the living Cornus is undeniable.

OccurreMce— Localities P3651, P3853.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2536.

Family OLEACE.E

Genus FRAXINUS Linnd

Fraxinus leii Berry

(Plate 13, Figs. 2, 3, 7)

Fraxinus leii Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 185-F, 132, pl. 25, figs. 1-5, 1934; 7 Canada Geol. Surv. Mem.
182, 55, pl. 15, fig. 4, 1935. Dorf, Rull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

This species is one of the ten dominants in the Lance Creek collections, in which it is repre-
sented by 53 leaf impressions. Manj' of these are e.ssentially complete leaves in an excellent
state of preservation. The leaves here figured are virtually identical in all their characters with
the type specimens figured by Berry.

In the course of study of these leaves it became apparent that they are likely to be confused
with those of Dryophyllinn suhfalcatum Lesquereux,' which thej^ undeniably resemble in a general
way. Brown has considered these two species synonymous.- In my opinion, the leaves of
Fraximis lcii may be distinguished by the following characters: (1) shape distinctly narrower,
approaching linear rather than lanccolate; (2) teeth more regularly disposed, never absent or
poorly developed, and distinctly spinous; (3) both secondary and tertiary veins thin; (4) secondary
veins at morc regular intervals. Among the numerous excellent specimens of Dryophyllum sub-
falcatum in the Colgate sandstone and Ilell Creck collections at the U. S. National Muscum, none
was seen which had the combination of these definitive characters of Fraxinus leii.

In addition to its occurrcnce in the Lance formation, this species is reported and figured by
Berry from the Ravenscrag formation of Saskatchewan. This specimen does not seem to me to
have the diagnostic characters of the original types, particularly in its shape and the character
of its marginal teeth.

The generic reference of this spccies to Fraxinus was made by Berry on the basis of resem-
blance of the original Lance leaves to those of F. tamariscifolia Vahl of the Old World.

Occurrence— Localities P3651, P3853, P3854, P38.57, P3858.

Collection—V . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2537, 2538, 2539; Nos. 2540, 2541.

' Lesqnoreux. L., Rept. U. S. Gcol. Surv. Torr., vol. 7, 163, pl. 63, fig. 10, 1878. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No.
508. pt. 1, 51. pl. 5. figs. 1, 2, 6, 1938. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 248, pl. 60. figs. 1-8, pl. 51, figs. 1-7, 86.
pl. 52, 6g8. 1-3, pl. 54, fig. 1, 193».

« Brown, R. W., op. cit.. 248, 1939.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 149

Family BIGNONIACE.-E

Genus DOMBEYOPSIS Unger

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Brown

(Plate 14, Figs. 1, 4)

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 252, pl. 60, figs. 1-4, 1939. Dorf, Bull.
Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

There are 5 well-pre.served specimens, 2 of which are figured, which agree in all essential
details of shape, venation, and marginal characters with the type specimens of this species from
the Colgate flora. The slightly larger size of the Lance Creek specimens is not considered of
taxonomic importance.

Except for the attenuate and acuminate character of their bases and tips, the leaves of
Dombeyopsis colgatensis are comparable to those of D. ohtusa} In all the latter, however, the
bases are obtuse or only slightly attenuate and the leaf tips are invariably bluntly obtuse or
slightly emarginate. The venation of these two species is remarkably similar. No other close
resemblances to described species have been observed.

As was pointed out by Brown, the reference of this leaf form to Dombeyopsis, impljdng rela-
tionship to the living Dombeya, is not wholly satisfactory. I have not been able to find any modern
leaves with comparable characters.

Occurrence— Locality P3854.

Collection-—\5. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2542, 2543.

Dombeyopsis obtusa Lesquereux
(Plate 14, Fig. 2)

Dombeyopsis obiusa Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 375, 1873; Rept. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 255, pl. 47, figs. 4, 5, 1S78. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 162,
pl. 13, fig. 4, pl. 20, fig. 11, pl. 27, figs. 1-4, 1922; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 124, 1930. Dorf,
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 72, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218,
222, 225, 1940.

Phylliles populoides Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 280, pl. 50, figs. 1, 2, 1917.

Populus? neomexicana Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 258, pl. 53, fig. 3, 1917.

Phylliles trinervis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 166, pl. 24, fig. 12, 1922.

The collections contain 4 nearly complete specimens which are referable to this species. I
suspect that if a large suite of specimens of this species and of Dombeyopsis colgatensis were ever
obtained, there might appear to be gradational variations between these two species. The
consistent features of D. obtusa seem to be the obtuse character of both the bases and the tips of its
leaves.

The occurrence of this species in the true Lance forraation further enhances its value as an
important index species of the Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Rocky Mountain region. It is
known elsewhere from the Laramie, Trinidad, Vermejo, lower Denver, Dawson, and Medicine
Bow formations, and has not been found in beds of known Paleocene or later age.

The uncertain systematic status of this species has been discussed in my previous report,
cited above.

Occurrence — Localities P3854, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2544.

Dombeyopsis trivialis Lesquereux

(Plate 13, Figs. 5, 6, 8)

Dombeyopsii trivialis Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 380, 1873; Rept. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 255, pl. 47, fig. 3, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 163, pl.
13, fig. 3, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 72, pl. 15, fig. 4, pl. 16,
figs. 1, 2, 4, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

i Lesquereux, L., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 255, pl. 47, figs. 4, 5, 1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.
Paper 130, 162, pl. 13, fig. 4, pl. 20, fig. 11, pl. 27, figs. 1-i, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 72, pl. 15,
figs. 1, 2, 1938.

150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

There are 2 nearly complete specimens and several incomplete impressions which are essen-
tially sirailar to the type and figured specimens referred to this species. The specimen here
figured, though somewhat broken and wrinkled, shows the characteristic features of shape, size,
and venation. In a second specimen, frora Locahty P3857, the lobing is soraewhat more pro-
nounced. A third specimen, from Locahtj' P3859, previously identified as Cissites lobatus Dorf,'
is now regarded as an incomplete specimen of Dojnbeyopsis trivialis.

At the present time this species is described or reported from only the Laramie, the Medicine
Bow, and the type Lance formations. It is not known to occur, or to be confused with any com-
parable leaves, in beds of indisputable Paleocene age.

I ara as yet uncertain of the relationship of this species to raodern forras; as previou.sly pointed
out, the resemblance to the leaves of the modern Dombeya is reraote.

Occwrrence— Locahties P3652, P3853, P3857, P3859.

CoUection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2545, 2546, 2547.

Family CAPRIFOLIACE.E

Genus VIBURNUM (Tournefort) Linn6
Viburnum marginatum Lesquereux
(Plate 14, Fig. 3; Plate 15, Figs. 1, 5)

Vibumum tnarginatum Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 395, 1873; U. S.

Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1873), 382, 410, 1874; U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Bull.,

vol. 1, 380, 1875; U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 306, 1876; U. S. Geol. and Geog.

Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1876), 510, 1878; Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 223, pl. 38, figs. 1, 4 only,

1878; BuJl. Harvard CoU. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 16, 51, 188S. Knowlton, BuII. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol.

8,145,1897; Jour. Geol.,vol. 19,361,370,371,1911. Berry, CanadaGeol.Surv. Mem. 182, 57, 1935. Dorf,

Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 73, pl. 15, figs. 3, 5, pl. 17, figs. 4, 5, 1938. Brown, U. S. Geol.

Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 252, pl. 59, fig. 7, 1939. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Platanus heerii Lesquereux. Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 552, pl. 40, figs. 8, 9, 1885; U. S. Geol.

Surv. BuII. 37, 34, pl. 15, figs. 3, 4, 1887.
Platanus platanoides (Lesquereux) Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 323, pl. 95, fig. 4,

1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 146, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1922.
Platanus guilUhnx heerii Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 323, pl. 96, fig. 5, pl. 97, fig. 1, pl. 98,

fig. 2, 1917.
Platanus marginala (Ijcsquereux) Heer. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof . Paper 155, 81 , pl. 36, figs. 2, 3, 1930.
Platanus aceroides latifolia Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 76, pl. 33, fig. 1, 1930.

About 30 well-preserved impressions of clearly defined leaves of this species were collected
from five of the Lance Creek locaUties. They differ in no essential details frora the original types
and nuraerous figured specimens previously reported. A fuU description and discussion of this
species was given in my paper on the Medicine Bow flora, cited above. I have subsequently
encountered 5 excellent unlabeled specimens of this species in the Vermejo collection at the U. S.
National Museum (specimcns Nos. 51287, 51288, 51289, 51290, 51293).

It is becoming increasingly more apparent that Viburnum marginatum is an ideal index
species for Lancian age in the Rocky Mountain region. The widespread occurrences of this
species are confined to the sediraents lying conformably above the beds of the Fox Hills or late
Pierre age and below the non-dino.saur-bearing "Fort Union." In terms of dinosaurian zones,
V. marginatum is restricted to the Triceratops zone. Geographically the species is distributed
from southern Colorado to as far north as southern Saskatchewan. Its reraains, moreover, are
usually abundant and its characters are well defined and easily recognized.

Occurrence— Localities P3652, P3853, P3855, P3857, P3859.

CoUeclion—\J. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2548, 2549, 2550, 2550a (counterpart).

Viburnum montanum Knowlton

(Plate 15, Figs. 2, 3)

Vibumutn montanum Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 73, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.
Paper 101, 276, pl. 52, fig. 2, 1917. Dorf, Carnegie In.st. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 75, pl. 17, fig. 2,
1938; Bull. Geol. Soc, Araer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

> Dorf, E.. BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 61. 218, 222, 225, 1940.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 151

Viburnum? probkmaticuin Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 71, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.

Paper 101, 276, pl. 49, fig. 9, 1917.
Vihumum whymperi Heer. Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There are 5 nearly complete specimens, from three localities, which I cannot distinguish
from the type and figured specimens of Viburnum montanum or F.? problematicum. As was
pointed out in my discussion of these species in the report on the Medicine Bow flora, there is a
likehhood that the collection of a larger suite of leaves of this f orm would show that several other
species, such as V. contortum Lesquereux and V. speciosum Knowlton, are actually synonymous.

From an examination of the Lance Creek collections at the U. S. National Museum it is
clear that the specimens assigned by Knowlton to V. whymperi Heer are in reaUty referable to
V. montanum.

OccMT-rence— LocaUties P3652, P3854, P3857.

Collection~\]. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2551, 2552; No. 2553.

DICOTYLEDONES, Position Uncertain

Anona? robusta Lesquereux
(Plate 15, Fig. 4)

Anrnia robusta Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 8, 124, pl, 20, fig. 4, 1883. Knowlton, U. S.

Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 143, pl. 17, fig. 7, 1922. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 251, pl.

54, fig. 2, 1939.
Ficus uncata Lesquereux. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 301, pl. 76, fig. 2, 1917. Dorf, BuU.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

The collections contain 5 weU-preserved though incomplete specimens, of which the best is
figured, which agree in essential characteristics with the specimens referred by Lesquereux and
Brown to Anona robusta. I had provisionally called the Lance Creek specimens Ficus uncata.
Both the description and the original type specimens of the latter species show, however, that the
secondary veins are prominently branched on their lower sides. This is not the case in the Lance
Creek specimens nor in the Raton specimen which Knowlton referred to F. uncata.

As here conceived, this species is now known from the Laramie and Raton formations and
from the Lance of both Wyoming and Montana. I have not seen any species in the true "Fort
Union " or other beds of known Paleocene age with which this leaf form might be confused.

The modern relationships of this species are doubtfully known. The original reference to
Anona is a reasonable one, though there are genera of both the Magnoliacese and the Moraceae
which seem equally comparable.

Occurrence — Localities P3853, P3855.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2554.

Apeibopsis? discolor (Lesquereux) Lesquereux

Apeibopsisf discohr (Lesquereux) Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 259, pl. 46, figs. 4-7, 1878.

Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Rhamnus discolor Lesquereux (in part), U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1872), 398, 1873.
Liriodendron sp., Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 251, pl. 52, fig. 7, 1939.

There are 10 specimens, from three localities, which are sufficiently complete and well
preserved to be identified with this species. On consulting the type specimens at the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, it appeared evident that the incomplete Colgate leaves which Brown referred to
Liriodendron sp. cannot be distinguished from the original types of Apeibopsis? discolor from the
Black Buttes flora or from the Lance Creek specimens.

I suspect that the single specimen from Black Buttes which Lesquereux named Ficus
haydenii ' is in reality conspecific with those from the same locality referred to Apeibopsisl discolor.
In view of the fact that the type specimen of Ficus haydenii is at present not to be found, how-
ever, it seems advisable to await its discovery before making a final allocation.

' Lesquereux, L., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 197, pl. 30, fig. 1, 1878.

152 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL.EONTOLOGY

The genus Apeibopsis was originally defined by Heer ' on the basis of globular, capsular
fruits and large, ovate, entire-margined leaves. Both the fruits and the leaves were said to
resemble those of the living Apeiba Aubl., of tropical America. In his original discussion of
Apeibopsis'! discolor, Lesquereux questioned the reference to Apeibopsis of Heer and remarked
that he could not compare either his specimens or those of Heer to any living species of Apeiba.

Occurretice—LocaMties P3651, P3652, P3857.

Collection~\J. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2555.

Celastrus? taurinensis Ward
(Plate 16, Fig. 1)

Cel(i.ilru.i laurinensis Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 555, pl. 52, figs. 15, 16, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.

Bull. 37, 79, pl. 34, figs. 5, 6, 1887. Hollick, Geol. Surv. Louisiana, Spec. Rept. 5, 285, pl. 46, fig. 1, 1899.

Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 213, 1909. Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91, 267,

pl. 60, figs. 1-3, 1916; Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 42, 1935. Dorf, Carnegle Inst. Wash. Pub. No.

508, pt. I, 65, pl. 12, figs. 1-3, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 228, 232,

1940.
Celastrus ovatus Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 555, pl. 53, fig. 7, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. BuII. 37,

81, pl. 36, fig. 1, 1887.
Celastrus wardii Knowlton and CockereU, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 696, 160, 1919.
Celastrus curnnerns Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 555, pl. 53, figs. 9, 10, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.

BuII. 37, 82, pl. 36, figs. 3, 4, 1887.
Aralia tauri^itnsis (Ward) Sanborn, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 465, I, 27, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2, 4, 1935.

There are only 5 specimens in the Lance Creek collections which are referable to this species.
Althougli thc figured specimen is lacking most of the left half of the leaf, its restored shape and
its venation and marginal characters are essentially similar to the characters of the figured and
type specimens of Celastrus taurinensis from the "Fort Union" formation. AU the type and
figured specimens of the species here cited, moreover, are of the same character.

As was pointed out in my discussion of the Medicine Bow specimens referred to this species,
it is unfortunate that leaf impressions of this form are rare in the Lance-Laramie fioras. Only a
larger suite of better-preserved specimens could .settle the point as to whether or not the more
lanceolate shape of the late Cretaceous examples is consistent enough to be used as a specific
feature of distinction from the abundant Paleocene forms.

The uncertain botanical aflinity of this species has been pointed out in my previous report.

Occurrence — Locality P3051.

Collection~l! . C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2556.

Cinnamomum? affine Lesquereux

(Plate 16, Fig. 2)

Cinnamomum affine Lesquereu.x (in part), Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 219, pl. 37, figs. 1-4, 7 only,
1878. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof, Paper 130, 145, pl. 8, fig. 4, pl. 17, fig. 6, 1922. Dorf, Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 60, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4, 1938. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 250,
pl. 53, figs. 1, 2, 1939. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

This species is representcd in the collections by the single complete figured specimen and
several fragments. Although somewhat larger than the tj^pe and figured specimens of this species,
the Lance Creek specimen does not differ otherwise in the essential characters of shape, venation,
and margin. As in the specimens from the Medicine Bow and Colgate floras, the indistinct pair
of veins below the lateral primaries appears to be a rather constant feature of the larger leaves of
this species. This feature has also been observed recently on a Laramie specimen referable to
this species.'

As has been previously pointed out, the resemblance of the leaves of this species to those
of the modern genus Cinnamomum is not very clo.se. It does not seem advisable, however, to
make any change of name until a positive gcneric or family relationship is found.

Occurrence — Locality P3652.

Collection — U. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2557.

' Heer, O., Fl. Tert. Helveti«, vol. 3, 37-^1, pl. 109, figs. 9-11, pl. 118, figs. 24-29, 1859.
' U. S. National Museum collectiong, gpecimen No. L7.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 153

Cissus? lobato-crenata Lesquereux

(Plate 16, Fig. 3)

Cissus hbalo-crenaUi Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 240, pl. 41, figs. 1-3, 1878. Knowlton,
U. S Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 114, pl. 49, figs. 3, 4, 1930. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. 51, 218,
222, 225, 1940.

There are 3 specimens, of which the best is figured, which are referable to this species. Its
original description by Lesquereux was as follows:

"Leaves subcoriaceous, subcordate at the base, broadly enlarged above it, rapidly narrowed
to an obtuse point, crenate and short-lobed all around, three-nerved from the base; primary and
secondary nerves branching, all tlie divisions craspedodrome."

As is shown in the figured specimen, the Lance Creek specimens differ from the original
description, and from the type specimens, only in their wedge-shaped rather than subcordate
bases. In view of the variations expected and observed in the leaves of living species, this shght
difference is not considered sufficient for specific distinction. The general shape, the venation,
and the obtusely lobed crenate margins are here regarded as the usable diagnostic features of
the leaves of this species.

In addition to its occurrence in the type Lance formation, this species has previously been
recorded in the Black Buttes, lower Dawson, and Middle Park floras. There is also an excellent
unreported specimen of it in the Laramie collection at the U. S. National Museum.^

I have not been able to find any leaves of living species of either Cissus or any other genus
which bear a close resemblance to those of Cissus? lobato-crenata.

Occurrence — Locality P3855.

Collection--\J. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2558.

Ficus? ceratops Knowlton

Ficus ceratops Knowlton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 38, 389, figs. 1-1, 1911. Berry, Canada Geol. Surv.

Mem. 182, 28, 1935. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 248, pl. 61, figs. 1-14, 1939. Dorf, BuU.

Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.
Palmocarpon n. sp., Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 136, 1897.
Ficus russelli Knowlton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 38, 392, 1911.
Ficus sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

I was not successful in obtaining specimens of these fruits in the Lance Creek area. Knowl-
ton, however, made a considerable collection of them from this same region and from the true
Lance (Hell Creek formation) of eastern Montana. He at first regarded these as the seeds of a
palm, but subsequently compared them to the fruits of Ficus. I have examined KnowIton's
specimens in the collections at the U. S. National Museum, but can offer no further suggestions
as to their botanical affinities. Brown has recently made a large collection of these figlike casts
from the Hell Creek formation of Montana. He suggests that they may be the underground
tubers of Equisetum. This is a tenable view, but is not fully supported by the appearance and
character of true attached Equisetum tubers in tlie Lance Creek flora (plate 6, fig. 3) ; these differ
considerably from the specimens of Ficusl ceratops in shape and surface markings.

To my knowledge, the only occurrence of this species outside the Lance formation of Wyo-
ming and Montana is in the Whitemud formation of Saskatchewan, as reported by Berry.

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey, "Ceralops beds, Lance Creek, Converse County, Wyoming.
CoIIected by J. B. Hatcher, June 188L"

Collection — U. S. National Museum, No. 40258.

Ficus? trinervis Knowlton

(Plate 16, Figs. 4, 6)

Ficus trinervis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 163, 42, 1900. Cockerell, BuII. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
24, 89, 1908. Knowlton, Proc. Washington Aead. Sci., vol. 11, 197, 1909. Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 56, pl. 6, figs. 1, 4, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

• Specimen No. 4367, with specimen of Rhamnus clebumi.

154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux (in part), Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 219, pl. 37, fig. 5 on]y, 1878.

Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 553, pl. 67, figs. 1-3, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 37, 50, pl. 24,

figs. 3-5, 1887.
Ficus prxtrinerris Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 263, 304, pl. 41, figs. 1-3 only, pl. 42,

fig. 1, 1917; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98, 338, 1916; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 71, pl. 28, fig. 8

only, 1930.
Ficus haddeni Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 260, pl. 38, figs. 6, 7, 1917.
Malapanna louisviUensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 144, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1922.
Ficus neoplanicostala Knowlton (in part), U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 69, only pl. 29, figs. 3, 4, 1930.
Cinnamomum sp., Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 87, pl. 39, fig. 1, 1930.
Ficus posi-trinervis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 136, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1922. Dorf, Bull. GeoL

Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

The 2 figured speeimens are the best of 7 specimens which I believe referable to this species.
The minor variations shown in the angle of divergence of the lateral secondaries are not regarded
as of specific importance. The essential features of the leaves of this species, discussed in my
report on the Medicine Bow fiora, are present in all the Lance Creek specimens.

Continued work with type specimens at the U. S. National Museum has shown that the
Laramie leaf specimens referred by Knowlton to Ficus post-trinervis are not distinguishable in
any observable features from the specimens which he designated as the cotypes of F. trinervis.

The leaves of this species are widespread, though apparently nowhere particularly abundant,
in the late Cretaceous sediments of the Rocky Mountain region. In addition to its occurrence
in the type Lance formation, it is known also from the Mesaverde (Ericson-AImond), Vermejo,
Black Buttes, Medicine Bow, Fruitland, Laramie, Denver, Dawson, and Raton floras.

The systematic status of this species is still in doubt.

Occurrence — Localities P3854, P3859.

CoUection—l!. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2559, 2560.

Quercus? viburnifolia Lesquereux
(Plate 16, Figs. 5, 7, 8)

Quercus viburnifulia Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 159, pl. 20, figs. 11, 12, 1878; U. S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1876), 505, 1878; Bull. Harvard Coll. Mus. Conip. Zool., vol. 16, 46,
1888. Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 191, 207, 1909; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130,
127, 1922; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 50, pl. 16, figs. 3-8, pl. 17, fig. 1, 1930. Dorf, Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 53, pl. 6, figs. 3, 5, 7, 1938; BuU. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

Alnus auraria Knowlton and Cockerell. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 49, pl. 15, fig. 6, 1930.

helula fallax Lesquereux (in part). Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 50, pl. 15, figs. 7-9, pl. 16,
figs. 1, 2, 1930.

Celastrus gaudini Lesquereux (in part). Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 99, pl. 45, fig. 9 (not
figs. 3, 4), 1930.

Fraxinus sp., Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 124, pl. 58, fig. 7, 1930.

Populus denverensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 61, pl. 23, fig. 5, 1930.

Quercus purdonensis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 52, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1930.

Quercus whitei Lesquereux. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 53, pl. 17, fig. 3, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1930.

Vibumum contortum Lesquereux ?. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 127, pl. 55, fig. 1, 1930.

Leaves of this species are not rare in the collections; over 15 specimens were obtained from
six localities. Their occurrence in the beds of this region had previously been reported by Knowl-
ton,' whose specimens I havc seen at the U. S. National Museum.

In addition to its occurrence in the type Lance flora, this species is known from the Black
Buttes, Laramie, Medicine Bow, Hell Creek, Dawson, and Denver floras; it has not been reported
from beds either older or younger than post-Montanan Cretaceous.

The leaves of this species do not seem to me to be Quercus-like. Although they may reason-
ably be referred to the family Fagacese, I have not seen any modern leaves in this family which
are strictly comparable. In the absence of positive resemblances, it does not seem advisable to
change the generic reference at the present time.

Occurrenc«— Localities P3652, P3853, P3854, P3855, P3857, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2561, 2562, 2563.

' Knowlton, F. H., Proc. Waahington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 155

Rhamnus? minutus Knowlton

(Plate 17, Fig. 12)

Rhamnus minutus Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 696, 548, 1919; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 155,
pl. 17, fig. 2, 1922. Dorf, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

There are 3 nearly complete specimens of small, linear, coriaceous leaves which are similar
in essential details to the type and figured specimen of this Laramie species. Its resemblance to
Rhamnus salicifolius Lesquereux ' has been pointed out by Knowlton, who noted, however, the
difference from that species in margin and tertiary venation. No other comparable leaves have
come to my attention.

Although I can suggest no alternative, the generic reference of this species to Rhamnus is
open to question. I have seen no leaves of existing species of Rhamnus which are comparable in
observable details.

OccMrrence— Localities P3857, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2564.

Trapa? niicrophylla Lesquereux

(Plate 17, Figs. 1, 2, 6)

Trapa'! microphylla Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Bull., vol. 1 (1875), 369, 1876; U. S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. (1874), 304, 1876; Rept U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 295, pl. 61,
figs. 16-17a, 1878. Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. 6th Ann. Rept., 554, pl. 49, figs. 2-5, 1885; U. S. Geol. Surv.
Bull. 37, 64, pl. 28, figs. 2-5, 1887. Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 32, pt. 2, 661, pl. 77, figs. 3, 4,
1898; U. S. Geol. Surv. BuU. 163, 62, pl. 5, fig. 7, 1900; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 257, 144, 1905; Proc. Wash-
ington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 189, 202, 207, 1909. Berry, Canada Geol. Surv. Mem. 182, 61, pl. 19, figs. 1-11,
1935. Brown and Houldsworth, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 29, no. 1, 36, 1939. Dorf, Bull. Geol.
Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 220, 222, 225, 226, 229, 1940.

There are 35 well-preserved, detached leaflets, from five localities, which cannot be dis-
tinguished from the type and figured specimens of this widespread species. Knowlton has pre-
viously reported this species f rom the Lance Creek area ; ^ I have seen his excellent specimens in
the collections at the U. S. National Museum (specimens No. 1003 [1462]).

Both Berry and Brown have discussed the uncertain systematic status of this species and
have fully described its well-defined characters. Leaflets of this form are widespread and abun-
dant in rocks of both Late Cretaceous and Paleocene age in the Rocky Mountain region.

Occwrrence— Localities P3853, P3854, P3856, P3858; U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1462.

Colledion—\J. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotypes Nos. 2565, 2566, 2567; Nos. 2568, 2569, 2570.

Phyllites trifoliatus Dorf, n. sp.
(Plate 17, Figs. 3, 4)
LysinMchia sp., Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

There is a single specimen and counterpart, borrowed from the U. S. National Museum,
which is unUke anything else seen in the collections. There are, moreover, no fossil species in
either Cretaceous or Tertiary floras with which the specimen can be compared.

Description — Leaves apparently arranged in trifoliate manner; individual leaflets broadly
ovate to eUiptic, 1.8-3.9 cm. long by 1-1.5 cm. wide; margins entire; bases and tips acutely wedge-
shaped; venation pinnate with 4-6 pairs of subopposite secondaries, coming off the raidribs at
acute angles and arching sharply upward, becoming essentially parallel to the midribs at their
distal ends; tertiary venation very fine, indistinct; texture apparently fairly thick.

I have been unable to find any modern leaves which resemble this species. It may be that
the trifoliate arrangement is more apparent than real, so that the leaflets are actually a whorl of
spirally arranged leaves of a type seen, for example, in various members of the family Primulacese.
Until better specimens of this species are obtained, however, it seems best not to make a definite
generic assignment.

' Lesquereux, L., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 282, pl. 53, figa. 9, 10, 1878.
' Knowlton, F. H., Proe. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 11, 207, 1909.

156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1462.

Collection—\]. S. National Museum, Holotype Nos. 40259, 40259a (counterpart).

Phyllites sp.
(Plate 17, Figs. 9, 14)
Zizyphus ripkyensis Berry. Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225, 1940.

The reported presence of Zizyphvs ripJeyensis in the Lance Creek coUection was based on
the specimen shown in plate 17, figure 9. The recent discovery of a second specimen of precisely
similar venation shows, however, that this leaf form is not lanceolate, as might be surmised from
figure 9, but is distinctly ovate, as shown in figure 14. This precludes the possibilitj^ of its identity
wnth the Ripley species, which is consistently lanceolate or ovate-Ianceolate.

I have been unable to find any other described fossil species, either in the Cretaceous or in
the Tertiary, which has the characters here observed. The inadequate Laramie specimen of
Zizyphus coloradensis Knowlton ^ is comparable, but lacks the secondary veins along the midrib,
which are so characteristically defined in the Lance Creek specimens.

Occurrence — Locality P3853.

CollecHon—V. C. Mus. Pal., Nos. 2571, 2572.

Phyllites sp.
(Plate 17, Figs. 5, 13)

There are several fragmentary leaf impressions from two localities which are of a different
form from any others in the Lance Creek collections. The figured specimens show the upper
part of a leaf with numerous parallel secondaries ending in a doubly serrate margin. Other poorly
preserved impressions indicate that these leaves are ovate-Ianceolate and asymmetrical at the
base. This combination of leaf characters suggests ulmaceous affinities. It is unfortunate that
the lack of adequate material prevents a full description. In observable features there is a sug-
gestion of resemblance to the Denver specimen referred to Uhnus antecedens Lesquereux,- and to
the Raton specimen of Ulmus sp.'

Occurrence — Localities P3855, P3858.

Colleclion—V. C. Mus. Pal., Nos. 2573, 2574.

Phyllites sp.
(Plate 17, Fig. 16)

The figured specimen is the only one of this kind in the Lance collections. I had tentatively
regarded it as rather closely similar to the specimen from the Dakota sandstone referred to
Populus microphylla Newberry.'' Recently, however, Brown has re-examined the Dakota speci-
men and states that after cleaning it "shows numerous small teeth instead of the large teeth as
illustrated." ^ The general shape and venation of the Lance specimen is suggestive of sorae of
the aberrant leaves of Cercidiphyllum arcticum (Heer) Brown,'^ yet tlie extraordinarilj' large teeth
are not to be seen in any figured specimens of that species.

I have not encountered any modern leaves with which this specimen can be compared.

Occurrence— Locality P3854.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2575.

Carpites lancensis Dorf, n. sp.

(Plate 17, Figs. 10, 15)

CarpoliOius hiraulus Xewberry. Brown, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 189, 253, pl. 61, figs. 17-19, 1939.
Dorf, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222. 1940.

' Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Gcol. Surv. Prof. Papcr 130, 157, pl. 15, fig. 5, 1922.
' Knowlton. F. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 155, 62, pl. 23, fig. 7, 1930.
' Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Gool. Surv. Prof. Papcr 101, 300, pl. 70, fig. 4, 1917.
' Newbcrry, J. S., U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 35, 40, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1898.
' Brown, R. VV., Jour. Paleontol., vol. 13, 491, 1939.
• Ibid., 492, pl. 53, fig. 5, pl. 64, fig. 2.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTBRN WYOMING 157

There are 2 nearly complete specimens of winged fruits which differ in many details from the
specimen referred below to Carpites ulmiformis, which they resemble in a general way.

Description — Impressions show a perfectly oval samara 13 mm. long and 10-12 mm. wide,
apparently completely surrounded by a narrow wing 2-3 mm. wide; seed impression large, 11 mm.
long by 7-9 mm. wide, centrally marked by a longitudinal furrow and 2 flanking longitudinal Hnes ;
wing marked by numerous straight, spinelike veins; margin entire.

Except for the longitudinal furrow and lines, there is nothing in common between these
winged fruits and that of C. ulmiformis. No comparable fruits have been described or reported,
though there is a general similarity to Carpolilhus hirsutus Newberry,^ which was previously
regarded as the same. In this species from the Raritan formation the fruits are smaller, are
marked by only a single wide groove down the middle, and are distinctly surrounded by bristles
rather than a membranous wing. In undescribed collections at the U. S. National Museum there
are several winged fruits which are identical with those of Carpites lancensis; these were collected
by Brown from the Hell Creek formation of Montana and from the true Lance "on Lance Creek,
east bank, opposite and above the month of Bull Creek." -

The modern relationships or resemblances of these fossil fruits are unknown at the present
time.

Occurrence — Localities P3651, P3853.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Cotypes Nos. 2576, 2577.

Carpites ulmiformis Dorf, n. sp.
(Plate 17, Figs. 17, 18)
Vlmus sp., Knowlton, BuU. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 1930, 1897; Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 1 1 , 207, 1909

This species is based on the single specimen figured, which was collected by Knowlton from
near the old "Buck Creek corrals." This locality is in the same vicinity as Locality P3859 of
the present report.

Description — This impression consists of an obovate samara 16 mm. long and 13 mm. wide
just above the middle; apex openly notched; base acutely elongated into a thin pedicel of indeter-
minable length; seed impression narrowly ovoid, 6 mm. wide, extending nearly the full length of
the samara, marked distinctly by a central furrow, and less distinctly by 2 longitudinal lines on
opposite sides of the furrow; wing broad, entire-margined, and reticulate-veined.

I have not seen any described or figured fossil fruit which has the characters of this species.
In attempting to allocate this fruit to an existing genus I was at first inclined to follow Knowlton
in his original reference to Ulmus. After consulting all available species of this genus at the New
York Botanical Garden, however, I became convinced that the Lance Creek specimen differs
consistently in two respects: (1) it lacks the persistent remnants of the calyx at the base; (2) the
prominent furrow and longitudinal lines on the fossil impression have no counterparts, either as
lines, furrows, or ridges, in the .seeds of the modern species of Ulmus. Despite a further con-
centrated search among living species with winged fruits, I have not been successful in finding a
modern analogue.

Occurrence — U. S. Geol. Survey Locality 1479.

Collection — U. S. National Museum, Holotype Nos. 40260, 40260a (counterpart).

Carpites verrucosus Lesquereux
(Plate 17, Fig. 7)
Carpites verrucosus Lesquereux, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 7, 305, pl. 60, fig. 23, 1878.

There is a single, nearly perfect impression which agrees in essential details with the specimens
and description of this species from the Black Buttes flora. Its original description was as follows:

• Newberry, J. S., U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 26, 134, pl. 146, figs. 14, 14a, 1896. Hollick, A., U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 50,
1 10, pl. 7, figs. 3-8, 1906.

' Field label, U. S. Nationsl Museum.

158 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL^ONTOLOGY

"Fruit nearly round, one centimeter across, emarginate in the lower part at its point of
attachmcnt to a short broken pedicel; surface fJat, covered with small obtuse warts. . . . This
seed is surrounded by a flat margin, which may be the borders of a fiattened pericarp."

Except for its shape, which is somewhat reniform, the Lance Creek specimen is similar in all
observable details to the original Black Buttes specimens. No other comparable fossil forms have
been noted. A suite of much larger impressions of somewhat similar nature have been collected
from the "Fort Union" formation near Bear Creek, Montana.'

I can ofTer no suggestions as to the systematic relationship of this species. That it belongs
to the plant kingdom is shown by the filmy, dark residue of carbon on its surface. Lesquereux
has pointed out its resemblance to the flattened drupe of a Magnolia.

Occurrence — Localities P3651, P3859.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2578.

Carpites walcotti Dorf

Carpiles walcoUi Dorf, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 78, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc.
Amcr., vol. 51, 218, 222, 1940.

There are 2 seed impressions and a counterpart from Locality P3855 which agree in every
respect with the figured and type specimens of this species. Seeds of this character are at present
knowTi only from the Medicine Bow and Lance formations of Wyoming.

The botanical afiinities of this nominal species are still unknown.

OccwrreMce— Locality P3855.

Colleclion—\]. C. Mus. Pal., Nos. 2579, 2583, 2583a (counterpart).

Carpites sp.
(Plate 17, Fig. 8)

The figured specimen shows a small, rounded cast of a fruit (?), which is marked by four
prominent ridges dividing the cast into four equal segmehts. It is possible that the fossil may
originallj' have been a partially split husk. It has not been possible to determine its botanical
affinities.

To my knowledge there is no record of fossil fruits or seeds with which the present specimen
may be compared.

Occurrence — Locality P3854.

Collection—V. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2580.

Carpites sp.
(Plate 17, Fig. 11)

This specimen is a flattcned impression of a rounded body, poasibly a fruit, extended at both
ends into wedge-shaped, ribbed prolongations. The prolongation is larger at one end of the body
than at the other. Within a thin rim the central body is almost perfectly circular and is faintly
marked by meridional lines. The botanical affinities of this form are unknown, as are also any
previous fossil records of comparable rcmains.

Occurrence — Locality P3855.

Collection~\J. C. Mus. Pal., No. 2581.

Palseoaster inquirenda Knowlton
(Plate 17, Fig. 19)

Palxoaster inquirenda Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 101, 278, pl. 49, figs. 5, 6, 1917. Dorf, Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 508, pt. I, 77, pl. 19, figs. 3, 6, 1938; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, 218, 222, 225,
1940.

Palxoasterl similis Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 130, 168, pl. 24, figs. 10, 11, 1922.

' Princeton UniverBity coUection, NoB. 21001-21004.

LANCE FLORA OF EASTERN WYOMING 159

This clearly defined species is represented in the collection by the figured specimen and several
fragments from Locality P3854. The figured specimen has all the essential characteristics of the
type and figured specimens of Palxoaster inquirenda from the Vermejo and Raton formations.
The number of segments is apparently somewhat more variable than is implied in the original
description. The Lance Creek specimen has 14 segments, a feature which I do not consider
sufEciently important to maintain the specimen as a distinct species.

The botanical status of this species is still doubtful. Knowlton has mentioned its general
resemblance to the flowers of Calycanthus, Magnolia, and Williamsonia, and to the fruits of
Liriodendron. The Dawson (?) specimen referred to Sterculiocarpus coloradensis Berry, which is
probably conspecific with Palxoaster inquirenda, is regarded as stercuHaceous.'

Remains of this species are now known in the Vermejo, lower Medicine Bow, Laramie, and
lowermost Raton floras, besides being present in the true Lance of both Wyoming and Montana.

Occurrence — LocaHty P3854.

Collection-—V. C. Mus. Pal., Plesiotype No. 2582.

' Berry, E. \V., Jour. Washington Acad. Sei., vol. 22, 119, figs. 1, 2, 1932.

PLATES

Carnegie Inst. Washinqton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 1

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FiG. 1 — Locality P3853. Low ridge showing coarse sandstone at summit and underlying sandy shales, lignites, and
thin sandstones of lower Lance formation.

FiQ. 2 — Locality P3853. Nearer view, sliowing excavations in plant-bearing sandstone ledge in the foreground.

Carneoie Inst. Washington Pub. 508— Dorf, Part II

Plate 2

Fio. 1— LocaUty P3854. Plants occur in ledge of hard silt.stone, right center.

FiG. 2 I....:,l,t^ !':;v-,7, -Ih.vmmk ..ut.rops in east wall of Lanr-e Creek. Plants and fresh-water mollusks were col-
lected from siltstone bed below upper massive sandstone.

CARrrEQLE Inst. Washington Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 3

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FiG. 1 — Locality P385S. rianls occur in large siltstone concretions at base of cliff, left center.

FiG. 2 — Locality P3859. Plants occur in thinly bedded sUtstone just above line of large concretions, right center.

Carnegie Inst. Washinoton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 4

Fios. 1, 2 — Asplenites tenelbtm (Knowlton) Dorf. Plcsiotypes.

X 2. U. C. Mus. Pala^obot., Nos. 24r)0, 2451.
FiQ. 3 — Aspletiiles tenMum (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesiotype.

U. C. Mus. Pala^obot., No. 24.52.
Fia. 4— .SaJmnra? sp. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 40249.
Fio. 5 — WoodiLardiat crenata Knowlton. Plesiotype. U. C.

Mu9. Palaobot., No. 2453.
FiQ. 6 — Woodwardia? crenata Knowlton. Plesiotype. X 2.

U. C. Mus. Palseobot., No. 2454.

FiG. 7 — Filicites knowlloni Dorf. Cotype. U. C. Mus. Palapo-

bot., No. 2455.
FiG. 8—Filicites knoidtoni Dorf. Cotype. X 3. U. C. Mus.

Pala^obot., No. 2456.
FlQS. 9, 12, 13 — Araucarites lotiffifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf.

Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus. Pala>obot., Nos. 2474-2476.
FiGS. 10, 11 — Filicites knowltoni Dorf. Cotypes. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Nos. 40250, 40250a.

Cahnegie Inbt. Washington Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 5

5 6

FiGS. 1-6 — AraucaTites longifolia (Lesquereux) Dorf. Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus. Palseobot., Nos. 2477-2482.

Carneoie Inst. Washdjgton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Pakt II

Plate 6

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12

Fio 1-SeWinWIo? jalcaUi Lesquereux. Plesiotype. U. C. Fios. 4-ll-Sr9»ota dakolensis Brown. Plesiotypes. U. C.

Mus. PalaK)bot., No. 2459. M"''- Pala-obot., Nos. 2461-2468.

FiQ. 2— Kgime/NTn sp. X 3. U, C. Mus. PaliEobot., No. 2457. Via. \2SabatiUs moula„a (Kna^Uon) Dorf. Plesiotype.
FiG. 3 — Equisetum sp. U. C. Mus. PalsEobot., No. 2458.

U. C. Mus. Palaeobot., No. 2486.

Caknegie Inst. Washinoton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 7

8

Fio. 1—Sabalites eocenica (Lesquereux) Dorf . Plesiotype. U. C. FiGS. 5, 7—Salix lancensis Beiry. Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus.

Mus. Pateobot., No. 2487. Pala-obot., Nos. 2493, 2494.

FlQS. 2, S—Salix lancensis Berry. Plesiotypes. U. S. Nat. Fios. 3, 4. &—Pistia corrugata Lesquereux. Plesiotypes. U. C.

Mus., Nos. 40251, 40252. Mus. Pateobot., Nos. 2488-2490.

Carneoie Inst. Washojqton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Pabt II

rLATE 8

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Fio. \—Canna'! magnifMa Knowlton. Plesiotype. U. C. Fio. Zr-Salix Uincensis Bcrry. Plosiotype. U. C. Mus. PaliE-

Mus. PaliFobot., No. 2492. obot., No. 2495.

Fios. 2, 4, 6, 7 — Drt/nphyllum suhfnlcnhiin lypsquereux. Plesio- Fio. 5 — Snlicipliylhim u-ynmitigensis (Knowltnn and ("ockorplD

types. U. C. Mu8. Palaiobot., Nos. 2497-2500. Dorf. Plesiotype. U. C. Mus. Pala.obot., No. 2496.

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 9

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FiGS. 1, 4~~Platannpln/llum mnntamim (Brown) Dorf. Plesio- tj-pe. U. C Mus. Pakobot., No. 2501.

types. U. C. Mus. Palacobot., Nos. 2503, 2504. Fig. 5—Laurnphjllum salicifnlium (Lesquereux) Dorf. Plesio-

FiG. 2—Lauraphyllum cnlnradensis (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesio- type. U. C. Mus. Pala-obot., No. 2510.

types. U. C. Mus. Pala-obot., No. 2508. Fia. &—Lauraphylhim wardiana (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesiotype.

FiG. Z—Qucrcophyllum gardneri (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesio- U. C. Mus. Pala;obot., No. 2511.

CaRNEOIE Inst. WASHINaTON l'CB. 508 — DORF, P.^RT II

Plate 10

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10

Fia. 1 — AristolochiUs briltoni (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesiotype. Fios. 6-8 — N ymphmlcs ddwsoni (HoUick) Dorf. Plesiotypes.

U. C. Mus. Palacobot., No. 2507. U. C. Mus. Paia>obot., Nos. 2516-2518.

FiGS. 2, 4 — CercidiphyUum ellipticum (Xewberry) Brown. Fio. 9—\ymphiFites browni Dorf. Cotype. U S. Nat. Mua.,

Plesiotypes. U. C. .Mus. Pala-obot., Nos. 2512, 2514. No. 40255.

Fio. Z—Cercidiphyllum ellipticum (Newberry) Hrown. Plesio- Fio. 10 — Selumbo tenuifnlia (Lesquereux) Knowlton. U. S.

type. X 3. U. C. Mus. Pala;obot., No. 2513. Nat. Mus., No. 40253.

Fio. 5 — Cercidiphyllum arcticum (Heer) Brown. Plesiotype. Fio. 11 — M cnispermites ktiightii KnofiXtoTi. Plesiotype. U. C.

U. C. Mu8. Palseobot., No. 2515. Mua. Palseobot., No. 2521.

Carneqib Inst. Washinqton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 11

FiGS. 1, Z~Pistaeia eriensis Knowlton. Plesiotypes. U. C. FiQ. 4 — Menispermites belli Berry. Plesiotype. U. C. Mus.

Mus. PalEeobot., Nos. 2523, 2524. Palseobot., No. 2519.

FiQ. 2 — Menispermites cnckerelli (Knowlton) Dorf. Plesiotype. FiQS. 5, 6 — Vitis slanlnni (Knowlton) Brown. Plesiotypes.

U. C. Mus. Pateobot., No. 2520. U. C. Mus. Pateobot., Nos. 2525, 2526.

Carneoie Inst. Washinoton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 12

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5 6

FioB. 1-6 — Vitia nlanUmi (Knowlton) Brown. Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus. Palseobot., Nos. 2527-2531.

Carnegle Inst. Washinqton Pub. 508 — Dorf, Paht II

Plate 13

8

FiQ. 1 — THUertites clebuTni (Lesquereux) Dorf. Plesiotype. Fig. 4 — Aralicrphyllum artocarpoides (Lesquereux) Dort. Ple-

U. C. Mus. PalsDobot., No. 2534. siotype. U. C. Mus. Palajobot., No. 2535.

FiGS. 2, 3, 7 — Fraxinus leii Berry. Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus. FiGS. 5, 6, 8 — Dombeyopnis irimalis Lesquereux. Plesiotypes.

PaliEobot., Nos. 2537-2539. U. C. Mus. Pala;obot., Nos. 2545-2547.

Carneoie Inst. Washington Pub. 508 — Dobf, Part II

Platb 14

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Fiaa. l, 4—Domheynpsiscolgalensis'BTov.n. Plesiotypes. U. C. Mus. Palffobot., No. 2544.

Mus. PaliEobot., Nos. 2542, 2543. Fio. 3— rt6wrnimi marffi7ia/),T7i Lesquereux. Plesiotype. U. C.

Fio. 2—Dombeyopsis obtusa Lesquereux. Plesiotype. U. C. Mus. Palseobot., No. 2548.

Carneqie Inst. Washington Pub. 508 — Dorf, Paet II

Plate 15

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FiGS. 1, 5 — Viburmtm maTginalmn Lesquereux. Plesiotypes. Mus. Palseobot., Nos. 2551, 2552.

U. C. Mus. Palaeobot., Xos. 2549, 2550. Fig. 4 — Anonal robusla Lesquereux. Plesiotype. U. C. Mus.

FiG8. 2, 3 — Vibumum Tnontanum Knowlton. Plesiotypes. U. C. Palaeobot., No. 2554.

Carnegie In>t. Washington FrB. 508 — Dorf, Part II

Plate 16

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Fia. \—Celastrus1 taunnensia Ward. Plesiotype. ' U. C. Mus. Mus. Palseobot., No. 2558.

Palicobot., No. 2556. Figs. 4, 6— f icii«? rnnem-^ Knowlton. Plesiotypes. U. C.
FiG. 2~Cinnamomuml affine Leaquereux. Plesiotj-pe. U. C. Mus. Pala;obot.. Nos. 2559, 25()0.

Mus. Palwobot., No. 2557. Fios. 5, 7, 8-Quercus? mbumifolia Lesquereux. Plesiotj-pes.
Fio. 3— CmiM? hbato-crenalo Lesquereux. Plesiotyr*. U. C. U. C. Mua. Palaeobot., Nos. 2561-2563.

CARNEorE Inst. Washinoton PtTB. 508 — DoRP, Pakt II

Plate 17

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FiGS. 1, 2, 6 — Trapa7 microphylla Lesquereux. Plesiotypes.

U. C. Mus. Pala;obot., Nos. 2565-2567.
FiGS. 3, 4 — Phyllites trifoliatus Dorf. U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos.

40259, 40259a.
FiGS. 5, IZ—Phyllites sp. U. C. Mus. Palseobot., Nos. 2573,

2574.
FiG. 7 — Carpites verrucosus Ijesquereux. Plesiotype. U. C.

Mus. l'ala>obot., No. 2578.
FiG. 8— Carpi/f.s- sp. X 2. U. C. Mus. Pala-ohot., No. 2580.
FiGS. 9, H—Vhyllitts sp. U. C. Mus. Pala^obot., Nos. 2571,

2572.

FiGS. 10, 15 — Carpitcs lancensis Dorf. Cotypes. U. C. Mus.

Palajobot., Nos. 2576, 2577.
FiG. U—Carpites sp. U. C. Mus. Palaeobot., No. 2581.
FiG. 12 — Rhnmnus'! minutus Knowlton. Plesiotype. U. C.

Mus. Pala;obot., No. 2564.
FiG. ]6—PhyUites sp. U. C. Mus. Pateobot., No. 2575.
FiGR. 17, 18 — Carpites ulmiformis Dorf. Holotype and coun-

terpart. U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 40260, 40260a.
FiG. 19 — PalspoastiT inquirenda Knowlton. Plesiotype. U. C.

Mus. I'ala;obot., No. 2582.

QE924 .D65 1938 v.2 gen

Dorf, Erling/Upper Cretaceous floras ot

3 5185 00003 8776