USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ADVERTISEMENT. The United States National Herbarium, which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the }^ear 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained b}T that Department until July 1, 1896, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agricul- ture, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports entitled "Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium," begun in the year 1890, until, on July 1, 1902, the National Museum, in pursuance of an act of Congress, assumed responsibilit}T for the pub- lication. The first seven volumes of the series were issued by the Department of Agriculture. S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME IX THE USEFUL PUNTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE ISLAND, OF THE CHARACTER AND HISTORY OF ITS PEOPLE, AND OF THEIR AGRICULTURE By WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ' 1905 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: ISSUED APRIL 8, 1905. -Forestry. Mafa r PREFACE. Mr. W. E. Safford, assistant botanist in the Department of Agri- culture, for several years availed himself of the opportunity afforded him as a lieutenant in the United States Navy to study and observe the useful plants of the Tropics. In addition to cruises in other parts of the world he visited, in 1886, 1887, 1894, and 1899, Upolu and Tutuila of the Samoan group, and Oahu of the Hawaiian group; and from August, 1899, to August, 1900, he acted as assistant governor of the island of Guam. This paper has been prepared by Mr. Safford through the recent elaboration of notes and observations made in those years. While presented under the title "The Useful Plants of Guam," it includes some reference, however brief, to every plant known to occur on that island, particular note being made of those which have been described from Guam by various writers as species new to sci- ence. It discusses the principal plants used for food, fiber, oil, starch, sugar, and forage in the Pacific tropical islands recently acquired by the United States, and gives their common names not only in Guam but in the Philippine Islands, Samoa, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The method of cultivating and propagating the more important species is treated in considerable detail, as is the preparation of their derivative products, such as arrowroot, copra, and cacao. The publication will be useful to the rapidly increasing number of American travelers and officers who wish to have in language of as little technicality as possi- ble information about the economic plants of the world; and while the author does not lay claim to more than a report on the island of Guam, much of the information he gives is applicable throughout the Tropics. Besides consulting the original narratives of travelers, Mr. Safford took advantage of his exceptional opportunities to study the archives of Guam, and his account of the discovery, early history, and explo- rations of the island, together with its climate, ethnology, and eco- nomic conditions, will afford the most comprehensive and authentic picture of Guam thus far published. The technical names of the plants have been critically scrutinized by Mr. W. F. Wight, also assistant botanist in the Department of 3G4008 3 ?KEFACE. Agriculture. • IK '-task ;hai oseii a laborious one, far more laborious than the printed results suggest, but in the progress of the work its necessity has been ampty demonstrated. The result is a substantial basis for the uniform designation of economic tropical plants in accord- ance with the system now followed by American botanists. Mr. Saff'ord is indebted to Dr. Barton W. Evermann, of the Bureau of Fisheries, for photographs Nos. 1, 20, 22, and 44, taken by Dr. Alfred G. Ma}rer, of the Agassiz Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, while attached to the U. S. Eish Commission steamer Albatross; to Mr. William Bengough for photographs Nos. 2, 7, 8, 23, and 60, taken by him on the island of Guam in 1900; to Lieut. Commander J. E. Craven, U. S. Navy, for photograph No. 19; to Lieut. L. M. Nulton, U. S. Navy, for photographs on plate 21; to Dr. Harvey Whittaker, late of the U. S. Navy, for photograph No. 24; to Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistr}T, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for photographs on plates 9, 10 (fig. 1), 11, 12, and 13; to Mr. F. L. Lew- ton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, for photograph No. 35, taken in Johore for the Government exhibit at Chicago; to Mr. Carl S. Scofield, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for photographs Nos. 5, 50, and 57, taken from herba- rium specimens from the island of Guam; to Mr. C. B. Doyle for photographs Nos. 3, 4, 10 (fig. 2), 31, 32, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, from herbarium specimens, for No. 15 from the seed collection, and No. 14 from cultivated specimens, taken under the supervision of the author, and No. 17 from specimens collected in Guam by Lieut. Franck Taylor Evans, U. S. Navy; to Messrs. O. F. Cook and Guy N. Collins for Nos. 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 43, 44, 48, 55, 58, and 66, taken in Porto Rico, Nos. 27, 30, 36, 39, taken in Guatemala, and Nos. 28 and 67, taken in Mexico; and to Mr. Guy N. Collins for Nos. 16, 37, and 63, taken in the Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. He is also indebted to Mr. Charles M. Mansfield for photograph No. 69, taken from herbarium specimens sent to the author from Guam by Rev. Jose Palomo. Through the courtesy of Professor Willis L. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, an account of the climatology of Guam is also pre- sented, the detailed study of which is the work of Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the U. 8. National Herbarium. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 9 Origin and purpose of the present work, and acknowledgments 9 Geographical information 11 Historical notices 12 Discovery of Guam and its early history 12 Magellan 12 Dutch navigators 13 Sailing routes in the Pacific 13 Jesuit missionaries 13 Conquest of the natives 15 English pirates 16 Dampier' s visit 17 Woodes Rogers 19 Anson 20 De Pages 21 Expulsion of the Jesuits 21 Crozet's visit 23 Scientific explorations of the island 25 Malaspina expedition _ 25 Romanzoff expedition 28 Freycinet expedition 29 Dumont d' Urville's two visits 30 Extracts from the archives of Guam relating to its economic history. 32 Francisco Ramon de Villalobos 33 Pablo Perez 36 Convict labor 38 Felipe de la Corte 39 Sociedad Agricola . . 40 Summary 40 Physical conditions of Guam 41 Climate and rainfall 41 Hydrography 44 Physical geography 46 Vegetation of the island 52 Plant covering according to habitat 52 Coral reefs 52 Mangrove swamps 52 Rivers 53 The strand 53 The inner beach 54 The cliffs 54 Forests 55 Marshes 57 Savannas 57 Abandoned clearings 58 Village environs 60 Plants of special interest 61 Unidentified trees and shrubs 61 Groups which are not well known 62 Guam types 63 5 6 CONTENTS. Introduction — Continued. Page. Vegetation of the Inland — Continued. Plants of special interest — Continued. Yams, bananas, and breadfruit 63 Screwpines 64 Banyans, mangroves, and epiphytes of the forest 65 Plants that sleep 65 Plants which seldom bloom 66 Plants with extrafloral nectaries 66 Plants with protective devices 68 Cycas circinalis and its fecundation 71 Dispersal of plants by oceanic currents 72 Animals of the island 76 Mammals 76 Birds 78 Reptiles 80 Fishes 81 General notes 81 Alphabetical list of principal fishes 83 Marine invertebrates 89 Insects 90 Scorpions, spiders, and centipedes 94 The people 95 Aboriginal inhabitants 95 Physical characteristics 95 Personal and domestic economy 96 Useful arts 100 Navigation 100 Mental and moral characteristics 102 Social institutions and customs 104 Religion and superstitions 109 Language 113 Origin 116 The modern, inhabitants 117 Origin and language 117 Physical characteristics 119 Personal and domestic economy 123 Useful arts 124 Mental and moral characteristics 127 Social institutions and customs 1 28 Industrial system 131 Statistics of population, commerce, etc 137 Standards of measure 138 Agriculture of the island 139 Soils 139 Indigenous and spontaneous economic plants 142 Cultivated food and stimulant plants 143 Textile and thatch plants 148 Forage plants 150 Weeds 151 Animal pests 152 Plant names (- 152 Literature 154 Topical sketch 154 Alphabetical list of works consulted or cited 160 Descriptive catalogue of plants 170 Index.. 405 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. PLATE I. View of Agana, the capital of Guam, showing raised platform of coralliferous limestone forming north half of island Frontispiece. II. The forest, showing epiphytal vegetation 55 III. Davallia solida, an epiphytal fern 56 IV. The great marsh fern, Acrostichum aureum 57 V. Lycopodium cernuum, a characteristic plant of the savannas 57 VI. Agati grandiflora, a leguminous tree with edible flowers and pods. . 60 VII. The Agana. River, showing textile screwpine, breadfruit, and coco- nut 64 VIII. View of the forest, showing Cycas cirdnalis, screwpine, and roots of giant banyan 65 IX. Ridnus communis. Fig. 1. Marginal nectar glands. Fig 2. Cross section through petiole at base of leaf blade, showing extrafloral nectaries 66 X. FIG. 1. — Nectar gland on midrib of cotton leaf (Gossypium sp.). FIG. 2. — ^Leaf of Parili tiliaceum, showing nectar gland 67 XI. Raphides, or needle crystals of oxalate of lime, in taro leaf 69 XII. Needle cells of taro, their ends projecting into vacuoles. 69 XIII. Cells of taro discharging their needles 70 XIV. Cycas cirdnalis, leaf and carpophyll bearing half-developed fruit . . 71 XV. Sea beans, showing air spaces which give them buoyancy 73 XVI. Morinda cilrifolia, flowers and fruit 74 XVII. Stone adz and sling stones of aborigines 107 XVIII. The government house at Agana 117 XIX. House with thick walls of masonry and tiled roof 123 XX. Typical native dwelling, with sides of bamboo and woven reeds and roof of coconut thatch 124 XXI. FIG. 1. — A modern oven. FIG. 2. — Evaporating salt 127 XXII. Road from Agana to Piti: Carabaos drawing an American wagon. . 134 XXIII. Clearing the forest for planting 141 XXIV. A Pacific island taro patch, Caladium colocasia 144 XXV. Arrowroot, Maranta arundinacea 145 XXVI. Root of the cassava plant, Manihot manihot 145 XXVII. Breadfruit tree, Artocarpus communis, foliage and fruit 145 XXVIII. Mango tree, Mangifera indica, in full fruit 146 XXIX. Cashew, Anacardium ocddentale, half-grown fruit 147 XXX. Coffee in full bloom 148 XXXI. The coral bead vine, Abrus abrus 171 XXXII. Angiopteris evecta 183 XXXIII. The sour sop, Annona muricata, flowers and fruit 184 XXXIV. The sugar apple, Annona squamosa 185 XXXV. Betel-nut palms, Areca cathecu. 187 XXXVI. Fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, male and female inflores- cence, and young fruit 189 7 8 ILLUSTEATIONS. Facing page. PLATE XXXVII. Averrhoa carambola, inflorescence and foliage 193 XXXVIII. Fruit of Barringtonia speciosa, a fish intoxicant 196 XXXIX. The arnotto tree, Bixa orellana, foliage and fruit 199 XL. Bruguiera gymnorhiza, the many-petaled mangrove 202 XLI. Casuarina equisetifolia. Male inflorescence, female inflores- cence, and fruit 220 XLII. Ceiba pentandra, the kapok tree. Leaf and pod 221 XLIII. Cocos nucifera, the coconut tree, in bloom 232 XLIV. Cocos nucifera, male flowers and female flower 233 XL V. Coelococcus amicarum, the Caroline ivory-nut palm 244 XLVI. The ivory nut, Coelococcus amicarum 244 XL VII. Cydophorus adnascens, an epiphytal fern 253 XL VIII. The wing-stemmed yam, Dioscorea alata 259 XLIX. The spiny yam, Dioscorea spinosa 262 L. Gleichenia dichotoma, a fern growing on the savannas 283 LI. Guilandina crista, the nicker nut, pods and seeds 288 LII. Heritiera littoralis, a strand tree, foliage and fruit 292 LIU. Humala heterophylla, the Umata fern 295 LI V. Intsia bijuga, the ipil tree 296 LV. The physic nut, Jatropha curcas 301 LVI. Lens phaseoloides, the snuffbox sea bean, pod and inflores- cence 308 LVII. Lycopodium phlegmaria, an epiphytal clubmoss 313 LVIII. Moringa moringa, the horse-radish tree - - 327 LIX. OcJirocarpos obovalis, an important hard-wood tree 335 LX. Pandanus fragrans, a screwpine growing in jungle 344 LXI. Pariti liliaceum, the only source of cordage on the island . . . 346 LXII. Phymatodes phymatodes, the oak-leaf fern 352 LXIII. Piper betle, the betel pepper 354 LXIV. Rhizophora mucronata, the four-petaled mangrove 364 LXV. Stemmodontia canescens, a strand plant 377 LXVI. Tamarindus indica, the tamarind. Foliage and fruit 383 LXVII. Theobroma cacao, the chocolate plant. Inflorescence 387 LXVIII. Tournefortia argentea, a characteristic strand shrub 390 LXIX. Xiphagrostis floriduht, sword-grass. Spikelets and portion of leaf blade, magnified so as to show cutting teeth 399 LXX. Map of the island of Guam 404 THE USEFUL PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. By WILLIAM EDWIN SAPFOED. INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT WORK, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. During a series of cruises in the Pacific Ocean the routine of my official duties was pleasantly broken by frequent excursions on shore for the purpose of collecting material for the United States National Museum, as well as for recreation. While sitting in native huts and while wading upon coral reefs, traversing forests and climbing moun- tains, I interested myself in taking notes on the languages and customs of the natives, their arts, medicines, food materials and the manner of preparing them, and the origin of their dyes, paints, fibers for fishing nets and lines, materials for mat making and thatching, woods used in constructing their houses and canoes, and gums and resins used in calking. In attempting to identify many of the plants entering into their economy, I felt the need of some popular work containing the com- mon names of the more important species in various island groups, together with their descriptions and the uses to which they are applied in various parts of the world, the methods of their cultivation, and the processes of preparing the commercial staples which they yield. Some information of this nature may be derived from accounts of mis- sionaries, travelers, and explorers, but our ship's library was woefully lacking in such works, and much of the information contained in the books which were available was incomplete and untrustworthy. Works of a scientific nature, such as the Botany of the Challenger Expedition, though discussing the geographical distribution of strand plants and the means of their dissemination, I found to contain only lists of names which were useful in comparing island floras, but did not serve in any way to identify the plants in which I was interested. Others, like Seemann's Flora of Fiji, were too rare and expensive to be placed in the library of an ordinary man-of-war, and could be con- sulted only during visits to San Francisco or Honolulu. Moreover, 10 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. though frequent mention is made of the uses of plants in this work, the descriptions are in Latin, and the book is not available to the average lay student. It occurred to me, therefore, that a popular work on the useful plants of Polynesia would be welcome, and I set out accordingly to gather together such information as I could for this purpose. Many of the plants with which I became familiar I encoun- tered on widely separated shores. Some of them I found bearing the same name on islands whose inhabitants have had no intercommunica- tion within historic times. These and kindred facts opened up an alluring field of ethnological inquiry as to the origin and dispersal of the inhabitants of the myriads of islands which dot the Pacific, a sub- ject upon which I shall enter in an initial way during the course of this work/' It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance I have received in the preparation of this work from Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture; Mr. O. F. Cook, Mr. Guy N. Collins, and Mr. F. L. Lewton, of the office of tropical agriculture, and the late Mi'. Henry E. Baum. I am indebted to Mr. Carl S. Scotield and Mr. Thomas H. Kearney for aid and suggestions during its progress, and to Messrs. L/vster H. Dewey, Rodney H. True, and V. K. Chesnut for references relating to the fiber plants, medicinal plants, and poisonous plants included in my lists. Acknowledgments are also due to Dr. H. W. Wiley and Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, for investigations as to the cause of the acridity of the taro plant and for fine micro-photographs showing the raphides, or needles of oxalate of lime, found in its leaves; also for beautiful representations of extra- floral nectaries of Ricinus and Gossypium. For notes on the agriculture of the island I am indebted to Don Justo Dungca and Don Antonio Martinez, citizens of Guam, and for botanical material forwarded to me since my departure from the island to Rev. Jose Palomo and Mr. Atanasio T. Perez. In the determination of flowering plants I have been assisted by Mr. E. S. Steele and Mr. Philip Do well, and of cryptogams by Mr. William L. Maxon, of the National Herbarium. In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. E. S. Steele and Mr. F. L. Lewton for their great assistance in preparing this work for publication and in helping me to correct the proof sheets. In submitting it I venture to express the hope that it may fill a want not only of travelers and students of botany, but also of settlers on tropical islands and in other warm regions of the globe; and I trust that it may be of some use to merchants and manufacturers seeking new sources of tropical staples and raw materials. « See p. 116. SLAND AND PEOPLE. 11 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. Guam, the largest and most important of the group known as the Ladrones or Marianne Islands, is situated in the Pacific Ocean about 1,200 miles east of the Philippines. The group forms a chain 420 miles long, extending from latitude 20° 30' north, longitude 143° 4f>' east, to latitude 13° 14' north, longitude 142° 31' east. Beginning at the north, the names of the islands are Farallon de Pajaros, Las Urra- cas (Maug), Asuncion (Asomsom), Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sariguan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, Aguigan, Rota (Luta), and Guam or Guahan.a Guam is the only island belong- ing to the United States. The rest were sold by Spain to Germany at the close of the late war. The seat of the German Government is on the island of Saipan, where there is a colony of Caroline Islanders, besides a small population of Marianne natives. The islands are of volcanic origin and are fringed with coral reefs. In the southern members of the group there are no active volcanoes, but on several of the northern islands there are still a number of smok- ing craters. Guam and Samoa lie in corresponding latitudes on oppo- site sides of the equator, and their climates are much alike. Their flora and fauna have many features in common, and many of the plants used in the economy of the natives are the same. The inhabitants of the two groups, however, though both of the Oceanic race (allied to the Malayan), belong to different grand divisions of it and have distinct languages and few traditions in common. Guam is consider- ably larger than Tutuila, the most important of the Samoan Islands owned by the United States, though its chief port, San Luis de Apra, can not be compared with Pango-Pango, our naval station in the South Pacific, and perhaps the finest harbor in the world. The advantage of Guam as a station for repairs and supplies is evident, forming, as it does, a stopping place for vessels between Hawaii and the Philippines. Its strategic importance has been greatly enhanced since it has been made the landing place of the trans-Pacific cable, and the completion of the Panama Canal will make it still more valuable to our Government. The extreme length of the island from north -northeast to south- southwest is 29 statute miles. Its width is from 7 to 9 miles, narrow- ing at the middle to a neck only 4 miles across. On the northwest coast of this neck is situated Agana (Hagadna), the capital, a city of over 6,000 inhabitants. (PL LXX.) The entire population of the island, according to the census of 1901, was 9,676.^ «For the pronunciation of vernacular names, see p. 170. &This indicates the number of actual residents on the island and does not include visitors nor the Government forces of the United States stationed there. 12 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. HISTORICAL NOTICES. DISCOVERY OF GUAM AND ITS EARLY HISTORY. MAGELLAN. The island of Guam was discovered on March 6, 1521, by Magellan, after a passage of three months and twenty days from the strait which bears his name. An account of the privations and suffering of his crew, many of whom died on the way across the hitherto unexplored ocean, is graphically given by Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's historian. He describes how the expedition arrived at Guam with the crews suffering from scurvy and in a starving condition, having been com- pelled on the passage to eat rats and even the leather from off the standing rigging to keep soul and body together. In comparison with Magellan's feat of crossing the vast Pacific the first voyage of Columbus, from the Canary Islands to the West Indies, seems insig- nificant. The natives of Guam came out to meet the Spaniards in strange "flying praos" (canoes provided with outriggers and trian- gular sails of mats). The Spaniards had dropped anchor, furled their sails, and were about to land, when it was discovered that a small boat which rode astern of the flagship was missing. Suspecting the natives of having stolen it, Magellan himself went ashore at the head of a landing party of 40 armed men, burned 40 or 50 houses and many boats, and killed 7 or 8 natives, male and female. He then returned to his ship with the missing boat and immediately set sail, continuing his course to the westward. Before we went ashore [says Pigafetta] some of our people who were sick said to us that if we should kill any of the natives, whether man or woman, that we should bring on board their entrails, being persuaded that with the latter they would be cured. When we wounded some of those islanders with arrows, which entered their bodies, they tried to draw forth the arrow now in one way and now in another, in the meantime regarding it with great astonishment, and thus did they who were wounded in the breast, and they died of it, which did not fail to cause us compassion. Seeing us take our departure then, they followed us with more than a hundred boats for more than a league. They approached our ships, showing us fish and feigning to wish to give them to us, but when we were near they cast stones at us and fled. We passed under full sail among their boats, which, with greatest dexterity, avoided us. We saw among them some women who were weeping and tearing their hair, surely for their husbands killed by us. The natives did not fare much better at the hands of later visitors. Some of the early navigators enticed them on board and made slaves of them, so that they might man the pumps and keep the ships free from water. a They were spoken of as "infidels," to slay whom was no great sin; but if encounters took place between them and Europeans and a white man was killed, he was declared to have been murdered, « See Narrative of the Loaisa Expedition, 1526, Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1, p. 217. EARLY NAVIGATORS. 13 and his death was avenged by the burning of villages, boats, and boat- houses, and by killing men, women, and children." They were branded by their discoverers with the name of ladrones (thieves) for stealing a boat and some bits of iron. The early navigators themselves did not hesitate to steal husbands from their wives and fathers from their children. DUTCH NAVIGATORS. Among the Dutch who visited the island was Oliver van Noort, who touched at Guam in 1600 on his way from the South American coast to Manila. About 200 canoes came off to meet him, bringing fish, fruit, rice, fowls, and fresh water to exchange for iron. He was followed in 1616 by the Dutch admiral, Joris Spilbergen, in command of a fleet fitted out by the Dutch Company, which was on its way to the Moluccas by the westward route; and in 1625 by the Nassau fleet, organized in Holland against Peru, and commanded by Jacob 1'Here- mite. One hundred and fifty canoes came off to meet them, to traffic with coconuts and yams. The fleet watered at the island, and in exchange for iron procured rice, fowls, coconuts, yams, and bananas. Coconuts were observed in inexhaustible quantities; rice was culti- vated in many places, and the natives sold it b}^ weight in bales of seventy to eighty pounds each. The Hollanders considered it unsafe for their men to ramble about the island singly or unarmed. SAILING ROUTES IN THE PACIFIC. Guam was reckoned seventy days from New Spain, as Mexico was then called. After the founding of Manila regular traffic was estab- lished between the coast of Mexico and the Philippines. The first port selected as a place of departure on the Mexican coast was Navidad, but Acapulco was substituted later. The vessels would leave Mexico each year in February or March, shaping their course a little to the south- ward until they reached the latitude of Guam, when they would con- tinue due west until they reached that island. This season was chosen in order to avoid the westerly monsoon in the Philippines, which usually sets in about the middle of June. The vessels returned by a northerly route in order to avoid the trade winds and the adverse equatorial current. Both the Mariannes arid the Philippines were made dependencies of New Spain and were ruled by the viceroy residing at the City of Mexico. JESUIT MISSIONARIES. On his way from New Spain to the Philippines in one of the regular vessels, Padre Diego Luis Sanvitores, a Jesuit priest, touched at Guam and was moved to pity at the sight of the natives living in spiritual « See. narrative of the expedition under Miguel Lopez Legazpi, which visited Guam in 1565, in Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1. 14 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. darkness in the midst of an earthly paradise. An account of his life and martyrdom is given in an old vellum-covered book,a in which much interesting information may be found concerning the natives of Guam. In it, in contrast with the barbarous cruelty with which the natives had been treated by visiting Europeans, one may read of their kindness to shipwrecked sailors cast upon their shores, and of the cordial reception of Padre Sanvitores. They provided homes for him and his companions and built for them a church. All wished to be baptized forthwith, though the missionaries would at first baptize only the infants and dying persons; adults in good health had to be instructed in the Chris- tian doctrine before they could enjoy the privilege. In this book many wonderful occurrences are related — stories of supernatural apparitions, of miraculous cures of men possessed of the devil, of lances, cast by the natives, suddenly arrested in mid-air, and of stones hurled from their slings crumbling harmlessly to dust; but it must not be forgotten that this was an age of marvels. The devil's influence in the affairs of everyday life was recognized throughout Christendom, and it is not surprising that it found its way to Guam. It was to the power of the evil one over the elements that the early missionaries attributed the adverse winds, which blew almost con- stantly to the westward and prevented ships from sailing directly to Guam from the Philippines. Sanvitores, "the Apostle of the Mariannes," was born in the city of Burgos, in northern Spain, November 12, 1627. The history of his life tells of his early boyhood, his call to the Society of Jesus and ordination, his work among the poor, his journe}^ to Mexico; his departure from Acapulco, April 5, 1662, for Manila; the impression made upon him by the natives of Guam, whom he saw on his passage across the Pacific; his efforts to be sent to them as a missionary, the refusal of his superiors at Manila to grant his request, the King's decree ordering the governor of the Philippines to furnish him with the means of reaching the Mariannes, the building of the ship San Diego at Cavite and his sailing therein to Acapulco, his appeal for aid to the viceroy of Mexico, his arrival at Guam, March 3, 1668, his emotion on seeing the islanders coming out to meet him, the kindness with which they welcomed him to their island, the zeal with which he pursued his work, the hardships which he had to endure, and his final martyrdom. The first serious stumbling block in the way of the missionaries was a Chinaman named Choco, living in the village of Paa, at the southern end of the island. This man had been shipwrecked about twenty years before their arrival, and had been kindly received by the natives.. He pointed out to the islanders that many children and old people had died immediately after having been baptized. He spoke slightingly of the padres, saying that the}^ were people despised and looked down « Garcia, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, 1683. See List of works. WAR OF EXTERMINATION. 15 upon by the Spaniards themselves, who for that reason had sent them into exile on this island; and he said that surely the water used in baptism was poisonous, though some of the more robust upon whom it was poured might resist its effects. As it was indeed true that many of those baptized had died shortly after the performance of the rite, and as the missionaries thought them happy in dying thus secure of salvation, it seemed to the natives that there might be truth in the Chinaman's charges. Henceforward, instead of receiving the mission- aries joyfully in their villages and retaining them as guests almost against their will, the natives greeted them with scowling faces, and, calling them murderers, threatened them with their spears. They no longer offered them breadfruit, as had been their custom, and mothers on their approach would catch up their infants and fly with them to the woods for safet}r; or if the little ones were sick or dying, they would conceal them in their houses as best they could. a In their zeal the missionaries would often baptize children in spite of the threats of the fathers and the tears and prayers of the mothers. Moreover, they awakened the enmity of khemafcahnas, or wise men, whom they declared to be imposters; they assailed the liberty of the urritaos, or bachelors, by their efforts to abolish the " great houses " of the villages, in which they lived with unmarried women; they tried to change the marriage customs, according to which the parents received presents from the bridegrooms for their daughters; they tried to put an end to the invo- cation of the aniti, or spirits, and taught that it was wrong to venerate the relics of ancestors. Less than two years after the arrival of the missionaries in the islands, on January 29, 1670, a priest was killed on the island of Saipan for having baptized a child in spite of the protests of its parents;6 and on April 2, 1672, in Guam, Padre Sanvitores met his death in the same way. CONQUEST OF THE NATIVES. A war of extermination now began, which lasted twenty-three years, suspended from time to time when the Spaniards found themselves too weak to continue it, but resumed at the arrival of each ship bring- ing reinforcements, no matter whether in the meantime peace with the natives had been declared or not. Often whole villages were punished for the act of a single man, and innocent natives who had committed no crime whatever were shot down wantonly/ Much did the evangelical ministers regret these excesses of the fervors of the new soldiers [says Padre Garcia], which, with the lack of experience and too great desire to make themselves feared, placed in jeopardy all Christianity; for the Indians retired from their villages to others more distant from Agadfia, and it was feared with reason that the whole island would form a confederation against the Spaniards « Garcia, op. cit, p. 224. c Garcia, op. cit., pp. 446,447. b Garcia, op. cit., pp. 421^24. 16 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and padres as against homicides, who, the ones with baptism, as many natives already said, and the others with arms, came to take the lives of themselves and their chil- dren. Padre Solano; calling together the soldiers of the post, declared to them that though arms used in their proper time and season were the defense of that Chris- tianity, yet wielded intempestively they would be its destruction, since they would not only irritate with reason the Indians, but would become unworthy of the favor of the Lord, without which what could twenty or thirty men do against thirty thou- sand? For thus far only the barbarians' dread of firearms had protected the mission, and if this were lost the multitude could not be withstood. That they would lose this dread with their constant use, even at the price of injuries to themselves, and if they once rushed upon the arms they might seize them, and with these in their pos- session our defense would be converted into our injury. He charged the soldiers very particularly that in the southern part of the island, where the only villages were in which the missions were unhampered, they should abstain from all hostility, so as not to hinder the only harvest which at that season could be gleaned, and not to make enemies of those whom they now held as friends. The soldiers approved the discourse and promised to confine themselves within the limits of justice and prudence." It is not the province of these notes to give a detailed account of the uprisings of the natives and the methods taken by the various gov- ernors and military commanders to quell them. The yearly reports of the missionaries tell of the flight of the natives from island to island, pursued by their conquerors, whose arquebuses and arrows they resisted with their simple slings and spears as best they could, and of their reconcentration on the island of Guam, where they were stricken by an epidemic which almost exterminated them. Moreover [says one of these writers], & this diminution was caused greatly by the repugnance with which they bore a foreign yoke — lovers ever of all the latitude which their primitive freedom permitted them — and this burden weighed so heavily upon their haughtiness, laziness, and barbarity that some even sacrificed their lives in despair; and some women either purposely sterilized themselves or cast into the waters their new-born infants, believing them happy to die thus early, saved from the toils of a life gloomy, painful, and miserable. In all the dominions of Spain there is no nation more free from burdens, since they pay no tribute to the King — a common custom in all nations — nor do they give to the church the fees which are given throughout Christendom; but, as they see not what the rest surfer, they judge that subjection is the worst misery of the world. ENGLISH PIRATES. Two years after the publication of Padre Garcia's account of the island, on March 15, 1685, the English pirates, Eaton and Cowley, anchored at Guam. They found the governor, Don Damian Esplana, in a state of uneasiness owing to the hostile attitude of the natives, who, under a chief named Yura, had risen against the Spaniards less than a year before, had wounded the governor and killed several mis- sionaries and a number of soldiers. Cowley describes in his narrative a Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 447. ^Murillo Velarde, Historia, Libro IV, 1749; Fray Juan de la Concepckm, Hist. Gen., Tomo VII, p. 348, 1788-92. D AMPLER. 17 how the ship was received by the natives, who brought them "pota- toes, mananoes, coconuts, and plantains, selling them to us for old nails and old iron. But they being treacherous, we trusted them not; for we had always our small arms ready, and great guns loaden with round ball and cartridges. Sometimes we would have our deck full with these infidels; but we were always in arms, having our swords and pistols by our sides, with some Centinels standing abaft before them." Some of the Englishmen having gone fishing with the natives, the latter surrounded the boat by a seine, as though to draw it ashore together with its crew. The bucaneers in the boats being provided with firearms — let go in amongst the thickest of them and killed a great many of their number, while the others, seeing their mates fall, ran away. Our other men which were on shoar meeting them, saluted them also by making Holes in their Hides. We took our Boat immediately thereupon, and went on board, most of our well men being on shoar, and seeing many of these Infidels' boats lie along our ship's side, did not know what design they might have on board [against] our sick men; but as it fell out, they were Boats which came from the governor, with more presents for our refreshment. * * * We took four of these infidels Prisoners, and brought them on board, binding their hands behind them; but they had not been long there, when three of them leaped over board into the sea, swimming away from the ship with their hands tied behind them. However, we sent the boat after them, and found a strong man at the first Blow could not penetrate their skins with a cutlace: One of them had received, in my judgment, 40 shots in his body before he died; and the last of the three that was killed, had swam a good English mile first, not only with his Hands behind him, as before, but also with his Arms pinion' d. The governor gave carte blanche to the pirates to kill as many natives as they pleased and even rewarded them with presents of hogs, pumpkins, green stuff, "potatoes," and rice; after which they saluted him with three guns and sailed away.a DAMPIER'S VISIT. The following year, on May 20, 1686, Captain Swan arrived at Guam, accompanied by Dampier,6 who gives in the first volume of his voyages an excellent account of the island, its products, the inhabitants, and their wonderful canoes, which he "did believe to sail the best of any Boats in the World." Under the above date he writes as follows: At 4 a Clock, to our great Joy, we saw the Island Guam, at about 8 leagues dis- tance. It was well for Captain Swan that we got sight of it before our Provision was spent, of which we had but enough for 3 days more; for, as I was afterwards informed, the Men had contrived, first to kill Captain Swan and eat him when the Vituals was gone, and after him all of us who were accessary in promoting the undertaking this Voyage. This made Captain Swan say to me after our arrival at Guam, Ah! Dampier, you would Jtave made tJiem but a poor Meal; for I was as lean as the Captain was lusty and fleshy. «Cowley's voyage, in Dampier's Voyages, vol. 4, 1729. 6 A new Voyage Round the World, by Capt. William Dampier, vol. 1, p. 283, 1717. 9773—05 2 18 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Dampier's accurate descriptions of the breadfruit and the coconut are given further on, in the Alphabetical list of useful plants, under the headings Artocarpus communis and Cocos nuclfera. Of the bread- fruit he says:a I did never see of this Fruit any where but here. The Natives told us, that there is plenty of this Fruit growing on the rest of the Ladrone Islands; but I did never hear of it anywhere else. And of the coconuts he says:6 These at Guam grow in dry ground, are of a middle size, and I think the sweetest that I did ever taste. Dampier relates that when the natives were repulsed by the Span- iards in the recent uprising they destroyed the plantations and stock, and those implicated in the conspiracy then went to other islands. As for the remaining ones, if they were not actually concerned in that broil, yet their hearts were also bent against the Spaniards, for they offered to carry the Englishmen to the fort and assist them in the con- quest of the island; but Captain Swan was not for molesting the Span- iards here, as it was to his interest to use the island as a base for supplies. At this time there were at Guam only the governor, twenty or thirty Spanish soldiers, and two or three priests. Captain Swan detained a priest who came off to visit his ship, and requested him to write a letter to the governor stating that the English had come to the island not in any hostile manner, but as friends to purchase with their money what they wanted. He sent a present to the governor of 4 yards of scarlet cloth and a piece of silver and gold lace. The governor replied to the letter at once, complimenting Cap- tain Swan for his present and promising as much provision as he could possibly spare. As a token of his gratitude he sent a present of 6 Hogs of a small sort, most excel- lent Meat, the best I think that ever I eat [says Dampier] . They are fed with Coco- nuts, and their flesh is hard as Brisket Beef. They were doubtless of that breed in America which came originally from Spain. He sent also 12 Muskmelons, larger than ours in England, and as many Water-melons, both sorts here being a very excellent Fruit; and sent an order to the Indians that lived in a Village not far from our Ship, to bake every day as much of the Bread-fruit as we did desire, and to assist us in getting as many dry Coco-nuts as we would have; which they accordingly did, and brought off the Bread-fruit every day hot, as much as we could eat. After this the Governour sent every day a Canoa or two with Hogs and Fruit, and desired for the same Powder, Shot, and Arms; which was sent according to his request. * * * The 30th day of May, the Governour sent his last Present, which was some Hogs, a Jar of pickled Mangoes, a Jar of excellent pickled Fish, and a Jar of fine Rusk, or Bread of fine Wheat Flower, baked like Bisket, but not so hard. He sent besides, 6 or 7 packs of Rice, desiring to be excused from sending any more Provision to us, saying he had no more on the Island that he could spare. He sent word also, that the West Monsoon was at hand, that therefore it behooved us to be jogging from «A new Voyage Round the World, p. 297, 1717. &0p. cit., p. 296. ENGLISH PEIVATEEBS. 19 hence, unless we were resolved to turn back to America again. Captain Swan returned him thanks for his kindness and advice, and took his leave; and the same day sent the Frier ashoar that was seized on our first arrival, and gave him a large Brass Clock, an Astrolabe, and a large Telescope; for which Present the Frier sent us aboard six Hogs, and a roasting Pig, 3 or 4 Bushels of Potatoes, and 50 pounds of Manila Tobacco. Then we prepared to be gone, being pretty well furnished with Provision to carry us to Mindanao, where we designed next to touch. We took aboard as many Coco-nuts as we could well stow, and we had a good stock of Rice, and about 50 Hogs in salt. a WOODES ROGERS. On March 11, 1710, the celebrated English privateer W codes Rogers arrived at Guam, accompanied by Alexander Selkirk, whom he had recently rescued from the island of Juan Fernandez, in the South Pacific. The English were in pretty bad condition. Their provisions were nearly exhausted, and many of them were sick and suffering from wounds received in battle with the Spaniards on the American coast. Rogers had with him a prize, Nuestra Senora de la Incarnation, the name of which he had changed to the Batchelor Frigate. He car- ried with him considerable booty in the form of money, jewels, and fabrics taken from the natives of Guayaquil and other Spanish- Ameri- can towns recently sacked by him, and among his prisoners were sev- eral officers of the recently captured prize. To the governor of Guam (Don Antonio Pimentel) Rogers and his associates wrote the following letter: SIR: We being Servants of her Majesty of Great Britain, and stopping at these Islands on our Way to the East Indies, will not molest the settlement; provided you deal fairly with us. We will pay for whatever Provisions and Refreshments you have to spare, in such manner as best agrees with your Conveniency, either in Money or any Necessaries you want. But if after this civil Request you deny us, and do not act like a Man of Honour, you may immediately expect such Military Treatment, as we are with ease able to give you. This we thought fit to confirm under our Hands, recommending to you our Friendship and kind Treatment, which we hope you'll esteem, and assure yourself we then shall be with the strictest Honour Your friends and humble Servants, W. ROGERS. S. COURTNEY. E. COOKE. To the Honourable GOVERNOR OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. MARCH 23, 1709 (1710). As the governor had no adequate means of resisting the English, he supplied them with provisions. Courtesies were interchanged, the Spaniards entertaining the English on shore and accepting their invi- tation to entertainments on board the ships. Rogers presented to the governor two negro boys "dressed in liveries," 20 yards scarlet cloth- serge, and 6 pieces of cambric, "wh^ch he seemed wonderfully well pleased with." The ships were supplied with 60 hogs, 99 fowls, 24 « Op. cit., pp. 301-304. 20 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. baskets of Indian corn, 14 bags of rice, 44 baskets of yams, and 800 coconuts. Fourteen bullocks, described as "small and lean," were dis- tributed among the ships, and each ship was given 2 cows and calves. The English took receipts from the Spanish for their presents, and gave to them certificates "to show to any English that they had parted friendly." They sent ashore an old Spaniard whom they held as prisoner and got a receipt for him. In Woodes Rogers's Narrative he gives the population of the islands and various other data. Among the fruits were oranges, lemons, cit- rons, muskmelons, and watermelons, which were brought hither by the Spaniards. The orange trees were thriving well. Cattle were plenty, but were small and poor. Much indigo was seen growing wild and not utilized. Money was scarce. The 200 soldiers were paid once a year in mone}7 brought from Manila, the ship bringing their pay carrying also clothing, sugar, rice, and liquors. These articles being sold on the island, the ship usually returned to Manila with most of the money she had brought. On this account the natives were plant- ing rice and making other improvements in their agriculture. The hogs were described as "the best pork in the world, because the}7 are fed altogether on coconuts and breadfruit, which are plentiful here." The Spaniards were manying with the natives. The Indians are described as tall, strong, and dark-colored, the men wearing no cloth- ing but a breech clout and the women wearing little petticoats. The natives were skillful in slinging stones, which they made of clay, of an oval form, burning them till as hard as marble. They were such good marksmen that the Spaniards said they seldom missed hitting any mark, throwing a projectile with such force as to kill a man at a considerable distance. They also had lances, made of coconut wood. One of the flying praos of the natives was presented by the governor to Woodes Rogers, who gives a detailed description of it in his Narrative." The governor of Guam, Don Antonio Pimentel, was afterwards tried by the Spanish authorities for giving aid and comfort to the English. A copy of the proceedings now in the archives at Agana, dated 1720, is marked "Causa formada en virtud de Real provision a Don Juan Antonio Pimentel, Gobernador de estas islas Marianas, sobre la acogida y refresco que dio a los Piratas, que apresaron la Nao Almiranta Nuestra Senora de la Encarnacion de la carrera de Acapulco." Among the other travelers to visit the Marianne Islands was Anson, the famous circumnavigator, who stopped at Tinian for repairs in 1742, the same year that he captured the treasure- laden galleon from «See Woodes Kogers's Narrative, 1712. EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS, 21 Acapulco, on which was found the chart containing, as far as is known, the first indication of the existence of the Hawaiian Islands/* Anson had been sent from England in 1740 to annoy the Spaniards in the South Seas. After having lost most of his men from scurvy, he crossed the Pacific in the only remaining ship out of his squadron of eight vessels, the Centurion. He found the island of Tinian nearly deserted and overrun with wild cattle and wild hogs. He gives a glowing account of the beauty of the island, but this was declared by Byron, who afterwards visited the island, to be overdrawn. DE PAGES. In 1768 Guam was visited by the French traveler, De Pages, who was a passenger on the galleon that brought Don Enrique de Olavide y Michelena. Don Enrique was about to begin a second term as gov- ernor of the Mariannes, relieving Don Jose de Soroa. In De Pages's narrative6 he gives a vivid account of his trip from Acapulco to Guam, describing the conditions on board the galleon, the character of the passengers and cargo, the courses steered, and the weather encountered. At Guam he saw the breadfruit for the first time, and he speaks of the habit of betel chewing, to which the natives were addicted, describing the areca nut and the betel pepper. As an illus- tration of the isolated state of Guam, he states that it had been eight years since a vessel from Manila had touched at the island. EXPULSION OP THE JESUITS. A year after the arrival of Olavide the Jesuit missionaries were expelled from the Mariannes by the edict of the King of Spain, Carlos III, dated February 27, 1767. It was this King who joined France in sending assistance to the American colonies during their struggle for independence. The Jesuits had been in the islands for a century, and whatever may have been the harsh means by which they were established there, they had won the love and confidence of the natives, and were kind and just in their dealings with them, protecting them when necessary against acts of cruelty, injustice, and oppression on the part of the military authorities/ and never exacting services from them without due compensation. A school for the education of native children had been established shortly after the death of Padre Sanvi- tores under the name of "Colegio de San Juan de Letran," and had been endowed with a fund yielding 3,000 pesos a year by Maria Anna "See Lord Anson's Voyage Round the World, 1748. ''De Pages, Travels Round the World (English translation), 1791. c Among the official papers in the archives at Agafia are the proceedings of several " residencias, " or courts of inquiry, held at Agafia for the trial of governors and officers composing their staff. In these trials the padres represented the interests of natives who might have cause for complaint against the authorities. 22 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. of Austria, in whose honor the islands were named. The Jesuits taught not only the Christian doctrine and the elements of learning, but many useful arts as well. They also instructed the native youths in music, as is shown by the inventory of their effects and the testi- mony of travelers visiting the island shortly after their expulsion. They had several farms in flourishing condition, the finest of which was that of Tachogna, in the interior of Guam, between Agana and Pago. On this farm, called "San Ignacio de Tachogna," they had a fine herd of cattle, and elsewhere they had a stallion and a number of brood mares. They were in constant communication with missions of their order in other countries, receiving fabrics from New Spain as well as from China and Manila, spices from Ceylon, and tobacco from Mexico. Under their supervision the natives learned to cultivate maize, tobacco, cacao, sweet potatoes, and other plants brought from America, and in the inventories, besides a supply of garden imple- ments called "fosinos" (thrust hoes), new machetes for clearing the forest, and other implements, were found steel, iron, and blacksmith's tools, tan bark and vats for tanning, carpenters' tools, saws, crow- bars, pickaxes, paints, stones for grinding pigments, "metates" and umanos," like those of the Mexicans for converting maize into tor- tillas, and material and instruments for making ornaments for their altars. The 37oung lieutenant of the armada who brought the order for their expulsion had been instructed to take away in his schooner the Jesuits, together with all their belongings. Realizing that this would be impossible, he made an official statement in writing to the governor, saying that his little schooner, with a single deck, could not accomplish the task; that it would require several two-decked vessels much larger than his own to take away all the belongings of the Fathers. Nevertheless, on November 2, 1769, the schooner Nuestra 'Senora de Guadalupe, which had brought the decree of banishment, sailed awa}7 from Guam, carrying the Fathers, together with as many of their personal effects as possible. Man}r of their papers were burned. In the inventory of their effects in the archives at Agana is a list of letters, copies of memorials, manuscript sermons, and books. Even the lay brother in the kitchen, who acted as procurador, had a library of his own. On the arrival of the decree the senior of the missionaries, Padre Xavier Stengel, was absent, having gone to the neighboring island of Rota to hear confessions and administer the annual communion to the natives. A canoe was sent to bring him. As one of the Fathers had died sometime before the arrival of the decree, it was necessary to carry back a certified statement of his death and burial to account for his not sailing with the others. After the Jesuits' departure the farms were neglected, the cattle, now the property of the Crown, ran wild, and many animals were killed by the natives, as may be seen in the records of trials in the ADMINISTRATION OF TOBIAS. 23 archives. The spiritual administration of the islands was handed over to friars of the order of St. Augustine, who had come as passengers on the schooner bringing the decree. This religious order continued on the island until its seizure by the United States. CROZET' s VISIT. The next governor of the Mariannes, Don Mariano Tobias, has been immortalized by the Abbe Raynal in his Histoire et politique des etab- lissements et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes. Raynal hated the tyranny and injustice with which primitive nations were so often treated, and believed that the rights of individuals should be considered even though their skins might be brown and their clothing scant. He called attention to glaring acts of cruelty and oppression perpetrated by European nations upon the natives of newly colonized countries. In consequence of his bold accusations his book was condemned to be burned (May 29, 1781), and he was obliged to fly from France. An interesting account of the island during Tobias's administration is given by Crozet, who visited Guam September 27, 1772." Crozet was an officer of the expedition of the French navigator Marion- Dufresne, which left Mauritius on a voyage of discovery in the South Seas. On June 8, 1772, Marion was killed and eaten by natives of New Zealand by whom he and his men had been invited ashore to a feast. The Chevalier du Clesmeur, who commanded one of the vessels, left seeds of a number of useful plants at Guam. Among them were those of Cajan cajan, which has ever since been called "lenteja francesa" by the natives. Crozet describes the breadfruit tree, the manner of its propagation by cuttings, and the preparation of its fruit for food. He noticed that cattle are very fond of its leaves. He speaks of the edible chestnut-like seeds of the udugdug," or fertile breadfruit, and mentions the principal fruits growing on the island. Guavas already formed thickets in open places. The indigenous capers growing near the sea attracted him by the beauty and fragrance of their flowers. They had already been transplanted to the Philippines. Provisions were so plentiful that it was not necessary to fish, though the French sailors caught some fresh-water fishes, including eels, in the streams of the island. These were held in less esteem by the natives than salt-water fish. Crozet says that Tobias had stimulated the natives to cultivate their fields, which they had neglected owing to the importation of breadstuff for the missionaries and garrison by the galleons from Mexico. He attributes the introduction of the cultiva- tion of maize, rice, sugar cane, and other useful plants to Tobias, who also planted avenues of coconut palms and breadfruit trees four deep «Nouveau Voyage. See List of works. 24 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. along the beach and around the town, making Agana an enchanting place. Crozet is undoubtedly wrong in his statement as to the intro- duction of many of these plants. It is certain that maize was culti- vated in Guam as early as 1676, nearly a hundred years before Tobias's time; for Padre Garcia states that the natives in that year destroyed the maize plantation, which was the principal sustenance of the missionaries and the soldiers." Rice and sugar cane were cultivated by the aborigines before the advent of the Spaniards. Many of the improvements attributed by Crozet to Tobias were due to the Jesuits, though it is undoubtedly true that he encouraged agriculture and other useful arts, and in all probability introduced domestic animals, as well as the deer which now overrun the island. What the Jesuits did for the island is shown by the documentary evidence left behind them. Crozet speaks of the use of cattle for draft animals, and sa}7s that then, as now, they were ridden like horses and that each family of natives had several riding beasts. La Perouse, who visited Manila in 1787, has given the following account of Tobias's subsequent misfortunes: I saw at Manila that virtuous and upright governor of the Ladrones, M. Tobias, who, unhappily for his repose, has been too much celebrated by Abbe Raynal. I saw him persecuted by the monks, who, representing him as a wretch desti- tute of piety, have alienated the affections of his wife, who has even demanded to be separated from him, that she might not live with a reputed reprobate, and all the fanatics have applauded her resolution. M. Tobias is the lieutenant-colonel of the regiment which forms the garrison of Manila, and is known to be the best officer in the country, yet the governor has ordered that his appointments, which are con- siderable, should be paid to this pious wife, leaving him only $26 a month for his own subsistence and that of his son. This brave soldier, reduced to desperation, was waiting for a proper opportunity to quit the colony in order to obtain justice. b It is interesting to read Crozet's description of Agana as it was in 1872, six years before the rediscovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Cap- tain Cook. He gives the population as about 1,500 natives. There is a beautiful church, decorated according to the Spanish custom. The commandant's house is spacious and well built. The former residence of the Jesuits, now occupied by the St. Augustinian Brotherhood, is spacious and conve- nient, but the fine Jesuits' college, built for the education of the Indians, is not inhabited, their successors, the Augustinians, having removed the college to a build- ing near the convent. There is a barracks capable of lodging a garrison of 500 men, and there is the King's fine, large magazine. All these buildings are of brick and tile. The island of Guam is the only island in the vast extent of the South Sea, sprinkled as it is with innumerable islands, which has a European-built town, a church, fortifications, and a civilized population. On leaving Guam Crozet carried two plants of the breadfruit with him to the island of Mauritius. a Garcfa, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 554, 1683. & La Perouse, Voyage Around the World, vol. 2, p. 285, 1807. THADDAEUS HAENKE. 25 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF TTT'E ISLAND. MALASPINA EXPEDITION. In February, 1792, Guam was visited by Alessandro Malaspina, in command of the corvettes Atrevida and Deseubierta, which had been sent by Carlos IV, King of Spain, on a voyage of scientific investiga- tion. Attached to his expedition as naturalists were Thaddaeus Haenkc and Luis Nee, who were the first to make systematic botanical collec- tions on the island. They were also the first botanists to visit Cali- fornia, having the preceding year collected in the vicinity of San Diego and Monterey. a The story of Haenke's adventures while attempting to join Mala- spina is told both in the official narrative of the expedition and in the preface to Presl's Reliquiae Haenkeana?. Haenke was a Bohemian by birth. He received his botanical education from Jacquin, who for a time was professor of chemistry and botany in Vienna, and upon his recommendation was appointed botanist of the expedition by the King of Spain. Although he set out for Cadiz immediately on receiving his appointment, he reached that port only to find that the two cor- vettes had just set sail (July 30, 1789). Following them in the first vessel bound for Montevideo, he suffered shipwreck on one of the numerous shoals at the mouth of the Rio de Ja Plata, losing nearly all his books, papers, and effects. He succeeded in reaching shore, how- ever, with his Linnaeus and a collecting outfit, but he found that the expedition had already sailed. Knowing that it was to stop on the coast of Chile, he set out at once on foot, crossing the Pampas of Argentina and the Chilean cordillera of the Andes, collecting and drying plants on the way.6 On reaching Santiago, Chile, to his great joy he found there Malaspina and a number of his officers, who had left their ships at anchor in the harbor of Valparaiso to pay an official visit to the capital. He immediately reported for duty and was assigned to the Descubierta. The expedition skirted the coasts of South America, Mexico, and North America as far as Port Mulgrave, which is situated in Yakutat Bay, southern Alaska. Their exploration of the latter region is com- memorated by the name of the celebrated Malaspina Glacier. Return- ing to Mexico, Haenke went alone on a collecting tour from Acapulco to Mexico City and back. Leaving Acapulco on December 21, 1791, the expedition .sailed for Guam, coming to anchor on February 12, a See Brewer, in Geological Survey of California, Botany, vol. 2, p. 553, 1880. b "Con un verdadero amor it las ciencias y particularmente a la botanica, conside- raba resarcidos en mucha parte los sufrimientos pasados, pues le habian deparado la casualidad de atravesar las Pampas 6 llanuras de Buenos Aires y las Cordilleras del Chile, logrando acopiar hasta 1,400 plantas, la mayor parte nuevas 6 no bien carac- terizadas." Official narrative, p. 86, 1885. 26 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 1792, in the roadstead of Umata. Many of the crew were suffer- ing- from an epidemic caught at Acapulco. Haenke proceeded to Agafia and the northern part of the island, Nee to the hills near Umata, each making collections of plants. Don Antonio Pineda, who shortly afterwards lost his life in -the Philippines, occupied himself with the geology and zoology of the island. The governor, Lieut. Col. Don Jose Arlegui, offered them every facility for earning on their work. Don Juan Ravenet made sketches of a couple of the natives and of a native of the Caroline Islands, between which group and Guam a regular traffic had existed since 1788. The expedition set sail at daylight on the morning of February 24. A few plants were collected on Tinian, one of the northern islands, but the bulk of the collection from the Mariannes was made on the island of Guam. From Guam the expedition sailed for Cape Espiritu Santo, island of Samar, in the Philippine group. From the Philippines it proceeded to Botany Bay, and thence to the Society Islands. Returning to the Peruvian coast, the expedition received news of the French Revolution and of the declaration of war with France. The botanists separated. Nee left the Atrevida on the coast of Chile and proceeded overland, stop- ping at Talcahuano, Concepcion, and Santiago, and thence by way of the cordillera del Valle to Mendoza and over the pampas to Buenos Ay res. He rejoined the expedition May 10. Haenke crossed the Peruvian Andes to Tarma and visited the region about Huanuco, at the headwaters of the Rio Huallaga, a tributary of the Maranon. With the approval of the viceroy of Peru, it was decided that he should proceed across the continent to Buenos Ayres by way of Iluancavelica, Ayacucho, Cuzco, and Potosi (situated in what is now Bolivian territory), occupying himself on the way with botany, zoology, and mineralogy; and a soldier named Geronimo Arcangel was detailed to accompany him. Letters were received from him from Cuzco and Arequipa reporting the progress of his explorations and stating that he expected to reach Montevideo the early part of the following year. The expedition, however, was suddenly ordered home on account of the war, and Haenke remained in South America, collecting extensivety in the interior of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. In 1796 he established himself at Cochabamba, a city beautifully situated on the fertile plateau watered by the tributaries of the Rio Grande, now the chief agricultural and industrial center of Bolivia. Here he estab- lished a botanical garden, gave medical assistance to his neighbors, and occupied himself with the study of natural science, making repeated excursions throughout the territory of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. Alcide d'Orbign}^, in his paper on the genus' Vic- toria, tells of meeting in his travels in South America with a Spanish missionary, Padre Lacueva, who had accompanied Haenke on one of his expeditions. The padre related an incident which illustrates in a COLLECTIONS OF HAENKE AND NEE. 27 most touching manner the enthusiasm which was characteristic of the collector and observer. While they were navigating the Rio Mamore in a canoe they discovered in a marsh bordering the river a plant so marvelously beautiful that Haenke fell upon his knees in worship, offering to the Author of so magnificent a creation a prayer of grateful homage. He insisted on stopping and camping at this place and left it with the greatest reluctance." This was about the year 1801. The plant was in all probability the magnificent water lily afterwards described as Victoria amazonica. Haenke looked forward to returning some day to Europe, but he was accidentally poisoned and died at Cochabama in 1817. Only a small proportion of his herbarium reached Europe, the greatest part having been sent by the authorities to Lima, where it was lost. About 9,000 plants collected on the Malaspina expedition were sent, according to his wish, to the National Museum of Bohemia, at Prague. Others found their way to the Royal Garden at Madrid, with those of Nee. Duplicates of these were sent to the University of Prague and the Musee Palatin at Vienna, and about 700 species to the Royal Herbarium at Munich. It was upon the collections at Prague and the notes accom- panying them that the Reliquiae Haenkeanse of Presl was based.6 Nee, who reached Cadiz in 1794, took back with him 10,000 plants, nearly half of which were apparently new. His herbarium, together with descriptive notes and drawings, belong to the Royal Garden at Madrid. Many of his Guam plants were described in 1802 by Cava- nilles;c among them are a number of ferns as well as of flowering plants that have not since been recognized, and no careful comparison has been made between the types in Madrid and material from the Pacific in England. Notes of both Nee and Haenke are included in Malaspina's official narrative, lying in manuscript in the archives of the Madrid hydro- graphic office. Malaspina shortly after his return to Spain was thrown into prison, suspected of revolutionary designs. The Spanish Gov- ernment refused to publish his narrative, and when a map appeared embodying the results of his explorations his name was not allowed to appear upon it. Humboldt speaks of this great injustice with indig- nation. Malaspina was an Italian by birth. A sketch of his life is included in Amat di San Filipo's Biografia dei viaggiatori italiani, Rome, 1881. For a long time his manuscript history disappeared from view and investigations concerning it were made by the Societa Geo- grafica Italiana, the president of which, in his address of 1868 (Bolle- tino, 1868, pp. 73-74), announces its discovery in the archives of the hydrographic office at Madrid, and states that it is written in a great « A. d'Orbigny, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 13, p. 55, 1840. & See List of works. c Cavanilles, Josef, Description, etc. See List of works. 28 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. part by Malaspina's own hand. It is quite voluminous. A part of the narrative is said to have been published in the Anales Hidrograticos in 1871, but no such publication can be found in the official list. The narrative, much abridged, finally appeared in 1885, seventy-six }^ears after the death of the brave and unfortunate navigator. a For the most part it consists of bare statements of facts, resembling a log book, and has few descriptions and little detailed information concern- ing the countries visited. A satisfactory history of this important expedition still remains to be written. EOMANZOFF EXPEDITION. On the evening of November 21, 1817, the brig Rurik, fitted out at the expense of the' chancellor of the Russian Empire, Count Roman- zoff, for the purpose of scientific exploration, and commanded by Otto von Kotzebue, a lieutenant in the Russian navy, came to anchor in the harbor of San Luis de Apra. Attached to her were the botanist Adelbert von Chamisso; the naturalist Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, and the artist Ludwig Choris. Owing to the shortness of the I£urik?8 stay at Guam it was not possible to make extensive collections. Chamisso, however, got much interesting and valuable information while on the island from the Sargento Mayor Don Luis de Torres. To botanists, Eschscholtz's name is chiefly associated with the beautiful " Calif ornian poppy" (Eschscholtzia), named in his honor by Chamisso. The narrative of the expedition was published by Kotzebue, under the title of ''A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Behring's Straits," etc/' This narrative, which embodies Chamisso's observa- tions, is filled with errors and misstatements. It was miserably " done into English" by a translator who "joined to a style at once bald and incorrect a deplorable ignorance of his subject; hence the work abounds in errors of the grossest kind."^ Chamisso, wishing to cor- rect them, made out a list of errata, but no attention whatever was paid to him. He accordingly published his notes and journal inde- pendentl}T, under the titles of " Bemerkungen und Ansichten," and "Tagebuch," in the former of which he gives comparative vocabu- laries of the languages of Guam, Yap, Ulea, and Radak.^ In these two works a most charming personality is revealed. Cha- misso's love of nature was equaled by his love for his fellow-man. He recognized the humanity in the simple brown-skinned natives of the remote islands of the Pacific, and did not consider them legitimate « Novo y Colson, La vuelto al mundo, etc. See List of works. & See list of works. c Quarterly Review, vol. 26, p. 364, 1822. ^Chamisso's gesammelte Werke. See List of works. CHAMIS80 AND ESCHSCHOITZ. 29 victims of the selfish schemes of white adventurers. He was much moved by the sad havoc wrought by the Spaniards in the Marianne Islands, and repeated the story of persecution and cruelty accompany- ing the "reduction" of the natives as related by the Spaniards themselves. a « From the statement published by Kotzebue that the natives of Guam had been exterminated by the Spaniards a wrong impression has gone abroad. The facts are presented under the head of uThe modern inhabitants," below.6 The plants collected by the Romanzoff expedition were deposited in the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Duplicates were sent to the Hooker Herbarium, at Kew, England, and to the Univer- sity of Kiel, Germany. A number of the plants were described by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in the journal Linnaea, the series beginning with the first paper of the first volume/ In the introduction to this paper, Chamisso, in speaking of Eschscholtz, says, "Intimam insti- tuimus amicitiam nunquam obnubilandam, communiaque semper habuimus studia, labores, fructus;" and in his Tagebuch he describes him as a young doctor from Dorpat, a naturalist and entomologist, shy and retiring by nature, but true and noble as gold. Such tributes reflect the character of their author. FREYCINET EXPEDITION. A little more than a year after Chamisso's visit, on March 17, 1819, the French corvette Uranie, Louis de Freycinet commanding, arrived at Guam. With him were the botanist, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, the zoologists Quoy and Gaimard, and an artist named Arago. A stay of several months allowed the naturalists to make extensive col- lections and observations on the island of Guam, and the islands of Rota and Tinian were also visited by them. On the return vo}7age the Uranie, while at the Falkland Islands, struck a rock and foundered. Gaudichaud's collections were almost ruined. The hold, in which his herbarium was stowed, was flooded, and the plants saturated with sea water. Only a collector can appreciate the feelings of Gaudichaud when, several days afterwards, he fished them up and spread them out to dry as best he could. The collections were taken to France in the Physicienne, and deposited in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, at Paris. An interesting account of the vegetation of Guam was given « "Der fromme Missioniir Don Diego Luis de San Vitores landete auf Guajan im Jahre 1667; er begehrte den Volkern das Heil zu bringen, aber es folgten ihm Sol- daten und Geschiitz. Noch vor dem Schlusse des Jahrhunderts war das Werk voll- bracht, und diese Nation war nicht mehr. Pacificar nennen's die Spanier." Cha'^iseo, Bemerkungen und Ansichten, p. 90. & See p. 117. <-' De Plantis in Expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis, etc. Liimtea, erster Band, Jahrgang, 1826, Berlin. 30 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. by Gaudichaud in the Botany of the Freycinet Expedition," and the greater part of his observations are embodied in the narrative of the expedition published by Freycinet himself.6 The zoology was pub- lished by Quo}r and Gaimard. A narrative of the expedition was published independently by the artist Jaqucs Arago, which abounds in exaggerations, scandalous stories, and unkind criticisms and ridi- cule of the people whose hospitality he had enjoyed. Its publication naturally offended the Spaniards, and the next expedition from France to visit the island met with a very different reception at the hands of the governor/ While waiting for supplies from Manila a survey of the island was made by M. Duperrey under the direction of Freycinet. Existing maps were corrected and several charts of small harbors were drawn. DUMONT D'URVILLE' s TWO VISITS. Dumont d'Urville made two visits to the island of Guam. On his first visit, in May, 1828, he came in command of the Astrolabe, which had been sent out on an exploring voyage with special instructions to look for traces of La Perouse. Attached to the Astrolabe were Lesson, as pharmacist and botanist, who assisted d'Urville in collecting plants, and Quoy and Gaimard, as zoologists, who were the first to collect specimens of the Guam reed- warbler, Acrocepkalus luscinia, the only true song bird of the island. A most interesting narrative of this expedition was written by Dumont d'LTrville himself, and the zoology was published by Quoy and Gaimard. d The Astrolabe anchored at Umata and was boarded by Jose Flores, alcalde of the village. He told the captain that he had seen the ships of Malaspina, who visited Guam in 1792, thirty-six years before. In the roadstead d'Urville saw two ships which had been captured by the Spaniards from the independents of Mexico and were now being taken to Manila. Three years before this there had been a mutiny on board some Spanish vessels lying at anchor in the roadstead of Umata. The squadron was commanded by Don Andres Garcia Camba, Caballero de Santiago, afterwards governor of the Philippines. General Camba had served in South America against the revolutionists and had been captured at the battle of Ayacucho, December 9, 1824, in which the « Botanique du voyage autour du monde. See List of works. & Freycinet, Louis de: Voyage autour du monde. See List of works. tf Sanchez y Zayas, Mas Marianas, p. 230. See List of works. The author calls attention to the fact that Medinilla, the governor of Guam afthe time of the Uranie's visit, entertained the captain and all the French officers for eight months, giving them bed and board; but that his hospitality "was very poorly repaid, according to old French custom, as may be seen in the book written by Arago, draftsman of the expedition, a book which unfortunately has been translated into Spanish, although the narrative of the commanding officer has not been translated." ^ Voyage de decouvertes de I' Astrolabe, 1833. JOHN ANDERSON. 81 South American colonies won their final victory over Spain. On the 1st of January, 1825, he sailed in command of a squadron composed of the ship Asia and the brigantines Aquiles and Constante, bound for the Philippines. The water of the squadron becoming scarce, they anchored in the roadstead of Umata and filled their casks. On the night of March 10, while weighing anchor, the crews suddenly rose, set fire to one of the vessels, maltreated the commanding officer, and drove him ashore, together with his officers and 100 loyal men. Ganga-Herrero, the governor of Guam, went on board and tried to restore discipline, but they put him ashore, hoisted the flag of the insurgent republics of America, and set sail for Peru to join the inde- pendents. The general, accompanied by his officers and loyal men, proceeded in a whaling vessel to Manila, where they arrived April 4, and were received with great hospitality by all classes of people." D'Urville states that Governor Ganga-Herrero was much regretted by the natives, whom he permitted to trade on their own account with vessels anchoring at the island. His successor, Medinilla, on the other hand, was universally disliked. He forbade all traffic with visiting vessels, monopolizing it for himself. Among the officials visiting the ship was the captain of the port, a Scotchman named John Anderson, who had come to the island with Freycinet. He had served tem- po rarity on the Uranie as chief quartermaster, and was allowed to remain in Guam at his own request. D'Urville describes him as a fine-looking man, well-behaved, and speaking French pretty well. Anderson knew Quo}^ and Gaimard, having been shipmates with them on the Uranie. He came to investigate the sickness on board, fearing that some contagious disease might be introduced into the island. He gave d'Urville information regarding the hydrography of the region. As an illustration of the conditions in Guam, he said that Medinilla, the governor, on his return from Manila had brought back more than 60,000 pesos worth of goods of all kinds to sell to the natives of Guam, and that he conducted a very profitable business, since he per- mitted no competitors in trade. This monopoly [says d'Urville], which according to our ideas would not be very honorable on the part of a governor, does not cause surprise in the Mariannes. The governors have had this privilege from time immemorial. D'Urville attributed the lack of enterprise and progress on the island to the absurd laws and this disheartening monopoly. How should industry flourish? [he says]. The governor is the sole trader. He receives annually money for the salaries of the officers, which he sends back, giving them instead inferior goods at prices fixed by himself. « This account is taken from the narrative of Dumont d'Urville, supplemented by the report made to the Queen Regent, inserted in the work "Los diez y seis meses de mando superior de Filipinas," por el Mariscal de Campo Don Andres Garcia Camba: Cadiz, 1839. 32 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. On January 1, 1839, Dumont d'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe arid ZeUi1, paid his second visit to Guam. Attached to the expedition were Hombron and Jacquinot, as doctors and botanists, and Arago as artist. Two collections of plants were made on this expedition, the first by the above-named botanists, the second, including several new species of alga?, by Dumont d'Urville himself. Besides the official reports of this expedition a a narrative was written by Arago. & Hombron gave his collection of plants to M. Benjamin Delessert, whose herbarium was afterwards presented by one of his nieces to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. It has been placed in a building in the Botanical Garden of that city. EXTRACTS FROM THE ARCHIVES OF GUAM, RELATING TO ITS ECONOMIC HISTORY. At Agana, the capital of Guam, there are a number of letter books containing copies of the official communications of the governors of the Mariannes to their immediate superior, the captain-general of the Philippines. In these letters various questions are discussed at length regarding the policy which should be pursued to make the Marianne Islands self-supporting and profitable to Spain, and to make the natives prosperous and happy. Arguments are advanced in favor both of protection and of free trade with visiting vessels. Attempts were made to compel the natives to till the ground, and inducements were offered by tempting their self-interest. Causes for the failure of the population to increase were sought in the destruction of the crops b}^ hurricanes and pests, in the use of unwholesome or injurious food, and in the disinclination of the natives to work more than was neces- sary for their daily needs. Some of the governors greedily monopo- lized all trade, forcing the natives and the soldiers of the barracks to buy goods from them at prices arbitrarily fixed by themselves, and forbidding the natives to sell their products to the whalers who flocked to the islands. Others gave the natives free license to trade and entered into their daily life by cultivating farms of their own after the native fashion. Efforts were made to benefit the islands by decrees of the captains-general of the Philippines, to whose ears came stories of dishonest}^ and oppression on the part of the governors, and confidential subordinates were sent to the islands to see what could be done for their good. The following extracts, showing the efforts made in behalf of the islands and the natives, are taken from the archives at Agana. (l Voyage aii pole sud, etc., 1841-1854. See List of works. ?> Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor. Voyage autour du monde, etc., 1843. See List of works. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN 1830. 33 FRANCISCO RAMON DE VILLALOBOS. On December 17, 1828, new regulations were issued by Don Mariano Ricafort, the captain-general of the Philippines, for the government of the Marianne Islands; and Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos, captain in the royal corps of artillerj^, was sent thither to study the condition of affairs in that group, with a view of reporting upon them and making such suggestions as he might see fit for the improvement of the islands and the people. Instead of sending his correspondence through the governor, he communicated directly with the captain- general of the Philippines, as may be seen by his letter books in the archives at Agana. In the new regulations Article II provided for the absolute liberty of trade and for the abolishing of dues paid by vessels arriving at the islands. The object of this was to stimulate the application and the industry of the natives and inhabitants of the Marianne Islands, so that they might attain greater prosperity, even to such an extent, per- haps, as to become self-supporting. Villalobos belonged to that school of economists who believe "wealth" and "money" to be synonymous terms, estimating the wealth of a country by the amount of coin it contains, and holding that trade should be restrained in such a manner as to prevent money from being sent out of the country. He writes to the captain-general as follows: The lack of circulation of coin is the cause of the very small interior and exterior trade of this territory, which consists almost entirely in bartering certain goods for others, with the countless difficulties arising therefrom which caused the establish- ment of money by our remote ancestors. This same cause has prevented the natives from dedicating themselves exclusively to one branch of industry or trade, each family finding itself obliged to engage in all occupations according to its needs, with the consequent imperfection and scarcity resulting therefrom, and, finally, as it is not possible for a single person or family to procure for itself as many articles and resources as are necessary for its nourishment, clothing, and conveniences, these natives have lacked the advantages enjoyed by other countries, in which the free circulation of money secures for them everything needful. It is evident, then, in order that the Marianne Islands may issue from so sad a plight, it is indispensable that there should be in them an abundance of money, and as long as this is not the case, whether, as in the former system, little comes in and soon goes out, or whether great sums corne in and go out immediately, as will hap- pen in the present system, the >evil will always be the same or nearly the same. At present there are in the Marianne Islands no articles of export to attract the attention of the foreigner but some edibles or beverages made from the coconut palm. Freedom of trade once established, it would introduce many articles, and the few things produced by the country would not suffice to pay for them, so that the difference would have to be made good in money. From this it would follow that money paid for salaries would remain here only temporarily; the country would be merely a channel through which the money from the royal treasury would flow to foreign parts with no hope of its return. The Mariannes would be deprived of the spirit of agriculture and industry, which I think ought, in a certain degree, to come before commerce, and the islands would be no less poverty stricken than they have been up to the present time. 9773—05 3 34 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Don Francisco goes on to make the following suggestions: First, considering the impossibility of preventing the arrival of foreigners in these islands, they should be obliged to pay at least the established anchorage dues; second, industry and agriculture on the part of the natives should be fostered, obliging them, on their own account and for their own benefit, to engage in producing objects easy of exportation, such as dyewood, indigo, cotton, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl, arrowroot, and beches de mer, and in the breeding of animals, the more extensive cultivation of land, and the production of wines, brandies, sugar, and other articles — all in accordance with the regulations of good government — which will not be hard to formulate according to the system in force in the Visayan Islands; third, the said freedom of trade will allow the natives to sell their goods, as will be seen; fourth, the royal treasury will continue to send half of the appropriation for the pay of the forces on the island in goods at prices as moderate as practicable; and fifth and last, if national or foreign vessels arrive with articles of commerce, they shall take away with them the equivalent of what they leave in the country in products of the island, and, if they do not wish the latter, they shall be sent away. He also suggests that the proceeds from the port dues be applied in part to the payment of premiums to persons who have most excelled in some branch of industry or agriculture or who have been of some benefit to the public. By these methods [says Villalobos «] , sustained with constancy and intelligence and favored by the docility and good disposition which I observe in the inhabitants of these islands, I believe that the day will really come in which the Marianas will have much money, many goods; that they may without difficulty be self-sup- porting, like other provinces; that ships will concur, and that all amplitude desired will be given to trade. Villalobos did much to benefit the people of Guam. In his official letters to his chief he reports, among other things, the segregation of lepers and provision for their care and comfort; the appointment of hunters to supply the leper hospital with fresh meat by killing wild hogs and cattle; his efforts to encourage commerce, so that Guam may derive profit, like the Hawaiian Islands, from the visiting whalers; the vaccination of the natives as a protection against small- pox; the reorganization of the urban militia; proposed reforms in the administration of the college for the education of native children; efforts to promote the cultivation of coffee, "which article may be the wealth of this country;" the condition of agriculture on the island; the preparation of the large marsh east of Agana for the cultivation of rice; the injuries to maize caused by rats and weevils, and the con- sequent restriction of its cultivation to amounts barely sufficient for the needs of each family; the substitution of taro and yams for maize, when the latter has been destroyed by hurricanes, and the use of plantains and bananas as food staples instead of bread; the cultivation of sweet potatoes for supplying visiting ships; the excellence of the pineapples and the use made of pineapple fiber; the fine quality of Guam a Letter book, January 18, 1830. CONDITIONS UNDER GOVERNOR VILLALOBOS. 35 tobacco, and the means employed to keep the plants free from worms; the introduction of manila hemp and the failure to make it profitable; the cultivation of eggplants, red peppers, tomatoes, squashes, water- melons, muskmelons, and peanuts in the natives' gardens; the scarcity of sugar cane on the island; the importance of the coconut palm, and the manufacture from it of toddy, vinegar, yeast, brandy, oil, syrup, fiber, and thatch for houses; the importance of breadfruit, both sterile and fertile, as a food staple; the manufacture of fecula, like arrow- root, from nuts of ^federico" (Cycas circinalis); the yield of betel nuts from Areca palms, growing spontaneously on the islands; the manufacture of mats, hats, and lashings from the leaves of Pandanus; the scarcity of mango trees and sappan wood (used for dyeing); the abundance of achiote or arnotto (Bixa orellana), and the cultivation of the orange, lemon, lime, citron, bergamot, custard apple, tamarind, papaya, carambola, island arrowroot, and turmeric. He also reports on the wild and domestic animals, and states that on the neighboring islands of Saipan and Tinian there are thousands of cattle and swine roaming in the woods. a Villalobos erected a kiln for making pottery and tiles, paying the cost of it partly from his own pocket. He also made charts of the island at his own expense, and superintended in person the construc- tion of bridges and the repairing of roads, stimulating the workmen by fees and small gratuities. In consequence of mutinies and acts of insubordination on the part of crews of ships in the harbor, England proposed to establish a consulate either at Guam or in the Bonin Islands. Villalobos objected to this, saying that if there were an English consul at Guam questions might arise leading to international complications, which might perhaps result in the loss of the island. On the other hand, if a consulate were established in the Bonin Islands, the wrhaling fleet would assemble there to the detriment of the natives of Guam, who derived much benefit from trading with the said vessels. He pro- posed that an arrangement be made whereby the British Government would authorize the governor of the Mariannes to act in settling cases of mutiny and the like. He also recommended the establishment of a store of marine supplies by either one of the two governments, and called attention to the immense advantages of the presence of many ships at Guam with liberty to trade with the islanders, the governor being prohibited from engaging in trade of any kind. Orders having been issued to collect import duties from the ships coming to Guam, Vil- lalobos informed the captain -general that it would be practically impos- sible to carry out the provisions of the decree. He stated that if guards were placed on board the ships, the cost of maintaining them « Villalobos, manuscript report to the captain-general of the Philippines, dated November 16, 1831. 36 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. would exceed the amount received for duties. If no guards were sta- tioned the duties would be only imaginary, on account of the bad faith of those who sold and their "lack of delicacy." Moreover, if it should come to light that a sale had been secretly made and the corre- sponding duties on the same be exacted from a foreign captain, his pride and insolence would be apt to compromise the dignity of the authorities beyond all bearable limits or bring about disagreeable con- sequences resembling perhaps an unhappy affair between the ex-Gov- ernor Ganga-Herrero and an English captain, Mr. Stavers, who, in 1824, died from injuries received while resisting arrest. In view of these difficulties Villalobos on his own authority ventured to grant free trade between the visiting ships and the islanders. PABLO PEREZ. Don Pablo Perez began his service as governor of the Mariannes on September 8, 1848. Among the first reports forwarded by him to the captain-general were statistical tables regarding the population of the islands, a list of ships anchoring at Guam, a report of recent hurri- canes, the destruction of crops, and the resulting dearth of food, and a list of the useful woods of the island. He calls attention to the lack of laborers in Guam, especially of men skilled in mechanical trades, and begs that convicts be sent to the island, including mechanics of various kinds and husbandmen or tillers of the soil. He speaks of the presence of a few such men on the island who remained there after the expiration of their terms of imprisonment, and states that these were the only individuals skilled in the use of the plow, carpenter's tools, etc. He comments upon the inadequacy of the method practiced by the natives of cultivating the soil by means of the "fosino," or thrust- hoe/' in consequence of which " their harvests are small which might be large." Don Pablo found the roads and bridges in a deplorable state, owing to the effects of recent floods and hurricanes, and he reported that there was a lack of suitable tools for carrying on public works and of iron for making such tools. Following the hurricanes and floods there was an epidemic, caused probably by a dearth of nutri- tious food, and shortly after this the island was visited by a severe earthquake. In response to the report of this, supplies of rice, maize, and other food were sent to Guam from Manila, together with a relief fund raised by the young ladies and gentlemen of that city by means of theatrical performances for the benefit of the sufferers. Don Pablo acknowledges the receipt of these contributions as follows:* The governor of the Mariana Islands in the name of the inhabitants, who do not cease giving thanks to the Almighty for not having succumbed to a desolating epi- demic and the most horrible of earthquakes, which still continue, saw themselves « See p. 144. & Manuscript copy of letter in the archives of Guam, dated October 10, 1849, RELIEF RECEIVED FROM MANILA. 37 threatened anew by a devouring famine which threatened to put an end to their miserable existence. But Providence, which incessantly watches over those peoples who implore its aid, willed that the beneficent hand of our Superior Government, ever benevolent and philanthropic, should put a happy end to so much misfortune and unhappiness so great. What joy was ours on the 3d day of September, when there arrived at this port the frigate Union, bearer of most bounteous supplies of rice, maize, and other grains, at prices more moderate than have ever before been known in these possessions! It is impossible to describe the joy and animation of the people of this community, whose misery and poverty were increasing by a plague of worms which consumed as much rice, maize, and other seed as were sown in the months of July, August, and September; so that if succor had not arrived so opportunely the ruined crops could not have been replaced for lack of seed. Such was the scarcity that on the 29th of August, four days before the arrival of the said ship, the only remaining five cabanes of rice were put up at auction and sold at 5 pesos a caban. From this alone may be formed an idea of the great if not the total lack which was suffered here. Like one who suddenly recovers from a mortal illness to perfect health, so was the air of contentment and rejoicing which seized upon all souls in their most sincere gratitude to the author of so many and such great benefits. Nor was our gratitude less to those gentlemen who contributed the subscription in money of $675-4-5, which was dis- tributed among the poor of these islands on this the birthday of our adored Queen, Dona Isabella II (whom God save), in accordance with the directions of the Superior Government. Without elements, means, or resources whatever for manifesting our gratitude, I directed that on the 9th of the same month of September a mass of thanksgiving be celebrated by three priests, something very rarely seen in this city, with a sermon preached eloquently and eruditely, as is his custom, by Padre Fray Manuel Encarna- cion, the parish priest of the village of Agat, who, in speaking of the calamities suf- fered by these islands, made his hearers understand and exhorted them to the grati- tude due our Government, which so prodigally relieved our necessities, finishing the function with a solemn te deum, and displaying the most holy sacrament. All the people bowing down like those of Israel before His Divine Majesty, breathed forth their prayers and vows for the happiness of their benefactors. In order to give another proof of the sentiments of gratitude which filled us and to carry out in a certain way the beneficent ideas of our Government, which especially distinguish it, as is seen by the sublime acts which illustrate the pages of the history of our colonies, I decided to act as godfather to the first girl baby which might be born, and I gave to it the name of Isabella, in memory of our august Queen; and the lieutenant-governor acted in the same capacity for the first boy baby, which he called Narcissus, in memory of his excellency our captain-general, Count of Manila, who so justly rules these remote regions, each one of us giving to his godchild 50 pesos and an outfit of decent clothing, which event took place at 9 o'clock on the morning of the 16th of September, with the assistance of the authorities and of nearly all the population, so that these children may be living testimony of the remembrance of the generosity of our Sovereign and of your excellency, who knows so well how to act as the instrument of so many and such great acts, which history will record for the honor and the glory of the great Spanish nation. On August 10, 1851, the brigantine Clavelino arrived from the Phil- ippines bringing 65 convicts. They were in a miserable plight. On the voyage two of their number had died, and nearly half of the remain- der were afflicted with scurvy, virulent ulcers, or cutaneous diseases. No medicines were available for treating these poor people. They 38 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. were handed over to a little Irish doctor named William E. George, who had acted as apothecary on a whaler and had been permitted to take up his residence in Guam; but his private supply of medicines was soon exhausted. Finally the board of directors of the hospital for lepers consented to furnish means out of their own fund for lint, bandages, and drugs to relieve the sufferers, asking the approval of their action by the captain-general. On September 1, the governor caused 51 of these convicts, all of whom were farmers by calling, to be distributed over the island, putting them under the charge of the most thrifty cultivators of the soil The principal one of these was the priest of Agat, Fray Manuel Encarnacion, to whom 18 of them were assigned. The governor issued a circular prescribing the conditions under which they were to be employed. The sick were to be kept at Agana under treatment. On the 1st of September there were 14 on the sick list and on October IT all had been put to work but 6. CONVICT LABOR. The governor apprehended no trouble in allowing the convicts to be scattered over the island so long as there were no ships in harbor, as there was no possible means for them to escape from the island. It was his intention to have them divided into gangs, placed under the surveillance of guards, and employed at as great a distance as possible from the port, as soon as the season for the whalers' visits should arrive. At these seasons there were often fifteen or twenty vessels in the harbor, and as most of them were short-handed, there would be great danger of their smuggling these people on board on the eve of sailing. Those convicts who should misbehave were to be punished by being placed in gangs under a guard and compelled to work in his sight. Those who might become sick or who were returned by their masters as unfit for work or as dangerous subjects, would have to be sup- ported by the Government. The governor asked the captain-general to authorize their subsistence from Government funds under the direct supervision of the governor. Scarcely a month had passed when the governor was informed that the convicts had entered into a conspiracy to rise against the authorities and take possession of the island. They were surprised by the guard, who fired upon them and charged bayonets. Their leader, Fortunato de los Angeles, "a villain from the Province of Cavite," was taken prisoner, one was killed, and two wounded. The rest scattered through the town and sought refuge in the woods. Before a week had passed all had been captured. The governor in his report to the « captain - general says: I acknowledge that I was mistaken. Believing that men whom your excellency had pardoned from the punishment of death by your decree of the llth of last Jan- uary would live grateful of such a boon, I never dreamed that they would rise against the authorities and attempt to make us the victims of their ferocity. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN 1856. 39 The prisoners were sent back to Manila in the brigantme Clavelino, the same vessel which had brought them, in charge of Lieut. Jose Martinez, assisted by 12 privates and 2 corporals. Thus ended the attempt of Don Pablo to introduce convict labor into Guam. FELIPE DE LA CORTE. On May 16, 1855, Don Felipe de la Corte relieved Don Pablo Perez as governor of the Mariannes. During his administration Guam was visited by a terrible epidemic of smallpox, which lasted nine months and carried off two-fifths of the population. In a report upon economic conditions, dated June 19, 1856, Don Felipe says: For a long time the attention of the superior Government has been called to the slow progress of the population of these Marianne Islands, and the governors and special commissioners sent here have been directed to investigate the causes of this stationary condition of the population and even the decrease sometimes noticed in the number of inhabitants. * * * Some have thought to find the origin of this evil in the changeableness of the climate and the inconstancy of its seasons; others in the use of articles of food not very nutritious or perhaps injurious (nuts of Cycas), and others in the great number of rats, which destroy the abundant harvests. After a dissertation on the principles of political economy, "a science which teaches us by sure principles the means of bringing about the prosperity of a country and of ridding it of obje'cts opposed to its progress," Don Felipe goes on to say: It is not necessary to tire oneself in seeking other causes than that of poverty, which is the only thing that retards the progress of the population of the Marianne Islands. Other things to which it has been attributed are accidents. The use of hurtful food, poor clothing, and other things, far from being considered a cause, are in reality the effects of that poverty and the direct means through which it works for the speedy destruction of this unhappy portion of the human race. This pov- erty, the general and sole cause, has not, however, been perceived by many, because they could not believe that it could occur in the midst of a soil which produces abundant and varied fruits, in spite even of those plagues, and because they have confounded with wealth the occurrence here at all times of fruits growing spontane- ously which the natives use for food during the periods when more wholesome kinds are lacking. * * * The prosperity of a country depends, instead of upon the abundance of its spontaneous products, rather upon the wealth accumulated in it, and here precisely is the great defectand the origin of the evil in the Marianne Islands. In them, most excellent Sefior, nobody possesses anything, with very few exceptions. Here all live absolutely for the day, and domestic utensils, tools of laborers, lodgings, and everything — absolutely everything — is so mean, so little durable, and so incapa- ble of constituting wealth that all, or nearly all, could with solemnity declare at all hours that they are poor. * . * * To correct the evils upon which I here have touched, and to ameliorate the condition of these islanders, my predecessors, with laudable zeal, have reproduced without ceasing exhortations, orders, and decrees that they should plant and harvest wholesome and abundant fruits. But who would believe it? With fat harvests, of which the grain has sometimes even been burned for lack of consumers, poverty has continued and reached even to us; for not hav- ing sought the means of accumulating that wealth then superfluous, to fill out the dearth later in worse seasons, all has perished at the moment, and without object. And what is still worse, it has created in these natives the idea in good years as well as in bad, of large crops as well as of small, that they can not hope for a beneficial 40 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. change. They have logically figured that it is futile to work for superfluous harvests which may have to be burned, consequently not relieving them in the periods of scarcity which are sure to come later; that it is better to work little than to work without result. On account of this they have been accused of possessing a lazy dis- position, which they are far from manifesting on occasions in which they clearly see the good results of their work. PRESERVATION OF MAIZE. — To dispel so harmful a prejudice I have thought it of the greatest importance to inaugurate the first accumulation of wealth in the preser- vation of the article most important for the subsistence of these natives. This is maize, or Indian corn, which is harvested with the greatest ease and may be planted at three epochs of the year in such a way that three times as much as the amount necessary for consumption may be produced at each harvest if its cultivation be fol- lowed on a great scale and leaving out accidents. There is in contrast with this the experience which they have that with their small resources the most careful can scarcely make their supply of this grain last from har- vest to harvest, so that there are repeatedly seasons during which a great portion of the population, being without maize or even the other articles of food used here, finds itself forced to fall back onfederico [Cycas nuts] and other fruits and roots of the forest, which can not fail to do them injury either from their being essentially harmful or because the organic system of the native suffers from the repeated changes from one kind of diet to another. Anxious to root out an evil which I consider the greatest in these islands, and per- suaded that when this is once accomplished a new era will begin for their inhabit- ants, I have availed myself of the teachings pertaining to my profession, and I have thought that without prejudice to anyone and by means of light work of all there could be put into practice the ancient system practiced by Spain and other countries of preserving cereals in subterranean granaries, and, combining this idea with the beneficent institution of the public granaries of Spain and some places in the Indies, I published an order which I hope will meet with the approval of your excellency, assuring you that in taking this step I have been prompted by a fervid wish to ben- efit these natives. Don Felipe de la Corte wrote a most interesting account of these islands, which was published by the Spanish Government^ He was relieved at his own request by Don Francisco Moscoso y Lara on Jan- uary 28, 1866, after having served eleven years. SOCIEDAD AGRICOLA. During the administration of Governor Moscoso a society was formed under the title " Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion." It was composed of the governor and several of the officials and leading citi- zens of the island. Laborers were introduced from Japan and efforts were made to develop the resources of the island. The project failed, however. Some of the Japanese died and the rest returned to Japan. SUMMARY. From the above extracts some idea may be gathered of the economic conditions on the island of Guam. The causes which have prevented the general prosperity- of the natives have been (1) the frequent hur- « Memoria descriptiva. See List of works. SEASONS. 41 ricanes, which destroyed the results of their labor; (2) the unwise course of certain governors in discouraging individual enterprise; (3) the absence of any effort to accumulate capital either in the form of money or of supplies. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF GUAM. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. SEASONS. — Though Guam lies within the Tropics, its climate is tem- pered throughout the greater part of the year by a brisk trade wind, blowing from the northeast and east. Its mountains are not high enough to cause marked differences in the distribution of rain on the island, and the island is not of sufficient extent to cause the daily alter- nating currents of air known as land and sea breezes. Generally speaking, the seasons conform in a measure with those of Manila, the least rain falling in the colder months or the period called winter (invierno) by the natives, and the greatest rainfall occurring in the warm months, which are called summer (verano) by the natives. The year may be divided into a rainy and a dry season, but this division does not correspond exactly to that based on temperature, for the period of maximum temperature precedes that of the greatest rainfall. During the winter months the wind blows briskly and steadily from the northeast and east. In June it becomes unsteady, veering to the east and southeast, and by September what is generally known as the u southwest monsoon" sets in. The climate is healthful in compari- son with other tropical countries, the only period when sickness may be expected being that of July and August, when the absence of the trade wind and the presence of moisture in the atmosphere causes the heat to appear greater than it is. The mean annual temperature is about 80° F., and the mean monthly temperature ranges from 78° F. in December, the coldest month, to 82° F. in May and June, the hottest months. The highest absolute temperature recorded in 1902, 90° F., occurred in June and July, the lowest, 66° F., in December. Though the mean monthly temperature varies only 2° on either side of the mean annual temperature, yet the "winters" of Guam are so definitely marked that certain wasps which during the summer make their nests in the open fields among the bushes invade the houses of the people at that season and hibernate there. METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. — The following tables, compiled from observations made at the naval station at Agana, the capital of Guam, show the temperature, rainfall, and prevailing winds for each month of the year 1902. They are taken from a report drawn up by Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., who, through the courtesy of Prof. Willis L. 42 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, was detailed to examine and interpret the records forwarded to the United States Hydrographic Office: Temperature, 1902. [Degrees Fahrenheit and centigrade.] Month. Mean. Absolute. Mean daily range. °F. °C. Maximum. Minimum. °F. °C. °F. °C. °F. °C. January 79 80 80 81 82 82 81 81 80 80 79 78 26.1 26.7 26.7 27.2 27.8 27.8 27.2 27.2 26.7 26.7 26.1 25.6 86 86 87 87 88 90 90 88 87 88 85 85 30.0 30.0 30.6 30.6 31.1 32.2 32.2 31.1 30.6 31.1 29.4 29.4 70 71 72 73 72 73 75 74 73 70 69 66 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 22.2 22.8 23.9 23.3 22.8 21.1 20.6 18.9 8 8 10 8 9 10 9 . 9 11 10 11 9 4.4 4.4 5.6 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.0 6.1 5.6 6.1 5.0 February March April .. May June July August September . October November December Annual maximum 82 78 27.8 25.6 90 32.2 17 3 9.4 1.7 Annual minimum 66 18.9 Mean 80 26.7 87 30.6 72 22.2 9 5.0 Rainfall, 1902. [In inches and millimeters.] Month. Total. Percent- age of annual rainfall. Maximum in24 hours. Inches. Millime- ters. Inches. Millime- ters. January 3.58 7.30 3.21 3.87 4.55 7.14 16.06 19.72 27.01 9.63 11.86 2.53 90.93 185.42 81.53 98.04 115. 57 181. 36 407. 92 500.89 686. 06 244. 60 301. 24 64. 26 3.1 6.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 6.1 13.8 16.9 23.2 8.3 10.2 2.2 1.01 2.24 .90 .71 .92 2.92 6.26 4.72 5.31 2.81 2.62 .77 25.65 56.90 22.86 18.03 23.37 74.17 159.00 119. 89 134.87 71.37 66.55 19.56 February March April May June July. . August September.. October November December Sum . 116. 46 27.01 2.53 2, 958. 12 686. 06 64.26 100.0 23.2 2.2 Maximum 6.26 159.00 Number of days with rain, and amounts, 1902. Month. More than a trace. More than 0.10 inch. More than 0.50 inch. More than 1 inch. Month. More than a trace. More than 0.10 inch. More than 0.50 inch. More than 1 inch. January 18 11 2 1 September 27 26 15 8 February 21 9 4 3 October 21 12 7 3 March 16 9 2 0 November . 25 17 6 4 April . . 19 11 3 o December 15 9 ,1 0 May 22 9 3 Q June 25 12 4 1 Sum 265 165 66 29 July... . 28 17 7 5 Maximum 28 26 15 8 August 28 23 12 4 15 9 1 o HURRICANES. 43 Directions of the wind, 1902. Month. North days. North- east days. East days. South- east days. South days. South- west days. West days. North- west days. Variable days. January 16 5 11 0 2 5 1 0 12 0 9 5 6 5 March 0 5 16 5 12 5 .5 .5 0.5 April 20 0 8 0 1 5 May 13 0 14.5 1.5 2.0 6 5 17 0 4 5 1.0 1 0 July 13.0 5.5 6.5 4.0 1.0 1.0 August 1.5 1.5 2.5 5.0 6.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 6.5 6.0 16.5 5 0 2 5 October 4.0 10.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 4 0 6 0 14.0 .5 3.0 .5 2 0 2 0 8 0 21 0 Sum (days). 8.0 117.0 125.0 32.0 28.0 22. 0 10.0 3.5 18.5 STORMS. — Hurricanes may visit the island at almost any season. According to available records they appear to have been most frequent during the months of April and November. The first one recorded occurred on the 8th of September, 1671, in the midst of a war between the Spaniards and the natives. It is described as " a typhoon, called 4 baguio ' by the natives, the most furious which had been seen on the island, veering in a short time all round the compass, and causing injuries which it would take years to remedy, ruining nearly all the houses of Agana and the other towns of the island, especially those of the chief conspirators, as they have since confessed; tearing up breadfruit trees, together with palms and other plants with which they nourish themselves, leaving them in a condition without farms, without houses, and without food." Not even the church of the missionaries was spared, and one of the wizards of the natives declared that he was more powerful than the god of the Spaniards, since the hurricane had swept away their church and had not been able to injure his house. A violent hurricane laid waste the island on the night of August 10, 1848. A description of the damages wrought by it may be found in a report of the Spanish governor, Don Pablo Perez, to the captain- general of the Philippines. Since the American occupation there have been several hard storms. The first occurred on May 26-27, 1900, the wind being accompanied by very heavy rainfall. Breadfruit, coco- nuts, coffee, and cacao were stripped from the trees and bushes; plan- tains and banana plants were torn to shreds, and many trees were snapped off or uprooted. In the southern part of the island fowls died from exposure. At the village of Sumai, on Orote Peninsula, the infirmary and wharf shed were demolished and several private houses were blown down. At Agat several dwellings were destroyed, together with the schoolhouse. At Merizo the rice fields were destroyed, and at Umata the corn was killed, the chapel unroofed, and several dwellings demolished. At Inalahan three bridges were car- ried away by swollen streams and the tribunal, rectory, and school- 44 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. house unroofed. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the U. S. S. Brutus was torn from her anchorage and blown upon the reef, with- out, however, suffering serious injury. On the 13th of November following occurred the hurricane which caused the loss of the U. S. S. Yosemite, which was lying at anchor in the harbor. This vessel was swept from her moorings and carried out to sea, where she foundered. Five of her crew were lost. The sea overflowed the lowlands and flooded the streets of Agaiia. Crops of all kinds were destroyed and most of the vegetation was stripped bare of foliage. Government buildings were injured and many native houses destroyed. Of the 255 deaths which occurred on the island during the year 1900, 34 were caused by the hurricane. This destruc- tion was followed, as is always the case, by a dearth of food. It caused our Government to expend nearly $10,000 for the relief of the natives, who received the proffered aid with expressions of deep grat- itude. a Among the most serious results of hurricanes of this nature is the stripping of coconut trees of their leaves. The inflorescence is formed in the axils of the older leaves and if these are injured the flower buds shrivel up and the tree fails to produce. During the year which followed the hurricane not one ounce of copra, which is prac- tically the only export of the island, was produced in Guam. Coffee and other shrubs and trees soon recover from the effects of a storm, and maize, tobacco, and rice may be replanted. Cacao, however, is often killed outright, and several years are necessary for new plants to begin to bear. The records for 1902 show that hurricanes passed near the island of Guam in May, July, September, and October. In examining the Philippine weather records Doctor Abbe was able to identify the stormy periods of Guam as days when typhoons must have passed close to the island. Many of the typhoons which sweep the Philip- pines apparently have their origin in the vicinity of- the Marianne Islands. Doctor Abbe has suggested in his report that a station be established on the island of Guam for meteorological observations, to be connected by telegraph with Manila. This could not fail to be of great benefit to vessels about to put to sea, giving warning of approach- ing blows and indicating what kind of weather is to be expected. HYDROGRAPHY. CONTOUR OF THE OCEAN'S BOTTOM. — In taking soundings with a view to selecting a cable route across the Pacific the U. S. S. Nero found the ocean bed between Midway Island and Guam to be a great plain from 3,100 to 3,200 fathoms deep, somewhat broken in places by submarine reefs and mountain ranges. The first thousand miles from Midway, "Annual Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1901, pp. 75-76. HYDEOGEAPHY. 45 with the exception of a submarine mountain peak near Ocean Island, is entirely level. The remainder of the distance, though fairly level in general, is interspersed by a number of reefs and mountain ranges. On approaching the great submarine volcanic range running nearly north and south which forms the islands of the Marianne group, at a point a short distance east of Guam, this plain descends into an abyss, which is the deepest yet discovered in the world, lacking only 66 feet of a depth of 6 statute miles. The temperature at this depth was found to be 36° F. It was necessary to select for the cable a route around the northern limit of this depression, which has been christened the Nero Deep. Its southern limits are not yet known. Between Guam and the Philippines the bed of the ocean is less regu- lar than to the eastward. For the first 600 geographical miles the depth varies from 1,400 to 2,700 fathoms. The character of the bot- tom is described as undulating, but without definite ranges of hills or valleys. After this a low mountain range occurs which slopes to the westward down to a plain 3,000 to 3,500 fathoms deep, which reaches to the Philippines and has a bottom of soft mud and ooze. A route was also surveyed between Guam and Yokohama, Japan, to the westward of the Mariannes and to the eastward of the Bonin Islands. For the first 500 geographical miles a level plain 2,100 fath- oms deep was found. Then the Nero encountered a submarine moun- tain range which apparently connects that of the Marianne Islands with the range extending from the Bonin Islands to Japan. While crossing this range a submarine conical peak was discovered resem- bling Fujiyama in form.a OCEAN CURRENTS. — The currents in the vicinity of the Marianne Islands are much affected by the prevailing winds. During the greater part of the year there is a drift to the westward or south- westward of 1 to 2 knots per hour. On the sandy beaches of the east coast of the island of Guam driftwood of American origin is often found, including huge logs of Oregon fir. From July to September, when the easterly winds are interrupted by the influence of the south- west monsoon, the drift is frequently to the northeast. TIDES. — The rise of tides in the archipelago is generally less than 3 feet. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the rise and fall is 3 to 4 feet. High water occurs there at the full and change of the moon at about seven hours after its meridian passage. The tides play an important role in the economy of vessels lying in the harbor, as the water on the reef is too shallow to permit boats of considerable size to land cargo at any time but that of high water, and it is not unusual «See "Trans-Pacific submarine telegraph cable survey," in the Report of the Sec- retary of the Navy for 1900, pp. 299-302, from which the above information is derived. 46 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. for a boat to stick upon the reef halfway between the ship and the shore. There is a crooked channel through which boats of small size may pass, and extensive dredging operations have been recommended in order to enlarge the harbor and clear a channel from the harbor to the shore, but the recommendations of the board have not yet been carried out.a PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. SURFACE AND CONTOUR. — From a distance the island appears flat and even, but on approaching it the northern portion is seen to be a raised platform or plateau (PL I), with several low peaks rising from it in the north, and to the southward a low, rounded hill, which has received the vernacular name of "Tiyan" (belly). The southern half of the island is mountainous. The island is irregular in shape. It may be compared roughly to the shape of a human footprint (the right foot), with the heel north-northeast and the toe south-southwest (see map, PL LXX). The general plane of the northern half is not horizontal but shelving, with eastern and higher side bounded by steep cliffs. The east coast of the southern half is penetrated by a few small bays, none of which is capable of receiving a vessel. On the west coast of the northern part of the island there are a number of sandy bays fringed with coconut groves and separated from one another by as many rocky points. The east shore is constantly beaten by a heavy sea caused by the stiff trade winds which prevail during the greater part of the year. The adjacent sea is very deep, so that it is impossible for vessels to find anchorage there. The swell is even so great that it is dangerous at most times for boats to attempt to enter the small ports in the southern part, except at Hahahyan, at the extreme south, which is sheltered from easterly and northeasterly winds. On the west side of the island the sea is shallow enough in several places to permit vessels to anchor within a safe distance of the shore, except during a certain part of the summer, when winds from the southwest may be expected. The favorite anchorage of the early navigators was the roadstead of Umata (Humatag), where a good supply of fresh water was always to be secured without difficulty. Afterwards the bay of San Luis de Apra became used as a harbor, and is now the only port of the island in which large ships can find anchorage. The little harbor of Agana (Hagadna) can be entered only by vessels of the size of launches, and the anchorage in Agana Bay is not considered safe. In Alexander Agassiz's description of the island b he gives a detailed account of its shore line and the physical features of the island. The « See Eeport of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 1901. 6 The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific, p. 366 et seq., 1903. RAISED PLATFORMS OF CORAL. 47 Albatross encountered the east coast of Guam near Point Hanom. He found distinct coralliferous limestone terraces in the faces of the cliffs from Pago Bay north, marking the position of the former sea level, and in4icating the periods of rest during the elevation of the island; and when these are not distinct, lines of caverns along the vertical faces of the cliffs indicate the former lines of sea level. The cliffs of the northern part of the island vary from 300 to 500 feet in height. The lower part of their faces is riddled with crevasses, and at a higher level, probably on the face of the fourth or fifth terrace, there are numerous caverns. North of Point Anao some of the coralliferous limestones are stratified, dipping toward the sea; others, nearer the northern extremity of the island, show evidence of great disturbance, probably caused by the volcanic outbursts of Mount Santa Rosa. Mr. Agassiz found them to resemble those of similar limestone islands, such as Makatea, Nine, Eua, Vavau, and others of the Fiji group. Outside of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, Guam proved to be the largest island visited by the Albatross, composed in part of volcanic rocks and of elevated coralliferous limestone. At the northern end of the island, though there are five distinct terraces, these are concealed by the vegetation growing on the slopes. Talage ("Lookout") Bay,^ at the northern extremity of Guam, is an immense sandy flat, flanked by a comparatively broad reef platform full of "horseheads" and of "negroheads" of coral, which extends from Taga Point around the north extremity of the island and down the east coast, past Achae and Nigo points, to Ipapao. From the latter point the coast consists of a vertical cliff, with here and there a small stretch of sandy beach along the sea between projecting points until it reaches Tumhun Bay. Here the coral forms a great reef flat, which continues along the coast southward, past Hagadna Bay, as far as Apapa, or Cabras, island. To the south of Orote Peninsula, which projects 4 miles in a northwest- erly direction and forms the southern side of the bay of San Luis de Apra, a narrow reef flat juts out from the west coast at various promontories in the extension of spurs of volcanic slopes. At Maleso, or Merizo, Bay a broad reef flat projects, which forms the southwestern extremity of the island of Guam and extends eastward to Point Hahahyan, but not as far as Inalahan Bay, on the east coast. North of that bay the coast is edged by a narrow reef flat, which continues as far as Pago Ba}T. Along the east coast of the northern half of the island there is a narrow reef flat, bordering the precipitous shore from Hanom Point to Point Anao. The southern half of the island of Guam consists of what Mr. Agas- «The name of this bay is improperly written on most charts "Taragay," a word with no significance. " Talage," (pronounced taldgay) the vernacular name, signi- fies " to look toward." It was the point from which the ancient Chamorros looked out for vessels coming from the northern islands. 48 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. siz describes as "a volcanic massif which has burst through the coral - liferous limestone," and which at Mount Tengho reaches to a height of more than a thousand feet. The volcanic range to which it belongs has burst through the limestone near Agana and extends southward, parallel to the west coast, at a distance of about 1 or 2 miles from the shore. Its highest peak, called Humuyong-manglo (" Source-of-the- wind"), back of Umata, reaches a height of 390 meters. Considerable denudation has already taken place on the volcanic slopes, forming in the interior of the island a number of peaks, ridges, and pinnacles. On the western and southern sides of the volcanic mountains the lime- stone masses which once covered their sides have in great measure dis- appeared through disintegration, and the soft material covering the slopes is constantly being washed down their sides. Many of the val- leys form small canyons with very steep walls. The peninsula of Orote and Apapa Island are composed of elevated coralliferous limestone containing well-preserved fossils. These show no signs of metamorphism, as do those collected in the immediate vicinity of Mount Makahnag, where the limestone comes into contact with volcanic rock. The fossils are, however, highly calcified, and their hardness and the crystallization of the rocks would seem to indi- cate considerable age. THE HARBOR. — The bay of San Luis de Apra is the only harbor for vessels. It is protected on the southwest by the promontory of Orote, on the east by the island of Guam itself, on the north by Apapa island and the adjoining reef of Luminan, which is awash at high water. From this reef a bank (Kalalang) extends to the southwestward toward Orote Point, terminating in two rocks which rise to within a few feet of the surface, leaving a narrow but deep channel, which serves as an entrance to the harbor. Apapa island consists entirely of elevated cor- alliferous limestone deeply pitted and honeycombed. The limestone mass is full of crevices, potholes, and funnels, covered with stalactites. The island does not rise more than 8 or 10 feet above high-water mark. The shore is undercut and the island furrowed by numerous gullies; it is full of caverns, crevices, and pits." As the harbor is much obstructed by coral reefs and is at a consid- erable distance from the seat of government of the island, a board of officers was sent to make a survey of it, with a view to its improve- ment, either by dredging or the construction of a breakwater along the reef, or both. It is intended to make it the site of a naval base and coaling depot of large capacity, as well as to serve as a commercial port. The board was directed to make recommendations as to the removal of reefs and other obstructions to navigation; to draw up plans for wharves, docks, storehouses, barracks, hospital, water sup- «See Agassiz, op. cit., p. 370. SUGGESTED HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 49 ply, and sewerage system; port defenses, fortifications, and maga- zines; and to lay out a town site, having in view the prospective increase in commercial importance of the port. The following extract is taken from the report of the board: The bay of San Luis de Apra has a deep anchoring ground, extending about 1 mile north and south and about 2 miles east and west. It is broken, however, by several outlying reefs. It is protected except to the westward. Luminan Reef gives sufficient protection, but Kalalang Bank, with a depth of some 30 feet, does not, the swell making round the end of Luminan Reef even with the prevailing northeasterly wind. It would therefore be necessary, in order to thoroughly close the harbor against the ocean swell and storms, to build a breakwater along these banks, extend- ing from Luminan Reef to Spanish Rocks, leaving a deep entrance between Spanish Rocks and Orote Island 2,000 feet wide. The board did not recommend that such a breakwater should be built, on account, among other considerations, of its great cost and the uncertainty of the force of storms against a breakwater on this narrow bank with deep water so close to seaward. Even if such a breakwater were built, the proposal which had been made of utilizing some of the coral reefs in the harbor as sites for coal depots could not be followed out, as test borings made in these reefs showed that nearly all of them are formed, not of solid coral, but of coral sand interspersed with occasional coral heads, with growing coral of various kinds on the sur- face, so that they would make poor foundations for retaining walls. After duly considering various plans the board recommended that an opening 30 feet deep be dredged through the reef separating the deep water of the main harbor from an inner basin south of the old fort, Santa Cruz, and not far from the village of Sumai on Orote Peninsula; that this basin be enlarged by dredging, and the top of a small reef in the outer anchorage, near Cabras Island, be removed to a depth of 6 fathoms; that the naval base and coaling station be established on Orote Peninsula, near Sumai, and be supplied with water brought from Paulana, a branch of the Atangtano River; that batteries be located on Orote Peninsula and Cabras Island with good military roads leading to them from the posts and boat landings; that the town site be established on the high land of Orote Peninsula, back of the naval station, and that commercial docks he constructed in places indicated by the board; and that a light-house be constructed on Orote Point with a light of the fourth order. The report of the board was published a and handed to the Naval and Commerce Committees of Congress. An appropriation of $150,000 for the improvement of the harbor of San Luis de Apra passed the Senate, but the House failed to concur and the measure was lost. The sum of $40,000 asked for the acquisition of land was granted by Congress. The retention of Guam as an American possession after its capture, as provided for in the peace protocol at the close of the Span- « Report of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 1901. 9773—05 4 50 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ish war, was for the express purpose of establishing a naval coal depot. With completion of the Panama canal this will undoubtedly become an important mercantile port of call.® (See map, PL LXX.) EARTHQUAKES. — Earthquakes are frequent, but not often violent. Among the most severe were those of April 14, 1825, January 25, 1849, and September 22, 1902. Not long after that of 1849, which destroyed the church and the government house of Umata, a number of Caroline Islanders arrived at Guam in two canoes, stating that their islands had been swept by enormous waves, and begging the governor to allow them to take up their residence in the Marianne Islands. In the letter book of Don Pablo Perez, in the archives at Agana, a detailed account of this earthquake is given. The first shock was felt at 2:49 p. m. It was followed by repeated shocks and trembling accompanied by a subterranean rumbling " which made the natives fear that a vol- cano was about to burst forth and blow them all to atoms." The earth was cracked open in many places, some houses were thrown down and others were injured; but the only life lost was that of a woman who happened to be in her rancho near the beach. She Avas carried away by one of the great waves which swept in from the ocean. Great masses of rocks fell from the cliffs. The shocks continued for several days in succession, and it was many days before the damages could be repaired. Sixteen whaling vessels lying at anchor in the harbor were uninjured. The captain of a whaling frigate which arrived shortly afterwards stated that he had felt the earthquake 1,000 miles to the eastward of the Mariannes. Since the American occupation of the island there have been a number of earthquakes, but the only one of serious importance was that of September 22, 1902. Governor Schroeder's account of this is almost a repetition of Don Pablo's report to the captain-general of the Philippines. The earthquake which occurred at 11.24 a. m. [says Governor Schroeder] is the severest of which there is any record. From the government house terrace, during its continuance, there could be seen clouds of dust rising suddenly from the different quarters of Agana as the masonry houses would fall. The earth opened here and there in small places, from which water would spout and subside, leaving a few round, apparently hollow pits, and innumerable fine cracks were observable every- where. A dull grinding roar preceded and accompanied the shaking of the earth; sure-footed bulls were tripped up and fell to their knees, while buildings rocked and swayed, water tanks were tossed over, and bells rung by the vibration. In other parts of the island fissures 1 to 2 feet wide were made, those of Piti emitting strong sulphurous fumes. Masses were dislodged in the mountains and hills, plowing down the slopes and completely blocking the road from Agana to Piti at three points. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the collier Justin, anchored in 22 fathoms of water, was severely shaken. The disturb- ance of the white coral -mud bottom of the harbor was so great as to « Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1902, pp. 361-362. EXTINCT VOLCANOES. 51 give a milky appearance to the sea for some distance around. A number of the masonry houses of Agana were destroyed, and those left standing were so badly injured as to be unfit for habitation. The old bell tower of masonry near the church, built in 1669, was seamed with large cracks. In the other towns of the island nearly all masonry houses, churches, and rectories were ruined. The collier Justin was sent the day after the disaster with an officer to the German island of Saipan, 120 miles to the northward, to ascertain the damage done and offer aid. They found no casualties, though the earthquake had also violently shaken the island. Fortunately the disaster occurred in the daytime, as did the hurricane of 1890, and the casualties included but one child killed and a few of the townspeople of Agana hurt. The total cost of repairs to government buildings was estimated at $22,100 gold. A summary of the earthquake phenomena of 1902 is included in Doctor Abbe's report, published in Terrestrial4 Magnetism and Atmos- pheric Electricity, 1904, page 81. EXTINCT VOLCANOES. — All of the mountain peaks of Guam are undoubtedly of volcanic origin. In some of them the outlines of the craters may still be traced and the lava presents the same appearance as in recent volcanoes. a Surrounding the bases of the mountains are ancient coral reefs, the margins of which, in contact with the volcanic products, have in many places been converted into crystalline lime- stone, showing evidence of volcanic activity after the whole island had been raised from the sea. The heights of the principal mountains are approximately as follows: Santa Rosa 265 meters, Tiyan (Barri- gada) 205 meters, Makahnag 215 meters, Chachao 320 meters, Tengho 310 meters, Ilicho (Humuyong-manglo) 390 meters, Sasalaguan (Hell mountain), at the southern end of the island, 340 meters. ANCIENT CORAL REEFS. — The entire northern portion of the island is a raised coral platform penetrated in several places by the low volcanic peaks already referred to. On the west side of the island between the mesa and the sea several distinct flat terraces occur, showing succes- sive upheavals. During the recent earthquakes the general level of the whole island was raised. It would require only a very slight ele- vation to convert into dry land the very extensive reef flats along the west coast which are covered at high tide by only a few feet of water. The bottom between the shore and the barrier reef is perfectly level and covered with very fine sand resembling flour in consistency. MINERALS. — With the exception of thin layers of iron-ore, no metal- yielding deposits occur on the island. An inferior lignite is found in one or two places. There is also a volcanic rock called homon, which is used for fire places, and a soft pale-green mineral called lauka which « This is especially true of Santa Kosa, in the northern part of the island. 52 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. is easily worked. In certain localities nodules of flint are found simi- lar to those from European chalk formations. RIVERS. — In the northern portion of the island the ground is so porous that the water disappears as it falls. There are, however, a number of sink holes called lupog, and in the rainy season several small streams near the bases of the hills of Santa Rosa and Mataguag. Near the middle of the island about a mile and a half from Agana there is a fine large spring or lake (Matan-hanom) from which a copious supply of water issues all the year round. This, after slowly oozing through the great swamp called the " Cienaga," forms the Agana River, the channel of which has been artificially length- ened and turned for about a mile parallel to the coast before it reaches the sea. This is for the purpose of affording a laundry to the women of Agana. In the southern portion of the island there are a number of small streams on both sides, some of which lose themselves beneath the surface for a time and reappear, issuing from caverns. a VEGETATION OF THE ISLAND. PLANT COVERING ACCORDING TO HABITAT. CORAL REEFS. Among the algae growing on the reef the most conspicuous are the brown Padinas with fan-like fronds expanded like the tail of a strut- ting peacock, jointed Halimedas, like miniature Opuntias, and the feathery Caulerpa plwnaris. Another Caulerpa (C. davifera uvi- fera), green and succulent, looks as though it bore bunches of minia- ture grapes. Among the red algae are the more delicate Acanthophora orientalis, Corallopsis salicornia, with terete cartilaginous fronds, and Mastopliorcb lamourouxii, with dense foliaceous fronds, somewhat like Chondrus in form, and conspicuous fruit. From some of the gelati- nous species the natives make blancmange. Among the more delicate green forms are the woolly Rhizodonium tortuosum and the beau- tiful little Bryopsis plumosa. Near the mouths of rivers grow Enterorrwrpha dathrata and E. compressa, with narrow, linear, grass- like fronds. (See Algae, catalogue.) Among the marine flowering plants are Ilolodule uninervis, a plant resembling a fine eelgrass (Zos- tera), and Ilolophila ovata, belonging to the Vallisneriaceae, with a creeping rootstock and oval or linear-oblong petioled leaves. MANGROVE SWAMPS. At the mouths of many streams, where the water is brackish and the shores are muddy, are growths of mangroves and their allies, « The principal cavern of this nature is that in the valley of the Talofofo River, about a mile from its mouth. RIVER AND STRAND VEGETATION. 53 which form dense thickets and extend far out into the water at high tide. Among those which send down aerial roots into the mud are JRhizophora mucronata (PL LXIV) and Hruguiera gymnorhiza (PL XL), both of which have large, opposite, entire, smooth leaves, and fruit which germinates before dropping from the tree. They are easily distinguished, the former having a four-parted perianth and the latter having 10 to 14 calyx segments and petals. Associated with these are found red-flowered Lumnitzeras, small trees belonging to the Combre- taceae; Xylocarpus granatum (Carapa moluccensis), known in the East Indies as the "cannon-ball tree," on account of its hard, spherical fruits; and on adjacent firmer ground, Excoecaria agallocha, some- times called the ''milky mangrove" or the "blinding tree," the acrid juice of which is called "tigers milk" in the East Indies. RIVERS. Near the mouths of most of the rivers, where the water is brackish, are thickets of Nypa fruticans, a stemless palm with great pinnate leaves, which furnish the natives with excellent material for thatching their houses. Associated with it are large simply pinnate ferns, Acrostichum aureum (PI. IV), of wide distribution throughout the warmer regions of the globe, and growing submerged are species of Potamogeton and Ruppia maritima. There are also green, filamentous algae, including species of Conferva and Enteromorpha, and Ckara Jibrosa. Near the sources of some of the streams a small red alga (Tkorea gaudichaudii) is found growing to rocks. On the banks of the rivers near the sea beds of Pancratium littorale occur, together with a creeping aroid, Cocos nucifera, screw pines, and Pariti tiliaceum. Higher up the stream there are beds of reeds (Trichoon) and, on the open hillsides, the sword grass, Xipheagrostisfloridula. Where streams flow through shady forests several cordate-leaved aroids occur, together with a tree fern (Alsophila Jiaenkei) and the widely spread Angiop- teris evecta (PI. XXXIII). THE STRAND. The principal beach plant is Ipomoea pes-caprae, often called ' ' goats- foot convolvulus," from the shape of its leaves. Its long, prostrate stems form a carpet over the sand without twining or taking root, and bear large, rose-purple, funnel-shaped flowers. Associated with it is the leguminous Canavali obtusifolium^ with a similar habit of growth, and frequently Melastoma marianum, Vigna lutea, and Ilelio- tropium curassavicum. Among the beach shrubs are Lobelia Jcoenigii, with thick, glabrous leaves, and white, zygomorphous flowers; Tourne- fortia argentea (PL LXVI1I), a boraginaceous plant with fleshy leaves, covered with silky white hairs, and white, heliotrope-like flowers with dark anthers growing in scorpioid racemes; and Pern/phis acidula, a 54 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. shrub with a dense habit of growth, small sessile leaves, and axillary flowers with 6-parted perianths. On the windward side of the island, and near the southern end on the leeward side, growing in the sandy beach at the very margin of the sea are groves of Casuarina eqidseti- folia (PL XLI), trees with tufts of linear, leafless, jointed branches resembling horsetails (Equisetum) and cone-like fruit. Among other beach plants are the composites Stemmodontia biflora, S. canescetix, Edipta, alba, the recently introduced Synedrella nodiflora, and the bidens-like Glossogyne tenuifolia; and in places there are mounds formed by Sesuvium portulacastrum, the "sea purslane," often asso- ciated with creeping grasses. Coconuts are abundant on the west coast of the island (PL I), but almost absent from the east coast. THE INNER BEACH. The principal trees forming the inner beach growth are Barring- tonia speciosa, Barringtonia racemosa, Terminalia catappa, Ileritiera littoralis, Pariti tiliaceum, Thespesia populnea, Ochrosia mariannensis* Hernandia peltata, Artocarpus communis, Calopliyllum inophyllum^ and Morinda citrifolia. Beneath their shade grow the white-flowered amaryllis ( Crinum asiaticum), the grasses, Stenotaphrum subulatum and Centotheca lappacea, and the shrubby Boerhaavia diffusa, Vitex trifolia, and Meibomia umbellata. Climbing on the trunks of trees are a num- ber of ferns, including Phymatodes phymatodes (PL LXII), with leath- ery lobed fronds, Cyclophorus adnascens, with small, linear-lanceolate, simple fronds, Davallia solida, with beautiful, glossy, divided fronds, and Humata heterophylld, with fertile fronds differing from the sterile in shape (PL LIII). In addition to the above-mentioned species there are a number of shrubs growing in the vicinity of the beach — the beach plum (Ximenia americana), Clerodendron inermis, with white, honeysuckle-like flowers and exserted pink stamens; Acacia farne- siana, with globular, yellow heads of fragrant flowers; Leucaena glauca, with similar heads of white, inodorous flowers; and the custard apple, Annona reticulata, the only species of this genus which grows sponta- neously on the island. Twining among these shrubs are several species of Convolvulaceae, including Ipomoea choisiana and 7. marian- nensis, with purple flowers; the lavender-flowered "alalag" (Argyreia tiliaefolia), the flowers of which, called "abubo," are strung into gar- lands by the children; and Operculina peltata, which has white flowers. THE CLIFFS. On the promontory of Orote on the west coast, that of Kiroga on the east near Talofofo Bay, on the rocky island of Cabras, or Apapa, and on the edges of cliffs are usually found the following plants: Cor- migonus mariajinensis, a shrub or small tree belonging to the Rubi- aceae, with large, white, four-parted, trumpet-shaped flowers; Cycas Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE II. FOREST VEGETATION. 55 circinalis, with glossy pinnate leaves resembling fronds of ferns; and Boehmeria tenacissima, which yields the celebrated "rhea" fiber, here growing in the form of a shrub or small tree. Besides these plants Intsia bijuga, a handsome leguminous tree, which yields the excellent ifil wood (PL LIV); Premna gaudichaudii, a verbenaceous tree called ahgau, with elder-like flowers and durable hard wood used in con- struction; and the interesting "nunu" (Ficus sp.), a banyan which sends down aerial roots like life-lines over the edge of the cliffs. Among the smaller plants growing on rocky slopes is Gynopogon torre- sianus, with glossy, myrtle- like leaves and the aromatic fragrance of the "maile" (Gynopogon olivaeformis) so dear to the Hawaiians. FORESTS. The forest vegetation of Guam (PL II) consists almost entirely of strand trees, epiphytal ferns, lianas, and a few undershrubs. The majority of the species are included in what Schimper has called the Barringtonia Formation. a The principal trees are the wild, fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis; the Indian almond, Terminalia catappa; jack-in-the-box, Hernandia peltata; the giant banyan (PL XII), called nunu by the natives (Ficus sp.); two other species of Ficus called uhodda" and "takete" or utaguete," the first with prop-like, aerial roots growing from the trunk near its base and with fruit resembling small, red crab apples and the second resembling the nunu, but with aerial roots from the trunk only and not from the limbs; Pan- danus fragrans ("kafo") (PL LX) and Pandanus dubius ("pahong"), two screw pines which differ from many of their congeners in not being found growing on the outer beach; Oalophyllum inophyllum, a handsome tree known in the East Indies as Alexandrian laurel, which yields the tough crossgrained wood of which the natives make their cart wheels; Barringtonia racemosa, which, unlike its congener, B. speciosa, leaves the coast and follows along the banks of the streams into the interior; Reritiera littoralis (PL LII), called in India the look- ing-glass tree, which furnishes the natives of Guam with tough wood for their plows and wheel spokes; and, among recently introduced trees, Canangium odoratum, the fragrant flowers of which are the source of the perfume known as ilangilang, Annona reticulata, the custard apple or bullock's heart, and Pithecolobium dulce, a leguminous tree known in the East Indies as the Manila tamarind, but which was brought from Mexico for the sake of its tannin-yielding bark and its edible pods. No truly indigenous palms occur, but Areca catheeu,the betel-nut palm, grows spontaneously in damp places; a small, slender- stemmed species allied to Areca, called "palma brava" by the natives, is gradually spreading over the island; and the Caroline Island "sago- palm," Coeloccocus amicarum, has been introduced sparingly. Those «See Schimper, Die indomalayische Strandflora, p. 68, 1891. 56 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. familiar with the forest vegetation of Eastern Polynesia will be struck by the absence from the forests of Guam of such genera as Freycinetia, Papyrius (Broussonetia), Urticastrum (Laportea), Myristica, Parinari, Bocoa (Inocarpus), Dysoxylum, Nyalelia (Aglaia), Macaranga, Bis- chofia, Aleurites, Omalanthus, Spondias, Rhus, Alphitonia, Melochia, Kleinhovia, Metrosideros, Maesa, and Diospyros. Among the climbing plants and epiphytes of the forest are Lens phaseoloides, the scimitar-pod sea bean (PI. LVI), whose enormous, scabbard-like legumes contain lenticular seeds (PI. XV) sometimes used for making snuffboxes; Stizolobium giganteum, often called " ox-eye" bean; a species of Calamus, with beautiful branching inflo- rescence of white flowers; Luisia teretifolia, an inconspicuous orchid, and the minute leafless Taeniophyllum fasciola; Dischidia puberula, an interesting asclepiad growing upon trees, with minute urceolate flowers and fleshy leaves; bird's-nest ferns (Neottopteris nidus), perched on the branches associated with broad ribbons of Ophioderma pendula, tufts of NepliTolepis acuta and JV. hirsutida, grass-like Vittaria elon- gata, and pendent tassels of Lycopodium phlegmaria (PI. LV1I); climbing leathe^-fronded Phymatodes phymatodes, lobed like oak leaves; Cyclophorus adnascens, with linear-lanceolate fronds; graceful Davallia solida (PL III), with glossy divided fronds, and the interest- ing Humata heterophylla (PL LIU), which takes its generic name from the village of Humatag, or Umata, on the west coast of this island, where it was first collected. Beneath the shade of the forest trees several undershrubs are usually found, including species of Icacorea, Piper, Peperomia, arid the creeping rubiaceous Carinta herbacea, with small white flowers and scarlet berries. On the edges of the woods and by roadsides are thickets of the spiny Guilandina crista, bearing the well-known gray, stony " nicker-nuts," the sharp recurved thorns of its branches catch- ing or scratching every animal which brushes against them (PL LI). Lemoncito thickets (Triphasia trifoliald) are also common, the bushes sprouting from the roots and bearing fragrant, white, jasmine-like flowers and scarlet berries resembling miniature oranges. Among the succulent plants are wild ginger (Zinziber zerumbet), turmeric (Cur- cuma longa), Canna indica, the Polynesian arrowroot (Tacca pinnati- fida), and the introduced Taetsia terminalis, a liliaceous plant with graceful tufts of red leaves. Besides the climbing and epiphytal ferns already mentioned there are many others growing on the ground, including Bel/visia spicata, Dryopteris dissecta, Dryopteris parasitica, Asplenium laserpitiifolium, A. nitidum, Microsoriwn irioides^'dnd sev- eral species of Pteris. No filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) have been found on the island. The only tree fern of Guam thus far known is Alsophila haenkei, growing in damp places and often associated with Angiopteris evecta. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE III. DAVALLIA SOLIDA, AN EPIPHYTAL FERN COMMON IN THE FORESTS OF GUAM. NATURAL SIZE. Contr. Nat. Herb,, Vol. IX. PLATE IV. A MARSH FERN, ACROSTICHUM AUREUM. STERILE FROND AND A TERMINAL PINNA OF FERTILE FROND. NATURAL SIZE. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE V. LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM, A CHARACTERISTIC PLANT OF THE SAVANNAS. NATURAL SIZE. MAESH AND SAVANNA VEGETATION. 57 MARSHES. The fresh- water marshes are usually overgrown with reeds (Trichoon roxburghii), associated with the great marsh fern (Acrostichum aureum) (PL IV), the climbing Lygodium scandens, and several coarse grasses and sedges. The only trees are Pariti tiliaceum and a euphorbiaceous tree called "alom," probably a species of Echinus. Growing about the margins of swamps are the small Bacopa monniera, a creeping wcrophulariaceous plant with blue flowers and the habit of growth of purslane; Ambulia indica and A. fragrans, with an aromatic, camphor- like odor; Centella asiatica, the Asiatic pennywort; Aeschynomene indica; a species of Polygonum; and the water fern (Ceratopteris gaudichaudii), which has edible fronds. Several large aroids occur both cultivated and growing spontaneously, among them the common taro (Caladium colocasia), the caulescent Alocasia indica, and Alocasia macrorhiza. The introduced abaka, or ' ' Manila hemp " (Musa textilis), grows in several places, but it is not now cultivated by the natives. At least two species of bamboo grow on the island, the most useful and durable of which (Bainbos llumeana) is armed with recurved spines and forms impenetrable thickets in several places. SAVANNAS. These are grassy upland regions almost devoid of trees and shrubs. They are characterized by a red clay-like soil and lack of drainage, and by the reappearance of beach plants and marsh plants which are absent from the forests. Xipheagrostis floridida, which covers large areas, is called " sword grass" by foreigners on account of the cutting scabrous edges of its leaves (PI. LXIX). It grows higher than a man's head and offers refuge for deer. Roofs thatched with this grass are more durable than those of coconut or of nipa palm leaves, but more work is necessary in their preparation and they are not common except in regions where coconuts and nipa palms are scarce. Other savanna plants are the bracken-like fern Gleichenia dichotoma (PI. L), Odontosoria retusa, Schizoloma ensifolium, Slechnii/m orientale, Pteris Maurita, Lycopodium cernuum (PL V), (the wawae iole, or "rats- foot" of the Hawaiians), and the little golden star grass Hypoxis aurea. The only tree is the ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), which also grows on the margin of the sea. Among other beach plants which reappear here are the shrubs Lobelia koenigii, Pemphis acidula, and Melastoma marianum; the composites Stemmodontia fiiflora, /£ canescens, and the Bidens-like Glossogyne tenuifolia; also the grasses Dimeria chloridiformis, Stenotaphrum subulatum, and Cento- theca lappacea. The pretty little climbing marsh fern Lygodium scandens is common, and the lavender-flowered morning glory Ipomoea choisiana also occurs. 58 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ABANDONED CLEARINGS. Abandoned clearings are usually overgrown either with common tropical weeds, thickets formed by hedge plants, plants once cultivated which have continued to grow, or indigenous species which usually grow on the edge of the forest or in open places. Among the tropi- cal weeds of wide distribution are Ackyranthes aspera, Waltheria indica, Asclepias curassavica, Abutilon indicum, 8ida rhombifolia, Sida acuta, Datura fastuosa, Physalis angulata, Physalis minima, and Heliotropium indicum; the composites Elepliantopus sealer, Elephantopus spicatus, Adenostemma viscosum, Ageratum conyzoides, Glossogyne tenuifolia, and Synedrella nodiflora; Euphorbia atoto, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri, Oxalis corniculata, and the creeping, clover-like Meibomia triflora. Among the scrubby Leguini- nosae are Indigofera anil, Indigofera tinctoria, Crotalaria quinque- folia, Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia sophera, and the fine- leaved Cassia mimosoides. The principal hedge plants now forming thickets are the orange berry (Triphasia trifoliata}', the physic- nut (Jatropha curcas); sibucao, or sappan wood (Biancaea sappari); Leucaena glauca, called " tangantangan " in Guam, and ""lead tree "in the British West Indies; and the well-known opoponax, Acacia farne- siana, which bears yellow globular heads of fragrant flowers. Twining among these bushes are Abrus abrus (PL XXXII), which bears the tiny red-and-black seeds called crab's eyes; the spiny yam (Dioscorea spinosa) (PL XLIX), which often renders the thickets impenetrable; Cassythafiliformis, a leafless, wiry parasite, sometimes called laurel-dodder; and several Leguminosae, including the yam bean, or hikamas (Cacara erosa). Among the Convolvulaceae are sev- eral species of Ipomoea; Argyreia tiliaefolia, the flowers of which, called abubo, are strung into garlands by the children; and the white- flowered Operculina peltata. On the sites of abandoned gardens are found trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, both indigenous to the island and introduced, which the natives usually plant near their houses. Among them are Calo- phyllum inophyllum, breadfruit both seedless and sterile, coconuts, Terminalia catappa, Erythrina indica, Ceiba pentandra, Tamarin- dus indica, Anacardium occidentale, Cassia fistula, Crescentia alata, Pandanus tectorius, Pandanus dubius, Pandanus fragrans, Cycas circinalis, Annona reticulata, Canangium odoratum, Agave vivipara, Adenantfiera pavonina, Pithecolobium .dulce, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Pariti tiliaceum, Herpetica alata, and bunches of Job's tears ( Coix lachrymae-jobi) and of lemon grass (Andropogon nardus). ' Many of these are self -propagating. The introduced Canangium odoratum (ilangilang tree), which the natives plant for the sake of its fragrant flowers, is gradually spreading over the island through the medium of fruit pigeons. These birds are also fond of the fruit of the ink berry PLANTS OF ABANDONED CLEARINGS. 59 (Oestrum pallidum), the lemoncito or orange berry (Triphasia trifo- liata), and the piod or beach plum (Ximenia americand), which they spread in the same wa}^. Pineapples continue to grow for years where they are planted, and in old garden spots are found plants of the intro- duced arrowroot (Maranta arundinaced) (PL XXV), the 'native arrow- root (gabgab), Taeca pinnatifida, turmeric, wild and cultivated ginger, and the cassava plant, or mandioca (Mcmihot manihot). Among the trees and shrubs which do not spread of their own accord in Guam are the tamarind, the cashew nut (Anacardium, occidentale), the tree which in Honolulu is called the "golden shower" (Cassia fistula], the pome- granate, the scarlet hibiscus, and the ornamental Phyllaureas, Aralias, and Acanthaceae of the gardens. It is interesting to note that of the three Annonas introduced into the island the custard apple or bullock's- heart (A. reticulatd) is the only species found wild, the soursop (A. muricata) (PI. XXXIV), and the sweet-sop or sugar apple (A. squamosa) (PL XXXV), growing only where planted. Among the plants which on account of their sterility must be planted by man are the textile screw pine or aggag (Pandanus tectorius}, only one sex of which grows on the island; the seedless breadfruit or lemae (Artocarpus cornmunis)', taro (Caladium colocasia) and yams (Dioscorea spp.), which are seldom known to produce seed; sweet potatoes, which are propagated by cuttings, and bananas and plan- tains, which are seedless and must be grown from root suckers. Young plants of Agave vivipara, which the natives call " lirio de palo " or the "tree lily," are often found growing in circles, with the dead mother plant at the center. Whole fields are overgrown with guava bushes, just as in the Hawaiian Islands and many other tropical countries; but the common lantana (Lantana camara) and the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica), which are pests in so many parts of the world, have, fortunately, not yet found their way to Guam. Among the plants which have escaped from gardens are the pretty blue pea (Clitoria ternated)', the crimson-flowered cypress vine (Qua- moclit quamoclit), which the natives call "angel's hair" (cabello del angel); Lochnera rosea, sometimes known as the Madagascar peri- winkle; the marvel of Peru, or four o'clock ( Mirabilis jalapa), and the touch-me-not or garden balsam (Impatiens balsamind). Tomatoes bearing small fruit, either oval or globular, are also found growing near abandoned gardens, and occasionally gourd vines (Lagenaria lagenaria) are seen bearing bottle-shaped fruit. On the edges of clearings, growing in partial shade, are two bur- bearing plants called "dadangse" (stickers) by the natives: Urena sinuata, a malvaceous shrub with five-lobed leaves and rose-purple flowers, and Triumfetta rhomboidea, belonging to the Tiliaceae, with simple leaves and inconspicuous yellow flowers. The fruit of both is 60 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. armed with hooked prickles and catches upon the clothing of men and the fur of animals, so that these plants are common along roadsides. Other wayside plants are the species of Sida, already mentioned, which the natives call " escobilla" (broom) and gather fresh each day for sweeping out their houses. The commonest grasses are Andropogon aciculatus, Capriola dac- tylon, Centotheca lappaeea, Chaetochloa glauca aurea, Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum, Eleusine indica, Dimeria chloridiformis, Echinocldoa colona, Eragrostis pilosa, Eragrostis tenella, Isachne minutula, hchae- mum digitatum poly st achy um, Ischaemum chordatum, Panicum di- stachyum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, and Stenotaphrum sulmlatum. Associated with grasses are often found the creeping Comanelina benghalensis and Commelina nudiflora, and Zygomenes cristata, with scorpioid cymes of blue flowers inclosed in large falcate, inbricating bracts. Among the sedges are Carex densiflora, Carex fuirenoides, Cladium gaudichaudii, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, several species of FiinbristyliS) Fairena umbellata, Eleocharis capitata, E. planta- ginoidea, Kyllinga monocephala, Mariscus albescens, and Hynchospora corymbosa. VILLAGE ENVIRONS. Besides the trees mentioned above as growing on the sites of aban- doned gardens many others are planted about the villages. Oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, shaddocks, and bergamots are common. In many gardens grow the pomegranate, atis, or sugar apple (Annona squamosd)', laguana or soursop (Annona muricata), papaya (Garica papaya} ; Bixa orellana, with burs resembling beechnuts and seed sur- rounded by a red coloring matter; coffee which yields abundant crops; bananas and plantains of several varieties; vines of betel pepper (Piper fietle) covering trees and walls; bushes of the fragrant henna, or " cina- momo " (Lawsonia inermis), which in Jamaica is called the mignonette tree; the oleander, crape myrtle, and scarlet hibiscus, planted for the sake of their flowers, and ornamental species of Phyllaurea, and of Acanthaceae and Araliaceae, planted for the sake of their foliage. Along the roadsides are fine mango trees; Melia .azedarach, the "pride of India," bearing clusters of lavender flowers with dark violet stamens; the horse-radish tree (Moringa moringa) (PL LVIII), here called "marunggai;" the silk-cotton tree (C&iba pentandra), called ualgodon de Manila;" the leguminous Agati grandiflora, called "katurai" (PL VI), with edible flowers and seed pods; Poinciana pulcherrima, called "flower fence" in the British West Indies, bearing racemes' of beau- tiful red and yellow flowers; the Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), here called "talisai," a handsome tree with a straight trunk, whorls of horizontal branches, and large, glossy, deciduous leaves, which turn red before falling off. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX, PLATE VI. AGATI GRANDIFLORA, A LEGUMINOUS TREE WITH EDIBLE FLOWERS AND PODS. NATURAL SIZE. PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. 61 Among the rarer trees are Delonix regia, the magnificent flam- boyant; the cabo-negro palm (Saguerus pinnatus)\ Coelococcus arnica- rum^ the ivory nut palm of the Caroline Islands (PI. XLV); the candle nut (Aleurites moluccana), called "kukui" in Hawaii, but here known by its Philippine name, "lumbang;" Pangium edule, called "pangi" in the Philippines and "rauel" or "rauwell" on the island of Yap; the jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba], here called umanzanas" (apples); and Sandoricum indicum, here called by the Malayan and Philippine name, " santol," the fruit of which has an acid pulp of fine flavor. Of the last species I know of but one tree, which grows on the ranch of Don Jose de Leon Guerrero in the district called Lalo. There are also one or two date palms, but they have not been known to fruit. The occurrence on the island of Oanarium commune has been recorded, but the writer has not seen this species. This is the tree called in Manila "brea blanca" (white pitch), which yields the valuable resin known in commerce as Manila "elemi" and the nuts called "pili," or Java almonds. Polynesian chestnuts (Bocoa edulis), avocados (Persea persea), Japanese loquats (Eriobotrya japonica), and navel oranges were introduced by the writer. All of them grew well at first, but the avocados were killed by a heavy rain, and it is not known whether the others are still living. Two trees of mandarin oranges grow in the garden of Don Jose Herrero in the district of San Ramon, Agana, and opposite his house is a vigorous sapodilla tree (Sapota zapotilla}. The mandarin trees bear very good fruit, but the sapodilla (here called "chica") has never borne. The durian (Durio zibethinus), the lanzon (Lansium domesticum}, so common in the Philippines, and the man- gosteen (Garcinia mangostana) do not occur on the island. Grapes and the edible fig (Ficus carica) have been introduced but do not thrive well. PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. UNIDENTIFIED TREES AND SHRUBS. Among the trees and shrubs of the island there are a number men- tioned by early collectors and by the Spanish governors in their ofticial reports which have not yet been identified. It is a well-known fact that many tropical forest trees yielding important commercial woods, resins, gums, balsams, and medicines are not yet known to science. This is in most cases owing to the difficulty of preparing good botan- ical specimens of such plants for the herbarium. In this connection Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture, writes as follows: The size itself makes it difficult to observe a tree as a whole or to bring numerous individuals under the eye at once, as may be done with smaller plants. Moreover, trees can not be preserved as complete specimens, and only small fragments can be accommodated for ready reference in the herbarium. Nevertheless, the task may 62 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. be said to be comparatively simple with the trees of temperate climates, where forests are comparatively open and frequently composed of only a few kinds of trees or, perhaps, of a single species. In the Tropics a natural forest of one species is practi- cally unknown; hundreds of kinds grow indiscriminately mixed together. Crowded together in tropical forests trees have nothing like the shapes or habits they would assume if standing alone. All are putting forth, as it were, their best efforts to grow tall and thus secure as much sunlight as possible. Their leaves and branches are inextricably confused, interlaced with climbing plants, and encumbered with para- sites and epiphytes. To cut down a particular tree may be impossible unless one is willing to clear a large neighboring area to permit it to fall. Unless the botanist finds a clearing his opportunities for securing even the desired fragments of brandies with leaves, flowers, and fruit may be extremely few. Hence, our knowledge of tropical trees is still in the early pioneer stages. a Among the trees mentioned by Gaudichaud under their vernacular names are the ifil, fago, aaban, chopag, chuti (tchiuti), seyafi (sidjiafi), kadela, langiti, hodda (odda), tagete (tagai'ti), nurm, hayun-lago; and in the list of woods forwarded by Governor Olive to the captain -gen- eral of the Philippines are agatelang, agaliyan-halomtano, aguanac, ahgao, alom, amahayan, angilao, aplokhating, brea, chosgo, faka, fago, fanog, gausale, guaguaot, gulos, hayunmananas, hayun-palaoan, lalaha, lalanyog, langiti, lana, lenaya, luluhut, makupa, mahlokhayu, mapunao, nimo, nolon, pacpac, palma brava, panago (or banalo), pengua, kelitae (or palaga-hilitae), sayafo (or seyafe), sumai, sumaclacla, umumo, }roga. On\y a few of these trees have been identified. Good specimens of all are desirable for herbaria. Among the unidentified shrubs are several species which Gaudi- chaud referred to the genus Pavetta, called ,by the natives " utud," "otud" or "utug," "sesbu" or "sosbu," and "guaguabug." Another shrub not }^et determined, having a disgusting fetid odor and flowers growing in axillary and terminal umbels, is called by the natives "pau-dedo." GROUPS WHICH ARE NOT WELL KNOWN. Certain families of plants have not been well worked up, such as the Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Urticaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Among the first there are certain seaside shrubs allied to Cerbera referred to by Gaudichaud under the name of Rauwolfia and Plumiera. One of these is probably Ochrosia mariannensis, but the others are not yet known. Among the Rubiaceae are several small shrubs allied to the genus Ixora. Among the Verbenaceae the Guam plants belong- ing to the genera Premna and Vitex should be compared with series from other localities, and it is probable that there is a second species of Clerodendron, with bitter leaves, which has not yet been recorded. There are several species of Phyllanthus, Euphorbia, and Glochidion which have not yet been collected as well as a few Myrtaceae. «Cook, Culture Central American Eubber Trees, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 49, p. 18, 1903. PLANTS FIRST KNOWN FROM GUAM. 63 Very little is known of the algae, and still less of the fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics of the island. 'As in every part of the tropical world, there is much uncertainty about the various forms of cultivated yams, aroids, bananas, plantains, and breadfruit, and complete botanical specimens of these should be obtained, together with photographs of the growing plants, their flowers, fruits, and roots, and notes of the odor of the flowers and flavor of the fruit or roots. Similar work should be done on the screw pines of the island in order that careful comparisons may be made with the species and well-defined varieties from other parts of the world. Notes of particular methods of propagation, cultivation, and preparation for use are also valuable. The bamboos are not definitely known, and the entire genus Ficus, which includes the banyans, remains to be worked up. Special efforts should be made to get photo- graphs of flowering bamboos and aroids. GUAM TYPES. To the botanical collector the most desirable species are those which were first described from type specimens collected on this island. Some of these original types are in very poor condition or are incom- plete, lacking fruit or flowers or leaves from various parts of the plant or a representation of one of the sexes, and the identity of others is not well established, owing to the lack of a sufficient number to form a series for comparison with closely allied species from other locali- ties. The handsome caper growing on the rocky shores of the island (Capparis mariana Jacq.) is supposed to be a variety of Capparis spinosa,'a Claoxylon marianum Mull. Arg. is very closely allied to Claoxylon taitense of Tahiti; Ipomoea mariannensis, a plant which has never been figured, should be compared with the American Ipomoea triloba; the epiphytal fleshy -leaved Dischidia puberula should be com- pared with Dischidia benghalensis, for which it was first mistaken by Gaudichaud; the fragrant Gynopogon torresianus of Guam should be compared with the allied species from other Pacific islands; a series of specimens of Melastoma marianum should be secured for compari- son with the closely allied Melastoma denticulatum and M. malabatJi- rlcum of Polynesia and the East Indies. The Guam Pipers and Peperomias need further study, and the Guam types of species of Ochrosia, Cormigonus, Phyllanthus, Glochidion, Euphorbia, and the hispid-leaved, yellow-flowered Stemmodontia canescens should also be secured. YAMS, BANANAS, AND BREADFRUIT. Many distinct kinds of yams (Dioscorea), bananas (Musa), and breadfruit (Artocarpus) are recognized wherever these plants are cul- «See Schumann, Flora deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebietes, p. 201, 1888. 64 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tivated, but very little has been done to fix the species and varieties and to compare those growing- in different parts of the world. Yams are dioecious, and the flowers of many recognized varieties are imper- fectly known. In some cases the flowers of but a single sex have been described; in others the fruit has never been observed, and in others only the tubers are known. Sir Joseph Hooker,a who has done much to straighten out the Indian species, writes as follows: The species of Dioscorea are in a state of indescribable confusion, and I can not hope to have escaped errors in the determination and delimitation of the Indian ones, to which I have devoted much labor. The Roxburghian food-yielding species are for the most part indeterminable, and, except through a knowledge of them as cultivated in India, they can not be understood. No doubt some of the species described by me have other earlier names in the Malayan flora than I have given; but the Malayan species are even more loosely described than the Indian. The Wallichian collection is very complete, but the species are often mixed. What has been said of the Indian yams applies also to those of the Pacific islands, and is also true of the many varieties of Musa and Artocarpus. Nearly every collector gives a list of named varieties of Dioscorea, Musa, and Artocarpus in the vernacular of the various localities visited, but scarcely any attempt has been made to fix these varieties and to bring together the various kinds from different local- ities for comparison. These must be studied in the countries where they are found and should be represented in collections not only by series of botanical specimens of the flowers, fruit, leaves, and roots (in alcohol, when necessary), but by photographs of the fresh plants, including representations of the flowers, fruits, tubers, etc., of natural size or according to some definite scale of reduction or enlargement. In this way only will it be possible to bring together and compare species and varieties from India, Australia, the Malayan and Pacific islands, Africa, and America. SCREW PINES. The Pandanaceae are known no better than the yams. Some of them are propagated asexually for the sake of their textile leaves, and much confusion exists among the species. Very few have been described. Warburg has done much to delimit the species and varieties and clear up questions of synonymy, but there remains much more to be done. In his monograph of the Pandanaceae6 Warburg mentions only one species, Pandanus dubius Spreng. (Honibronia edulis Gaudich.), as occurring in the Marianne Islands, and does not refer to the textile species with glaucous leaves (the aggak of the natives), which ha$ been cultivated in Guam from prehistoric times (PI. VII), nor the fragrant- fruited species with bright green leaves (kafo), which is one of the most common plants of the island (PL LX). As only one sex of the a Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 6, pp. 288-289, 1892. & Warburg, Pandanaceae, in Engler, Pflanzenreich, vol. 4, p. 9, 1900. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE VII. Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. PLATE VIII. : ; PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. f)5 textile species occurs on the island no fruit of course is produced by it. The importance of collecting the flowers and preserving them carefully in alcohol or formalin is evident, as well as the necessity of making photographs of the growing tree to show its habit, the char- acter of its bark, its method of branching, its fascicles of leaves, and the emergences on its stem and aerial roots. BANYANS, MANGROVES, AND EPIPHYTES OF THE FOREST. Of special interest on account of their method of germination and growth are the giant banyans (Flcus spp.) of the forest, the mangroves of the brackish estuaries, and certain epiphytal cryptogams and other plants. The banyans usually begin their existence upon other trees, sending down aerial roots which interlace and grow together, clasping the trunk of their host and eventually strangling it. They then lead an independent existence, their great spreading limbs sending down more roots, which are like pendent threads at first, but soon thicken after gaining a foothold in the earth, and serve as columns to support the great dome of foliage overhead, as well as to supply it with nourish- ment and moisture (PL VIII). The chief interest in the mangroves (Rhizophora and Bruguiera) lies in the fact that their fruit germinates while still attached to the tree, the spindle-shaped radicle perforating the apex of the fruit, elongating and hanging vertically downward. When the fruit falls the radicle sticks into the soft mud below, retaining an upright position, like a stake thrust into the ground, and resisting the current of the tide as it ebbs and flows. The forest epiphytes are not well known, owing to the difficulty in collecting them. Care should be taken to visit clearings where forest land is being prepared for planting. In such places good material can undoubtedly be collected. The most interesting epiphyte thus far col lee ted in Guam is Dischidia'puberula, which -belongs to a genus hav- ing some of their fleshy leaves modified into urn-like receptacles. These usually contain water, and the adventitious roots of the stem often creep into them, as if for nourishment or moisture. PLANTS THAT SLEEP. Among the Guam plants there are a number which exhibit in a marked degree the phenomenon known as " sleep movements," folding their leaves each night and opening them again at sunrise. Some of them (Acacia farnesiana and Altrus abrus, PL XXXII), are so sensi- tive to changes in the intensity of light that they go to sleep if the sky suddenly becomes overcast, and wake up when t-he sun reappears. Most of these plants are leguminous, but there is one remarkable 9773—05 5 66 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. example belonging to the Oxalidaceae. This is Averrhoa carambola, the " bilimbines" of the natives, a tree which yields a pellucid oval- shaped, five-angled fruit. (PI. XXXVII.) Its foliage is not only sensitive to light and darkness, sunshine and shade, but also to sudden mechanical shocks, the leaves bending and their leaflets folding very much as in the case of the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica). Besides the above-mentioned plants are several species of Cassia, Caesalpinia, Erythrina indica and other Leguminosae; and, among the Euphor- biaceae, two or three species of Phyllanthus and Euphorbia. PLANTS WHICH SELDOM BLOOM. Many plants grow spontaneously on the island which in many other parts of the world are seen only in a state of cultivation. The plant \vhich produces the celebrated "rhea" fiber, Boehnteria tenacissima, which in cultivation is herbaceous and seldom flowers, grows spontane- ously in Guam in the form of a shrub or small tree, called in the island vernacular "amahayan." Species of Colocasia and Alocasia, which seldom bloom in cultivation, and which are classified according to their inflorescence, here appear to grow in a state of nature. Their soft, fleshy spathes should be collected and preserved in alcohol or formalin for comparison with species and varieties from other localities. Bam- boos also are among the plants which seldom flower. The species growing in Guam have not yet been identified with certaint}^ owing to the lack of good specimens of inflorescence. In cultivation all the plants here mentioned are propagated asexually, and are divided into a number of varieties. PLANTS WITH EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES. There are perhaps few localities which offer better facilities for the observation of extrafloral nectaries. Here within a small area, grow- ing not in conservatories, but in a state of nature, may be observed a remarkably large number of plants having glands on the midribs, veins, petioles, or rachis of their leaves, or on the peduncles, pedicels, or sepals of their flowers. Among them are species of Cassia, Eryth- rina, and Acacia, with stalked disk or cup-like glands, and, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, the candle-nut (Aleurites) and the well-known castor bean with well-marked nectaries at the junction of the blade and the petiole of the leaf. Eicinus commums is especially well provided with these nectar glands. They occur on the nodes of the stem, along the petioles of the leaves, and the serrations of the leaf blades (PI. IX, fig. 2), as well as at the base of the blade where it is joined by the petiole. At this point there are usually two nectaries, though there may be but one, or there may be three or four when the leaf has a greater number of lobes than usual. Many of the Euphorbiaceae are provided with extra- Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. PLATE IX. FIG. 1.— MARGINAL NECTAR GLANDS OF RICINUS LEAF. ENLARGED 43 DIAMETERS. FIG. 2.— CROSS SECTION THROUGH LARGE NECTAR GLANDS AT BASE OF RICINUS LEAF- BLADE. ENLARGED 30 DIAMETERS. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE X. FIG. 1.— NECTAR GLAND IN LOWER SURFACE OF MIDRIB OF COTTON LEAF. ENLARGED 50 DIAMETERS. FIG. 2.— VAGINATE NECTAR GLAND IN MIDRIB OF PARITI TILIACEUM. NATURAL SIZE. PLANTS WITH EXTRA FLORAL NECTARIES. 67 + floral nectar glands, which have been noticed by systematic as well as by physiological botanists (Baillon, Miiller Arg., Bentham and Hooker). They are found on the stipules of Jatropha multifida, and on the petiole at the base of the leaf blade of Aleurites moluccana. In a paper by Percy Groom on the extrafloral nectaries of the allied Aleurites cordataa these petiolar nectaries are described as follows: Each nectary is a green-stalked shallow basin, the concavity of which is tinted red. The secreting cells which line the basin form a single layer of palisade-like cells. The general cuticle is preserved over these, and the secretion emerges through splits in it. The main body of the basin is composed of an anastomosing system of con- ducting parenchyma and ground parenchyma. * * The secreting cells contain proteids, sugar, a red coloring matter (a compound of tannin?), tannin, but no starch. In the ground parenchyma starch, tannin, and crystals of calcic oxalate occur. The conducting parenchyma contains sugar, but no starch or crystals. * * * Darkening the nectaries of leaves on the plant or of excised leaves, or darkening the whole leaves, caused a gradual disappearance of the starch, but the nectaries continued to excrete for a time. The above description applies very nearly to the stipulary nectaries of Ricinus, a photograph of a cross section of which, made by Mr. B. J. Howard, of the United States Department of Agriculture, is shown in Plate IX, fig. 1. Among the Malvaceae growing in Guam several are provided with nectar glands on the underside of the midrib. These are most con- spicuous in Urena sinuata, occurring not only on the midrib, but some- times on the main lateral ribs of the palmate leaves. They also occur on all leaves of cotton (Gossypium sp.) and on the midrib of Pariti tiliaceum (PI. X, fig. 2), in the form of vaginate glands. A photo- graph of a cross section of the nectar gland of a cotton leaf, also made by Mr. Howard, is shown in Plate X, fig. 1. The sweet fluid secreted by these glands is eagerly sought by sugar- loving insects, and a number of authors maintain that the power of secreting it has been specially gained by plants for the sake of attract- ing ants and wasps, which will serve as defenders against caterpillars, leaf -cutting insects, or other enemies; but Darwin,6 after a series of observations, could not see any reason to believe this to be so with the species observed by him, although the, fact that these glands are visited by insects for the sake of their nectar can be verified at any time of the day when the sun is shining, and these insects must serve as a protection for them. It is interesting to note that these glands may occur in one species and be absent from another closely allied to it of the same genus. Indeed, there are species in which the glands are present on some leaves and absent from others, and of their vari- ability we have alread}T spoken in connection with Ricinus and Urena. aueri(N&\im.), the Australian curlew, Numenius cyanopus Vieill., often seen on newly tilled fields, and the oriental whimbrel Nwnenius phaeapm variegatm (Scop.), somewhat smaller, usually seen at periods of migration; and the widely spread snipe, Gallinago megala Swinh. Among the shore birds called by the general name "dulili" are the gray and white Asiatic wandering tattler, Heteractitis 'hrevipes Vieill.; the bullhead or black-bellied plover, Squatarola squatarola (L.); the well-known Asiatic golden plover, Charadrius do-minicus fulvus (Gm.), very common on cultivated fields and along the shores of the island; the Mongolian sand dotterel, Aeyialitis mongolci (Pall.); and the common turnstone, Arcnaria interpres (L.), which may be easily distinguished from the rest by its bright yellow feet. A duck, Anas oustaleti Salv., called ngaanga by the natives, is peculiar to the Marianne islands. It is closely allied to species occurring in Hawaii and Samoa. SEA BIRDS. — No gulls are found in the vicinity of the island. Nod- dies, Anous leucocapillm Gould and Anous stolidus (L. ), called " fahan," by the natives, are common. The beautiful snow-white tern, Gygis alba klttlitzl Hartert, called "change" by the natives breeds on the island in great numbers, not making a nest but laying its single white egg on the bare branch of a tree. The common booby Sula sula (L.), is common in the vicinity of the island. Great numbers of them may always be seen off the coast of Orote Peninsula, and the red-footed booby (Sida piscalrix L.) with white plumage, also occurs. They pursue flying fish, and dart into the water from great heights. The frigate bird, Fregata aquila (L.), called "payaaya" by the natives, is not rare, but is seldom seen near the shore of Guam. The tropic bird, Phaethon lepturus Daudin, nests on the northern islands of the group. a REPTILES.* There are few reptiles in Guam. The most conspicuous is a large lizard ( Varanus sp.) about -i feet long, of a black color speckled with lemon-yellow dots. The combination of these colors gives to the ani- mal a greenish appearance as it runs through the bushes. As in the Guam kingfisher or "sihig" we have a lizard-eating bird, so in this animal, called "hilitai" by the natives, we have a bird-eating lizard. "Students of ornithology are referred to the report of Quoy and Gainiard in the zoology of the Freycinet Expedition; Oustalet's "les mammiferes et les oiseaux des lies Mariannes;" Hartert "on the birds of the Marianne Islands;" and Scale's " Report of a mission to Guam." See list ( f works. & I am indebted to Dr. Leonard Stejneger, of the U. S. National Museum, for the names of the reptiles. NATURAL HISTORY. 81 It is a great pest, frequently visiting the ranches of the natives, eat- ing the eggs of fowls and young chickens, and robbing birds' nests. It is a common thing on walking through the woods of the island to hear an outcry among the birds and to discover one of these creatures in the vicinity of a nest which he has just robbed. Several pigeons belonging to the author were caught and killed by hilitais, their wings having been clipped to prevent their flying away from a ranch to which they had been carried. These lizards are eaten by Filipinos living in Guam, but the natives look upon them with disgust. All houses of Guam are frequented by small lizards called "geckos." They are harmless creatures and are welcomed by the natives on account of their habit of catching insects. Their toes are so constructed as to enable them to run upside-down on the ceiling and rafters with great rapidity. At night they may be seen quite motionless lying in wait for moths and other insects which may be attracted into the houses by the light. Three or four often pursue the same insect, approaching it stealthily like cats after their prey. From time to time they utter a chattering noise, which has won for them the name of " island canary birds." In the woods is a pretty blue-tailed skink (Emoia cyanura Lesson), a small lizard with a tail the color of turquoise and with longitudinal bronze lines along the back. The only snake on the island is Typhlops hraminus (Daudin), a small species, with microscopic eyes and mouth and covered with minute scales. It is sometimes called " blind-worm," from its general resemblance to a large earthworm, and is found in damp places, under stones and logs. Turtles are common in the sea, but are seldom taken. FISHES. a GENERAL NOTES. The fishes of Guam have been collected by Quoy and Gaimard and Mr. Alvin Seale, of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Hawaii.6 Although the natives do not devote themselves to fishing so exten- sively now as was formerly the case, yet many of them have cast nets with which they catch small fish swimming in schools near the beach, and a few have traps and seines. The ancient custom of trawling for bonitos and flying fish has nearly died out, but the natives still resort occasionally to the method pursued by their ancestors of stupefying fish with the crushed fruit of Barrmgtonia speciosa, a narcotic widely « I am indebted to Dr. Barton W. Evermann, of the U. S. Fish Commission, for revising the scientific names of the fishes and for reading the proof of the following list. 6 See director's report for 1900, Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press, 1901, p. 61. 9773—05 6 82 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. used for this purpose in the islands of the Pacific. The fruit is pounded into a paste, inclosed in a bag, and kept over night. The time of an especially low tide is selected, and bags of the pounded fruit are taken out on the reef the next morning and sunk in certain deep holes in the reef. The fish soon appear at the surface, some of them lifeless, others attempting to swim, or faintly struggling with their ventral side uppermost. The natives scoop them up in nets, spear them, or jump overboard and catch them in their hands, some- times even diving for them. Nothing more striking could be imagined than the picture presented by the conglomeration of strange shapes and bright colors — snake-like sea eels (Ophicthus, Muraena, and Echidna); voracious lizard-fishes (Sy nodus); gar-like hound-fishes (Tylosurus), with their jaws prolonged into a sharp beak; half-beaks (Hemiramphus), with the lower jaw projecting like an awl and the upper one having the appearance of being broken off; long-snouted trumpet-fishes (Fistularia); flounders (Platophryspavo)', porcupine-fish (Diodonhy strive), bristling with spines; mullets of several kinds (Mugil), highly esteemed as food-fishes; pike-like Sphyraenas; squirrel fishes (Holocentrus) of the brightest and most beautiful colors— scarlet, rose- color and silver, and yellow and blue; surmullets (Upcneus and Pseud- npeH, 1904. 134 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. happiness in the possession of land, which results in the community being composed of a large number of small landowners. The effect of this is, of course, to minimize the amount of labor that can be hired, with the direct consequence that large holders are rare and that application of capital would be handicapped by the dearth of labor. While this seems to offer something of a barrier to material productiveness, it is a very wholesome trait, which it is to be hoped will hold its own against outside influences. « MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. — Transportation is effected by boats as well as by means of oxen, cows, and buffaloes. (PL XXII.) Owing to the difficulties met with in crossing the mountainous interior of the southern portion of the island, especially in the rainy season, when the roads are slippery and dangerous, transportation from the vicinity of Inalahan, on the east coast, to Agana, on the west coast, is often car- ried on in boats, the small bay of Hahahyan, at the southern end of the island, being used as a landing place for that region. This bay can be entered only by boats of moderate size. The journey from Agana to Merizo is also much easier by sea than by land, and boats are used whenever articles of considerable bulk are to be transported between the two points. There are only three good roads on the island. The best is that leading from Punta Piti. the landing place of the port to Agana, the capital, which continues northward to Apurguan, the site of the late village of Maria Cristina, inhabited by Caroline Islanders. This fol- lows the west coast of the island throughout its entire extent and is almost level. Another road leads from the landing place at Apra, on the south shore of the harbor of San Luis, to the village of Agat, and from this road there is a third branching off to the village of Sumai, on the peninsula of Orote. There is a road across the island at its narrowest part, from Agaiia to Pago, which can be traversed only on foot or on the backs of ani- mals. During the administration of Don Pablo Perez, who made use of convict labor to carry on the public works of the island, this road was for the first time made passable for carts, which fact is duly recorded on a tablet in a small shed erected on the crest of a hill about halfway across the island. Now it is impossible for a cart to cross the island by means of this road, and in the rainy season parts of it are so boggy that it is almost impassable with pack animals. The road from Punta Piti to Agat, which passes around the margin of the harbor of San Luis, is so bad in places that it is frequently impassable on horseback. For crossing boggy places and passing muddy fords oxen and buffaloes are found to be much more efficient steeds than horses on account of their natural propensity for wading. From Agat to Merizo, the village at the southern extremity of the island, the road is interrupted in several places by abrupt headlands, which must either be rounded by entering the sea or crossed by very steep « Governor Schroeder's report, in Keport of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, pp. 82-83. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXII. EOADS ON THE ISLAND. 185 paths. From Mcrizo to Inalahan, around the southern end of the island, several marshy places intervene, so that cart traffic between these villages is impossible. Going northward along* the east coast, from Inalahan to Pago, the road encounters the mouths of several rivers, two of which must be crossed on rafts or "balsas," composed of several layers of large bamboos. There is a trail crossing the island from Inalahan to Apra, which in many places is precipitous and is slipper}^ and dangerous where the soil is of heavy red clay devoid of vegetation. Where this trail descends to cross a river the path has become so deeply worn that its vertical sides are as high as a horse's head. The road leading from Agana to the fine agricultural districts of Yigo, Santa Rosa, Mataguag, Mogfog, and Finaguayog may be traversed by carts, but it is far from good. As Governor Schroeder has said in his official report a on the economic conditions in Guam, "Lack of good means of transportation is one of the chief drawbacks to the develop- ment of the island." In speaking of the most important agricultural and grazing region, which lies to the eastward and northward of Agana, Governor Schroeder expresses the opinion that good cart roads, capable of withstanding the heavy and frequent rains, would probably lead to the acquisition of more public land by private persons. Individual efforts [he says] should be encouraged fully as much as collective cooperation, affecting, as it does, the entire community, and to this end it is proposed to lay out one arterial route, tapping in general plan, the middle of the region, and build a good road there as soon as may be. The country being flat, no difficulties should exist beyond having, in some parts, to carry the material for roadbed and surface some distance. With this thoroughfare created in place of the present mis- erable boggy trail, it is believed that the present and future owners of neighboring ranches will build small roads leading to it, and that agriculture will receive an impulse. This proposed road will be some 15 miles in length. The cost of an entirely new road there is estimated at about 45,000 pesos, but a few short stretches of rock here and there will diminish the cost. The expenditure of 30,000 pesos, spread over two years, should produce very useful results. Later on, in after years, per- haps, cart-road communication should be established between towns on the south- east and southwest coasts and the harbor of San Luis de Apra and Piti. This will best be done by a shore-line road around the south end and up the west coast. In many parts this will require causeways to be built in the water around high project- ing points, which now have to be climbed; but as the water is very shallow this work should not be as expensive as would first appear, and as the shore is protected from the sea by a barrier reef it would not be liable to injury by the sea except during hurricanes of unusual violence. A limited amount of attention could be profitably given to the present bull paths or trails across the mountainous interior of the island, but I am convinced that for the purpose of traffic on any useful scale direct routes over the mountains would best be eschewed in favor of the shore-line route. Each able-bodied native is required to contribute ten days each year to work on the roads of the island, or in lieu of this to pay a personal tax of $8. A tax of 1 per cent was levied on all real estate, but during «In Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, part 1, pp. 82, 83. 136 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. the past year, in consequence of the poor financial condition of the natives, half of this has been remitted. The proceeds of this tax go for the benefit of the schools and roads of the island, and the natives do not complain of the taxation. PRESENT CONDITIONS. — From a letter recently received from one of the most intelligent and enterprising of the residents of the island the information in the following three paragraphs is taken: Government employees receive salaries twenty times greater than under the administration of the Spaniards. Simple laborers receive more than a dollar a day (silver) and carpenters and masons $3 a day. Servants will not work for less wages than 20 pesos (silver) a month. Notwithstanding these high rates money is by no means plentiful in the island. Employees of the island government are paid from the island funds. In cases where work is performed for the naval author- ities they are paid from federal funds, but these cases are rare. The only money coming to the people from the outside, in addition to that paid in wages to servants and laundresses, is what they receive from visiting ships and officers stationed on the island for fruit, eggs, and fowls. No other money is brought to the island; for copra, the only article of export, is paid for in clothing, sugar, flour, rice, candles, and kerosene. On the other hand, the Japanese and American trading companies collect all the money of the island and send it home. In March, 190±, rice was $25 per sack; flour, $13 per barrel of 100 pounds; corn, 37i cents a gantaf chickens, $1.25 apiece; eggs, 6i cents each; meat, 25 cents a pound. The result is that the natives are compelled to depend more and more upon the island products for their subsistence. In the civil hospital the sick are cared for by medical officers of the Navy, and medicines are dispensed free of charge to all those need- ing them. A number of marriages have taken place between Ameri- cans employed by the government and native women. Most of these marriages have proved happy, but there are several cases in which American marines have abandoned their native wives and left the island at the expiration of the term of their enlistment. The natives are very anxious for the establishment of a civil government on the island, citizenship for themselves, and public schools for their chil- dren. A supply of pure drinking water is sorely needed in Agaiia, where all the wells are polluted, and a system of sewers is necessary for the health of natives and officials. STATISTICS OF COMMERCE, POPULATION, ETC. FOREIGN COMMERCE. — From the report published by the United States Treasury Department for the year ending June 30, 1903, the following information is taken: "See Measures, p. 189. STATISTICS. 137 The principal imports are lumber, cotton fabrics, flour, rice, sugar, kerosene, candles, and distilled spirits. The lumber comes principally from the United States; the cotton fabrics from Japan, the United States, the Caroline Islands (probably of German manufacture), and the Philippines; the flour from the United States and Japan; the rice from Hongkong and Japan; the sugar from the United States, Japan, and Hawaii; the kerosene from the United States and Japan; the majority of candles from Japan; and the distilled liquors from Hawaii, the United States, Japan, and the Philippines. The only export is copra, or dried coconut meat. Of this the greater part is shipped to Japan, the rest to the United States. Dur- ing the year 1903 money in the form of specie was sent from Guam to Japan amounting to $18,550. The amount sent to the United States is not recorded. POPULATION OF GUAM. — A census of the island of Guam was taken in August, 1901, in obedience to the orders of Governor Schroeder, with the following results: TABLE I. — Population according to villages. Villages. Males. Females. Total. Agana and its dependent villages 3,216 3,616 6,832 Agat (village proper) 397 446 843 Agat (district of Sumai) .... 331 365 696 Merizo (village proper) 237 279 616 Merizo (district of Umatag) 123 126 249 Inalahan 262 278 540 Total 4 566 5 110 9 676 NOTE.— In this table are included only the residents of the island, not those here temporarily, nor the United States forces and employees of the naval station. TABLE II. — Population according to nationality. Males. Females. Total. Subjects of the United States: Citizens of the island. . . 4,539 5,091 9,630 Citizens of the United States 6 8 14 Total 4,545 5,099 9,644 Foreigners: Spaniards 6 8 14 Italians o 2 2 Japanese 12 1 13 Chinese. 3 o 3 Total 21 11 32 Re'sume': Subjects of the United States 4,545 5,099 9,644 Foreigners . . . . . 21 ' ll 32 Total 4,566 5 110 9,676 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. TABLE ITT. — Population with reference to place of birth. Place of birth. Males. Females. Total. Island of Guam .. . 4,460 5,079 9, 539 Other islands of the group 15 '2'' Philippines 56 9 65 United States 5 7 12 Hawaiian Islands -. 0 2 Other countries 30 6 30 Total 4,566 5,110 9,676 TABLE IV. — Educational statistics. Males. Females. Total. Approxi- mate per cent. 2 203 1 236 3 439 46 Able to read and to sign name . 40 30 70 1 665 1 775 2 440 3'>-i Able to sign name only 11 6 16 i Absolutely illiterate (over 7 years old) 541 965 1,506 20| Total number above the age of 7 years 3, 460 4,011 7,471 100 Number of children younger than 7 years 1 106 1 099 2 205 Total population 4 566 5 110 9 676 • NOTE. — From the above table it will also be seen that only 15j per cent of the males and 24 per cent of the females who have passed the age of 7 years are absolutely illiterate. POPULATION OF THE REMAINING ISLANDS OF THE GROUP. — Only seven of the northern islands now known as the "German Mariannes," are inhabited. The population is divided as follows, according to a census taken in April, 1902 :a Rota (or Luta) 490 Tinian 95 Saipan 1, 631 Sarigan (or Sariguan) 8 Alamagan 8 Pagan .. Agrigan . 137 32 Total 2, 401 This population inhabits 626 square kilometers, so that the people are distributed according to the proportion of 3.8 to each square kilo- meter. According to nationality the population is divided as follows: Native Chamorros and Caroline Is- landers 2,357 Malayans 3 Japanese 18 Chilians, Peruvians, and Mexicans. Spaniards Germans.. 15 3 7 STANDARDS OF MEASURE. Land is measured in Guam according to the metric system, 1 hectare being equal to 2.471 acres. "Fitzner, Rudolph, "Die Bevolkerung der deutschen Siidseekolonien," in Globus, vol. 84, p. 21. (July 9, 1903.) UNITS OF MEASURE. 139 The measurements of weight and capacity are those formerly used in the Philippines. They are gradually being replaced by the metric system. I am indebted to Mr. Louis A. Fischer, of the United States Bureau of Standards, for correcting the following tables. Linear measure. I braza = 1.672 meters — 2 varas =65.82 inches. 1 vara =836.00 millimeters = 3 pies =32.9 inches. 1 pie . =278.70 millimeters =12 pulgadas=10.97 inches. 1 pulgada= 23.22 millimeters =12 lineas = .91 inch. Measures of capacity. DRY MEASURE. 1 kabanorcavan=25gantas =99.90 liters=2. 75 U. S. bushels =11 pecks. 1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3.99 liters= .44 U. S. peck = 3.52 quarts. 1 chupa = 4 apatanes= .499 liter = .44 U.S. quart = .88 pint. Liquid measure. 1 tinaha=16 gantas =63.84 liters=14.02 gallons. 1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3.99 liters = 3.52 quarts. 1 chupa = 3 copas = .499 liter = .88 pint. Measures of weight. 1 quintal = 4 arrobas =46.012 kilograms=101.44 pounds. 1 arroba =25 libras =11.503 kilograms = 25.36 pounds. 1 libra = 2 marcos = .460 kilogram = 16.23 ounces. 1 marco = 8 onzas = .230 kilogram = 8.12 ounces. 1 onza =16 adarmes =28.758 grams = 1.02 ounces. 1 picul =10 chinantas=62.550 kilograms=137.9 pounds. 1 chinanta=10 cates = 6.255 kilograms= 13.79 pounds. 1 catty =16 taels = .626 kilogram = 1.38 pounds. 1 tael =39.094 grams = 1.38 ounces. A kaban of cacao weighs 38.6 kilograms. A kaban of rice weighs 60.272 kilograms. AGRICULTURE OF THE ISLAND. SOILS. O THE STRAND. — The beaches are composed of fine coral sand and are especially well adapted to coconut plantations. Specimens of this soil examined by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, were found to contain considerable organic matter, though not of such a nature as to be readily decomposed, and for this reason it might be well to apply manure to it. Considerable organic matter is constantly being added to the stretches of beach in the form of decaying vegetation and animal matter from fragments of fresh coral and shellfish cast up by the sea and dispersed by the wind. From prehistoric times extensive coconut groves have been continuously growing along the west coast of the island without apparent exhaus- . « I am indebted to Mr. Milton Whitney, chief of the Bureau of Soils, for much of the following information. 140 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tion of the soil. On the east coast, which is exposed almost constantly to stiff winds from the eastward, no coconut groves occur, and almost the only tree found growing near the waters edge is the Polynesian ironwood, Oasuarina eqidsetifolia. At a short distance from the beach, however, in places more sheltered from the wind, fine coconuts are produced. Bananas, plantains, eggplants, peanuts, garden vegeta- bles, and several kinds of fruit trees are grown by the natives along the beach, and great breadfruit trees and mangoes are also found growing in what appears to be nearly pure sand. Near Agana great stretches of sandy beach are covered with beds of seaside daffodils (Pancratium littorale), and the outer strand is carpeted with the goats-foot convol- vulus (Ipoiiwea pe8-caprae) and several leguminous plants. These must all contribute humus to the soil and serve to increase its fertilit}T. MARSHES.— Marshes of sufficient elevation to admit of drainage are planted in rice. Where the water is stagnant and the soil is sour rice can not be grown. Several attempts have been made to cultivate the large swamp, or u cienaga," near Agaiia, but they have not as yet proved successful. This swamp is but a foot or two above the level of high tide. It was once a lagoon and from its general level a few hillocks rise like islands, which are covered with coconuts and shrub- bery. Patches of the cienaga are cleared each year of the reeds which cover it (Trichoon) and are planted in taro, and in a number of places along the margin are groves of cocoanuts. Near Matan-hanom, at the upper end of the cienaga are small plantations of cacao and thrifty abaka, or "manila hemp" plants. The latter grow without care and are not utilized. Swamp land is plowed with the aid of buffaloes. It is divided b}7 low mud banks into fields of moderate size. It contains considerable organic matter from the rice stalks, which are turned under after the crop has been harvested. In the southern portion of the island there are a number of low, damp tracts of land at the mouths of streams. The soil covering them is deep and black, and has evidently been deposited by slowly-flowing currents. Where this land has been allowed to lie idle it becomes solidified like adobe, and in the dry season is crossed in every direc- tion by deep cracks. Such an area may be seen in a tract on the west side of the Maso River, near Tepungan, which was formerly the prop- erty of the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion. With proper irriga- tion there is no reason why it should not be made to yield good returns. Other low-lying tracts are planted in sugar cane, but this industry has nearly died out in Guam. Fine tillable tracts lie near the mouths of the Asan, Sasa, Laguas, Aguada, Guatali, and Atantano rivers, and on the east side of the island near Inalahan. INTERIOR VALLEYS. — In low-lying interior valleys, sheltered from the winds which constantly sweep the island, are a number of fertile tracts. On the east side of the island the valley of the Talofofo River Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXIII. SOILS. 141 is especially rich. During the rainy season it is for the most part flooded, but in December it becomes sufficiently dry to admit of cul- tivation, and yields a harvest of corn at a time when corn can not be grown on higher and drier land. In the northern part of the island the regions known as Santa Rosa, Mataguag, and Yigo are famous for the excellence of their products. These regions have been less cultivated than those in the center and south of the island, owing to the fact that there are no sources of water supply for man or animals with the exception of one or two small streams in the immediate vicinity of Mataguag and Santa Rosa, where the platform of porous coralliferous limestone is pierced by volcanic outcrops. An analysis of the best soils of this part of the island shows that they consist largely of heavy reddish clay, and are comparatively rich in nitrates. Where the land is uncultivated it is covered with forest growth. When the forest is cleared (PL XXIII) it is first planted in land taro, bananas, and plantains, and when the stumps are burned and the land sufficiently clean coconuts, cacao, and coffee are planted. Oranges of excellent quality are produced in the Yigo and Santa Rosa districts, and in sheltered places fine cacao is successfully grown. The coffee of these districts is also of excellent quality. The determination of the water soluble plant food constituents in these soils, which was made by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agricul- ture, shows that they compare very favorably with tropical soils in general. All are relatively high in lime, due to their coral origin. The amounts of potassium in the samples examined are large as com- pared with the soils of the United States, and the large amount of nitrates in the Yigo and Mataguag soils is especially noteworthy, characterizing them as very productive. THE MESA. — The northern half of the island consists almost entirely of a raised platform of coralliferous limestone called the "mesa" or "meseta." Its surface is covered with a layer of soil often only a few inches in depth, of a reddish color from the presence of oxide of iron in the decomposing coral of which it largely consists. Beneath the superficial layer the subsoil is of rotten coral, and beneath this is a solid mass of the hard coral composing the ancient reef, cemented together by carbonate of lime formed by the action of water upon the oxidized surface limestone. Where the meseta has been cultivated for a long time its productive power is small, and the natives declare it to be "cansada," or tired. Much of the mesa produces excellent tobacco, sweet potatoes, and maize, though no effort is apparently made to fer- tilize it artificially. Abandoned tracts on the mesa soon become over- grown with scrubby bushes, including cassia, indigo, sappan wood, and other leguminous plants. The natives understand the economy of allowing them to lie fallow for a period of time sufficient for the undergrowth to form a thicket, and in selecting a tract for planting 142 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. they are guided by the richness of the growth of bushes, which they ure careful to burn upon the site. The leguminous shrubs undoubt- edly act as nitrogen storers. Peanuts could be cultivated with advan- tage for this purpose, and would be useful as a crop to alternate with maize and tobacco. SAVANNAS. — On the higher parts of the island there are stretches of land almost bare or covered with sword grass, called "neti" (Xipha- grostis floridulci), a few weedy labiates, and a sprinkling of ironwood trees (Casnarina equisetifolia). The boundary between the savannas and the wooded region is very sharply marked. All savannas are characterized by absence of drainage. The soil is a red clay, which becomes sticky and paint-like when wet, so that during the rainy season the roads across the savannas in the southern portion of the island become dangerously slippery and impassable. An analysis of savanna soil showed it to be almost devoid of organic matter, free from gravel and coarse sand, and consisting almost entirely of clay and silt. Although it is rather low in nitrates it is possible that this deficiency might be remedied by cultivation and the application of manure. Though the amount of water-soluble phosphate contained by it is lower than in the soils examined from other parts of the island, yet, accord- ing to the report of the Bureau of Soils, it is as large as that in many productive soils of the United States, and it is quite possible that some savanna grass good for forage may be found to replace the coarse, sharp-leaved ncti, which is of little economic value except for thatching. CASCAJO, OK GKAVEL. — The subsoil of the mesa and the cliffs forming the sides of the plateau consist in man}^ places almost entirely of coral gravel. This is excellent road material and the streets of Agana are formed of it. When first removed it is soft and crumbling, but it becomes hard and compact on exposure to the air. It consists largely of calcium carbonate. Similar material is used in the Philippines for road building, but it does not stand heavy travel for a long time and must be renewed at intervals. According to the report of the Bureau of Soils, material of this kind gradually decomposes into a red clay exceedingly high in iron compounds, and when organic material is present frequently becomes converted into black waxy fertile soils resembling, in many respects, the adobe soils of the southwestern United States. INDIGENOUS AND SPONTANEOUS ECONOMIC PLANTS. Among the plants growing without cultivation on the island are Cycas circinalis, the nuts or seeds of which furnish the natives with food in times of famine; the wild fertile breadfruit (Artocarpus communw), having edible chestnut-like seeds; wild yams (Dioscorea spjnosa), which in places form impenetrable thickets; the betel-nut palm (Areca cathecu), which is abundant in some of the rich valleys in AGRICULTUEE. 143 the southern part of the island; and Par it i tillacenm, which furnishes the natives with cordage. Besides these a number of plants of minor importance have escaped from cultivation and are spreading over the island, such as the guava, the bullock's heart, the orange berry, Pithe- colobiuni dulce, which yields fine tan bark, and Biancaea sappan, which is important as a dyewood. CULTIVATED FOOD AND STIMULANT PLANTS. GARDEN PLANTS. — In addition to their small farms nearly all the natives of Guam have a town house. Adjacent to many of these are gardens in which grow perennial eggplants, red peppers, bananas, plantains, various kinds of beans, squashes, gourds, watermelons, melons, peanuts, tomatoes of a small and inferior kind, balsam pears, mustard, and perhaps yams and a few vines of betel pepper. Among the fruit trees in gardens the most common are lemons, limes, the sugar apple, and the soursop. Pomegranates are grown more for orna- ment than for use, although a very refreshing drink is made from the acidulous pulp surrounding their seed. In some of the gardens giant taro (Alocasia) is grown for the sake of its leaves, which are used instead of paper for wrapping up meat and fish. Banana and plantain leaves deprived of their stiff midrib are used for the same purpose, and for cordage strings are stripped from their stem, or the leaves of the textile Pandanus are used, a plant of which is sometimes grown in the garden for convenience. Radishes, onions, garlic, and lettuce are sometimes planted, but they do not thrive. (See under Gardens in catalogue. CEREALS. — The only cereals cultivated in Guam are rice and maize. The natives cultivated rice in considerable quantities before the dis- covery. It was among the supplies furnished to Magellan and Lcgazpi. The Dutch navigators, who came after them in 1600 and 1621, complained that the bales were increased in weight by the addi- tion of sand and stones. These bales weighed on an average from TO to 80 pounds. At present not sufficient rice is grown on the island for the use of the natives, though there are several localities well suited for its cul- ture. The methods followed are very much like those of the Filipinos. Buffaloes are used for plowing. The plow is of wood with an iron point, usually fashioned by the blacksmith of Guam out of an old gun barrel. It has but one handle. Many of the best rice growers on the island within recent years have been Filipinos. At present rice is imported from Japan, Manila, and the United States. This would not be necessary if a little greater effort were made on the part of the planters. As a rule, they plant only enough for their own use and do not lay by a surplus. The result is that when the crop is ruined by a hurricane or a drought, which not infrequently happens, there is a 144 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. dearth of rice on the island. One reason for the small size of the crops is the difficulty of obtaining labor. Nearly everybody has a ranch of his own, and prefers to reap all the benefits of his own labor rather than to share them with an employer. Maize was introduced from Mexico at a very early date,05 and soon became the principal food staple of the early missionaries and the soldiers sent to assist them in the conquest of the islands. With maize came the Mexican metate and mano, a low inclined stone slab supported on three legs on which tortillas are prepared, and a stone rolling pin, cylindrical in shape with the ends slightly tapering. Maize is now the most important crop. On the higher land it is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. In the lowland, as in the valley of the Talofofo River, it is planted at the beginning of the dry season. As soon as it is harvested it is shelled and spread out on mats in the streets to dry in the sun. Then it is stored in earthen jars as a protection against dampness and against rats and weevils. In places where the soil is deep enough the land is prepared for maize by plowing. On the higher land the weeds and bushes are cleared, dried, spread over the field, and burned. This process serves to kill many weeds and at the same time to fertilize the land. The only instrument of cultivation used in such places is the fosino, or scuffle hoe, which consists of a wide transverse blade, placed T-like on the end of a long slender handle, the stem of the T being a hollow socket into which the end of the handle fits tightly. This is thrust ahead of the laborer, and serves to clear away bushes and to cut the weeds. After the corn is once planted, the surface is easily kept clear of weeds with the fosino, the natives usually covering at one thrust a space of 6 feet in length and the width of the blade. The use of this implement is universal. Even the women are adepts, and tiny f osinos are made for the little children. EDIBLE BOOTS. — Among the edible roots of the island are taro (Caladium colocasia) and yams (Dioscorea spp.), both of which are cultivated by the natives and are a resource for them during the periods of famine, which usually follow hurricanes. Taro is cultivated either in swamps (PL XXIV) or in newly cleared ground. Certain varieties, the best of which has purplish stems and is called Visayan taro, " sunin visaya," are grown on hillsides and are of fine consistency and flavor. The closely allied Alocasia indica and A. macrorrhiza are not so commonly cultivated, but grow wild in many places. They are. very acrid and are only eaten in cases of necessity. The cultivated yams are probably varieties of Dioscorea alata, D. sativa, and D. aculeata. Closely allied to the last is the wild gado or nika cimarron (Dioscorea spinosa), which forms thickets in many «^See p. 24, Contr Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXIV. Cfl Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXV. ARROWROOT IMARANTA ARUNDINACEA). NATURAL SIZE. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXVI. ROOTS OF THE CASSAVA PLANT (MANIHOT MANIHOT). NATURAL SIZE. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXVII. BREADFRUIT TREE (ARTOCARPUS COM MUNIS), SHOWING FOLIAGE, INFLORESCENCE, AND IMMATURE FRUIT. FRUITS. 145 places on the island. Yams are more difficult to cultivate than taro, and are therefore not planted so commonly by the natives. Sweet potatoes are far superior to the best varieties of yams and of taro. The natives grow them principally to supply visiting ships. Several varieties occur in Guam. Unlike the yams and taro, which grew on the island before the discovery, sweet potatoes were intro- duced by the Spaniards. One variety was brought from the island of Agrigan, where it had been introduced by settlers from the Hawaiian Islands. Among other plants with starch-bearing roots are the indigenous Tacca pinnatifida, or Polynesian arrowroot; the true arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea, PI. XXV); and the mandioc plant (Manihot manihot, PL XXVI), which yields cassava and tapioca. STARCHY FRUITS. — The principal starchy fruits are those of the sterile breadfruit (Artocarpm communis, PI. XXVII), called "lemae" or "rima" by the natives, and the well-known plantain (Musa para- disiaca). Of the plantain there are several varieties. The fruit difl'ers from that of the banana in being starchy instead of sweet, and it must be cooked before eating. When baked it has somewhat the taste and consistency of a potato, but is inferior to it in flavor. As both the breadfruit and plantain are seedless they must be prop- agated by suckers. This i,s readily done with both plants. They both grow with little care and produce abundantly in Guam. As the breadfruit is in season only during certain months of the year, some of the natives lay in a store of it for the rest of the year by slicing it and drying or toasting it in ovens, making a kind of biscuit of it which they call " biscocho de lemae." If kept dry this will last indefinitely and may be eaten either without further preparation or cooked in various ways. It is fine food for taking on a journey, as it is light and conveniently carried. Squashes and pumpkins are grown, but they do not occupy a promi- nent place in the economy of the natives. The nuts of the Oycas circinaliH, called "fadan" by the Chamorros and "federiko" by the Filipinos, yield a nutritious starch. As these nuts are poisonous in their crude condition, there has been considerable prejudice against them on the part of some of the Spanish governors of the island. In other countries, however, a fine sago, or arrowroot, is made from them, which is declared to be superior to that made from the pith of sago palms. It is remarkable that the "Polynesian chestnut" (Bocoa edulis), so widely spread over the Pacific, is not included in the Guam flora. TREE FRUITS. — The principal fruits are oranges, bananas, mangoes (PI. XXVIII), and sugar apples (Annona squammosd), all of which are of fine quality. In the vicinity of Agat and the harbor of San Luis de 9773—05 10 146 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Apra there are inferior varieties of oranges, but in the districts of Santa Rosa and Yigo, in the northern part of the island, and in Yona, on the eastern coast, the oranges are excellent. Lemons and limes produce continuously in great quantities all the year round. Among the introduced Annonaceae the sour sop (A. inuri- cata) is used for making jellies and preserves, and the bullock's heart (A., reticulata) is eaten as a fruit, but it is inferior to the sugar apple above mentioned. Citrons, pomelos, shaddocks, and bergamots are abundant. Averr/toa cartwnbola, improperly called "bilimbines" by the natives of Guam and the Filipinos, bears a translucent oblong fruit with the cross section of a five-pointed star, which has a pleasant acidulous flavor. Guavas grow spontaneously and produce abundantly. Little use is made of the fruit, however, owing to the scarcity of sugar on the island. Among introduced trees are the cashew (Ana- cardiuin occidentale, PL XXIX) and the tamarind (Taiiiarindus indica, PI. LXVI), neither of which have spread upon the island, but which are found only near villages or on the sites of ranches either in cultivation or abandoned. COFFEE AND CACAO. — Coffee and cacao have been introduced and thrive well in Guam. Coffee receives little care. It will grow in various situations and in almost any soil, and yields abundant harvests. Often most of the houses of a village, as at Sinahana, are seen sur- rounded by coffee bushes, and the fresh seeds sprout spontaneously beneath the parent plant or if thrown upon the surface of the soilin a shad}7 place. There are no large plantations in the island, each family planting enough only for its own consumption. The berries are gathered, pulped, and hulled by hand. The cultivation of cacao is more difficult. The plants are very tender. They have a long taproot which is easily broken, and the plants do not bear transplanting well. They are very sensative to violent winds, and must be planted in sheltered valleys. Both coffee and cacao must be protected from the sun when very young. The use of shade trees is not necessary in Guam, though, in starting a cacao or coffee plantation, the intervening space between the rows of plants is usually planted in bananas, which yield fruit and at the same time serve to protect the tender young plants from the sun. NARCOTICS. — The principal narcotics cultivated on the island are the betel palm and the betel pepper, which grew on the island before the discovery, and tobacco, which was introduced by the Spaniards from America. The betel palm, although frequently planted by the natives, also grows spontaneously. Thousands of young plants may be seen in the rich valleys of the southern part of the island where seeds have fallen from the palms. The betel pepper is a vine with glossy green leaves closely resembling the common black pepper (Piper nigrum). It occurs only in a state of cultivation, but requires little care, the Con+r. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXVIII. MANGO TREE (MANGIFERA INDICA) IN FULL FRUIT. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXIX, CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALS). FOLIAGE AND HALF-GROWN FRUIT. NATURAL SIZE. OIL- YIELDING PLANTS. 147 natives propagating it very easily from cuttings and allowing it to creep upon stone walls and to climb over trees. (See Plates XXXV and LXIII.) Toddy, or tuba, is a fermented drink made from the sap of the coconut. Before the arrival of the Filipinos brought by the early Spaniards to assist in the conquest of the islands the use of tuba was unknown. Until the arrival of the Americans an inferior brandy was distilled from fermented tuba, but its manufacture has been prohibited. Nearly every family on the island has its tobacco patch, each raising barelv enough for its own consumption. The seeds are germinated in nurseries and transplanted to spots near the plantations, where they are kept shaded by canopies of muslin, and then are set out in fields, each plant shaded by the segment of a coconut leaf. All hands assist in its cultivation — parents, children, and grandparents — and it requires constant attention and no little effort in fighting against weeds and tobacco worms to make the crop a success. OIL- YIELDING PLANTS. — The coconut is the principal source from which the natives derive oil. Coconut oil is used for cooking, light- ing, and anointing. In taking the place of lard fresh coconut oil imparts an agreeable flavor to many articles of diet. Nearly every house on the island has its patron saint enshrined in a niche or side room, with a light of coconut oil burning before it. The oil is con- tained in a goblet half filled with water, which keeps the glass cool. The wick is supported on a float. Oil used for massaging the body (a custom which Guam shares with many Pacific islands) and for anointing the hair is often perfumed with flowers of various kinds (p. 210). Dried coconut meat, or " copra," is exported from the island. Most of it is used for oil which enters into the manufacture of candles and soaps, and is an ingredient of a number of medicines. Among other oil yielding plants are the castor bean (Ricmus communis), the physic nut (Jatropha curcas), and the the candle nut (Aleurites moluc- cana), which has been sparingly introduced. These plants are all members of the Euphorbia family. Their nuts and oil are drastic purgatives if taken in quantity, and are poisonous if taken in too great doses. The candle nut, called "kukui" in Hawaii and "lama" in Samoa, derives its name from the custom of the ancient Polynesians of stringing the roasted kernels on the rib of a coconut leaflet, the tip of which is set on fire and burns like a candle, the flame consuming the oily kernels as it descends. At all luaus, or native feasts, in the Hawaiian Islands, chopped kukui kernels mixed with seaweed form an indispensable dish, which takes the place of a relish. In many tropical countries illuminating and lubricating oils are made from the castor bean and the physic nut, and both of these oils are important medicines. An oil like that derived from the almond may be obtained from the nuts of Terminalla catappa. The seeds of Morinya morinya are the 148 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. source of the ben oil of commerce, which is much prized as a lubricant by watch makers and is sometimes used in the West Indies as a salad oil. Dilo oil is derived from the fruit of Cdlophyllum inophyllum, and peanuts and sesame are well known oil -yielding plants. An acrid, oily liquid called "cardol" has been derived from the shells of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidental^). It is used to varnish furni- ture and books as a protection against white ants and other pests. These oils are not prepared by the natives of Guam. TEXTILE AND THATCH PLANTS. FIBER PLANTS. — Among the monocotyledons yielding fiber are the coconut (Cocos nucifera), from the husks of which is derived the coir which is twisted and braided into cords and sennit; the pineapple (Ananas ananas), the leaves of which yield a beautiful, fine, silky fiber, which the natives of Guam twist into thread for making the finer fish nets; the abaka, or manila hemp (Musa textilis), introduced from the Philippines, and growing without care on the part of the natives, but not utilized by them on account of the labor and skill necessary to extract its fiber; and a species of Agave, called "lirio de palo," evidently introduced from Mexico, the leaves of which yield an excellent fiber, which in Guam is utilized only for wrapping cigars. In addition to these, a palm called " cabo negro" has been introduced from the Philippines. This species, which is known to commerce as the " gomuto," is Saguerus pinnatm. Its stem when young is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves and black, horsehair-like fibers, which issue in great abundance from their margins. As the tree increases in age these drop off, leaving a columnar stem or trunk. In the Malay Archipelago the thickest fibers are used by the natives as styles for writing on leaves of other palms. The finest fibers are known in Eastern commerce as gomuto or ejoo fiber, and are much used for making strong cordage, particularly for cables and standing rigging of vessels, whence the name u cabo negro," or "black rope" is given it in the Philippines. The ropes made of this fiber are not pliable enough for running rigging or for fine cordage. The fibers need no preparation but spinning or twisting. Cabo negro ropes are said to be more durable than any other kind when subjected to repeated wet- ting. At the base of the leaves there is a woolly material suitable for calking the seams of vessels. The species grows well in Guam, but on account of the abundance of other fibers it is not utilized by the natives. Among the dicotyledons the principal fiber plants belong to the Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae, and Moraceae. The chief of all is Pariti tiliacenm, a tree widely spread over the tropical regions of the world, from the inner bark of which ropes and twine are twisted. Its use for this purpose is so extensive in Guam that there is scarcely a Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXX. ^5Bs£^ ^&:^4** * « ^r,'-Xfirv* COFFEE IN FULL BLOOM. FIBER PLANTS. 149 family which does not possess a rope-making apparatus similar to the simpler forms of those used in rope walks elsewhere. Ori the east coast of Guam, in traveling from Pago to the southern extremity of the island, it is necessary to cross the mouths of several rivers. Balsas, composed of several layers of bamboo, are used for this purpose. The cables by means of which they are pulled across are made from the fiber of Pariti tiliaceum. Though this fiber is not easily worn out in its natural condition, its strength and durability are increased by the application of tar, such as that used on board ship. Among other members of the mallow family are several species of Sida, called "escobilla" by the natives. They grow without cultivation on the island, in waste places and along the roadsides. They yield a good, strong fiber, but on account of the abundance of other material the natives do not use it. Allied to these in general appearance and use are several species of Tiliaceae, including Triumfetta procumbens, which is called "masigsig" by the natives, allied to the species which produce the jute of commerce, so extensively used in the manufacture of gunny sacks, matting, and carpets. They are not, however, utilized in Guam. The principal member of the Urticaceae, or Nettle family, is the celebrated rhea fiber plant (Boehmeria tenacissima). In Guam it grows to the height of a shrub or small tree, though in many other parts of the world it is herbaceous. Though allied to the nettles in appearance and inflorescence, it is not armed with stinging hairs. The closely related Boehmeria nivea, which yields the China "grass cloth" fiber, is a plant of temperate regions, the lower surface of the leaves being covered with white down, like felt. The leaves of the Guam plant, though pale beneath, are not coated with felt. This plant, though of great importance in other parts of the world and growing in Guam rankly and without care, is in this island not utilized at all, except for medicine. The last species I shall mention is the principal member of the Moraceae, the breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis). In addition to its importance as yielding the principal staple of food, excellent wood, fodder for animals, and a gum suitable for paying the seams of canoes and for use as a medium in mixing paints, it yields a tough leathery bark, which in the olden times was made by the natives into aprons or breechcloths. Tapa cloth, which is made from it in other islands of the Pacific, was apparently not made by the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. The paper mulberry, Papyrius (Broussonetia) papyriferus, the tapa plant so widely spread throughout Polynesia, does not occur in Guam. MAT AND HAT PLANTS. — At least four species of pandanus occur in Guam, two of which, called "pahong" and ukafo" by the natives, are widely spread in the forests, and furnish food to the fruit-eating bats 150 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and wild rats. The third species furnishes leaves which, when young and tender, are cooked with vegetables as a flavoring. The fourth spe- cies is called "aggag." Its leaves are remarkably strong and pliable. They are used for lashing together the parts of a house or hut and foi- st ring; and when divided into narrow ribbons they are braided into hats, sleeping mats, mats upon which corn and other seed are dried, and bags for holding corn and rice. Only one sex of this plant occurs in Guam. It is propagated by cuttings, limbs when cut off taking- root readily in almost any kind of soil. The leaves of the other spe- cies are inferior and are scarcely at all used. A coarse kind of mat is made b}^ weaving or wattling the stems of a reed which grows in marshy places (Trichoon roxburghii}* called " kar- riso" by the natives. These mats are often used to cover the walls of lightly constructed houses and are sometimes coated with a kind of clay. THATCH PLANTS. — The majority of houses in Guam are thatched with coconut leaves, but those of the better class with the leaves of Nyjxi fruiicam, an interesting trunkless palm introduced from the Philip- pines, which has established itself at the mouth of every stream of importance in the island. When there is a dearth of coconuts and nipa, sword-grass, or uneti" (Xipliagrostis floridulci), is used. Coconut leaves to be used for thatching are gathered, dried and split down the midrib, the two halves being placed together in reverse direction and the leaflets interwoven diagonally. Women are usually employed in this work. Leaves thus prepared are lashed to the frame- work of the roof with strips of pandanus leaves, beginning at the eaves and ending at the ridgepole, the leaves being placed so close together that they form a thick imbricating thatch. Coconut thatch is not very durable. As a rule it lasts only three or four years. In preparing the leaves of the nipa palm the leaflets are detached from the midrib or rachis, cured by drying, and attached to reeds in the form of a f ringe. These are laid on the timbers of the roof frame in the same way as the coconut leaves, but closer together. Neti is prepared in the same way. The thatch thus formed is more homo- geneous, compact, waterproof, and durable than the former. FORAGE PLANTS. As garden patches are not inclosed, cattle, horses, buffalo, and pigs can not be allowed to run at large. They are kept tethered and conse- quently require. to be cared for, fed, and watered. Often the avail- able pasturage in the vicinity of a town or village is exhausted and it is necessary to take the animals a considerable distance before a good grazing place can be found. Usually forage is gathered and brought to the animals. Besides several species of grasses the best forage plant is the breadfruit (Ai'tocarpus communis)^ great quantities of the leaves FORAGE PLANTS. 151 of which arc gathered for this purpose. The branches of several leguminous shrubs and of Morinya rnorinya are much relished by cattle, and the plants of the cultivated Phaseolits munyo and of peanuts form excellent forage. Attempts have .been made to cultivate alfalfa (Medicago sativa), but this plant evidently flourishes best in dry cli- mates where irrigation is practiced. It does not thrive in Guam. The nearest approach to clover on the island is the tiny Meibomia tri- flora, which grows close to the ground and forms a thick sward in places where the grass does not crowd it out. Cattle and hogs are very fond of the fruit of Artocarpus communis. After hurricanes, when the ground becomes covered with breadfruit, hogs eat great quantities of it and become very fat. The sweet pods of Pithecolobium dulce are also eaten by animals. Prosopis juliflora, which is an important forage tree in the Hawaiian Islands, has not yet become established in Guam. Cattle and horses feed upon its foliage as well as upon its pods, and there is no reason why it should not thrive on the island. Among the grasses the most nutritious is Bermuda grass ( Capriola dactylon), called " grama" by the natives. It grows luxuriantly in the sandy soil of the lowlands. Dactyloctenium aeyyptiacum and Eleusine indica are edible, but coarse and not much relished by horses. Stalks of green maize and the leaves of ripe maize are excellent for food. Many of the coarser grasses growing in damp places which horses and cattle will not eat are eaten by buffaloes. Reeds (Trichoon roxburyhii) are often collected for fodder, and are especially relished by buffaloes. They are rather coarse when old for cattle, but the young shoots are eaten by them. Among the plants elsewhere reputed to be injurious to animals is Leucaena ylauca, an introduced shrub, which is veiy common in the Bahama Islands. Mr. L. H. Dewey, of the United States Department of Agriculture, while on the island of New Providence was shown horses, without manes or tails, which had lost them, it was declared, as the effect of eating this plant. WEEDS. The number of tropical weeds which have found their way to Guam is remarkable. In waste places, along the roadsides, on the borders of rice fields, and among growing vegetables," nearly all the weeds are of species widely spread over the warmer regions of the world. Some of them, like the malvaceous Urena and tiliaceous Triumfetta have prickly, bur-like fruits with hooked spines; others like the milk- weed (Asclepias curassavica) have silky pappus attached to the seed, which provides for their dispersal by the wind. There are also com- posites (Glossogyne) with retrorsely scabrid bristles attached to their achenes, and marsh plants with seeds which readily adhere to the feet 152 USEFUL PLANTS OP GUAM. or feathers of birds. These peculiarities undoubtedly account for the wide dissemination of many of the weeds. Many of the marsh birds and shore birds visiting- Guam are migratory, and it is very probable that they have brought with them seeds or fruits from other regions. It is pleasant to note the absence of the troublesome sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) and the Lantana camara from the flora of Guam. Other shrubby plants of wide distribution occur in Guam, however, especially the guava, the two common species of indigo, Leucaena glauca, and several American species of Cassia. Nearly all the com- posites on the iwland are introduced weeds, belonging to the genera Ver- nonia, Elephantopus, Adenostemma, Ageratum, Eclipta, Glossogyne, and Synedrella. ANIMAL PESTS. The most serious injury to growing crops is caused by the deer, which overrun the island. They often destroy whole fields of corn, garden patches, and tender young coconut plants, approaching villages by night and eating watermelons, squashes, and other succu- lent fruits on the vines. Rats occur in great numbers and attack many vegetable products, especially corn and cacao, and flying foxes cause considerable damage to certain fruits. Weevils get* into the gathered corn and rice, which must be kept in earthen jars well closed as a protection against them; termites destroy living trees as well as dead wood; and tobacco patches are infested with the larva? of a sphinx moth. Few garden patches are inclosed by hedges or fences, so that serious injury is often caused by hogs and cattle running at large. Horses and cows are especially fond of the foliage of the breadfruit, diid will injure young trees if unprotected. Among the staple food plants there are fewer diseases and insect pests than in most tropical countries. PLANT NAMES. CLASSES OF NAMES. — The common names of Guam plants may be classified under three heads: First, vernacular names applied to plants which grew in the island before the discoveiy, such as "fai" (rice), " pugua" (betel nut); second, East Indian and American names of plants which have been introduced since the discovery, such as "maiigga" (mango), "kamote" (sweet potato); arid a third class including names applied by the natives to plants brought to the island either from other parts of the Pacific or from more remote regions, as "baston de San Jose" (St. Joseph's staff), applied to Taet&ici tcrminalis, the "ti," or uki," of Polynesia, and "cadena de amor" (chain of love), applied to the Mexican Antigonon leptopus on account of its racemes of rose- colored heart-like flowers. ORIGIN OF PLANTS INDICATED BY THEIR VERNACULAR NAMES. — It is easy to trace the names of most of the plants introduced since the VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS. 153 discovery. In most cases they are identical with the common name applied to them in the regions from which they have been directly obtained, or have been somewhat modified to correspond with the genius of the language spoken by the natives of their new environment. Of greater interest to the student of ethnology and of the origin of cultivated plants is a comparison of the common names of plants dis- seminated in prehistoric times throughout the entire range of their cultivation. From such a comparison it has been possible to determine the origin of a number of the more common food staples, such as sugar cane, the coconut, the winged yam (Dioscorea alata), the common names of which are etymologically identical from the eastern limits of Polynesia throughout the islands of the Pacific, the Philippine Islands, and the Malay Archipelago. Some names extend even to the continent of Asia and to the island of Madagascar, on the edge of Africa. That most of these plants have been spread through human agency is evi- dent from the fact that they do not grow spontaneous!}7, but need the help of man for their propagation. Some of them even, such as the banana, plantain, breadfruit, sugar cane, yams, and taro, seldom pro- duce seed and are propagated asexually by means of cuttings, off- shoots, or tubers. In addition to garden products a number of trees bear the same or similar names in many groups of islands, such as Barringtonia speciosa, Intsia bijiiga, and Pariti tiliacewn^ all of economic value to the natives. This is especially striking when we consider that some of these plants have the same names on islands so remote that their inhabitants have had no intercommunication within historic times. We have some light upon the method by which the more important plants were spread in the traditions of the Hawaiians, which tell of voyages to distant island groups for the purpose of obtaining breadfruit and other useful plants. Some of the widely spread species bear one name throughout the islands of eastern Polynesia, but are known by a different name in the islands of the western Pacific and of the Maiay Archipelago. Among these are the breadfruit, screw pine, kava pepper, taro, and ironwood (Casuarina equiseti folia}. In a few cases a name is applied, not to the same plant, but to a plant more or less similar. Thus the name " gabo " is applied in the Philippines to the taro plant (Caladium colocasia)', in Samoa, Rarotonga, Tahiti, Hawaii, and Easter Island to a species of Alocasia (kape, or 'ape); and in the Caroline Islands to a yam (kap)— all plants having starchy, edible roots. The Philippine name for Alo- casia (biga), which becomes "piga" in Guam, reappears in Fiji as " via." The etymological identity of these words is undoubted, for the changes which the consonants undergo follow the same law in many other words. On the island of Guam several important plants were cultivated by the aborigines which were unknown in eastern Polynesia — such as rice, 154 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. the betel pepper, and the areca palm. These are undoubtedly of Malayan origin and bear Malayan names. They probably found their way to the Malayan islands after the departure of the people who spread over the eastern Pacific islands, but before the separation of the settlers of Guam from the parent stock. It is interesting to note that the Guam name for rice (fae, or fai) is more closely allied to the Java name (bai) than to the Philippine (palai). Besides rice, the betel pepper, and the areca palm the natives of Guam took with them a textile screw pine (Pandanus tectorius), which has to be propagated by cuttings, as only one sex occurs on the island, and it consequently does not fruit. On the other hand, the eastern Polynesians took with them a number of plants unknown to the ancient Chamorros, such as the paper mulberry, the kava pepper, the candle nut, and the so-called chestnut of Polynesia (Bocoa edulis), all of which are of East Indian origin. ENDEMIC NAMES. — One of the most striking facts connected with Guam plant names is the occurrence of some which are, as far as can be ascertained, quite different from those of any other region. Such are the names of the several forms of yam (nika and dago), bananas and plantains (chotda), Cycas (fadang), bamboo (piao), and the various species of screw pine (aggag, pahong, kafo). The name for breadfruit (lemae) bears no resemblance to that used by the Polynesians (ulu), and the name for the taro plant (suni), which I have been unable to find elsewhere in the Pacific or the Philippines, I believe to be identi- fied with "sunge," or "songe," its name in the islands of Madagascar and Reunion. LITERATURE. « BIBLIOGRAPHY. A list of books in the Library of Congress relating to Samoa and Guam, with references to periodicals, was compiled under the direction of Mr. A. P. C. Griffin and published in 1901. A second list, with important additions on the Marianne Islands, was published two years later under the same auspices, forming a part of the Bibliography of the Philippine Islands (pp. 138-14-1), Washington, 1903. EARLY VOYAGES. MAGELLAN. — Pigafetta's narrative of Magellan's voyage, containing an account of the discovery of Guam, was published in Italian at Milan in 1800. The best English translation is that published in vol. 52 of the Hakluyt Society publications. A critical account of the editions of this work is given in Winsor's Narrative and Critical His- tory of America, vol. 2, pp. 613-617. Herrera's Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas i tierra firme del mar ocean o <> I am indebted to Dr. Ainsworth R. Spofford for reading the proof of the following notes and list of works consulted. LITERATURE. 155 gives an account of the voyage evidently drawn from contemporary information. Various documents relating to the voyage are repro- duced in English in Blair and Robertson, vol. 1. LOAISA. — Andres de Urdaneta's account of the expedition of Loaisa, which visited Guam in September, 1526, is given in Navarrete's Coleccion de viages, vol. 5. An abridgment of it appears in Medina's Coleccion de documentos ineditos, vol. 3, and an English translation in Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, p. 217. LEGAZPI. — Accounts of the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, which visited Guam in January and Februan^, 1565, are given in Gaspar de San Agustin's Conquista de las Philipinas, lib. 1, cap. 17, Madrid, 1698, and in Juan de Grijalva's Cronica de la Orden de n. p. s. Augustin en las provincias de Nueva Espana. Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, contains a narrative in English, translated from Gas- par and Grijalva's accounts. CAVENDISH. — The narrative of the voyage of Thomas Cavendish, the English freebooter, who touched at Guam in January, 1588, is given in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 3, 1837, and Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, pp. 64-94. VAN NOORT. — An account of the visit of the Dutch navigator, Oliver van Noort, in September, 1600, is given in the Abbe Prevost's Histoire general e des voyages, vol. 10, taken from the narrative of the voyage published in French at Amsterdam in 1602. An account of the voyage in English is given in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. 1, book 2, pp. 71-78. SPILBERGHEN. — The narrative of the voyage of Joris van Spil- berghen, who touched at Guam January 23, 1616, is given in Miroir Cost et West Indical, published in French at Amsterdam in 1621. NASSAU FLEET. — The account of the visit of this fleet in 1625 is given in the Journael van de Nassausche Vloot, Amsterdam, 1626. COWLEY. — The account of the pirates Cowley and Eaton's visit to Guam in March, 1685, is published in Dampier's Voyages, vol. 4. DAMPIER. — The account of Dampier's visit to Guam in 1686 is given in A New Voyage Round the World, by Capt. William Dampier, vol. 1. WOODES ROGERS.— The account of the visit of this celebrated free- booter to Guam in 1710 is given in Woodes Rogers' Narrative. ANSON. — No book ever met with more favorable reception than Lord Anson's Voyage Round the World, which, though printed under the name of his chaplain, Richard Walter, was composed by Benjamin Robbins, under the inspection of Anson himself. During his visit to the group, in 1742, Anson gleaned much interesting information regarding the island of Guam, its inhabitants, and its products. His geographical, hydrographic, and botanical descriptions are remarkably accurate and exceedingly interesting, though his picture of the island of Tinian is perhaps a little too highly colored. 156 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. DE PAGES. — For an account of the visit of Captain De Pages to Guam in 1768, see his Travels Round the World in the Years 1767- 1771, English translation; see also his second voyage, 1788-90, in Nouveau Voyage autour du Monde, vol. 2, p. 47. CROZET. — For an account of the visit in 1772 of the fleet which had been fitted out at Mauritius by Captain Marion, see Crozet's Nouveau voyage a la Mer du Sud, commence sous les ordres de Marion. SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS. MALASPINA. — For the narrative of Malaspina's expedition, which visited Guam in February, 1792, see the introduction to Presl's Reli- quiae Haenkeanae, Prague, 1825-1830; also Novo y Colson's La vuelta ul mundo por las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida al mando del Capitan de Navio Don Alejandro Malaspina, desde 1789 a 1794. KOTZEBUE. — The best account of Kotzebue's expedition, which vis- ited Guam in November, 1817, is that of Adelbert Chamisso, published in his Bemerkungen und Ansichten and his Tagebuch. See reprint in Chamisso's complete works, 4 vols. Kotzebue's own narrative is unreliable. FREYCINET. — The narrative of voyage of the Uranie, which visited Guam in 1819, was written by Freycinet himself, the botany by Gau- dichaud, and the zoology by Quoy and Gaimard. See Voyage autour du monde entrepris par ordre du Roi, execute sur les corvettes de S. M. PUranie et la Physicienne. DUMONT D'URVILLE. — The accounts of Dumont d'Urville's two vis- its to the island, in 1828 as commanding officer of the Astrolabe and in 1839 in command of the Astrolabe and Zelee, are given in the narra- tives of the two expeditions, Voyage de decouvertes de PAstrolabe, Paris, 1830, and Voyage au Pole Sud et dans POceanie sur les cor- vettes PAstrolabe et la Zelee, Paris, 1841-1854. DESCRIPTION. Among the most important works describing the island of Guam may be mentioned Dampier's Voyages and Freycinet's Narrative, to which references have already been made, and the following works: Don Felipe de la Corte's Memoria descriptiva e historica de las Islas Marianas, Madrid, 1875; Islas Marianas: Viaje de la corbeta de guerra Narvaez desde Manila a dichas islas, por Don Eugenio Sanchez y Zayas, Teniente de Navio, in Anuario de la Direccion de Hidrografia, 1865; and Islas Marianas, por Francisco Olive y Garcia, Teniente Coronel, ex-Gobernador Politico Militar, Manila, 1887. A description of the island was also given in a paper by the author published in the Ameri- can Anthropologist, n. s., vol. 4, 1902, and afterwards republished in the Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for 1902. See also the description of Alexander Agassiz in his coral reefs of the Tropical Pacific, 1903. LITERATURE. 157 HISTORY. The most important historical work relating to the island is Garcia's Vida y martyrio de el venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores (see below). This work was dedicated by the author to the Excelentisima Senora Doiia Maria de Guadalupe, Duchess of Aveyro y Maqueda, Duchess of Arcos, since it was by her generosity that its publication was rendered possible. It is made up almost entirely from the annual reports of the Jesuit missionaries living on the island of Guam and was published very shortly after the events it records. It forms the basis of all subsequent histories. In the year 1700 there appeared at Paris a little book entitled " His- toire des isles Marianes, nouvellement converties a la religion Chre- tienne; et de la mort glorieuse des premiers missionaires qui y ont preche la Foy," par le Pere Charles le Gobien, de la Compagnie de Jesus. The greater part of this work is almost a literal translation of the preceding, though in the introduction the name of Padre Garcia is not mentioned. Pere le Gobien continued the narrative from 1681 to 1694. In conformity with the decrees of Pope Urban VIII, and of other sovereign pontiffs, Pere le Gobien protests at the beginning of the work that he does not pretend to attribute the title of saint, apostle, or martyr to the apostolic men of whom he speaks in the his- tory. In his work he has used on several occasions simple statements of Padre Garcia as themes for elaborate variations, giving speeches of natives in the form of direct discourse and sometimes exaggerating in a most misleading manner, as in his account of the sensations of the natives of Guam when first beholding fire.rt In Bur ney's Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean, to which reference has already been made, there is a resume of the principal works referring to the Marianne Islands. Burney's work is most interesting and is characterized by a broad humanity and sympathy for the simple natives of the islands of which he writes and hatred for injustice and oppression. Don Luis de Ibanez y Garcia, in his Historia de las Islas Marianas. 1886, repeats the historical information given by Pere le Gobien. His account of the social institutions, religion, and superstitions of the aboriginal inhabitants (chap. 10, p. 73), has nothing to do with the natives of Guam, who were ignorant of the gods, the bloody sacrifices, and disgusting practices of which he speaks. He tells of crocodiles, hogs, and other animals, which were unknown in Guam, and relates myths which he had evidently gleaned from some of the Philippine tribes. a See pp. 99, 100, above. 158 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. LANGUAGE. A grammar of the language of Guam, of which three parts have already appeared, is now in process of publication in the American Anthropologist. See u The Chamorro language of Guam," by William Edwin Satford, in vols. 5, 6, and 7 (1903-5) of that journal. See also the u Christian Doctrine" entitled "Devocion a San Fran- cisco de Borja, patron de Rota," etc., by Padre Aniceto Ibanez del Carmen, agustino recoleto y antiguo cura y vicario en Marianas. In this little work the creed, prayers, and instructions are printed in Span- ish and Chamorro in parallel columns. A small Spanish-Chamorro dictionary by the same author was published in Manila in 1865, also a text book for teaching Spanish grammar to the children of the Mari- anne Islands. This work is entitled " Gramdtica Chamorra" but it is simply a translation of a grammar written by Luis Mata y Araujo, and is dedicated to the schools of the Mariannes for the purpose of teaching Spanish to the native children. It does not in the least treat of the grammar of the Chamorro language. As far as is known to the author, no grammar of the Chamorro language has hitherto been published. NATURAL HISTORY. In addition to the publications of the scientific expeditions already referred to, attention is called to the following works: Les mammiferes et les oiseaux des iles Mariannes, par M. E. Oustalet, published in the Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, troisieme serie, tomes 6 et 7, 1895-96. On the Birds of the Marianne Islands, by Ernest Hartert, in Novita- tes Zoologies, vol. 5, 1898. Report of a Mission to Guam, containing a list of Guam birds and fishes collected by Mr. Alvin Seale, together with descriptions of new species, published in the Report of the Director of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History for 1900. Honolulu, 1901. BOTANY. PACIFIC ISLAND FLORAS. — The principal works relating to the vege- tation of islands in the Pacific Ocean are Schumann und Lauterbach's Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee; Karl Schumann's Flora der deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebiete (Engler's Jahrb., vol. 9, 1887); Thomas Powell, On Various Samoan Plants and Their Vernacular Names (Seemann's Journ. of Botany, vol. 6, 1868); F. Reinecke's Flora der Samoa-Inseln (Engler's Jahrb., vols. 23 and 25, 1897 and 1898); Luerssen's Fame der Samoa-Inseln and Filices Gracffeanae, in Mittheilungen aus der Botanik, I, 1874; Seemann's Flora Vitiensis; Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands; Drake BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 159 del Castillo's Flore de la Polynesie francaise; Doctor Guppy's Solomon Islands and their Natives; Warburg, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der papuanischen Flora (Engler's Jahrh., vol. 13, 1890). In addition to these may be mentioned the publications of results of the scientific expeditions of Malaspina, Romanzoff, Freycinet, and Dumont d'Urville, already referred to, and the botany of the Challenger expedition. OTHER TROPICAL FLORAS. — Since many of the plants of Guam are of wide distribution in the Tropics, it is interesting to compare its flora with those of other tropical countries. The principal works used for comparison have been Padre Blanco's Flora de Filipinas; Hooker's Flora of British India; Trimen's Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon; Miquel's Flora van Nederlandsch Indie; Grisebach's Flora of the British West Indian Islands; Seemann's Flora of the Isthmus of Panama, in the Botany of the Voyage of the Herald; Urban's Sym- bolae Antillanae; Pittier's Primitiae florae costaricensis; and the Flore phanerogam ique des Antilles francaises (Guadeloupe et Martinique), par le R. P. Duss (in Annales de FInstitut Colonial de Marseille). Many of the botanical descriptions included in the Descriptive catalogue of plants have been taken directly from Padre Blanco, Hooker, and Trimen, and a few from Hillebrand, Grisebach, and Seemann. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. — The following are the more important works consulted: Grisebach's Geographische Ver- breitung and Vegetation der Erde; Schimper's Pflanzen-Geographie and Indomalayische Strandflora; Treub's Notice sur la nouvelle flore de Krakatau; Haberlandt's Botanische Tropenreise; Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle; Warming's Okologische Pflanzengeographie (German edi- tion); De Candolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants; and Wallace's Island Life. The attention of those interested in the dispersal of plants by ocean currents is called to the works of Hemsley and Guppy, given in the list below, and the works of Treub and Schimper, already cited. SYSTEMATIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. — Englcr and Prantl's Natiirliche Pflanzenf amilien ; Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, und Schim- per's Lehrbuch der Botanik; Haberlandt's Pflanzenanatomie; Coulter's plant structure; Delpino's Rapporti tra insetti e tra nettarii estranuziali; and Darwin's Power of Movement in Plants and Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization, are among the principal works consulted. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. Among the most important works on tropical agriculture consulted are Firminger's Manual of Gardening foi1 Bengal and Upper India; Simmonds's Tropical Agriculture; Nicholls's Text-book of Tropical Agriculture; Dybowski's Traite pratique de cultures tropicales; Sade- beck's Kulturgewachse der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erzeugnisse; Semler's Tropische Agrikultur; Poulet's Livre du Colon. Of those 160 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. perhaps the most useful to an English-speaking colonist is the work of Nicholls. A translation has been made of it into Spanish by Prof. H. Pittier and published at San Juan de Costa Rica in 1901. In addition to these are Cook and Collins's Useful Plants of Porto Kico; Reinecke's "Samoa;" Wohltmann's Pflanzung und Siedlung auf Samoa; Pere Sebire's Plantes utiles du Senegal; Mueller's Select Extra- tropical Plants; Maiden's Useful Native Plants of Australia; and Major Drury's Useful Plants of India. More comprehensive works are Watt's Dictionary of the Economic Products of India; Spons' Encyclopaedia of the Industrial Arts, Man- ufactures, and Raw Commercial Products; and Wiesner's Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED. The following is a list of the more important works, journals, reports, and other publications which have been consulted in the preparation of the Useful Plants of the Island of Guam. ABBE, CLEVELAND, Jr. Earthquake records from Agafia, Island of Guam, 1892-1903. Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, June, 1904, p. 81. AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, from August, 1899, to March, 1900. IV. The coral reefs of the tropical Pacific. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. Vol. 28, Guam, p. 366; pis. 194-198, 232, 233, fig. 4. Cambridge, 1903. AGRICULTURAL AND BOTANICAL BULLETINS, JOURNALS, AND REVIEWS. Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States. Singapore, 1891 to date. Annales de 1'Institut colonial de Marseille. Macon, France, 1893 to date. Bulletin agricole de la Martinique. St. Pierre, Martinique. Bulletin economique de PIndo-Chine. Hanoi, French Indo-China. Bulletin de la Societe" d' Etudes coloniales. Brussels, 1894 to date. Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica, 1887-1902. From Jan., 1903, title reads Bull, of the Dept. of Agr., Jamaica. Journal d'agriculture tropicale. Paris, 1901-date. Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. London, 1887 to date. The Plant World. Washington, D. C., 1897 to date. Revue des cultures coloniales. Paris, 1897 to date. Per Tropenpflanzer. Berlin, 1897 to date: Tropical Agriculturist, Colombo, Ceylon, 1881 to date. AVest Indian Bulletin. Barbados, West Indies, 1899 to date. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN. Useful plants of Japan. Tokyo, 1895. AHERN, GEORGE P. Compilation of notes on the most important timber-tree species of the Philippine Islands. Forestry bureau, Manila, P. L, 1901. AHERN, GEORGE P. Special report of Capt. George P. Ahern, Ninth U. S. Infantry, in charge of forestry bureau, Philippine Islands, from April, 1900, to July 30, 1901. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901. AMAT DI SAN FILIPO, PIETRO. Biografia dei viaggiatori italiani, p. 526. Alessandro Malaspina, 1754-1809. Roma, 1881. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 161 ANDES, Louis E. Vegetable fats and oils. Translated by Charles Salter. London, 1897. ANSON, GEORGE. A voyage round the world in the years 1740-1744. Compiled * * * by Richard Walter (pseud.). London, 1748. (Guam, pp. 337-339.) ARAGO, JACQUES. Narrative of a voyage round the world. Translated from the French. 2 v. in 1. London, 1823. BAILEY, L. H. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. New York, 1900-1902. BAKER, J. G. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. London, 1877. BALTET, CHARLES. L'art de greffer. Paris, 1892. BANKS, CHARLES S. A preliminary report on insects of the cacao. Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903. Part 2, p. 597. Washington, 1904. BARON, R. Notes on the economic plants of Madagascar. Kew Bull, of Misc. Inf., 1890, pp. 203 et seq. BAUM, H. E. The breadfruit, by Henry E. Baum, together with a biographical sketch of the author by W. E. Safford. Reprinted from the Plant World, vols. 6 and 7, 1903-4. Washington, H. L. McQueen. 1904. BELT, THOMAS. The naturalist in Nicaragua. London, 1874. BENTHAM, G. Flora hongkongensis, with supplement. London, 1861-1872. BENTHAM, G. Flora australiensis. London, 1863-1878. BETCHE, E. Vegetationskizze der Marschalls Inseln. Wittmack's Gartenzeitung, v. 3, pp. 133-134. 1884. BLAIR, HELEN, and ROBERTSON, JAMES ALEXANDER. The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1903. Official documents, narratives of missionaries, and historical works. The original sources of our knowledge of the islands and their inhabitants. Cleveland, Ohio, 1903. BLANCO, MANUEL. Flora de Filipinas. ed. 1, Manila, 1837. Gran edition . . . bajo la direction cientifica del P. Fr. A. Naves, text, 4 v., pis., 2 v. Manila, 1877-1880. BLASDALE, WALTER C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials and their nutritive and economic value. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Experiment Stations, Bull. No. 68, 1899. BONAVIA, EMANUEL. The cultivated oranges and lemons of India and Ceylon. 2 v., text and pis. London, 1890. BRADFORD, R. B. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Equipment, United States Navy, for 1902. In Report of the Secretary of the Navy for 1902. BREWER, WILLIAM H. Geological survey of California. Botany, v. 2, 1880. BRUHL, J. W. Die Pflanzen-Alkaloide Braunschweig. 1900. BURNEY, JAMES. A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. London, 1803-1817. Vol. 1 contains narratives of the Loaisa expedition and of that under Legazpi. CAVANILLES, JOSEF. Description de las plantas que Don Josef Cavanilles demostr6 en las Lecciones publicas del ano 1801, precedida de los principios elenientales de la botanica. Madrid en la Imprenta Real, ano 1802. CHAMISSO, ADELBERT. Chamisso's gesammelte Werke, in 4 Biinden, mit biogra- phischer Einleitung, herausgegeben von Max Koch. Dritter Band: Reise um die Welt. ErsterTeil: Tagebuch. Vierter Band : Reise um die Welt. Zweiter Teil: Bemerkungen und Ansichten. Stuttgart. Verlag der I. G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung. CHAMISSO, ADELBERTUH, et SCHLECHTENDAL, DIEDERICUS. De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Roman/offiana observatis, etc. Linnaea Bde. 1 to 10. Berlin, 1826 to 1836. CHAPMAN, A. W. Flora of the Southern States. 2. ed. New York, 1883. CHORIS, Louis. Voyage pittoresque autour du monde, avec des portraits des sauvages d'Amerique, d'Asie, d'Afrique ... F°. Paris, Didot, 1822, 9773—05 11 162 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians. Studies in their anthropology and folk-lore. • Oxford, 1891. COLLINS, G. N. The mango in Porto Rico. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. No. 28. Washington, 1903. COLMEIRO, MIGUEL. La botanica y los botanicos de la peninsula hispano-lusitana. Madrid, 1858. CONCEPCION, JUAN DE LA. Historia General de Philipinas. (Vol. VII contains a map of Guam and one of Saipan.) 1788-1892. COOK, O. F. Shade in coffee culture. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Division of Botany, Bull. No. 25. Washington, 1901. COOK, 0. F. 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Island life, or the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras. New York, 1881. WALLACE, A. R. Tropical nature, and other essays. London, 1878. WALLACE, JAMES. A description of the Orkney Islands. 1693. WARBURG, 0. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der papuanischen Flora. Engler's Jahrb., v. 13, 1890-91. WARBURG, O. Pandanaceae. Engler's Pflanzenreich, v. 4, p. 9. Leipzig, 1900. WARBURG, O. Ueber Verbreitung, Systematik und Verwerthung der polynesischen Steinnuss-Palmen. Berichte der Deutschen-botanischen Gesellschaft, v. 14, p. 133, 1896. WARBURG, O. Das Pflanzenkleid und die Nutzpflar. zen von Neu-Guinea. Bibliothek der Liinderkunde 5/6, Krieger, U., New Guinea; pp. 36-72. WARMING, E. Okologische Pflanzengeographie. German edition. Berlin, 1896. WATT, GEORGE. A dictionary of the economic products of India. Calcutta, 1885- 1893. WEBBER, HERBERT J. Spermatogenesis and fecundation of Zamia. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. No. 2, 1901. WEBER, R. A. Raphides the cause of the acridity of certain plants. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., September, 1891, p. 215. WIESNER, JULIUS. Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. 2 v. Leipzig, 1900-1903. WIGHT, R. Icones plantarum Indise Orientalis, or figures of Indian plants. Madras, 1840-56. WILDEMAN, E. DE. Melia Azedarach. Revue des cultures coloniales, v. 13, p. 75, 1903. WILDEMAN, E. DE. Les plantes tropicales de grande culture. Brussels, 1902. WILEY, H. W. The manufacture of starch from potatoes and cassava. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Division of Chemistry, Bull. No. 58, 1900. WILEY, H. W. Crystals of oxalate of lime in plants. Science, July 24, 1903. WILLIAMS, D. On the farina of Tacca pinnatifida. Pharm. Jour, and Trans., v. 6, p. 383, 1846-47. WINKLER, E. Real Lexikon. 2 v. Leipzig, 1840, 1842. WINTOX, A. L. The anatomy of the fruit of Cocos nudfera. Amer. Jour. Sci., I\r, v. 12, p. 265, 1901. WOHLTMANN, F. Pflanzung und Siedlung auf Samoa. Erkundungsbericht von Prof. Dr. F. Wohltmann, Kaiserlicher Geheimer Regierungsrat an das Kolonial- Wirtschaftliche Komitee zu Berlin. Beihefte zum Tropenpflanzer. Berlin, Jan., 1904. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. In the following- catalogue the Guam names and those of the Hawaiian and Samoan Islands are taken chiefly from the manuscript notes of the author. His list of the vernacular names of the plants growing in Guam is supplemented by the lists of several Spanish governors of the island in official reports to the cap tain -general of the Philippines, copies of which were found in the archives of Agana, and also by the names cited by Chamisso and Gaudichaud in the reports of the botany of the expeditions to which they were attached. The list of Hawaiian names is supplemented b}^ a number taken from Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, and that of the Samoan names from Rev. Thomas Powell's list of Samoan plants and their vernacular names published in Seemann's Journal of Botany, 1868, and Rev. George Pratt's Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, 1893. The Philip- pine names have been taken from Padre Blanco's Flora de Filipinas and Padre Mercado's Libro de Medicinas, supplemented by Mr. Merrill's Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands, 1903; the Fijian names from Seemann's Flora Vitiensis; the Tahitian names from Drake del Castillo's Flore de la Polynesie Francaise; the Mexican names from Dr. Edward Palmer's manuscript notes and from Dr. Jose Ramirez's Sinonomia vulgar y cientifica de las Plantas Mexicanas, 1902; the Panama names from Seemann's Flora of the Isthmus of Panama, published in the Botany of the Voyage of the Herald, 1852 to 1857; and the Porto Rico names from Cook and Collins's Economic plants of Porto Rico, supplemented by the first part of Urban's Flora Portoricensis, in Symbolae Antillanae, 1903. The Guam names are pronounced in general according to the conti- nental method, the vowels having more or less resemblance to those of the German and Italian languages, and the consonants being like those of the English. It must be observed, however, that g is always hard, as in the English word "go," except in the combination fig; h is always aspirated, even at the end of a syllable, very much like the German ch in uach" ("ahgao," the name of a tree, is pronounced "ahh-gao"); n is like the Spanish letter in the word " canon," or ni in the English word u onion;" fig is like; ng in the English word "song" (not like ng in "finger"); y is always -a consonant, pro- nounced like the English letter j ("hayo" or "hayu" (wood), corre- sponding to the Malayan "kayu," is pronounced "hajyu"). The Chamorro vowels e and i are frequently confused by the natives, as in the name for taro, "sune" or "suni;" and the same is true of u 170 Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXI. THE CORAL-BEAD VINE (ABRUS ABRUS). FOLIAGE AND OPEN PODS, SHOWING SEEDS. NATURAL SIZE. PRONUNCIATION OF GUAM NAMES. 171 ..*. and o, as may be/ seen in the name for sugar cane, written "tupu" by some authorities and " tupo" by others. The diphthong ai pronounced like the English i is also frequently confused with ae, the name for bread fruit being written either " lemae" or " lemai." The circumflex accent placed over a vowel indicates that it is pronounced gutturally. For a more complete account of the language of the island the reader is referred to The Chamorro Language of Guam, by William Edwin Saft'ord. Reprinted from the American Anthropologist, new series, vols. 5, 6, and 7. 1903, 1904, and 1905. In Samoan names the apostrophe (') before a vowel or between vowels marks the position of an original Polynesian k, and is indicated in speaking by a break in the continuity of the vowel sound. Thus the Tongan ' ' kava " (Piper methyst-icurn) and "muka,"an adjective applied to tender young leaves, become in Samoan "'ava" and "mu'a;" and the Tongan "faki," signifying "to break off fruit from a bunch," becomes in Samoa "fa'i," the name for " banana." P^xcept where otherwise indicated in the text, the matter given under "references," including the critical notes, is the work of Mr. W. F. Wight, and the authorship of the new names is therefore to be accredited to him. Aaban or Aabang- (Guam). A species of Eugenia, the hard, close-grained, durable wood of which is much used in construction on the island of Guam. Abaca or Abaka (Philippines). See Musa textilis. Abas (Guam). Local name, derived from the Spanish "guayaba," for the guava (Psidium guajava). Abelmoschus esculentus. OKRA. OCHRA. Family Malvaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Gumbo (Louisiana); Guingambo (Porto Rico); Quingombo (Mexico); Quimbombo (Spanish); Saju (Panama). An annual plant, indigenous to the West Indies, but introduced in cultivation into all tropical and subtropical countries. Stems hairy; leaves alternate, cordate, toothed, 3 to 5-lobed, scabrous on both sides, on long petioles; pedicels axillary, shorter than the petiole; calyx surrounded by an involucel of 9 to 12 linear decidu- ous leaves; petals yellow, with reddish claws; capsule oblong-lanceolate, hairy, 5-celled; cells many-seeded. The young green mucilaginous capsules are used for thickening soup and are pickled like capers. Like many other Malvaceae, the plant yields a strong, silky fiber, and this is used in certain parts of India in the manufacture of cordage, sacking, and paper. See Okra, under Gardens. REFERENCES: Abelmoschus esculentus (L. ) Moench, Meth. 617. 1794. Hibiscus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 2: 696. 1753. Abrus abrus. CORAL-BEAD VINE. PLATE xxxi. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Kolales halom-tano (Guam); Sagasaga (Philippines) ; Matamata- moso (Samoa); Pepitio (Tahiti); Peronia (Porto Rico) ; Wild licorice (India); Indian licorice (Australia); Crabs-eye seeds (West Indies); Jequirity (Brazil). 172 USEFUL PLANTS OF A twining vine with alternate, abruptly pinnate leaves; leaflets small, linear-oval, obtuse at apex and base, in 8 to 20 pairs; flowers pale purple to white, in axillary racemes; legumes oblong, compressed, containing 4 to 6 hard, glossy, scarlet seeds marked with a black spot. Very common in thickets throughout the island. Like many other leguminous plants it is very sensitive to changes in the intensity of light, the leaflets hanging down vertically at night, as though asleep, and rising with the dawn. These move- ments are also caused in a measure by the overclouding and clearing of the sky. When ripe the pods burst open, displaying the pretty, bright-colored seeds, which are very conspicuous in the tangled undergrowth of the forest. The plant is of wide distribution in the Tropics. It has evidently been introduced into Guam, where the native name "kolales " (also applied to Adenantherapavonina) is the Chamorro pronun- ciation of the Spanish ' ' corales, ' ' signifying strings of corals or beads. ' ' Halom-tano ' ' signifies " in-land " — that is to say, "growing in the forest " — an adjective specifying many plants to distinguish them from allied species growing in cultivation or on the seashore. In India the seeds are used by jewelers and druggists as weights, each seed weigh- ing almost exactly one grain. The plant derived its former specific name "preca- torius" from the fact that rosaries are made of the seeds. The Germans call them " Paternostererbse. " In many tropical countries they are made into necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments. The seeds, known in pharmacy as jequirity beans, contain two proteid poisons, which are almost identical in their physiological and toxic properties with those found in snakes' venom, though less powerful in their effects. a In India the seeds are ground to powder in a mortar, into which the natives dip the points of their daggers, and the wounds inflicted by daggers thus prepared cause death. When a small quantity of the powdered seeds is introduced beneath the skin fatal results follow; less than 2 grains of the powder administered in this way to cattle cause death within 48 hours. One of these poisons, called "abrin," is a tox-albumen. It is easily decomposed by heat, and in Egypt the seeds are sometimes cooked and eaten when food is scarce,- though they are very hard and indigestible. The root has been used as a substitute for licorice. REFERENCES: Abrus abrns (L. ) Glycine alms L. Sp. PI. 2: 753. 1753. Abrus precatorius L. Syst. ed. 12. 472. 1767. Abrus precatorius. Same as Abrus abrus. Abubo (Guam). See Argyreia tiliaefolia. Abutilon indicuxn. INDIAN MALLOW. Family Malvaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Malbas, Matbas, Malva (Guam); Cuacuacohan, Tabing, Yam- pong (Philippines). A low shrub with soft velvety leaves and orange-colored flowers, introduced into Guam and now common in waste places. Leaves cordate, somewhat lobed, unequally toothed or entire; calyx 5-cleft, without a leafy involucel; pedicels longer than tha petioles, jointed near the flower; capsules truncate, carpels 11 to 20, acute, truncate or shortly beaked. The plant is of wide tropical distribution. It yields a fairly good fiber, whidi might be used for cordage. Its leaves contain mucilage, and are used in India in the same manner as those of the marsh mallow in Europe. The seeds are laxative, and in India the root is used as a remedy in leprosy. REFERENCES: Abutilon indicant (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 54. 1826. Sida indica L. Cent. PI. 2: 26. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 324. 1759. «8ee Kunkel, A. J., Handbuch der Toxikologie, p. 993, 1901. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 173 Acacia farnesiana. SWEET ACACIA. Family Mimosaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Aromo (Guam, Philippines, and Spanish America); Black Thorn (British West Indies); Opoponax (southern United States); Huisache (Texas); Cassie (France). A shrub or small tree bearing yellow globular heads of fragrant flowers, and bipin- nate leaves. Pinnae 4 to 8 pairs; leaflets small, narrow-linear, 10 to 25 pairs; peduncles 2 or 3 in the older axils; pods almost cylindrical, indehiscent, at length turgid and pulpy. The leaves are peculiarly sensitive to changes of weather. When a cloud obscures the sun the opposite leaflets close together and so remain until the aky brightens. They also close at night, the plant appearing to sleep until the sun rises. The petioles have stipulary thorns, with a gland above the base and another usually between the uppermost pinnae. This species is widely distributed in the Tropics and in warm temperate regions. It has established itself in Egypt, India, Australia, Hawaii, the Philippines, and tropical Africa. It is common in the West Indies, and is spread from the Gulf region of the United States to the Pampas of Uruguay and Argentina. It yields a gum similar to that of the closely allied Acacia scorpioides,® which the natives of Guam sometimes use in the same way as the gum arabic. In south- ern France it is grown for perfumery, its flowers being known in commerce as cassie flowers. In Hawaii and on the Central American coast its perfume is often borne by the land breeze to vessels more than a mile from the shore. In some parts of India the bark and the pods, called "babla," are used as dyestuffs and for tanning. Its hard, rose-colored wood is of considerable value. REFERENCES: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. PL 42: 1083. 1805. Mimosa farnesiana ~L. Sp. PI. 1:521. 1753. Acacia glauca. Same as Leucaena glauca. Acacia, hedge. See Leucaena glauca. Acacia leucbcephala. Same as Leucaena ylauca. Acalypha indica. INDIAN MERCURY. Family Euphorbiaceae. LOQAL NAMES. — Bugos (Philippines); Mookto-joori (Bengal). A low, herbaceous, nettle-like weed growing in waste places and in crevices of stone walls, easily distinguished by the cup-shaped involucre which surrounds the small greenish flowers. Leaves ovate-cordate, 3-nerved, acuminate, serrated, on long petioles; spikes axillary, male flowers above, female below; stamens 8 to 16, styles 3, capsules of 3 carpels, each one-seeded. In India the root of this plant bruised in hot water is used as a cathartic and a decoction of its leaves as a laxative. The leaves mixed with salt are applied exter- nally in scabies. REFERENCES: Acalypha indica L. Sp. PI. 2: 1003. 1753. Acanthaceae. ACANTHUS FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by two ornamental shrubs, introduced from the Philippines — the well-known " caricature plant, " Graptophyllum pictum, and an Eranthernum with dark-purple foliage. Both are common in gardens, and are often planted by the natives in a row under the eaves of their houses, so that they may be watered by the drippings from the roof. Acanthophora orientalis. See under Algn\ a Acacia scorpioides (L.) W. F. Wight; Mimosa scorpioides L. Sp. PI. 1:521. 1753; Mimosa arabica Lain. Encyc. 1: 19. 1783; Acacia arabica Wild. Sp. PI. 42: 1085. 1805. 174 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Acapulco (Guam). Vernacular name for Herpetica alata, a plant introduced into the Philippines and Guam from Mexico. Achiote or Achote (Spanish). See Bixa orellana. Achiotl (Mexico). See Bixa orellana. Achras sapota. See Sapota zapotilla. Achuete (Philippines). See Bixa orellana. Aclmgan (Guam). Vernacular name for a coarse swamp grass. Only carabaos will eat it. Achyranthes aspera. PRICKLY CHAFF-FLOWER. Family Amaranthaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Chichitun(Guam); Saromo (Philippines); Lautefe-ule (Samoa). A shrubby weed growing to the height of 3 feet, with slender elongated spikes of purplish-green flowers, which are at length re flexed and appressed to the axis; flowers cartilaginous; bracts at first soft, but soon becoming rigid and prickle- like; capsules 5-seeded, reddish; stems downy, inclined to be 4-angled; leaves opposite, ovate or rounded, abruptly attenuate at the base, pubescent. A species widely spread throughout the warmer regions of the globe. In Guam it is a troublesome weed; the vernacular name, signifying "tick," is given on account of the property the fruit has of sticking to the clothing. In Samoa it is thought by the natives to have healing properties, and is called " circumcision plant." In India the leaves taken fresh and rubbed to a pulp are applied externally to the stings of scorpions. A decoction of them is used as a diuretic, and the seeds are used as a remedy for hydrophobia and snake bites. REFERENCES: Achyranthes aspera L. Sp. PL 1: 204. 1753. Acrostichum aureum. MARSH FERN. PLATE iv. Family Polypodiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Langayao (Guam); Lau sa'ato (Samoa); Lagolo (Philippines). A large, robust, pinnatisect fern growing in marshy places, with 'smooth, leathery fronds, the upper segments of which bear the sori on the under surface and the lower of which are sterile; veins forming a network; midrib almost excurrent. This species is of wide distribution in the Tropics. In Guam it is common in the large marsh near Agana called la Cienaga. In Fiji its fronds, together with the leaves of Parinari laurinum, were formerly used for thatching the temples of the aborigines. It occurs in the West Indies and in southern Florida. REFERENCES: Acrostichum aureum L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753. Acrostichum spicatum. Same as Belvisia spicata. See Ferns. Adelfa (Spanish). See Nerium oleander. Adenanthera pavonina. . CORAL-BEAN TREE. Family Mimosaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Kolales, KuMlis (Guam); Bahay, Casay (Philippines); La'au lopd (Samoa); Redwood, Red sandalwood (India). A handsome deciduous tree with spreading branches and bipinnate leaves, bear- ing pods of glossy, scarlet, biconvex seeds. Pinnae 2 to 6 pairs; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oval, obtuse, glabrous; flowers in racemes, numerous, small, white and yellow mixed, fragrant; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; stamens 8 to 10; pods linear, somewhat curved, bivalved, 10 to 12-seeded. The tree is a native of the East Indies, where the jewelers use the seeds for weights, each weighing almost exactly 4 grains. The heartwood of the larger trees is of a deep red color. It is hard and durable and in India is sometimes used as a substitute for red sandalwood. It yields a dye, which the Brahmins of India use for DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 175 marking their foreheads. It has long been growing in Guam, and is pretty well distributed over the island. Its vernacular name is an imitation of the Spanish "corales" (coral beads), and is likewise applied to the smaller-seeded Abrus abrus. REFERENCES: Adenanthera pavonina L. Sp. PI. 1: 384. 1753. Adenostemma viscosum. Family Asteraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Bulak mamik (Philippines); Vaianu (Tahiti). A herbaceous pubescent composite resembling a white-flowered Ageratum, often viscous, with heads of flowers in panicles or corymbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, varying in shape from linear to broadly ovate, serrate; involucre cam- panulate, bracts many, narrow, herbaceous, receptacle flat; corollas all equal, tubu- lar, regular; tube short, limb campanulate, 5-toothed; anthers truncate with a glandular tip, base obtuse; style branches elongate, dilated above; achenes obtuse, 5-ribbed, glandular. A cosmopolitan herbaceous weed. It was collected on the island of Guam by Chamisso. REFERENCES: Adenostemma viscosum Forst. Char. Gen. 90. t. 45. 1776. Aeschynomene indica. INDIAN JOINT VETCH. Family Fabaceae. A plant growing in marshy places, with papilionaceous flowers and pinnately com- pound leaves. Stems herbaceous, erect; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets sensitive, small, linear, 15 to 20 pairs, smooth; stipules semisagittate; racemes axillary, the pedicels with 2 bracteoles below the calyx; peduncles few-flowered; pods smooth, linear, compressed, transversely jointed, one seed in each joint. This plant is closely allied to Indian " shola " (Aeschynomene aspera), the stems of which yield the pith used in making helmets. From it are also made artificial flowers, models of temples, and various toys. In Guam there are a number of small images of saints very cleverly carved from pith, evidently obtained from this or an allied plant. REFERENCES: Aeschynomene indica L. Sp. PI. 2: 713. 1753. Afzelia bijuga. Same as Intsia bijuga. Aga (Guam). The ripe fruit of plantains and bananas. Agaliya (Guam). See Ricinus communis. Agar-agar (Ceylon). See Algc^e: Gracilaria confervoides. Agatelang or Agatilon (Guam). See Eugenia spp. Agati grandiflora. PLATE vi. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Katurai (Guam); Caturai, Katudai, Guuay-gauay (Philippines). A small introduced tree, bearing large edible, white, papilionaceous flowers and long sickle-shaped pods. Leaves long, narrow, and abruptly pinnate, with very numerous, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate leaflets ; calyx shallowly 2-lipped; corolla 7.5 to 10 cm. in length; pod 30 cm. or more long, with thickened sutures. Frequently planted near the houses of the natives and along the roadsides. The flowers and green pods are eaten as a salad or potherb. They are said to be laxative. The bark is astringent and is used in India as a remedy in smallpox. The leaves and young shoots are sometimes gathered as fodder for cattle. REFERENCES: Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv. Journ. Bot. 1:120. L4./.6. 1813. Robinia grandiflora L. Sp. PI. 2: 722. 1753. Aeschynomene grandiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2:1060. 1763, Sesban grandiflorus Poir. Encyc. 7; 127, 1806, 176 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Agave vivipara. MAGUEY. Family Amaryllidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Lirio de Palo (Guam); Maguay, Maguey (Philippines); Teo- metl (Mexico). An Agave of Mexican origin, now spread in the Philippines and India, bearing bulbs which sprout before falling to the ground. It has been introduced into Guam, where it is called by the natives the "tree lily." The leaves resemble those of Agave americana, but have few spines on the margin. The flower scape grows to the height of 4.5 meters. From the leaves the natives get a fiber with which they wrtip their cigars. In the Philippines it is sometimes used for making violin strings, a and in India it is used for cordage and twine. REFERENCES: Agave vivipara L. Sp. PL 1: 323. 1753. Agboy (Philippines). See Mussaenda frondosa. Ageratum conyzoides. GOATWEED. Family Asteraceae. A low, weedy, pubescent composite with terminal corymbs of blue or white flowers forming small discoid heads. Leaves ovate, on hispid petioles, obtuse, cre- nate, truncate or cordate at the base. It is of American origin, but is now widely spread throughout the Pacific and has found its way to many tropical countries. It yields a vegetable proximate principle known as "coumarin," which is also found in the allied genus Eupatorium. REFERENCES: Ageratum conyzoides L. Sp. PL 2: 839. 1753. Aggag, Aggak, or Akgak (Guam). See Pandanaceae and Pandanus tectorius. Agho (Philippines). See Leucaena glauca. Agono (Philippines). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Agsom or Apson (Guam). Vernacular name, signifying "sour," applied to Oxalis corniculata, and (improperly) to Meibomia triflora. This confusion of two plants under one name may be compared with that in case of the name shamrock among the Irish, which is sometimes applied to an Oxalis, sometimes to a Trifolium. The resemblance in both cases is chiefly in the trifoliolate leaves. Aguanak (Guam). The name of a tree not identified, mentioned by Governor Olive y Garcia in a report to the Captain-General of the Philippines as yielding strong wood used in the construction of houses. Aguardiente (Spanish). See Cocos nucifera. Ahgao or Ajgao (Guam). See Premna gaudichaudii. Ahgap (Guam). Same as Ahgao. Ahonholi (Guam). See Sesamum orientale. Ahos (Guam). See Allium sativum. Aizoaceae. CARPET-WEED FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is the seaside purslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum. Aji (Spanish). See Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. «Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 80. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 177 Ajo (Spanish). See A Ilium sativum. Ajonjoli (Spanish). See Sesamum orientale. Akankan dangkulo (Guam). See Stizolobium giganteum. Akankan kalatun (Guam). See Stizolobium pruriens. Akankan-tasi (Guam). See Canavali obtusifolium. Alacran, flor del (Panama). See Hdiotropium indicmn. Alaihai-tasi (Guam). See Ipomoea pes-caprae. Alalag (Guam). See Argyreia tiliaefolia. Alalag-tasi (Guam). See Ipom,oea pes-caprae. Alambrillo (Spanish). Name in Guam for a climbing fern, Lygodium scandens. Alangilang- (Philippines). See Canangium odoratum; also called "ilangilang." Alangltngit ( Philippines) . See Ehretia microphylla. Alapasotes (Philippines). See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Albahaca (Spanish). See Ocimum basilicum and 0. canum. Albahaca morada (Spanish). See Ocimum sanctum. Alcaparro (Spanish) . See Capparis mariana. Aleurites moluccana. CANDLENUT TREE. Family Euphorhiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Lumbang, Raguar (Guam); Lumbang, Capili (Philippines); Kukui (Hawaii); Lama (Samoa); Kaguar (Caroline Islands); Akhrot (Bengal). A handsome tree with spreading branches, alternate, lobed, pubescent leaves of a pale color, rounded or cordate at the base, with two glands at the top of the petiole. Flowers small, white, in terminal lax cymes; fruit fleshy, coriaceous, globose, with 4 shallow furrows; seeds one or two, rugose, gibbous. The candlenut tree is widely spread over Polynesia, a great part of Malaysia, and the Philippine Islands. It is remarkable that it has not established itself in Guam. Only a few specimens grow on the island, which are called either by the Philippine name "lumbang," or the Caroline Island name "raguar." The natives say the nuts were brought here from the Caroline Islands. They have not come into use in Guam. Throughout Polynesia the nuts, strung on cocoanut-leaflet ribs, served the natives for candles to light their houses. In Hawaii they are roasted, chopped up, mixed with seaweed, and served at native feasts as a relish. They yield an oil which is very fluid, of an amber color, without smell, insoluble in alcohol, readily saponifiable, and quickly drying. This oil is a mild cathartic, acting in the same manner as castor oil, but causing no nausea nor griping, and having the further advantage of a nutty flavor and of being more prompt in its effects. (Journ. de Pharm. 3e ser., vol. 24, p. 228. 1853. ) REFERENCES: Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Sp. PL 41: 590. 1805. Jatroptia moluccana L. Sp. PI. 2:1006. 1753. Aleurites triloba. Same as A. moluccana. Alfalfa. See Medicago saliva. Algse. SEAWEEDS. LOCAL NAMES. — Lumut (Guam, Malay Archipelago); Lumot (Philippines); Limu (Samoa, Hawaii); Rinm (Tahiti, Mangaia). Among the edible seaweeds growing on the shores of Guam are the gelatinous Gracilaria confervoides (L.) J. Ag. and the peppery Caulerpa clavifera (Turn.) Ag. The first, called in Guam by the Philippine name "gulaman," is gathered by the natives and bleached in the sun. It is used for making jellies and blancmange in the 9773—05 12 178 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. same way as the Irish moss or carrageen (Chondrus crispus). The natives cook it with milk or with water, adding to it the juice of fruits to give it an agreeable flavor, and then cool it in molds. In Ceylon it is an article of commerce and is one of the seaweeds called " agar-agar." It is also known commercially as Ceylon moss. Cnulerpa davifera is used as a condiment in the same way as the pepper dulse of Scotland (Laurencia pinnatifida] . It is sometimes eaten with vinegar as a salad. Both of these seaweeds are of wide distribution. In Samoa also Caulerpa davifera, called " limu fuafua," is a common article of diet. It is also used by the natives of many other Pacific islands. It is said to be the favorite food of sea turtles. In India and Ceylon Gracilaria confervoides is one of the seaweeds used medicinally, especially for pectoral affections. In Tasmania it is used for making jelly, and is ranked in nutritive value with Chondrus crispus. a In Hawaii many seaweeds are used as articles of food. The favorite of the* Hawaiians is the limu-lipoa (Dictyopteris plagiogramma Montague). This is even celebrated in the songs of the natives, who describe the breath of their maidens as perfumed with the limu-lipoa, though to a novice the odor of this alga is anything but agreeable. Gracilaria confervoides and Gracilaria lichenoides (L. ) J. Ag. are of wide distribution in the Pacific and Indian oceans. They belong to the Rhodophyceae, or red algse, which include, among other species growing on the shores of Guam, Acanthophora orientalis J. Ag., and Corallopsis salicornia Grev. (Sphaerococcus salicornia C. Ag. ). Among the Corallinaceae occurs Mastophora lamourouxii (Dene.) Harv. (described by Agardh as Zonaria rosea], the typical form of which was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, and the variety macromrpa. Montr, by Dumont d'Urville. Algge are also found on the surface and in the rivers of the island. In the rainy season (August and September) the ground is covered in places with dark-green jelly-like masses of Nostoc commune Ag. and Brachytrichia quoyi Born. & Flah. In the Agafia River Gaudichaud collected Chara fibrosa Ag. and Conferva funicularis Ag. , and in the Pago River Thorea guadichaudii Ag., a delicate plant belonging to the Rhodophyceae. In the Agafia River, near its mouth, where the water becomes brackish, occur the green, ulva-like Enteromorpha dathrata (Roth.) Ag. and E. compressa (L.) Grev. These also grow on the sea beach. Other green algae growing in the sea are Rhizoclinum tortuosum fastigiatum Ag., allied to Cladophora, Caulerpa davifera, already mentioned as a favorite condiment of the South Sea Islanders, Caulerpa plumaris (Forsk.) Ag. and Caulerpa freycinetii Ag. The latter have creeping stems resembling those of flowering plants in general appearance, with colorless rhizoids and branched fronds abounding in chlorophyl. One of the most interesting and graceful species is the widely spread Bryopsis plumosa Grev., the minute thallus of which, though branching like a feather, consists of a single cell. Its branches sub- divide into miniature leaf-like processes, and are finally separated from the original cell by transverse walls. The gametes, by means of which it is reproduced, both male and female, are provided with movable cilia. Of a very different habit is Ifalimeda papyracea intricata Ag., which resembles a miniature cactus (Opuntia^ with broad flattened joints. Growing on the coral reef is the common " peacock's tail," Padina pavonia (L. ), a brown alga with thin, papery, fan-shaped fronds marked by concentric zones; and with it Freycinet collected a second species, Padina com- mersonii Bory., which also occurs on the shores of Japan and of Florida. Associated with the algse are several flowering plants, including Potamogeton natans and P. zizii, growing in the Agafia River; Halophila ovalis, growing in brackish marshes; and the grass-like Halodule uninervis, like a miniature Zostera, growing in the sea. Maiden, Useful Plants Australia, p, 33, 1389. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 179 Algodon (Spanish) or Atgodon (Guam). See Gossypium barbadense. Alg-odon de Manila (Guam). See Ceiba pentandra. Algodoncillo (Porto Rico). See Asclepias curassavica. Algodonero (Spanish). See Gossypium arboreum. Alhucema (Cuba). See Mesosphaerum pectinatum. Aligbangon (Philippines). See Cnmmelina benghalensis and Commelina nudiflora. Alimodias (Philippines). See Coijc lacryma-jobi. Alipata (Philippines). See Excoecaria agallocha. Alligator pear. See Persea persea. The cultivation of this plant, though many times attempted, has never been suc- cessful on the island of Guam. Allium cepa. ONION. Family Liliaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Seboyas (Guam); Cebolla (Spanish); Ceboya, Lasona (Philip- pines). Onions are frequently planted in Guam, but they do not thrive well. Only very small bulbs are produced, but these are much relished by the natives. REFERENCES: Allium cepa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 300. 1753. Allium sativum. GARLIC. LOCAL NAMES. — Ahos (Guam); Ajo (Spanish); Bawang, Ganda (Philippines). Garlic is cultivated perhaps more extensively than onions, though the conditions on the island are scarcely more favorable to it than to them. It is a favorite ingre- dient in many dishes of the Chamorros. REFERENCES: Allium sativum L. Sp. PL 1 : 296. 1753. Almendra (Spanish). The fruit of Terminalia catappa. Almendro (Spanish). See Terminalia catappa. Almond, Indian. See Terminalia catappa. Almond, Java. See Canarium indicum. Almond, Malabar. See Terminalia catappa. Aloalo-sina (Samoa). See Mussaenda frondosa. Aloalo-tai (Samoa). See Clerodendron inerme. Alocasia indica. GIANT TARO. ACRID TARO. Family Araceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Piga (Guam); Biga (Philippines); Via, Dranu (Fiji); Ape, Ta'amu ( Samoa) , This great arum, which is closely allied to, if not identical with, the following species, is so acrid that its juice will blister the skin. It differs from the common taro (Caladium colocasia) in having a trunk as well as corm, which is edible. It is a huge plant, growing in marshy places, with very large ovate-cordate, bright-green leaves and an inflorescence consisting of a convolute spathe inclosing a spadix which bears female flowers (ovaries) at its base, male flowers (stamens) higher up, and neutral organs in the interval, and ends in a thickened barren portion called the appendage. The appendage- is marked with reticulated furrows, which distinguish this genus from Caladium, in which the appendage is smooth. The flowers have a disagreeable odor. In Guam there are several varieties of Alocasia recognized, which may be referred either to this or to the following species, three of which are called "piga." Two other allied varieties are called "papao," and a third is called " baba." 180 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. The natives eat piga only in times of scarcity of food. The fleshy trunks must be thoroughly roasted to destroy their acridity. (See p. 69. ) REFERENCES: Alocasia indica (Lour.) Schott, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 410. 1854. Arum indicum Lour. Fl. Cochin. 2: 536. 1790. Alocasia macrorrhiza. GIANT TARO. ACRID TARO. LOCAL NAMES. — Piga (Guam); Biga (Philippines); Ape, Ta'amu (Samoa); Kape (Rarotonga, Easter Island ); Ape (Tahiti); Apii, Ape (Hawaii). Similar to the preceding, but with sagittate ovate leaves, the broadly ovate obtuse basal lobes or auricles distinct to the petiole, the stout nerves prominent above and below, the midrib very broad and conspicuous; flowers with pale greenish yellow spathes, emitting a strong, disagreeable odor; appendix at the end of spadix obtuse, reticulate; berries at base of spadix red when ripe. Very acrid, but, like the preceding species, a food staple in times of scarcity. The Polynesian name of this plant is in the Philippines applied to the common taro (Caladium colocasia]. See p. 153. REFERENCES: Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott in Schott & Eiidl. Melet. 18. 1832. Arum macrorrldzum L. Sp. PL 2:965. 1753. Alom or alum (Guam). See Echinus sp. Alsophila haenkei. See Tree ferns. Alverja (Spanish). See Pisum sativum. Amahadyan or amahayan (Guam). See Boehmeria tenacissima. Amaranth, edible. See Amaranthus oleraceus. Amaranthaceae. AMARANTH FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the cultivated Gomphrena globosa and the following species of Amaranthus: Amaranthus oleraceus. EDIBLE AMARANTH. Family Amaranthaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Halom (Philippines) ; Bledos blancos (Spanish). A glabrous, succulent, weedy plant, growing in waste places, and cultivated as a pot herb in India, China, and other places in the Tropics. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or rounded; flowers small, green, growing in axillary clusters and terminal spikes; sepals 3, linear-oblong, stamens 2 or 3; fruit an ovoid utricle, or bladder-like pericarp containing 1 seed, not bursting open. ' First collected in Guam by Gaudi- chaud. The young and tender shoots are cooked like spinach. REFERENCES: Amaranthus oleraceus L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 2:1403. 1763. Amaranthus spinosus. SPINY PIGWEED. LOCAL NAMES. — Kuletes, Kiletes (Guam, Philippines); Quelite (Mexico); Zepi- nard piquant, Epinard rouge (French Antilles). A glabrous weed with rigid stipular spines at each node of the stem. Stems stout, rigid, sometimes red; leaves long-petioled, ovate, rhombic, or rhombic-lanceolate; flowers in axillary clusters and in long spikes, stamens 5, sepals 5, equaling the awned bracts; utricle thin, wrinkled, splitting open transversely, the top opening like a lid. This plant is of wide tropical distribution. When young it is often used as a pot herb, but it is not cultivated. REFERENCES: Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PL 2: 991. 1753. Amaranthus viridis. GREEN PIGWEED. LOCAL NAMES.— Kuletes, Kiletes (Guam, Philippines); Eaea mata (Tahiti). A glabrous weed resembling the preceding, but without spines on the stem. Leaves witn Jong petioles, tip rounded or notched, base truncate or cuneate; flower clusters DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 181 very small, green, in axillary and terminal panicled slender spikes; bracts usually shorter than the 3 sepals and utricle; stamens 2 or 3; utricle acute, indehiscent. This is the species most commonly cultivated in India. The tender succulent tops of the young stems and -branches are cooked as a substitute for asparagus. The various forms growing wild in Guam are not much esteemed, but, like asparagus, would doubtless be improved by cultivation. Widely spread in the Tropics, growing as a weed in waste places, not cultivated in Guam, but like the preceding species used as a pot herb when young and tender. REFERENCES: Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1405. 1763. Amargosa (Spanish). See Momordica charantia. Amaryllidaceae. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the indigenous Crinum asiaticum; by Hypoxis aurea, which grows upon the savannas; and by the introduced tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa), the pretty pink-flowered Atamosco rosea, and the white spider lily, or " seashore daffodil" (Pancratium littorale). Ambulia fragrans. Family Scrophulariaceae. LOCAL NAMESS. — Gege, Guegue, Gege sensonyan (Guam). A small, procumbent, very fragrant plant growing in marshy places and stagnant pools near the coast. Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, serrate, with rounded sub- amplexicaul bases; calyx smooth, 5-parted, with lanceolate-subulate segments; struc- ture of the flower similar to the preceding species; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. This plant is much esteemed by the natives for its aromatic fragrance. It is spread among the islands of the Pacific and in the Malay Archipelago, and occurs in north Australia. Gandichaud was the first to collect it in Guam. REFERENCES: Ambulia fragrans (Forst. f.) Drake, Fl. Polyn. Franc. 140. 1892. Ruellia fragrans Forst. f. Prod. 44. 1786. Limnophila serrata Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 448. t. 57. f. 2. 1826. Ambulia indica. LOCAL NAMES. — Gege, Guegue (Guam); Inata (Philippines). A low, glabrous, aromatic plant growing in swamps and on the edges of rice fields. The leaves may be either all whorled and pinnatifid, 6 to 19 mm. long, or in wetter places there may be a few emersed opposite entire ones at the top of the stem and numerous multifid ones at its base; flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled, rarely sub- racemose, the pedicels longer than the calyx; calyx 5-parted, hemispheric in fruit, the lobes equal, ovate, acuminate, not striate; corolla-tube cylindric, upper lip the outer in the bud, suberect; lower lip spreading, 3-fid; stamens 4, didynamous, included; style deflexed at the tip, stigma shortly 2-lamellate; fruit a capsule, seeds numerous, small, angular, truncate, reticulate. This plant is esteemed by the natives for its aromatic odor, which somewhat resembles turpentine. It was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. It is found in India, the Malay Archipelago, China, Australia, and tropical Africa. REFERENCES : Ambulia indica (L. ). Hottonia indica L. Syst. ed. 10. 919. 1759. lAmnophila gratioloides R. Br. Prod. 442. 1810. Amiga de noche (Guam). See Polianthes tuberosa. Amigos (Philippines). See Lycopodium cernuum. Amir ay (Philippines). See Boehmeria tenacissima. 182 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Ammannia coccinea. Family Lythraeeae. An annual erect glabrous herb growing in damp places, with 4-angled stem and narrowly linear, opposite leaves, which are obtusely cordate-auriculate and dilated at the somewhat clasping base, entire, 2 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, flowers small, nearly axillary, 1 to 5 in each axil, sessile; calyx campanulate, with 8 ribs or nerves; petals 4, purple, deciduous, style elongated, very slender; stamens 4 to 8, inserted on the calyx-tube; ovary nearly globular, bursting irregularly. Collected in Guam by Lesson, who accompanied Dumont d'Urville on the Astro- labe as naturalist. It occurs also in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. REFERENCES: Ammannia coccinea, Rottb. PI. Hort. Univ. (Havn.) Programm. Desc. 7. 1773. Ammannia octandra Cham. & Sehlecht. Same as A. coccinea. Ampalea (Philippines). See Momordica charantia. Amor seco (Spanish). See Gomphrena globosa. Amores secos (Philippines, Guam). See Andropogon acicidatus. Amot-tomag-a or Amot-tumag-a (Guam). See Cassia sophera. Anacardiaceae. CASHEW FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the introduced Anacardium occidentals and Mangifera in diet i . Anacardium occidentale. CASHEW. PLATE xxix. Family Anacardiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Kasue, Kasoy (Guam); Casoy, Kasoe, Balubad, Bol-logo (Philip- pines); Maranon (Mexico, Cuba, Panama); Pajuil (Porto Rico). A spreading tree with simple, oval, entire leaves, rounded or emarginate at the top, bearing a peculiar fruit, which consists of the enlarged, fleshy peduncle bearing a kidney-shaped nut. The peduncle is pear-shaped, of a yellow or reddish color, astringent when green, but when thoroughly ripe pleasantly acid and edible. The nut is oily and its shell very acrid. When roasted it is edible, the kernel acquiring a pleasant milky flavor. In roasting, the eyes arid face should not be exposed to the caustic fumes which rise from the shell. A yellowish oil of a sweet flavor may be expressed from the kernel. The trunk and branches on being abraded yield a transparent gum obnoxious to insects. An acrid oily liquid derived from the shell is used to protect books and furniture from the attacks of insects, and in the Andaman Islands to preserve fishing lines. This tree, which is of great economic importance in tropical America, is not much esteemed by the natives of Guam. They sometimes eat the fruit and roast the nuts, but neither can be called a food staple of the island. Although introduced more than a century ago, it has not spread upon the island and is found only near the houses of natives, where it has been planted, or on the sites of abandoned ranches. REFERENCES : Anacardium occidentale L. Sp. PI. 1: 383. 1753. Anagalide azul (Spanish). See Commelina benghalensis and C. nudiflora. Ananas (Spanish). See Ananas ananas. Ananas ananas. PINEAPPLE. Family Bromeliaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Pina (Guam, Philippines); Pina, Ananas (Spanish); MatzatU (Mexico). A plant with rigid sword-shaped leaves, having the edges armed with spines, and bearing the well-known fruit. The flowers have a 6-cleft perianth, with 6 stamens band 1 style. The ripe head consists of the thickened rachis, in which the flesh erries are imbedded, and the fleshy persistent bracts. The plant produces a singely Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXII. ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 183 shaft 60 to 120 cm. high. On the top of the head, or pineapple, a rosette of stiff leaves is borne. The same stalk does not bear a second time, but a new shoot may arise and bear another. The species is propagated from the suckers or by removing the crown and planting it in sand. This should be done during the rainy season. The adventitious sprouts of the stump of the fruit will also yield a growth of young plants if the stump be planted and kept moist. In Guam pineapples of excellent quality are produced. When once established the plants continue to reproduce for years, though frequent replanting and change of soil is recommended. Patches of pineapples are often found growing on the sites of abandoned ranches. The first ripens in May and June. The leaf yields a fine silky fiber, which in the Philippine Islands is woven into beautiful gauzy fabrics. In Guam it is twisted by hand and made into the finer kinds of cast nets for fishing. Sometimes single fibers are used by the natives in lieu of thread for sewing or for wrapping cigars. REFERENCES: Ananas ananas (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 466. 1880-1883, as Ananassa ananas. Bromelia ananas L. Sp. PL 1 : 285. 1753. Ananas sativus Schult. Syst. 72: 1283. 1830. Auanassa sativa. Same as Ananas ananas. Anaoso (Samoa). See Guilandina crista. Andropogon acicularis. Same as Andropogon aciculatus. Andropogon aciculatus. AWNED BEARDGRASS. Family Poaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Amores secos (Philippines, Guam); Piipii (Hawaii). A grass with spikelets occurring in pairs, at each node of a jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel; stem creeping and branching below, leaves short, sheaths terete, panicle very narrow, callus very long, acicular. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. Common on the island and furnishing good pasture, but disagreeable on account of its adherent awns. It is widely spread in Polynesia, Australia, India, and China. In the Philippines the straw is used for making hats and mats. REFERENCES: Andropogon aciculatus Retz. Obs. 5: 22. 1789. Andropogon chloridiformis. Same as Dimeria chloridiformis. Andropogon nardus. LEMON-GRASS. LOCAL NAMES. — Junquillo oloroso (Spanish); Tanglad (Philippines). A fragrant, lemon-scented grass, said to have been introduced into Guam from the Caroline Islands. In Guam the natives plant it near their houses, where it grows in tufts to the height of 90 to 120 cm. It yields an essential oil, which is used in perfumery, and is known as "oil of verbena" or "citronella." It is also applied externally as a stimulant in rheumatic affections. In India a sort of tea is made of the fresh young leaves, and the white center of the succulent sterns is used to impart a flavor to curries. The grass is too coarse to be eaten by cattle except when young. REFERENCES: Andropogon nardus L. Sp. PI. 2: 1046. 1753. Angilao (Guam). See Grewia multiflora. Angiopteris evecta. GIANT FERN. PLATE xxxn. Family Marattiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Nase, Fa'angjise (Samoa). A fern-like plant with enormous fronds and a fleshy stem 1 to 2 meters high, growing in damp situations. It is distinguished by having the sporangia inclosed in capsules, 184 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. which open by a slit down the side. Leaves 2 to 5 meters long, mostly bipinnate, with swollen rachises; leaflets 10 to 30 cm. long, 1.5 to 4 cm. wide, the margin entire or slightly toothed. This species is common on many Polynesian islands. It grows in the Philippines, India, Japan, Madagascar, and Queensland. It is easily propagated by the fleshy scales at the base of each frond, each scale containing at least two dormant buds. Jn Samoa the name by which the natives distinguish it is also applied to Marattia fraxinea, an allied species with the same habit of growth. EEFERENCES: Angiopteris evecta (Forst. ) Hoffm. Com. Goett. 12:29. t. 5. (ex Luerssen in Schenck & Luerssen, Mittheilungen aus der Botanik 1 : 257. 1874. Polypodium evectum Forst. Prod. 81. 1786. Ango (Samoa). See Curcuma longa. Anilao ( Guam ) . See Grewia multijiora. Anilis (Guam ) . See Indigo/era anil and J. tinctoria. Anis hinojo (Philippines, Guam). See Foeniculum foeniculum. Annatto. See Bixa orellana. Annona muricata. SOURSOP. PLATE xxxm. Family Annonaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Laguand (Guam); Guanabano (Philippines, Mexico, Peru). A small tree bearing large oblong or conical, dark green fruit having a rough spiny skin and filled with soft white juicy acid pulp. The leaves are elliptical, pointed, glossy above and rusty beneath, becoming glabrous; young growth scurfy-pubescent; flower with six petals, the three outer ones acute, greenish, the three inner ones more conspicuous, obtuse, yellow or red; pistils many, each with one erect ovule, uniting to form the fleshy fruit or syncarpium. In Guam this species is not so commonly cultivated as the sugar apple ( A. squamosa) . It has a pleasant acid flavor. The natives make jelly of it and preserve the fruit. In the East Indies it is used for flavoring ice cream and puddings. It is of American origin and was introduced into Guam at least a century ago. The vernacular name, laguand, is probably derived from La Guanabana, the Spanish-American name of the fruit. REFERENCES: Annona muricata L. Sp. PL 1: 536. 1753. Annona reticulata. BULLOCK'S HEART. CUSTARD-APPLE. LOCAL NAMES. — Anonas (Guam, Philippines); Corazon (Porto Rico). A tree of -American origin, 4 to 8 meters high, bearing a smooth, heart-shaped fruit with small depressions on the surface, yellowish before maturity and often becoming a deep red at length, which gives to it its appropriate English name. Leaves lanceolate or oblong and pointed, glabrous above and rough, at length becom- ing smooth beneath; flowers with the three exterior petals oblong-linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish., with purple spots at the base; inner petals minute; pistils many, united into the fleshy syncarpium (multiple fruit). In Guam this species has established itself more fully than the others of the genus. It is found growing wild in the woods and along roadsides. The fruit is long in ripening, the plant yielding but one crop a year, while ripe fruit of the sour-sop and sugar-apple can be found during most months of the year. The flavor of the fruit of Annona reticulata growing in Guam is not nearly so good as that of the other species. It is sweet but insipid, and the pulp has a tallow-like consistency. The natives do not esteem it highly, but it is a favorite food of the "fanihi," or fruit- eating bat of the island (Pteropus keraudreni). REFERENCES: Annona reticulata L. Sp. PL 1: 537. 1753. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXIII. THE SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA). FLOWERS AND FRUIT. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXIV. THE SUGAR APPLE, OR SWEETSOP (ANNONA SQUAMOSAI. FOLIAGE AND FRUIT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 185 Annona squamosa. SUGAR-APPLE. SWEETSOP. PLATE xxxiv. LOCAL NAMES. — Atis (Guam, Philippines); Annona blanca (Mexico); Ata (Hindu); Sweetsop (British West Indies). A shrub or small tree of American origin, the fruit of which is tuberculate, each carpel forming a protuberance, egg- shaped or of the form of an artichoke or a short pine cone, 7.5 to 10 cm. in diameter; yellowish green, frequently covered with a whitish or glaucous bluish bloom; pulp very sweet, creamy yellow and custard-like, inclosing smooth black or dark -brown seeds, and of an agreeable flavor; leaves thin, glaucous, oblong-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but often becoming smooth, flowers with the three outer petals oblong-linear and blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish; pistils many, united to form the fleshy fruit. This is the favorite custard apple of the natives of Guam. It is found planted by nearly every house. It does not grow wild like A. reticulata. It loses its leaves in the dry season, putting forth flowers and leaves when the first rains fall, and bearing a succession of crops of fruit during most months of the year. The fruit becomes very soft when ripe, often bursting open on the tree, when it is greedily eaten by ants. These insects do not attack it as long as the surface remains unbroken. It is eaten uncooked, the soursop (^4. muricata) being the only species utilized by the natives for jelly and preserves. The best of the Annonas, Annona cherimolia, a fruit very highly esteemed in South America, does not grow in Guam. Attempts to introduce it into Java and many other tropical countries have met with failure. Annonaceae. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. This family, which includes the "pawpaw" (Asimina triloba) of the United States, is represented in Guam by the ilangilang tree (Canangium odoratum) and the above species of Annona. REFERENCES: Annona squamosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 537. 1753. Anonas (Guam). See Annona reticulala. Antidote lily. See Crinum asiaticum. Antigonon leptopus. MEXICAN CREEPER. Family Polygonaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Cadena de amor (Guam); Coralillo (Cuba); Coamecate, Hierba de Santa Rosa (Mexico). A creeper with clusters of rose-colored flowers. Stem slender, glabrous, or nearly so; leaves alternate, entire, cordate and acuminate or hastate-ovate; flowers in racemes, which end in branching tendrils; sepals 5, rose-colored and petal-like, the two interior ones narrower; stamens 8; styles 3; ovary 5-angled. Cultivated in the gardens of Guam, but not common. It takes its pretty and appropriate local name ( "the chain of love" ) from the form of its flowers, which look like miniature hearts of coral. REFERENCES: Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. t. 69. 1841. Antipole (Philippines). See Artocarpus communis (seeded). Antrophyum. See Ferns. Aoa (Samoa) . See Ficus sp. Apasotes ( Philippines ) . The name used in Guam for "Mexican tea," Chenopodium ambrosioides, which is grown in many of the gardens of the natives. Also called " alapasotes. " Ape (Polynesia). See Alocasia indica and A. macrorrhiza. Apiaceae. CARROT FAMILY. The only representative in Guam of this family is Centella asiatica. 186 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Apii (Hawaii). See Alocasia macrorrhiza . Apium petroselinum. Same as Petroselinum petroselinum. Aphloghating1 or Aplokhating (Guam). See Psychotria mariana. Aplog- (Guam.) The local name for a small coconut in which water has begun to form. Apocynaceae. DOGBANE FAMILY. Among the indigenous Apocynaceae growing in Guam are Ochrosia mariannennift, a tree with glossy leaves, milky sap, and yellow wood, and the Guam "nanago" (Gynopogon torresianus) , a plant allied to the " maile" of Hawaii, with fragrant glossy leaves and small white flowers. Among the cultivated plants are the common ole- ander (Nerium oleander], here called "adelfa," and the common pink periwinkle, Loclmerarosea. It is surprising to note the absence of such common plants as Plumeria alba and Cerbera thevetia, which occur in tropical gardens all over the world. Apson (Guam). See Agsom. Araceae. See Alocasia and Caladium. Arachis hypogaea. ^EANUT. EARTHNUT. GROUNDNUT. Family Fabaceae LOCAL NAMES. — Kakahuate, Kakaguate (Guam); Cacahuate, Tlalcacahuatl (Mex- ico); Mani (Panama, Peru, Chile, Philippines); Katjang-tana (Java). A low plant which bears the well-known peanut. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril; flowers yellow, 5 to 7 together in the axils of the leaves. After the plant has finished flowering and the pods begin to lengthen the pedicels force them into the earth, where they ripen their seeds. Commonly cultivated in Guam, where it thrives, but never planted on an exten- sive scale. Between Agafia, the capital, and Punta Piti, the landing place in the harbor of Apra, the road is bordered with small patches of this plant at several points, where it has been planted by the inhabitants of neighboring houses. It grows readily and with little care in the sandy soil, and the nuts are of good quality. It could be cultivated more generally and would be a benefit to the soil if planted in rotation with maize and sweet potatoes. REFERENCES: Arachis hypogaea L. Sp. PL 2: 741. 1753. Arak. Spirits distilled from the fermented sap of the coconut; in Guam called "aguar- d i en te . " See Cocos nudfera . Aralia guilfoylei. GUILFOYLE'S ARALIA. Family Araliaceae. A handsome ornamental shrub with variegated pinnate leaves. Leaflets 8 to 7, ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges or obscurely lobed, margined with white, and sometimes splashed with gray; stem spotted, erect. A native of the New Hebrides, but now widely spread throughout the Tropics. In Honolulu beautiful hedges are made of it. In the Hope Gardens in the island of Jamaica it is used as a wind-break for the nursery." In Guam it is planted near many of the natives' houses, associated with species of Panax, Graptophyllum, Phyllaurea, and a dark purple Eranthemum. REFERENCES: Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. & March. PL Ornem. 2: t. 58. 1874 (ex Ind; Kew.). Aralia tripinnata Blanco. Same as Panax fruticosum. Araliaceae. ARALIA FAMILY. No indigenous Araliaceae occur in Guam. The family is represented on the island by several ornamental shrubs brought from the Philippines and commonly planted «See Bull. Botan. Dept. Jamaica, 1895, p. 47. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXV. BETEL-NUT PALMS (ARECA CATHECU). DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 187 near the houses of the natives. Among them are Aralia guilfoylei, Noihopanax fruti- cosum, and Nothopanax cochleatum. Ararao, Araro, Araru (Philippines). See Maranta arundinacea. Arbol del fueg-o (Philippines, Guam). See Delonrx regia. Ardisia. Same as Icacorea. Areca cathecu. BETELNUT. PLATE xxxv. Family Phoenicaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Pugua (Guam); Ptia (Banda); Puah, Buah (Amboina); Puak, Poak (Ceylon); Boa (Duke of York Island, Solomon Group); Bue (New Britain); Boa(Bali); Bua(Pelew Islands); Boiiga, Bunga, Luyos (Philippines); Gua, Gooa (Bengal); Pinang (Modern Malay). A palm introduced into Guam in prehistoric times, but not indigenous on the island, and planted, by the natives for the sake of its aromatic seeds, which are gen- erally called '"betel nuts." The trunk is tall and slender and ringed; leaves glabrous, pinnate, the segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with margins recurved at the base, the upper ones confluent and bifid or truncate and many-parted; rachis 3-sided, the upper face acute, the back convex, the base and petiole concave; sheaths elongated; spadix with spreading branches at length pendent; spathes sev- eral, papery, the lowest complete, the upper ones bract-like; flowers white and very fragrant; fruit a one-seeded, orange-colored drupe or nut about the size of a small hen's egg, with outer fibrous husk, astringent, pungent, and aromatic, with a flavor and consistency somewhat like that of a nutmeg. It hangs in long bunches below the dark -green leaves. In Guam this species is found in abundance growing in damp woods and along the margins of streams. The nut is held in great esteem by the natives, who chew it together with the leaf of the betel pepper ( Piper betle), a plant having properties akin to those of Piper metliysticum, the kava plant of Polynesia. The nut is divided and a piece of it is wrapped in the pepper leaf, together with a pinch of quicklime. It imparts a red color to the saliva, so that the lips and teeth appear to be covered with blood and in time become blackened. It injures the teeth and sometimes almost destroys them. Children begin to chew it at an early age. Old men and women are frequently seen with their teeth reduced from its habitual use to mere blackened snags. The odor imparted by it to the breath is aromatic and not disagreeable unless tobacco be mixed with it, a custom practiced by some natives, but not a common one. The nut is called either " pugua," or by its Taga- log name "boriga;" the leaf is called "pupulu," or by the Visayan name "buyo," and the packet made up for chewing is called "mamao." In Guam betel chewing is a matter of etiquette at all wedding assemblies, fandan- gos, and funerals. Nuts deprived of their fibrous envelopes, fresh pepper leaves, and quicklime, together with cigars, are passed around to the assembled guests. According to Jahns, arecaine, the active principle of the areca nut, is a powerful agent for destroying tapeworms, resembling in its action pelletierine, an aromatic, oily alkaloid obtained from the bark of the pomegranate. Like nicotine it is poison- ous, half a grain sufficing to kill a rabbit in a few moments. It influences the respi- ration as well as the heart, causes tetanic convulsions, and has an extraordinary influence in increasing intestinal peristalsis. Locally applied or when given internally it contracts the pupils." In India the nut has long been used as a vermifuge, the dose being a teaspoonful of the freshly grated kernel. Throughout the Malay Archi- pelago the nut is of great commercial importance. KEFERENCES: Areca cathecu L. Sp. PI. 2: 1189. 1753. (Often written Areca catechu.) «See Alkaloide der Arekanuss, in Bruhl's Pflanzen-Alkaloide, p. 33, 1900. 188 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Arecaceae. PALM FAMILY. Among the palms growing in Guam are Areca cathecu, Saguerus pinnatus, ( 'ocos nucifera, Xypa fniticans, the recently introduced Coelococcus amicarum and Phoenix ducti/lifera, and a small, slender-stemmed palm with pinnate leaves called " palnia brava." Arenga saccharifera. Same as Saguerus pinnatus. Argyreia tiliaefolia. LINDEN-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY. Family Convolvulaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Alulag, Abubo (Guam) ; Bululacao (Philippines) ; Pilikai (Hawaii). A stout, climbing morning-glory with pale purple flowers, woody stem, and cor- date or reniform leaves. Corolla large, funnel-shaped; style single, bearing 2 globose stigmas; fruit a leathery capsule, not bursting open like that of an Ipomoea; sepals coriaceous, silky-pubescent; young shoots canescent; leaves glabrate with age, 6 to 7.5 cm. long and as much or more in breadth. A common plant in the thickets of Guam. Unlike other members of its family it does not bloom continuously, but flowers in the month of November. The flowers do not wither like many morning-glories, but remain open all day. The natives call them "abubo," a different name from that applied to the plant itself. The children string them on strings and sticks, and are very fond of them as ornaments. The species is found in India and the Philippines. It has been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, where it has escaped from cultivation and established itself. REFERENCES: Argyreia tiliaefolia (Desr.) Wight, Ic. 42: 12. 1. 1358. 1850. Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr. in Lam. Encyc. 3: 544. 1789. Rivea tiliaefolia Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6: 407. 1833. Arimay (Philippines). See Boehmeria tenacissima. Aristolochia elegans. Family Aristolochiaceae. A pretty flowering species cultivated in a few gardens of Guam. Slender and glabrous, the flowers borne on the pendulous young wood; leaves long-stalked, reniform-cordate, with wide sinus and rounded basal lobes, the rib obtuse; flowers solitary, long-stalked, the tube yellow-green, the flaring limb cordate-circular, purple and white blotched, white on the exterior, the eye yellow. Introduced into Guam by the chief of staff of the last Spanish governor, Don Juan Marina. REFERENCES: Aristolochia elegans Mast, Gard. Chron. II. 24: 301. 1885. Arnotto or Arnatto. See Bixa orellana. Aromo. See Acacia farnesiana. Arong-ay (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Aroru, Aruru (Guam). See Maranta arundinacea. Arrowroot, East Indian. See Tacca pinnalifida. Arrowroot, Polynesian. See Tacca pinnatiftda. Artemisia vulg-aris. MUGWORT. WORMWOOD. Family Asteraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Hierbade Santa Maria, Yerbade Santa Maria (Guam, Philippines). A composite with aromatic, pinnatifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, dark green on upper surface, white beneath; flowers in small discoid greenish heads arranged in panicled spikes, involucre oblong, bell-shaped. Planted in gardens and pots by the natives, who use it medicinally. REFERENCES: Artemisia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 2:848. 1753. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXVI. THE FERTILE BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS), SHOWING MALE AND FEMALE INFLORESCENCES, IMMATURE FRUIT, AND LEAF BRACT. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 189 Artocarpus communis. BREADFRUIT. PLATES vn, xxvn, xxxvi. Family Moraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Seed lass variety: Lemae, Lemai, Lemay, Rima (Guam); Rima, Colo, Kolo (Philippines); 'Ulu (Samoa, Hawaii); Uto (Fiji). Arbol del pan (Spanish). Seeded variety: Dugdug, Dogdog (Guam); Breadnut (Burma); Tipolo, Antipolo (Philippines); 'Ulu-ma'a (Samoa); Uto-sore (Fiji); Bulia (Solomon Islands). A handsome tree, with viscid, milky juice, broad-lobed or digitate leaves, and gently curving limbs, bearing the celebrated breadfruit. This fruit is oval or spheroid in shape, about the size of a child's head or of a melon. It is formed by the female flowers, which are very numerous, and are grouped in a prickly head upon a spongy receptacle. In the fertile typical form the fruit is covered with short hard projec- tions, but in the cultivated breadfruit, which is seedless, it is much smoother and reticulated. The male flowers grow in dense, yellow, club-shaped catkins. The leaves are very large, leathery, ovate, wedge-shaped and entire at the base, the upper part 3 to 9-lobed or pinnatifid, dark green and glossy, and paler beneath. The fruit is at first green, becoming brownish when imperfectly ripe and yellow when fully so. It contains a somewhat fibrous pulp, pure white at first, but becoming yellow at maturity. It is attached to the small branches of the tree by a short, thick stalk, and hangs either singly or in clusters of two or three together. It is eaten before it becomes ripe, while the pulp is still white and mealy, of a consistency intermediate between new bread and sweet potatoes. In Guam it was formerly cooked after the manner of most Pacific island aborigines, by means of heated stones in a hole in the earth, layers of the stones, breadfruit, and green leaves alternating. It is still sometimes cooked in this way on ranches; but the usual way of cooking it is to boil it or to bake it in ovens; or it is cut in slices and fried like potatoes. The last method is the one usually preferred by foreigners. The fruit baked or boiled is rather tasteless by itself, but with salt and butter or with gravy it is a palatable as well as a nutritious article of diet. Ovens wTere introduced into Guam by the Mexican soldiers who were brought by the Spaniards to assist in the " reduction " of the natives. They are of masonry and of the typical dome shape of the ovens so common in Mexico. A kind of biscuit is made by slicing the fruit into moderately thin sections after having cooked it, and drying the slices either in the sun or in ovens. Thus prepared it will last from one breadfruit season to another. The dried slices may be eaten either as they are or toasted, or ground up and cooked in various ways. The Caroline Islanders, a colony of whom lived until recently on the island of Guam, follow a custom widely spread in the Pacific of preserving bread- fruit in pits, where it ferments and is converted into a mass resembling new cheese, in which state it gives forth a very disagreeable odor. The fermented paste is made into cakes and baked, and is then palatable and nutritious. This method of pre- serving breadfruit is also followed by the Samoans, who call the cakes "masi," a name now applied by them to ship biscuit and crackers. In Rarotonga the fer- mented paste is called " mai." The tree yields other products of economic value, such as native cloth or tapa, from the fibrous inner bark of young trees and branches, and a kind of glue and calking material obtained from the viscid milky juice, which exudes copiously from incisions made in the stem. Bark cloth is no longer made in Guam. It is recorded that dur- ing an interval of eleven years, when no ship visited the island and there was a scarcity of woven fabrics, a number of women made petticoats from the breadfruit bark. In Pigafetta's account of the discovery of the group by Magellan he says: " The women also go naked, except that they cover their nature with a thin bark, pliable like paper, which grows between the tree and the bark of the palm." Now the paper mulberry (Papi/rius papyriferux) , the most common tapa-cloth plant of the Pacific islands, does not grow in Guam. There is no palm to wrhich Pigafetta's description could apply, and it is quite probable that the "thin bark, pliable like 190 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. paper, growing between the tree and the bark" was that of the breadfruit, though it may possibly have been that of the nunu, or banyan. Besides using the latex in calking boats, the natives of Guam find it, when fresh and viscid, an excellent medium for mixing paint, and it is a good sizing for white- wash. The usual pigments were a red ferruginous earth and lampblack made by burning cocoanut shells. The Caroline Islanders still use it with various pigments for painting their canoes, and it resists the action of water pretty well, though for this purpose it is inferior to oil. The wood is of fine yellow color. It is not very hard, but it has the virtue of resisting the white ant, and if kept dry it is durable. In Guam it is used for cup- boards, shelving, furniture, and for partitions between rooms. It is also used for canoes, but as these are not wrell cared for by the natives and moisture injures the wood, they do not last very long. In Samoa the framework of the roofs of all the best houses is made of the curved limbs of the breadfruit, beautifully rounded and scarped together and wrapped at the joints with coconut sennit. Dugdug, the "breadnut," or seeded variety of the breadfruit, grows everywhere in Guam — in the woods, on rocky cliffs, and in low, sandy soil. It is the chief source of timber and of gum, the seedless lemae being too valuable as a fruit tree to be used generally for these articles. The fruit of the dugdug is inferior to that of the lemae, than which it is softer and more sweetish. It is seldom eaten, but its seeds, called "nangka" (the name in the Philippines for Arlocarpus integrifolia, the "jack-fruit"), are rich in oil and are relished by the natives They are eaten roasted or boiled and are much like chestnuts. 'Lemae, being sterile, is propagated from the shoots which spring up around the base of the trunk. They readily take root. The dugdug is grown from the -seed, though it occurs in such abundance on the island that it is not much planted. There are a number of varieties of breadfruit recognized by the natives. The species grows so readily that it might prove profitable to plant it for the manufacture of starch or "arrowroot" from the fruit. Horses and cattle are very fond of the leaves and bark, so that young trees must be protected from them. When pasture is scarce breadfruit leaves are gathered and fed to stock; and the fruit is so abundant that it is fed to cattle, horses, and pigs. The breadfruit season begins in June and lasts for about five months. This accounts for the fact that Pigafetta and several other early navigators who visited Guam during the time of the year when it was out of season fail to mention it among the fruits which they obtained from the islanders. Magellan visited the island in March, Legaspi in January, and the Nassau fleet also in January. In the narrative of the latter expedition the cultivation of rice is mentioned (see quotation under Oryza saliva], and a food staple so important as breadfruit would surely have been men- tioned had it come within the notice of the Dutch. The first to record the breadfruit as a food staple of the Marianne Islands was Dampier, who has given the following accurate description of it in his New Voyage Round the World: The Bread-fruit (as we call it) grows on a large Tree, as big and as high as our largest Apple-Trees. It hath a spreading head full of branches, and dark leaves. The fruit grows on the boughs like Apples: It is as big as a Penny-loaf, when Wheat is at'five shillings the Bushel. It is of a round shape, and hath a thick tough rind. When the fruit is ripe, it is yellow and soft; and the taste is sweet and pleasant. The Natives of this Island use'it for Bread: they gather it when full grown, while it is green and hard; then they bake it in an Oven, which scorcheth the rind and makes it black: but they scrape off the outside black crust, and there remains a ten- der thin crust, and the inside is soft, tender and white, like the crumb of a Penny Loaf. There is neither seed nor stone in the inside, but all is of a pure substance like Bread: it must be eaten new, for if it is kept above 24 hours, it becomes dry, and eats harsh and choaky; but 'tis very pleasant before it is too stale. This fruit lasts in season 8 months in the year; during which time the Natives eat no other DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 191 sort of food of Bread kind. I did never see of this Fruit any where but here. The Natives told us, that there is plenty of this Fruit growing on the rest of the Ladrone Islands; and I did never hear of any of it any where else.a REFERENCES: Artocarpus communis Forst. Char. Gen. 102. 1776. Artocarpus incisa L. f. Suppl. 411. 1781. Artocarpus incisa. Same as Artocarpus communis. Arum, Egyptian (Italy). See Caladium colocasia- in Guam called "suni." Arundo bambos. See under Bambos. Arundo tecta. Same as Trichoon roxburgh'd. Arung-ay (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Aruru (Guam). See Maranla arundinacea. Asaua (Samoa). See Gleichenia dichotoma. Asclepiadaceae. MILKWEED FAMILY. This family is represented- in Guam by Dischidia puberula, a climber peculiar to the island, the widely diffused Asclepias curassavica, and the fragrant " mil leguas" (Telosma odoralissima] , a garden climber of Chinese origin. Asclepias curassavica. CURASAO MILKWEED. Family Asclepiadaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Asuncion (Guam); Rosa de Francia (Philippines); Algodoncillo (Porto Rico); Wild ipecac (Hawaii) Blood flower (Jamaica); Chocholloxin (Maya of Mexico). A handsome milkweed, with orange-scarlet flowers, growing erect in solitary, lateral umbels. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends; stem somewhat downy, simple, sometimes a little branched, growing from 30 to 90 cm. high. The plant is of American origin, but has found its way to almost all tropical coun- tries. It is very common in Guam, growing in open fields which were formerly cultivated. Its root possesses emetic properties, and the expressed juice of its leaves is used as a remedy for intestinal worms. REFERENCES: Asclepias curassavica L. Sp. PI. 1: 215. 1753. Ash Pumpkin (Ceylon). See Benincasa cerifera. Asisio (Philippines). See Physalis angulata and P. minima. Asng-od (Guam). See Zinziber zingiber. Asn&od halom-tano (Guam) . See Zinziber zerumbet. Aspidium. See Ferns. Aspidium dissectum and A. parasiticum. Same as Dryopteris dissecta and D. parasitica. See Fern*. Asplenium. See Ferns. Asplenium cultratum Gaud. Same as Asplenium falcatum. See Ferns. Asplenium nidus. Same as Neottopteris nidus. See Ferns. Asteraceae. ASTER FAMILY. Among the representatives of this family are Vernonia villosa and V. cinerea, Ele- phantopus scaber and E. spicatus, Adenostemma viscosum, Ageratum conyzoides, Eclipta alhn, Stemmodontia canesccns, Slemmodontia biflora, Artemisia vulgaris ("hierba de Santa Maria"), Synedrdla nodijiora, Glossogyne tenuifolia, and Chrysanthemum indicum ("manzanilla"). «See also Baum, The Breadfruit, reprinted from The Plant World, vols. 6 and 7. Washington, 1904. 192 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Asthma herb. See Euphorbia piluUfera. Asuncion (Guam). See Asclepias curassavica. Ata (Hindu). See Annona squamosa. Atamosco rosea. ZEPHYR LILY. Family Amaryllidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Nardo (Guam); Fairy lily (United States). A bulbous plant of tropical American origin, with solitary 6-parted rose-colored flowers. Bulb globose, 7.6 to 10 cm. thick; leaves linear, contemporaneous with the flower; perianth regular, about 2.5 cm. long and 4 cm. broad; spathe 2-fid at the tip; anthers versatile; ovary stalked, ovules many, superimposed; seeds black, flat; stigma 3-fid. A beautiful flower, cultivated widely. I found it escaped, growing in the Plaza de Magallanes, Agana, and transplanted it to my garden, where it bloomed monthly. REFERENCES: Atamosco rosea (Lindl.) Greene, Pitt, 3:188. 1897. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 821. 1824. Atbahakat (Guam). See Ocimurn basilicum and 0. canum. Ateate (Samoa). See Stemmodonlia biflora. Atgodon (Guam). See Gossypium arboreum and G. barbadense. Atgodon de Manila. See Ceiba pentandra. Atis (Guam, Philippines). See Annona squamosa. Atis-aniti (Guam). See Meibomia gangetica. Atole (Guam, Mexico, Cuba). A gruel made by boiling pounded maize. In Peru it is called "mazamorra." Atoto (Tahiti). See Euphorbia atoto. Auricularia auricula-judae. See under Fungi. 'Aute (Samoa). See Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. 'Ava-pui (Samoa). See Zinziber zerumbet. Averrhoa caranibola. CARAMHOLA. PLATE xxxvn. Family Oxalidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. -^Bilimbines (Guam); Carambola, Balimbing (Philippines); Coro-, mandel gooseberry (India); Kumurunga (Bengal). A small tree bearing an oval, angular, translucent, edible fruit. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets alternate, ovate-acuminate, entire, stalked; flowers fragrant, small, ribes-like, rose-purple or magenta, growing in crowded clusters, which give to the tree a showy appearance when in full bloom; racemes growing from the bark of young and old branches (caulifloral), or from the axils of the leaves; petals 5; stamens usually 10, only 5 of them with anthers. The fruit has a thin, yellow, smooth skin. It is longitudinally ribbed or angled, so that a cross section has the shape of a three, four, or five-angled star. It contains a clear watery pulp, astringent when green and tasting like sorrel or green gooseberries, but pleasantly acid when ripe, or even sweet, with an agreeable fruity flavor, and a strong perfume like that of a quince. The leaves and younger branches are irritable, clos- ing and drooping somewhat like those of the sensitive mimosas and oxalids when the tree is shaken or suddenly shocked. The leaves are affected by light very much like those of many acacias, which close and apparently go to sleep when the sun disappears and awake when it shines again. The tree is readily propagated from the seed. It is long-lived and a constant bearer. In Guam it produces several crops a year. It grows near dwellings, on the sites of abandoned ranches, and by roadsides, but it is not abundant. The natives make preserves of it, but these are somewhat Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXVII. AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA. INFLORESCENCE AND FOLIAGE. NATURAL SlZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 193 tough. When strained the pulp yields a fine jelly. Foreigners are warned against eating the uncooked fruit, the natives declaring that it will cause hiccoughs. Tarts made of it have very much the flavor of rhubarb. The natives do not appear to value the fruit very highly, but this may be owing to the scarcity of sugar, a large proportion of which is necessary for making jelly and preserves, and to the abun- dance of other fruits equally good or better. In India the unripe fruit is used in dyeing, the acid acting probably as a mordant. The juice removes iron rust from linen. The dried fruit is antiscorbutic and, together with the leaves and root, is used as a remedy in fevers. The tree was introduced into Guam many years ago. Gaudichaud mentions it, together with the allied Averrhoa bilimbi L. , a species in which the clustered, caulifloral, pendant fruit is smaller and not angled, and the leaves have smaller and more numerous leaflets. The latter species is no longer found on the island; it has probably died out since Gaudichaud' s visit. REFERENCES: Averrhoa carambola L. Sp. PI. 1: 428. 1753. Awned beard grass. See Andropogon aciculatm. Azafran (Spanish) . See Curcuma longa. Azucena (Guam). See Polianthes tuberosa. Baba (Guam). A plant belonging to the Arum family, with heart-shaped leaves 2 to 2.5 meters long and reddish stems; probably a species of Alocasia. Bacao, Bacauan, or Bakawan (Philippines). See Rhizophora mucronata and Bru- guiera gymnorhiza. Bacopa monniera. WATER HYSSOP. Family Scrophulariaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Graciola (Cuba). A small, creeping, glabrous plant with rather thick, entire leaves and a pale biue or nearly white flower growing in moist situations. Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or crenate, without prominent veins; flowers few, on pedicels usually rather longer than the leaves, with 2 small bracteoles under the calyx; calyx divided to the base into 5 distinct sepals, the outer one oval, the others ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; corolla-tube scarcely so long as the calyx, the 5 lobes spreading, broad, as long as the tube, the 2 upper ones rather smaller and less deeply separated than the others; capsule ovid, shorter than the calyx, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, which at length separate from the dissepiment and sometimes split into two. Common in Guam, especially in the cienaga, near Agana. In India it is used medicinally by the Hindoos, who consider it to be aperient and a stimulant for the secretion of urine. REFERENCES: Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettst. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 43b: 77. 1891. Gratiola monnieria L. Cent. PI. 2: n. 120. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 306. 1759. Monniera brownei Pers. Syn. 2: 166. 1807. Herpestis monnieria H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2: 366. 1817. Badyog (Guam). The seeds of the snuff-box sea-bean. See Lens phaseoloides. Bahama grass. See Capriola dactylon. Bahay ( Philippines ) . See A denanthera pavonina. Bakao, Bakawan, or Bakawan (Philippines). See Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Balangigan (Philippines). See Guettarda speciosa 9773—05 13 194 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Balanophora sp. Family Balanophoraceae. A low, fleshy, leafless parasitic plant of an orange-scarlet color devoid of chloro- phyll growing on the roots of other plants, and shaped when young like an asparagus sprout. The whole plant is waxy and translucent. The flowers are unisexual and are closely crowded together. The male flowers have a regular perianth, but the female flowers have none. The latter consist of a one-celled ovary having a single ovule and a long style. It resembles a species growing in the Fiji Islands, but the latter is pale yellow instead of reddish-orange. Balasbas (Philippines). See GraptopJiyllum pictum. Balatong (Philippines). See Phaseolus mungo. Balatong aso (Philippines). See Cassia occidentals, Baliacag ( Visayan) . See Dioscorea aculeata and D. saliva. Balibago (Philippines). See Pariti tiliaceum; in the Guam vernacular called "pago." Balimbing (Philippines). See Averrhoa carambola. Baliskug- (Visayan). See Clerodendron inerme. Baliti (Philippines) . See Ficus sp. Balloon vine. See Cardiospernum halicacabum. Balokbalok (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Balogo ( Visayan ) . See Lens phaseoloides. Balones (Philippines). See Lens phaseoloides. Balonggai (Visayan). See Moringa moringa. Balsam, Garden. See Impatiens balsamina. Balsam-pear. See Momordica charantia. Balsamina (Spanish) . See Momordica charantia. Balubad (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Balunggai (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Bamboo. See Bambos blumeana and Bambos sp. Bambos blumeana. THORNY BAMBOO. Family Poaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Piao tituka, Piao lahe (Guam); Canayang tinic (Philippines); Cafia espinas, Cafia macho (Spanish). A handsome bamboo armed with sharp recurved spines, forming impenetrable thickets in moist places, and often attaining the height of 50 feet. Stems growing in clumps; hard, smooth, glossy green when growing, walls thick, nodes not promi- nent; flowers produced at long intervals, the plants dying after the seeds have matured. This plant was introduced from the Philippines. It is much stronger and more durable than the common spineless piao, and is used by the natives in building houses (Plate XX), ranches, and inclosures. Fresh canes stuck in the ground often take root. Large canes cut into lengths of 6 to 8 feet with the septa removed are used as water vessels (see Plate II; young carabao loaded with bamboo vessels filled with water), and single joints are used as flower pots and for collecting the sap of the coconut, as described under Cocos nucifera. The stem split into slats about an inch wide is used for making platforms in farmhouses, upon which the natives sleep, and also for inclosures under these platforms for the protection of chickens from rats, cats, and lizards. EEFERENCES: Sambos blumeana Schult. f. Syst. 72: 1343. 1830, as Bambasa blumeana. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 195 Bambos sp.? SMOOTH BAMBOO. LOCAL NAMES. — Piao, Piao palaoan (Guam); Cana hembra (Spanish). A large bamboo without spines; stems growing to 4 inches or more in diameter; branches numerous. Inferior to the preceding in hardness and durability, and sub- ject to the attacks of insects. The canes are used for water vessels, fences, frame poles for ranches and houses, and when split into widths of an inch or more they are used for floors and sleeping platforms in the poorer kinds of houses and in ranches. Troughs for collecting water from roofs and drinking troughs for fowls are made by splitting the canes and removing the septa. The identity of this plant has not been established. It may possibly be a species of Schizostachyum. Gaudichaud, in the report of the botany of the Freycinet expedition mentions Bambos bambos Wight (Anmdo bambos L., Bambusa arundinacea Willd. ) as occurring on the island, but this is probably a mistake. The vernacular name signifies " female bamboo," to distin- guish it from the species armed with spines. The durability of both species is increased by soaking the split canes in water for a wreek or two and then drying them thoroughly. They are springy and elastic. Platforms of them with mats spread over them make very comfortable beds. Bambusa. See Bambos. Baiiago (Guam). See Jasminum marianum. Banalo (Philippines). See Cordia subcordata. Banana. See Musa paradisiaca. Bangcdang bondok (Philippines) . See Pandanus dubius. Bangil (Visayan). See Sophora tomentosa. Bantigui (Philippines). See Pemphis addula. Banyan. See Ficus sp. Baong (Philippines). See Dioscorea sativa. Barbados pride. See Poindana pulcherrima. Barringtonia butonica. Same as Barringtonia speciosa. Barringtonia racemosa. LOCAL NAMES. — Langaasag, Langasat, Langat (Guam); Potat (Philippines); Putat (Malay); Du'ra (Andamans) ; Samutra-pullum (India). A tree having pendant racemes of flowers; petals 4, white or rose-tinted; calyx 2 or 3-cleft; filaments of the stamens longer than the petals; style long; fruit ovate, bluntly 4-angled, smooth, brownish-red; leaves oblong, acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, crenate or obscurely serrate. This species is common in Guam near the sea and along the banks of streams. It is not utilized by the natives. In India, however, according to Major Drury, the seed is used as a fish intoxicant, and the powdered fruit is applied externally in com- bination with other remedies for sore throat and cutaneous eruptions. From the seed of an allied species of the Malay Peninsula, called " putat gajah " by the natives, a starchy food is derived which is eaten by certain tribes. The ker- nels of the seeds are grated on a piece of thorny stem of a rattan (Calamus). Water is added and a milky juice is squeezed out of the pulp, resembling the milk expressed from grated coconut. This milky liquid is allowed to stand in boat-shaped dishes made of palm sheaths. A starchy substance is deposited and the water carefully drawn off. The deposit is made into cakes, which are roasted and eaten. If eaten with out having been washed the gratings cause sickness. « The name "putat," applied «See Ridley, H. N. Barringtonia seed as a Sakai food, Agricultural Bull, of the Straits and Federated Malay States, vol. 2, p. 165, 1903, 196 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. to all species of Barringtonia, is undoubtedly of the same origin as the Guam, Philip- pine, and Polynesian names for species of the same genus. REFERENCES: Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52. 1814 (ex Ind. Kew. ) ; Fl. Ind. 2: 634.1832. Eugenia racemosa L. Sp. PL 1: 471. 1753. Barringtonia speciosa. FUTU. PLATE xxxvm. Family Lecythidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Puting (Guam); Putat (Malay); Botong (Philippines); Futu (Samoa, Tonga); Hutu, Hudu, Fudu (Tahiti); Vutu(Fiji); Utu(Rarotonga); Hutum (Amboiifa); Dod-da (Andaman Islands). A handsome glabrous tree, with dark, glossy, entire, wedge-shaped, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous leaves, and conspicuous flowers having 4 white petals and a dense tuft or brush of crimson-tipped stamens; style very long and slender; fruit in the form of a 4-sided pyramid, about 3 inches across the middle, consisting when dry of a hard, smooth case containing solid fibrous matter and 1 seed. This species is widely spread in the Pacific, but does not occur in the Hawaiian Islands. It is found in the Malay Archipelago, the Andaman Islands, and Ceylon. The fruits are buoyant, and, as the tree grows down to the very edge of the sea, they often fall into the water and are carried by currents and cast upon other shores. In Samoa I have seen seeds left in depressions on a newly formed reef sending forth vigorous sprouts and shoots. The futu and the goat's foot convolvulus were there the pioneer settlers on the new territory. In Guam this tree is very abundant. In places on the east shore between Pago and Talofofo one can scarcely walk without stepping on the fallen fruit or crushing the young plants. The natives use the fruit when dry as floats for their nets, and the fresh fruit for stupefying fish.« The use of the seeds of this plant as a fish intoxicant is widely spread in Polynesia and the East Indies. REFERENCES: Barringtonia speciosa Forst. Char. Gen. 76. L 38. 1776. Bartramia. See Mosses. Barubatones ( Visayan). See Kyllinga monocephala. Baseng (Philippines). See Zinziber zingiber. Basengbaseng (Philippines). See Sida rhombifolia. Basil. See Ocimum canum and 0. sanctum. Basil, sweet. See Ocimum basilicum. Basora prieta (Porto Rico ) . See Waltheria americana. Basote (Porto Rico). See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Bastard currant. See Ehretia microphylla. Baston-de-San-Jose (Guam). See Taetsia terminalis. Batao (Philippines). See Dolichos lablab. Batobatonis (Tagalog). See Euphorbia hirta. Batunes (Guam). See Mesosphaerum capitatum. Bauhinia sp. Family Caesalpiniaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Flor de mariposa (Guam) . A shrub or small tree with beautiful, large, variegated, red-and-yellow flowers, somewhat like those of Bauhinia variegata. Introduced into Guam and cultivated by a few natives in their gardens as an ornamental plant. 0Seep. 81, Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXVIII. FRUIT OF BARRINGTONIA SPECIOSA, A FISH INTOXICANT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 197 A second species growing on the hillside above San Ramon on the left-hand side of the road leading to Sinahana is of very recent introduction. It has large ill- smelling flowers of pale sulphur-yellow which resemble the figure of Bauhinia blancoi in Blanco' s Flora de Filipinas. Baumea mariscoides Gaudich. Same as Cladium gaudichaudii. Bayabas (Philippines). See Psidium guajava. Bayag cambing (Tagalog). See Guilandina crista. Bayog or Bayogo (Guam; Philippines). The seeds of Lens phaseoloides. Bayog cabayo (Philippines). See Dioscorea sativa. Bead tree, Syrian. See Melia azedarach. Beak rush. See Rynchospora corymbosa. Bean family. See Fabaceae. Beans: Chinese asparagus. See Vigna sinensis. Coral. See Adenanthera pavonina. Egyptian kidney. See Dolichos lablab. Goa. See Botor tetragonoloba. Horse. See Canavali ensiforme. Horse-eye. See Stizolobium pruriens and S. giganteum. Hyacinth. See Dolichos lablab. Lima. See Gardens. Match-box. See Lens phaseoloides. Molucca. See Guilandina crista. Ox-eye. See Stizolobium pruriens and S. giganteum. Queensland. See Lens phaseoloides. Sea. See Stizolobium pruriens, S. giganteum, Lens phaseoloides, and Guilandina crista. Seaside. See Canavali obtusifolium and Vigna lutea. Snuffbox. See Lens phaseoloides. Sword. See Canavali ensiforme. Turnip. See Cacara erosa. Yam. See Cacara erosa. Beardgrass, awned. See Andropogon aciculatus. Bearwood (Australia). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Beet. See Gardens. Behuko halom-tano (Guam). See Calamus sp. Bejuco (Spanish). General name for climbing or twining plant. In the Philippines and in Guam it is specially applied to species of climbing palms (Calamus). Bejuco cimarron (Spanish). See Calamus sp. Bejuco de vaca (Porto Rico). See Ipomoea pes-caprae. Bell pepper. See Capsicum annuum grossum. Belvisia spicata. See under Ferns. Ben oil. See Moringa moringa. Benincasa cerifera. WAX GOURD. Family Cucurbitaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Kondot, Condor (Guam); Kondol (Philippines); Calabaza blanca (Spanish); Ash pumpkin (Ceylon). A gourd with oblong, white, waxy fruit, growing on a vine, like a muskmelon; 198 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. hairy, with heart-shaped lobed leaves and yellow flowers, the male flowers with long stalks, the female almost stalkless. Cultivated in the gardens of Guam for the fruit, which is cooked as a vegetable and also as a "dulce." REFERENCES: Benincasa cerifera Savi, Bibl. Ital. 9: 158. 1818 (ex Ind. Kew.). Benne. See Sesamum orienlale. Berbena (Guam). See Ifeliotropium indicum. Berengena (Spanish). See Solanum melongena. Berenghenas (Guam). See Solanum melongena. Bergamot. See Citrus aurantium bergamia. Bermuda grass. See Capriola dactylon. Beta vulgaris (the common beet). See Gardens. Betel leaf. See Piper belle. Betelnut. See Areca cathecu. Betel pepper. See Piper belle. Biancaea sappan. SAPPAN. LOCAL NAMES. — Sibukao, Sibucao (Guam and Philippines); Palo del Brazil (Spanish). A thorny shrub or small tree with racemes of showy yellow flowers. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnae 20 to 24; spines on rachis of leaves at base of pinnae and stipulary spines at base of petioles; leaflets 20 to 30, small oblong, very oblique; stamens woolly; pods short, broad (7.5 to 10 cm. long by 4 cm. broad), oblique, woody, with recurved beak at the upper angle, 3 or 4 seeded. This species was introduced into Guam at least a century ago. It grows readily on the island, and boundary hedges composed of it have spread into thickets in many places. Its heartwood yields a fine red dye, which is extensively used in India, and it is exported from Ceylon. The bark and the root are also used for dyeing. The wood is an astringent and contains tannic and gallic acids. It is used medicinally in India. In Guam the natives make little use of it, as it requires considerable labor to separate the heart from the rest of the wood. It could be grown with success on the island, as it spreads there of its own accord and requires little or no attention. Owing to the ease with which it grows and its thick habit of growth, it is used for defining the boundaries of land. The wood takes a fine polish and does not warp nor crack. In preparing the wood for dyeing it is cut into chips, which are pounded and boiled for several hours in water. It yields a red color, which is intensified by alkalies. For dyeing cotton tannin and alum are used as mordants, for wool a mixture of alum and cream of tartar. In India it is combined with indigo to produce a purple dye and with turmeric and sulphate of iron to produce a rich maroon. A dye is extracted from the bark of the trunk and roots by boiling, and the pods are used, like those of several other allied species, together with the protosulphate of iron, to make an ink or black dye. REFERENCES: Biancaea sappan (L.) Todaro, Hort. Bot. Pan. 1: 3. 1876. Caesalpinia sappan L. Sp. PI. 1 : 381. 1753. The type of the Linnsean genus Caesalpinia, to which this species was referred by Linnaeus, and by nearly all authors since his time, is C. brasiliensis L. Sp. PL ed. 1. 1 : 380. 1753, so far as it relates to the species of Plumier, from whom Linnaeus adopted the genus with a slight modification in the spelling of the name. It is not, however, Caesalpinia brasiliensis L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 1: 544. 1762, which is an unarmed tree and does not belong to the same genus as Plumier' s species, but under the specific name linnaei has in part usually been referred to Peltophorum. Neither should the original Caesalpinia brasiliensis, though named C. crista by Linnaeus Sp. PL ed. 2. 1 : 544. 1762, be confused with C. crista L. Sp. Pi. ed. 1. 1: 380. 1753, which is Guilandina crista Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXIX. THE ARNOTTO TREE (BIXA ORELLANAJ. FOLIAGE AND FRUIT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 199 (L.) Small. The synonomy of these much-confused species seems to have been first made clear by Urban Symb. 2: 269-285. 1900. Caesalpinia brasiliensis, however, does not appear to be congeneric with the species known as Caesalpinia sappan, and the name published by Todaro for the group 4o which the latter species does belong is accordingly adopted. — W. F. W. Bidens tenuifolia. See Glossogyne tenuifolia. Biga (Philippines). See Alocasia indica and A. macrorrhiza. Bikkia mariannensis. See Cormigonus mariannensis. Bilang-bilang- (Philippines). See Sesuvium portulacastrum. Bilimbines (Guam). See Averrhoa carambola. Bird pepper. See Cap&icum frutescens; in Guam called "doni." Bird's-nest fern. See Neottopteris nidus under Ferns; in Guam called "galak." Bitanhol, Bitaog (Philippines). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Bitogo (Philippines). See Cycas circinalis. Bixa orellana. ARNOTTO. PLATE xxxix. Family Bixaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Achiote, Achuete (Guam, Philippines); Achote (Spanish); Achiotl (Mexico); Loa (Samoa). A small tree bearing prickly capsules containing seeds surrounded by a red pulp, which yields the well-known arnotto of commerce. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, entire or angular, smooth on both surfaces. Arnotto is prepared by macerating the pods in boiling water, removing the seeds, and leaving the pulp to settle. The water is then poured off and the residuum, which is of a bright yellow or orange color, is used as a dyestuff. In Guam it is sometimes put in soup and rice. The Caroline Islanders use it to paint their bodies, together with turmeric. It is sometimes used in the same way by the Samoans. The chief uses to which arnotto is applied are for dyeing silk and cotton orange- yellow, and for coloring cheese and butter. The color imparted to fabrics, however, is not lasting. REFERENCES: Bixa orellana L. Sp. PI. 1: 512. 1753. Black fibre palm. See Saguerus pinnatus. Black thorn (British West Indies). See Acacia farnesiana. Bledos blancos (Spanish). See Amaranthus oleraceus. Blind-your-eyes (Australia). See Excoecaria agallocha. Blinding tree. See Excoecaria agallocha. Blood flower (Jamaica). See Asclepias curassavica. Blue pea. See Clitoria ternatea. Bocoa edulis. POLYNESIAN CHESTNUT. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES.— If (N. Guinea); Ivi (Fiji); Ifi (Samoa); I'i (Samoa); Cayam, Kayam (Cebu); Mape (Tahiti); Marrap (Ponape); Marefa (Mortlocks). A tree bearing an edible kidney-shaped fruit, recently introduced into Guam from the Caroline Islands, but not yet bearing. In Polynesia and in some of the Malayan Islands its fruit is an important food staple. The tree grows to a great size, often towering above the general level of the forest. When young the trunk is nearly cyl- indrical. It later becomes fluted, as though surrounded by adherent columns, which when older develop into radiating buttresses, like great planks. In Samoa it is one of the most striking features of the forest. Leaves oblong, leathery, feather- veined, short-petioled, with small stipules; flowers inconspicuous, in loose axillary spikes, white or yellowish, very fragrant; calyx tubular or somewhat bell-shaped, irregularly 200 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 2 or 3-lobed, divisions rounded; petals 5, united at the base together with the sta- mens into a tube; ovary nearly sessile; style very short; stigma oblique; pod short- stemmed, obovate, curved, hard, drupe-like, one-seeded. In Polynesia the seed is eaten cooked when not quite ripe, and tastes much like a chestnut. In some islands it is preserved, like the breadfruit, in pits, where it is left to ferment. In Samoa it is a staple food for several months of the year. The bark of the tree is astringent. The wood is perishable and is of little economic value. REFERENCES: Bocoa edulis (Forst.) Baill. Adansonia 9: 237. 1868-70. Inocarpus edulis Forst. Char. Gen. 66. t. 33. 1776. Boehmeria candolleaua Gaudich. Same as Pipturus argenteus. Boehmeria paniculata. Same as /Schychowskya ruderalis. Boehmeria tenacissima. RHEA. Family Urticaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Amahayan, Amahadyan (Guam); Labnis, Arimay, Amiray (Philippines); Oramai (Ponape); Lafai (Solomon Islands). A shrub or small tree with alternate, broadly ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved leaves, green above, white beneath, with dentate margins. Flowers minute, green, monoe- cious, in axillary panicles, with numerous sessile flower-heads along the entire length of the branches of the inflorescence; male flowers in the axils of the lower leaves; perianth 4-partite; stamens 4, opposite the perianth lobes; female flowers in the axils of the upper leaves; perianth gamophyllous, tubular, hairy, 4-dentate at the contracted mouth; style much exserted, hairy; ovary inclosed completely by the perianth; stigma papillose, on one side of the style; achene inclosed in the perianth, the peri- carp crustaceous. This plant is indigenous to the island. It differs from the allied Boehmeria nivea in its more robust habit of growth, in its larger leaves, the lower surface of which is white, but not covered with the thick felt-like coating of that species, and in being shrubby instead of ^herbaceous. It was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, who described it as having "feuilles tomenteuses et argentees au-dessous, " and growing near the seashore; a but he confused its vernacular name, "amahayan" with that of an allied plant called " sayiafi," having ovate, cordate, acuminate leaves, the petioles and lower surface of veins being covered with reddish pubescence, while the veins of the amahayan are smooth. This species is figured by Wight. & The form growing in Guam has leaves more finely serrate on the margin than in his figure. Boehmeria nivea is essentially a plant of temperate climates, and yields the "ramie" fiber from which "China grass cloth" is made. The name "rhea" should be con- fined to the fiber obtained from the tropical species. In Guam the plant is not utilized by the natives for textile purposes, but they use the bark as a remedy in certain diseases. An interesting account of the methods of cultivation and of extracting the fiber of Boehmeria nivea is given by Charles Richards Dodge in his catalogue of the Useful Fibre Plants of the World, c To be suitable for fiber purposes the stems should be unbranched. The trees or shrubs growing alone branch freely. In cultivation they should be planted close together, so as to throw up straight shoots, as in the case of hemp. REFERENCES: Boehmeria tenacissima Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 500. 1826. Urtica tenacissima Roxb. Hort. Beng. 67. 1814 (ex Ind. Kew.); Fl. Ind. 3: 590. 1832. Boehmeria nivea tenacissima (Roxb.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. I2: 253. 1859. « Narrative of Freycinet's Expedition, 1825. & Icones, vol. 2, pi. 688, 1842. c Report No. 9, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1897. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 201 Boerhaavia diffusa. GLUEWEED. Family Nyctaginaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Dafau, Dafao (Guam); Mata-pavo, Pega-pollo (Spanish). A troublesome weed widely spread in the Tropics, diffusely branched, with white or reddish minute flowers growing in heads, which are arranged in terminal or axillary panicles. Leaves linear, ovate, oblong, or rounded, obtuse or acute, the base rounded or cordate; flowers jointed on the pedicel; bracteoles small; perianth tubular, limb funnel-shaped, 5-lobed; stamens 1 to 5, exserted; ovary oblique, stipitate; stigma peltate; fruit 5-ribbed, viscid, top rounded. In some parts of India this plant is used as a pot herb. It is fed to hogs and cattle, and is thought to increase the supply of milk. The root is used medicinally, and is recommended as a remedy for dropsy and asthma. « The very viscid perianth tube containing the fruit readily adheres to other objects and detaches itself from the plant. Small insects are caught by the secretion, and young chickens and turkeys sometimes die in consequence of their eyes becoming sealed up by the sticky fruits. & REFERENCES: Boerhaavia diffusa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 3. 1753. Boerhaavia glutinosa, B. mutabilis, B. procumbens, B. repens. Same as Boerhaavia diffusa. Bokabok (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Bollogo (llocos). See Anacardium occidentale. Bolobotones (Philippines). See Kyllinga monocephcda. Bolot (Philippines). See Dioscorea fasdculata. Bombacaceae. BOMBAX FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is the silk cotton tree, Ceiba pen- tandra. Bombax orientale, B. pentandrum. Same as Ceiba penlandra. Bonga (Philippines). See Areca catheea. Boraginaceae. BORAGE FAMILY. In Guam this family is represented by the kou tree or banalo (Cordia subcordata), Tournefortia argentea (called "hunig" by the natives), Ehretia microphylla, ancLtwo or three species of Heliotropium. Borona (Philippines). See Zea mays. Bordt (Philippines). See Dioscorea fasdculata. Bosbdron (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Botoncillo (Guam). See Kyllinga monocephala. Botong (Philippines). See Barringtonia speclosa. Botor tetragonoloba. FOUR-WINGED BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Seguidillas (Guam); Camaluson, Seguidillas, Calamismis, Pal- lam, Pallang (Philippines); Goa Bean. A twining herbaceous bean bearing edible pods having four longitudinal wings. Roots tuberous; leavesS-foliate, stipellate; stipules attached above the base, lanceolate each way from the insertion; leaflets large,, broad, ovate, acute, glabrous, the base subdeltoid; racemes few-flowered, flowers rather large, lilac; peduncles 7.5 to 15 cm. long; pedicels geminate, as long as the calyx; bracteoles ovate, small; calyx 12 mm. long, glabrous, teeth shorter than the tube, the two upper connate, the side-teeth oblong, the lowest shorter, deltoid; corolla much exserted, the petals equal in length; « Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 1, p. 485, 1899. b Trimen, Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, vol. 3, p. 390, 1895. 202 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. keel much incurved, but not beaked; stamens monadelphous, the upper free below; style long, much recurved, flattened laterally, densely bearded round the terminal stigma; pod 15 to 22.5 cm. long, square, with a distinct longitudinal wing at each angle, distinctly partitioned between the roundish seeds; wings thin, rufflelike, usually much crisped and toothed. The green pods of this plant are eaten in Guam as a vegetable. -They are tender, free from stringiness, and of excellent flavor. The tuberous root is edible, but is not utilized in Guam. Common in the gardens of the natives, twining along fences. In India the pods are used in pickles and the seeds are eaten. REFERENCES: Botor tetragonoloba (Stickman) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 162. 1891. Dolichos tetragonolobus Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 132. 1759. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. Prod. 2: 403. 1825. Bottlegourd. See Lagenaria lagenaria. Bowstring hemp. See Cordyline zeylanica. Brachytrichia quoyi. See under Algse. Brassica juncea. INDIAN MUSTARD. LOCAL NAMES. — Mostaza (Spanish). A yellow-flowered crucifer, cultivated in Guam and also growing wild; with pale- green leaves, smooth or slightly pubescent and somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves long-petioled, toothed or pinnatifid, upper ones sessile or nearly so, but not clasping the stem, lanceolate or linear, commonly entire, much smaller; seed pods with a conical awl-like tip, containing no seed. This species is a native of Asia, but is now widely diffused. See Mustard under Gardens. REFERENCES: Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 609. 1859. Sinapis juncea L. Sp. PI. 2: 668. 1753. Brassica napa. Turnips will not grow in Guam. REFERENCES: Brassica napa L. Sp. PI. 2: 666. 1753. Brassica oleracea. The Cabbage. See Gardens. REFERENCES: Brassica oleracea L. Sp. PI. 2: 667. 1753. Brassicaceae. MUSTARD FAMILY. In addition to the preceding species of Brassica, there is a kind of cress, probably a species of Cardamine, growing spontaneously in Guam. Brea blanca (Guam, Philippines). See Canarium indicum. Breadfruit. See Artocarpus communis. Breadnut (Burma). The fertile variety of the breadfruit, in Guam called "dugdug." See Artocarpus communis. Bromeliaceae. PINEAPPLE FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is the pineapple, Ananas ananas. Broomweed ("Escobilla," Spanish). A name applied to several species of Sida and Triumfetta. Bruguiera gymnorhiza. MANY-PETALED MANGROVE. PLATE XL. Family Rhizophoraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Mangle macho (Guam) ; Bacao, Bacauan bakawan (Philippines); Taka-tsuku, Kure-tsuku (Japan). A glabrous tree growing to a height of 12 or 15 meters, with short, prop-like sup- porting roots growing from the trunk near the base. The leaves are opposite, glossy, Corrtr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XL. BRUGUIERA GYMNORHIZA, THE MANY-PETALED MANGROVE. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 203 leathery, oblong and slightly acuminate, with entire margins and stipules which soon drop off; flowers axillary, about 1 inch in diameter, peduncles 1-flowered, calyx 10 to 14-cleft, bell-shaped, without bracts, growing attached to the base of the ovary, lobes linear, acuminate, erect, about 18 mm. in length, equaling the tube in fruit; petals 10 to 14, oblong, 2-lobed, with 2 to 4 bristles on each lobe and 1 in the notch; stamens many, embraced by the petals and springing elastically from them when mature; ovary 3 or 4 celled; style filiform; stigma 2 to 4 lobed, minute, fruit top- shaped, leathery, crowned with the calyx limb; radicle spindle-shaped, with about 6 prominent angles, obtuse at the apex, perforating the apex of the fruit and germinating while the fruit still adheres to the tree, then descending from the tree into the mud. This species is common in Guam, growing in the swamps at the mouths of nearly all streams; especially abundant near Atantano and along the southern shores of the island. Its heartwood is very heavy, hard, and of a dark-red color. In India it is used for posts, piles, planks, and furniture. The sapwood is lighter and softer and reddish white. The astringent bark is used in India for tanning and in dyeing black. In Japan a reddish brown dye is obtained from it. This is the handsomest of all the mangroves and is widely spread on tropical shores of the Pacific and Indian oceans. In Japan it grows on the coasts of Satsuma. REFERENCES: Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam. Encyc. Tableau 2: 517. t.397. 1793. Bruja (Mexico). See Bryophyllum calycinum. Bryophyllum pinnatum. WITCH LEAF. LIFEPLANT. Family Crassulaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Siempre-viva (Spanish, Guam) ; Prodigiosa, Hoja de bruja (Cuba) ; Bruja (Mexico) ; Lifeplant (British W. Indies). A singular plant with simple or pinnate fleshy leaves which have the peculiarity of producing buds on their margins which send forth roots and sprouts and thus pro- duce new plants. Leaflets 3 to 5, ovate, with crenate margins. When the leaf is cut off or drops to the ground the buds form in the indentations between the crenations, and in a short time new plants appear all around the margin. The flowers are pen- dulous, growing in terminal compound panicles; calyx bladder-like when growing, at length oblong bell-shaped, 4-cleft; corolla tube somewhat 4-cornered, the lobes of its limb ovate or somewhat triangular; at the base of the carpels a number of gland- like, compressed scales; carpels on very short stalks. Flowers reddish or purplish green, spotted with white. The plant is supposed to be a native of the Moluccas, Madagascar, and Mauritius. It is now widely spread in the Tropics. In Guam it is common by the roadsides, especially along the road leading up the hill from San Antonio east of Agana. The leaves, slightly scorched, are used as poultices for wounds and ulcers. They are considered to be disinfectant. - REFERENCES: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) S. Kurtz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 402: 52. 1871 (ex Ind. Kew.). Cotyledon pinnata Lam. Encyc. 2: 141. 1786. Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. Parad. Lond. t.3. 1805. Bryopsis plumosa. See under Algx. Bua (Pelew Islands). See Areca cathecu. Bubui (Tagalog). See Ceiba pentandra. Bubui gubat (Tagalog). See Thespesia populnea. Buena vista (Guam, Philippines). A name sometimes applied to the ornamental, bright-colored Phyllaurea variegata. Buenas tardes (Panama). See Mirabills jalapa. 204 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Bug-os (Philippines). See Acalypha indica. Bukike (Guam). See Clitorm tematea; also called the "queen's cloak" (capade la reina). Bulak (Philippines). Vernacular for all cottons (Gossypium spp. ). Bulakan (Philippines). See Thespesia populnea. Bullock's heart. See Annona reticulata. Bululacao (Philippines). See Argyreia tiliaefolia. Bunga (Philippines). See Areca cathecu. Buntot capon (Philippines). A fern, Asplenium falcatum. Burgrass. See Centotheca lappacea. Burweed. See the species of Triumf etta ; also Urena sinuata. Butabuta (Philippines). See Excoecaria agallocha. Button sedge. See Kyllinga monocephala. Buyo (Philippines). See Piper belle. Caballero (Guam). See Poinciana pulcherrima. Cabbage. See Gardens. Cabello del angel (Spanish). A name applied in Guam to the cypress vine, Quarnoclit quamoclit. Cabinet woods. Among the trees furnishing wood suitable for cabinetwork may be mentioned the following: Adenanthera pavonina, Artocarpus communis, Barringtonia speciosa, Bru- guiera gymnorhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eugenia sp. ("adbang"), Heritiera lit- toralis, Intsia bijuga, Melia azedarach, Ochrocarpus obovalis, Ochrosia mariannensis, Premna gaudichaudii, Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea. Cabo negro (Spanish). See Saguerus pinnatus. Cacahuate or Cacaguate (Guam). Local name for the peanut, Arachis hypogaea. Cacao (Spanish). See Theobroma cacao. Cacara erosa. YAM-BEAN. TURNIP-BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Hikamas (Guam); Jicama, Cazotl (Mexico); Kamas, Ticamas, Hicamas, Sincamas (Philippines); Jicama dulce (Cuba); Ahipa, Ashipa (South America) ; Fan ko (China). A climbing herbaceous plant, with trifoliolate leaves and a turnip-like root. Leaf- lets large, stipellate, membranous, deltoid-ovate, angular, toothed, pubescent beneath or glabrescent; flowers bluish or purplish, in long lax racemes with fascicled pedi- cels, the lower nodes often prolonged into short branches; bracts and bracteoles bristle-like, caducous; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower deeply 3-toothed; corolla much exserted, wings semilunate with a long projection at the base, the petals subequal; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (1 and 9), filaments alternately shorter; style with a crenulate nectarial ring around the base, spirally incurved at the apex, almost as in thePhaseoli; stigma large, round, oblique; legume linear, turgid, compressed, laterally contracted between the seeds, of a dark-brown color, sparsely hairy; seeds nearly circular, flat, smooth. This plant, which both in Guam and the Philippines bears its Mexican name, was probably brought from Mexico. It is now common in the woods, climbing among the bushes and trees and twining about everything with which it comes in contact. The young root is much like a turnip in shape and consistency, and is easily peeled like a turnip. It is usually eaten raw, and may be prepared with oil and vinegar in the form of a salad. According to Dr. Edward Palmer it is extensively cultivated DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 205 in Mexico, where the natives pinch off the blossoms and seed pods, giving as a reason that if the seeds are allowed to mature the roots are not good. In Mexico the roots are much eaten raw, but are also pickled, boiled in soup, and cooked as a vegetable. As they come from the ground they are crisp, sweet, juicy, and of a nutty flavor. They are nourishing and at the same time quench the thirst, so that they are much liked by travelers. One way of preparing the raw roots is to cut them in thin slices and sprinkle sugar over them. They may also be boiled and prepared with batter in the form of fritters, and in Mexico they are often minced or grated, and with the addition of sugar, milk, and eggs, and a few fig leaves for flavoring, made into puddings. The identity of the Mexican, Guam, and Philippine plants seems certain. Other forms of Cacara, which, like the present species, have been referred by authors to C. erosa, differ very much in the shape and size of the root. The Fijian species, iden- tified by Seemann as Pachyrhizus trilobus DC.,« has roots 6 to 8 feet in length and the thickness of a man's thigh. Roots of Cacara bought in the Chinese market of San Francisco, and referred to C. erosa, were analyzed by Mr. Walter C. Hlasdale and were found to contain an abundance of nutritive materials. Besides a large percent- age of starch, considerable cane sugar was found, as well as protein. Long-continued boiling of these roots failed to render them tender. Their principal use by the Chi- nese of San Francisco is for the preparation of starch, which is said to be of a superior quality. As far as could be learned, the Chinese obtain their comparatively large supply of roots entirely from Canton. & From this description it is evident that the roots imported into San Francisco by the Chinese have very different properties from the crisp, succulent tubers of Mexico and Guam. REFERENCES: Cacara erosa (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 165. 1891. Dolichos erosus L. Sp. PI. 2 : 726. 1753. Dolichos bulbosus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1021. 1763. Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich. ; DC. Prod. 2 : 402. 1825. Pachyrhizus bulbosus Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 452: 246. 1876. Cactus. There is no indigenous plant on the island belonging to the cactus family. The only introduced species which has established itself is a prickly pear, for which see Opuntia sp. Cadena de amor (Guam). "Chain of love," the name applied to Antigonon leptopus, probably on account of the rose-colored heart-shaped flowers. Cadillo pata-de-perro (Porto Rico). See Urena sinuata. Cadios, Cadius (Philippines). See Cajan cajan. Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming. Same as Guilandina crista. Caesalpinia crista L. Same as Guilandina crista. Caesalpinia pulcherrima. See Poniciana pulcherrima. Caesalpinia sappan. See Biancaea sappan. Caesalpiniaceae. CAESALPINIA FAMILY. Representatives of this family growing in Guam are Intsia bijuga, Cassia occidentalis, C. sophera, C. tora, Herpetica alata, Guilandina crista, Poinciana pulcherrima, Delonix regia, and Biancaea sappan. Caf6, Caffi (Guam). See Pandanus fragrans. « Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 63, 1865. 6Blasdale, Some Chinese vegetable food materials, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta., Bull. No. 68, 1899, 206 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Caguios (Philippines). See Cajan cajan. Cahel (Mexico, Philippines). See Citrus aurantium and C. aurantium sinensis. Cahet, Kahet (Guam). See Citrus aurantium sinensis. Cahuas (Mexico). See Capsicum annuum. Cajan cajan. PIGEON PEA. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Lenteha fransesa (Guam); Cadios, Kad-yos, Cadius, Caguios (Philippines); Dhal, Dhol (India); Gandul (Porto Rico). An erect shrub with 3-foliolate leaves on slender gray silky branchlets; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, subcoriaceous, thinly silky above, densely so beneath; stip- ules minute, lanceolate; flowers yellow, or the standard veined with red, growing in sparsely flowered racemes, often forming a terminal panicle; pod 5 to 7.5 cm. long, finely downy, tipped with the lower half of the style. This plant grows spontaneously in the Sudan, and is cultivated in India, Mada- gascar, New South Wales, Jamaica, Malabar, Brazil, and other warm countries. The seeds are nutritious and are eaten either green or dry, like peas. The plant will live several years, and in good soil begins bearing the first year. It was introduced into Guam in 1772 by the French ship Castries, whence its local name, which signi- fies " French lentil." It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. REFERENCES: Cajan cajan (L.) Millsp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 53. 1900. Cytisus cajan L. Sp. PI. 2: 739. 1753. Cajanus indicus Spreng. Syst. 3 : 248. 1826. Cajanus indicus Spreng. See Cajan cajan. Cajel, Kahel (Philippines) or Kahet (Guam). See Citrus aurantium and C. auran- tium sinensis. Calabash tree. See Crescentia alata. Calabaza amarilla (Spanish). See Cucurbita maxima. Calabaza blanca (Spanish). See Benincasa cerifcra. Calabaza vinatera (Spanish). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Caladium colocasia. TARO. PLATE xxvi. Family Araceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Suni, Sune (Guam); Songe ( Madagascar, Reunion); Gabi, Gave, Dagmai (Philippines); Talas, Taloes (Sunda) ; Talo, Taro, Kalo (Polynesia); Tao (Marquesas); Chaua (Carolines); Yautia (Porto Rico); Quequeste (Mex- ico); Oto (Panama) ; Eddo, Tania, Coco (British West Indies) ; Tadala, Gahala (Singapore); Kachu (India, Bengal); Culcas, Kolkus, Qolkas (Egypt); Egyp- tian Arum (Italy); To-no-imo, Aka-imo, Midsu-imo (Japan). A succulent plant with edible, starchy, tuberous rootstock, cultivated in nearly all tropical countries of the world. Leaves large, very stoutly peltately petioled, ovate- cordate or hastate, with a triangular basal sinus; spathe stoutly peduncled, persistent, mouth constricted, limb long, narrow, lanceolate; spadix shorter than the spathe, stipitate, terminal appendage variable, cylindric or subulate, or lacking; male and female inflorescences distant, male above the female with interposed flat neuters, male of densely packed cubical anthers or groups of anthers, with immersed cells opening by terminal slits; female of crowded, globose, 1-celled ovaries; stigma pulvinate; ovules many, orthotropous; berries obconic or oblong; seeds oblong, furrowed, endo- sperm copious, embryo axile. Several varieties of taro are cultivated in Guam, some of which were growing on the island before its discovery. The petioles are stout, 90 to 120 cm. long, green or violet; peduncles solitary or clustered and connate, much shorter than the petioles; spathe 20 to 45 cm. long, caudate-acuminate, erect, pale yellow; female inflorescence DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 207 as long as that of the neutral staminodes, male inflorescence longer. Like the sweet potato, ginger, and many other plants propagated by cuttings or suckers for the sake of their roots, the taro seldom flowers. In one variety growing in wet places many suckers are sent out from the base of the stem, and the leaves and petioles are more or less purple; in another variety, growing in the cienaga, or swamps, the petioles are green; in a third they are red- dish. The favorite variety, planted in newly cleared land and on hillsides, has a purplish area at the junction of the petiole with the blade. It is called " suni Visaya." The natives recognize at least eight varieties of suni. The large-leafed, coarser, cau- lescent plants called "piga" are varieties of Alocasia, a genus which is distinguished from Caladium in having the terminal appendage of the spadix marked with reticulate furrows, and having few and basal ovules, while those of Caladium are many and parietal. Suni was one of the principal food staples of the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. Not only are the farinaceous tuberous rootstocks eaten, but also the young, tender leaves, which, when cooked, taste somewhat like asparagus. All parts, but especially the leaves, are extremely acrid, owing to the presence of sharp needle-like crystals of oxalate of calcium, called raphides (see Pis. XI, XII, and XIII), and to destroy this quality both leaves and rootstock must be thoroughly cooked. « When the crop of taro is gathered the tops of the rootstocks are cut off and replanted at once. They quickly take root and mature in about a year. Taro is cooked in various ways in Guam, but is never made into poi (fermented paste) as in Hawaii. Land taro, together with bananas and plantains, is the first thing to be planted in newly cleared ground. The climate of Guam seems to be admirably suited to its cultivation. Taro is a food staple in all island groups in the Pacific and in many other parts of the tropical world. In Samoa many savory dishes are pre- pared with both the rootstock and the young leaves of taro combined with the rich, creamy juice expressed from grated kernels of ripe coconuts, as well as with other ingredients. The roots are characterized by a high percentage of carbohydrates, of which starch is the most important, and by a low percentage of fat, protein, and crude fiber. They have the consistency of a sweet potato, and a microscopical examination shows that the starch of which they are principally composed is in the form of very small grains. The crude protein of an albuminoid nature is in somewhat greater propor- tion than that found in the potato. Though offering no especial advantage over other farinaceous roots, taro is a very good substitute for them, and Europeans living in the Tropics soon acquire a taste for it, though at first it strikes them as insipid. In Hawaii taro prepared in the form of poi is very popular with the white residents. Taro is imported into the United States from Canton and the Hawaiian Islands, and is sold in large quantities in the Chinese markets of San Francisco. It is successfully grown in southern California, but it there requires an abunclant artificial supply of water. The Florida Experiment Station has also succeeded in growing it, and reports satisfactory results. & In tropical countries where potatoes can not be grown and where the cultivation of yams is attended with care and labor, taro in its various forms is a great blessing to the inhabitants. It grows almost spontaneously both in swamps and on dry land, and it yields an abundance of wholesome, nutritious food, which, with the occasional addition of meat, legumes, or other nitrogenous foods to supply protein, is quite sufficient to sustain life. It is interesting to note that the Guam name of this plant reappears in Madagascar « For full account see p. 69, above. &See Blasdale, Chinese vegetable food materials, Bull. No. 68, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exper. Stations, pp. 13 to 15, 1899. Also, Florida Exper. Station Report, 1896, p. 9. 208 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. in the form of "songe," while its Philippine name is applied in Fiji, Samoa, and Rarotonga to the allied genus Alocasia. REFERENCES: Caladium colocasia (L. ). Arum colocasia L. Sp. PI. 2: 965. 1753. Colocasia antiquorum Schott in Schott & Endl. Meletem. 1 : 18. 1832. The genus Caladium established by Ventenat, Description des plantes nouvellesetpeu connues, cultivees dans le jardin de J. M. Gels, t. 30. 1800, and Roemer, Archiv fur die Botanik, 2:347. 1799-1801, is adopted from the Caladium of Rumph, Herbarium Amboinense, 5:313-318. 1747. The only species mentioned in common by the two authors is Caladium esculentum, which should therefore be considered as the type of the genus; and since this species is congeneric with, or, indeed, is sometimes considered merely a variety of Caladium colocasia, Caladium is restored as the correct name of the genus. The combination Caladium colocasia, cited in the Index Kewensis as having been published in Robert Wight's Icones for a different species, I find not to have been published there, and it is therefore a valid name in its present use. The name Colocasia, on the other hand, even though Caladium was not to be applied to this genus, would be an untenable name, for it was proposed by Necker in 1790 for a genus the identity of which does not appear to have been definitely established, and again by Link in 1795 for still a different group. Either of these proposed uses would invalidate the application of the name as published by Schott in 1832.— W. F. W. Caladium esculentum. See Caladium colocasia. Calamasa (Guam). Same as Kalamasa. Calambit (Philippines). See Guilandina crista. Calamismis (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Calamus sp. RATTAN. Family Phoenicaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Behuko halom-tano (Guam); Bejuco cimarron (Spanish). An indigenous climbing palm growing in Guam, of little economic value. An attempt was made to introduce the chair rattans, but it was unsuccessful. Calophyllum inophyllum. PALO MARIA. Family Clusiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Daog or Daok (Guam); Dangkalan, Dinkalin, Bitaog, Bitanhol, Tamauian (Philippines); Palo Maria, Palo de Santa Maria (Spanish); Tamanu (Rarotonga, Tahiti) ; Fetau (Samoa) ; Dilo ( Fiji) ; Kamanu or Kamani (Hawaii); Foraha (Madagascar); Domba (Ceylon); Alexandrian Laurel (India). A tree usually growing near the shore. Leaves opposite, shining, coriaceous, with innumerable parallel veins at right angles to the midrib, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate; flowers polygamous, in axillary or terminal racemes, pure white, fragrant; sepals 4; petals 4, rarely 6 to 8, like the inner sepals; stamens numer- ous, filaments in 4 bundles; ovary globose, stipitate; style much exceeding the stamens; stigma peltate, lobed; fruit 2.5 cm. in diameter, globose, smooth, yellow, pulpy. This tree is widely spread throughout Polynesia and occurs on the tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and Australia. It is often planted near habitations and is valued for its wood, for an aromatic gum which exudes from incisions made in its trunk and limbs, and for a medicinal oil obtained from its nuts. Seeds of this species were among those collected by Doctor Guppy in the Solomon Islands in the drift of the beach, having probably been carried there by ocean currents. When the leaves are put in water an oil rises to the surface. This is used in some parts of India as a remedy for sore eyes. In southern Polynesia and India the dark green fragrant oil expressed from the nuts, called dilo oil or domba oil, is used as a lamp oil and is an external remedy for bruises and rheumatic pains. The resi'n DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 209 yielded by the trunk is one of the tacamahac gums of commerce; it is agreeably aro- matic, and is used as a scent by the Tahitians. It is of a yellowish-green color and is soluble in alcohol. Its wood is hard, strong, and cross-grained, and very hard to split. In Guam it is used for the solid wheels of the carts drawn by bullocks and carabao. It is durable in water, but is so rigid that it can not be bent. In Samoa it is much used for build- ing large canoes. Its strong crooked branches furnish excellent knees for boats, and are used also for stem and stern posts. REFERENCES: Calophyllum inophyllum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 513. 1753. Caltrops. See Tribulus cistoides. Calysaccion obovale. See Ochrocarpus obovalis. Camachile or Kamachiles (Guam). See Pithecolobium dulce. Camaluson (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Camantigui (Philippines). See Impatiens balsamina. Camatis (Philippines). See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Cambustera (Cuba). See Quamodit quamodit. Camomile, false. See Chrysanthemum indicum. Camote (Spanish) or Kamute (Guam). See Ipomoea batatas. Camoting cahoi (Tagalog). See Manihot manihot. Cam.ph.ire. See Lawsonia inermis. Cana (Spanish). See Bambos and Trichoon roxburghii. Cana espinas, Cana macho. See Bambos blumeana. Cana de aziicar. See Saccharum officinarum. Cana dulce. See Saccharum officinarum. Canafistula (Spanish). See Cassia fistula. Cana hembra (Spanish). See Bambos sp. Cana-pistola (Philippines). See Cassia fistula. Cananga odorata. See Canangium odoratum. Canangium odoratum. ILANGILANG. YLANGYLANG. Family Anonaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Alangilang (Guam, Philippines); Moso/oi (Samoa); Moto-oi (Rarotonga). A tree bearing a profusion of greenish yellow fragrant flowers, with long, fringe- like petals, from which the perfume "ilangilang" is made. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, ovate-oblong, finely acuminate, puberulous beneath; sepals 3; petals 6, in two series, narrowly linear; stamens many, linear, borne at the base of the ovary, the connective produced into a lanceolate, acute process; ovaries many; style oblong; ripe carpels about 12, ovoid or obovoid, black, 6 to 12-seeded. Bark of tree smooth, ashy; trunk straight normally, but in Guam often twisted out of shape by hurricanes. Its wood is soft and white, and not very durable, but in Samoa the natives make small canoes of it, and the Malayans hollow out the trunks into drums or tomtoms. In Guam straight trunks of sufficient size for canoes are never found. This tree is found in Java, the Philippines, and in many islands of the Pacific. It is widely cultivated in the Tropics. Its introduction into Guam is comparatively recent; but the fruit-eating pigeons are spreading it gradually over the island. The natives sometimes use its flowers to perfume coconut oil. In Samoa it is very highly esteemed. Its fringe-like flowers are there strung into wreaths and garlands by the natives, together with the drupes of Pandanus and the scarlet fruit of Capsicum. 9773—05 14 210 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Ilangilang trees may be readily propagated either by cuttings or seeds. These should be planted in orchards or groves 8 meters apart. They thrive well on most tropical islands and countries with warm, moist climates. About the third year the flowers appear. They bloom continuously, so that flowers and fruit may be always found on the same tree. From the flowers a pleasantly scented volatile oil is derived, known in commerce as the oil of ilangilang. In the Philippines and the East Indies this is sometimes adulterated with an oil extracted from the flowers of Michelia champaca. Ilangilang oil is obtained by steam distillation. In this process steam is generated in a small boiler and passed into a closed vessel containing the flowers. The mixed water and oil vapor as it leaves this vessel is condensed, and the oil separated from the water by decantation. In the Philippines German distillers have obtained it in the ratio of about 25 grams from 5 kilograms of flowers (0.5 per cent). It finds a ready market in Paris, Nice, and Grasse, and is used also by perfumers in London, Leipzig, Berlin, and Frankfort. The best quality of oil is perfectly clear and very fragrant. The second quality is yellowish and turbid. A perfume is also derived from the blossoms by the method known as enfleurage, as with jasmines and other fragrant flowers. By this process the fragrant oil is absorbed by refined fats, butter, or oil spread over trays, on the surface of which the flowers are sprinkled. These are changed at frequent intervals and the fat " worked " so as to present a fresh surface each time to the new flowers laid upon it. Finally it is scraped off the tray, melted, strained, and poured into jars in the form of a pomade. When oil is used in this process layers of cotton are steeped in it, spread upon trays, and the flowers sprinkled over the surface, after which the oil is pressed out. Care should be taken to use fresh oil. Coconut oil is liable to become rancid very soon. The method used by the natives to extract the perfume is very simple. The flowers are put into coconut oil and allowed to remain there for a short time, after which they are removed and replaced by fresh ones. The process is hastened by heating the oil. To avoid excessive heat the vessel used for the process is partly filled with water and the oil poured upon it. This prevents the temperature rising above that of boiling water, and the lower specific gravity of the oil keeps it separate from the water. The "Macassar oil" of commerce is coconut oil, in which Ilangilang blossoms have been digested together with those of Michelia champaca.a Ilangilang oil is becoming an important article of export from the Philippines. From the commercial monthly summary, published by the Bureau of Insular Affairs (May, 1904), it appears that the amount exported is steadily increasing. For the eleven months ending May, 1902, its value was $67,178; 1903, $90,289; 1904, $96,472. REFERENCES: Canangium odoratum (Lam.). Uvaria odorata Lam. Encyc. 1 : 595. 1783. Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thorn. Fl. Ind. 1: 130. 1855. Cananga was proposed for a different genus by Aublet in 1775, and can not there- fore be used as a valid name for the above genus. Baillon recognized this fact, and proposed Canangium, without, however, giving the species; but since there is no other name available it is adopted here. Canarium indicum. JAVA ALMOND. Family Balsameaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Brea blanca (Guam, Philippines); Pili (Philippines). A large tree yielding an aromatic resin known in commerce as Manila elemi. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or oblong elliptical, acuminate, glabrous; flowers in terminal puberulous panicles. Drupe ellipsoidal, subtrigonous, « Spons' Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 1422, 1882. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 211 with a hard, bony stone, which is trigonous or three-lobed, terminating at each end in a sharp point. The stone or nut is called "pili," or almond, in the Philippines. This tree has been sparingly introduced into Guam. In his Islas Marianas ( Manila, 1887) Don Francisco Olive y Garcia gives a catalogue of the trees growing on the island and mentions a single specimen of brea. This, however, is important, since it shows that the climate and soil of Guam are suitable for its propagation. REFERENCES: Canarium indicum Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4:143. 1759. Canarium commune L. Mant. 1 : 127. 1767. Canavali ensiforme. SWORD BEAN. SABRE BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Akankan (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Horsebean (Jamaica); Jack bean (Brit. W. Indies). A twining creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets cordate-ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate, rather acute; flowers in axillary racemes, the peduncles and racemes each 7.5 to 15 cm. long; corolla purplish or white, papilionaceous, more than twice as long as the calyx; calyx deep, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip projecting, entire or emarginate, the lower shortly 3- toothed; pod 15 to 25 cm. long, linear-oblong, flattish, with a distinct rib on each valve near the upper suture, 8 to 12 seeded; seeds white, ovoid-oblong, subcompressed. Common in thickets and hedges everywhere in the Tropics. In Guam the racemes of purple flowers are conspicuous by the roadsides. The vernacular name Akankan signifies "molar teeth," from the appearance of the seeds. In some countries it is cultivated for the sake of its long esculent pods, the white-flowered and white-seeded varieties being considered the best for this purpose. It is a perennial. Though the pods are coarse in appearance, when sliced and boiled they are tender and scarcely inferior to French beans. « The mature beans roasted and ground have been used in Texas as a substitute for cpffee. They are indigestible unless deprived of their outer skin. Experiments have proved these beans to be unsuitable for stock food. & REFERENCES : Canavali ensiforme (L.) DC. Prod. 2: 404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformis. Dolichos ensiformis L. Sp. PL 2: 725. 1753. Canavali obtusifolium. SEASIDE BEAN. LOCAL NAMES. — Akankan-tasi (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Mata de la Play a (Porto Rico); Mata de Costa (Cuba). A glabrous perennial creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets thicker than those of the preceding species, obovate, obtuse, or sometimes emarginate; racemes few- flowered, usually overtopping the leaves; flowers in axillary racemes, corolla pur- plish; pod oblong, few-seeded, 10 to 12.5 cm. long; seeds usually chestnut-colored, opaque, ovoid, subcompressed. A strand plant widely distributed on tropical shores. In Guam, as in most places, it is associated with the goafs-foot convolvulus (Ipomoea pes-caprae). It is useful as a binder of loose sand. REFERENCES: Canavali obtusifolium (Lam.) DC. Prod. 2:404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformis. Dolichos ohtusifolius Lam. Encyc. 2: 295. 1786. Canavalia. See Canavali. Cancion (Guam). A young coconut having a sweetish, edible rind. Candlenut. See Aleurites moluccana. a Firminger, Man. Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 156. & Lloyd and Moore. Feeding for beef. Mississippi Bull. , No, 39, p. 166, Aug., 1896. 212 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Canna indica. CANNA. INDIAN SHOT. Family Cannaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Mango halom-tano (Guam); Fana-manu (Samoa); Aliipoe (Hawaii); Cana de cuentas, Coyol (Mexico): Blumenrohr (German); Balisier dePInde (French). A well-known plant cultivated all over the world for ornamental purposes and growing without cultivation in most tropical countries. Stem erect, about 90 to 120 cm. high; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping the stem; flowers red; sepals 3, imbricate; petals 3, narrow, subequal, with recurved tips; staminodes 3, longer than the petals; ovary 3-celled, the cells with many ovules; style linear, flat, growing together below with the staminodial whorl, free above; stigma apical, often decurrent on one side; capsule warty; seeds round, black, very hard. In India the seed are sometimes used for shot and are made into necklaces and other ornaments: They yield a purple dye, but it is not permanent. An allied species, Canna edulis, is cultivated in the West Indies for the sake of the starch derived from its fleshy rhizomes. In Colombia starch is obtained from Canna indica, but it is not so good as that of Canna edulis. REFERENCES: Canna indica, L. Sp. PI. 1 : 1. 1753. Cannon-ball tree. See Xylocarpus granatum. Capa de la reina (Guam). The blue pea or "queen's cloak." See Clitoria ternatea. Capayo (Philippines). See Carica papaya. Caper. See Capparis mariana. Capili (Philippines). See Aleurites moluccana. Capoc (Philippines). See Ceiba pentandra; the silk-cotton tree. Capparidaceae. CAPER FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Cleome viscosa and Capparis mariana. Capparis mariana. MARIANNE CAPER. Family Capparidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Alcaparro (Spanish, Guam); Alcaparro de Marianas (Philip- pines). A shrub growing near the sea, with large, white, fragrant flowers, and large edible seed capsules. Trunk and limbs rough, covered with small protuberances, but not thorny; leaves alternate, subreniform, obtuse, emarginate, smooth, soft, and rather fleshy; petioles short; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, long-pedicelled ; sta- mens numerous; fruit elongate, 6-ribbed; seeds many, embedded in pulp. This plant is abundant on the island. The natives make very good pickles of the unripe capsules. It has been introduced into the Philippines, where it is known as the "caper of the Marianne Islands." The flowers are sometimes pink. It appears from the archives at Agana that some of the early governors of Guam exported the fruit in considerable quantities, employing the natives to gather it. REFERENCES: Capparis mariana Jacq. Ilort. Schoenbr. 1 : 57. t. 109. 1797. Capparis spinosa mariana K. Schu. Engler's Jahrb. 9: 201. 1887. Capriola dactylon. BERMUDA GRASS. Family Poaceae. LOCAL NAMES.— Grama (Guam, Cuba); Manienie (Hawaii); Mati (Rarotonga); Doorba-grass, Doob-grass (Bengal); Bahama grass (West Indies). A grass with prostrate stems, widely creeping and forming matted tufts with short ascending branches. Leaves short, subulate, glaucous; ligule hairy; spikelets minute, DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 213 / .1-flowered, 1 or 2-seriate, in 3 to 6 digitate slender unilateral spikes, not jointed at the base; grain laterally compressed. This plant is distributed throughout all warm countries. In India it is an impor- tant forage plant and is much used for lawns. On account of its usefulness and beauty the Hindoos have celebrated it in their writings, and the native Hawaiians hold it in great esteem. It thrives where scarcely any other grass will grow, even in poor soil shaded by trees. It is useful in binding down the sand near the sea, and on the low sandy soil of Agana, the capital of Guam, it forms beautiful soft turf. When once established in cultivated fields it is hard to eradicate. In India the young leaves are eaten by the natives and a cooling drink is made of the roots. It is readily propagated by cuttings. When required for lawns a sufficient quantity can easily be collected from the roadside and waste places. The ground is dug and leveled and the rootstocks cut into small pieces set out at intervals of about 30 centi- meters. The plat should be watered until the grass has established itself. "A more expeditious and very successful plan of laying down a lawn is to pull up a quantity of grass by the roots, chop it tolerably line, mix it well in a compost of mud of about the consistency of mortar, and spread it out thinly over the piece of ground where the lawn is required. In a few days the grass will spring up with great regularity over the plat."« In establishing a pasture the grass should be planted at intervals of 50 centimeters in rows one meter apart. REFERENCES: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 764. 1891. Panicum dactylon L. Sp. PI. 1 : 58. 1753. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. 1:85. 1805. Capsicum annuum. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. Family Solanaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Chile (Philippines); Cahvias, Chile (Mexico); Aji (Spanish America). A plant of tropical American origin, but escaped from cultivation in many tropical countries of the Old World, where it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stem branching, glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or subelliptical, entire, acuminate; flowers white or greenish white, solitary, or sometimes in twos or threes; corolla rotate, usually 5-lobed; stamens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with bluish anthers dehiscing longitudinally; ovary originally 2 or 3-celled; fruit a juiceless berry or pod, extremely variable in form and size, many-seeded, and with more or less pungency about the seeds and pericarp. Many varieties occur in cultivation. & Among the forms usually assigned to this species are Capsicum annuum grossum, the bell pepper, and Capsicum annuum cerasiforme, the cherry pepper. c REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum L. Sp. PI. 1: 188. 1753. Capsicum annuum cerasiforme. CHERRY PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. A low, shrubby plant; leaves of medium size, ovate or oblong, acuminate; calyx seated on base of fruit; corolla large, spreading; fruit spherical, somewhat heart- shaped, or slightly elongated; flesh firm, very pungent. Of recent introduction on the island. REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum cerasiforme (Mill.) H. C. Irish, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 92. 1898. Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 5. 1768. «Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 1896, p. 30. &See Irish, Rev. genus Capsicum, Ninth Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard., p. 53, 1898. ^See Tracy, W. W., Jr. A list of American varieties of peppers, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau PL Industry, Bull. No. 6, 1902. 214 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Capsicum annuum grossum. BELL PEPPER. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Chile ancho (Mexico); Chile de Castilla (Philip- pines). This plant has long been cultivated in Guam. Its flesh is not pungent, and the natives frequently prepare it for the table by. stuffing it with minced meat and then cooking it. It grows here almost like a shrub to the height of 90 cm., and bears prolifically. Fruit oblong or truncate, about 10 cm. long by 4 cm. in diameter, often lobed and usually with a basal depression. Cultivated in every garden on the island. REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum grossum (L. ) Sendt. Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 147. 1846. Capsicum grossum L. Mant. 1:47. 1767. Capsicum baccatum. Same as Capsicum frutescens baccatum; see under Capsicum frutescens. Capsicum frutescens. SPUR PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Aji (Spanish). A shrubby perennial, 90 to 180 cm. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled stem and branches; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate; peduncles slender, often in pairs, usually longer than the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, embracing the base of the fruit; fruit red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, very acrid. It is possible that the original form from which this plant has developed through cultivation is that known as Capsicum minimum Roxb., to which, according to Engler, the allied varieties revert when left to themselves. The bird pepper (Capsicum frutescens baccatum} has round or ovate fruit about 6 mm. in diameter. In the Philippines it is called " ch'ileng bundok." REFERENCES: Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 1: 189. 1753. Capsicum grossum. Same as Capsicum annuum grossum. Capulao (Philippines). See Herpeiica alata. Carambola. See Averrhoa carambola. Carapa moluccensis. Same as Xylocarpus granatum. Cardiospermum halicacabum. BALLOON VINE. Family Sapindaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Farolitos, Bombillas (Spanish). A climbing herb, with wiry stem and branches, and alternate biternate leaves; leaf- lets coarsely dentate; flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary racemes, white, very small; lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral tendrils; sepals 4, concave, the two outer ones small; petals 4, in pairs, the 2 greater lateral ones usually adhering to the sepals; stamens 8, excentric; ovary 3-celled; style short, trifid; ovules solitary; fruit an inflated, broadly pear-shaped capsule. This plant is widely distributed throughout the Tropics. Its root given in decoc- tion is said to be aperient. On the Malabar coast the leaves are administered in pulmonary complaints. In the Moluccas the leaves are cooked as a vegetable. It was collected by Gaudichaud on the island of Rota. REFERENCES: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 1: 366. 1753. Carex densinora. SEDGE. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge with numerous dense, lanceolate spikelets, arranged in a branching, bracted spike; spikelets androgynous, staminate above, pistillate below; scales tipped with a bristle, the female nearly round, the male ovate-lanceolate, bristles rough; ovary inclosed in an oblong, compressed, striate perigynium, contracted at the top, with a small bidentate opening through which protrudes the 2-cleft style; perigyn- DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 215 ium rough-edged, longer than the scaly bract; culm (stem) 3-sided, the sides chan- neled (triquetrous), smooth, shorter than the rough-edged broad leaves. This species was described by Presl from specimens collected by Haenke in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex densiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 3: 204. 1828. Carex fuirenoides. SEDGE. A sedge with androgynous spikelets; male flowers with 3 stamens, female flow- ers with 3 styles; panicles spike-like, axillary and terminal, solitary, with long peduncles, clusters numerous; spikelets oblong-cylindrical, pistillate below, stami- nate above; scales many-nerved, male ovate-oblong, mucronate-subaristate, dark- hyaline, female scales ovate-subrotund, with rounded apex, aristulate, veined, .smooth, dark-hyaline; perigynia obovate-oblong, with attenuated beaks, slightly curved, ribbed, dark-brown, smooth, twice the length of the scale; beak rough on the upper margin, bidentate at the orifice. Immature achene obovate-oblong, tri- gonal, terminated by the persistent thickish base of the style. This species was described by Gaudichaud from specimens collected in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 412. 1826. Carica papaya. PAPAW. Family Caricaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Papaya (Spanish); Lechoso (Mexico); Papai, Maneo, Mamerio (Brazil); Mamon (Paraguay); Papaya, Kapayo, Capayo (Philippines); Esi tane (male), Esi fafine (female) (Samoa). A tree suggesting a palm in its habit of growth, bearing a crown of large palmately- lobed, long-stalked leaves on a slender, straight, fleshy trunk, which is normally un branched. It is usually dioecious, the staminate (male) and the pistillate (female) flowers being borne on separate trees, the former funnel-shaped having 10 anthers inserted on the throat of the corolla; the latter larger, 5-petaled, with one pistil bearing a 5-rayed stigma. Occasionally trees are found with hermaphrodite flow- ers. All parts of the plant abound in milky juice, or latex, which has remarkable pepsin-like digestive properties. The melon-shaped fruit grows from the axils of the lower leaves, the normal fruit from the female flowers being sessile, while that from the hermaphrodite flowers is borne on long pedicels. The milky juice from the unripe fruit when rubbed on meat has the property of making it tender. By experiment it has been found that this juice is more efficacious than pepsin in dissolving albumen and muscular fibre. From the half-ripe fruits a proteolytic ferment has been derived which differs from pepsin in that its action on proteids goes on in neutral or alkaline solutions as well as in acid solutions. From the seeds of the papaw a glucoside called caricin has been obtained; from the leaves an alkaloid called carpaine, the physiological action of which is similar to that of digitalis, a heart depressant. In commerce there are a number of prepara- tions claiming to be the ferment of the papaw, sold under the name of papain, papayotin, caroid, papoid, etc. On examination of several of these substances they were found by Mr. F. B. Kilmer to be merely the dried and powdered latex of the papaw, bearing the same relation to the true separated ferment as the dried mucous membrane of the stomach might bear to purified pepsin. A series of experiments was carried on by Mr. Kilmer demonstrating beyond a doubt the digestive properties of the true papaw ferments. « Papaws are very easily grown. They spring up spontaneously in open places and clearings in the forest, especially where the undergrowth has been burned, from seeds dropped by birds. The tree grows rapidly, the leaves falling off as the trunk shoots « See Kilmer, The Story of the Papaw, American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 73, pp. 272, 336, and 383, 1901. 216 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. upward leaving the trunk marked regularly with scars. The leaf-Htems are hol- low, and in Guam are often used as trumpets by the natives, some of whom are skillful in sounding military bugle calls upon them. The root is turnip-shaped, the lower part extending deep into the earth seeking moisture and giving stability to the tree. The wood is soft, white, and, spongy, and decays rapidly. It is useless. The trunk of a tree can be cut through by a single stroke of a machete. Before ripening the fruits are green. On reaching maturity they become yellow and squash- like. They may be eaten either with salt or sugar. To a novice they are inferior in flavor to a musk melon. They vary in size and shape. Those growing in Guam are small and inferior to the varieties cultivated in countries where they are used as a food-staple. They contain a great number of dark-brown seeds, wrhich turn black in drying and have a mustard-like pungent flavor. The fruit developes so rapidly that buds of flowers and ripe fruits are often seen on a tree at the same time. The papaw is a native of tropical America, but it has become established through- out the entire tropical world. In Guam it appears spontaneously in waste places. Little attention is given to it by the natives. Though they eat it if other kinds of fruit be scarce, they do not appear to esteem it as an article of food. REFERENCES: Carica papaya L. Sp. PI. 2: 1036. 1753. Caricature plant. See Graptophyllum pictum. Carinta herbacea. GROUNDBERRY. Family Rubiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Bejuco guara (Cuba); Naunau, Matamata-Aitu (Samoa); Kapu- kapu (Rarotonga); Karinta kali (Malay Archipelago). A small, slender, creeping, perennial herb, bearing red, fleshy berries, somewhat like those of the partridge berry (Mitchella repens). Leaves long-petioled, more or less pubescent, orbicular, deeply cordate, stipules interpetiolar, ovate, obtuse; flowers small, white, growing in 1 to 6-flowered peduncled umbels; bracts linear, lanceolate; calyx tube obovoid, segments 5 to 7, slender, herbaceous, persistent; corolla salver-shaped, glabrous, throat hairy, lobes 4 to 7, valvate in bud; stamens 4 to 7, inserted on the corolla tube, included; stigma 2-fid; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovuled; ovules erect; berry a fleshy drupe, with 2 plano-convex pyrenes; seeds plano-convex, not grooved ventrally. This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is common in the woods of Samoa, Fiji, and other islands of the Pacific, in the Andaman Islands, Malay Archi- pelago, Ceylon, South China, and in tropical America. It is said to possess medicinal properties similar to those of the allied Evea ipecacuanha a of New Granada and Brazil, but of inferior quality. b REFERENCES: Carinta herbacea (Jacq.). Psychotria herbacea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 16. 1760. Geophila reniformis Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 136. 1825. Geophila was first proposed in 1803 for a genus of Liliaceae and is therefore not available for the rubiaceous genus so named by Don. Carinta is an adaptation of the Malayan name of this plant, Karinta kali. Carmona heterophylla Cav. Same as Ehretia microphylla. Carrizo (Spanish). See Trichoon roxburghii. <*> Evea ipecacuanha (Brot. ) Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 137. t. 11. 1802. Uragoga ipecacuanha (Brot.) Baill. Hist. PI. 7: 281. 1880. *> Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 3, p. 488, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 217 Caryophyllus malaccensis. MALAY APPLE. Family Myrtaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Macupa, Makupa (Philippines and Guam); Kavika (Fiji); Nomi-fi'afi'a (Samoa); Ahia (Tahiti); Ohia (Hawaii). A tree of medium size, bearing a profusion of white, purple, or red flowers, with tufts of stamens of the same color as the corolla. These are followed by an abun- dance of fruit having a fragrant, apple-like odor and a delicate flavor. Leaves large, glossy, ovate, elliptic or obovate-oblong, attenuate at each end; inflorescence cen- tripetal with solitary axillary flowers, or in short racemes (leafless branches), or centrifugal in dense terminal cymes; calyx globose or more or less elongate, pro- duced beyond the ovary, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes; petals 4, rarely 5; stamens many; ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style filiform, stigma small; fruit nearly round, crowned by the scar of the calyx lobes; seed usu- ally 1. This tree occurs on nearly all the larger islands of the tropical Pacific and in the Malay Archipelago. It has been introduced into Guam comparatively recently and is by no means common. In Hawaii, Samoa, and Fiji it is very highly esteemed by the natives, more for its beauty than for its fruit. The ancient Hawaiians made their idols of its wood, and the tree figures in the myths of the Fijians. The etymological identity of the Fijian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Hawaiian names of this tree is interest- ing, indicating, as it does, an acquaintance with it before the separation of the various divisions of the Polynesians or its introduction from one group of islands to the others, together with its name. REFERENCES: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L. ). Eugenia malaccensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 470. 1753. Jambosa malaccensis DC. Prod. 3 : 286. 1 828. The genus Uaryophyllus was published by Linnaeus in 1753 with a single species, C. aromaticus, which has since been referred to Jambos Adanson, or Jambosa, as written by many authors. Adanson' s name, however, is of later date, and must therefore be displaced by the Linnsean name of the genus. Casay (Philippines). See Adenanthera pavonina. Cascabeles (Spanish). See Crotalaria quinquefolia. Cashew. See Anacardium occidentale. Casoy (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Cassava. See Manihot manihot. Cassia alata. Same as Herpetica alata. Cassia angustissima Lam. Same as Cassia mimosoides. Cassia esculenta Roxb. Same as Cassia sophera. Cassia fistula. PUDDING-PIPE TREE. Family Caesalpiniaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Canafistula (Guam, Philippines, Mexico) ; Canapistola (Philip- pines); Golden shower (Hawaii). A tree with smooth, ashy-gray bark, bearing long, pendent, lax racemes of golden- yellow flowers, followed by very long, woody, cylindrical pods. Leaves large, even- pinnate, the leaflets in 4 to 8 pairs, ovate-acuminate, 5 to 15 cm. long; calyx tube very short; sepals 5, obtuse; petals 5, veined, imbricated, obovate, shortly clawed, nearly equal; stamens 10; pod black or dark brown, 30 to 60 cm. long, containing one-seeded compartments, marked with three longitudinal shining furrows, two of them close together and the third opposite them, marking the sutures; seed reddish brown, glossy, flattish, ovate, embedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp; odor 218 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. resembling that of prunes. When the wind blows the pendulous pods strike together and make a rattling noise. This tree is said to be a native of upper Egypt and India, whence it has been introduced into nearly all tropical countries. It has been growing in Guam at least a century, but, like the tamarind, does not reproduce itself here spontaneously. The wood is hard and heavy, but the natives do not utilize it. It is found growing in many places on the sites of abandoned ranches. In Honolulu it is one of the principal shade trees and is highly prized for the beauty of its flowers. The pulp is a valuable laxative, and is much used in medicine. It is apt to become sour if long exposed to the air, or moldy if kept in a damp place. It is extracted from the pods by bruising them and then boiling them in water, after which the decoction is evaporated. It may be obtained from fresh pods by opening them at the sutures and removing the pulp with a spatula. The pulp has a sweet, mucilaginous taste. It contains sugar, gum, a substance analogous to tannin, a color- ing matter soluble in ether, traces of a principle resembling gluten, and a little water. It may be advantageously given in small doses in cases of habitual costiveness (4 to 8 gm.-), and in doses of one or two ounces (30 to 60 gm. ) it acts as a purgative." REFERENCES: Casxia fistula L. Sp. PL 1 : 377. 1753. Cassia mimosoides. TEA SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — K6bo-cha, Nemu-cha, Ichinen-cha (Japan). A low diffuse perennial, with slender, shrubby, finely downy branches. Leaves resembling those of the sensitive plant, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, with a solitary sessile gland on the rachis below the leaflets; leaflets 60 to 100, linear, rigidly coriaceous, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, obliquely mucronate, with the midrib close to the upper border; stipules large, linear-subulate, persistent; flowers yellow, 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves on short pedicels; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, bristly; corolla little exserted; stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter; pod strap-shaped, flat, dehis- cent, 3.5 to 5 cm. long by 3.5 mm. broad, nearly straight, glabrescent or finely downy; septa more or less oblique. In Japan, where it grows both wild and in cultivation, the young stem and leaves are cut and dried as a substitute for tea. REFERENCES: Cassia mimosoides L. Sp. PL 1 : 379. 1753. Cassia occidentalis. COFFEE SENNA. NEGRO COFFEE. LOCAL NAMES.— Mumutun sable (Guam); Balatong aso (Philippines); Frijo- lillo (Panama); Hierba hedionda (Cuba); Hedionda (Porto Rico); Bantamare (Senegal); Herbe puante (French). A glabrous, ill-smelling weed, 60 to 90 cm. high, with abruptly pinnate leaves, hav- ing a single large ovate gland just above the base of the petiole. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, without glands between them, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, glabrous on both sides, or finely pubescent; flowers yellow, pedicelled; racemes short, closely crowded, axillary; stamens 10, the upper 3 imper- fect; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse, glabrous; podxlinear, glabrous, 10 to 12.5 cm. long by 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. This plant is of wide distribution in the Tropics, and in the warmer temperate regions of the globe. It was introduced into Guam more than a century ago, and is common in abandoned clearings, in waste places, and along the beach. The seeds, sometimes called " negro coffee," are used in some parts of the world as a substitute for coffee and are said to be a febrifuge. In Senegambia an infusion of the roasted seeds having an agreeable flavor not unlike coffee is used by the natives. This plant has been used as a remedy for stomach troubles, nervous asthma, and « United States Dispensatory, p. 341, 1899. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 219 typhoid fever. The root is especially active, and the leaves are used medicinally in many countries, especially in Dahomey, Africa, where they are one of the most important drugs used in the hospitals in the treatment of certain fevers. a They are purgative and antiherpetic. Large quantities are received annually at Bordeaux and Marseille. In 1897 nearly 100 tons of the seed was imported into Europe. In 1898 the value of the export from Senegal amounted to 1,000 francs. REFERENCES: Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1: 377. 1753. Cassia sensitiva Roxb. Same as Cassia mimosoides. Cassia sophera. EDIBLE SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — Amot-tumaga, Amot-tomaga (Guam). A plant resembling Cassia occidentalis, but of a more shrubby habit, and with more numerous, smaller, narrower leaflets and shorter, broader, more turgid pods. Leaf with a single large gland placed just above the base of the petiole; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, without glands between them; flowers yellow, racemes terminal or axillary, few-flowered; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; pods glabrous, many-seeded, linear, turgid; suture keeled; seeds horizontal, with cellular partitions. The leaves are variable in shape and size. A common variety in Guam has the leaves smaller and more obtuse than the typical form. The single gland on the petiole and the size and shape of the leaves will serve to distinguish this species from the others on the island. Widely spread in the Tropics. In India the leaves are eaten by natives in their curries. An infusion of the bark has been given as a remedy for diabetes; and the bruised leaves and bark of the root, powdered and mixed with honey, are applied externally in ringworm and ulcers. As in the case of C. occidentalin, the smell of the plant is disagreeable. REFERENCES: Cassia sophera L. Sp. PI. 1: 379. 1753. Cassia tora. Low SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — Mumutun adamelon, Mumutun palaoan (Guam). An annual glabrous undershrub, with even pinnate leaves. Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, a gland on the rachis between the lowest pair, and sometimes between the next pair, but never between the uppermost; stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaf- lets thin, obovate, obtuse; flowers yellow, small, in pairs or in short axillary few- flowered racemes; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 15 to 2.5 cm. long by 6 mm. wide, membranous, the sutures very broad, the seeds flattened in the same direction as the pod. Of world-wide distribution in the Tropics. In Guam it has been a common weed for more than a century. The leaves are mucilaginous and ill smelling. They are said to be aperient. In India they are fried in castor oil and applied to ulcers. The root, rubbed with lime juice, is a remedy for ringworm. REFERENCES: Cassia tora L. Sp. PI. 1 : 376. 1753. Cassytha filiformis. WIRE VINE. DODDER LAUREL. Family Lauraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Mayagas (Guam); Devil's' guts (Australia). A leafless, wiry, twining parasitic plant with the habit of Cuscuta, very common in thickets, adhering to branches of other plants by means of small protuberances or aWildeman, Les Plantes Tropicales de Grande Culture, p. 72-73 (Brussels, 1902). 220 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. suckers. Flowers small, white, remote, in small spikes; perianth with 3 inner equal obovate lobes and 3 outer minute ones; fertile stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands at the base, the filaments of the 3 outer ones petal-like, of the 6 others filiform; fruit round, one-seeded, inclosed by the perianth and crowned by its lobes; ovary free, style short, stigma depressed. REFERENCES: Cassytha filiformis L. Sp. Pi". 1: 35. 1753. Casta (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Castor-bean. See Ricinus communis. Casuarina equisetifolia. POLYNESIAN IRON WOOD. PLATE XLI. Family Casuarinaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Gago (Guam); Agoho (Philippines); Toa (Samoa, Rarotonga); Aito (Tahiti); Swamp oak, She-oak, Beef-wood (Australia). A leafless tree with drooping branches, somewhat like a pine in general appear- ance. Branches 6 to 8-angled or terete, jointed like the stems of an Equisetum, with 6 to 8 sheath teeth at the joints. The genus to which the plant belongs, though formerly classed with the conifers, is now recognized as the only known genus of a distinct family. The flowers are unisexual, the staminate in cylindrical terminal spikes and the pistillate in dense heads borne in the axils and ripening into a cone, which is corky and buoyant and incloses winged seeds (see p. 75). The wood is heavy, strong, and very hard, of a red color when fresh, but turning a dark brown with age. It is excellent for fuel. In Samoa the natives make spears and war clubs of it. In Guam it is scarcely at all utilized, as it is hard to work. In the Hawaiian Islands it has been planted along the sea beach and grows rapidly and readily. It loves sandy soil, and will grow in brackish localities. The natives of Samoa prize it so highly that they often plant it near their dwellings. There a large tree is seldom seen, and the young trees are straight and spindling. At Waikiki, near Honolulu, there is a beautiful avenue of it, planted within comparatively recent time. There the trees grow straight. In Guam it is abundant along sandy beaches, especially on the east shore of the island. It also grows on the high "sabanas," where it is usually the only tree, but it never grows within the forest. All the Guam trees have twisted and gnarled trunks, from the effect of hurricanes. The species is of wide tropical distribution. It is indigenous in Australia, on the Malayan Islands, and on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, and occurs on many islands of the Pacific, extending eastward to the Marquesas and northward to the Mariannes. It is cultivated in many warm countries, including the Hawaiian Islands, southern Florida, California, and Uruguay. REFERENCES: Casuarina equisetifolia Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad.4: 143. 1759. Casue (Guam). See Anacardium occidentale. Cathartocarpus fistula Pers. Same as Casvia fistula. Cator (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Caturai (Guam, Philippines) . See Agati grandiflora. Cauayang tinic (Philippines). See Bambos blumeana Caudolejeunia. See under Hepaticse. Caulerpa. See under Algse. Cay am (Cebu). See Bocoa edulis. Cayenne pepper. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme and C. frutescens. Ceanothus asiaticus. Same as Colubrina asiatica. Cebolla (Spanish). See Allium cepa. Cebolla halom-tano (Guam). An orchid, Luisia teretifolia. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 209 yielded by the trunk is one of the tacamahac gums of commerce; it is agreeably aro- matic, and is used as a scent by the Tahitians. It is of a yellowish-green color and is soluble in alcohol. Its wood is hard, strong, and cross-grained, and very hard to split. In Guam it is used for the solid wheels of the carts drawn by bullocks and carabao. It is durable in water, but is so rigid that it can not be bent. In Samoa it is much used for build- ing large canoes. Its strong crooked branches furnish excellent knees for boats, and are used also for stem and stern posts. REFERENCES: Calophyllum inophyllum L. Sp. PL 1 : 513. 1753. Caltrops. See Tribulus cistoides. Calysaccion obovale. See Ochrocarpus obovalis. Camachile or Kamachiles (Guam). See Pithecolobium dulce. Camaluson (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Camantigui (Philippines). See Impatiens balsamina. Camatis (Philippines). See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Cambustera (Cuba). See Quamoclit quamoclil. Camomile, false. See Chrysanthemum indicum. Camote (Spanish) or Kamute (Guam). See Ipomoea batatas. Camoting calioi (Tagalog). See Manihot manihot. Camphire. See Lawsonia inermis. Cana (Spanish). See Bambos and Trichoon roxburghii. Cana espinas, Cana macho. See Bambos blumeana. Cana de azucar. See Saccharum officinariun. Cana dulce. See Saccharum officinarum. Canafistula (Spanish). See Cassia fistula. Cana hembra (Spanish). See Bambos sp. Cana-pistola (Philippines). See Cassia fistula. Cananga odorata. See Canangium odoratum. Canangium odoratum. ILANGILANG. YLANGYLANG. Family Anonaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Alangilang (Guam, Philippines); Moso'oi (Samoa); Moto-oi (Raro tonga). A tree bearing a profusion of greenish yellow fragrant flowers, with long, fringe- like petals, from which the perfume ' ' ilangilang " is made. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, ovate-oblong, finely acuminate, puberulous beneath; sepals 3; petals 6, in two series, narrowly linear; stamens many, linear, borne at the base of the ovary, the connective produced into a lanceolate, acute process; ovaries many; style oblong; ripe carpels about 12, ovoid or obovoid, black, 6 to 12-seeded. Bark of tree smooth, ashy; trunk straight normally, but in Guam often twisted out of shape by hurricanes. Its wood is soft and white, and not very durable, but in Samoa the natives make small canoes of it, and the Malayans hollow out the trunks into drums or tomtoms. In Guam straight trunks of sufficient size for canoes are never found. This tree is found in Java, the Philippines, and in many islands of the Pacific. It is widely cultivated in the Tropics. Its introduction into Guam is comparatively recent; but the fruit-eating pigeons are spreading it gradually over the island. The natives sometimes use its flowers to perfume coconut oil. In Samoa it is very highly esteemed. Its fringe-like flowers are there strung into wreaths and garlands by the natives, together with the drupes of Pandanus and the scarlet fruit of Capsicum. 9773—05 14 210 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Ilangilang trees may be readily propagated either by cuttings or seeds. These should be planted in orchards or groves 8 meters apart. They thrive well on most tropical islands and countries with warm, moist climates. About the third year the flowers appear. They bloom continuously, so that flowers and fruit may be always found on the same tree. From the flowers a pleasantly scented volatile oil is derived, known in commerce as the oil of ilangilang. In the Philippines and the East Indies this is sometimes adulterated with an oil extracted from the flowers of Michelia champaca. Ilangilang oil is obtained by steam distillation. In this process steam is generated in a small boiler and passed into a closed vessel containing the flowers. The mixed water and oil vapor as it leaves this vessel is condensed, and the oil separated from the water by decantation. In the Philippines German distillers have obtained it in the ratio of about 25 grams from 5 kilograms of flowers (0.5 per cent). It finds a ready market in Paris, Nice, and Grasse, and is used also by perfumers in London, Leipzig, Berlin, and Frankfort. The best quality of oil is perfectly clear and very fragrant. The second quality is yellowish and turbid. A perfume is also derived from the blossoms by the method known as enfleurage, as with jasmines and other fragrant flowers. By this process the fragrant oil is absorbed by refined fats, butter, or oil spread over trays, on the surface of which the flowers are sprinkled. These are changed at frequent intervals and the fat " worked " so as to present a fresh surface each time to the new flowers laid upon it. Finally it is scraped off the tray, melted, strained, and poured into jars in the form of a pomade. When oil is used in this process layers of cotton are steeped in it, spread upon trays, and the flowers sprinkled over the surface, after wThich the oil is pressed out. Care should be taken to use fresh oil. Coconut oil is liable to become rancid very soon. The method used by the natives to extract the perfume is very simple. The flowers are put into coconut oil and allowed to remain there for a short time, after which they are removed and replaced by fresh ones. The process is hastened by heating the oil. To avoid excessive heat the vessel used for the process is partly filled with water and the oil poured upon it. This prevents the temperature rising above that of boiling water, and the lower specific gravity of the oil keeps it separate from the water. The ' ' Macassar oil ' ' of commerce is coconut oil, in which Ilangilang blossoms have been digested together with those of Michelia champaca.0' Ilangilang oil is becoming an important article of export from the Philippines. From the commercial monthly summary, published by the Bureau of Insular Affairs (May, 1904), it appears that the amount exported is steadily increasing. For the eleven months ending May, 1902, its value was $67,178; 1903, $90,289; 1904, $96,472. REFERENCES: Canangium odoratum (Lam.). Uvaria odorata Lam. Encyc. 1 : 595. 1783. Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thorn. Fl. Ind. 1 : 130. 1855. Cananga was proposed for a different genus by Aublet in 1775, and can not there- fore be used as a valid name for the above genus. Baillon recognized this fact, and proposed Canangium, without, however, giving the species; but since there is no other name available it is adopted here. Canarium indicum. JAVA ALMOND. Family Balsameaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Brea blanca (Guam, Philippines); Pili (Philippines). A large tree yielding an aromatic resin known in commerce as Manila elemi. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or oblong elliptical, acuminate, glabrous; flowers in terminal puberulous panicles. Drupe ellipsoidal, subtrigonous, « Spans' Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 1422, 1882. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 211 with a hard, bony stone, which is trigonous or three-lobed, terminating at each end in a sharp point. The stone or nut is called "pili," or almond, in the Philippines. This tree has been sparingly introduced into Guam. In his Islas Marianas ( Manila, 1887) Don Francisco Olive y Garcia gives a catalogue of the trees growing on the island and mentions a single specimen of brea. This, however, is important, since it shows that the climate and soil of Guam are suitable for its propagation. REFERENCES: Canarium indicum Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4:143. 1759. Canarium commune L. Mant. 1 : 127. 1767. Canavali ensiforme. SWORD BEAN. SABRE BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Akankan (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Horsebean (Jamaica); Jack bean (Brit. W. Indies). A twining creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets cordate-ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate, rather acute; flowers in axillary racemes, the peduncles and racemes each 7.5 to 15cm. long; corolla purplish or white, papilionaceous, more than twice as long as the calyx; calyx deep, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip projecting, entire or emarginate, the lower shortly 3-toothed; pod 15 to 25 cm. long, linear-oblong, flattish, with a distinct rib on each valve near the upper suture, 8 to 12 seeded; seeds white, ovoid-oblong, subcompressed. Common in thickets and hedges everywhere in the Tropics. In Guam the racemes of purple flowers are conspicuous by the roadsides. The vernacular name Akankan signifies " molar teeth," from the appearance of the seeds. In some countries it is cultivated for the sake of its long esculent pods, the white-flowered and white-seeded varieties being considered the best for this purpose. It is a perennial. Though the pods are coarse in appearance, when sliced and boiled they are tender and scarcely inferior to French beans. a The mature beans roasted and ground have been used in Texas as a substitute for coffee. They are indigestible unless deprived of their outer skin. Experiments have proved these beans to be unsuitable for stock food. & REFERENCES: Canavali ensiforme (L.) DC. Prod. 2: 404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformls. Dolichos ensiformis L. Sp. PI. 2: 725. 1753. Canavali obtusifolium. SEASIDE BEAN. LOCAL NAMES. — Akankan-tasi (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Mata de la Playa (Porto Rico); Mata de Costa (Cuba). A glabrous perennial creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets thicker than those of the preceding species, obovate, obtuse, or sometimes emarginate; racemes few- flowered, usually overtopping the leaves; flowers in axillary racemes, corolla pur- plish; pod oblong, few-seeded, 10 to 12.5 cm. long; seeds usually chestnut-colored, opaque, ovoid, subcompressed. A strand plant widely distributed on tropical shores. In Guam, as in most places, it is associated with the goat's-foot convolvulus (Ipomoea pes-caprae). It is useful as a binder of loose sand. REFERENCES: Canavali obtusifolium (Lam.) DC. Prod. 2:404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformis. Dolichos oblusifolius Lam. Encyc. 2: 295. 1786. Canavalia. See Canavali. Cancion (Guam). A young coconut having a sweetish, edible rind. Candlenut. See Aleurites moluccana. « Firminger, Man. Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 156. & Lloyd and Moore. Feeding for beef. Mississippi Bull. , No, 39, p. 166, Aug. , 1896. 212 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Canna indica. CANNA. INDIAN SHOT. Family Cannaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Mango halom-tano (Guam); Fana-manu (Samoa); Aliipoe (Hawaii); Cana de cuentas, Coyol (Mexico): Blumenrohr (German); Balisier del'Inde (French). A well-known plant cultivated all over the world for ornamental purposes and growing without cultivation in most tropical countries. Stem erect, about 90 to 120 cm. high; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping the stem; flowers red; sepals 3, imbricate; petals 3, narrow, subequal, with recurved tips; staminodes 3, longer than the petals; ovary 3-celled, the cells with many ovules; style linear, flat, growing together below w,ith the staminodial whorl, free above; stigma apical, often decurrent on one side; capsule warty; seeds round, black, very hard. In India the seed are sometimes used for shot and are made into necklaces and other ornaments: They yield a purple dye, but it is not permanent. An allied species, Canna edulis, is cultivated in the West Indies for the sake of the starch derived from its fleshy rhizomes. In Colombia starch is obtained from Canna indica, but it is not so good as that of Canna edulis. REFERENCES: Canna indica, L. Sp. PI. 1:1. 1753. Cannon-ball tree. See Xylocarpus granatum. Capa de la reina (Guam). The blue pea or "queen's cloak." See Clitoria ternatea. Capayo (Philippines). See Carica papaya. Caper. See Capparis mariana. Capili (Philippines). See Aleurites moluccana. Capoc (Philippines). See Ceiba pentandra; the silk-cotton tree. Capparidaceae. CAPER FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Cleome viscosa and Capparis mariana. Capparis mariana. MARIANNE CAPER. Family Capparidaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Alcaparro (Spanish, Guam); Alcaparro de Marianas (Philip- pines). A shrub growing near the sea, with large, white, fragrant flowers, and large edible seed capsules. Trunk and limbs rough, covered with small protuberances, but not thorny; leaves alternate, subreniform, obtuse, emarginate, smooth, soft, and rather fleshy; petioles short; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, long-pedicelled; sta- mens numerous; fruit elongate, 6-ribbed; seeds many, embedded in pulp. This plant is abundant on the island. The natives make very good pickles of the unripe capsules. It has been introduced into the Philippines, where it is known as the "caper of the Marianne Islands." The flowers are sometimes pink. It appears from the archives at Agafia that some of the early governors of Guam exported the fruit in considerable quantities, employing the natives to gather it. REFERENCES: Capparis mariana Jacq. Ilort. Schoenbr. 1 : 57. t. 109. 1797. Capparis spinosa mariana K. Schu. Engler's Jahrb. 9: 201. 1887. Capriola dactylon. BERMUDA GRASS. Family Poaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Grama (Guam, Cuba); Manfeme (Hawaii); Mati (Rarotonga); Doorba-grass, Doob-grass (Bengal); Bahama grass (West Indies). A grass with prostrate stems, widely creeping and forming matted tufts with short ascending branches. Leaves short, subulate, glaucous; ligule hairy; spikelets minute, DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 213 1-flowered, 1 or 2-seriate, in 3 to 6 digitate slender unilateral spikes, not jointed at the base; grain laterally compressed. This plant is distributed throughout all warm countries. In India it is an impor- tant forage plant and is much used for lawns. On account of its usefulness and beauty the Hindoos have celebrated it in their writings, and the native Hawaiians hold it in great esteem. It thrives where scarcely any other grass will grow, even in poor soil shaded by trees. It is useful in binding down the sand near the sea, and on the low sandy soil of Agaiia, the capital of Guam, it forms beautiful soft turf. When once established in cultivated fields it is hard to eradicate. In India the young leaves are eaten by the natives and a cooling drink is made of the roots. It is readily propagated by cuttings. When required for lawns a sufficient quantity can easily be collected from the roadside and waste places. The ground is dug and leveled and the rootstocks cut into small pieces set out at intervals of about 30 centi- meters. The plat should be watered until the grass has established itself. "A more expeditious and very successful plan of laying down a lawn is to pull up a quantity of grass by the roots, chop it tolerably fine, mix it well in a compost of mud of about the consistency of mortar, and spread it out thinly over the piece of ground where the lawn is required. In a few days the grass will spring up with great regularity over the plat."« In establishing a pasture the grass should be planted at intervals of 50 centimeters in rows one meter apart. REFERENCES: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 764. 1891. Panicum dactylon L. Sp. PI. 1 : 58. 1753. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. 1 : 85. 1805. Capsicum animum. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. Family Solanaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Chile (Philippines); Cahiias, Chile (Mexico); Aji (Spanish America). A plant of tropical American origin, but escaped from cultivation in many tropical countries of the Old World, where it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stem branching, glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or subelliptical, entire, acuminate; flowers white or greenish white, solitary, or sometimes in twos or threes; corolla rotate, usually 5-lobed; stamens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with bluish anthers dehiscing longitudinally; ovary originally 2 or 3-celled; fruit a juiceless berry or pod, extremely variable in form and size, many-seeded, and with more or less pungency about the seeds and pericarp. Many varieties occur in cultivation. & Among the forms usually assigned to this species are Capsicum annuum grossum, the bell pepper, and Capsicum annuum cerasi/orme, the cherry pepper. c REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 188. 1753. Capsicum annuum cerasif or me. CHERRY PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. A low, shrubby plant; leaves of medium size, ovate or oblong, acuminate; calyx seated on base of fruit; corolla large, spreading; fruit spherical, somewhat heart- shaped, or slightly elongated; flesh firm, very pungent. Of recent introduction on the island. REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum cerasif orme (Mill.) H. C. Irish, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 92. 1898. Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 5. 1768. a Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 1896, p. 30. 6 See Irish, Rev. genus Capsicum, Ninth Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard., p. 53, 1898. cSee Tracy, W. W., Jr. A list of American varieties of peppers, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau PL Industry, Bull. No. 6, 1902. 214 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Capsicum annuum grossum. BELL PEPPER. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Chile ancho (Mexico); Chile de Castilla (Philip- pines). This plant has long been cultivated in Guam. Its flesh is not pungent, and the natives frequently prepare it for the table by stuffing it with minced meat and then cooking it. It grows here almost like a shrub to the height of 90 cm., and bears prolifically. Fruit oblong or truncate, about 10 cm. long by 4 cm. in diameter, often lobed and usually with a basal depression. Cultivated in every garden on the island. REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum grossum (L. ) Sendt. Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 147. 1846. Capsicum grossum L. Mant. 1 : 47. 1767. Capsicum baccatum. Same as Capsicum frutescens baccatum; see under Capsicum frutescens. Capsicum frutescens. SPUR PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. LOCAL NAMES. — Doni (Guam); Aji (Spanish). A shrubby perennial, 90 to 180 cm. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled stem and branches; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate; peduncles slender, often in pairs, usually longer than the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, embracing the base of the fruit; fruit red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, very acrid. It is possible that the original form from which this plant has developed through cultivation is that known as Capsicum minimum Roxb., to which, according to Engler, the allied varieties revert when left to themselves. The bird pepper (Capsicum frutescens baccatum) has round or ovate fruit about 6 mm. in diameter. In the Philippines it is called "chileng bundok." REFERENCES : Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 1: 189. 1753. Capsicum grossum. Same as Capsicum annuum grossum. Capulao (Philippines). See Herpetica alata. Carambola. See Averrhoa carambola. Carapa moluccensis. Same as. Xylocarpus granatum. Cardiospermum halicacabum. BALLOON VINE. Family Sapindaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Farolitos, Bombillas (Spanish). A climbing herb, with wiry stem and branches, and alternate biternate leaves; leaf- lets coarsely dentate; flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary racemes, white, very small; lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral- tendrils; sepals 4, concave, the two outer ones small; petals 4, in pairs, the 2 greater lateral ones usually adhering to the sepals; stamens 8, excentric; ovary 3-celled; style short, trifid; ovules solitary; fruit an inflated, broadly pear-shaped capsule. This plant is widely distributed throughout the Tropics. Its root given in decoc- tion is said to be aperient. On the Malabar coast the leaves are administered in pulmonary complaints. In the Moluccas the leaves are cooked as a vegetable. It was collected by Gaudichaud on the island of Rota. REFERENCES: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 1: 366. 1753. Carex densinora. SEDGE. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge with numerous dense, lanceolate spikelets, arranged in a branching, bracted spike; spikelets androgynous, staminate above, pistillate below; scales tipped with a bristle, the female nearly round, the male ovate-lanceolate, bristles rough; ovary inclosed in an oblong, compressed, striate perigynium, contracted at the top, with a small bidentate opening through which protrudes the 2-cleft style; perigyn- DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 215 ium rough-edged, longer than the scaly bract; culm (stem) 3-sided, the sides chan- neled (triquetrous), smooth, shorter than the rough-edged broad leaves. This species was described by Presl from specimens collected by Haenke in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex demiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 3: 204. 1828. Carex fuirenoides. SEDGE. A sedge with androgynous spikelets; male flowers with 3 stamens, female flow- ers with 3 styles; panicles spike-like, axillary and terminal, solitary, with long peduncles, clusters numerous; spikelets oblong-cylindrical, pistillate below, stami- nate above; scales many-nerved, male ovate-oblong, mucronate-subaristate, dark- hyaline, female scales ovate-subrotund, with rounded apex, aristulate, veined, smooth, dark-hyaline; perigynia obovate-oblong, with attenuated beaks, slightly curved, ribbed, dark-brown, smooth, twice the length of the scale; beak rough on the upper margin, bidentate at the orifice. Immature achene obovate-oblong, tri- gonal, terminated by the persistent thickish base of the style. This species was described by Gaudichaud from specimens collected in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 412. 1826. Carica papaya. PAPAW. Family Caricaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Papaya (Spanish); Lechoso (Mexico); Papai, Maneo, Mamerio (Brazil); Mamon (Paraguay); Papaya, Kapayo, Capayo (Philippines); Esi tane (male), Esi fafine (female) (Samoa). A tree suggesting a palm in its habit of growth, bearing a crown of large palmately- lobed, long-stalked leaves on a slender, straight, fleshy trunk, which is normally unbranched. It is usually dioecious, the staminate (male) and the pistillate (female) flowers being borne on separate trees, the former funnel-shaped having 10 anthers inserted on the throat of the corolla; the latter larger, 5-petaled, with one pistil bearing a 5-rayed stigma. Occasionally trees are found with hermaphrodite flow- ers. All parts of the plant abound in milky juice, or latex, which has remarkable pepsin-like digestive properties. The melon-shaped fruit grows from the axils of the lower leaves, the normal fruit from the female flowers being sessile, while that from the hermaphrodite flowers is borne on long pedicels. The milky juice from the unripe fruit when rubbed on meat has the property of making it tender. By experiment it has been found that this juice is more efficacious than pepsin in dissolving albumen and muscular fibre. From the half-ripe fruits a proteolytic ferment has been derived which differs from pepsin in that its action on proteids goes on in neutral or alkaline solutions as well as in acid solutions. From the seeds of the papaw a glucoside called caricin has been obtained; from the leaves an alkaloid called carpaine, the physiological action of which is similar to that of digitalis, a heart depressant. In commerce there are a number of prepara- tions claiming to be the ferment of the papaw, sold under the name of papain, papayotin, caroid, papoid, etc. On examination of several of these substances they were found by Mr. F. B. Kilmer to be merely the dried and powdered latex of the papaw, bearing the same relation to the true separated ferment as the dried mucous membrane of the stomach might bear to purified pepsin. A series of experiments was carried on by Mr. Kilmer demonstrating beyond a doubt the digestive properties of the true papaw ferments. « Papaws are very easily grown. They spring up spontaneously in open places and clearings in the forest, especially where the undergrowth has been burned, from seeds dropped by birds. The tree grows rapidly, the leaves falling off as the trunk shoots a See Kilmer, The Story of the Papaw, American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 73, pp. 272, 336, and 383, 1901. 216 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. upward leaving the trunk marked regularly with scars. The leaf-sterns are hol- low, and in Guam are often used as trumpets by the natives, some of whom are skillful in sounding military bugle calls upon them. The root is turnip-shaped, the lower part extending deep into the earth seeking moisture and giving stability to the tree. The wood is soft, white, and, spongy, and decays rapidly. It is useless. The trunk of a tree can be cut through by a single stroke of a machete. Before ripening the fruits are green. On reaching maturity they become yellow and squash- like. They may be eaten either with salt or sugar. To a novice they are inferior in flavor to a musk melon. They vary in size and shape. Those growing in Guam are small and inferior to the varieties cultivated in countries where they are used as a food-staple. They contain a great number of dark-brown seeds, which turn black in drying and have a mustard-like pungent flavor. The fruit developes so rapidly that buds of flowers and ripe fruits are often seen on a tree at the same time. The papaw is a native of tropical America, but it has become established through- out the entire tropical world. In Guam it appears spontaneously in waste places. Little attention is given to it by the natives. Though they eat it if other kinds of fruit be scarce, they do not appear to esteem it as an article of food. REFERENCES: Carica papaya L. Sp. PI. 2: 1036. 1753. Caricature plant. See Graptophyllum pictum. Garinta herbacea. GROUNDBERRY. Family Rubiaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Bejuco guara (Cuba); Naunau, Matamata-Aitu (Samoa); Kapu- kapu (Rarotonga); Karinta kali (Malay Archipelago). A small, slender, creeping, perennial herb, bearing red, fleshy berries, somewhat like those of the partridge berry (Mitchella repens). Leaves long-petioled, more or less pubescent, orbicular, deeply cordate, stipules interpetiolar, ovate, obtuse; flowers small, white, growing in 1 to 6-flowered peduncled umbels; bracts linear, lanceolate; calyx tube obovoid, segments 5 to 7, slender, herbaceous, persistent; corolla salver-shaped, glabrous, throat hairy, lobes 4 to 7, valvate in bud ; stamens 4 to 7, inserted on the corolla tube, included; stigma 2-fid; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovuled; ovules erect; berry a fleshy drupe, with 2 plano-convex pyrenes; seeds plano-convex, not grooved ventrally. This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is common in the woods of Samoa, Fiji, and other islands of the Pacific, in the Andaman Islands, Malay Archi- pelago, Ceyjon, South China, and in tropical America. It is said to possess medicinal properties similar to those of the allied Evea ipecacuanha « of New Granada and Brazil, but of inferior quality. 6 REFERENCES: Carinta herbacea (Jacq.). Psychotria herbacea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 16. 1760. Geophila reniformis Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 136. 1825. Geophila was first proposed in 1803 for a genus of Liliaceae and is therefore not available for the rubiaceous genus so named by Don. Carinta is an adaptation of the Malayan name of this plant, Karinta kali. Carmona heterophylla Cav. Same as Ehretia microphylla. Carrizo (Spanish). See Trichoon roxburghii. « Evea ipecacuanha (Brot. ) Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 137. t. 11. 1802. Uragoga ipecacuanha (Brot.) Baill. Hist. PL 7: 281. 1880. 6 Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 3, p. 488, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 217 Caryophyllus malaccensis. MALAY APPLE. Family Myrtaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Macupa, Makupa (Philippines and Guam); Kavika (Fiji); Nonu-fi'afi'a (Samoa); Ahia (Tahiti); Ohia (Hawaii). A tree of medium size, bearing a profusion of white,, purple, or red flowers, with tufts of stamens of the same color as the corolla. These are followed by an abun- dance of fruit having a fragrant, apple-like odor and a delicate flavor. Leaves large, glossy, ovate, elliptic or obovate-oblong, attenuate at each end; inflorescence cen- tripetal with solitary axillary flowers, or in short racemes (leafless branches), or centrifugal in dense terminal cymes; calyx globose or more or less elongate, pro- duced beyond the ovary, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes; petals 4, rarely 5; stamens many; ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style filiform, stigma small; fruit nearly round, crowned by the scar of the calyx lobes; seed usu- ally 1. This tree occurs on nearly all the larger islands of the tropical Pacific and in the Malay Archipelago. It has been introduced into Guam comparatively recently and is by no means common. In Hawaii, Samoa, and Fiji it is very highly esteemed by the natives, more for its beauty than for its fruit. The ancient Hawaiians made their idols of its wood, and the tree figures in the myths of the Fijians. The etymological identity of the Fijian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Hawaiian names of this tree is interest- ing, indicating, as it does, an acquaintance with it before the separation of the various divisions of the Polynesians or its introduction from one group of islands to the others, together with its name. REFERENCES: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L. ). Eugenia malaccensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 470. 1753. Jambosa malaccensis DC. Prod. 3 : 286. 1 828. The genus Caryophyllus was published by Linnaeus in 1753 with a single species, C. aromaticus, which has since been referred to Jambos Adanson, or Jambosa, as written by many authors. Adanson' s name, however, is of later date, and must therefore be displaced by the Linnsean name of the genus. Casay (Philippines). See Adenanthera pavonina. Cascabeles (Spanish). See Crotalaria quinquefolia. Cashew. See Anacardium occidentale. Casoy (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Cassava. See Manihot manihoL Cassia alata. Same as Herpetica alata. Cassia angustissima Lam. Same as Cassia mimosoides. Cassia esculenta Roxb. Same as Cassia sophera. Cassia fistula. PUDDING-PIPE TREE. Family Caesalpiniaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Canafistula (Guam, Philippines, Mexico); Cafiapistola (Philip- pines); Golden shower (Hawaii). A tree with smooth, ashy-gray bark, bearing long, pendent, lax racemes of golden- yellow flowers, followed by very long, woody, cylindrical pods. Leaves large, even- pinnate, the leaflets in 4 to 8 pairs, ovate-acuminate, 5 to 15 cm. long; calyx tube very short; sepals 5, obtuse; petals 5, veined, imbricated, obovate, shortly clawed, nearly equal; stamens 10; pod black or dark brown, 30 to 60 cm. long, containing one-seeded compartments, marked with three longitudinal shining furrows, two of them close together and the third opposite them, marking the sutures; seed reddish brown, glossy, flattish, ovate, embedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp; odor 218 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. resembling that of prunes. When the wind blows the pendulous pods strike together and make a rattling noise. This tree is said to be a native of upper Egypt and India, whence it has been introduced into nearly all tropical countries. It has been growing in Guam at least a century, but, like the tamarind, does not reproduce itself here spontaneously. The wood is hard and heavy, but the natives do not utilize it. It is found growing in many places on the sites of abandoned ranches. In Honolulu it is one of the. principal shade trees and is highly prized for the beauty of its flowers. The pulp is a valuable laxative, and is much used in medicine. It is apt to become sour if long exposed to the air, or moldy if kept in a damp place. It is extracted from the pods by bruising them and then boiling them in water, after which the decoction is evaporated. It may be obtained from fresh pods by opening them at the sutures and removing the pulp with a spatula. The pulp has a sweet, mucilaginous taste. It contains sugar, gum, a substance analogous to tannin, a color- ing matter soluble in ether, traces of a principle resembling gluten, and a little water. It may be advantageously given in small doses in cases of habitual costiveness (4 to 8 gm. ), and in doses of one or two ounces (30 to 60 gm. ) it acts as a purgative." REFERENCES: Cassia fistula L. Sp. PI. 1: 377. 1753. Cassia mimosoides. TEA SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — Kdbo-cha, Nemu-cha, Ichinen-cha (Japan). A low diffuse perennial, with slender, shrubby, finely downy branches. Leaves resembling those of the sensitive plant, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, with a solitary sessile gland on the rachis below the leaflets; leaflets 60 to 100, linear, rigidly coriaceous, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, obliquely mucronate, with the midrib close to the upper border; stipules large, linear-subulate, persistent; flowers yellow, 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves on short pedicels; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, bristly; corolla little exserted; stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter; pod strap-shaped, flat, dehis- cent, 3.5 to 5 cm. long by 3.5 mm. broad, nearly straight, glabrescent or finely downy; septa more or less oblique. In Japan, where it grows both wild and in cultivation, the young stem and leaves are cut and dried as a substitute for tea. REFERENCES: Cassia mimosoides L. Sp. PI. 1: 379. 1753. Cassia occidentalis. COFFEE SENNA. NEGRO COFFEE. LOCAL NAMES. — Mumutim sable (Guam); Balatorig aso (Philippines); Frijo- lillo (Panama); Hierba hedionda (Cuba); Hedionda (Porto Rico); Bantamare (Senegal); Herbe puante (French). A glabrous, ill-smelling weed, 60 to 90 cm. high, with abruptly pinnate leaves, hav- ing a single large ovate gland just above the base of the petiole. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, without glands between them, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, glabrous on both sides, or finely pubescent; flowers yellow, pedicelled; racemes short, closely crowded, axillary; stamens 10, the upper 3 imper- fect; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse, glabrous; pod linear, glabrous, 10 to 12.5 cm. long by 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. This plant is of wide distribution in the Tropics, and in the warmer temperate regions of the globe. It was introduced into Guam more than a century ago, and is common in abandoned clearings, in waste places, and along the beach. The seeds, sometimes called "negro coffee," are used in some parts of the world as a substitute for coffee and are said to be a febrifuge. In Senegambia an infusion of the roasted seeds having an agreeable flavor not unlike coffee is used by the natives. This plant has been used as a remedy for stomach troubles, nervous asthma, and « United States Dispensatory, p. 341, 1899. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 219 typhoid fever. The root is especially active, and the leaves are used medicinally in many countries, especially in Dahomey, Africa, where they are one of the most important drugs used in the hospitals in the treatment of certain fevers." They are purgative and antiherpetic. Large quantities are received annually at Bordeaux and Marseille. In 1897 nearly 100 tons of the seed was imported into Europe. In 1898 the value of the export from Senegal amounted to 1,000 francs. REFERENCES: Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1: 377. 1753. Cassia sensitiva Roxb. Same as Cassia mimosoides. Cassia sophera. EDIBLE SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — Amot-tumaga, Amot-tomaga (Guam). A plant resembling Cassia occidentatis, but of a more shrubby habit, and with more numerous, smaller, narrower leaflets and shorter, broader, more turgid pods. Leaf with a single large gland placed just above the base of the petiole; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, without glands between them; flowers yellow, racemes terminal or axillary, few-flowered; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; pods glabrous, many-seeded, linear, turgid; suture keeled; seeds horizontal, with cellular partitions. The leaves are variable in shape and size. A common variety in Guam has the leaves smaller and more obtuse than the typical form. The single gland on the petiole and the size and shape of the leaves will serve to distinguish this species from the others on the island. Widely spread in the Tropics. In India the leaves are eaten by natives in their curries. An infusion of the bark has been given as a remedy for diabetes; and the bruised leaves and bark of the root, powdered and mixed with honey, are applied externally in ringworm and ulcers. As in the case of C. occidentals, the smell of the plant is disagreeable. REFERENCES: Cassia sophera L. Sp. PI. 1: 379. 1753. Cassia tora. Low SENNA. LOCAL NAMES. — Mumutun adamelon, Mumutun palaoan (Guam). An annual glabrous undershrub, with even pinnate leaves. Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, a gland on the rachis between the lowest pair, and sometimes between the next pair, but never between the uppermost; stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaf- lets thin, obovate, obtuse; flowers yellow, small, in pairs or in short axillary few- flowered racemes; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 15 to 2.5 cm. long by 6 mm. wide, membranous, the sutures very broad, the seeds flattened in the same direction as the pod. Of world-wide distribution in the Tropics. In Guam it has been a common weed for more than a century. The leaves are mucilaginous and ill smelling. They are said to be aperient. In India they are fried in castor oil and applied to ulcers. The root, rubbed with lime juice, is a remedy for ringworm. REFERENCES: Cassia tora L. Sp. PI. 1 : 376. 1753. Cassytha filiformis. WIRE VINE. DODDER LAUREL. Family Lauraceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Mayagas (Guam); Devil's guts (Australia). A leafless, wiry, twining parasitic plant with the habit of Cuscuta, very common in thickets, adhering to branches of other plants by means of small protuberances or «Wildeman, Les Plantes Tropicales de Grande Culture, p. 72-73 (Brussels, 1902). 220 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. suckers. Flowers small, white, remote, in small spikes; perianth with 3 inner equal obovate lobes and 3 outer minute ones; fertile stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands at the base, the filaments of the 3 outer ones petal-like, of the 6 others filiform ; fruit round, one-seeded, inclosed by the perianth and crowned by its lobes; ovary free, style short, stigma depressed. REFERENCES: Cassytha filiformis L. Sp. PI. 1: 35. 1753. Casta (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Castor-bean. See Ricinus communis. Casuarina equisetifolia. POLYNESIAN IRONWOOD. PLATE XLI. Family Casuarinaceae. LOCAL NAMES. — Gago (Guam); Agoho (Philippines); Toa (Samoa, Rarotonga); Aito (Tahiti); Swamp oak, She-oak, Beef-wood (Australia). A leafless tree with drooping branches, somewhat like a pine in general appear- ance. Branches 6 to 8-angled or terete, jointed like the stems of an Equisetum, with 6 to 8 sheath teeth at the joints. The genus to which the plant belongs, though formerly classed with the conifers, is now recognized as the only known genus of a distinct family. The flowers are unisexual, the staminate in cylindrical terminal spikes and the pistillate in dense heads borne in the axils and ripening into a cone, which is corky and buoyant and incloses winged seeds (see p. 75). The wood is heavy, strong, and very hard, of a red color when fresh, but turning a dark brown with age. It is excellent for fuel. In Samoa the natives make spears and war clubs of it. In Guam it is scarcely at all utilized, as it is hard to work. In the Hawaiian Islands it has been planted along the sea beach and grows rapidly and readily. It loves sandy soil, and will grow in brackish localities. The natives of Samoa prize it so highly that they often plant it near their dwellings. There a large tree is seldom seen, and the young trees are straight and spindling. At Waikiki, near Honolulu, there is a beautiful avenue of it, planted within comparatively recent time. There the trees grow straight. In Guam it is abundant along sandy beaches, especially on the east shore of the island. It also grows on the high "sabanas," where it is usually the only tree, but it never grows within the forest. All the Guam trees have twisted and gnarled trunks, from the effect of hurricanes. The species is of wide tropical distribution. It is indigenous in Australia, on the Malayan Islands, and on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, and occurs on many islands of the Pacific, extending eastward to the Marquesas and northward to the Mariannes. It is cultivated in many warm countries, including the Hawaiian Islands, southern Florida, California, and Uruguay. REFERENCES: Casuarina equisetifolia Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad.4: 143. 1759. Casue (Guam) . See Anacardium occidentale. Cathartocarpus fistula Pers. Same as Cass'ia fistula. Cator (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Caturai (Guam, Philippines) . See Agati grandiflora. Cauayang- tinic (Philippines). See Sambos blumeana Caudolejeunia. See under Hepaticse. Caulerpa. See under Algse. Cay am (Cebu). See Bocoa edulis. Cayenne pepper. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme and C. frutescens. Ceanothus asiaticus. Same as Colubrina asiatica. Cebolla (Spanish). See Attium cepa. Cebolla halom-tano (Guam). An orchid, Luisia teretifolia. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLI. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA. MALE INFLORESCENCE, FEMALE INFLORESCENCE. AND FRUIT. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLII. %*