! ! 1 \ 1
THE USE OF T^
1 r^
aYKi\
iHMVllMMtaBBtoti
r'Vi^'^^V^A^.:
•ir' l^
THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE
IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
BY
CLYDE W. VOTAW, Ph. D.
Instructor In Biblical Greek in the University or Chicago.
A Thesis presented to the University of Chicago in purfm.inm of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
CHICAGO:
Published by the Author.
1896.
I
THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE
IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
BY
CLYDE W. VOTAW, Ph. D.
Instructor in Biblical Greek in the University of Chicago.
^ Thesis presented to the University of Chicago in pursuance of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Published by the Author. 1896.
^6^^
TABLE or COSTESTS.
i. The Text,
^. The r»e» *}f' the /mjimitic*f.
4, Tht Oe* of the AHiaFthnMi» In.jtH.itic
4- The ?"*"» »>f the Artkntar fn/initier,
^- Vttmimr Exhibie* >jf the S
'tad Ttmmt €f the imjSmitic> 7. Tmbte «^ Autmgm tf Ovcwrr^ma *>{' the hjitkitinr im
mUkml Greek, .... ^(L rtwtmnit^ 9f the I'mf *>r' the imfhuifief, '* H^hnrittir h^ktewee >"»"f t-hf I'^f i>f t'hf ^ Urn
aabiked Ondt, . t*K The Cm »jf the S^^feri «/ t'- It. The Tjt »f the Xe^mHer with the tmjtmt li. The Tmrnm ♦/ the tmJh^iUte im BBkiiemt ti^-vr^
Z-IS
i
^
THE TEXT.
1. THE TEXT.
For this study of the use of the infinitive in Biblical Greek the texts have been:
{a) for the Old Testament, canonical and apocryphal, the Swete text of the Septua^nt (Cambridge. 1 ''87-94. 3 vols.. 2 ed. of Vol. 1. 1895). comprising 2346 pa^es (O. T. 1909 pp.. Apoc. 437 pp. )
(b) for the New Testament, the Westcott and Hort text (Cambridge. 1881), comprising 52*:< pages.
The Swete text is the text of the Codex Vaticanu-«i. edited in accordance with the best scientific methods and the most thorough critical knowledge. The lacunae in this MS. are at Gen. 1:1-46:1^^: '2 Kgs. 2:5-7. 10-13: Psa. 105:27-137:6: the Prayer of Manas.sas. and the Bjo'cs of Maccabees. These defects are supplied fro a the Alexandrine MS. or. in the few cases where this also is defective, from the uncial .Mss. which rank next in age or ijajmrtance. This text is acc.jupanied on the pa^e by fo3tncjtes which give the variant readings found in the other three great uncial MSS.. Codices Alexandrinus. Sinaiticus and Ephraemi. Ox these the Alex, is almost co.iiplete for both O. T. and Apoc.. the Sin. con- tains not more than one-half, and the Eph. is but a fragment. To these variant readings have been added those of three Ifs.ser MSS.. D. E and F. in portions where the greater ones are def(?ctive.
The Westcott and Hort text does not aim to reproduce the text of Codex Vaticanus for the New T« - as the
Swete text does for the Old Testaaieut, but ... . .. ..fs by a
collation and critical use of all MSS. of the New Testament to build up a text Oi the New Te.stament whieh shall be the closest possible a])proxir''' • •' .. , ; ...i t»»xt. But the editors were led \iy t'leii belief that th.e
text of Codex Vaticanus was nearer to the origrinal text than
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
r.V(;i;s.
1. The Text, -^^
2. The Uses of the Injinit'we, '">,(>
■i. The Uses of the Anarthrous Iiifiiiticc, . 7-lS
If. TJie Uses <f the Articular Infinitive, . . . ]i> ^'.i
.5. Charts (f the Infinitive as Used in the Xeir Testa nicnt. -id J^o I'). Tfbnlar Exhiljits of the Nuinhcr. Disfrihntioii, Use
and Tense of the Injinitive. . . J4I V-' 7. TalAe of Averages of Occurrence of the Injinitive in
liibUeal Greek ■'>(>
S. Features of the Use <f the Injinitive, . . . -"fl-'i^ '■>. Ifeljraistic Injiuenee u/inn the Use 0/ the hijinitire in
Jiitjiieaf Greek, '>4')7
in. The Use of the Suljjeet <f the Infinitive. . . . t'tS
11. The Use if the Xe(/(flire n'ith the Injinitive, . '>S
IJ. The Tenses nf the Infinitive in lliltlical (Ireefx, -W
THE TEXT.
1. THE TEXT.
For this study of the use of the intinitive in Biblical Greek the texts have been:
(a) for the Old Testament, canonical and apocryphal, the Swete text of the Septuagint (Cambridge. l^'H7-94. 3 vols.. 2 ed. of Vol. 1, 1895). comprising 2346 pages (O. T. 1009 pp.. Apoc. 437 pp.)
{b) for the New Testament, the Westcott and Hort text (Cambridge. 1881), comprising 528 pages.
The Swete text is the text of the Codex Vaticanns. edited in accordance with the best scientific methods and the most thorough critical knowledge. The Uwiukic in this MS. are at Gen. 1:1-46:28; 2 Kgs. 2:5-7. 10-13; Psa. 105:27-137:6; the Prayer of Manassas, and the Bjo^s of Maccabees. These defects are supplied fro n the Alexandrine M.S. or. in the few cases where this also is defective, from the uncial MSS. which rank next in age or i.nportance. This text is accompanied on the pa^e by foatnotes which give the variant readings found in the other three great uncial MSS.. Codices Alexandrinus. Sinaiticus and Ephraenii. Of these the Alex, is almost co.nplete for both O. T. and Apoc, the Sin. con- tains not more than one-half, and the Eph. is but a fragment. To these variant readings have been added tho.se of three lesser MSS.. D. E and F. in po:'tions where the greater ones are defective.
The Westcott and Hort text does not aim to reproduce the text of Codex Vaticanus for the New Testa. uont. as the Swete text does for the Old Testa;nent. but undertakes by a collation and critical use of all MSS. of the New Testament to build u}) a text of the New Testament whicli shall be the clo.sest i)ossible ai)proxi:nali()n to the original text. But the editors were led by their investigations to the belief that the text of Codex Vaticanus was nearer to the original text than
4 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
that of any other single codex in existence. The Codex Vat- icanus. which is complete for the New Testament, was there- fore used by Westcott and Hort as the chief authority. Next to this is ranked the Codex Sinaiticus, which contains all but a small portion of the New Testament.
So that the text upon which this investigation is based is substantially that of the Codex Vaticanus.
The variant readings of the mss. affect about one-fourth of all the instances of the infinitive. These variations are not due to any peculiarities among the texts as regards the logical uses which the infinitive is made to serve, nor does any one text noticeably surpass another in its number of in- stances of the infinitive, nor does any one text as compared with others show any great preference for the anarthrous as against the articular infinitival form or the reverse. The variations are mainly of three kinds: the anarthrous form of the infinitive often occurs in one text where the articular form is found in others, the tense form of the same instance of the infinitive is frequently a present in one text and an aorist in another, and sometimes an idea which is expressed in one text by an infinitive is expressed in another text by some other construction.
These variant readings among the texts of the several MSS. occur in the case of all the books excejit the very brief ones. In some books as compared with others the percent- age of variations is large, while in others it is small. The variations are due to scribal peculiarities and other incidents of transtMission. Th(!y balance off against one another in such a way that they do not ne(!d further consideration for the ])ui'])os('s of this study. The classification of uses, the di.stribution of instances and the total nuinborof occurrences of the infinitive are not materially affected by the variant readings.
THE TEXT.
2. TABLE OP THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE.
/. The Anarthrous Infinitive.
1. Verbal Object.'"'"
1) of verbs in general ( = b)*"*, except
2) of verbs of commanding, promising and the like ( = j)-*'*'
3) of verbs of bidding (understood) in salutations ( = 1).*''
4) of verbs which introduce indirect discourse ( = {).'•■-
5) of v^erbs of hindering and the like ( = v).*'
2. Purpose.'*'^
1) distinct and specific, without attendant particle (=d ).''"•''
2) distinct and specific, with preceding wore (or oJ?) ( = e).*'
3) modified and general, without attendant particle ( = o)."'
3. Subject. •»»
the subject of a verb personal or impersonal ( = a).*"*
4. Result."'
1) actual or hypothetical, without attendant particle ( = p).'"
2) actual or hypothetical, with preceding ukrrc (or ok) ( = f ).'^'
3) epexegetic or explanatory, without attend, part. (=5).'**
5. Limiting Nouns, Adjectives (and Adverbs).*"
1) nouns signifying ability. fitnes.i, need. time. etc. ( = h)."''
2) adjectives (and adverbs) of like signification ( = g)."' H. With irptV or irpXv rj.''*
the phrase having a temporal .significance ( = x).** 7. Apposition."
standing in apposition with a noun or pronoun ( = c)." M. Prepositional Object."
standing as the object of a preposition ( = k)."
!>. PAIiK.NTHETIC ABSOHTK.'
standing in a parenthetic cliius*'. iiulfjx'julciitly ( r).' 10. For the Imperative.'
as a princii)al verb, expressing an exhortation ( = n).'
6 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
//. Tlie Articular Infinitive.
1. Prepositional Object.""
standing as the object of a preposition, with tov, tw or TO (=A-).""
2. Purpose."'
1) distinct and specific, with tov [^e)."'^'
2) modified and general, with tov {—o).'^'^
3. Verbal Object."'*
A. With TO, as the object of a verb {=b).'^-'
B. With TOV, as the object of a verb,
1) of verbs in general (=66)"*, except
2) of verbs of commanding, promising and the like
3) of verbs of hindering and the like (=r ).•*■'
4. Result."*
1) actual or hypothetical, with tov (=/).**
2) epexegetic or explanatory, with tov [—h).~*
5. Limiting Nouns and Adjectives."*
1) nouns signifying ability, fitness, time, etc. with toS ( = /<).'"
2) adjectives of like signification, with tov ( = r/).'^'
6. Subject.'"
1) with TO, as subject of a finite verb ( = r< ).'*''
2) with TOV, as subject of a finite verb {=(i(i).^*
7. Apposition.**
standing in apposition with a noun or pronoun, with tov or TO { — r).^^
8. Causp:. Manner, Means."
indicating the cause, manner or means of the action of the governing verb, with tw (=r).'
In the uImjv<- tul>I<-, ancT tin- iiiuin rlivixioii l)i-fwccn tlic uhch oI tlif iiimrtliroiis and tliosf of the articular iiiftnitlvf, the arranj<<-nii-iil In by main groupH in order of rciallvc frc<|iicncy of (>rciirr<-nc<- of tli<' mm-* in Kildical (in-rk ax a wlioli-. 'flic KiiiMTior (lK»rcn in<llcati' tin- acliial niiinlo-r of inxtancM-K of <-acli uw, witli tlic r<-H<-rration that It liaH HometiniOH been difllcult to claMxify c<-r1uln umblguoux or anonialouH inHtanci-H of tin- intlnitivc.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE.
3. THE USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE.
1. Verbal Object.^'**
1) OF Verbs in General ( = b)-"*, except —
Many Greek verbs either require or assume an infinitive to complete or make specific their meaning.
Ex. 2:lo. i^V'''^'' aveXtiv MwvotJv-
1 Mace. 15:14. ovk dacrev ovSivu. (.Kirop€.vf.udixi..
Matt. 11:20. toti yjp^aro ovtiSi^tiv ras TrdXeis-
Also Deut. 4:1. 25:7. 1 Kgs. 5:8. Psa. 9:39. Prov. 14:12. Lsa. 1:17. Wis. Sol. 4:7. Wis. Sir. 23:1. Judh. 9:8. Tob. 5:1. Bar. 3:9. 2 Mace. 2:3. Mk. 8:14. Lk. 8:20. Jno. 6:10. Acts 12:3. Rom. 15:26. Phil. 4:12. Heb. 11:24.25.
The list lor Biblical Greek shows 287 verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction, of which the most common
are SiW/xat, dtKu), ap^^o/xut, /3ouAo/xai, fXtWo), Trpo<TTLdr]fxi, ttouu)- This
use of the infinitive is found twice as frequently as any other; in the O. T. it is somewhat surpassed by the use to express purpose; but in the Apoc. and N. T. it occurs four times as often as any other use.
The following sub-classes ( j, 1. i. v) are also object infin- itives, but because they present the object idea in a special aspect it is desirable to arrange theni into gr<)vn)s by them- selves.
2) OF Verbs of Commanding. Promising and the Like (=j).""'
The intinitive is used as the object of vi'rbs of coinuuind- ing, promising and the like, to indicate that which one com- mands another to do. or i)romises (generally under oath) to do for another.
Cit*n. 42:25. iviTuKuro 'IaKr^<^ ifnrXTJtr.u ra ayyii aiTcIn'-
Deut. 10:11. Tijy yrjv yjv w/xocra roii ir.iTftiiriv tntCiv Oovy u aiToT?.
8 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
1 Mace. 12:2/'. iTrtra^ev Iwuvadav TOts Trap' avrw yprjyoptlv-
1 Mace. 9:/l. wfiocrcv aurw firj iK^rjrrjaaL aurcu kukov-
Matt. 2/:5W. t6t(. 6 IlciXaTOs cVe'Aevo-ei' d.7ro8o$rjvai.
1 TheSS. 5:2/. ivopKi^w v/xSs t6v Kvpiov aiva.yvw(T6rjVj.i Tr]v iTn(TTo\ijv-
Also 1 Sam. 14:3-4. 30:15. 2 Chron. 24:9. Isa. 54:9,10. Jer.33:2. Esd. A. 6:16. 8:92. Esth. Add. B:6. Judh. 1:12. Tob. 10:7. 2 Mace. 1:21. Lk. 8:55. Acts 10:22. Rom. 12:3. 1 Tim. 6:17. Only three instances in N. T. of promise under oath, two of which are in quotations from O. T.. Acts "2:30". 23:14. Heb. "3:18".
The list for Biblical Greek shows 38 verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction, of which the most common
are rdcraw {irpo<T-, aw-, ctti-, irapa-, Sui-), KeXevo), Xcyw, cittov, OfxwfjLL, 6p-
Kit,w. This use is mainly after verbs of commanding.
3) OF Verbs of Bidding (understood) in Salutations
(=1).- A sjjeeial group of infinitives belonging to class j just described are here kept distinct because the governing verb, which would if used express a command or exhortation, is uniformly omitted, although implied in the context.
1 Mace. 10:25. ySao-iAtws Av^^T/rpios t<Z Idvu twi/ 'lovSatW x"^Lpciv-
2 Mace. 9:19. tois )(pr}(TTol<; 'louSaiois ToTs TToAiTais TToAAa xaiptiv Kul vyiaiveiv xai evTrpdrTciv /3ct<T(Aev? Ai'tio;^os.
Acts 23 :26. KAauSio? Avo-uxs to* k/xxtio-tw riye/jiovt ^tjXikl )(atpeiv- 2 JnO. 10. Ktti ^aipiLv axjTiZ ftr/ AtytTt.
Also Esd. A. 6:7. 8:9. Esth. Add. E:l. 2 Mace. 1 :10. Acts 15:23. Jas. 1:1. 2 Jno. 11. This use is not found in O. T. and but five times as cited in N. T. ; it belongs mainly to the Apoc.
The infinitive in this construction is always in the present tense. The phrase is idiomatic, employed as a formula of address in letters and formal utterances. Four verbs appear
in thi.S U.se, xupnv mainly, and iyuuVtiv, tinrparTUv, ippwaOat.
4) OF Verbs Introducing Indirect Discourse (=1)."* The infinitive is used as the object of verbs of saying, thinking and the like, to rej^roduce in indirect quotation that
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 9
which was previously spoken or thought. But grammarians admit to this class only such infinitives following verbs of above signification as have the same tense as the direct form and which stand for indicative or optative modal forms in the original utterance. These limitations are not quite sat- isfactory, but the way to a better classification is not clear.
1 Sam. 19:14. At'yovo-iv {voxKcia-OaL avrov- Job 34:12. otg 8* tov Kvptov droTra iroiij<T€i,v; Judh. 13:3. i^eXtwrea-djn yap t<f>r)-
2 Mace. 6 :24. ttoAAoi rdv vtoiv viroXa/3dKr«s ^Xed^apov rbv ivevrjKOvra- iTTj fiCTafttlBjjKitxu eh aWo<pv\iap.ov-
Mk. 8:27. nVa fit Xtyovcriv ol avBpwTroi civai; 1 Cor. 7:26. vofiC^w ovv tovto xaAov vTTap\(.LV-
Als3 Gen. 26:20. Num. 14:31. 2 Chron. 28:10. Prov. 20:9. Wis. Sol. 15:12. Wis. Sir. 51:24. Esth. Add. F:ll. 3 Mace. 3:7. 4 Mace. 2:13. Jno. 12:18. Acts 13:25. 25:4. Jas. 2:14. Rev. 2:9. The list for Biblical Greek shows 46 verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction, of which the mo.st common are Xtyw, d-irov, <f>rifii, <^aor»t(i», oiofjuii, &ok(id. Few instances of this use occur in O. T., while there are many in the Apoc. and N. T. (mainly in Lk. and Acts).
5) OF Verbs of Hindering and the Like ( = v).*'
The infinitive is used after verbs of hindering and the like
to express that which one is hindered (actually or conatively)
from doing. The negative fir} in a few instances accompanies
this infinitive, without reversing the meaning of the phrase.
Ex. 36:6. ku. iKutkvOri 6 Auos in 7rpo<T<^ip€iv-
Num. 32:7. 'vj. tC 8ia.(TTpt<f>eTt. ras hiavouii Tiitv vlwv '!• fit) Sia/S^vat;
1 Mace. 13:49. iKwKvovro iKiropivKrOai.
Tob. 1:11. (rvviT7ip7)(Ta ri]v ^'^'X'h' M"^' /*'/ ffxiytlv-
Acts 8:36. n' KwXvti pn (iaima&rjvai;
Gal. 5:7. ti? v^c iviKwpiv ak-qdilii. pii] irudtaBai;
A1.SO 1 Sam. 25:33. Esd. B. 4:4. Job 33:14. Prov. 3:27. Wis. Sir. 19:2H. 2<>:21. 4 Ma-c. 5:26. Matt. 19:14. Lk. 23:2. Acts 4:17. 24:23. Heb. 7:23. 1 Tim. 4:3.
10 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The list for Biblical Greek shows 12 verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction, kwXvw being the chief one.
2. Pwrpose. ""
1) Distinct and Specific, without Attendant
Particle (=(1).*^"* The infinitive is used to express the distinct and specific purjiose of the action or state denoted by the governing verb.
Gen. 19:13. avicrTuktv riixa<: Kvpios iKTpi\pai avTrjv- 1 Mace. 2:44. ol XolttoI e<f>vyov eis to. idvr) <TO}$rjvaL- Lk. 4:16. /cat aviiTTr} dvayvoivttt.
Also Deut. 4:5. 2 Sam. 8:5. Job 1:4,6. Hos. 2:15. Ezek. 20:1. Wis. Sir. 2:1. Tob. 3:17. Bar. 1:8. 3 Mace. 5:10. Mk. 3:14,21. Acts 17:14,26,27. Gal. 1:18. Col. 1:25. Heb. 9:24.
This use of the infinitive is second only to that of general object in order of relative frequency of occurrence.
2) Distinct and Specific, with Preceding cScrrt
(OR ik) (=e).»' The infinitive preceded by the particle <mtt€ — in two or three N. T. instances by w? instead — is used to express the distinct and specific purpo.se of the action or state denoted by the governing verb.
Josh. 8:3. avitTT-q '\r)(TOV<; . . oVtc a.vaftr)vaL ets Fai.
1 Mace. 4:1.2. irapiXa^iv Topyia<: irtvTaKi(T)^i\iov(: dvSpas . . (oart CTTl/SaAtlv CTTl TTjV TTaptpjioXrfV-
Lk. 4:29. rjyayov airrov t<D<; 6<f>pvo<; rov opov<: . . ohttc KaraKprjfJiviaai avTov-
Also Num. 5:8. Esd. B. 12:7.8. Esth. 1:22. Isa. 10:2. Dan. 1:4. E.sd. A. 8:15. Esth. Add. A: 6. 1 Mace. 10:3. 2 Mace. 2:6. 4 Mace. 1:6. Matt. 10:1. 15:33. 27:1. Lk. 20:20.
This use is found mainly in O. T. (largely in Gen., Ex.. Lev.), and there are but 8 in.stances in N. T. counting Acts 20:24 where all editors but W. and H. have this use of the infinitive. In Lk. 9:52 W. and H. have w?, other editors ware.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 11
This infinitival phrase of pui*pose does not appear to have any different force than the simple infinitive similarly used.
3) Modified and General, without Attendant
Particle (=o).-^' The infinitive is used to express, with diminished pur- pose force and with a general rather than a specific bearing, that for which or with reference to which the action or state of the governing verb is performed or exists.*
2 Sam. 20:3. as a<f>^K€v <f>v\daaeiv tov oTkov-
1 Kg.S. 20:20. iriirpaaai ttoi^o-ui to Trovrjpov-
'1 Chron. 20:21. t(TTrj(Tiv {f/a\Tio6ov<; kuI alvovvTa<: i$Ofjio\oy€lcrda.i
KM ulvfTv-
Wis. Sol. 5:13. upcTiys cnqpalov ovSev i(T-)^op.iv Set^at.
.Judh. /':21. cv fiirpw ihi^oaav at*roTs irtlv-
1 MuCC. 9:29. avr^p opoiOi aiTw ovk Icttiv i^tkOtlv Trpos Tois ()^dpov<i-
Mk. 4:9. OS t\ti wra axovtiv oKOViTw.
Mk. 6:31. Kit ovSi t^iytlv tVKiLpow-
Lk. 7:40. S^jkov, l\u> ctoC n tiTrtiv-
Acts t :42. l(TTp(.*l/€y 8t 6 fitos kuI -n-api^wKtv airroi'S Xarpivtiv rrj
(TTpaTltjT.
Ivt^V. 3:1'*^. (Tvp^ovXtvo} croi ayopdcrat . KoWvpiov (y^plfTai tovs
6<I>6j.\ixov^ crot iva. ySAcTnjs.
Also Gen. 28:20. Deut. 23:4. Josh. 10:1H. 1 Sam. 9:7. 2 Kgs. 12:15. Psa. 15:10. 77:24. Isa. 32:3. Wis. Sir. 38:20.27. Tob. 0:9. 1 Mace. 1:15. 4:41. Jno. 4:9.32. Acts 15:2. 10:14. 17:21. 23:17.18.19. Eph. 4:28. Tit. 2:8. Heb. 6:13.
The list for Biblical Greek shows 42 verbs followed by the infinitive in tliis construction, of wliich the most common are tip', B'Btupi, «x'^- Two-thirds of the instances of this use occur in O. T. (mainly in Ex.. Nii n.. Deut. 2 Chron.. Esd. B.), but the N. T. furnishes 41 insUiiices. clearly establishing the necessity for N. T. exegesis or this sub-cla.ssification.
* Thlx irriiup of purpour Intlnitlvci) hut iM'en gUvn full n-cofrnitl<>ii for the ftrnt tliiip by Pnif. K. I». Hurtiiii ("N. T. M<mmIh hiiiI Ti-im-n," p. 147), wlio nayn : "<"lii»«.ly nkin to thi- Inlln- Itivf or piir]M>'*' i" tl<f liifliiltiv)- iiniir liKlircrt iilijfct . . |wlilrli| Im a ronipli'iiii-nttiry lliui-
tntii r II vitI>, <-xpr<-!<>>iii|t the iliro-t ti-iiilcnry of the notion (lfiiot<-<| liy tin- |irlii(-i|MU verb,
or otIiiT KliiillHr tliilivc n-lmloii."
12 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL, GREEK.
3. Subject^'''
Subject of a Verb Personal or Impersonal (=a)/"*
The infinitive is used as the subject of another verb which in all but a few instances has a finite form, and is either per- sonal or impersonal, though more frequently the latter. In a few instances the governing verb is in the passive voice, and the subject infinitive is in indirect discourse.
Gen. 41 :13. ovto? koI crwi^-q (/x( T€ OLTroKaTacrTad^vaL iirl rrjv dp)(TJv
fjLOv tKeivov 8t Kpefj.a(T$rjvaL-
1 Mace. 2:13. Iva. tC ji^Iv en i^rjv;
Acts 25:24. /Sooivres p.r) hctv avrov ^rjv firjKeri-
Phil. 3:1. Ta airra ypat^uv vfiiv ifiol fxev ovk OKvrjpov-
Lk. 2:26. koI ^v airw K€^pr]fiaTi<Tfi€vov vtto tov irvevp-aTOi tov ayiov
fir] loeiv udvarov irpXy av lor) tov ^(pia'Tov Kupiow-
Also Gen. 2:18. Jud. 9:2. 2 Sam. 3:37. 4.10. 14:32. Psa. 117:8,9. Job 42:17a. Jer. 8:17. 22:15. Esd. A. 4:22,39. Wis. Sir. 20:2. Judh. 11:13. Tob. 3:6. 2 Mace. 5:2. 6:6. Matt. 12:2. 18:7,8. Lk. 16:17.22. 2 Cor. 5:10. Heb. 9:26. Jas. 3:10. Rev. 7:2.
The infinitive in this construction occurs more frequently in N. T. than in O. T. or Apoc.
4. Res-ult.*"
1) Actual or Hypothetical, without Attendant Particle (=p)."*
The infinitive is used to indicate the result of the action or state of the governing verb. This result may be either ( 1 ) firtiml, if the result is viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, rarely to present, time); or (2) fnjpothet- leal, if the result is the natural or probable consequence which would follow upon a given cause, though this result is not distinctly viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, present or future — generally future — time).
AcfuciL — Deut. 29:27. K<ii wpyurdri dvpnZ Kvpiot iTn rr^v yrjv (ku- vrjv (Trayayetv iir avrijv Kara 7rd(Tu<; ras Kardpat-
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 13
Esd. A. 9:7. 'Eo-pas el-rrcv avToTs "Y/xeT? rfvofirjcrarf. koI crvvoiKTjo-aTe ywaC^Xv aXKoy(.vi(TLV, irpo(Tdttvai afuipriuv T«j> laparjX.
Acts 5:3. 8ia tC iirXrjpwacv 6 Saravos rrjv naphiav (Tov xpevaaa-dai <r€ TO TTVcv/wt TO ayiov Kol vo<T<f>UTaadaL airo rrj'i Ti/i^s tov )(^u)pi.ov;
Also 1 Sam. 16:1. Esd. B. 9:14. Jer. 39:23.32. Wis. Sir. 46:9. Lk. 10:40. Acts 27:21.
H>JJ}(>thetir<tl. — Ex. 23:1. ov avvKaradriari fiira tov olBlkov ytviadai fJMpTv<: aBiK0<;.
Wis. Sir. 5:5. ircpl c^tXcur/xov fir] a<^o/3o5 yivov, irpoa-ddvat ap-ipTiav i(f> d/xapTt'ais.
Heb. 6:10. oi yap aBLK0<; 6 ^to? (TriKadecrdai tov ipyov vp-wv-
Also Lev. 22:8. Deut. 9:8. 1 Sam. 5:10. 2 Chron. 28:13. Tob. 4:13. 1 Mace. 2:34. Rom. 1:10. Eph. 3:17. 6:19. Col. 4:3,6. Rev. 5:5. 16:9.
The unattended infinitive is found less frequently than the infinitive with uxtt* to express result in Biblical Greek as a whole, but the reverse is the case in O. T. The N. T. has but 12 instances of the unattended form, while the oxrrt form ai)i)ears 55 times.
The strong presumption, especially in N. T.. is that the infinitive of result with <Z(tt€ will bo found to denote actual result, the unattended form hypothetical result. That is not always the fact, however, as illustrations in this and the following section show.
2) Actual or Hypothetical, with Preceding iZoTt
(OR uk) ( = f).'"
Th«' infinitive preceded by <ixrTc (or w) is used to indicate the result of the action or state of the governing verb. This result may be either actual or hypothetical (see the preced- ing section), but it is usually actual.
Artllftt. — 2 KgS. 10:11. koI cVoto^cv Vaov irarra? tov<; iv tw olKif
'A\aafi . . tMTTt pLf} KOToAtWClV aVTOV? KUTaXip-fUl.
2 MucC. 1 :22. iyT)<f>dT) wpa ptytLXri, wtrri davpAaai irorro?. Mutt. 13:54. iBiSafTHiv aiToxs <V Ty a-vvaywyjj avrdy, waTi ixwXi^' tTtcdat axrroi'i Kal AryciK.
14 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Also Gen. 34:30. Ex. 12:4. Jud. 7:2. 2 Chron. 14:13. Esd. A. 5:62. 1 Mace. 15:10. 2 Mace. 1:19. 3:24. 3 Mace. 2:26. Matt. 8:24,28. 12:22. 13:2,32. Mk. 2:12. 3:20. Lk. 4:7. Acts 5:15. 15:39. Rom. 7:6. 2 Cor. 7:7. Phil. 1:13.
Hypothetical. — Deut. 28:35. Traro^at o-e Kvpio? . . wore ftrj 8u- vacrdai crt laO^vai.
Tob. 3:10. ravra axowracra iXvirrjOrj (T<f>68pa iLcrre aTrdy$acrOai. 1 Cor. 13:2. kov €;(<d TrScrav rrjv tticttlv u)aT€ op-q fx^6i(XTa.v(.LV.
Also Lev. 26:15. Josh. 22:29. 2 Sam. 14:7. 2 Kgs. 9:37. Esd. B. 12:5. Psa. 103:35. Isa. 8:8.22. 1 Mace. 15:9. Only instance in N. T. cited above.
In the Apoc. only there are a few instances where ok is used instead of tSo-rc in this construction, see Wis. Sol. 5:12. 2 Mace. 2:21,22. 4 Mace. 14:1.
3) Epexegetic or Explanatory, without Attendant Particle (=s)."*
The infinitive is used after a verb or noun to indicate more specifically the content of the action or state of that verb or noun which it limits, or even to indicate some looser relation between the two.
Gen. 17:7. ari^aw t^v SiJi6i]Kr]v fiov ava fjitaov ift-ov koI ava p.icrov <Tov . . eis oiadrfKrjv otoivtov, ctfai crou ^cds.
Deut. 20:19. ou^t i$o\€Opev(TeL<; TO. StvSpa avTTJ<: CTri^aAciv ctt' avra (TiSrjpov.
1 Kf^'.S. 2:4. iav <l)v\diwaiv ol v'loi aov ttjv ooov airruiv iroptvtcrdai ivwiriov (fiov iv aXrjOtui-
Tob. 4:13. p-rj v7repri<f>avevov rrj KapSui aov diro rCiv aBc\<}>wv aov . . Xjaficiv trcttuTtu i^ auron' yuvaiKa.
1 Mace. 2:22. tov v6p.ov tov /Jao-iXc'ws ovK aKOv<T6p.€$a, waptkOdv Trjv XjiTpuiv rjp.wv.
Lk. 2:1. i$rj\div B6yp.a TTupa Kaicrapoi 'Avyovarov aTroypd<f>CTOai TToaav TTjV oiKOvp.(vr]v.
Acts 15:10. Ti irupdicTi TOV Btov, iiridiXvai ^vyof inl tov Tpa^rfXov TUiv pi'xdrjTwv;
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 15
Rom. 1 :28. 7rapi8<DKev avToiis 6 ^'eos eis dSd/ci/xov vovv, irouiy to fj-r] KadrjKOVTa.
Also Gen. 24:48. Num. 14:36. 1 Sam. 12:23. 22:13. 2 Chron. 22:7. Jer. 51:7,17.25. Esd. A. 3:6. 4:43. Wis. Sir. 46:7. Judh. 8:16. Bar. 1:22. 2 Mace. 6:8.9. 14:13. Acts 20:24. 1 Cor. 5.1 (with oVt«, rare). Eph. 1:10. Tit. 2:2. Heb. 5:5. Rev. 16:19.
This epexegetic or explanatory use of the infinitive stands related to the infinitive of result somewhat as the infinitive of modified and general purpose stands to that of distinct and specific purpose. Both seem to be an extension and modification of the earlier and stronger use.
This construction of the infinitive is found most frequent- ly in the O. T. hi.storical books (in Deut. 36 times). The Apoc. also use it freely. The N. T. uses it sparingly, hav- ing but 15 instances, yet these are clearly of this class.
5. Limit 'tu(j Nouhh, Adjectives {(Oid Advcrbs).^^^
1) Nouns Signifying Ability. Fitness, Need, Time, etc. ( = h).'"
The infinitive is used after certain nouns, adjectives (and adverbs) to complete or make spacific the idea of the word thus limited.
Gen. 29:7. ovirw wpj. crvvu)^Orjvai to. kti'jvtj.
1 Sam. 30:4. Koi iKKaxxrav c«i>9 oTov ovk r)v iv avTo1<; fcr^^vs in K\auiv.
1 ^laCC. 1:13. I^wkuv aiVrois i$ovcriav Troirjcrai to. OtKatco/xara.
2 Mace. 9:22. <;(<uf -roWijv i\irt8x (K<f>fvic(T6j.i Tr]v aaBtvciav. Lk. 14:18. aypov ■^yop-qtra k u !)^(it avdyKjjy ($t\6utv iBtiv aiTov. Gal. 5:3. 6<f>ii\(Tr)<: itrrlv ')\ov tov yopov Troirjfrat.
Also Num. 30:14. 1 Kgs. 2:1. 3:9. E.sth. 2:12. Lsa. 27:2. 58:5. Esd. A. H:22. Wis. Sir. 15:20. 2 »:4. Judh. 13:5. Matt. 3:14. Jno. l'.>:4n. Acts 24:15. Rom. 13:11. Heb. 7:5,11. Rev. 11:6.18.
Th«'s<' supplemental infinitives after nouns and adjectives I)erform a similar function to that of tlie object infinitives after verbs.
The infinitiv*' in this construction is found mo.st frequent-
16 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
ly in N. T. The nouns commonly so limited are iiovaia, xp^ia, i6o<i, dvayKT/, cATrt's, tupa, Kaipo'i. The infinitival limitation of nouns is slightly more frequent than that of adjectives.
2) Adjectives (and Adverbs) of Like Signification ( For description see under preceding section. )
Deut. 1:14. koXov to prjfJM S i\dXrj(Ta<i Troirjaai.
Esth. 8:13. crot/iovs re eivai Travras tov? 'louSaiovs £i9 Tavrrjv rrjv ■q/xepav 7ro\€fjLrjcraL avrdv tov<; virtvavTiovi.
Wis. Sol. 16:9. on dtioi j/aav vtto ToiovTiDv KoXacrOrjvai.
1 Mace. 13:40. tl nve? cVirrJdeioi Vfiuiv ypa.<^rjvai £i? tou? Trepi Vfias, (vypa<f)€cr6(i)<Tuv.
Lk. 15:19. ovKtTi «i/xi a.$io<; K\r)6^v(j.i vios crov.
1 Cor. 7:39. i\€v6epa iarlv o> ^e'Aci yap.rj6rjvai.
Also Gen. 25:28 (with (^t£, rare). Num. 35:31. Esd. B. 10:12. Psa. 111:7. Isa. 8:8. Wis. Sir. 22:15. Bar. 4:17. 2 Mace. 3:(). 4 Mace. 3:4. 9:1. Matt. 3:11. Acts 2:24. Heb. 5:11. 2 Tim. 2:2. 1 Pet. 4:3. Rev. 4:11.
There are but a few instances where the infinitive is used in this same way to limit adverbs; where they do occur the adverb is an adjective inexactly used, or the adverb is used with the verb in an idiomatic phrase.
Jer. 31:16. tyyvs rjfitpa Mwa^ iKBiiv.
Acts 21 :13. fyo) yap ov fiovov &t$^vcu ciAAa Kal a-n-oOavuv tt? Icpov- aakijfi CTOi/xw? ()^w irrrkp toC ovo/xjitos tov Kvpiov lijaov. Also 2 Mace. 6:11. 2 Cor. 12:14.
a. wall WpCv or YipXv rj.
THE Phrase having a Temporal Significance (^x).*'
The infinitive, preceded by the temporal adverb irpiv or
irpiv ^, is used to indicate an action or state antecedent in
time to that denoted by the verb to which it stands related.
ISB. 48:5. Kal dio/yy<iAd froi TraAaia irplv €\6elv inl <r€. Wi.S. Sir. 1 1 :^. irpiv Tj aKoviTiu prj (iTTOKpiyov.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 1"
Lk. 22:61. nplv oXiKTOpa (fmivrjcrM crrifxepov aTrapyTjirr) fic rpif.
Also Ex. 1:19. Josh. 2:8. 2 Kgs. 2:9. Prov. 1H:13. Mai. 4:4. Isa. 7:15.16. 28:4.24. Wis. Sol. 2:H. Judh. 7:14. Tob. 2:4. d:>^. 4:2. 2 Mace. 8:14. 13:13. Matt. 1:18. 26:34,75. Mk. 14:30,72. Jno. 4:49. 8:58. 14:29. Acts 2:20. 7:2 (all the N. T. instances). There are 35 instances of irpiv to 23 instances of vplv rj: only in the Apoc. is this relation reversed. Of the 11 N. T. in- stances eight have vpiv. The infinitive in this construction is always anarthrous.
Standing in Apposition with a Noun or Pronoun (=c)." The infinitive stands in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun to emphasize, restrict or describe it.
1 Sam. 19:26. koX evOvvdrj 6 Xoyo? iv d<f>6a\p.oi<i Aav£t8 iiriyap-Ppiv- 0"ai T<Z /JatriAti.
K.sd. A. 8:25. cvXoyT^Tos p.ovo'i 6 Kvpio<i 6 Bov<: ravra «s tt^v KapSiav fiov Tov ftaaiXfux;, So^uo-ai roc oIkov avTOv rov iv IcpovfTakijp.
Eph. 4:17. TovTo ovv Atyoj . . /XT^KfTi u/ias TnpnraTilv kuOw^ kui tq iSvrj irtpnraTii.
Also Gen. 34:14. Jo.>^h. 9:2(5. Judg. 20:38. 1 Kgs. 3:6. Psa. 26:4. Jer. 9:24. 1 Mace. 4:45. 9:10. Acts 15:28. 26:16. 2 Cor. 10:13. Eph. 3:6. 4:17. 1 The.ss. 4:3,4. Heb. 9:8. Jas. 1:27.
In a few instances the infinitive follows outw? as though in appo.sition with it, see 2 Sam. 3:10. Esth. 2:22. 1 Pet. 2:15.
The difference between the infinitive in apposition and thi' ('iH'Xcgetic infinitive ( = s) is more formal than real: in general, win'n the infinitive of closer definition liiiuts a verb it is classed as epexegetic, when it limits a noun or i)r<)n()un and the two are set rhetorically over against each other it is ela.ssed as apjiositicinal.
.V. I'rr/tttsitioiial Objfcf."
Standing as the Object of a Preposition ( = k)."
The anarthrous infinitive is found, in a few instances in the Septuagint, as the object of a j)reposition. TIm* prej)©-
18 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
sitions used in these cases are «?, Iws, cws ov, fi^xP'-i^) °^' the last three being improper prepositions. The ov attached to the last two was originally the genitive singular of the relative pronoun, but in this idiomatic combination has lost its force.
Judg. 6:11. reSewv vtos aiToi' pafiBi^wv alrov ev Xt/vw et? (Ktfivyetv OTTO irpoawirov rov MaSta/^.
i Sa. 122:2. oxfTWi ol 6<l>6a\fjLol rjfiiov Trpos Kvptov rov Oeov r/fj-dv eojs ov oiKTeiprjaai rffia.*:.
1 Mace. 16:9. lo)a.vvr]<; 8c KaTe8i(D^ev avTov^ Iws ikOeiv ets KeSpwv.
Tob. 11:1. ftropeveTO p.i^L<; ov eyyio-ai avrov cis Nivevi^.
Also — «s, Esd. B. 22:24. Wis. Sir. 38:27. Judh. 4:15. li^, Gen. 10:19,30. 13:10. Judg. 6:4. 11:33. 19:8. 1 Kgs. 2:35c. 4:31. 1 Mace. 16:9. lux: oZ, Ru. 3:3. Esd. A. 1:49. /t€xpi(?) oJ, Esd. A. 1:54. 6:6. All the passages cited. ,
All the instances are temporal clauses except those of «*?; they are purpose or object clauses.
These temporal particles introducing the infinitive are here treated as improper prepositions, rather than associat- ing them with the vplv ])hrases (=x) because they are not uncommon with the articular infinitive (only the ov naturally is not then used ). In a few idiomatic or abbreviated phrases the article is sometimes omitted. The «s phrases admit of no other classification than this.
9. Parenthetic Absolute.*
Used in a Parenthetic Clause, independently (=r).' The anarthrous infinitive is once used in Biblical Greek indejiendently in a i)ar<'nthetic clause introduced by ok. ex- pressing a limitation of the whole sentence (a use which perhaps arose from the infinitive of purpose).
Heb. / :9. k(u ok tTro? ilirt'iv, 8i' 'Afipaap Kui Acvet? . . 8c8cKaro>rui.
10. For the Iiiij>er(tfive.*
AS A Principal Verb, of Exhortation ( = n).' According to .some N. T. grammarians, the infinitive is once used as an independent verb to express an exhortation.
Phil. 3:16. ir\f)i' tts o i<f>6d<Tafji€v, Tw uvtw (ttoi)(Iiv.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 19
4. THE USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE.
1. Prepositional Object.^^*^
Standing as the Object of a Preposition, with
tov, tw or to ( = a')."*' The infinitive preceded by the article is used, like a noun, as the object of a preposition. The article assumes the gen- itive, dative or accusative form according to the case required by the preposition, but is always of the neuter gender.
Gen. 32:19. XaX-qaarc Tw 'Hdai' iv tw tvpav v/xa; avrdv.
1 Chron. 19:7. ^Kdov il<: to TroXt/x^o-at.
Psa. 108:4. avrl tov dyuTTav /xc ivSU/SaWov /it.
Isa. 5:13. al)^fldXu^roi 6 \a6<: fiov iytvri$Tq Sta to fxri uBivai avTOus.
Wis. Sol. 18:12. ovSi yap Trpos to $a.\pai oi ^iiTes rfaav Uavoi.
Judh. 8:35. ov yap (pC> vfiiv <a>? tov T(\€aBrjvai a iyio ttoiu).
Bar. 3:28. dTrwAoi'TO vapa. TO fir] ixiiv (f>povq<Tiv.
1 Mace. 11:11. hpoyiaiv atTov ^dpiv tov iiridvfirjaau avrov T^i /3a- aiAc(a9 avTOv.
Matt. 6:1. irpoai^iT*. TTjv BiKuioavvrjv Vfiwv firj iroulv Ifiirpoadiv twv avBptitnuiV irp6<: to 6(aBTJviM avTOis.
Mk. 14:2''^. dAAa /xcra to iytpB^vai fit irpoai<o ifjM^ ets Tr)v roAiXotav.
Acts 8:40. cuayytAt^tTO . . <u»? tov (\0(.lv avrov cts Kuiaapiav.
Rom. 15:13. 6 8« 6*.6<: t^« cXttiSos ir\r]pw(Tai v/xa« vd(Trj<: )(a.pa% Kot C(pi/ia;« iv tw vurrexkiv, tts to wcpto'trcwn' v/xac iv Tg iXirt'5t. Also Ex. 1:0. 10:26. 16:8. Josh. 5:1.7. 22:10. 1 Sam. 9:9.13.15. Psa. 31:3.4. 30:20. 51:5. Jer. 2:15,35. 9:13.16. Dan. 2:13,30. Esd. A. 5:2.43.53. Wis. Sir. 4:9,31. 23:20. liar. l:H.i).l<<. 4:28.
1 Mace. 4:16.46. 5:4.19. 2 Macc.l :3.13. 7:7.9,14. Matt. 13:4.5. 26:2.32. Lk. 2:4.6.21. 22:15.20. Acts. 3:19.26. 7:4. H:ll. 23:15.
2 Cor. 7:3.12. 8:11. Heb. 2:8,15.17. 10:2.15. Jas. 1:18. 4:2.15.
This use of the articular infinitive constitutes nearly one- half of all instjinc«'s of the articular intinitive in Biblical Greek, and is found in aV)out <'(iual proportion in each of the three great divisions. O. T., Apoc. and N. T.
20 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The whole number of prepositions followed by the artic- ular infinitive as object is 22, of which 9 are improper prep- ositions (such as are not used in composition with verbs), cv, ofw. are always followed by the dative form of the article with the infinitive; ch, ficrd. irapd always by the accusative
form; Iws, vpo, avrC, diro, e/c, /uie';(pi(5), X'^P'*'' ^«pA tfnrpocrOev, vcrrepov,
dvev, ttXt/v, lvcKa(£v) always by the genitive form. Of the four prepositions which remain, 8ta has accus. 93 times, gen. 1; Trpo's has accus. 38 times, dat. 2; virip has gen. 5 times, accus. 1; cTTi has gen. 1, dat. 1.
In the O. T. are found in this construction all but two of the 22 prepositions just named. The Apoc. have 18 of them, and the N. T. 10 of them (iv, irpo, p-erd, Iws, «?, Sta a. g.. irpos a., €K, dvTL, IvcKa). The order of freqency of those prepositions which occur commonly in this construction may be seen in the following table:
Bib. Grk. cv-'" cis'-" ficrd''' Sid'' Jw?"" -n-pd «" Trpd? ^^ Trapri "
Old Test. iv*'''' /xera'" ews'''^ Trpd " Sia''-' tis''* Trapd''' Trpdj"
Apocrypha ei'*' Sia'-" d<i'^* cws'" 7rpd>'"^ pcrd'^ irpo'' ck^
New Test, ets" cV'" 8ia''^ /ttTd''' Trpds''' Trpd ^ cws ' cV '
The preposition iv. whicli occurs in this construction near- ly as many times (through Hebraistic influence) as all others. indicates generally a relation of contemporaneity or attend- ant circumstance between the act or state denoted by its in- finitive and that of the verb to which it stands related, e. g. Matt. 27:12. Lk. 8:40. and Matt. 13:4. Lk. 9:29. Sometimes, however, the idea conveyed is that of content or substance, e. g. Lk. 12:15. Heb. 3:12. Perhaps the idea is that of means in Jer. 11:17. Acts 3:2(5.
The preposition Trpd? (w. accus.) denotes generally the end to which an act or state is directed, or toward which it tends. In Lk. 18:1 it denotes simply reference. In Wis. Sir. 18:12 it limits an adjective as would the infinitive alone. With the dative np6i denotes contiguity of time or circumstance, Ex. l:in. 2 Mace. 7:14.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 21
The preposition «is. which is found in this construction in N. T. more frequently than any other, denotes generally the purpose of the act or state of the related verb. But in some cases the purpose force is weak (=o), e. g. 1 Kgs. 22:H. Matt. 26:2. 1 Cor. 11:22. In some cases also as denotes result, eith- er actual (e. g. Esd. A. 8:7. Rom. 1:20) or hypothetical (e. g, Esd. A. 2:24. Rom. 6:12. Sometimes it is used epexegetical- ly ( = s), e. g. Esd. A. 8:84. Sometimes the tit phrase is used like a simple infinitive as object of a verb of beseeching or exhortation, e. g. 1 Thess. 3:10. And rarely it limits an ad- jective, like a simple infinitive (=g). e. g. Phil. 1:23. Jas. 1:19. These highly developed uses of «is with the articular infinitive belong mainly to the N. T., and are infrequent.
2. Purpone.*^* 1) Distinct and Specific, with tov {=€).''" The infinitive preceded by tov is used to express the dis- tinct and specific purpose of the action or state denoted by the governing verb.
Oen. 8:<. avtcmiKcv tov KoptiKa TOV i6ilv II KiKOiraKtv to uScjp. 1 Mace. 3:52. iSov to. iBvrj (TvvrJKTat <</>* r]fjLa<: tov i^apai rffiM^. Lk. 22:31. 6 SuTams i$r]Ti](TaTO vfia<; tou crividaai, ws tov crTrov,
Also Judg. 1:1,14. 1 Chron. 16:35.40,43. Psa. 36:14. 100:6,8. Am. 6:10.14. Jon. 1:3,5. Isa. 5:2. 49:5.8. Judh. 7:13. 15:8,12. 1 Mace. 6:12,15,19. 8:3,15,18. 13:1,20.21,34. Matt. 2:13. 11:1. Lk. H:r,. 24:29.45. Acts 3:2. 5:31. 26:18. Rom. 6:6. Phil. 3:10.
This use of the articular infinitive, second in order of frequency in Biblical Greek, is found mainly in (). T. ; there are but 33 instances in N. T.. and these are almost wholly in Matt., Lk. and Acts.
In E.sd. B. 6:8 there seems t<i be an instance where the article with the infinitive of puqwse has the form to instead of TOV. Lightfoot argiK's {Xnfts ou tht- Eitistlvn itf St. P(nil) for a r«'nd«'ring of .similar form.s in 1 Thess. 3:3. 4:() as denoting end or result; but these may better be classified differently, the first as verbal object, the second as in apiK)sition.
22 the infinitive in biblical greek.
2) Modified and General, with tov {=o).^^
The infinitive preceded by the article rov is used to ex- press, with diminished purpose force and with a general rather than a specific bearing, that for which or with refer- ence to which the action or state of the governing verb is performed or exists. ( See above, p. 11.)
2 KgS. \i :1{ . €Trpd6r]crav rov Troirjcrai to Trovrjpbv iv 6<f>6aXfjLOt'; Kuptov. 2 Chron. 30:17. oi Aeveirai ^arav tov 6v€lv to (fxiacK Travrt. Psa. 118:7b. yevrjOyjrw 8rj to IAco? aov tov TrapaKaXicrai fie.
Also Judg. 9:15. 2 Kgs. 22:5,6. 1 Chron. 17:4. 23:5,28,32. Esd. B. 2:68. 3:10. Psa. 118:112,173. Eccl. 1:13. 8:11. 9:10.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction are 22 in number; here also the most common are elfii, Si8wfiL. This use of the articular infinitive seems to be confined to the O. T., and occurs there mainly in Kgs., Chrons., Esd. B., Psa. and Eccl.
S. Verbal Object.^^'' A. With to. as the Object of a Verb ( = ^)."
The infinitive preceded by the aiticle to is used as the object of another verb to complete or make specific its meaning. (See above, p. 7.)
Jer. 4:22. aocfyoi elaiv TOV KaKOvoi^(raL, to St /caXw? Troirj(Tai ovk iiriyviMtcrav.
2 Mace. 3:33. 8ia yap avTov (Tol Kt^dptcTTiu to ^rjv Kvpioi. Rom. 13:8. p.r]8fvl prj^lv o^ti'AcTt. (I fJLTj TO d\A7/Aous ayairav.
Also Lsa. 21:3. Ezek. 18:23. 2 Mace. 2:28. 3 Mace. 2.23. 5:32. Acts 25:11. 1 Cor. 14:39. 2 Cor. 8:10,11. 10.2. Phil. 2:6,13.
This use of the articular infinitive is found mainly in the N. T., where it is for the most part Pauline, and infrequent.
B. With roe. as the Object of a Verb,
1) of Verbs in General { = bby''\ except— The infinitive preceded by the article toC is used as the object of another verb to comi)lete or make specific its meaning. (See above, j). 7.)
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 23
Gen. 8:12. ttoXiv i^aTreaTeiKiv ttjv TrtpitrTtpdv. Kil ov irpodidtro Tov f7n(JTpf\paL Trpo? avrbv in.
Jer. 18:8. fieTavorjau) vepl riv kukwv wv (koyLcrdfjLrjv tov iroirjaai.
Judh. 13:12. iairovSaaav tov KarafS^VJH iirl Tr]v ttvKtjv ttJs TroXeto?.
1 Mace. 3:31. ifiovKevn-avTO tov iropevO^vai ti<; Trjv UepcriSi.
Acts 3:12. 17/xiv Tt' aT.tvi^tTi (ik iBi'i SwdfLCL rj cwrtySeta TTCTron^KOO-iv TOV 7repi7raTf.lv avTOv;
JaS. 5:17. Ttpoa-qv^aTO TOV fit) fipiiai.
Also Ex. 2:18. Josh. 23:13. 2 Sam. 2:23,28. 1 Chron. 21:1,30. Psa. 30:3.14. 77:17,38. Isa. 11:9,11. Jer. 18:6. 28:63. Wis. Sir. 51:18. Judh. 2:13. 1 Mace. 6:27.57.59. 14:41.47. Lk. 1:9. Acts 21:12. 23:20. 1 Pet. 3:10. All N. T. instances cited.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction are the same as those found frequently used in the same way with the anarthrous infinitive (see above, p. 7). This use of the articular infinitive belongs mainly to the O. T.
The following sub-classes (j. r) are also object infinitives, but because they present the object idea in a special aspect it is desirable to arrange them into groups by themselves.
2) OF Verbs of Commanding. Promising and the
Like (^./)."
The infinitive preceded by the article to? is used as the
object of verbs of commanding, promising and the like, to
indicate that which one commands another to do. or promises
(generally under oath) to do for another. (See above, p. 7.)
1 KgS- 17:9. Ihov ivriTaXpifU (ku ywaixi X^p<t tov 8iaTp((f>(iv crt.
.ludg. 21:7. ^p-il't wfJi6(T<ipnv iv Kupt'o* tov p.r) Sovvai avToli djro Ton/ dvyariptov ^fiiov «J? yt^vaixa?.
1 Mace 1 1 :22. iypa\piv 'ItoLV.idav tov p.i] TrtpiKaBrjaSai Kul tov oltt- avTTJaai aiTOf.
Acts 15:2". Sto <y<iJ xpivw . . cVurTtiAut aiTo"? TOi' uTTc'jfto'pai tCiv A.\icryrifid.Twv Twv uowkuty.
Also Lev. H:34. 1 Sam. 15:19. 1 Kgs. 1:35. 8:53. 1 Chron. 17:0. Esd. B. 10:5. Psa. 90:11. Isa. 5:6. Jer. ?J9:35. 1 Mace. 5:49. 10:63. 13:37. Lk. 4:10. All Apoc. and X. T. instances cited.
24 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction are 10 in number, of which the most common are ivrtWoftai,
ciirov, ypd<f>w, o/ivv/u.t.
3) OF Verbs of Hindering and the Like {=v).^^ The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after verbs of hindering and the like to express that which one is hindered ( actually or conatively) from doing. The negative /i77 in one-third of the instances accompanies this infinitive, without reversing the meaning of the phrase, (See above, p. 9. )
1 Sam. 25:26. €Kw\vcrfv o-c Kvpios tov /xt] iKdelv «i? ai/xa a6<Sov.
Esd. A. 2 :24. vvv ovu CTreVa^a dTroKwAvcrtti tovs dv6pu)Trov<; cKCtVous TOV olKoBofirjaaL rrjv ttoAiv.
Lik. 4:42. Karei^^ov avrov tov fir) irop^vtcrdai air avroiv,
Rom. 15:22. 8io koL iveKOirTOfjirjv to. TroXAot tov iXOitv Trpos v/iias. Also Gen. 23:6. Ru. 1:13. 2 Chron. 11:4. 15:16. Mic. 2:4. Jer. 7:10. Esd. A. 5:36,69,70. Wis. Sir. 18:22, 1 Mace. 7:24. 3 Mace. 2:28, 3:1, Lk. 24:16. Acts 14:18. 20:20,27. 2 Cor. 1:8. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction are 22 in number, the only common one being kwKvw and its compounds. It is noteworthy that the articular infinitive is used more often than the anarthrous infinitive in this way. Also, that the genitive construction is normal after verbs of hindering, while in the j)receding classes of object infinitives (fjfj, J) the accusative should be used, the genitive being pos- sible only because tov with the infinitive has for the most part lost in Biblical Greek its genitival character.
In 1 Cor. 14:39 is one instance where the accusative form TO is used after kwXwo; this is in accordance with the classical Greek usage; but in this case the context and position of the infinitive suggest that the accusative is due to assimilation to the form of the preceding infinitive with which it stands correlated. It belongs under this classification to group b.
1 Cor. 1 4 :39. wo-tc, d8eX<^oi' /xov, ^t^Aovt* to npo<f>r]Ttviiy, Kill to XaAeiv piTf ku)\v€T€ yAaxrTai?.
uses of the articular infinitive. 25
1) Actual or Hypothetical, with tov {=/}.*" The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used to indi- cate the result of the action or state of the o^overning verb. This result may be either actual or hy]3othetical. (See above, pp. 12-14.)
Actual. — Ru. 2:10. rt on ivpov xdpLV iv 6<f>6a\fioi<: <tov tov c'tti- yvwvcu fit ;
2 Chron. 33:9. iTrkavrjcruv . . Toi's KaTOiKoi'VTas iv 'IcpovaaXrjfjL, tov TTOi^aai TO irovTjpov inrip Traj/ra to. iSvrj.
Wi.S. Sol. 10:^. (.pXa^Tjcrav tov pr) yviiivai to. KaXa.
1 Mace. 14:30. iv tuZ? rip.ipai<; avTov ivoSwdr) iv Tufs ;(epcriv avToC, TOV i^apdrfvai to, I6vr) iK t^? ^^wpa^ avrCtv.
Also Ex. 7:14. 14:5. 1 Kgs. 2:27. 16:28b. Esd. B. 9:8,9. Psa. 104:25. Jer. 7:80. 11:17. Esd. A. 8:76. Wis. Sir. 44:8. Judh. 7:25. 1 Mace. 15:25. All Apoc. instances cited; none in N. T.
HllllothetlcaL- — 2 KgS. 5:7. »cai unov 'O dtoi iyw tov ^uvaTuicrai Ktu ^woiroirjaai ;
2 Chron. 32:11. ov)(l 'E^cxtus uTruTa v/xd? tov wapaoovvat v/Aas ; Wis. Sir. 42:1. koI p.rj Xa/Jj^s irp6<TW7rov TOV apjapTavdv.
Acts 18:10. ovSfis iiridrjacTai croi Tov KaKutaai at. Rom. / :3. iav 8< atrodavrj o avrjp, iXtvdtpa icTTiv (Itto tov v6p.oi', tov p.rj tlvjii avTTjv fioi)^jAi6a ytvop.ivTjv avSpl iTtpw.
Also Lev. 4:3. 26:44. Deut. 8:11. 1 Sam. 15:26.29. 1 Kgs. 18:9. 2 K,<,'.s. 5:7. Esd. B. 9:14. P.sa. 11H:5. 140:4. Ezek. 33:15. Acts 10:47. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive belongs mainly to the O. T.. where it occurs oftener than might be exi)ected. A few other N. T. infinitives may belong to this class, e. g. Matt. 21:32. Acts 7:19; there is ambiguity in some cases.
2) Epexegetic or Explanatory, wnn tov ( = «)."" Th«' infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after a verV) or noun to indicate more spr>cifically the content of the action or state of that v«'rb or noun which it limits, or even to indicate some looser relation between the two.
26 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Gen. 3 :22. l8ov 'ABa.fi yeyovt^' w? ei? e^ ^/^wv, rov yivioa-Keiv Ka\6v Kai TTOvrjpov.
Judg. 8 :33. lO-qKav eauroTs tw ftdiX SiadrJKrjv tov uvjh auToTs avrov
Psa. /7:18. i$eTreipa(Tav tov deov iv Tat? KapSuxts auToii', tov aiT^crai PpwfjuiTa TaT? {pv^ius avrCjv.
Bcir. 2:3. ovk iTrotrjOrj VTroKaru) TravTos tov ovpavov Kada iTroirjCTtv iv lepovcraXrip., . . toC <^ay£iv 17/ias avOpwirov crapKO'i vlov avTOv.
1 Mace. 3:29. ol <f>6poi t^s ;)(wpas oAt'yoi X'^P'-^ ''"^^ St;(Oo-Ta(rt'as . . i)S KaTCCTKCuacrcv ev tt^ yrj, tov apixi Ta vofiLva a rjaav a<p r/ixepwv T(i)v irpuiTwv.
Gal. 3:10. CTTiKaTapaTos iras os ovk ifXfxivu Tracnv TOts ycypa/x/neVoi? €v Tw fii(3\iw tov vofiov TOV TTOLrjaai aura.
Also Gen. 19:19. 47:29. 1 Sam. 14:34. I Kgs. 11:33. 2 Kgs. 11:17. 21:16. 2 Chron. 6:23. Esd. B. 20:29.30. Psa. 77:18. 110:6. Jer. 11:5. 36:10,11. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited; the single N. T. instance is a quotation from the O. T.
This use of the articular infinitive belongs almost wholly to the O. T. A few more instances, e. g. Rom. 1 :24. are lo- cated here by some grammarians.
5. Limiting Nouns and Adjectives.^^^ 1) Nouns Signifying Ability, Fitness, Time. etc..
WITH TOV { — h).^^
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after certain nouns and adjectives to complete or make specific the idea of the word thus limited. (See above, p. 15.)
Deut. 1:18. avTO? o-oi BiBoxTi t-qv i<txvv tov iroLrj(T(H Svvifjiiv. 1 Kgs. 3:9. Kill 8(ij<7£is tw oovAw aov K'.ipoiav . . (rvviciv ava. p.t<Tov nyaOov K(U kukov.
Wis. Sir. 9:13. a7rc;(t 'nro avdpwirov o« l\f.i i^ovauiv tov <f>ovtv(rai.
1 Mace. 9:45. ovk co-tic toVo? tov iKKXmu.
Acts 27:20. irepLypciTo cAttU iratra tov aw^eaduL 17/xa?.
Heb. 5:12. 7raA.1i' xpciav «X*'''* '''"'^ SiSd(TKiiv v/xa? Tira Ta o'Toi^tta.
Also Gen. 2:9. 16:3. 2 Chron. 22:3. Psa. 67:21. 101:14. Am. H:ll. Jer. 13:25. 1 Mace. 10:73. 12:25,40. 4 Mace. 5:15. Lk. 1:57. 2:6.21. 10:19. Rom. 8:12. 15:23. Phil. 3:21. 1 Pet. 4:17.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 27
This use of the articular infinitive is found in about the same proportion in each of the three divisions of Biblical Greek. The nouns commonly so limited are much the same as in the corresponding use of the anarthrous infinitive.
Adjectives of Like Signification, with tov (=r/)." (For description see under preceding section.)
1 Sam. 13:21. ^v 6 Tpvyr}T6<: eroi/^os tov dcpC^nv.
Jer. 4:22. cro<f>oi ciaiv tov kcikottoi^o-ui.
1 Mace. 5:39. IrotfioL toC iKOiXv ctti <r« cis ttoAc/iov.
1 Mace. 10:19. ciriri/Scio? £1 TOV tivai -^fiutv <f>iko<:.
Lk. 24:25. w avo-qrai kou /JpaSeTs rrj KipoCa tov Triarci'ttv ctti ttoctiv ois cAaAi^o'ai' oi irpo<^rjTaL.
Acts 23:15. tTOifioi iafiiv tov aviXiiv avrov.
Also Gen. 3:6. 2 Kgs. 4:H. Mic. 6:8. Jer. 47:5. Ezek. 21:11. Judh. 12:16. 1 Mace. 3:58. 13:37. All Apoc. and N. T. in- stances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive is noticeably less fre- quent than the use with nouns just described, or the corres- ponding use of the anarthrous infinitive. The only adjec- tive often limited by the articular infinitive is ctoi/aos.
1) With to, as Subject of a Finite Verb (=«)." The infinitive preceded by the article to is used as the subject of another verb. The article seems in some cases to emphasize the substantival idea of the infinitive, but such significance does not a])pear in every instance.
P.sa. 72:28. c'/xoi hi to TrpocrKoWacrdjn tw Kvpiui ayadov iaTtv. Jer. 2:19. yvidi koI l&t on niKpov trot to KuTaXiirilv trt (fif. Wi.S. Sol. 15:3. to yap iniaTarrOai iTi o\6k\7)po<; SiKuiocrvyr}.
2 Mace. 2:32. tvtjdt^ yap to fxiv irpo T^<: ltTTopui<: nXioyd^uv. rijv
&€ IfTTOpUlV iiriT€flV€lV.
Nik. 1(1:40. TO Si tca6i(TJn iK htiiuiv fxov . . oi'K Itrrtv ifiov hovvfxi. Koill. 7:1^. TO yap di\uv irapajciiTai pot, To Si KaTtpydJ^tfrdai to KoXov on.
A1.SO 1 Sam. 15:22. Prov. 9:10. 10:7. Eccl. 5:4. Job 2H:2H. Jon.
28 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
4:3. Wis. Sol. 11:21. 12:18. Wis. Sir. -46:10. Judh. 12:18. Tob. 12:6. 4 Mace. 5:8.20. Matt. 15:20. 20:23. Rom. 14:21. 1 Cor. 11:6. 2 Cor. 8:11. 9:1. Phil. 1:21,22,24.29. Heb. 10:31.
This use of the articular infinitive is found least often (proportionate to amount of material) in the O. T., while in the N. T. it is the third use of the articular infinitive in order of frequency, the majority of instances being in the Pauline writings.
2) With tov, as Subject of a Finite Verb (=00).**
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used as the subject of a finite verb. This is the extreme development of the use of the infinitive with tov, in which its original geni- tival character is not only lost but entirely forgotten.
2 Chron. 6:7. iyivtro im KapSiav AaueiS tov TraTp6<; fxov tov oiko- Sofirjaai olkov tw ovo/xuti Kvpiov.
Kccl. 3:12. cyvoiv oTi ovK l(TTLV ayaOov iv avrois, ti p.r] tov ev<f>pav- Orjvai Koi tov iroiciv ayadov iv ^(orj avrov.
E.sd. A. 5 :67. ov)(^ vpXv tov oiKoSofirjaai TOV OLKOV Kvpifi) dtw r)p.wv.
Lk. 7:1. avivBcKTOv iaTiv tov to. (TKavBaXa firj i\6civ.
Acts 10:25. cis 8k iyevcTo tov uaiXdcLv tov UeTpov.
Acts 27:1. cis 8« iKpidrj tov aTTOTrAeiv ^p.a<: tis ttjv 'iTaXiav.
Also 1 Sam. 12:23. 1 Kgs. H:ls. 16:31. P.sa. 91:3. 126:2. Lsa. 49:6. Jer. 2:18. Wis. Sir. 23:27. Judh. 13:13. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive is a rare one, belong- ing mainly to the O. T. (especially Ru., 2 Chron., EccL, lsa.)
7. Aj)j)()sition."
Standing in Apposition with a Noun ou Pronoun, with tov or to ( = c).** The infinitive! preceded by the article in the form toD or TO stands in ai>i)o:iition with a preceding noun or pronoun to emphasize, restrict or describe it. (See above, p. 17.)
Ex. 14:5. Ti ToJrro inonja ipiiv tov €$aTro<TTtt\(ii Toix; viovi la-pir/X.: DeUt. 3'>:2'K oti toCto 17 ^<»^ nov . . TO KaTOiKctv rrt iirl t^? yrj<:.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 29
Esth. C:5. ovK (V vfipei . . iiroirj(Ta tovto, to /at/ irpodKvvtiv to vircpi^<f>avov KpAv.
2 Cor. 2:1. iKpivu yap (/mlvt^ tovto, to pr] TrdXiv iv Xvirrj Trpos v/u.a9 iXBtiv.
Kom. 14:13. dAAa tovto KpivaTt paWov, to prj TiSevaL irpocTKop.pa Tw ao(.\<f><i).
Also Judg. 8:1. 21:3. Ru. 3:10. 2 Kgs. 19:11. Eccl. 5:18. Jer. 35:6. Wis. Sol. 8:21. Rom. 4:13. 1 Thess. 4:6. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
In 2 Sam. 3:10 is one instance where the articular infini- tive follows oZruy; appositively (see above, p. 17.)
In the Apoc. and N. T. the form of the article, in the seven instances which occur, is to. six times appositive with the accu.sative. once with the nominative case. But in the O. T. 15 out of 17 instances have the form tou without refer- ence to the case of the noun or pronoun with which it stands in apposition (generally the accusative). This peculiarity is due to the fact that in Biblical Greek, and especially in the O. T.. the tov has become an adjunct of the infinitive ir- respective of its original substantival and genitival function.
8. Caufic, Mfunn'r, McdiiH.'
Indicatino thk Causk. Manner or Means of the Ac- tion OR State of the Govern incj Verb, with tw ( = y).' In one N. T. instance the infinitive preceded by tw aj)- l)ears. the dative construction of the infinitive denoting the cause of the state indicated by the governing verb.
2 Cor. 2:13. ovk IfryiqKL aviCTiv tw irvtvptiTi pov tw p.y] cvpitv /le TtVoi'.
The Vatican text of the Septuagint (Swete ed.) lias six instances of this construction. ('X])r('ssiiig tiumncr or moans.
2 Chron. 2*^:22. ovk ils (ioijOunv hxtwv, oAA t/ tw BKiftrjvtu airrov. Eccl. 1 :1'). i\a\-q<Ta iy!o iy tiJ Kdp&i'i pov tw Xe'ytii' . . ipiyaXvvBrjv.
Al.so Isa. 56:6. I Mace. 17:20.21 (three infinitives to one art.). However, in all these cases excej)t the first two there are variant readings in the MSS.. which make the instances un- certain; they may hv the more difficult original readings.
30 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
5. CHARTS OF THE INFINITIVE AS USED IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.
The following- charts show the use, frequency and dis- tribution of the infinitive as it occurs in the New Testament books. ( It would have been desirable, had space permitted, also to give here the charts of the infinitive in the O. T. and Apoc. books; they show a much larger use of the articular infinitive.) The anarthrous infinitives are indicated by roman letters and figures, the articular infinitives are indicated by italic letters and figures. Each verse reference indicates one instance (or more, if a superior figure appears) of the use under which it is given. The letters employed as symbols of the various uses of the infinitive have been associated with the uses in the description of them in the preceding pages, especially on pages 5 and 6. However, a brief table of these symbols and their significance is here given for the ready comprehension of the following charts and exhibits.
TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR CHARTS AND EXHIBITS.
a a (in = subject — anarth., art. w. to, art. w. tov, respectively, b /y />6 = object— anarth., art. w. to, art. w. tov, respectively, j 1 J = object after verbs of commanding, etc. — anarth., art. i i = object after verbs introd. ind. discourse — anarth., art. X V = object after verbs of hindering, etc. — anarth., art. k k = object of prci)Ositions — anarth., art. w. tov. tJ or to. dep = pui'pose. distinct, spec — anarth., anarth. w. alo-Tt, art. o o = i)urpose, modified, general — anarth., art^^ f p/= result, actual or hyi)oth. — anarth- , anarth. w. oxttcj art. s H = epexegetic or explanatory— anarth., art. h h = limiting nouns of ability, fitness, etc. — anarth., art. g g = limiting adjectives of ability.fitness.etc. — anarth., art. c c = in apposition with a noun or pronoun — anarth., art. X = with TrpiV or irplv 17, temporal phrase — anarthrous. r = oxpre.ssing cause, mann(;r or means — articular, w. tw. r = independent, in parenthetic clause — anarthrous, w. ws. n = as a j)rincipal verb in the imperative — anarthrous.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 31
MATTHEW.
a 3:15. 9:5^ 12:2,4,10,12. 13:11. 14:4. 15:26-. 10:21*. 17:4.10. 18:7,8^9M3,38. 19:3,10,24. 20:15. 22:17. 23:23*. 24:6. 25: 27. 26:35,54. 27:6.
a 15:20. 20:23.
b l:19^20. 2:13.18.22. 3:7,8,9. 4:17'. 5:13, 14,32,33, 40',42. 6:1, 5,24«,27. 7:11,18*. 8:2, 21*, 22. 28. 9:15,28. 10:28*. 11:7.14-, 20,27. 12:1*,29*,34,38. 13:17*,30. 14:5,22*,30. 15:32. 16:1.3, 5,21,22,24.25,27. 17:12,16,19,22. 18:23,24. 19:8,12,17,21,25. 20:14, 17,22*,26.27. 21:46. 22:3,46*. 23:4,7,14,37. 24:6,43,49, 26:9*,15,22,37*,40,42,53,61*,74*. 27:15,34,42. 28:20.
j 2:12. 5:34,39. 8:18. 14:7,9,19,28. 15:35. 16:12. 18:25*. 19:7*.
27:58,64. i 16:13.15. 22:23.
V 19:14.
d 2:2. 4:1. 5:17\ 7:5. 8:29. 9:13. 10:34*,35. 11:7,8,9. 12:42. 14,16,23. 18:25. 20:1,28'. 21:34. 22:3,11. 23:15. 24:1,17,18. 25:10,35,42. 26:17.55,5H. 27:34. 28:1,8.
e 10:1*. 15:33. 27:1.
e 2:1S. 3:l.i. 11:1'. 13:3. 21:32. 2^:1,0.
f 8:24.28. 12:22*. 13:2,32*,54'. 15:31. 24:24. 27:14.
h 3:14. 9:6. 14:16.
g 3:11. 20:23.
k o:2S. r,:LS. 13:4..5,6,25,30. 20:19\ 23:5. 2^:12. 26:2,12.32. 27:12,31.
X 1:1K 26.34.7.").
32 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
MARK.
a 2:9M5,23,2G. 3:4'. 6:1.^. 7:27". 8:31*,36^ 9:5.11,43^-^5^47^ 10:2.24.25^ 12:14. 13:7.10. 14:31.
a 9:10. 10:40. 12:33-.
b l:17.34^40.45^ 2:4,7,19-,23. 3:20,23.24,25,26,27. 4:1,33. 5:3. 4. 17-. 20.37. 6: 2,5,7,19.26,34, 45^ 48.55. 7:12,15,18,24*, 27. 37^ 8:4.11.14.31.32.34.35. 9:3.28.29.32.35.39. 10:4M4.26. 28, 32^38^41,42.43. 44. 47^ 11:15. 12:1,12.34.38. 13:4,5. 14:5-. 7,8, 19^33^37,64.65^69,71^ 15:8,15,18,31.
j 5:43. 6:9,27,39. 8:6.7. 14:11.
i 8:27.29. 12:18.
A- 1:14. 4:4.5.6. o:4\ 6:48. 13:22. 14:28,55. 16:19.
d 1:24. 2:17. 3:14.15S21. 4:3. 5:14,32,43. 6:37S46. 7:4. 10:45'.
14:48. 15:36.
o 4:9.23. 6:31. 10:40.
f 1:27.45. 2:2.12^ 3:10.20. 4:1.32.37. 9:26. 15:5.
h 2:10. 3:15.
g 1:7.
X 14:30.72.
JOHN, a 3:7.14.30-. 4:-^, 20.24. 5:10. 9:4. 10:16. 12:34. 18:14,31. 20:9.
b 1:43,40. 3:2, 3. 4', 5. 9, 27. 4:40,47. 5:6,18,19,26,30,35,40,44. 6:6, 10,15*, 21.44.52,60,65,67.71. 7:1*, 4,7,17,19,20,25,30,34,35^ 36.39.44. ^:21. 22.37. 40. 43.44. 9:4.16.27^33. 10:21.29.35.39. 11:8.37.44.51. 12:4.21.33,39. 13:5M4.33,36,37. 14:17,22. 15:4.5. 16:12.19. 18:8,32. 19:7,12. 21:6,12,22,23.
j 8:5.
i 5:39. 12:18,29. 16:2. 21:25.
/.• 1:48. 2:24. /•?•■?•'>• ^7:5.
(1 1:33. 4:7.10.15.33.38. 6:52. 8:6. 14:2. 21:3.
o 4:K9.32. 6:31. H:26*. 16:12.
h 1:12. 5:27. 10:18*. 13:10. 19:10*.4O.
X 4:19. 8:58. 11:29.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 33
LUKE.
a 1:3. 2:26.49. 3:21.22-. 4:43. o:23l 6:1.4,6^ yM2. 8:10. 9:22S 33. 11:42*. 12:12. 13:14.16.33^ 14:3. 15:32*. 16:17*.22*. 17: 25*. 18:1*, 25*. 19:5. 20:22. 21:9. 22:7.37. 24 :7^ 26*. 44. 46 -.47.
na 17:1.
b 1:1.20.22,62,75. 3.7,8*. 4:21.41. 5:3. 12. 18*, 21*. 34*. 6:19.34.39, 42.48. 7:2.7.15.21.24.38.49. 8:18.19.20.32.37.38.41.43.51. 9:9,12.23.24.31.36.38,44,45.59.60,61. 10:1,22,24*,29.36. 11:1, 7,13.29,53*. 12:1. 25.32.39. 45\49.56*. 13:11. 24*.25*.26.31. 34. 14:6.9, 18.20.23,26,27,28,29*,30*,33. 15:14,16,25,28. 16:2,3*, 13*,21,26. 17:10,22,33. 18:13,16,26. 19:3,4,11,14,27,37,45, 47. 20:9,11,12,19,20,26,35,36,40,46. 21:7,14*,15*,28,36». 22: 5,15,23*,24,34,40. 23:2,8*,20,23,24,30. 24:21,28,37.
bb 1:9.
j 5:14. 8:29,31,55.56. 9:3.21,54*. 12:13. 18:40. 19:13.15.
./ 4--10.
i 2:44. 4:41. 9:18,20. 11:18. 20:6,7,27.41. 23:2. 24:23*.
V 23:2.
V Jf:Jf2. 2^:16.
k 1:8.21. 2:^.6,21:2743. 3:21. r,:l\12.17. O.-^S. 8:0. 6. 1^0.^2. 0:7.
18,29,33,34,36.51. 10:35.38. 11:1.8.27.37. 12:5.15. 1^:1. 17:
11.14. 18:1.5.35. 19:1 1\15. 22:15.20. 23:8. 24:4.15\30.51. d 1:17*,19*,25,59,76,79. 2:3,5,22. 3:7,12,17*. 4:16,18M9.34. 5:7,
15*.32. 6:7,12,18*,42. 7:24.25.26.42. 8:35.55. 9:2*, 13, 16. 28.
11:31. .54. 12:51.58. 14:1.14.17.19.31. 15:1. 15. 17:18.31. 1H:10.
19:7, 10*. 12*. 21:38. 22.47. 23:2(;.;52. e 4:29. 9:52. 20:20.
(■ 1:74.77,79. 2:24.27. 8:5. 9:51. 12:J,2. 21:22. 22:31. 24:2U.J,5. o 7:40. 8:8. 12:4.50. 14:35. f 5:7. 12:1. p 10:40. s 1:54.72*. 2:1. h 5:24. 9:1. 12:5. 14:18. h 1:57. 2:6.21. 10:19. 22:6. g 3:16. 14:31. 15:19.21. 22:33. (/ 24:25. X 22:61.
34 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
ACTS.
a 1:7,16,22. 2:29. 3:21. 4:o,12.19. 5:29. 6:2. 7:23. 9:3,6,16,32, 37,43. 10:28^ 11:26^ 13:46. 14:1«,22. 15:5^22.25,28. 16:16, 21-.30. 17:3^ 19:P,21,36^ 20:16^3o^ 21:1,5,35,37. 22:6,17, 18,22,25, 23:11,30. 24:19^ 25:10,16,24,27. 26:1,9,14. 27:21, 24,26,44. 28:8,17.
aa 10:25. 27 :J.
b \:\\ 2:4,12,27. 3:3^5,13,14,18. 4:16,20,28,29,30. 5:9,13,28,33, 35,39,41. 6:10. 7:28,32,39,46. 8:20,31. 9:26,29,38. 10:10,28, 40,47,48. 11:15,23,28,29. 12:3,4,6,17. 13:7,8,28,34,35,39,42, 43. 14:3,13,15,16,22. 15:1,7M0,19,20,37,38. 16:3,7,10,15,27, 39. 17:5,18M9,20^29,31. 18:13,14,15,20,26,27,28. 19:13,21, 27^30,31,33,40^ 20:3,7,13^16,28,32^38. 21:25,27,31,34,37, 39. 22:26,29,30. 23:3,15,18,20,27,28,32. 24:2,4,6,8,10,11,13, 15,27. 25:4,7,9M1,20^ 21,22,25. 26:2,3,5,7,11.21,22,23,28, 32. 27:2,3,10,12,15,16,22,29,30S 31, 32,33^ 34,35,39, 43^ 28: 4,6»,14,16,18,19,22.
b 25:11.
bb 3:12. 21:12. 23:20.
j 1:4^ 2:30. 4:15,18^ 5:28,34,40. 7:5,44. 8:38. 10:22^42^48. 11:12. 12:19. 15:5. 16:18,22,23. 17:30. 18:2,27. 21:4,2^,33, 34. 22:24^30. 23:2,3,10,12M4,21S22,24,30,35. 24:23». 25:6, 17, 21. 26:20^ 27:43.
1 15:23. 23:26.
,/ 15:20.
i 4:32. 5:36. 7:25. 8:9. 11:28. 12:9,14,15. 13:25. 14:19. 15:11. 16:13,27. 17:7,29. 18:5,28. 19:27. 23:8. 24:9. 25:4M9,24,25. 26:9,26,29. 27:10,13,27. 28:6.
V 4:17. 8:36. 16:6. 24:23.
V lJt:l'S. 20:20*,27.
k 1:3. 2:1. 3:19,26. ^:2\30. 7:lf,19. 8:6\1140. 9:3. 10:^1. 11:15.
12:20. 15:13. 18:2,3. 10:1.21. 20:1. 23:15. 27:I,,9. 28:18.
(Concluded uiK>n the next page.)
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 3o
ACTS — Concluded.
d 1:25^ 4:28. 5:21. 7:31,34,38,43. 9:23. 10:9.33. 11:2"). 12:1.4.
13. 13:44. 14:5^ 15:6. 17:14,26.27. 20:1.7. 23:10. 25:3. 26:17.
28:20^ e (20:24.)
e 3:2. 5:31. 7:10. 9:15. 13:1^1. 20:30. 26:18\ o 2:4. 4:14. 7:42. 15:2. 16:4,10,14. 17:21*. 22:10,14'. 23:17. IS. 19.
25:26. 28:19. f 1:19. 5:15^ 14:1. 15:39'. 16:26. 19:10.12^16. p 5:3^ 27:21. / 10:Jf7. 18:10.
s 10:43. 15:10,14. 20:24. 27:12. h 9:14. 24:15. h 14:9. 20:3. 27:20. g 2:24. 11:17. 13:25. 21:13*. g 23:15.
c 15:28. 24:16. 26:16. X 2:20. 7:2.
ROMANS, a 12:3,15*. a 7:18\ U:21\ b 1:11,13*,28. 2:19. 4:24. 5:7. 7:21. H:H.13,1H.39. 9:3.22'. l<i:3.
11:25.12:1.13:3. 14.2.4.11. ir.:r-,5. 14. lM.24*.26.3t>. I(r.l7.
19.25. b 13:8.
j 2:21.22. 12:3". i 1:22. 3:H.9.2H. 6:11. 15:8. V 15:22. k 1:11,20. 3:4,20. 4:1 1"". 10. IS. 0:12. 7:',, 5. S:2U. 11:11. 12:2.3.
15:8. 13M0. d 1:12. 10:6.7. 15:9.12. r 0:0. 11:11).
f 7:6. 15:19,20. j) 1:10.
/ 7:3. s 1:2H.
h 1:15.9:21.13:5,11. h 1 :2I,. S:12. 11 :S-. 15:23.
H: 3:15. 4:21. 11:23. r 4:13. 1^:13.
86 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
1 CORINTHIANS.
a 5:12. 7:1,9*. 8:2. 9:15. 11:13,19. 14:34,35. 15:25,53*. 16:4.
a 7:26. 11:6\
b 1:21. 2:2.14. 3:1,11. 5:5,10. 6:1,5. 7:7,12,13,21,25,32,36. 9:10.
10:l,13*,20,2r,27. 11:3,7.10,16. 12:1,3,21,22,23. 14:5,19,31,
35. 15:50. 16:7*.
b U:39\
j 5:9,11'. 7:10,11. 9:14.
i 3:18. 7:26,36,40. 8:2. 10:12. 11:18. 14:37.
k 8:10. 9:18. 10:6. 11:21, 22\25,33.
d 1:17*. 10:7^ 11:20. 16:3.
f 1:7. 13:2. s 5:1.
h 9:4*, 5, 6. h 9:10. 10:18.
S 7:39. 15:9. c 7:37.
2 CORINTHIANS.
a 2:3. 5:10. 9:5. 11:30. 12:1,4.
a 7:11. 8:11\ 9:1.
b 1:4,8,15,16'. 2:8. 3:1,7. 5:2, 4*, 8*, 9, 11. 6:1. 7:11. 9:8. 10:2,7,9,
12*. 11:5,16. 12:6, 11.14. 13:7.
b 8:10''.ll. 10:2.
V 1:8.
k l:k. 3:13. J^:Jf. 7:3\12. 8:6,11.
d 9:5. 10:16*. 11:2,32. f 1:8. 2:7*. 3:7. 7:7.
h 10:6,15. h 8:11.
g 3:5. 12:14. C 10:13.
(■ 2:1. r 2:13.
GALATIANS.
a 4:1^^. 6:14.
b 1:7.10.16. 2:3,6,9,10,14,17. 3:2,21,23. 4:9,17,20*,21. 6:12*,13.
i 6:3. V 5:7.
k 2:12. 3:17,23. 1^:18. d 1:18. 2:4.
H 3:10. h 5:3.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES.
EPHESIANS. a 5:12. 6:20.
b 3:4,13.16.18.19,20. 4:1,3,22.23.24. 5:28. 6:11, 13M6. k 1:12,18. 6:1. d 1:4. 3:8.9.
o 4:28. p 3:17. 6:19.
s 1:10. c 3:6. 4:17.
PHILIPPIANS.
a 1:7. 2:25. 3:1.
a l:21\22,2If,29\
b 1:12,14,17. 2:19,23,26. 3:13,21. 4:2.11,12*.
b 2:6J3\ If: 10.
i 3:4.8. k 1:7,10.2.J\
e 3:10. f 1:13,14.
h 3:21. n 3:16.
COLOSSIANS.
a 4:4.6. b 1:19.20,27. 2:1.
d 1:10.22,25. p 4:3,6.
1 THESSALONIANS. a 4:1«.
b 2:2.4.7.8,17.18. 3:1,4.6.9. 4:4.1(),11M3. 5:12,13. h 3:3.
|
j 5:27. |
|
|
V 2:16. |
|
|
k 2:0,1 2 ja. .i:2\ |
.',.10 -.1.1. 4:0. |
|
d 1:9.10. |
|
|
f 1:7,8. |
h 1:8. 4:9. 5:1. |
|
c 4:3.4. |
c Jt:6\ |
|
2 THESSALONIANS. |
|
|
a 1:6. 3:7. |
b 1.3. 2:13. 3:10. |
|
j H:(). |
A- !:.'>. 2:2\(>,10J1. .^.v..'^ |
|
d 1:1(1^ 3:14. |
f 1:4. 2:4. |
38 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
HEBREWS.
a 2:1.10. 4:6. 8:3. 9:5,26.27. 11:6. 13:9.
(( W:S1.
b 1:14. 2:3,11,17,18. 3:19. 4:1.11.15. 5:2,3,7,12. 6:11,17. 7:25.
8:5. 9:9. 10:1,11.27.34. ll:3,8M6,24,25l 12:11,17,19. 13:
18,19. j 3:18.
i 11:4.5 (? subject?). V 7:23. k 2:8.15,17. 3:12,15. 7:23,21^,25. 8:3,13. 9:lJf,28. 10:2,15,26. 11:
3. 12:10. 13:21. d 6:18. 8:9. 9:24. e 10:7,9. 11:5.
o 6:13. f 13:6.
p 6:10. s 5:5.
h 4:1. 7:5.1^,27. 9:16,23. 11:15. 13:10.
h 5:12. g 5:11. 6:6,18. 10.4. 11:6,19.
c 9:8. r 7:9.
1 TIMOTHY, a 3:2.15.
b 1:3.7.16,20. 2:1,4^8,9,121 3:5,14. 5:4M1,14S25. 6:7,9,16. j 1:3'^ 4:3. 6:14,17M8l i 6:5.
V 4:3. d 1:15.
2 TIMOTHY.
a 2
b 1
j 2
i 2
6,24^
4,6. 2:13,15. 3:7,12,15. 4:1,9,21.
14.
18. g 1:12. 2:2.
TITUS, a 1:7.11.
b 1:16. 2:4,6.9^ 3:1^2^8^12^14. o 2:8. s 2:2. g 1:9'
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 39
PHILEMON, b 1:13,14. h 1:8.
JAMES, a 3:10.
b 1:21. 2:12.14,20. 3:8,12'. 4:2,4,12^17. bb5:17. 1 1:1.
i 1:26. 2:14. k 1:18, 19\ 3:3. 4:2. lo.
s 3:2. c 1:27*.
1 PETER.
a 3:17.
b 1:12. 2:11. 3:10^ 5:1.H.9.
bb3:10. i 5:12.
k 3:7. 4:2. d 2:5.
f 1:21. h 4:17.
s 1:5. 4:3. c 2:15.
2 PETER, a 1:13. 2.21«. 3:11. b l:10,12,15^ 2:9^ 3:9M4. d 3:2.
JUDE. b l:3,5,9,24^ d 1:15*. h 1:3*.
1 JOHN.
b 2:0. 3:9.1(5. 4:11.20.
i 2:().9.
2 JOHN.
b 1:12-. 1 1:10,11. o 1:12.
40 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
3 JOHN, b l:2*.8,13,l-l. o 1:13.
REVELATION, a 1:1. 4:1. 6:4. 7:2. 10:11. 11 :o. 13:7M0.U,15. 16:8. 17:10. 20:3.
22:6. b 1:19. 2:2.7. 10^14•■^20^21. 3:2.8,10.16,18,21. 5:31 6:11,17. 7:9.
8:13. 9:6.201 10:4,7. ll:5^9. 12:2,4.5. 13:4.13,17^ 14:3. 15:
8. 17:8, 17 1 j 10:9. 13:14. i 2:9. 3:9.
d 1:12. 3:10. 12:17. 13:6. 16:14. 19:10,19. 20:8^ 22:6,8,12,16. (' 12:7.
o 1:1. 3:18. 14:6. p 5:5. 16:9. s 16:19.
h 6:8. 9:10. 11:6M8''. 13:5. 14:15. ^ 4:11. 5:2^4^9M2.
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES. 41
(•). TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE NUMBER, DISTRIB- UTION, USE AND TENSE OF THE INFINITIVE.
The following tabular exhibits show the number, distrib- ution and u.se of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. The an- arthrous and the articular infinitives are shown separately, upon facing pages, the former in roman type and the latter in itaUc type. The exhibit is by individual books, by the three main divisions; then in one summary table is given a complete view of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. To this is added a corresjionding summary table which exhibits the tenses of the infinitival forms throughout: it has not seemed important to reproduce here the more detailed tense exhibits. The subjoined table of chapters and pages (according to the Swete edition of the Septua^int and the Westcott and Hort edition of the New Testa :nent) is to facilitate comparison of the use of the infinitive in the various books and divisions.
CHAPTERS AND PA(iES IN THE BIBLICAL BOOKS.
|
Old Test. |
Esth. |
l'> |
17 |
W.S.S1.19 |
40 |
1 Cor. |
10 |
25 |
|
|
Chs. |
Pp. |
Hos. |
14 |
IT) |
Ws.Si..^)l |
HI |
2 Cor. |
13 |
17 |
|
Gen. ')() |
108 |
Am. |
<i |
1:5 |
Est.Ad.C) |
<) |
Gal. |
0 |
9 |
|
Ex. 40 |
H4 |
Mic. |
i |
i» |
Judith K) |
:u |
Eph. |
G |
9 |
|
Lev. 27 |
(S?. |
.Joel |
• > f » |
< |
Tol). 14 |
17 |
Phil. |
4 |
4 |
|
Num. 3H |
HH |
Obad. |
I |
;{ |
Bar. |
9 |
Col. |
4 |
7 |
|
Deut. :U |
^^1 |
Jonah |
4 |
T) |
Ep.Jer. 1 |
() |
1 Thess |
. ') |
6 |
|
Josh. LM |
.'i") |
Nah. |
•> >> |
.') |
Sus. 1 |
.') |
2 Thess |
. 8 |
4 |
|
.ludg. '1\ |
(i:} |
Hab. |
•> •> |
(') |
Bel Dr. 1 |
4 |
1 Tim. |
(•) |
7 |
|
Ruth 4 |
7 |
Zcph. |
;{ |
(') |
1 Mac. 16 |
«)S |
2 Tim. |
4 |
5 |
|
1 S:im.:n |
()() |
Hair. |
.) |
4 |
L' Mac. 15 |
47 |
Titus |
a |
3 |
|
•1 Sai!i.'J4 |
.")^ |
Zcch. |
It |
I'O |
:5 Mac. 7 |
I'O |
Philem |
. 1 |
0 |
|
1 Kl^'S.L'L' |
< 1 |
Mai. |
1 |
< |
! Mac. IH |
:j4 |
H.'b. |
13 |
»>o |
|
•1 Kgs. iT) |
»)!' |
Lsa. |
(')»') |
ll'l' |
Jas. |
') |
7 |
||
|
1 Chr. 1^1) |
(•)() |
Jer. |
nii |
ll'7 |
New Te; |
ST. |
1 Pet. |
T) |
7 |
|
2 Chr. )\\\ |
IW |
Lam. |
7) |
I'.i |
( h-. |
l-p. |
2 Pet. |
:{ |
5 |
|
Esd.B.iM |
r.i |
Ezek. |
4s |
11;; |
Matt. L'^ |
(■)'.l |
1 J no. |
T) |
s |
|
Psa. i:>i |
i>o:5 |
Dan. |
11' |
:!'.t |
Mk. K) |
42 |
2 J no. |
1 |
1 |
|
Prov. L'<> |
()4 |
Lk. 1'4 |
7:{ |
H .riio. |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
Eccl. VI |
2<) |
Ai'oci |
ICVl' |
u.\. |
.hio. L'l |
Ti.') |
.lud.' |
1 |
3 |
|
Song >< |
1:5 |
n\» |
Pp. |
Acts L'H |
70 |
lie v. |
.i>i |
37 |
|
|
Job \-l |
^r» |
Esd.A. y |
3;j |
Ro:n. 11) |
27 |
4::
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT A.— NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OP ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN OLD TESTAMENT.
|
a |
b |
J |
i |
V |
k |
d |
e |
o |
f |
P |
s |
h |
g |
c |
X |
Tot. |
|
|
Genesis |
11 |
62 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
77 |
7 |
9 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
187 |
|||
|
Exodus |
2 |
55 |
9 |
2 |
59 |
20 |
18 |
5 |
8 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
185 |
||||
|
Levitic's |
2 |
3 |
6 |
30 |
11 |
7 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
71 |
||||||
|
Numbers |
4 |
32 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
57 |
1 |
22 |
16 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
150 |
|||
|
Deuter'y |
2 |
92 |
36 |
88 |
1 |
17 |
5 |
11 |
36 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
296 |
||||
|
Joshua |
6 |
24 |
15 |
16 |
6 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
90 |
|||||
|
Judges |
4 |
36 |
4 |
36 |
2 |
8 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
92 |
|||||||
|
Ruth |
1 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
12 |
|||||||||
|
1 Samuel |
5 |
44 |
7 |
1 |
3 |
61 |
8 |
2 |
5 |
h |
1 |
8 |
5 |
158 |
|||
|
2 Samuel |
3 |
32 |
4 |
36 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
88 |
||||||||
|
1 Kings |
5 |
20 |
8 |
2 |
38 |
4 |
4 |
12 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
100 |
|||||
|
2 Kings |
3 |
17 |
3 |
32 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
66 |
|||||||
|
1 Chron. |
4 |
9 |
4 |
14 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
41 |
|||||||||
|
2 Chron. |
16 |
38 |
18 |
1 |
1 |
45 |
28 |
1 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
158 |
||||
|
Esdras B |
5 |
22 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
32 |
4 |
16 |
1 |
7 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
113 |
|||
|
Psalms |
7 |
22 |
2 |
1 |
1^ |
6 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
61 |
||||||
|
Proverbs |
26 |
32 |
4 |
2 |
7 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
80 |
||||||
|
Ecclesi's |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
||||||||||||
|
Song |
1 |
5 |
6 |
||||||||||||||
|
Job |
6 |
49 |
2 |
6 |
1 |
13 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
83 |
||||
|
Esther |
10 |
22 |
20 |
15 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
75 |
||||||||
|
Hosea |
9 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
15 |
||||||||||||
|
Amos |
1 |
1 |
2 |
||||||||||||||
|
Micah |
3 |
1 |
4 |
||||||||||||||
|
Joel |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Obadiah |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Jonah |
3 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
|||||||||||||
|
Nahum |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Habak'k |
2 |
2 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Zcpha'h |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Haggai |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Zwhar'h |
1 |
12 |
• 13 |
||||||||||||||
|
Maiachi |
2 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
|||||||||||||
|
Isaiah |
0 |
74 |
9 |
2 |
66 |
6 |
1 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
11 |
1H6 |
|||||
|
Jeremiah |
4 |
43 |
7 |
50 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
123 |
|||||
|
Lamen's |
u |
2 |
3 |
M |
|||||||||||||
|
Ezekiel |
2 |
li) |
35 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
53 |
||||||||
|
Daniel |
9 153 |
S2 S02 |
24 196 |
18 |
IT |
14 |
31 886 |
5 75 |
1 163 |
1 40 |
1 74 |
3 121 |
7 |
1 26 |
2^ |
25 |
115 |
|
Totals |
26.'»9 |
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
43
EXHIBIT B. — NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.
|
a |
aa |
b |
bb |
.1 |
V |
k |
e |
0 |
f |
s |
h |
{/ |
c |
r |
Tot. |
|
|
GeiiesiH |
13 |
2 |
87 |
13 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
132 |
||||||
|
ExfHhis |
1 |
3 |
u |
4 |
1 |
1 |
34 |
|||||||||
|
Leviticus |
1 |
1 |
27 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
40 |
||||||||
|
Ntiiiiberfi |
19 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
24 |
||||||||||
|
Dt'utcn/y |
3 |
21 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
28 |
||||||||||
|
Joshua |
1 |
16 |
2 |
1 |
22 |
|||||||||||
|
./il<t(/('.S |
10 |
1 |
22 |
30 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
71 |
|||||||
|
Ruth |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
6 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
25 |
|||||
|
1 Samuel |
1 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
3 |
28 |
12 |
8 |
3 |
1 |
58 |
|||||
|
2 Samuel |
1 |
19 |
1 |
1 |
JfO |
33 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
112 |
|||
|
1 Kingn |
2 |
10 |
3 |
1 |
30 |
29 |
2 |
8 |
15 |
2 |
1 |
103 |
||||
|
2 Kings |
6 |
2 |
Ul |
16 |
4 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
3 |
83 |
||||||
|
1 (Jhrou. |
1 |
17 |
u |
1 |
17 |
52 |
11 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
107 |
|||||
|
2 Chmn. |
k |
22 |
5 |
6 |
66 |
U6 |
8 |
11 |
7 |
3 |
1 |
179 |
||||
|
Esdrds B. |
1 |
A |
3 |
4 |
13 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
2 |
41 |
||||||
|
I'SdllllH |
U |
2 |
28 |
2 |
85 |
70 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
209 |
||||
|
Proverbs |
5 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
.6 |
21 |
||||||||||
|
EccU'sia'es |
5 |
10 |
18 |
16 |
13 |
1 |
2 |
26 |
1 |
1 |
93 |
|||||
|
Sony |
||||||||||||||||
|
Job |
5 |
1 |
1 |
10 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
32 |
||||||||
|
Esther |
8 |
8 |
||||||||||||||
|
Hosca |
3 |
6 |
6 |
1 |
16 |
|||||||||||
|
Amos |
7 |
o |
8 |
1 |
21 |
|||||||||||
|
.Mivah |
4 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
12 |
||||||||||
|
Joel |
/ |
2 |
3 |
|||||||||||||
|
(}l/(((Ii«f/i |
1 |
1 |
||||||||||||||
|
Joiio/i |
1 |
Jf |
1 |
2 |
5 |
13 |
||||||||||
|
No /ill III |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|||||||||||||
|
Hiiljok'nk |
1 |
5 |
9 |
2 |
17 |
|||||||||||
|
XeiJion'ah |
1 |
6 |
6 |
12 |
||||||||||||
|
H(i(/(/<ii |
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
||||||||||||
|
Zerhoriah |
6 |
3 |
16 |
25 |
||||||||||||
|
Md/iicfii |
1 |
h |
1 |
1 |
7 |
|||||||||||
|
Isoioli |
3 |
1 |
18 |
1 |
19 |
37 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
87 |
||||
|
,lereiiii(tli |
3 |
2 |
1 |
17 |
2 |
1 |
hi |
80 |
6 |
8 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
171 |
||
|
Lomenttt^H |
1 |
2 |
9 |
4 |
1 |
17 |
||||||||||
|
Fzekiel |
1 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
113 |
103 |
5 |
10 |
2 |
S |
260 |
|||||
|
Daniel |
I |
32 |
7 |
2It2 |
30 |
W |
22 800 |
2 649 |
52 |
I5 |
Vi |
2 64 |
19 |
I7 |
S |
27 |
|
Totals |
26 |
2107 |
44
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT C — NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN APOCRYPHA.
|
a |
b |
J |
1 |
i |
V |
k |
d |
e |
o |
f |
P |
s |
h |
8 |
c |
X |
Tot. |
|
|
Esdras A |
7 |
33 |
51 |
9 |
4 |
31 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
7 |
1 |
1 |
152 |
||||
|
Wis. Sol. |
10 |
44 |
2 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
76 |
|||||
|
Wis. Sir. |
34 |
52 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
34 |
12 |
9 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
9 |
164 |
||||
|
Esth.Ad. |
2 |
18 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
2 |
40 |
|||||||||
|
Judith |
7 |
23 |
25 |
6 |
1 |
9 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
83 |
|||||||
|
Tobit |
18 |
21 |
15 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
10 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
77 |
|||||
|
Baruch |
4 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
17 |
||||||||||||
|
Ep. Jer. |
3 |
13 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
25 |
|||||||||||
|
Sussana |
2 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
11 |
||||||||||||
|
Bel Dra. |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|||||||||||||||
|
1 Macca. |
18 |
111 |
27 |
10 |
4 |
1 |
56 |
7 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
11 |
12 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
275 |
|
|
2 Macca. |
43 |
165 |
40 |
10 |
39 |
19 |
1 |
19 |
3 |
9 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
360 |
||||
|
3 Macca. |
4 |
63 |
13 |
4 |
17 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
1 |
1 |
127 |
|||||||
|
4 Macca. |
19 167 |
90 642 |
197 |
27 |
16 91 |
1 8 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
19 |
1 |
8 |
9 |
171 |
||||
|
Totals |
188 |
14 |
26 |
55 |
25 |
50 |
26 |
32 |
3 |
22 |
1581 |
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
45
EXHIBIT D.— NUMBER, DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN THE APOCRYPHA.
|
a |
aa |
b |
bb |
.') |
V |
k |
e |
f |
•s |
h |
(J |
c |
1' |
Tot. |
|
|
Esdras A. |
1 |
1 |
U |
20 |
1 |
27 |
|||||||||
|
H7.S. Sol. |
6 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
U |
||||||||
|
Wis. Sir. |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
31 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
JfO |
||||||
|
Esfh. Ad. |
5 |
1 |
6 |
||||||||||||
|
Judith |
1 |
1 |
5 |
13 |
10 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
33 |
||||||
|
Tohif |
2 |
10 |
4 |
16 |
|||||||||||
|
Banich |
7 |
i |
1 |
12 |
|||||||||||
|
Ej). Jer. |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||
|
Snssana |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||
|
Bel Dra. |
|||||||||||||||
|
1 Macca. |
22 |
5 |
1 |
32 |
62 |
3 |
1 |
5 |
5 |
136 |
|||||
|
2 Mcvcca. |
5 |
k |
22 |
2 |
33 |
||||||||||
|
i Macca. |
3 |
2 |
9 |
n |
|||||||||||
|
4 Macca. |
19 |
S |
1 8 |
1 30 |
5 |
8 |
6 161 |
85 |
8 |
2 |
1 9 |
6 |
2 |
3 3 |
16 |
|
Totals |
349 |
46
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT E.— NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN NEW TESTAMENT.
a
b j livdeofps h g c x r n Tot.
Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
ICor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Ths. 2Ths. ITim.
2 Tim. Titus Phile. Heb. James IPet. 2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John Jude Rev.
Tot.
36
34
58
14
74
3
14
6
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
9 1
107
100
156
90
180
34
40
30
20
16
16
4
19
3
25 10 15 2 34 12 7 9
15
289
5 2 4 5 47
16 7
13 1
54 4
38
19
64
10
29
5
7
5
2
13
992114 5 8310 211 8 42 55 1215 55 401311
10
1 1
225
184
328
138
425
64
85
51
27
27
24
11
32
11
3'J
17
21
3
71
19
14
14
7
5
5
9
101
1957
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
47
EXHIBIT F.- XUMBEJi, DISTIUIiUTIOX AXD USE OF THE ARTICULAR IXFIXITIVE IX THE XEW TESTAMEXT.
|
a |
aa |
b |
bb |
.) |
V |
k |
e |
f |
H |
h |
9 |
c |
r |
Tot. |
|
|
Matt. |
2 |
18 |
7 |
1 |
27 |
||||||||||
|
Murk |
h |
12 |
16 |
||||||||||||
|
Lake |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Jf9 |
12 |
5 |
1 |
72 |
||||||
|
John |
^ |
U |
|||||||||||||
|
Acts |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
-4 |
27 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
52 |
||||
|
Rom. |
4 |
1 |
1 |
19 |
2 |
1 |
u |
2 |
34 |
||||||
|
1 Cor. |
S |
2 |
8 |
2 |
15 |
||||||||||
|
2 Cor. |
u |
Jf |
1 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
20 |
|||||||
|
Gal |
^ |
1 |
5 |
||||||||||||
|
Eph. |
S |
3 |
|||||||||||||
|
Phil. |
6 |
u |
A |
1 |
1 |
16 |
|||||||||
|
Col. |
|||||||||||||||
|
1 Tlies. |
1 |
10 |
2 |
13 |
|||||||||||
|
2 Thes. |
8 |
8 |
|||||||||||||
|
1 Tim. |
|||||||||||||||
|
2 Tim. |
|||||||||||||||
|
Tit its |
|||||||||||||||
|
Phde. |
|||||||||||||||
|
Hct}. |
1 |
18 |
2 |
1 |
22 |
||||||||||
|
James |
1 |
6 |
7 |
||||||||||||
|
1 Peter |
1 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
|||||||||||
|
2 Peter |
|||||||||||||||
|
1 Jofni |
|||||||||||||||
|
2 John |
|||||||||||||||
|
3 John |
|||||||||||||||
|
Jude |
|||||||||||||||
|
Rev. |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||||||
|
Tot |
H |
3 |
IS |
6 |
2 |
8 |
200 |
33 |
3 |
1 |
18 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
319 |
EXHIBIT G.— NUMBER, DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF ALL INFINITIVES IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Roman t}°pe indicates anarthrous infinitives, italic type indicates articular infinitives.
|
Uses |
0. |
T. |
Apoc. |
N. |
T. |
Sep. |
Tot. |
Tot. |
|
|
a i« aa |
153 |
28 32 |
167 |
19 3 |
289 |
24 3 |
609 |
69 38 |
716 |
|
-\l |
802 |
2U2 |
642 |
8 30 |
992 |
IS 6 |
2436 |
25 278 |
2739 |
|
J ./ |
196 |
30 |
197 |
5 |
114 |
2 |
507 |
37 |
544 |
|
1 |
27 |
5 |
32 |
32 |
|||||
|
i |
18 |
91 |
83 |
192 |
192 |
||||
|
V V |
11 |
19 |
8 |
8 |
10 |
8 |
29 |
35 |
64 |
|
k A- |
14 |
800 |
8 |
161 |
200 |
22 |
1161 |
1183 |
|
|
d |
886 |
188 |
211 |
1285 |
1285 |
||||
|
e e |
75 |
6^9 |
14 |
85 |
8 |
33 |
97 |
767 |
864 |
|
o o |
163 |
52 |
26 |
42 |
231 |
52 |
283 |
||
|
f f |
40 |
75 |
55 |
8 |
55 |
3 |
150 |
86 |
236 |
|
P |
74 |
25 |
12 |
111 |
111 |
||||
|
S H |
121 |
75 |
50 |
2 |
15 |
1 |
186 |
78 |
264 |
|
h // |
32 |
6U |
26 |
9 |
55 |
18 |
113 |
91 |
204 |
|
g U |
26 |
19 |
32 |
6 |
40 |
2 |
98 |
27 |
125 |
|
c c |
23 |
17 |
3 |
2 |
13 |
5 |
39 |
2k |
63 |
|
X |
25 |
22 |
11 |
58 |
58 |
||||
|
r |
3 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
7 |
||||
|
r |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
|
n |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
|
Tot. |
2659 |
2107 |
1581 |
349 |
1957 |
319 |
6197 |
2775 |
8972 |
48
EXHIBIT H.— THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVES IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
In the square of figures following each use in each ruled column the upper left hand cor- ner is for the number of pkkskxt infinitives, the lower left hand corner for the aorists, the upper right hand corner for the ki'TI'KKs, the lower right hand corner for the I'KKFKCTS. Koman type indicates anarthrous infinitives, italic type indicates articular infinitives.
|
Uses |
< |
3. |
T. |
Apoc. |
N. |
T. |
Tot. |
|
|
, |
7 |
17 |
13 |
|||||
|
a ^" |
54 |
1 |
18 1 |
74 |
2 |
106 1 |
11 |
284 2 |
|
a - |
93 |
3 |
11 |
90 3 |
1 |
181 1 |
1 |
422 8 |
|
aa |
21 |
2 |
2 |
|||||
|
( (;6 |
2 |
7 |
10 |
|||||
|
268 |
3 |
2 |
262 15 |
1 |
481 3 |
3 |
1100 21 |
|
|
528 |
3 |
59 |
360 5 |
9 |
501 7 |
2 |
1602 16 |
|
|
182 1 |
21 |
4 |
||||||
|
47 |
5 |
7 |
78 13 |
2 |
52 1 |
1 |
187 19 |
|
|
J ./ |
143 |
1 |
2S |
106 |
3 |
61 |
1 |
337 1 |
|
I |
pr.27 |
pr.5 |
pr.32 |
|||||
|
11 |
3 |
48 22 |
62 2 |
121 27 |
||||
|
i |
4 |
11 10 |
7 12 |
18 26 |
||||
|
7 |
7 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
38 |
||
|
V V |
4 |
12 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
26 |
|
|
k A- |
1 |
313 |
4 |
64 |
105 |
487 |
||
|
13 |
J,7h 13 |
4 |
93 4 |
87 8 |
671 25 |
|||
|
d |
239 |
44 1 |
38 |
321 1 |
||||
|
645 |
2 |
143 |
173 |
961 2 |
||||
|
30 |
169 |
4 |
U |
2 |
9 |
228 |
||
|
e e |
45 |
Jf80 |
10 |
70 1 |
6 |
24 |
635 1 |
|
|
78 |
26 |
5 |
19 |
128 |
||||
|
o o |
H4 |
1 |
26 |
21 |
23 |
154 1 |
||
|
f /. |
18 |
22 |
34 |
3 |
36 |
1 |
114 |
|
|
22 |
53 |
21 |
5 |
18 1 |
2 |
121 1 |
||
|
13 |
6 |
1 |
20 |
|||||
|
P |
61 |
18 1 |
11 |
90 1 |
||||
|
s « |
66 53 |
2 |
24 51 |
11 2 37 |
2 |
6 9 |
1 |
107 4 153 |
|
h h |
11 |
12 |
9 1 |
2 |
23 |
12 |
69 1 |
|
|
L'l |
51 1 |
16 |
7 |
32 |
6 |
133 1 |
||
|
\) |
li) |
14 |
4 |
10 |
1 |
48 |
||
|
^ U |
17 |
u |
17 1 |
2 |
29 1 |
1 |
75 2 |
|
|
11 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
4 |
30 |
|||
|
c c |
12 1 |
12 |
3 1 |
1 |
3 1 |
1 |
32 1 2 |
|
|
X |
23 |
1 |
1 2 |
21 |
11 |
55 1 1 |
||
|
r |
3 |
1 |
1 |
|||||
|
r |
aor.l |
aor.l |
||||||
|
n |
pr.l |
pr.l |
||||||
|
Tot. |
865 |
T4 |
670 |
632 54 |
129 |
860 6 |
165 |
3327 74 |
|
1765 |
15 |
11,16 16 |
875 20 |
215 5 |
1068 23 |
146 8 |
5484 87 |
49
50 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
7. TABLE OF AVERAGES OF OCCURRENCE OF THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The following table shows the average occurrence to the page of the infinitive, and separately of the anarthrous and articular forms, in Biblical Greek as a whole, and separately in each of the three main divisions.
AVERAGES IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
No. of pages, 2874
No. of infinitives, 8972 Average no. to page, 3. 1
No. of anarth. infinitives, 6197 Average no. to page, 2. 1
No. of artic. infinitives, 277o Average no. to page, .9
AVERAGES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.
No. of pages, 1909
No. of infinitives, 4766 Average no. to page, 2. 5
No. of anarth. infinitives. 2659 Average no. to page, 1.4
No. of artic. infinitives, 2107 Average no. to page, 1.1
AVERAGES IN THE APOCRYPHA.
No. of pages, 437
No. of infinitives, 1930 Average no. to page, 4.4
No. of anarth. infinitives. 1581 Average no. to page, 3.6
No. of artic. infinitives. 349 Average no. to page, .6
AVERAGES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.
No. of pages, 528 No. of infinitives. 2276 Average no. to page, 4.2
No. of anarth. infinitives, 1957 Average no. to page. 3.6 No. of artic. infinitives, 319 Average no. to page, .6 Average number to the page of all infinitives is — B. G. 3.1. O. T. 2.5, Apoc. 4.4, N. T. 4.2. Anarthrous infinitives — B. G. 2.1, O. T. 1.4. Apoc. 3.6, N. T. 3.6. Articuhir in- finitives—B. G. .9. O. T. 1.1, Apoc. .8, N. T. .6. Anarth- rous infinitives numerically surpass articular infinitives — B. G. 2.1 to .9, O. T. 1.4 to 1.1, Apoc. 3.6 to .K N. T. 3.6 to .6.
FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE. 51
8. FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE.
It may be seen from the foregoing tables with what fre- quency, where, with what use and with what form the infin- itive is employed in Biblical Greek.
It is an important and much used part of the verb. Each page contains 3 (and a fraction more) infinitives; in the O. T. the number averages 2^ to the page, in the Apoc. 4^. in the N. T. 4i. The comparatively small number in the Old Test- ament is due to the fact that it is a translation instead of an original literary production.
The various uses which the infinitive serves are, accord- ing to the classification here presented. 22 in number (count- ing as one the anarthrous and the articular use when they coincide). The anarthrous infinitive serves all these uses except three (aa, bb, r). The articular infinitive serves 15 of the 22 uses, the remaining seven being 1. i. d, p, x. r. n. It must however be noted that the classification distin<iuishes between uses which in sense are the same but in form are different, e. g. in sense a = both a and aa. d as well as e = c, p as well as f =/. etc. Of the 19 anarthrous uses found in Biblical Greek, all but one (k) appear in the N. T.. all but two (r. n) appear in the Apoc. all but three (1. r, n) appear in the O. T. Of the 15 articular uses the O. T. has every one, the Apoc. and N. T. have all but one (o). (See the lists of uses at head of tabular exhibits above, pp. 42-47.)
Tliese 22 uses of the infinitive, arranged in the order of their relative frequency of occurrence, are as follows (for the interpretation oT the .symbolic letters see above, pj). .').(), also p. 30 ) :
B. G. - b (1 /.• r .1 j //'; () i s f h ]) g e // _/■ s' II X o (• ini j V 1 v (/ b c k /• r n.
O. T. d b k f bt) j o a s e / s p A <i f h </</ ./ g a x c v <j i '• Ic V b /•.
52 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Apoc. — b ] d a k i e f s g bb \ h o I) X a e h k X Ij r f g J c aa r s c.
N. T.— b a, d k- ] i f h o g e a h s c b Y> X y e bb I V <■ aa j f g V n r .s.
Within each division, O. T., Apoc. and N. T.. there is a conspicuously uneven distribution of articular as compared with anarthrous infinitives, of the uses made of the infini- tive, and of the number of instances of the several uses.
The New Testament has the fewest instances of the ar- ticular infinitive (see above, p. 50), and the instances found are mainly in Luke (72) and Acts (52). more than i of the 319 N. T. instances: while Jno. has but 4 and Rev. 1. Within the Pauline Epistles the articular infinitives are unevenly dis- tributed, e. g. Romans has 34 instances while 1 Cor. with al- most as much material has but 15; Phil, has 16 instances while the longer Eph. has 3; 1 Thess. has 13 instances while Gal. has 5. As to variety of uses which the articular infini- tive serves in N. T., Lk. has 8 different uses, Matt. 3, Mk. 2, Jno. 1; Acts has 10 different uses, Rom. 8, 2 Cor. 7, Gal. and Eph. 1 each. Col., 1 and 2 Tim. and Tit. none.
The anarthrous infinitive in the N. T. is also uneven in its distribution. Lk. has 328 instances and Acts 425, making 753 out of 1957 (the whole number in N. T.). while Jno. has but 138 and Rev. 101; 1 Tim. has 39 instances while Col. of equal length has 11; Tit. has 21 while 1 Jno. with nearly three times as much material has but 7.
In the N. T. the Lucan writings have the largest and the most varied use of the infinitive, the Johannine writings have the smallest and most contracted use, and the Pauline writings show a very uneven u.se both in number and logical forc<;.
The Apocrypha exhibit somewhat similar phenomena as regards the infinitive;. The articular form occurs here, rela- tively to the anarthrous form, a little more frequently than in N. T. The uses which the articular infinitive serves in AjKx;. are the same in number and kind as in N. T. The
FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE. .■')3
greatest variety of use is found in 1 Mace, and Judith. U uses in the former and 8 in the latter. Its greatest frequen- cy of occurrence is in 1 Mace, which has 136 instances where Esd. A. with one-half as much material has but 27 instances. and 2 Mace, with two-thirds as much material has 33 in- stances. But in the case of the anarthrous infinitives other books take the lead — 2 Mace, has the highest number. 360. while 1 Mace, with one-third more material has but 27.'!. and Esd. A. with one-third less material than 2 Mace, has 152. But in the variety of uses 1 Mace, stands first, having 16 different uses of the anarthrous infinitive.
The Old Testament presents striking peculiarities in the use of the infinitive, under the influence of the Hebrew original. Taken entire, this division of Biblical Greek has an almost equal number of instances of the anarthrous and the articular infinitive. 2659 of the former and 2107 of the latter. But this proportion varies greatly in the several books, e. g. Gen. has 187 anarth. to 132 artic.. Ex. has 185 anarth. to 34 artie., Deut. has 296 anarth. to 28 artic. Judg. has 92 anarth. to 71 artic. 1 Sam. has 158 anarth. to 58 artic. while 2 Sam. has 88 anarth. to 112 artic. I Chron. has 41 an- arth. to 107 artic. Psa. has 61 anarth. to 209 artic, Eccles. lias 12 anarth. to 93 artic. Am. has 2 anarth. to 21 artic. Isa. has 186 anarth. to 87 artic. Jer, has 123 anarth. to 171 artic. Ezek. has 53 anarth. to 250 artic. The propor- tion between anarthrous and articular infinitives thus varies in the O. T. books all the way from 10.^ anarth. to 1 artic. to 5 artic to 1 anarth. This variety is due to differences of subject matter, to differences in the original, and to different translators.
The greatest variety of uses of the articular intinitive in the O. T. is found in the middle historical books and greater prophets. The uses of the anarthrous infinitive are many in all the larger books, especially Gen.. Deut., Josh., 1 Stun.
54 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
9. HEBRAISTIC INFLUENCE UPON THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Inasmuch as the Septuagint Old Testament is a transla- tion from a Hebrew original, a translation in many respects close and literal, it is in the Old Testament especially that evidences appear of the influence of the Hebrew upon the use of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. Evidences of this influence also appear, less extensively and less conspicuous- ly, in the Apocrypha and New Testament, for some of the Apoc. books (e. g. 1 Mace.) are directly or indirectly from a Hebrew (Aramaic) original, which may be true also of por- tions of the N. T. (e. g. the Logia underlying Matt, and Lk. , and possibly the epistle of James); and because the writers of both these divisions, equally with the writers of the O. T. division, were Jews employing a language not their own and therefore traces of their native tongue occasionally ap- pear in their writings. This Hebraistic influence upon Bib- lical Greek does not. however, affect the use of the infinitive as largely as it affects some other features of this literature. How it does affect it may be briefly indicated.
In Hebrew the article is not used with the infinitive. The conspicuous frequency of the articular infinitive in the O. T. is not therefore an imitation of the Hebrew. Indeed, one might have expected that on this account the articular infin- itive would be u.sed less frequently in the O. T. than in the other two divisions — but the reverse is the case (see above, p. 50). In so.ne degree the frequent construction of the in- finitive with h'- in Heb. causes a larger corresponding prepo- sitional use of the infinitive in Grk. , though the average oc- curn-nci; of this u.s(! is not larger than in the other two divi- sions. ALso, the number of articular infinitives may have been .somewhat increased by a use of the article to represent .some other element in the Heb., e. g. /•'or 'cf/r, but this is uncertain. It is clear that the frequency of the articular
HEBRAISTIC INFLUENCE ON THE INFINITIVE. 55
infinitive is in the main a feature of style peculiar to certain of the O. T. translators.
The Hebraistic influence is chiefly of two kinds: it affects the frequency of occurrence of the infinitive, and it affects the uses which the infinitive is made to serve.
In the Old Testament, where the Hebraistic influence ap- pears in the fullest degree, the infinitive is found only a little more than half as frequently (2.5 to the page) as in Apoc. (4.4 to the page) and N. T. (4.2 to the page). While there may be other reasons also for this O. T. neglect of the infin- itive, the chief reason is that the closeness of the translation to the Hebrew original has in countless instances led to the use of a finite verb or other simple form of expression where in free Greek composition the infinitive would have been used. The frequency of occurrence of the Hebrew infinitive in the original has not been tabulated — it probably aver- ages higher than in the Septuagint translation; but the He- brew infinitive in some of its common uses has no parallel in the Greek language and no imitation in the Septuagint.
However, in the Apocrypha and New Testament, where the language is free Greek ( Hellenistic, of course ) the infin- itive is comparatively unrestricted in frequency of use — only comparatively unrestricted, for even here the coordinative structure of the Hebrew sentence and the Hebraistic sim- plicity of expression exert an indirect influence upon these two divisions of Biblical Greek.
There is also an influence of the Hebrew upon the uses which the infinitive is made to serve.
One use which is characteri.stic of Biblical Greek, and which seems to have developed under Hebraistic influence, is the e})exegctic or explanatory use (=s, s. see above, pp. 14. 2.')). This use is mA opposed to the genius of the Greek language — it is but a slight extension of the infinitive of re- sult and the ai)positional infinitive. Illustrations of how this u.se developed under the influence of the Hebrew may be seen by a comparison of the Hebrew and the Septuagint
56 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
texts in Gen. 3:22. Num. 14:36. Deut. 20:19. Josh. 17:13. Psa. 78:18, and other passages cited above, pp. 14, 25.
A constantly recurring expression in the O. T. (Sept.), derived from the Hebrew idiom, is that of irpoa-TiBriixi with the infinitive to denote continuance or repetition, e, g. Gen. 4:2. 1 Sam. 3:6. Lk. 20:11,12. Acts 12:3. The expression occurs rarely in the Apoc. and but three times in the N. T.
Two crass imitations of the Hebrew idiom of the infinitive occur in our Vatican text of the O. T. One is in Josh. 17:13, where i^oXtdpevaai . . i$w\($p€v(rav reproduces the common He- brew infinitive absolute as an intensive cognate, a construc- tion generally resolved in the Greek into the dative case of a cognate noun, e. g. Gen. 2:17. So in this passage accord- ing to Codex Alexandrinus. The other gross Hebraism is in Gen. 25 : 32, where Tropeuo/nai TcXcurav is an exact reproduction of the Hebrew phrase regardless of the fact that the Greek idiom requires /xcXAcj instead of Tropevo/tiat.
It would not have been surprising if these and other He- braistic uses of the infinitive had found their way more fre- quently into the Septuagint. Especially is it noticeable that there is no exact reproduction of that everywhere present Hebrew idiom, the infinitive with /*; this phrase is rendered into Greek by the anarthrous infinitive alone, by the artic- ular (tov) infinitive alone, by the articular infinitive with the prei)osition «is or Trpds. and less frequently in other ways, but not by the preposition with an anarthrous infinitive except perhai)s in the four tt? instances, one in the O. T. and three in the Apoc, cited above (p. IS).
There are no Greek uses of the infinitive whicli by Hebra- istic influence have been entirely shut out of the Biblical Greek. Uses 1. n, r, the only uses In B. G. not found in O. T.. are rare.
But the relative proportion which subsists in the normal Greek b<itw(*«!n the s(!V<!nil uses of the infinitive is much af- fected by Hebraistu; influence. The extent and nature of this difference cannot be indicated in detail because the data
HEBRAISTIC INFLUEN'CE ON THE INFINITIVE. .U
of the intinitive in normal Greek have not been collected, but a cursory examination shows that the difference is larsfe. and appears oftenest in the O. T.
Because of the fact that the Hebrew has no indirect dis- course the infinitive in indirect discourse is seldom found in the O. T. which, with four times as much material as either Apoc. or N. T. has but 1*^ instances of this use to Apoc. 1>1 and N. T. 83.
The grand use of the intinitive in the Old Testament is to express })uri)ose (see above, p. 4'^). this beintj its force in \^2') out of 4760 instances, more than one-third of all. Then follow in order of frequency the use of the infinitive as verb- al object. 1322 instances; as prepositional object", Hi 4 in- stances: to express result. 3h5 instances; as subject. 211 in- stances; leaving 209 instances distributed among five other uses.
The Apocrypha and New Testament present a different (jrder and proportion of the uses of the infinitive. In these two divisions the main use is as verbal object, this being its force in 2249 out of 42(»() instances, more than one-half of all. Then follow in order of frequency the use of the infin- itive to exi)ress purpose. 607 instances; as subject. r)05 in- stances; as prepositional object, 3H1 instances; to express result, 220 instances: leaving 2r)0 instances distributed among seven othei" u.ses.
The differences of proportion in tlie uses of the infinitive as seen in tliis comparison of the O. T. with the Apoc. and N. T. is chiefly due to the direct influence of the Hebrew original. In a small degree also, and indirectly. Hebraistic influence has affected the proportion of uses in the Apoc. and X. T. ; but it is probable that, if the data of the infini live in nornuil Greek were collected, they would show a similar order to that of the Apoc. and N. T. in the relative fre(|uency of occurrence of the greater uses which the infini tive is made to serve.
58 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
10. USE OF THE SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE.
Biblical Greek presents nothing peculiar in the use of the subject of the infinitive. The one modification which is noticeable in a comparison with classical Greek, but which is characteristic of the common dialect Greek generally, is the more frequent expression of the subject, for particular- ization, emphasis or perspicuity. As a general rule, the subject is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the governing verb, or when it is the same as the object of the governing verb, or when by reason of its general, indefinite character or its easy inference from some other portion of the sentence, it is sufficiently clear.
When the subject of the infinitive is expressed it is always in the accusative case. The position of the subject in the clause regularly is immediately before, or less frequently after, the infinitive. The object of the infinitive follows the infinitive, and follows also the subject if that stands after the infinitive.
11. USE OF THE NEGATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.
Only those instances are here considered in which the infinitive itself is modified by the negative. The total num- ber of such instances in Biblical Greek is 304. Of this num- ber 330 have the simple negative form firj, and the remaining 24 instances have comi)ound forms of nrj. There has been found no instance in the.se texts where oi or any compound of ou directly modifies an infinitive.
The anarthrous infinitive with /ai/ occurs in the O. T. 59 times, in the Ai)oc. 32 times, in the N. T. 47 times; in all 139 instances. The articular infinitive with firj occurs in the O. T. \'',i\ times (tov*^, rd"). in the Apoc. 21 times {tov'\ to"), in the N. T. 'JJ') times (toC'\ to'"); in all 192 times (toG'", to""). The majority of negatived infinitives are of the articular form for the rea.son that in the case of the anarthrous form the negative more frequently limits the finite governing verb.
THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE. 59
1L\ TENSES OP THE INFINITIVE IN BIBL GREEK.
The table on p. 49 above presents a summary of the data about the tenses of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. Of the whole number of instances of the infinitive. 8972. there are r)4H4 aorists. 3327 presents, 87 perfects and 74 futures.
The common grammatical distinction between the present and the aorist tenses of the infinitive is here also observed, the present indicating that the action or state denoted by the infinitive is thought of as in progress, the aorist indicat- ing that that action or state is thought of indefinitely as re- gards progress. The aorists predominate over the presents in the Apoc. and N. T. in the ratio of 4 to 3, but in the O. T. in the ratio of 2 to 1. This difference is noticeable, and is probably due to the influence of the Hebrew original. One of the chief kinds of variant readings in the O. T. (Sept.) MSs. is the aorist for present and present for aorist in the instances of the infinitive.
But one use (of those which are found more than a few times) employs one tense to the exclusion of all others: this is use 1. the anarthrous infinitive as verbal object in saluta- tions. There is no striking preference in any other use for the present as against the aorist. or rhr rcrsa.
The j)erfect and the future ten.ses are used infrequently. Of the perfect tense there are in the O. T. 31 instances (an- arth.". artic"), in the Apoc. 25 instances (anarth.**. artic.*), in the N. T. 31 instances (anarth.". artic"). In some of these instances the perfect has a ])resent force, tut in the most of them the ])erfect has its true force denoting completed action or resultant state. The instances of the perfect are mainly in indirect discours** and as pn'positional and v«»rbal objt'ct.
Tlie future intinitive. in every instance anartlirous, <M'curs li times in <). T., .'• I tiim's in Ap(K'., 6 times in N. T. : and the Ap(x;. instanci's are almost wholly in 2 and 3 Mace. The instances of the future are nuiinly in indirect di.scourse. as verbal object and after verbs of commanding.
rf>^
(.'
»■
--*<i*r>
.rw^
-m?9^
• "-
^H
^=iC>-.
/^• '
>^---
|
Iv I |
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ |
1 ■ ■ ■ ■ |
5!Lil
It