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ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Tp THE

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

FOR THE

YEA.R 1876.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1876.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Map 1

Report of Commissioner < Ill

PAPERS ACCOMPANYING ANNUAL REPORT.

Reports of agents and superintendents : Arizona :

Chiricahna, T. J. Jeffords 3

Colorado River, W. E. Worford 4

Moquis Pueblo, W. B. Truax

Pima and Maricopa, Charles Hudson 6

San Carlos, J. P. Clum 10

California :

Hoopa Valley, J. L. Broaddus 12

Round Valley, J. L. Burchard 14

Tule River, C. G. Belknap •- 17

Colorado :

Los Pinos, H. F. Bond 18

White River, E. H. Danforth 20

Dakota :

Cheyenne River, H. W. Bingham 22

Crow Creek, H. F.Livingston 24

Devil's Lake, James McLaughlin 25

Flandreau, J. P. Williamson 27

Fort Berthold, C. W. Darling 28

Lower BrulS, Tom A. Reily 31

Ponca, James Lawrence

Red Cloud, James Hastings

Spotted Tail, E. A. Howard „

Sisseton, J. G. Hamilton

Standing Rock, J. B,urke * 38

Yankton, J. G. Gasman 40

Idaho :

Fort Hall, W. H. Danilson » 42

Lemhi, H. Fuller 44

Nez Perc6, J. B. Monteith 45

Indian Territory :

Cheyenne and Arapaho, J. D. Miles 46

Kiow a and Comanche, J. M. Haworth 51

Osage, Cyrus Beede - ••-- 53

Pawnee, William Burgess 55

Quapaw, H. W. Jones 57

Sac and Fox, Levi Woodward 66

Union, S. W. Marston 60

Wichita, A. C. Williams 64

Iowa :

Sac and Fox, T. S. Free 59

Kansas :

Central Superintendency, William Nicholson 68

Kansas, M. H. Newlin 74

Michigan :

Mackinac, George W. Lee --- 76

IV CONTENTS.

Reports of agents and superintendents — Continued.

Minnesota : Page.

Leech Lake, H. J. King 78

Red Lake, R. M. Pratt 81

White Earth, L. Stowe 84

Montana :

Blackfeet,J. B.Wood 85

Crow, D. E. Clapp 87

Flathead, C. S. Medary 88

Fort Peck, W. W. Alderson 99

Nebraska :

Northern Superintendency, B. White 93

Great Nemaha, M. B. Kent 94

Omaha, T.T. Gillingham 97

Otoe, J. W. Griest 98

Santee, Charles H. Searing 100

Winnebago, Howard White 101

New Mexico :

Abiquiu, S. A. Russell 102

Cimarron, John E. Pyle 104

Mescalero, F. C. Godfrey 105

Navajo, Alex. G. Irvine 109

Pueblo, B.M. Thomas Ill

Southern Apache, J. M. Shaw 112

New York :

New York, D. Sherman 113

Nevada :

Nevada, A. J. Barnes 114

Western Shoshone, L. A. Gheen 116

North Carolina :

Eastern Cherokee, W. C. McCarthy 118

Oregon :

Grand Ronde, P. B. Sinnott 119

Klamath, L. S. Dyar 120

Malheur, W. V. Rinehart 121

Siletz, William Bagley 122

Umatilla, N. A. Cornoyer 125

Warm Springs, J. Smith 126

Utah:

Uintah Valley, F. J. Critchlow 128

Washington :

Colville, J. A. Simms 132

Neah Bay, C. A. Huntington 133

Nisqually, R. H. Milroy 136

Quinaielt, G. A. Henry 141

S'Kokomish, E. Eells 142

Tulalip, E. C. Chirouse 143

Yakama, J. H.Wilbur 144

Wisconsin :

Green Bay, J. C. Bridgman r!46

La Pointe, I. L. Mahan £148

W. G.Walker, farmer 150

John B. Gordon, teacher 150

I. Baird, superintendent boarding-school 151

Wyoming :

Shoshone aud Bannack,*J. Irwin 1^152

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Saint Louis, Mo., for

supplies for the Indian service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877 154

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York for dry-goods, hardware, medicines, and groceries for the Indian service for the fiscal year

ending June 30, 1877 172

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made at Indian agencies for sup- plies for the Indian service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877 200

Table giving statistics of population, education, and religious work among In- dians at their respective agencies 206

Table showing lands, agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and sources

of subsistence of Indians at their respective agencies 924

Table of areas of Indian reservations, and authority for the same 23C

Tabular statement showing the present liabilities of the United States to Indian

tribes under stipulations of treaties, &c 244

Tabular report of the condition of trust-funds 255

Tabular statement showing amounts appropriated for each tribe for the year

ending June 30, 1877 271

Schedule of agencies as assigned to religious bodies 278

List of members of the board of Indian commissioners, with their post-office

address 278

List of superintendents and agents, with their post-office and telegraphic address. 279 List of inspectors, with their post-office address 281

R E P 0 R T

OF

THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Washington, D. 0., October 30, 1876.

SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith, in accordance with law, the annual report of the Indian Office, accompanied by the reports of its superintendents and agents. These reports give detailed statements of the condition of the Indian tribes, and the progress which has been made during the past year, and indicate that the condition of this branch of the public service is steadily becoming more efficient and satisfactory.

The management of Indian affairs is always attended with much of difficulty and embarrassment. In every other department of the public service, the officers of the Government conduct business mainly with civilized and intelligent men. The Indian Office, in representing the Government, has to deal mainly with an uncivilized and unintelligent people, whose ignorance, superstition, and suspicion materially increase the difficulty both of controlling and assisting them.

The traditionary belief, which largely prevails, that the Indian service, throughout its whole history, has been tainted with fraud, arises, I appre- hend, not only from the fact that frauds have been committed, but also because, from the nature of the service itself, peculiar opportunities for fraud may be found. The agencies are usually located in distant, and, in some cases, almost inaccessible places. They are, in many instances, so far from the accustomed abodes of our people as to be rarely visited by any civilized men except the agent and his employes and persons furnishing supplies. It thus happens that the business of the agency is conducted without the restraints which generally surround public offi- cers. The agent is too remote to be under the immediate and constant surveillance of the central office. He is in a great degree free from the espionage of an intelligent public, and those near him who are competent to detect frauds or criticise official conduct may be influenced by or be in collusion with him. The Indians to whom he distributes supplies are too ignorant to protect themselves from imposition, or, in case dishonesty is suspected, to bring the fact to the knowledge of this office. Thus it happens that the fact that frauds are known to have been committed, oined to the knowledge that abundant opportunities for frauds exist, excites in the minds of a suspicious public a readiness to believe every rumor affecting the integrity of an Indian agent or the honesty of the "Indian service.

INCREASED SALARIES FOR AGENTS.

The most important duties in the conduct of our Indian affairs are, and of necessity must be, performed by the agent. Not only are com-

IV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

initted to him the conduct of the agency business proper, the erection and care of buildings, the supervision of farming and mechanical oper- ations, the purchase and care of stock, the proper receipt and distribu- tion of supplies, the management of schools, the keeping of accurate and complicated financial accounts, and the furnishing of information and advice as a basis of action by this office, but upon his skill, tact, and ability to influence and control his Indians, success in the administra- tion of Indian affairs wholly depends. No man, who is not possessed of talents of a high order and great variety, can be completely suc- cessful as an Indian agent. A distinguished military officer, after long experience with Indians, states that to successfully manage one of the most important Indian agencies requires as high an order of capacity as to command an army.

The great want of the Indian service has always been thoroughly competent agents. The President has sought to secure proper persons for these important offices by inviting the several religious organizations, through their constituted authorities, to nominate to him men for whose ability, character, and conduct they are willing to vouch. I believe the churches have endeavored to perform this duty faithfully, and to a fair degree have succeeded ; but they experience great difficulty in inducing persons possessed of the requisite qualifications to accept these posi- tions. When it is considered that these men must take their families far into the wilderness, cut themselves off from civilization with its comforts and attractions, deprive their children of the advantages of education, live lives of anxiety and toil, give bonds for great sums of money, be held responsible in some instances for the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, and subject themselves to ever- ready suspicion, detraction, and calumny, for a compensation less than that paid to a third-class clerk in Washington, or to a village postmas- ter, it is not strange that able, upright, thoroughly competent men hes- itate, and decline to accept the position of an Indian agent, or if they accept, resign the position after a short trial. In my judgment the welfare of the public service imperatively requires that the compensa- tion offered an Indian agent should be somewhat in proportion to the capacity required in the office, and to the responsibility and labor oi the duties to be performed.

I respectfully recommend that this subject be brought to the attention of Congress, and that that body be requested to appropriate not less than $30,000, to be distributed as additional compensation to Indian agents having the most important and difficult agencies ; the salary of no agent to amount to more than $3,000. While fully aware of the great reluctance of Congress to increase salaries, I believe the increase suggested is most urgently needed, and would result in a large saving to the Treasury, and be of incalculable benefit to the Indians and to the service.

INADEQUATE AND DELAYED APPROPRIATIONS.

During the past year the office has been seriously embarrassed by inadequate and delayed appropriations. In January last the agents at Spotted Tail and Red Cloud reported that their supplies of beef and flour would be exhausted by March 1. This information was transmit- • ted to Congress, with the recommendation that the emergency be met by special appropriation. No appropriation being made, the attention of Congress was again urgently called to the subject in Executive mes- sage of February 28. On the 6th of April a deficiency bill appropri-

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. V

ating $150,000 was passed; but relief had been so long delayed that, though the utmost expedition was used, supplies failed to reach the agencies until the Indians were in almost a starving condition, and until tbe apparent purpose of the Government to abandon them to star- vation at tbeir agencies had induced large numbers to go north and join the hostile bands under Sitting Bull.

In July last, through the failure of Congress to pass the annual ap- propriation bill, supplies at several Sioux agencies again became nearly exhausted, and though a temporary appropriation of $150,000 was made, many Indians, rendered excited and suspicious by the war in the north, abandoned their agencies to take part in hostilities. Congress still failing to pass the annual appropriation bill, a similar emergency existed in August, which was again met by a temporary relief bill, but produced a like effect on the Indians.

The above facts are not recited for the purpose of criticism or fault- finding, but to vindicate this bureau from the charge made at the time, that the deficiency in supplies was owing to inefficiency and neglect on the part of the office.

My predecessor submitted, through theSecretary of thelnterior, to Con- gress in December last, a full history of the facts relative to the removal of the Pawnees from Nebraska to the Indian Territory, and asked for an appropriation of $300,000 to defray the expense of said removal, and to establish the tribe in their new home; the same to be reimbursed to the Treasury from proceeds of the sale of their Nebraska reservation. The bill, however, was not passed until April; not until the attention of Congress had been repeatedly called to it, and not until hundreds of Pawnees had been compelled to abandon their agency, to live by beg- ging or stealing in Southern Kansas. In numerous other instances, notwithstanding the passage of several relief bills, the funds at the dis- posal of this office have been so limited as to make it a matter of the ut- most difficulty to keep Indians from suffering with hunger.

ANNUITY PURCHASES.

The failure to pass the annual appropriation bill before the 15th of August last, has made the duty of purchasing supplies and transporting them, to the agencies unusually arduous. Immediately on the passage of the act, advertisements for proposals for beef, flour, and other sup- plies, and for transportation, were issued, to be opened in Saint Louis on the (ith of September; and for dry goods, groceries, hardware, &c., to be opened in New York on the 14th of September.

In Saint Louis bids were opened in the presence of a committee of the Board of Indian Commissioners and of Col. L. P. Luckey, representing the Secretary of the Interior; in New York, in the presence of the Assistant Secretary of the Interior and the full Board of Indian Com- missioners. A large number of proposals were received, and most of the awards, with the exception of transportation and beef, were made on terms more favorable to the Government than usual.

Owing to the lateness of the season, transportation rates over sev- eral routes are higher than last year. Up the Missouri River, for instance, goods must be transported at a low stage of water, with a liability of the river closing with ice, thus increasing the distance over which they must be hauled by wagon over roads impeded with snow.. The increase in the price of beef at some points is due in part to the lateness of the season, but more particularly to the greater stringency in the terms of the contract as to the quality of the beef to be received.

VI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Notwithstanding every effort has been made to expedite the shipments of supplies, it is probable that a portion of those for the more remote agencies will fail to reach their destination this fall.

It is very important that the appropriation for Indian supplies should be made early in the year, to enable the office to take advantage of the most favorable season for purchase and transportation, and to perform this important service with due deliberation and care.

THE POLICY TO BE PURSUED.

In order to form any wise opinion as to the best method of dealing hereafter with our Indians, a clear conception of their actual condition, and of ur present relations with them, is necessary.

From he first settlement of the country by white men until a com- paratively recent period, the Indians have been constantly driven west- ward from the Atlantic. A zigzag, ever-varying line, more or less defi- nitely marked, extending from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and always slowly moving west, has been known as the " frontier" or " bor- der." Along this border has been an almost incessant struggle, the Indians to retain and the whites to get possession ; the war being broken by periods of occasional and temporar}' peace, which usually followed treaties whereby the Indians agreed to surrender large tracts of their lands. This peace would continue until the lands surrendered had been occupied by whites, when the pressure of emigration would again break over the border, and the Indian, by force or treaty, be compelled to sur- render another portion of his cherished hunting grounds.

So long as the illimitable West offered to the Indian fresh hunting- grounds, he was unwilling to exchange his wild freedom and indolent existence for the restraints and toil of the rude and imperfect civiliza- tion to which it was possible for him in only one life-time to attain. If any tribe of Indians in this country had made the effort to abandon their savage mode of life and undertake self-support by labor, it is at least doubtful whether for many years the change would not have ren- dered them more miserable and wretched. Their lack of means, of knowledge, and of previous training would, in all probability, have made such an attempt a conspicuous failure. If individual Indians had suc- ceeded in acquiring property, they would probably have been swindled out of it by unscrupulous white men. The natural and the easiest course was to remove west and continue to hunt.

Toward the close of the first half of this century the tide of emigra- tion and adventure swept even the frontier away and rushed across the continent. Throughout the vast regions of the West the adventurous, grasping Anglo-Saxon race is dominant and in possession of the fairest and richest portions of the land. Except in the Indian Territory and per- haps Dakota, the white exceeds the Indian population, ^o new hunt- ing-grounds remain, and the civilization or the utter destruction of the Indians is inevitable. The next twenty-five years are to determine the fate of a race. If they cannot be taught, and taught very soon, to accept the necessities of their situation and begin in earnest to provide for their own wants by labor in civilized pursuits, they are destined to speedy extinction.

From the fact that for so long a period Indian civilization has been retarded, it must not be concluded that some inherent characteristic in the race disqualifies it for civilized life. It may well be doubted whether this be true of any race of men. Surely it cannot be true of a race, any portion of which has made the actual progress realized by some of our Indians. They can arid do learn to labor j they can and do learn to

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. VII

read. Many thousands to-day are engaged in civilized occupations. But the road out of barbarism is a long and difficult one. Even in enlight- ened Europe there are millions of people whose ancestors a few genera- tions ago were as ignorant and poor and degraded as our most advanced Indian tribes now are. Civilization is a vague, indefinite, comparative term. Our children's grandchildren may look upon our civilization as very rude and imperfect. It is not my wish to give any rose-colored view of the present condition of our Indians. Many of them are as miserable and degraded as men can be; but it cannot be denied that others are making reasonably satisfactory progress.

Within a, few years the Government has undertaken somewhat system- atically to bring'them into civilized life. The " peace policy w has sought to throw around them healthful associations ; to place at the several agencies agents and employes of good moral and Christian character and of active sympathies ; and an earnest effort has been made to teach Indians to labor and to read. It is too soon, perhaps, to assert that this effort has proved a success, but the accompanying reports of agents abun- dantly show that, notwithstanding all surrounding difficulties, much has been accomplished toward establishing and maintaining peace, toward protecting Indians irom evil influences, and toward awakening in them the desire for a better mode of life. The success of some of our agents, who have labored under reasonably favorable circumstances, deserves all praise, and has fully equaled the fondest hopes of the friends of the peace policy. Certainly enough improvement has been made to justify the continuance of the present benevolent efforts.

In considering whether modifications of existing methods may not be desirable, I have arrived at the conviction that the welfare and progress of the Indians require the adoption of three principles of policy:

First. Concentration of all Indians on a few reservations.

Second. Allotment to them of lands in severalty.

Third. Extension over them of United States law and the jurisdiction of United States courts.

CONSOLIDATION OF RESERVATIONS.

The reservations upon which, in my opinion, the Indians should be consolidated, are the Indian Territory, the White Earth reservation in Northern .Minnesota, and a reservation in the southern part of Wash- ington Territory, probably the Yakama reservation. If it should be found impracticable to remove the Indians of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, to the Indian Territory, they might be concen- trated on some suitable reservation either in Colorado or Arizona.

I am well aware that it will take a long time, much patient effort, and considerable expense, to effect this proposed consolidation ; but after consulting with many gentlemen thoroughly acquainted with Indian questions and Indian character, I am satisfied that the undertaking can be accomplished. If legislation were secured giving the President authority to remove any tribe or band, or any portion of a tribe or band, whenever in his judgment it was practicable, to any one of the reservations named, and if Congress would appropriate, from year to year, a sum sufficient to enable him to take advantage of every favorable opportunity to make such removals, I am confident that a few years'' trial would conclusively demonstrate the entire feasibility of the plan. I believe that all the Indians in Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, and a part at least of those in Wyoming and Montana, could be induced to remove to the Indian Territory. There is also ground for the belief

VIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

that the Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico Indians, and a part if not all of those in Nevada, could also be taken to that Territory.

Many of these Indians are now located on lands utterly unfit for culti- vation, where starvation or perpetual support by the Government are the only alternatives. It is doubtful whether even white people could culti- vate profitably the greater part of the Sioux reservation in Dakota. In the Indian Territory, on the other hand, are fertile land, a genial climate, and room for more Indians than there are in the whole Union.

That the Indian sentiment is opposed to such removal is true. Diffi- culties were experienced in bringing to the Territory its present inhab- itants from east of the Mississippi ; but the obstacles were overcome, and experience shows that there the race can thrive. With a fair degree of persistence the removal thither of other Indians can also be secured. The Pawnees have recently gone there, and seem content with their new home. The Poncas, and even the Eed Cloud and Spotted Tail Sioux, givt3 evidence that they are ready for the change j and if Congress will make a liberal appropriatian to effect the removal of these Sioux, it is quite likely that within a year or two, other bauds now on the Missouri Biver may also be induced to remove. If the Sioux are given a suitable reser- vation in that Territory for a permanent liome, and are aided by the Government for a few years in their efforts at agriculture and stock- raising, I know of no reason why they may not, in one generation, become as far advanced as are the Cherokees and Choctaws now.

It is to be regretted that all the Indians in the United States cannot be removed to the Indian Territory ; but it is doubtful whether, at least for many years, it will be best to attempt to remove Indians thither from the region of the great lakes or from the Pacific coast. I would therefore suggest that, for the tribes of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the wandering Pembiuas in Dakota, the White Earth reservation is best adapted as a permanent home. Containing thirty-six townships ot well-watered timber and wheat lands, it offers far better agricultural facilities than do other reservations in those States, and is in about the same latitude with them.

My information in regard to the proper reservation for the Indians on the Pacific coast is less definite, and I have suggested the Yakaina reservation, mainly because it is well known that the Indians there, under the direction of Agent Wilbur, have made remarkable progress. A commission now visiting the Indians in that region has been re- quested to make such suggestions on the subject as they may deem wise.

The importance of reducing the number of reservations is shown by the following considerations :

Many of the present reserves are almost worthless for agricultural purposes ; others are rich in soil, mineral wealth, and timber. Nearly all are too small to subsist the Indians by hunting, and too large for them to occupy in agricultural and civilized pursuits. Many are so remote and difficult of access, that needed supplies can be furnished only at great expense. Nearly all are surrounded by white settlers, more or less numerous. Wherever an Indian reservation has on it good land, or timber, or minerals, the cupidity of the white man is excited, and a constant struggle is inaugurated to dispossess the Indian, in which the avarice and determination of the white man usually prevails. The length of the boundary -line between the reservations arid the contiguous white settlements amounts in the aggregate to thousands of miles, every mile being a point of contact and difficulty. This aggregate boundary is so extensive as to render almost impossible the prevention of illicit trade in arms and whisky. As now constituted, these reservations are

EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. IX

a refuge to the most lawless and desperate white men in America. There the vagabonds, the outcasts, the criminals, the most immoral and licen- tious of the population of the western portion of the country take up their abode, because there they are practically beyond the reach and operation of law, and can live lives of crime and debauchery with impu- nity and without reproach. Such men seriously obstruct, if they do not render nugatory, every effort to give assistance to the Indians.

By the concentration of Indians on a few reservations, it is obvious that much of the difficulty now surrounding the Indian question will vanish. Many agencies now conducted at large expense could be abol- ished. The aggregate boundary-lines between the reservations and country occupied by white people would be greatly reduced, and the danger of violence, bloodshed, and mutual wrong materially lessened. The sale of liquors and arms could be more effectually prevented ; bad white men could more easily be kept out of the Indian country; neces- sary supplies could be more cheaply furnished ; a far smaller military force would be required to keep the peace; and generally, the Indians, being more compact, could be more efficiently aided and controlled by the officers of the Government. Moreover, large bodies of land would be thrown open to settlement, proceeds of whose sale would be ample to defray all expense of the removals.

ALLOTMENTS IN SEVERALTY.

It is doubtful whether any high degree of civilization is possible with- out individual ownership of land. The records of the past and the experience of the present testify that the soil should be made secure to the individual by all the guarantees which law can devise, and that nothing less will induce men to put forth their best exertions No gen- eral law exists which provides that Indians shall select allotments in sev- eralty, and it seems to me a matter of great moment that provision should be made not only permitting, but requiring, the head of each Indian fam- ily, to accept the allotment of a reasonable amount of land, to be the property of himself and his lawful heirs, in lieu of any interest in any common tribal possession. Such allotments should be inalienable for at least twenty, perhaps fifty years, and if situated in a permanent Indiar reservation, should be transferable only among Indians.

I am not unaware that this proposition will meet with strenuous opposition from the Indians themselves. Like the whites, they have ambitious men, who will resist to the utmost of their power any change tending to reduce the authority which they have acquired by personal effort or by inheritance ; but it is essential that these men and their claims should be pushed aside and that each individual should feel that his home is his own ; that he owes no allegiance to any great man or to any faction ; that he has a direct personal interest in the soil on which he lives, and that that interest will be faithfully protected for him and for his children by the Government.

LAW FOR INDIANS.

My predecessors have frequently called attention to the startling fact that we have within our midst 275,000 people, the least intelligent por- tion of our population, for whom we provide no law, either for their protection or for the punishment of crime committed among themselves. Civilization even among white men could not long exist without the guarantees which law alone affords ; yet our Indians are remitted by a

X REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

great civilized government to the control, if control it can be called, of the rude regulations of petty, ignorant tribes. Year after year we expend millions of dollars for these people in the faint hope that, without law, we can civilize them. That hope has been, to a great degree, a long disappointment; and year after year we repeat the folly of the past. That the benevolent efforts and purposes of the Government have proved so largely fruitless, is, in my judgment, due more to its failure to make these people amenable to our laws than to any other cause, or to all other causes combined.

I believe it to be the duty of Congress at once to extend over Indian reservations the jurisdiction of United States courts, and to declare that each Indian in the United States shall occupy the same relation to law that a white man does. An Indian should be given to understand that no ancient custom, no tribal regulation, will shield him from just pun- ishment for crime; and also that he will be effectually protected, by the authority and power of the Government, in his life, liberty, property, and character, as certainly as if he were a white man. There can be no doubt of the power of Congress to do this, and surely the intelligent Committees on Indian Affairs of the Senate and House can readily propose legisla- tion which will accomplish this most desirable result. I regard this suggestion as by far the most important which I have to make in this report.

Since our Government was organized two questions, or rather two classes of questions, have transcended all others in importance and dif- ficulty, viz, the relations of the Government and the white people to the negroes and to the Indians. The negro question has doubtless absorbed more of public attention, aroused more intense feeling, and cost our people more blood and treasure than any other question, if not all others combined. Tbat question, it is to be hoped, is settled forever in the only way in which its settlement was possible — by the full admis- sion of the negro to all the rights and privileges of citizenship. Next in importance comes the Indian question, and there can be no doubt that our Indian wars have cost us more than all the foreign wars in which our Government has been engaged. It is time that some solu- tion of this whole Indian problem, decisive, satisfactory, just, and final, should be found. In my judgment it can be reached only by a process similar to that pursued with the negroes.

In the three propositions above stated, will, I believe, be found the true and final settlement of this perplexing subject. However efficient may be the administration of the Indian Office, and however faithful the laborsof its agents and theirsubordinates, I have littlehopeof any marked degree of success until the above suggestions are substantially adopted as a permanent Indian policy. If Congress concludes to act on these suggestions, law's should be passed at the coming session to extend the jurisdiction of the courts over all Indians, and to provide for the allot- ment of lands in severalty in the Indian Territory, ac,d on such other reservations as may be selected as permanent; and an appropriation should be made with which to begin the removal of Indians to their per- manent homes.

I trust I may be pardoned for stating that it appears to me that the fundamental difficulty in our relations hitherto with Indians has been the want of a well-defined, clearly-understood, persistent purpose on the part of the Government. Indian affairs have heretofore been managed largely by the application of mere temporary expedients in a fragmen- tary and disjointed manner. For a hundred years the United States has been wrestling with the " Indian question," but has never had an

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XI

Indian policy. The only thing yet done by the Government in regard to the Indians which seems to have been permanent and far-reaching in its scope and purpose, is the dedication of the Indian Territory as the final home for the race. Surely it is time that a policy should be determined on, which shall be fully understood by the Government, the people, and the Indians. We cannot afford to allow this race to perish without making an honest effort to save it. We cannot afford to keep them in our midst as vagabonds and paupers.

I appeal to the statesmen of the country to give to this subject their earnest attention ; the sooner it is settled on some wise and comprehen- sive principle the better for all concerned. We have despoiled the In- dians of their rich hunting-grounds, thereby depriving them of their ancient means of support. Ought we not and shall we not give them at least a secure home, and the cheap but priceless benefit of just and equi- table laws?

THE INDIAN TERRITORY.

Affairs in the Indian Territory are both complicated and embarrass- ing. By treaty the Government has ceded to the so-called civilized tribes, the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Seininoles, a section of country altogether disproportionate in amount to their needs. The Cherokees number about 13,000, and own 5,031,351 acres, or 279 J acres to each person. The 16,000 Choctaws have an average of 418 acres to each person ; the 6,000 Chickasaws, an average of 775 acres ; the 13,000 Creeks, an average of 247 acres, and the 2,438 Seminoles, an average of 82 acres. In the aggregate, for a population of 55,438 persons there are set apart 20,784,309 acres, or an average of 375 acres for each individual — an area nearly equal to the area of the State of Indiana for a population not much greater than that of many agricultural coun- ties in the Eastern or Middle States.

No doubt a considerable portion of land in each reservation is unsuit- able for tillage, but most of it is valuable for grazing, and the amount susceptible of cultivation must be many fold greater than can ever be cultivated by the labor of the Indians. But the Indians claim, it is un- derstood, that they hold their lauds by sanctions so solemn that it would be a gross breach of faith on the part of the Government to take away any portion thereof without their consent; and that consent they ap- parently propose to withhold. The question is thus directly raised whether an extensive section of fertile country is to be allowed to remain for an indefinite period practically an uncultivated waste, or whether the Government shall determine to reduce the size of the reservations.

The question is plainly a difficult one, and should be considered with calmness, and a full purpose to do no injustice to the Indians. Any opinion thereon is ventured with hesitancy on my part ; ,but I cannot but believe that public policy will soon require the disposal of a large portion of these lands to the Government, for the occupancy either of other tribes of Indians or of white people. There is a very general and growing opinion that observance of the strict letter of treaties with Indians is in many cases at variance both with their own best interests and with sound public policy. Public necessity must ultimately become supreme law ; and in my opinion their highest good will require these people to take ample allotments of lands in severalty, (to be inalienable for at least twenty years, and then only among Indians,) and to sur- render the remainder of their lands to the United States Government for a fair equivalent. Upon the lands thus surrendered, other Indians should be located as rapidly as possible, and should be given allotments under the same restrictions.

XII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

From the recommendation above made, it must not be understood to be either the policy or purpose of this office to in any way encourage the spirit of rapacity which demands the throwing open of the Indian Ter- ritory to white settlement. That country was set apart, half a century ago, as the home of the Indians. The eastern and better portion con- tains sufficient room for all the Indians now there, and all who will ever remove thither. The true way to secure its perpetual occupancy by Indians is to fill it up with other Indians, to give them lands in sev- eralty, and to provide a government strong and intelligent enough to protect them effectually from any and all encroachments on the part of the whites.

GOVERNMENT FOR THE INDIAN TERRITORY.

The anomalous form of government, if government it can be called, at present existing in the Indian Territory must soon be changed, lu some shape or other those Indians must be brought under law and the jurisdiction of the courts. The idea that that Territory is to consist for- ever of a collection of little independent or semi-independent nation- alities is preposterous. If thirty or fifty thousand white men remove and settle in any part of the West, the United States extends over them its laws and establishes a territorial government, preparatory to its ad- mission into the Union as a State ; and it can be neither a hardship nor an injustice to the tribes in the Indian Territory, if, recognizing their right to ample compensation for the surrender of lands which they do not need, we place them on a par with white men before the law.

Any such change would undoubtedly be resisted by many among the Indians themselves. In the so-called "nations" are a number of edu- cated, intelligent, ambitious men, who under the present system are leaders of their people, controlling their affairs and the expenditure of their revenue. They very naturally deprecate any change which will endanger such power. They argue with great earnestness that the adoption of a territorial form of government would be followed by an influx of white men into the Territory, and that the ultimate result to the Indians would be dispossession of homes, and pauperism. Such a possibility could, however, be averted by an allotment of land to each Indian, made inalienable to white men, and by providing that no white man should become a citizen of the Territory, or own or lease any real estate therein.

As to the particular form of government for the Indian Territory, I am inclined to think that no better system can be devised than that suggested by my predecessor in the last annual report of this office, as follows :

"The need of this Territory to-day is a government of the simplest .form possible ; and, in my judgment, a government similar to that pro- vided for i the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio,7 (Stat. at L., vol. 1, page 51,) preliminary to the organization of a general assembly, would, I think, be the best adapted for the Indian Territory at present, both on account of its simplicity and of its econ- omy. It consisted of a governor, a secretary, and judges, who had power to adopt and publish in the Territory such laws of the United States, criminal and civil, as were found necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the Territory, said laws to be reported to Congress from time to time, and to be in force in said Territory unless disapproved by that body ; the governor also to have power to appoint magistrates and other necessary civil officers.

u The anomalous state of social and political affairs in this Territory

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XIII

renders some such form of government as above set forth much better adapted to the circumstances and necessities of the case than an elec- tive and representative government could possibly be for several years. Of the seventy-one thousand, all but seven thousand have attained to such a degree of civilization as to be capable of appreciating and profit- ing by a government of this character, and the remainder being the wilder and wholly uneducated tribes could be readily brought to feel its force in restraint and education. On the other hand an elective govern- ment for these people would bring together representatives from thirty- five different tribes, and any legislation or any discussion to be made intelligible must be translated into as many different tongues. But a more serious and I think more fatal objection would be found in the sectional and tribal jealousies, which have their strength in proportion to the ignorance of a people, and among these thirty five tribes would render most if not all the enactments of such a representative body practically of no avail to govern its people or enforce its laws.

"I believe the simple form of government above suggested can be made strong and effective, and will prevent the experiment of a confed- erated self-government, for which the Indians are not prepared, and which would be sure to result in anarchy and strife.

u Great care should be taken, however, that this government be so restricted in its powers that its sole function shall be to make and ad- minister law for the prevention of intrusion, the protection of the rights and interests of the Indians as against all outside parties, and to define the rights and enforce the obligations of the Indians as among them- selves; and this government should be strictly prohibited from any attempt to confer rights or privileges npon any corporation whatever, or upon any individual other than the lawful members of the Indian tribes. By this method I deem it entirely feasible by appropriate legis- lation to provide an efficient government for the Territory, to the great benefit of the people governed, without encroaching upon the rights and privileges of individuals.

u If, however, it shall be deemed inexpedient to provide such a gov- ernment on account of treaty stipulations that each separate tribe shall govern itself, then I would respectfully recommend the establishment of a United States court within the boundary of the Territory, with such a force of marshals as shall be sufficient for the execution of the process of court without calling for troops to act as posse.

" These Indians occupy a most interesting and important position in the history of the country. They ought not to be left the prey of the worst influence which can be brought to them in the life and example of the meanest white men. They deserve such guardianship and care on the part of the United States as will secure for them the powerful aid to elevation which comes from the presence of law/7

I recommend this subject to the consideration of the honorable Sec- retary, with the hope that he will invite the serious attention of Con- gress to the grave questions involved.

DEFICIENCIES.

Owing to inadequate appropriations, deficiencies have occurred annu- ally for four years past, the largest being in 1873-'74. Of this aggregate deficiency $450,375.92 has never been covered by appropriation. An estimate for this amount (incorporated in H. E. Ex. Doc. No. 151) failed to receive action by Congress at its last session. This sum is composed mainly of small amounts due to a large number of individuals for services

XIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

as employes, or for supplies actually furnished to Indians. The accounts upon examination are found to be correct and just, and recommenda- tion is made that legislation be urged in behalf of the claimants, who are suffering both hardship and injustice by prolonged delay in payment.

The deficiencies created during the year by inadequate appropriations for the Sioux and Apaches were met by appropriations by Congress at its last session, and so far as I can now judge there will be no deficiency to be reported for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876, except an amount of $3,184.55, being a balance due on contract for the construction of a saw and grist mill in Oregon, which item is embraced in the annual estimate of appropriations required lor the Indian service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1878.

THE SIOUX WAR.

For several years past a camp of Sioux on the Yellowstone River have been known as the northern, or hostile, or non-treaty Sioux, or more commonly as Sitting Bull's baud. They are in no sense a recognized band or branch of the great Sioux Nation, but consist of representatives from all the bands, who have rallied around one as their leader who claims never to have been party to any treaty with the United States, and who styles himself chief of the followers whom his personal power and avowed hostility to civilization and the United States Government have attracted around him. This camp at last became a rallying-point for malcontents from the various agencies; a paradise for those who, tired of Government beef and restless under agency restraint, were ven- turesome enough to resort again to their old life by the chase ; a field of glory for the young braves whose reputation for prowess was yet to be made ; and an asylum for outlaws among the Indians themselves, who, fleeing thither, might escape retribution for crime.

Having their headquarters in the center of the buffalo country, sur- rounded by abundance of game, independent of the aid of the Govern- ment, scorning its authority, defying its power, and deriding its Army, these desperadoes have skillfully and successfully evaded the frontier- garrisons and roamed at will over the plains of Western Dakota and por ions of Montana and Wyoming, not only plundering, robbing, and fre- quently taking the lives of settlers, but extending their hostilities to every tribe of Indians in their vicinity friendly to the United States.

That the Crows, the Shoshones,Bannacks, Arickarees, Mandans,Utes, and the Blackfeet Nation have braved all threats and resisted all induce- ments offered by these adventurers, and, in spite of repeated losses by depredation, have steadfastly adhered to their friendship to the Govern- ment, has sufficiently proved their loyalty; but their pathway to civili- zation has been seriously obstructed. An Indian cannot be taught to work with hoe in one hand and gun in the other ; and repeated examples of unpunished marauding beget restlessness and want of confidence in the Government and increased reluctance to adopt the white man's ways.

The number of this so called band was estimated last winter to be not over 3, 000. From this number not more than six or eight hundred war- riors could have been mustered. Recognizing not only the irreparable damage to settlements caused by these desperadoes, but also their dis- astrous influence in retarding civilization among the friendly tribes, arid the demoralizing effect of their proximity in promoting an uneasy feeling among the reservation Sioux, and in affording a refuge for criminals, the Department, in December last, decided to make a final attempt to induce

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XV

these Indians to come into their agencies, and issued an order requiring them to go upon their reservations by the 31st of January last, or be regarded as hostile and turned over to the military.

To this order, communicated by couriers from the several agencies, no regard was paid. The General and Lieutenant-General of the Army were of opinion that a movement against the "hostiles" undertaken in the winter would be entirely practicable, for which none but the regular troops stationed in that part of the country would be needed; and on the 1st of February these Indians were accordingly turned over to the War Department for appropriate action by the Army.

The increase in the number of Sitting Bull's retainers by accessions from the agency Sioux, already alluded to, and the terrible slaughter of our forces under General Custer, the details of which are familiar to the public, have extended throughout the year what was expected be a campaign of but few weeks' duration. It is hoped that the coming winter-campaign, for which extensive preparations are now in progress, will result in the unconditional surrender and entire submission of these Sioux, and that this will be known hereafter as the last Indian war.

THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

In the last Indian appropriation act, $20,000 was appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the President, for the purpose of se- curing from the Sioux Indians the relinquish men t of " all right and claim to any country outside of the boundaries of the permanent reservation established by the treaty of 18G8 for said Indians, and also so much of their said permanent reservation as lies west of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude," and to secure "a grant of conven- ient and accessible way over said reservation to the country thus ceded, for wagon and other roads, from points on the Missouri River, in all not more than three in number." The act further provides that the Indians hereafter shall receive their supplies at such places on their said reser- vation in the vicinity of the Missouri River as the President may desig- nate ; and also, that " no further appropriation for said Sioux Indians for subsistence shall hereafter be made until some stipulation, agree- ment, or arrangement shall have been entered into by said Indians with the President of the United States which is calculated and de- signed to enable said Indians to become self-supporting."

In pursuance of the provisions referred to, a commission was appointed in August last, consisting of Hon. George W. Manypenny, Bishop H. B. Whipple, Hon. A. S. Gaylord, Hon. H. 0. Bulis, Hon. Newton Ed- munds, Col. A. G. Boone, and Dr. J. W. Daniels, who proceeded im- mediately to the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies, for the purpose of securing from the Indians the agreement contemplated in the above- named act. The commission have not yet submitted their report, but it is understood that their mission has been successful.

For the purpose of providing some suitable location to enable said Indians to become self-supporting, the commission were instructed to consider the propriety of securing the assent of the Indians to their removal to the Indian Territory. Having indicated a willingness to consider the question of removal, a delegation of Sioux are now en route to the Indian Territory to examine the country and make report.

The report of the commission, as soon as received by this office, will be forwarded to the honorable Secretary, to be submitted to Congress for its action.

XVI EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

CLAIMS OF THE SIOUX FOR THE RELINQUISHMENT OF NEUTRAL TERRI- TORY IN NEBRASKA.

It will be remembered that the visit of a delegation of Sioux to Wash- ington, in May, 1875, resulted in an agreement whereby, in considera- tion of the sum of $25,000 appropriated by Congress, they surrendered their treaty-privilege of hunting in Nebraska. They were also induced to relinquish such claim as they possessed to that portion of Nebraska lying south of the south divide of the Niobrara River, which, by the terms of the treaty of 1868, " should be held and considered unceded Indian territory, and no white person or persons should be permitted to settle upon or occupy any portion of the same, or without the consent of the Indians first had and obtained, should pass through the same."

The Sioux, never having made a clear distinction between the terri- tory described by the treaty of 1868 as neutral and that designated as their permanent reservation, were very unwilling to accede to the wishes of the Department, and consented to the cession of their rights in the above-described territory only on receiving the pledge, given by the Sec- retary of the Interior, that their request for an additional $25,000 in consideration of such cession should be presented to Congress.

This claim failed to be considered by Congress at its last session. The Indian mind seems incapable of discriminating between a promise to present a claim to Congress and a promise to pay the amount of the claim, and the com mission recently charged with obtaining further conces- sions from the Sioux were met at every agency with complaints of the failure of the Government to fulfill what the Indians consider its solemn pledge. In view of the above, and of the importance of the negotiations now pending, I trust that Congress will give this matter favorable con- sideration at its next session. The expenditure, at their own request, of the $25,000 already received in the purchase of cows, horses, harness, and wagons for the Sioux is a guarantee that the amount hereafter to be appropriated will be of direct assistance to the Government in carry- ing out its purposes for their civilization, as indicated by the effort now being made to secure their settlement in the Indian Territory.

NEZ PERCE COMMISSION.

A commission consisting of D. H. Jerome, esq., of Michigan ; Brig. Gen. Q. O. Howard, U. S. A.; Maj. H. Clay Wood, A. A. G., U. S. A.; Will- iam Stickney, esq., of Washington, and A. C. Barstow, esq., of Rhode Island, has been appointed during the present mouth by the Secretary of the Interior, to inquire into the status and claims of the so-called non-treaty Nez Perces, and to effect a settlement on a permanent basis of the difiiculties existing between them and settlers. These difficulties have arisen mainly from intrusion by settlers upon the Wallowa Valley, Oregon, which the Nez Perce chief, Joseph, claims as unceded Indian territory, and have been aggravated by the recent murder by white men of one of Joseph's baud.

The commission is also authorized to visit roving bands in Idaho and Washington Territories, with a view to placing them upon reservations ; and have been requested to take into careful consideration the subject of rediucing by consolidation the number of reservations in Idaho and Washington Territories and Oregon.

REMOVAL OF THE PONCAS.

Steps are being taken for the removal of the Poncas from their present location in the southeastern corner of Dakota to the Indian Territory.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XVII

Their exposure to raids from the Sioux, whose hostility arises from the fact that the Poncas are on lands claimed originally by the Sioux and included in their permanent reservation, has hitherto been a serious obstacle in the way of the progress in civilized life which they seem dis- posed to make. It is believed that when the necessity of giving a large share of attention to self-defense is removed they will readily come iuto a condition of self-support by agriculture.

The proposed removal will not only benefit the Poncas, but the re- serve thus vacated will offer a suitable h»me for some of the wild bands of Sioux, where, with a set of agency-buildiugs, 100 Indian houses, and 500 acres of improved land to start with, the experiment of their civili- zation may be tried to advantage.

For this removal, conditioned on the consent of the Poncas, Congress at its last session appropriated $25,000. If the efforts now being made to gain such consent are successful, the move will be commenced early in the spring. The above-named sum will not, however, defray the ex- penses of their removal, and purchase from other tribes the land on which they shall be located, and provide for the outlay necessary to establish them in such a way as fairly to reimburse them for improvements sur- rendered $ and I most earnestly hope that such additional provision will be made as will enable the office to give them a fair start in their new location.

REMOVAL OF THE CHIRICAHUA APACHES.

It is with gratification that I am able to report the abolition of the Chiricahua reservation in Southeastern Arizona and the removal of a majority of the Indians belonging thereto to the San Carlos reserve. That this move, though undertaken with grave apprehension, was accom- plished without difficulty is due in large measure to the hearty support and co-operation afforded the office by the governor of Arizona and the general commanding the department.

Up to April last, the Chiricahua Apaches kept the pledge made by their chief, Cochise, to General Howard in 1872, so far as regards the citizens of the United States. It is reported, however, that raids,, more or less frequent, in which the Chiricahuas have been Assisted by "visitors" from other reservations, and by renegades, have been made over the border iuto Mexico, especially in the State of Souora. The fastnesses of the mountains which constituted the Chiricahua reserve afforded special facilities for successful marauding, and the reports of losses by citizens of Mexico from Indian incursions are confirmed by report of Special Commissioner Williams.

In March last a quarrel, resulting in the death of two men and a grandchild of old Cochise, caused a separation in what is known as Cochise's band of Chiricahuas. Most ot them under Taza, son and suc- cessor of Cochise, came iuto the agency; the others, under the leader- ship of Skinya, remained in the Dragoon Mountains. On the 7th of April, a few ot Skinya?s followers, while under the influence of liquor, murdered Messrs. Kogers and Spence, station-keepers at Sulphur Springs, twenty-six miles from the agency, and proceeded to San Pedro Kiver settlement, fifteen miles above Tres Alamos, where they killed one ranchman and wounded another, stole four horses, and then fled to the San Jose Mountains, fifteen miles north of the Mexican line, where the band took a strong position, from which, on the following day, a detach- ment of United States cavalry was unable to dislodge them. The* attacking party were met by a furious fire from an unseen foe, and were obliged to retreat with the loss of one man.

Notwithstanding the fact that the Chiricahuas had repeatedly refused

2IND

XVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

to listen to any proposition looking toward removal, had never been disarmed, and could easily, as in years past, find almost impregnable positions in tbeir mountain-borne, it was decided to attempt a perma- nent settlement of all difficulties by abolishing tbeir reservation and removing the Indians elsewhere.

On receipt of the intelligence of the outbreak at Chiricahua, a force of 233 Indians, who expressed their willingness to co-operate with the military or civil authorities in an expedition against the Chiricahuas, was organized by the San Carlos agent from the various bands at his agency. To assist Agent Clum, who was charged with this undertak- ing, the commanding general furnished arms for 300 Indian scouts and police from San Carlos and detailed twelve companies of United States cavalry ; but before any of them had reached the agency, Taza, had led his band against the outlaws, who were endeavoring to induce him to join them in hostilities, and had killed their leader and six others. The next day, June 5, a council was held, in which Taza and two other prin- cipal men consented to remove, and on the 12th of June Agent Clum conveyed to San Carlos, under the escort of his Indian police, 325 In- dians, most of whom belonged to what was the Cochise band proper. They are located on the Gila Eiver, a few miles below old Camp Good- win, where they remain quiet and apparently contented. Taza died recently while on a visit to Washington.

On the 13th of June the supervision of the Chiricahua reservation was transferred to General Kautz, with a request to treat as hostile all Indians found thereon.

Three leading men of the Southern Chiricahuas, who agreed to re- move on condition that they be allowed twelve days in which to bring in their families, were allowed four days for that purpose, which they improved in making good their escape, probably into Sonora. They were followed by troops, but without success.

It is believed that the number of Indians belonging to the Chiricahua agency has hitherto been overestimated, and that not more than 300 failed to be removed to San Carlos. Of this number, 162 are reported by the age^it for the Southern Apaches to have removed on their own account to the Hot Springs reservation in New Mexico, where they have friends and relatives, and will be allowed to remain.

It is a matter of regret that Pionsenay, the murderer of Messrs. Eogers and Spence, is still at large. He was wounded in the fight with Taza, but succeeded in getting away, and was afterward brought in with 38 others, mostly women and children, by the San Carlos police. On the 13th of June he was turned over to the civil authorities, from whom in nine hours he made his escape.

OSAGESi

In this tribe are 3,000 Indians. The experiment of insisting on a labor-equivalent tor all supplies issued has been tried with marked success for three years past. Previous to 1874 the Osages lived mainly upon buffalo-meat and the proceeds of the sales of robes. In 1874, the breaking out of hostilities between the Cheyennes and other plains-Indians and the Government obliged the Osages to forego their hunt and threw them upon the Government for their entire support, all crops having been destroyed by grasshoppers. By authority from Congress, to make liberal use of their invested fund, the office was for- tunately able to meet the emergency, and also, by issuing only in return for labor performed for themselves or for the tribe, was able to take advantage of this enforced abandonment of the chase to awaken such an interest in civilized pursuits as is incompatible with the life of a hunter.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XIK

Fields were cultivated, new land broken, houses built, farming-imple- ments and stock purchased, and converts to the labor-system multiplied rapidly. In spite of many adverse circumstances the interest has steadily increased. Owing to the exhaustion of the sum authorized to be ex- pended by Congress, the Osages last winter were obliged to resort to the buifalo-country, but returned without success in a destitute condi- tion, more ready than ever to learn the lesson of dependance for sub- sistence on the cultivation of the soil. Unfortunately, want of funds prevented the agent from giving the needed assistance in seeds, plow- ing, and planting, while an unprecedented flood destroyed the larger portion of such crops as were raised. The following extract from the report of Agent Beede sets forth clearly the present situation of Usage affairs :

The leaders have manifested a disposition to co-operate with the agent in the civili- zation of the tribe, and this season, probably to an extent never before, have restrained their joung warriors from committing depredations. They have done so on short allow- ance, in the hope that relief would come with the opening of the present year, and they cannot understand why the £k>vernmeut should fail to respond to their earnest petition for their own invested funds, already accumulated in the United States Treasury, to ad- vance them in civilization and subsist them in their transition-state from barbarism to self-support. They appealed to Congress for this aid, informing the Department, through their agent, of their necessities, the impossibility to live, even, without the hunt, unless aided for the time being, and of their utter failure in last winter's attempt for buffalo, and thus their absolute dependence, and of their crowning misfortune by an almost unprecedented flood in the latter part of Sixthmonth last, which carried away their fences and destroyed by far the* greater part of the crops raised by and for many members of the tribe.

They ask nothing gratuitously at the hands of the Government ; they only ask a por- tion of their own, made necessary by an extension of time granted by Congress to set- tlero on their lands in Kansas in which to pay for the same ; and it should be remem- bered that this extension was granted without consultation with or consent of the Osages ; and, had these lands been promptly paid for, as the commissioners treating for them represented they would be, their annual interest on the proceeds of the same would be sufficient for their necessities. A failure on the part of the Government to render them simple justice at a time of pressing necessity may prove a costly experi- ment and be productive of grave results. In view of the circumstances herein set forth, I would recommend, if in accordance with existing law, that the entire appropriation, or so much thereof as may be necessary, amounting to $57,000, be expended for the ben- efit of these Indians during the first half of the fiscal year, and that Congress be asked at an early stage of its next session to provide by deficiency-bill for the last half, and that a liberal appropriation be made from their invested funds for their support and civ- ilization during the next fiscal year. I make this recommendation in the hope that the loss of the present year may be partially overcome before entire confidence in the Government and its agents is gone.

Superintendent Nicholson also says :

The industrial boarding-school was continued during the last fiscal year with an en- rollment of 94. The last two months of its continuance the salaries of teachers and others engaged in conducting it were paid by donations from the agent, his employe's, traders, and others, on account of the failure of funds applicable to its support. A large addition to the school-buildings was completed last year by late agent Gibson, and. there is now room for the accommodation of 200 pupils ; but the usefulness of the in- stitution will be sadly crippled this year by the failure of the appropriation asked for by the Osages.

The damage to crops by flood will render necessary a larger supply of food from, other sources, and, owing to the failure of the expected appropriation, it will be a most difficult problem to keep these Indians quiet upon their reservation. For two years past Congress has appropriated, at the request of the Osages, an ample amount of their own tribal funds, and thus they have been subsisted and aided in settling themselves upon their new reservation. This aid should have been continued for the same pur- pose, so far as needful, and thereby all necessity taken away for them to leave the reservation in search of food and clothing. They do not need, neither do they ask, the bounty of the Government. The funds are their own, and the Government is their guardian. I recommend immediate action by Congress at its next session.

A statement of the necessities of the Osages^was laid before Con- gress at its last session by communication from the Secretary of the Interior to the Speaker of the House, under date of May 24 j but

XX REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

authority to use funds belonging to the Osages for their benefit failed to be given. I most earnestly hope that such authority will be granted by Congress at an early stage in the coming session, the funds thus placed at the disposal of the office to be expended in the purchase of supplies to be issued only in return for labor, in the continuance of the manual-labor boarding-school, and in giving assistance in agricultural pursuits.

PAWNEES.

The removal of the Pawnees from Nebraska to the Indian Territory, begun in the winter of 1873, has been completed during the year, and the whole tribe are now upon a valuable reservation in the forks of the Arkansas and Cimarron Eivers, on land ceded to the United States by the Cherokees for Indian occupation.

They are well pleased with their new home and have made praise- worthy efforts to establish themselves therein on a civilized basis. The exigency which led to the removal of the main body of the tribe in the fall of 1874, the failure of tihe Forty-third Congress, in the hurry of its closing hours, to pass a bill authorizing the sale»of the Nebraska reser- vation, and appropriating funds (to be reimbursed from the proceeds of such sale) to defray expenses of removal and establishment, and the consequent necessity laid upon the Department to proceed, with the approval of the President, but at great disadvantage, to furnish sup- plies, obtain employes, erect agency-buildings, and open farms, trusting to the next Congress to provide for the 'payment of the indebtedness thus incurred, were fully reported to Congress in January last, in H. E. Ex. Doc. No. 80. As already stated, action thereon was delayed until April, and in the jnean time the full amount of indebtedness authorized by the President having been incurred, employes were discharged, the work stopped, and the Pawnees were compelled by hunger to leave their reservation and seek among border-settlements such scanty subsistence as they were able to pick up.

Notwithstanding all drawbacks and discouragements, sixteen agency- buildings and twelve Indian houses have been erected during the year. Three hundred and fifty acres have been under cultivation. Two day- schools have met with exceptional success in securing a regular attend- ance of 100 pupils. Indian labor has been largely and effectively used. The cultivation of the agency-farm in Nebraska during the past season under contract will yield some revenue to the tribe.

The act of April 10, 1876, provides for the appraisement and sale of the Nebraska lands and for an advancement of funds (to be reimbursed to the Treasury from the proceeds of such sale) to carry on the work of putting the Pawnees into a condition in which they may reasonably be expected to support themselves by their own labor in civilized pursuits

WILD TRIBES OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY.

I take pleasure in inviting attention to the reports of the agents for the Cheyenues and Arapahoes and the Kiowas and Comanches.

With the exception of the Arapahoes and a portion of the Kiowas, these are the Indians who last year surrendered unconditionally, after eleven months7 hostilities 5 who were dismounted and disarmed; and whose ringleaders were sent to Saint Augustine, Fla., for imprisonment under military guard. Their complete humiliation has resulted not only in quiet and orderly behavior, but in the manifestation of a de- cided disposition to enter upon a civilized mode of life.

The boarding-schools at each agency have been crowded and the number of applicants for admission has far exceeded the number that could be accommodated. One chief offered a pony for the privilege of

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXI

E lacing bis child in school, but for want of room his request was re- ised. Other chiefs have rendered personal and valuable assistance to the teachers in bringing under the necessary discipline and restraint of school-life the 184 children in their charge. The marked success attend- ing the year's effort is shown by the following extracts :

Last year the Arapaho school-boys (the Cheyennes had not yet sent their children to school) raised quite a quantity of corn, which was converted by the school-superin- tendent into clothing and cattle. This spring Big Horse, White Shield, Bull Bear, and other Cheyenne chiefs placed their children in school, and with them gave robes to the superintendent to be exchanged for cattle, to place them on an equal foot- ing with Arapaho boys, which was promptly done : and as a result we have a mission- herd, the property of the individuals who labor, amounting to over 25 head, to be kept at the mission until the boys are sufficiently intelligent and enlightened to take care of stock themselves, and at the same time the school is to have and does receive a benefit from the use of the milk, each boy milking his own cow. It is the agreement this year, as the Government had no farm-laborers, that the school-boys are to receive one-half of the corn on the 110-acre agency-farm, which they have plowed, planted, and cultivated in a systematic manner, and that the Government is to receive the other half in the field, which, I believe, will be sufficient to feed the agency-stock during the coming winter and spring, while the Indian boys intend selling their share and invest- ing the proceeds in cattle and better clothing, as they did last year. The object is to establish this school on a basis that eventually will be self-supporting, and at the same time furnish its inmates a " start " in the world when they are at liberty to withdraw. The girls are taught in all the branches of the culinary and household departments, and some of them could keep a very fair house to-day if afforded the opportunity. They have also made shirts for the traders, the funds thus derived being expended by them under the oversight of the matron or teacher for extras, generally articles of clothing. All this labor has been done by daily or weekly details from the school-room, and each one has had equal advantages, indoors and out of doors.

Our school for the Kiowas and Comanches opened in November and continued through June. Our difficulty was not in getting^nough children, but in confining the number to the capacity of the house. The parents and friends of the children mani- fested a great interest in the school ; seldom a day passed that some of them were not there. On the last day a large number were present and showed great interest in the exercise gone through by the children, and seemed as proud of their success as any- body could be.

The proceeds of the sale of ponies confiscated by the military have been invested in 700 cows and calves and 3,500 sheep. These have been distributed, to the great satisfaction of the tribes.

It is to be regretted that the want of funds prevented the agents from taking all possible advantage of the industrial interest in farming which manifested itself in the early spring. Agent Miles says :

The reward for the winter's hunt of the Cheyeunes and Arapahoes was only about 3,500 robes and the saving of a large amount of subsistence to the Government. After their return to this agency, and fully realizing that the buffalo were fast disappearing and the necessity for them to turn their attention to other pursuits than the chase for a means of support, very earnest appeals were made to me for farm-implements, both by Arapahoes and Cheyeunes, and such other assistance as would enable them to en- gage to some extent in, farming ; and I feel assured that, could I have furnished them with plows, hoes, &c., three-fourths of the Indians now at this agency would have gone to work heartily, and, as the season has been very favorable, would have been successful, and consequently encouraged and stimulated to further effort. Owing to the absence of any great number of farm-implements and the ready cash to pur- chase them with, only a few could be accommodated outside of the schools.

Notwithstanding these obstacles, 1,026 acres have been cultivated by Indians at the two agencies, against 590 acres reported last year.

When it is remembered that the Kiowas, Comanches, and Cheyennes have hitherto been classed with the Sioux in wildness, intractability, and hostility, the following extracts will furnish gratifying evidence that the civilization of these tribes is not only practicable, but is already in progress, and will demonstrate the wisdom of encouraging by liberal assistance these feeble beginnings in civilized labor of a people who, by the extinction of the buffalo, will speedily be thrown entirely upon the Government for support, unless in the short interval they are furnished the means and are taught how to support themselves.

XXII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Last year was the first for most of them to put their hands to the plow. The Kio- was and Couianches sold near five thousand bushels of corn at $1 per bushel, either in trade or money. This year more of them engaged in the work than last. Some of the chiefs. of each tribe, with their people, made good rails, and fenced in fields, ranging in size from three to twenty acres, which I had plowed for them, and they planted in corn, melons, pumpkins, and some vegetables. They are anxious for houses, and say they want to settle down and give up their mode of constantly changing place. I am fully satisfied that the present is a tide in the affairs of these people which, if taken advantage of, a great many of them, not only the chiefs but the young men, would settle down and take good care of whatever improvements were made for them and relieve the Government from any anxiety of their ever going on the war-path again, and save the expense of keeping so large a force of soldiers in this country, and much sooner relieve the Government from the expense of their support than if the opportunity is allowed to pass unimproved.

Seventy-five acres were assigned the Cheyenues from one of the agency-fields, which was subdivided into small patches containing from 1 to 5 acres for each family, and was generally planted in corn, potatoes, melons, and various kinds of garden-produce. A more earnest effort I never witnessed put forth by any people than by the Chey- ennes, so far as their means and knowledge extended, and as a result they have been quite successful, and have already received and are now receiving a fair reward for their industry. I have seen some of these Cheyennes, who could not secure the use of a plow or hoe, rtse sticks of wood, axes, and their hands in preparing the ground for planting and cultivating their garden-spots, so anxious were they to make a beginning.

Quite a number of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes have manifested a desire to ex- change a portion of their ponies and robes for cattle, and in some instances for agri- cultural implements. Powder Face sold robes to the amount of $100 in cash, and then purchased cattle from George Washington, Caddo chief. Others of both tribes have made similar trades, and now have the cattle on hand. On the 1st of July we had on hand about one thousand head of cattle, and were obliged to night-herd, and, at my request, each tribe furnished six extra herders, who took their turns cheer, fully ivithoutpay during the entire month of July, and until the herd was reduced suf- ficiently to corral without injury. Jf only need to say that these same young meu- whom I now intrust with the herd, four years ago would maliciously proceed to our agency-herd, without leave or license, and shoot down a few fat beeves, help them- selves to a few choice cuts, and ride off to camp, defiant of our protests and efforts to protect the property.

EASTERN CHEROKEES OF NORTH CAROLINA.

These Indians are located upon lands in North Carolina, the title to which has for several years been the subject of litigation, growing out of the fact that title-deeds to lands purchased with tribal funds, instead of being made in the name of the Indian, were given in the name of W. H. Thomas, United States Indian agent, who purchased them in 1861.

Under act of Congress approved July 15, 1870, the title to that por- tion of these lands known as " Qualla Boundary n reservation, compris- ing about 75,000 acres, was awarded to these Indians by a decree of the circuit court of the United States for the western district of North Caro- lina, and is now held in their name. By later legislation, approved March 3, 1875, and August 14, 1876, 4,450 acres of land outside of Qualla Boundary reservation, and covered by said decree of the court, with 10,7611 acres situated in Cherokee, Graham, and Jackson Counties, selected by said Indians in lieu of judgments obtained against said Thomas, have been conveyed in fee-simple to said Indians. They are now in the secure possession of about 85,000 acres of land, and are placed in a condition of comparative independence.

REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF AGENCIES.

The number of agencies in Arizona has during the year been reduced to three. The abolition of the Chiricahua reserve and the removal of the Indians belonging thereto to the San Carlos and Hot Springs • reservations have already been referred to.

The Papago agency was discontinued in March last, and the Papagoes placed under the charge of the agent for the Piinas and Maricopas.

.Want of funds has compelled the discontinuance of an agency for the Moquis Pueblos. These Indians are self-supporting, but should be pro-

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXIII

vided with a school, the teacher to have such care for the general inter- ests of the tribe as has hitherto been exercised by an agent.

The Indians on the Hoopa Valley reserve, California, have been noti- fied that they must go to Bound Valley. Some difficulty will doubtless be experienced in overcoming their extreme reluctance to such removal, and the proposed change must be made the subject of further investiga- tion by the office before a definite plan and time for removal can be determined upon.

The Alsea agency, in Oregon, has been abolished, but inadequate appropriations have placed the office in an embarrassing position and worked hardship and injustice to the 'Indians. They are required to leave their homes and cultivated fields and remove to Siletz, but no means are furnished to defray expense of such removal or to assist in their establishment in their new home.

Fort Belknap agency, in Montana, which has never been more than a feeding-post for the Gros Ventres and Assinaboines, who were consid- ered too remote to be conveniently fed at other agencies, has been abol- ished, and the Indians belonging thereto have been ordered to report for rations and annuities at Fort Peck agency. The agent at Fort Peck reports that the Assinaboiues give ready consent to the change and that several lodges have already gone to Wolf Point, but that the Gros Ven- tres refuse to come in such close relations with their old enemies, the Yanctonnais, and desire to remove to some other point on the Missouri more remote from the Sioux.

The agency established in North Carolina in February, 1875, among the Eastern Cherokees, was abolished in August last. The educational interests of the tribe are now under the charge of the superintendent of public instruction of North Carolina.

The jurisdiction of the agent for the Pueblos has been extended over the Cimarrou agency in New Mexico. It is hoped that this temporary arrangement will soon be followed by the removal of the Utes and Apaches, who now report at Cimarron, to some reservation where they may find a suitable and permanent home. The reservation set apart on the San Juan River by Executive order, in March, 1874, for the Jicarilla Apaches, has recently been restored to the public domain, in the belief that the majority of those Apaches could never be induced to settle thereon.

In 1874 Congress appropriated $300,000 for an experiment of enforced civilization among the two or three thousand of the Kiowas, Comanches, and Cheyeunes who had surrendered and were held captive by the mili- tary. Negotiations were entered into with the Quapaws for the pur- chase of a tract of 40,000 acres lying in the northeast corner of the In- dian Territory, and remote from the old hunting-ground; an agency was established, a good store house built, and a few hundred acres of laud were broken and fenced.

The captives were, however, transferred directly to their respective agents by the military, and it was deemed by the office unadvisable, if not impracticable, to undertake to collect them again and to force them, to submit to removal not only from their homes but also from their friends and relatives. The u captive " agency was therefore abolished in April last, and about $200,000 of the fund will be returned to the Treasury. It is hoped that other Indians, perhaps the Poncas, will soon be induced to settle on this tract, who will receive substantial benefit from the im- provements already made thereon. In that case, it will be necessary to procure legislation which shall authorize the purchase from the Qua- paws of the lands which they have already signified their willingness to relinquish.

XXIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED.

Lapwai suits.

In the matter of the ejectment-suits of W. G. Langford vs. Employes of the Nez Perce Indian Reservation at Lapwai, Idaho, certain expenses of rent, costs, and fees were unavoidably incurred by said employes in their defense at the trial of these cases.

This expense was necessarily incurred, owing to the distance from the agency of the proper United States district attorney, as well as the dif- ficulty of communication with him or the Department, and to the exi- gencies of the case, which exigencies have been promptly and fully re- ported to this office. From these facts and the circumstances of the parties who were mulcted with the costs, who are hardly able to bear the same, and in view of the fact that by this course of action they were enabled to hold the agency-buildings, and thereby avert their destruc- tion by the Indians, who would undoubtedly have burned them rather than allow them to pass into Mr. Langford's possession, Congress should be urged to appropriate the sum of $750 — an amount necessary to fully reimburse the parties named.

Ottawa land.

By the determination by recent survey of the boundary-line between the Peoria and Ottawa Indian reservations, in the Indian Territory, it has been ascertained that a strip of country containing 230 acres of land, hitherto used and held by the Peorias as a part of their reservation, lies within the limits of the Ottawa reservation.

At the suggestion of the Ottawa Indians, this tract of land has been purchased and paid for by the Peorias, and it is now recommended that legislation necessary to perfect the purchase of said land be had by Congress at its next session.

Liquor-traffic.

Legislation is imperatively demanded for the suppression of the sale of liquor to Indians. Since the enactment of the Revised Statutes, the Courts have decided that there is no provision of law by which persons selling liquor to an Indian off a reservation can be convicted or punished. I therefore strongly recommend that a law be enacted by Congress making it a penal offense to sell liquor to an Indian anywhere.

Revised Statutes.

To enable the Department to extend its authority more fully over the various Indian tribes, in its administration of law for their welfare, pro- tection, government, and peace, recommendation is made that Congress be asked to repeal the whole of section 2146 of the Kevised Statutes, which withholds from the United States any jurisdiction in cases of crime committed by one Indian against the person or property of another Indian. This is essential for the proper execution of law and the maintenance of order on Indian reservations.

Quapau's.

Cnehalf of this tribe of Indians have left their reservation and are now living with the Osages, and are anxious to sell their lands, compris- ing 56,685 acres, and consolidate with the said tribe. Many of those

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXV

remaining on the reserve are opposed to this movement ; but I am of the opinion that they could be induced to join the Osages or confed- erate with some other tribe. Their lands, comprising 56,685 acres, would make a fine reserve for thePoncas, whose removal to the Indian Territory has already been referred to. Recommendation is made that Congress be requested to authorize the Department to negotiate for the removal of the Quapaws and for the sale of their reservation to the Poucas or to such other Indians as it may be desirable to place thereon.

Absentee Shawnees.

By act of Congress approved May 23, 1872, entitled "An act to pro- vide homes for the Pottawatomie and absent Shawuee Indians in the Indian Territory," the Secretary of the Interior was authorized to select from the 30-mile square tract in the Indian Territory, known as the Potta- watomie reservation, 80 acres of land for each head of a family, or person 21 years of age, and 20 acres for each child.

These Indians have no annuities, depend on their own resources, and are prosperous; and they are justly entitled to as large allotments of land as are given the Pottawatornies, who, after becoming citizens, squandered their substance, and have now returned as Indians depend- ent upon the bounty of the Government.

I therefore recommend that Congress be asked to amend the law of 1872, so as to give to these absentee Shawnees and to the Black Bob band of Shawnees, who may be induced to consolidate with them, the same quantity of land as is allotted to the Pottawatomies.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. Q. SMITH,

Commissioner.

Hon. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 3 IND

ACCOMPANYING THE

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. • . : 1876. •

1 IND

REPORTS OF SUPERINTENDENT AND AGENTS.

APACHE PASS, ARIZONA,

October 3, 1876.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 12th ultimo, requesting a report of the Chiricahua agency up to the time of its consolidation with San Carlos.

From the date of my last annual report, August 21, 1875, to the 7th of April, 1876, the only event of importance that occurred was the stealing of a number of horses from the Eio Grande, New Mexico, in the month of September, by a party of thirteen Hot Spring Indians and two Chiricahua Apaches, thirteen head of which stock were tracked to the Chiricahua reservation, recovered from the Indians, and returned to D. M. Reade, of Las Cruces, N. Mex. In the months of September, October, and November large numbers of the Coyotero Indians came to the reservation, claiming that they could not live at the San Carlos, and were not allowed to remain at Camp Apache. The majority of them remained until the 25th of December, when, in consequence of the killing of a chief of the Southern Chiricahuas by one of their number, nearly all of the Coyoteros were forced to leave to escape the vengeance of the Southern Chiricahuas.

In February I was informed by the Commissioner that no additional beef could be fur- nished the agency during that fiscal year, and as at that time there was only a small quantity of beef-cattle due on the contract, I informed the Indians that I should not be able to issue much more beef, and therefore they would have to hunt game in the mountains to partially supply themselves with meat during the ensuing four months. In compliance with these directions a part of the Cochise tribe moved over to the Dragoon Mountains, situated about thirty-five miles from the agency and thirteen from the mail-station of Mr. Rogers, at Sul- phur Springs. While in the mountains, a quarrel arose among them, resulting in the death of two men and a grandchild of Cochise. This caused a separation of the baud, the larger portion, under Taza, returning to the vicinity of the agency, and about twelve men and their families remaining with Skin-ya in the Dragoon range. In March, four of this party and three Coyotero Indians belonging to San Carlos made a raid into Sonora, and returned with one of their number wounded and about $100 in gold-dust and silver. About the end of March or commencement of April, Mr. Rogers allowed these Indians to know that he had whisky at his house, and sold some to them for silver. I had previously informed Mr. Rogers, both verbally and in writing, that if he disposed of any spirits to the Indians he would be prosecuted and removed from the reservation ; and from the information I obtained from the Indians I do not believe that he had done any trading with them for over eleven months. From what I have since heard from reliable Indians, on the 6th of April Mr. Rogers sold whisky to an Indian named Pi-hon-se-nay, and the next day the Indian returned and purchased more. In the afternoon of April 7 Pi-hon-se-nay again returned, accompanied by his nephew. He demanded more whisky, but was refused, when, watching an opportunity, he shot and killed Rogers, and Spence, the cook, they being the only two men at the house at the time. After the murder the Indians stole some horses, ammunition, and whisky, and returned to the camp in the Dragoons ; and early on the morning of the 8th, a few Indians, who were yet intoxicated, went over to the San Pedro Valley, killed a Mr. Lewis and wounded a man named Brown, stealing four horses from Lewis. I was in- formed of the murder of Rogers on the morning of the 8th, and shortly after daylight I started for the rancherias of the other Indians, who were much excited, accompanied by a troop of cavalry. On nearing their camps I found the Indians on the tops of the mount- ains, and, requesting the officer to proceed with his company to Sulphur Springs, I went to the Indians, and told them to go into camp near the agency and await my return, promising that none of them should be molested. Taking four Indians with me, I followed the cavalry and caught up with them at Sulphur Springs. The bodies of Rogers and Spence were buried the next morning, and we then followed the trail of the Indians, discovering the band of Skin-ya on the morning of the 10th. They had placed themselves upon a peak accessible only by ridges and canons ; and, after exchanging shots, the officer in command not considering the position assailable without the loss of a disproportionate number of men withdrew his troops and returned to Camp Bowie. Upon my return to the agency I di-

4 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.

rected the Indians not to camp or hunt west of the Chiricahua Mountains, and so informed the commanding officer at Camp Bowie and the officer in command of the scout out from Camp Grant, and at the same time offered to furnish them with Indian guides. By keeping- the agency Indians to the east of the Chiricahua range the renegades were made the only Indians to the west of them, and therefore all that the scouts could find would necessarily be hostiles. None of the scouts, however, succeeded in capturing either the murderers or any of their companions.

On June 4 Skin-ya and his party went to the camp of Taza, and tried to induce the band to leave the reservation and become hostile. This they refused to do, and finally the talk ended in a fight, in which six men were killed and three wounded; one fatally. The next morning Taza's band encamped close around the agency buildings. On June 5 Mr. J. P. Clum arrived with a regiment of cavalry, two companies of Indian scouts, and a body- guard of fifty-two San Carlos Indians, and on the 6th he had a talk with the principal men of the Apaches, who were camped close to the agency. Taza agreed to take the band he had with him over to the San Carlos, as he had previously promised me he would do, but said that he could not speak for the other bands on the reserve. The next morning Pi-hon- se-nay, who was severely wounded in the fight on June 4, sent in a messenger to see if he would be allowed to come in to die. Mr. Clum sent out a party of twenty scouts and brought him in a prisoner, the women and children of Skin-ya's band coming in at the same time, as their men had either been killed or left the reserve. On June 12 Mr. Clurn started for the San Carlos with forty-two men and two hundred and eighty women and children, where he arrived on the 16th, less Pi-hon-se-nay, who had escaped from the sheriffs, and two men and three women whom Pi-hon-se-nay took from a camp while en route.

Of the remainder of the Indians formerly belonging to the Chiricahua agency about one hundred and forty went to the Hot Springs agency, New Mexico, and about four hundred are roaming the country from the Rio Mimbres, New Mexico, to Santa Cruz, Sonora, a dis- tance of over three hundred miles ; and since the discontinuance of the Chiricahua agency to the present time they have killed twenty men and women and stolen over one hundred and seventy head of animals, besides which there are a number of prospectors from whom nothing has been heard for some months.

In conclusion, I have the honor to state that the killing of Messrs. Rogers, Spence, and Lewis was not an outbreak of the Indians of the agency ; it was the result of selling whisky to Indians already outlawed from their tribe, and who were anxious to have other Indians join them to make their number sufficiently strong to enable them to become hostile. When at the Sulphur Springs ranch, Lieutenant Henely and myself found a keg of whisky that contained a quantity of tobacco and other materials to give strength to the liquor ; and among civilized communities murders by men crazed from spirits are of frequent occurrence. The breaking of their treaty and attempted removal of nine hundred Indians for the crimi- nality of three of their number has been the cause of the numerous murders and robberies that have been committed since the 12th of June.

For further particulars of the events that transpired at the agency during the year com- mencing September 1, 1875, I respectfully call attention to my final report as agent for the Chiricahua Apaches, dated June 30, 1876.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

THOMAS J. JEFFORDS.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

COLORADO RIVER INDIAN RESERVE, ARIZONA,

August 31, 1876.

SiR: I have the honor to submit the following as my first annual report of the condition of affairs at this agency.

I assumed charge upon the first day of January last, and found the condition of affairs very different from what I was led to believe. * * * I was almost disheartened, but de- termined to make the best of matters as I found them.

I immediately placed my whole force of employe's and Indians at work to repair damages, and to complete the tunnels as far as possible with the materials at hand. Before the high water or overflow of the river I had excavated eight and one-half miles of canal, 5 feet wide at the bottom ; also excavated and timbered, with top and side lagging, 770 feet of tunnel, 6 feet in height, 5 feet wide at cap and 6 feet at sill, as well as 400 feet of tunneling being retimbered and top lagged.

Finding that the material for timbering would give out before completion, I determined to tap the river at old Camp Colorado, and thus secure enough water to irrigate the lands (adjacent to the newly-constructed canal) that could be cleared in due time. In this mat- ter I met with good success, as during the first week of May an unlooked-for and sudden rise of the river filled the canal. A few of the Indians had cleared land of arrow-weed and mesquite, and I am pleased to say had planted about 450 acres with corn, beans, pumpkins, melons, &c., that looked secure for a crop, until July 20, when the water ceased <o flow.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 5

Although the extreme heat killed all the crops after the water ceased to flow, it has satis- fied the Indians that with a constant supply of \\ater they can secure good crops each and every year. The result will have good effect in the future, as they are now determined to cultivate by irrigation. In view of the above, I trust that a sufficient appropriation will be made to complete the tunnels and canal, which, when completed, will furnish a sufficient amount of permanent water to irrigate enough land to subsist all the lowland Indians of this Territory. With tunnels incomplete the canal is worthless.

The agency buildings are in a fair state of repair, but need paint and whitewash to protec t them from the weather. The tools in the blacksmith-shop are very scant, and a full supply is needed. I have renewed the carpenters' tools, with such articles as were most needed for immediate use.

The facilities for transportation are in a deplorable condition ; the majority of the mules are old and worthless ; others are entirely too small for draught purposes in this deep sand. Fuel has to be hauled some six or eight miles, and fora great part of the distance the sand is so deep that they are unable to haul more than half a load. I would recommend the purchase of six additional mules and the sale of three of the old mules and one horse. I have previously asked for permission to sell three horses and four mules and a substitution of others, but since that report one of the horses and two of the mules have died from sheer exhaustion and old age.

The Indians are a fine body and the best and most willing laborers I ever saw. There is scarcely any drunkenness among them ; not because they cannot get the liquor, but be- cause they believe it is injurious to them.

The day school was closed upon the last day of February, as I did not think the result justified the expense.

In reviewing the last seven months' progress, much more has been accomplished than I hoped for, and, with sufficient labor and material to complete the tunnels and canal, much will have been accomplished toward placing the Indians in the way of earning their own support.

I am. sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. E. MORFORD,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

MOQUIS PUEBLO INDIAN AGENCY,

Arizona Territory, September 26, 1876.

SIR : In accordance with the requirements of your Department, I have the honor to here- with submit my second annual report of this agency.

During the past year, peace and a good degree of prosperity have been enjoyed through- out the tribe. But little sickness of a serious character has prevailed among them. Owing to late frosts, that damaged the young corn, the crop is not so abundant as it otherwise would have been, yet it is sufficient to meet the wants of the Indians. It is their chief product and principal subsistence, which they serve up in a great many different forms. Their peaches , which were almost an entire failure last year, are quite abundant this season. This fruit is of a superior quality. Much of it is dried, and forms an article of commerce between the Moquis and other tribes.

Last spring I secured from the Agricultural Department at Washington, and from other sources, a good variety of seeds, both cereal and vegetable, which were distributed among the Indians, with instructions how to plant and cultivate them. They are very fond of beets, carrots, parsnips, turnips, onions, potatoes, &c. Some of the tribe have tolerably good crops of these vegetables and cereals this season, which will doubtless be increased from year to year as their value becomes more and more appreciated.

Their lands, in the immediate vicinity of their villages, which were never very product- ive, by cultivation for a long series of years have become almost worn out. In view of this fact, early last spring about thirty families were induced to plant crops in a fertile valley fifteen miles distant. They seem to be much encouraged at this experiment, and it may be the means of inducing them to entirely abandon their present unpromising habitations.

According to your instructions last autumn, I used every means in my power to secure their consent to move to the Indian Territory, or some other more promising section of coun- try than the one they are now occupying. But they persistently refused to entertain any propositions looking toward that end, saying if it was good enough for their fathers it was good enough for them and their children after them. It is to be regretted that a tribe of In- dians, who are an agricultural and pastoral people, and who are so ready and willing to cul- tivate the soil, should expend their labor where they can reap only a small reward. They told me emphatically they would never leave their present abodes, unless forced to do so. All things considered, it would be unadvisable to resort to coercive measures.

They have no reservation or title to the country they are now occupying, consequently

6 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.

they are virtually without homes. This fact being known, they, being a peaceable, inof- fensive class of people, are liable to be imposed upon in various ways. The Navajo Indians, immediately on the east, have for some time manifested a disposition to encroach upon their best grazing lands, and have only been restrained from so doing by the presence and influence of the agent. On the west and southwest, within the last twelve months, about four hun- dred emigrants have settled not far from the lands claimed by this tribe, and I understand several hundred more are expected in less than a year. This being the state of the case, I would most respectfully and earnestly recommend that a reservation, of sufficient extent (say thirty miles square, so as to include all their villages and grazing lands) to meet their wants, be at once set apart by the Government for them, before any further encroachments be made upon the domain which they have so long occupied. Unless this be done, this inter- esting tribe of Indians will be driven to the wall and reduced to abject poverty. More especially would this be the result if the agency should be abolished.

The manual labor and boarding school, established more than a year ago, has been as well patronized as could have been expected. The pupils exhibit an aptness and capacity to ac- quire a knowledge of letters equal to the average American. Occasionally some of them would be required by their parents to herd sheep and goats for a few days. At such times some of the boys would request the privilege of taking their books with them, and while their flocks were grazing, they would be studying their lessons. A good proportion of the scholars have a strong desire to obtain an education "that they may be like Americans." By their assistance a large supply of good corn and vegetables has been raised for the ben- efit of the school.

In disposing of supplies I have endeavored to follow out instructions by requiring the Indians to labor in some way for the benefit of themselves or their tribe. This I regard as a very important point , for nothing tends to foster and encourage idleness and pauperism more than the gratuitous distribution of supplies to them. The Government has certainly taken a long step in the right direction by requiring the recipients of goods and subsistence to render some equivalent in return. The gratuitous bestowment of supplies upon any class of people, whjte, red, or black, would so demoralize them in the course of time as to take away all incentive to industry and self-support.

I have the honor to be yours, most respectfully,

W. B. TRUAX, United States Agent Moquis Pueblo Indians.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

PIMA AGENCY, ARIZONA TERRITORY,

August 3J, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following, my first annual report of Indian affairs, pertaining to the Indians under my charge:

Having entered upon the duties of agent here, as late as the 1st of May, four months ago, my report will be necessarily confined more particularly to the operations of that period, with a review of the affairs of the year.

A short time previous to my taking control of these Indians, your Department placed under charge of this agency the Papagos, a tribe numbering as many or perhaps more than the Pimas and Maricopas together, widely scattered, having their reservation and principal settlement nearly one hundred miles distant. I have therefore been obliged to divide my attention between both these branches of my charge. I shall first speak of the Pimas and Maricopas.

ENUMERATION.

No census has been taken of these Indians for the past five years. It would be almost impossible to count them at this season of the year. During the winter, when they shall have gathered into their villages, a tolerably accurate census may be taken of them. From the best information at hand I should place their number as follows : Pimas, 4,100 ; Mari- copas, 400. Total, 4,500.

SANITARY.

I would preface my remarks under this head by saying that it is difficult to obtain the per- manent services of a suitable physician, notwithstanding the position is the best connected with the agency as regards pay and lightness of duties. There are many difficulties to en- counter in the doctoring of these people, as, not understanding their language ; the trouble and uncertainty of getting them to take medicine and apply remedies at their homes ; the use of improper diet, and their general mode of life ; all of these require a large store ot patience, and an earnest and conscientious desire on the part of the physician to really benefit them. I hail it as a sign of their improvement that they are gradually losing faith in their own " medicine men," and seeking relief more generally from the use of the white man's remedies.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 7

The general health of these Indians has been good. The majority of cases of sickness . (with the exception of those of a venereal character) have been light, and these arise in a measure from their manner of living, eating of unripe melons, exposure, &c. A large num- ber of the children were vaccinated during the months of May and June, but our stock of virus was exhausted before all were so treated. The location of the agency and reserve is healthy, and although more than the usual amount of water has fallen the past few months, I apprehend no sickness of a serious character.

LOCATION.

These people are mostly on the reserve, scattered here and there, as the fertility of the soil, and the supply of water enables them to select the most advantageous places for their fields. About two hundred families are living on what is termed the Blackwater lands, adjacent to the reserve, where they find good land and more water ; where they are quietly living at present, but have been given to understand by your agent that their occupation of these lands is only temporary, and urged to deport themselves peaceably while so occupy ing them. In my communication to the Department, of May 31, I desired that this portion of the pub- lic domain, containing about seven thousand acres, be added to the reserve, it being at present unoccupied by white settlers, thinking then, as I do still, it to be the easiest solution of the vexed question of " water supply," at least for a few years, until these Indians form a more intelligent view of what is for their real good, and may be induced to consent to a removal. Another portion are living in the vicinity of Salt River, finding water for irrigat- ing purposes from the spare water of the settlers' ditches, and in return help to keep said ditches in repair. While it would be advisable under more favorable circumstances to keep all these people on the reserve, and under the immediate care of the agent, yet at present it would be nearly impossible for them to make a livelihood were their farming operations to be confined solely to the limits of the reserve. I may add, but little if any disturbance between these Indians and the settlers has come to my knowledge.

AGRICULTURE.

The amount of land cultivated by these Indians is considerable, aggregating between seven and eight thousand acres. Wheat, barley, sorghum, beans, corn, and melons are the principal productions. Their mode of culture is very primitive, not progressive. Their plowing is done mostly with wooden plows, (there being but few iron plows among them.) These are drawn by oxen fastened by the horns, in the old Mexican way, thus scratching up the ground as it were ; yet they raise an excellent article of wheat. Work-cattle are scarce among them, and they are obliged to wait for each other to get the use of them, causing considerable delay, and often the best of the season for planting is passed before many of them get in their crops. I would therefore advise that more light plows be given them, some sets of plain chain-harness, and an effort be made to teach them to use their ponies (of which most of them have plenty) to plow with, thus enabling them to put in their crops at the proper time, and rendering them more independent of each other. Affording them facilities for improvement in farming I believe to be in the line of true economy. Their crops this season have not been abundant, yet the more thrifty of them, and those occupying advantage- ous locations, have raised fair crops, a portion of which they sell to the traders to enable them to purchase other necessaries, or such articles as they may fancy. Those of them that fall short draw liberally on the mesquite beans and other native products to complete their supplies. This mode of living, however, is degrading, and materially retards their develop- ment in civilization and their physical and moral improvement, while it is better than allow- ing them to suffer from hunger or be driven to evil practices from actual want. The lateness of the summer water-supply will hardly give them time to plant and mature a second crop, such as corn, pumpkins, and melons. A few of them are owners of cattle, but the scarcity of pasture on the plains, the trouble of keeping them out of their fields, for want of proper fences, together with an ignorance of the best means of accumulation, a lack of courage to practice self-denial, even for a desired object, and the spending of their money for whisky, keep them from engaging in this pursuit to more than a very limited extent.

EDUCATION.

The facilities afforded in this most important branch of the service are too limited to ex- pect any but limited results. During the past year but one school has been in operation among these Indians, held at the village of San-tan, two and a half miles west of the agency, in charge of the Rev. C. H. Cook, who for the past five or six years has labored earnestly and patiently among this people as teacher and preacher. This school has had an attend- ance of sixty-five children, the average daily attendance being 82 per cent, of the number enrolled. A marked superiority is manifest in those children who have had the benefits of the school in intelligence, manners, and dress, showing that day-schools may be carried on successfully among these Indians, and at an expense but little greater than that of public schools in large cities.

It is desirable that school-houses be established in some of the other villages, and the necessary teachers employed. In such a case some of the older scholars would prove effi- cient aids, particularly to those teachers who are unacquainted with the language of this

*

8 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.

people. In no other way can we so effectually elevate them as by the proper education of the young. Therefore I deem it of the utmost importance that every reasonable facility be afforded them for the attainment of so desirable an end.

MORALITY.

Drunkenness exists among these Indians to a considerable extent, and to this, with its kindred vice of prostitution, and the evils they entail, are chargeable much of the misery and suffering these people endure. Owing to the location of this reserve and its surround- ings, and the unwillingness of the Indians to give information in this matter, it is no easy task to effectually put a stop to the sale of whisky to them. The most feasible plan, to my mind, and the one which I recommended to the Department in my communication of May 31, is the establishment of a police force, composed of Indians, with perhaps a white man •as captain.

The better class of Indians, those who do not indulge in this vice, and even some of those who do, would welcome any measures taken to suppress this great evil, realizing as they do the great misery it is bringing upon them. I think, however, I can safely say that many of 4he reports made to your office touching these matters are gross exaggerations, and do not proceed from the best motives.

Some trouble has been caused, and much annoyance to the agent, by the Papagos and -other Indians bringing stolen stock, principally ponies, and selling or trading them to the Pirnas. A number of these stolen animals have been restored to their rightful owners, and I have taken pains to inform the principal men of the tribe that such practices are altogether wrong, will invariably cause trouble and loss, and must be discontinued.

REMOVAL.

In accordance with the desire of the Indian-Office, I have endeavored to impress upon this people the necessity of keeping in their minds the idea of their removal from this reserva- tion at no distant period; and while it is with reluctance they are brought to consider seri- ously a matter of so much importance, yet so distasteful to them, I apprehend no serious difficulty in their removal, when the time shall have arrived when such a removal shall be deemed necessary and expedient. From what I can learn from these Indians, as their desire, and from my own limited knowledge of the matter, the removal of them to the Indian Ter- ritory would be much more desirable than to the Colorado, removing them almost entirely from contact with vicious whites, and settling them in all probability once for all time. These objects would not be attained by their going to the Colorado River.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

I would recommend the establishment of a suitable police force for the suppression of the sale of intoxicating liquors to the Indians, &c., the appointment of additional teachers, and the building of more school-houses. We have now a school-house at the Maricopa village, that has been unoccupied for a long time for want of a teacher. I would also recommend the flooring of our present school-houses, particularly the one at San-tan ; the issuing of about two dozen light plows, adapted for shallow plowing, and suitable for two small ponies ; .also the same number of sets of inexpensive but strong chain-harness for their use, to* be dis- tributed among the head-men of the tribe ; also some long handled-shovels, hoes, and sickles.

PAPAGOS.

On taking charge of the Papagos, under a consolidation of the agencies, I found their affairs somewhat complicated. These Indians number between five and six thousand, and are widely scattered throughout what is termed the Papago country, and even as far south ;as Sonora. Their status as regards civilization is much the same as that of the Pimas. Though they are not so largely engaged in cultivating the soil, they have more horses and cattle, and are adding to the number of these yearly. They are gradually improving in their mode of living, and seem to be competent and desirous of earning their own support. Being generally industrious, they rarely beg, and do not steal to any great extent, consider- ing the inducements offered from their situation near the borders of Mexico. They find con- siderable employment among the settlers, proving valuable aid in their harvest-fields, and adapting themselves to various kinds of labor. Outside of the reserve but little farming is done until the rainy season sets in, when they plant their crops of corn, beans, melons, &c., filling up their time with looking after their stock, gathering cactus-berries and other wild products, hunting, (of which they are fondj and visiting among themselves and neighbors.

RESERVE — LOCATION, ETC.

These Indians being, as before stated, widely distributed, the greater portion of them living off the reserve, it would be difficult, perhaps impossible, to confine them to its limits, particu- larly in view of their occupation as stock-raisers, and should this be insisted upon, it would break up this branch of industry among them, reducing many of them to want. The reserve is a good one and well adapted in part to the use of this people, if used exclusively for their benefit ; but Mexicans are occupying farms and using the water-privileges belonging to and absolutely necessary to the Indians, without a shadow of title except occupancy. Thou-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.

sands of cattle belonging to Mexicans and others are grazing on the reserve, crowding the stock of the Indians to an inconvenient distance from where they belong. The timber on the reserve, which is yearly becoming more valuable, is being cut and hauled off, by persons so engaged, as a business, supplying Tucson and vicinity with wood; and all this without any compensation to the ludians.

These Indians being in a great measure able to earn a good support, most of them being frugal and industrious, while a portion of them are indolent and profligate, I think the time lias arrived when the reservation system does not work to their permanent good. It has a tendency to allow the spirit of enterprise to lie dormant, and does not call forth their best exertions, nor does it give them a feeling of self-reliance that is desirable. In view of these and other important reasons I think it should be the policy of the Government, as it is clearly for the best interests of the Indians, to locate them, as speedily as possible, by giving to each head of a family one hundred and sixty acres of land, and making the title to this land inalienable. Such action would encourage them to renewed efforts, allow them to assume a position by the side of their civilized brethren, and to join in the march of progress, I would therefore recommend that such legislation be asked for as will locate these Indians, in severally, on any unoccupied Government land in this Territory, giving to each head of a family one hundred and sixty acres, and that the said land be inalienable ; that the Indians be advised and assisted to make such locations, the Government defraying the expenses of said locations ; also; that the reservation be held for their use and benefit (allow- ing them, however, to make locations thereon) until they shall have been so located.

EDUCATION, MORALITY, ETC.

There, is no school at present taught among these Indians. The intellectual and moral training of the young has been, for a long time, in the hands of the Roman Catholics, and the school hitherto kept taught by the sisters of the order of Saint Joseph. What progress has been attained by those attending the school I could not determine, the school not being in operation at the time of my assuming control. The parents and children have but a vague idea of the benefits of education. The parents exercise but little if any restraint or control over the children, and, as a consequence, the attendance was neither full nor regular ; and unless some system is devised, by which attendance can be enforced, there is, perhaps, but little use to establish schools, or look for any considerable advance in education among them. The noon-ration system, practiced at the school among the Pimas, has been attended with good results. In view of the indifference on the part of the parents, and their lack of control over their children, it would be advisable, if such an end could be attained and the

necessary facilities afforded, to make education, to a certain degree, compulsory among them.

* * * * * » *

The Papagos, in contrast to the Pimas, mostly cut their hair and wear hats, many of them adopting the habits and dress of the Mexicans, with whom they have been more or less associated.

The evils of intemperance and immorality are found among them, not, however, to any great extent, but sufficiently so to bring much degradation and misery to them. Could the liquor- traffic be effectually stopped, which is rendered more difficult from the fact that, as with the Pimas, these Indians will suffer almost any punishment rather than give informa- tion as to the parties engaged in it, I see nothing to prevent them advancing, gradually if not rapidly, in the scale of civilization. The same means to prevent this whisky-trade as is advised in the case of the Pimas would apply here.

REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

The sanitary condition of these Indians has been generally good, no epidemics having occurred among them. I have retained the services of a physician at Tucson to attend to the wants of such patients as may apply to him for relief.

The licensed traders for these Indians remain only about two months on the reserve, while the Indians are gathering and disposing of their grain, returning to Tucson, where the In- dians prefer going to trade, often carrying their products to that place, a distance of nine miles, for that purpose.

I have also, at the solicitation of the tribe, engaged a blacksmith at Tucson to repair their implements and carts.

In addition to my recommendation concerning the settlement of these Indians, I recom- mend that the dry wood on the reserve be sold under some system to be devised, and the proceeds used for the benefit of the Indians.

I think it would be advisable to erect a small flouring-mill for them, and improved breeds of stock might be provided to their great advantage.

In closing, I would respectfully urge that due consideration be given by your honorable Department to the recommendations and suggestions herein contained, in view of their great importance as touching the progress and permanent good (to say nothing of justice) of these people, and that the necessary means be placed at the disposal of your agent to enable him to carry Out these desirable objects.

Very respectfully, vour obedient servant,

CHARLES HUDSON,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

10 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.

SAN CARLOS AGENCY, ARIZONA, October, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as my third annual report of affairs connected with and pertaining to the Apache Indians of Arizona.

During the last two years there has been among these Indians a steady progress, and their record since 1874 is a strong evidence in favor, if not a complete vindication, of the wis- dom, justice, and efficiency of the present department policy and agency administration.

During the fiscal year ending August 31, 1875, orders were issued by your department for the removal of the Indians from the Rio Verde and Camp Apache agencies, and their con- solidation under one agent at San Carlos. The removal of the Rio Verde Indians and their location here was effected with comparative ease and great satisfaction, nothing more se- rious occurring than a fight among themselves while en route, in which seven were killed and ten wounded. After their arrival they several times threatened to fight rather than submit to our system of control, but in less than two weeks their mad hostility and direful wrath subsided and passed away.

THE COYOTERO APACHES.

The transfer of the Coyotero Indians from the Camp Apache agency was attended with great difficulties, strong opposition, and much danger both to those engaged in the removal and to the general peace of our Territory, and I was just in the midst of the dangers and

troubles at the time of concluding my last annual report in August, 1875.

* * * , * * * *

On the 16th of June, 1875, I was ordered by the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs to remove the Indians and agency property from the Camp Apache agency to the Gila River, and to execute the order at as early a day as possible. In compliance with these instruc- tions the property and a majority of the Indians were transferred to the San Carlos agency during the latter part of July. Such Indians as were reluctant to leave the White Mount- ains I was careful to inform that they would receive no more rations there, and after July 31 the agent and agency would be removed to the Grila River. *

The opposition gradually disappeared, and the Indians were brought to San Carlos.

A branch agency was built about twenty miles east of San Carlos on the Gila, and about eight hundred of the Coyotero Apaches were located there. The remainder, about one thou- sand, were camped on the Rio San Carlos, north of the agency. The manufacture and use of intoxicating liquors has been effectually prohibited.

REMOVAL OF THE CHIRICAHUA APACHES.

On the 8th of April, 1876, a faction of the Chiricahua Indians attacked Sulphur Springs station, and killed two men, Mr. Rogers and Mr. Spence. The same party attacked the ranches of the Rio San Pedro, and killed one man and very badly wounded another. A company of cavalry went from Camp Bowie to punish these murderers ; they pursued them sixty miles, had a fight, killed no Indians, and returned to Camp Bowie.

On May 3 I received telegraphic instructions from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to proceed to Apache Pass, take charge of the agency, and remove the Chiricahua Indians to San Carlos. Inasmuch as I had resigned my position as Indian agent on February 26, I was quite reluctant to accept this new and dangerous task, but finally consented. General Kautz was requested to place all available troops in such position as would afford greatest protec- tion to the citizens in case of further hostility on the part of the Indians.

The name of the Chiricahua Indians has been a terror to Arizona and Sonora for many years. Many, many graves in Arizona mark the resting-places of their victims, and their raids for plunder and murder were continued into Sonora up to the very time of their re- moval. It was variously estimated that this tribe numbered from three hundred to five hundred able warriors, all well-armed, brave, and experienced. They had always defied our troops, and had been victorious in almost every engagement with our forces. I therefore determined not to go upon their reservation until I was prepared to dictate terms to them, and not they to me. I also determined to have the settlers protected in case of hostility, and to be ready to quell an outbreak without protracted war.

On May 171 received a telegram from the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs, inform- ing me that General Kautz, commanding Department of Arizona, had been ordered to give all assistance necessary to remove the Chiricahua Indians. I immediately telegraphed to General Kautz requesting him to place all his available troops near and about the Chiricahua reservation. The general replied that he had ordered all the Sixth Cavalry to Southern Ari- zona. I then proceeded to San Carlos, organized a company of fifty-four special policemen of the Arivaipa and Coyotero Apaches to act as mv own body-guard, and with these, well- armed, I proceeded to Apache Pass, via Tucson. General Kautz was in the field in person with twelve companies of the Sixth Cavalry and two companies of Indian scouts from my reservation ; besides these I had my company of Indian police.

I arrived at Apache Pass about noon on June 5, and found Taza (son of Cochise) and his band there. Taza and party are very firm friends of the whites, while one Skiriya headed the hostiles. Taza and party had had a fight with Skinya and party on the 4th instant, in .which fight Skinya was killed, together with four of bis men. Pionsenay, brother of Skinya, and murderer of Rogers and Spence, was shot through the right shoulder by Taza, while Nachee, youngest son of Cochise, fired the shot that killed Skinya.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 11

On the 6th instant I had a talk with Taza's party, and they readily consented to go to San Carlos. Taza's party includes all the original Chiricahua Indians, and numbers about three hundred and twenty-five men, women, and children.

Besides these, I judge that about sixty Indians, under the chiefs Hoo, Eronemo, and Nol- gee, ran away into Sonora, where their home really is ; but as they got no rations in So- nora, they preferred to live on the bounty of our good Uncle Samuel at Apache Pass. An- other party of thirty or forty, under old Gordo, went to the Hot Springs reservation, in New- Mexico, where they rightfully belonged. These are all the Indians I could find or account for on this reservation, and Taza and Pionsenay both told me that no other Indians lived upon the reservation, and our Indian scouts were unable to discover any signs of straggling bands ; so that from this I conclude that the number of Indians on this reservation did not exceed four hundred and fifty, although in the last annual report the number is estimated at nine hundred and sixty-five.

On the morning of June 8 I learned that Pionsenay, the murderer of Rogers and Spence, was camped within ten miles of the agency. I accordingly sent out a detachment of In- dian police to bring in the outlaw and such others of his people as might be in his camp. The party returned in the evening, bringing with them Pionsenay and thirty-eight others, mostly women and children. I put the outlaw in a strong room and kept a guard of two over him

3 - J __ • T_ i TT _ A. -1 ,1 il L 1 "i.1. J.. ~ 4.1 !,„ J I'll..,! A V «.*. O . . 1 . . I , , .. tJ. ,.:...-

P-

escaped about 9 p. m. the same day and has not yet been recaptured. This is the only mis- fortune connected with the removal, and for this the sheriff is responsible.

I left Apache Pass on June 12 with three hundred and twenty-five Indians, escorted by my Indian police, and on the 18th instant the Chiricahua Indians were located on the San Carlos reservation without trouble or accident ; the terrible shade of that tribe's dreaded name had passed away, and the imaginary army of four or five hundred formidable war- riors had dwindled to the modest number of sixty half-armed and less clothed savages. * *

THE INDIAN POLICE FORCE.

The Indian police system is my great hobby in the management of wild Indians, and my police have really done more this year than I had expected of them or claimed for them. On the 9th of October General Kautz, at my request, ordered all the troops away from San Carlos, and the abandonment of that camp. * This was something I had long desired ; and although no more unfavorable time could have been selected for their removal, (pending the transfer of the Coyotero Apaches,) yet, as the general chose that time, I did not object. The troops at San Carlos left on the 27th of October, J875, under the command of Lieuten- ant Carter, Sixth Cavalry United States Army. We had now no other defense than our Indian police, and I will mention a few of their exploits, which will sufficiently prove their faithfulness and efficiency.

On the 24tb of October I received information that a number of Yuma Indians had left for the Pima villages. I immediately dispatched Mr. Beauford with a small police force ia

Eursuit of the truants. Mr. Beauford returned on the morning of the 27th, bringing with im twenty-seven prisoners, who were furnished lodgings in the guard-house. I may men- tion here, as a significant coincidence, that, as Mr. Beauford came into the agency with these prisoners, Lieutenant Carter moved out of camp with the troops, leaving us unprotected.

On the 22d ,of December a very prominent chief, named Disalin, became enraged and fired two shots at Mr. Sweeney, one at Mr. Beauford, and one at an Indian ; and in less than two minutes the Indian police had put a dozen bullets through Disalin, and he was correspond- ingly quiet. On the 26th of February, 1876, I issued the following order :

" CLAY BEAUFORD,

•'/« Charge of Indian Police :

"SiR: It having been reported that there are some renegade Indians prowling about the western border of this reservation, you are directed to take fifteen Indian police and ascer- tain the truth of these reports by a scout in that direction. Should you find the renegade Indians, you are directed to use your own judgment as to an attack with a view to capture their camp. Should your force be too small to effect the capture of these renegades, you will report the facts in the case to me without delay, or should you be near a military post, report the circumstances to the commanding officer, asking his assistance.

"JOHN P, CLUM, u United States Indian Agent."

This scout was gone from the agency seventeen days. They killed sixteen renegades, and brought in twenty-one women and children as prisoners.

On the 8th of June, 1876, (as I have already reported,) a detachment of twenty police brought in to me Pionsenay and thirty-eight others. No other prisoners were taken.

I could mention other instances of most valuable services performed by the police, but I

12 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.

think enough has been said to secure for them general commendation, insignia of office, and plumed hats. The very purpose of an army is to devastate and destroy ; hence in times of peace they should be far removed.

In this connection I desire to mention that Mr. Clay Beauford has rendered most able ser- vices as a guide and scout with the Indian police. He is brave and energetic, a thorough Indian fighter, and when once he strikes a trail he never stops until he is victor in the rene- gade camp.

BUILDINGS.

By two years of hard work we have put up good, substantial buildings, and all are now in good shape. In the main building we have the office, council-room, dispensary, dining- room, kitchen, two store-rooms, and seven large dwelling-rooms, while our out-buildings comprise employes' quarters, stables, harness-room, tool-room, carriage-sheds, blacksmith - shop, carpenter's shop, &c. Our guard-house contains six large cells, all of which are dark - ened. There are two large rooms at the south end, and altogether would accommodate at least fifty prisoners.

SHEEP.

On the 14th of January, 1876, I distributed among these Indians 4,000 sheep, which had been purchased for them by the Department. These have been well cared for, and the lambs are doing very nicely, and altogether will number now aoout 5,000.

AGRICULTURE.

In this branch of industry these Indians are progressing very rapidly. They have large tracts of land under cultivation, from which they are raising fine crops. Some have realized considerable profit already from the sale of corn and barley.

In conclusion, I desire again to express my appreciation of the valuable services of Mr. M. A. Sweeney, to whose worthy and energetic labors I was pleased to refer in my last an- nual report. He is still with me as clerk, and continues to execute his duties with the same energy, discretion, and spirit of faithfulness.

The total number of Indians connected with this agency at the present time is a little over 4,500.

I have the honor to be your obedient servant,

JOHN P. CLUM,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

HOOPA VALLEY AGENCY, CALIFORNIA,

August 21, 1876.

SIR : In compliance with the requirements of the Department, I have the honor to submit my second annual report of affairs connected with this agency.

In my report one year ago I gave the Department what I conceived to be a fair and im- partial statement of the very poor quality of the arable land pertaining to this reservation. The experience of another year only confirms the opinion then advanced. The soil when iirst brought into cultivation might have been very prolific, but at the present time it is so much depleted that it will scarcely yield enough to pay the expenses necessarily accruing in seeding and harvesting, and this state of things must continue, or else grow worse, unless there can be a radical change effected in the cultivation of the soil. Year after year the sur- face has been barely skimmed over by the plow and sown with the same kind of grain. A change of the kind referred to can never be effected as long as the work has to be done by the Indians. I have known the farmer to fix their plows so as to plow deep enough, give instructions not to change them, and being called away for a short time would find on his return that everything had been altered to suit the Indian notion ; and this they will inva- riably do if left to themselves. Thus you see that it is a matter of impossibility for any superintendent of farming, I care not how efficient he may be, to make a successful showing of his work here. The result will always be a depletion of the soil and the consequent decrease of the crop.

Our crop this year was very light. One reason for this is the fact just stated above, and another important reason for its lightness was the severity of last winter. The rainy season set in in October and continued almost incessantly for nearly six months. There was about 90 inches, or 7-J feet, of rain-fall in this valley. Whenever there was a day that we thought we dare plow at all the plows were going, and when we supposed that the ground was in such a condition that it could be seeded, the sower and harrows were started. In this way we succeeded in getting about two hundred acres of grain sown. The grain on a portion of the land was not worth cutting ; in fact, it would not have yielded a bushel to the acre.

Our machines for harvesting were so badly worn that we could do nothing with them with- out a great outlay, and having no funds to expend upon them, and no employe's to superin-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 13

tend them even if I could have fitted them up, I did the best thing I could do under the cir- cumstances— let out the harvesting of both the hay and the grain on shares. I thought it better to save some than lose all.

About the 1st of July last year I received a communication from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs directing me to lay the subject of the removal of the Indians from this reser- vation to Round Valley before them. There was a universal dissent among them. I have since been informed that my predecessor had told the Indians before I came that I was coming for the purpose of moving the Indians away from here to Round Valley. This, no doubt, had the effect designed, to prejudice the Indians against me. This prejudice, how- ever, was nearly obliterated. Our religious meetings and Sabbath-schools had been well attended. The Indians were apparently very much interested. Agent and employe's were hopeful. Everything seemed to be working well. The letter instructing the agent to lay the subject of removal before the Indians came and was read to them. A great revulsion took place. Many who had been almost constant attendants at both Sabbath-school and religious services went away and came no more; and all were convinced in their own minds that I had been sent here for the express purpose of taking them away, and I have found it a very difficult matter to eradicate that impression.

Several years ago, when fighting with the whites, they said they had been told that if they would come in, give up their guns and not fight any more, they should have a good home here, and should be well taken care of; that each family should have a piece of land to itself, and that plows and hoes and harness would be given to them ; but this had never been done, and they didn't believe that anything would be done for them if they went to Round Valley. They thought the white people were fooling them all the time. Their con- fidence in the whites was terribly shaken, and nearly every one of them gave up all their efforts to be religious.

Just about this time an order came from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs directing^ the school to be closed. This seemed to me to be a retrograde movement. Admitting that the attendance was small and did not seem to justify the expenditure of keeping the school, still it was a nucleus around which we might hope to gather others and increase the attend- ance, and through the influence of the school draw back those who had left off their attend- ance at church. The submitting of the subject of removal to the consideration of the In- dians in order to obtain their consent to go to Round Valley, and the closing of the school, were, in my humble opinion, both mistakes on the part of the Department.

But misfortunes never come singly. As if these were not enough to demoralize the Indians, a petition in the form of a remonstrance against the removal of the Indians was circulated, signed, and sent on by the citizens of this county to Congress for action on the same. De- precating the idea of an Indian war in case of an attempt to remove them, the people urged Congress to stay the proposed movement. It seems to me that the getting up of the remon- strance against the removal of the Indians was as unwise on the part of the people, as the order to lay the subject before the Indians, and ask their consent to go, was on the part of the Department. The Indians soon learned all about the remonstrance, and were led to be- lieve that the white people were afraid of them, and therefore objected to any attempt being made to remove them.

In connection with this subject, I may as well say here as anywhere that, after mature deliberation. I am fully convinced the best thing for both the Government and the Indians of this reservation, as well as the cheapest for the Government, would be to send all these Indians to the Indian Territory. There are some old men and women here, also some children, for whom provision of some kind will have to be made by the Government. In case they are not taken to the Indian Territory, they should be sent to Round Valley. I think it useless to send the younger men and women there. I do not believe they would stay.

Hoopa Valley is not really-fit for a reservation, and there is not land enough to divide it into lots of sufficient size for the Indians to make homes for themselves where they can make a decent and comfortable support.

The proximity of the military post, it being situated in the midst of the reservation, is a source of evil, as it allows of so much illicit intercourse between the soldiers and the Indian women ; and while these things exist I am thoroughly persuaded that any effort to christian- ize and elevate this people is labor in vain. I am also fully persuaded that the transfer of the Indian Bureau to the military department would be fraught with evil both to the military and the Indian, by making that general which is now only local.

I trust that wise legislation in regard to this may prevail, and a liberal action on the part of Congress for the support of the reservation be had. I do not mean to intimate that more should be given to the Indians who are able to work than is now given, but a greater amount appropriated, to enable the agent and employe's to successfully carry out the humane efforts for the elevation and civilization of the Indians. I think that the custom of giving annuity- goods as it has been done in the past is wrong in principle. It is not an act of charity to give to any one who is able to support himself.

Owing to the uncertainty of the continuance of this reservation, we have not made as much improvement as otherwise would have been done. We were necessarily compelled to do some fencing and some repairing. A considerable amount of lumber was given to the Indians for the purpose of repairing their houses and to build some new ones. Seven new Indian house* have been built.

14

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.

The grist-mill is at present in a useless condition, and can only be fitted up by the expen- diture of a good deal of both labor and money, and as Congress has failed to make an appro- priation, I see but little prospect of getting the mill repaired.

I might also remark that I can see but little prospect of maintaining the reservation. I have only one employe" beside the physician, a kind of man of all work, earnest, faithful, and industrious ; but he cannot do all the work that has to be done, and it is often more trouble to go to a rancheria to hunt up an Indian than it is to do the work. The consequence is, we find the labor of looking after and taking care of the property a very burdensome work. I think it more than probable that there is not another agent in connection with the Indian •service who does half the amount of manual labor that I feel co.npelled, under the circum- stances, to do.

Dr. Reid, our agency physician, is a scientific gentleman, attentive to his duties and suc- cessful in his practice. He would be more successful if he could have his patients more under his immediate care, where he could see them often and have them take their medicines reg- ularly ; but this neither he nor any otller person can do, unless we have good hospital ar- rangements, and the means of enforcing the sick to stay in it to be doctored.

In consequence of the rumored removal of the Indians to the Round Valley reservation, nearly the whole of the Siahs and Redwoods and some of the Hoopas left the reservation. The Siahs are on Mad River, the Redwoods are on Redwood Creek, and the Hoopas are on the Klamath. The Hoopas will no doubt return this fall, but I think the others never in- tend to come back.

We have a good, well-appointed school-house, (which we also use for religious purposes, ) some school-books, charts, slates, &c., but we have not had any school during the year. Sabbath-school and religious services were kept up as long as the employe's were here, but when they had all gone I was compelled to give them up, something I very much regretted to do.

Sincerely trusting that, if I should ever have the honor to make another report, it will make a better showing than this, I have the honor to be, Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. L. BROADDUS,

United Stctes Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENCY, ROUND VALLEY RESERVATION, MENDOCINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA,

September \ , 1876.

SIR : In compliance with the regulations of the Indian Department, I have the honor to submit the following as my fourth annual report as agent of this reservation. From the best means and methods available, I have carefully taken the number of Indians now on this reservation, 952, divided as follows :

	ITS 1 = P 93 * 1	Males between 5 and 20.	Males over 20.	• 1*	Females under 5 years.	Females between 5 and 18.	Females over 18.	Females total.	si o O
Potter Valley Indians	12	17	89	118	6	3	134	143	261
Ukie Indians	5	g	82	96	7	13	81	101	197
Pit River Indians .................	1	3	22	26	1	4	29	34	60
	3	5	30	38	4		49	53	91
Wylackie Indians	2	1	12	15		4	10	14	29
Concow Indians	4	8	57	69	3	9	H7	79	148
Little Lake Indians	3	7	62	72	14	6	74	94	166
Total	30	50	354	434	35	39	444	518	952

I reported 192 more Indians on this reservation last year ; 126 of this number arededucted from the Wylackie tribe, who are living on Eel River, in Humboldt County ; most of them are under the care of Mr. Charles Fenton ; as they support themselves without any expense to the Government and are doing well, I deemed it best not to report them. Many others are herding sheep and doing other labor for citizens, so that we have on this reservation at present but the number reported. The people of Healdsburgh and vicinity are still anxious to have the Indians there brought to this reservation, and I have had official permission to bring them, and would gladly have done so, but I have no means as yet to defray the nee-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 15

essary expense . I have also received petitions from the citizens of Lake, Sacramento, and €olusa Counties, as well as from different portions of this county, to remove the Indians from their midst. Indians in this country off of reservations, without land of their own to cultivate or a fixed abiding place, live a roving and dissolute life ; while drinking, gam- bling, and other ruinous vices not only impoverish them, but are fast hastening their utter extinction.

FARMING.

The estimated productions of the farm and garden, with the exception of wheat, barley, oats, and hay, which have been correctly measured, are as follows : Wheat, 3,439 bushels ; barley, 1,282 bushels ; oats, 246 bushels ; beans, 67 bushels; carrots, 1,000 bushels ; corn, 1,000 bushels ; onions, 17 bushels ; apples, 1,000 bushels; potatoes, 500 bushels ; squashes, 50,000 pounds; cabbage, 3,000 pounds; water-melons, 5,000 in number; hay, 661 tons; broom-corn, one acre; beets, 250 bushels; peaches, 25 bushels; nectarines, 15 bushels; buckwheat, 25 bushels. The foregoing does not include the products of 250 acres, that the Indians use and cultivate for themselves, raising vegetables of nearly every description. Our grain crop is unusually deficient, owing to excessive rains and cold, freezing weather last winter ; in early spring the north winds were very severe, drying the earth too rapidly, and blighting the grain to an alarming extent ; our farmer is very competent, has done all in his power, yet the crop is deficient.

IMPROVEMENTS.

We have built a new fence on the township line, running east and west through this

guard- high, well ventilated ; one medicine-house, all of new material, 18 by 48 feet, one story and a half high, built box style, and sided up with weather-boards and containing a brick chimney with two fire-places ; one sutler's store, 24 by 40 feet, walls 12 feet high, with shed- room full length of building, stack chimney, with two fire-places ; also one farm depot, 32 by 50 feet, walls 16 feet high, the lower portion to shelter wagons, farming implements, and machinery, the upper portion for garden seeds, vegetables, hides, &c. We have also built six new Indian houses of pine lumber with good doors, floors, chimneys, and one window in each house, which are not only substantial, but very comfortable, some 12 by 14 feet, others 12 by 16 feet ; two butcher shops 12 by 18 feet, and 10 by 16 feet, respectively. Our reservation store-building has been ceiled overhead, and the north end sided up with •weather-boards, the small windows, 10 by 12 glass, taken out and put into Indian houses, and larger windows, glass 10 by 14, substituted. One of our school-houses has been sided up, adding greatly to the appearance and comfort of the building. One dwelling-house has been built at saw-mill for employe's and their families, 18 by 24 feet, with kitchen and a good brick chimney. We have had a great deal of repairing to do. We have done not less than $300 worth of work in re-opening the wagon-road from headquarters to reservation saw-mill. I am exceedingly gratified to say that the military reserve at Camp Wright, one mile square, has been by Executive order added to this reservation and made a part thereof; also all the buildings thereon, fourteen of which are capable of occupancy for employe's and Indians ; also one magazine, one guard-house, and other small buildings ; this addition to this reservation supplies a long-felt need in many respects.

MILLS.

Our grist-mill building is in a bad condition; the sills are badly decayed, making the building, while the mill is running, unsafe. If the appropriation for the Indian service in Cali- fornia, for the present fiscal year, had not been so inadequate, I should have had a new building erected this season ; the machinery is good, and makes as good a quality of flour as any mill. I purpose building a granary about 30 by 60 feet, adjoining the mill, to store grain and flour in, thereby relieving the mill-building of the extra weight, which it can by no means bear; by this means the mill-building may stand one year longer. Next season a new mill-house must be built. This new store-house, however, will be a necessary ap- pendage to said new mill-house. Our saw-mill is in good condition, everything new, and we have cut 452,805 feet of lumber since September 1, 1875. In that time the mill has run only 97 days up to date, September 1, 1876. It is impossible to run the mill during the winter months on account of the great amount of snow that falls where the mill is situated in the mountains. I have sold but little more lumber than was sufficient to pay special employe's and running expense in part. I have hired teams to haul lumber from the mill, a distance of thirteen miles over a bad mountain road, to this reservation for $12.50 per thou- sand feet, paying for the same in lumber at the mill at $20 per thousand feet. Most of the time one of the reservation teams has been kept on the road ; in this way we get enough lumber to the valley for the building of Indian houses, fencing, and other needed improve- ments. We have now in this valley 153,131 feet of lumber, sufficient to answer our pres- ent necessities. If the appropriation for the Indian service would allow it, we could put ^11 the Indians in comfortable houses the pre.sent fiscal year.

16 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.

EDUCATIONAL.

We have had but one school during the past year. There should have been two, for it does the teacher and pupils ajike an injustice to require one teacher to instruct ^0 or 80 pupils. The largest number in attendance during any one month was 78 ; largest average attendance, 76. The attendance has been quite uniform. Owing to the present absence of the teacher, I cannot give as full statistics as I desire. I take great pleasure, however, in saying that great improvement has been made in every department of the school. Many have learned to read and write, and quite a number can work in the first four rules of arithmetic. A number of the bright and every way most promising young Indians have died intelligent Christians, owing in a great measure to the light received in the school from a Christian teacher. I take great pleasure in announcing the fact that the Declaration of Independence was read on the occasion of our Fourth of July celebration last past by a" full-blood " Indian boy about twelve years old, who learned tht alphabet less than four years ago. The reading was done in an excellent style.

SANITARY CONDITION.

The general health of the Indians has been much better than during any previous year. It is, however, a lamentable fact that a large number of the grown-up Indians of both sexes have their system so tainted and poisoned with venereal disease that it is impossible for them to perpetuate their race, and as many of their number are very old people, and consequently dying off, their number is rapidly diminishing. A great re-action has, however, set in, One tribe the past year has had fourteen births against four last year. Lawful marriages are rapidly increasing. Living in comfortable houses, sleeping up off from the earth, and conformity to Christian morals, will save them in body as well as soul. I am pleased to state that our long-desired object is near realization. We expect during the present fiscal year to estab- lish a hospital at Camp Wright, where the blind, together with all seriously afflicted, can be taken and be humanely treated ; this can now be done with but a small expenditure.

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION.

We have a Sabbath-school at each school-house, both in a prosperous condition, and preaching once or twice each Sabbath ; prayer-meeting at each place once a week. Some- times the Indians hold religious meetings in their own houses week evenings. We have 868 members, 4 licensed exhorters, and 5 licensed local preachers. I have never known as great a stability with any race of people in their Christian faith. I have not heard an oath or seen an intoxicated Indian on this reservation within the last two years. Good order and discipline generally prevail ; forty-five couple are lawfully married. The religious knowl- edge gained, the intellectual development and general improvement is a marvel to all persons knowing the past and present coudition.of these sons and daughters of the forest.

GOVERNMENT DISCIPLINE.

There are no soldiers within one hundred and fifty miles of this agency ; none have been needed ; the best possible order has prevailed. The Indians have elected representatives from each tribe, who, with their chiefs, have made some laws for their government. They have their marshals and judges, and in all cases an appeal to the agent is provided for. This has been very satisfactory to the Indians. A few cases have occurred where light fines have been imposed, or confinement in the guard-house for a reasonable time, always with a salutary effect. If let alone by bad white men, there would be no trouble whatever.

NEW RESERVATIONS, ETC.

The act of Congress, March 3, 1873, segregating the land south of the township line from this reservation, and extending the lines west, north, and east into the mountains as an equivalent, has been of no utility as yet to this reservation ; all this land is still held (except two small claims) by farmers and stock-men, up to our fences, to the greatest possible injury of our stock. The use of this range more than compensated the parties for keeping their case in court.

MISCELLANEOUS.

We are in great need of more work-animals, wagons, harness, &c. IfHoopa reserva- tion is discontinued and the Government property brought here, this great need will be met. Unless the reservations in this State are consolidated, all must suffer great embarrassment. All of which is most respectfully submitted. Your obedient servant,

J. L. BURCHARD,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AEFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 17

TULE RIVER INDIAN AGENCY, Porterville, California, August 21, J876.

SiR : I have the honor to submit the following" annual report of this agency :

This reservation was established for the Tule, Tejon, Wichumni, Kaweah, King's River, and Monache tribes of Indians. As nearly as can be ascertained they number in all twelve hundred. I am satisfied this is not an overestimate. In consequence of the unsettled condition of the agency, only three hundred and three of this number are under my care. Nine hun- dre^ are scattered in this and adjoining counties.

The agency is located on a rented farm, containing 1,280 acres. About one-third of this is suitable for agricultural purposes ; the remainder is very good grazing.-land. For a number of years past an annual rental of §1,920 has been paid for its occupancy.

A large tract of land lying on the South Tule River was, by Executive order of January 9, 1873 withdrawn, from settlement, and defined as Tule River Indian reservation. Although this tract contains over 48,000 acres, it has been condemned by a Government inspector as unsuitable for this purpose. Scarcely 100 acres of arable land, and that of an inferior quality, is contained within its limits. Some three years since an effort was made to remove the In- dians from the rented farm and locate them permanently upon this reservation. Several hundred dollars were spent in improvements, and six families of Indians were removed thither. By a change of agent, and want of means for further prosecution, the enterprise was then aban- doned. There is not on this whole tract more tillable laud than the six Indian families now residing there actually require. The property on this tract belonging to citizens, except ia one instance, as I am informed, was properly appraised and the claimants paid.

Adjoining this on the north, another large tract, almost equal in dimensions to that of the first, was, by Executive order, issued October 3, 1873, included in the reservation. No ap- praisement, however, has ever been made of the property of citizens on this latter tract, although four families have been living there ever since January, 1870. The improvements owned by these persons consist of cheap houses, one good barn, a large orchard of well- assorted fruit-trees, a fine vineyard, alfalfa meadows, broad fencing, and water-ditches with board flumes over rocky points, furnishing irrigating facilities sufficient to water a thousand acres. The whole will make an excellent home for all the Indians in the southern part of this State.

AGRICULTURE.

The farming interests of the agency the past year have not been satisfactory. A great amount of labor has been performed, but small returns have been realized. The result, as nearly as can be ascertained at the present time, is as follows : wheat, 1 ,700 bushels ; barley, 50 bushels ; corn, 200 bushels ; potatoes, 100 bushels ; turnips, 2,r> bushels ; onions, 30 bushels ; beans, 20 bushels ; 5 tons melons, 20 tons pumpkins, and 75 tons hay.

EDUCATIONAL.

A day-school has been maintained five months of the past year. Thirty-three different pupils have attended during the term, with an average enrollment of 25. The classes in reading have advanced very rapidly. About one-half of the number enrolled understand, and can work in the first rules of arithmetic. They take great pleasure in writing, drawing, and singing. Little ones who are too timid to speak aloud upon their first entrance, soon •learn to print on the slate and blackboard, and then to make figures and write. By the time they have completed the First Reader they can copy correctly in script any lesson in the book, and those who have completed the Second Reader can write very well, indeed. The only difference between these and white children is that the former require more continuous instruction This is, of course, in consequence of a lack of proper assistance at home. While many parents think it very desirable for their children to attend school, they know not how to give them the necessary encouragement. It has been impossible to secure regular attend- ance of the older pupils, as they reai.ily obtain remunerative employment and do not fully appreciate the advantages of an education. If it were practicable, I would recommend a boarding and manual-labor school as the best and surest means of securing permanent good.

MISSIONARY WORK

In addition to my official relation, I was appomted by the California Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to labor for the spiritual welfare of these Indians. I have en- deavored to instruct them faithtully both in Sabbath-school and at stated religious meetings; also on all suitable occasions, I have tried to impart lessons that would lead them to a proper appreciation of life's responsibilities.

INDIAN INDUSTRIES.

While some of these Indians are not inclined to labor, the majority are able to compete successfully with the white men of the country employed as day-laborers. They cut and thrashed their own grain with very little assistance, running the thrasher as skillfully and as well as experienced white men. They are very easily managed, and willing to do anything I require of them.

2 IND

18 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO.

CIVILIZATION.

The greatest obstacle in the way of their civilization is their constant contact with a low- class of white men and Mexicans who are universally addicted to drunkenness. Evil habits have thus been imbibed, leading to such general intemperance and dissoluteness of character as to render moral improvement almost an impossibility. The present outlook does not in- spire one with a great amount of confidence in their speedy elevation.

THE REMEDY.

Give them a permanent home, where they can find constant employment and have the liberal support of the Government until they can improve places of their own. This, in my judgment, is the only course that will redeem the older Indians, or prevent the younger ones from falling into a similar vortex.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

C. G. BELKNAP,

United States Indian Agent . The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Los PINOS INDIAN AGENCY, COLORADO,

September 30, 1876.

SIR : The most important event of the past year at this agency has been its change of location, an event which has tended to keep the Indians nearer to the heart of the reserva- tion in a country where successful cultivation of the soil was possible, and where they could reach the ration-house at all seasons of the year, and be more frequently under the eye of the agent. The present location is about 6,000 feet above the level of the sea. The old agency was over 9,000 feet high, and the climate consequently so cold that the Indians were there but about five months of the year. The new site is within two miles of the head ot what is known as the Uncapahgri (the spelling of the word was agreed upon between Mr. Jas. T. Gardner, of Professor Hayden's corps of surveyors, and myself, as being nearest to the Indian pronunciation) Valley, this being separated from what is known as the Uncapah- gri Park by a canon about six miles long. From high points in the range of mountains fifteen miles south of here this valley is said to look very charming and attractive. When reached, however, it is found to be like other sage-brush country in Colorado, dry and barren, and requiring the irrigating ditch.

The first extra labor for moving the agency was hired on the 14th day of July. An ap- propriation of a little over $20,000 had been asked for, but only $10,000 had been allowed. The old agency was not on the reservation, and was otherwise objectionable, so that moving seemed to be imperative. On the 17th of July we began to load the saw-mill. The agency farmer and a little band of hired men took three weeks, with four ox wagons and one mule wagon to reach the new mill-site, a distance of a little over ninety miles, it being necessary to make a great part of the road. Then the main work was to dig a ditch over half a mile long in a hard, cement-like gravel on the side of a bluff.

The contract for erecting the buildings was made August 12, and the work was to be done October 25 unless delayed by lack of lumber. The adobe work proceeded very slowly, and the work of getting out lumber was not so fast as was expected, and when the agent reached the Uncapahgri Valley, on the 28th of November, to make it his home, none of the buildings, except the store-house, were far enough advanced to be used. Notwithstanding this, and notwithstanding the snow had come upon the mountain range unusually early, it was deemed best to change headquarters. It was important that another year should not be lost to agriculture, and again, a large portion of the property of the agency, including most of the cattle, had been removed.

The employe's' supplies had nearly all been brought, the grain and vegetables were on th road, and it was expected that 100,000 pounds of flour for the Indians would yet arrive. Beef-cattle, about 100,000 pounds, had already come. Even without the flour it was expect- ed the Indians would be satisfied, as they had not been accustomed to receive anything from the Government in the winter. They were, indeed, more than satisfied till spring came, when they made a pretty loud demand for flour, and expressed a willingness to go to the old agency and pack it in. Thus there was issued to them 57,500 pounds during the second quarter. Much property was left at the old agency, snow impeding transporta- tion all winter, and that occasioned some embarrassment and a little extra expense. Never- theless, the removal has proved of great advantage. The good agricultural qualities of soil and climate of the new location have been demonstrated, and several of the Utes have been induced to work in the field.

Another benefit, which for lack of school accommodation we have little more than begun to feel, is the constant contact with the Indians, especially the children. Three children were lodged in the agent's house and ate at the table of the employe's, and made manifest prog- ress in learning to talk Americana, and two of them in arithmetic and reading and writing.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO. 19

The day-scholars were irregular in attendance and reluctant to give attention, and so it was proved for the hundredth time that with low grades of Indians the boarding-school is the only efficient one. Had the school-house been built and a boarding-school been established, there would have been success as to numbers as well as advancement.

I am not at all surprised that the Utes still feel very much aggrieved in regard to the Brunot agreement, both because it is not what they understood it to be at the Time it was made, (the boundaries fixed by it including much farming as well as mining land,) and because they have received no pay under it, while the country ceded has become occupied more and more, and now contains several thousand white people. ^|

The Brunot agreement was made in September, 1873, and ratified in April, 1874, but it was not till about a year ago, and after many applications, that authority was given to pur- chase the horses, guns and sheep which the Utes desired for the first annuity of $25,000, and the purchase was prevented by an order which very soon came from the Commissioner to obtain no guns till a satisfactory explanation was given of the attack on Mr. Hayden's party of surveyors last summer near Sierra la Sal. The Utes objected to receiving anything unless they could have the guns, and when permission to obtain them came, it was too late in the season for their transportation. The proposals were received on May 12, as early in the spring as I could depend upon getting over the mountains to Pueblo. Then came on the troubles with the Sioux, and the Commissioner seems to have thought it un- wise to give to any Indians, however friendly, anything that might aid them in any hostili- ties they might contemplate; and so, after promises had been made and contracts had been awarded, instructions were given to issue none of the articles. It would be nothing less than disrespectful in the agent to question this policy, but his chagrin at being the messen- ger of a distrust in which he did not participate, and at disappointing expectations founded on an agreement that had already been too long disregarded, can be well imagined. The guns are still withheld. Two hundred horses and three thousand sheep are yet at the agency, subject to the call of the Capote and Weminuche Utes, to whom it was decided by a council of the Utes, held last November, to give all the proceeds of the first annuity under the agreement of 1873 on account of the greater sacrifices they had made, much farming land in their part of the reservation being ceded to the Government. The chiefs of these Indians have given out word that they would receive nothing under the agreement : that the agreement was made by Ouray and only a few other Utes, and that they had nothing to do with it, and did not mean by any word or act to acknowledge it. It is believed that they are instigated to this course by some of the white settlers of their vicinity. At the present writing a messenger is sent to notify them that sheep and ponies are ready for them at the agency, and it remains to be seen if they are as bad and foolish as their word.

As to the attack upon the surveying party, it was made by a little patriarchal band of outlaws, called by the head-chief, Ouray, Pi-Utes, but admitted by many others to be We- minuche Utes. Up to within a few months they acknowledged allegiance to no one. Dur- ing this summer, at the bidding of Ouray, they appeared at our agency ; had their way, not very satisfactory, of explaining the attack ; expressed the desire to be friendly ; were very kindly received by our Indians as well as by the agent ; were given annuity goods and provisions, and left us to expect no further trouble from them. They have visited us once since. According to their story, which can hardly be credited, all the shooting was done by one man, and he a Pi-Ute from Nevada. The patriarch acknowledged that he did not try to prevent, but neither did he instigate it.

Mr. Gannett, with his assistants, visited the same region this season to complete the work of last year, and was not molested. They were accompanied by four of our Utes and by Dr. Mack, our physician, who assisted as interpreter. Mr. Wilson's party of Dr. Hayden's corps were also here this season, passing from the southwestern portion of Colorado to the northern.

The Utes have been much disturbed by men settling and building upon the reservation, on that part which is known as White Earth Valley and upon Uucapahgri Park. The agent has notified the settlers that they were intruding, but in some cases they have not seen fit to leave. A portion of Uncapahgri Park the settlers claimed as left to the Govern- ment by the line run by the surveyor, Mr. Miller, last year. The error of the surveyor was pointed out to the Commissioner, and promptly corrected by a proclamation of the President, excluding from settlement an additional tract f >ur miles square.

By removing the agency it was supposed we should be out of the line of travel. But, as before, a new mining town is the attraction, and there is very frequent passing of travelers and provisions. I am not sure, after all, that this is to be regretted. The Indians may a well become accustomed sooner as later to the proximity of whites. They make complaints, but no trouble Indeed, with all the aggravations they are called upou to bear, one must be astonished at their heathen forbearance, equal to anything called Christian; or, on the other hand, at a sagacity that sees that all resistance would be futile.

I have often spoken of the rare good nature of these Utes. They frolic pretty roughly, play annoying tricks upon each other ; but roughness seldom culminates in angry words and blows. Ouray, the head chief, has a log-cabin, built last fall at his own expense, except a few day's work of an agency employed He has also an adobe house in process of erection

20 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO.

which the agency carpenter is now at work upon. Several Utes have asked for houses, and I only regret that I have not thus far been able to give them assistance in erecting them.

During the summer, Ouray, with the assistance of Utes only, built quite a substantial fence around about ten acres of land, a portion of which he has cultivated. He is evi- dently much pleased with the 'removal to this valley, and will persist in farming.

There has been much difficulty in taking care of the cattle-herd. They are of Texas breed, with as yet but a slight tinge of American blood, and find places of resort in these mountains which are almost inaccessible. To make domestic stock of them otherwise than by the selection of a few work cattle is unprofitable. It is well that authority has been given to use them for beef. There is, indeed, no call for cows among the Utes yet. When there is, good American cows should be obtained. Perhaps had the Indians been used to seeing such cows, they would have been in demand.

There has been nothing unusual in disease or mortality.

In February there was a religious festival in the vicinity of the agency, a sort of Shaker service of singing and dancing, held for two or three days. As to distinctively religious in fluence upon the Utes, it has been very small. It has been regarded of first importance to teach them honesty and good faith, and it is sad that these virtues have not been more prac- ticed by those who have had dealings with them.

The Utes can be taught to work, but it must be by very steady and persistent efforts. Probably nothing would be so effectual as compensation immediately given for each day's or hour's work. They are not ready to work for provisions or annuity goods, for which they have already bartered their land.

I have the honor to be, respectfullv, your obedient servant,

H. F. BOND, United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

WHITE RIVER INDIAN AGENCY,

White Eiver, Colorado, August 31, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as the annual report of the White River Indian agency, Colorado, for the year ending August 31, 1876.

I report the number of Indians belonging to and cared for at this agency about the same as that reported last year, namely, nine hundred. The number of those who remain more steadily at or near the agency, with whom we have become well acquainted and among whom the progress in our work has chiefly been made, is about six hundred, principally of the Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah bands of Utes. Of these, the average is about five or five and a half to a family. During the year I should think there had been a very small natural increase among them. On this point, however, I cannot report with absolute cer- tainty.

The two hundred Indians of the Muache band, reported last year as having come to this agency expressing their purpose to make this their home, owing to some dissatisfaction in regard to the sale of a portion of their land in the southern part of their reserve, concluded, after remaining here about two months, to go back and make their peace with their chief. Most of the Indians known as Denver Utes, and comprising Peah's, Colorado's, and Wash- ington's bands, have reported at this agency, and remained for longer or shorter periods at a time about us. Colorado himself has been here but little ; Peah, not at all since the cowardly murder of an Indian committed by him in January last ; Washington has but recently come to the agency.

The conduct of the Indians at the agency has been very generally good. They have sub- mitted readily to the direction of the agent. They have offered no violence of any kind to the employe's, and but in one case, and that a trivial affair, have offered any to the agent. Among themselves they are remarkably peaceable, I would say even kindly, in their dispo- sition. I have known of no quarrel between one Indian and another while at or about the agency. The sad affair which happened last winter, and which, I am satisfied, was of the most exceptional character among these Indians, was in no sense the result of a quarrel. Peah, an Indian who bears at this agency the very worst reputation, shot and killed an un- armed Indian without provocation.

Of the conduct of the Indians away from the agency, when they meet with white settlers, I cannot, of course, judge so fully and assert so confidently ; but I am satisfied that it has been, almost without exception, good. The most serious complaint that has been made to me within the twelve months is one from the settlers of Middle Park, who complain of the Indians of Colorado's and Ungachief s bands, that they indiscriminately slaughter the game of the region for the skins and pelts. I find that generally the most complaint is made by persons who have the least cause for it ; that stories of insolence and violence of these Indians originate most frequently among those who have never experienced such, but who, on the contrary, have abused and maltreated them ; that the charges of thieving and depredat-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO. 21

ing are usually made by persons whose ownership of the small herd of cattle and few head of horses which they have managed to pick up will not bear investigation ; and that the more serious reports of Indian uprising and of wide-spread apprehension of great trouble are circulated by irresponsible persons, who have cruelly selfish and dishonest purposes to serve.

The health of the Indians has been generally good. They suffer from very few different diseases, and were it not for one or two diseases, (I should say, perhaps, for one and the others which this one invariably induces,) by which many of them are afflicted, I do not see why they would not increase in numbers if left in the undisturbed possession of their land here. A supply of medicine sufficient for its wants was furnished the agency last year by the De- partment. I have no regular physician, and the remedies called for were necessarily simple. The agency teacher has taken charge of these, supplies, and has given them out to sick Indians who applied to her. She has treated 210 cases.

I estimate that, were the provisions furnished this agency issued continuously in regular rations to the Indians here, and were they to remain at or quite near the agency, and depend upon these supplies entirely for their support, I would have enough to keep my Indians about four months of the year. Under the plan which has necessarily been followed, I have made the supplies hold out until about the 1st of July each year, or through eight months and a half. For the past three years, however, there have been between three and four months each year when no provisions (except beef, killed from their own herd, not bought with money from yearly appropriations) have been issued to Indians. About one-third, there- fore, of the support of these Indians is derived from the treaty appropriation, while two-thirds of it is derived from their own efforts and actual labor; almost none of this, however, from the pursuits of civilized life. Between ten and twelve thousand dollars' worth of skins and furs have been disposed of by the Indians at the one trading-post at the agency, and per- haps nearly as much more at the five or six other points where they go to trade from time to time. •••'

The Indians have shown less unwillingness to adopt the plan proposed for them of farm- ing than they have previously. Altogether nine families, including Douglas, the head chief, have been engaged to some extent in planting and the care of crops ; and, up to the time when they were called away by the military upon the Sioux expedition, they took con- siderable pains in keeping their small crop free from weeds. I expect that they will har- vest a good crop of potatoes in the fall to pay and encourage them.

I have built two small but comfortable houses for two of the prominent chiefs, which they have occupied, with their families, now nine months. Five other Indians have asked for houses, and are ready to settle down in them when built. Having no money appropriated for this purpose, I am able to build only as fast as I can manage to spare the time of the regular employes from the other work of the agency, much of which must necessarily first be done.

The effort referred to in my last report to induce the Indians to take and care for their herd of cattle now in the hands of the agent has not been successful, nor do I think they can very soon be induced to take them. At first a few will take cows for their milk ; but even in this the employes must assist them to ' ' break in " the cows, as they are very much afraid of them. We have "broken" and given to different Indians, for their, own use, six cows this season. Four families attend to them regularly, and, under the direction of the teacher, the women have learned to make butter. They have made about forty pounds of butter a mouth for three months past.

Before any 'extended work can be accomplished either for or by the Indians in the line of agrictilture, it will be necessary for the Department to appropriate funds for opening a large irrigating ditch from the river, and also for erecting a grist-mill to prepare for use the grain which may be raised. Provision for this last is made in the existing treaty. The saving to the Department of about $3,000 last year by the killing of beef-cattle from the Indian herd, instead of purchasing the same, I trust will be devoted in part to the benefit of the Indians of this agency by being used in supplying the facilities for successfully irrigating the bottom- lands near here, of which there are, perhaps, from four to six hundred acres of very good quality.

A small boarding-school has been in operation during nine months of the last year, into which have been introduced as many features of an industrial character as possible. It has been in charge of a female teacher, who has had no assistant, and who has been obliged to do all the various kinds of work involved in such a school. The number of different schol- ars attending has been fourteen, nine males and five females. Four boys have learned to road ; several write quite a legible hand. Early in the spring a class of four could repeat, and write, with appropriate characters, the multiplication-table. The boys have assisted some- what in the care of cattle, in the farm- work, and in the chores about the stables. The females have been taught to make bread, butter, and candles ; a few garments have been made by them. Between fifty and sixty garments have been made by the teacher tor the children of the school, and for a few other Indians. About $200 have been contributed by friends dur- ing the year for educational and charitable purposes. Although the showing of the school is still small, I think it would be unwise to relinquish effort in this direction. In addition to the good the children have themselves derived, nothing has exerted a more wholesome influ-

22 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

ence over their parents and friends than the good care for and interest which we have man- ifested in those who have beep intrusted to us. An additional school building I have now in progress. An assistant to the teacher is greatly needed, as the work of even a small school, such as must be had here, is too great a task for one.

The time and labor given to agricultural pursuits have brought good returns this season, the crops proving better than ever before. About 50 tons of good hay have been cut. A small patch of winter-wheat, which was sown on trial, but too late for a good crop, will do tolerably wrell. I have 2 acres of potatoes for the agency. A few Indians have planted about 3 acres ; they all promise to yield well. I have 9 acres of oats, which I estimate will yield nearly, if not quite, 135 bushels to the acre. About one-third acre of turnips sown will not do well. v

The trial during three successive years has shown that fair crops of wheat, oats, and po- tatoes may be depended upon here with great certainty. I think by another season a con- siderable sum of money may be wisely expended in providing a system of ditches to irrigate the portion of bottom-lands which are easily accessible. In the one item of oats there would be a yearly saving of $1.200 to the Department by raising 450 bushels, which could readily be done, I think, from 15 acres ; while 125 acres of wheat, well cared for, in a good season, would yield the amount of flour which has usually been purchased for a year's supply for this agency, at the cost of nearly $6,000, delivered here; and if the full wants of the agency be three times the amount usually purchased, it could be raised from 375 acres.

The Indian cattle-herd now numbers over 1,000 head. The increase during the year has teen about 225. In this time 125 beef-cattle have been killed from this herd. But one herder is allowed for the care of these cattle, so that considerable time of the other employe's is necessarily devoted to this work at different seasons of the year.

The old original buildings of the agency are still the only ones occupied by employe's and agent. They have been repaired from time to time, and are habitable. One of the dwell- ing-houses has been converted into a blacksmith's shop, for which it answers a very good purpose. The school building referred to in last report as nearly completed has been fin- ished and occupied during the year. Another building of similar character, and for the same purpose, is in progress. Two houses have been buiit for and occupied by Indians; one corral built for the agency stock. These, except for sash, locks, and hinges, have been built at no expense to the Department beyond the work of regular employe's. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

E. H. DANFORTH,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, DAKOTA,

September 1, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit this my fourth annual report of affairs at this~agency for the year ending August 31, 1876.

A review of my past year's labors shows me that although the progress of the Indians has not been all that I could wish, it has still been such as to justify me in advocating such en- couragement and assistance in the right direction as might be considered expedient by the Department. It must be admitted that, for a people untutored, unenlightened on any sub- ject, and possessing only dim and uncertain ideas of the advantages of civilization, they have had sufficient cause, if not to discard altogether such habits, &c., of the whites as they had adopted, at least to discontinue the adoption of any more.

The unsuccessful termination of the Black Hills negotiation, owing chiefly to the deter- mined opposition of the hostile bands : the threats held out by the latter that if a compromise was made it would not be with their consent ; the subsequent opening of the Hills, even after the lailuie of the commissioners to treat with the Indians satisfactorily, and the" very un- settled state of affairs during the fall, winter, and spring, are sufficient causes to dissuade a less civilized people than Indians from adopting a mode of life to which they had pre- viously been strangers. Still, with all these disadvantages, I am happy to say that no se- cession among the Indians already partly civilized has to be reported ; and, unless some extreme measures are resorted to, 1 can safely say that I do not believe any such report will be necessary.

No additional houses have been erected by or for the Indians during the past year, as both help and material have been scarce. This does not indicate a disinclination to live in houses ; it simply shows that I have been unable to render assistance to the Indians to en- able them to build ; and, without some slight help and instructions, their architectural ideas are rather superficial. Had I the wherewithal to furnish houses, and a portion of the arti- cl es generally used to partly complete the domestic arrangements of a dwelling even in the most economical manner, I have no hesitation in saying that more than one-half of these Indians would abandon the lodge for a dwelling capable of protecting them from the blight- ing effects of the two extremes of heat and cold experienced in ihis country.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 23

A great drawback to permanent settlement at or near this point is the scarcity, or rather the absence, of wood and grass, two staple articles absolutely necessary, not only for the Indian, but the white man also. Our present opportunities for obtaining either one or the other are so limited that I feel neither surprised nor discouraged at the want of inclination on the part of the Indians to locate here.

For obvious reasons, I cannot make a flattering report of farming operations for the past year. In my last annual report I informed you of the failure of the crops in this section, from two causes, viz: drought and grasshoppers, and now I am pained beyond measure to be compelled to say that no better success has crowned our efforts this season. Plows, har- rows, seeds, &c., were issued to the Indians early in spring ; they received such instructions as it was possible to give them from the farmer and other employes; fence wire and staples, and such other material as was needed to enable them to protect their crops, were furnished them ; in fact, all the assistance, encouragement, and advice in my power were cheerfully given, and apparently received with thanks, and yet it is my disagreeable duty to state that, owing to drought and the worlhlessness of the soil, the crops produced were less valuable than the seed planted. I wish it were in my power to report a more agreeable state of affairs in this connection, but it cannot be. Repeated and persistent attempts only meet with an equal number of lamentable failures, so that my firm opinion, after four years' ex- perience, is that, as we are now located, success in farming will exist only in the imagina- tion. Is it therefore necessary for me to say that the Indians are discouraged ? I think not, for if the same misfortunes year after year were the reward of white men's labor, I venture to say that despair would supplant hope, and future attempts be abandoned with disgust.

The habits of the Indians have undergone no material change since my last annual report. A strong: inclination exists among them to live like whites, so far as their daily subsistence is concerned, but the work whereby such subsistence is obtained is distasteful to the major- ity of them. The class known as " farming Indians " will spare neither themselves nor their animals if they can see any benefit to be derived from work; but it is needless for me to say that this is confined to the minority. The groat majority still cling to their old habits and customs, but yet evince a desire to be instructed, and apparently appreciate the instructions when given

As will be seen by a reference to the reports, the schools connected with this agency have been well attended, and the results attained highly satisfactory. The gentlemen having charge of these establishments have been indefatigable in their efforts, and I am happy to say that, although a great many difficulties have to be contended with, the success attending such charitable work has been beyond expectation. The Protestant Episcopal Church has two boarding day and industrial schools in operation, one at or near this agency, under charge of the Rev. R. A. B. Ffennell, and one at McKinzie's Point, about thirty miles from the agency, under charge of the Rev. Hy. Swift, assisted by Mrs. Swift and Miss S. F. Camp- bell. The American Board of Foreign Missions has two day and industrial schools, presided over by Rev. T. L. Riggs, assisted by Mrs. Rigffs and some native teachers. When we consider the amount of mental labor required to educate a white child, and then consider in addition to that the many difficulties to be encountered in inducing an Indian child even to accept an education, the objections of friends and relations to be overcome, and prejudices ex- plained away, I think it will be admitted that the ladies and gentlemen who devote their time to missionary work in the Indian country deserve the highest credit for their successful labors in so good a cause.

The recent troubles in the Indian country and the existing uncertainty as to the future intentions of the Government toward the Indians occasion considerable uneasiness among them, and I think it is not without cause. The hostile element both invite and threaten the friendly ones to join them. Reports are circulated that no further assistance will be rea- dered by the Government, as the Great Council in Washington refuses to furnish money un- less the Indians are turned over to the War Department. In fact, every inducement is held out and every report, reliable or otherwise, circulated to encourage secession from the agen- cies and strengthen the forces of the hostile camp. It is therefore not surprising, in view of the non-arrival of supplies, and the prospect of trouble growing out of the recent order of the War Department to arrest parties leaving and arriving, that people less credulous than Indians would feel undecided and uneasy.

In obedience to your instructions and those of the Lieutenant-General of the Army, I have assured them that all Indians known to be friends of the Government will receive kind treat- ment and every consideration, and that only those who have been in open hostility are to be chastised. This goes a good way to pacify them, but then suspicions are not so easily quieted down, and a latent spirit of disbelief is easily apparent, which only time and evidences of the truth of my assurances will eradicate.

It must be remembered that the whole Sioux Nation is related, and that there is hardly a man, woman, or child in the hostile camp who has not blood relations at one or the other of the agencies. It is therefore not at all surprising th#t a certain amount of sympathy should exist between the two parties, and that they should feel anxious to visit each other, particu- larly after the late encounter between the troops and Indians on the Little Big Horn.

The river-bank is still being washed away at this agency, and warehouses, dwellings,

stockades, and corrals are gradually being dismantled, torn down, and removed to save as

24 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

much of the material as possible from being swept away. The case has been represented to the Department, and I trust speedy action will be taken in the premises. A new warehouse and stable are in course of erection at a location about a mile distant from the present site, where it is hoped I will be authorized to move the remnants of the old buildings, &c., as soon as Congress passes the appropriation.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

H. W. BINGHAM,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

CROW CREEK AGENCY, DAKOTA,

August 24, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit this my sixth annual report relative to the Indians of this agency, who consist of the Lower Yanctonnais Sioux, numbering 1,213. The progress made by them in civilization during the past twelve months has been greater than that during any previous year. This is manifest in the increased number that have been en- gaged in miscellaneous labor upon the reservation, such as farming, herding, teaming, cut- ting wood, making hay, and constructing cabins for themselves. Year by year the tribal elations of these people are becoming less prominent, and individualization becomes more nd more perceptible. The cloth "teepes" are fast giving way to log houses, which give their homes more stability. Farms are being cultivated hy individuals ; property is be- coming individualized instead of being owned and used in common by the tribe.

These Indians are now engaged in raising stock to some extent, and are meeting with fair success. Many of them now have oxen, cows, swine, and poultry that they have cared for for the past three years. A number of these same Indians are now herding, teaming, and cutting wood in order to obtain additional stock. My experience has been that Indians realty desirous of obtaining stock are willing to render labor at a just compensation for the same, and that when an animal is obtained in this manner it is more highly prized, and is usually put to good use. On the other hand, I find that stock given out, and nothing ex- acted in return for the same, is little appreciated, and is either killed to make feasts for dancing-parties or allowed to wander away and become lost. This principle, I believe, will hold good in other respects, and I am confident, if exacted and enforced, which can gradually be brought about at this agency without force, and I presume at others, it would do much to elevate and advance them. I would recommend that the Government provide a liberal amount of subsistence stores, building-materials, wagons, harness, tools, &c., and then require all able-bodied persons to render an equivalent in labor for the same. It would be practicable to provide this labor in various ways, which would do much toward making them self-supporting.

It has been satisfactorily demonstrated that, on account of the drought and annual visita- tion of grasshoppers, agriculture cannot be made profitable in this immediate vicinity. I would, therefore, recommend that the Indians be encouraged in pastoral pursuits. They, by nature, are better adapted to this than any other branch of industry. In connection with this some factory-system is worthy of consideration.

The mission and schools at this agency are conducted by the Protestant Episcopal Church, there being one missionary and three teachers. There are the following mission struc- tures : First, one church-building, (frame, ) with adjoining house for school and missionary ; second, one log house, 20 by 40, used as school-house and residence for teacher ; third, one block-house, used as school-house and residence for teacher. Three schools have been taught during the year — one boarding and two day schools — with an average attendance of 38. The boarding-school is located at the agency, and the day-schools at the Indian vil- lages, five and seven miles from the agency. The children are readily controlled in the school-room, and have made fair progress. In addition to their books, the girls have been taught to sew, cut and make garments, and many of the women have been instructed in making bread, cutting and making garments, &c.

Two hundred and fifty-four acres of land have been cultivated during the present season, one hundred and fifty by Indians and the balance by the agency. Owing to the extreme drought and the visitation of the grasshoppers, the crops will prove nearly a total failure. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

HENRY F. LIVINGSTON,

United States Indian Agent*

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 25

DEVIL'S LAKE AGENCY, DAKOTA,

September 1, 1876.

SIR : In accordance with the requirements of the Interior Department, I have the honor to submit this my first annual report relative to the affairs of this agency and condition of the Indians under my charge.

INDIANS, THEIR NUMBER, PROGRESS, ETC.

The Indians of Devil's Lake agency are portions of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cut- Head bands of Sioux, numbering, males, 511 ; females, 560 ; total, 1,071. The past year has not been noted by that advancement among the Indians of this reservation that marked the preceding four years. The death of Agent Forbes, in July, 1875, (who was the first agent appointed to these Indians, and who took a deep interest in their welfare.) was a severe loss to them. Under his management, their advancement was truly wonderful. After his death, nearly two months elapsed before the arrival of the new agent. Soon after his arrival changes were contemplated which unsettled matters again for a time. Meanwhile the Indians fretted that they were being neglected, and general discontent was the result. Many who were dissatisfied went to Standing-Rock and other agencies, remaining all win- ter, returning only in the spring. There was also much carelessness on the part of the In dians during the winter in caring for their cattle and other property ; fourteen head of work- oxen died between the first of February and the last of May, principally from neglect of proper care. During the months of May and June five head of working-cattle were slaughtered by Indians for the purpose of making feasts for hay, sun, and medicine dances, which pagan superstitions are still practiced to a considerable extent among these people. This state of things resulted in the Indians neglecting their work during the planting season. Some new fields broken last year — at least fifty acres — are lying waste, going back to grass and weeds, caused partly from want of seed, but mostly from that careless indiffer- ence peculiar to the average Indian, requiring constant urging or encouragement to stimu- late him. • • VISITING DETRIMENTAL TO CIVILIZATION.

The frequency of visits by Chippewas to this agency, and the interchange of visits between the Missouri Sioux, Fort Berthold, and Devil's Lake Indians, are very annoying, usualh coming in the busiest season of farm-labor, or when there is a scarcity of supplies at the agen y, making heavy inroads upon the half-grown crops. This agency has been visited this summer by five different parties of Chippewas, and one party of Mandans and Gros Ventres, numbering from thirteen to sixty persons in each party, remaining for several days at each time. Such visits are productive of no good, but on the contrary are demoralizing, from the fact that during the whole time of their stay it is one continued feast and dance, many of our best Indians adopting paint and feathers for the time being, and participating in the festivities, recounting their exploits and deeds of valor. After such speech, presents are given, the visitors always receiving most of the presents, making it an object to be of the visiting party. These visits are made partly to gratify their tastes and love of travel, con> tracted from their life-long habits, but more particularly, for the purpose of getting presents of ponies. One of these parties of Chippewas received as presents 37 ponies. I look upon these ponies as a great curse to the Indians, and one of the greatest obstacles in the way of civilization. -For instance, an Indian will have word sent him here at Devil's Lake that a pony has been given him at Standing Rock. He will drop everything and go there, a dis- tance of about five hundred miles, (round trip,) for a pony that would sell from $10 to $30. These ponies are worthless except for saddle use : they spend much of their time in looking after them ; they are troubling them constantly by destroying much of their crops, and if Indians did not have ponies to travel with they would remain more at home, and attend closer to their farms. Even the life-long love of travel would not induce a Sioux Indian to undertake a long journey on foot. If this pony traffic was abolished, and all Indians com- pelled to remain at home, and if nothing were issued at any agency except in payment for labor, their progress would be more rapid, for an Indian will work rather than starve, and, confined within the limits of his reservation, he would be compelled to turn his attention to some means of support.

AGRICULTURE,

Since my assuming charge the 4th of July last, there has been a marked change for the better among these Indians. All have taken hold of their work with a willingness which shows a determination to make their homes more comfortable, and better their present con- dition. A portion of the seed this year was worthless and rotted in the ground, but the small fields planted have been well cared for, and the present season has been so very favorable that where the seed was good the crops, corn and potatoes especially, promise a large yield. We estimate the crops which are not yet gathered at, potatoes, 5,700 bushels ; corn, 2,000 bushels ; turnips, 100 bushels; onions, 100 bushels; beans, 50 bushels; oats, 200 bushels ; beets, 100 bushels ; tomatoes, 3 bushels ; peas, 3 bushels ; cabbage, 200 heads ; melons, 30 ; squash, 500 ; pumpkins, 100; hay cut, 650 tons; 740 rods of new fence has been constructed, and 900 cords of wood cut by Indians during the year; 10,000 feet of oak lumber has been sawed, and used in repairing agency store-house and Indian houses. The carpenter is now engaged

26 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

in putting new shingled roofs on store and ware-rooms. A prairie fire last spring, during a heavy wind, did considerable damage, burning 5 Indian houses, 7 stables, and considerable fencing.

SANITARY CONDITION.

The health of these Indians during the year has been comparatively good, the prevailing diseases being scrofulous tumors, pulmonary diseases, and rheumatism, produced by expo- sure and their habits of living, generally proving fatal from not receiving the necessary care, they only coming for medical treatment when their own remedies fail, or from a selfish motive to have favors granted them, the sick always receiving some little delicacies. They always take the medicines prescribed home with them, but on visiting them the following day the medicine will be usually found untouched, and some medicine-man engaged in incan- tations, drumming and singing, having feasted upon the articles given for the sick person. There are exceptions to this representation, but it holds true in the majority of cases. Until such time as there is a hospital to have all sick removed to for proper treatment we cannot hope to treat the sick with any degree of success. A hospital attached to the manual-labor school under the care of the Sisters of Charity, (who have charge of said school,) would be productive of much good in alleviating suffering, and restoring many to health, who would otherwise die from want of proper nourishment and care. I would therefore respectfully urge that such an addition to the manual-labor school be constructed as early as practicable. The sick of the reservation could then receive the attention and treatment necessary. The nfirm and old could be cared for at the same place.

ADVANCEMENT IN CIVILIZATION.

Having been an employ6 and in charge of all outside matters connected with this agency for the past five years, (with the exception of the three months prior to my appointment as agent, ) and as the performance of that duty brought me in daily intercourse with these peo- ple, I have had an opportunity of becoming thoroughly acquainted with their habits and customs, and to be convinced that persuasion is better than force. My experience has also shown me that Indians are susceptible of moral culture and intellectual advancement ; but in order to elevate them we must set the exam pie and teach them to respect each other's rights, and our laws of government, by kindness and advice, but at the same time with a decided firmness. All necessary rules among them should be enforced for their common good. They will respect truth and frankness in others, even when administered to them- selves with some severity. The best Indians are always inclined to have justice meted out to them. The work of civilizing and Christianizing a people so wedded to ignorance and superstition is one requiring much time and patience ; but in comparing the present condi- tion of these Indians with what they were five years ago, I can certainly say that there has been a wonderful improvement. Five years ago there was not a family among them living in a house, and it was with difficulty that they could be induced to live in one, fearing the ridicule of their neighbors. This ridicule an Indian dreads above all things. They also suspected every effort made for their advancement as a stroke at their medicine practices, and were slow to begin. But there are now ninety families living in log houses built by themselves, and thirteen more in course of erection, which will be occupied the coining win- ter. A majority of these Indians evince a determination to continue in the work of civiliz- ation until they become self-sustaining and independent.

EDUCATION.

The manual-labor school, under the charge of four Sisters of Charity, (Gray Nuns of Mont real,) is now well established. Two years ago when the school was first opened it was diffi- cult to get children to attend ; nearly every effort to procure scholars failed, and when some would consent to have their children attend, they were left but a few days, either running away themselves or being stolen by their parents. But I am happy to state that such trouble no longer exists. Some few who were induced to remain a few months learned the benefit of it and continued on, thus bringing others to try. We now have an average attendance of 35 children, all that can be accommodated in our present building. Many applicants have to be turned away for want of more sleeping-room. During a short vacation given in July, many scholars remained at the school in preference to going home. These children are boarded, clothed, and cared for at the school, and are instructed in manual labor. Out of school- hours the boys work in the- garden, care for the stock, &c., while the girls cook, wash, iron, knit, sew, and do general housework. They are taught everything that will make them peaceful, honest, and industrious. The advancement of the children in reading and writing is very gratifying, and a perceptible difference is easily seen upon entering any of the Indian houses where the girls have attended the school for any length of time. An ad- dition to this school is much needed for the accommodation of more scholars ; a boarding- school being the only successful method of instructing the Indian children.

MORALS.

With the exception of polygamy, the morals of these people, considering their education and surroundings, is worthy of remark, and might be advantageously imitated by some of the

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 27

more civilized whites. This plurality of wives is one of the many evils of pagan life, and one that is hard to eradicate ; but even this is no longer on the increase, and with proper management will soon cease to be popular among the Indians of this reservation.

MISSIONARY INFLUENCES.

Another noticeable feature showing the marked improvement among the Indians, is the feeling exhibited toward the priest and Sisters. When these missionaries first came, the Indians regarded them as here for the purpose of forcing them to abandon their own medicine and adopting that of the "black gowns," (Catholics being so called by the Indians.) Only a few would allow their children to be baptized, but kindness and example have overcome their prejudices, and now all look upon the priest and Sisters as their best friends ; and when any of them are considered dangerously sick they send for the priest to baptize them. This often includes the old as well as the young. Forty-five adults have received baptism after having been instructed in the doctrines of the Church. Much good is hoped to be accom- plished the coming year, by bringing them more under the influences of Christian civiliza- tion.

BOUNDARY-LINES.

This reservation contains nearly 12 townships, or about 275,000 acres, of which about 50,000 acres is well timbered, the remainder being good agricultural land. The military re- serve, six miles wide, as defined by office-letter of August 2, 1876, is taken out of this In- dian reservation, cutting it into two parts, and contains about two townships, or about one- sixth of the entire Indian reservation, and at least one-half of all the timber, and three-quar- ters of the best meadow-land contained in the whole reservation. The agency-buildings are located on a small piece of ground about six acres in extent, on the shore of Devil's Lake, a spot on the military reserve turned over by that department for use of the Indian agency. It is about two miles from the western and four miles from the eastern boundary-lines of the mili- tary reservation, and about eighty rods from the military post. Being prohibited from cutting wood or hay for use of agency where military contractors can cut, we are obliged to go sev- eral miles for hay and fuel. If the lines had been established two miles east of the post, it would have enabled the Indians to select some very desirable locations near the timber, and also given them a portion of the large meadows, and still left the military reservation four miles wide and twelve miles long, with an abundance of timber and meadow-laud for use of post. As it is now, I would respectfully recommend that this agency be removed to a point about seven miles east of here. The largest Indian settlements are in that neighborhood. The manual-labor school and saw-mill are already located there, and the lines of military reservation and location of agency-buildings have always been the cause of much dissatis- faction on the part of the Indians. By the agency being off the military reservation, and with the agent living among the Indians, much inconvenience and annoyance would thereby be avoided, and a more rapid progress in their advancement toward civilization could reasonably be expected.

Believing that with judicious management under the present Indian policy these Indians can be brought to a state of prosperity that will preclude the necessity of further Govern- ment aid by the time that the treaty with them expires, I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES MCLAUGHLIN,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

FLANDREAU SPECIAL AGENCY,

Flandreau, Dakota, August 31, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following annual report :

The Flandreau Indians are a branch of the Santee Sioux, located at Flandreau, Moody County, Dakota Territory, forty miles above Sioux Falls. They have no reservation, but have taken

HOMESTEADS,

as authorized by the Sioux treaty of 1868. There are now eighty-five homesteads taken. Above thirty have completed their filings and received their patents. They are much attached to their homes, and we think they will be very slow to sell out. They are

SUBJECT TO THE LAWS

of the Territory, and pay taxes on their lands and personal property, the same as their white neighbors, and I am informed they have been paid very promptly. No crime against per- son or property has been committed by them the past year. They are accommodating them- selves rapidly to all civilized customs. Each family lives on its own farm. Every man has but one wife, to whom he has been married in a Christian manner, and their family relations are very harmonious, there having been no divorces or separations during the year.

28 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

THEY ARE FARMERS.

No other trades hare yet been learned by them. Their crops this year would have been remarkably fine, but that they suffered from the grasshoppers, in common with all the whites in Dakota Territory. I judge about half their crops have been destroyed. Some have lost all, some are but little injured. It is difficult to estimate the crops under these circumstances, but altogether I estimate they will have 1,100 bushels of wheat, 1,760 of corn, 3,970 of pota- toes, besides a few other vegetables. They have received no clothing, and less than $500 aid in rations from the Government the past year. They desire to be independent, and I hope will soon be able to be so.

CHRISTIANITY

is fully established among them. The Presbyterians have a large organization, with a fin church. The Episcopalians have regular services. There is no dancing or conjuring among them.

THE SCHOOL.

which is supported by Government funds, has been very prosperous the past year, the aver- age attendance rising as high as 35 in one month. The school-house is the" only building owned by Government, and the teacher the only regular employe". The greatest hinderance to their advancement is the great distance at which many of the children live, which prevents them from attending regularly. It would be a great blessing were funds provided to build and support a small boarding-school in connection with the day-school ; and as no funds are ex- pended on other employ6s, we think, though the number of Indians is small, it would be no more than justice to this fragment of the Sioux Nation to give them every facility for edu- cation.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant.

JOHN P. WILLIAMSON,

United States Special Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

FORT BERTHOLD INDIAN AGENCY,

Dakota, September 8. 1875.

SIR : In compliance with the regulations of the Department, I have the honor to submit this my annual report of the affairs of this agency for the year ending August 31, 1876.

POPULATION.

The number of Indians belonging to this agency I estimate at not over 1,500. There is a party of about 100 Gros Ventres (seceders) who have spent all of their time for several years at and around Fort Buford, Dak., one hundred and thirty-five miles above this agency, on the Missouri River. They are considered as belonging here, though they receive no sup- plies of goods from the agency except as small parties visit it. There are also quite a num- ber of Rees and Gros Ventres enlisted as scouts at Forts Lincoln, Stephenson, and Buford, having their families with them, who draw no rations from agency unless present at the issue. (All scouts and families are included in the issue of annuity-goods.) Forty-four Rees have been and are with General Terry as scouts, fighting their hereditary enemy, the Sioux. Three were killed with Colonel Reno in the bloody fight on the Little Big Horn River. July 1 I took a census of the Indians present at the agency, and as there were none known to be absent except as scouts and the seceders, I was able to ascertain very nearly the correct number of persons who are entitled to the benefits of the ageney, as follows :

At agency July 1, 1876, Arickarees 618

Gros Ventres 403

Mandans 241

1,262

At Fort Lincoln, (Rees, ) scouts and families 21

At Fort Stevenson, (Rees, ) scouts and families 12

At Fort Buford, (Gros Ventres,) scouts and families 11

With General Terry as scouts, (Rees,) 44, (3 killed) 41

— — 85

Total, not including the Gros Ventres before mentioned at and around Fort Buford 1 , 347

I would respectfully recommend that they be ordered back to their agency or be treated as hos tiles by the military.

SANITARY.

As has been reported, the sanitary condition of these Indians has greatly improved within the last year, mainly from the fact of their increased willingness to consult and follow the

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 29

advice of the agency physician, and the added comfort of their homes, secured by building them higher, with some ventilation and increased cleanliness.

The most prolific source of sickness is the crowded condition of the village, which is pleas- antly situated on high bluffs overlooking the Missouri River ; buildings and lodges packed as closely as possible, regardless of order or streets, built so, as they say, to protect them- selves from the Sioux. I have no doubt that when they find there is no cause of fear from their old enemy, they will gladly move out and occupy separate tracts of land as permanent homes, which would greatly tend to improve their sanitary condition.

INDUSTRIES.

A number of these people have wagons, carts, harnesses, &c., given them for labor and good conduct, and they are making good use of them this season, and the good example is not lost. The fact that a man who can help himself is not only an independent man, but the more easily secures help from others, has been so clearly demonstrated by these workers to their once skeptical brethren that manual labor has lost in a great degree its stigma of reproach, and our number of workers is being gradually increased by determined beginners. They have greatly exceeded all my expectations in their willingness to work, and in the amount they have done this year. They have a large increase of acreage under cultivation, and, notwithstanding the ravages of the pests of this country, (grasshoppers,) they will secure a larger crop of corn and potatoes than they have ever had before!

They have cut during the year about 500 cords of wood for boats, but they have been greatly discouraged in this by boats taking their wood without paying for it, and in one instance paying the poor fellows in confederate scrip. I have been unable to learn the name of the boat that did it. Indians say that some of the boats, when they see them at their wood, pass on by until they find a pile with no one to watch it, and in that case they are sure to want wood, and it is taken. But for this they would have cut much more wood than they have. They have secured about 200 tons of hay, which they hope to sell to the agency. Last fall and winter I was enabled with their help to deliver to the mill over 50,000 feet cot- tonwood logs, at a cost to the Government of $J .62 per 1 ,000 feet. They furnished the agency with all the coal and wood needed for use, at prices much below that usually paid the white man.

FARMING OPERATIONS.

With the exception of the damage done by the grasshoppers, the season has been a very favorable one ; there has been an abundance of rain, rather more than needed. Corn, pota- toes, and squashes have done well, and prospects are good for a large crop. The agency fields being larger, were damaged much more than the Indian patches, as they kept their squaws and children constantly at work in and around the fields, and thus kept the pests off in a great measure.

Acreage under cultivation in agency farm : 35 acres potatoes, 45 acres corn, 40 oats ; total, 120 acres. The Indians have fully 800 acres; 100 of this was plowed and prepared for them by agency teams, and given out in small lots of from 1 to 5 acres each, according to the size of family and their ability to take care of their crops. I estimate their crop at 10,000 bushels corn, 6,000 bushels potatoes, and 1,000 bushels squashes; agency. 2,500 bushels potatoes, and 500 bushels of corn. This is a low estimate.

I think the 'practice of growing a large crop at the agency for gratuitous distribution to the Indians should be discontinued, and they required to do the work or go without ; and the time of employe's should be given to the Indians, instructing them in the proper care of their fields and crops. There are some who will not work as long as they think the agent will give them of his crops, and in a general issue it is hard to make an exception of the non- workers.

RELATIONS WITH THE SIOUX.

The friendly relations that had existed between these people and the Sioux for some time, was broken last January by a small party from Spotted Tail agency, who stole 22 horses from the Gros Ventres' winter camp. The theft was soon discovered and the thieves fol- lowed ; two of the horses were recaptured, and four of the raiders killed. Since then there has been a succession of reports to the effect that large parties of Indians from Spotted Tail and Cheyenne agencies were on the way to attack Bertbold. These reports have kept these people constantly stirred up, and confined them almost entirely to the immediate vicinity of the agency. Usually in the spring, when supplies are short, large parties go out hunting, and thus help bridge over the hard times. This year nothing could induce them to leave the camps on account of the rumors and the fact that Sitting Bull and his followers were on their hunting grounds, Little Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. I think a good way to stop such little thieving parties going from one agency to another, would be to deduct from the supplies of the marauders an amount equal to the value of the property stolen, and give the same to the Indians suffering the theft. When the headmen and chiefs find their supplies must suffer for such exploits on the part of the young braves, they will soon put a stop to the business.

The hostiles under Sitting Bull have done all they could for the last two years to induce these people to join them against the whites, but without success. I do not believe there is

30 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

a single one with them that belongs to this agency. While some of these Indians think and believe the Sioux are to be the victors by virtue of superiority of numbers, and very natu- rally reason that it is well to be on the winning side, by far the greater number, some of whom with their own eyes have seen that the "white men are more in number than the blades of grass growing," see in them the final conquerors, and are more than content to remain as now under the protection of the Great Father.

August 21, last, a party of hostiles, about 20, appeared on the bank of the river opposite the village and wished to cross over, stating they had dried meat, &c., for these people. They were informed by the Rees that no more Indians could cross the river here who were not known to be friendly to them and the whites, and that they must leave at once ; not doing so, they were fired upon. A few shots were returned, when the hostiles beat a hasty retreat, forgetting in their haste to take away their dried meat, blankets, saddles, &c. After a while some of these Indians crossed over and secured the plunder. Their unswerv- ing friendliness in the past seems to justify the belief that they would not betray fullest con- fidence in their fidelity on the part of the Government. Of this I am assured, if only they can be guarded from the pernicious and debasing influence of unprincipled whites, who seem as naturally attracted by the ignorance and credulity of these untaught people as the crow by carrion.

ANNUITEES.

The issuing of the annuity goods to the heads of families instead of the chiefs has been very satisfactory to all except said chiefs, who never miss an opportunity to request that their goods be given them in the old way ; while the poor people (for they have poor people among the Indians) say the agent's way is the best. It has done much to break up tribal relations, and there is a growing tendency on the part of the more intelligent to independ- ence of thought and freedom from control of the chiefs. I would recommend that they be given less in supplies, and more farming implements, such as wagons, harnesses, carts, plows, scythes, and at the same time let them understand that they must work ; that they cannot always expect white men to give them what they want, without effort on their part.

SCHOOL.

The school was opened in December, 1875, for first time since October, 1874, when the school-room was burned, with all the furniture. The progress and success of the school was all that could be expected. During the seven mouths' school there were enrolled on the reg- ister 77 names, with an average daily attendance of 20. Owing to the small room that had to be used, it was next to impossible to keep the best of order ; besides, keeping still was new business to them. They are bright and quick to learn ; many of them who had never been to school before, learning to read in words of three or four letters. The success of the school was largely due to the patience and perseverance of Miss Hannah Briggs, the teacher, who was untiring in her efforts to teach cleanliness as well as letters.

IMPROVEMENTS AND REPAIRS.

I have built at the new agency one block-house, 15 by 10, two stories high, to be used in case of necessity ; one kitchen for farmer's house, 16 by 20 ; 863 rods of new fence ; repaired horse stables, corrals, and cattle-sheds for agency herd. Agency buildings are now all in good condition except the saw and grist mill, which 1 have been compelled to take down and move, in order to save the material from being washed away. I would recommend that the saw-mill be put up again near the new agency buildings, on a small creek, out of danger from the river ; cannot get along without the mill to manufacture needed lumber.

The Indians have built for themselves 24 new log houses, at no cost to the Government, except for doors and windows.

WINTER-QUARTERS.

Soon after crops are secured, each tribe starts out parties to get their winter-quarters in readiness for the reception of the balance of the tribe. This annual emigration is a neces- sity on account of the scarcity of fuel. The Gros Ventre camp is twenty-five miles from the agency, near the mouth of the Little Missouri River; Mandans, fifteen miles; Arickarees, twelve miles. All, or nearly all, leave the village during the winter. This necessitates issuing at four places instead of one, and as the supplies have to be hauled, it leaves very little time for agent or employe's to do any other work. 1 can see no help for this, unless the agency is moved up the river where there is plenty of fuel.

MISSIONS.

This being the first year any missionary work has ever been done among this people, no great progress can be expected. On the 9th of May Rev. C. L. Hall and wife arrived at this agency as missionaries, sent out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Since then there has been church service every Sabbath, conducted in the Dakota language, and as most of these people understand it, they get along very nicely. Mr. Hall's time has nearly all been taken this summer in building a mission-bouse near the village, which is nearly completed, and will answer for the present the comb red purpose of dwelling, church, and school. The board has spent nearly $3,000 in all on the work. They purpose-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 31

to make a permanent station here. Their main effort will be to induce the Indians to be- come Christian men and women. They will, however, co-operate with the agent and Gov- ernment in all efforts to bring the Indians to an industrious life, and in keeping up a day or any other school. There has been but a feeble attempt heretofore made to educate or Christianize these people. The result of the present effort, begun under the cloud of war, may be told at a future time.

In conclusion, I would state that I am much gratified by the progress made and labor performed during the last year. It is very gratifying, the feelings these Indians entertain, and the position they have taken in reference to the Indian war which has been in progress this season, they being the firm friends of the whites under very trying circumstances ; and in justice to this people I would say that instead of being deprived of the means of defense, the Government ought to give them at least ammunition sufficient to defend their homes and families. Much of the success of the agency has been owing to the faithful and earnest help I have received from my present corps of employ6s, and with earnest Christian workers, with employe's whose example is for good, and who are in sympathy with the agent and the present policy of the Government, there is no doubt but great good can be done this people.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

C. W. DARLING,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

LOWER l>i:i i.i: AGENCV, DAKOTA,

August 11, 1876.

SIR : In compliance with instructions, I have the honor to submit this my annual report, as agent for the Lower Brul6 Sioux.

The number of the Indians in this tribe is estimated at from 1,800 to 2,000, many ot whom have for two or three years been absent at the Spotted Tail agency. An accurate count of the Indians at any of the agencies on the west side of the Missouri River is quite impossible, as they travel all over the country like the game which they hunt. It is difficult, too, to induce an Indian to tell his own name when others are present ; and the name given in a census taken to-day would be forgotten or another substituted in a month hereafter by the Indian.

Little progress has been made in the way of agriculture. Some of the Indians are in- clined to be industrious, but the majority of them are idle, careless, listless, and improvident, seeming to have no thought of the future ; and the greatest hope for the future is in their children. Some few of the more industrious have their little gardens surrounded by rude fences. Unfortunately, however, the grasshoppers have deprived them of the reward of their labor by destroying all vegetation. About building houses the Indians have exhibited a little more industry ; they have now about fifty-six log cabins, built with their own labor, sixteen having been built during the past year. Most of the houses, however, are without proper doors and windows, which I have no doubt will in time be provided, when they will all be occupied. The most remarkable illustration of the disposition of some to help them- selves was exhibited by a small baud known as the Crow band, the members of which saved a sufficient number of beef-hides, which they turned in to the trader, and with the money -value thereof ordered him to purchase a first-class mowing-machine and sulky hay- rake. With these they are now providing hay for their ponies during the coming winter. Lit- tle progress, however, can be made in establishing them as a people, in any industrial pur- suit until they are compelled by treaty or force to remain at their agencies and are dis- possessed of their arms and ponies.

The disposition of these Indians toward the whites has changed much for the better. They show more feelings of dependence and more anxiety to be at peace. During the year the chiefs and head-men of the tribe asked for and obtained permission to visit the Pouca agency, for the purpose of making a treaty with the Poncas, with whom they have been on un- friendly terms for years. This treaty was effected and entered into in the best of faith.

I must not conclude my report concerning these Indians without a record of their course during the unhappy war now in progress with the Indians of the north and their allies under Sitting Bull. For some time it was apprehended that some of this tribe were in concert with the hostiles. If any of the Lower Brul6s were or are arrayed against the Government, they were or are from the number who have for years been identified with the Spotted Tail agency. Permit me here to assure the Department and the public that the Indians of this agency have remained at the agency, and are most anxious that the present peace should continue, and nothing would produce more anxiety in their minds than the utterance that the Great Father (the President) believed that they were or are in any way connected with the war. I have no hesitancy in saying that the military officers here would heartily join in this opinion.

On the '25th of April, 1876, a contract was entered into for the erection of agency build-

32 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

ings at the site of the new agency, at the mouth of the American Crow Creek, (called by the Indians Long Knife Creek ; ) and on July 22, 1876, the above-referred -to buildings, consist- ing of an agent's residence, two employe's' dwellings, one mess-house, one school-house, and one warehouse, were completed and accepted, at a cost of $6,370. Four of the log build- ings in use at the old agency have been removed and rebuilt at the location of the new agency as above indicated, which leaves two yet to be removed.

No farming has been done, owing to the removal of the agency and the fact that there is nothing in the shape of an agricultural implement belonging here.

In conclusion, I would but add that although the progress desired has not been made, the prospect is by no means discouraging. When it is remembered that these very Indians were but a few years ago constantly on the war-path, a terror to the whole country, and a perplexing problem to the Government, the wisdom of the present policy must be acknowl- edged. It is claimed by a large proportion of our public men that the negroes, with all the advantages of their schools and churches and their daily intercourse with the whites, in the business course of life, cannot be so far transformed as to be prepared for enlightened citizen- ship. What, then, must be expected of those who but a short time ago were wild and bar- barous Indians ? The improvement they have made is an evidence that the 'peace policy is not a failure. The civilization and christianization of the Indian must necessarily be a slow and critical work, which must call forth much patience and must cover no inconsiderable space of time.

Having resigned, I trust scon to be relieved from the duties of agent, and I here desire to acknowledge the courtesy and attention of all the Department officers during my connection with the work among the Indians, and am,

Very respectfully, your most obedient servant,

TOM. A. REILY,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

PONCA AGENCY, DAKOTA, August 25, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit this my first annual report of the condition of the Indian service at this agency. On the first day of April last I relieved my predecessor, A. J. Carrier, receipting to hjm for all the public property in his possession, and upon the same day entered upon the discharge of my duties.

I found upon an inspection of the agency buildings that all of them were in great need of repairs, and that the warehouse was entirely unfit and unsafe for the storage of Govern- ment supplies. The agency dwelling-house and office were in such a dilapidated condition that they were scarcely habitable ; the other buildings were in a much worse condition, and, taking them altogether, a more dilapidated-looking lot of buildings could not well be found.

The saw-mill being in a fair condition, I at once put it in running order, having a small supply of cottonwood logs on hand, such being the only kind of saw-timber to be obtained here. I had them sawed into lumber for such use as the kind of lumber thus produced could be put to, and at once commenced the much-needed work of repairing the agency buildings, purchasing what little pine-lumber and other necessary materials the exigency of the service demanded ; and have progressed so far with the repairing as to be able to say th&t before the cold season sets in I will have these buildings in a much better condition, though not as complete as I would wish to have them.

The Poncas number in all about 730 souls. They are peaceable and well behaved, and have worked faithfully during the past five months, considering the many difficulties they have had to contend with — the repeated attacks by the hostile Sioux, the scarcity of farming- implements. &c. Many of the Indians were obliged to cut their wheat with butcher-knives, owing to the fact that we have only one reaping-machine, and could not get around in time to harvest it ; consequently much of the wheat-crop was lost.

On the morning of the 15th of June last the Sioux made a raid on this agency, killed one Ponca Indian, and ran off thirty head of ponies and three head of cattle. The Poncas have not retaliated, under the belief that the Government will keep its faith with them, and that under their treaty stipulations remuneration for their losses will be made.

One day-school has been in operation most of the time during the past year, with fair re- sults.

All the available land was placed under cultivation, and an abundant harvest would un- doubtedly have been gathered had not the grasshoppers destroyed most of the corn-crop. The only crop that escaped this pest was the wheat, which I think will yield well.

The agency corn and oat crops were completely destroyed. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES LAWRENCE,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 33

RED CLOUD AGENCY, NEBRASKA,

August 10, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit this brief report of my official connection with this agency, being from December 3, 1875, to August 10, 1876. My connection with the agency was for so short a time, and Indian matters so unsettled, that it is very difficult for me to make a report at all satisfactory to either the Department or myself.

Upon taking charge I found the people quiet and well disposed toward the Government ; but the occupation of the Black Hills, military operations against the hostile Indians, the sub- ject of removal either to the Indian Territory or Missouri River, and the proposed transfer of the Indian Bureau to the War Department, have been sources of constant uneasiness, produc- ing in the Indians such a feeling of uncertainty in regard to their future that the position of agent has been a very trying one. By kind treatment, judicious counsels, and the assurance on my part that the Government, in the settlement of the various questions affecting their future welfare, would deal justly by them, and do nothing but what was considered for their good, I succeeded in gaining their confidence and keeping them patient.

It must be remembered that I have had Indians of three different tribes under my charge, viz, Sioux, Arapahoes, and Cheyennes. The Arapahoes and a large majority of the Sioux have at all times evinced a disposition to listen to good counsel. • The Cheyeunes have been more troublesome, particularly since the first fight between General Crook and the Indians last winter. They quietly drew off in small bands, till at this date not more than three or four hundred remain here. They have caused me more trouble and anxiety in their manage- ment than the Sioux and Arapahoes combined. I would here suggest that the Sioux of this agency could be more easily and pleasantly managed if the Cheyennes and Arapahoes were separated from them.

Although my connection with this agency has been short, I have been here long enough to convince me that the most powerful aids these people can have toward civilization are school and mission work. Under a Department order to my predecessor, I last, winter erected a school-house, and expected that early in the spring the religious body to which the care of this agency is assigned would open the school and commence missionary work ; but the unsettled state of Indian affairs, and the probability of removal, had its influence in postponing school and mission work. Many of the most prominent and intelligent Indians expressed a strong desire to have the school opened that they might send their children. If everything had been favorable, I am satisfied we should have had a good attendance. Since the completion of the school-house we have had monthly services by the Rev. Mr. Cleve- land, missionary at Spotted Tail, which were well attended by the Indians.

But very little has been or ever can be done in the way of agiiculture in tin's locality, on ac- count of the dryness of the climate. Many of the Indians evince a commendable desire to cultivate the soil. I encouraged them in this direction as far as possible, and plowed for them on the moist creek-bottoms to the extent of 50 or 60 acres. I visited several of their little farms, which would have shown good results but for the ravages of the grasshoppers. The area of land suitable for cultivation is so small that it would be useless to undertake to make any progress in the way of farming. In a suitable location, and with proper en- couragement and instruction, I am satisfied they would make rapid progress.

In this connection I would say, on the subject of removal, that in many of my councils the question h'as been discussed. I have invariably held up to them the advantages of the Indian Territory over the Missouri River by describing to them the salubrity of climate, richness of soil, and abundance of timber and water, and the assurance that in case they should choose that country for their future home they would never be disturbed. When the commission which has been appointed to treat with these people on this subject shall visit here, I am confident they will find little trouble in persuading them to go south.

In conclusion, I would say that I have become very much interested in these people, and shall watch their progress toward civilization with increasing interest. I very much regret that I have not had a better opportunity to aid them in that direction. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAS. S. HASTINGS,

United Stales Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

SPOTTED TAIL AGENCY, NEBRASKA, August 10, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit this my annual report of affairs at this agency to above date, inclusive.

The year just passed has been fruitful of great and important events affecting the welfare of the Indians on this reservation. The great council held in this vicinity last September attracted a vast multitude of Indians from all parts of the Sioux reservation. It commenced with great expectations, and strong hopes were entertained that it might prove a success. Owing, however, to a difference of opinion among the different bands, no satisfactory results were reached. The object of the commission sent by the Government, the surrender by the 3 IND

34 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.

Indians of their occupancy of the Black Hills on the reservation, was not accomplished, and the future dawned upon us cloudy and threatening1. Then followed a long and tedious ses- sion of Congress, the proceedings of which were watched here with intense interest, to learn what disposition would be made of these Indians. Rumors and contradictions, reports and exaggerations, filled the, newspapers, so that all was in doubt till Congress adjourned. The consequence was that advances in the way of improvements in farming and building- were suspended, and for many long months all were waiting1 to know whether we were to move, to be transferred to the War Department, or to remain as we were.

I, however, encouraged these people to cultivate some laud, however small, and they did so, to the extent of planting- about 300 acres of ground, which would have produced ex- cellent crops but for the ravages of the grasshopper, that destroyed nearly all the fruits of their labors. Yet these Indians are not discouraged by this year's failure, but far more ground would have been cultivated had there been any certainty of our remaining here an- other season. Were they permanently settled in a good agricultural region, I frel sure that a very considerable portion of these Indians would give their attention to farming, as they express a desire to do so.

RELIGIOUS.

Since my last report the new chapel was completed, and opened to service about 1st Sep- tember, under the charge of Rev. W. J. Cleveland, of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It lias been remarkably well attended throughout the year. Service twice each Sunday ; En- glish in the morning, Dakota in the afternoon, with Sunday-school between the other serv- ices ; also singing-schools two evenings in the week during the winter, which proved very attractive and useful aids in the cause of civilization.

The organ, presented by residents at the agency, has aided mateiially in making the serv- ices impressive and civilizing, both in the marriage and in the funeral service ; and the sound of the chapel-bell, also a donation from our friends here, has sounded the advancement of Christianity in the wilderness, in calling us to the wedding ceremonies, and in tolling the funeral of a great chief's daughter.

SCHOOLS.

The day-school was opened October 4, in the house erected for the purpose. Although there were doubts as to its being permanently well attended, they were soon dispelled, and the school has been well attended throughout the year. We take pleasure, yes pride, in stating that although less than one year in operation, there appears to be more scholars regis- tered on the books of Spotted Tail agency than at any other one school among the Indian tribes. The number of scholars attending school one month or more during the year was ]95 — males, 99, females, 96. I believe that the church and the school have done as much toward the civilization of theee people as all other influences combined, as it so directly affects the rising generation.

CIVILIZATION.

The progress of civilization, aside from the church and school, has moved slowly among us the past year, although some advance has been made. The uncertainties and delays in congressional legislation left us small basis to build on for the future. Now that there is a prospect of a permanent change and that the Government has taken decisive measures tend- ing to a settlement of these Indians in a region where they will have an opportunity to be- come self-supporting, I am confident that if these measuies are successful, these people will make an advancement in the way of civilization that will astonish both their friends and their enemies. They are, for Indians, intelligent and spirited. With proper encouragement and assistance, they will rapidly abandon their wild habits, and become a useful and pros- perous tribe.

During my charge of them for over th'ee years, I have gradually and persistently edu- cated them to the belief that they must soon move to a country where they must provide for themselves and their children, and the effects of my advice are now plainly visible, when I look back to the time I took chare of them and find how much more tractable they are now than they were then, and especially how well they have behaved during the past year, when so many events have transpired calculated to make them restless, troublesome, and hostile, when their possessions were encroached upon, and, as they believed, the treaty vio- lated, while multitudes of white men swarmed over their reservation into the Black Hills, escorted and protected by troops. And yet, with all these irritating circumstances, they have remained peaceably at their agency and listened to my advice. It has been no small task to educate them to this state of feeling, yet I have persevered and am gratified at the result.

SUPPLIES.

The annuity goods arrived in November and were issued the last of the month. The qualities were good and satisfactory. Mr. N. K. Barnum, sent by the purchasing committee of the honorable board of Indian commissioners, was present at the issue, and compared the qualities and quantities with the samples and invoices brought with him. He also thor- oughly examined the qualities and quantities of the provisions delivered at this agency up to that date of the fiscal year, and found them to agree perfectly with the purchases and ship-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IX NEBRASKA. 35

ments that had been made. He was also present at the receipt and issue of a herd of beef cattle, and expressed himself thoroughly satisfied with his inspection, as will be seen in his report of the same to the board.

Supplies during the spring came slowly and irregularly, so that sometimes we were on reduced rations. The delay in the new appropriation bills also compelled us to exercise great care in the issues lest we should get out entirely. I am gratified, however, to state that my record shows that there will be no call for any appropriation to cover deficiencies in the supply of provisions or for the payment of employes at this agency for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876.

BUILDINGS.

During the fall of 1875 the new buildings authorized by the Department were erected. The materials and services were furnished by contract. They were the first permanent buildings erected here during my administration of thre'e years. They consist of 3 dwell- ing-houses, 1 store-house, 1 stable, 1 stockade surrounding the same, also 1 slaughter-house and beef-corral connected therewith, and 1 school-house, forming altogether, with the new chapel built by the Episcopalians, a pleasing and convenient arrangement of edifices, re- quiring a less number of employes than formerly for this agency .service. They are situated on the high bank of a fine little stream of spring-water, which is lined with beautiful groves.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Owing to the conflict of jurisdiction at this agency, we being in the State of Nebraska, I have had exceeding great trouble in the administration of affairs here. With liberal author- ity contained in the laws and regulations governing Indian agencies, I have been almost powerless to execute them. The Indians have given mo but little trouble, but with others I have had much to contend with.

A case of murder occurred here on the night of December 2G, 1875. A white man, while asleep in a house, was shot by some person through the window from the outside. I arrested a white man, believed to be the murderer, and at my request he was confined in the guard- house at Post Sheridan. An examination was held before A. I. Feay, United States com- missioner for the district of Nebraska, who was also post-trader. The evidence was so strong against the accused that he was detained under arrest, and the sheriff of Holt County, Ne- braska, notified to send for him, but no reply having been received the prisoner was re- leased from arrest on the 27th of March, 1876, by the post-commander, who declined to send him to Sidney, Nebr., and I re-arrested the man and sent him there, placing him in charge of the sheriff to await trial by the proper State authorities. He was released from there on a writ of habeas corpus, and is now at large, 1 hear, at some place on the Missouri River.

This murder was the result of a drunken spree, and the liquor drank was, as the accused states, bought of the post-trader at Camp Sheridan. This man and others of my employes have been at times boisterously and threateningly drunk on liquor which they state they bought at the post. Here we have an example of a deliberate murder and no way of puntsh- the offender. And when I appealed to the commanding officer of Post Sheridan to limit the sales of liquors there, he replied by a copy of circular, dated "Fort Laramie, February 19, 1876. The lieutenant-coloual commanding having been advised by competent legal authority that the reservations at Camp Robinson and Sheridan, Nebraska, are not ' Indian country,' therefore recommends that no further arrests be made of civilians upon the sole ground of introducing liquors within these aforesaid limits."

Another great difficulty I have had to contend with is the machinations and maliciousness of certain white men married to squaws, and living at this agency, whom I had orders to re- move from the agency. They appealed to the post commander, a long correspondence fol- lowed, resulting in an order from the War Department that the post commander co-operate with the agent in removing these men, which order was construed by the former that it was somewhat discretionary with him. He therefore gave these persons three months to remain, which time has long since expired, and still they are not removed.

I give these examples to show how the orders of the agent, the instructions of the Interior Department, and the laws of Congress are practically defied.

In May l,ast, the regular mail-service from Cheyenne was suspended, owing to the killing of the mail-carrier between Fort Laramie and Red Cloud agency. Since that time we have been without our regular mails, and dependent on military and other chances for our letters. Much delay and embarrassment in our official correspondence has been the consequence.

In July last I made arrangements to take a new census of the Indians at this agency, and had partly accomplished it, when I received instructions to transfer the agency affairs to the military authorities here. I therefore suspended the counting. I am satisfied from the count which I had already made that there would be a large falling off from the number of last census, which was made a year ago last winter, when our agency Indians were all here, to gather with a large number who had gathered here from all parts of the reservation to winter. Most of the latter have during the spring and sumtr.er found their way back to their homes, and I have reason to believe that since the transfer to the War Department has been made known, many dissatistied Indians have quietly disappeared from here. At the time I took the census I was compelled to rely to a great extent on the statements of the Indians. It

36 EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

•was the first that had been made. It was done by visiting every lodge, calling for the head, of the family, questioning him as to its numbers, and making a precise record of the same. Were the census taken now, in the summer season, when the population is the least, and when there is a large force of troops in the country, it is quite likely to show a marked de- crease from the last one.

CONCLUSION.

And now that my mission is ended, and the charge of these Indians is temporarily trans- ferred to the military forces, I trust it may not be considered out of place if 1 here refer to some of the changes that have taken place here during my administration of more than three years. I found them in a desolate region, with no agency-buildings worth mentioning, a turbulent, exacting, and threatening crowd, which was greatly increased in the winter by additions from the wild tribes from the North ; without means to enforce the laws, and without defenses, we locked our heavy plank windows at dark, and for many nights dared hardly to venture out. Now we sleep with our doors and windows unlocked, with no night-watch, and our slumbers are seldom disturbed or our property taken. At one time we were in immi- nent danger of massacre ; we called for troops ; they arrived here thirty days after the call, long after the danger was over. They have remained here since, but in force too small to be of any assistance to us ; on the contrary, the demoralization that always follows an army has been a source of infinite trouble to us. How is it with these Indians now ? Although they have been the target for volleys of abuse for months past, they are to-day one of the most peaceable communities in the United States, ready to listen to my counsels, sober men, virtuous women, and improving children, and I venture to prophesy that when the meas- ures are proposed to them which are authorized by Congress, they will accede to them and remove to a new country, where they will become industrious and self-supporting. I came here with full intention to use my efforts for the benefit and advancement of these people. We have been visited by several distinguished commissions, who have invari- ably reported favorably on the administration of affairs at this agency. They have been even complimentary, and I believe my record will sustain their decisions. And now, in taking leave of the Department, I desire to appeal through it to the Government to see to it that these Indians, who are behaving so well, may be sustained and rewarded as they deserve to be. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

E. A. HOWARD,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

SISSETON AGENCY, DAKOTA,

August 30, 1876.

SJR : I have the honor to forward herewith my second annual report of the condition and progress of the Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux of Lake Traverse reservation, Dakota Terri- tory.

1 am able to report a steady advancement on their part in civilized pursuits, and their prog- ress is of that vitalizing character that impresses itself upon the participants in the way of creating dissatisfaction with former Indian ways, awakening a strong desire for a life that points in the direction of thorough civilization.

The beneficial effects of the system in operation here, of issuing supplies to Indians on condition of labor performed or produce delivered, are more and more perceptible. Although some find it hard to overcome their inveterate distaste for work, yet most have settled down cheerfully to the cultivation of the soil, thereby supporting themselves and families.

AGRICULTURE.

Agricultural pursuits are attended with great uncertainties in this climate ; situated as we are on the elevated plateau formed by the Coteaus des Prairies, we are liable to suffer severely from drought and to be devastated by visiting hordes of grasshoppers. In com- mon with the frontier settlers of Western Minnesota, the Indians of this reserve have lost their crops this season by drought and grasshoppers.

The statistics gathered for the year show a larger acreage of wheat sown than in any previous year ; and at one time the prospect of supplying our own "flour was good, but three visitations of the grasshoppers have dissipated that hope. The farmer of the reserve esti- mates that three-fourths of the wheat, oats, and corn sown and planted were destroyed by these pests, and that we will not average more than one-fourth of a crop. The Indians stand these adverse circumstances pluckily, and although some seem hopelessly discouraged, yet most show a brave spirit, and are determined to try it again.

Each able-bodied Indian on the reserve who is the head of a family is located on a farm of 160 acres of land, favorably situated near wood and water, for which he holds a cer- tificate of allotment, practically vesting the title to the land in him. During the year one Indian has complied with the treaty stipulation of having lived five years on the same farm,

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 37

plowed, cultivated, fenced, and put in crop 50 acres, and his application for a patent is now pending before the Department; yet, from the 50 acres of wheat and oats sown, he lias not harvested a bushel of grain ; the grasshoppers took it all.

The allotment of land in severally has greatly benefited these Indians. It has enabled the agent to deal with them as individuals, has served to increase thrift and develop individual enterprise, and to break down the aversion to labor, so natural to an Indian. The knowl- edge that the land is his own, and that he cannot be dispossessed of his right to it, operates as a lever to lift him to a higher grade of life. Tent-life becomes obnoxious to him, and he becomes ambitious to own a comfortable house. To build the house requires the expendi- ture of labor and thought, and brings into play faculties of mind and judgment that have been lying dormant or only in the past exercised to the detriment of the white man. The house built, he finds a stove, table, chairs, dishes, &c., not only covenient, but necessary to his comfort and happiness, and knowing that he must work and earn these before they will be issued to him, he goes to work with a spirit born of a purpose to acquire what he needs, and earns enough to get what he wants. So, gradually, we lead them by our system of issue and labor from idleness to industry, and thence to civilization and Christianization.

MANUAL-LABOR SCHOOL

The school was taught nine months the past year and fair progress made by the pupils. A district school was taught in one of the districts of the reservation some four and a half months, and then closed through lack of means to sustain the same. As long as the Gov- ernment refuses to allow the expenditure of more than §6,000 in payment of salaries to em- ployes and rules it to include the salaries of teachers, it will be impossible to sustain schools here. We have the buildings and facilities, and no wiser or more economical use of money can be made than in generous expenditures for support of schools. Indians are restive un- der restraint, and the wholesome discipline of school-life cannot but affect favorably the children who attend school. In my report to the Department of the educational work on the reserve last year, I took occasion to point out the necessity of educating- the children, and strongly urged the adoption of some measures whereby they should be compelled to at- tend school. It is the only hope for the Dakotas. If we educate them, we civilize them ; if we fail in this respect, we might as well give up the trial. Says the venerable Dr. Riggs, missionary of the American Board, whose experience among the Sioux extends over forty years, and whose words are always carefully weighed, in his report to me of the missionary operations of the past year: "In closing this report, which I trust you will find satisfac- tory, I only deem it best to add that more and more the conviction has been coming upon me, that if the Government determines to raise no more wild Indians, it jnust take immedi- ate measures to make education compulsory on alt the reservations." My life among these In- dians has led me to the same conviction, and it would seem the part of wisdom to profit by the experience of the past, and to adopt any and all wise means to hasten forward Indian civilization.

MISSIONARY WORK.

This has been carried on'nnder the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners fo r Foreign Missions. From the report of Dr. Riggs of the work of the year, I condense the following facts : There are five ordained native ministers, pastors, or stated supplies, who are supported in part by the American Board. Six native churches are under the charge of these ministers. The aggregate membership of these six churches is 39%2, as shown by the church rolls. This total includes a church among the Dakota soldiers of Fort Wadsworth, near the reserve, and also some thirty others who have left the reservation to take home- steads, but continued their membership with their respective churches on the reservation. The American Board has expended for teachers' salaries, publishing, and general missionary work on the reserve, $15,175 the past year. The churches themselves have contributed to the support of their ministers $700 ; for church improvement and other purposes, §330. Cer- tainly a most creditable showing for these people.

Wyllis K. Morris, son-in-law of Dr. Riggs, and associated with him in his mission work here, reports that he taught a school at the church mission for five months in the year ; whole number of pupils enrolled, 20; average attendance, ]2. Sewing, knitting, &c., was taught in the school by Mrs. Curtis. The pupils of this school who were properly boarding- scholars, received a ration from the Government during their attendance upon the school. Mr. Morris has also taught singing-classes at the mission and in a district some seven miles south of the agency. Mrs. Adeie M. Curtis reports of her special work among the Dakota women : "I have worked for nearly one year among the Dakota Indians, teach- ing them the Bible, knitting, sewing, crocheting, and bread-making. I have always been, very kindly received, and think the Indians can, with justice and love, be civilized." Mrs. Curtis, in the prosecution of her work, had the use of an agency horse and wagon and such other aid as our supplies and resources permitted. I regret to lear.i that Dr. Riggs, because of the poverty of the Board, and other contemplated mission work, feels compelled to abandon this special work among the women. It has seemed to me to be the most in- teresting and hopeful work done on the reserve, and I hope the American Board or some other missionary organization may soon be induced to take up the work so well begun.

38 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

HOMESTEADS.

The question of the advisability of taking homesteads has been earnestly discussed among the Indians here. Some, dissatisfied with their circumstances on the reserve, and led on to some extent by extraneous influences, have been induced to leave their homes here and take homesteads within a few miles of the reserve. While the desire to be independ- ent and self-reliant is always to be commenced and encouraged, it seems peculiarly un- fortunate that these Indians, who had well-improved farms here and were prospering, should not have been satisfied to " leave well enough alone, "instead of "flying to ills they know not of." I recommend that some provision be made for their support this winter, as they will not be able to support themselves and will suffer very severely if not aided. Under the pro- visions of the treaty here, they can receive aid only when located on the reservation under the control of the Government.

Another topic of discussion, and one of absorbing interest to these Indians, has been the agitation of the question of making Indians amenable to the laws' of the land, and the neces- sity of special legislation, adapted to the needs of the Indians. The tenth article of the treaty made with these Indians provides for a quasi Indian government, but laws made thereunder would be inoperative, as no provision is made for their enforcement. A far wiser course would be to modify the laws of the United States and the Territory of Dakota, so as to give the United States courts jurisdiction of all offenses committed against the person or property of Indians, and also of offenses committed by Indians themselves. Certainly the time has come when there should be some recognition by the Government of the advanced civilization of the Sisseton and Santee Sioux. It is hardly proper to deal with them as we deal with the hostiles of the farther west ; and yet the attitude of the Government, so far as the appli- cation of its laws to them is concerned, is precisely the same. These tribes of Sioux have shown themselves capable of moral improvement ; have great natural intelligence and sharp, analytical minds. They have been quick to perceive the necessity of becoming independ- ent and self-reliant, and having put away the degrading customs of the past, most of their superstitious practices and heathenish ways, their manhood should be recognized by bring- ing them under the protection of the laws. They should be stimulated to still greater efforts in the direction of civilization by holding out to them the hope of becoming citizens of the country at no distant day, with all the rights and privileges of their more fortunate white brethren. No subject is of more commanding importance than the possible future relations of the Indians to the people of the country, and it is the imperative duty of Congress to hasten forward their civilization by passing such laws as experience teaches us are adapted to their present needs, and gradually enlarging their rights and privileges until they are recognized as citizens.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. G. HAMILTON,

Lnited States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

STANDING ROCK, DAKOTA, INDIAN AGENCY,

August 19, 1876.

SlR : The Indians belonging to this agency are four bands of the Sioux tribe — Upper and Lower Yanctonais, Uncpapas, and Blackfeet, Their reservation is a parallelogram formed by the forty-fifth and forty-sixth parallel of north latitude, and by the ninety-ninth and one hundred and fourth meridian of west longitude, to which is added a tract of country north of the forty-sixth parallel bounded on the east and north by the one hundredth meridian and Beaver River, and on the west and north by the one hundred and second meridian and the Cannon Ball River.

Though the district thus set apart for these people has an average extent of two hundred miles from east to west and of one hundred miles from north to south, their present condition is, nevertheless, one of utter helplessness. It is now, and will probably in the future be, im- possible for these Indians to become self-sustaining here. The game on which they formerly subsisted is out of their reach, and their attempts at farming are hopeless, because whatever has been planted so far has been in some places entirely, in others over one-half, ravaged by the grasshoppers. The severe frosts of winter, the droughts and hailstorms of summer, and the sandy or alkaline nature of the soil in general, are additional and irremediable im- pediments to agriculture. This state of things is all the more to be regretted because the Indians have, in both years that I had charge of them, shown great willingness to comply with the advice given to them by their Great Father.

They have located within a circle of fifteen miles around the agency, from which they draw their weekly rations, on such spots as seemed to be the most favorable to agriculture. The agency buildings are situated on the west bank of the Missouri River, about seven miles north of the forty-sixth parallel and twenty miles south of the mouth of Cannon Ball River. In the tract of country between this river and Standing Rock are selections for farming pur-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 39

poses of fourteen of thechiefs and headmen, among the Upper and Lower Yanctona's, while the chiefs and headmen of the Uncpapa and Blackfeet bands have made their selections, eleven in number, within fifteen miles south and southwest of the agency. The Lower Yanctonais have sixteen of their little farming settlements on the east side of the Missouri River. I had this spring 68 acres of prairie land opened, and 247 acres of old land stirred, at a cost of $1,150, while the Indians themselves prepared about 75 acres; seeds of Ree corn, potatoes, turnips, squash, melons, and onions, for $ti33, were provided, and a good num- ber of men engaged with their squaws in planting and weeding their fields and garden-plots. Unfortunately their hopes have again been disappointed. The first swarms of grasshoppers made their appearance early in June and destroyed everything on four farms and several garden-plots ; other swarms followed in July and continued their work of devastation dur- ing the whole month. Many of the Indians with their whole families stood all day in their fields fighting these enemies, and in several places succeeded so far as to save a considerable part of their crops ; but only these on the east side of the Missouri have remained unharmed. The discouragement is general, and as the leading men begin to understand their future prospects must eventually be based on their own efforts and success in agriculture, it would not be difficult to obtain their hearty consent to a speedy removal into a region where their exertions would secure them a living.

These people will hardly ever be more ready and willing than they are at the present time to receive the benefit of the wise provisions made for their permanent welfare in the treaty of IdGS, at Fort Laramie ; nothing, indeed, can be more liberal and salutary than the stipula- tions set forth in the following articles, devised then and there for the whole Sioux tribe, by such men as Generals Sherman, Harney, Terry, and Augur, and the civilians J. B. Hender- son, Nathaniel G.Taylor, John B. Sanborn,aud Samuel F. Tappam, commissioners on the part of the United States :

ARTICLE VI. If any individual belonging to naid tribes of Indian*, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select in the presence and with the assistance of the agent then in charge a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract when HO selected, certified, and recorded in the land- book, shall cease to be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it and of his family HO long an he or they may continue to cultivate it. Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of laud not exceeding eighty acres in extent. The Presi- dent may at any time order a survey of the reservation, and when so surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of said settlers * * * and pass such laws on tin subject of alienation and descent of property between the Indians and th°ir descendants as may be thought proper ; and, it in further stipulated, that any male Indian over eighteen years of age, who now is or shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation or territory not included in the tract of country designated and described in this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not mineral land nor reserved tor special purposes other than Indian occupation, and who shall have made improvements thereon of the value of two hundred dollars or more, aud continuously occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three years, shall be entitled to receive a patent for one hundred and sixty acres of land, including his said improvements, * * * and any Indians receivin A, patc-nt of land under the foregoing provisions uhall thereby and from thenceforth become and be a citizen, of the United States.

ARTICLE VII. In order to insure the civilization of the Indians the necessity of education is admitted, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and six- teen years, to attend school ; and the United States agrees for every thirty children who can be induced or compelled to attend school a house shall be provided and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of au English education bhall be 1'urnibhed. The provisions of this article to continue for not leas than twenty years.

ARTICLE VIII. When the head of a family shall have selected lands and intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year not exceeding in value one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm for a period of three years more he shall be entitled to receive seeds and implements not exceeding in value tweiity- tive dollars.

ARTICLE XIII. The United States agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, car- penter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmith, as herein contemplated.

ARTICLE XIV. It is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually for three years from date shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe, who, in the judgment of the agent, may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year.

The chiefs of the four bands entrusted to my care Lave on many occasions expressed the desire that these provisions might be carried into effect, aud their perfect willingness to co- operate with any measure to be adopted, for their material improvement and social progress.

They have the last two years, and especially this year, given a most conclusive evidence of these 'endencies by the firmness with which they have uniformly and constantly resisted all the influence which in various ways was brought to bear upon them from the hostile camp placed in their vicinity, and composed partly of their own relatives and former asso- ciates. The only man of note who went from here to the hostile camp, Kill Eagle, of the Blackfeec band, has solemnly declared that he was detained there against his will. Nor is it the fault of the chiefs if a certain number of the young men are to be found there now. I have ascertained that this number does not exceed one hundred ; and lam satisfied from the daily intercourses with their relatives remaining here that most of them, when they left here last winter for a visit to the hostile camp, did so for the sake of trade, novelty, and curios- ity, without any hostile intentions. Many other Indians have of late left this reservation on the plea of their annual visits to their friends at other agencies. They have been in- duced to do so by the state of anxiety resulting from all kinds of rumors about the plans

40 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.

and movements of the belligerent parties and their fear o£ being in some way or other involved in the fatal issue of the contest.

I have nowhere seen the same number of people living together in a more peaceable,friendly, and orderly manner than our Indians. No soldiers were ever needed to protect either the person and family of the agent or the employes and property of the Government. The two companies situated here all the year were quietly occupied in building up their quarters and in cultivating their gardens, the crops of which were subjected to the same fate with those of the Indians. Four companies more have arrived lately because the rumor had spread some time ago that the hostiles meditated a raid upon their former friends in order to iorce therh into their ranks.

Five months ago I succeeded in finding a competent teacher for the school, which has been regularly attended since by the children of this neighborhood ; and on the first of this month a missionary priest of the Benedictine Order arrived, who is now preparing for his work by the study of the Dakota language.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN BURKE,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

YANCTON AGENCY, DAKOTA, August 24, 187G.

SIR : I have the honor .herewith to transmit my fifth annual report as United States Indian agent for the Yanctou Sioux Indians.

NUMBER OF TRIBE.

By the census just taken we find we have 1.992 people. Besides these there are abou* 500 Yanctons scattered among the different bands of the Sioux Nation. These, however? are not numbered as belonging to this tribe, having married into other tribes and so become incorporated with them. They neither draw rations nor annuities here.

THE CONDITION OF THE YANCTONS.

As compared with other tribes of the Sioux nation, the condition of this tribe may be con- sidered as very favorable. They- receive by treaty annually $40,000 in annuities, agency supplies, and pay of employe's, &c. Besides this, during the last eight years they have re- ceived great aid in Government rations to enable them to live and make improvements. They are also more favorably located as to their reservation than most of the other Sioux tribes. They have had greater and longer continued efforts made for them by the Christian church in schools and mission chapels. They are farther removed from m>stile influence than most of their brethren. They are friendly with their neighbors, whites as well as In- dians. If the usual ration is given them this year, I look upon them as a well-to-do people. If it should be withheld there will be utter destitution, great suffering, and a general break up of the tribe.

HABITS.

It is somewhat difficult to describe the habits of a people who are neither one thing nor the other, neither civilized nor yet barbarous. The Yanctons are in a transition state ; this year they are different from what they were last, and I am glad to say, in most respects, changed for the better. Quite a large proportion of the tribe have adopted the white man's dress and dwelling, and to some extent his mode of life ; the men doing the hardest part of the labor on the farm, such as plowing, fencing, house-building, cutting hay, and timber for fuel and lumber. Many of them have also built good and substantial log-stables for horses and cattle ; some have become fond of the use of milk, and a few even have got so far as to make butter. These are all anxious to have good milch-cows, and work-oxen, and 1 would here suggest that, if in the power of the Government, they should be encouraged Ny pres- ents of such from time to time.

This tribe is now really divided into two parts, the Christian and semi-civilized, and the Indian or heathen. The half-breed portion of the tribe, for the most part, belongs to the for- mer, and as a general thing are influential for good. There are but few white men living among the Yanctons, married to Indian women ; at the present time I know of but two men and one woman. The Indian or heathen part of the tribe is yet in the majority ;QO ill-feel- ing, however, exists between them and their Christian brethren; intact there is a want of feeling as to such things, amounting almost to indifference. The man with black, white, or scarlet blanket and painted face, freely mingles with others dressed like white men, and con- ducting themselves like such. Year by year more and more join the civilized or Christian party, and ere long those now in the majority will find themselves in the minority.

Although so situated that they could easily procure liquor, if they were so disposed, the Yauctons are yet a strictly temperate people ; during the past year I have known of but one or two instances of intoxication among them. They are also a peace-loving people among them- selves ; such a thing as a quarrel is rare ; and a fight among the men is a thing I have never

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 41

heard of during my stay of over four years among them. The disposition of the Yanctons will thus be seen from their habits and manners ; they are at peace with all Indian tribes about them ; they very seldom join any war-parties against any other tribes ; they have made peace with most, if not all, of their old hereditary enemies. Toward the whites they are now, what they have been for many years, friendly and peaceable. During the four years of my stay among them not a single life of Indian or white man has been lost on this reservation by the hand of violence; very seldom is property lost by theft, and, in fact, as far as good conduct is concerned,! doubt if anywhere a more peaceable and orderly com- munity can be found. For the last two years I have dispensed with the services of a watch- man, (before that time an Indian was hired to do that duty ; ) as yet we have never been dis- turbed, and feel quite as secure in person and property as if we lived among the most civ- ilized of people. During the past few months, since the breaking out of the Indian war, we have been particularly watchful of these people, but as yet have seen no change ; in fact, they constantly express themselves opposed to hostiles, and desirous that they ruay be pun- ished.

PROGRESS AND CHANGE.

As will be seen from the foregoing, there is constant progress and change among these peo- ple. We who live among them, and strive to improve them by all the means in our power, often feel discouraged because of the slowness and smallness of this progress and change ; but we are often encouraged by those who only visit us from time to time, and who contin- ually speak encouragiijgly to us of The progress and improvement they can see. In a farm- ing community here in the West, •even among the most industrious white settlers, the prog- ress is necessarily slow and gradual; many become discouraged, and return to their old homes or seek other new ones in more favored climes ; we cannot under these circum- stances expect any very marked improvement in the Indian home and farm. The greatest improvement I see is in the Indians themselves. A habit of labor is gradually growing up among them. Whereas a few years ago all labor about this agency used to be performed by white men, now we are almost independent of white labor ; the entire farm-work of the re- serve is now performed by Indians; they are employed in mills and shops, and make good workmen in all departments. A few years back and it was considered beneath the dignity of an Indian to labor ; now, no day passes without numerous applications from them for any kind of work. I look upon this growing habit of industry as a most important sign of im- provement.

SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.

There are here two religious bodies at work — the Episcopal and Presbyterian. The former under the care and supervision of the Right Rev. Bishop Hare; the latter under the super- intendence of Rev. J. P. Williamson. The Episcopal Church has here four churches and five schools in operation. The Presbyterian, two churches and two schools.

The attendance on these schools and churches is not as large as we could wish, yet as large as we have any reason to expect. It will take time to bring the Indians to see the need of educating their children in such things as white men consider absolutely necessary. It will take still longer time to enable him to feel the need of and the comfort in a spiritual worship, such as the Christian Church inculcates; and yet there are instances, and not a few of them, where goodly progress has been made both in the acquirement of knowledge by the young in school and by evidences of growth in Christian life and conduct among those who have been for a time regular in their attendance upon religious services. Several young men among the Yanktons have been sent East to be educated, and have made in most cases very credit- able progress, and in some instances have given proofs of considerable ability, and" univer- sally bring back a good report for conduct. Others have been trained'at home by the kindly care of the missionaries, and are now doing duty both as teachers in schools and deacons and lay preachers in the churches. Before many years these churches will doubtless be entirely supplied by native ministers, and their schools by native teachers; and not only so, but from this nation, as now from the Santees, will men go out among the other tribes both to preach and to teach.

WEAVING-SCHOOL AND BASKET-MAKING.

Owing to the want of funds, we have been compelled during the past year to discontinue our weaving and basket-making establishments. This is greatly to be regretted, as in both departments considerable progress was made. In the weaving-house we employed from six to eight women in weaving dress-goods, of a very good quality, for women and children. During the time the weaving was carried on we succeeded in teaching these women to weave both dress-goods and rag-carpet, and enough of the former was woven to give every grown woman, or at least every family on the reserve, a dress pattern, with the exception of two bands. Many brought rags and prepared them for weaving, and several houses now boast home-made carpets. This industry should again be renewed, and I trust it will be in the power of the Government to furnish sufficient funds to enable the agent to do so. The basket-making did not prove so successful, owing to the fact that we were unable to procure a suitable teacher and to the difficulty of disposing of the baskets when made; however, a goodly number were made, and are now placed upon the market. If a good teacher could be procured, I believe it could yet be made to succeed, and perhaps pay.

42 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO.

SHEEP-CULTURE.

This year our shepherd has done well. We have an increase of about 300 very fine lambs. The crop of wool is much better than it was last year, but owing to the depressed market I have as yet kept it on hand. It is a question of some doubt in my mind as to the advisa- bility of continuing this branch of husbandary here. In the first place, the climate is so severe that the sheep require during the winter months to be housed; shepherds living more or less in close neighborhoods, with great numbers of dogs about them, they are yet unable t ) take care of the sheep when given to them. This compels me to keep the shepherd under iny own care, and at a distance from the Indian camp. If the time ever comes when the In- dians will be placed upon their own individual lands or farms, scattered over the entire reserve, like a white farming community, then I should have hopes of being able to teach them how to care for sheep.

CROPS.

So far the prospects are very good for quite an abundant corn and potato crop on the re- serve. The grasshoppers, which have devoured great portions of the crop of this Territory, have injured us but slightly.

WHEAT-RAISING.

As yet but few of the Yanktons have engaged in wheat-culture. It requires experience of no small extent to be a successful wheat-cultivator. Most of the present farming-lands of these people have been planted for years, and cultivated in a rude manner, and are now unfit for wheat-growing. They would require at least one year of rest or summer fallow, and to do this, the Indians have not yet attained. I have now broken of new lands 160 acres, which I devote entirely to wheat-raising. From this experiment I feel encouraged to be- lieve that it would not take many hundred acres of this land, farmed by the Indians in fields belonging to the several bands under the superintendence of the agency farmer, to produce wheat enough to give bread to the entire nation. In this connection, I would recommend that at least 500 acres of new land be broken during the next year for a wheat-farm.

THE FUTURE OF THIS PEOPLE.

From my experience as agent of more than four years, I feel confident that the Yanktons in the course of a, few years can be made a self-supporting people, provided such use is made of their treaty-funds as will tend to their improvement. To bring about this end they will have to be assisted yet for some years with Government aid in rations, &c. Their res- ervation is well adapted to wheat-culture and cattle-raising. These two branches of hus- bandry should be vigorously pressed forward while tbe Indians are being assisted, as at present, so that, when the time comes when such aid ceases, they can then depend upon their own resources.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN G. GASMANN,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

FORT HALL INDIAN AGENCY,

Idaho, August 31,1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit tbe following annual report of affairs at this agency for the year ending this date.

I have very great pleasure in stating that everything at this agency has moved along in the most tranquil manner. I doubt if any community of the same size, savage or civilized, has passed through the year as free from contention and strife. True, there have been some drawbacks for want of funds to keep all of the machinery in motion ; still there has been a graceful submission to the necessities of the service, and all have done the best they could under ^he circumstances.

NUMBER OF INDIANS.

In November last, while the Indians were assembled at the agency for their annuity-goods, an accurate census was obtained ; each lodge was visited, the number of men, women, and children taken, which showed in the aggregate 393 Bannocks and 964 Shoshones present. It was estimated there were 250 Bannocks absent in the buffalo country, making a total of 1,012 Indians belonging to the agency.

SUBSISTENCE.

The Indians present in November remained upon the reservation all winter, and of course had to be subsisted by the Government. Although the strictest economy was used in the distribution of food, only half rations of flour, beef, and potatoes being issued, by the 1st of March all the flour and nearly all the beef had been consumed. Had it not been for the

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO. 43

wheat crop raised on the agency-farm, from which (50,000 pounds of flour was made, the Indians must have starved. As it was, I had to stop the general issue on the 2Qth of April, and from that date furnish food only to the families of farmers, agency-laborers, the old and infirm, making in all about three hundred persons to be fed during the snmn/er.

The rations of more than a thousand Indians were thus cut off, and they were thrown upon their own resources for a living. This, too, in a season of the year when the mountains and foot-hills were covered with snow, and in a country where, under, the most favorable circumstances, game is hard to obtain. Large numbers came to the office begging most piteously for food, stating that their children were crying for bread, which I well knew was the truth. It is not an easy matter to describe how an agent with any feeling of humanity is affected under these circumstances, or to convince the Indians it is not his fault that more food is not furnished. They behaved most admirably under their misfortune, and left the agency with sad and sorrowful hearts. This source of untold trouble to the agent and suffering to the Indians should receive prompt action, and steps be taken to prevent a repetition of its occurrence.

INDIAN FARMS.

In this branch of industry considerable progress has been made since last annual report. Twenty four families have cultivated J20 acres as farms of their own upon a portion of the agency farm, and have raised 500 bushels of potatoes and 2,000 bushels of wheat, worth $3,000. They are thoroughly in earnest in this matter, and are constantly at work either on their crops or making fence, building corrals, stock-yards, digging root-cellars, &c. With the $800 provided last spring, I was enabled to furnish them seeds, shovels, picks, reaping- hooks, six plows, four sets harness, and three wagons. There should be a set of harness and plow to each family, and a wagon to every four families. It is really astonishing to see how soon they break their horses to harness, and use them for draughting purposes. I wish the enemies of the present policy could see these Indians at work, and the golden fields of grain grown by their labor. Their success is having its influence upon others, and there is an intense desire among all present to farm next spring.

Article VIII of the treaty made with these Indians at Fort Bridger July 3, 1868, provides that, " When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected land and received his certifi- cate, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year in value $100, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled to seeds and implements as aforesaid in value $25 per annum.1'

I respectfully urge the importance and necessity of appropriating funds to carry out the provisions of said article, which, if done, I candidly believe the majority of these Indians can be made self-supporting.

AGENCY FARM.

This spring I reduced the agency farm to 100 acres, believing the amount of labor avail- able for farming purposes could be more profitably expended on a farm of that size than on a larger one. Fifty acres were sown with wheat, the balance dressed with a heavy coating of stable manure, and planted with vegetables. The potatoes, with which about half of this ground was seeded, failed to come up, which materially reduced the yield of them. This failure is attributed to their having been ovej heated in the cellar.

The crops are now estimated at J,000 bushels of wheat, 10 bushels of onions, 4,000 heads of cabbage, and 2,500 bushels of potatoes, worth $3,900. One hundred and fifty tons of hay have been put up at agency stables worth $1,200; 300 cords of wood, cut and hauled for agency use, worth $1 ,500; 1,500 feet of saw-logs, cut and hauled to the mill, worth $300 : timber for hay-corral, cut, hauled, and corral built, worth $150, besides a vast amount of other work which cannot be estimated in this report. This work, with the exception of a white man to assist in getting out the timber and cutting hay, has all been done by Indian labor under direction of the head farmer.

EDUCATION.

The boarding-school was re-opened on the 1st of December, under the supervision of Rev. J. M. Jameson, D. D., and continued until the 28th of March, when it was closed for want of funds. Twenty-five scholars were borne on the rolls, with an average attendance during the four months of twenty-one ; of this number five were girls, cared for by Mrs. L. E. Dan- iison, who was both matron for the girls and assistant teacher in the school. A supply of clothing, bedding, &c , had been made up and every arrangement made to increase the number of female pupils, when it was announced the school would have to be closed. Rev. Mr. Jameson was untiring in his efforts to make the school a success, and labored faith- fully to accomplish that end. The children learned rapidly, were very much interested in their studies, and their progress in writing and arithmetic was the astonishment of all visit- ors. It is a matter of deep regret that it had to be closed, as the children were just in that condition, when, by proper care, their advance would have been sure and permanent.

MISSIONARY WORK.

Although this agency is assigned to the Methodist Church, no effort has been made, or at

44 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO.

least nothing has been done by it for support of schools or missionary work. To be sure the Rocky Mountain conference, at my request, assigned Rev. Mr. Jameson to the agency but it did nothing for his support. He was employed by the Government as teacher, and, in connection with his duties as such, held morning service for the employe's, and afternoon service for the Indians every Sabbath, and did other missionary work, but it was not at the expense of the church. There seems to be an indifference to its obligation and responsibility in this work.

MISCELLANEOUS.

One new building has been erected during the year, and is used for agent's office, physi- cian's office, and dispensary. The bolting-chest to flour-mill has been completed, and the mill now makes as good brand of flour as any in the Territory. The yard fence has been rebuilt, and the agency buildings put in good repair.

There should be a building f^r hospital and home for the sick, aged, and infirm, also a dwelling-house for the head farmer who now occupies the building erected for warehouse. The treaty of July 3, 1868, referred to in another part of this report, makes ample provision for all the wants of the agency, but I regret to say that Congress has heretofore failed to make sufficient appropriation to carry out its stipulations.

For detailed reports of school and sanitary condition of agency, I respectfully refer you to reports of physician and teacher inclosed herewith. Verv respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. H. DANILSON,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

LEMHI SPECIAL INDIAN AGENCY,

Idaho Territory, August '21, 1576.

SIR : In accordance with instructions from the Indian Department per circular-letter of July 28th, 1876, the following is respectfully submitted as my third annual report, for the year ending August 31, J876.

NUMBERS.

From estimation, we have at this date, receiving rations, 940, divided as follows: Ban- nacks, 190; Shoshones, 450; Sheepeaters, 300. The above estimate will not vary much from an actual count.

LOCATION AND POSITION.

This reserve, though small, an area of twelve miles square, is situated upon the Lemhi River, a tributary of Salmon River, thirty miles from Salmon City, the metropolis of a min- ing camp. Ten miles from what is known as Fort Lemhi, are situated the agency buildings. In the fall of 1875 I received permission to remove the buildings, those susceptible of trans- portation, to a more central location, being eight miles south or above the old location. Dur- ing the fall and winter I built some comfortable buildings, and now have a pleasant loca- tion for the agency. The removal met the unanimous approval of the Indians.

Our situation is rather embarrassing ; we seem to be the head-center for roaming bands of Indians to congregate. The Umatilla and Nez Perce" Indians come this way to trade and sell their horses ; the Flathead Indians come here for salmon fish ; the Bannacks and Sho shones, from Fort Hall reserve, come this way on their route to the buffalo country. They congregate here in great numbers, so that we are compelled to issue them rations. Our ap- propriation being quite meager for the subsistence of our own people, these straggling bands help use up our supplies to such an extent that oftentimes I arn forced reluctantly to issue our people passes to go to the mountains and surrounding country in pursuit of game.

CONDUCT OF INDIANS.

As usual with these people, the year has passed away without witnessing any scenes of violence or disturbance. They have no contentions, quarrels, fights, or murders among themselves or with the whites. I have no difficulties to settle or reports of misbehavior to answer from the settlers. The morals of the tribes, so far as my knowledge extends, is a subject of praiseworthy remark, considering their surroundings and condition.

ISSUES.

I cannot say that these people are well and regularly fed, and that they are comfortably and properly clothed. My mode of issuing rations is a plan adopted by me. I make or take a count of each and every lodge, together with name and number in lodge. The name and number are entered in a book kept for the purpose, and a ration-check is issued each lodge. In this way I can issue quantity according to number in lodge. I issue semi- weekly, Tuesdays and Saturdays. I find the oftener an Indian is fed (regardless of quantity) the better he is fed.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IX IDAHO. 45

CIVILIZATION.

As to the feasibility of their civilization under the peace policy, no man could for a mo- ment doubt, if he could but see the spirit of there people and measure their moral growth during the past year. They need now, and will continue to want for years to come, the foster- ing care of the great Father. They take up easily with the ways of civilization, and have no desire to return to their superstitious ways of the past, but it will take time to establish them fully and firmly in their devotion to civilized pursuits and occupations.

Nothing, perhaps, has contributed more to the encouragement of this people than setting them apart a home or reservation in the land they love and where their ancestors are

buried.

#######

Permit me, in conclusion, to express my grateful appreciation of the uniform courtesy and forbearance which have been shown me by the Department during the past year of my ardu- ous official duties.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

HARRISON FULLER, Special United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE INDIAN AGENT NEZ PERCE INDIANS, Lapicai, Idaho, August 31,

SIR: In compliance with the requirements of the Department I respectfully submit the following as my annual report for the year ending August 31, 1876.

During the year the Indians connected with this reserve have been unusually quiet. Those residing upon the reserve and engaged in agricultural pursuits have devoted more time to such work than ever before. This increase in industry has diminished by at least one-third the number who have heretofore gone to the root-grounds for the purpose of gathering roots as an article of food. The crops of wheat, oats, corn, and all kinds of vegetables nmong the Indians are the finest they have ever had, and the yield is very encouraging to them. With the assistance of the carpenters many have built for themselves houses, generally J6 by '24 feet, the same being large enough for a small family.

Very few Nez Perces went to the buffalo-country this season, and those who did go are better away than to be among those who are disposed to lead a civilized life. The influence ot these wild Indians over such as have but just entered upon an industrious life and have turned tht-ir attention to agricultural pursuits is bad in the extreme.

Joseph's band of Nez Perc6 Indians still persist in putting forth their claim to the Wal- lowa Valley, and make their regular visits to the valley. In July last an Indian belonging to Joseph's band was killed by a settler in said valley, (the same was duly reported,) and Joseph insists that the only way the matter can be amicably settled is by the Government giving said valley to him and his band and removing all the settlers. The Indian witnesses refuse to appear in court against the murderer.

In the schools encouraging progress has been made. The monthly reports, regularly for- warded, have kept the Department advised of such progress as has been made from month to month. After the death of Rev. D. F. McFarland, his widow took charge of the school at Lapwai, and carried on the work, assisted by James Reuben, a full-blooded Indian, who is now able to instruct the younger scholars. The vacation commenced July 1 ; still I ha,ve kept some of the scholars, both boys and girls, at the boarding-house, the girls being en- gaged in general house-work and the boys working on the farm. As soon as the Indians commenced going to the root-grounds the school boys and girls became very restless and wanted to leave and go with them. Some few cases occurred where they ran away. I brought them back, however, and after two or three unsuccessful attempts they gave it up. It is a hard matter to get the scholars to speak the English language, although they can understand nearly all you say in conversing with them. In nine cases out of ten they will make answer in their own language. This diffidence may be overcome when they have grown older.

The boys in the shops and mills have made commendable progress, especially the full- blooded Indian in the blacksmith-shop here at Lapwai. He does a great deal of work for the Indians, such as ironing single and double trees, making hooks and staples for gates, gate and door fastenings, and numerous other like things. He possesses more ap- plication and ingenuity and learns faster than the half-breeds.

The health of the tribe has been usually good.

At present I have a full force of employes in but one of the boarding-schools, and have been retarded in obtaining the necessary employe's for the other, not knowing what provis- ion Congress has made with regard to the funds necessary to pay the salaries of the re- quired employes. I have received letters in answer to those addressed to parties offering them positions at salaries heretofore paid— provided Congress made the necessary provision

46

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

for paying the same— refusing to accept the compensation stated, giving as a reason that the amount was insufficient to support them and their families. Were I allowed to pay at the present time what I was allowed daring the first four years of rny administration here, I could make the educational matters on this reserve a complete success ; but I am seriously- crippled by the small salaries I am forced to pay.

The saw-mill at this place is very much in need of repairs, so much so that it cannot be used in its present condition. The only way it can be fixed up is to tear it all down and re- build it, using such of the old materials as may be found fit to be replaced. Some of the large posts and heavy sills have rotted off and given way. Some time ago I forwarded an estimate of the probable cost of repairing the mill as it ought to be repaired, but have re- ceived no reply as yet. The mills at Kamiah station, on this reserve, are in good condition.

I am sorry that I am unable to make a more full report in regard to religious matters, as per statistical blanks, and am equally sorry to state that these Indians have been without a regular missionary for over a year. My father, Rev. W. J. Monteith, voluntarily labored with and preached to the Indians on the Sabbath at Lapwai during the first ten months of the year, at the expiration of which time his health failed him, and on the 29th of August, 1876, he departed this life and entered upon his reward. Very respectfully,

JNO. B. MONTEITH,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENT,

CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHOE AGENCY, Darlington, Indian Territory, Eightltnionih 31, 1876.

In accordance with Department instructions I have the honor to submit the following as my fifth annualreport of the affairs at this agency for the year ending August 31. 1876.

The following exhibit of statistics will show the number of Indians now at this agency, as obtained from recent actual count, and also the number still absent and thought to be with the hostile element of the Cheyenne tribe in the Sioux count) y, viz :

Tribe?.	Men.	Women.	Children.	School- children.	Total.
Cheyennes ....... . . ....	441 360 11 812~	749 54R 1(3 1,311	806 719 20 1,545	33 78 1 112	2, 0-29 1, 703 48 3,780 23 2 2 180 3, 99-2
Arapahoes
Apaches .
Cheyenne prisoners at Saint Augustine Florida
Arapahoe prisoners at Fort Sill Indian Territory -- -
Cheyennes who have not yet returned from the North Total number of Indians belonging to this agenc

Soon after the close of my last annual report, (Ninthmonth 30, 1875,) with the sanction of the Indian Department, the greater portion of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes were permit- ted to leave the agency in search of buffaloes for lodge-skins and meat. This measure was actually necessary, from the fact that no subsistence for the fiscal year had yet arrived at the agency, although large quantities of the same were at Wichita awaiting transportation, and for the additional reason that much sickness prevailed in the tribes, which we believed would be greatly diminished by giving them an opportunity for active exercise in the chase. In this respect we were not mistaken, as sickness soon disappeared from the camps. About the 1st of November, 1875, the tribes reached buffalo on Beaver and Wolf Creeks, west of Camp Supply, where they remained the greater portion of the winter, securing only about sufficient buffalo for their subsistence, and a meager supply of robes.

During the latter part of the winter and in the early spring, they moved farther south on the main Canadian, Washita, and north fork of Red River, and their tributaries, as the buf- falo had been driven south by fires and hunters. During the latter part of February, the buffalo had so far disappeared from that portion of country as to cause actual hunger with some parties who were destitute of ponies and ammunition. Soon after the 1st of March instructions were issued from this office for the entire hunting party to return to the agency, the last of whom arrived about the 1st of April, some of them having been absent about six months.

These hunting parties were accompanied by Bjnj. Williams and E. C. Lefebo:e, as my

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 47

representatives, who rendered valuable assistance, and also by details of troops from time to time from Forts Reno, Indian Territory, and Elliott, Texas, and Camp Supply, Indian Territory, whose presence and assistahce had a very salutary influence in maintaining good order among the young men.

In company with my chief clerk, J. A. Covington, I visited their hunting-camps, about fifty miles west of Camp Supply, during the latter part of November ; made them an issue of sugar, coffee, flour, and tobacco, borrowing the same from Lee & Reynolds, post-traders at Camp Supply, and returning the same to them at this agency, and gave them such other assistance and advice as would best promote the interests of their hunt. The reward for their \viuter-hunt was only about 3^500 robes and the saving of a large amount of subsist- ence to the Government.

After their return to this agency, and fully realizing that the buffalo were fast disappear- ing and the necessity for them to turn their attention to ether pursuits than the chase for a means of support, very earnest appeals were made to me for farm-implements, both by Arapahoes and Cheyennes, and such other assistance as would enable them to engage, to some extent, infarming ; and I feel well assured that, could I have furnished them with plows, hoes, &c., three-fourths of the Indians now at this agency would have gone to work heartily, and, as the season has been very favorable, would have been successful and conse- quently encouraged and stimulated to further etforts.

Owing to the absence of any great number of farm-implements and the ready cash to pur- chase them with, only a few could be accommodated, outside of the school, which will be best represented in the following

INDIAN FARM-STATISTICS.

Cheyennes. — Seventy-five acres were assigned them from one of the agency-fields, which was subdivided into small patches, containing from one to five acres, for each family, and was generally planted to corn, potatoes, melons, and various kinds of garden products, the Fame being furnished by me at Government expense and by Benjamin Coates, a Friend, of Philadelphia, and from their neighbors, the Caddoes. A more earnest effort I never wit- nessed put forth by any people than was by the Cheyennes, so far as their means and knowledge extended, and as a result they have been quite successful and have already re- ceived and are now receiving a fair reward for their industry.

I have seen some of these Cheyeunes, who could not secure the use of a plow or hoe, use their axes, sticks of wood, and their hands in preparing the ground, planting and cultivating their garden-spots, so anxious were they to make a beginning.

Ara/jahocs. — A like quantity of 75 acres from one of the agency-fields was assigned to them and subdivided into patches containing from three to five acres each, which has been operated in the same manner as that given the Cheyennes, with similar results; and in addition to the above quite a number of Arapahoes have located themselves on spots of ground along the North Fork, with a view to permanency, and broken patches of prairie aggregating about 11U acres, on which they have planted corn, pumpkins, melons, potatoes, and other garden-vegetables, and, as the season has been very favorable for a " sod " growth, their highest anticipations are now being realized, in the way of roasting-ears, melons, &c.

In addition to the above. J. and R. Poisal. half-breed Arapahoes, have opened up a 75-acre farm ten mile's east of the agency, which is under good fence and at the present time heavily laden with excellent corn, potatoes, &c.

In connection with the above improvements, I desire to make mention of a few of those who have taken advanced steps: Little Raven, Row of Lodges, Spotted Wolf, Curley, Left Hand, Bird Chief, Ye.low Bear, Tall Bear, and others.

OTHER INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS.

Quite a number of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes have manifested a desire to exchange a portion of their ponies and robes for cattle, and in some instances for agricultural implements, mid some trades of this character have been made. Powder Face sold robes to the amount of S10U in cash and then purchased cattle from George Washington, Caddo chief. Others of both tribes have made similar trades, and now have the cattle on hand.

In exchange for the seventy head of ponies taken from the White Antelope and Sand Hill parties of Cheyennes, by Colonel Mizner, on July 28, ultimo, he has already delivered to them 52 cows and 51 calves, which were divided among them in proportion to the prop- erty surrendered. The fact of the Indians having in their possession cattle obtained from their own means, to be herded, corraled,and otherwise cared for, will have a decided tend- ency and influence in localizing and teaching the principle of respecting the rights of indi- vidual property, and, when obtained in this way, it is appreciated sufficiently to insure its care and protection by them. This position once fairly gained, then we have barred out the chase and have placed them in a condition to help themselves.

Since the 1st of July, I have had in my employ two Indian herders, one Cheyenne and one Aral aboc, who, under the direction of one chief herder, have performed their duties faith- hilly and efficiently. On the Jst of July we had on hand about one thousand head of cattle, and, owing to limited room for lotting and the great rain-fall rendering the corral unfit for lotting cattle, we were obliged to night-herd, and, at my request, each tribe furnished six

48 RErORTS OF AGENTS IIST INDIAN TERRITORY.

extra herders, who took their turns cheerfully, without pay, during the entire month of July, and until the herd was reduced sufficiently to corral without injury. I gpeak of this with a view to show the willing-ness of these people to comply with reasonable requests and to show the advancement in the Indians. And, to give a practical idea of the'aclvance, I only need to say that these same young men, whom I now intrust with the herd, four years ago would maliciously proceed to our agency-herd, without leave or license, and shoot down a few fat beeves, help themselves to a few choice cuts, and ride off to camp, defiant of our protests and efforts to protect the property.

MANUAL-LABOR AND MISSION SCHOOL.

Our school was opened December 15,1875, and continued until June 30, 1876, six and one-half months. The new boarding-house not being yet complete at the opening of school, only about one-half of the building could be occupied until January 1, 1876, when the school was well filled, and as soon as sufficient scholars had arrived from the hunting-parties it was filled to its utmost capacity, 112 scholars ; 33 of whom were Cheyennes, 78 Arapahoes, and 1 Apache ; total, 112. This school has been operated the past year by John H. Seger, of Muscotah, Kansas, under contract with the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on the basis of $6.50 per scholar per month, the Government furnishing such rations and an- nuity-goods as a.ie furnished to the Cheyennes and Arapahoes of this agency. Friend Seger's persistent efforts, untiring energy, and unbounded faith in the ultimate success of his under- taking, backed up with an efficient corps of assistants and co-woikers, have brought about cheering and happy results in the 112 children intrusted to his care. His great object has been to incorporate in the system of this school, not only letters, but all of the industrial pursuits that were possible. During the fall and winter the older boys of this school were required to cut and haul all the wood for the mission and the agency, assist in butch- ering, &c. ; and since the 1st of March they have cut and hauled wood ; have fed and other- wise cared for the agency-stock ; and plowed, planted, and cultivated in a systematic manner 120 acres of land, which was all planted to corn, except 10 acres, which was planted to potatoes, melons, beans, and an almost endless variety of vegetables, all of which have yielded and are still yielding a bountiful supply for the mission table and school-children interested.

Last year the Arapahoe school-boys (the Cheyennes had not yet sent their children to school) raised quite a quantity of corn, which was converted by the school superintendent (Seger) into clothing and cattle. This spring Big Horse, White Shield, Bull Bear, and other Cheyenne chiefs placed their children in school and with them gave robes to Seger to be exchanged for cattle, to place them on an equal footing with Arapahoe boys, which was promptly done, and as a result we have a mission-herd, the property of the individuals who labor, amounting to over 25 head, mostly cows and calves, which are to be kept at the mis- sion until the boys are sufficiently intelligent and enlightened to take care of stock them- selves, and at the same time the school is to have and does receive a benefit from the use of the milk, each boy milking his own cow.

It is the agreement this year (as the Government had no farm-laborers) that the school- boys are to receive one-half of the corn on the agency-farm (110 acres) and that the Govern- ment is to receive the other half in thefield, which I believe will be sufficient to feed the agency-stock during the coming winter and sprins:, while the Indian boys intend selling their share and investing the proceeds in cattle and better clothing, as they did last year.

The object is to establish this school on a basis that will be eventually almost self-sup- porting and at the same time furnish its inmates a " start'' in the world, when they are at liberty to withdraw. The girls are taught in all the branches of the culinary and household departments, and some of them could keep a very fair house to-day, if afforded an opportu- nity. They have also made shirts for the traders, the funds thus derived being expended by them under the oversight of the matron, or teacher, for extras — generally articles of cloth- ing. All this labor has been done by daily or weekly details from the school-room, and each one afforded equal advantages indoors and out of doors. Their progress in letters has been very satisfactory, nor do I believe that the time spent by them in out-door labor has militated against their studies, but rather in their favor.

I cannot quit the subject of schools without speaking a favorable word for Big Horse, White Shield of the Cheyennes, and Left-Hand and Ho-Cherry of the Arapahoes, for their valu- able assistance in organizing the school and their hearty co-operation in carrying into effect such rules and regulations as were necessary to make the school a success. Others would have taken a like interest, could we but have received their children in the school.

CONDITION OF THESE INDIANS.

I regard the condition of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes as very hopeful. What we now need most is the means to direct their energies in a channel that will furnish them remunera- tive employment and a means of obtaining a more general knowledge of the civilizing in- fluences. The first may be practically promoted, in one way. by expending the means paid out by our Government annually for the transportation of their supplies from the nearest railroad-point to their agency, for wagons, harness, &c., and letting the Indians transport their own goods and receive the wagons, harness, &c., as their pay. In this way they

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 49

would receive a direct benefit and in a way that would be appreciated by the Indians of this agency. They have plenty of mules and large ponies of their own, sufficient for the task. On behalf of the Indians of this agency I have made a similar proposition to the Depart- ment, which is being favorably considered at this time,and,it is to be hoped, will be carried into effect. As a matter of reference, I will here give an example based upon last year's sup- plies and the approximate number of pounds and the money paid for transportation, viz:

Flour, bacon, coffee, sugar, annuities, &c., 523,100 pounds, at the rate of §1.50 per JOO pounds for the entire distance from Wichita, Kansas, to this agency, 165 miles, actual measurement, will give us the handsom^ sum of $7,801.50, which I propose to expend as follows, viz :

40 wagons complete with covers', at $95 each $3,800 00

40 sets of wheels and harness, at $22 a set 880 00

40 se t of lead-harness, at $15 a set 600 00

40 axes, at $1.50 each 60 00

20 spades, at $1.50 each 30 00

1,000 pounds rope, at 30 cents a pound 30 00

40 whips, at $1.25 each 50 00

1 2 dozen axle-grease, at $2 a dozen 24 00

40 lead-bars and chains, $4 each 160 00

5,634 00

80 plows, breaking and stirring, at $10 800 00

Balance for forage, shoeing, and repairs 1, 367 50

7,801 50

By this advantageous expenditure of the Government funds, it will be seen that forty wag- ons will be saved to the Government and the Indians, eighty sets of harness which will pull eighty plows, (if we can secure so many,) the coming season, and break 500 acres of new land, besides furnishing continuous employment the year round to from forty to eighty persons. Employment is what these people need and desire just now. They are active and energetic in whatever they undertake, and it is for the Government to direct this energy, so as best to promote their welfare and the public good.

There should also be additional facilities offered for the educational and industrial training of their children. Out of over 800 children of a suitable age to attend school, only 112 are receiving such training. An exclusive literary education for these children, without the in- dustrial, would (in my opinion) benefit them but little.

RATIONS

During the early spring we experienced great difficulty in securing sufficient beef to sub- sist these Indians, owing to the complete failure of the beef-contractors to comply with the requirements of their contracts; and, being unable to purchase at any price, I was on one or two occasions compelled to resort to the arbitrary measure of seizing cattle for the immedi- ate wants of the Indians.

The following table represents the total quantities of the leading articles of subsistence received and issued to the Indians of this agency (3,780 persons) during the past year, viz :

Pounds net.

Beef 2,091,832

Coffee 19,939

Sugar 40,175

Bacon 30,000

Flour 352,000

Comparing the above statement with the following, which shows what they are entitled to according to Department regulations, will give some idea of the deficiency, which must nec- essarily be provided for by permitting them to engage in the chase or in some other way by the Government until they shall have been placed in a producing condition themselves, viz : 3,780 persons, 365 days, equals 1,379,700 rations ; or

Pounds net.

Beef 2,759,400

Coffee 55,188

Sugar 110,376

Bacon ..: 60,000

Flour 689,850

The subsistence received during the past year has been of good quality, and, owing to the fact of the vital force given to the last beef contract, which was completed June 30, 1876, we were enabled to secure a much better class of beef than ever before since my connection with this agency.

4 IND

50 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

ANNUITY-GOODS

Consisted, as usual, of blankets, blue cloth, calico, jeans, blue drill, shirting1, needles thread, hose, shirts, axes, knives, kettles, buckets, pans, &c., and were of good quality, and sufficient in quantity to have supplied their general wants during the past winter, could they have been received in time to have issued them before leaving the agency on the winter's hunt. But as they were not received until after mid-winter, only those remaining at the agency received the benefit until in April, when the remaining portion was issued, being witnessed by Colonel J. K. Mizner, of Fort Reno, Indian Territory, by direction of the de- partment commander. In this connection I desire 'to suggest that a freight-contract for the delivery of annuities and subsistence requires vital force as well as that of beef-contracts, in order to fill the requirements of the service.

IMPROVEMENTS.

One large mission building, sufficient to accommodate 112 children and about 12 em- ploye's, has been completed during the past year, at a cost of about $6,000. Also about fifty rods of picket-fence about the agency.

INTEMPERANCE.

Drunkenness has fast disappeared from this agency owing to the rigid enforcement of the law upon those who would engage in the illicit traffic.

EMPLOYES.

The employe" force at this agency during the past year has not been sufficient for the actual requirements of the service, and some branches have necessarily suffered from such reduction, particularly that of assisting the Indians in their efforts at farming, by giv- ing their operations a personal oversight. This duty was performed by our agency- blacksmith, Jno. F. Williams, to the full extent of the time that be could snatch from his necessary shop duties, which service was highly appreciated by the Indians.

On the 30th of June, this year, Dr. J. Holloway resigned his position as physician at this agency. Since that time we have been without a physician, only as we have been forced to call for the attendance of the post-physician at Fort Reno, in serious cases of sickness, which service lias been rendered cheerfully by Drs. DeLaffrc and Page. It is to be hoped that we will be supplied soon with a regular physician.

SANITARY.

After the 1st of Tenthmonth last and until about the 1st of the present month the health of the tribes has been quite good. During the present month and at the pres- sent writing there is a good deal of sickness among the Indians and employes— gener- ally ague and intermittent fever — with quite a number of fatal cases among the In- dians ; but of all the cases treated by our Army physicians and John F. Williams (who has been making daily calls on the sick and rendering such medical assistance as his knowledge of the same would warrant) not one has died. This fact the Indians have observed themselves and appreciate the service.

CONCLUSION.

I desire to again acknowledge tbe courtesies and evidences of support rendered by the Indian Bureau ; also the hearty support and co-operation given by my employe's, all of wbom have endeavored to do their duty. J. A. Covington, chief clerk, who has remained in the service at the agency since its establishment, eight years, resigned his position on the 30th of Fourthmonth last. His faithful service and moral influence over the Indians of the agency will ever be appreciated not only by myself, but by the In- dians. He left witb the good wishes of all. The same is equally true of our worthy physician, Jason Holloway. His faithfulness in his office and beside the sick couch, and in the Sabbath-school and prayer-meeting will long be remembered by Indians and whites at this agency.

I desire also to acknowledge tbe support and hearty co-operation that I have received at the bauds of Col. J. K. Mizner, Capt. Theo. J. Wint, and other officers who have been in command of troops at Fort Reno, near this agency, in the suppression of lawlessness and in the maintenance of good order among whites and Indians at this agency and on this reservation.

Nor should I forget to return the gratitude of my heart to Him who has so merci- fully watched over this agency,' with all its interests, and borne with our shortcomings as none other than the Divine can do. Respectfully,

JNO. D. MILES,

United States Indian Agent.

WM. NICHOLSON,

Superintendent Indian Affairs Laurence, Kans.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 51

KIOWA AND COMANCHE AGENCY,

Indian Territory, Eighthmontfi 21, 1876.

In compliance with the requirements of the Department, I have the pleasure of submit- ting my fourth annual report of the affairs of the agency under my charge.

While it has not been a year of any remarkable or exciting circumstances, it has, I be- lieve, been one of considerable advancement in the right road by many of the Indians of the agency. With very few exceptions, all have done as well as could be expected of them. A few of the young men of the Quahada Comanches, tiring of being " kept in bounds " or of being required to encamp near the agency, ran off to the plains ; not, however, with any concert of action, only two or three going at a time, and as much or more than a month in- tervening between the times of going. Fourteen young men and boys, and .about as many women, have thus gone. Considering that the}' have always heretofore had the freedom of the plains, the wonder is not that any have gone, but that many more have not done like- wise. The young men, as a general thing, conduct themselves as well as the chiefs, many of them, as well as the chiefs, exerting a restraining influence over the others.

There is a growing disposition among them that a few shall not by their bad actions cause the whole to be condemned. Last fall a young Comanche broke into one of the trading-stores and stole some checks and goods. Learning of it, I called a council of the Comanche chiefs, and laid the matter before them, telling them that the good reputation of all of them would be injured by such actions unless they should take some steps about it, which they decided to do, and immediately sent some of their own people, recovered the stolen goods, and re- turned them, arrested the young man and took him to the guard-house, where he was con- fined for several months. Subsequent to that circumstance a young Kiowa, returning from the Cheyenne agency, stole a horse, and was arrested by some of his own people and de- livered at the guard-house. Another instance among the Kiowas : a young man in a mad fit killed his wife. On hearing of it, I called a council of Kiowa chiefs, and asked them to take some action about it. I explained to them the penalties the white man's law inflicted for such terrible crimes. After a short consultation, they decided they would do with him whatever I said ; kill him, if I said so. They said, however, that he was young and foolish, and did not know the white man's laws or road ; but they would arrest him as soon as he could be found and bring him to me, and I could do with him as I desired. Two of their number, Dangerous Eagle and Big Tree, about nine o'clock the same evening, brought him to my house, having made the arrest themselves. I sent them on with him to the guard- house, where he was confined for several months, most of the time with ball and chain, working around the garrison in full view of his people. After his arrest they made the re- quest that, in consideration of his ignorance of the white man's laws, his life be spared. I told them he would not be hurt; but the arrest was made without any promises of mercy being exacted or made, no soldiers being required, and done simply on my suggestion or request. I refer to these cases to show the improvement among them in favor of the en- forcement of law and order. I am fully satisfied a police force could be organized among them, which would be very efficient in preserving order, not only among their own tribes, but in keeping out whisky-peddlers and other bad characters. To be efficient, it should be fully organized and paid.

SCHOOL.

Our school opened in November and continued through June. Our difficulty was not in getting enough children, but in confining the number to the capacity of the house, so many more than we could accommodate being anxious to get in. The addition made last year, with a little alteration inside the oM house, enables us to crowd in seventy-two chil- dren; thirty-nine boys and thirty-three girls. They learned as fast as white children and kept up their interest through the entire session. Three languages were represented in the school, making the work more complicated than it would be with only one. Dangerous Eagle, Kiowa chief, rendered good and efficient help in the controlling and interpreting work. I believe his labors were a great benefit to the school. The parents and friends of the children manifested a great interest in the school ; seldom a day passed that some of them were not there. On the last day a large number were present, and showed great in- terest in the exercises gone through by the children, and seemed as proud of their success as anybody could be. The report of the principal, E. S. Cox, is forwarded herewith, to which attention is respectfully invited.

INDIANS ATTENDING RELIGIOUS MEETINGS.

Besides our regular morning-meeting, which many Indians attend, it has been our cus- tom to have one meeting each Sabbath for religious instruction, especially for the benefit of the adult Indians, in which they have manifested very great interest, both in attendance and attention ; and, instead of fleeing from fright or trembling with superstitious fear, as they did a few years ago, when the guidance and blessings of the Great Spirit were invoked, either in their own language or in ours, they bow their heads in reverence and in some instances respond with deep feeling. I believe good has been accomplished by these meet- ings.

52 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

FARMERS.

Last year was the first for most of them to put their hands to the plow. It was very sea- sonable; the rain seemed to come just as it was needed, and gave them a bountiful yield for their labor. The Kiowas and Comanches sold nearly 5,000 bushels of corn at $1 per bushel, either in trade or money. I had arranged with the traders to pay them money, that they might realize that they were getting pay for their labor and have some idea how white people get money. This year more of them engaged in the work than last. Some of the chiefs of each tribe with their people made good rails and fenced in fields, ranging in size from 3 to 25 acres, which I had plowed for them and they planted in corn, melons, pump- kins, and some vegetables. Of this number, Ta-ba-nan-ika, White Wolf, and Cheevers deserve special mention. The tribes have more acres in this year than last, but the season has not been as good and they will not get half as much of a yield as they got last year. They are not discouraged, but are looking forward hopefully to next year, by which time they are anxious to have a better location than this, where they say, which is true, the rain comes oftener and crops are much surer. Many of them are anxious to move over to the Washita River. The change no doubt would be a good one in many respects.

SHEEP AND CATTLE.

In my last report I referred to the fact that General Mackenzie had sent two officers to New Mexico to buy sheep, with a portion of the funds for which the horses were sold, which were taken from the Indians classed as disloyal in the troubles of 1874. They returned in November with 3,500 head, the ewes costing about $3 and the bucks $6. They were divided among a part of the Indians. Owing to the long drive and hard winter on stock arid inex- perience of the Indians in handling them, many of them died during the winter. They have done well this summer, the increase going a good way toward making up for the dead. The clip of wool was very light, averaging not much more than a pound, for which there does not yet seem to be a market.

In May, from a part of the same funds were purchased 350 heifers two years old and 50 milch-cows, the heifers costing $15.50 per head and the cows $26 ; since which time 200 more head of cows have been purchased at $14. per head, all of which were divided among a part of the Indians. They were much pleased with them and have taken good care of them. They think they should have houses and places to take care of them first, as they say it does not look right for them to be living in cotton or hide houses, with cattle around, and no per- manent arrangements for taking care of them, as white people have. They are anxious for houses, and say they want to settle down, and give up their way of constantly changing from place to place.

I am fully satisfied that the present is a tide in. the affairs of these people, which, if taken advantage of, a great many of them, not only the chiefs, but the young men, would "settle down" and take good care of whatever improvements were made for them, and relieve the Government from any anxiety about their ever going on the "war-path" again, and save the expense of keeping so large a force of soldiers in this country, and much sooner relieve the Government from the expense of their support, than if the opportunity is allowed to pass unimproved. Help both in subsistence and clothing will have to be extended to them for several years yet, and more especially will they need this help when "settled down," and the buffalo, which is now so important to them in getting many necessary things which the Government does not furnish them, is killed or driven, as the indications are, beyond their reach. The annuities given them by the Government falls a long way short of furnishing enough for the year's needs, and were it not for the robes they get to trade they would suffer for many of the necessaries of life; and until they have some other provision made for them the buffalo should be protected for their benefit. It requires a great deal of skillful manage- ment for those who have families dependent upon them to make the scanty supplies they get keep them in respectable appearance, and they have as much pride and anxiety to fix their children up nicely and have them looking well as white people have. With this dispo- sition pressing them on one side and the small amount, of goods on the other, and their edu- cation as to tbe rights of property, with the knowledge of a market at all times for stolen stock among their New Mexico neighbors, it is not strange that some of them should feel an inclination to, or absolutely adopt, that course to get the means for relieving the wants of their loved ones. Like white people, there is a great difference in their managing ability ; some are shrewd, sharp calculators, who with very little knowledge of the laws of trade would be able to take care of themselves at any place, while others seem entirely indifferent to any and all circumstances.

The location of agency-buildings as at present situated is very bad, scattered over an area of several miles. The commissaries were built of cottonwood several years ago by the mili- tary, on the military reservation, and now have to be supported by props to keep them from falling down ; the other buildings are distant about a mile and three-fourths, are very inferior buildings, and not at all equal to the wants of the agency. This location is so near the fron- tier that when the Indians are encamped near the agency, thieves can come in, steal a herd of ponies, and in one night get them across Red River into Texas, which has generally proven a haven of safety to them, very few ever being recovered after getting across the river. The losses this year have not been as great as in either of the two former, but have been very

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 53

serious in a few ca-es, where individuals have lost their entire herds. By the provisions of the treaty of 1863 they are to be re-imbursed for such losses, which should be done by giving them mules for working purposes and stock-cattle.

The nearness of the post is also an objection to this locality. The necessary contracts for wood, hay, and teaming bring into the country a very reckless, bad class of men, who are brought in contact with the Indians and exert a very bad influence upon them. As a farm- ing-region this is not as good as the Washita Valley, to which reference has already been made. With the present location, it is impossible to locate the Indians, or but a few of them, within many miles of the agency, the military reservation taking up so much of the best land near the agency, and the timber outside of the military reservation for man}- miles being used by the post, and necessarily so, for they must have fuel and timber for other necessary- purposes. The agency should be situated so that the Indians could have many of their places near it ; they could then be looked after and helped with much less expense than when so far removed. It should be so located that the post would be between it and the frontier, and be connected with the post by telegraph ; then in case of raids by the Indians, which I do not regard-as probable, though it may happen, or of horse-stealing, notice could be sent to the post in time to at least give a probability of the interception and capture of the ma- rauding party. A telegraph could be put up at a cost not exceeding $75 per mile.

Notwithstanding the many besetmeuts, obstacles, and difficulties the present policy has had to contend with, I am satisfied that the Indians of whom I have knowledge have been greatly benefited by it. So far as my knowledge goes it has never had an opportunity or been fully tested. The appropriations, while they may have seemed liberal, have really been too small. Since my sojourn here, my commissaries have a number of times been empty, and generally in the spring of the year, a time above all others when, if any influence can be ex- erted over the nerves of the stomach by plenty of supplies, they are needed. For as the grass comes up, the stock begin to improve, the Indians become restless, and, seeing no pro- vision made for their support, they are easily influenced away from the agency ; and then the punishing arm of the Government has to be called into use, and infinitely larger amounts expended in bringing back those who went away, because they could see nothing to stay for, than would have been required had a different policy been pursued, and supplies liberally furnished; for it is cheaper to feed than to light, and if the " peace policy " had been given a chance to show its power and been executed fully, instead of the press throughout the country, as it now is, sending forth its articles of censure and criticism, it would have been commending and extolling the heart and head which conceived and put it into execution. I am more than ever satisfied that it is the true policy, and that, if under the present judi- cious and able management of the Bureau sufficient money is furnished and the policy ex- tended through another administration, the "Indian question," by its close, will have be- come a settled question. On the other hand, if Congress fails to furnish the necessary means and the old " hand to mouth way " has to be continued, no matter how good the management or how faithful and earnest those who work among them may be, they can accomplish but little, and the civilization of the Indians will still be left in a very great degree to the uncertain future.

I desire to acknowledge the kindness and help given me by the honorable Commissioner and Superintendent of Indian Affairs ; also by General R.S.Mackenzie, who, since April 1, 1875, until a few days ago, has been in command at Fort Sill. He has promptly re- sponded whenever called upon, and has been especially obliging in loaning me supplies when I greatly needed them ; the relationship between our respective departments has been cordial and pleasant.

1 am also under obligations to my employe's for help and assistance ; neither should I for- get to acknowledge the continued care exercised over us by Him without whose help and care all would fail. Annual report of statistics inclosed herewith. I ain, very respectfully, &c.,

J. M. HAWORTH,

United Slates Indian A sent.

The COMMISSIONER OP INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OSAGE AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

Eighthmonth 15, 1876.

But little information can be furnished concerning the general condition of the Indians under my charge, save a rehearsal of that embraced from time to time in my monthly re- ports.

I assumed charge of this agency on the 21st of Secondmonth last, in some respects an unfortunate time to commence service among the Osages. For two years, an appropriation of $'200,000 per annum, from their invested funds, had been made to advance these Indians in civilization, including necessary subsistence and clothing and the school-education of their childreu. During the last fiscal year this appropriation, added to their interest, amounted to an aggregate of about $255,000. On my advent among them this sum had

54 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

become so far exhausted as to render it necessary to close the agency school on the 1st of Fourthmonth, and thus turn back to the Indian camps nearly 100 children, already started on the road to a higher life than that of the savage. By private subscription, however, and gratuitous labor, this important branch of the service was continued, without public ex- pense for employe force, until the 1st of Sixthmonth. The school-house at the Osage agency is a large costly building, sufficient, perhaps, for a school of 200 children. Not only was this important avenue to civilization abandoned, but every other branch of the service cut down to accommodate itself to the now limited means applicable to its support.

Realizing in the start my prospective embarrassment in undertaking the control of about 8,000 Osages on the remnant of the appropriation above named, I invoiced the subsistence-stores on hand, consisting of coffee, sugar, flour, and wheat, also an amount of beef yet due upon contract, the net cost of which was less than $16,000, and determined, with strict economy in issues, to subsist the Indians on the same throughout the remainder of the fiscal year. With this end in view, I called the tribe together in council, and explained to them the situation, and my purpose to commence their issues upon a basis that would carry them through the year, at the same time encouraging them with the promise that Con- gress, on their petition, would be asked for an appropriation for ttie coming year. So far as the leading men of the tribe could comprehend the situation, they seemed willing to second my efforts in the direction named, but I found them in a disturbed condition, dissatisfied many of them with the Government, and jealous of one another. Their council presented a scene of discord ; the wilder bands claimed that in the distribution of tribal funds for gen- eral civilization purposes the larger portion had been expended, among those claiming greater advancement than themselves ; that their headmen had been ignored and their ad- vice unheeded in making these distributions.

They had now just returned from an utterly unsuccessful buffalo-hunt, with debts in- curred (not altogether without authority) to their traders while absent, of some $12,000, destitute and half starved, hence realizing more than ever the necessity of civilization as a better means of support than that of the chase, and these wild bands were especially anxious for recognition in future aids to civilization within the tribe. Under ordinary circumstances this would have seemed an opportune moment to inaugurate among those Indians, heretofore averse to civilization, a system of labor under the care of skilled ern- ploy6s, with agricultural implements suited to their needs ; but absolute want of funds pre- vented any extended move in this direction, and confined the employe force of the agency to the narrowest practicable limit, and the Indians of the whole tribe were thrown chiefly upon their own resources to plant or not to plant. I am happy to inform you that many of them made commendable efforts to raise a corn-crop, which, however, under favorable auspices, with their rude methods of planting and cultivating, could only have been at- tended with partial success.

1 found the Osage council large, discordant, and unmanageable, rendering it almost im- practicable to transact necessary business with the tribe. One of my first efforts was to create harmony therein, and to this end I recommended that they choose a governor from »mong the leading men of one of the two factions and a chief counselor from the other, and that a business-committee of five leading men be appointed, representing both parties, to be associated with the governor and chief counselor in the transaction of all necessary busi- ness with the agent and Government. This they did, (after several weeks' deliberation,) re- electing with great unanimity their former governor and chief counselor, who in turn, by authority of the tribe, appointed a business-committee fairly representing the different fac- tions.

Through this executive body I have thus far been enabled to transact necessary business patisfactoiily. Through them I effected the arrest and delivery to a United States deputy marshal of two young full-blood Osages charged with crime, to be tried for the offense at Fort Smith, some two hundred miles away, under "white man's laws," a case unparalleled within my knowledge among wild, blanket Indians. -Through members of this committee, even before their appointment, I effected the arrest of a member of the tribe charged with several acts of petty larceny, procured a trial before a jury of leading full-bloods, with an educated half-breed or mixed-blood to aid them, who convicted and sentenced him to thirty days' hard labor under direction of the agent ; which sentence he executed faithfully, under an Indian guard selected by themselves.

The supplies named above were made to subsist the tiibe until about the 10th instant, with some beef left, being almost six months from date of my assuming charge ; and of the money applicable to the support of these Indians, fifteen thousand two hundred and eighty-seven dollars only coming into my hands, about one-half was paid to the tribe per capita under treaty provisions, $1,200, or thereabouts, was used in paying certified vouchers of my predecessor, and $3,000, received in the last week of the year, is about two-thirds of it yet unexpended, and supposed to be applicable under the law for expenses incurred during the first month of the present fiscal year. This large reduction in expenses during the last half of the fiscal year has been very detrimental to the service and to the Indians. The In- dians, including the wildest bands, have manifested a disjiosition to co-operate with me in the proper management of their affairs, with a depleted treasury, and in restraining their young men from going to the plains or committing any acts of depredation. They have

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 55

done so OD short allowance, in the hope that relief would come with the opening of the pres- ent fiscal year, and they cannot understand why the Government should fail to respond to their earnest petition and appropriate from their own invested funds already accumulated in the United States Treasury a sum to advance them in civilization and subsist them in their transition state from barbarism to self-support. They appealed to Congress for this aid, in- forming the Department, through their agent, of their necessities ; the impossibility to live even without the hunt, unless aided for the time being ; of their utter failure in last winter's attempt for buffalo, and thus their absolute dependence ; and of their crowning misfortune, by an almost unprecedented flood, in the latter part of Sixthmonth last, carrying away their fences and destroying by far the greater part of the crops raised by and for many members of the tribe ; which appeal and representations having been seconded by thyself, the Com- missioner, and the Department, it was confidently supposed would have carried force suffi- cient to Congress to have obtained the needed relief. The Indians are — they must be — dis- couraged at this failure. They ask nothing gratuitously at the hands of the Government. They only ask a portion of their own, made necessary by an extension of time granted by Congress to settlers on their lands in Kansas in which to pay for the same ; and it should be remembered that this extension was granted without consultation with or consent of the Osages, and had these lands been promptly paid for, as represented by the commissioners treating for them they would be, their annual interest on the proceeds of the same would have been sufficient for their necessities. The Osages as yet are, most ot them, wild, blan- ket Indians, far from civilized, many of them hardly ready to give up the war-dance and scalping-knife; and although the leaders have manifested a disposition to co-operate with the agent in the civilization of the tribe, and have this season, probably to an extent never before, restrained their young warriors from committing depredations, yet a failure on the part of the Government to render them simple justice in a time of pressing necessity may prove a costly experiment and be productive of grave results.

lu view of the circumstances herein set forth, I would recommend, if in accordance with existing law, that the entire appropriation, or so much thereof as may be absolutely neces sary, amounting to $fj7,000, be expended for the benefit of these Indians during the first half of the fiscal year, and that Congress be asked at an early stage of its next session to provide by deficiency bill for the last half, and that a liberal appropriation be made from their invested funds for their support and civilization during the next fiscal year. I make this recommen- dation in the hope that the loss of the present year may be partially overcome before entire confidence in the Government and its agents is gone, and in the reasonab e hope, if funds can be seasonably provided, that the agency school can be maintained during the year with an attendance second to none among the wild Indian tribes of the country.

THE KAWS,

located in the northwestern part of the Osage purchase, on a tolerably good reservation, are advancing pretty satisfactorily. Their farms and crops suffered from the flood of 28th of Sixthmouth last proportionally with the Osages, rendering it necessary to furnish them almost an entire support for the coming year. I am of opinion, however, that, with the aid of their annuity, the sum appropriated, economically expended, will be sufficient to subsist them, continue their scfiool, and possibly to render them some aid by way of agricultural imple- ments. They have an excellent school, with good accommodations, which has been well patronized during the year, but is now vacated during the extreme hot weather, with a view to re-opening about the 1st of Teuthmonth

The Raws, as well as Osages, suffer to considerable extent from the whisky traffic along the border. It being (under the revised law) no crime to sell intoxicating liquors to Indians outside the reservation, it is very easy for an Indian or mixed-blood to convey the poison to the camps within the reservation. I would recommend the passage of a law prohibitory in its nature, with severe penalty attached, to remedy the evil. Such a law would be of incal- culable benefit to the Indians and would elevate the morals along the entire border. The Kaws will require an appropriation next year of at least $10,000 in addition to the interest due them on their invested funds held by the Government.

Very respectfully,

CYRUS BEEDE,

United Stales Indian Agent. WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

Superintendent Indian Affairs, Lawrence, Kans.

PAWNEE AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

Eighthmonih 12, 1876.

RESPECTED FRIEND : At the time of writing my last year's report the Pawnees were divided in locality and in a transition state ; but since that date all the fragments of the tribe have been collected aud"settled on their new reservation south of the Arkansas River, which

56 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

separates them from the Osage Nation. That part of the tribe left at the old agency in Ne- braska, after due preparation, were successfully removed here, with all their movable effects, by wagons and teams procured for the purpose, together with their own horses and wagons, in November last, under my own supervision and that of special employe's for the service. All four of the bands of the tribe are now pleasantly and peaceably located at their adopted home, though we have not yet been enabled to carry out the plan agreed upon in council before removal, also provided for in the law, and yet intended, to locate them upon separate allotments of their own, and thus break up their village life and many of the hereditary customs and improper habits associated therewith. Those who have seen the folly of some of these things, who have adopted civilized costume and habits of productive industry, will take the lead in every progressive movement, and especially in selecting and arranging homes of their own, which they can take an interest in improving. In carrying on improvements at the new agency during the year on the plan marked out by the ex-Commissioner, the Hon. E. P. Smith, much difficulty and extra labor have been encountered, owing to the failure of the previous Congress to authorize the sale of the Nebraska reservation, and the consequent irregularity of proceedings until the recent act for the relief of the Pawnees was secured ; but this temporary derangement axid local difficulty I trust will soon be over, and if Indian affairs are continued under the humane policy of the administration, new fields of progress will soon be opened up to develop their latent powers and give a new direction to their energies.

While the unsettled condition of the tribe, in connection with the lack of means and of sufficient employ^ force, has prevented further improvements, yet all the indications go to prove that the Pawnees are advancing and growing more anxious to enter upon the cul- tivation of the soil for their future support as fast as the requisite facilities can be fur- nished.

The accompanying statistics will convey much important information; but that part re- ferring to schools is less favorable than if our industrial school were in operation, and I hope that by another year this prominent aid to civilizing progress may be restored, with fair prospects for increasing usefulness. The day-schools are doing a good work under the vigilance of active and energetic teachers, who have gained control and secured the confi- dence of the pupils ; but these, in our present situation, are mainly elementary in their character and preparatory in their influence.

The buffalo- hunt last winter did not prove successful, as the herds were too remote to be reached with their limited preparations ; but buffalo have been reported on the plains during the summer in considerable numbers, and some captures have been made by strag- gling parties of Pawnees and others.

In reviewing the labors of the year, I may state that the expenditures made here oil agency improvements are such as to attract the attention of every visitor who knew any- thing of the primitive condition of affairs. The dwellings erected for employes and In- dian families, the mills, shops, stables, school-houses, commissary, and other agency con- veniences, the neat and substantial stone office with dwelling attached, as well as the labor expended upon quarries, kilns, roads, fences, rails, wood, lumber, corrals, fords, bridges, and ferries, all tend to make a wide contrast with the native prairies and unbroken forests as we found them, though it is but as a commencement of the good work in contemplation. In making these improvements, as well as in carrying on some farming operations, in rebreak- ing land, planting the crops of wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and other vegetables, and gath- ering the same, and in the management of the agency teams as well as the assistance about the mills and shops, and the general mechanical arts, Indian labor has at all times formed a most important element, and has developed a skill and aptness on their part worthy of notice, and led many not before accustomed to work into steady and industrious habits at useful pursuits.

The agency farm in Nebraska, not yet sold, has been cultivated under the supervision of the farmer in charge, on a system that promises to bring returns to the agency or the Indians. A favorable report of crop prospects has been received, but not enough data to make a safe approximation of results.

The sanitary condition of the agency at present is fair, there being no epidemic, though cases of ague and other diseases sometimes occur. During last autumn fever and ague were quite prevalent and many of the tribe died. A portion of the white employe's were troubled with ague for a time, but there • were no serious cases of illness that were not checked by timely remedies, except one young man, who died in May last of pneumonia.

In all these and most other respects, though many things are greatly needed, our agency may be considered in the line of satisfactory progress. Very respectfully, thy friend,

WM. BURGESS,

United States Indian Agent.

WM. NICHOLSON,

Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Lawrence, Kans.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 57

QUAPAW AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

August 21, 1876.

SlR : lu compliance with instructions contained in Department circular dated 28th ultimo, I submit the following as my fifth annual report of the condition of the Indians under my charge.

This agency includes the following tribes, viz : Quapaws, Confederated Peorias, and Miamis, Ottawas, Eastern Shawnees, Wyandotts, Senecas, and Captain Jack's band of Modocs.

The Quapaws are located on a reservation situated in the northeast corner of the Indian Territory, which consists of 56,685 acres, about three-fourths of which is good tillable laud. The remainder is wooded, and, in common with all other timbered land in this agency, being covered with a fine growth of grass, is admirably adapted to grazing. The tribe numbers 235 persons. At least one-half of these have left their reservation, and are living with the Osages, and are anxious to sell out their land and consolidate with them. Some of the others who are remaining upon their own reservation are very much opposed to this course, and desire to retain their own homes. This uncertainty and division of sentiment among them has a disastrous effect on the tribe, and retards improvements. In view of these facts and the demoralized condition of the tribe, I would recommend that some action be taken as soon as practicable to dispose of their reservation to some tribe of loyal Indians, and to transfer the Quapaws either to the Osages or to some small tract suitable for them. They show a con- siderable interest in the education of their children, sending nearly all on the reservation tj the mission and letting them remain steadily.

The Confederated Peorias, Kaskaskias, Miamis, &c., number 202. They have an excel- cellent reserve of 50,301 acres, lying immediately south and west of the Quapaws. At least four-fifths of this is tillable, and the remainder grazing. These people are mostly energetic and enterprising. They have many fine farms and good improvements. They raise a large surplus of grain and stock, which they dispose of in the neighboring towns of Mis- souri and Kansas. They are strongly in favor of education, sustain churches among themselves, arid are progressing favorably in every particular.

The Ottawas have a reservation of 14,860 acres of valuable farming and timbered graz- ing-land, lying south of the Peorias, &c., and west of Spring River. They have large farms and good improvements, and raise a considerable surplus of grain. Their interest in edu- cation and religion is encouraging.

The Eastern Shavvnee reservation lies directly-east of the Ottawas, and consists of 13,088 acres ; about one-half is tillable, the remainder is timbered and is suitable for stock-raising purposes. This tribe is small, about ninety-seven persons, and is not so well advanced as either the Confederated Peorias, &c., ortheOttawas. Th y have, however, some good improve- ments, and are making considerable progress. They are evincing an increasing interest in education and in religious matters.

The Wyandott reservation lies south of the Ottawas and Shawuees, and consists of 21,406 acres, probably two-thirds of which is tillable, the remainder wooded. This tribe numbers about 250 persons, and is in a very fair condition. They take great interest in the cause of education, and are generally as moral and well-disposed as the average whites iu the adjoin- ing country. They have many good farms and are improving financially.

The Senecas are situated on a reservation of 51,958 acres, lying south of the Wyandotts, probably one-half of which is tillable, and the remainder only valuable for timber and graz- ing. They number 239 persons, a large proportion of whom are energetic, industrious farmers with fair improvements, raising more grain and stock than they need for their own use, and are steadily advancing in the arts and customs of civilized life. Although they are some- what indisposed to take advantage of the liberal facilities which the Government has pro- vided for the education of their children, yet I believe the feeling in this respect is dying out, and the sentiment of the tribe becoming more favorable than heretofore.

The Modocs are located on a very fertile tract, containing 4,000 acres, in the northeast corner of the Shawnee reserve; the greater portion of this is tillable, and about 1,500 acres are well wooded. They now number 117 persons. They have remained steadily loyal and peaceable during the past year. They have engaged energetically in labor, and as a result have a large and valuable crop on their farm. As early in the spring as practicable, I pur- chased for them two good mule-teams, with the necessary harness, plows, &c. Last fall they put in forty acres of wheat, which has done reasonably well, has been harvested, cared, for, and thrashed. In addition to this, they put in this spring about 140 acres of corn, pota- toes, and garden vegetables. Although the crop has been materially shortened by dry weather, it will go far toward furnishing breadstuff for their use the ensuing year. They are now, and have been for some time, living on the products of their own farm-labor. They are earnest and diligent in sending their children to school, and are much interested in their progress. They attend religious meetings and evince by their orderly and attentive deport- ment an earnest desire to be instructed in the way of life. Too much importance cannot be attached to the necessity of continuing to supply them with good school facilities. There should also be some means provided for furnishing them with proper medical attendance. I would also recommend that they be furnished with a few good stock-hogs, and some addi- tional cattle. The great change of climate attending their removal from their old homes, to-

58 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

gather with tho radical change in their mode of life from their wild nomadic state to one of steady habits and industry, has caused a great deal of sickness and death among them. This has been a source of discouragement, but has not hindered them from persevering in their efforts to become self-sustaining.

The amount of wheat sown last fall was smaller than usual, on account of very dry weather ; but the yield has been good, and it has been safely cared for. A considerable breadth of oats was sown, but a succession of heavy rains during May and June so injured the crop that it was a total failure. A large acreage of corn was planted, but the wet wreather in the early part of the season prevented as thorough tillage as it should have had. This, coupled with the drought of the past two months, has cut the crops short probably one- half. Notwithstanding this the most of our Indians will have sufficient for home consump- tion, and some of them a surplus.

The increasing disposition of the tribes of this agency to progress is shown by the large amount of new improvements which has been made this year. There have been 708 acres of new land broken ; 6,380 rods of fence made ; 534 acres fenced ; 19 houses and 3 shops built.

During the last fall and winter there was much sickness and quite a number of deaths among the Indians ; but for the last few months health has been very good.

The school-house for the Miamis having been completed, I had school opened for the bene- fit of that tribe on the 1st of January, which was continued in operation until June 30. The Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyaudott, Ottawa, and>Quapaw and Modoc missions, and the Con- federated Peoria day-schools have been in operation ten months during the past year. I can say they have been unusually successful, and the results attained have exceeded my most sanguine expectations. This is partly attributable to the very able corps of teachers and partly to the co-operation of the leading spirits among the Indians. The feelings of every tribe toward the schools and in favor of education is better than ever heretofore. The en- rollment at the several schools was as follows, to wit :

Seneca, Shawnee, and Wy andott mission 92

Ottawa mission 43

Quapaw and Modoc mission 66

Confederated Peoria, &c. , day-school 52

Miami day-school 25

Total enrollment 278

There are about three hundred children in the agency of a suitable age to attend school. The branches taught are orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, (written and mental,) de- scriptive and physical geography, United States and Bible history, grammar, physiology, bot- any, and natural philosophy. Religious instruction is regularly given to the children at each school, and I can say they are improving morally as well as intellectually. This is treated as a matter of the first importance, as no amount of intellectual culture will make honorable and useful citizens of them, unless their moral training keeps pace with the development of their minds.

Religious meetings have been held at each of the missions, at the Peoria and Miami school- houses, and at the agency. These have all been attended and participated in by the In- dians in considerable numbers.

The cause of temperance is steadily advancing, and it is now becoming a comparatively rare occurrence to see an Indian under the influence of intoxicating drinks. This change has not been brought about from the inability of the Indians to procure whisky, but be- cause they have become convinced of the deleterious effects of intemperance among them. During a residence of nearly three years in the agency not a single Modoc has been intoxi- cated.

I would call the attention of the Department to the necessity of the enaction of laws for the punishment of crimes against the persons or property of Indians by Indians. The lack of any statute against offenses of this kind tends to encourage them in taking revenge on each other for real or imaginary wrongs, much to the insecurity of life and property ; also for the punishment of persons selling liquor to Indians when off their reservation, and to compel Indians found intoxicated to testify against those furnishing them liquor.

I would further suggest, where Indians are so far advanced in civilization as are most of those comprising this agency, the propriety of allotting their land in severally, it remaining, as now, inalienable.

I am convinced that the practice of paying moneyed annuities to Indians is fraught with evil consequences, tending to encourage idleness and improvidence by causing them to de- pend too much upon that source for subsistence without putting forth their energies in im- proving and cultivating their lands. I would therefore call the attention of the Department to the propriety of paying out their invested fund as fast as the consent of the tribes can be obtained thereto, retaining, however, in every instance, a sufficient amount to afford ample educational facilities for all their children.

This. I am convinced together with the allotment of their lands, will greatly facilitate

REPORT OF AGENT IN IOWA. 59

their improvement by doing away largely with the tribal relations and throwing each indi- vidual, as far as practicable, on his own resources. It will encourage them to enlarge and beautify their farms, rendering their titles more secure to themselves individually, and to their children after them, and bring them a step nearer to citizenship and equality with the whites.

In the mean time, as the success of Indian civilization depends largely on the education of the rising generation, I would call the attention of the Department to the fact that true econ- omy as well as humanity demands that ample facilities be afforded for this purpose ; and I would recommend that means be adopted to make it compulsory on the parents to place their children in school and keep them theie. This could in a great measure be effected by with- holding the annuities of children of a suitable age to attend school who are kept out with- out a reasonable excuse.

In conclusion, mete out even-handed justice to all, punish them for their crimes, redress their wrongs, make each individual accountable for his own acts, thereby fitting them for the responsibilities of citizenship. Very respectfully,

H.' W. JONES,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

AGENCY OF THE SAC AND Fox INDIANS IN IOWA,

Toledo, Iowa, August 24, 1876.

SIR : Pursuant to instructions from Indian Bureau, I have the honor to submit the report of the condition of the Sac and Fox Indians in Iowa for the year ending August 31, 1876. The reservation of this tribe is located in Central Iowa, on the Iowa River, in Tama County, and embraces 419 acres of laud. The lands are adapted to agriculture and grazing. It is held in trust for the use and benefit of the tribe, and was purchased by their annuity, set apart for that purpose by request of the Indians. They have about 125 acres under cultiva- tion and 3UO acres under fence, about 100 acres being fenced during the present year. The larger portion of their ground is planted to corn, while they also raise potatoes, beans, squashes, onions, and some tobacco. They will realize an average crop for the season.

They number 34J in population, there being 160 males and 181 females. During the year there have been 8 deaths and 8 births, a large per cent, of the deaths being among the aged people, caused by exposure in the way they live and the houses they occupy.

The men are learning, by degrees, that they must labor, and have exhibited a fair dispo- sition co work. Some of them have teams and wagons and have earned good wages. They would do better, but have no means to buy their outfits for farming. Several of them have bought land distant from the reservation, and are improving homes of their own, which is a good feature. They all go out in the harvest -fields and receive fair remuneration and make faithful hands. With the small annuity received per capita, their day's wages, wheu at work, together with the proceeds derived from the sale of furs and ponies, they manage to support themselves ; but it leaves them no margin to buy land with individually, only in the more thrifty cases. It has been the rule to make the raising of ponies and sale of furs their primary interest, and their agricultural pursuits secondary ; and so long as they adhere to this, but partial advancement can be made in the way of permanent industry and support. They need more land tor agricultural purposes, sufficient to give each head of a family enough ground to raise what is necessary for the support of the family, in addition to what may be realized from other sources. It would further their progress in industrial pursuits. The estimated value of their personal property is about $15,000, and consists principally in ponies. They have too many for the amount of land owned ; but considering them the basis of their wealth, they sell but comparatively few, hence have constant annoyance by their ponies trespassing on adjoining lands and the arbitration of damages to adjoining owners.

They have a good and substantial school-house. It is pleasantly situated, and easy of access. A teacher has been employed, who commenced his school last November, and closed it temporarily on August 1. The attendance has been small, but not without suc- cess. Several have learned to read and write, and the prejudice of the old men against the school has in a measure worn away. In order to secure success in the future, they must remain continuously on their land, where they can be reached at all times, and not permit- ted to absent themselves during the winter months. The teacher in charge has furnished a good team, and has devoted considerable time instructing them in agricultural pursuits, and during the winter was untiring in his efforts to render comfortable those remaining on the reservation, who were mostly old people.

These Indians are not under the charge or supervision of any church or aid society, and a useful field of labor presents itself in their present condition for those interested in their welfare. If suitable clothing could be provided, and some regular and uniform, system of

60 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

support given them, it would greatly advance their interests in a moral and educational point of view.

This tribe manifest a very friendly disposition toward the whites, and adhere closely to their tribal relations, and oppose any infringement upon their traditional customs. They are honest, and have been trusted largely by the people, and as a class have returned the favor with credit to themselves. Situated as they are in a large and wealthy neighborhood, they will have to conform to the laws of the country if they remain peaceably in all matters of interest. Their property has been subjected to taxation, their stock distrained for damages, and suits enforced for debt. This, while appearing novel to them, and not as an embarrass- ment, cannot be avoided by reason of their situation, and must have its attendant results.

The refusal of the Government to supply them with a regular interpreter has militated against them and caused dissatisfaction. The appointment of an interpreter from their own class, on a nominal salary, would prove beneficial, not only for their general interest, but in the school-room. Authority should be given and means provided from their annuity, or some other source, to break every foot of tillable land on their reservation and make it productive. They will not consent to this, preferring it for pasture. A basis should be laid for enforcing habits of industry, and not let them depend on occasional employment. They should be compelled to attend school by some arrangement provided by the Government, and not be allowed to set aside every advancement made for them by those interested in their behalf. Means should be provided to build them comfortable houses, and compel them to abandon their bark dwellings, thereby avoiding sickness and exposure, and to give each head of a family a separate house, and render them independent-in their domestic relations. To wait for their consent to these provisions is only a loss of time. They should be pro- ceeded with firmly but kindly, and from necessity they would be accepted. They have made considerable advancement during the year in many respects. The young men are be- coming convinced, from the power of association. with the whites, that they must be sorrle- thing more than idle beings, and that they must adopt civilized habits and customs, and con- lorm to the benefits and provisions of the laws which govern those around them, in order to secure comfort and protection. The application of their annuity for awhile to purchase farming-implements, build small houses, and buy tillable land, would prove more benefi- cial than to pay it out to them at the pay-table, and let them spend it in their own peculiar way.

These Indians have a strong local attachment for their present home, and dread the idea of removal. If permitted to remain permanently, they must be placed in a position to best enjoy their privileges, and this can only be done by the method pointed out, which will avoid embarrassment, render them independent, and improve their condition. I have the honor to remain your obedient servant,

THOMAS S. FREE,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE OF UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENT,

UNION AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

Muscogee, August 31, 1876.

SIR : In pursuance of my duty, I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report of this agency for the year ending August 31, ]876.

Union agency is composed of the consolidated agencies of the Cherokees, Creeks, Choc- taws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles, which consolidation was effected on the 1st day of July, 1874.

The above-named tribes own and occupy territory stretching from Kansas to Texas, two hundred and thirty miles from north to south, and from the western line of Arkansas, two hundred miles west, embracing 18,325,807 acres of land, of which the Cherokees own 3,844,712, Creeks, 3,215,495, Choctaws, 6,688,000, Chickasaws, 4,377,600, and the Semi- noles, 200,000 acres.

The. number of inhabitants owning this vast domain is 56,500, of which the Cherokees cumber 19,000; Creeks, 13,000; Choctaws, 16,000 ; Chickasaws, 6,000 ; and the Seminoles, 2,500. They are strictly an agricultural people, and depend entirely upon the products of their lands and the sale of their immense herds of cattle roaming over their boundless prairies for their support.

Each tribe or nation has a constitutional government, with legislative, judicial, and exec- utive departments,, and conducted upon the same plan as our State governments, the entire expenses of which are paid out of their own funds, which are derived irom interest on various stocks and bonds, the invested proceeds of the sale of their lands, and held in trust by the Government of the United States, which interest is paid the treasurers of the different nations semi-annually, and by them disbursed on national warrants issued by the principal chief and secretary, and registerei by the auditors. Except among the Seminoles, none of the money

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 61

thus paid is used per capita, but is devoted exclusively to carrying on the government and the support of schools. The amounts thus received and disbursed are: Cherokees, §160,000 ; Creeks, $75,000; Choctaws, $60,000; and Chickasaws, $60,000.

THE CHEROKEES.

The Cherokees occupy and own perhaps the best reservation among the five civilized tribes, the lower lands and those adjacent to the water-courses being susceptible of raising all kinds of grain, while on most of the prairie land small grains can be raised with profit. Their government has been under a written constitution for nearly fifty years, and is con- ducted with marked ability and dignity. Among their citizens are men noted for their tal- ents and learning. Their schools stand as monuments to their progress in civilization, and reflect credit alike upon themselves and upon the religious societies through whose teachings, and the beneficial results of the same, they were first led to appreciate the benefits of edu- cation, and who have up to the present time aided and sustained them in their efforts.

It has been but a few years since the Cherokees assembled in council under trees, or in a rude log-house, with hewed logs for seats ; now the legislature assembles in a spacious brick council- bouse, provided with suitable committee-rooms, senate chamber, representative hall, library, and executive offices, which cost in erecting the sum of $22,000.

Their citizens now occupy neat hewed double log-cabins, frame, brick, or stone houses, according to the means or taste of the individual, with ground adorned by ornamental trees, shrubbery, flowers, and nearly every improvement, including orchards of the choicest fruits. Some of these orchards have existed for nearly twenty years,' and are now in a good, fruitful condition. Their women are usually good housekeepers, and give great attention to spinning and weaving yarns, jeans, and linsey, and make most of the pants and hunter-jackets of the men and boys. The farmers raise most of their own wool and cotton, and it is not an unu- sual sight in a well-to-do Cherokee farmer's house to see a sewing-machine and a piano.

SCHOOLS.

They have one male seminary, a boarding and manual-labor school, at present containing only 75 scholars, although capable of accommodating over 200, and one female seminary, also a boarding-school with 94 pupils, both of which were established in 1851. There is one orphan asylum with 117 inmates, and 71 day-schools are located in various parts of the nation, of which six are for the children of colored citizens. During the year ending July J, J876, 2,286 names were borne on the rolls of these day-schools, with an average daily attendance of 1,250. In all of these schools English studies are exclusively pursued, although they have primary studies in both English and Cherokee.

The school and orphan fund of the nation is derived from 50 per cent, of the amount an- nually received from the Government of the United States as interest on invested funds held in trust for them. During the past year $72,297.97 was appropriated by the Cherokee na- tional council for school purposes, and they have a surplus of school funds in the hands of their treasurer of nearly $80,000, which they propose to use in enlarging and thoroughly equipping their seminaries and asylum and putting them on a permanent basis.

There is now in process of erection a fine building for an asylum for the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane of the nation, at an estimated cost of $7,000.

The estimate^ amount of personal property owned by them, besides their houses and the improvements on their places, is as follows :

Public buildings.

Capitol building $22,000

Male seminary 75,000

Female seminary 75,000

Orphan asylum 70, 000

Blind, insane, deaf and dumb asylum 7, 000

Printing-house 5,000

Jail 7,000'

Total 261,000

Personal property owned by individuals.

Horses " 12, 500

Cattle 42,000

Other stock 44,000

Stores u 22

Mills 22

Smith-shops i 65

The Cherokees have sustained a weekly newspaper over twenty-five years, which is printed in both the English and Cherokee language, and ably edited by native Cherokees. They have a written language, with an alphabet of 86 characters, invented by Sequoyah, a full-blood Cherokee.

62 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

THE CREEKS.

The Creeks, who own the country immediately adjoining the Cherokees, are commendably progressing in the ways and customs of civilization. Having occupied this present reserva- tion since 1832, they had up to the breaking out of the rebellion accumulated considerable wealth in stock and slaves, but the waves of war rolling over their country deprived them at once of stock and slaves and homes, and on their return to the country after the war, in 1865-'b'6, they began anew to make themselves homes, cultivate the land, and raise stock, and are now in a comfortable situation, with good prospects for the future. Their govern- ment consists of a principal chief, second chief, a house of kings, and a house of warriors, one supreme court and five district courts, with their attendant officers. The national coun- cil holds one session annually, and can convene in extra session on the call of the principal chiefs.

Their schools are thirty-three in number, with an aggregage attendance of 500. Six of them aie for colored children. They cost annually about §4^5 each. In addition to these public schools, there are two mission manual-labor boarding-schools, conducted under the auspices of the Presbyterian and Methodist Boards of Home Missions, who pay the sala- ries of the superintendents and teachers, while the sum of $80 per scholar is paid out of the national treasury for the support of the pupils.

Tallahassee Mission is situated between the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers, about five miles from this agency. It accommodates about 80 scholars, 40 male and 40 female, and has been in operation thirty-two years. The graduates from this school successfully fill many of the positions as teachers in the day-schools.

Asbury manual-labor mission-school, situated near Eufaula, also has in charge 80 pupils, all males, and has been in successful operation for the same length of time as the Talla- hassee school. Both of these schools have a large farm attached, on which the pupils are required to work a certain length of time each week, under the supervision of an efficient superintendent, from the products of which farms sufficient amounts of vegetables are raised to supply the table of the schools during the year.

The success of these two institutions has been so marked, that it is the intention of the Creek council to establish another one similar in character, to be located on the western por- tion of their reserve among the full-blood population.

The Muscogee Female Institute, a boarding-school of 40 scholars, has been started within the past three years, and is taught by the Rev. Joseph Ferryman, a native Creek and gradu- ate of Tallahassee shool. The snccess of this school has more than satisfied the friends ot missions.

During the past year over $30,000 has been expended by the Creeks for educational pur- poses.

AGRICULTURAL.

About three-fourths of the Creek reservation is adapted to tillage, small grains bringing abundant harvests, while the soil of the bottom lands is very rich, and not unfrequently yields a harvest of 100 bushels of corn to the acre. The estimated amount of produce raised the past year is: Corn, 1,500,000 bushels; wheat, 65,000 bushels; oats, 15,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 30,000 bushels; potatoes, 15,000 bushels; and they own in stock 10,400 horses, 40,000 cattle, 30,000 hogs, and 1,500 sh^ep. The uplands are more naturally adapted for grazing stock than for tillage, the cattle obtaining subsistence the year round. Large herds are sold yearly to shippers who supply the eastern markets, and the supply is largely on the increase, and in the course of a few more years will of itself prove a competent source of income to nearly all the Creeks.

CHOCTAVVS AND CHICKASAWS.

The Choctaw and Chickasaw reserves lie directly south of the Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles, and are separated from Texas by the Red River. Although maintaining sepa- rate governments, occupying different reservations, and speaking a different language, having made joint treaties with the United States, they are generally classed as one people. Their governments are similar in character to those of the Cherokees and Creeks, and they have attained to about the same degree of civilization. Their farms and dwellings range from a small log cabin with an acre of ground in cultivation to the large farm or stone house with 2,000 acres in grain and the prairies covered with cattle. A great many white people are scattered among these two nations, either hired by the Indians as laborers or renters of In- dian farms, and where the right kind of white men, of temperate and industrious habits, are, there will be seen the prosperous Indian farm.

Large quantites of cotton are raised in both nations, especially in the valley of the Red River, and shipped to both northern and southern markets

COAL MINES

Of great value, of inexhaustible supply and excellent quality, have been opened along the line of the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railway, and supply not only the local demand of that road, but large quantities are daily shipped both north and south, and several roads in Texas depend entirely upon the products ot these mines. The companies operating tlese

'

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 63

mines pay a tax of one-fourth of a cent per bushel to the Choctaw nation, one-eight of a cent per bushel to the Chickasaw nation, and one-half cent per bushel to the individual on whose claim the mine is located.

EDUCATIONAL.

The schools of the Choctaw Nation are fifty-four in number, fifty-two of which are day- schools, and located in different parts of the nation, divided into three school-districts, for each of which is annually appropriated $4,000. The remaining two consist of one male and one female seminary. Spencer Academy, for males, has been in operation since 1844. For its support the nation appropriates annually $6,000 for the board of the pupils, while the Presbyterian Board of Missions pay the salaries of the superintendent and teachers.

New Hope Seminary, a female boarding-school, located near Scullyville, near the eastern line of their reserve, has 50 pupils, for whose board and other expenses the nation annually appropriates $5.000, while the Methodist Board of Missions pays the salaries of the teachers and such other expenses as the amount appropriated by the nation fails to meet.

In addition to these schools, the Choctaw Nation keeps ten of its most promising scholars at colleges indifferent States, at an expense the past year of $4,531.05.

THE SEMINOLES.

The Seminoles occupy a tract of 200,000 acres, lying directly west of the Creek reserve. They are making rapid progress in the accumulation of property, and their buildings and 'farms are being enlarged and improvements made each year. Being located on so small a territory, their habitations are comparatively near each other, and a stimulus is thereby ex- erted upon each one to appear as far advanced as his neighbor, and their leaders being men of Christian character and leaders in every faith that tends to civilization and enlighten- ment, the people follow as near as may be in the line marked out, and are consequently reaping the benefits in improved farms, increase of stock, and children growing up in intel- ligence. Their schools number only five, but steps are being taken to establish two board- ing and manual-labor schools in addition to these day-schools, to be under the care and super- vision of the Baptist and Presbyterian Boards of Home Missions. This is a commendable step, as its success is insured from the experiments made in the Cherokee, Creek, and Choc- taw Nations.

The amount of funds annually expended for schools is $2,500 ; but on the establishment of the two boarding and manual-labor schools it is proposed to take out of the money now paid per capita the sum of $'20,000 and appropriate it to carry on these two schools.

The Seminoles have now reached such a degree of prosperity that they no longer require as a necessity the $25,000 annually paid per capita among them, and can well afford to use that sum for educational purposes, from which they will obtain a hundred-fold more benefit.

There is now owned by members of the Seminole Nation the following amount of stock, which is continually on the increase, viz : 3,000 horses, 15,000 cattle, 28,000 swine, 2,000 sheep, and 50 mules ; and of farm products there have been raised the past year 120,000 bushels of corn, 2,500 bushels of potatoes, 5,000 bushels of sweet potatoes, 250 bushels of rice, and 8 bales of cotton. Their reservation is divided about as follows : 133,000 acres of tillable ground, 150,000 acres of wooded ground, 50,000 acres of grazing-ground, and 67,000 acres of valueless ground, about 12,000 acres of which is under cultivation.

I am thus particular in giving statistical facts in my report, as this being intended for the public, is what is most desired by them. To lay before the American people the wonderful facts of the steady and sure advancement of these five nations in the arts of civilization and in the ways of knowledge and learning, and of their capacity for self-government is what will be appreciated by both people and Indians.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

As a measure for the protection of the Indians, and of great need in this Territory, I would earnestly recommend the establishment of one or more United States courts within the limits of the Territory, with such jurisdiction as will enable them to punish crime, whether the parties to the same be United States citizens or Indians. The great source of crimes of all kinds, almost daily committed within this Territory, is the introduction and sale of spirituous liquors, large quantities of which are smuggled in or sold in the Territory by parties holding a license to sell it from the United States Government. The severity of the law and the vigilance of the authorities fail to keep it out. Occasionally a jug is smashed or a barrel caved in, but where detection takes place in one case, a hundred escape.

Another great source of continual disturbance is the large number of unauthorized and irresponsible white intruders in the Territory. Vigorous measures ought at once to be adopted to carry into effect those treaty stipulations which guarantee to keep these nations free from persons not duly authorized by law to reside therein. Their number is constantly on the increase ; in one county alone in the Chickasaw Nation it is estimated there are three thousand.

RELIGIOUS.

There are nearly two hundred church organizations among these Indians, representing the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian denominations of Christians, with an aggregate mem-

64 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

bership of over ten thousand, the fruits of the faithful labors of white missionaries, supple- mented by that of the native pastor. Since the war the number of white missionaries has soj3ecreased and the few that are left are so feebly supported that most of the religious in- struction has been given by native preachers directed by the white missionaries.

The meeting-houses of these Indians are, with but few exceptions, built of logs and similar in character to their neighborhood school-houses. The seats are of hewed logs without backs and are not well adapted for sleepy Christians.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

S. W. MARSTON,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

WICHITA AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

Anadarko, Eightkmonth 21, 1876.

Although scarcely five months have elapsed since taking charge of the affiliated bands on this reservation, I now make my first annual report of affairs connected therewith, so far as they have come to my knowledge or under my observation.

I found the buildings connected with the agency, except that for storing annuity and subsistence supplies, in good condition, and the Indians well disposed.

A careful enumeration of all the bands belonging to the agency has recently 'been made, showing the whole number of Indians to be 1,220, divided into bands as follows :

Caddoes, including Del .wares ar.d lowas 580

Comanches, two bands 168

Wacoes - 70

Wichitas 217

Tawacanies 100

Keechies » 85

Total number of Indians on reservation is 1, 220

Of which number there are 385 men, 459 women, 208 boys, and 163 girls.

The Caddoes, numbering 467 persons, principally engaged as farmers and stock-raisers, are a quiet, inoffensive people, most of whom have adopted the habits of civilized life. They are much interested in the school at the agency, and co-operate in securing the punctual at- tendance of their children.

The Delawares are also engaged in cultivating the soil and in cattle-raising, and, gen- erally, their condition in life is similar to that of the Caddoes ; a few of their number, how- ever, showing less interest in the education of their children. The remnant of 30 lowas, who left this reservation two years ago during the disturbance, have now become thoroughly incorporated with, and are, to all intents, Caddoes. All these bands have at various times, and from different causes, removed from other portions of the country. Together they own 1,500 horses, 52 mules, 1,176 head of cattle, and 1,810 swine.

The two bands of Comanches (together 168 persons) have made less advancement than those first referred to. although very much in advance of their condition a few years ago.

A number of them are now exerting themselves in having houses built for the use of their separate families, while most of tl'e others would do likewise, with some necessary assist- ance. They cultivate the soil, raising crops of corn and vegetables to a limited extent, as compared with the Caddoes, send their children, to school, and in general conduct them- selves in an orderly manner. With moderate expenditure and proper encouragement to- ward assisting them in establishing separate houses, the Comanches of this agency would in a reasonable time be prepared for abandoning camp-life entirely for houses of their own. Their domestic animals number 991 horses, 19 mules, 122 swine, and 6 sheep.

Of the several bands of Wacoes, Wichitas, and Tawacanies, there are 387 persons, in which bands the general characteristics are similar, speaking the same language, and in various particulars acting as one people. Like the Comanches, they are more interested in raising horses than cattle or crops, the three bands owning 1,075 horses, 32 mules, 18 bead of cattle, 12 swine, and 10 goats. They are, however, an intelligent, shrewd people, interested in having their children educated in the school, also in securing separate homes. Many of them express a desire to have assistance in completing their dwellings, which assistance they need and deserve.

The Keechies, as a band, are less advanced than any of the others. They number 29 men, 34 women, 13 boys, and 7 girls — 85 persons. Several of their chief- men have offered a horse for assistance in the labor of building bouses, notwithstanding the Keechies are pecu- niarily the least able to help themselves, the whole number of domestic animals belonging to the band being but 71 horses, 2 mules, 8 head of cattle, and 4 swine.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 65

Among the various bands, five different languages are spoken. The Caddoes and Dela- \vares each have a language of their own ; the Comanches have theirs ; the Wacoes, Wichitas, and Tawacanies have the Wichita language in common, while the Keechies have theirs, yet unlike any other.

Except the Caddoes, Delawares, and Wacoes, these bauds are now occupying the land ot their fathers ; and, being the original settlers, they feel that they are entitled to permanent homes. The reservation now occupied by them, bounded north by the main Canadian River, east by the ninety-eighth degrees of west longitude, south by the Washita River, and west by range 14, has been defined and surveyed, but has never yet been confirmed to them, and I would suggest that early measures be adopted toward the end that the affiliated bands be made secure in the homes they are now so desirous to procure and establish.

And now, when so many of these Indians are making efforts to secure comfortable dwell- ings for themselves, I embrace the opportunity offered to suggest that a liberal allowance be made for assisting them in their earlier efforts toward abandoning their present mode ot life. A number of them have already built, others are now building, and more have ex- pressed a wish to build houses for themselves, paying the principal part of the expense by exchanging horses for all the labor, in every instance, however, requiring and needing as- sistance in procuring material for finishing. Substantial and permanent benefit would be derived if a moderate sum could be set apart by means of which a suitable person could always remain with the' Indians to assist and instruct them in so many different ways to a better mode of life ; also to purchase material for completing their dwellings, after they shall have procured the building thereof at their own expense.

The most important and practical legislation for benefiting the Indians of this section would, in my opinion, be the establishment of a United States court, or the adoption ot some other means for the more prompt administration of justice in this Indian Territory.

Depredation by demoralized white men continues to be a fruitful source of annoyance and irritation. Within my own knowledge 88 head of horses and mules have been stofen by white men from the Indians of this reservation, 69 of which have been recovered ; and, while this report is being written, Whitebead, Johnson, and other industrious Caddoes, deserving better treatment, report having been robbed a few nights ago of 31 head of horses ; and this being the second loss of the kind that Johnson has suffered the present season, is very discouraging, and is attended with very serious loss of time and means, even though a part or all of the stock should be recovered. Of eleven persons, all white, known to have been engaged in this nefarious business, but two have been captured and convicted. For various reasons the arrest and trial by judicial process of persons who violate the laws in this portion of the Indian Territory is attended with so many difficulties as to be almost impracticable, as the proportion of malefactors to the convicted, as above stated, will show. Among these reasons is the reluctance of the Indians to be taken hundreds of miles away from their homes and domestic affairs, among a people of whom they have no knowl- edge, and for a purpose they can neither understand nor appreciate. Add to this the pecu- niary sacrifice for all who are compelled to make the long journey to Fort Smith, in Arkan- sas, to give testimony against violators of the law, and it is no wonder if the Indians en- deavor to avoid such a sacrifice of time, labor, and perhaps crops, with so little prospect of redress for the losses and wrongs of which they are the victims.

During the past spring a general council of all the bands was held in the woods, at which no white man was present, for the purpose of discussing the merits of a form of constitu- tion, submitted by the Okmulgee council; and, after a discussion continuing three days, they decided to defer their approval for the present, but continue to give their attention to their crops and live-stock and to the education of their children, leaving political matters for the younger generation, after they shall have become qualified by education and experience.

At this council, Tyner, a leading man of the Caddoes, spoke as follows, his remarks being approved 'by all the bands ;

"MY DKAR FRIENDS AND BROTHERS: When our children become educated, then we might be able to enter upon this constitution, but we are not able just now. I hope they might wait on us longer, until our children become educated, and then we might be able. We just commence making rails and farms, and raising cattle and hogs, chickens, &c., and commence to live like white people. This constitution is like a log in the road— in the way — just like that. We commence to live like white folks now, and here now something we all know nothing about, this constitution, comes up before us ; but I say one thing more, that you chiefs say we must not take this constitution now yet for a while, till our children become educated. Some of us wear blankets and flaps and leggings yet ; that is the reason we all say that we are not ready just now. Hope they might wait on us a little longer until we get a good start. So God help us, we poor Indian people."

Other councils have been held from time to time, in which education and various other ob- iects pertaining to the general welfare have been discussed with deliberation and decorum.

The remarks of Tyner, above quoted, were interpreted and reported by a young Indian who has been educated at the agency boarding-school, which institution has been in success- ful operation during the past year, except during the usual summer vacation. The highest number of names on the roll during the term recently closed was 103. Of those on the roll at the close of the term there were 50 Caddoes and Delawares, 33 of whom were boys, and 5 IND

66 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

17 girls : thirty-six belonging to the several bands of Wacoes, Wichitas, Tawacanies, and Keechies, of whom 26 were boys and 10 were girls ; 7 Comanche boys, and 5 of mixed blood; almost one-half of the whole number in attendance during the last term having never attended any school before. The beneficial influence of this excellent school, in its primary work of bringing the children from their homes in the camp to a knowledge of our language, as well as of the habits and conduct of civilized life, cannot be too often adverted to, and has been demonstrated to all who have been cognizant of its working. No falling off in the interest of the Indians regarding the education of their children is apparent — and the education of Indian children in book-knowledge is certainly as important, and we know to«be fully as practicable, as the education of white children. As each child, on com- ing from school, becomes, to the extent of his or her acquirements, an educator, there can be no question that a properly-conducted school for educating the children of Indian pa- rents is the main element in the great work of civilizing and christianizing the Indians, and if continued under proper influences will ultimately accomplish that end.

Religious services have been held weekly without any intermission during the past year, generally attended by the agency employes, and frequently by some adult Indians. The school-children also receive daily religious instruction in addition to the weekly Sabbath- school exercises.

A number of the Indians have their homes from fifteen to twenty-five miles from the agency, to whom the weekly issue of rations works much inconvenience, especially during the farming season as well as iii the winter. The weekly journey occupies fully one-third ot their time, and I would suggest that for such Indians, situated as they are, endeavoring to support themselves by their own labor, such change be made as will authorize the issue ot rations monthly, or at such intervals as may be most convenient and beneficial for them, as tending to their aid and encouragement in industrial pursuits.

During the year 2,550 buffalo-robes have been dressed and disposed of to the traders, which, valued at $7 each, produced $17,H50, beside smaller skins, such as deer, wolf, beaver, skunk, &c.,to the amount of $'2,550, making the total amount received for robes, furs, and skins, $20,400.

In view of the large unnecessary expenditure for many Indian superfluities, I have to suggest that the introduction into this Territory of certain articles of merchandise be pro- hibited. Various articles of no intrinsic value in themselves (although affording large profit to the traders) are furnished to the Indians, leading them to, and tending to confirm them in, habits of idleness and dissipation, and materially obstructing their progress in improve- ment. This applies notably to the younger Indians, and among the articles referred to as being not only useless, but in some cases absolutely injurious in they effects, are playing- cards, poisonous paints, producing diseases of the eye, costly feathers, and hair-pipe, for all of which large prices are charged, and vanity as well as disposition to idleness of the Indian encouraged. Prohibition of all the articles named would save to these Indians a large an- nual expenditure that is wholly unnecessary, and have the beneficial tendency of diverting their time and money to more useful purposes.

The season has been favorable for growth of crops, except that the abundant rains two months ago destroyed the corn and vegetables planted on low ground. A number of small crops of wheat were unavoidably rendered wholly unfit for breadstuff by continuous rains oc- curring soon after it was cut, and before the crop could be secured. The now maturing crop of corn, estimated at about 45, 000 bushels, and vegetables planted on higher ground, is very good.

I would also suggest that the unwarrantable delay heretofore suffered in the delivery of supplies by Government contractors has become a burden so grievous as to call loudly for other measures to be adopted.

Owing to' the dilapidated condition of the commissary building more secure means for pro- tecting annuity and commissary supplies at this agency are necessary ; and the interests ot the Indians and Government are liable to suffer by delay.

The mill has rendered excellent service in grinding corn and sawing lumber for the bene- fit of the Indians— 65,276 feet of lumber and 41,000 lath having been sawed, 1,400 shingles made, and 1,791 bushels of corn having been ground.

Referring to the accompanying statistics, furnishing more minute particulars as to the condition of affairs,

I am, very respectfully,

A. C. WILLIAMS,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

SAC AND Fox AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,

Eighthmonth 31, 1876.

SIR : In compliance with instructions from the Indian Department, I have the honor to submit the following report of the condition of this agency :

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 67

CONDITION.

The condition of the Sac and Fox Indians now on the reservation, numbering 417, may be considered good, as they have grown excellent crops, and cultivated probably a larger area than ever before. They are abundantly supplied with ponies and hogs, but comparatively few of them have cattle.

HABITS AND DISPOSITIONS.

These Indians are so entirely subject to and governed by their time-honored traditional opinions of education and religion that, while they are entirely tractable to any requirements coming from authority of the Indian Bureau, still it is with great reluctance that they sub- mit to these innovations of civilization and christianization ; and while the old and unedu- cated permit these infractions upon their peculiar dogmas, still they will resist it to perse- cution when coming from those over whom they have control, as has recently been demon- strated by this tribe, in refusing to allow some of the more enlightened and religiously in- clined (members of the Baptist Church) to build a house of worship ; and to have these prin- ciples so instilled as for the Indians to take hold of, or adopt them voluntarily, must come through the educating, enlightening, and training of the children.

MANUAL-LABOR SCHOOL.

This has, with the exception of a few days, been regularly in session since I took charge of the agency, with an average attendance of 29£, and the progress, under all the surround- ing circumstances, has been commendable. The main drain from the kitchen had become obstructed, and all the filthy water from the kitchen and slop- sink had been permitted to run and scatter underneath the kitchen floor ; and the cellar, which is on the same level, was kept constantly damp from seeps from insufficient drainage, until unwholesome deposits thus accu- mulated have been the source of a large amount of sickness, both of the children and em- ploye's of the mission-school. These, with numerous other unwholesome defects, I have remedied as far as practicable with the limited amount of funds at my disposal for that pur- posej and feel confident the result has already proven beneficial. The crop produced on the school farm this season is reasonably good, wheat yielding about 15 bushels per acre.

Sabbath-school and meeting for worship have been regular. y kept up during the summer, with manifest interest by the school children and employe's, but few of the blanket Indians attending regularly.

The general health of the tribe has been reasonably good, considering the unusual amount of rain-fall and the frequent overflow of ihe various streams in this vicinity. Pah-teck-quaw ,

chief, and one of the best Indians in the tribe, deceased on the 16th of July last.

MO-KO-HO-KO BAND.

They were brought to the reservation in the early part of December last, but nearly all have returned to their former homes in Kansas, and are living vagabond lives, and intruders on the citizens' lands there. This band now numbers about 100 souls. •

ABSENTEE SHAWNEES.

They number about 647, have no annuity, but are wholly dependent upon their own re sources, and are prosperous, having raised an abundant crop this summer of everything usually cultivated in this vicinity. They are civil, well-disposed Indians.

By acr of Congress approved May 23, 1872, they were permitted to select from the Pottawa- tomie reserve, for each adult person who had located and improved his selection, 80 acres, and . children 20 acres ; but owing to the great aversion of some of the tribe to taking allotments, ' and the idea that they were not allowed to select equal amounts with the Pottawatomies, Sam Warrior's band, numbering nearly one-half of the tribe, moved early in the spring north of North Fork and west of the Mexican Kickapoo reservation, supposing they might be per- mitted to join with the Eastern Shawnees and select a reserve of their own. I believe if they could be permitted to select amounts equal to the Pottawatomies, and this band allowed to take their quantity in a body, they would return and be satisfied.

THE SCHOOL.

The Shawnee school has been in session all the summer, with the exception of two weeks' vacation during the present month. Owing to the limited amount of means at my disposal for its support, the expenditure outside of the wages of employe's has been merely nominal even for the number, being seven to ten, who have been retained here as boarding-scholars. About the same number of day-scholars have attended. The crop on this farm, which con- sists of about 40 acres of cultivated land, is excellent, and they have an abundant supply of all kinds of vegetables for their table use. Bible schools and meetings are held on Sabbath and they collect for devotional purposes each evening.

68

REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY.

MEXICAN KICKAPOOS.

They number 312, and, considering their long nomadic customs, have done remarkably well this season, and have raised tine crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons. They seem to be restless and hard to satisfy, and have expressed threats of returning to their former location and practice if their wishes and requests are not more fully complied with. Here per- mit me to allude to what they cla^m as treaty conditions or stipulations upon which they agreed to leave Mexico, and a part of which I have good cause to believe were promised and have not been complied with, i. e., presents to chief Che-gnaw-me-ko-ho-ko to the amount of $500, and Mas-que-to's band, who have never received anything yet in the way of presents. I should regret exceedingly to see the successful fruits of the labor bestowed and money expended blasted before it ripens into beneficial results, from a failure of the De- partment to comply with promises made them in good faith.

The baneful influence of unauthorized white men upon these reserves, and particularly among the Shawnees, is very much to be deplored ; but where the source of retribution is so remote, and the expense and difficulty of conviction so great, outlaws feel very much as if they had free license to remain and carry on their nefarious employment with impunity.

CONCLUSION.

Permit me to say that, although the results of my labors here do not manifest themselves to any considerable degree, yet I feel confident some good has been accomplished since I took charge of the agency in Secondmonth last.

For information in detail, I would respectfully refer to statistical report herewith forwarded, which I am sorry to say, in many of the numbers and quantities, falls below former reports from this agency. Respectfully,

LEVI WOODARD,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,

CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY, Lawrence, Kans., September 22, 1876.

SIR: I assumed charge of this office on the 1st of February last. The records show that the jurisdiction extends at this time over ten agencies, as follows :

Title of agency.	Tribes.	Agent.	>5| '-J3-O H«
	Pottawatotnies Kickapoos Chip-	M. H. Newlin	1 000
	pewas, and Munsees.	H. W. Jones	1 300
	Ottawas, Wyandotts, Eastern Shawnees, Senecas, Modocs. Cherokees, Creeks Choctaws,	S. W. Marston	54 000
4 Osage	Chickasaws, Seminoles. Great and Little Osages. ...	C. Beede	2 700
5 Kaw		C Beede	500
		W. Burgess	2,000
	Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi,	L. Woodard	1,500
	Absentee Shawnees, Mexican Kickapoos. Southern Cheyennes Southern	J. D. Miles	4 000
9 Wichita	Arapahoes, Arapahoes. Wichitas Caddoes and affili-	A. C. Williams	1,200
	ated bands. Kiowas Comanches Apaches -	J. M Haworth....	3,000
Total			71 200

Excepting the Union agency, the official correspondence of all these agents is conducted through this office, and their quarterly accounts are examined herein nd, if necessary, re-

REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY. 69

turned to them for correction. The five tribes of the Union agency were formerly included in the Southern Superintendency, and upon its discontinuance in 1870 they were transferred to the Central ; but soon after their transfer, the superintendent was released from any fur- ther oversight ofj,hem than such as is required by their several treaties or such as may be specially directed by the Department, and the official correspondence of their agent does not pass through this office, nor are his accounts presented here for examination. While this plan relieves the superintendent of much labor and responsibility, it is evident that he has little opportunity of becoming intimately acquainted with the affairs of these tribes and of exercising any influence in their management, although they are under his jurisdiction. Perhaps this is of the less consequence, inasmuch as they are self-supporting, and mainly conduct their own affairs.

The agency of the captive Indians established on the Quapaw reservation in April, 1875, was transferred to my jurisdiction soon after I entered upon official duty, but as no Indians were ever removed to that location, there seemed to be no necessity for its continuance, and it was accordingly abolished on 30th of April last.

In inviting special attention to the most interesting and important features of the work in these several agencies, I disclaim any official credit for the large measure of success appar- ent, and which is the result of patient, persevering, and faithful effort on the part of my predecessor and of such, of the agents as have given years to what they have undertaken. The agent is the most important officer in the whole Indian service. His efficiency may be greatly promoted by a wise supervision and co-operation on the part of his superiors, and it may also be sadly crippled by the lack of these ; but no measure of administrative ability in higher officials is an equivalent for defective capacity, industry, and integrity on the part of the agent. It is, furthermore, impossible for one who has not a familiarity with the details of an agent's duty to appreciate the difficulties surrounding a position whose occupant is expected to achieve success, but whose discretionary authority to do anything is very slight, and who, from remoteness of location, must often wait for weeks for permis- sion to carry out the simplest prescriptions of common sense. It is, therefore, all the more gratifying to be able to discover improvement year after year in a work whose difficulties, both inherent and adventitious, are such as, in the opinion of some men, to place it in the category of impossibilities. Those whose connection with Indians is such as to give them a deep personal interest in the appropriations made for their benefit are usually able to per- suade themselves, and unfortunately too often others also, that the expenditure of money for the purposes of education and civilization is mere waste, and that the whole of it should either be paid to the Indians per capita, or invested in such supplies as they themselves have for sale. As these men profess to speak from observation, they are often accredited as im- partial witnesses, while the reports of agents are too apt to be considered rose-colored and ex parte, and therefore to be accepted with much allowance. It is, therefore, a pleasure to me to be able to corroborate the statements of the several agents of this superintendeucy as made in their annual reports herewith presented, and to emphasize my conviction that their concurrent testimony to progress in the right direction is the straightforward verdict of men of correct observation who have witnessed what they report. I am, furthermore, fully convinced that at most of the agencies the proportion of labor performed by white employes has steadily diminished, while that performed by Indians has increased.

AGENCY OP INDIANS IN KANSAS.

Pottawatomies, (Prairie band.) — Three years ago these Indians were exceedingly preju- diced against civilization. A school house had been built and teachers and care-takers pro- vided for their children ; but after fruitless delay it became necessary to discharge these employes, because the Indians steadily refused to allow any children to enter school. Upon the appointment of the present agent there was no house for him upon the reservation. He determined to take up his abode at the school-building, and soon succeeded in gathering therein a few neglected orphans, for whom he carefully provided, assuming the duties of teacher himself. In a short time the number of children increased, a school was regularly opened, and in a little over a year the applicants for admission were more than the building would accommodate. The sturdy opposition of ignorance and superstition has gradually given place to quiet endurance on the part of all, and to hearty co-operation on the part of many. A farm of 93 acres is cultivated mostly by the school-boys, who are systematically trained in farm-work, feeding and caring for stock, chopping wood, &c., while the girls are also drilled in house-work and kitchen-duties. As these' operations have been going on at the school, the Indians have been closely watching every step of progress and imitating what they have seen. Improved houses, . enlarged fields, stronger fences, provender for stock in winter, small herds of cattle, a larger number of hogs, water from wells instead of from creeks, increased demand for plows and wagons — all these have followed, and more this year than ever. Any one who has witnessed this will hardly doubt the benefit of industrial schools for Indians. It is true this improvement is not wholly the result of the school. It was from general good management ; but the school was one of the principal forces which this management employed.

Kickapoos. — The progress in this tribe is retarded by an unfortunate difference of opinion

70 REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY.

as to removing- to the Indian Territory. This step is urged very strong-ly by some of their most prominent men, but is not generally approved. Those who desire to go are indisposed to make improvements on their present reservation, and those who are opposed to removal are discouraged to some extent, lest their labor in building better houses, enlarging- farms, &c., be thrown away. I see no important advantage likely to result from their removal. They are orderly and live in peace with the neighboring- white people ; their reservation is well adapted to their needs, and if they were to leave it, there is no probability that they would be able to realize any considerable amount from its sale in the present depressed state of the land-market. Their incorporation with the Mexican Kickapoos in the Indian Territory would not be favorable to their improvement, and several- years would be required to enable them to procure their present convenience and means of self-support. If, however, it is the settled determination of the Department that they must ultimately go to the Indian Territory, and Congress will advance the necessary funds for their settlement, it may not be best to delay their removal longer than till such time as the larger portion of the tribe shall consent thereto.

Chippewas and Munsces.. — These 61 Indians live on their allotments in the heart of the set- tled portion of Kansas, under the fatherly care of their Moravian missionary, with such quietness and propriety of conduct as in no degree to disturb the sensitiveness of the body- politic.

QUAPAW AGENCY.

The Quapaws should be consolidated with the Osages, who have already received at least one-half of them, and are willing to receive the remainder; they speak the same language, and would completely affiliate. The Quapaw reservation would then furnish an excellent home for the Poncas, whose removal was provided for at the last session of Congress ; the sum of $25,000 is not, however, sufficient for the purchase of this reservation, and the re- moval and settlement of the Poncas.

The Modocs continue to merit the good reputation which they have acquired since their location in the Indian Territory, about three years ago ; they have proven themselves indus- trious, tractable, and sober. Although residing within three miles of Seneca, Mo., where liquor is offered for sale, not one of the Modocs has been intoxicated.

The other tribes of this agency are also doing well ; they are increasingly interesting themselves in the cultivation of the soil, the education of their children, and the promotion among themselves of temperate habits. The two or three hundred families of this agency have built within the year nineteen houses, broken over seven hundred acres of prairie, of which over five hundred have been fenced, and have made over six thousand rods of new fence, while of their three hundred children of suitable age, two hundred and seventy-eight have been in school. These facts are not evidences of decline, and it needs no prophet to foresee that a continuance of the disposition manifested by these Indians must result in com- plete civilization.

OSAGE AGENCY.

In order to secure buffalo meat and robes the Osages were allowed by their agents to go to the plains last fall ; but their hunt was entirely unsuccessful. Since their return they have remained quietly on their reservation, and no reports have reached me of any depreda- tions committed by them during the year past. The crops of wheat put in at different points of their reservation yielded well, and their corn and vegetables were in a promising condition until about the close of wheat harvest, when an immjBnse rain- fall occurred, floating away newly-made wheat-shocks, ruining much of the growing corn, carrying off fences, &c. At the agency the water rose 50 feet above the ordinary level of the creek, and considerable damage was done to the mill, and to flour and grain stored therein. This calamity will render necessary a large supply of food from other sources, and owing to the failure of an expected appropriation it will be a most difficult problem to keep these Indians quiet upon their reservation. " For two years past Congress has appropriated at the request of the Osages an ample amount of their own tribal funds held in trust for them by the Government, and thus they have been subsisting and aided in settling themselves upon their reservation. This aid should have been continued for the same purpose, so far as needful, and thereby all necessity taken away for them to leave their reservation in search of food and clothing. They do not need, neither do they ask, for the bounty of the Government. The funds are their own, and the Government is their guardian. I recommend immediate action of Con- gress at its next session.

The industrial boarding school was continued through most of last fiscal year, with an enrollment of 94. The last two months of its continuance the salaries of teachers and others engaged in conducting it were paid by donations from the agent, his employes, traders, &c., on account of the failure of funds applicable to its support. A large addition to the school-building was completed last year by late Agent Gibson, and there is now room for the accommodation of two hundred pupils. But the usefulness of the institution will be sadly crippled this year by the failure of the appropriation asked for by the Osages. The Roman Catholic school at Osage Mission, Kansas, has also boarded, clothed, and edu- cated one hundred and five Osage children during the past year.

REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENT. 71

RAW AGENCY.

This is continued as a distinct agency, but its duties are assigned to the agent of the Osages, the two reservations being contiguous, and both tribes speaking the same language. The Kaws suffered similar damage to their crops by the immense freshet described above. They have a good reservation, and in the short time they have occupied it they have made substantial improvements thereon, having (55 farms and 600 acres in cultivation. Their in- dustrial boarding-school has been very well sustained, and the children have made excellent progress in their studies. Forty -seven children have been in attendance with unusual regu- larity. Through the liberality of Congress the usefulness of this school can be continued the present fiscal year.

PAWNEE AGENCY.

The Pawnees have at last been gathered together upon their new home west of the Ar- kansas River, and those who are familiar with the immediate results of removing Indians will not expect many evidences of progress beyond the satisfaction which they exhibit with their location, and the resolution with which they have undertaken with small means to establish themselves in' it. No provision whatever having been made bvy Congress for their removal, everything had to be done under great disadvantages. The recent act providing for the sale of their lauds in Nebraska, and advancing funds for their settlement, will be of great service in laying a foundation upon which it is hoped their future prosperity will be secured. It will be observed that in the improvements already made upon this reservation, Indian labor has been employed to a considerable extent, and has proven very serviceable. This agency was transferred to the Central Superintendeucy from the Northern in May last. It is very creditable both to the managers of the school and to the disposition of the Indians that so large a day-school has been maintained. It is very seldom that a daily attendance of one hundred Indian children is secured, unless there are arrangements for boarding them.

SAC AND FOX AGENCY.

The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi, having a large moneyed annuity, are under little necessity to make exertions for their support, and for that reason are doing less in farming and other industries than might otherwise be expected. They are thus able to keep up, to a considerable extent, the old Indian habits ; and these habits in turn keep them under tho influence of superstitious notions. Under treaty arrangement an industrial boarding-school is maintained from the funds of the tribe, and nearly one-half of their children are receiving its benefits. The influence of this school is very perceptible upon many of the adult Indians, notwithstanding the. neutralizing effect of their large annuity.

The Absentee Shawnees left their tribe many years ago, and finally located in what was then the Creek country. Their loyalty during the war of the rebellion caused their expul- sion from the Territory, with the loss of their houses, fences, stock, &c. At the close of the war they returned to their former location and commenced life anew. By energy, indus- try, and perseverance, they have maintained themselves, and about one-half of them have good farms, houses, herds of cattle, horses, and hogs. A day-school has been maintained for them for several y^ars : but very few live near enough for their children to attend. A small building was erected last year in which a few children have been boarded. I have already asked permission to enlarge the building so as to accommodate a larger number of the children. These Indians do not ask for much aid from the Government. They are self-reliant, and it is a pleasure to witness their good management and the thrift that comes by it.

In the act approved May 23, 1872, their allotments were not made equal to those of the citizen Pottawatomies. I heartily recommend that they be allowed the same quantity, and that the Black Bob Shawuees be permitted to consolidate with them, and to have an equal privilege. The latter are homeless wanderers, and should be encouraged to locate. They can never regain the possession of their lands in Kansas, and it is very uncertain when Congress will take any action for the sale of said lands, which for a long time have been occupied by white settlers.

CHEYENNES AND ARAPAHOES.

The Cheyennes have manifested a greater interest than in any preceding year in agricul- tural and stock-raising pursuits. When we consider their antecedents it must be confessed that their present condition is full of interest. Never before have they been willing to have their children placed in school. This year the school-buildings, although recently enlarged, have been quite insufficient to accommodate the applicants. They seem to be reaching the conclusion that their continued existence depends upon laying aside warlike habits and adopting the methods of white men. This disposition should be fostered by every means at the command of the Government. Not only should they be aided by necessary subsistence,

72 REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY.

but their freshly-awakened activity in cultivating1 the soil should be stimulated by presents of stock and of simple agricultural implements to such as will make the proper use of such aids.

The Arapahoes continue to deserve thp favorable reports made of them last year. Although the agent was able to render them very little assistance, they have pressed through difficulties, and are realizing good crops on their lots of a few acres. The frequency of dry summers in this region renders farming an uncertain business ; hence the disposition to raise cattle should be encouraged. No better investment could be made than for cows to be given to such Arapahoes and Cheyennes as would care for them. Even if some of them should be lost through want of care and skill, the failure would not be complete, and persistence in this direction would result in ultimate success.

The condition of the industrial school at this agency deserves thoughtful consideration, on account of the prominence given to industrial matters. One hundred and twelve Cheyenne and Arapahoe children have not only had the privilege of the drill and the methods of the school-room, but have been trained in such industries as they will need to follow in after life. Their energies have been stimulated by the expectation of an individual interest in then-suits of their labors, and those who were in school last year have been assisted in expending1 their share of last year's products wisely and economically in cattle and clothing. The Cheyenne chiefs, in placing their children in school this year for the first time, sold robes and purchased cattle, so as to place them on the same footing with those who were in school last year. The school-boys now have a herd of 25, their own property, and the school has the benefit of the milk and butter. They expect to sell their half of the corn-crop, cultivated by themselves on the agency-farm, and with the proceeds to purchase more clothing and cattle, while the other half will suffice to feed the agency-stock this winter. The girls have been making garments for sale to the traders, and exchanging^ them for such clothing as they need. I know that the above is no fancy sketch : it is a joyful reality.

The novel proposition of Agent Miles to transport all the supplies for his agency by Indian labor from Wichita, Kans., one hundred and sixty-five miles, is full of merit. Agent Williams has made a similar proposition, and I presume that all the agents of the Indian Territory who require wagon-transportation of supplies would be willing to enter into a similar arrangement. As there is doubt whether under the present law the proposition can be accepted, I respectfully recommend such legislation as will authorize all the agents to direct the activities of their Indians in so profitable a direction. I sincerely hope that the lucid statement of the advantages of this plan made by Agent Miles will impress itself favorably upon members of Congress.

WICHITA AGENCY

TheWichitas, Caddoes, and affiliated bands have had another successful year in their agri- cultural pursuits, and well deserve such assistance as may be required and recommended by their agent in their efforts to secure better dwellings. It is useless to build houses for Indians who do not want them, but when they are anxious for them, and will do most of the work themselves, it is very important to assist them with a moderate amount of skilled labor, and with materials for doors, windows, &c. Congress should also authorize allotments of laud in legal subdivisions to these Indians, that they may have the stimulus of individual owner- ship and feel a greater security in their homesteads.

The industrial boarding-school has had 103 children in attendance, and is exerting a good influence. Efforts will be made to extend its industrial department the ensuing season.

The recommendation of Agent Williams relative to useless and injurious articles offered in trade to Indians is fully approved.

KIOWA AND COMANCHE AGENCY.

The Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches have not only given no trouble to the Government this year, but have shown themselves willing to enforce law and order by their own exer- tions. A few years ago their disposition in this respect was the reverse of this. The propi- tiousness of last year rendering their first attempt at agriculture so successful, they entered more largely and with greater earnestness into farm-work this season. Their experiment in stock-raising is also in hopeful progress, and should receive hearty encouragement. The question in regard to the removal of this agency should be definitely settled. If it is to be continued at its present location, extensive repairs are absolutely necessary. If it is to be removed, this should be done at once, so that preparations for next year's crop may be made. In either case the necessary appropriation should be provided at an early period of the next session of Congress. After full consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the several propositions in regard to this subject, I concur with Agent Haworth in recommend- ing that the Indians be transferred to the Washita River, on the northeastern border of their reservation.

The boarding-school, considering the unfitness of the building, has been very successful. None of the children of these Indians were ever in school till last year. The most of them can read quite fluently in Edwards's Analytical First Reader, and are making progress in

REPORT OF CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY. 73

primary arithmetic, geography, &c. The small field provided for the boys has been well cultivated, but in the present location of the school there is very little opportunity for the prosecution of industrial training. If the Indians are removed, this point should receive especial care in the provisions for a new school-building. A good farm should be opened in connection therewith, and arrangements made for the education of the boys in stock-raising and in other branches of husbandry.

INTEMPERANCE.

The commendable efforts of the several agents to inculcate temperate habits in their Indians should be seconded by a prohibitory law. In the revision of the statutes, either by inad- vertence or otherwise, the restriction upon the sale of spirituous liquors to Indians when off their reservations was omitted, and very bad results have followed. It should be a penal offense to sell spirituous liquors to Indians anywhere.

CRIMES OP INDIANS AGAINST INDIANS.

The laws of the United States should be extended to Indians as well as to citizens, and to this end the Indian Territory should be made a judicial district, with all the appointments necessary for a vigorou's enforcement of law. Its attachment to the district of Arkansas is quite useless to the ends of justice, except iu the eastern portions of the Territory, and as the law now is no prosecution can be made in any United States court of any crime of one Indian against another. Our legislators have much faith in law for white men ; I wish it were possible to persuade them that it is equally beneficial to Indians. Crime always pro- vokes some sort of retribution. If this retribution is dispensed by the law, that is usually an end of the matter; but when law fails to be executed, private revenge takes its place, and this in turn provokes still further private revenge, and thus one murder often becomes the cause of many other successive murders, each committed in retaliation for that which imme- diately preceded it. No wonder, then, that God has sanctioned human law for its very beneficence and has clothed it with majesty. Why should it be withheld from Indians.

ALLOTMENTS.

As fast as Indians are prepared to settle, inalienable homesteads should be secured to them in legal subdivisions.

MONEYED ANNUITIES.

The disadvantages of these have so often been set forth unavailingly, that it would seem to be a waste of labor to say anything more. The moneys held by the Government from which these annuities are derived should "be gradually converted into beneficiary funds, the interest of which should be applied to education, agricultural assistance, hospitals, asylums, medical attendance, &c., according to the necessities of the several tribes. In some instances portions of the principal itself might possibly be expended beneficially. At all events, when an Indian dies his annuity should never go back into the sommon fund of the tribe, but should be set apart for some beneficial purpose. In this way, in the course of one generation, a complete revolution would be made iu the distribution of the annuities, and it would occur so gradually, that no disturbance would be* created, while the Indians would still be receiving the full value of that which is held iu trust for them by the Government. There is no im- propriety in the assumption of this degree of control over the mode of dispensing their funds to them, and it is fully warranted by the principle that it is the duty of the guardian to use the property of the ward in such way as will promote the highest interest of the latter.

GENERAL COUNCIL.

The treaties with the Cherokees. Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Seminoles provide that a general council of the tribes resident in the Indian Territory may be held at the ex pense of the United States annually. In all these treaties this council is empowered to legislate upon certain specified subjects, while the language of the Choctaw and Chickasaw treaty implies the organization of a definite government for the several tribes represented ill said council. The first session of this council was held in 1870, and Congress has regularly provided for an annual session from that time to this, the app.opriations therefor aggregating $66,500. These sessions have been regularly held at Okrnulgee, the capital of the Creek Nation, and nearly or quite all of the tribes resident in the Indian Territory have been repre- sented therein. The reports made to this council on agricultural and educational matters have been highly interesting, and the commingling of delegations has doubtless been bene- ficial in various ways. It remains, however, to be acknowledged that as a legislative body this council has proved a complete failure, inasmuch as it has never accomplished a single act or legislation. Indeed, from the very nature of the case, no effective legislation can be enacted by this council, as there is no provision whatever for the execution of any law which it might pass, and beyond the advantages mentioned as ircidental to the meeting of delegates I know of none likely to result from a further continuance of this body. la all the treaties the In-

74 REPORT OF AGENT IN KANSAS.

dians simply agree that the council may be held. The natural conclusion is that the Gov- ernment may continue or dispense with it, as it may deem best.

RELIGIOUS INTERESTS.

It is not considered the duty of the Government to provide for the teaching of any secta rian scheme of religion. It has been, however, the constant aim of our agents to inculcate the great principles of Christianity upon those who come under their influence, and to en- force their teaching by a consistent example. In this way the prejudices and superstitions of the Indians are gradually yielding, and many of them are sincerely inquiring for further knowledge of that revelation through which only the highest type of manhood can be de- veloped. To these it is as the breaking of the day. Their perceptions of Divine Truth are very indistinct. They still grope in semi-darkness. I close this report with the devout wish that they may be encouraged and aided to press on from the dawning to the day- light.

Respectfully,

WM. NICHOLSON,

Superintendent Indian Affairs. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

AGENCY INDIANS IN KANSAS,

Ninthmonth 6, 1876.

In accordance with instructions from the Indian Bureau, under date of Seventhmonth 23, 1876, I herewith forward my fourth annual report of the situation of the tribes in this agency, consisting of the Prairie band of Pottawatomies, Kickapoos, and the Chippewa and Munsee Indians, numbering in the aggregate 990 persons, including absentees.

The Prairie band numbers 482 persons present on their reserve, about 180 in Wisconsin, and 15 in the Indian Territory, making a total of 677, who are entitled to participate in the privileges of the tribe The absentees residing in Wisconsin have been repeatedly urged to return and remain on their reserve, where they might avail themselves of the educational and agricultural advantages enjoyed by their brethren. About 80 have at different times been induced to, do so, through persuasion and pecuniary assistance, but after remaining a short time 25 per cent, have returned to their old homes and associations. They subsist by labor- ing for lumbermen, picking berries, and hunting, and have but little stock or other property. Those in the Indian Territory have been absent since 1864, and have been associated with the Mexican Kickapoos.

The Prairie band has a permament annuity of $20,595.76, ample funds for support ot school, blacksmith and wagon shops, and purchase of agricultural implements. Their reserve, located in Jackson County, Kansas, contains 77,357.57 acres of land, adapted in about the proper proportions for farming and grazing purposes, sufficiently timbered to furnish necessary fencing and fire-wood, and excellently watered by healthy, running streams. They have more variety and a larger quantity of the necessaries of life planted than in any pre- vious year to my knowledge; have kept their breaking-plows running in proper season ; enlarged their farms with substantial fences of rails made by their own labor ; built log and frame houses ; sunk and walled several wells, and greatly improved their system of farming, having given their fields and gardens the requisite attention and cultivation to real- ze for themselves full crops of all seeds planted. They have comparatively large num- bers of ponies, American horses, mules, and hogs. Though as a people they prefer raising ponies to any other kind of stock, a disposition to raise cattle is developing among them, quite as fast as could be expected. The advancement in this tribe has not been confined to persons of mixed blood or those who have been associated with the whites, but includes all classes, and in many instances those who are most prejudiced against the white race and the civilization that distinguishes it. Many of them have changed their open fire and rude cooking-utensils for cooking-stoves, and substituted a table with its complement of dishes for the mat and wooden bowls and spoons.

This is the progress of civilization, with its practical results, that strips the Indians of buck-skin and feathers, and clothes them in the dress of civilization, teaches them by degrees and understandingly the English language, secures to them domestic comfort and ease, in- creased population, and an independence of tribe or clique, without which no people can ever be elevated in the scale of humanity.

The Kickapoo Indians number 252 persons, including some allottees under the treaty 01 1862, who have not received their pro-rata shares of the cash credits of the tribe. Seven persons of this class did receive their pro-rata shares during the year, being deemed qualified for citizenship by my predecessor. My experience with this class of Indians has been such as to convince me that very few are prepared to assume such responsibilities, and certainly are not until they speak the English language, have hud experience in busines transactions, and are of temperate habits. I consider, however, that by giving to each In

REPORT OF AGENT IN KANSAS. 75

dian a certificate-title for his proportion of land, leaving his rnouey in the charge of the Government, individual enterprise will be promoted, more substantial and convenient build- ings erected, and the Indian more rapidly and surely fitted for the duties of citizenship than by any other method.

The Kickapoos have an investment 01 $128.590, the interest of which is paid to them as annuity. They also have §93.5S1.U9 held in lieu of investment, the interest of which is expended for support of school and purchase of agricultural implements. Their reserve, located in Brown County, Kansas, contains 20,273.53 acres of land, excellently suited for farming and grazing purposes, is well watered, and moderately timbered.

They are an agricultural people, many of them having fields of from 40 to 60 acres in area, and a few of the allottees even more. In addition to corn, potatoes, wheat, and vege- tables, they raise barley and broom-corn. For several years their crops were very short, in consequence of the ravages of the grasshoppers ; but this year they have the promise of full crops, which, with the assistance of their annuity, will enable them to live, make needed additions to their dwelling-houses, and to erect others. They have horses, cattle, and hogs, and are desirous of increasing them all. In consequence of a division in this tribe in re- gard to moving south, they have failed to make the progiess which could reasonably be ex- pected from their experience, their ability, and the tenacity with which they hold property. This tribe is rapidly losing its traditions, and a majority seem to prefer the example of white people to that of extremists of their own race.

The Chippewa and Munsee Indians numbers 61 persons. They have an investment or $42,792.60, the interest of which is paid to them as au annuity. They reside in Franklin County, Kansas, on individual allotments of land, which they hold by certificate-title from the Government. These people are thrifty and enterprising, have good houses, farms, barns, orchards, vineyards, herds of cattle, horses, and hogs, and speak the English language.

During the year I have issued to the Prairie band all the wagons, mowing-machines, har- ness, and agricultural implements needed for their present wants. I have also issued to the Kickapoo Indians as many of such articles as their funds for the purpose would admit of purchasing. By unremitting attention, the reserves of these Indians have been protected from depredations, and their stock, unlawfully seized by whites, has been recovered, generally without resorting to the courts.

At the spring term of the United States district court for the district of Kansas, held in Topeka, Kans., the presiding judge declared that according to the law it was no legal crime to sell whisky to an Indian when absent from his reserve. This decision enables the In- dians in Kansas to buy whisky as readily as white men, as there are villages contiguous to their reserves where liquor is sold The decision has removed all fear of legal punishment from the minds of those who are licensed to sell, as well as from the minds of those pests of society who would get a few dollars at the expense of prostituting and ruining a whole people. The consequences were truly alarming. The Indians gave loose rein to their appetite ; drunkenness and brawls were common, and industry seemed suddenly paralyzed. I used every effort and influence in my power, and, with the assistance of good men among the Indians, succeeded in reducing the evil. About one-fourth of the Indians in the agency are drinking men, and will seek whisky ; another fourth will drink it if placed in their way. These have not the moral force to resist the temptation and not sufficient regard for their pecuniary interests or health to appreciate the losses and evils that drunkenness entails. This evil is the greatest obstacle to civilization that exists, and it is of paramount impor- tance to the welfare of the Indians that such laws may be enacted as will prevent the sale of intoxicating liquor to them.

At the Pottawatomie mission there are commodious and well-arranged buildings for school purposes, consisting of school-house, mission and boardingf house, laundry and smoke-house, and barn, and a farm of 63 acres, which is cultivated for the benefit of the school. Out of 65 children in this tribe of suitable age to attend school, 42 have been en- rolled, and 28 have been in regular attendance during the year.

The buildings at the Kickapoo mission are not so large or convenient as at the Pottawat omie mission, but by effort are made to meet the requirements. There is a farm of 35 acres attached to this mission. There are 55 children of suitable age to attend school in this tribe, of whom 39 were enrolled and 26 in regular attendance Suring the year.

The boys at these missions are taught to feed and handle stock, and perform labor on the farms suited to their age and strength. The girls are taught to sew and perform general household duties. Both boys and girls do their work well and cheerfully, and actually re- duce the expenses of operating the missions. By this system we expect to impart practical knowledge of the occupation which it will best subserve their interests to follow, and to firmly implant in their minds habits of industry and economy.

The Chippewa and Munsee school is supported by the mission board of the Moravian Church North. This board annually contributes an amount approximating $500 per annum or support of the school and mission. The resident missionary manifests great interest in the religious and moral elevation of these Indians, and is of material service to them in tem- poral matters.

The Pottawatomie mission-school has 4 horses, 26 head of cattle, 80 head of hogs, and 250 chickens aud turkeys. With the exception of5 head of cattle and the horses, they have

76 REPORT OF AGENT IN MICHIGAN.

all been raised at the mission-farm. The Kickapoo school has mules, cattle, and hogs. The farms at both missions will produce full crops, which, with the proper disposition of stock on hand, will considerably reduce the expenses of maintaining the missions.

Too high an estimate cannot be placed on the religious, moral, and practically useful in- fluences of these schools. They not only bring the children in contact with religious and cultivated persons, but through them reach their parents and friends, who visit them. The improved health and deportment of their children and their ability to read, wrrite, and figure for them has convinced the adults 'that their children are learning that which makes the white race powerful, and their affection for those placed in charge of them is a proof that they are kindly treated. Through. the schools the adult Indians have learned that a regard for virtue has its reward in the respect entertained for those who practice it, and that no good thing is expected from an untruthful or immoral source. Though we do not obtain actual expressions of religious conviction, I have not a doubt but that these influences are gradu- ally enlightening the Indians to a better conception of true religion.

Until three years ago the Prairie band had not sent their children to school or had the ad- vantages of religious instruction, or even example, no agent or missionary having resided among them. Living within a short distance of religious white communities and almost in hearing of church-bells, they isolated themselves from the balance of their own people, and were strangers to the voices of friendship and advice. Hence, while within reach of inesti- mable knowledge, they cultivated and cherished those religious traditions and customs which deepened in their minds dislike of revealed religion, and prejudice against those who taught it. To be learned in these traditions was a position of honor ; therefore it will not seem strange that the ablest and best-informed men in the tribe made these subjects their greatest study. These men are generally practical on other subjects, but introduce religious ques- tions, and they become adamant. They say, " We have the knowledge that we must hold to our belief until our Saviour comes and redeems us : that any deviation or departure from it will delay his coming." This belief must be persistently attacked. To overthrow it is not the work of a month or a year. It requires incessant and prudent effort through every individual brought in contact with them in every business transaction and through every in- fluence that can be exerted. By pursuing this course, a modification of their extreme views has already been accomplished, and when the school children, with their changed habits and different views, commence to move among them in the discharge of the duties of life, their influence, in addition to other agencies, will, I have no doubt, hasten the consummation of our hope that these Indians will accept the religion of our Saviour Jesus Christ.

A school was established among the Kickapoo Indians in 1858, terminated in 1859, and was resumed again in 1867, since which time it has been in continual operation. Since 1858 they had the advantages of missionary labors by different denominations of Christians. About one-third of the tribe have accepted the teachings of these missionaries, as the only plan by which to gain eternal life.

Every Sabbath, in their churches, native preachers express these truths to their people They have no ideas of sectarian views, but preach all they have been taught that, in their judgment, will make their people better men and women. The effort of these Indian preachers, rude though it may seem, had the principle of faith for its origin, and time and determined opposition have proved its sincerity. Uneducated, surrounded by men entertain- ing superstitious and dangerous beliefs, they have faithfully labored for the regeneration of their race; the most exalted intellect could do no more.

The improved religious and moral sentiment, and the advancement of the temporal in- terests of the Indians in this agency, furnish abundant reason for congratulation by their friends. I am deeply and sincerely thankful that the experience of another year proves the civilization of the Indian to be a less difficult problem than hitherto.

Herewith forwarded find statistical report for Pottawatomie and I\ickapoo tribes of Indians. Thine, truly,

M. H. NEWLIN, United States Indian Agent.

WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Lawrence, Kins,

OFFICE OF MACKINAC INDIAN AGENCY,

Tpsilanti, Michigan, August 31, 1876.

SlR : I have the honor to submit to you my first annual report since my connection with the Indians of this agency. I received your instructions in the early part of the month of May last, consequently the time has not been of long duration since I have been in charge ; and although I at ooce gave my attention to familiarizing myself with the requirements of the position, still I have not been able to accomplish as much as I had hoped in acquiring a knowledge of their wants and general condition, or in making as thorough an investiga- tion of their progress in the various steps towards civilization, owing to the want of the ne- cessary funds to defray the expenses incident to such an investigation.

REPORT OF AGENT IN MICHIGAN. 77

I have, however, visited most of the principal settlements, and am pleased to be able to eport that in most cases they are endeavoring to improve their lands by clearing the heavy timber from and cultivating the soil. They are, however, very poor ; and from their natural improvidence and want of knowledge of the arts and the modes of cultivating their lands to the best advantage, their progress is necessarily slow, and their improvements are not, consequently, such as we should expect to see under more favorable circumstances. Yet, as a whole, they are making very favorable progress in the various characteristics of civil- ization. They have adopted the dress and mode of living of their white neighbors, nearly all living in comfortable log houses, and in many instances they have neat frame houses, in some eases surrounded by picket-fences, and other evidences of taste and culture, such as ornamental trees and flowers. These latter are, of course, exceptions to the general rule ; but when we see the blanket and moccasin exchanged for the dress of the white man, and the wigwam for the cottage, we are sure there is room for encouragement and hope for the future of this much-abused and injured race. When we see them abandoning the chase and earnestly attempting to subdue the forest and endeavoring, under many disadvantages and discouragements, to cultivate the soil for a livelihood, thus materially changing their entire habits of life, we certainly can feel assured of one thing, that the money Spent in the cause of education and civilization has not been spent in vain. The seed thus planted is producing much good.

Among the Ottawas and Chippewas on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan there are many Indians who are in possession of comfortable homes, and many more who, with the encouragement of a very little assistance to get started, would soon be in a situation to make a comfortable subsistence. But, as I said to commence with, with nothing but one's hands, and often a large family dependent upon them for subsistence, in a dense forest, and that, too, where the soil when once cleared is far from being the most productive, it is not very encouraging, even to an energetic white man. To an Indian who is. naturally of a lazy and indolent nature, it is not surprising that he should prefer the pursuit of game or fishing in the lakes and rivers so numerous in Michigan, to the less exciting and more toilsome work of clearing new lands.

The Chippewas of Lake Superior are to some extent giving their attention to tilling the soil. Pease, potatoes, and oats are the chief productions. They will raise a smaller quantity than in former years, because they delayed planting until very late, expecting to be furnished writh seed from the fund derived from the sale of their lauds to the Government, which had been int he hands of my predecessor, but was covered into the Treasury by him at the close of his administration. This not becoming available by me in time, I was unable to render them any assistance, and their Methodist missionary became personally responsible for the pay- ment for some seed, but not nearly as much as they should have had. Their schools have been tolerably well attended, but I am in hopes a greater interest in the cause of education may be awakened among them.

The Ottawas and Chippewas inhabiting the western shore of the State have been nearly abandoned by the Government, only one school being maintained tinder its patronage, upon the entire western shore of the State of Michigan, extending from Mackinaw southward for more than a hundred miles. Of these once powerful tribes there are nearly 7,000 remain- ing. All whom I have met are assuming, to a greater or less degree, the dress and habits of their civilized neighbors, and but for the curse of the white man's whisky, their lives, in a peaceful and moral and Christian view, would compare favorably with that of the white men settled among them. A large portion of these, while they are clearing their land, do considerable in the way of supporting themselves by cutting wood in winter, which they sell at the ports on Lake Michigan. As near as I can estimate, during the present year they have got out and sold at the various ports of Lake Michigan about 20,000 cords of wood and 2,000 cords of hemlock-bark, and perhaps 5,000,000 feet of pine logs, worth in the ag- gregate perhaps $70,000, no very inconsiderable item. Still there are many cases of great wrong and suffering among these people, owing to the rapacity and dishonesty of the white men who deal with them, and take advantage of their ignorance and simplicity to cheat and rob them of their just dues in the various transactions had with them.

The Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River are perhaps more advanced in civilization and citizenship than any other tribes in this agency, owing probably to the fact of their residence being more contiguous to the earlier settlements of the State, and greater efforts being made to civilize and Christianize them, by reason of which they occupy a higher plane of advancement in those most desirable traits of humanity. It is estimated that about one-half or nearly one thousand have gone upon the land of the reservation and commenced by hard, industrious toil to make homes in the wilderness, and in some instances their success will compare favorably with their white neighbors. They have comfortable houses, raise wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes, nearly enough for their subsistence. Others depend upon picking up the means of existence rather than a living by picking berries in their season, or fishing in a stream in which the fish are not abundant, or getting an odd job from some of their white neighbors. The Indian does not like to work ; he would much prefer the free and roving life of his ancestors ; but the progress of settlement of this once happy home of the Indian, has swept away the means of gratifying his love of the chase, and the fish with which the lakes and rivers teemed in the olden time are now so scarce

78 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA.

that an attempt to subsist upon these sources alone would end in starvation. So, of ne- cessity, he sees no alternative but to follow the example of his civilized white neighbor and cultivate the soil.

I said about one-half of this tribe live on the reservation in Isabella County. The others took their lands and sold them in most instances, and some of them bought in the vicinity of the homes arid graves of their fathers, for which they seem to have an abiding attach- ment. They appear to have been somewhat successful. Nauk-chick-aw-me and his band have some 400 or 500 acres of land, a few miles below East Saginaw, of which they have some 200 acres improved; raise hay, oats, corn, and potatoes, and manage by making bas- kets, making maple-sugar, and picking berries in their season to subsist some fifty adults. So with several other chiefs of this tribe, among whom are Elijah Pilcher and Charles and David Fisher; all of whom, with their followers, live more or less upon lands bought near or upon their ancient reservations and homes. Hunger and sickness sometimes compel them to seek assistance at the hands of the neighboring whites, who generally show them many acts of kindness.

The Potlawdtomies of Huron are the remains of one of the most powerful and warlike tribes of the Northwest now represented in this State. Where there were once many thou- sands, only about sixty, all told, remain, and these live upon 120 acres of land in the south- ern part of Calboun County, subsisting upon what they can raise, and the sale of baskets, and in their season the various kinds of berries, besides a little annuity received from the Government annually, and perhaps an odd day's labor now and then for the whites in the neighborhood. Their school-house has been burned down, and as a community they are wretchedly poor.

Of the Indians of this agency, as a whole, after a partial acquaintance with their condi- tion during a forty years' residence in the State, I can speak with much assurance ; it is much improved, and great encouragement can be taken in the belief that the time is not far dis- tant when the Indians of Michigan will become respectable, as they are peaceable citizens. One thing is certain — a smaller number of them find their way to our penal institutions in proportion to their number in the State, than any other nationality, while it certainly is not on account of any partiality in their favor, or that they are not as sure of punishment as any inhabitant of the State, if they commit crimes or offenses against the laws. Could they be shielded from the curse of intoxicating drinks placed in their way to gratify the avarice ot the white man, the chief obstacle to their advancement in the path of good citzenship would be removed ; to the prevention of this infernal traffic among them. I am devoting all the at- tention I can spare from other duties, as it is destructive not only of their material pros- perity, but blunts all moral and religious sensibility and destroys their manhood.

In many neighborhoods they maintain religious worship and are apparently truly devout worshippers of God. I think the effort to raise this much to be pitied race from savage bar • barism to that of civilization and citizenship has been highly successful, and would suggest a continuance of the schools, as from them comes the germ of knowledge and education, which finally matures the man and citizen. I observe that in the schools where the parents and children become interested and realize the importance of obtaining an education for the children, they make as rapid progress as the white children, after they become familiar with the language, which they have hrst to learn. In order to encourage to the fullest extent the learning of the English language, I have allowed white children in the neighborhood of the schools to attend on the same terms as the Indian children, with the exception of furnishing their own books, believing they will in this way make more rapid progress in acquiring our language, as the parents are in the habit of constantly using their own language, and gen- erally manifest a great dislike to talking in English, even when they can do so. I think this comes from pride, because they cannot speak as properly as they would wish in our language.

A continuation of the plan of paying a small sum for every acre of new land cleared and put into a crop is recommended, as giving an incentive to habitual industry, and hastening the time when they will become independent and self-supporting.

I append hereto the statistical report of the material progress and condition of the Indians of this agency. I am under the necessity of estimating it, as, for the reason before men- tioned, I have not had the means to defray the expense of making a thorough inspection of the entire field covered by the 10,000 Indian population of Michigan. Should I continue in charge another year, I hope to make a much more satisfactory showing, not only of my own labors, but of the condition of these wards of the nation.

GEO. W. LEE,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

CHIPPEWA AGENCY,

Leech Lalce, Cass County, Minnesota, September \ , 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report. The statistics accompanying my report are given in such detail as will afford an intelligent view of the general condi- tion of the agency. It will, however, be proper to call attention to specific subjects more at length.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA. 79

EMPLOYES.

For a new agent to be obliged to signalize his advent by discharging the agency physi- cian, farmer, and blacksmith, for lack of funds to maintain them, was no small embarrass- ment. This was further aggravate.! by the fact that their pay was already five months in arrears. An additional change was precipitated within a month by the withdrawal, in con- sequence of previous engagement, of the teacher and the matron, Rev. P. W. Howe and Mrs. Howe ; a kind Providence placed within our reach a matron for this school, while Rev. S. Goodrich Wright, a veteran of over twenty-five years' experience in the Indian service among the Chippewas, assumed the position of teacher on New Year's day.

Rigid economy in the use of funds placed at my disposal has, however, relieved us from the debt resting upon the agency at the time I was intrusted with its management. Our indispensable need of an agency farmer has just been made the subject of a special commu- nication to the Commissioner. As to the agency physician, our wants were recognized by the Indian Bureau last winter, but no funds were available for this purpose. I have every rea- son to believe that one of our most helpful employes must have died last winter but for the prompt treatment of the former physician, who had lingered with us from stress of circum- stances. Since January our indefatigable but over-burdened teacher has been obliged to do double duty, serving as acting physician, by dispensing the more common remedies, and ministering to the ailments of the people as best he could. I most earnestly urge our needs as respects these two employ6s.

SCHOOL.

Here we have been crippled in a vital point. The correspondence of the Commissioner emphasizes his estimate of the prime importance of our educational work. Yet even last year Congress seriously cut down our school-fund, granting only five-sixths of the 4mm pro- vided for us by treaty. At the date of my report I am not informed whether or not our most earnest protest has availed to restore it for the current fiscal year. To call this economy or statesmanship seems an abuse of language; such policy is no less undeserved than disheart- ening. It is vital to the best work to be done for this people that the sum named in the treaty at least be kept unimpaired. There is such an appreciation of the benefits of education, that parents urge their children upon us entirely beyond our means of support. An addi- tional $1,000 appropriated for educational purposes would be a great lift in this work.

MILL.

Coming to this field last fall as a new man, and being told that the saw and grist mill two years ago was within a few hundred dollars of completion, I was amazed at the policy that could allow such a work to lie unfinished, and, together with a lot of logs already cut and drawn, absolutely to go to ruin. I would not allow myself to believe that Congress would not give us enough to make available what had been well begun, and was so much needed. The saw, the mill-stones, and the belting are idle in the warehouse: the engine is in position, the lone smoke-stack points heavenward, while all are swift witnesses to such congressional neglect as is astounding.

I can but beg that $2,500 be conditionally appropriated to complete the mill and stock and run it for a year. A change of agents twice, and the lapse of three years' time, with their inevitable waste and loss, with no skilled mechanic at hand, all combine to prevent me from giving an accurate estimate of the cost of setting the mill to running. The sum sug- gested, placed at the discretion of the Commissioner, could be drawn upon by the agent as the exigencies should require. It will be remembered that this mill means great things for us. The fulfillment of the promise of houses for these lodge-dwelling wanderers, and of the substitution of ground meal for their hulled and parched corn, the promise of materials for re- building steamboat and barge, as well as for repairs of agency buildings, all lie in the com- pletion of our mill. But all this substantial good is entirely out of reach of this people with- out Government aid.

STEAMBOAT.

To get at the people in their little clearings along the shores, or on the more fertile islands, the steamboat and barge are indispensable. I renew my request that $1,000 be given us to rebuild the steamboat and barge, lest we pay the penalty of our presumption in continuing1 to use such rotten crafts, by the sacrifice of life and destruction of property. The hazard is really serious.

BLACKSMITH'S SHOP.

To restock this shop and give the means to hire a competent mechanic during the most pressing portions of the year, the sum of $500 is absolutely demanded. With this sum, pro- vided the small amount asked for agency farmer be given us, I think our full-blooded Indian blacksmith can fairly meet the more ordinary demands.

80 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA.

WHITE OAK POINT.

This is the nominal home of the Mississippi bands, numbering 800. So far removed from the agency, my information concerning them is not very extensive. I visited them in the winter at what was most probably their time of greatest need. A portion of their annuity payment of last fall had by my predecessor been kept back, so that a winter payment in provisions could be made to them. For their best accommodation I made these issues at four different localities, at wide distances apart. Universal dissatisfaction was expressed at the whole plan of winter payments. I am fully of the opinion that a repetition of the experiment would be still more unsatisfactory to them. I therefore recommend that no portion be withheld from them this fall. As heretofore, they find employment to some extent among the lumbermen, to whom, also, they sell hay to the amount of over 100 tons. This helps them to pick up some knowl- edge of the English, which some speak a little. A few of these bauds leagued together, and, by pledging to their trader a portion of their annuities this fall, secured some seed-corn and potatoes^ some plows, and plowing for their spring crops.

Two of these bands nearest to the Northern Pacific Railroad are miserably demoralized by whisky. These Mississippis are all entitled to share in the rare benefits and privileges afforded at the White Earth agency and reservation, and should by all means be induced to make that their permanent home.

FARMING AND INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS.

Under this head I would express gratitude for God's good providence toward us. The season has been unusually propitious. Showers have been timely. Our crops have not been ravaged by the potato-bug nor the dreaded grasshopper. Our people had but scanty supply of seed, either corn or potatoes. All I could possibly buy was very meager. But for the most part, after their ground was prepared by our teams, they went to work with a will. Now we have the satisfaction of feeling that the most are well provided with whole- some food, the result of their own labor. Sickness, in the form of measles, visited many families and detained them some in planting-time, but unless the winter shall be unusually severe and long, we hope not to be largely besieged by the hungry.

It should be said that the desire for employment, willingness to labor, seems decidedly on the increase. Such items as these from our statistics, obtained with painstaking care, and^. believed to be not exaggerated, give good evidence that somebody has worked: 2.000 bushels of corn, 3,000 bushels of potatoes, 100 bushels turnips, 50,000 pounds of maple-sugar, 35,000 pounds of wild rice, 1,200 bushels blueberries, and 10,000 pounds fresh fish actually sold. From reports made to me by our traders I judge the sales of furs by our Indians would aggregate $25 000. We also estimate that the catch of fish for their own use must be 500, 000 pounds.

MISCELLANEOUS.

s people to the Indian .Bureau last winter, allusion was made to trie wrong they nad sut- 3d in the matter of clearing 200 acres of land for tillage as provided by the treaty of >5. Their sense of justice was outraged in the squandering of a large share of the $15,000 aropriated for this object, in 1858, I think. The fact can be well established that not over

Under this head, I beg to call attention to various subjects. In presenting the case ot this people to the Indian Bureau last winter, allusion was made to the wrong they had suf- fered 1855.

appropriated for this object,

one-fourth of what was claimed and paid for was actually done, so that really over $10,000 is due this people in equity toward clearing and breaking 150 acres of good farming- lands. I respectfully submit that this puts the Government under obligation to right so great a wrong done by its own agents in the past.

I have seen but one drunken Indian since I have been here. When they get whisky they keep clear of the agency. I am aware, however, that at our railroad station, and at other points along the line, they have been able to get liquor. Several arrests have been made, with more or less of good effect, but sometimes the offender has been let off so lightly as to make his arrest little else than a farce. I am told that some of the United States officials have seemed to lack heart in these prosecutions, while locally the State offi- cers shrink from involving their respective counties in the expense incident to the punish- ment of crime Hero is a case in point : A justice of the peace wrote me of au aggravated case of crime. An Indian chief, the father of the young girl, brought the complaint and wanted the "white man's law" enforced. I promptly reported the case to the United States attorney at Saint Paul, who gave me every assurance of his hearty co-operation. I so reported to the justice, but no action has been brought, and that, as I understand, for the reason above cited.

Respecting any contemplated removal of the Pillagers to a new location selected with a view to farming, I can only say there is no desire on their part for such a movement. It will need the strong motive of force, or a large bonus in money or property, to effect this

The reputation of the Pillagers has not been good. They were never all bad, as they are not now all good. But as evidence of real progress and the prevalence of a better mind among them, I may refer to their improving habits of industry; to their readiness to adopt

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA. 81

citizen's dress as far and as fast as their earnings will afford the means to meet the in- creased expense ; and to their desire for houses, which is already marked ; if we only had lum- ber and nails and glass to give them, twenty would be built right away. A further and most gratifying proof exists in their quiet and peaceable bearing through the entire summer, notwithstanding the excitements of the serious Indian disturbances elsewhere. The Sioux are not so far away but that messengers have passed back and forth, some of whom are reported to have urged the Chippewas to join in the murderous work in Dakota. It should perhaps be said that while the question of transferring the care of the Indians to the War Department was pending, our Chippewas were very uneasy ; they would deprecate such a movement, almost to a man.

MISSIONARY WORK.

As to the moral and religious condition of the Pillagers, some good may be reported. The perfect command of the language possessed by our teacher, Rev. Mr. Wright, has brought moral instruction to a very considerable number outside of the school, arid other- wise unreached.

Aside from regular preaching-service on the Sabbath, mostly in Chippewa, evening meet- ings for singing and for scriptural instruction have been well maintained. The voices of happy children and youth, as well as of many of the older ones joining in their hymns of praise, have given the little handful of praying souls great cheer. No church organization exists, but we look around and trust that ten or twelve of the natives are striving to lead Christian lives, some of whom at the beginning of the year were in the darkness of heathen- ism. We trust that, under God, to this little company additions shall continue to be made.

In conclusion, may I not say that while to some of the managing political leaders in Con- gress the fearful delay in making needful appropriations for Indian supplies may have found easy justification, it must devolve great suffering upon these innocent victims in many ways. For instance, the article offish-net twine is not yet secured for them, though the fall run of fish, lasting but ten days, is just at hand ; one of the largest items of their winter sup- plies is thus in great peril.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

HENRY J. KING,

United States Special Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

RED LAKE CHIPPEWA AGENCY,

Red Lake, Minnesota, August 20, 1876.

SIR : I herewith submit my fourth annual report of the affairs among* the Red Lake Chippewas of Minnesota.

LOCATION AND POPULATION.

This agency is located 100 miles north of Detroit, on the North Pacific Railroad, Minne- sota, and includes as per last enrollment 1,178 Indians and half-breeds and 20 whites, mostly employes and their families.

AGRICULTURE.

is estimated that this reservation contains 3,200,000 acres, of which 1,000,000 are tilla ble 2,000,000 wooded, 240,000 suitable for grazing, and 1,500,000 are valueless. Some of the wooded and grazing lands are also tillable. Most of the latter class are located along the margin of the lake. In addition, there are several bodies of hard-wood of considerable mag- nitude, where the soil is of excellent quality, but covered with a dense growth of forest- trees, which supply the Indians with their sugar. The crops raised by the Indians this year are about the following: Corn, 7,000 bushels; wheat, 150 bushels; potatoes, 2,000 bushels; other vegetables, 430 bushels; hay, 250 tons; maple-sugar, 50,000 pounds; 600 bushels berries. They have caught 750 barrels fish, $14,000 worth of furs, and made 1,000 yards of rush-matting.

EDUCATION.

The only school taught was a day-school by Isabelle A. Allen; the largest number in attendance during any month was 40, the largest average during a month 28. The results attained were as satisfactory as could be expected in a day-school where only a very light lunch was offered, perhaps five or six months of the time, the pupils living remote from school, frequently having to encounter, on their way to and from school, insult and abuse from large, ill-mannered boys skulking by the way-side. I would re-iterate whaL I. said in my last report, and " urge the establishment as soon as practicable of a manual-labor board 6IND

82 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA.

ing-school as the only means at all adequate to secure on the part of Indian children punc- tuality of attendance, advancement in study, or improvement in manners. By this means only can we hope to reach, reclaim, and prepare for citizenship and self-support the youth of this people." Such a school would be patronized largely from the beginning:, as the In- dians desire something of this kind. The school closed June 31, for lack of appropriations.

MORALITY.

For an isolated, heathen people, their morals are as good as could be expected. There is no more stealing, if as much, than would be found in an ignorant white community. Chastity, combined with a sense of obligation to marital vows, is largely wanting. Polygamy, as with most heathen people, is common. As a people, however, they are kind to the sick, fond of their children, friendly to each other, much less quarrelsome than white people, quite demonstrative in their grief at the death of friends, careful, for a time, to keep the grave free from weeds or grass, frequently bestowing thereon flowers and fruits for the dead.

MISSIONARY WORK.

This is under the care of Rev. Francis Spees, sustained by the American Missionary Association, and consists in a sermon in Chippewa Sabbath morning, accompanied with singing some hymns in Chippewa and some in English.

At 2 p. rn. is our Sabbath- school, attended by nearly all the employes and their families, which, I regret to say, very few Indians have been induced to attend, although when present the missionary instructs them in their own language. Sabbath evenings we have had an exclusively English service, for the past two years, conducted by the agency physician.

On Thursday evenings we have a prayer-meeting in English, and in the winter much of the time the missionary holds a weekly prayer-meeting at the homes of some of the Indians. Many visits are made to Indians by the missionary, who reads portions of Scripture in Chip- ,pewra and explains them. Of Indian and half-breed members of the church, there are ten, of whom three have united during the year. Two others became Christians, it is said, but owing to ill-health have not joined. Ten whites belong to the church.

CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS.

Chief among the numerous obstacles to the rapid civilization of the Indian may be named his unwillingness to labor. Accustomed to the idea that labor is degrading and only fit for woman, it requires time and patience to awaken in him a truer ideal of life ; however, the result is approaching slowly but surely, and now many of the bravest and best Indians at this agency actually labor, cultivating crops and clearing up land, &c. This is indeed a favorable omen. They are anxious to obtain work, and are willing to labor faithfully in order to procure ,a certain and better livelihood, better and more convenient homes, furnished like the homes of the whites. They are quite peaceable and somewhat orderly ; uearlj three- fourths of them wear citizen's dress, so tar, at least, as they can procure the means, and every family cultivates a garden. Owing to a lack of seed, many are destitute of potatoes. Crops look well, and the yield of corn this year will probably exceed that of any previous year by 1,000 bushels. They are likewise very anxious to possess stock, such as a cow, a couple of hogs, and a pony. They have cleared up and put in crop more new land this year than any previous one, and this success stimulates trhem to further efforts in this direction. One instance is worthy of mention in this place. Two Indians saved their annuity-money, and with, perhaps, some other funds went 80 miles to White Earth and bought and drove home with them a yoke of oxen, with which, in connection with a plow, &c., issued by me, they have plowed and cultivated their own little farms this summer. Another bought, near Pembina, I believe, a cow, and now his family have the use of her milk.

During the year a good frame grist-mill, 20 by 24 feet, attached to and propelled by the saw- mill power, supplied with an elevator, has been built. At this mill there have been grimnd during the year 600 bushels of corn, for agency use, and 1,625 bushels for the Indians. Some 200,000 feet of lumber have been sawed, 35,000 shingles, and 33,000 feet planed, besides matching, &c. If the appropriations yet to hear from will permit it, some 50,000 to 75,000 feet more will be sawed in September.

The old log blacksmith-shop burned down in May, and has been replaced by a neat, sub stantial frame shop, 24 by 36 feet, coal-house attached, and the entire expense to the Govern- ment of both the grist-mill and blacksmith-shop has not exceeded $150. Only three good hewed-log houses have as yet been built this year; a few more will be erected this fall. About 75 tons of hay for agency use have been secured in Government barns and stacks.

AGENCY BUILDINGS.

At present there are the following good, comfortable, substantial frame buildings : four dwelling-houses, two school-buildings—one a dwelling, the other a school-house—one water- power saw and grist mill, supplied with planer, matcher, edger, and circular saws, one ware-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA. 83

house, one office — in which both agent and physician have their separate offices — one black- smith-shop, one superior horse-barn, besides a common barn, an ordinary carpenter-shop, a granary, wagon-shed, &c.

SANITARY.

The agency physician, C. P. Allen, has, in the two years ending 30th June last, treated 2,181 cases, with a loss by death of 1 1, and some of these were cases nearly dead when he was called to see them. This number does not include cases for which he merely put up in the office such remedies as were called for. The most serious obstacle in the treatment of the Indians is their unyielding determination that all their sick shall be purged to an ex- tent incredible among whites ; and this too frequently in spite of his utmost vigilance and orders to the contrary. The classes of diseases prevailing here are cutaneous, syphilitic combined with scrofula, rheumatic, and pulmonary. Bleeding at the lungs is quite prev- alent. These diseases are largely caused, Dr. Allen informs me, by filthy habits of living, exposure to cold and moisture, meager diet at some seasons, inherited virus, and excessive purgation. Many cases die which doubtless might be cured if subjected to good treat- ment, plenty of good food, and protection from our severe climate. The physician visits the sick at their homes whenever requested or when needed ; and that he enjoys their confi- dence in a large degree is shown by their extensive patronage of him. The medicine- dance is by no means obsolete however, and jugglery over the hopeless cases is still resorted to, but it is said with less frequency than formerly.

SUGGESTIONS.

Portions of the pine-land are swept by fire every year or two, killing the trees and leaving them to decay. Could this pine, which is going to waste, be utilized for the beuefit of the Indians, it would place them in a condition of self-support in a short time. I would again request appropriate legislation to secure this object.

I would renew what I stated in last annual report : " We very greatly need a good boarding-school, where manual labor by the pupils is required, where their manners and lan- guage are looked after, as well as their recitations ; where they will rapidly learn our lan- guage, hearing it constantly ; where the girls learn housekeeping and the boys learn how to farm and work in a shop at mechanical pursuits." Such a school could be established here at comparatively small cost. We do not hope to civilize the aged, but we can do much toward civilizing the young by means of such a school, and I regard it as one of the most pressing wants of this people. We need a small fund to maintain an apprentice in the blacksmith-shop and one in the carpenter-shop, to be- able to conduct these branches of busi- ness when the Government withdraws its fostering care.

Additional restraint should be placed upon those Indians who seem bent on making un- necessary visits to other tribes. Friendly visits are not always an unmixed evil, although frequently a source of much more evil than good. These visits are made at a time when they should be at home cultivating crops and preparing for the winter, instead of general carousals, debauchery, senseless gift-making, begging, and pilfering on the route to and fro. They are the frequent source of ill-will between the Indians and the white settlers, among whom they pass and repass. No Indian should be permitted to leave his reserva- tion except by written permit from bis agent, which permit would constitute his lawful authority to travel, if arrested by soldiers or others.

The present policy of the Government, with some modifications, I regard as the best pos- sible for the Indians and the whites, and a transfer to the War Department fraught with evil. There is a markod improvement in the Indians year after year, and with a little more liberal outlay of funds to furnish the prudent with teams, and a little stock and a good board- ing-school tor the young, in my judgment, in a few years this people would be self-support- ing and prepared to care for themselves.

CONCLUSION.

While I regret the lack of chastity, disposition to gamble, to gooff the reservation with- out a permit, to engage in medicine and other dances, too great indifference to procuring supplies for the future, a diminished rather than an increased attendance upon public wor- ship and the Sabbath-school, yet I am gratified at their evident desire to educate their chil- dren, their friendly, peaceable disposition, their increasing industry, their anxiety for better homes, larger gardens, finer crops, more stock, and ether civilizing ways, their improving manner of dress, their growing fondness for housekeeping after the manner of the whiles, &c. I feel warranted, in view of all these and other facts, in saying these Indians are mak-

sayng Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ing quite satisfactory progress tfully,

R. M. PRATT, United States Special Indian Aae.nl. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

84 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MINNESOTA.

CHIPPEWA AGENCY, MINNESOTA,

White Earth, September 1, 1876.

• SIR : I have the honor herewith, in compliance with office letter bearing- date July 29, 1876, to forward you my third annual report of the condition of the Indians under my charge.

VIEW OF RESERVE.

The White Earth Indian reservation is located in Northern Minnesota, in latitude 47° 30', longitude 95C 30', the nearest point to Northern Pacific Railroad being 10 miles. In area it contains 36 townships. The 12 townships on the west side are a beautiful rolling prairie of deep rich loam, with clay subsoil ; very productive. The 12 townships through the center north and south are timber and prairie, nicely distributed for agricultural pur- poses. The 12 townships on the east side are sandy, some parts being covered with jack- pines, and others well timbered with a good quality of hard and soft pine, sufficient for all future use of the reserve. The reservation is well watered both with lakes and running streams, with abundant mill-powers.

CONDITION.

The Indians under my charge are Mississippi, Otter Tail, Pillager, and Pembina Chip- pewas ; all of which live on the reserve except a band of Mississippis, Mille Lac Indians, which live at Mille Lac Lake. Those living at Mille Lac Lake subsist by hunting and fishing, living after their old customs. There are living on the reservation 1,427 souls, some having lived here eight years ; but a large portion came during the last three years.

The circumstances of those living on the reserve are very good, taking into considera- tion their low and degraded condition when moved here. There are now 170 farmers dis- tinct and separate from each other, having farms from 5 to 25 acres each, under cultivation, and very well cultivated too, even much better than some white farmers. They have horses, oxen, young stock, swine, and cows. They make some butter.

There are over 2UO hundred families living in good hewed log-houses, many of which were built by themselves. Of furniture they have stoves, bedsteads, and bedding, chairs, tables, trunks, dishes, &c. — in fact, things to make them comfortable. Some of the women are very good housekeepers, keeping their floors covered with reed matting, and are neat and tidy in every respect.

HABITS ANT) DISPOSITION.

Their habits are good ; they are industrious; have learned how ta do nearly all kinds of work, so that they can manage without much assistance. Their disposition is to live peace- ably with all mankind. Seldom do they have any trouble among themselves, and they are generally disposed to mind their own business and let others do the same.

PROGRESS.

Their progress has been very marked during the past year. Last year and year before that it was very hard to get them to change work and help each other. This year it is practiced generally. Two years ago it took five men to run a breaking team of three yokes of oxen, three to drive and two to tend the plow. Now two men do the same without any trouble. They plowed nearly all the ground last fall which the/ wished to sow to wheat this spring. Many of them learned this spring to sow their own seed-wheat, oats, and turnips ; also to mark out their ground and plant their potatoes and garden-seeds.

CIVILIZATION AND SUGGESTIONS. ^

The question of civilization of the Indians has been an open one for years, and seems to be the same with many yet ; but with me it is not so. I believe it would be very much better for the Indians living in Minnesota if the Government would settle them all on this reserve, give them teams and farming implements, assist them to build houses, break and fence some laud, give them a county organization, make them amenable to all laws, and give them all the benefit of the law any citizen has. If this could be effected the Indian question, to my mind, would be forever settled, at least as far as Minnesota is concerned. But in taking this step with the Indians I would further provide that not under any con- sideration should a white man be allowed to settle on the reserve ; there is just land enough for the Indians here, and no more. I would give all heads of families and all single men over twenty years of age the right of a homestead on condition that they cultivate a certain amount, and in a certain time give them a patent for the same, with the provision that they could not transfer the same to any white man.

f

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 85

EDUCATIONAL.

The Indian is as susceptible of acquiring an education, if an opportunity is afforded, as his brother the pale-face. I had, during- the past year, eight months' school ; employed most of the time four teachers, all females, the largest attendance being 128, during the month of January. I boarded and clothed 33 boys and 35 girls. The remainder attended as day- pupils. The school, was complimented by many visitors during its session, and I think it would compare very favorably with almost any white school in the State. The Rev. J. A. Gilfillan had four Indian students, young men, preparing for the ministry, two of whom received deacon's orders during the year. Those at their homes taught many adults to- read.

RELIGIOUS.

The mission here of the Protestant Episcopal Church is under the charge of the Rev. J. A. Gilfillan, he doing the missionaay work in general, the Rev. Em-me-gah-bowh being rector of the church, St. Columba, where he officiates in Chippewa, and has a good congre- gation twice each Lord's day. The number added to the church during the year by the rite of confirmation was 41. The number baptized during the year, 75.

The Episcopal Church has donated during the year, for educational purposes, $360 for the purpose of buying stoves, tables, chairs, bedding, bedsteads, pork, flour, cattle, &c., for Indians; and for buying delicacies for sick, and support of free hospital for old and sick, and for pay of salaries of two ladies in charge of hospital, and for salaries of two mission- aries among Indians, for cloth, cotton, tea, sugar, &c., for women's sociable, .$6,541 ; and $500 in goods, clothing.

The Roman Catholic Church has a mission here under charge of the Rev. Ignatius Toma- zin. I have not been able to procure any definite statement from him regarding their work, with the exception of the amount of money received by him during the last two years for missionary purposes, which amount was $7,164, together with a number of boxes of cloth- ing which he bad received and distributed among the Indians.

WORK OF PAST YEAR.

During the past year there were cultivated by the Government 70 acres; by the people on the reserve, 1,067 acres. There are under fence 3, 147 acres ; broken this year, 254 acres ; fence made this year, 6,884 rods.

GRASSHOPPERS.

The grasshoppers made their first appearance here on July 13, and remained nearly three weeks ; destroyed about eight-tenths of all the crops except potatoes. They ate them down to the ground, but they have since grown up, and if frost should not come till late we shall have a very good crop.

I visited nearly every farmer myself and estimated his growing crop, and also took an invoice of the amount each person has under cultivation, and the amount of stock, and his present condition. For further information see statistical report. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

LEWIS STOWE, United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

BLACKFEET AGENCY, MONTANA,

August 25, 1876.

SIR: In compliance with instructions from your office I have the honor to forward this my second annual report of this agency.

The tribes belonging here are the Blackfeet, Blood, and Piegan; numbering in all about 7,200 men, women, and children, the males being about 3,000, and the females 4,200. Of these about one-third come directly under the influence of the agency, the remainder being reached through the counsels of the chiefs, who maintain a strict control over their people.

But a few cases of insubordination occurred during the past year of minor importance, on the part of young men, which were promptly suppressed by the action of the chiefs, the acts being those of young and thoughtless boys.

The new agency, now nearly completed, is composed of five well-constructed buildings, built of sawed logs in a neat and substantial manner. A great deal of my attention has

86 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.

been occupied with the work during- the past eight months, and the difficulty of procuring the proper material and the necessary transportation has caused me much anxiety and trou- ble, because, no appropriation being provided for this purpose, the amount afforded from the regular annual one was insufficient to accomplish the work within the time designed at the commencement. However, but little remains to be done, and the regular employes can finish it in a short time. Eighty acres of land are inclosed by a neat and substantial fence which will make an excellent agency farm, but the immense number of grasshoppers that covered the country hereabouts, this spring, prevented me from planting anything on it during the present season.

The school has been well attended during the time it was in session, and good progress made by many of the pupils. The difficulty of procuring the attendance of pupils is a serious drawback, and can only be remedied by establishing a board ing-school, which should be done as soon as the neceesary accommodation can be provided.

The sanitary condition of these Indians has been very good, and the births in excess of the deaths. Since the establishment of the code of laws passed and adopted by them, in April last year, their general health has improved, and diseases of a filthy character have become very rare. Intemperance has entirely disappeared, no cases having occurred in many months. The chiefs have been very vigilant in their efforts to suppress the whisky traffic, and I am pleased to state that they have been entirely successful.

At the beginning of July last the chiefs of these tribes were invited to attend a council near Cypress Mountain, composed of representatives from various tribes, viz, Saritees, Yank- tons, Chippewas, Crees, Mandans, Assinaboines, and Gros Venires, and also emissaries from the hostile camp of Sioux, under Sitting Bull. The message was conveyed to these chiefs by the delivery of a cartridge and a piece of tobacco, signifying war or peace, and was carried to them by an Assinaboine messenger. Little Plume, the head-chief, went to the council, which lasted five or six days, and from him I learned that many of those present, especially the Santees and Yanktons, denounced the whites, calling them "dogs and cowards; that they ought to be wiped out, and soon would be." These chiefs took the precaution to halt their people and camp about 25 miles from the council-ground, so as to prevent commu- nication between them and the unfriendly ones. On hearing the words above cited, and learning the hostile purpose of the council, they immediately withdrew, declaring "the Sioux were their enemies, and that they would fight them if ever they came to this country, and that the whites were their friends, and they would help them whip the Sioux." They then returned to their camp and went hunting with their people. A few days after the council broke up a young Piegan went some distance from the main camp in search of a couple of stray horses, and encountered two Sautees, who fired at him from a coulie ; the boy called out to them that he was a Piegan and not to shoot, but they fired a second time, wounding him, so that he died in three weeks after in great pain. This murder caused intense feeling, and would have resulted in war, but for my earnest counsel and interference for peace. Further murders and outrages may prove too strong for my influence or their forbearance, and perhaps lead to a war between them and the Santees and their allies. I have no fears that these people will commit any acts against the settlers, but I do fear that repeated outrage may lead to trouble with the above-named Indians.

The order issued by the Department forbidding the sale of breech-loading arms or ammuni- tion to these Indians has caused some, distress and dissatisfaction. Nearly all the men are armed with a Winchester carbine, and have no other gun or means to purchase a muzzle- loader. They have not used the primitive bow and arrow for many years, most of them never, so that the order is very hard on them, by depriving them of means to hunt, and also by placing them at the mercy of their northern foes, who can and do obtain all they want from traders living north of the British boundary-line. I beg to suggest that the order will com- pel these Indians to go north to procure ammunition, and thus bring them in contact with unfriendly ones, which may lead to results dangerous to the peace of this Territory. On re- ception of the order of prohibition I informed the chiefs of it, and desired them to make it known to their people, and to forbid them to trade or give any arms or ammunition to any of the sur- rounding tribes. A few days previous to my telling them this, a young Piegan traded a car- bine and some ammunition to an Assinaboine for a very fine horse, which he desired to retain, but the chiefs compelled him to take the horse back and recover his gun' and ammunition, which he did. I mention this to show how the chiefs may be relied on to observe any order or regulation of the Department.

None of these Indians have committed any crime or depredation upon either the person or property of whites or Indians during the past year. Since the passage of the laws above re- ferred to, they have taken a new departure and the former scenes of drunkenness, strife, and bloodshed have been supplemented by temperance, kindness, and friendship, and, from being the wildest and most turbulent of our northern bands, they have become the most peace- able, and obedient. And this, too, without any harsh or violent treatment. To-day they form a safeguard for this portion of the Territory against the hostile and predatory Santees and Yanktons to the north, who would otherwise be a terrible menace to our settlements.

None of these Indians have yet attempted to farm ; but although some of them have talked about commencing, and would have done so this season but for the grasshoppers, it is perhaps better that they did not, as a failure at beginning would dishearten them and de-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 87

stroy their expectations from farming1. Next season, if propitious, I intend encouraging a few to begin, as it is better to select those whom I think will prove successful, and not any whose want of application or intelligence might cause failure. Everything, in my opinion, depends on a good start, to prevent discouraging results until experience begets confidence. I am fully satisfied, from the actions of the Indians last spring, that they see their situation, and are willing to turn to agricultural pursuits.

A number of them last spring traded their robes and furs for horses, harnesses, and wagons ; and I think they see or feel, that the buffalo will soon be exterminated, and they are about ready to turn to agricultural pursuits.

The buffalo-hunt has been good during the past winter, especially toward the latter part of the season, and a large number of robes has been sold by these tribes — as near as I can estimate about $60,000 worth. Other tribes hunting in this country have, I believe, been equally successful ; this wholesale slaughter will soon render the herds inadequate to supply meat for the wants of the Indians now here, and as several new-comers appear in these hunt- ing-grounds every winter, it is not difficult to foresee that the herd will soon be insufficient for their maintenance. It is evident that the killing is far in excess of the increase, the lat- ter being also lessened by the continual hunt kept up by the various tribes.

Notwithstanding their unfortunate and, I may add, evil surroundings of hostile tribes, these people have advanced in intelligence, and have acquired a better knowledge of the purpose of our Government toward them. A spirit of inquiry possesses many, and a desire for information concerning agriculture and the ways of white men, which are hopeful signs . The chiefs are fully impressed with the necessity of changing their mode of life in a few years, and conforming to the requirements of civilization. A radical change has occurred in their ideas concerning medicine-men and the efficacy o£ their barbarous mummeries, all now coming to the physician for cure instead. All efforts on the part of the old people to revive or practice pagan ceremonies or superstition meets with a quiet, amused tolerance from nearly all ; scarcely any, even among those advanced in years, expressing or manifest- ing any belief. A feeling of humanity and forbearance has also become manifest in their treatment of enemies, which partakes of Christian feeling, and proves their fitness for civil- ization and nural advancement.

Religious exercises and Sunday school have been maintained, with few exceptions, throughout the year, with good attendance and results. Several of these people are imbuod with a (Christian feeling and possess a knowledge of Christian doctrine, but their nomadic life and contact with others interfere with their practice and progress. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN S. WOOD,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF IXDIAX AFFAIRS.

CROW AGENCY, MONTANA,

September I, 1876.

SIR : The Crows have been, from the earliest explorations of their country, faithful friends of the whites. While every tribe around has either continually or at times made open war and engaged in secret murder and rapine, the Crows alone have been unchanging in their friendship. During the last summer they have been the allies of and fought with our sol- diers against, the Sioux. Every officer whom I have met, who has been with the Army on the Yellowstone, speaks of the service which they have rendered, both as scouts and in battle, m the most complimentary terms, and officers are now here recruiting Crows for winter service. For several years they have been an effective guard to the eastern settle- ments of Montana ; the common opinion is that for that purpose they are worth a regiment of cavalry. For these reasons the Crows deserve not only the generous treatment that they have been and are receiving from the Government, but also that their two earnest and often- repeated requests should receive attention.

The first request is that the Great Father will see that their treaty stipulations are fulfilled as to keeping hunters and wolfers off their reservation. Hunters are in the habit of going to those parts of the reservation where game is found in the greatest abundance and, poisoning the carcasses of buffalo and deer for the purpose of killing wolves in large quantities ; this not only destroys the animal whose fur brings the largest profit, but the Indians believe that it drives other game away. It is a grievous offense to them, and should be prevented. A squad of cavalry from the forces at Fort Ellis could easily accomplish this ; as things now are, the agent has no means of executing the law against these outlaws.

The second request is that whisky shall be kept away from their agency and reservation. Fortunately, the Mountain Crows haTO not generally learned to love intoxicating drinks : but during the last year the whisky-shops established at the mouth of Stillwater, about 14 miles from the agency, have seduced several young men to the habit, and the chiefs fear the result. Injustice to the Crows, who deserve so well from us, and who wil be destroyed

88 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.

unless the most kind, patient, and beneficent care is taken of them, some more effective ac- tion should be taken to prevent the sale of whisky near the agency and its introduction into Indian territory.

The work of completing1 the new agency buildings, barns, corrals, fences, and outhouses has been carried on during the year.

There has been no opportunity for farming operations. A large garden which has been cultivated shows that the soil is of most excellent quality. A patch of oats sown in this for experiment has yielded two luxuriant growths. After the oats had headed out they were in- jured by a hail-storm, and cut for fodder, and then matured another heavy yield. About 25 acres have been broken. The plateau on which the agency is situated has several hundred acres of the best class of soil in Montana. Another year all the potatoes and oats needed can be easily raised. I believe that the wheat necessary to furnish all the flour which is provided for the Crows can be raised, at an annual saving to the Government of $15,000 to $20,000. It will also be easy to establish a stock-herd on the splendid range near the agency that in a short time would furnish all the beef, which now costs the Government $30 000 per year.

Now that there is a prospect that the Sioux will be quieted, it will be an easy matter to in- duce individual Crows to commence operations as farmers and herders with a view to self- support.

I recommend that the agent be directed to issue the larger portion of the sugar which is provided for the Crows, only to pay for labor performed. I fully believe that this single pro- vision will accomplish most important results in inducing the Crows to undertake the habits of civilized life.

Much more stringent laws should be enacted for the suppression of the sale and giving to Indians of intoxicating drinks, a,nd, what is of still greater importance, more efficient means should be supplied to enable the agent to enforce the laws.

The present teacher is a Christian minister and serves as a missionary. He has made much progress in learning the Crow language, and proposes to give his life to missionary work among them. I anticipate the most excellent results from his labor. He is most en- thusiastic in his labors and has made the school a great success.

DEXTER E. CLAPP,

A gent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

FLATHEAD INDIAN AGENCY, MONTANA,

September 1 , 1876.

SIR: I have the honor herewith to submit my second annual report on the condition of affairs at this agency.

Owing to the admixture of Indians properly belonging to this reservation, by intermarriage, with other neighboring tribes, it is impossible to make a correct count of those who really belong to the Flathead Nation, and therefore the following estimate differs but slightly from last year, (the increase shown being due to an excess of births over deaths and a few acces- sions from the Flatheads in the Bitter Root valley :)

Males. Females.

Pend d'Oreilles 402 45H

Kootenays 161 178

Flatheads removed from Bitter Root Valley...! 41 45

604 679=1, 283

against 1,266 reported last year.

Although a majority still derive their sustenance from hunting, fishing, root-gathering, &c., it is gratifying to observe marked progress has been made during the past year in the way of civilization, and that at least a few more have been induced to relinquish a roving life to try the cultivation of the soil. Some eight new houses have been built by the Indians, toward the construction of which 16.000 feet of lumber, together with other needed materi- als, were furnished by the agency. All those who applied were also provided with ample quantities of seeds, and such assistance as the means at my command could afford.

The fund appropriated for "beneficial objects," amounting to but $750 per quarter, is barely sufficient to supply the entirely helpless and needy with food and clothing, and a special appropriation should be made for the purpose of aiding Indians to acquire practical knowl- edge of civilized pursuits, ' to be applied to the purchase of agricultural implements, tools, seeds, &cv breaking of land, and to the construction of irrigating-ditches.

I have several times reported to the Department that a large tract of fine land, several thousand acres in extent, situated on the right bank of the Jocko, three or four miles from the agency, can be made available for agricultural purposes by the construction of a ditch ;

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 89

and, deeming it of great importance. I again bring the matter before the authorities, and earnestly request the sum required— §3.000 — be furnished. With this amount any quantity of water can be conducted from the Jocko to any point of the land mentioned, and, as the locality is near the agency and connected therewith by a good road and bridge, it would eagerly be settled upon by the Indians. This is the only tract of land in the vicinity of the agency which can be made available for fanning purposes, and, if the Flatheads yet in Bitter Root should now remove here, they would be obliged to return home for want of farming- lands. There is at present but one farmer on the right bank of the Jocko, who, with a limited amount of water obtained from a spring-branch, is making a comfortable living1 from the soil. On the left bank of the Jocko, and near the agency, all the arable land lies along Finley and Mill Creeks, and about all of it is occupied by the Flatheads and a few Pend /J'Oreilles, 35 acres being cultivated by the agency.

Most of the Pend d'Oreilles who have adopted habits of civilization have their farms in the neighborhood of the mission and along Crow and McDonald Creeks, while the Kootenais confine their operations to the very limited amount of good laud at the foot of Flathead Lake, In spite of a late spring, a visitation from grasshoppers, and an uncommonly wet summer, the grain and root crops, with some exceptions, on the reservation promise a fair average yield. The wheat sown on the agency farm last fall was mostly winter-killed ; the balance was cut for hay. The oat-crop was very heavy, but, owing to excessive rains and the wind blowing it down, it also was cut for hay.

With necessary aid from Government and well-directed efforts on the part of the agent, many of the Pend d'Oreilles and nearly all of the able-bodied Kootenais could be made to locate permanently and assume industrious habits.

In obedience to orders received by me, nothing whatever is issued from the agency-sup- plies to any Indian, unless specially deserved or urgently needed, without some work is done therefor, and I am glad to state that the rule seems to work well, and that the number of habitual beggars has become considerably less. The entirely destitute and helpless are, however, always provided for.

The Department orders for Indians to remain on their reservation except when on their way to the buffalo'country, when they are required to get permission from their agent and be escorted by a detachment of United States troops, cannot be enforced until a military post is established in this vicinity.

On the south line of the reservation is quite a large meadow, only a very small portion of which is beyond the boundary, and, although this meadow is entirely isolated by four miles of a canon from the settlements, advantage is taken of this small parcel of land by white set- tlers near the line to drive bands of horses on it, that t'hey may roam over the whole meadow, to the destruction of a great quantity of hay. When remonstrated with they will say, "Show us your line," or "Why don't you fence in your reservation? " &c. I have con- sulted a lawyer in regard to such and other trespasses, but the law seems to be so indefinite that no decisive action can be taken in the premises. As there is also a meadow on the northern boundary similarly situated and under like difficulties, I shall make the matter sub- ject of a special communication hereafter, suggesting now that both of these disputed tracts be either included within the reservation or else that the treaty-line be surveyed and defi- nitely established.

The Indians who reside permanently on the reservation and labor for their support may be considered peaceable, but the majority of the young braves who annually visit the north- ern hunting-grounds are regarded as suspicious and cannot be trusted. The inhabitants of the surrounding country have been for years apprehensive of an Indian war, and the greatest alarm prevailed after the news of the Custer calamity that these Indians would form a com- bination with the non-treaty Nez Perces and others and make war. As nearly all the young Indians had become insolent in their bearing and openly bragged of their ability to whip the whites; I deemed myself justified in telegraphing the Department the necessity for having troops here at this time. It is a well-known fact that many of the Palouses, Nez Perec's, Colvilles, Callispells, Spokanes, Coeur d'Ale"nes, &c., who were defeated by Colonel Wright in 1858, would at once assume hostilities if they could succeed in uniting with other tribes; at least efforts have been made to this end.

Complaints in regard to drunken Indians have become less, but those who desire to indulge in liquor seem to have no difficulty in procuring a supply in the settlements. Several cases of horse-stealing by Indians from whites have been brought to my attention, and with the co-operation of the chiefs I have succeeded in nearly every instance in recovering the stolen animals for their owners, and in punishing the guilty parties.

Adultery among the Peud d'Oreilles prevails to a great extent. The chief Michelle, until recently, has punished offenders by whipping on the bare back, and in most cases the women only have been so punished. Serious results have obtained therefrom, particularly in cases of pregnancy, death sometimes ensuing. Some time ago I prevailed upon the chief to resort to milder treatment. Some of the Kootenai women infest the towns, and are kept there by inducements held out by whites as abandoned as themselves. Among the Flatheads offenses of any kind are extremely rare.

There are residing on this reservation seven or eight white men (French Canadians) who are married to Indian women and have large families of half-breed children ; they have

90 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.

lived here unmolested for years ; but the citizens of Missoula County desire them re- moved in order to collect taxes on their property. However, so long as they exhibit good be- havior and habits of industry, I regard their presence beneficial to the Indians, and deem it unwise to compel them and their offspring to remove to a community where they would be looked upon and treated .like Indians in every respect except paying1 taxes.

The boarding-school at Saint Ignatius mission for girls is still in excellent condition, and the scholars are making fair progress ; but in regard to edusational affairs generally I re- spectfully refer to my last year's report, having no reason to change my opinion from the views therein expressed.

The sanitary condition of the Indians has not been as good as usual, owing to the very wet spring and summer, "which seriously affects their scrofulous condition. The services of the agency-physician have therefore been in demand almost daily. All possible attention is bestowed upon the sick, but a hospital-building with its appliances is a necessity which can- not be too strongly urged. The annual appropriation of only $300 for the medical service is entirely inadequate to the demand.

Having been unable to procure an appropriation for the repair and improvement of the roads, and they being in worse condition than ever, owing to spring- freshets and a wet sea- son, I ordered all the employe's, whenever they could be spared, together with white resi- dents of the reservation, to work on the worst part of the road ; but their services alone would have been wholly insufficient without the assistance of a number of Indians whom I induced to work with them, by offering them provisions, blankets, &c. The roads are now barely passable, and much more labor will have to be expended upon their improve- ment. The employe's have otherwise been kept constantly busy, and such as were deemed inefficient were promptly discharged.

frr Two thousand six hundred and forty-eight bushels of wheat were ground in the agency- mill during the year. More would have been ground but for the unaccountable delay in the arrival of the new smutter, ordered early in March last. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

CHAS. S. MEDARY,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

FORT PECK UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENCY,

Fort Peck, Montana, September 2$, J376,

SIR: In compliance with directions I have the honor to submit my first annual report of the affairs of the Fort Peck Indian agency.

Fort Pjeck, the headquarters of this agency, is located on the north bank of the Missouri River, 375 miles by laud above the city of Bismarck, Dak., and 275 miles below Fort Benton, Mont. A more unsuitable location could scarcely have been selected on the Missouri River for an Indian agency. The buildings stand on a narrow bench or bottom at the base of a bluff probably one hundred feet in height, and, if the river should cut away its banks at this point as rapidly the coming as it has the past season, both ground and buildings will have been washed away. The country, too, surrounding is not adapted to the purposes for which it was selected. The bottom-lauds for miles above and below are low, marshy, and liable to overflow. Those lying contiguous to the north are dry, sterile, and unproductive. There is no land at this point under cultivation or suitable for farming purposes.

The Indians under my charge consist of Yanctonnais, Assinaboiues, Gros Ventres, Uncpa- pas, Brules, and Tetons. branches of the great Sioux family, famed in their past history as the most cruel, wild, and treacherous of all the Indians of the Northwest, and implacable enemies of the whites. Their totality has not been as yet definitely ascertained, but they are reported as numbering between 9,000 and 10,000, although your predecessor places their numbers much higher.

Upon my arrival here, on the 22d day of April last, I found but few Government supplies on hand, and they were soon exhausted. The spring-rains had commenced, and as a con- sequence the Indians were unable to go out on their annual hunt to procure the necessary subsistence for themselves and families. This misfortune reduced them to almost a state of starvation, and in order to prevent absolute suffering I was compelled to purchase in open market the necessary supplies to relieve their immediate wants.

The latter part of May they broke qanip, and the most of them left the agency for their summer's hunt, ranging as far west as the Little Rocky and Bear's Paw Mountains, north to the boundary-line between the United States and the British northwest territory, east to the limits of Montana, and south to the Missouri River and the Fort Buford military reser- vation. I have been in weekly communication with this camp during the entire summer, and am much gratified in being able to state that game is abundant and their summer's hunt has been a most successful one. They have had an abundance of wild meat to subsist upon and, have dried and cured large quantities for their fall use.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 91

In all my intercourse with these Indians I have found them peacably inclined, tractable, kind, and loyal. They are not in sympathy with the hostiles, though repeated and earnest efforts have been made, through emissaries from Sitting Bull, to induce them to join the un- friendly Indians, and, while they remain true and firm in their friendship to the United States Government, they complain bitterly of the enforcement of the order prohibiting them from pro- curing the ammunition necessary in obtaining the wild meats upon which they are expected to subsist the greater portion of the season.

AGRICULTURE.

In a conference with the chiefs of the Assinaboines at Wolf Point, last spring, they gave me to understand that, if they could have fields of their own and receive instruction in the manner of tilling their lands, they would set the example to their people by themselves labor- ing in planting and cultivating their crops. I accordingly ordered a few acres set apart for each of them at that place, and had them plowed, and they, with the assistance of the white em- ployes, planted corn and also potatoes, turnips, beets, cabbages, and other vegetables. These Indians went into their fields with the hoe and rake and seemed to take pleasure in this labor and great interest in the growing crops. And now that their crops are about matured and the yield abundant, they are highly gratified at the result and well pleased writh the reflection that they have succeeded in producing food from the earth by means of their own labor.

I had neither time nor opportunity the past season to make the same experiment with any of the other tribes of this agency. The success of the Assinaboines has inspired many Yanctonuais with a desire to engage in agricultural pursuits, and they have applied to me for assistance in breaking up ground, building houses, &c. I am very anxious to gratify them, and to enter upon the pleasing task of instructing them in the art of agriculture, but it is not practicable to do so at this point, for reasons hereinbefore stated. 1 am the more anxious to further engage in this undertaking for the reason that I believe it to be the first step necessary to induce the Indians to abandon their nomadic and savage life and adopt civilized habits and pursuits. It will furnish them with new objects of interest and a pleas- ing and profitable occupation.

The Indians who have led off in this enterprise are Red Stone, Long Fox, Little Bull, White Shell, Broken Arm, Walking Porcupine, and Wolf-skin Necklace, who are chief's among the most prominent of the Assinaboines.

AGENCY FARM.

L'pon assuming control of the agency farm, I found by actual measurement but 30 acres under cultivation. During the spring and early summer I extended the fences and had 40 acres more of land broken, and now have 200 acres of fine arable land fenced, 70 of which are in cultivation.

CROPS.

Considering the backwardness of the spring, and the visitation of grasshoppers, the yield has exceeded our most sanguine expectations. Eight acres were planted in corn, and its estimated yield is 25 bushels per acre. Many Indians were supplied with roasting-ears from this field during the summer. Eight acres were sown in oats, which, it is believed, yielded 40 bushels to the acre ; but owing to the fact that I had neither reaper nor cradle, I was compelled to have it cut with the mower and stacked with the hay. Eight acres were sown in wheat, four by Mr. Fitch, the agency farmer, under my predecessor. This came up so thinly on the ground that it was not deemed worth harvesting ; and four by S. S- Hughes, the present agency farmer. The latter came up thickly and provided a good yield, but in consequence of the lateness of the season when sown, the heads were not weH*filled. This was also harvested with the mower and put up for stock-feed. From this experiment I am led to believe that if the ground should be put in proper condition, and the wheat sown early in the spring, a good yield might be obtained.

Twenty-five acres were planted in potatoes, the most of which are still growing, and pre- sent a promising appearance. Those taken from the ground were large in size, many of them weighing from two to three pounds, and of excellent quality. The farmer reports that the yield will probably reach 5,000 bushels. Taking into consideration the fact that they were not planted until about the middle of June, for the reason that the soil could not be put into suitable condition earlier, and that they were planted in sod ground, the yield will be highly satisfactory. Seven acres were sown in turnips early in June. Their growth was rapid, and the yield will be fair. The Indians have been pulling and using from this patch from the time they became large enough to eat. They have not yet been gathered, but it is estimated that the yield will reach 2,000 bushels. About the middle of July the agency farmer sowed six acres more, but these were destroyed by grasshoppers. The re- mainder of the ground was planted in pease, beans, pumpkins, squashes, radishes, beets,

92 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.

and onions, and, with the exception of the two latter, the yield was good, and furnished the Indians with an abundance of these vegetables.

I have enumerated in detail these different products for the reason that the opinion seems to prevail that neither cereals nor vegetables can be produced in this latitude without irrigation. As a general rule, this opinion may be correct, because the rain-fall has been greater in this locality the present season than for many years, and our good crops may be due to this cause. But our success demonstrates the fact that the soil here is rich, and will produce most of the cereals and vegetables indigenous to a warmer climate. In this latitude, where the rain-fall in usually insufficient for agricultural purposes, farming without irriga- tion is an uncertain business. But the farmer here can plant his grain with greater assur- ance of a bountiful yield than in a more southern latitude if he applies irrigation to the soil. This can easily be done at Wolf Point by turning the waters of Wolf Creek through means of a ditch across a rich bottom two miles in width. By this process a large tract of land could be brought into cultivation, the first crop of which would more than re-imburse the entire outlay for the ditch.

FARM-LABOR.

The agency-farm work has been mainly performed by employes, under the supervision of the agency farmer. A number of Indians have also been employed, who were obedient, evinced a desire to learn, and have taken a great interest in the growing crops. These In- dians have learned to harness horses, yoke and manage cattle, and do general farm- work. They deserve great credit for their faithful attention to duty and skill in performing farm- labor. But in order to increase their interest in farming, and that they may eventually be- come self-sustaining, I think that each one should have a small piece of ground set apart for him, with the necessary farming-implements. The feeling that it is his own, and that he will receive all the benefits resulting from his industry, will be an incentive to labor, en- courage him in the discharge of his duties, and reconcile him to the change of habits and pursuits.

*******

Although this agency has been assigned to the Methodist Episcopal Church, they have sent no missionary to labor among these Indians. I hope that the church will take this subject under consideration, and at an early day send a laborer to this field.

CIVILIZATION.

When I first came among them, I failed to discover that any considerable advancement had been made by these Indians in adopting the habits and customs of civilized life. With few exceptions, I found them dressed in their wild costumes — moccasins, leggings, breech- cloth, blankets, feathers, and paint. I have had repeated conversations with the leading men of the different tribes and endeavored to impress them with the advantages to be de- rived in adopting civilized dress, and many of them now are desirous of dressing in citizen clothing, including hats and boots. If clothing can be procured, large numbers of them will gladly receive and wear it.

Many of them, realizing the advantages of houses over their rude lodges, have requested me to build houses for them, and we are now engaged in erecting sixteen log houses. Some who are now occupying houses have adopted other customs of civilized life. From step to step these people must be led by precept and example in adopting civilized habits and pursuits. The transformation from barbarism to civilization must necessarily be slow, and can only be accomplished by continual patience and enduring kindness.

SCHOOLS.

A day-school was opened at this place in February, 1875, by my predecessor, but for the want of suitable buildings was discontinued. Soon thereafter a school was opened at Wolf Point, which was continued until July 1, 1876, at which date I granted a vacation for the summer-months. This school will re-open on Monday the 2d proximo, largely increased with children of the Upper Assinaboines from Fort Belknap. The progress and general deportment of the pupils have been good. They were attentive to their studies, obedient, and of quick perception. The system of teaching by illustrations is attractive and pleasing to their young minds, and their advancement has been highly satisfactory. In order to secure a regular attendance I had a daily lunch prepared for them and made cleanliness of person a condition of admission to this lunch. After this arrangement the children became more regular in attendance, their persons cleanly, and their rude dress tidy and neat.

In my opinion houses should be built wherein the children could be lodged and boarded under the supervision of a competent matron. Under the rules and regulations of such an establishment, discipline, cleanliness, the adoption of civilized habits, and a rapid advance-

REPORT OF NORTHERN SUPERINTENDENCE'. 93

ment in studies would be more easily secured. To carry this into successful operation it will be necessary for a stated sum to be set aside in the appropriation for educational pur- poses. A school-building is in course of construction at this place, and will be completed by the middle of October next, when a school will be opened for the children of the Indians located here.

CONSOLIDATION OF FORT BELKNAP WITH THIS AGENCY.

In compliance with instructions from your office I have relieved W. H. Fanton, United States special Indian agent at Fort Belknap, and discontinued that agency. The Indians there consist of Gros Ventres and Assiuaboines, whose aggregate will not exceed 4,000.

I received from Mr. Fanton the stores, stock, books, &c., at that place belonging to the Government, and am now engaged in transporting all the movable property to this place. I informed the Indians that the change was for their good, and that it was the wish of the Great Father at Washington that the Gros Ventres should remove to this place, and the Assinaboiues to Wolf Point. The Gros Ventres will not consent to remove to this place. They allege as the reason for this refusal that they and the Yanctonnais at this place have never been on friendly terms and cannot live together in peace. They will forfeit their annu- ities rather than come to this post to receive them. They express a willingness, however, to remove to the Missouri River, at any point within the reservation out of the way of the Yanctonnais. There is a point above this where they could receive their annuities and sup- plies with but little additional cost to the Government. It would require the strong arm of the military to compel them to come here. This, under the circumstances, I think, would be unwise and detrimental to them, and also to the Yanctonuais.

The Assinaboiues, pleased with the idea of farming, readily consented to remove to Wolf Point and make that their permanent home ; and one hundred lodges are now on their way to that place ; the rest will follow late in the fall. •

HKALTH.

The general health of the Indians is good. I have not heard of any serious illness among those who have spent the summer on the hunt. Those w~ho have remained at the agency were mostly old men and women and young children. There has been some sickness among them, and two have died. Considerable scrofula exists ; otherwise they are of robust constitution. To the sick, Dr. Southworth, the agency physician, has been assiduous in his attentions, and skillful in his treatment. Your attention is respectfully invited to his report, herewith inclosed.

A hospital should be built and a hospital-steward employed, in order that the sick may be cared for in a civilized way. It is impossible to have the sick properly cared for in their rude homes, or to get medicine properly administered. Special care has been taken of the sick. They were provided with food from my table, which was prepared and sent to them daily. But if much sickness should prevail when the entire camp shall have returned, it will be impossible to give them the necessary care and attention in this way.

REMOVAL OF THE AGENCY HEADQUARTERS.

In order that the Indians at this place may have the opportunity of engaging in agricul- tural pursuits and eventually become self-sustaining, I earnestly recommend the removal of the agency headquarters to Poplar Creek, on the Missouri River, twenty-five miles below Wolf Point, where rich, arable soil, pasturage, timber, and good water are found. Very respectfully, your obedient servant.

THOMAS J. MITCHELL,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. »

OFFICE OF LATE SUPERINTENDENT INDIAN AFFAIRS,

NORTHERN SUPERINTEND ENCY,

Mount Holly, N. J., Tenttimonth 18, 1876.

RESPECTED FRIEND: At the time of forwarding my last annual report the Northern Su- periuteudency comprised the Santee Sioux, Winnebago, Omaha, Pawaee, Otoe and Mis- souria, Iowa, and Sac and Fox of Missouri, tribes of Indians.

The Pawnees had recently been removed to the Indian Territory. Instructions were received Fifthmonth 18, 1876, providing for the transfer of the Pawnee agency from the Northern to the Central Superintendency, and notice of said change was transmitted to their agent on the same day.

94 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.

Attempts have been made during the year, under provision of the statutes of the United States, to remove from Indian reservations outlaw whites, who were residing thereon con- trary to law, and by their presence and example were a disadvantage to the Indians, and a seriousn uisance to the agents, said men being removed by the United States marshal. One of them immediately returning, his case was reported to the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs, by whose recommendation it was placed in the hands of the United States district attorney for an opinion as to- the proper mode of procedure. His reply, filed in the Commissioner's office, was, that as the trespasser was not worth $1,000, or other sum of money, the provisions of the statutes were inadequate for other course than his continuous removal by law from the reservation. In order to strengthen the proper authority of United States Indian agents on the reservations intrusted in their care, to suitable laws should be enacted, under which outlaw whites can be excluded from Indian reservations, where their presence is a moral leprosy, fatal to all progress in civilization of Indians associating with them.

On each reservation there are many Indians who are using their best endeavors to learn and pursue the industries of civilization. These Indians ought to be encouraged by all Government officers, and protected in their rights by statute against every encroachment. Lands should be allotted to them in severally, held by such certificates as will prevent alienation of the nominal title from them, even to the United States, without their written consent, and provision should be made by United States statute, under which at a certain status of cul- tivation and civilization, to be determined by proper officers of the Government appointed for that purpose, the Indian could be received and registered as a citizen of the United States, and the lands then transferred to him by patent in fee simple. Such an arrangement would tend to encourage all well-disposed Indians in their efforts toward civilization and self-sup- port, and, in my opinion, would rapidly relieve the Government from its guardianship over Indian tribes.

In the early part of Sixthmonth last a communication was received from the Hon. Com- missioner of Indian Affairs, notifying me to close the office of superintendent Indian affairs, Northern Superintendency, on the 3Uth of said month, it being the end of the fiscal year ; at which time said office was closed, its accounts settled, and the books and papers belonging to it transmitted to the Commissioner's office in Washington.

Upon closing my official correspondence I desire to remark, that among the many obstruc- tions encountered during the term of my administration, tending to paralyze proper efforts to advance the Nebraska Indians in civilization and self-support, may be mentioned as promi- nent—

1st. The system of general legislation for Indians, to meet the supposed requirements of special cases. Congressional enactments of this character have, during the last year, closed the most promising schools and industries of our agencies.

2d. Such inconsistent and opposite action of the Government to Indian affairs as permits it to expend large sums of money and sacrifice valuable lives in an endeavor to compel a Sioux chief and followers to reside upon an Indian reservation, *md, at the same time, enables it to take from the half-civilized Winnebago reservation Indians, against their solemn protest, two-fifths of their trust-funds, to waste upon outlaw deserters from the Winnebago reservations, who are now roving in idleness in the State of Wisconsin.

3d. The want of a hearty co-operation of all the branches of Government having con- trol of Indian affairs in the just, humane, and Christian Indian policy of the President of the United States.

Very respectfully, thy friend,

BARCLAY WHITE,

Late Superintendent Indian Affairs.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

GREAT NEMAHA AGENCY, Nohart, Nebraska, Eightmonth 25, 1876.

RESPECTED FRIEND : In accordance with instructions, herewith is submitted my second annual report for year ending 31st instant.

There are two small tribes, the Iowa and Sac and Fox of the Missouri, under charge of this agency, numbering, Iowa 224, and Sac and Fox 100, located upon reservations in north- eastern Kansas, and southeastern Nebraska; the eastern boundary of that of the lowas being the Missouri River, and also of that of the Sacs and Foxes, which joins the lowas on the west, the northern boundary of both being the Great Nemaha River.

IOWAS.

The lowas are an industrious agricultural people, whose manner of living and farming* compares favorably with that of many of the surrounding settlers. What they raise, in

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 95

addition to their cash annuity, gives them a comfortable living. They live in houses which are furnished in a manner similar to those of the whites. Two Indian women have within the last year prepared carpet-rags with their own hands, had the carpets woven, and now have them npon the floors of their own houses. Two of the Iowa woman have sewing- machines of their own, which they understand how to operate.

Most of the families of this tribe have fields of from 10 to 50 acres, well fenced and under cultivation ; one mixed-blood having one-quarter of 160 acres inclosed with post-and-rail fence, about 50 acres of which is farmed, the balance being used for raising hay ; but he is yearly increasing his acreage of cultivated land, having broken ten acres the present season.

The manner in which the lowas have cultivated their crops the present year is not any im- provement upon last year, but rather otherwise, which can be accounted for by two reasons: 1st. The spring payment of annuity, which has usually taken place in the fourthmonth, was for some unaccountable reason delayed until 28th of sixthmouth, the funds for the purpose having arrived but a few days previous to that time. This delay had the effect of discour- aging and demoralizing the Indians, they not being able to understand the cause. All efforts to induce them to labor with their usual enthusiasm were futile. 2d, Immediately after the planting of their corn they obtained permission to make a tribal visit to the Otoes, a neigh- boring tribe, under the promise that they would return in ten days, which they failed to do, staying more than double that length of time, during which their crop became overgrown with weeds, so that its cultivation was attended with extreme difficulty.

Improvement w ould be facilitated by the allotment in severally of their lands, which about; one-half of the tribe desire ; but the obstacle preventing allotment to those who desire it is the fact that no survey of the reservation has been made except the outer boundaries, and a faction of the tribe strenuously oppose the use of their funds for that purpose, (an article of the late treaty requiring it to be surveyed at their expense,) preferring to hold their land in common as at present. There is one objection to this survey which is entitled to some con- sidera'ion, which is as follows: With one exception all the farms have been located and fenced without regard to surveys, and a survey now would indiscriminately cut up these farms, so that it is feared that efforts to adjust differences would be attended with great labor and probable dissatisfaction ; but, notwithstanding this, it is believed that a survey made under the direction of the Department would permanently promote the welfare of this tribe and put them in a better condition to eventually assume the rights and duties of citizenship, and be no longer wards of Government. Yet there is a united hostility to any act of this latter kind.

Improvement has also been retarded by the withdrawal of Government support of schools, funds formerly used for tribal improvement now being diverted to educational purposes. The cash annuity of $9,000 for ^'24 persons could be reduced $l,OCO without entailing any want or suffering upon the tribe, and this latter sum used for general beneficial purposes in favor of the tribe at large, would put them in a much better condition to advance, by supplying young men, who are anxious to commence farming for themselves, with necessary imple- ments and comfortable houses. Although they will not consent at present to this reduction of cash annuity, it is believed that it would be for the best interests of the tribe for the De- partment to reserve this amount, even without consent, for there is no excuse for their not be- ing able to support themselves upon the land they call their own.

Until April 1, 1876, a carpenter and blacksmith have been employed, but as no funds were at command with which to supply material for building, without making it necessary to dis- continue th«' schools, it was thought prudent and an act of economy to discharge the former, the latter ueiug a practical wheelwright, and able to make all necessary repairs to wagons, plows, &c., in addition to his ordinary blacksmithiug. This arrangement has proven satis- factory, but will necessitate the occasional and temporary employment of a carpenter toper- form necessary repairs to agency and other buildings. One Indian has already procured lumber by his own exertions to build an addition, 14 feet by 15 feet, to his house, which has been done. Another has material on hand for the erection of a barn, 16 feet by 40 feet. An- other has built for himself a comfortable log-house. No Indian apprentices are employed, they not being willing to work to gain a knowledge of mechanical labor without a compen- sation, and fail to consider that some of their number might in a few years be able to fill the positions of mechanics themselves, and thus obtain the salaries. This is too vague and dis- tant to prove an incentive. There is ample ability possessed by some of the young men to fill these positions after a course of instruction and apprenticeship.

But little sickness has prevailed in this tribe. Births number 18; deaths, 7.

Nearly i$7UO have been expended within the year by direction of individual Friends for supplying seed-grain and feed, which was distributed among both tribes, but mostly to the lowas. It is given as a loan to the Indians, who are to return the same number of bushels sown out of the crop raised ; where the crop is a failure, which has been the case in many instances, no payment is required.

THE IOWA INDUSTRIAL HOME

has been in successful operation during the year, with an average of '25 children in attend- ance, while at the day-sessions of the school there has been an attendance of 4J, with 35 for the largest monthly average. The farm in connection with the school now contains 80

96 REPORT OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.

acres under fence and cultivation, upon which it is believed sufficient produce can be raised to furnish necessary supplies, as soon as sufficient stock can be procured to consume surplus grain and make a supply of meat. The idea of instruction in manual labor, especially among the boys at the school, so far as field-labor at least is concerned, is of very little prac- tical utilit}r in this tribe, as if kept out of school for that purpose, parents prefer to have them work on their own farms, there being no objection to their working out of school- hours. Much good has been done among the girls in giving instruction and practice in house-work. But the main object fn this institution heretofore has been to afford a board- ing-place for those who reside too far away to attend school from their own homes, and to secure regular attendance. There have been raised on the farm 400 bushels fall-wheat, 200 bushels spring-wheat, and 100 bushels oats ; besides, we have 30 acres of growing corn.

At this institution there are employed teacher of industry, matron, teacher, assistant teacher, and seamstress. The labors of the teacher of industry are so varied and numerous that, in order to have all farm-work done in proper season, it seems necessary to have em- ployed a farm-laborer, which position could be filled by a Indian. Heretofore such neces- sary additional work has been performed by day-laborers, (Indians,) but it would be more prudent and satisfactory to employ an Indian at a monthly compensation during the sum- mer season. This farm is an auxiliary in the work of civilization, as it gives employment to a number of Indian men during harvest and other busy seasons, thus assisting to teach habits of industry; and it is but justice to say that in the harvest-field, as well as at other work, these young men have done credit to themselves by exhibiting not only the ability but the inclination to perform their labor in a manner that will bear favorable comparison with that of white laborers. A number of these young men also go among the surround- ing settlers and obtain work, receiving the same compensation that the whites do.

SACS AND FOXES OF THE MISSOURI.

This small tribe, numbering 100 all told, have accomplished more and shown more evi- dence of improvement during the past than during any previous year, though they have fallen somewhat short of promises. Only about 75 acres of the 200 acres prairie broken last year have been fenced and farmed. Some delay was caused by the inability of the agent to procure plows and nails for fencing at the proper time, but when they were pro- cured they were not all used to the best advantage, yet there is much to be commended in their forward movement. Reared and supported in idleness, want unknown, it is not sur- prising that, even with their own desires to improve in usefulness and advance in civilized customs, they should not always reach the mark laid down by themselves. Heretofore re- ceiving a per-capita cash annuity of $90, work to them appeared no necessity until forced to it by legislative exactment.

For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876, $2,000 was expended with their consent for benefi- cial purposes, thus reducing their cash annuity to $70 per capita. This is one step in the right direction. Their consent was also obtained, per resolution of Teuthmonth 11, 1875, to the ap- propriation of $2,000 for education and general beneficial purposes, thus giving ample means, in addition to $200 due from the United States in fulfillment of treaty stipulations, to continue their school during the usual number of school-months. An Indian woman, a member of their tribe, has been successfully employed as teacher of this school. They continue to de- sire the sale of the western ten sections of their reservation, and in the early part of the present session of Congress re-petitioned for the same. A bill for the sale of a portion of the Sac and Fox reservation in Kansas and Nebraska is reported as having passed during the last hours of the recent session of Congress, and it is hoped that it is for the sale of that above referred to. They have apparently given up the idea of removal, and seem willing to im- prove their present home.

One member of this tribe has raised about 300 bushels fall-wheat, another 100 bushels, being the first wheat raised by Indians on this reservation.

Permission has recently been granted to allot in severally the land of this tribe to those who desire it, but under the fear of this act conferring upon them the rights and obligations of citizenship, which they are not prepared for and do not want, they at present do not seem willing to receive allotments, for which a short time since they were prepared.

CONCLUSION.

As an influence having a direct bearing upon the question of civilization, may be men- tioned the habit of tribal visiting, long in vogue between neighboring tribes. It is, without doubt, one of the most objectionable features among ancient customs, and calculated to perpetuate sentiments hostile to improvement and civilized life. These visits are made an- nually by tribes that are in intimacy with each other. The visitors receive presents of ponies principally (yet other articles are also given) from the visited, thus imposing upon themselves obligations requiring them to return the compliment when those visited become the visitors. Thus they keep themselves stocked with a large number of useless animals, as the beasts bartered in this way are seldom of any value to the giver or receiver, but are kept merely for this purpose.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 97

. A law or Department order prohibiting this practice would conduce to the benefit of In- dians, so far, at least, as tribes are concerned who have advanced to the condition occupied by the tribes of this State and Kansas. This order should not give agents discretionary power in the matter of granting permission to Indians to leave the reservation for this pur- pose, but should require that it be obtained from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and should entail a punishment for disobedience. This plan would produce beneficial effects, and could be carried out without difficulty, if military and civil authorities would harmonize. There wrould never be occasion for more than once imposing a penalty.

As Indians advance in civilization the authority of chiefs in the settlement of difficulties is diminished, thus creating a necessity for some other provision for the punishment of crimi- nals. The laws of the United States or of the State in which Indians reside, for the pun- ishment of crime, should extend to crimes committed by one Indian against the person or property of another, at least in tribes where tribal authority is annulled. They are not a quarrelsome people, but occasionally in the heat of excitement an overt act is committed which demands punishment. Naturally fearful of the law, such cases would seldom arise if punishment was to be expected as the result.

The progress of advancement, especially in morals, is very much retarded Jjy the presence of a low class of whites which infest Indian reservations. Much annoyance and demoraliza- tion are observed at this agency on this account, and the present law for their expulsion is inoperative, from the fact that no penalty is imposed for their return when once removed, except fine, and this class of " roustabouts " seldom have any property from which a fine could be collected ; and knowing this, they return to the reservation and remain with im-

E unity. This has been the case here where parties were removed by Department orders. A iw for their expulsion and summary punishment by imprisonment, or otherwise, for return- ing, is most urgently demanded. There are one or two white men at this agency who are married to Indian women, whose presence has been a benefit to the tribes; but they are ex- ceptions to the general rule, and should have no weight in shaping legislation. Very respectfully,

M. B. KENT, United Stales Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OMAHA AGENCY, NEBRASKA, Ninthmonth 1, 1876.

RESPECTED FRIEND : In conformity with the regulations of the Indian Department I hereby submit my third annual report of the condition and progress of the Omaha Indians for the year ending on the 31st ultimo.

During my six years' acquaintance with this tribe I have seen nothing to discourage any who may be interested in the progress of the Indians, and feel satisfied that with proper treatment and a uniform policy they will become self-sustaining in comparatively a short time, and civilized to a greater or less extent according to their surroundings.

The uncertain attitude of the Government toward the Indians does much to retard their improvement. The prospect during the past year, that they might at any time be turned over to the Military Department, has had a very depressing effect upon the Omahas, and if perchance it may not be out of place here, I will suggest that because a few bands or tribes are hostile and require the presence of troops to keep them in subjection, I can see no more reason for putting the whole Indian population under military control than there would be to place a city or State under martial law because a certain ward or county was over- run by rioters or outlaws.

Three years ago the Omahas were mostly living in villages. Now nearly every man has improvement made upon his allotment, and the villages are completely deserted and broken up. The individual members of the tribe have cultivated this summer nearly 2,000 acres. I estimate that the wheat-crop will amount to 5,000 or 6,000 bushels. It is now secured in stack. The corn will probably yield 35,000 bushels if not damaged much by grasshoppers. They are now on the reserve committing some depredations upon green crops. Besides the above, the yield of other products will be good. It is estimated that the oat-crop will amount to about 1,000 bushels ; potatoes, 1,500 bushels; turnips, 200 bushels ; and onions, beans, &c., 500 bushels.

onb

ter horses, and some have procured good teams. As they

and in the accumulation of individual property the desire to own stock of various kinds will

increase. The tribe now numbers 1,027, an increase over last year of 22.

The two schools taught on this reserve during a portion of the past year were very pros- perous and well attended.

The reservation contains 193,225 acres. Fifty thousand acres of this amount was surveyed off the west end of the reserve three years ago, and offered for sale as authorized by act of Congress, but failed to sell, owing to defective legislation. It will therefore be seen from 7 IND

98 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.

the above statement that the Indians now hold 143,225 acres, without any present prospect of diminishing it. I feel willing to repeat ray assertion of last year, contained in my annual report, that " much, if not most, of the opposition to the Indians felt among white settlers is due to the fact that they hold large tracts of laud, lying idle and unproductive," which they cannot use, and which are bringing in no revenue to the Indians nor to the States in which the several reservations may be situated. If the Indians could be induced to consent to the sale of all this surplus laud and have the proceeds from the sale thereof invested for their benefit, if not needed to aid in their civilization, I think it would be best for all parties concerned.

As agents are invited to make any suggestions that may occur to them relative to the wel- fare of the Indians, I will give it as my opinion that the office of chief should be abolished, and the Government cease to treat with the different tribes as so many different nations, but treat all Indians alike as subjects of the General Government and amenable to the same laws that white men are. My experience has been that I could accomplish much more good by treating all members alike, and in my administration have only used the chiefs when abso- lutely necessary to carry out some requirement or regulation of the Department.

As I am now about to retire from the service, (having resigned my position as agent some time since,) I feel free to suggest that I think the salary of Indian agent is much too small for positions involving so much responsibility. No individual or corporation would expect to obtain employes of whom so much was required and upon whom such responsibility was imposed without paying much more. Several agents are paid (in addition to the salary received from the Government) by the religious society nominating them for the position. There is also an inconsistency in paying all agents alike. Perhaps this is not a proper time to raise salaries, but that it- should be done at some time I feel very confident.

I see no reason why agents should be paid from Government funds except in cases where it is expressly so provided by treaty. There is no more reason why an agent's salary should not be paid from the Indian funds (except as above stated) than there is why other employe's should not be. Very few Indians need special appropriations ; the funds due them by treaty, or that can be procured from sale of surplus land, will, if properly used, bring them to a state of self-support. The spirit of beggary so common among Indians must be broken up- if they are ever to become self-sustaining and self-respecting. Very respectfully submitted.

T. T. GILLINGHAM,

I'nited States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OTOE AGENCY, NEBRASKA,

Eiqhtkmontk 25, J876.

RESPECTED FKIEND: Hereby is presented my fourth annual report of the condition of the Indian service at Otoe agency, Nebraska, for the year ending Eighthmonth 31, 1876 :

A retrospect of the events of the year just ended, as they relate to the condition of the Indians under my care, presents an aspect as varied in its import as are the natures with which we have to deal. • While endeavoring to change the customs of this race from im- provident indolence to habits of economy aud thrift, and the cultivation x>f a more enlight- ened intelligence, there are many difficulties presented that only those who have been brought in direct contact with them can fully understand. Perhaps none are more difficult to surmount than those growing out of an insufficient means for agency government, the lack of a direct and fixed policy toward all Indians in general, and toward each tribe in par- ticular, as relates to its peculiar conditions and pecuniary resources ; and a strict adherence to the' course adopted.

Nothing has tended to retard the progress of this tribe in the line of opening farms for themselves so much as the unsettlement occasioned by a continued agitation of the sub- ject of selling their reservation, and the removal of the tribe. A feeling of continuity is essen- tial to permanent improvement and the establishment of comfortable homes, among all races, and the lack of it is perhaps nowhere more strikingly illustrated than in the superficial improvements of the majority of our frontier settlers, whose aim seems to be that of specu- lation rather than improvement. The same is true of Indians, though perhaps in a greater degree, as but few of them have yet learned the advantages of a comfortable home ; and the- policy that has been continuous since white settlements began to spread over this country, of moving the Indians back as soon as their land was wanted by die speculative element that moves in advance of civilization, has from its very nature retarded the civilization of the Indians.

The improvement that has been made at this agency during the past three years in the direction of developing among the Indians the means of self-support seems to have caused an uneasiness that has been prolific of a great deal of annoyance, inasmuch as it has alarmed this speculative element around us with the fear that the same, continued, will eventually plant the Indians on their present fertile land so firmly that they cannot be re- moved, and thus they be deprived of the benefits of manipulating the sale of their reserva-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 99

tion. To prevent this, very strong efforts have been made to undermine the influence of the agency, to deter the Indians from planting their crops, and to render valueless the indus- trial school that has recently been established for the benefit of the children. Could arrange- ments be made to prevent outside interference and pernicious counseling with the Indians, except by parties properly authorized to do so, it is believed it would tend greatly to improve the condition of the service, and also of the Indians.

The destruction of timber on the reservation by white settlers has been great during the year, and to again speak of it seems to be my unpleasant duty, as the supply of timber is very small at best. Its destruction is an injury to the country, a heavy loss to the tribe, and an exhibition of a low moral condition in many of the surrounding settlers who have dis- regarded the provisions of law and the rights of others. Some efforts have been made by the judiciary of the district to prevent it, but they have not been effectual.

The plan of using the annuity-funds of the tribe for the encouragement of industry in agricultural pursuits, instead if cash payment, that was adopted in tho spring of 1874, and continued up to this time, has worked very well, and has developed an anxiety for labor that I have seldom seen excelled by any race of people, which clearly demonstrates the fact that the same incentive that induces the white man to labor will also induce Indians. That incentive is the hope of a direct reward, in yielding the requisite means to procure the nec- essaries of life. The principal regret in this connection is that we have not had the means at command to utilize a larger portion of Indian labor that has almost continuously sought employment.

All the land that had been previously broken, consisting of about 700 acres, has been brought under cultivation the present season, partly as a tribal farm under the care of the agency, and partly by individual Indians. The crops have been generally cultivated well, arid are considered above the average of this part of the country. The aggregate yield is estimated to be about as follows: 2,150 bushels of wheat, 9,000 bushels corn, 800 bushels oats, 4,000 bushels potatoes, and 200 bushels of beans, which, together with other vegetables, is believed to be sufficient to furnish breadstuff for the tribe the greater part of the year.

With a continuance of the same system under proper management, and more land broken, there is no good reason why the tribe may not be more than self-supporting by the products of their own tillage. But experience has been very far from demonstrating the fact "that the Indians would likely take hold and manage their own affairs so as to yield them a com- petent subsistence." The tribal relations that are so universal among Indians, and the cus- toms thereto belonging, almost preclude the establishment and profitable managment of a farm by members of the tribe ; yet a few have been endeavoring to do so, and have received such encouragement as it was consistent to render. Several attempted to raise wheat on land that they had broken last year, but with a few exceptions were not very successful. Owing to their land not being fenced and the ponies of the tribe running at large, their crops were more or less destroyed by them.

A faction of the tribe who have opposed improvements, being in league with parties who have sought to have the reservation sold, were persuaded to plant no crops, under the assurance that they would not remain here long enough to be benefited by them. These will be very destitute and without means of support, except as it is furnished at the agency, or is supplied by their more provident neighbors.

Nearly all the men of the tribe have participated in the labor of the agency farm, and been regularly paid for their services. It is the testimony of the farmer that they have greatly improved in the manner of performing labor, and that the harvesting recently completed, was as well done as though he had had the average of white laborers. A carpenter and blacksmith have been regularly employed through the year, and have attended to the duties of their departments in keeping up repairs and manufacturing such articles as were required in order to promote the best interests of the tribe. The carpenter has been largely employed in adding the necessary improvements at industrial school, including the building of a barn and inclosing the giounds around the building with picket-fence ; and the blacksmith, in addition to his shop-work, has attended to the mill, sawed lumber as it was required, and ground the corn for distribution among the Indians.

A commodious building for the accommodation of an industrial school was constructed near the agency during the summer of 1875, at a cost of $3,000. Later in the fall and early winter a barn was built, to be used in connection with the school, by, agency employes. The building was furnished so far as required, and the school started about the 20th of Tenth- month, (October. ) There had been some opposition to the construction of the building; but when completed and the school was commenced, the Indians seemed well phased, and more children were offered than it was thought prudent to take, 46 being the number borne on the school-register. The school continued full and highly prosperous until about the middle of winter, when the seductive influences above alluded to induced many of the parents to take their children from the school, which very much reduced the number in attendance. But lit- tle notice was taken of their conduct, and gradually many that had been removed were re- turned, though the school did not regain its former number ; but it is believed that at the open- ing of the next session, unless the Indians are -again interfered with, as many will be offered as can be accommodated. The improvement of the pupils who were regularly in attendance, (and it may be said lo

100 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.

their credit that there were some who did not miss any time,) both in school, learning, and deportment out of school, was highly satisfactory. The testimony of the principal teacher who has had much experience in teaching, is that in the common branches where the power of memory and imitation are principally requisite, they seem to excel, but in mathematical calculation and abstract reasoning they are perhaps inferior to the white race.

The expense of maintaining the school during the past year, exclusive of furnishing the building, but including the salaries- of teachers and employes, has been about $'2,800. This has been by advanced appropriation by Congress on the contemplated sale of a portion of their land ; this being the only available source from whence funds could be obtained, and, considering the importance of the institution, is justifiable and praiseworthy, but is injurious to the finances of the tribes, inasmuch as it consumes the principal arising from the sale of land before it is sold. Could the said portions of land be sold and the proceeds be funded in such manner that the accruing interest could be used to meet the expenses of the tribe, it would be more to their future interest.

The health of the tribe, in general terms, has been good throughout the year, though the number of deaths has been about equal to the number of births, being about 25 of each j; and the total population of the tribe is 4o4.

JESSE W. GRIEST,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

SANTEE AGENCY, NEBRASKA,

Eighthmonth 25, 187G.

RESPECTED FRIEND : In accordance with instructions, I submit my report of affairs at this agency during the past year.

The Santees all wear citizens' dress, live in houses, and some of them are excellent farmers, two are fair blacksmiths, one is a miller, and several can do a creditable job of carpenter-work. Gambling and dancing are but little indulged in, and then in remote places and in a clan- destine manner. Nearly all are members and steady attenders of churches, send their children to school, and behave themselves as well as anybody.

They have done very well during the year past, making, I believe, considerable progress to- ward self-support, which I conceive to be the main thing we are working for. Good order has been observed, and no considerable crime, either among themselves or the neighboring whites, has been committed. Of minor offenses we have plenty, but following them with speedy punish- ment seems to have a very salutary effect. Even a case of drunkenness on or near the reser- vation has not been heard of for many months. A few properly-selected Indians for police- men are a great help to the agent in preserving order, and I have felt the loss of them the past few months, but have called on the former ones occasionally when absolutely neces- sary.

For the past four or five months I have been unable to conduct the various industries of the agency in a proper or satisfactory manner, owing to the sweeping reduction in the em- ploye' force, rendered necessary to comply with the new construction of the act regulating the amount to be paid in salaries in one year. This has been very unfortunate, for we have not been able to give the Indians as much assistance about their farming as they should have had ; the shops have been closed nearly all the time, causing great inconvenience and loss, the grist-mill has been idle all the time, and the saw-mill was run but little.

The industrial school alone was continued as usual, the employe's accepting greatly reduced salaries rather than disband the school, which we all thought would be a serious misfortune to the children, nearly all of whom have been steadily there for from one to over two years, and have been greatly benefitted and improved thereby.

Right here I would remark that the educational interests of the tribe are in a very satis- factory and hopeful condition. There is hardly a child of suitable age who does not attend one of the schools, and about half are steady inmates of one of the three industrial schools, all of which are excellent, and good enough for any children, white or Indian. Whereas two years or so ago, when these schools were started, great trouble was experienced from the children running away, now such instances are rare, and I sometimes think when they do occur the children are very willing to be brought back.

The village matron, who for over two years had acceptably labored with the Indian wo- men, teaching sewing, knitting, weaving, cooking, housekeeping, &c., was obliged by fail- ing health to leave several months ago.

The sanitary condition of the tribe is, and has been during the year, excellent.

Notwithstanding the many difficulties under which we labored, by several of us becoming farmers temporarily we got a large increase of wheat sown over any previous year. As it did well and just escaped the grasshoppers, the Indians are well pleased with the result, and I think another year will show a good increase over this year's acreage. The wheat is not yet thrashed, but I have bought an excellent thresher with ox power to be kept as agency property and used for their benefit. The corn crop I estimate is shortened fully one-halt by

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 101

the grasshoppers. They also damaged potatoes, onions, &c., very materially, but not com- pletely ruining them as two years ago.

Many of the houses have been improved during the year by shingle roofs and good floors, and but for the reduction in employe force, a number more might have been repaired. I hope it may be continued till all located on claims are so repaired.

In conclusion I wish to lay particular stress on one subject which I deem of vital importance to the Santees, and which has I am sure done more to retard their advancement than any other ; it is the fact that they have no permanent title to their land, and nearly every spring, at the time when they should be most settled, they are disturbed by rumors of removal, and often are discouraged by disaffected ones from planting their crops. It is foolish to expect any one to improve a place that he may be required at any time to vacate. White men would not do it, no more will Indians, and I verily believe the productions by this tribe would be doubled sim- ply by the knowledge that the land was theirs permanently. If paragraph 4. article 9, of the treaty concluded April 29,1 1868. referred to in my letter of 9th instant, does not provide for their obtaining such perfect title, 1 would most earnestly recommend that legislation be asked of the next Congress which would secure it.

Rev. S. D. Hinman, missionary in charge of the Episcopal mission, has not furnished any report, and is now absent from the agency. Very respectfully, thy friend,

CHAS. H. SEARING,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

WIXNEBAGO AGENCY, NEBRASKA,

Eighth-month 21 , 1876.

RESPECTED FRIEND : As directed by circular-letter dated 28th ultimo, I submit this my sixth annual report of the condition of affairs at this agency. I first assumed the manage- ment of these Indians on 1st of seventhmonth, 186'J, and after an absence of two years, re- turned to them as agent on the 1st of tenthmouth last.

During the seven years of my acquaintance with the Winnebago Indians in Nebraska, I have had the satisfaction of seeing them greatly improve in condition ; they have, during that time, increased their individual wealth at least tenfold. In 1869 they were living in vil- lages in the timber-land, and were paying but little attention to agriculture ; they were re- ceiving from the Government weekly rations of flour and beef, sufficient to almost support them ; nearly all their property was held in common ; their business was transacted through fourteen chiefs, who were conspicuous for worthlessness. Now, twelve chiefs are elected annually by the adult males of the tribe ; each head of a family has a patent for 80 acres of land ; many have fine farms, and are wholly supporting themselves and families by their own industry ; the issue of rations has been discontinued, excepting to the Wisconsin branch of the tribe, and to the sick-list. Ninety frame and brick houses of from four to five rooms, and costing nearly $700 each, have been built for them on their allotments on the prairie; many horses, wagons, agricultural implements, etc., have been furnished them, and they are now fast emerging from a condition of dependence upon their annual appro- priations.

IMPROVEMENTS.

A contract was let on the 9th of fifthmonth last for the erection of fifteen two-story brick houses, for the Wisconsin Winnebagoes, on their reservation, recently purchased from the Omahas. These houses are to cost $698 each ; the bricks which enter into their construc- tion—as was the case with the industrial school buildings, costing nearly $20,000, and with the seventy-five Indian houses previously built — were all manufactured on the reservation. Lime and sand are found at convenient distances also on the reservation.

About 100 acres of prairie have been broken by the Indians on their farms -during the present season ; this was done without pay, which they have heretofore always received from the tribal funds for labor of this kind.

Comparatively little fencing has been done this year, owing to the fact that the saw-mill was destroyed by fire last fall, and we have as yet not been able to rebuild it for the want of funds.

EDUCATIONAL.

There are four school-houses on the Winnebago reservation ; three of which are for day- schools and one for a boarding and manual-labor school. Day-school No. 1 is situated one- half mile from the agency-house in a westerly direction ; day-school No. 2 is situated two miles east of the agency ; day-school No. 3 is situated four miles northeast of the agency, and the boarding and industrial school is situated about one mile from the agency, in a westerly

102 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.

direction. These schools were opened as follows: Day-school No. ], about six years ago No. 2, about nine years ago ; No. 3, about five years ago, and the industrial school nearly two years ago. Day-school No. 1 has been open during the past year four months ; day-school No. 2, six and one-half months ; day-school No. 3, one-half month ; and the industrial school eight and one-half months.

The results of educational work at this agency have been very encouraging. The children are quick, and when they attend school regularly, learn as rapidly as the average of white children. The progress of the children, 28 boys and 27 girls in the industrial school, was especially encouraging ; they were removed from their parents and taken entirely out from under their control, only being allowed to visit their former homes once a month. In addi- tion to their school-room duties the girls were taught to cook, sew, and do general house- work, and the boys the use of tools, farming, &c.

The restrictions of section 5 of the Indian appropriation act, approved March 3, 1875, fall particularly heavy at this agency, where an amount greatly in excess of that fixed by the act above referred to had been expended for pay of employls engaged by the year ; but when on the 14th of thirdmonth it was found that there was a possibility of interpreting the word employe's, as used in the act, to apply to all temporary and day laborers, it was necessary to at once discharge all employ6s, including Indian apprentices in the carpenter, blacksmith, and shoe shops, and in the mills, and to close the schools. It was with deep regret that I sent the children away from the industrial school, as it must necessarily be a long time before that school is again in as nourishing a condition as it was at the time it was discontinued.

SANITARY.

There are many native medical practitioners, both male and female, among the Winneba- goes. These are frequently called in, either on the first appearance of a disorder or after the agency physician has commenced to prescribe for it, unless he effects a very speedy cure. During the progress of nearly every case the agency physician is consulted whether his advice is heeded* or not. The native skill is completely baffled by any disease of an unusual and malignant character, as is now being sadly illustrated by frequent deaths of children under three years of age with the whooping-cough, which is prevailing in the tribe. There have been at least ten deaths from this cause during the last two or three weeks.

CONTRIBUTIONS

in goods and money, for the benefit of these Indians, have been made during the past year by members of New York yearly meeting of Friends, amounting to about $2,250. These have consisted, in part, of clothing for the school-children and for the aged ; of food for the sick and aged ; of books for the schools, &c. Ellen J. Smith has also been employed as matron, and her services have been very valuable in teaching the Indian women how to keep their houses in order and how to prepare food and manufacture clothing. Very respectfully.

HOWARD WHITE,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER or INDIAN AFFAIRS.

ABIQUIU INDIAN AGENCY,

Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, August 16, 1876,

SIR : In accordance with the regulations of the Department I have the honor to submit my annual report.

The Indians belonging to this agency are the Capote and Weeminuche bands of Utes, and Jicarilla Apaches. The estimated number of Utes is 900, and by a late enumeration there are 326 Apaches.

There has been but little change in the general condition of these Indians during the past year. Their personal comfort has been much better provided for than during the previous years. There has never been any effort made by the Government to educate, christianize, or even to civilize these Indians. Their moral condition is worse than a year ago, and will continue to grow worse as long as the agency is continued at this place, where they can easily obtain, through Mexicans, all the whisky they want.

The Utes belonging to this agency indulged the hope, until the present summer, that they would not be compelled to submit to the treaty of 1873, (they have always claimed to hare been greatly deceived in making that treaty,) and that all their farming-lands would be restored to them. Since they have been told frankly and authoritatively that it was " too late to recede from their former consent to this cession, and that a strict adherence to the

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 103

terms thereof will be required of them," the principal chiefs, and I think nine-tenths of the people, are disposed quietly, although reluctantly, to submit. A few bad men among them have recently burned several vacant houses belonging to settlers on the lands ceded by that treaty, and have in various ways annoyed the settlers more than during the entire year previous to the first of June last. I have feared that it would become necessary to call upon the military to arrest them that they might be properly punished, and in this way put a stop to such wrongs ; and I have threatened them with this, but thus far have not done so, and I have reason to believe that the principal chiefs are doing all they can to prevent such conduct by their people. If an agency was established u at some suitable point in the southern part of the Ute reservation," as thelltes expected, and as was clearly •contemplated in making the treaty of 1873, the agent would be much better able to control the Indians and prevent much if not all the trouble between them and the white settlers, notwithstanding the fifth article of that treaty is daily violated by the whites.

It is more than 50 miles filom the agency to the eastern boundary (the nearest point) of the Ute reservation; from there it is about 120 miles to the western boundary of their lands. The Weeminuche Utes live on their reservation, some of them 150 miles from the agency, and cannot come here for their supplies, and complain bitterly of the Government for con- tinuing the agency here. The Capotes are most of the time immediately around the agency, or within 15 or 20 miles of it, and, of course, off their own land. The Utes are naturally a quiet, peaceable people, and, if treated with reasonable fairness by the Government, will never make trouble.

Article 4 of the treaty of 1873 with the Utes reads as follows : " The United States agrees, so soon as the President may deem it necessary or expedient, to erect proper buildings and establish an agency for the Weeminuche, Muache, and Capote bands of the Ute Indians, at some suitable point, to be hereafter selected, in the southern part of the Ute reservation." While it is true that this article leaves this whole matter to the discretion of the Presi- dent, it is equally true that the Indians do not understand much about such conditions, and that they expected the agency to be established within a short time ; and I respectfully but •earnestly recommend that it be done.

The fifth article of the treaty of 1873 provides that " all the provisions of the treaty of 1868 not altered by this agreement, shall continue in force ; and the following words from article 2 of said treaty, viz : * The United States now solemnly agree that no person, except those herein authorized to do so, and except such officers, agents, and employe's of the Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in the article, except as herein otherwise provided,' are hereby expressly re-affirmed, except so far as they applied to the country herein relinquished." There are three public roads passing through the southern part of the Ute reservation, and the public are daily pass- ing over the territory belonging to them, and no effort is made to prevent it, nor would it be possible to prevent it without a military force.

There has been more complaint by Mexicans of petty depredations by the Apaches during the present summer than a year ago. Of course these are all denied by the Indians. I have no doubt some of them are true, while some are made in the hope that the agent will pay the claim, as it is generally believed by these people that the agent has the right, if will- ing, to pay all such claims. These troubles will continue and increase as long as the Apaches are permitted to roam over the country at will. They are east and south of the agency. I repeat what I said in my last annual report: " The Jicarilla Apache Indian has no home. As a people, they have no country that they can call their own. No incentive to improvement has ever been placed before them ; they are left to roam over a section of mountainous country of uncertain ownership; they maybe in territory belonging Uo the United States, or it may be included in a Mexican land-grant." I also expressed the hope that " the Jicarilla Apaches of this agency would, within the year, be placed on the reser- vation provided for them, between the San Juan River and the southern boundary of Colo- rado," but that territory has lately, by Executive proclamation, been restored to the public domain.

I again quote from my last annual report : "I have had frequent conversations with their leading men on the subject, and they have always expressed a strong desire to be placed where they could have some hope of permanency. They also express themselves as anxious to learn to farm and have their children learn to read and write." Several of these Apaches applied to me last spring for farming implements, and seed corn and wheat. I supplied them in limited quantities ; and, although their patches are small, they claim to have good crops. They are about 60 miles from the agency, on a Mexican land-grant. It is but a few days since their most influential man was talking, while here, about their prospects for farm- ing when they get on their land on the San Juan. In this they are doomed to' disappoint- ment. Here, then, we find a body of Indians willing to work, and who had agreed to become self-supporting within five years if the Government would but give them an opportunity, and the opportunity thus far denied them.

I was instructed by Inspector Kemble, in April last, to try and induce these Apaches to go to Fort Stanton reservation, and have done so, but without success; they saying that they would rather do without any help from the Government than to go there. That some per-

104 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.

manent home should be provided for them, and they required to go to it. there can be no ques- tion.

I succeeded in making an enumeration of my Apaches in May last, but have not been able to do so with the Utes, on account of their being scattered over so large a territory, and part of them but seldom, and others never, visiting- the agency. They have promised, bow- ever, that they will all come in next October and give me an opportunity to make such enu- meration.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

S. A. RUSSELL,

United States Special Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

CIMARRON AGENCY, NEW MEXICO,

August 4, 1876.

SIR : Your circular-letter requiring annual report is this day received ; and, in compliance therewith, I have the honor to submit the following :

You are, of course, aware that the Indians belonging to this agency are non-treaty tribes, without a reservation, and have been thus far without any provision for their education in the arts and modes of civilized life. It is barely necessary, therefore, to say that a very general statement of the condition of the agency is all that can be furnished. The first and most important fact in this connection is that during the past year the Indians properly belonging to it have remained peaceable, giving no trouble to the settlers that I am aware of, excepting that their herds are at times kept upon pasture-lands claimed by the stock- men ; claims which amount to just nothing at all, they (the stock-men) frequently having trouble among themselves on the same account.

It is probably proper to refer to a difficulty which occurred at the agency during the au- tumn of 1875; but as the Department is fully informed as to the details of that affair, and as it occurred previous to my taking charge of the agency, a mere reference to it is all that would seem necessary under the circumstances. One fact, however, should not be over- looked—and the more frequently it is brought to the attention of all concerned the better — and that is, that the white man, and his cupidity and greed of gain, his disregard of law and the safety of the lives of innocent people, is responsible for that occurrence. Whisky did it all, and the whisky was sold either directly to the Indians, or with the full knowledge that it was to go to them, by parties who are encouraged i-n their fiendish occupation by being taken into the social circle and treated as honorable citizens, while if exact justice were meted out to them they would be enjoying the quiet seclusion of the felon's cell.

I am informed by a gentleman who is connected with the Interior Department that the removal of these tribes to a reservation at an early day has been determined upon. On this subject I have only to say that if a suitable location can be procured for them, and such terms offered as they cannot reasonably reject, the change should be urged by all honorable means ; but if it is the intent of the Government to stake off a reservation for them in the desert, destitute of game, of farming or grazing lands, or on the summit of some mountain range, covered with snow nine months of the year, and compel them to locate thereon, half fed and less than half clothed, I would say, in the name of God and humanity, forbear. They have been told by the agents of the Government in time past that so long as they remained at peace with the white man they should have undisturbed possession of this country, a territory embraced between the Arkansas and the Rayado, the base of the mountains, and as far out on the great plains as their dread enemies, the Co- manches, would allow them to go. Now they see the stock-men coming in and driving their ponies from their pasture-lands, inherited from their ancestors, and they ask me why the Great Father in Washington does not make good the promises of his agents. That they should be placed upon a reservation, for the good of all concerned, cannot be denied ; but they should be induced (not forced) to adopt the habits and customs common to civilized nations. If the Government has no suitable tract of land for a reservation for them, it be- comes her duty to these Indians, as the original owners and possessors of the land, to pur- chase such a one for their use.

With regard to the condition of the Indians of this agency, I would say that they seem to be well furnished with the means of sustaining life and for the enjoyment of the rude comforts common to all the wild tribes. Still, I think the smaller children must suffer for the want of sufficient clothing during the winter season, that furnished by the Department being altogether insufficient. Their habits and customs are much the same as those of the wild tribes of the plains, modified by a slight contact with the Americans, and by a life-long and almost constant one with the semi-civilized Mexican.

As to their disposition — which I suppose to refer more particularly to the feeling manifested toward the whites — I must confess my surprise at its friendliness, taking into consideration the fact that they have always, and not without some show of reason, considered the white man as an aggressor.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 105

I am sorry to say that no progress in the work of educating, civilizing, and Christianizing the tribes belonging to this agency has been made ; but I hope that no culpability will ap- pear when it is remembered that I can exercise no control over their movements ; that they come and go at their own convenience, and that not one dollar has been allowed for their instruction.

It would seem superfluous to make any suggestions on the subject of methods of treat- ment, or legislation necessary for the better protection and restraint of these tribes while in their present unsettled condition. It will not be out of place though. I think, to state here my objections to the proposed plan of turning over the care of all the tribes to the War De- partment. The principal objection is that it would be inconsistent with simple justice to place any individual or class under military surveillance except for the commission of crime. That said condition would be detrimental, if not fatal, to the project of civilizing them is beyond a question. It may also be objected to on the ground of the demoralizing effect of bringing them in contact with the soldiery. This is not said from any feeling of disrespect for the Army. Far from itf. But it must be admitted by all who are conversant with the subject that the influence of the soldier is rarely exerted in the interest of purity and moral- ity, but the contrary. With all the objections, and some of them justly enough, that may be urged against the present system, it is undoubtedly vastly preferable to the plan pro- posed. The well-known stubbornness and stolidity of the Indian character render him a poor subject to be influenced for good by force of arms, and an idle military guard makes but an indifferent missionary teacher.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN E. PYLE,

Special Agent*

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE MESCALERO APACHE AGENCY,

Rio Tulerosa, Lincoln County, New Mexico, August IS, 187G

SIR : In submitting this my first annual report of the Indians belonging to this reserva- tion, I would state that my remarks must necessarily fall short on many subjects, as I only took charge of this agency on the 1st of July last.

My long experience among other tribes has taught me that, in order to manage Indians with success, it is absolutely necessary to make a study of their habits, customs, mode of living, traditions, &c. I therefore, on my arrival, made it my duty to investigate the char- acter and pursuits of the Indians consigned to my care, and have met with great encourage- ment from them. My visits to their camps are very frequent, generally daily, and it rarely happens that they are fruitless.

AGENCY AND RESERVATION.

The extension of the boundary-lines under the Executive order dated October 20, 1875,. has tended greatly to keep the Indians on their reservation, by furnishing them with ample hunting-grounds, abounding in game, within the limits of their reserve ; but the extension, acts very detrimentally in other respects. I coincide with the opinion of Col. L. Edwin Dudley, former superintendent of Indian affairs at Santa F6, that it would have been much more advantageous to extend the lines northward than southward. The present reserva- tion is traversed by the main traveled road from the Lower Rio Grande to the railroad, termini at El Moro, La Junta, and Las Animas, and the area is so great that loaded teams passing through have to make two camps within the boundary-lines. This alone, in my opinion, renders the tract of country set apart as unfit for an Indian reservation. It furnishes great cause for annoyance and seriously retards the civilization of the Indians.

The greatest evil is undoubtedly the sale of liquor, of which the Indians are passionately fond, and for which they will sacrifice anything and everything, sometimes giving a horse or mule for a quart of whisky. The profits of this illicit trade are so great, that it pays these men to run the risk, especially as conviction on the uncorroborated evidence of an Indian is almost impossible. I have endeavored to detect some parties who are making a profession of this liquor traffic with Indians ; but, although convinced of their guilt, I cannot find proof enough to convict them. I shall give this matter uiy especial attention during the coming year, and feel sure that one conviction will break up to a great extent this abominable traffic, which threatens to defeat all plans for the welfare of these Indians. Another source of constant annoyance is the close proximity of the two Mexican towns La Luz and Tule- rosa. They are both about the same distance from the line of the reservation, and it is from these two towns that most of the liquor is procured. The distance is so small — being about six miles from the boundary of either town — that the Indians have every advantage in going backward and forward without a pass.

106 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW -MEXICO.

Another great evil caused by the road passing through the reservation is the injury done •to Indian crops by the cattle of trains camping on the reserve. This disheartens the In- dians, and some of the best workers in the tribe, coming to me with complaints of this nature, ask me, " Why should we work for other people ? We want that corn for our horses. Why should others eat our work?" There is no doubt but what this fact discourages them by its constant repetition, as, after all the labor of planting and cultivating, they see the results of their toil and care destroyed in a single night. This is rendered still more aggravating by the fact that the Indians, in order to protect the crops from their own animals, camp at some distance from the farms, so that by the time the damage is discovered the offenders are generally beyond reach. I have on one occasion recovered compensation for damage done when informed thereof in time to overtake the train.

The settlers on the reservation whose improvements have not been purchased by the Oovernment are the cause of considerable trouble. It is here that the agent's authority is set at defiance. It is here, under his very nose, that the Indian gambles away his property ; -and, when the agent interferes to protect the Indian, he is notified that he (the settler) is on his own land, and not on the reservation. I need hardly call your attention to the fact that it requires great tact to keep matters working in harmony under so many disadvantages without sacrificing the interests of the Government. I have so far been successful, but at the •cost of much trouble and anxiety. In fact, the difficulties I have encountered have made my position anything but a bed of roses. I am at present searching for a suitable tract of unsettled land for a reservation which shall combine the advantages of the present location and at the same time possess none of its disadvantages. I shall report to the Department should I find a suitable locality.

AGENCY BUILDINGS.

It being such a short time since the Indians were moved to this reservation, there are at present no agency buildings of any description. The office of the agency is in a house rented of Mr. J. H. Blazer; one store-room is also rented of him, while the issue-room and two other store-rooms are the log-cabins of former settlers, adapted to the temporary require- ments of the service. I have at present neither quarters for employe's nor council-room in which to receive Indians. Should the Department decide to retain these Indians on the present reservation, notwithstanding the objections already enumerated, I would suggest that an appropriation be asked of Congress for the erection of suitable buildings. There being no funds at my disposal, I have been unable to do much work, but have, with the aid •of my employe's, erected a new slaughter-pen and fitted up a meat-house, besides considera ble improvements in the issue-room. I have also made some repairs on our store-rooms and put up about half a mile of fence.

CIVILIZATION.

The Mescalero Apaches are undoubtedly the most courageous and warlike of the Indian tribes in the Southwest. Their constant wars with the Navajoes when on the Bosque Re- dondo reserve, although the latter outnumbered them ten to one, prove their valor and love of battle. Yet I venture to assert that there is not a tribe as tractable and as susceptible, to kindness as they are. They are very willing workers ; and, although they have but lately made any effort to farm, they dig, plough, rake, hoe, irrigate, and perform all kinds of labor in a manner which speaks well for their natural capacity. They show a great desire to please, and bring in ears of corn to show me how their crops are progressing, although I visit them almost daily. In order to stimulate their zeal, I have occasionally made presents to the most industrious of a few yards of brown muslin or prints, giving them to understand that these gifts are a token of my satisfaction with their work. No one who has been with the Mescaleros any time will have any doubts on the subject of their ultimate civilization. I be- lieve most positively that, by judicious management and adequate appropriations, these In- dians can be rendered self-sustaining in three years. This will necessarily involve an addi- tional outlay during the three years for the purchase of work-cattle, farming implements, and sheep ; but after that time the produce of their farms, the increase of their sheep, and the wool, if properly disposed of, will more than suffice for their maintenance. It is my opinion that the most effectual method of advancing these Indians to a state of civilization is to provide them with something on which they can fix their desires. Give them each a little farm, say 10 acres ; let them understand that, it is theirs as long as they remain on the reser vation, and that they lose all claim should they leave; furnish them with seeds and farming implements, have good practical farmers to teach them, and then offer premiums for the best- cared-for piece of land. By these measures we excite a spirit of emulation which would keep them constantly employed in the improvement of their farms, and would thus attach them to the soil ; a result heartily to be desired. Then, having something permanent to care for, they will abandon their roving mode of living for the more agreeable and peaceful occupa- tion of the husbandman. I firmly believe that this is not only the most advantageous, but also the most economical, plan of handling these Indians, who I must say seem to be very Anxious to render themselves independent, as far as subsistence is concerned.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 107

These Indians have been grossly misrepresented: they have been accused of thetts and other crimes, when in reality they were the sufferers instead of the offenders. A band of horse-thieves at the Boquilla, a Mexican town about 70 miles from the agency, have found it to their advantage to raise the hue and cry of • 'Apache " in order to cover their depredations. The determined action of my predecessor, W. D. Crothers, assisted by the military, recov- ered from this very town a number of horses stolen by these outlaws from the Indians. This led to the citizens of the county taking the matter in hand, and the band has been driven to other quarters. They congregate now at Puerta de Luna, which was formerly their mart for the disposal of their plunder. I have struck a blow at them there, which I shall report in detail under the heading of " Indian property."

As regards their social relations, these Indians are polygamists. They purchase their wives and divorce them at will. They have no marriage rites or ceremonies. Notwithstand- ing the fact that the Indians, previous to their removal here, were in close proximity to a military post, prostitution among the women is the exception and not the rule. Not having as yet any physician attached to the agency, I am unable to give any statistics on the sub- ject ; but, as far as I can ascertain, there is not a single case of syphilis among them. Their punishment for prostitution is very severe — it consists in splitting the nostril ; and, in case of

adultery, the penalty is generally death.

*******

Whatever the results of the peace policy may be with other Indians, its success with the Mescalero Apaches, one of the most intractable and barbarous tribes in the United States, is complete, and of sufficient importance to warrant its continuance. If proofs were needed of the wisdom of this policy, or the thorough knowledge of Indian nature which suggested it, I would recommend a review of the history of. the Mescaleros.

EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS.

There being no agency buildings on the reservation, nor funds for any purpose at my dis- posal, I have been unable, much as I desire it, to open a school. The education of these Indians is a subject of vital importance to the citizens of New Mexico, as on the action of the Government in this respect depends not only the future welfare of the tribe, but also their character. Either we will have uneducated savages, as in former years, or civilized human beings to deal with, and I presume there can be no hesitation in choosing the course to pur- sue. " Delays are dangerous," and in no instance has the saying a fitter application than in this. If itis our desire to raise the coming generation as peaceable citizens, we cannot com- mence too soon to show them the advantage of peaceful occupations, and the easiest and best method to attain this end is to educate the children. Their education is a sacred trust, which the Administration by its wise policy has accepted. The coming generation of these Indians will be what we make them. We hold their destinies in our hands, and are responsible before God and man for the use we make of this advantage. Be they what they may, they are human beings, and it is a debt we owe to humanity to educate and civilize them, be- sides being to our own interest to do so. When I consider the immense amounts annually expended by the different religious bodies of the United States for the conversion of savages in Africa and other distant countries, and see the number of uneducated heathen growing up in our very midst, I am compelled to ask why charity should not begin at home. Quite a number of chiefs, who are fully alive to the importance of this subject, have requested me to open a school. They say they will compel the children to attend, and otherwise assist me in every way possible. The children themselves seem anxious to learn. As a tribe they are very intellectual, nearly all speaking the Spanish language in addition to their native tongue.

THEIR INTERCOURSE WITH OTHER TRIBES.

There is but one tribe of Indians on this reservation, viz : The Mescalero Apaches. There are, however, intermarried and living with them, one Navajo, one Comanche, three Jicarilla Apaches, and five Gila Apaches. Their relations with the Gilas, belonging to the Ojo-Caliente agency, have beenof the most friendly nature, but I have'good reason to believe that recent events have created a feud which will only be allayed by blood. The circum- stances are as follows ;

On the evening of August 1 the Indians in the main camp having a full supply of tiswin, how obtained I cannot discover, some dispute arose between them, resulting in a fight, in which two Gila Apaches killed one and wounded two of the Mescaleros ; they then stole a number of horses and left. The next day a party of six Mescaleros requested a pass to visit the Hot Springs, which I refused. Later in the day, on my visit to the camp, I discovered the effects of the previous evening's debauch, and on investigation ascertained who the offend- ers were. The next day the only remaining Gila also left the agency, which induced me to believe that the quarrel is not a personal but a national matter. I have since learned that they have been followed by five Mescaleros, relatives of the murdered man. I have placed myself in communication with Agent Shaw, and have requested him to order the arrest of any Mes-

108 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.

caleros at his agency without a pass, as I feel sure they will endeaver to retaliate, and it may involve the whole tribe in a war unless promptly put a stop to. I am confident that with the co-operation of Agent Shaw we can prevent any encounter between the two tribes, and thus maintain peace.

Their relations with the Jicarillas continue to be of the most friendly nature. They have been visited during the year by several from the Cirnarron agency, and one of them asked my permission to bring his family arjd settle on this reserve. Not knowing the wishes of the Department, I refrained from granting his request. I believe the Jicarillas are the only tribe with which the Mescaleros can be consolidated on one reservation. I understand that the Jicarillas have no reserve of their own, and, as the country through which they are roaming is thickly settled, while Lincoln County is but sparsely populated, the citizens of the Territory would be infinitely benefited by their removal to this agency. Juan Largo, (Big John,) one of the Jicarillas on this reservation, requested a pass to visit his relatives at Cimarron and bring them to live here, but I refused on the above-mentioned grounds. If the Department desires to remove the Jicarillas from Cimarron to this reservation, I would respectfully suggest that I be authorized to send a commissioner with Juan Largo and have him represent to them the advantages the Mescaleros are enjoying by having a tract of land they can call their own, and invite those who wish to emigrate to this agency. I am confident that a great number would come of their own accord if assured of a home and subsistence, and by this means their removal could be effected of their own free will and at but a trifling cost to the Government for transportation.

INDIAN PROPERTY.

With the exception of the presents the Indians receive from Government, their property consists of nothing but horses and mules. In order to arrive at the number in their posses- sion I, immediately after receipt of the circular-letter calling for an annual report, sent word that the next day I wished all horses and mules to be gathered in the camps, and early next morning I personally made the count, and to my astonishment found 597 horses and 122 mules. This is notwithstanding the constant raids made on them by the Mexicans, many of whom have more need of a reservation and military to restrain them than these Indians. I believe that the expedition I sent to Puerta de Luna has had some effect in stopping this raiding, as I have not had a single case reported since the return of the party. I am now contemplating measures for the protection of what really belongs to these Indians.

On July 22, having received a notification that the civil authorities at Puerta de Luna had arrested a horse-thief from this county and had found in his possession a number of horses with altered brands, presumably horses belonging to the Mescalero Apaches, I dispatched a party of four Indians in charge of Mr. Morris J. Bernstein, issue-clerk at this agency, to reclaim such horses as the Indians could identify. Shortly after the party had started three other Indians, who had suffered very severe losses during the past year, requested permission to join the expedition, which was granted. This augmented the party to seven Indians and one white man, but, considering the nature of the country to be traversed, the object of the expedition, and the reputation of Puerta de Luna as a thieves' nest, I called on the com- manding officer at Fort Stanton, Captain Purington, Ninth United States Cavalry, for an escort to accompany them, but my application was refused. However, Mr. Bernstein (being acquainted with some of the prominent citizens of Puerta de Luna, but who were powerless to suppress this illegal traffic without outside support,) continued his journey and met with unexpected success. He reports that on his arrival he secured quarters for the Indians on a ranch about three miles from town, and then rode in alone to see his friends and secure their co-operation and support. On visiting the justice of the peace he learned that all horses taken from the man arrested had been reclaimed with the exception of two mules and two horses, which had been sent to Las Vegas, the county-seat, for greater security, a distance of about 85 miles. A public meeting of the well-disposed citizens was then called and resolu- tions adopted to the effect that all horses should be brought into town and examined by the Indians ; that theirs should be delivered up notwithstanding who the owner might be or how he came by the animals. To carry out this plan the sheriff appointed ten deputies, besides deputizing Mr. Bernstein, with permission to use the Indians to bring in all horses they might find. The next day, long before daybreak, the town was astir, and soon the horses came pouring in from all sides. As fast as they were brought in they were corraled, and when at noon the deputy sheriffs were reported all present, the inspection began and lasted till evening. By this time the Indians had claimed ten horses. The next day the owners appeared to prove title, and seven head were adjudged to the Indians ; the remaining three they were unable to prove their title to ; they were consequently returned to their owners. Especial thanks are due to Messrs. Lorenzo Labadie, Pablo Analla, and M. Chaves among the citizens, and to the civil authorities, for their prompt and effectual aid in this matter. It being reported that another Apache horse was in possession of a Mexican at Fort Sumner, and that point being on another road to the reservation, he decided on taking it, thereby recover- ing one more horse. He also (as it afterward proved) by these means avoided an encounter with the band of horse-thieves who committed the depredations, as it transpired that they had congregated on the main traveled road, probably with intention to waylay the party.

REPORT OF AGENT IN ARIZONA. 109

The results of this expedition deserve a few remarks, as they will tend, if taken advantage of, to assist in the civilization of these Indians. At Puerta de Luna they claimed ten horses, but, as three did not have their brand or any mark they could be identified by, they were not surrendered. There is in this office a branding-iron, and, on the report of Mr. Bern- stein, I matured a plan which, if carried out, will not only prevent the stealing of horses from Indians, but will place a check on their raiding and stealing also. I issued an order that all horses in their possession should be brought to the agency to be branded by me with the brand of the Department, and I informed them at the same time that I would take no steps whatever to recover a horse that did not bear the mark. In branding I make a record, in a book I have provided for that purpose, of the horse, any previous brands or marks he may have, the name of the Indian who owns him, and, when possible, the length of time he has" had the animal in his possession. I have also, on taking charge of this office, introduced another book not formerly kept, in which I register the description of all animals claimed to have been stolen by these Indians, and by means of these two books I have recoveied three horses and returned them to their respective owners.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

I find great difficulty in enforcing the laws for the protection of Indians, as the United States officials and also the civil authorities reside at such a great distance from the reserva- tion. The United States commissioner is 38, the United States deputy marshal 48, and the civil authorities J8 miles from the agency. I should, therefore, recommend that legisla tion be asked of Congress making an Indian agent ex-officio United States commissioner with power to act as marshal in cases of offenses committed against Indians or the laws for their protection.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

F. C. GODFROY,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

NAVAJO INDIAN AGENCY, Fort Defiance, Arizona, October 1, 1876.

Sill : I have the honor to submit the following annual report upon the condition of affairs at this agency during the year past :

Upon my taking charge of this agency last December, I found everything in confusion, the Navajoes having driven their last agent and his family away from the agency, which was then taken charge of by Col. Wm. Redwood Price, military commander of Fort Win- gate, the nearest military post ; and he, considering his to be only a temporary appointment, left all changes to be made by the next agent. I must say for the Navajoes, notwithstanding the difficulty with their former agent, Wm. F. M. Arny, that they have conducted themselves in a quiet and orderly manner. They would receive whatever was given to them in the way of supplies, and they are the only Indians that I have any knowledge of who will say " Thank you" in return.

The progress made during the past year has been all that could have been expected. Nearly all plant corn, and they have had a fair crop. Wheat was all destroyed by the grass- hoppers. They also have had good success with pumpkins and melons. In the Canon de Chelly many peaches were raised, many of good size and flavor.

In education the result has not been all that was to be desired, and I would renew the recommendation made last February in a report upon the school that a school-house be erected and school started in the Chusca Valley, where the Indians desire to have it. They promise to send their children to school, but they wish to have them live at home, and the reasons given are good. No missionary work has been done among the Navajoes, and unless some is soon started the Mormons will endeavor to enter the field, and are already making advances. Large numbers of the Navajoes each year visit the Mormon settlements upon the north and west of the reservation for the purpose of trading.

The hand-looms purchased and set up for them two years ago have not proved to be as great a success as was hoped for at that time. The Navajoes seem to prefer their own way of weaving blankets, for which they are celebrated, excelling all other tribes, as well as Mexicans. Navajo blankets are found all through the West, and sometimes command quite fancy figures, as high as $125 being paid for a single blanket. The blankets, sashes, and leggin-ties, all woven, are their staple of trade with other tribes. The wool they get from their own sheep, of which they have large herds, the total being estimated at 400,000, and this year they sold as surplus of wool at least 200,000 pounds, for which they receive in ex- change principally leather, manta, calico, and trinkets. The men are as expert in the use of the needle as the women, and I have often seen them sit down and make their own shirts and pants upon getting the goods, and in 'less than half a day they would appear in an en- tirely new suit.

110 REPORT OF AGENT IN ARIZONA.

The only building at the agency erected during the year was done by the Navajoes, and the walls of adobe will compare favorably with that done by the regular Mexican adobe- layers. Repairs pnt upon the corral-walls were both well and neatly done, and never but one or two have refused work when it was offered to them. One thousand laborers could be obtained for enough to eat and 50 cents per day ; they are good workers and quick to learn.

The only difficulty of a serious nature among the Navajoes was on account of the killing of a Navajo by one of the herders in charge of one of Don Jose Leandro Perea's herds of sheep. The Navajoes seized the whole of the sheep in payment, and, as the whole affair occurred about 100 miles east of the reservation and the sheep were held by the Indians away from the reservation, I requested the military commander at Fort Wingate to take charge of the affair, which he did. A settlement was effected by allowing the Indians to retain 450 sheep in payment for the Indian killed, with which, being 250 more than ever before claimed by the Navajoes, they were entirely satisfied.

I will here say that, while I do not approve of the practice of placing a certain number of sheep or horses against the life of a man, this is the first settlement of a difficulty of this kind away from the agency. It is all satisfactory to the Indians. In this case the owners of the sheep had to pay the penalty instead of the criminal, all of which might have been avoided if, as in former cases, an indictment had been found by the grand jury and punish- ment followed by the courts; but I do not know of any attempt being made to bring them to justice. In a singular case which occurred three years ago, the herder who killed an Indian is still in charge of the same herd. The Indians have often threatened to go and take him in order to satisfy their vengeance upon him in their own camp.

At a full council of the Navajo tribe, represented by their chiefs and headmen, held at the agency April 6, 1876, the agent was asked to make a request in behalf of the Navajoes for an extension of their reservation, which request was forwarded April 13, 1876, as made, to- gether with the reasons of the Indians for such extension. Upon examination made since the request of the Navajoes was made and forwarded, it is found that fully one-half of the extension asked for is covered by the grant made by Congress to the Atlantic and Pacific Railway. They already occupy the country, and the only remedy is to induce them to set- tle in the northeast part of their reservation upon the San Juan River, which small corner is worth more than all the rest of their reservation put together.

This portion of the reservation is not made use of by them on account of the depredations of the Ute Indians, who make descents upon their sheep-herds whenever they venture there seeking pasture. The Navajoes have not forgotten that the Utes were used against them during the Navajo war ten or twelve years ago, and the Utes are naturally fond of war, while the Navajoes have too much to lose by a war, and rather seek for quiet. Also, the Utes are well armed, having large numbers of improved rifles, while the Navajoes are very poorly armed, having- nothing better than the old flint-lock muskets altered to percussion- caps. The removal of the agency from its present location to the San Juan River will be the only inducement for them to occupy that portion. There they could engage in agricul- ture to a much larger extent, as well as find all the pasture they need. The military com- mander of this district, Col. Edward Hatch, has recommended that a postbe established near the San Juan River, in order to be able to control the Utes, who are becoming trouble- some. Such a military post makes the removal of the Navajo agency both feasible and desirable in order to make the Navajoes self-supporting.

Another great need is that of a saw-mill, to furnish lumber for the use of the agency, as well as to provide doors and windows for the use of the Indians in their dwellings. They would build a better class of houses than the hogan, now used by them, if lumber were within their reach, and they would not be so ready to abandon them as they now are, which would ,be one great step toward making them settled in their habits.

Word has been brought to the agency that a delegation of Ute Indians are now in the Chusca Valley advising the Navajoes to purchase nothing but gunpowder and lead, and to lay in all that they can get; also to get the Navajoes to. join them in a war against the Americans, alleging that the Americans, as they call all white men, are going to take all their land away from them.

Now while I can advise the Navajoes of the folly of such a move, and the disaster it would bring to them, it would be well to have the act passed by the last session of Congress in regard to the sale of arms and ammunition made more stringent ; for, if I understand it rightly, it applies to Indian traders, and not to any citizen who may see proper to trade with the Indians. Upon this reservation there is one licensed trader. The agency is within 200 or 300 feet of the reservation boundary-line. Any one can establish a trading-post within a quarter of a mile and be outside of the control of the agent. And one party who has such a trading-post informed me that he preferred to have his store outside of the reservation, for the reason that no one could prevent his trading with the Indians and getting such prices as he pleased.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ALEX. G. IRVINE,

United States Agent for Navajoes.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. Ill

OFFICE PUEBLO INDIAN AGENCY,

Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 24, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit ray second annual report of the Pueblo Indian agency.

The Pueblos have many of the characteristics of Indians, but they are very different from all other tribes in their general and most important qualities, being a quiet, industrious, law- abiding, peace-loving people. They live in villages built of adobe, and with better ventila- tion the houses would be very comfortable indeed. Nearly all the buildings erected since all danger of war with the wild tribes has passed away, are only one story high, with the entrance on the ground, while all the ancient buildings are several stories high, some as high as seven, built in terrace form, with the entrance of the first story in the roof, and each suc- ceeding story opening on the roof of the story below, so forming at the same time a residence and fort. Each village has an annual election of officers, and maintains an efficient domestic government independently of all the others.

It seems impossible to get an exact census of the entire tribe, because the Indians them- selves never know anything about their numbers ; and living as they do, in nineteen vil- lages, some of them 200 mifles apart, it is impossible for the agent ever to find them all at home, so as to get a satisfactory enumeration of them.

In my last annual report I gave the population as 10,000, but as the result of another year's investigation I now return it at 8,400. Each of the villages has a grant of land about four square leagues in extent, and upon this the Indians raise enough grain and vegetables for their own support, and very often have a large surplus for sale. If in any year the crops fail they bring into requisition their skill in manufacturing pottery for sale, and so eke out their scant supplies till a new crop can be raised.

The duties of the ag^nt for the Pueblos are not less arduous than those of the agents for wild tribes, but they are much more pleasant and cheering, consisting as they do of work for the protection and education of ail appreciative people. The land owned by these In- dians is as desirable as any in the Territory, and but for the constant interposition of the agent the Mexican and American settlers would soon possess themselves of the whole of it and the Indians be driven out beggars upon the country. I was much gratified some months ago by receiving a copy of an order from the Attorney-General of the United States directing the United States district attorney for New Mexico to appear for the Pueblo Indians in all cases presented by their agent. With this help assured I hope that much will be accomplished, during the present year, not only in fighting off all new comers but also in removing a large number of intruders who have persistently occupied Indian lauds for a number of years, claiming a " show " of title.

There has been a good deal of trouble at several of the pueblos on account of their grants never having been surveyed. I have been successful in my efforts to remedy this evil to the extent of getting two of the grants embodied in a contract awarded this summer by the United States surveyor-general for New Mexico. The surveyors are now engaged upon the work. There are yet two other grants unsurveyed, but these have not yet been con- firmed by Congress. I hope that their confirmation will not be long postponed.

The policy pursued by the agent in regard to schools has been to expend the limited amount of funds for this purpose at the villages where most interest has been manifested by the Indians. Six day-schools and one female industrial school have been maintained, most of them during nine months of the year ending June 30 last. These schools have not been entirely satisfactory for several reasons, chief among which is the low salaries paid teachers and the uncertainty of the schools being continued beyond a few months, so rendering it nearly impossible to procure teachers with anything like a proper appreciation of their work. However, the children at most of the schools seem to have maintained a good degree of interest, and all have made some advancement.

If there could be any assurance of a continuous supply of funds for a few years it would be a very great improvement to establish a central training-school at one of the pueblos and gather into that children from all the pueblos, and there, away from their home influ- ences and distractions, teach them everything pertaining to civilized life, and then send them back to their own pueblos to introduce there their new ideas.

The Presbyterian Church has established a mission at the Pueblo of Laguna under the management of Rev. and Mrs. Menaul. Mr. Menaul has built a comfortable residence, and the Indians are delighted with the indication of a permanent work among them. I am in hopes that out of this beginning there may grow up, in time — at least for the western Pueblos— such a school as I have mentioned above. The Pueblo Indians are worthy of every effort that can be bestowed upon them to lead them up to citizenship. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

BEN, M. THOMAS,

United States Agent Pueblo Indians.

THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

112 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.

SOUTHERN APACHE INDIAN AGENCY,

Ojo Calienle, New Mexico, September 1, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as my annual report of the affairs of this agency.

With but few exceptions, hereafter noticed, peace, quiet, and order have prevailed, and the Indians seem to feel that they have a permanent home, and, with the exception of a few restless ones, are contented and hapjfy. The year has passed without any conflict or violence with the surrounding citizens; progress toward civilization is not strongly marked, but does not fail to give hope for the future.

The Apaches of this agency are from bands known as the Gila Apaches, Mimbres, Mogol- lon, and Mescaleros. Each chief seems to be head of his own band, and others assume no authority over them ; all are contented with the present reservation, which is ample for them and well adapted to their wants and disposition, containing 800 square miles, with sufficient tillable land for all, when they can be induced to work.

But little has been done this year by way of agriculture, as I had no means to initiate a system of farming. A few, however, have planted their patches of corn, which promise well, and if provided with the means I think can be induced to farm ; though, could they be furnished with stock to commence, they are better adapted to make a pastoral than an agricultural community, as they are naturally indolent and consider labor as degrading. As they have always been a roving, thieving, war-loving tribe, it will take time to change their ideas and habits. Since making peace, they have kept faith with the Government as faithfully as any tribe under its control.

In April an outbreak was seriously feared, and some parties left the reservation, and in one instance stole a lot of mules and horses, and brought a portion of them on the reserva- tion ; some had been eaten by the Indians ; some sold ; those that remained were turned over to me and returned to the owner ; the balance, the chiefs agreed in council to pay for from their annuity-appropriation. The prompt action of the Government in supplying food for them, and the unusually prompt and judicious action of General Hatch, commanding this district, in the proper disposition of troops at his command, in my opinion prevented an out- break, and an Indian war. I «annot speak in too high terms of the efficient and hearty co- operation this efficient officer rendered to prevent an outbreak, and to conciliate the Indians. He has kept a command of cavalry in the field on the west of the reservation to effectually prevent Indians leaving the reservation, and punish any that may be found committing depredations.

The arrival of Indians from Chiricahua reservation has been reported from time to time ; the number and names so far as practicable. Many of these are young men well mounted and armed, and at first were very insubordinate ' and troublesome, but I think will soon become respectful and obedient to authority. Most of them have their families and came to make this their permanent home. Several came in wounded, and most of them quite desti- tute. Several Indians have been killed in domestic quarrels among themselves, caused doubtless by whisky, which unscrupulous citizens furnish, against all efforts to break up this illicit traffic.

The agency buildings in progress of erection at the time of my last annual report, have been all completed, and the agency now has good, comfortable, ample and respectable build- ings, and consists of buildings as specified in statistical report herewith inclosed.

Owing to constant trouble and litigation with intruders upon the rights of the Indians, I have had the boundary-lines of the reservation run and landmarks established, which will save much difficulty in the future.

Our efforts to maintain a day-school have not met with as much success as I could have wished. The habit of changing camps so often, keeps the children so far from the agency, that it is impossible to keep them steadily in school without providing for their food and care at the agency ; if this can be done I have no doubt that this noble work could be made a success. There are a large number of intelligent boys and girls who should be brought into school either by persuasion or compulsion. The old race who have always lived on the war- path will soon pass away, and our only hope is to educate the rising generation in a differ- ent mode of living. This will do more to demonstrate the efficiency of the present humane policy of civilizing the Indians than can be realized in any other way. Their intellectual and moral wants should be attended to as well as their physical and temporal wants.

The sanitary condition of the tribe is good ; but few cases of sickness, mostly rheumatism caused by exposure. We have no resident physician and no regular sanitary reports.

The military force at the agency remains the same as at last annual report. On one occa- sion I called on the commanding officer of the nearest military post for additional troops to prevent a disturbance that seriously threatened the tribe on account of one of the chiefs kill- ing an Indian on issue-day, to preserve proper order and partly in self-defense. Lieutenant Hugo of the Ninth Cavalry came promptly and remained until the matter was settled.

One great pretext of these Indians leaving the reservation has been taken away by the removal of the Chiricahua Indians, as they were constantly visiting back and forth, under

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW YORK. 113

the pretext of visiting their relatives. In brief, the condition of this tribe is in every respect as good as we could reasonably expect.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. M. SHAW,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INDIANS OF NEW YORK,

Forestville, New York, October 14, 1876.

SIR : In submitting my seventh annual report, I have the 'honor to state that there has been no marked change in the condition of the Indians of this agency since the date of my last annual report, which coptained full and reliable statistical information, showing their steady increase in population, wealth, and advancement in civilization during the past twenty years.

The Indians of the agency, consisting of six tribes, residing upon the Cattaraugus, Alle- gany, Cornplanter, Oil Spring, Tonawanda, Tuscarora, Oneida, Onoudaga, aiid Saint Regis reservations, number 5,034, being an increase of 79 during the year.

The 31 schools in the agency have been 'taught an average of 32 weeks in the school year closing September 30, 1876. Of the 1,764 Indian children in the agency between the ages of five and twenty-one, 1,230 have been registered as attending school some portion of the year, being an increase of 56 over the preceding year. The average daily attendance during the thirty-two weeks the schools were taught was 628, an increase of 98 over the last preceding year.

Of the 32 teachers employed in these schools, 7 were Indians, who had received special training for their profession in high schools, being aided by appropriations made by the Government from the fund for the civilization of Indians, from which source no aid has been received during the past year. Such appropriations have been made for a period of thirty years or more, and were formerly limited to a few male Indians, to give them a liberal education, at a large expense as to each one, for clothing, board, tuition, and other expenses at school. Of late years the appropriations have been used only for training Indian youth to prepare them for teaching the reservation schools and paying their board and tuition while at school, the students or their parents providing for their clothing and other expenses. In this way such students have been kept in school at an expense to the Government not exceeding $200 each 'annually, and one year being about the average time they have at- tended such schools. One of the beneficiaries of this fund formerly held the honorable position of Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Others have greatly aided in the improvement and civilization of the Indians of the agency. It is important that the appropriation should be continued, if for the only purpose of training teachers for the reservation school. The Indian teachers have succeeded well, and are generally preferred to white teachers by the Indians and by the local school superintendents. A thousand dollars a year would be amply sufficient for the purpose indicated. I respectfully recommend such appropriation. In select- ing from the numerous applicants for aid from this fund, I have found it best to appoint only the most thoroughly educated of the Indian students, whose characters and habits had been formed by being reared in the boarding-schools on the reservations, or in the best- regulated Indian families.

An institute for the training of teachers in these schools was held at the council-house on the Cattaraugus reservation, commencing June 26 and continuing one week, which I at- tended. It was well conducted by Prof. H. R. Sanford, of Middletown, N. Y. Thirty-five teachers were in attendance, and quite an educational interest was manifested by them and by th,e Indians present. Short practical addresses were made to the teachers and Indians by Professor Sanford and other gentlemen, and one by United States Indian Inspector E. C. Kemble. Several institutes of the kind have been conducted at the same place during the past four years, which I have mentioned in my annual reports. They have greatly aided the educational work on the reservation.

The boarding-school on the Allegany reservation, supported by the Society of Friends, is prosperous and doing a good work, with a registered attendance of 23 Indian students.

The Thomas Asylum for Orphan and Destitute Indian Children, on the Cattaraugus reser- vation, was incorporated by the legislature of New York in 1855, with Rev. Asher Wright, Eber M. Petit, Chauncey F. Carrier, S. G. Ellis, and Elista Brown, white men, Sylvester Lay, Wallace King, Z. L. Jemison, Lewis Seneca, and Joshua Pierce, Indians, as trustees, and has been since that date in successful operation. The asylum was named after the late Philip E. Thomas, of Baltimore, Md., a member of the Society of Friends, who contributed funds for its establishment. It is open to all the destitute and orphan children in the agency, and has been from the first under excellent management, and has contributed largely to the civilization of the Indians of the agency. The average number of children of both sexes in this institution the past year was 87. The girls have been taught to labor in household work,

8 IND

114 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA.

and the boys in manual labor upon the farm and in the shops connected with the asylum. Twenty-six acres of broom-corn were raised by the work of the Indian orphan boys on the farm the past year, and the brooms made by them sold for $880.93. T^o teachers, one an Indian girl, have been engaged in the asylum school during the year. This is a model In- dian school, under the best of instruction and discipline. The State of New York appropri- ated for the support of the asylum the past year $7,554.7$.

The Senecas of the Tonawanda band appropriated some years since from their annuity in- terest $6, JOO for the establishment of a manual-labor school on Tonawanda reservation, with the condition of a like appropriation being made by the State of New York for the same pur- pose. The legislature of New York incorporated the school under the name of " The Tona- wanda Reservation Manual-Labor School," and made the required appropriation and ap- pointed three white men as trustees. Owing to delays in obatining the funds appropriated by the State, the trustees did not until the past year commence the construction of the neces- sary buildings, which are now under contract, and partially completed, and will be finished this season. The main building is four stories high, including basement, and stands upon the ground 42 by 66 feet, and will accommodate 70 or more boarders. The school-room in the main building is 19 by 28 feet. There are 80 acres of choice laud connected with the in- stitution, the title of which has been secured to the trustees by the Indians paying for the im- provements made by the Indian occupants, SI, 600. The entire cost of the buildings is esti- mated at $7,500. It is designed to make this manual-labor school as nearly self-sustaining as possible ; and it is expected that the Indians, having so generously contributed to its establishment, will take an interest in sustaining it.

At the time the late Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hon. Edward P. Smith, visited this agency in October, 1874, observing the urgent necessity for a suitable building for an indus- trial school in the Pagan district of Newtown, on the Cattaraugus reservation, and after con- sulting with the resident missionary, Rev. Asher Wright, and others, and upon learning that benevolent persons and friends of the Indians in Boston, Mass., and other places, had pledged themselves to contribute a portion of the funds required for the establishment and support of the school, he decided to grant an appropriation from the fund for buildings at agencies and the support of schools not otherwise provided for, for the purchase of the lumber and other materials for the school-building, and directed me to procure and forward to him the necessary estfmates for same, which I did. The architect employed for the purpose fixed the amount of the estimates for lumber and materials at $584.70. The building, which is 30 by 36 feet, has been completed the past year. I purchased the lumber and materials for ^102.01 less than the estimate, which balance has been returned to the Treasury of the Uni- ted States. Indian mechanics only were employed in the erection of the building, and the work was well done, and the expense thereof paid by the friends of the enterprise, the In- dians aiding some by their labor and otherwise. The erection of this building was stoutly resisted by the Pagan Indians at Newtown, but they finally yielded their opposition, and it is now in charge of the elficient missionary woman, Mrs. Asher Wright, and is being used for the purpose of an industrial school, which is prosperous and exerting a good influence, and is wholly sustained by the voluntary contributions of the benevolent.

The allotment of lands among the Indians of Cornplanter reservation, a few years since, has proved of great benefit to them by imparting new incentives to labor and to acquire prop- erty in their individual and family relations, which is manifest in the improved condition of their farms, comforts, and habits.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

D. SHERMAN, Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE OF NEVADA INDIAN AGENCY, Pyramid Lake Reservation, August 22, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to present to the Office of Indian Affairs my second annual report as United States Indian agent in Nevada, and my first report as agent of this agency as consolidated.

During the fourth quarter, 1875, Rev. C. A. Bateman, United States Indian agent for Pyramid Lake, Walker River, and Shoshone agencies, resigned his position, and I was appointed as agent, to have control of the above-named agencies, as well as the Southeast Nevada agency, of which I was at the time the incumbent.

The work necessary to perfect plans consequent to the perfection of the consolidation of the Indian service in this State absorbed the whole of the quarter, and on the 31st of Decem- ber, 1875, all books, files, papers, and Government effects were passed into my hands, and on the 1st day of January, 1876, I took charge of the office for the consolidated Indian ser- vice in Nevada, with headquarters at Pyramid Lake reserve.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA. 115

FOUR RESERVATIONS.

Since the commencement of the present year I have found my hands full, I assure you ; for it is no easy matter for one agent to attend to the affairs of four distinct enterprises, widely separated from each other, and each having its own peculiar wants, all, of course, claiming precedence in merit ; and though three of the reserves are occupied by bands of the same tribe, their relations are nearly as diverse as the Sioux and Cheyennes, and, like all Indians, would be willing to receive all of the attention, whatever might become of the others. Their peaceful disposition has been greatly in our favor in conducting the work ; for with the diversity of opinions relative to the management of Indians, and the opposition on the part of the appropriation-making power, the means at my command has required the greatest economy, that each should have a portion, and be enabled to make some advance- ment in the fulfillment of the desired end contemplated in the policy of the Department.

The civilization of the Indians is as sure, in my opinion, as that of any other people, and is deserving of the best efforts tending toward such a result. The marked improvement among them each year tendsj to strengthen my convictions that the Government can hardly do a wiser thing than to persist in its well-begun efforts, and appropriate a sufficiency to carry forward the work, and thoughtful people ought to give their assent and sympathy to every well-defined effort put forth. These efforts are surely bringing their returns, and will yield in ratio to the means and labor expended.

The civil law should be as binding on the Indians in Nevada as upon any other class. Such legislation as is needful to carry it into effect and make its power felt upon the reserva- tions, or off, should be made. I see no 'good reason why these Indians, advanced as they are to comprehend fully their obligations, should be released from any legal restraint be- cause, forsooth, they are wards of the Government, or can find refuge upon reserved terri- tory. I do not mention this point because I have had any serious cases of discipline, for I have not, but from the fact that, as progress is being made, one of the best ways of recog- nizing said progress is to bring out their manhood and let them stand as others before the civil law. No treaty, in my opinion, should be made with Indians. They should be made to know that the soil they cultivate is theirs, and no more, and in this right they should be protected the same as any other citizen.

* * * * * * *

Indians in this State have been taught to work, and they are to-day employed as farm- hands, herdsmen, and in the kitchens of ranchers, in much greater numbers and with as much satisfaction as most other laborers, and exceed the Chinaman in every department where employed, with perhaps the single exception of cooking. The greatest difficulty that an agent finds to success is not with the Indians themselves, but want of sympathy on the part "of a large portion of the people mostly remote from where efforts are being put forth for the amelioration of the Indians. I know of some who have given years of their lives to the benefit of the Indians, and their efforts are not without commendable results ; yet they had to bear the calumny of the opponent in common with others.

* * * * # * *

The little tribe of Washoe Indians in this State some years ago were offered the benefits of the Government, but preferred their poverty and wretchedness to anything like industry. Their choice was given them, and to-day they are an abject remnant of a once honored tribe, pitiful beggars, while the Pi-Utes near them are respected and sought after as laborers.

The reservations are located in the State in such a manner that no just claim can be rea- sonably made of favoritism to special locality.

The Pyramid Lake reservation is situated in Washoe and Roup Counties, in the northwest- ern part of the State, and contains an area, according to the original survey, of 320,000 acres, including lake, mountain, and desert. Not to exceed 5,000 acres is of any value whatever for reservation purposes. The fishing upon this reserve is one of the most important sources of supply to the Indians.

The Walker River reserve is situated in Esmeralda County, Southwestern Nevada, 8 miles from Pyramid Lake agency, and contains an area of about the same number of acres ; but this, like the other, is liable to mislead the person who takes his notes from the survey-lines alone, as laid down upon the map ; for there is not to exceed 4,000 acres upon this reserve of any benefit for agricultural purposes.

The Moapa reserve is located in Lincoln County, in the extreme southeastern part of the State, 600 miles from Pyramid Lake reserve. This reserve (Moapa) embraces an area of 1,000 acres of good land, easily cultivated, and irrigated without difficulty.

The Shoshone farms are located in Elko County, in the northeastern part of the State, about 275 miles from Pyramid Lake. These farms were located about two years ago for the " west- ern band of Shoshones," and have been put under cultivation in such an amount as means and time would justify. Good progress has been made, and it is desirable that a survey be made and the title of these lands guaranteed to the Indians residing thereon.

Fair crops have been raised upon the Pyramid Lake and Moapa River reservations and Shoshone farms this season, though the floods have destroyed the larger portion of the grain planted this spring, (more particularly Walker River reserve,) a thing liable to

116 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA.

occur any year, and" yet not occurring- very often. This baffles all attempts to prevent, as no one can foresee the time of its coming ; and yet with this adversity the Indians are hopeful for the future, and will, if encouraged, renew their efforts to repair the waste places and make new trials for success. Surely they deserve the greatest encouragement, for many persons much farther advanced in habits of industry would have been disheartened by the reverses which have befallen these reserves this season.

Farming is being adopted for a livelihood by both the Pah-Utes and Shoshones pretty generally upon these reserves, and every year shows the gradual abandonment of the old nomadic custom. A large number upon each reserve can plow, drive teams, chop, mow, and, in fact, can do all manner of farm-work, and all have adopted citizens' dress. "* * * *

SCHOOLS.

No school has ever been established upon the reserves in Nevada. My predecessor made an effort last year upon this reserve, and secured the appointment of a teacher, but after the appointment was made the appointee failed to report, and the matter went by default. I succeeded in putting a few children into school at Saint Thomas, Southeastern Nevada ; they made commendable progress, and I deem it expedient that a school shall be established, at least at the agency headquarters, (Pyramid Lake reserve,) and amusing my utmost en- deavors to accomplish this most desirable purpose. Children can be brought from other reserves to this place, and with the present arrangements the farmer can instruct them in farm- work, while his wife can teach them in the school. The labor boarding-school is the only practicable one to adopt. For this end the mission society, under whose auspices this serv- ice is recognized, is willing to bear its part in this noble work, and the Baptist mission of this coast have appointed a superintending missionary in Nevada and California, who will unquestionably indorse any effort for the Christian civilization of these Indians.

The sanitary condition of the Indians throughout the State has been exceedingly good the past year ; but few deaths have occurred upon the reserves, [and the general verdict of the Indi- ans has been a cause of gratification to us and rejoicing to them. A physician has been em- ployed all the time during the year upon the Moapa River reserve, Southeastern Nevada, and another a short time upon the Pyramid Lake reserve. I have in mind the transfer of the regular appointee from Southeastern Nevada to headquarters. He can visit all of the reser- vations as required, with much less expense, thus obviating the necessity of other appoint- ments. This matter has been referred to in a separate recommendation to the Department.

Employ6s have been reduced in number as opportunity has occurred. This course will be continued, for it will be my aim to reduce the force to the lowest number possible to do the work demanded and carry out the plan of the Government, giving the full benefit to the Indians of all the funds appropriated for this service The Indians are so far advanced now that many of them can instruct their successors in the arts of husbandry. This will be a saving in many respects, and precludes the necessity for so large an appropriation as was ac- tually needful in the past, though it cannot be charged that Nevada has been the recipient of very extravagant appropriations for some years past.

The number of Indians represented upon my reservations are necessarily " estimated." I have, however, given the estimate by tribe as given by military reports, which are no doubt as near correct as any data at command.

In concluding this report, I have to say that that which I had hoped in my last annual report has been to a certain degree realized, yet not altogether, for my health has been overtaxed, and I have necessarily been obliged to economize my own strength, when I should have been glad to have thrown myself into the work. I regret that just now, when so much is de- manded, there should be a falling off in the needful mean to carry forward the work. I can hope, however, that there will not be an abandonment just when the indications are so ap- parent that the work will be a success.

I thank the Department for its continued kindness, and trust that the year to come will be marked with even greater prosperity and success than any that has preceded it. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

A. J. BARNES,

United States Indian Agent, Nevada. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

ELKO, ElTco County, Nevada.

SIR : In compliance with instructions contained in your circular-letter of the 28th of July last, I herewith respectfully submit the following report of affairs connected with the west- ern band of Shoshone Indians for the year ending August 31, 1876.

These Indians are peaceable, and some of them industrious and anxious to engage in civ- ilized habits. Some are, however, very indolent. Some are engaged in farming small patches of land in different parts of Eastern Nevada for themselves ; others are sometimes employed

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA. 117

by the white people as servants on ranches and about houses, and as herders of stock, &c. Another class subsist as they can, by begging and gambling, and sometimes hunting. The Indians under my charge have no reservation ; they are generally destitute. They are scattered over a very large tract of country, and inhabit the following named counties in Ne- vada : Lander, Nye, White Pine, Eureka, Elko, and a part of Lincoln and Humboldt.

I find on close examination that the Western Shoshones number nearly 4,000, including some Gosh-Utes and other Indians near the line of Utah and Nevada. There are several small bands of Gosh-Utes, Utes, and a few Pah-Vants among the Shoshones of the eastern part of the State. These Indians claim to belong to no agency, and say they receive noth- ing from the Government. The Mormon people have frequently assisted them, and have a great influence over them as well as the Shoshones in that vicinity. Nearly all the Indians near the line of Utah and Nevada have been baptized by the Mormon people. The influ- ence that people have over these Indians has been greatly increased in the past two years by the failure of the Government to provide for the relief of the suffering among the Indi- ans.

The Indians under my charge have received little or no assistance from the Government during the past year. Considerable suffering prevailed among the Indians last winter and spring in the vicinity of the troutfle that occurred last September, (full particulars of which have been heretofore reported.) The Indians were compelled to leave their ranches and homes and go to Deep Creek, in Utah, and remain there until after the excitement was over. They left most of their grain, which they cached in the mountains. The most of their potatoes and other vegetables were not harvested at the time they left, and were subse- quently destroyed by cattle belonging to the whites. I was informed by Mr. A. S. Lehman, of Snake Valley, that while the Indians were absent some white men had stolen a con- siderable amount of the grain belonging to the Indians, which rendered them destitute on their return ; and winter set in upon them in this condition. These facts I reported to the Department, under date of December 2, 1875. The Indians above referred to have done con- siderable farming for themselves this year, without any assistance whatever from the De- partment. They had some trouble in obtaining seed, and not as much was done in the way of farming as would otherwise have been done. Many of the Indians in that vicinity are now destitute ; some sickness prevails among them, and should be attended to.

The Indians who are farming throughout the eastern part of the State have been greatly annoyed during the past year by the want of land and water. The country is being fast settled up by white people ; and the patches of land heretofore cultivated by the Indians, in many cases, have been taken from them, and in other cases the water used for irrigating pur- poses has been taken from them, and their crops have dried up and become worthless. I have been frequently appealed to by the Indians to assist them in such cases, but in most instances it has been impossible for me to do so : the Indians being scattered over a very large tract of country, and I being entirely without means to use in their behalf. I have, however, succeeded in assisting them in some cases at my own expense.

The Indians complain to me that the country is being fast settled up by the whites, and that in a very short time there will be no land for them and no place for them to go, and that in most cases they have to work for the whites for anything they may see fit to give them, and that this state of affairs is growing worse instead of better. The most intelligent of them see the condition of affairs, and are anxious that something should be done, while others are indolent and ignorant, and care for nothing but the present.

Since the writing of this report I have been visited by a delegation of Indians from White Pine, (my former home. ) Among them is an intelligent young chief by the name of Tsa-wie, (good knife.) Captain Sam, another chief from the north side of the Central Pacific Rail- road, is also present. In a conversation had with the former, he stated that he could not see what was to become of the Shoshones in his country ; that the game was all gone ; the trees that bore pine-nuts were cut down and burned in the quartz-mills and other places ; the grass-seed, heretofore used by them for food, was no more ; the grass-land was all claimed by the whites, and the grass cut for hay before the seed was ripe ; that the good land was or soon would be all claimed and cultivated by the white people ; and that his Indians would soon be compelled to work for the'ranchers for two bits (twenty-five cents) per day, or starve. He also states that himself and many others of his tribe are in favor of a tract of land being reserved for the Shoshones, that they may have some place for their future home ; that if one place cannot be found large enough for them all, then locate three or four places, as the case may require ; but to have these places as near together as possible, and as near to where there is game and fish as can be found. Captain Sam states that he thinks such places can be found north of the railroad in his country, but does not know to what extent it is claimed by the whites. He states that he is anxious to go with me this fall and ascertain if a place or places can be located suitable for a home for the Shoshoues. Tsa-wie and others also are anxious to go with me, and furnish their own horses.

The Indians state that in their opinion it will take some time to get all of the Shoshones to leave their present homes and locate in any place or places suitable for them. Some of the old Indians are very superstitious about leaving the country formerly inhabited by their ancestors and where their relatives have died, believing, as they do, that, if they leave their old homes and die somewhere else, their spirits will be lost. Some of the old men have con-

118 REPORT OF AGENT IN NORTH CAROLINA.

siderable influence, which will take some time to overcome, but which the young Indians think can be accomplished. I submit the above that the Indians' ideas of the situation may be made known. I speak the Shoshone language with a fluency nearly equal to themselves, and fully appreciate their feelings in regard to the matter.

The Shoshones along the line of the Central Pacific Railroad are in a much better condi- tion than in any other part of the State ; they are, however, but a very small portion of the Western Shoshones.

In a report made by Special Commissioners J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls, in 1873, the number of the western bands of Shoshones were estimated at 1,945. I traveled through the country with Mr. Ingalls at the time the report was maVie, and believed at the time that the number exceeded that of the report, many of the Indians being away at the time. I have since traveled through nearly the entire country inhabited by them, and do candidly believe that they number nearly 4,000 souls. I am. willing to make an actual count of them (which can be done) if required to do so.

Many of the Shoshones express an anxiety to learn to read and write, especially the young ones ; they have improved in civilization during the past year, and will continue to do so if properly encouraged. I think that in time they can be made an industrious and self-sup- porting people. Some of the most ignorant and superstitious among the old ones will have to pass away before the foolish traditions now existing among them can be overcome ; many of the young Indians are learning to speak English, and can be taught to read and write.

Considerable sickness has prevailed among them during the past year, more particularly in the last two or three months ; if the sale to them of spirituous liquors by white people could be stopped, there would be less sickness. The liquor generally sold to them is of. the worst quality, and is almost a rank poison. The sale of spirituous liquors to them has a demoralizing effect, and is injurious to them in every way. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

LEVI A. GHEEN, Farmer in charge of the Western Shosftone Indians.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

WEBSTER, JACKSON COUNTY, N. C.,

September 26, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to present the second annual report of this agency.

The eastern band of Cherokees are just emerging from a condition of extreme destitution in which they were left by the recent civil war. During the past year they have been en- joying the benefits arising from recent decisions of the courts by which the title to their lands was secured to them. Thus encouraged, they have showed an increased disposition to labor, and to improve their lands. More and better work has been accomplished than for many years heretofore. To this the distribution from their common fund of farm stock and tools during the summer of 1875 has materially contributed.

Last fall a distribution of seed-wheat was made, and I have the satisfaction of knowing that it was the means of preventing great suffering, if not actual starvation. The corn- crop last year was very light by reason of excessive rains. By the middle of the past summer the old corn was so completely exhausted that everybody experienced great incon- venience ; the poorer class of whites suffered seriously for want of food, and of course the destitution of the Indians was much greater. But for the wheat- crop ripening in the nick of time, I am confident that all the horrors of famine would have been realized.

During the winter-months a limited amount of help was extended to the sick% aged, and infirm in the form of clothing and food supplies, and in a few cases of medical attendance.

The recent action of the United States Government in providing for the acquisition of lands under the judgments purchased last year is very satisfactory and encouraging to the Indians. Farms will thus be provided for a large number of families now scattered over Graham, Cherokee, and other counties, and the formation of a "boundary" of common lands in Cheoah will, by consolidating the Indians, enhance their prosperity while it greatly facilitates future efforts to benefit them by schools or other means.

The principal work of the past year has been educational. Five schools have been main- tained, of from six to eight months each, and the results are highly encouraging. Steady progress has been made in overcoming the difficulties arising from the prejudices and caprices of an ignorant people, unaccustomed to schools, and of whom a large proportion regard with jealousy any other use of their fund than a pro-rata distribution.

The poverty of the people, lack of clothing and food, have been obstacles to steady at- tendance. Many, of course, are indifferent, some regard the sending of their children as a favor conferred, and many expected to be paid for it by having their children boarded and clothed. Through influences beyond the control of the agency, the school at Cheoah opened in January as a boarding-school, but the heavy expense necessitated the abandon- ment of that arrangement.

The progress in learning of all the schools has been exceedingly good. The Indian chil-

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 119

dren acquire the rudiments of English with remarkable facility. They are, as a rule, obedi- ent, docile, and studious.

Some of the adults evince a strong desire to learn. Several men have formed^ the habit of coming often to my office with questions of various kind, sometimes geographical or astro- nomical, but more often concerning the interpretation of Scripture. A very good foundation for future educational work, the work which these Indians need, has been laid this year. It is, however, a matter of regret. that, owing partly to the limited fund available and partly to the scattered condition of all the Indians outside of Qualla, it has been possible as yet to place schools within the reach of only about half the Indian population. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

w. c. MCCARTHY,

United States Special Agent for the Eastern Cherokees. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

GRAND RONDE INDIAN AGENCY, OREGON,

October 2, 1876.

SIR ; In compliance with the regulations of the Department, I submit this, my fifth annual report.

The Indians are still improving in the arts of civilization, every year showing a marked improvement in their habits of industry and manner of dress, labor, &c, notwithstand- ing the discouraging circumstances under which they have labored for the past year, Con- gress haviag made no appropriation for any purposes at this agency, other than the support of schools.

The Indians have succeeded in raising a fair quantity of grain, considering the partial fail- ure of crops the present year in many parts of the State, including this section of country. The wheat A'hen first sowed gave promise of a very good yield, but later in the season, from some cause, the heads of grain were but partially filled, and ia consequence the yield was very light. The hay-crop was very good and was cut and secured for winter use. Potatoes and other garden-vegetables were only grown in small quantities in their gardens, for want of seed, LS I had no funds with which seed could be purchased, and the ndians, left to their own resources, could obtain but a meajer supply. '

The Inlians have experienced great difficulty in keeping their agricultural implements, harness, machines, wagons, &c., in order, as I have been compelled to discharge all the mechanics from the service. As you are aware, I discharged all the employe's from the serv- ice at this agency, save the school-teachers and interpreter, their salary being provided by treaty.

The saritary condition of the Indians for the past year has been remarkably good, not- withstandng the fact that we were compelled to dispense with the services of our regular physician. We have, however, been fortunate in securing the services of a sister, who has, in addition t» her duties as teacher, kindly dispensed medicines to the sick with the most grati- fying success.

The school is in a very prosperous condition under the efficient management of Sister Mary, sujerior, and three assistants, two of whom are paid by the Department. The Indian children are advancing rapidly in their studies, and a marked improvement is noticeable in their mamers and dress. The average attendance will reach about 50 ; many are becoming quite proicient in their studies and eager to acquire greater knowledge.

We hare now in course of construction a "boarding-house" for the school, which, when complete!, will furnish comfortable quarters for all those desiring to avail themselves of the privilegeof the school. The building is a frame structure, 30 by 70 feet? two stories high, with two wings '24 by 68 feet each, and is being built at the joint expense of the Department and chi/rch, the former furnishing the material and the latter the mechanical labor.

Durbg the month of August a delegation of the Salmon River and Nestucca Indians from tie mouth of Salmon River visited this agency and expressed an earnest desire to be- come attached to and form a part of the Grand Ronde agency, giving as their reasons the close proximity of their present location to this agency ; being only some 20 miles distant and havicg a good wagon-road, while to reach the headquarters of the Siletz agency they are compiled to travel by land some 8 or 10 miles, thence by water some 50 miles up the Siletz Rivei, requiring from three to four days to make the round trip, while they can reach the headcuarters of this agency and return to their homes by land in one day These Indians to a greit extent were enabled to subsist during the past winter by the assistance I was able to reader them and the charity of the Indians of this agency, and the coming winter will find hem equally as destitute, as the Government has failed to fulfill the promises made them by tfe honorable Commissioner Simpson, and of this they complain bitterly, and say that they gave up their homes and came to a country where they have neither food nor shelter;

120 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.

and unless some funds can be secured with which to purchase food for these and some of the old and indigent of this agency, they will suffer greatly during the coming winter. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

P. B. SINNOTT,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

KLAMATH INDIAN AGENCY, OREGON,

August ], 1876.

SIR : In submitting this my fifth annual report, it is with much satisfaction that I com- pare the present condition of this agency with what it was when I took charge, somewhat over four years ago, although the advancement made is not what it would have been were this a good agricultural district. The cold nights and frequent heavy frosts during the summer-months render agriculture so exceedingly difficult and uncertain that, in the absence of large bands of cattle, these Indians are obliged, in order to avoid suffering in the winter, to spend much of their time during the summer season in hunting, fishing, and gathering roots and seeds for winter food. This necessitates their moving about from place to place, so that Christianizing and civilizing influences thus far could only be brought to bear upon them in the winter season, except through the school. Notwithstanding ttese ad- verse circumstances, a large number of them have their little farms and comfortable houses, and manifest a commendable zeal in putting in crops, cutting hay, making fences, &c. i

A missionary is very much needed to spend his whole time with these Indians, living at the agency during the winter, and moving about with them during the summer. The em- ploye's last year offered to pay one-half the necessary salary of such a person, provided the Methodist Missionary Society would supply the deficiency, but nothing was accomplished in the matter. Notwithstanding these discouragements, through the efforts of the agent and farmer in charge at Yainax station, considerable religious interest was maintained through the winter, and about sixty persons were added to the church.

On account of repeated failure of crops in the past very little was done in the way «f culti- vating the agency farms last spring, and what little was sown has failed to produce a good crop. In some favored localities the Indians are harvesting very good grain, and the rooi-crop is correspondingly fruitful in some instances.

The cattle purchased for the Indians two years ago have been well cared for, aid have increased in number considerably, but, from the unusual severity of the past winter quite a number died. The loss of cattle, however, by the Indians was much less in proportion to numbers than by white citizens in the vicinity of the reservation.

An increasing interest has been manifested in building houses and fencing lind, and during the year, with some assistance from the Government carpenter, the Indans have built ten log and plank dwelling-houses, some of them reflecting much credit toon their architects, besides a good many other buildings, such as stables and other out-buildings. One large dwelling-house with three tenements has been built at the agency for tie use of Indian employe's, and quite extensive repairs have been made upon the agency nills and dwelling-houses, and further repairs are still needed.

The saw-mill has been kept well supplied with logs by the Indians during thesummer season, and more than 200,000 feet of lumber sawed by them, with the help of oie white man, the miller. A portion of this they have sold, and the remainder thay have used in building, making repairs, &c.

Heretofore from 50,000 pounds to 100,000 pounds of flour has been purchased eachyear as subsistence for these Indians, which has been delivered at the agency at the cost of from 2 to 5 cents per pound for freight. Last fall I purchased 100,000 pounds of wheat in Rogue River Valley, at a cost of little more than 1 cent per pound. This was transported f-o the agency by the Indians themselves, thus making a saving of at least $1,500. This wheit was ground in the agency flouring-mill during the winter.

To show that the Klamath Indians manifest an increasing disposition to labor and "help themselves, I have only to state that, of their own free will, they request that the agency ap- propriations for this year shall be expended in the purchase of work-mules, wagons, harress, and mowing-machines, instead of blankets, clothing, and food.

A boarding-school has been in almost constant operation during the year with good resilts j from 21 to 31 Indian children having been in attendance, with an average of 27. The progress made in their various studies has been highly commendable, and the Indian girls have nade special advancement in learning house-work, the cutting and making of garments, knittng, &c. Several of the larger school-boys have been employed a portion of each day in the. shops with a view to their learning trades, and have shown a capacity for acquiring a g)od degree of proficiency in those branches.

In my last annual report I explained the necessity of a boarding-school at Yainax Statbn, and I would again call attention to the fact that if the Modocs and Snake Indians, who ire

REPORTS OF AGEXTS IN OREGON. 121

located near this place, are to be educated and elevated, provision must be made for the payment of teachers for that purpose. Those Indians who have grown up in the habits and superstitions of the savages, although they may be improved, can never be raised to an advanced state of civilization or respectability, and it is to the rising generation that our efforts must be directed if much good is to be accomplished in this direction. I hope that provision will be speedily made for such a school at this point.

The general health of the Indians during the past year has been good, and but few deaths have occurred. The number of cases treated by the agency physician is about 5.50. This includes cases of every discription, those of a very slight nature and others of a serious character. These Indians are gradually losing faith in their native doctors, and are accept- ing a more civilized mode of treatment.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. S. DYAR,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

MALHEUR INDIAN AGENCY, OREGON,

August 12, 1876.

SIR: I have the honor to report that I entered upon duty at this agency July 1, barely six weeks ago, and have not, as yet, seen all the Indians belonging to this reservation, and most of those I have seen only came to see me upon my arrival as the new agent, and left at once for their hunting-grounds.

Upon my arrival I found all the former employes discharged, and in consequence the work of the agency farm was neglected and greatly behind. The extraordinary high water in Oregon — obstructing navigation of all the principal rivers from June 18 until July 21 — pre- vented the arrival of my employe's until one-half of the month had expired, and thereby retarded all business operations during that period. Since their arrival all have displayed commendable zeal in their efforts to meet and overcome the exigency thus created.

The Indians were already in the mountains, hunting, fishing, and root-digging, and I experi- enced great difficulty in procuring Indian laborers to carry on the necessary farm labor in tending and irrigating the growing crops. I found that those who knew anything about work were unwilling to labor without the assurance of cash wages, as they claimed to have been re- ceiving cash pay for work done for the former agent. Those who were willing to work for supplies and annuities were ignorant of all kinds of work, and were but little help except under my immediate attention and with patient showing. This embarrassment was rendered still more painful by rumors being circulated among the Indians by evil-disposed persons to the effect that the Church was sending here people who would pray publicly and steal secretly.

The first act of disobedience and disrespect, wherein an Indian cursed me and sullenly re- fused to obey me, was promptly punished by putting the offender in irons and locking him up in the commissary building over night, since which time I have observed no act of- disre- spect nor any manner of disobedience on the part of any one.

I have issued rations of beef and flour five times during the month to an average of 281 persons, the remainder of the Indians being absent in the hills. The greatest number issued to was 454 and the smallest 140 persons. I have also issued small quantities of flour, beef, beans, sugar, and rice as extra rations to the working Indians, a mess having been estab- lished for them, which is cooked for by Indian women under the instructions of the inter- preter. I find the mess a great auxiliary to the efficiency of my working-force.

I have discouraged those from coming for rations that remain away from the agency for the purpose of hunting or to avoid farm labor. I strongly impress upon them that only those who work can expect supplies from the agency. The notion prevalent among them, strength- ened as it is by their natural indolence, that labor is disgraceful, will render impossible, for a time at least, the strict enforcement of the late rule of the Department in relation to the distribution of supplies and annuities, though I am fully convinced it is an excellent rule. I have used only lenient means thus far to induce them to labor, and I feel encouraged to be- lieve that when a few of them become acquainted with my good treatment of workingmen there will be many other applicants for similar treatment, especially should the discrimina- tion against idlers be as marked as it now is in favor of the workingmen.

Agent Parrish reported verbally that there were 762 Indians belonging to this reservation, as far as he had procured information. It will not be possible to get a satisfactory enumera- tion until the early snows of winter drive them in from the mountains. There were present and represented by tickets of the former agent, on July 1, 454 who claimed rations. Since that time 51 additional have claimed and received rations, making in all 505 persons.

As regards advancement toward civilization, these Indians are, I think, fully up to the average, considering their limited advantages and where they began. Twelve years ago it was my fortune to be in the Army and with the troops then operating against these Indians,

122 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.

and a more abject race of beings it was never my lot to behold. The best lodges I saw during two whole summer campaigns consisted of only a few sage-brush set up in a half- circle, as if to keep off the wind. All we found were abjectly poor, many being absolutely naked. During their wars they were forced to eat their horses, and thus became so impov- erished that they could carry nothing with them. Hotly pursued all the while, they had no time to manufacture matting for the lodges, and in this condition they merited the hated appellation " Snakes," absolutely living in the grass. Eight years ago they robbed the ex- press en route from Canyon City to the Dalles, and took from the treasure-box over $5,000 gold-dust, which was put up in buckskin bags, and they actually ripped off and carried away the bags, leaving the gold on the ground near the scene of the robbery, where it was after- ward found and nearly all recovered. So little did they then know of the value of money that the bag was worth more than the gold it contained. Only three years ago, when they were first gathered here, I visited this place in company with Capt. John Smith, agent at Warm Springs, and we then found them very destitute, having very little clothing or bed- ding of any kind, and scarcely any lodges. The whole band, numbering perhaps 500, had not apparently inoie than sixty horses. They had been utterly starved into subjection by the rapid and energetic movements of General Crook's troops.

Only three years have elapsed, and I now find them moderately well-dressed, and living in good lodges, made of their reed matting or of cloth procured from the agency. They are accumulating horses rapidly, until they now have several hundred. This is their strongest incentive to labor, that they may be enabled to get horses ; and nearly all they earn is at once invested in this species of property, which they buy chiefly from the Indians of the Umatilla reservation.

The buildings at the agency are totally inadequate to meet the requirements of the service. There is no building of any kind for hospital purposes. The stables are but low sheds, and not sufficiently large for the horses. There is no kind of shelter for other stock, and none for hay or grain. There is no guard-house, and possibly none will be required. There are but two small houses for employ6s' quarters, four of whom have families, and none of any kind for the agent to live in. There are two commissary buildings, one of which I propose converting into quarters for employe's. The shops for carpenter and blacksmith are good enough for their purpose, as is also the school-house. I shall be forced to build an addition to the commissary building, and also some root-houses. It will also be necessary to build quarters for the agent before the winter sets in. There never have been more than two fam- ilies here at any time before, and it will be impossible to quarter five families comfortably in quarters designed for only two families. Believing it to be in the interest of the Indians, and the cause of Christianity as well, I have sought the services of Christian families rather than bachelors.

The prospect for crops is moderately good, except oats, which were much damaged by the freshet caused by the melting snows early in June. Wild hay is very abundant, and vege- tables on the agency farm look well. The wheat suffered for want of proper irrigation during the latter part of June, but will make a fair crop.

In conclusion, I would beg to call your attention to my recent letter on the subject of a grist-mill here. I am satisfied the erection of a mill on the agency farm would go far toward stimulating the Indians to the cultivation of small farms for themselves. At present there appears to be a great lack of interest in that direction. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W.V. RINEHART,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE OF SILETZ INDIAN AGENCY, Toledo, Benton County, Oregon, August 29, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following annual report for this agency. This being my first, it cannot be expected to be a very extended one.

In October, 1875, by permission of Hon. E. P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Agent J. H. Fairchild left the agency in my charge as farmer, which position I had occupied during his term of service as agent. On the 1st day of March, 1876, I assumed charge as agent under a commission from the President.

By reference to reports of former agents and superintendents it will be seen that the Indians belonging to this agency were formerly a very degraded race, made up of the remnants of fourteen different tribes, speaking several different dialects, and formerly occupying the country along the coast from Tillamook Bay on the north to the California line on the south, and inland, up the Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys, a distance of perhaps 200 miles, living entirely upon fish, wild game, and such nutritious roots and plants as their country afforded. Many of them wore no vestige of clothing, while some dressed in skins taken from the game which they captured. Those having sufficient energy were hostile, and those who were

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 123

friendly were lazy and degraded beyond comparison. The condition of their women was that of slavery in its worst forms, being bought and sold, rented or exchanged for use as laborers, beasts of burden, or for prostitution, the ability to purchase or hire being the only limit as to numbers. Their wealth consisted of women, shells, paint, oil, (from the whale,) and trinkets. Their pride of personal ornamentation was shown in the way they pierced their ears and nose, and in some instances the under lip, in which they wore shells, bones, or painted sticks, tattooing various parts of the face, arms, legs, and body, also a free use of red paint, and for a full dress the head and body were smeared with whale-oil.

Their first intercourse with the whites was not calculated to improve their condition, ex- cept in the manner of dress. By the prostitution of their females to the first whites who came among them, they were enabled to obtain some articles of clothing which they prized very highly. When I first visited their country in 1852, some wore clothing which they had received from the whites ; a suit of clothing being sufficient for several Indians, each having a single article.

Twenty-one years ago this mass of human beings, numbering 6,000 souls, were brought together on the coast reservation ; the different tribes showing a perfect hatred for each other, and superstitious in the extreme. Is it any wonder that for several years the agents having them in charge rendered very unfavorable and discouraging reports of their progress to- ward civilization. The first lesson they learned was the superiority of the whites. Intim- idated by the presence of soldiers they were soon taught that the word of the agent or em- ploye's of the Government was law to them and must be obeyed. They were disciplined to work under the direction of the employe's, and by their labor, fields were fenced and culti- vated, and roads opened. They were furnished with seeds, and in some instances induced to plant gardens for themselves.

For about eight years the soldiers remained here, after which time their services were con- sidered no longer necessary. With their disappearance came a more rapid advance toward civilization. The next eight years, under direction of Hon. Ben. Simpson, they were con- siderably improved in their condition, though their old superstition and their prejudice still clung to them.

From their first occupancy of this reservation, they have been told that the treaties made with them when they consented to leave their native country and come to the reservation, would be ratified, and the promises made by the agents of the Government would be ful- filled. Such, however, has not been the case with any excepting the treaty made with the Rogue Rivers, who were by far the most hostile to the white men of any of these tribes. Does this not teach them that in order to obtain favorable terms with the whites, they must fight 1 Such has been their thought, occasionally expressed in words.

Since they have occupied this reservation they have been in constant fear of being re- moved to another country, to make room for the ever-intruding white man ; and during the term of office of Agent Simpson, such fears were increased by the opening to settlement ot a strip of land 12 miles in breadth from the Coast Range of mountains to the ocean, including the Yaquina River and Bay, (their best fishing-ground,) and thus formed two agencies, viz, Siletz and Alsea. The constant clamor of the whites living on the Yaquina Bay for the opening to settlement by whites of the remaining portion of the reservation, kept them uneasy.

On May 1, 1871, General Joel Palmer assumed charge as agent, when a different system of treatment was inaugurated The severe modes of punishment so much in use, such as the buck and gag and whipping-post, were no longer resorted to as punishment for offenses, nor was the guard-house or prison so constantly occupied. Kind treatment was found to have good effect, in that it gave them a better opinion of themselves, and they soon evinced a greater desire for improvement, being more willing to adopt the customs of the whites. The introduction of the Bible among them at this time was not without its good effect. He also induced them to establish laws or regulations for their own government, making the chiefs of the various tribes a jury with power to fix the penalty for violation of law. This brought the different tribes frequently together in friendly intercourse with each other, thus establishing more friendly relations.

Mortality had been great among them, not so much on account of the changed condition of their lives as of their systems being impregnated with syphilitic virus. From 6,000 in 1856, they were reduced to less than 1,400 in 1872.

Agent Palmer succeeded in inducing them to do more work for themselves than they had ever done before. His plans were well laid, but for want of funds he was not able to carry them out when he tendered his resignation, and J. M. Fairchild received the appointment. I was present at the first council held by the Indians after his arrival at the agency. Many were the complaints of non-fulfillments of promises of Government agents, made by the Indians of that council, of which some were altogether reasonable.

The first work of Agent Fairchild was to establish set times for holding religious services and giving religious instruction to the Indians. A Christian organization was soon effected, which rapidly increased in numbers. Those who embraced religion immediately gave up their old customs. Schools were re-organized and everything seemed to be in a prosperous condition. The progress made by the Indians during Agent Fairchild's term of office was sufficient to settle the question as to their ability to improve. A more quiet and orderly

124 KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.

community than this could not be found. The Indians had all the highest esteem for their agent and there were many regrets at his departure. I have not been able to make any im- provement on the system of treatment of Indians adopted by him ; and I believe Chris- tianity is the only true civilizing agent, and expect to continue the same system as long as I remain with them.

Owing to the heavy expense incurred in building saw-mill, grist-mill, and bridge, also furnishing subsistence for several parts of tribes of Indians who came on the reservation late in the fall by request of special Agent Ben. Simpson, the funds allotted were exhausted, so that on the 8th day of April I was required to discharge all employe's, and being unable to purchase seed for use of Department, or to issue to Indians, the amount of crops this year will be considerably less than formerly.

During the year a first-class saw-mill has been erected, though a far more expensive mill than was necessary to have been built here. It is capable of manufacturing at least five times the amount of lumber that will be required for use of this agency, whenever funds can be furnished to keep it running. The grist-mill, to be run by the same power, though not yet completed is in a fair way to completion, and it is hoped that it will be ready for present crops.

A bridge across Siletz River is also being built which will prove to be of great benefit to the Indians as it will also to the Department.

The school, which had become a matter of so great importance to the Indians, was discon- tinued in June.

Owing to the want of medical attention and the lack of supplies for the sick, the sani- tary condition of the Indians is not as good as it has been. Some have died who perhaps would not, had there been a Department physician to attend them, and the usual number of employe's to attend to their own branches of their work, thus relieving the agent of much work he has been compelled to do, and given him the time necessary to visit and adminis- ter to their wants.

The almost total failure of the potato crop for three years past has been a great misfortune to the Indians. Four years ago the blight first made its appearance among the potatoes on the reservation, and where we expected 15,000 or 20,000 bushels, we did not have 500. Since that time every effort to raise that variety of food has ended in disappointment to those making the attempt. This year, however, the few planted by the India is who were able to obtain seed have every appearance of yielding well ; and thera are as yet no indica- tions of this dreaded disease. Could it be possible to furnish this agency with sufficient funds to purchase a good quantity of early varieties for seed, I have no doubt but that they can henceforth be profitably produced.

The statistics accompanying this report, though in many instances estimated, will not be far from correct. The want of help in the different departments of the work compels me to neglect work that ought to be done. I most respectfully ask your indulgence for any failure to make plain all the conditions of this agency.

I cannot close, however, without recommending some changes which I believe would prove a great benefit both to Department and Indians. I would first recommend that the agency be furnished with a uniform amount of funds for each year, say for three years in succession, thus enabling the agent to lay his plans for work and be sure h could carry them out. The cost of supplies, of producing crops, of making improvements .repairs, &c., would thus be materially lessened. Then, for a few years, the amount might be decreased, until, in the course of eight or ten years, no further help from Government would be needed. Twelve thousand dollars per annum thus secured to the agency would be more beneficial to the Indians than twenty thousand received in irregular amounts at irregular intervals during the year, thus leaving the agency much of the time without funds and allowing a great part of the funds furnished to be used in paying deficiencies.

It is also important that these Indians be secured in their homes by allotment of land in severally, and giving each a title to as much as he is capable of cultivating. Nothing gives them so much uneasiness as the constant efforts of some white men to have them removed to some other country.

I would again call your attention to the importance of continuing the school. From the accompanying statistics you will see that the Indian pupils are rapidly advancing in their studies, and I have never seen a community who were more eager for school.

The religious interest continues, our meetings being well attended, though so many are off the reservation laboring for whites that the congregations are not as large as during the rainy seasons.

Very respectfully submitted, by vour obedient servant,

WILLIAM BAGLEY,

United States Indian Agent.

Hon. COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 125

UMATILLA INDIAN AGENCY. OREGON,

August 22, 1876.

SIR : In compliance with your letter of instructions of July 28, I have the honor to sub- mit my annual report of this agency.

I found, upon taking charge last April, about 900 acres of wheat, oats, and barley sown by the Indians. ' Since that time they have planted 650 acres of oats, barley, and vegeta- bles. More than half of the crops were blighted by the drought which prevailed in this sec- tion of country during the latter part of April and the month of May, in consequence of which many of the Indians are destitute of cereals, and will be obliged to subsist until next harvest on the roots, berries, and fish which they have collected during the summer. As near as can be estimated they have harvested about 600 bushels of wheat, 600 bushels of oats and barley, and 400 tons of hay. They have also about 50 acres of vegetables, such as potatoes, cabbage, melons, &c., not yet harvested. We have raised on the agency farm 200 bushels of wheat, 300 of oats, 30 tons of hay, and 250 bushels of potatoes.

There are three tribes residing on this reservation, with a population, according to the ast enumeration, (which was taken two years ago,) numbering as follows : Walla Wallas, 128 ; Umatillas, 169 ; Cayuses, 385 , total, 682. I have not had an opportunity of enumer- ating them since I assumed charge, as many of them have been absent in the mountains and at the fisheries ; but I intend to do so next winter when all are on the reservation.

Of the 326,550 acres comprising this reservation, about one-third is tillable land located along the Umatilla River, Wild Horse and McKay Creeks, and the foot of the Blue Mount- ains. The southern boundary of the reservation runs through the Blue Mountains, which are covered with a heavy growth of pine, fir, and tamarack, and include about one-fourth of the reservation. The balance consists of rolling prairies which afford abundant pastur- age for the numeious herds of horses and cattle belonging to the Indians.

Although they raise considerable quantities of grain, their principal occupation consists in stock-raising, for which purpose this reservation is admirably adapted, being covered with a luxuriant growth of bunch-grass. I have no certain means of information as to the exact amount of stock belonging to them, but from observation should judge the number to be as follows : 7,000 horses, 4,000 cattle, 150 sheep, and 460 hogs. The proceeds from the sale of horses and cattle sold by Howlish Wampo, Lelowishkan, Coliton, and Cascas since the 1st of April, amount to $6,200. I have also given permission to other Indians to sell stock at Walla Walla, Baker City, and Pendleton, but have no means of knowing the exact amount realized by them. I am confident, however, that their sales amounted to at least §1,000, which would make a total of $7,200 received by them for stock- since last April.

While a few of these Indians are wealthy and many others are in comfortable circum- stances, there are at least 400 who are poor, and about 25 who are indigent. These last are mostly old people, and are crippled or diseased, and all are friendless. They are often in want of the actual necessaries of life, especially during the hunting and fishing season, when they are abandoned by their relations, who go to the mountains and fisheries and leave these poor unfortunates at home to live as best they can. It would be a truly charitable act to make some provision for them. The fourth article of the treaty provides for hospital ac- commodations, which have never been supplied.

There is a day-school established here with an average attendance of 20 scholars ; of this number 18 can read and write, and 8 understand the first four rules of arithmetic. When taken into consideration that these children, when commencing to go to school, did not un- derstand a word of the English language, the progress made by them demonstrates that, if surrounded by more favorable circumstances, they would acquire the rudiments of an En- glish education as readily as white children.

As the object of the present policy toward the Indians is to develop them morally and intellectually, so that they may become law-abiding, and self-supporting citizens, the best method of educating them becomes a subject of importance. The day-school system at this reservation has proven inadequate for this purpose. The frequent excursions of many of these Indians to the mountains and fisheries, obliging them to take their children with them, has the effect of obliterating in a short time from the minds of the children what required months of patient perseverance on the part of the teacher to impart. There are also many liv- ing too far from the agency to send their children to school, who would be perfectly willing to do so if it were convenient. It is worthy of remark that there are children attending school regularly who are obliged to travels or 10 miles. They are the children of the better class, who have taken up permanent homes. The best plan would be to establish a manual- labor boarding-school, where the children would be taught, not only our language, but our manners, customs, and habits of life. The school would be nearly self-supporting in a year or so ; the only expense would be to build a school-house and provide a sufficient number of teachers. The treaty stipulates for two teachers, but a few years ago the employe fund was reduced and one of the teachers discharged. .

The missionary work of the reservation is under the cliarge of Rev. L. L. Conrardy, whose self-sacrificing labors have been rewarded by many conversions during the past year.

The saw-mill and grist-mill dam were carrie.1 away by the high water last spring, in con-

126 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.

sequence of which both mills have been idle since last May. According to the monthly re- ports of the sawyer, there have been 45,435 feet of lumber cut since last October. Owing to the disadvantages which he labored under, of having no assistance in running the mill, and only a span of mules a portion of the time with which to haul logs, the amount of lumber cut is small. The whole employ6 force of the agency is at present engaged in rebuilding the dam, which will be completed in a short time, when, with the aid of the six yokes of oxen which the Department allowed me to purchase, I will be able to run the mill to its fullest capacity. As soon as the saw-mill dam is completed. I intend to rebuild the grist-mill dam, and expect to have the mill in running order by the middle of September.

The law granting to these Indians the power to govern themselves in criminal matters is a failure. The only recent case in which an effort had been made by them to administer jus- tice occurred last November, before I assumed charge. An Indian was charged with having stolen a large sum of money from another Indian, and, in order to make him return the money, they inflicted on him such brutal treatment that he committed suicide by hanging.

Last June, while under the influence of liquor, an Indian named Pio assaulted his father with a knife, inflicting wounds which nearly proved fatal. As no steps were taken by the tribe to punish him, I, in conformity with general instructions, arrested and turned him over to the military authorities at Walla Walla, where he was kept in close confinement for six weeks. The officer in charge notified me that I was expected to pay the Indian's board, or return rations equivalent to the amount used by him. Having no funds on hand which could be used for that purpose, I was compelled to release him. I have also caused the arrest and conviction of two white men for selling liquor to Indians on this reservation.

There is considerable drunkenness existing among these Indians, which, with other crimes committed by them, could easily be suppressed, if a law was enacted giving the United States courts jurisdiction over them in all criminal matters.

The statistical report is herewith submitted. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

N. A. CONOYER,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER or INDIAN AFFAIRS.

WARM SPRINGS AGENCY, OREGON,

September 6, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report of this agency for the year ending August 31, 1876.

The year has not been notable in any particular points except the unusual mortality which has prevailed. Deaths, both by violence (comprising accidents, suicides, and murder) and from disease, have been very frequent, and the effect Is seen in the decrease in their numbers, as is indicated by the accompanying figures obtained from the head-men of the different tribes, and which may be regarded as nearly correct. However, no enumeration has been made since three years ago, and a portion of the difference may be due to the two preceding years. The numbering of the Warm Spring Indians is incomplete, and will probably be increased on a more careful count.

As intimated in my last report, the Warm Spring bands have made a better showing in their farming improvements and productions than ever before, having been better supplied •with the necessary implements to work with, and beginning to realize more fully the ne- cessity of some more reliable means of future subsistence than their former habits would provide.

The school attendance has been fully up to the previous years, and the progress made has also been equal, and in some branches I think I can notice unusual improvement. As no provision could be made for boarding scholars, only those who are in the immediate neighbor- hood of the agency buildings can attend, and while the younger children are growing up and coming in from time to time, yet the older ones are dropping out about as fast, and the number enrolled is thus kept near a constant figure. No funds for carrying on the work of education have been derived from any other source than the Government, the item of sala- ries being less than $1,000, and other expenses, for books, &c., about $20. I trust, how- ever, that the obstacles that have prevented means from being furnished from other sources will soon be removed, and that more efficient agencies may be brought to bear in the future than it has been possible to provide, with the means available under their treaty stipula- tions with the Government.

The number of cases reported as treated by the physician is about the same as usual. The precise number of individuals cannot be given, as many are treated more than once, and the record shows only cases and not individuals. There are but few — probably not one -tenth — who do not during the year apply for treatment either for themselves or fami- lies. There having been an unusual amount of sickness, they seemed for a time to be in- clined to relapse into their former superstition and faith in their own medicine-men, as indi-

REPORTS OF AGLNT3 IX OREGON. 127

cated by the number of deaths occurring that were not recorded in the physician's reports, (which only include the cases coming under his treatment,) and which will make the ac- tual number fully twice as large as that given by those reports.

There still being no organized missionary operations carried on here other than the usual teachings of the agent and employes, the tangible results in the way ofi ncrease of church- membership and greater interest in religious matters are not apparent. Yet if we can main- tain what has been accomplished until temporary obstacles and discouraging circum- stances are removed, and be ready for pushing ahead again whenever a tide of favoring in- fluences sets in, the labors of the year will by no means be lost.

The offenses against good morals, petty crimes, drunkenness, &c., have been of about the usual frequency, there being a certain number who are liable to fall into them, except, perhaps, in the item of drunkenness, of which, owing, probably, to the fact of two of their number coming to violent deaths attributable, directly or indirectly, to whisky-drinking, there have been fewer cases than ever before. Their relations with the white settlers are still on their ordinary friendly footing, and their services are even more than ever in demand.

Agricultural operations have been in excess of any previous year. The yield of wheat, which is the staple, has been a fair average. Gardens also promise well, and the supply of food from these sources, although not so abundant as I have known it, is ample for their wants.

Most of the Indians are fairly supplied with horses. Some have bands ranging from one to three hundred. Some are trying to improve their stock, but the majority seem con- tent with the kind they have. Their country is well adapted to stock-raising; in fact, is of but little value for anything else. And as they seem to realize the fact that it is more profitable to consider the character of their stock than to acquire great numbers, horse- raising may be made a most profitable pursuit tor them. An effort was once made to supply them all with cattle, but the majority had not come to understand their value, and others soon obtained possession of what had been given them, and reaped the profits. A few, however, retained what they had, and added as they were able to obtain, and have found it a prime source of subsistence and profit.

The production of pelts, &c., is confined mainly to deerskins, with some coyote and an occasional beaver, otter, or mink skin ; there being no post-trader here, the Indians dispose of them wherever it may be most convenient or profitable, so that the actual amount realized cannot well be ascertained ; they use a great many deerskins for gloves, moccasins, and in other ways, and probably do not sell more than half of the number taken, yet they evi- dently depend on the receipts from this source more than any other single item for the means to purchase clothing, groceries, &c.,and the amount of receipts given may be very much understated. The deerskins average about 50 cents gold each, undressed, the condition in which the larger portion are sold, and perhaps $1.25 dressed.

The general situation may be stated as follows : They are a people who ten years ago were as uncivilized as any Indians could be ; without industry, without any apparent desire for or effort to obtain any better condition ; without morals and without religion, and super- stitious to the last degree ; living in lodges and tents, and eking out a precarious existence on fish, game, and their own aboiiginal foods. Now, they are lifting their heads and ask- ing to be called men ; working in civilized pursuits with commendable industry, and making themselves comfortable homes ; striving for independence and competency ; learning that virtue, honesty, and temperance are honorable to all ; at least one-half signifying their accept- ance of the Christian religion, and a goodly number showing themselves determined to main- tain its ordinances and be guided by its precepts, and showing by their actions that they desire to be free from their besetting superstitions ; dwelling in comfortable houses and living largely on the fruits of their own hands' labor. These results show conclusively what may be accomplished by proper management and encouragement. The aid they receive from the Government, consisting of a small annuity and the services of several employe's, is of great assistance to them by furnishing them the appliances with which to labor, instruct- ing their children and caring for the sick, and will be necessary for some time to come ; yet it fails to do the most important thing, which at the same time would be the least expensive, and that is to give them a title to a homestead for each man, so guarded that they could not be dispossessed without receiving in return something that would be of equal permanent value and benefit. I have so often urged this subject, both in general and special commu- nications, without receiving any reply or intimation that action had been or would be taken, that I have hesitated to advert to it again, but its importance is such that I cannot pass it by in silence.

As before intimated, the reservation consists mostly of grazing lands, but by judicious dis- tribution there is plenty for all, of good tillable land. Deeming it useless to expect any action by the present Congress, calculated to increase the efficiency of the Indian service as regards their education and advancement, I omit any suggestions. I am, sir, very respectfullv, your obedient servant,

JOHN SMITH,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

128 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN UTAH.

UINTAH VALLEY AGENCY, UTAH,

September 1, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as my sixth annual report of affairs per taining to the agency under my charge, from the date of my last, August 31, 1876 :

It is gratifying to me to be able to state, as I doubt not it will be to the Department to learn, that the year covered by this report has been, all things considered, the most pleasant and prosperous one since my connection with this agency. Though the statistics may not show as gratifying results in the farming operations and in some other respects as last year's did, yet the discrepancy must be attributed mainly to causes over which neither myself nor the Indians under my charge had control.

The unfortunate affair referred to in my last of the accidental shooting of Charles Beutley, my blacksmith, by an Indian on the 8th of September, not only created considerable alarm for his safety, but also involved considerable extra expense and deprived the agency of his services for nearly three months, at the season when his services were most valuable to it.

PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES.

Having previously advertised for a part of my supplies and freighting, I left the agency on the 14th September, in order to be ready to open the bids for beef-cattle, flour, sugar, coffee, and freighting on the 20th. The bids were opened in the presence of Daniel Cram, esq., at that time special detective of the Department, and several others, besides the bidders. The bids on the several articles were considered reasonable, those for beef-cattle and freight- ing remarkably low, lower, indeed, than I can reasonably hope to obtain in future, as the competition was greater [than on any of the others. There was none on sugar and coffee, but the price was a shade below the market. The beef-cattle were considered a remarkably advantageous purchase, both as to quality and quantity, for the price paid, and never since my connection with the agency have the Indians or myself been so well satisfied, while the aggregate cost has not been much over half the cost of some former years. I fully expected to have had a considerable surplus of cattle, but the unusually severe and long winter caused the death of some, and much shrinkage in all carried through the winter. For about four months the entire valley was covered with snow, and our cattle had to subsist by browsing along the streams.

It is a notorious fact, too, that cattle do not do so well the first winter on a new range ; hence the propriety and necessity for the purchase of a herd which would supply all the de- mands of the agency. I have frequently suggested, and still believe, that $10,000 judiciously expended for this purpose would be wise and economical. From such a herd a full supply of work-oxen, for which there is a growing demand among our Indians, could be procured, as well as a full annual supply of beef. I would therefore commend this matter to the atten- tion of the Department, and urge it, if possible, to. procure a supplementary appropriation for this purpose during the winter session of the present Congress. If this agency is to be continued, I am satisfied that no more economical means can be employed to bring it to a self-sustaining condition, and this is the great object to be desired by all friends of economy in the Indian service. This might not be the best for some agencies, but I am clear in thinking, and all who know the condition of our Indians and agency agree with me, that it is for the best interest, of ours. All our goods procured by purchase arrived on or before the 5th of November, in good condition. * * After receiving my goods and supplies at the agency I left for Salt Lake City, to close my business preparatory to the closing in of winter. I left the agency on the 7th, arriving on the 12th, and leaving on the 18th Novem- ber. I came alone and drove my own team, having no one to spare at the agency ; but such a trip I sincerely hope I may never again be under the necessity of undertaking. It commenced storming on my way in, and never stopped until I had nearly arrived at the agency on the 28th. Had it not been that a drove of cattle was just before me on my return, I "should not have gotten my team and wagon through.

ISSUE OF ANNUITY-GOODS.

Immediately after -my arrival at the agency, I commenced making arrangements for the general issue of annuity-goods. Though all the Indians were not present, the greater num- ber were, and were anxious to receive their supplies. The issue was made on the 2d of December. I had no regular interpreter, but by the assistance of one of my employe's who could talk and understand Indian, and some of the Indians who could speak and understand English pretty well, everything was fully explained and the issue passed off quite satisfac- torily to myself and the Indians. There were by our count 350 Indians present, and I never witnessed so much general good humor and satisfaction at any former issue. We issued not merely to the heads of families, but to every member of the tribe present, and tried to observe the directions of the Department as far as possible by giving to each accord- ing to their deserts as indicated by their industrial habits. But it is, as every Indian agent knows, a very difficult matter to observe the instructions in this matter fully. The best we can do, at least in our situation, is to approximate as nearly as we can a compliance with the spirit of them.

REPORT OF AGENT IN UTAH. 129

We frequently have, and had at our last issue, Colorado Utes, and also a few Shoshones. They always claim an interest in our issues, and our Indians insist that they are their friends, some of them their relatives, and that they must participate equally with themselves, saying that they share with them when at their agencies.

We cannot but commend their hospitality and generosity, though we cannot their prudence, and yield, generally, to their wishes. This is an evil, but an efficient remedy cannot at once be applied. The one that has suggested itself to my mind, and which I have tried to bring about with the White River agency, but failed, is for the agents in the district of country where Indians visit each other to establish the same day for the general issue.

SURVEY OF RESERVATION.

An appropriation having been made for the survey of our reservation, and a contract hav- ing been made by the Department with C. L. Du Bois, esq., he, with his party, arrived at the agency in the latter part of August, and commenced operations. At first the Indians seemed to be mistrustful of the object of this survey, fearing that it was tor the benefit of white men. I assured them, as instructed by the Department, that it was for their exclusive benefit, and also to prevent the intrusion of white men upon their land. They soon became satisfied that it was all right and were rather pleased with the matter, and showed their good will toward the party by supplying it with some of their farm products.

The survey, so far as the location of their farms is concerned, will be of no immediate ad- vantage, but the running of the boundary-line on the east and south between that portion of the reserve and growing white settlements, will prevent any difficulty from encroachments in that direction.

RUMORS, SIOUX WAR, ETC.

In April of the present year a report was brought to the agency by some white men from Salt Lake City that Congress had thrown the Uintah Valley reservation open to white set- tlers, and that our Indians were to be removed and located witti other Indians at some other agency, and the Indian Bureau put in charge of the War Department. We all for a time believed these reports. Any one can imagine the utter astonishment of both Indians and whites, especially as these reports followed so quickly after the assurances given in the matter of the survey. The Indians seemed for a time almost stupefied, and old men who had maintained an unshaken confidence in Washington seemed to doubt whether they had a Great Father or not. One, a good Indian, notwithstanding some reckless white men say that all such are dead, actually shed tears. I tried to re-assure them, fearing the effect upon their general conduct, and especially on their farming operations. I told them I would go to Salt Lake and find out all about it. I partially succeeded, though I must say I felt degraded before my Indians, and that the Government, if these reports were true, was justly- chargeable with bad fai.th toward its dependent wards. I could not have much blamed them had they become perfectly reckless. They soon recovered from their astonishment, and continued their farming operations which they had commenced. This matter aroused all my latent sympathy for a weak and dependent class. I was not aware till then that I had such a deep interest in the future welfare of those over whom I have so long had control.

About the close of June last I received a telegram, which I forwarded to the Department, from an officer in General Crook's command, desiring me to send as many of my In- dians as I could to operate against the Sioux. I presented the matter to my Indians, and explained it as well as I could, and recommended as many as could to go, telling them at the same time I had no authority, and did not desire to compel them to go, having had no advices from the Department relative to the matter. Between twenty and thirty left for Fort Brjdger as soon as possible, ostensibly for the purpose desired. Some were out in that direction, and I am yet unable to tell how many of them actually went to the war, nor will be able to know till all or most of them return. Most of those that went were our best farmers ; and though they left their families to care for their crops, and others promised to help them, still their leaving at that time was a marplot in our farming operations.

FARMING OPERATIONS.

As may be inferred from what has been said, the results of Indian farming have not been as satisfactory as we had hoped they would be, nor as we had reason to believe they would be from the spirit and interest manifested at the commencement of the season. Many of them changed the location of their farms, and opened new ones from 6 to 8 miles farther south, where it is warmer and the land generally better. They deserve much credit for the amount of new land cleared and broken tor the first time, and surrounded with rude Indian fences.

Most of their crop on the new land looks well, some of it very well, but from the causes hereinbefore enumerated, together with the fact that we did not have a sufficient number of 9 IND

130 REPORT OF AGENT IN UTAH.

/

oxen, and that those we had were weak, and also from the fact that much of their land had to be broken for the first time, requiring1 two or three yoke to each plow, they could not accom- plish so much as they desired. It must be borne in mind that Indians are peculiar, or some- what like children, all desiring to do the same tiling about the same time, and have not yet learned the advantage of associated labor or exchange of work, though some of them are improving in this regard. Hence a greater number of teams and implements are required than would be to accomplish the lame results by white labor. Besides, some of them often become discouraged or dissatisfied for a time ; hence the importance of having a full supply of teams and other facilities. There is certainly a growing interest in agricultural matters which should be encouraged in every way possible. When I was appointed for a second term I had great hopes that before its expiration I should be able, to place them very nearly if not quite in a self-sustaining condition. I still believe it could have been done with a liberal, judicious outlay; but I must confess, owing to the causes hereinbefore alluded to, and the want of the requisite means, I am feeling a little discouraged. The position I hold is no sinecure, as any one acquainted with my situation and my labors knows, and I have lit- tle desire to hold it unless I can accomplish something for the permanent benefit of my charge.

For the estimated amount of farm products, stock, &c., I refer you to the statistical re- port herewith, and am pleased to be able to assure the Department that for last year they proved to be as accurate as the nature of the case admits. I trust and believe that my present estimates will prove equally correct. Last year the estimate for wheat was 1,200 bushels. My employes told me they thrashed and measured from the machine 950 bushels, and there were several who would not wait till the machine could thrash theirs, but did it in their usual manner, and theirs, compared with the others, was believed to be fully 250 bushels. We have no means of accurately determining the amount of other products, as they have exclusive control of them.

One thing will be observed, that all their products, whatever they may be, are the results of their own labor. My employes do nothing but instruct them and keep their teams and implements in order, save in the matter of cutting and thrashing their grain and cutting their hay. As an evidence of their interest, progress, and independence, some eight or ten of them have secured teams of their own. They have seven or eight yoke of oxen ; also a few teams of horses, which they employ in various ways. One has traded for a wagon and harness ; another for a good set of double harness. Others are desirous of procuring these articles of their own, in the accomplishment of which I try to aid them in every practicable way.

CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS.

Several things above alluded to unmistakably point in this direction, and should be given under this head. I have always been guarded in speaking on these subjects, lest I might give a too highly colored picture. As all know, Indian civilization under the most favora- ble circumstances is slow, the growth of years ot patient culture, and must be determined by a comparison of distant periods rather than by any sudden exhibition of change at a given time or short period. No one at all acquainted with our Indians when I took charge ot them in 1871, who knows their present condition and character, can fail to notice the change for the better; indeed it has often been the subject of remark by persons visiting this agency, who had some knowledge of their former condition and character. The change has been more marked within the last three years than formerly. Their uniform good temper, their genera Ideportment and disposition to be controlled, their adoption more and more of citizens, dress, their desire to have houses instead of lodges, and their efforts to prepare them for themselves, the disposition of some of them to attend our religious services on the Sabbath, and to conduct themselves with more becoming respect while doing so and visiting our fami- lies, all exhibit their progress in a more decided manner during the last than during any former year. I cannot doubt but that the good character of my employes, and the daily asso- ciation more or less with our families, have contributed largely to the results indicated. OUT school also, without doubt, while in operation had a very salutary influence.

SCHOOL.

The school was in operation till the 1st of April, but for nearly three months very few In- dian children were able to attend. We had no way of boarding and lodging the pupils ; the distance from their lodges to the agency was too great, and the snow too deep, for the chil- dren to travel back and forth during the winter. Under these circumstances I did not think the results justified the expense. I discharged the teacher and closed the school. Indeed I should not have started it had I not supposed there would be funds available to provide board and lodging for the pupils.

I do not consider our school a failure or entirely barren of good results, or that the means employed were wasted. There is a marked difference between those boys who attended and those who did not. Some of them learned to spell and read, write, sing, draw or copy maps,

REPORT OF AGENT IN UTAH. 131

and also made a little progress in figures. They acquired a self-respect and propriety of deportment which they would not otherwise have had, and a moral training, the value of which cannot be reckoned in dollars and cents.

EMPLOYES, BUILDINGS, &C.

I have at present only three employes. Two of them, my head-farmer and carpenter, have their families with them ; the other is a young single man. All are of moral and religious character, and, as before stated, I cannot doubt but their high character has been an efficient means of civilization. No profanity or vulgarity is allowed on the agency even among visitors.

In order to accomplish anything in the way of improvements it will be necessary to have at least three more employes, a blacksmith, one herder, and another laborer As we are directed to issue to the Indians once a week, it consumes much of the time of my employe's, as I think unnecessarily, as when we issued every two weeks the Indians were just as well satisfied, and much time in getting up cattle and issuing beef and other supplies saved. I would recommend a change in the law so as to give agents situated as I am, discretionary power in the matter.

The buildings consist of one large frame, containing grist, saw, and shingle mills, one part also occupied as carpenters's shop, with abundance of room for storing grain ; one double frame-house, two stories, with shed-rooms on one side, which accommodates two families ; and a frame school-building two-stories, with wing 18 by 14 feet, in which the agent with his family resides, and also occupies upper and lower rooms partitioned off from the main building. These dwellings are comparatively comfortable though not plastered or ceiled. We have also one carpenter-shop, one blacksmith-shop and one slaughter-house with good corral joining. These were old log-buildings removed and fitted up for the pur- poses with rafters and sheeting, but not yet shingled, which I mean to have done this fall or winter. We have in addition one large log-stable with dirt roof, one commissary-building with dirt roof, and one store, or trader's house, partly board and partly log, with dirt roof. These latter buildings will all have to be fitted up with board or shingle roofs, as in late years so much rain falls during a portion of the year that a dirt roof is not sufficient protec- tion. With the completion of those in process of repair, change of the dirt roofs, and another wing added to the school-building for boarding and lodging purposes, should the school be revived, which I trust for the interests of our Indians will be done, the buildings will be suf- ficient for ordinary use.

GOVERNMENT FARM.

We have not attempted to farm much, independent of the Indian farm. We have discov- ered that it is not profitable to raise anything except oats for feed, potatoes, and a few vegetables adapted to the climate. Irrigating is an expensive process in farming, especially with Government employes.

I will, in conclusion, venture to make some suggestions relative to the gratuitous distri- bution of annuity and other goods. As I have remarked in other communications to the Department, I am more and more impressed with the idea that the plan of distribut- ing annuity and other goods gratuitously is a vicious one fraught with much evil, tending to enervate and degrade the recipient, is a premium on idleness and laziness, and tends to defeat the great object which should be kept constantly in view in the treatment of all Indians, viz, to cultivate in them industrious habits, self-respect and self-reliance.

The plan I would suggest, as a substitute for the present one, is, to have all their goods and supplies placed in a store at the agency ; a competent and reliable clerk or store-keeper placed in charge, selling the goods at prime cost, and take in exchange for said goods all the products of the farm and chase. I would charge them with all work done for them in the shops also, the clerk keeping an account of the goods sold or work done, with the price charged, and the amount and kind of goods or even labor, with the value of the same. I am aware that the above is a crude sketch of the plan, that it is open to many objections, and would require much patience, labor, ability and fidelity to carry it out ; but if some- thing of the kind were introduced among partially civilized Indians I am strongly inclined to believe good results would follow. The object would not be to make or even save money on behalf of the Government, but to remedy the evils that are believed to flow from the present system.

Respectfully submitted, by your obedient servant,

J. J. CRITCHLOW,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

132 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

COLVILLE INDIAN AGENCY,

Fort Colville, Washington Territory, August 26, 1876.

SIR: I have the honor to submit my fourth annual report of the condition of the Indian service under my charge.

The 3, 117 Indians belonging to this agency have no treaty with the United States, and consequently have not been favored to the same extent as their more fortunate neighbors. It is true a reservation was set apart for them to the north and west of the Columbia River by executive order of July 6, 1872 ; but they were not consulted in regard to it, and as it contained but little arable land, and did not include their fisheries and root-grounds, (upon which they chiefly rely for support,) they refused to recognize it, and continue to live in their old homes, more particularly referred to in my annual report for last year.

But little has been done to give permanency to this agency beyond the appointment of an agent, and a small force of employes, consisting of a farmer, interpreter, and two teachers, and the temporary services of the army surgeon at Fort Colville.

No money has been appropriated by Congress for the erection of agency-buildings of any description, and the employes of the Govt rnment have been compelled to provide quarters at their own expense, or accept such as could be spared by the commanding officer at Fort Col- ville, subject to the inconvenience of removal. It is scarcely necessary to add that the want of buildings has greatly impaired the efficiency of the agency and is extremely embar- rassing to the agent. I have frequently called the attention of the Department to this matter, but as yet no action has been taken. Where nearly all the appliances usually found at well- regulated agencies are unprovided, it is hardly fair to anticipate the same desirable result.

The little that has been done for these Indians, however, has not been without its good effect. From hostile, jealous and demoralized tribes, they are fast becoming a sober, indus- trious, and thrifty people. That they are making steady progress in civilization is shown by the continued friendly relations they maintain with the whites and surrounding tribes ; also in the almost universal adoption of citizen-dress, in the increasing number of their dwelling- houses and farms, the greater number of acres brought yearly under cultivation, and in the general desire they manifest to subsist themselves by the pursuits of civilized life. Their pres- ent crops will be greatly in excess of those of any previous year, and it is estimated that their wheat-crop will fall but little short of 6,000 bushels. They will probably get 2,000 bushels more for labor in helping the farmers to put in and secure their crops. The porta- ble grist-mill run under the temporary agreement with Messrs. Fenwick & Monaghau has proven highly beneficial to the Indians, but its advantages would be greatly enhanced if the Government owned the mill-building and employed its own miller.

The boarding-school in charge of the Sisters of Charity has been continued regularly dur- ing the year with its full complement of scholars, whose progress in their studies has been all that could have been expected. Besides their regular studies the boys are taught manual labor, and the more skillful are instructed in blacksmithing and carpenters' work by the lay- brothers at the Catholic mission. The girls are instructed iu house- work, and to cut and make their own clothes, and clothing for the boys. They knit ooe hundred and forty pairs of socks last winter, besides doing a considerable amount of fancy needle-work. The Indians seem fully to appreciate the advantages of the school ; they perceive the good effect it has not only on the children in regular attendance, but also its influence on the other members of the family, and they willingly contribute to its support to the extent of their means. Nothing would discourage them so much as to have the Government withdraw its support and the school abandoned.

Since the resignation of Dr. J. B. Hamilton in November last, this agency has been with- out a physician, and were it not that the Sisters of Charity are very successful in the treat- ment of ordinary complaints, the sick and suffering would have fared badly. There is great need of a resident physician ; the Indians complain (and, I think, with some justice) that we have been telling them for years to abandon their own " medicine-men " and apply when sick to the doctor at the agency. Now that they are willing to do as we advise them, they are told there is no doctor.

The zealous missionaries continue to labor among these Indians with success in inducing them to embrace a Christian life. Two thousand of them were lately in attendance at a re- ligious festival, some of them coming from a great distance.

Inasmuch as the reservation set apart for these Indians is unsatisfactory to them, and as the continual dread iu which they live of having to abandon their homes greatly retards their advancement in civilized life, I would recommend that they be permitted to remain where they are, so long as they continue peaceable, as the country they occupy offers but few in- ducements for white settlement. It is evident that they will never remove to the reservation voluntarily, and an attempt to force them would result in an expensive and disastrous war. If they are allowed to remain where they are, I would further recommend that the criminal laws of the United States and Territory in which they reside be extended over them, as their tribal government is entirely ineffectual for the protection of the innocent or punishment of the guilty. I am of the opinion that a strict enforcement of the criminal laws would prove highly beneficial to the Indians and prepare them for citizenship as readily as any other

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 133

It is to be regretted that the honorable Indian inspectors have not found it convenient to visit this agency. Their presence has been greatly desired by both agent and Indians, and would, it is believed, have resulted in much good to the service. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN A. SIMMS,

United Stales Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

NEAH BAY INDIAN RESERVATION,

Washington Territory, August 17, 1876.

SIR : My monthly reports have been made so full in details that little remains to be said that will not be a repetition of what has been before written. There has been no marked change in the condition, habits, or disposition of theMakah Indians during the year. They are a people quite uniform in habit. They dwell in rude camps upon the sea-beach fronting the straits of Fuca and the Pacific Ocean'proximate to Cape Flattery. The dug-out canoe is their only vehicle and the waters of the straits and ocean their only highway. The halibut and salmon are the chief staples of their subsistence, of which they can always obtain an abundance. Oil procured from whale, shark, and dog-fish, together with the fur of the seal, constitute their chief stock in trade, and enable them to carry on a profitable com- merce. If they had the industry and forecast of any civilized community they could easily economize the opportunities that nature has provided them so as to become in a short time a well-to-do, thriving, prosperous people.

A good many of the women manufacture table-mats, which are quite artistic, out of sea-grass; also baskets of the same material, which are quite salable among white people, out of which they derive a good deal of pocket-money. Coarse mats of large size are also made from the inner bark of the cedar-tree, useful for lining houses, covering floors, and many other uses. These are sold cheap, but give addition to their revenues. But with all of their facilities for obtaining money and supplies, they remain as if by choice a squalid, degraded, comfortless race, living in hovels unfit for brutes, devoid of light and filled with smoke. Their food, though prepared of material which those who enjoy lux- ury might envy, is, nevertheless, so prepared as to render it loathsome. To the comforts of life, as we estimate comfort, they are strangers, not by reason of any necessity in their pecuniary circumstances, but by reason of their savage nature, which sinks them in lazi- ness and vice, and stands as a bulwark against all civilizing and reformatory influences.

The philanthropist who seeks to mitigate their woes will find all efforts unavailing ex- cept he first devise some means of modifying that nature and reconstructing the moral complexion of their character. Neither money nor any of the things that money can buy will render them less depraved or less squalid than they are. Their deep want, that which lies below and is the cause of all their misery, can be answered by no material gifts, how- ever abundantly bestowed. To have understood this lesson and reduced it to practice in the outset would have been well both for the Indian tribes and the American people. For all our costly experience in the way of presents, annuities, and largesses have proved beyond all doubt that neither money nor blankets nor' property of any kind given to a savage makes him any the less a savage ; but, on the contrary tends to in- tensify those obnoxious traits in his character which distinguish him as a savage. The problem to be solved, then, in Indian affairs is, how to reconstruct Indian char- acter— how to inspire self-respect, self-reliance, forecast, integrity, all the virtues of that better type of humanity which we call civilization. We all know that if this problem were practically solved in the history of any savage tribe everything re- volting in their outside manner of life would slough off. More than half the world are ready to say that in the case of American Indians the solution of this problem is impossible. They say that the Indian is a hopeless subject, a scab on the body-politic, and the sooner wiped out the better. They scout at every appliance of civilization, of education, and relig- ion, and clamor for a standing army to be placed over them to repress, but with no hope of abating, their savage propensities. To assume the impossibility of reformation is not only a libel upon Christianity itself, but contradicts the facts of history ; for there are some Indians who are civilized and truly christianized. And yet reformers who expect sudden and radical improvement from Utopian schemes of any sort are sure of disappointment. The work of civilizing a savage race is the work of not a day or of a year, but of generations. The rem- edy of the evil to be removed is no single appliance of any special mode of treatment, but the life- long endeavor of wise, faithful, conscientious men who undertake the service in no selfish but a self-sacrificing spirit, and who have patience to labor and wait, with faith in a harvest of results in the character and destiny of the children and the children's children of the present generation. [ have no expectation that the adult Indians of the Makah tribe will ever be got out of the old ruts. They are fishermen ; I do not expect they will ever be any- thing else. With the poor chance that nature has given them for agriculture, and theenvi-

134 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

able chance they have as fishermen, it would be unwise to attempt to divert them from their inherited pursuit. In this there is nothing derogatory, and civilizing measures that tend to encourage them in the pursuit will be far more successful than any attempt to prescribe for them other and less congenial industries. There is nothing in their employment that neces- sitates the squalor in which they live or hinders moral reformation. The first disciples of Christianity were fishermen, and the only thing that these Indians need to make them a happy and a useful people is the inTusion of the moral spirit that distinguished them into their character and life. This is the Herculean task that skeptics pronounce impossible ; but with Him who rules the hearts of men all things are possible. Fidelity in the use of means is our duty ; results are with God, whose promises are all on the side of the better things for which we labor and pray.

While I have no evidence of radical moral information in the character of these people, there is a tendency, with some of them, to an improved style of living, seen in the recon- struction of their houses, modeling them after the dwellings of white men, making in them fire-places and chimneys, lighting them with windows, laying floors, shingling the roofs, purchasing cooking-stoves and other furniture, and, what is specially hopeful, consenting cheerfully to the education of their children.

This latter result, which is not yet general throughout the tribe, is becoming more general as our educational work progresses, and as they all come to understand our real design in separating their children from the camps and holding them exclusively under the control of the school. This is the leading feature of my policy, to overcome the prejudices of the adults concerning the school, and as fast as the children become of school-age to win them into my family, and confer upon them all the best domestic training of which I am capable, with the help that the means at my disposal enable me to command. However little of encourage- ment there may be in attempts to enlighten the minds and reform the life of the adults, I feel assured that if sustained in the educational work already begun, and if enabled to expand it until all the children are brought under its influence, it will be entirely safe to guarantee a radical improvement in the condition of the next generation. The children may become fish- ermen, and obtain their subsistence as do their fathers, from the sea. But settling back into the business habits of their fathers, out of which a liberal revenue can be honorably derived, does not imply a relapse from the comforts of a civilized home into the squalid camps in which they were born, nor the ignoring in their practical life of the moral and Christian principles which form the main burden of their education. Civilization is as compatible with the life of a fisherman as that of a farmer. Good homes, with pleasant surroundings, are as attainable in the one calling as the other.

Still, it is especially desirable that some form of industry be connected with the school that will afford profitable employment for boys, and on which they can depend for a livelihood in after life. I have already in a recent letter recommended the manufacture of shoes and boots. and suggested a method by which that business could be economically introduced ; and I would here further suggest the manufacture of barrels in connection with the carpenter-shop,. a trade easily learned, and when once introduced would be a valuable auxiliary to the fish- ing business, and a necessary step to the introduction of Neah Bay fish into the commerce of the country, a thing which has not as yet been attempted by the Indians.

Without the expense of dikes, (for which no means has ever been appropriated, though repeatedly recommended and urged.; farming cannot be carried on to profit on this reserva- tion. By reason of the natural sterility of the upland but few acres have ever been culti- vated, and they are made productive only by expensive manuring. A large garden, in which the school-boys find employment, yields largely of the esculent roots. This, with some 20 acres of meadow, comprehends the whole of our agriculture. The tide-marshes in the valleys of the Suez and Waatch Rivers afford abundant pasturage, and with moderate expense in diking would make excellent farms for cultivation. As they are, they supply us with ex- cellent beef, and a few of the Indians are getting small herds of cattle in their own right, which, with proper attention, may be made to grow into a profitable business.

The directions given in the circular which calls for this report justify me in suggesting as a subject of "additional legislation" a more liberal appropriation for the maintenance of the school in this agency. The treaty provides for the support of a school, but prescribes no specific sum of money to be applied to this object. Hitherto the amount appropriated has been $2,500 per annum. I respectfully submit that this amount is inadequate to the main- tenance of the school upon the plan now inaugurated. By the reconstruction of some of the buildings occupied by it, and by the enlargement of others, we are now prepared to receive all in the tribe of school age, and there are not less than 100 of them. Some of the parents are unwilling to surrender their children, but the opposition is gradually giving way, and if the necessary means were provided, I feel confident that the school would gradually increase until it would include all of suitable age. This is the object at which I have steadily aimed, and for the attainment of which I was in the outset encouraged to expect all needful support. For the first of the two years since the school was organized, the fund for its maintenance was supplemented from the appropriation for incidental expenses. For the last year the ap- propriation under the latter head has been reduced $1,650, with no increase of the school- fund, while the number of pupils and the corresponding cost of maintenance have increased fully 25 per cent. This state of facts has not only imposed upon me a pecuniary burden, but

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 135

has prevented the carrying out of the plan of the work. After pleading: with the Indians from day to day for a year to give me their children, I have been forced to refuse them when offered, and make the humiliating confession that I could not feed and clothe them. In all this the Indians become confirmed in their often-expressed distrust of the sincerity of the Government, and emboldened to pronounce the service a failure. They cannot understand, and I certainly cannot explain to them, why this agency should be allowed $1,650 less for in- cidental expenses the last fiscal year than the year preceding, when the same amount was appropriated each of the two years, viz, $25,000 for the seven agencies of Washington Ter- ritory.

All I can do in the premises is to pray for the means required by this particular branch o- the service ; it is not enough, as I understand it, in appropriating money for a school, merely to fulfill the letter of a treaty ; this could be done at trifling expense. A person could be hired for a nominal sum to accept the office of teacher, open a room in the midst of the lodges, and offer instruction to the whole tribe ; but if instruction were the only thing offered, few if any would accept it ; the school would be a failure, and the office of teacher a sinecure. And yet this is an index to the manner and spirit in which treaty re- quirements have often been fulfilled in the past history of the Indian service. It is easy to get around this duty, and so envelop a stupendous fraud within the folds of red tape as to exonerate all the parties of the first part, and charge the failure all over to the stupidity and ingratitude of the party of the second part. As I understand my accountability, I can- not stop short of the actual education of the children of the tribe, and this implies more than the simple offer of instruction ; it implies the gathering together of the children out of all their camps, in spite of the unreasoning clamor of their unreasoning parents, the cleansing, clothing, feeding, and training of them in the art of living as civilized people live. Nor is this duty done when twenty or thirty out of one hundred children, more or less, are so gathered for instruction. The objects of the treaty are not fulfilled when a limited amount of money is exhausted in the service,, but only when the children of the tribe, as a whole, are prepared by actual, bona-fide culture for citizenship in civilized society. To so limit the means required as to necessarily restrict the benefit to a chosen few, while the many are left to perpetuate the odium, the dangers, and the difficulties incident to the existence of a barbarous element in our midst, comports neither with the dictates of economy or of justice. Either the work we have undertaken is practicable or else it is impracticable ; if practicable, if by means of the education of the young the race can be reclaimed, that work should be done, and well done ; if we say there is no use in doing the work thoroughly, that in spite of all our toil and sacrifice the Indian will remain an Indian still, then certainly we are guilty of supreme folly by attempts ; there is no virtue in maintaining at public expense a service in the compensating results of which we have no faith. It is manifestly the duty of the Gov- ernment to sustain the service or else to abandon it — to do the work effectively or not do it at all; and to do it effectively, more means must be provided for the maintenance of the school.

In connection with the subject of education, and as auxiliary to it, I respectfully recom- mend that two or three boys now most advanced in the school be removed to some school ot suitable character in the East, with reference to a more perfect acquisition of the English language, and thorough preparation to be teachers among their own people in after years. The treaty will soon expire by limitation, and it is specially desirable that there be a few thoroughly-educated men in the tribe fitted in acquirements and character to be guides and instructors. With the best culture possible to give them here they will adhere practically in common parlance to their vernacular tongue, and will not adopt the English in conver- sation, however well they understand it when spoken uy others. And we all know how readily the ideas of a language accompany its words to the understanding. The ideas of our domestic social business and religious life are now at best but poorly conveyed to the understanding of the Indians. We want native interpreters, educated in the thought, the philosophy, and the morals of civilization, who can convey perfectly the ideas of our language to the-uative mind in the native language. I have now in my family a dozen boys, any two or three of whom would, I think, prove worthy of a better opportunity, and would acquit themselves in a mauner to indicate the manhood of the Indian, and the possibility of his becoming an instrument of usefulness. I earnestly commend the subject to the considera- tion of the Department and bespeak its action in behalf of those boys.

The discrepancy between the population reported last year and that given this year is not all accounted for by the mortality reported. Our Indians are quite extensively intermarried with those on Vancouver's Island, and they are in the habit of living alternately on the different sides of the straits. When found residing with our people they are counted with them in the census. When away they are not numbered. Dr. Bryant, who has just completed the census, supposes the falling off to be due to absentees who were numbered last year.

All which is respectfully submitted.

C. A. HUNTINGTON,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

OFFICE UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENT FOR THE PUYALLUP, NlSQUALLY, AND OTHER INDIAN TRIBES,

Olympia, Washington Territory, September 20, 1^76.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following- as my first annual report as United States Indian agent for the six Indian reservations and the different tribes and bands belonging to this agency.

I took charge of this agency on the 18th of October last, too late to make an annual re- port for that year.

RESERVATIONS SURVEYED INTO FORTY- ACRE LOTS.

While holding the office of superintendent of Indian affairs for this Territory, I promised the survey into 40-acre lots of all the reservations of this agency and those of most of the other agencies in this Territory, for the purpose of having the Indians take and own sepa- rate homes, which I consider to be the most necessary and important step that can be taken for the breaking up of tribal relations and for civilizing adult Indians. (See report Com- missioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, pp. 329 and 330.) And I believe the failure in civil- izing the Indians within the limits of our Government has arisen mainly from our having treated them as quasi-independent nations, and from our having herded them on reserva- tions in enforced communism, like cattle in fenced pastures, without any separate or indi- vidual property in the soil, and without any laws for their internal government.

In accordance with the foregoing convictions I have used every effort in my power, since obtaining my present office, to induce the Indians under my charge to take and improve individual and family homestead claims on their respective reservations of from 40 or less to 160 acres, according to the number in the family, the ability of the claimant to improve, &c. I have found it very easy to induce them to take claims, but have found much diffi- culty, as a general rule, in holding them to making permanent homes and improvements on their claims after they had selected them. Especially is this the case with the reserva- tions upon which I have had no Government employes to advise, direct, encourage, and push them on. Having no fixed habits of industry, they are, as a general rule, unable by their unaided wills, and without external help or inducement in some form, to labor steadily and continuously for themselves.

INDIANS WORK WELL WHEN HIRED.

The strongest proof of this is the fact that much if not the greater part of the heavy labor required in clearing up farms in the heavy-timbered lands west of the Cascades, in this Territory, is done by Indian laborers. In working by the job, (as they generally do in clearing,) or by the day or month for white men, and under the eye or direction of their employers, and for a fixed compensation, they prove to be steady and efficient laborers ; but when left to work for himself on land which he has selected for a home, as a general rule, without any one to direct him what to do and how to do it, and without the promise of specific wages, he works only by spurts of a few hours, or, at most, a few days at a time, and spends the greater part of his time in idleness, and will quit work at any time to go to a dance, a wedding, a potlatch, or a horse-race ten or fifty miles distant, and seems, when left to himself, to consider time of no value ; thus proving the fact that civilization (of which industry is the chief corner-stone) is habit acquired between infancy and mature age; and if this habit is not acquired during that period of life it is very difficult to acquire, and is seldom obtained after maturity. This shows unmistakably that the hope of perma- nently civilizing our Indians is with the rising generation, and proves the immeasurable value of the

INDUSTRIAL BOARDING-SCHOOL.

The first requisition of such a school is that it be properly brganized, with a superin- tendent and corps of teachers. The superintendent should be a married man, an educated gentleman, conscientious Christian, a zealous missionary, full of energy, industry, firmness, charity, order, and patience, and possess a good practical knowledge of business, farming, gardening, &c. The male and female teachers should be such as are described on page 331 of the report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872. Among the teachers should be men able to impart a practical knowledge of the most ordinary and necessary mechanic arts. The superintendent should have absolute control of the school-children, wholly inde- pendent of their parents, and, except in case of sickness, the school-children should be sepa- rated from and permitted to associate as little with their parents and other outside Indians as is consistent with humanity, for reasons stated in the report of the Commissioner of In- dian Affairs for 1872, pp. 330 and 331.

There should be a good school-garden and farm belonging to the boarding-school, under the control of the superintendent and operated by the teachers and pupils, and of sufficient -capacity to amply subsist the school in everything except groceries.

EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 137

COMPULSORY EDUCATION.

No healthy Indian child over four years old and under the jurisdiction of an agent, should be left out of the school a day. The caprice of barbaric parents should not be permitted to interfere with the vastly important work of civilizing their children and of preparing them to become American citizens. Our Government has the right, pow«?r, and ability, and it is time she should stop raising generations of worthless and costly savages.

WHAT THE SCHOOL SHOULD HAVE.

Besides the superintendent, corps of teachers, garden, and farm, as mentioned, a properly- equipped Indian industrial boarding-school should have suitable school and boarding house buildings, including shops and a barn. The shops should be supplied with the necessary tools ; the garden and farm with the necessary agricultural implements, work horses, oxen, and other domestic animals and fowls; the school, boarding-house buildings and shops should be properly arranged and furnished for comfort, order, and efficiency in every branch.

Congress should make appropriations sufficient to pay such salaries to the superintendent and teachers as would insure good talent and efficiency, provide necessary clothing, bed- ding, school-books, &c., for the pupils, the necessary household and kitchen furniture for the boarding-house, and such items of subsistence as could not be supplied from the farm and garden.

WHAT INDIAN PUPILS SHOULD BE TAUGHT.

The most necessary and important matters for such pupils to be taught in order to effectu- ally wean them from the idle, indolent, careless, thoughtless habits of their parents and an- cestors, are persevering, industrious, economical habits, and a high appreciation of the value of time. They should therefore be constantly under the eye or care of their teachers, from whom only they can acquire these habits, which properly-trained white children acquire from their parents. The matter next in importance to be taught them or rather to train them in is a thorough practical knowledge of our common and necessary industries, of which agriculture is the most necessary ; and all the boys should be trained in it, and a few of them to a knowl- edge of the necessary mechanic arts. The girls should be given a thorough knowledge of cooking, washing, sewing, and all other ordinary household and kitchen duties. A plain com- mon-school English education should be imparted to such pupils, and they should not be kept in the school-room more than one-sixth of the time, and every effort should be used to induce them to use our language, and cease the use of that of their parents. They should all be trained from the first in the Sabbath-school and by the example and precepts of their teachers to venerate God, and to an acquaintance with the Bible, and to reverence its truths.

Such an Indian industrial boarding school, equipped and operated as stated, would be an effectual machine for transforming a savage into a civilized people. If such machines were made sufficiently numerous among the Indians within the limits of our Government to reach all Indian children, and continued in operation during one generation or less, every Indian tribe would be transformed into intelligent, peaceable, industrious, economical, trustworthy citi- zens, and only known thereafter as American citizens of Indian descent, who, if not quite so illustrious, might be as numerous and as valuable as the F. F. V. descendants of Poca- hontas. Such a method of exterminating the Indian tribes of our country would much bet- ter become the character and dignity of our Government than to leave them to be extermi- nated by the bullets of her soldiers and by whisky, and the poisonous diseases which are brought among them by the lowest stratum of our civilization.

TITLE TO CLAIMS MUCH DESIRED.

There is no one thing about which the Indians of the Puyallup reservation (and, indeed, of every other reservation under my charge) have expressed so strong a desire and manifested so much anxiety to obtain, as titles from the Government for their respective claims. The sixth article of the Medicine Creek treaty (see revision of Indian treaties, pp. 562 and 563) provides, among other things, that the Indians belonging to said treaty should have the privi- lege of taking separate permanent homes on their respective reservations, " on the same terms and subject to. the same regulations as are required in the sixth article of the treaty with the Oniahas, as far as the same may be applicable." Said sixth article of the treaty with the Oma- has (see revision of Indian treaties, p. 639) provides, inter alia, that the " President may issue a patent to such persons or families" as " have made a location on land for a permanent home." The Indians say if they could get their patents or " papers" for their claims they would have more heart to go to work and improve them like white men. I have sent on to your office a list of names of Puyallup Indians, with the description of the tract of land selected by such, and respectfully urge that the deeds may be returned as soon as convenient, as I think it will do much to encourage them, and will prove that the Government will keep faith with them — a matter about which they have had much doubt. I will send on other lists

138 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

from time to time after the deeds come for the first list. But unless otherwise instructed, I shall in no case give an Indian his patent till he has built a comfortable, substantial house on his claim, resided in it at least six mouths continuously, and has cleared, fenced, and under cultivation at least one acre of land. Said sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas re- quires that one of the conditions of the patent shall be " that the tract shall not be aliened or leased for a longer term than two years." To this should be added, " nor without the con- sent of the United States Indian agent in charge." Without such a restriction upon the right to alien and lease for two years, many of the Indians would be constantly cheated out of the use of their claims by bad white men, and cause much trouble.

SALE OF THE RESIDUE OF RESERVATIONS URGED.

Said sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, which was made part of the Medicine Creek treaty, provides, near its close, that " the residue of land hereby reserved, after all the Indian persons and families of such confederate tribes shall have assigned to them perma- nent homes, may be sold for their benefit under such laws, rules, or regulations as may hereafter be prescribed by Congress or the President of the United States." I urgently rec- ommend that such provision be speedily put in force upon all the reservations of this agency, after the Indians of each have had a reasonable time to make their selections. Some of these reservations contain bodies of as good agricultural land as can be found in the Terri tory, and white settlers here and coming into the Territory justly complain that such large bodies of rich, unoccupied lands are withheld from them, and not used by the Indians.

MEDICINE CREEK TREATY RESERVATIONS. — ABOLITION OF THREE RECOMMENDED.

There were four reservations set apart for the Indians of the Medicine Creek treaty, to wit, the Puyallup, Nisqually, Squaxin, and Muckleshoot. I respectfully recommend that the three latter be abolished or discontinued as reservations, and that the Indians belonging to said three reservations be removed to and settled on the Puyallup reservation, where there is plenty of land and room for them all, and that the lands composing said three reservations be appraised and sold to the highest bidder, at not less than the appraised value, on ten years' credit, one-tenth payable annually, with interest at the rate of eight per cent., to form a fund for educational purposes among the Indians of said treaty.

GREAT BLUNDER IN MEDICINE CREEK TREATY.

It will be seen by facts and references mentioned in the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1873, p. 303, that a great blunder was made by the officers who negotiated said treaty, by which the poor, ignorant Indians were wronged out of at least $50,000, and that the officers who negotiated that treaty afterward discovered their mistake and asked that it be rectified by Congress, and that said mistake was subsequently referred to repeatedly by different Indian superintendents and agents in their reports, and its rectification urged, but it has not yet been rectified. It was well perhaps that it was not done, as the money would doubtless have been squandered, as most of the annuities under that treaty were, with but little apparent benefit to the Indians. But now, since all annuities have ceased, all appropri- ations for the support of a school have been cut off, all employes have been discharged, and the school, which had got fairly into operation under such a system and under such teachers as were doing more for the progress and Christianity in six months than for twenty years previ- ous, has been closed, the Government cannot do a more just act, and one that would more permanently benefit the Indians, than to now correct that mistake by an appropriation of $50,000, to be paid in installments of $5,000 annually, for the revival and support of the school at the Puyallup reservation ; and I urgently recommend that this be done.

PUYALLUP RESERVATION.

This reservation contains 18,061£ acres of land, at least two-thirds of which are very rich agricultural land ; but it is all heavily timbered, except what has been cleared. Over a hundred and twenty Indians have taken homesteads on this reservation, mostly of 40-acre lots, and they have among them all 715 acres under cultivation, as follows : J39 acres of oats; 47 acres of wheat; 95 acres of potatoes; 85 acres of peas, turnips, cabbage, &c. ; 199 acres of timothy meadow ; 16 acres of corn ; 134 acres of cleared pasture-lands. About one- seventh of these lands have been reduced to cultivation within the last year. The Indians of that reservation also own '220 horses, 224 cattle, 60 hogs, and 26 wagons, and all have more or less farming-implements. The oats, wheat, potatoes, pease, and corn have been more or less injured and cut short by the great amount of wet weather during the last year, and the potato-crop has been largely destroyed by the rot. A few of the Indians have made some money by the sale of saw-logs from their claims, and others by the sale of cotton- wood bolts.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

MISSIONARY WORK.

The Rev. M. G. Mann, of the Presbyterian church, went to the Puyallup reservation in the early part of January last to labor among the Indian* of that reservation, as a missionary, on behalf of the domestic missionary board of his church. There had been good seed previously sown among the Indians of that reservation by the pious blacksmith, who has been with them over ten years, and by the Rev. Mr. Sloan and wife, who were teachers among them two years previous. Mr. Mann succeeded, after a few weeks' labor, in organizing a church of 30 members, which has grown gradually under his successful ministration to over 130 mem- bers, and the good work is still progressing. The marked improvement in the moral tone of the Indians of that reservation is very apparent to all who have observed them. Drunk- enness, gambling, and other vices, previously so common among them, have almost wholly ceased. Over three-fourths of the couples living together as man and wife have been mar- ried by Mr. Maun in church, that they might have marriage- certificates from him, and they are now, with few exceptions, as peaceable, orderly, church-going people as can be found in the country. A vacancy having occurred in the superiutendeucy of the school at the Puyallup reservation in the early part of February last, I designated Mr. Mann to that position, and the school, under his supervision, became as prosperous and as efficient as did his church. All of the employes at that reservation and in this agency, except interpreter, having by your order been dismissed on the 25th ultimo on account of the failure of Congress to make a sufficient appropriation for the Indian service in this Territory, Mr. Mann, of his own choice and at the urgent request of the Indians, will remain at the Puyallup reservation in charge of his church as its pastor.

SCHOOL-CHILDREN.— NEED OF A SCHOOL.

A recent census made of children on the Puyallup reservation shows 75 there of school- age, and 96 under school-age — 171 in all; so that with but little effort a hundred Indian children could be had to attend an industrial boarding-school on that reservation, if proper provision was made for the school-room, teachers, boarding, and lodging. Indeed there was no trouble in obtaining all the children that could be accommodated there, as the com- fortable clothing, boarding, and lodging supplied had strong attraction for the children, and their parents were all anxious to have them learn to read and write like white folks, and they have expressed much regret that the school there has been closed. The closing of the school there by the Government was a calamity to civilization, and surely was economy in the wrong direction. Most of the Indians of that reservation, old and young, are now engaged in gathering hops, m hop-fields of neighboring white men, who have about 1,000 employed. As soon as hop-picking is over and the Indians return home, Mr. Mann will open a day- school for such Indian childrenas can attend from their homes. I most earnestly recommend and urge that Congress will early make provision for re-establishing the industrial boarding- school on this reservation.

THE NISQUALLY RESERVATION.

This reservation roiCtains 4,717^ acres on the Nisqually River, about 5 miles above its mouth and 12 miles east of this place. Not more than one-tenth of this reservation is good agricultural land. The balance is mostly poor, sandy, gravelly land, with but little timber on it; half of it is prairie, which is tolerably good pasture-land. There never has been a school at that reservation, and no Government employe's there for a number of years, nor any missionary efforts' among them, except an occasional visit from a Catholic priest who has a small church there; so that, as to civilization, they are but little more advanced than before .the whites came among them. They have 277 acres of land under cultivation on the reservation this season, to wit, 46 acres in wheat, 68 acres in oats, 34 acres in potatoes, 111 acres in timothy meadow, 13 acres in garden, 5 acres in fruit. They have 225 sheep, 33 head of cattle, and 87 horses. Over 80 have taken separate claims on the reservation, and are anxious for their papers. They have 9 wagons among them, and some plows and other agricultural implements. They have about 50 children on the reservation growing up with- out schooling in the barbaric ignorance of their parents.

MUCKLESHOOT RESERVATION.— JURISDICTION.

The question as to what agency this reservation legally belongs is in dispute. In my letter to you of the 28th of March last, I referred you to the original history and legal status of this reservation, and requested that you would authoritatively settle the question as to whether it belonged to my jurisdiction or that of Agent Chirouse. I again called attention to this matter in a letter to you of June 26. but I have not yet received any response to these letters , and have consequently felt some delicacy about taking oversight of that reservation and looking after the Indians there until the question is settled. Justice to both agents and

140 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Indians requires that it should be speedily settled. The Indians of this reservation, like those of the Nisqually reservation, never have had a school among them, and no employes with them for a long1 time, and no civilizing or christianizing* efforts among them, except an occasional visit from a Catholic priest, and are of course making but little progress in civ- ilization. They are not so numerous as the Nisquallies, but a few of them have much better farms than any of the Nisquallies.

There are two old donation-claims, one belonging to James Riley and the other to Dominic Corcoran, which embrace nearly the whole of the original Muckleshoot reservation. These claims were appraised under direction of Governor Stephans in October. 1859 — the first at $1,320, and the latter at $1,240. Bat no appropriation was ever made for the payment of these appraisements, and the last-named claimant has retaken his claim, and the other probably will be retaken. A great wrong has been done these Indians and the white men by the failure of the Government to pay for these claims as promised, (see my special re- port on the Muckleshoot reservation of January 20, 1873, and my letter to your office of May 12, 1873.) The Government is bound by the highest considerations of justice and good faith to pay for these claims and restore them to the Indians.

SQUAXIN RESERVATION.

This reservation is an island of a little over 1,494 acres, in Puget Sound, ten miles north of this place. The employe" and school buildings of the Medicine Creek treaty were con- structed on this reservation soon after the ratification of the treaty. But the employe's and schooj were only retained there a few years, and removed to Puyallup reservation, and the buildings at Squaxin being unoccupied and unused, have become decayed, leaky and worth- less. And such is a good deal the case with the Squaxin Indians. Having no one to look after and advise them except an occasional visit from the agent, and being otherwise wholly destitute of civilizing and Christianizing appliances, and being much exposed to the destroy- ing and demoralizing effect of whisky and the evil communication of bad white men, they have rapidly decreased in number, till there is now not more than fifty that belong to that reservation. Some twenty of them have repeatedly promised me to take arid improve claims on their reservation. But, with the exception of a few potatoes and turnip-patches, there is no farming on the island. The, Indians belonging to this reservation live mostly upon fish, clams, and oysters, and from the occasional wages received from the whites. In the former part of this report I have recommended tharthis reservation and the Nisqually and Muckleshoot be discontinued, and the land sold, &c, and the Indians of these reser- vations be concentrated on the Puyallup reservation. I hope that this will be done.

CHEHALIS RESERVATION.

This reservation contains a little over 4,224f acres of land, over half of which is fine agricultural laud. It is situated on the Chehalis River, about 20 miles southwest of this place. A good school-house and commodious boarding-school buildings were constructed there by me in 1872. Good dwelling-houses for the farmer and physician and a good barn had been previously constructed there. A good boarding-school was kept there, with from 20 to 40 pupils, from the beginning of 1863 to July, 1865, when it was discontinued ; and from that time there have been no employe's there except a farmer, which position was dis- continued in October last for want of funds ; since which time there has been no employe" to look after, advise, and direct them, and they have retrograded morally and in prosperity.

CHRISTIANIZING AND CIVILIZING EFFORTS.

Under the employe's I had on this reservation in 1873, (while superintendent Indian af- fairs, Washington Territory,) a Methodist church of over 40 probatioual members was or- ganized, and there was much improvement in the morals and habits of the Indians, which would have been permanently beneficial had it been continued long enough to solidify in their newly reconstructed moral lives.

SCHOOL-FARM UTILIZED.

The school farm on this reservation of 40 acres had been cultivated mostly by the labor of the employe's and school-boys ; but for the last year or two it was neglected and became much grown up in bushes and weeds ; and knowing that I could not depend upon the In- dians td restore it to cultivation, and desiring to keep it in good tillable order in hope that means would be afforded to re-open the boarding-school there, and feeling sure that exam- ple and advice of a trustworthy, hard-working, industrious farmer on the reservation would do much to encourage the Indians to work on their farms, I rented the school-farm last spring to a farmer of the neighborhood for one-third of the grain, delivered in the bushel, and one-fourth of the hay, delivered in the barn. The meadow required much new fencing

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 141

to protect it against cattle and horses. The rent oats and hay will be needed to winter the Government horses and cattle on the reservation, and the wheat for the aged, helpless, and destitute.

INDIAN-FARM PRODUCTS.

Thirty-two Indians have taken claims on the Chehalis reservation, and among them they have 246 acres improved, to wit : Thirty-seven acres in wheat ; 31 acres in oats ; 61 acres in timothy ; 8 acres in potatoes, turnips, and gardens ; 5 acres in pease ; 104 acres in past- ure land. They have 68 horses, 20 cattle, 16 wagons, 2 buggies, 10 plows, and other agri- cultural implements.

I earnestly recommend that all the lands not taken as permanent homes by the Indians and improved by the 4th of July next be sold on ten years' credit, as heretofore mentioned, and that provision be made as soon as possible for re- opening the industrial boarding-school.

SHOAL-WATER BAY RESERVATION.

This reservation is situated on the Pacific coast, and on the north side of Shoal Water Bay, about seventy-five miles southwest of this place. It was set apart by Executive order of September 22, 1866. But its existence as an Indian reservation was unknown to any officer of the Indian Bureau in this Territory till I accidentally discovered it a short time before the abolishment of my office as superintendent of Indian affairs of this Territory, and my visit to it last month was the first visit ever made to it by any officer of the Indian Bu- reau. It consists of about 340 acres, about one third of which is good agricultural* land, but it is mostly heavily timbered, and unimproved. I found but two families on the reser- vation, that of the chief and his brother, each of whom has a comfortable Indian house and small garden, which is all the cultivated land on the reservation. About 60 Indians belong to this reservation, or rather they reside in that region, and all live by gathering oysters for the San Francisco market, which is mostly supplied with oysters from Shoal Water Bay. They are much exposed to whisky and the low vices of the whites. About 50 met me at the reservation, and were much pleased to learn that the reservation really belonged to them ; a matter about which they before had doubts. Thirty heads of families asked to be allowed to take claims on the reservation, and promised as soon as their lots were laid off to settle on and improve them. I appointed a head chief and a council of three subchiefs and sheriff to keep order among them, and to try to punish for drunkeness and other offenses. Having no civilizing or Christianizing influence among them, of course there is no progress in that direction with them. If their reservation was abolished they could not be induced to leave there, as they have no other mode of living ; but there should be something done to rescue their children from barbarism and train them up in civilization.

GRAY'S HARBOR INDIANS.

There are scattered around Gray's Harbor and on the lower waters of the streams that enter into it about seventy-five families of Indians who speak the Chehalis or original Chi- nook language. They refuse to go to the Chehalis reservation, as they say they were raised on the salt water and do not know how to live away from it. I have mentioned them spe- cially in my report of 1872. (See report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 335 and 336.) Something should be done for these poor Indians, who have been robbed by our Gov- ernment of their lands. But justice to Indians is of slow growth.

Herewith inclosed I have the honor to transmit the annual report of Rev. M. G. Mann, late superintendent of instruction at the Puyaliup reservation, to which I respectfully invite attention.

Respectfully,

R. H. MILROY,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

QUINAIELT INDIAN AGENCY,

Washington Territory, August 24, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit my annual report of the condition of this agency.

There has been no very great change in these Indians during the year. Affairs generally have gone along pleasantly so far as the conduct of the Indians is concerned, and I think there has been some advancement in the way of civilization.

As this agency includes four tribes, living apart, and speaking different languages, and the means of communication is such as to exclude three of these tribes almost entirely from the civilizing influences of the agency, the advancement is slow.

142 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

The Indians living1 off from the reservation are not disposed to leave their old homes, and as the country is mostly unoccupied by white settlers, no means have been taken to bring them on to the reserve. In my opinion this reservation is entirely inadequate for the support of these four tribes, although it includes a large area of land, the most of it being mount- ainous and entirely unfit for agriculture. Nature seems to have provided the means suit- able for the support of each tribe in the way of a stream that affords salmon and other fish for their wants as they are, but not enough for all, should they be dependent on one stream.

The country occupied by the Quillehute Indians is partly settled by whites, and it is the desire of those settlers to have them placed upon the reserve. In the event of their becoming troublesome, measures will have to be taken to remove them. They are opposed to coming to this reserve for the reason that they could not make a living, which I believe is true.

In view of these facts, and the difficulty of ingress or egress from this agency, I am of the opinon that Neah Bay is the best point for a reservation, and believe the plan of consolida- tion a good one, as little permanent' good can be accomplished so long as the Indians are so scattered .

The farming operations are very limited this year ; our vegetables have been destroyed by the cut- worms, and the hay crop is light. About 5 tons of timothy has been saved, and we have about 6 acres of oats that are not yet ripe which promise well. I estimate a yield of 2 tons of sheaves to the acre. About 7 acres of new land has been seeded to timothy. The Indians have raised a small amount of hay and oats.

The school does not receive the support of the Indians as I would wish. The average at- tendance for the year has been 13. There are quite a number of children at the agency and vicinity, but they are either too young or unhealthy to attend school. Most of the children are diseased from their parents, and a number have died who belonged to the school, and this prejudices the parents against the school ; the children have been well fed and clothed, and I am confident the teachers have been faithful, but the results are not satisfactory. The appropriation for support of school and pay of teachers is $2,500 ; of this $1,200 is for salary of teacher and assistant; with the remaining $1,300 the school has been furnished with pro- visions and clothing, also such other articles as are required in a boarding-school. There are on hand at the close of the year enough supplies to support the school with its present number of scholars for about five months, and the sum of $182. 38 cash unexpended. Owing to sickness in the teacher's family and the death of their only child, also the ill health of the teacher and his wife, I allowed them a vacation and leave of absence during this mouth. As our annual reports are made out earlier this year than formerly, I am unable to obtain the teachers' report to forward with this. The school is expected to re-open in September.

Since the 1st of July I have been without a carpenter and blacksmith ; consequently little building has been done. Two houses have been built for Indians who also worked with the carpenter ; the agency buildings, with the exception of the teachers' dwelling and car- penter-shop, are log houses, and will soon need a general repairing.

The farmer has been employed on the farm putting in and attending crops and in hauling agency supplies ; he has also assisted Indians in farming and other ways. They work very little at farming, as they can do better at hunting or fishing.

For the sanitary condition I refer you to the accompanying report of the physician. No medicines have been furnished by the Government this year. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

G. A. HENRY,

Special Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

S'KoKOMisH AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,

August 15, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor herewith to transmit my sixth annual report of the affairs at this agency.

The Indians under my charge may suitably be divided into three separate classes :

First. The Twanas or S'Kokomish Indians who live on or near the reservation. These are directly under the civilizing influences of the agency, and are further advanced than any of the others. They live in good houses, and have the comforts and many of the conveniences of civilized life. They have about forty farms with from two to ten acres each cleared up and improved. They have cut this year about 100 tons of timothy hay, will have potatoes and other vegetables sufficient for their own use, and have cut and sold from land they in- tend to cultivate 1,082,000 feet of logs, at the rate of $5 per thousand.

Second. A portion of the S'Klallam tribe, who live near Dunginess, about 120 miles dis- tant, and have purchased a tract of over 200 acres of land upon which they live. These are next in the scale of civilization, and were they as much favored as those previously named would surpass them. They live in good houses and have cleared sufficient land to raise con- siderable crops of potatoes. During the month of September last several parties living in

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 143

their vicinity were convicted of selling liquor to Indians, and, as a result, drinking among them has been mainly stopped. They are thriving, industrious, and deserve much credit.

Third. The remainder of the S'Klallam tribe, who have no fixed home, but most of the time live near the saw-mills or small towns, work some, fish some, drink a good deal, and are the lowest class under my charge. These occasionally become unruly, and require severe measures to keep them in check. While the first two classes mentioned are steadily advancing, this class are diminishing in numbers, and retrograding every way.

The school for the past year has been more successful than ever. The boarding facilities have been crowded to their utmost capacity, and a considerable number of day-scholars have attended. Heretofore it has been impossible to do much with this class of scholars, but as they have progressed in their habits of living, the attendance has been very encouraging. The whole number of Indian children who have attended school during the year has been 47 ; average attendance, 30. With the exception of the measles having had its run among the scholars during the winter, the prosperity of the school has been uninterrupted.

Among the drawbacks to the further advancement of the Indians which might be reme- died, are, first, the want of title which each individual Indian should have to his land. These lands have been divided among them, and a small tract allotted to each, but as long as the Indian has no title to it, and no immediate prospect of getting any, he is very much discouraged from laying out a large amount of labor in clearing up land of the benefit of which he may be deprived.

Another wrong from which they suffer is depriving them from cutting logs to any extent they wish on the reservation. The land here is all heavily timbered, and all the benefits and profits of the reservation should be allowed to the Indians ; but at present they are com- pelled to sit down and look at large quantities of timber, or go off from the reservation and buy timber, when they should be allowed to cut and haul all they can, thus making a good living for themselves and gaining habits of industry and independence.

The unsettled policy of the Government and possibility of a change in the management of the Indians have caused some unprincipled white men to encourage some of the lower class of Indians in acts of insubordination, which have caused some trouble.

The steady and continued labors of a missionary here during the year have been productive of good results. The Sabbath congregations at the agency have averaged in attendance near one hundred.

Take the year all through, and I think there has been less drinking, more crops raised, and more interest taken in the school than any year previous since my residence here. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

EDWIN EELS, United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

TULALIP INDIAN AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,

August 17, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith, my sixth annual report of this agency.

During the past year the Indians on the reservations pertaining to this agency have made marked progress in their agricultural and industrial pursuits. The Indians in the Lummi, Swinomish, Port Madison, and Muckelshoot reservations are doing all that under the circum- stances can be required of them. As I have mentioned in many of my monthly reports, had they some one to oversee them and aid them in their many difficulties, I have no hesitation in saying that they would become in a short time an industrious and independent class of people. They are at present quiet and well disposed toward all they come in contact with, and were it not for the evil influences with which they are surrounded, situate as they are from 'the main reservation, there would be, if any, very little trouble in keeping them in order. They have to contend against the evil influence of a horde of unprincipled white men and whisky- vendors, who, notwithstanding the precaution that is taken against their vile traffic, find opportunities for dispensing it in places where there is no one to prevent its .sale, and if proper and efficient means be not taken by the authorities to keep the Indians employed on their respective reservations and insist on their remaining thereon, pun- ishing them for violations of rules prescribed ,all my efforts to reclaim them will prove futile Nothing, in my opinion, but a force superior to their own can bring them under due subjection and keep them on their respective reservations, the only place where their temporal and spiritual welfare may be advanced ; but if they are allowed to roam at large, as they now are, they will ever be a source of annoyance to themselves and to all those with whom they come in contact.

The employes at this agency have faithfully performed their respective duties. The black- smith has been discharged for disobedience to regulations, and the salary being so small I cannot get a man to fill the office, as one can earn more money elsewhere for less work than is here exacted. The contract physician complains that it is utterly out of his power

144 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

to do justice to the Indians who apply to him for medicine, as his salary would be scarcely sufficient to purchase all the medical supplies required.

Our schools are now in prosperous condition, but it is to be much regretted that the fund for keeping them so has been curtailed, thus hindering1 the carrying on of the only good work that could be devised for the civilizing and amelioration of the poor Indians.

I respectfully refer you for further particulars to my monthly reports and statistics here- with inclosed.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

E. C. CHIROUSE, United States Special Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE YAKAMA INDIAN AGENCY,

Fort Simcoe, Washington Territory, September 1, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to submit the following annual report for the year ending August 31, 18/6.

In reviewing the history of the past year, I find abundant reason for thankfulness in view of the health, peace, material prosperity, and the moral progress of the Indians of this agency. I am more confirmed that Christian truth, brought to bear practically upon the character of a savage people, is the only means by which such a people can be reclaimed. As the orb of day lifts a beauteous world out of mist and darkness and presents it to the wondering eye, so the great truths of religion are seen in all their sublimity and grandeur whenever the gospel is presented and received by a heathen nation. The bestowment of material gifts, in the absence of that renovation of character that comes only through Bible truth accompanied by the influence of the Divine Spirit, is an evil and not a blessing. Such bestowments never satisfy them. They engender laziness, and help to form a gambling- stock that is fruitful of evil. The first condition of improvement in the outside manner of life with any people is the improvement of the heart. " Make the tree good and the fruit will be good." The heart is the place to begin the work of reform with the Indians. If we fail to give moral character to the Indian, we can give him nothing that will do him real and permanent good. If we can succeed in building up moral character so that he is no more a liar, a thief, a drunkard, a profane person, a polygamist, or a gambler, but a man of integ- rity, industry, sobriety, and purity, then he no longer needs the gifts of the Government, or the charities of anybody. He then becomes a man like other good men, and can take care of himself.

I am fully sustained in the above conclusion in reviewing the history of the Indians of this agency tor the past year. No goods or food have been issued except to the very old, sick, and blind. The vigorous ones have been required in every instance to pay, in part or whole, for the things obtained. They are pleased with the arrangement, and appear more dignified and manly — like children weaned, or like persons leaving their minority and setting up for themselves.

SCHOOLS.

The work of reform must begin with the youth and children. Gather them into the in- dustrial schools of the reservation, where they are taught lessons of cleanliness, good behav- ior in the schools, in the family, on the play -ground, in the field, and in the shops ; where they are taught to speak and read the English language, obtaining useful information which they bear to their fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters ; they then become so many teachers to their people. The schools for the Indians should in all cases be boarding-schools, where they may be taught the common branches of education, and where, at the same time, they may be instructed in manual labor : the girls to knit, sew, and do all kinds of house-work, and the boys to plant, sow, hoe, and do all kinds of farming, and learning useful trades. The schools, though somewhat expensive because of boarding and clothing the children, are nevertheless a source of wealth to the nation. The day-schools, where the children live with their parents, are a total failure in every instance that has come under my observation for the last sixteen years.

FARMING.

During the year 300 acres of new land have been broken ; 200 by the Indians, with their teams, and 100 by the Department. The crops are uniformly and universally good. At the school and agency farms, we raised 2,d50 bushels of grain. The Indians raised, as near as I can estimate, 37,150 bushels, making 10 bushels and a fraction for every man, woman, and child of the agency. The Indians have cultivated during the year 5,68^ acres in grain and meadow-land, and the Department about 318 acres. We have built 2,920 rods of fence, or

KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 145

9 miles and a fraction — mostly with posts and boards — worth at least $2 per rod, making $5,840. The grain raised by the Department and Indians, at 50 cents per bushel, would be worth $20,000. Calling the" vegetables 7,600 bushels, at 25 cents per bushel, makes $1,900. The hay cut, 1,080 tons, at $5 per ton, makes $5,400. The Indians of the agency are quite . well supplied with team-horses, harness, plows, harrows, wagons, and other farming-utensils. They are employed to do all the hauling freight, lumber, wood, and any and all other work which the Department teams are not able to do.

STOCK.

The Department has 40 horses and 15 mules. The Indians of the agency have 16,000 horses, and about 200 mules. Counting the horses and mules worth $15 per head would make $243,825.

The Indians have over 3,000 head of cattle, and the Department 869, making a natural increase over last year of about 1,000 head. The cattle, say 4,000 head, are worth on an average $15 per head, making $60,000.

MILLS.

Early last winter, by exceeding high water in the Simcoe, 75 feet of the mill-dam was car- ried away. We rebuilt it at an expense of $1,000, counting lumber and time ; the repair was made without any additional appropriation. The grist-mill is in good repair, and capable of doing the grinding for the agency. The water saw-mill needs some repairs, but is in toler- able running order. The steam saw-mill is in first-rate order, and capable of making 12,000 feet of lumber in ten hours. This mill has been running but a small portion of the season, as we have an abundance of lumber on hand. We have made 559,447 feet of lumber, worth, stuck up at the mill, $20 per thousand, making $11,195 54. We have manufactured 145,000 shingles, worth $5 per thousand, making $725.

In stocking the mills with logs, all has been done with Indian labor. The work in and around the mills, making the lumber, sticking it up, and hauling it away, attending the cut- off saw, and manufacturing the shingle, has all been done by Indian men, with the exception of two white men. The work about the mills is as efficiently done as it would have been by the same number of white men. The Indian men burned 1,597 bushels of charcoal, worth 15 cents per bushel, making $239.55. They cut 650 cords of wood, and hauled to the station and mills, worth $3 per cord, making $1,950.

It affords me pleasure to say that the head chief of the Yakama Nation, Joe Rtwire, has been in the timber with the men cutting and hauling logs to the mills, exercising a general supervision of the teams and men, breaking down the feeling among his people that a chief or subchief should not work. I take every practicable measure to impress upon the minds of the Indians that work is honorable and profitable. I do this by going myself into every de- partment of business, and pouring out my sweat with them in labor. To get the Indians so they can go alone in business, and make it thrift}', I find it necessary to practice Dr. Frank- lin's saying, " He that by the plow would thrive, must either hold or drive." In an early day it was hold and drive. The day is not far distant when, if the same policy is pursued afc this agency, the Indians will be able, under the supervision of a practical a^ent, to make every department of business a success in the absence of white employe's.

INDIAN HOUSES.

r We have built 11 houses, worth at least $.">00 each, making $5,500. We have two vrhite men, aud five Indians, putting up houses for the Indians. They are neatly finished and painted, outside and in, many of them with comfortable furniture, chairs, beds, bedsteads, tables," and table-ware, clocks, and cook stoves.

SHOPS.

The shops are well manned and supplied with material. The blacksmith-work of the agency is done by a native Indian, who has been educated in our schools and shops, having the assistance of two apprentices. In order and genius he is not a whit behind a white man.

It has been my policy from the beginning to work as many Indians into the service as my means would allow, and to work out as many of the white employes as I could possibly dispense with. This gives the Indian means and experience in work, which will enable him to provide and take care of himself in the future.

SANITARY CONDITION.

The health of the Indians was never better since my acquaintance with the agency. Their better habits and better living gives them better health. 10 IND

146 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN.

GENERAL CONDITION OF THE AGENCY.

It will be seeti on an examination of the foregoing that with the grain raised, the mills erected, lumber made, houses built, farms fenced, schools taught, an active membership of the church of between five and six hundred, with two educated native preachers, two good church-edifices, with 16,000 horses and mules, and 4,000 head of cattle, we have some show for setting up ere long an independent race.

It will be remembered that the steam mill, shingle-machine, and mill-house, worth at least $13,000, has been built without any appropriation of the Government. Means were obtained to purchase the machinery by grazing stock for parties outside of the reservation ; and the Indians contributed largely, working themselves and their teams in their erection.

From my first connection with this agency as agent, in 1864, to the present time, we have not been in debt a dollar. With the promptness with which means have been fur- nished us, and the provisions of the treaty for the future, I am persuaded the Yakarna agency will never be in debt.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

JAMES H. WILBUR,

United Slates Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

KESHENA, WISCONSIN, September 1, 1876.

SIR : In compliance with your circular of July 29, I would report as to the affairs of this agency for the year ending August 31, 1876.

The Stockbridge Nation, numbering only 1*21, as represented in my last annual report, are as far advanced in civilization as they can well be while remaining Indians. They all speak good English, transact their own business, aud for their own benefit, the good of the community, and the interest of the Government, in the opinion of your agent, the rights of citizenship should be conferred upon them. This is the earnest desire of a large major- ity of the tribe, many of whom were hardly willing to receive their certificates of land as allotted them the past summer, fearing it would postpone indefinitely their citizenship, which they so much wish for.

The value of the reservation is decreasing from year to year by individual members of the tribe cutting pine, about 2,000,000 feet having been sold during the past winter. This was sold by them at so low a price to parties furnishing supplies, that it left the Indians but their bare living for the winter. Of my action in the matter forbidding the cutting, and the sub- sequent failure, owing to outside influences, to save the same to the Government by entering suit for its recovery, you have been informed.

Their church organization is of the Presbyterian order, with a membership of 41 . The past year the tribe have given $200 from their interest fund for a school of six months, the aver- age attendance of which has been 12. There should be 25 scholars or thereabouts. This is attributed to a general indifference on the part of parent as well as of child, though some live at an inconvenient distance. They retain Mrs. J. Sliugerland, who has been their teacher for several years.

The Oneidas, numbering 1,387, residing in counties settled by white citizens, call for action on the part of the Government for their benefit. For a score or more of years they have every ' winter cut and sold valuable timber from the reservation, and the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court that the timber is the property of the Government and not the Indi- ans, thereby preventing this means of living, leaves them dependent wholly upon their farms. The failure of the corn crop last year found them sadly reduced this spring, so much so that in council with the tribe in early May it was deemed expedient to anticipate their annuity- money due January 1, 1877, for the purchase of seeds to be distributed among them. The amount is so smal it will hardly be felt, and with their means of living during the winter taken from them there will be suffering (which leads to crime) the coming year, and trouble is feared by citizens hereabouts. If a suggestion from your agent is not out of place, allow me to repeat what was embraced in last year's report and in reports since, the desirability of the Government taking immediate action by conferring citizenship upon this tribe, for which they are nearly unanimous in their desire; or if in the judgment of the Department this step would be unwise, by providing for the allotment of their lands in severally, as the same has just been surveyed.

Efforts put forth for the suppression of liquor-selling to the Indians by the arrest and conviction of saloon-keepers have been successful to a large degree in preventing this crime. The schools are still kept by the missionaries, who have no compensation except what they may receive from the societies they represent — the Episcopal and Methodist.

The Menomonees, although the largest and least intelligent, are by far the most tractable of the three tribes under care of this agency. They show a willingness to work, and readily accept any suggestions which look to the improvement of themselves or the reservation.

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN. 147

With, perhaps, an exception of 12 to 15 families, they all have permanent homes and cultivate their patch of ground, which, with the work they get from the agency and outside, together with their sugar-camps and hay-marshes, gives them quite a good living. There is a com- mendable spirit of rivalry noticed as to their homes, many of them building neat and com- fortable houssp, taking from the mill the lumber almost as fast as sawed for this purpose. A few of them are building suitable barns for their grain and to shelter their stock during the long winters of this region. By vote of the council, sash fo* three windows and what lumber, shingles, andnails are needed are given to any member of the tribe who builds him- self a house. During the year we have put in a single block hand shingle-mill, with which we can cut from 15,000 to 20,000 shingles per day. This, together with the thorough improve- ments made by Mr. Smith, the miller, has put the mill in good condition for our needs.

Heretofore it has been customary to distribute among them agricultural implements, such as scythes, rakes, forks, &c., as they go into haying-camps. Thinking that this was unwise, as it led them to be improvident, last year they were told another season no money could be spent for this purpose and they must take care of their property. It had the desired effect, and no purchase of tools has been made this season. The hay this year was excellent and secured in good weather, while the sugar-crop fell quite below the product of other years. A very perceptible improvement in their habits and industry is noticed from year to year, and the desire is often expressed in council as well as among individuals that they may have the ai vantages of white people, so that the corning generation may honor their citizenship, which they look forward to.

A few of the most indolent of the tribe have been working through an outside party the past winter for a sale of their land and a division of the funds among them. In this they no doubt are encouraged by men who are anxious to purchase the same on account of the val- uable pine-timber upon the reservation. The Indians who are leading this faction are the last ones who could appreciate citizenship, as they cannot speak a word of English, are shiftless, lazy, and withal turbulent, and look only to the acquisition of the money the sale would bring them. There are members of the tribe who would make good citizens, but they pre- fer to work only with and for the benefit of the whole nation in such a matter.

At the earnest request of the tribe, and by permission of the honorable Ex-Secretary of the Interior, a large force of Indians weie put into the woods last winter cutting pine for the Oshkosh and Uconto markets, confining them strictly to timber that had been injured by fire, and was liable to waste unless cut. A heavy expense was incurred in building roads and camps, purchasing horses, cattle, and camp-equipage necessary to prosecute the work, and, although obliged to suspend operations January %&, the following is the result : 5,834,557 feet were sold upon the bank of the Wolf River, at $7 per thousand, and 1,340,288 feet sold for $6.95 per thousand, in amount $50,156.74. The scale of the Oconto logs, not yet decided, is about 6,000,000 feet, which sold for §4.60 per thousand. After deducting expense of cut- ting, it will give full value of stumpage, and would have shown a handsome profit could we have worked through the winter, as all expense that did not increase production had been made before receiving orders to supsend. This expense also covers nearly 1,000,000 feet cut for our own use at the mill. The logs were sold at public auction, as instructed by your office. Could I have been permitted to have accepted a private offer made a month previous to the sale, $6,900 more would have been realized on the Oconto logs.- The sale of the Wolf River logs was up to their full value.

Not satisfied with the school, as located, the tribes being scattered over an area of 18 by 24 miles, and so few of the children getting any benefit from them, with the opening of the summer term the Oconto school was abolished, and the Keshena school was made into a day and boarding school, which met with the hearty approval of the tribe. Taking W. W. Wheeler, a student of Oberlin, from the farm, making him principal, with Miss M. S. Sehlie- man assistant, it started favorably, and but for the misrepresentations of the Roman priest, who stated to his people that it was done with a view of proselyting them, it would have proved a success. As it was, but two boarders remained through the term; but the day- school was well attended. We are hopeful as to the fall term, which commences September 4. While Mr. Wheeler has taken tho school, he still has charge of the farm, giving his spare hours to the work, increasing his labors materially. He is a very efficient teacher and true to the interest of the Indians in any capacity he may be called upon to act. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Stryker resigned their positions as school-teachers on the 30th of April. J. Raphael Rogers, from Berea College, Kentucky, succeeds them in their school at West Branch. Mr. N. S. Smith, as miller, and Mr. O. Brooks, as blacksmith, have been very faith- ful in the discharge of the various duties devolving upon them. With no view to flattery, I can say this tribe are highly favored in its employes, including their trader and interpreter, as all are practical, earnest Christian men and women, having no greater ambition than to exert such an influence as shall lift up this people into a higher state of civilization and Christianity.

The religion of the tribe is about equally divided between the pagans and the Roman Catholics.

In closing I would allude to the two calls received during the year from Col. E. C. Wat kins, United States Indian inspector, who came to look over the transactions of your agent in reference to the cutting of pine by the Stockbridge and Meuomonee tribes, called out by

148 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN.

the very severe and unjust criticisms, and I may say false statements, made by outside par- ties in reference to this matter, who had their own selfi-sh motives to serve rather than the good of the Indian or the interest of the Government. His report is before you. Ve.y respectfully,

JOS. C. BRIDGMAN,

United States Indian Agent. The COMMISSIONER ftp INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OFFICE OF UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENCY,

CHIPPEWAS OF LAKE SUPERIOR,

Red Cliff, via ttayfield, Wisconsin, September 5, 1876.

SIR : I would respectfully submit the following as my annual report for the past year. My agency, as you know, is made up of seven different reservations : three in Minnesota, to wit, Grand Portage, Fond du Lac, and Boise Fort ; and four in Wisconsin, to wit, Red Cliff, Bad River, Lac du Flambeau, and Lac Courte Oreille. These reserves are widely sepa- rated; to visit all of them from the office at Red Cliff would require a distance to be trav- eled of at least 2,000 miles, stretching from the middle of Wisconsin to the Canadian line on Lake Superior. These reservations are so situated that at times it is almost impossible to reach thprn. The Grand Portage reservation, at Pigeon River, is only accessible by lake during navigation.

The Boise Fort reservation, lying 140milesnorthwestof Duluth, can only be reached dur- ing the winter, and then 40 or 50 miles must be made on snow-shoes or by dog-trains. In fact, this reservation is so far off, and so difficult to get at, that I have permitted the em- ploye's to establish themselves at Vermillion Lake, this being the headquarters of the In- dians before the treaty of 1866 was ratified, and where I made payment last year.

The Lac du Flambeau reservation, lying in the interior of Wisconsin, in the northern part of Marathon or Lincoln County, must be reached by way of Saint Paul and Steven's Point; thence up the Wisconsin Central Railroad to Worcester : thence about 60 miles by small-boat or on foot. These Indians, numbering about 700, are usually met during the fall on the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and such supplies as can be furnished distributed to them ; but for the last few years these supplies have been growing beauti- fully less, to such an extent that the Indians can hardly be expected to come out in large numbers. They last year sent delegations from each of the families, and received the goods at Worcester, 101 miles north of Steven's Point, on the 1st of November. These Indians have made no progress in civilization ; they roam through the country, trapping, fishing, and hunting. No missionary has ever raised his voice within a hundred miles of their camp- fires ; no effort on the part of Government or any one else has ever been made to induce them to come within the civilizing influence of the agency. They are too far off to be reached by the agent with any degree of satisfaction. Without funds sufficient to locate employ6s upon this reservation it is useless to attempt anything for them. That there are good men and women belonging to these Flambeau bands cannot be denied.

The following is taken from my monthly report of last October, just after having made these Indians a visit :

" These Indians are extremely anxious to have their reserve improved ; they expressed themselves as willing to do without clothing, blankets, &c., if they could have a school house and teacher. It is a sad feature of my work that I am not able to meet all the de- mands made upon me for teachers, farmers, &c. I enrolled a band of 22 men who had worked faithfully most of the past year in civilized pursuits. One of them had built a house himself, and had furnished it as white men's houses are furnished ; he had a beadstead, cups and saucers, plates, knives and forks, and spoons, and a No. 8 cook-stove, which he purchased at Steven's Point, shipped via railroad to Worcester, thence via stage to the Flambeau River, where he took it upon his back and carried it 30 miles to his house. Stop a moment and think. What does all this indicate ? What a story does it tell ? Can we as a Christian nation sit down and fold our hands and let such opportunities pass ? Should not an abundance of encouragement be given such enthusiasm ? This Indian should be re- warded by pork and flour enough to support himself and family while he clears at least 10 acres of land ; but I have no funds ; my hands are tied."

But this is not the only instance ; many such come before me almost daily. An old man on the Fond du Lac reserve has a birch-bark wigwam in which he has a No. 8 cook -stove. I asked why he did not build a house for the stove. His answer, that he did not know how ; he was abundantly able, but he had no one to go before to show, to direct him ; and people, good-meaning people, ask me why I don't help such. My answer, " No funds."

Again, from my monthly report for November last, just after my annual visit to the Lac Courte Oreille bands, I copy :

"The cleanly appearance of all the Indians was immediately noticeable. I saw no sights from which to turn with disgust, as upon former visits, and I could not but re-

EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN. 149

mark this change. Three years ago, when I first visited these bands, I found them dirty ragged, and filthy ; lazy and indolent in a degree beyond anything I had ever imagined. Their blankets, clothing, and hair perfectly alive with vermin ; they had the woods covered with birch-bark wigwams. To-day I find them generally dressed in civilized costumes; their hair combed, and their faces and clean white shirts show that some one has taught them the use of soap and water. The absence of the birch-bark wigwam assures me that many have taken advantage of Mr. and Mrs. Holt's teaching, and built bouses in which to live and entertain their friends. Then, again, I was not in fear of losing my life, as upon, former visits. The Indians were gentle in their demands, not that blustering, domineeriug, braggadocio style that has usually characterized my meeting with them. They spoke and acted reasonably. They have grievances that would make white men mad, yet they trust the Great Father. I never had a more pleasant and agreeable visit with any of my Indians. They seemed pleased to have the surveyor among them with a prospect of getting their eighties. Some seven or eight houses are in course of erection, but owing to want of funds the work has been suspended. One hundred and fifty houses should be built upon this reserve the coming year."

Now, when you think that a band of some 1,300 dirty, lazy, indolent Indians have been turned into fine-looking, clean, and industrious, let me say, citizens of the Ubited States, within three years, at an expenditure of, say, $25,000, we have something to rejoice over. The school is prosperous. I attended one morning, and Mrs.Crocker passed the several classes before me in review, with very satisfactory results. She is certainly the right per- son in the right place. The children seem to respect, honor, and really love her. Now all this has been done under the most trying circumstances.

There is lying about every Indian settlement a class of the very worst specimens of hu- man nature to be found this side of Beelzebub's dominion. They are usually good talkers, and have " picked up" a smattering of the language. They make the Indians believe they have great influence with the whole outside world, and particularly with the Indian agent. * * * These squaw men are an abomination to Indian civilization. What shall be done with them?

The partially-civilized bands, of whom the Red Cliffs stand first, have made application, for eighties, and the four sections of the original reserve have been divided, surveyed, and most of the land has been applied for under the provision of the treaty of J854. A bill was pre- pared and submitted to the last Congress providing for the alloting of eighties within the boundary of the eighteen additional sections adjoining the reserve set aside for the benefit of these Indians by Executive order ; but no action was taken so far as known at this office. I cannot too strongly urge this step. There are many pieces of land along the lake-shore and on the small streams that would make splendid farms ; these, too, are near the fishing-grounds, where the Indian could cultivate the soil and attend to his fishing.

The agency buildings are upon this reserve, and as soon as the allotments are made the land, buildings, and saw-mill should be disposed of, and the proceeds placed to the credit of the Indians, or new buildings built among Indians of the agency who have not been so favorably situated as the Red Cliff bands.

The Bad River bauds are progressing slowly. Want of funds to assist them this year has been a great drawback. They accepted their eighties last year in hopes the Government would assist them in clearing land and building houses. Th^ young men have become weary and disheartened at not receiving help. Those who planted this year have fine prospects.. Many families will have potatoes to sell after providing for their own wants during the win- ter. The sugar and rice crops are failures; not more than a quarter of a harvest in either. Furs have been scarce and hard to obtain. The falling-off in productions as compared with last year is due to the fact that but little assistance, other than furnishing seed, was given my Indians this season; besides, many Flambeau Indians, who had settled on Bad River, have become worn out in waiting for help, and have left for their old homes.

In this connection I would urge the following as the best plan of concentrating these In- dians upon the Bad River reservation : Funds should be at hand, so that, when an Indian family make up their mind to remove and settle, they can be at once located and made com- fortable ; otherwise they become dissatisfied and homesick, and long for their roving life. Many families can be induced each year to come to this reservation, if a fund were placed in the hands of the Department for that purpose ; but I question whether a wholesale removal will ever be effective. As to speculations and theories in Indian management, I have none to offer. It has been my desire and privilege to conduct the affairs of my agency upon a purely practical and common-sense principle ; first, to learn the wants and demands of the service, and, secondly, to meet those wants and demands promptly with the best material at my command, to teach the Indians that the first duty of man is to his Creator, in return- ing thanks for all things ; his second duty to himself and family, by earning his own living by the sweat of his brow.

The annual visit to the different reservations was made in the following order: Com- mencing with the Grand Portage bauds, August 27 ; Bad River bands, September 9 ; Red Cliff bands. September 29; Fond du Lac bauds, October 20; Lac du Flambeau bands, November 1 ; Lac Courte Oreille bands, November 24; and Bois Fort bands, January 11, 1876, at which time I took such goods and supplies as had been furnished me for each band, and made the distribution as formerly under the treaty of 1854,

150 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN.

SCHOOLS.

One at Grand Portage, one with the Bois Fort, one with the Lac Courte Oreille, and one with the Red Cliff bands, being the day-schools, and the manual-labor and boarding-school at Odanah, have without exception been successful — that is, if day-schools can be made successful. I very much question the policy of day-schools for Indians, but under the cir- cumstances, and living in hopes that true, benevolent friends will yet coine to the assistance of my people, I have kept up the day-schools; knowing that if they are permitted to dwindle away no effort will ever be made to revive them again. Then, too, I have felt hopeful that the large possessions of these Indians iu pine timber would be turned to a profitable account, and thus give us a sufficient fund to endow a boarding-school at another point in the agency. This is very much desired if funds could be had ; and in this con- nection I would refer you to the able and very sensible report of Rev. I. Baird, of Odanah mission, herewith attached, and made part of this report. His remarks are indeed worthy the attention of the Department and Congress. He speaks for Bad River, but his remarks will apply to all the Indians of this agency.

The unsettled condition of Indian affairs for the last few months has been discouraging in the extreme. This feeling of uncertainty, not knowing what to do or what could be done; feeling one day that the friends of the Indians would be successful, while the next we were as certain that the enemy was to be let loose to drive the red man from the country — this feeling of uncertainty did not stop in the agent's office, but the employes partook of this feeling, and from them to the Indians, who perhaps discussed the matter in all the houses and lodges in the Northwest. The young men, who for two years have been making huge efforts to break up tribal relations, became discouraged and disheartened. They had ap- plied for eighties, but the do-nothing policy in Congress kept their applications pigeon-holed. They would apply to the agent for relief; he had no comfort to give. So passed the year. We hope for the sake of humanity and Indian civilization to never see another such. For statistics and other valuable information, I would respectfully refer you to reports of em- ploy^s and statistical reports herewith.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,

I. L. MAHAN,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

BAD RIVER RESERVATION,

Odanah, Wis., August 31, 1876.

DEAR SIR: * *

There will be no rice or hay on the rivers this season, and the cranberry-crop will be a total failure. I understand the Indians are to be ordered out of the town of Ashland for drunk- enness and bad conduct generally, so we will have to do something for them at home on the reserve. The Indians ought to be allowed to cut the pine timber on their eighties, and be en- couraged to do so by the Department. I hope you will authorize me to assist them in dis- posing of the timber, so as to benefit them, and thereby prevent suffering during the coming winter. If they are permitted to cut the timber the young men can very wrell take care of themselves and families, provided we keep whisky off the reserve. The Government will have to do something for the old and blind people, as they are at present without means of support, and have a very few potatoes in the ground, and, heedless of my advice and warn- ing, are already digging and selling them to parties in Ashland, who seem to have attained a certain degree of influence over and run a certain portion of the Indians of this reserve. I hope the Department will soon be in a condition to sustain employe's on this reserve (as well as on all others) for the management of the affairs of the Indians. I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. G. WALKER,

Clovernment Farmer.

Dr. I. L. MAHAN,

United States Indian Agent, lied Cliff, Wis.

GRAND PORTAGE RESERVE, Grand Portage Minn., August 31, 1876.

DEAR SIR : * * * *

The major portion of the Indians belonging to this reserve make this merely a summer re- sort, at which time the children are sent 'to school. Most of the active portion of the popu- lation are absent during the winter months, repairing to -the interior of the country for the

REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN. 151

purpose of hunting1, and also fishing in the inland lakes. Others seek employment within the Canadian line and in divers directions, while the old and indigent people, with other families having no male supporter, are left at home. The children of these families attend school the year round.

The visits of a Catholic missionary among these people are hailed with delight, and a gen eral turnout is always indulged in for his reception ; the people vieing with one another who will do the reverend visitor the most honor. The visits of this reverend missionary are thrice a year, and in each remaining one month.

There is no land cultivated by Government on this reserve. The Indians are allowed no farmer to teach them in agricultural pursuits. No assistance is rendered them by Gov- ernment, other than furnishing a yoke of cattle ; seed is also furnished annually, such as potatoes and a few garden seeds ; but, being without a guide and instructor in the mode and manner of preparing the ground for seed and conducting a garden, they have failed to reap any benefits therefrom ; therefore but a few acres are cultivated by the Indians in potatoes and oats. They have raised on this reserve, which they now own, 9 head of cattle, 7 cows, aud 2 steers.

The services of a blacksmith on this reserve having been suspended, has left quite a stock of iron on hand. The Indians are sorely in need of a blacksmith, as their hunting and trap- ping cannot be carried on to any degree of success without the services of one to repair their guns and traps.

The Indians on this reserve are very poor. Their poverty and destitution demand and cry aloud for help. If Government will not help aud provide for them, there will be extreme suffering among them during the coining long and hard winter. But their hopes are still alive and range high, looking forward for the day, and that not far distant, when the Great Father will unbuckle, and shower upon them aid and assistance in abundance, sufficient to make them all happy and comfortable ; the funds to accomplish that end, emanating from the well of unpaid annuities of ttie treaties of 1837 and 1842, respectively, and other ar- rearage funds held in trust. May their fond hopes be realized at an early day, for they are certainly in need.

I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN B. GORDON,

Government Teacher.

Dr. I. L. MAHAX,

I'nited States Indian Agent, Red Cliff, IVis.

ODANAH INDIAN MISSION, Bad River Reserve, Wisconsin, August, 1876.

DEAR SIR : During the past year, the interests with which I have been more especially charged, to wit, the day-school, industrial boarding-school, and the church or missionary work proper, have all steadily progressed. To each of these I will refer in order.

During the ten months in which this day-school has been in session the average daily at- tendance has been 31.9. In winter there was a much fuller attendance than in summer. The progress of the children in their various studies has been marked and cheering.

The industrial boarding-school has been and is an institution of immense value to this people. If in the renewal of the contract between the honorable Secretary of the Interior and the secretary of the Mission Board a series of years could be embraced, instead of a single year at a time, it would enable us to keep the school in the highest possible stage of efficiency the year round. Such schools for Indian children are no longer an experiment. Experience has proven their superior excellence to train industrious, self-dependent, provi- dent citizens, out of even such unpromising material as the red children of the forest. The pupils' under our care made very decided progress during the past year. All who have been with us for two or three years can readily understand almost everything addressed to them in English, while some of them can even use the English in their conversation almost if not quite as fluently as most white children of a like age. In English reading, writing, arithme- tic, geography, and history, they stand creditably high. Two or three more such years will turn these boys and girls out smart, intelligent, active young men and women.

Side by side with their intellectual culture and industrial training we have taken great pains to teach them right morals, hoping that in due time they will become not only active and intelligent men and women, but also truthful, honest, law-abiding citizens, free from those coarser vices that so often infect a partially civilized race. If this school can be maintained efficiently for ten years it will, I think, advance this people at least fifty years in civilization and general improvement.

The two regular preaching services, and the sabbath-school each sabbath, together with the weekly prayer-meeting and part of the time a " woman's prayer-meeting," have all been duly maintained with gratifying success. The additions to the church have only been six, the adult membership of which is now 52 — 28 males and 24 females. The ordinary attend- ance at the church services, when our people are mostly at home, is from 90 to 100, but when

152 REPORT OF AGENT IN WYOMING.

so many are away, it generally ranges from 45 to 70. The sabbath-school at its best num. bers from 60 to 80, and other times from 35 to 50.

During the past year three couples were married. I deem this worthy of mention, because of the fact that among a heathen people the marriage relation is lightly esteemed.

A fair proportion of this people have already come under the teachings of Christianity, and are now civilized, or at least ready to enter upon the duties and activities of civilized life, and their grand want now is means wherewith to start. To procure those means is now the question. The Government feels it has already helped this people long enough, and now it is about time they were doing for themselves. This the civilized portion of our people want to do, but they want something to start with. It is true there is a large and valuable reserve here, but it is practically of no value to them. They are forbidden to cut even one stick of tim- ber off of it. This reserve, as I understand, is held in trust by the Government for its wards. Could not then the Government purchase the timber on this reserve, which at a modest estimate I think cannot be worth less than $100,000, vesting this sum or the price thereof in United States bonds, using only the interest annually for the benefit of this people ?

If the timber were disposed of and a fund thereby created yielding five or six thousand dollars annually, from such a fund all the wants of this people could be met, and the aid needed by those desiring to start in the race of civilized life would be furnished. I have spoken of the sale of the timber only, under the impression that at present as much could be realized for the timber alone as for land and timber both, thus leaving the land for further distribution in 80 acres, as the population increases, and for future sales when its value is enhanced. The timber alone, some three years ago, was estimated to be worth about $200,000 ; but even suppose only one-half this sum could be realized and vested in United States bonds bearing 5 per cent, interest, this alone would yield $5,000 annually ; and with this sum this people could be made very comfortable. Suppose, for instance, that $1,000 per year could be expended for educational purposes, and $1,000 to pay a blacksmith and fur- nish his shop with all needed stock, and another $1,000 be divided thus : $600 for farmer's salary and $400 to be expended oh the Government farm, all the proceeds of which should be divided yearly among the aged and indigent, thereby relieving a trying necessity of the present, and the remaining $'2,000 to be expended for labor actually performed on their own farms, either in money, seeds, farming-utensils, or stock, as might be deemed prudent, this people would soon become a thrifty, industrious, self-supporting race. Pursuing such a course as this would soon obviate any necessity for leaving the reserve to seek employment, and this, w hich is now such a barrier in the way of the Indian's improvement, would be removed. There seems to be an impression abroad that the Government cannot or will not sell any £ ortion of Indian-reserve land, or even timber thereon, unless the Indians of a cer- tain reserve all agree in the matter first and then make application for such a sale. Of course the Christianized and thereby civilized portion of the reserve are ready for such action, but there are some who are not. Should, then, those who are ready and anxious to go for- ward be held back and left largely at the mercy of those who are still in their rude and lawless state ? Should the Government refuse to act in behalf of its wards because the reckless and savage portion thereof will not come and ask to be subjected to the rightful authority of law and order ? Is this not one of the reasons why guardianships exist at all "\

One other suggestion I would like to urge, and that is, that this people be made amenable to State or civil law as soon as possible. As long as tribal relations are in force with chiefs at the heads of these tribes who are avowed pagans, it is useless to expect the people to civilize rapidly. But if the power of heathen chiefs were superseded by the authority and reign of civil law, and each man dealt with individually, such action would foster the rapid development of free and independent manhood and greatly benefit this people. The wholesome restraint as well as protecting power of law are considered necessary, I believe, even in civilized, Christianized communities; how much more, then, are they needed among an only partially civilized people who have always heretofore been accustomed to a life of wild and lawless freedom.

Hoping that the above suggestions may meet with acceptance, at least, if not favor, I beg to subscribe myself

Yours, most respectfully,

I. BAIRD,

Superintendent Odanah Indian Mission. Dr. I. L. MAHAN,

United Stales Indian Agent,

SHOSHONE AND BANNACK AGENCY,

Wyoming, September 25, J876.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year ending June 30, 1876. In order that the casual reader may understand something about the Shoshones, and their locality, number, &c., I will offer a brief summary of their history.

REPORT OF AGENT IN WYOMING. 153

The Shoshones are an offshoot of the Comanche Indians, and emigrated north about 1781. The party proceeded to the upper waters of Green River, under a leader or chief called Shoshone or Suake. At. this point they divided, one party going over on the Oregon slope, who are now called the Western Shoshones, arid have an agency in common with the Ban- nacks at Fort Hall. The other party constitute the eastern band of Shoshones, and have roamed around the Wind River Mountains from the time mentioned until 1868, when a treaty was made at Fort Bridger, and provided a reservation for them embracing the Wind River Valleys. Recently they entered into a contract with the Government by which they ceded a portion of their reservation, leaving them a district perhaps 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, embracing a beautiful valley on the east side of the Wind River Mountains.

They number now about 1,800 souls, and must have diminished greatly since the time of Lewis and Clarke. Their life was a continued warfare ; at first with the Crows and Black- feet, and since then with the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Sioux, and all this time contending almost naked with the elements, and struggling for subsistence.

Such was the life of the Shoshones up to 1870 and 187], when the Government began in earnest to supply the provisions of the treaty of 1868. When they saw land fenced and broken, plows and harness for their ponies, seed for their use, the warehouse filled with flour and other supplies, cattle driven in to feed them, they looked on with stupid wonder and some suspicion. They seldom knew an act of kindness or generosity without a sinis- ter motive. Slowly they comprehended and accepted the situation, and their general im- provement, including good behavior, since that time has not been surpassed by any tribe of Indians in the Rocky Mountains, and to-day they would be self-subsisting (except beef) were it not for grasshoppers annually destroying the most of their crops.

They are to receive for the land sold to the United States Government $3, COO annually for five years, to be paid in stock-cattle, and have already received two installments. They have now about 8uO head of cattle. The increase of these, with those they are yet to receive, will soon place them beyond the contingencies of the chase. In point of industry they are not a whit behind their white brothers after they fully comprehend the object in working.

They have yet to understand fully the importance of education, and although they do not oppose it, they are indifferent, and I have had no assistance outside of that offered by the Department, neither has there been any missionary efforts made with the Shoshones, and they are almost entirely ignorant of the Christian religion ; but as far as good morals are con- ( erned they are an example to most of their white brothers. In regard to education and Christianity public expectations must go slow. In no instance I believe has a savage people been civilized in a few years, and in the case of North American Indians, history will most likely repeat itself,

There are now at this agency six houses for employ6s, one for agent, and thirteen for chief and headmen, all of which are good substantial log houses. We have one grist-mill, one saw-mill, one shingle-mill, one mission or school house, two warehouses, one large root-cellar, one office, including store-room, dispensary, and surgery, and about 600 acres or land fenced, and mostly under cultivation.

The accompanying statistics are as close an approximation as I am able to make. Respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES IRVIN,

United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,

154 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in Saint Louis, Mo., under advertisement of Aug.

NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the

BACON, (per

SPECIFICATIONS — To be clear-sides,

Agencies.	Place of delivery.	Quantity.	Armour & Co.	Powers, Mabry &Co.	James E. Booge.
Wichita	Affencv	20 000
	do	30 000
Do	Saint Paul	30 000
Do	J amesto\yn, Dak .,..„...	30 000
	Agency	30 000
Do	Coffeyville	30 000
		40 600
	do	10 000
Fort Peck . .. - , -	....do	65, 000
	do .	40 000
Black feet	....do ,	10,000
	do	15 000
	do .	40, 000
	....do ,... ,....	20, 000
	Chicago . ...	200 000	89 40
	....do , ,.,,.	114,000	9 50 9 55 9 65 9 60
		600, 000
	....do .... ,	$00, 000
	. do , ,..,..-	300, 000
	... do	5fi6, 000 130 000
	Sioux City	127, 000 642, 000			$10 25 11 00
	"Wichita ..	60. 000		sio 6(-

BACON FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

155

16, 137 '6, for furnishing supplies for the Indian service for the fiscal year ending Jane 30, 1877.

rates at which contracts have been awarded.

100 pounds.)

sound and sweet, and put up in " gunnies."

Castner & Penner.	'o w	Hideuour & Baker.	James Mcaghcr.	Thomas Lanigan.	Gotlieb Gotlieb.	Newman, Haywood & McLaughlin.	Henry Gantz.	"W. W. Alderson.	S3 d	Charles E. Hedges.	Durfee & Peck.	i o 0 H	David Pinger.	W. E. Richardson.	o a 1
		$15 75
	£14 75
	11 50
	12 50
			$14 OC	$12 50 11 50	$11 47
			1525
						$22 00	$21 00
							$13 55 21 00 25 00	$14 50	$17 00
							24 00	23 00
									$22 00
							19 00
				16 2"
				14 00
													$11 20
		|										$9 4r 967 962 9 66	$10 50 !10 75 11 00
			9 69
		$10 00

156

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARI/ED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Saint Louis, Mo.,

NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the BEEF-CATTLE, (net

•».— To be furnished on the hoof; to be steers and cows not over seven years old ; net over at each delivery, and no animal to weigh less than 700 pounds ; in Indian Territory each delivery to

net, fifty per centum

Agency.	>> a <S c O1	1 w f* ^	c M M ^	% >, b & V B <p 1	Morrison & Rosser.	A] J3 6 PM fc	Castner & Penner.	I 1 1 H	Hewius & Titus.	Newman, Hay wood & McLaughliu.
Yankton Dak	C50, 000 300, 000 400, 000 700, UOO 2, 675, 000 2, 000, 000 500, 000 2-; 5, ooo 4, 000, 000 2, 900, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 650, 000 550, 000 1, 500, 000 300, 000 1, 500, 000	$6 75 6 75 6 75 6 75 6 75 6 75 5 90 6 75 fi 50 6 50	$6 00 6 OO 6 00 6 OO 6 00 6 00	$6 52 6 4r 6 54 6 52 6 34 6 4'2 6 56 6 5^ 540 540 4 50
Ponca Dak ...
Crow Creek Dak
Lower Brul6 Dak
	$10 00 10 00	$6 40 7 80
Fort, Berthold	$8 92
Santee	6 00 6 00 6 00
Eed Cloud
Spotted Tail
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Kiowa and Cotnanche . . . Wichita				$373* 3 73 A 3 73i
		4 30 4 24 4 24
						356	$5 3c	$3 57^
Blackfeet
Crow
Fort Peck	900, 000
	100, 00') 400, 000 3 500 000
Fort Hall
							6 78
	750 000
Southern Apache	750, 000
Osage				+4 24				||3 73^	§4 95

* The contract for beef at Lemhi and Fort Hall was awarded to E. S. Newman fir the following and $.5, respectively, for 100 pounds delivered at the agencies, instead of at Franklin Station, on Utah ported by affidavits, is on file in the Indian Office. Attention was called to this mistake by Mr. Newman contract for he beef to be furnished for said t»vo ageioiei was aw.irddd to him, which proposition was the agencies embraced in his contract.

t Informal ; not accompanied by contract or bond, as required by advertisement.

J 1,000,000 pounds. || 500,000 pounds, more or less. § Amount required.

FOR BEEF-CATTLE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

157

under advertisement of August 16, 1876, <fc. — Continued, rates at which contracts have been awarded, per 100 pounds.)

one-fonrth of each delivery to be cows ; to average, except in Indian Territory, not less than 850 pounds average not less than 70 j pounds, aiid no animal to weigh less than 550 pounds ; price to be figured being allowed for tare.

C. A. Broad water.	V S 1 a <	"H c3 O |> as B	g 1 d >_<	c o M S >-5	E. S. Newman.	W. M. Alderson.	Levi Speigelberg.	II. B. Dennmn.	Hunter & Curtis.	Trinidad Ilomero.	William Kosenthal.	B. S. Hunter.
											,
$5 50 6 00 7 00	$4 60? 4 40 5 40	$4 -)0 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00	$535
t$3 88	$4 ON 4 38 *3 !2N *5 iJS	$4 74
6 40
	5 50 4 90				.
						$5 14	$6 24	$6 84
							§4 50 4 50	$3 Sf> 4 vJ*	$4 35 4 35

reasons, viz: By mistake, Mr. Xewman's bids on flour required for the agencies named were at §3.50 and Northern Ilailroad, or Corinne, Utah, on Central Pacific Railroad, as intended, evidence of which, aup- before any award was made, and lie proposed to furnish the flour at prices above named, provided the accepted. This aggregate proposition of Mr. Newnmii is $^,450 lower than that of any other bidders for

158

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Saint Louis,

NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the

COEX, (per

SPECIFICATION'S. — To be sound, dry, and clean; to weigh not less than 56

Agencies.	• Place of delivery.	Quantity.	.2 cS q 6 £	Castner & Penner.	| > H ri h>
lied Cloud		500 000
Do	Cfieyeime	500, 000
Spotted Tail	Agency . .	550 000
	do	50, 000
Do	Wichita	50 000
Fort Peck		250, 000
	do	40, 000
	Sioux City	*t, 505 000
	do Omaha	*2, 645, 000 105 000			$0 93
*	do	*2 645 000			90
	do .. . . ..	1 050 000

*Or as much as may be required.

FOR CORN FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

159

Mo., under advertisement of August 16, 1876, <fc.— Continued.

rate at which contracts have been awarded.

100 pounds.)

pounds to the bushel ; and to bo delivered in strong gunnies, resewed.

« & 1-3 O w ri o	Cummings & Suod- graM.	Henry Gantz.	Powers, Mabry & Co.	Fred. H. Davis.	Thomas Lanigan.	"3 | S 6 d	Newman, Haywood, & McLauyhlin.	C. A. Broadwater.	Dnrfoe & Peck.
		§o 70
			$-2 42
		2 90
					$1 75		$1 20
						06 60 5-14
$4 50								$3 22 9-28	$6 00
		4 75
SO 94 9 14	SI 061						1 C6£
$0 89 2-7
				$0 75

160

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in Saint Louis,

NOTE. — Figures in large fype denote the

FLOUR, (per

SPECIFICATIONS. — To be fresh-ground, of sound wheat, of the

Agencies.	Places of delivery.	Quantity.	R. M. Cherrie.	£ 'o £ M tf	tc c^ fee •8 w H d	^ h a 3 PH fe	Newman, Hay wood & McLaugh'lin.
Yankton Dak	Agency	Pounds. 25 000	$4 no
Ponca Dak	do	35, 000	3 90 3 75 3 70 3 42 4 00
Crow Creek Dak	do	20 000	3 90 3 75 3 70 3 42 6 25
Lower Brule Dak	do	35 000	6 15 6 00 5 95 5 77 6 25
	do	125 000	6 15 6 00 5 95 5 67 6 50
Standin"1 Hock Dak	do	103 000	6 40 6 25 6 20 5 92 4 80			§3 30
Fort Berthold Dak . .	do ...	160 000	4 65 4 50 4 45 4 27 5 80			3 70
Sisseton Dak	do	150 000	5 65 5 50 4 45 4 17			3 40
Do		150 000
Devil's Lake Dak		100 000				4 00
Do		100 000
Red Clond "N"ebr		17*5 000		$4 18
Spotted Tail Xebr	"^do	150 000		4 38
lilackt'ept Mout	do	125 000
	do	250 000
Fort Peck Mont	do	321 000	8 30		$5 00
	...do	50, 000	8 15 8 00 7 95 7 67
Fort Hall Idaho	do	52 500
		40 000		2 78
		Indefinite					2 84
Do...	..tdo .'..	...do ..

FOR FLOUR FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

161

Mo., under advertisement oj August 16, 18?f, cj-c.— Continued.

rates at which contracts have been awarded.

100 pounds.)

best XX quality, and delivered in strong double sacks.

IT. Johnson.	Castuor &. Pennor.	Henry Gantz.	C. A. Broadwntor.	T. C. Powers.	ISich & Wilson.	W. W. Alderson.	Durfeo & Pock.	J. M. McGammon.	E. S. Newman.
		/			• -
$3 15	$2 09
2 50	2 88
	2 34
	2 S3	$4 25
		4 40
		6 15	$6 00	$6 87
		5 75	6 98		$5 94	$6 90
			4 25				£3 20
		6 00				6 50			3 ."ill
		6 00				6 25		. |	3 no
									o nn
								<j 25
								*2 75

11 IND

* XXX quality.

162

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in Saint Louis,

FLOUR, (per 100-

Agencies. /	Place of delivery.	Quantity.	Henry Gaut/.	Powers, Mabry & Co.	Xewnian, Haywood & McLautfliliii.	si 1 s t-2 Ha	Thomas Lauigan.	1 £ £ £
San Carlos Ariz	Agency - •	Pounds. GOO 000					$9 00
	do	250 000
Southern Apache X Mex	do .	250* 000
Sac and Fox Ind. T	...do	Indefinite			$2 84
Osage, Ind. T	...do	200, 000			*2 19		2 65
Cheyenne and Arapahoe	...do	260 000	$4 00	$3 80	2 97	$3 59	3 70
TOowaandComanche, Ind. T	...do	220. 000	3 80	4 05 5 30 3 75	329	3 59	4 50
Wichita Ind T	..do	80, 000	3 80	4 00 4 25 4 55 3 25	3 29	3 59	4 10
Pawnee Ind T	do	' 200 000		4 00 4 25 4 55	2 23		2 80
		300 000
	do	55 000						$2 37
	Bismarck Dak ...	Indefinite
		300 000
	do	360 000						2 05
	Schuyler Nebr	3(JO, 000						1 98
		300 000
	do	55 000						2 27
	do	1 500 000
	Saint Paul Minn	150 000						J
	Saint Lou!s Mo	13 770 000						1
	Caddo Mo	o-20 000		3 00
		760 000		2 75 2 50 2 25 2 70
	do	200 000		2 45 2 25
	Fort Scott Ivans	760 000
	Wichita Kans	760 000	-5	2 75 2 50	\
	Cheyenne, Wyo . . . Sidney, Wyo	325, 000 325, 000	1	2 25	J	::::::		248 248

Bid for quantity required.

t Or any portion.

J Bid for 260,000 pounds.

FOR FLOUR FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

163

Mo., under advertisement of August 16, 1876, $c.— Continued, pounds) — Continued.

Cashier \-. I'lMiniT.	C. E. Hedges.	Lcvi Spk'gelberg.	Hunter &, Curtis.	Willie Spicgolborg.	Marcus Brunswick.	IScn.j. Schuster.	w Q	B. P. McDonald.	.5 1 M a 1	E. O. Stewart & Co.	1 0
		ss 50	$3 87^
				$445	$5 49	$4 97 1	•^4 ft~-i
				5 00	6 29	5 10	4 S7i
									$3 50
											82 10 2 30 2 40
											2 45
											2 50
S2 83	)										2 55
2 34						•					2 60 2 15 2 35 2 45 2 50
											2 55
											2 60
											2 65 f 2 00 2 20 2 30 2 35
											2 40
	si 00										2 45
1 98	5										t 2 50
1 49	5									$2 60
										2 35
		> ' '.
								" 75
								2 35
								2 65

164 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Saint Louis,

HARD BEE AD,

NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the

Si'EC FICAT;OXS. — To be of the best quality used by the Army, and [Awards of contracts were made on comparison of

Agencies.	Place of delivery.	Quantity.
Fort Eerthold	Agency	40 000
Devil's Lake*	...do ...	50 000
	do	40 000
Pawnee	do	100 000
Wichita	do «.	4.0 000
.Kiowa and Comanche	do	110 000
Cheyenne and Arapahoe . .	do	130 000
Crow Creek	do .	10 000
Yankton	do	1° 000
Ponca	.. . do	17 500
Lower Brul6	do	17 500
Standin01' Rock	do	50 000
Crow	do	125 000
Do	do	25 000
Chevenue River	do	62 500
Lemhi	. do	25 000
Fort Hall	do	35 000
Fort Peck	do	160 000
Do	do	35 000
Do	do	160 000
	Saint Paul	260 000
	Saint Louis	1 212 000
	Chicago .....	4-25 000
	Sioux City	425, 000
	Saint Paul or Minneapolis	370 000
	Lawrence . . . ....	380 000

FOR HARD BREAD FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

165

l/o., under advertisement of August 16, 1876, cf-c.— Continued.

(per 100 pounds.)

rates at which contracts have been awarded, famished, packed in strong boxes, ready for shipment, samples with which each bid was accompanied.]

U. M. Chorrie.	E. H. 13errisford.	J. Garneau & Co.	Blalie, Walker & Co.	| 5 PH £	Thomas Lnnigan.	Newman, ITaywood & McLnughlin.	William Cunnington.	Rich & Wilson.	William W. Alder- son.	Charles E. Hedges.	Durfee & Peck.
si go
7 50 6 SO				$6 50
					85 75					•
					6 00	$4 49
					7 95
					7 95
					7 15
8 TT
8 25 7 25 6 50
6 00 5 00 6 50
6 00 5 00 8 75
8 25 7 25 7 00
6 50 5 50								$9 75
									an oo
9 00								»
8 50 7 50		1							10 50
									10 00
10 50				..
10 00 9 00		"								$8 00
			:::								010 00
	63 69*
	2 99i	*$4 25
			$4 40
			4 90	-
4 75
4 25 3 25	•						$4 00

Contract for 4, SCO pounds awarded.

166

PROPOSALS AND AWARDS FOR BEEF AND PORK.

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in Saint Louis, Mo., under advertisements of August 16, 1876, <fc. — Continued.

NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which, contracts have been awarded. •MESS BEEF, (per barrel.)

				6
				0
				<^		^		o
Agencies.	Places of de- livery.	Quan- tity.	6	1	1	Kinne	I	1-	^
			I	Hf	1	1	«	H	W
*			g		P	§	a
		•	<^	&	P4	H	1	0
		Barrels.
Cheyenne and Arapa-	Agency . . .	175		510 50
hoe, Ind. T.
Kiowa Ind. T	...do .	125		10 50
Wichita Ind T	do	50		10 50
	Kansas City	350	$S 50
	Saint Louis	350			pll 90
								*

MESS PORK, (per barrel.)

Sisseton Dak	Agency Saint Paul.. Saint Louis. Chicago Sioux City . .	250						$20 50 17 50	622 49
300 825 625				817 70
£16 00
			!*17 00
PEIME STEAM LARD, (per 100 pounds.)
Chevenne and Arapa- hoe, Ind. T.	Agency Sioux City..	Pound.?. 20, 000 20,000	812 75
			~f 813 00

PEMMICAX, (per 100 pounds.)

					6
			00		O
			•0	h	"J		o
Agencies.	Places of delivery.	Quantity.	1		,2	>-	ft
			H	P*i	^q	^5	O
			8	O	B	M	w
				cj	I	a	-<
			o	M	(H	P^	^
		Pounds.
T"ort Peck Dak		150 000		<%9 50
Do '		150 000	fio oo			$11 50	$12 50
Do ...	...do	75, 000			$12 00

PROPOSALS AND AWARDS FOR SOAP.

167

€ • 2' 4 *

s ^3 5 «« s £ 2 °

AP, ( mple

OB O

£ «

g, «

I.

!

^

is i

• i O — ' i

. -oo .

•03 ?? -sojg; ^aaj

§S : :§

SBtnoqx ! »HO : lo

LO

-H *

•jajsnqog tnraefaag;

•03 ??

:fi

£ O O C O O O O O O

|<JM >» -S'^'oVo a ® Sc® ce-^s-S * S

O - S

II

& 3

168

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED.

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Saint Louis, Ho., under advertisement

year ending

NOTE. — Figures in largo type denote the

To . <!	Kansas City, Mo. '	Wichita agency, Indian Terri- tory.	Wichita, Ivans.	|V	Osage agency.
From —	a J V hi P	I	a hs P	o ""a W	p a s, i-i P	1 M	a" 3 g P	5	a 0 H
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore	$1 00 70 70	$0 55 50 40	$275 2 75 2 25 2 10	$2 59 2 59 2 25 2 10	$1 50 1 10 1 00 60	$1 05 1 00 90 6O	$t 00 3 75 3 50 2 10	$4 00 3 75 3 50 2 10	$2 05 2 00 1 90 I 60
Chicago
Saint Louis
Kansas City
Omaha. .."..
Cheyenne
Lawrence	40	40		2 15 1 99	40 ; 40			1 60 1 10
"Wichita, Kan s	2 00
Sidney			1
Caddo, Indian Ter				1 65
Coffeyville							85
	1
f To	o' a « j |M	t-M O a 11 I	White Itiver agency, Colo- rado.	!|| Q	I	1 u a a p O	S'a a t*> O	o' II ® a	5
	|| S
From —	q rt 9, a hs ft	a a Q O i-s P	1 hj P	a 1	a cs O a	a' a • 3	a a cS	a 1	!
P	P	P	ft	P
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore	7 75 7 75 8 00 7 50 5 01	$800 7 75 7 75 8 00 7 50 5 00	8900 8 75 8 75 8 00 7 50	$1 00 3 75 3 75 3 45 3 45	$2 10 1 90 2 10 1 90 al 55	$2 50 2 30 2 30 2 10 a2 1O	$3 95 3 75 3 75 3 00 3 00	$60!) 5 75 5 75 5 10 65 10	$1200 12 00 12 03 11 53 11 50 o OO
Chicago
Saint Louis
Kansas City .
Omaha
Corinne
Kawlin^s Station ...	6 00
Cheyenne						1 75	3 28 1 28
Bryan Station
Saint Paul

a 50 cents per 100 poxinds on flour and grain. b '$2 80 per 100 poa:ids oa no:ir and grain.

FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

169

of Auqitst 16, 1376, for fitruliliiny tramp )rt.i:ion fjr Viz Iu:Hau sz>'vlc3 fjr the fi-ical June 30, 1877.

rates at which contracts have been awarded.

Kiowa agency, Indian Terri- tory.	(Jaddo, Indian Tt-riitory.	Cheyenne and Ar- ap thoe agency, Indian Territory.	Cofl'eyville,KiiUfs.	Kaw agency, In- du.u lenitoiy.	~*: 2* 5| P	^ *£ 3| P	3 3) K ef 13 3	Salt Lake City, Utah.
D. J, McCaun.	j 1 M	a" £ 1 pq	a a « 9 S hs q	j 1 H	1 1 f=H w	5 h;' P	j S hi P	1 3 •-3 P	a' § o a HJ P	a 5 >-3 P.
$'2 75 2 75 2 25 2 10	$2 49 2 49 2 25 2 10	$1 05 1 05 95 65	83 no 2 75 2 75 2 50	$2 59 2 59 2 35 2 15	$1 05 1 00 90 60	$2 90 2 HO 2 80 2 10	$1 60 3 30 3 30 3 00 3 (10 1 60	$3 75 3 50 3 50 3 50 3 20 1 80	$0 55 45 60	$4 75 4 50 4 50 4 20- 4 20-
	a 15 2 00			2 15 1 60	60
2 00		1 60
			1 60	1 70
	1 59
Kawliugs Stat'n, Union Pacific Kail road.	o P-J a" C3 f-J S	Quapaw agency, . Indian Ter.	e a s *| IP g 5	,d C8 2 | |	^ M |3 • O	a 3 | ^ ~ <!	a' a ii •3? « a 1	B a 3 if '2 I	a a 3 S |	a a S _^ 5 S S
D. J. McCanu.	1 % Hi P	a' .1 % NJ q	d 5 ^ hi Q	a cS O a 3 1-3 «	g a 1 »-3 Q	Northern Pacific Kail- road Company.	Northern Pacific Rail- road Couijiauy.	Northern Pacific Kail- road Company.	Northei nPacificRail- road Company.	Northern Pacific Kail- road Company.
£» 90 3 75 3 75 3 30 c3 30	$3 95 3 70 3 70 3 00 3 00	$3 00 3 00 2 00 1 20	$1 03 S 75 8 75 8 00 S 00	$1 00 3 75 3 75 3 75 3 75	$12 00 12 00 12 0 ) 11 50 1J 50 8 00	$1 05 1 01 1 01	$9 78 80 80	$1 03 99 99	$0 75	$0 55
87	1 28
						71	50	69

c 80 cents per 100 rounds on flour and grain.

170

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals and awards made in Saint Louis, Mo., under advertise

i To s,	Bismarck, Dak.	i-a	Cimarron agency, N. Hex.	Abiouiu agency. tf.Mer. "	San Carlos agency, Ariz.
From —	Northern Pacific Kail- road Company.	Northern Pacificllail- road Company.	L. Spiegelberg.	1	1	i cc 2 H	f
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore	$1 10 1 00 1 00 85 75	$1 90 1 90 1 90 1 60 1 80	$5 00	$8 74	$7 25	V9 75 9 75	$14 50
S<uut Paul
Sioux City
1
To	Wichita agency, lud. Ter.	Sac and Foxagencj-, Ind. Ter.	Pawnee Ind.	agency, Ter.	«? c: H ?xl 1	§ Is 5. ^
From—	Thomas Lanigau.	E. Fenlon.	Thomas Lanigan.	E. Fenlon.		1 1 - I	Thomas Lanigan.	Thomas Lanigan.
•Coffevville	$1 50	$1 50	$1 15	81 15	f 0 85
	$2 05	Sa 45
Kansas City
To	Cimarron agency.	Abi«ncy,	San Carlos agen- cy, Ariz.	*.§S?., -MB-
From—	L. Spiegelberg.	I 1 1	L. Spiegelberg.	j	! ! "o .o *® .2" « .1? C£ ^02
Elmoro, Colo	$2 50	$5 24 $4 50	$1200	$5 24	$4 75 $5 24 $6 00 j
Sioux City

FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 171

ment of August 1 '>, 1*7.', for furnisldnj transportation, <$-c. — Continued.

Mescalero Apache agency.	Xavajo agency.	5 >; Southern Apache Colorado River ^ ?c ageucv. agency. 5 ~ P	SiouxCity, Iowa.
	M 5 00	M. P.rnnswick.		L. Spiegelbcrg.	02	1 i	A. Staab.	Thomas S. Kilnball.	L. Zeckendorf.	Thomas S. Kiraball.	•John II. Charles.
$3 74	$7 50	$8 50 8 50 8 50	$8 50	$8 74	$8 50	$8 74	$1200*	$12 00 12 00 12 00	1075 1075	$0 55 35 35 25
								6 OO
Cheyenne and Arapahoe agen- cy, I iid. Ter.	Kaw agency, Ind. Ter.	Red Cl >ud agency, Xebr.	Spotted Tail agency, Xebr.
.1 g 0	E. Fenlon.	Thomas Lanigan.	c To cs fc M	1	J. H. Nichols.	K	"tJD	C. Hecht.	J. H. Nichols.	j
"•ti*65	$1 10	81 10
		31 GO 1 40	$132^		$2 25 2 00	$1 85 1 65	$1 80		$2 50 2 25
			$2 05		$2 25
So ithern Apache agency, Ariz.	02	San tee agency, Xebr.	rt^ n £> n£ °£ g^ £ h^l S * 0 U	Yancton agency. Dakr
1	L. Spiegelberg.	£	I W	1 1 1 1 1 w s H a a"	K! r2 K
$5 24	$6 00	i
It. si 50 1 W. 3 00 1 R. 0 75 ' W. 3 00	R. $0 50 R. $0 60 R. $0 95 R. $2 00 R. $0 95 R "W. 3 00 W. 3 00 "W. 3 OOi W. 3 00| W. 3 00 W R. 1 25 R	.$1251 '. 3 OOP . 100 '. 3 no	El. $075 V. 3 00
	J
	1		• Ivv.	3 00 W
R.— River ; W.— Wagon. J 100 pounds per 100 miles.

Two thousand pounds.

t Two thousand pounds, more or less.

172

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED.

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in Xew York city under advertisement of An

year ending NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded.

'Articles of Class 2.	Quantity.	II. B. Clatliu & Co.	Dunham, Buckley &. Co.	Lewis Bros. & Co.	Cadbury, Thomas &Co.	Stuart & Bro. '	Faulkner, 3'age & Co.
• Yarn, assorted colors	5, 270 pounds	Place of delivery.
X. Y.	X. Y.	N. Y.	N. Y. or Phila.	Phila.	X. Y.
	$0 674 1 07 87J
TVhite	500 pounds .. 500 pounds . . 770 pounds . . 1, 000 pounds . . 500 pounds . 5, 270 pounds . 4, 500 pounds . 5,270 pounds . 500 dozen . . . 919 dozen . . . 480 dozen
Steel
Gray
Blue, unwashed
Scoured
Bright colors
Assorted . . .
Socks, men's	82 m 2 25 i 50 3 00
Hoso, women's	1 94 to 3 35
500 dozen . . .
419 dozen
650 dozen .
1, 050 dozen . . .
1,048 dozen ... 315 dozen	J 65 to 2 95	2 674 to 2 90
Hose, children's
1, 300 dozen . . .
450 dozen
1, 037 dozen . . . 300 dozen	1 00 to 1 50	1 07i to I 424 1 4-24 to 1 70 1 35 90 1 65 1 12*
Scarfs
500 dozen .
400 dozen
650 dozen
600 dozen
. 525 dozen
31 dozen .... 4 029	4 00 to 6 50 1 124. to 1 69	99 to 7 50 1 37i 1 70 1 37* 1 25			$2 50 to 3 00 22J to 1 80
Shawls 8-4 '		$1 35 . to 1 70
Flannel (blue twilled)	2,500	$3 10
15, 400 yards .... 20, 650 yards 12, 600 yards	32* 26 to 314 26 to 3M	274 27? to 29| 32 274 to 32			$0 274 27J
Flannel, (red twilled)
List cloth, (blue)
Do '	1 105 yards
List cloth, (scarlet)	12 300 yards
Linssy, (plaid)	55, 760 yards .... 25 000 yards	164 to 17 19	12 1-5 to 18 1-5
56* 000 yards i

For articles of class one see page 176.

FOR WOOLEN GOODS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

173

16, 1876, /"or furnishing g)ols} medical supplies, lidrdwoLre, and tobacco for the fisca June 30, 1«77. Awards were made on comparisou of samples with which each bid was accompanied.

	.			^	0			c	•
C}	r^			S	qj	O		•<s	CJ		a
rid				S				+3			g
	$ >-.	g			\t	4 o	_J	I	^j I	-s	I
	ig						53		(4		H
at	M Hi 73	. c a a	"2	f	i- i*	5 of Sf	O H	f	1	o "o	3 s '%
Q		a	si		3	5	j	3	s	>	S

Place of delivery.

N. T.	X. Y.	Phila.	N. Y.	Phila.	Phila. i	Phila.	N. Y., Chi., or StLoui	Phila.	X. Y.	X. Y.	X. Y. or Balto.
			/		•		SO 77*
	L						77?
							80
							(55
							75
		§1 05
		90
								$0 75
						•	:	to 1 00
				$1 10			.	3 00			SC 22*
				to 2 60					$2 60
									1 10
				ti 75
										§3 65
										4 70
				3 50				2 20
								to 3 00		2 10
										2 62i
										2 90
				a oo				95
				to 2 50				to 1 80
									1 60
										2 10
										2 6°A
								2 25
								3 00 to 4 50
$0 21	$6 26J
21	to 32 arj
to 26J	to 32	1 20
			$1 25
		i 26
				15J	$0 13
					to 15f	0 14 °-5
						10 7-10

174 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of Class 3.	Quantity.	6 o 4 [3 si s	6 O •4 _a 5 c3 5 W ri	a 1 1 S <1	q 5 02 EH	Stewart & Bro.	Oburleufler, Abe»g &.Co.
Calico	230, 000 yards . . . 250 dozen . . . 200 dozen	Place of delivery.
X. T.	N. Y.	N.Y.	X. Y. j Phil.	N.Y.
$0 05. 62 to 06.95 94 to 1 50 1 50 to 3 80	$0 05J to 061 1 8ti
Do	^140 to 1 49 1 29 to 1 64
Do	344 dozen			80 30 to 50	SO 18 to 1 65	$1 40 to 3 00
	8, 300 yards . . . 200, 000 yards . . . 12, 100 yards... 12, 000 yards ... 500 yird5*	10-24 07.49 to 071 27i to 46.9 23J to 27i	10i 07i to 08^ 25 . to 43 12 to 16 16 to 35 07 Hi 09* to 11.45 11.45 to 15 1H to Hi u* to 154 09| to lOi lot to 101 08i to 08i
	7, 100 yards- . . . Ill 356 yards ...	iii to 12| 12 09.9 to 15i 10. 24
Duck
	37, 150 yards . . . 43, 950 yards ... 1, 700 yards . . .
Drilling, (indigo-Une).. Drilling, (slate)

FOR COTTON GOODS FOR IXDIAX SERVICE.

175-

advertisement of August, 16, IffJQ, for furnishing goods, j-c. — Continued.

,

~.

a

Chas. Stewart & Co

G. K. Sheridan.

K. S. Jaflray & Co.

Bliss & Allen.

Whitman &. Welah.

Gowiug &.Grew.

I'.lim &Co.

Meigs, Dale & Co.

D i H 2

Pitkin & Thomas.

Faulkner, Page &C

Wilson & Bradbury

o S p 1 |

c> >; TS

Lewis JJros. & Co.

Place of delivery.

X. Y.. Phil 01

X Y

N Y

X Y

1 "N" Y

1ST Y

"N" Y

N Y

Phil

Bait

N Y

Ph'l

Phil

"N" Y

N" Y

Bait.

1

i

|6 07.47

$0 06.98

*0 29

§0 33

SO 25

*o 30

$0 27 J

to 50 17

to 36J

to 45

to 39

to 41

$0 16

80 10^

to 27i

to 27i

to* 25i

13.10

SO 12g

«

$0 10

$0 14J

$0 11J

$0 13'-

§0 14*

~

I

to 13J 10

to 18

to 10J

176

PROPOSALS AND AWARDS FOR BLANKETS.

dut of prjpyscils received a'td an'ctrds ni'ide in JVtw York Citi/ undvr aclcei'tivvnienl of Au- gnst 16, 187$, for furnishing goods, J-c. — Continued.

		John Dob- sou.	C. H. Ammi- doun.
* Articles of Class 1.	Quantity.	Place oi	' delivery.
		New York.	Philadelphia.
Blankets:	Nn. 2 510	$5 60
2i pt white Mackinac 6 pounds . ...	1 353	4 20
2 pt white Mack inac, 5J pounds	1 0-20	3 67J
]£ pt white Mackinac 4$ pounds	750	ti 974
3 pt. scarlet Mackinac, 8 pounds	Q 635	6 84
	2 036	4 68
2 pt. scarlet Mackinac 5J pounds	1 005	4 OJM
	5 682	5 60
2^ pt indigo blue Mackinac 6 pounds	4 245	4 '20
2 pt. indi<ro blue, Mackinac, 5^ pounds	2 935	3 6?i
3 pt green Mackinac 8 pounds	1 175	<» '24"
2^ pt. "Teen Mackiuac 6 pounds	1, 100	4 OS
	720	4 <)•'>.'•
	' 8*iO		$5 44
	4->2		4 08
3 pt scarlet Mackinac 8 pounds	443		6 88
2^ pt. scarlet Mackinac 6 pounds	2^2		5 16
	550		5 76
2*- pt. indi(To blue Mackinac 6 pounds	679		4 32
	126		6 88
2£ pt ""reeii Mackinac 0 pounds	124		5 16

For articles class two see page 172.

PROPOSALS AND AWARDS FOR HATS AND SHOES.

177

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City, under advertisement of August 16, 1976, for furnishing goods, <fc. — Continued.

					d	Al
		i & Thomas.	rern & Co.	6 3	a m a k e r I'.nnvn.	Hitchcock « Co.	i-hill Hat Co.	Bros. & Co.	1 4	Lester & Co	& Nissen.
Articles of class 5.		i	i	1	a ai	HJ	0)	1	'S	M	I
		PH	a	W	HE	<}	w	0	8	i-s	02
	>>	Places of delivery.
	•3	N.Y.,						N.Y.	N.Y.
	•	Phil., &	KY.	N.Y.	Phil	N.Y.	N.Y.	or	or	KT.	N.Y.
	5	Bait.						Phil.	Phil.
	2,209	C81 15 } 110	|1 08 1 25	$1 35 1 05J	f 1 23 2 19i
Men's shoes prs
	I 465		1 24	1 10	1 00	$0 87$
					to
	958	1 10	94 1 02	1 05 1 00	1 95 1 08i	85
					to
					1 29
	175		68	76	60	571
					to
					1 14

ARTICLES OF CLASS 6.

	5 350	£0 40			$0 4-Ji		$0 58	$0 50	$0 40
Do . .	5 350				to 95		to 75	to 96	to 47 47 to 52	e o 50
Hats, boy a', (wool) Caps	1,522 1 689				29i to 59 50		52 to 60	33 to 58 58 to 73 16	37 to 40	to 83 38 to 55 35	$0 52J
					to 81			to 37* 37* to 62J		to *40 40 to 50	to 75

* 500 brown plush at 40cents.

12IND

178

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 4. to	Quantity.	Frank & Co.	H. B. Claflin & Co.	Dunham, Buckley &Co.	Feckheimer, Eau & Co.	Rothchilds Bros. & Gutman.	11. Wallach's Sons.
Places of delivery.
N. T.	K Y.	N. Y.	K Y.	If. Y.	N. Y.
	9,065 4,450 7,075 5,000 300 3,764 4,359 483 300 2,234 1,323	$0 38 to 48 31 to 33	$0 29 to 36 24 to 30 30 to 40 80 to 88J SSi to 1 12 60 to 81	$0 38 to 48	$0 39 to 46		$0 37 to 47
Shirts calico	$0 32 to 50
Flannel red	84 to 1 05 65 to 80	77 to 1 06 58 to 75	75 to 95 60 to 67
Blouses
Coats . ....
Pants
Boys' suits, 5 to 10
Boys' suits 10 to 16
Vests
vercoats

FOR CLOTHING FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods. #c. — Continued.

179

g				-	6	^		.	4	bC
1	4 a		CO B	f	i	«	§	2,	A	q	a
& 1	tkin & Thou	un & Co.	aaca & Hack	r	p hi 1	a 0^6 0 a	jwberger & I stadter.	lumber^, K Lauer & C<	a n am ak e Brown.	0 Y	1
a5	£	W	• M		CJ	^	5	g	P	H	£

Places of delivery.

N. Y.	N. Y., Phil, and Bait.	N. Y.	N. Y.	N. Y.	N. Y.	N. Y.	Phil.	N. Y.	Phil.	N. Y.	KY.
$0 35
to 50 33
to 36 95				"".				..V
to 1 28 70
to 84	$1 25
		$2 75	$3 10	$3 04	$2 93	$1 96	$3 00	$2 44	$3 17	$2 45
		to 3 00 1 55	to 4 90 1 70	to 3 74 1 16	to 3 15 1 71	to 2 97 1 93	to 5 25 1 85	to ays 2 78 to 7 50 2 10	to 6 15 1 65	to 4 65 1 10
		to 1 95	to 2 87 4 00	to 2 38 3 00		to 3 05	to 3 00 3 25	to 2 48 3 20	to 176 1 76 to 3 75 2 85	to 2 95	$3 75
	3 50		5 00	5 08			to 4 50 5 00		to 376 3 76 to 5 60 4 85		5 25
		1 15	1 00	1 11	90	68	to 6 25 1 50		to 6 10 6 10 to 8 81 1 12	88
	•~;	to 1 32 4 35	to 1 46 5 00	to 1 25 5 82	3 90	3 "5	to 1 75 4 50	4 OS	to 1 13 1 13 to 114 1 14 to 1 85 4 36	507
		to 4 95	to 6 05	to 6 12		to 10 87	to 525 5 25 to 7 50	to 6 81	to 9 73	to 7 65

180 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of atvards made in New York City under

Articles of class 7.	Quantity.	Hoyt & Bnsick.	William S. Skinner.	6 <$ & 1	d O 3 M 1 1
Places of delivery.
New York.	tf ew York or Philadelphia.	New York.	New York.
	Doz. 347 238 366 648 300 296 662 84 583 291 292 221 18 24 245 210 808 440 1,437 410 794 283 936 182 486 1,078 400 67 209 169	$0 70 to $1 20 1 15 02 to 12 1 00 to 2 30 4 88 to 5 25 1 36 to 1 72 09 4 30 6 00	$0 75	$0 55 to $1 05 95 to 70 20 to 55 per 100	$0 58 to $0 63 92
Saw-flies ...
Fish-hooks
Planters' hoes' No 2
Fry-pans (short handles)
		11 2 HO 4 90
Files ' (mill-saw)		2 07 5 25
Camp-kettles
• Dippers (iron tinned)
96 96 to 1 10 40 50 3 25 3 50 20 to 72 35 to 42 21 to 24 40 to 65 38 8 34 5 20 to 5 30 1 38 to 1 48 5 00 5 30 19 1 29 to 2 00 1 54 to 3 00 1 54 to 2 00 1 42 1 24 to 1 86
Beaver-traps, (Newhouse No. 4) Mink-traps (Newhouse) ......
Shears 7J and 8 inch		3 70 4 00 21 23 27 32 55 65 44	3 00 3 50
Fish-lines
Spoons, table, (tinned, iron) . . . Spoons, tea, (tinned, iron) Tin-cups, (pints and quarts) . . . Plates tin
Axes	7 18 4 99 5 99
Axes (hunters') . -•
	1 70 4 80 5 10 18
Hatchets	3 48 to 4 99
Knives 6-inch .butcher		1 00 to 1 35 1 50 to 2 20 1 10 to 1 50
Knives 6-inch skinning
Sieves wire		§1 05

- Per kettle.

t Nest of 3, (8, 12, and 14 quarts.)

FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, $c. — Continued.

181

4	i	j	3	B	a ^
j	|	1	§5	6
10	2	1	!id •	^	^
0^	£	C3	sJ°	•g §	«J
W	1	1	P4	9	Ha
$	0	0	d	M	0

Places of delivery.

New York.	New York.	Chicago.	New York, Saint Louis, Chicago.	New York.	Chicago.
$O 52	$0 60 to & 50	1 0 52
60	94	85	$0 73
75 94		90 05
$0 90 to 2 00		1 73		$0 90 to $2 00	f 0 94£ to $2 02
4 50		5 25
4 52 4 81 1 40 to 2 00	1 65 to 2 09	2 80		1 38 to 2 00
	1O	13
1 87	1 97 to 4 04	$2 50 to 2 67	2 18
2 25 2 81 *98		12 80	3 15	3 00 to 4 80	fl 25
tl 77 tl 33				tl 33
				< j4 5O ) +5 25	j
57 to 1 20		1 70		*J9 25 72	72i
		92		1 20	9l|
		41
22Oto247	3 00 to 4 25	4 50
to 3 00	22 to 70	25
34i to 49i	48	44
21	30	25
96 28 80 to 89		75		80 to 89	40 to 70
35 to 65		44		36 to 65	38i
6 39 to 7 45		8 00 to 9 00
4 57 to 4 75		5 76 to 6 00
1 42 to 1 55		1 87i to 2 00	1 12
3 60 to 4 75		4 00	1 43
		20
93		1 10
1 20 1 27 to 1 94		2 75
98 to 1 4-2		3 25
1 40		81
		§1 25

I Per dozen, (8, 12, and 14 quarts.)

§ la pests, 3 sizes.

182

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 7.	& •£ I	Troy Stamping Works.	Excelsior Manufac- turing Company.	James Aikman & Co.	4 mi 0 5 "3 u & a 1-3
Place of delivery.
New York.	Saint Louis.	New York.	New York, Saint Louis, Philadelphia, and Chicago.
Knives and forks	Doz. 347 238
Saw-flies
Fish-hooks	366 648 300 296 662
Pans, tin or iron	$1 15 to $2 16	$1 05 to $2 25	$0 85 1 45 1 75	$0 92 to$l 97J
Planters' hoes No 2
Fry-pans (short handles)		1 53 to 2 03	1 30 1 45 1 65	1 76 to 2 23
Files (mill-saw)	84, 583
Camp-kettles		*1 60
	291 292 221 18 24
87 1 14	1 80 2 15	80 95	71 169
Beaver-traps, (Newhouse No. 4) Mink-traps (Newhouse)
Shears 7^ and 8 inch	245 210 808
Spoons table (tinned iron)		41J to 45 23i to 28* 36 to 72 38 to 41	33 22 48 56 90 35
Spoons, tea, (tinned, iron)	440
Tin-cups, (pints and quarts) Plates tin	1,437 410 794	54 to 65 37i to 42i	47Jto J 11 34J to 53
Axes (hunters')	283
	936
Hatchets	182 486
Sewing-awl handles
Knives, 6-inch butcher	1,078
Knives 6-inch hunting	400
Knives, 6-inch skinning Hoe handles	67 209 169
Sieves wire				}1 60

Nest of 3, (8 12, and 14 quarts.)

t Per kettle.

FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, cj"-c. — Continued.

183

a §	j		i	*
s'S ^		.2 i	3	® ^2	6 o 3
i	c	0 3	I	w hi	1-3

Place of delivery.

New York.	New York.	New York.	New York or Philadelphia.	Philadelphia.	New York.
$0 90 to $1 91
	$3 25 to $4 50	$4 35
1 50 to 1 90			$2 25 to $3 60
				t$0 78 to $1 21	*f 1 74
69			73
90			1 25
33 to 40			44 to 54
21 to 22			27 to 33
			42 to 62	43) to 81
35			39 to 75	351
		7 50
		5 50
		4 50

1 In nests, 3 sizes.

184 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 7.	Quantity.	Benham & Stouten- borough.	Dunham, Buckley & Co.	3 | Is b i	Melloy's Sons.
Places of delivery.
New York.	New York.	New York.	Philadelphia.
Knives and forks	Doz. 347
Saw-files .	238
Fish-hooks	366
Pans tin or iron	648
Planters' hoes, No. 2	300
Fry-pans (short handles)	296
Awls (sewing) . ... ....	662
	84
Camp-kettles	583 291 292 221 18 24	*f 1 25
Dippers, (iron, tinned)
71
Beaver- traps, (Newhouse No. 4) Mink-traps (Newhouse)
Shears 7J and 8 inch	245		$3 49 to $3 75	$2 34 to $4 20
Fish-lines	210
Spoons, table, (tinned, iron) Spoons tea (tinned iron)	808 440		24 to 38A 12 J to 24l
Tin cups, (pints and quarts) . . . Plates tin	1,437 410 794	$0 70 to 83 35		$0 38 to |0 70 40
Axes
Axes, (hunters')	283
Ax-handles	936
Hatchets	182
Sewing-awl handles	486
Knives, 6-inch butcher ........	1,078 400 67		1 05 1 05
Knives, 6-inch hunting Knives C-inch skinning
Hoe-handl es	20Q
Sieves wire	169

* Neat of 3, (8, 12, and 14 quarts.)

FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, $-c. — Continued.

185

a o 0 1 ^ |

Graham & Haines.

Collins & Co.

John Crane.

James "Woolworth.

John Russell Cut- lery Company.

1 5 d «

Places of delivery.

Chicago.	New York.	New York.	New York.	New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Saint Louia, or Saint Paul.	New York.	New York.
$7 10 to $7 45	$8 12	$6 97
5 30	4 99	5 33
			$1 59	$1 24 to $1 -K1,
3 72	4 49	4 48
		3 97			» ' -
					$0 go to|l 75
					1 00 to 2 00
					90 to 1 75
			1 25
						t$l 25

t In nests, 3 sizes.

186 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 8.	Place of deliv- ery.	Quantity.	Stuart & Bro.	Colladay, Trout & Co.	American Linen Thread Company.
Linen thread . .........	Philadelphia . .	1, 872 pounds	C$093.34 < 1 03}	$1 25 to $1 55
	New York	1, 872 pounds	(113* i		$0 98 to $1 30
		150 pounds
		1 000 pounds
		800 pounds
		100 pounds
		72 pounds
		300 pounds
		1, 000 pounds
		250 pounds
	Philadelphia . .	1, 270 dozen	0 28$	4"o" "to 59
	New York		to 58$
	....do 1 Philadelphia Chicago (^
Thimbles (open)..........	Saint Louis . ( Saint Paul.. J				,
	New York
	do
Combs fine-tooth	...do ..	424 dozen
	do	654 dozen
Beads	do	7 025 bunches
Needles Needles, glovers'	....do ....do Philadelphia	194,000, per M.. 77, 000, per M.. 1 800 pounds	(C*""9«i"y < 1 02i >		/.'.'/.'.'."'..'.'..
			( i lias )

FOR NOTIONS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

187

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, $-c. — Continued.

1 r-3 fl £ § 1 0	Alex. Dougan & Co.	Dunham, Buckley & Co.	H. B. Claflin & Co.	Willimantic Linen Com- pany.	o a 1 ri bj	Chalmers &. Murray.	13 3 W d
$0 78 to $1 04		C $1 02*	\-
	$0 99	( 1 28i	5
	1 09
	1 19
	1 09
	1 19
	70
	771
	70
	774
60		$0 29£ to 65	$0 25 to $0 64	|0 57.71		$0 25 to $0 50
				to 59.18	§0 36 to $0 57$
10 to 15		10	6 to 17J			10 to 30
						33 to 38
31 to 36		\ &	jj
35 to 43			35 to 45			72 to 1 02
39			44 to 75			80 to 1 78
			8 to 11
1 31J		1 60	1 55			55 to 1 52	$075to$l 25
		2 55	2 50			3 36

188

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New York City, fyc. — Continued.

Articles of class 9.	McKesson <k Bobbins.	W. H. Scheiff- elin & Co.	1, Ho £$ 1	Hegeman &Co.	« if £n X3 CC	Burrough Bros.	Pool & Town- send.	Raymond & Chase.
MEDICINES.	$0 00|	$0 01		$0 01
Acid, carbolic, for disinfection, in 1 Ib. bot 95 per cent Ib.	35	45		50
Acid, carbolic, pure, crystal- lized, in 4-oz. g. s. bot oz	8	8		9
	5i	7		9
Acid muriatic in 8-oz. g. s. bot oz	|	2		1
		2		1
Acid sulphuric in 4-oz g. s.bot...... oz	$	2		1
Acid, sulphuric, aromatic, in 8-	21	31		3				$0 02i
Acid tannic in 1-oz. bottles oz	11	13*		14
Acid, tartarie, powdered, in 8- oz. bottles . oz	3f	4		4
Alcohol, in 32-oz. bottles bott	57	60		75.95
Aloes powdered in 2-oz bottles oz	If	6		5
Alumina and potassa, sulphate	i	|		11
Ammonia, aromatic spirits of,	3	3		4				21
Ammonia, carbonate of, in 8-oz.	li	11		«j
Ammonia, muriate of, in 8-oz. bottles ,., .....oz	1	li		<j
Ammonia, solution of, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles ...'.. oz	|	f		1
Antimony and potassa, tartrate of, (tartar emetic,) in 1-oz. bottles ......oz	4f	5		6
Arsenic, pills of, (l-20th of a gr. each ) in g. s. bottles . ........ no	20 45	30	$0 20	25				15
Arsenite of potassa, solution of, (Fowler's Solution,) in 4-oz.	§	1	1	1				i
Belladonna, alcoholic extract of in 1-oz. w. m. bottles ... .... oz	20	25	11	1 1 to 30		1°i
Bismuth, subnitrate of, in 2-oz. bottles oz	12	14		13
Borax powdered, in 8-oz.bottl6s i ..... oz	li	H		11
	l|	2		21
Castor-oil in 32-oz. bottles . ... bott	25	28		45				30
	7	8		g				5i
Cerate resin inl-lb tins . Ib	40	50		35				25
	48	75		35				40
Chalk prepared in 8-oz bottles oz	£	|		1
Chloral, hydrate of, in 1-oz. g. s.	12	16		14
Chloroform, purified, in 8-oz. g.	51	7		6
Cinchona, fluid extract of, (with	17	10	5	5 to 8		7		5
Cinnamon, oil of, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles . .. ........ oz	8	8		10
Cod-liver oil in 1-pint bottles bott	30	42	23	40
Colchicum seed, fluid extract	11	121	5	5 to 10		71		6
Colocynth, compound extract	25	30	20	35		18
	J	|		1				,
	15	16		iy
Digitalis, tincture of, in 2-oz. bottles . ... oz	3i	5	2	2 to 4				2
Ergot, fluid extract of, in 4-oz. g. s. bottles .. oz	14i	25	11	11 to 20		15		10
Ether, compound spirits of, (Hoffman's anodyne,) in 8-oz.	21	3		3				2J
Ether, stronger, for anaesthesia, in 1-lb tins .. .... oz.	41	64		5
Ether, spirit of nitrous, (sweet spirits of nitre,) in e-oz. g. s. bottles oz	2i	3		3
Flaxseed in tins . . Ib	5	6		6
Flaxseed meal, in tins. . . . . Ib.	51	7

FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

189

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New York City, $c. — Continued.

Articles of class 9.	McKesson & Kobbins.	W. H. Schieff- elin & Co.	A 6 Ho 1 H	negeman & Co.	i!	Burrough Bros.	a OB I	Raymond & Chase.
Ginger, fluid extract of, in 8-oz.	$0 07| 3* 20 23 8i 2 U 2 46 2 51 3 8J 41 5 4* 5 4 6 4 60 20 27 17 1 8$ 11 60 1 1 20 40&48 36 45 45 4 2 1 2	fcO 09 2 25 30. 10 3 3 3 50 3 3 3 M 11 5 60 5 3J 6 3i 6} 5 00 15 50 371 11 16 65 9 2? 25 45 60 45 53 5 3 2 3	$0 05	$«053 5 10 to 30 25 10 3 2 50 3 3 2 3 1O •j		6		0 04 2
Giim arabic, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles • oz
Hyoscyamus, alcoholic extract	10		10*
		•
Ipecacuanha, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles . oz
Iron, solution of the subsul-
Iron, sulphate of, commercial, in 10 Ib wood boxes Ib
Iron, tincture of the chloride	3 3 5				2
Iron and quinia, citrate of, in 1-
Jalap powdered in 4-oz. bottles oz .
Lavender, compound spirits of,				3
Liccorice extract of in paper ........ oz
Liccorice root, powdered, in 8-
Magnesia, heavy calcined, in 4-
Magnesia, sulphate of, in 10-lb. tins - Ib.
	50 6 3 6 3 8 4 60
Mercury, corrosive chloride of, (corrosive sublimate,) in 1-oz. bottles .... ... oz
Mercury with chalk, in 2-oz. bottles oz
Mercury, mild chloride of, (cal-
Mercury, ointment of nitrate of, (citrine ointment,) in 4-oz. pots oz
Mercury, pill of, (blue mass,) in 8-oz. pots ......oz
Mercury, red oxide of, in 1-oz- bottles . . ........ oz
Morphia, sulphate of, &-oz. bot oz
Mustard seed, black, ground, in 5-lb tins Ib	40 3 12 8 8 25 15 20 30	15 40 to 44 4 10 8 to 12 75 8 2 25 25 to 50 15 to 40 20 to 40 30 to 50 5 3 3 3
Nux vomica, alcoholic extract of, powdered, in 1-oz. bottles oz		40
Olive oil, in 1 pint bottles bott
Opium, camphorated tincture of (paregoric ) in 8-oz. bot .... ... oz				2
Opium, compound powder of,
Opium, deodorized tincture of, in 4-oz. bottles oz		11		7
Opium, powdered, in 8-oz. bot oz
Opium, tincture of, (laudanum,) in 8-oz. bottles oz				7
Pepper, Cayenne, ground, in 8- oz. bottles oz
Peppermint, oil of, in 1-oz. bot oz
Pills, camphor (grains two) and opium, (grain one) in bottles no				25 20 20
Pills, compound cathartic, in bottles no
Pills, opium, in bottles no
Podophyllum, resin of, in 1-oz. bottles oz
Potassa, caustic, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles oz
Potassa, acetate of, in 8-oz. bot oz
Potassa, bicarbonate of, in 8-oz. bottles oz
Potassa, bitartrate of, powder- ed, (cream of tartar,) in 8-oz. bottles oz

190

PROPOSALS EECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New York City, tfc. — Continued.

Articles of class 9.	McKesson & Kobbins.	Is «2«3 rt-2 £"*	53 £ £6 £•*} q o w	Hegeman & Co.	* .Is 11 ,jq 72	Burrough Bros.	G L i1	Raymond & Chase.
Potassa, chlorate of, powdered,	$0 02 8 4 16 2 75 11 2i 84 llf 90 93 10	$0 02£ M 12 5 29 3 00 10 2* 90 14 92 92 14 8 ft 25 5 50 2 25 1 3? 4 1J 25 2 25 10 2 50 3 45 12 12 £ 1 00 1 50 1 50 1 50 direct	8 10 6	$0 02 2 13 4 17 At cost. 10 3 90 Stolt 90 90 White 18 Red C. 14^ 1 20 30 2 30 2 20 4 4 2 13 1 25 7 6 00 gall. * Bottled. 3 36 to 40 w 2 9 40 3 28 gall. 4 25 gall. 50
Potassa, nitrate of, powdered,
Potassa, permanganate of, in 1-
Potassium, bromide of, in 4-oz.
Potassium, iodide of, in 8-oz.
Quinia, sulphate of, in l-oz. bot- tles, or compressed in tins oz
Rhubarb powdered in 4-oz bot oz
Rochelle salt, powdered, in 8- oz. bottles . oz
Santonin, in l-oz. bottles oz
Seneka, fluid extract of, in 8-oz. bottles . . . oz		11		6
Silver, nitrate of, in crystals, in l-oz. g. s. bottles oz
Silver, nitrate of, fused, in l-oz. g. s. bottles . oz
Soap common in bars Ib
Soda, bicarbonate of, in 8-oz. bottles oz	22 2£
Soda, chlorinated solution of, in 1-lb g s bottles Ib				5
Squill powdered in l-oz bottles oz
	40 230 1 10 3 3i \\ 11 1 18 Sh 1 75 2 36 10 10 8i 60 1 00 1 00				24
Strychnia in J-oz bottles oz
Sulphur, washed, in 8-oz. bot-
Turpentine, oil of, in 32-oz. bot- tles bott					11
Zinc, acetate of, in 2-oz. bottles oz. Zinc oxide of in l-oz bottles oz
Zinc, solution of chloride of, in 1-lb g s bottles Ib
HOSPITAL STORES.
Barley in tins . Ib
Brandy in 32-oz bottles bott	•-{			5&45 1 25	[....
Cinnamon, ground, in 4-oz. bot-
Cocoa or chocolate, in tins or
Farina, in tius Ib
Tapioca in tins Ib
Tea, black, in tins or original	ed.
"Whisky in 32-oz bottles bott
Wine in 32-oz bottles bott			7 to 48
INSTRUMENTS AND DRESSINGS. Bandages, roller, unbleached and unsized, assorted, in a posteboard box— 1 dozen, 1 inch by 1 yard; 2 dozen, 2 inches by 3 yards; 2 dozen, Scinches by 3 yards; 1 dozen, 3 inches by 4 yards ; £ dozen, 3J inches by 5 yards; 1 dozen, 4 inches by 6 yards ;
* Bottled as

FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

191

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New York City, #c. — Continued.

Articles of class 9.	4 00 •{."3 r£fc	M 2	I 1	liegeman & Co.	jl	s	Raymond & Chase.	E. Ilernstoin.
	$0 OS	$0 25 1 2 20 6 8 25 75 1 50 50 12 75 15 10 15 75 1 50 5 18 20 50 5 20 00 12J 5 00 1 50 2 00		6 6 12 3 8 20 25 to 50 1 20	$0 06
Binders boards, 2J by 12
Binder's boards, 4 by 17
Cotton bats . . no
Cupping-glasses, assorted sizes no Cupping-tius, assorted sizes no Lancet thumb no	12 "*25 90 25	124	...		$0 08J
		25 to 50 $1 00 to 1 40 1 00
Lint, patent lb
Lint, picked lb		80 8	50	...	......
Muslin, unbleached, unsized, 1 yard wide yds
Keedles, cotton, thimble, in case . . no
		".'.'.'	5 13 55 1 00
Needles upholsterers' no
Oakum, fine, picked .... lb	12 50 1 00
Oiled muslin, in 2- yard pieces yds. Oiled silk in 2-yard pieces yds
Pencils, hair, (assorted sizes,) in vials no		3 6 2O 60 3 5 00 to 18 00 7 50 and 12 00 4 1-6 to 10 2 50 to 4 00 3 56 37i to 75 624 1124 to 137 50 to 3 00 33ito3 00 5O 20 33* 4 00 to 10 00 3 50 1 25 1 00 to 4 00 1 50 4 to 10J 25 8§ to 50 27 50 00 to 3 50 2 00 10 4 50 to 1 25 1 00 8 00 to 12 00 33i to 50 75 to 1 f 0 1 25 25 1 50
Pins .... papers
Plaster, adhesive, 5 yards in a can yds	16 55 2 1200 10
Plaster, isinglass, 1 yard in a case yds
Plaster of Paris, in 5-lb. tins lb. Pocket cases . . ... no
1	) 5 88 J15 00			5 00 to 18 00 7 50 & 12 00 4 1-6 to 10 2 50 to 4 00 3 50 371 to 75 62* 1 12Jtol 37 50 to 3 00 33$ to 3 00 50
		f
Scarificators . . . no		"•*
Scissors, large and small no . Silk, ligature oz		?68& 5 75 1 12J 2 50 G. 350 M.4200	{	*
3	•1
Speculum for the rectum no	37 37 15	75 75 30 6 00
Speculum for the vagina, glass or metal . . no	...{	....
Sponge, assorted oz
Stethoscope no		334 8 00 85 87* 42*	....	...	33J 4 00 to 10 00 3 50
Stomach pump and tube, in case . . no		18 00	C
Syringes, hard-rubber, 8-oz no. Syringes hypodermic no	1 50 3 30 5 50 2 00	2 00 2 50 10 40 15 75 2 50 12 1 50 15 00 1 00	•::.}		I
	f	1 00to4 00 1 50 4 to 10i 46 l?J to 50 27 46 to 67 1 00 to 3 50 2 00
Syringes, penis, glass no	'."'.	1
Syringes, penis, rubber no
Syringes, vagina, glass no	q
Syringes, vagina, hard rubber no. Thermometer, clinical no •	....	\ •••I
i
Thread, linen, unbleached oz . Thread, cotton, spools, as- so'rted no
Tongue depressors, hinged no . Tooth-extracting case no		564 8 00		C	SOtol 25 1 00 8 00 to 12 00 33£to 50 75tol 50
	*
Tourniquets, field no
Tourniquets, screw, with pad no. Tow lb	35 00 37J 75 5	2 00 25 4 50 1 25 2 50 5	HE
Towels doz
Trusses single no	"•!	50 to 2 00 1 25 00 to 3 00 2 50 10	I ™			50 to 2 00 1 OOtoS 00
Trusses, double no
Twine, 4 coarse... ..no.

192 PROPOSALS AND CONTRACTS FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES.

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New YorJc City, #c. — Continued.

Articles of class 9.	McKesson & Kobbins.	3d •§U sc«y.	Henry Thayer &Co.	o i	S h e p a rd & Dudley.	BurroughBros.	B a vmond & Chase.	E. Hernstein.
MISCELLANEOUS. Basins, tin, small, for dressers no. Basins wash-hand . no		$0 25 50		$0 15 30
Blank books, cap, half-bound, 4 quires no		60 10 20 10 10
	$0 25 20 4		15 25 7 20 7 50 10 50 25 25 25 15 to 25 20 1 OO	$0 18| 6
Corkscrews ... . no
Corks, velvet, best, assorted doz Dippers tin assorted . no
Dispensatory copy .	7 50	7 50 10		8 00 25
Funnels tin pint . . no
Hatchets no		75
Hones no		10					$0 50, $1 00 *t|
Measures, graduated, glass, 4-oz.. . no Measures, graduated, glass, minim . ... no	35 25 25 1 25	50 50 C 10 I 15 1 50 5 00		33* 25
Measures, tin, pint and quart no Mortars and pestles, wedge- wood 3-J to 8 inches no
	200,300
Mosquito-bars no
Paper, filtering, round, gray, 10 inches \. .. .. ..packs	40 4 20 9 5 50 75 1 25 6 00 30 50 3	40 5 20 18 7 50 75 5 00 10 00 30 75 5 25 00 50 42 31 23 18 15 2 10 5 2 10 6 50 1 8 20 5 10 12 25 3 1 50		25 5 25 6 5 00 50 3 00 to 3 50 12 00 40 40 12	35 20
Paper, litmus, blue and red, of each .........sheets
Paper, wrapping, white and blue., qrs. Pill-boxes, § paper, i turned
	7 75 37Jto 8 00 8 00 21,31
Pill machines . no	:::::	:::::	3 50 to 7 00 50 to 1 50 3 00 to 3 50 5 00 to 11 00
Pill tiles 5 to 10 inches ... .no	I.
Scales and weights, prescrip- tion, one set of apothecaries' and one set of gram weights no.
Spatulas 3-iuch and 6-inch . . no
				37i to 50
Test-tubes .. . no	8J
Vials 8-oz doz	32* 224 15 12i 11 H it li 7* 30 e8 6 4 5		25 22 18 14 12 14 7 3 2 6 4 30 2 5 20 6 10 5 6 00 20 12 1 20 11 5 6 3 1 44 96	38 32 30 20 18
Vials, 6-oz doz
Vials 4-oz doz
Vials 2-o . .... doz
Vials 1-oz doz
Additional articles. Acid Gallic oz		$0 H
	fo'oa" ""5" 2
			2
		$05£	5 3
Capsules empty 100
	""3"
			* 3
Copaiva bals . .oz
Cubebs oiljof oz
	15		16	15 4
Leech artificial each					6 00 to 9 00
Linseed oil, in pint bottles bot .	11 12 1 15	20 15 1 25 16	-----			10
12i
Soap carbolic Ib
	ei 7 1 20" 96	8 8 10 4 1 00 85	3 3 5 4 1 40 1 00		6i	5 4 5 11
TJva TJrsi tincture oz
Verat. Viride, fluid extract doz . Wild cherry, sirup doz. G. S. bottles 8-oz . . . doz
	80 60	100 75
G. S. bottles. 4-oz . . ... doz .

PROPOSALS AND CONTRACTS FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES. 193

Abstract of proposals received and aivards made in New York City, Sfc. — Concluded.

Articles of class 9.	McKesson & Robbins.	W. H. Schief- felin & Co.	Henry Thayer & Co.	Hegeruan & Co.	•g t$ II 02	ja -t. & M	Kaymond & Chase.	E. Hernstein.
G. S. bottles 2-oz doz	>|) .-4	$0 63	$0 95	SO 72		$0 55	$0 60
Gr. S. bottles, 1-oz doz	72	56	80	72		50	50
Bottles, 32-oz doz.	1 20	1 50	1 50	1 20			70
Bottles, 16-oz doz	96	1 00	1 00	96		75	48
Bottles, 8-oz doz	60	75	75	84		50	30
Bottles, 4-oz . . . doz	48	60	60	72		30	20
Bottles, 2-oz doz	36	50	50	6O		30	12
Bottles, 1-oz doz	36	50	40	48		20	10

13 IND

194

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of aivards made in New York City under

Articles of class 10.	Place of delivery.	fe I	C.A.Broadwater.	$ i3 a >>>q Kt« M «4	James E. Booge.	6 $ t q «} « hj	Bonnett, Schenck & Earle.
Beans	Crow agency	Pounds. 40, 000 9,000 223, 800 148, 800 75, 000 28, 400 1,000 3, 000	$0 13 08
Soda	Fort Peck agency . Buffalo N Y
$0 02i
Sioux City		*$1 75 *1 75
Omaha
New York				$0 17
Tobacco	Sisseton agency . . . Navajo agency
Coffee
Blackfeet agency. Crow agency	2,000 2,000 4,000 57, 100	58 58 52
Fort Peck agency . New York
Saint Paul	21, 000
	57, 100
Sioux City	30, 6UO 13, 500 13, 000 4 000			47 to 48 47 to 48 47 to 48
Omaha
Kansas City
Sugar...	Navajo agency Blackfeet agency. .	1,000 7,500 10, 000 25, 000 351, 500
$0 30.49 30.49 26
Fort Peck agency . New York
	1,000
New York	320, 000
Sisseton agency . . . Navajo agencj Fort Peck agency .	8, 000 2,000 50, 000 25,000 15, 000 353, 000 706, 000 248, 000 706, 000 2,000 6,300 3,300 1,500 21, 500 7,000 16, 950 16, 950 C 9,860
Tea
$0 16. 85 21$ 21£
Blackfeet agency.. New York
New York Saint Paul
Philadelphia
Sisseton agency . . . New York
Rice					33 to 37i
Saint Paul
Sisseton agency... New York Saint Paul
Baking powder Indigo .
New York
New York
New York	I			C $0 30 }to 36J	1 «
	\ 4, 600 16, 950 16, 95( 4,600	)•"
Saint Paul
	4,600
Chicago	10, 950 1,025
New York
	1,025 1,025

* Per bushel.

FOR GROCERIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, #c. — Continued.

195

A. J. Whitbeck.	•4 ri	Fitts & Austin.	H. K. & F. B. Thur- ber & Co.	E. K. Durkee & Co.	1 1 3	W. N. Barrow.	R. S. Leggett.	Patrick H. Kelly.
		$0 04i	£0 04	$0 O4	$0 05	$0 04	$0 041
		to 05	to 05			to 04. 95	to 04i	$0 52}
								to 55
								47
								211
								to 23}
			18 97
			to 19$
								11 99
								to 12. 24
			9.391
			9. 49*
			to 10.00					log
								to llf
								28
		32	28		301		32	to 37}
		to 40	to 45		to 43		to 42	30i
								8 49
		05J	05					to 9.48
		to 07						064
			24J.	07				to 07}
			to 29}	to 271 23*
C $0 26	}	< 25	\~	to 24 f 39	i 25i
	>	i to 35	S	I to 30	3
	$0 15J
			74 to 94	75 to 80
							::::::::::::[

196

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 10.	Place of delivery.	- Quantity.	,0 S3	Dohan, Carroll & Co.	P. Lorrillard & Co.	Charles W. Hayes.	A. E. Reynolds.
		Pounds. 40 000
	Fort Peck agency	9 000
	Buffalo N. Y	223 800
		148 800
	Omaha . ...	75 000
qn^o	New York	28 400
	Siss'ton agency . ..	1,000
		2 000	$0 68$
	Blackfeet age'ncy	2' ooo
		2 000
	Fort Peck agency	4 000
	New York	57 100		$0 48	$0 52	$0 46
	Saint Paul	21 000		to 60	to 55	to 53$
		57 100					$0 53
		30*, COO
	Omaha	13 500
		13 000
Coffeo	Sisseton agency . .	4 1)00
		1 000	34*
	Blackfeet agency	7*500
		10 000
	Fort Peck agency	25* 000
	New York	351 500
	Navaio agency	1,000
	New York	320 000
		8 000
		2 000	23J
	Fort Peck agency	50 000
		25 000
	Blackfeet agency	15 000
	New York	353 000
	New York	706 000
	Saint Paul	248 000
	Philadelphia	706, 000
		2 000
	New York	6 300				$0 29i
	Saint Paul	3,300				to 33
Rice	Sisseton agency . .	1 500					*
	New York	21 500
	Saint Paul...	7,000
	New York	16 950
	New York	16 950
	New York	C 9,850	j
	Saint Louis	\ 4,600 16 95C	S"1
	Baltimore ......	16 950
	Saint Paul	4,600
	Baltimore	4.60C				,
		10 95C
Indigo	New York	1 02f
	Baltimore	l,02f
	Chicago	1, 02i

FOR GROCERIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 147 6, for furnishing goods, $c.— Continued.

197

Levi Spiegelberg.	a d M*	Ezra Wheeler & Co.	George B. Tnrnbull.	Pupke & Eeid.	J. & H. Van Nos- traiid & Co.	Bj 1 Ml S	£ 1	E. C. Knight & Co.
$6 60
	$0 16
28t	to 19. 45
		$O 18.86
		to 20
184
								fb 09 50 to
								09.60
			$0 34J	$0 30	$0 33	$0 22	$0 30
			to 36	to 35	to 35	to 25	to 40
				29
				to 31
					< $023	I
					I to 33	>"
				75
				& 1 00

198

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED

Abstract of proposals received and awards made in New York City under

Articles of class 10.	Place of delivery.	Quantity.	James C. Kellogg.	Taylor Manufactur- ing Company.	Woodwortll & Cook.	3 i Is 3 1 02	Goff & Berkley.	1 % >i
Beans	Crow agency	Pounds. 40, 000
	Fort Peck agency .	9 000
	Buffalo, N.Y	223, 800
	Sioux City	148 800
	Omaha	75, 000
Soda	New York	28 400
Tobacco . .	Sisseton agency . .	1,000
	Navajo agency	2 000
	Blackfeet agency..	2,000
	Crow agency	2 000
	Fort Peck agency	4 000
	New York	57, 100
	Saint Paul	21 000
	Saint Louis	51, 100
	Sioux City	30, 600
	Omaha	13 500
	Kansas City	13, 000
Coffee	Sisseton agency	4 000
	Navajo agency .	1,000
	Blackfeet agency. .	7,500
	Crow agency	10, 000
	Fort Peck agency. .	25, 000
	New York	351 500
	Navajo agency ....	1,000
	New York...'.	320, 000
Sugar	Sisseton agency . .	8,000
	Navajo agency	2 000
	Fort Peck agency	50 000
		25 000
	Blackfeet agency	15* 000
	New York	353 000
	New York	706 000
	Saint Paul	248 000
	Philadelphia	706 000
Tea	Sisseton agency	2 000
	New York . .	6,300
	Saint Paul	3, 300
Bice	Sisseton agency	1 500
	New York	21 500
	Saint Paul	7^000
Balling powder	New York . .	16 950	$0 23
	New York	16 950	& 24
	New York	f 9,850	}				5	$0 26
	Saint Louis	I 4,600 16, 950	5	$0 26£	$0 18		t	to 35
	Baltimore	16 950		to 34	to 25	$0 22f
	Saint Paul	4,600				to 24f	ftO 30
	Baltimore .	4,600
	Chicago	10, 950
Indigo	New York	1,025			-
	Baltimore ....	1,025
		1, 025

FOR GROCERIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.

advertisement of August 16, 1876, for furnishing goods, <fc.— Concluded.

199

Koyal Baking Pow- der Company.	Drisler, Furman & Alexander.	4 «8 J8 K £	1 33 a Wp 3° 1 o	S. "W. Warner & Co.	Hoyt & Busick.	O. S. Janney & Co.	George G. Standart.	Chalmers & Murray.
							.
$0 36J	$0261	} 5	$0 25	e6 2-2 i	J
to 37J	to 35	> 1	to 30	to 24i	5 •"
		$0 25
		to 27
					$0 80	$1 05		$0 85
		77			to 1 25	to 1 60		to 1 10
							$0 80
							& 90

200

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS

Abstract of proposals received and of awards made at Indian agencies for furnishing sup

NOTE. — The figures in large type denote the rates

Agency.	Dateofadver* tisement.	Articles.	Bidders.
Thomas D. Burns.	fi <j	Studebaker & Welch.	|: 3 hi hi
Abiquiu N Mex	July 12, 1876 Aug. 26, 1876 Sept. 6,1876 May 31, 1876 Sept. 5.1876	24 000 pounds flour	$5 55 .5 70 14 70 1 25 70 05	$5 35
Great Nemaha, Nebr . . Los Pinos Colo	24.000 pounds beef
300 pounds bar-lead	11.4 45.8 1 2O 65 03 03
125 pounds powder
25 000 ^un-caps
200 pounds tobacco . ....
200 boxes matches
300 packages husks
4 3-inch farm-wagons		$302 40 48 00	$288 00 50 00
2 sets wa^on-harness
Building material
90 merino bucks		55 00 2 75
Sisseton Dak	3,870 Mexican ewes each. .
Agency.	Date of adver- tisement.	Articles.	Bidders.
a I &	McQuilan, Beaupre & Co.*	Auerbach, Finch, Cul- bertson & Co.*	* % 1 PH w
Sisseton Dak	Sept. 5,1876 Sept. 21, 1876 Sept. 28, 1876 Sept, 20, 1876 Aug. 26, 1876		$53 59	$313 40	$73 10	$11 00
Nez Percys, Idaho Yankton Dak	Flour, groceries, hardware, &c., not to exceed. Supplies &c
Uintah Utah	Harness, &c .
30,000 pounds flour.. per 100 Ib 50 000 pounds beef do
Cheyenne River, Dak..
400 tons hay, more or less per tor 100 cords cotton wood ..per con Removing and reconstructir agency buildings.	i
1
g

* Total amount of bid. The advertisement was for a large number of articles, in such small amounts as to call out little or no competition.

AWARDED AT INDIAN AGENCIES.

201

plies far the Indian service, reported to Indian Office between July I and October 31, 1876. at which contracts have been awarded.

Bidders.

D. G. Garlock.	Barnabas Payne.	George A. Stone.	Sarnuel H. Bowman.	G. Zacbarias.	Carl Stanley.	W. H. Babcock.	Bartels Brothers.	J. C. Husperger.	E. Pittman.	P." H. Kelly & Co.*	Strong, Hackett & Chapin.*
	$280 00
$50 00	50 00
		$235 70
			$14 00	.-••> ii, i	$ 18 98	$14 97	|24 75	$20 00	$18 00
										$325 35	$880 62

Bidders.

i E a a Q	Loewenberg Brors.t*	F. Schnauber.	Wynn, Bnck waiter <fe Co.*	T. S. Clarkson. *	J. H. Stephens.	John Black.	R. Rousseau.	George W. Felt.	James Thornton.
$1,58380
$5,000 00
		$496 86	$1,82868
		$156 20	$175 75
				$2 94 3 93
						$1090
							$4 19
								$1,2000O

t Only bidder.

202

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS

Abstract of proposals received at Devel's Lake NOTE.— The figures in large type denote the rates

	i				Bidders
Articles.	a 1 to d rt c GP	"o w	S	Dan Pinio, Litchfield, Miun.	Farwell Bros., St. PauL	Torinus & Wil- kinson, Still- water.	Pendergrast Bros., St. PauL	D.F.McCarthy, St. Ausgar.
Apples dried ....... . pounds	1 200	$0 08J	SO 08	$0 OS*.
Butter * do	1 000		So
Star candles . do	'soo	151	15	16*
	100	25	30	40
Lard . do	1 000		12*
	2 000	01	3i	51
Saleratus do	1 000	6	51	6
Codfish do .	200		5?
Flour ...
Sirup galls	40	65	55	55
Cider vinegar bbl.	1		*13	*18
Matches . cases	2	6 00	6 00	6 50
Kerosene oil galls	200	33	33	34
Lard oil .... ... ° do	20	80 90	80	95
Whale oil do	15		90	95
Sperm oil do	5		2 15	2 20
Brooms dozens	12	2 00	2 00	2 10
Wooden pails do	12	1 90	1 !»»	2 00
Wash-tubs do	4	6 75	6 50	7 50
Wash-boards do	4	1 90	1 90	2 25
Axes (Hunt's) do	6		10 25	11 00	$10 50
Coal, (Blossbnrg) ton				13 50
Iron assorted * pounds	1 000			4
Horseshoes keg	1			5
TTorspnaila r .pounds	50		5	7s, 25	\
Toe-calks do	25		i	5s, 30 7	5
Borax ..." . do	10			16
Solder do	5			20	18
Nuts assorted do	50			7
Rivets, assorted . do	30			10
	2			1 131
Bolts 5-16 ... number	350			87	1 00
Bolts 3-8 i. do	350			87	1 50
Bolts tire do	100			42	60
Strap-hinges dozens	9			60	65
Butts do	3			65	54
Thumb-latches do				50	55
Stop-locks .. . ... do	2			3 10	3 75
Padlocks do	2			1 30	1 20
Wood-screws gross	24			25
	2			20 30	50
Chalk .. ... .pounds	2
Auger-bits set	1			1 55	1 90
Glue . . pounds	10			20	23
	12			3 08	3 25
Wrought nails keg	I			4 83	5 00
Files mill . .... dozens	2			7 25	6 40
	4			1 75	2 00
Grindstones do	2			+24 50	+24 00
Fish-lines .. do	6			67	60
Coffee-mills do	4			4 75	3 75
Flour-sieves ... do	2			1 75	1 65
Stove-polish gross	1			6 50	6 50
Sewing-awls dozens	12			§1 35	§1 25
	1		14	15*
i-rope coil		...	14	14*.
Clothes-lines . dozens	2		1 25	1 75
Window-sash 8 x 10 pairs	25			24	22*
Oil-cans J-gallon .. dozen	1			2 10	3 45
Oil-cans. 1-pint ... .....do	1			1 50	1 80
Window-sash 12 x 18 pairs	12			2 12	1 93
Glass 8 x 10 boxes				2 43	2 75
Olass 10 x 14 box	1			2 70	3 00
Glass, 12x16 ... . do	1			3 00	3 40
Glass 12x18 . do	1			3 15	3 55
	100			4	3*
	40			22
	3			11 00	10 50
	3			8 50	6 00
Scythe-stones do	6			55	50
Shovels... ...do...	1			9 50	10 00

Per gallon.

AWARDED AT INDIAN AGENCIES.

203

agency under advertisement of September 30, 1876. at which contracts have been awarded.

Bidders.

11 &z ££^ .£3 oOJ CC	N. B. Hurwood, St. Paul.	Hough&Dixon.	Norton & Ware, St. Paul-	Castiirv&Pen- uer, St. Paul.	6 s ^1 f5 3	Houston &Co., Anaka.	Frank Palmer, Fort Totten.	as 03 a S 0 PH S	Frederick Paif, St. Paul.	T. W, Baldwin & Co., St. Paul.	Smith, Cobb <fc Co., St. Paul.	N.G.Garcelone, Minneapolis.	Frod. P. Elliott, Minneapolis.	li WP 2& |*
				§0 20
				12i
$ 1 0 '25
10 50
4
5 25
7s, 25	{
5s, 30 Hi	>•"
16
18
g
10
t!6
1 35
2 03
95
68
63
50
450
1 00
20
20, 50
3
2 70
20
3 15
49O
645
220
J24 00
50	15c. $t
400
1 75
6 OD	$3 75
§1 80
14
14
2 00
20						$0 20							$0 22
350
250
1 75						1 75							1 80
255
2 85
3 15
3 3O
3
224
C 10 00	?
i 11 00 C 6 00
\ 7 50 60	•
978

JPer ton.

§ Per gross.

204

PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS

Abstract of proposals received at

	i				Bidders	b
Articles.	Quantity rcqui	n ~-tfj a	^_- ^r-i [S A« *£ Hd riw	Dan Pin in, Litchii eld, Minn.	'*% 1	Tori nil s & Wil- kinaon, Still- water.	Prendergrast P>ros.,rit. Paul.	D.F. McCarthy, St. Ausgar.
Spades dozen..	1			$10 50	$10 00
Picks do	i			12 50	10 50
Hoes planter's do. . . .	6			5 75	5 25
	1-6			12 50	10 00
Knives and forks do	2			8 50	7 50
Knives butcher . dozens..	4			2 40	1 90
	2			3 00	3 50
	2			3 90	4 50
				4 75	5 25
	1			3 00	3 25
	30			94
	°4			1 20
Bowls do	12			1 80
	3			4 f.O
	i			5 40
	|			4 80
	3
	150			32
Leather bridle do	40			24
	4			95
	i			til 00
	i			6 00	•
Bridle-bits do	1			1 70
Halter-rin ^s gross	1			75
	75			30
	1			2 50
	5			55
	1 000			2 40
	250			4 95
	25			5
	2			50
	1			§16
	i			6 00
	6*			50
	1			2 00
	1			45
	1			40
Letter file do	1			1 00
	1			3 00
	1
	1			1 50
				90
TV^ater-bowl number	1			I 25
	1
Cooking-stoves No. 8 number	30			15 25	12 70	$18 00	$15 22	$13 90
Cooking-stoves No. 7				17 50	14 60	21 00	17 68	16 15
Cooking-stoves No. 9								22 00
	2			8 00	8 00		10 RO
	300			13	13	15	15
Elbows do	50			14	16	17	21
Fry-pans dozens .	6			3 50	3 50	3 60	3 00	3 65
Coffee-pots do	6			3 60	3 50	3 00	4 3fi	6 00
liV^ash-basins .. ..do	6			1 25	1 40	2 25	2 56	1 85
Six-quart pans do	6			2 70	2 35	3 15	2 28	3 35
Camp-kettles nests of 3 do	5			2 47	1117	5 00	+24 48
Tin cups, pints do . .	20			6fl	55	60	60	90
Tin plates gross	2			6 00	5 50	10 00	10 80	8 00
Dish-pans dozen.	1			13 00	11 50	12 00	21 60	17 00
Candle-sticks ' do	4			60	55	40	84	60
Flooring 6-inch 2d quality M	5		$18 00	19 50
	2		9 00	11 00
Planks assorted M	1	"	9 00	11 00
	25 000

No. 3.

t Per half dozen.

AWARDED AT INDIAN AGENCIES.

205

Devel's Lake agency — Continued.

Bidders.

Strong, Hack- ett & Chapin, St. Paul.

N.B. Harwood, St. Paul.

Hough&Dixon.

Nor ton & Ware, St. Paul.

Castuer&Pen- ner, St. Paul.

6 32 f 0

Houston & Co., Anaka.

Frank Palmer, Fort Totten.

11 H g§

Frederick Paff, St. Paul.

T. W. Baldwin &Co.,St.-Paul.

Smith, Cobb & Co., St. Paul.

N.G.Garcelone, Minneapolis.

Fred P. Elliott, Minneapolis.

White Bros., Fargo, Dak.

$975 1000 525 990 8 50 2 00 3 00 6 50 5 25 3 50 94 120 1 80 '450 540 480 1 50 32 30 95 J1800 550 150 1 00

*$7 50 ( 3 00 <225 ( 1 15 1 75 C 3 00 )250 475 300

j

]

I

y"i

$0 33* 35 80,90

jf

20 00 ( 16 505 5 40 1 40}

I

(

' 1

1 505 1 25

25 210 1 25 25,75 1 65 300 3 00 450 5 20c.to$2 §8, 39c $6 00 50 175 35 25 200 25 185 25 90 20 35 \

$027 J220 55 ^350 J460 3 55 4 56 6 00 50 1 25 38 25 2 10 27 2 00 25 1 00 23 40

o

«

$

•1

J

(1875 $1650

5

51900 ) 1950 1650 14 16 325 315 150 231 1118 60 580 J200 60

|

5

$22 75 11 50 11 00 8 20

$22 00 12 00 12 00

$20 00 10 00 9 00

$7 88

$9 00

$1000

$7 90

$7 94

$750

$6 98

* Per dozen.

$ Per quire.

|| Per pound.

206 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to p02)ulation, education

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zens' dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	IN umber of Indian houses built during the year.	1 Number of agency- buildings erected during the year.	1 Number of school-build- I I ings. 1
1	Female.	I	Employ6s.	Other white persons.
ARIZONA. Colorado River agency. Mojaves ?	610	530	C 820 ) 320 620 150 180 1,700 65, 900 C 4,100 i 400 1,051		7	1	50
Hualapais a
Coahuillas a
Cocopahs a
Moquis Pueblo agency.	850 2,900 2,200	850 3,000 2,300		4 2 g	1	250 5,900			2	2 1 2
Pima and Maricopa agency. Papagos	15 16	800 700
Pimas ?	11	100
San Carlos agency. Pinal and Aribaipa Apaches
Chiricahua Apactes			297 618 352 629 1, 612 930 700 {511 12 13 44 f 307 197 60 <; 94 172 148 I 166 1,200 4 375
Yuma Apaches
Ton to Apaches
Coyotero Apaches			12	12	12	500	c400
Indians in Arizona not under an agent.
Mojaves
CALIFORNIA. Hoopa Valley agency. Hoopas . 1	284	296	1 • 18 100	3 12 5			70 76 49	6 3	7	1 2
Redwoods (
Siahs 1 Klamaths J	25 15	952 1,200
Round Valley agency. * Potter Valley
Ukie
Pitt River
Red Wood
Wylackie	530	670
Little Lake
Tule River agency. Tules, Tejons.Wichumnis, Kweahs, King's River, and Monaches Indians in California not under an agent. Mission, Coahuila, Temecula, and
Klamaths...			1, 125

192 not on reservation.

a Not on reservation.

b Believed to be overestimated.

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 207

., by tribes and their respective agencies.

Educational.	Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	Number of teachers.	Nnmberof schol-i tew ars attending .9 Jj school 1 month £ -3 or more. !•« 2 .	1 Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	1 ^^ a	Number who have Irnrned to read within the year.	Number of church-build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by roligioiis societies dur- ing the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	I Number of births.	Number of deaths.
Boarding.	1	6 1	Female.	Number of month year in which sc been maintaiuet
														300
1	1 1	1 4 2	40 44 44		12 6 9	30 80 39	$5, 000 00 1,800 00 1,750 00							24
50 22			1				350 450
25	12	1	4	....	e$50 00
														3,237	36	20
								7						930 | 901 250	12 17 6	18 26 19
....	- 1 1	1 1	47 14	31 11	10J 5	70 16	708 60 252 30	32	15		868	....	C «80 00 J cTl 50

c Brush houses.

dFor education.

e For other purposes.

208 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law fully on res servation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zen's dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	Number of Indian houses built during the year.	Number of a g e n c y-buildings erected durine the vear.
,	Female.	H	Employ 6s.	Other white persons.	Number of school-build- ings.
COLORADO. Los Pinos agency. Tabequache-Muache, Capote, and Weeminuche bands of Utes			2,00 900 «2, 280 1,213 C 391 < 477 t 203 361	10 58 45 i * 0 9 150 369 148 ament	14 12 11	5	80 100 113 31 309 361 25 20 2 3 1,745 ibutioi			f 6 1 1 8 •ted.	....
White River agency. Grand River, Yampa, Uintah, and Peah's bands of Utes	42 600 511 176 522 800 381	475 613 560 185 825 1,000 349	242 91
DAKOTA. Cheyenne River agency. Two-Kettle Sioux ")	120 27 18 17 9 26 63 16 contr	1 1 1 1 1 1 5
Sans- Arc Sioux . 1
	ll 13 24 16 20 2 41 -epoi
Blackfeet Sioux J
Crow Creek agency. Lower Yanctonnais Sioux
DeviVs Lake agency. Sisseton Sioux }	16 1 8 10 6 16 13 15 ; othei	90 78 85 12 150 5 248 snot]
Cut- Head Sioux )
Flandreau agency. Flandreau Sioux
Fort Berthold agency. Arickarees ................. 1	f 692 J 414
Gros Ventres . 1
Mandans .. .f	1 241 1 100 1,800 730 6,000 02,315 1,745 >s Gover
Lower Brule agency. Lower Brul6 Sioux ..............
Ponca agency. Poncas . . ......
Red Cloud agency. Ogallalla Sioux < )
Northern Arapahoes ............. J
Spotted Tail agency. Upper Brule and Ogallalla Sioux. ] Lower Brul6 Sioux 1 Northern Brul6 Sioux | Others J
825 purpo Unite aries'	920 868. d Stat< salary.
Sisseton agency. Sisseton and "Wahpeton Sioux a For education. & For other c But one school supported by the d For school-building and mission

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 209

by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.

Educational.	Keligious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	Number of teachers.	Nuinberoi'schol-i ^ » ars attending a J| school 1 month '-z ^ or more. -5 §	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	Number of Indians who can read.	Numberwho have learned to read within the year. Number "of church-build- " ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by religious societies dur- ing the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	Number of births.	Number of deaths.
Boarding.	1	o5 'rt 9	Female. Number of months year in which acl been maintained
] 2 1 1	1 3 1 1 1 ]	1 1 8 3 4 1 1 1 2	9 9 76 42 18 35 15 12 70	3 5 78 21 47 26 10 6 70	6 9 10 10 10 10 7 3 10J	12 8 145 47 65 SH 20 15 103	$605 26 1,250 00 ceoo 2, 100 00 1, 140 00 904 35 646 14	2 7 29 36 19 145 :.	2 4 5 1-2 16 8 3		4
			C 6$50 00 ) 0150 00	| 210 857 }l, 100 134 \	93 57 48	87 24 33
1 1 1	39 234 160	'{ 1 1 2 1	alOO 00 bl, 400 00 630 00 C &300 00 1 alOO 00 eCJ, 000 00
> 361 182	35 25	42 15
1, 064 00	10		1			a!50 00
1	1 1	3 2	99 45	96 55	9 9	77 49	1, 150 00 5, 814 27	5 950	5 40	1 4	80 332	3 5	<&3, 663 00 } aloO 00 £61, 375 00 }al,800 00	k750 },.«,	133	72

c. Number issued to by military, Nov. 22, 1876. /Eemain in the vicinity of Fort Baford.

g Number reported by Lieut. M. C. Foot as present at agency in September, 1876.

14 IND

210 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education, ^-c.,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zen's dress.	* 1 — 0 m » ij -a "s i "a e »	^ 1 Number of Indian houses built g M | during the year.	Number ot agency buildings erected during the year.
0 1	Female.	H	£ I	Other white persons.	2 1 1§ "o"^ 1 3 «
Standing Rock agency. Upper Yanctonnais Sioux ] Lower Yanctonnais Sioux ^			c2, 315 1,992 15, 000 C 64* [ 964 300 190 450 2,800 1,000 C 2,029 ] 1,703 C 48 180 32 ( 1,090 < 1,570 ( 325 2,679 443 2,026	60 114	13 9	32 58	70 500	10 350	...	1 t
TJncpapa Sioux ( Blackfeet Sioux ...J	949	1,043
Tancton agency.
Indians in Dakota not under an agent, or absent from agencies.
IDAHO. Fort Hall agency.	864	748	} 3 }•- 15	6 4 16	44 1 18	40 45 625	i	....	1 2	2 1 C
Lemhi agency.
			67	16
Nez Perces agency.	1,320	1,480
Indians in Idaho not under an agent. Co?ur d'Alenes, Pend d'Oreilles,
INDIAN TERRITORY. Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency.	1,641	2,139	1"	15	39	112	«		1
Cheyennes absent from reservation
Kiowa and Comanche agency.	1,213 1, 397 229 866 tion.	1 772	\ • 244 59 100 6 For	13 16	14 67	6 244	i IOC			\\
	1,282 214 1,160
Osage agency. Osage
Kaws ] Pawnee agency.	12 17 other	17 13 pupro	59 150 368.	2c IS	12	14
a For educa

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 211

by tribes and their respective agencies— Continued.

Educational.	Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	1 £ «*H O 1 i i 8	Number of schol- .fT. ars attending' =j5 school 1 month b — or more. -= 2	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	Number of Indians who can read.	learned 3 year.	Number of church-build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by religious societies dur- ing the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	| Number of births.	g 1 Number of deaths.
r ; Boarding.	£ P	I	Female. Number ol months year in which.se been maintained	; I | Number who have 1 ; . : 1 to read within th
1 5	9 170	/ 6 3?	5) 11	8 120	$220 00 8, 600 00	10 500	4	500 575		1,000
1	o$5, 800 00	1,000
'	....	2	20	5	4	23	1, 175 00	7	4	....	8			326
		231		1
2	1!	4 1	40	29	10 9	55 20	6, P36 64 750 00 \	}«,	15	2	710	....	0375 00	\
1		4	6-2	50	6J	84	3, 136 50	65	40				a!36 50	2,000	100	100
1 1 1 1 1	1 a	4 2 1 1 4 c	39 54 31 57 65 KTumber	33 18 13 26 48 reported	8 9 10 12 9 byCa	61 59 28 44 110 pt. R	3, 275 00 9, 300 00 6, 830 00 5, 481 42 3, 800 00 E. Johns	76 75 22	29 15 8				C b 150 00 i a 50 00 a300 00 6700 00 a330 00	jl.550	...	....
			700 280 400 76,	125 25 95	175 42 150
140 ton as			16 at age
present	acy Nov 20, IS

212 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribe.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zen's dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	Number of Indian houses built during the year.	Number of a g e n c y-buildings erected during the year.
• i	Female.	1	Employ6s.	Other white persons.	S 1 1. •s- | S ft
Quapaw agency. Quapaws .............. . . 1	649	740	f 235 202 •{ 140 97 258 240 117 100 C 417 ] 647 ( 312 18 672	1 J> 261	17	131	1,389	364	19	....	6
Confederated Kaskaskias, Pianke- shaws, Weas, Peorias, and Mi- amios .................. . .
Ottawas }>
Eastern Shawnees
"Wyandottes
Senecas
Modocs J
Straggling Black Bob Shawnees,
Sac and Fox agency. Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi ... 1 Absentee Shawnees ........ >	684 9, 379 6,600 7,500 2,900 1,155 593	692 9,293 7,400 8,500 2,900 1,354 627	H 10, 010 3,000 11, 000 1,800 100 1 j-- f	17 800 400 200 1,800 12 21	27 700 500 4,800 ,,700 21	606 18, 672 14, 000 16, 000 5,800 2,553 600	242 18, 672 10, 000 16, 000 ""eoo 103	10	1	74 36 57 14 1
Mexican Kickapoos 5
Union agency. Cherokees ...
Creeks	14, 000 16, 000 5,300 2,553 f 580 168 <: 155 100 ( 217 131 341 497 252 61 2QO 1,200 ] 2,000 7,000 60
Choctaws .	800 50	....
Chickasaws
Seminoles
Wichita agency. Caddos and Delawares "i	23	....
Comanches ........ |
Keechies and "Wacos )•
Tawacanies. .. .
Wichitas J
Indians in Indian Territory not under an agent.
IOWA. Sac and Fox agency. Sacs and Foxes	160 327 122 31	181 352 130 30	25 21 22	1 8 5	1 3	100 677 252				1 1 1
KANSAS. Kansas agency. Pottawatomies, (Prairie band)	97 47	6 8	---
Indians in Kansas without an agency. Chippewns of Swan Creek and
Mokohoko band of Sacs and Foxes. MICHIGAN. Mackinac agency. Chippewas of Lake Superior 1 Chippewas of Sagiuaw, Swan j Creek, and Black Kiver ^
5,000	5,260	I* ' co-	} *						20
Chippewas and Ottawas of Lake [ Michigan - |
Pottawatomies of Huron ..

a For education

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS.

by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.

213

Educational.	Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	1 Number of teachers.	.Nutuberolschol ars attending school 1 month or more.	Number of months during year in which school has been maintained.	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	Number of Indians who can read.	1 Numberwho have learned fj 1 to read within the year.	I Number of church-build- i_> ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	* /J^ Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by religions societies dur- ing the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	»o Number of births.	CM 0 1 O ft 63
Boarding.	1 C	d 9	Female.
.3	148	130	10	149	$13,354 62	341	163	6850 00 ol, 802 84	-
2 2 3 2 4 1	f 72 3 9 f!	6 87 40 60 16 3	56 1,195 350 600 220 60 79	48 1,377 350 600 200 90 31	12 10 10 1( 9 10	100 1,525 500 600 300 141 62	6, 698 00 54, 000 00 24, 158 00 27, 534 95 46, 375 00 2,500 00 3, 900 00	71 12,000	6 300 100 "83 30	30 20 24 10	16 7,000 3,000 1,600 500 600 24	36 12 Q 10 1	a330 00	433	57	Tl
5,000 1,000 450 95	6 a2,200 00
al40 00	1,640	....	15
1 1	1	1 1 1	18 19	5 24 20	9 11 10	7 28 28	650 00 3, 793 46 3, 582 12	24 50 51	10 5 3					16 16 £	B 24 14	8 22 13
	13
2	70		a220 00
	5	5	87	85	10	96	2, 695 00	50					a400 00

b For other purposes.

214 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zens' dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	1 Number of Indian houses built during the year.	Number of agency - buildings erected during the year.	1 Number ot school-build- I ings. |
ii 1	Female.	1	Employes.	Other white persons.
MINNESOTA. Leech Lake agency. Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish ) Chippewas >	1,122 503 1,242 3,000	1,278 675 1,463 4,200	C 1,610 } 790 1,178 ( 1,768 < 452 ( 485 *. 7,200 1 500	| 106 125 V 425 220	4 7 4 10	8 13 20 22	75 600 1,400 25	30 150 200 6	2 1
Chippewas of Mississippi )
Bed Lake agency. Red Lake Chippewas
White Earth agency. Mississippi Chippewas )
Pembina Chippewas ^
Otter-Tail Chippewas .... 5
MONTANA. Blackfeet agency. Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans, (no tribal distinctions)
Crow agency. Mountain Crows
Hi ver Crows			1,000 *381 858 390 1,998 6,500 224 100 1,027 454 793 1,500				Q				1 2 2
Flathead agency. Flatheads			V 150 100	10 21	18 42	250 125	170 46	8 29	4 C
Pend d'Oreilles	402 161	456 178
Kootenays ........
Fort Peck agency. Assinaboines
Tanctomais, Uncpapa, Brule and Teton Sioux and Gros Ven- tree
NEBRASKA. Great Nemaha agency. lowas	102 44 510 215 370 710	122 56 517 239 417 790	80 10 40 46 45 400	1 6 9 10 8 1	19 26 8 33 20	315 50 793 1,000	42 85 11 180 175	1 8 37 15	1 1	2 2 1 6 4
Sacs and Foxes of Missouri
Omaha agency. Omahas
Otoe agency. Otoes and Missourias .
Santee agency r.t Santee Sioux
Winnebago agency. "Winnebagoes ..

295 still in Bitter Eoot Valley.

a For education.

& For other purposes.,.

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 215

by tribes and their respective agencies— Continued.

Educational.	Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	Number of teachers.	Numberof schol- ars attending school 1 month or more.	Number of months during year in which school has been maintained.	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	Number of Indians who can read.	Number who have learned to read within the year.	Number of church- build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	8 1 <H o 1 fc	Amount contributed byre- ligious societies during the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	Number of births.	Number of deaths.
ti g	1	J	6
1 1	1 1	1 1 4 2	17 8 64 20	15 10 64 28	8 8 8 10	27 18 85 31	$2, 500 00 550 00 5, 526 67 1, 248 70	45 14 230 18	6 4 50 8		12			130 1,178 1,363	50 40 69 66	40 40 58 25
3	10 600 25	1 5	6$800 C a860 i 611,483
1 1	1	1 3 2	44 34 23	34 28 23	12 12	26 51 27	1, 600 00 2, 100 00 288 46	12 45 11	5 1 11
1	1,283 8	8		977 14	92	80 2
1 1 1	' .1 2 3	4 3 4 17 4	34 55 28 86 80	16 50 16 72 45	10 6* 12 84	43 64 21 121 78	3, 865 00 1, 674 20 2,804 63 7, 638 69 5, 000 00	100	13	1	10 34	1 ?	6700 00		22 55	12 33
42 250 150	10 35 10	6500 00 al, 200 00 6200 00 a4, 390 00 61, 450 00 a800 00	\
5	348	i	5" | 506 | 500	36 35	34 40

t Contributions from Episcopal Church not reported at Santee agency.

216 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zen's dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	Number of Indian houses built during the year.	1 Number of agency- buildiugs erected during the year.
1	Female.	I	Employe's.	Other white persons.	2 1 sg r 1 &
NEW MEXICO. Abiquiu agency. TTtes			900 326 420 230 1,400 11,868 8,400 1,600 3,017 250 453 161 412 741 400 284 528 631 184 1,500 500 500 204 1945 1,000 1,600 800 aken fro
Cimarron agency.
Muache Utes				3
Mescalero agency.	600 5,852 4,000 600 2,527	800 6,016 4,400 1,000 2,507	6 3,500	3 8 9	122 6				1
Navajo agency.				1 8	i i i 31
Pueblo agency. Pueblos	4,000	61, 300	....
Southern Apache agency. Gila Apaches . 1	!• 360	6 i	15 2,188
Mogollon Apaches 1
Mimbre Apaches ( Ch ricah.ua Apaches J		912	16
NEW YORK. New TorJt agency.
Oneidas I
Cavu.cras
St R.e°is . . J
NEVADA. Nevada agency.
				6						1
Pi-TJtes in California a
Pah-Utes on Pyramid Lake reserve.	750 250 250	750 250 250					6
	9 6	5 3		12		1
Pah-Utes on Walker River reserve. Western Shoshone agency.* Goship Utes a
I <o	2 500
Indians in Nevada not under an agency. Pi-TJtes a
NORTH CAROLINA. Eastern Cherokee agency.	805	795	750			1,600	300	25	1	5
Other Eastern Cherokees scattered through Georgia, South Caro-
* Farmer in charge. a Not on reservation. T	m report of Messrs. Ingalls and Powell, 1873.

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 217

., by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.

Educational. Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	Number of teachers.	Numberot schol- ars attending school 1 month or more.	jN urn her of months during year in which school has been maintained.	(Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	Number of Indians who can read.	Number who have learned to read within the year.	Number of church-build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by re- ligious societies during the year.	> « *.	Number of births.	1 Number of deaths.
Boarding.	i	|	Female.	Number who ha ceived medical ance during the
														72	18	23
2	i i 29	2 7 1 32	17 92 2 545	9 73 5 541	6 10 6 8	17 136 6 544	$500 00 4, 242 96 200 00 11, 653 86
30	11	19		2	C$700
9	200	50 256	30 177
1,500	150	13	1,145	11	C A 500 I c2,600
....	1	1	8		6	8	350 00	i	8					200	15	4
....	1	1	12		6		550 00	i	7					400
							25 8	20 150	8 120
1	4	5	147	96	8	127	1, 978 30	650	30	7	373			5

& From Report for 1875.

c For education.

d For other purposes.

218 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians" who wear citi- zen's dress.	tf I 11 i^H * 1 1 fl ft	1 Number of Indian houses built during the year.	1 Number of a g e n c y-buildings 1 erected during the year.
< 1	Female.	1 H	Employfis.	Other white persons.	1 Number of school-biuld- K) M M U 1 inS8'
OREGON. Grand Eonde agency. Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and other bands	340 453 362 500	415 597 400 600	755 {676 is: 174 C 462 I 300 1,100 325 < 128 < 385 ( 169 ( 263 ] 50 } 187 2,000 650 134	23 i- }.... 5 13 !• I 500	4 11 6 o	9 24 29 14	755 1,000 50 950	375 40 125
JHamath agency. Klamaths "1	11 25	1 1
Modocs {
Pi-Ute Snakes f
Walpahpe Snakes J
Malheur agency. Pi-TJtes . . ?
Snakes 5
Siletz agency. Rogne River, ShastaScoton, and thirteen other bands .
Alseas, Sinselaws, Coos, and Ump- auas
TJmatilla agency. "Walla "Walla )	304 252	378 248	9 6	18 19	300 500	14 70	2	....
Cayuse ... >
UmatiUa )
Warm Springs agency. "Wascoes .. . )
TV^arm Springs 5
Indians roaming on Columbia River.
UTAH. Uinta Valley agency. Uintah TJtes .	350	300	2	4	15	100	1	1	2	1
Indians in Utah not under an agent. Pah Vants* .
		256
WASHINGTON. Colville agency. Colvilles . )	1,595	1,522	f 650 685 242 << 395 330 500 315	1 ^ 45 J	4	8	2,100	66	26	....	1
Spokanes ....... ........ .......
Lakes
Calispels ..
O'Kinakanes
Sans Poels and Nespeelnms Methows...

Taken from report of Messrs. Powell & Ingallsr1873.

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 219

., lij tribes and their respective agencies— Continued.

Educational.	Religious.	Medical.
No. of schools.	00	Numberof schol- ars attending school 1 month or more.	Numberof months during year in which school has been maintained.	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	1 2	learned e year.	Number of church- build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by religious societies dur- ing the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	Number of births.	Number of deaths.
Boarding.	£ P	Number of teachoi	1 I	Female.	Number .of India can read.	2+S 1.5 if ii I*
1 1	1 1 1 1 1	2 1 1 1 1 c	34 23 29 77 21 14 34	40 11 33 37 8 12 16	10 12 3 12 9 10 11	51 23 40 43 21 24 45	63, 000 00 3,850 00 400 00 .1,325 00 840 00 861 50 1, 007 00	120 35 g 98	27 10 2 78	1 1	690 90	3	Z4700
549 650 635	15 26	9- 10 28
	65
18 48	I 12	....	175 15	....	( 6250 00 < a20 00	!- 1,269	3	16 It
....	1	1	25		7	12	800 00	6	6					250	15	fr
1	....	i	21	22	11	33	5,000 00	55	15	4	2,368	I	al, 750 00	300

a For education.

I For other purposes.

220 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-blood?.	Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zen's dress.	Number of houses occupied by Indians.	1 Number of Indian houses built _ _ during the year.	; ; 1 Number of agency -buildings ; ; ,_i | erected during the year.
» 1	Female.	I	Employes.	Other white persons.	^) | %& «« 5 0 1 s ft 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 6
Neah Say agency. Makahs	258 685 275 390 1,500 1,600 735 689 62 357 348 476 307 183 133 330	280 710 301 435 1, 750 2,500 787 698 59 369 384 572 358 221 129 384	538 130 525 205 50 ' 240 60 160 25 f 122 J 114 1 80 I 260 C 550 { 275 f 900 600 <^ 550 700 [ 500 4,100 1,522 1,387 121 726 732 1.048 665 404 262 714	7 350 J }, {.... [• 360 14	9	7 9		77 250 100 100 230 300 272 42 210
Puyallup agency.
Puyallups . . 1
Nisquallies I
Chehalis f Shoal Water Bay 1	6 7 & 14 4	13 29 13 31 16	300 825 3,250 2,500
Grape Harbor ... |
Cowlitz J
Quinaielt agency.
Hohs ...... j
jQuillehutes J
S'EokomisJi agency. S'Klallams \
Twanas 5	5 11 60	1 1 1
Tulalip agency. Snohomish - 1
Swinomish J
Yakama agency. Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose, "We- natshepum, Kliktat, Klinquit, Kowwassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, Wisham, Shyiks, Ochechole, Kali milt pali and Seapcat ...
WISCONSIN. Green Bay agency.
			6 . 1 29	1,387 121 3,696
La Pointe agency. Chippewas : Red Cliff Band	1,097	13	2	....
Bad River
Lac Courte d'Oreil'e
Lac de Flambeau
Grand Portage
Bois Fort

a For education.

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 221

., by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.

Educational.

Religious.

Medical.

Xc sch ti q 1	».of X)lS. i	Number of teachers.	.N'umuerol schol- ars attending school llmonth or more.	Number of months during year in which school has been maintained.	Average attendance dur- ing same time.	Amount expended for education during the year.	0 A 11 og 1 p fc	Number who have learned to read within the year.	N umbec ol church-build- ings.	Number of church-mem- bers.	Number of missionaries.	Amount contributed by re- ligious societies during the year.	Number who have re- ceived medical attend- ance during the year.	Number of births.	Number of deaths.
i £	Female.
3 1 1 1 a i i i	1 8 1 4	c	16 41 27 25 56 67 60 18 113	j 11 6 20 25 30 35 61	12 6 10 10 12 10 P . f 10	23 34 11 24 46 36 42 86 16 106	$2, 500 00 2, 000 00 2,500 00 2,800 00 5,000 00 3, 300 00 1, 400 00 633 43 200 00 7, 175 00	15 32 10 30 115 200						241 90 306 400	15 100 21	26 120 19-
8 3 8 10 27	....	135	1
c 2 6 2 3 2 1 6
5 2 1	90 2, 260 525	2 2
(41,000 C 6356 00 I aoOO 00	449 | 870	36 72 85 7 40	19 78; 4 37
		2 1 3	345 41 52	....	{ 670!) 29 > aG33 43	p.:
85	267	78	,	62, 120 00 a2, 575 00	1 1,646

222 TABLE OF STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,

Table of statistics relating to population, education,

Name of agency and tribes.	Population.	Number of mixed-bloods.	"Whites law- fully on res- ervation.	Number of Indians who wear citi- zens' dress.	>3 'Z 1 * » si i fc	3 .2 1| O ^ a a	1 Number of a g e n c y - buildings erected during tlio year.	I JS umber of school-build- I I ings. |
I <o	Female.	H	Employes.	Other white persons.
Indians in Wisconsin not under an agent. ^Winnebagoes . .....			823 180 1,800 850
WYOMING. Shoshone agency.	700	1,100	40	(	33	„„	-	....		1
INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA, INDI- ANA, TENNESSEE, GEORGIA, FLOR- IDA, AND TEXAS. Miamies, Seminoles, Lipans, Tonka-

Xumber of Indians in the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska

Number of Indians who are mixed-bloods

Number of white persons on Indian reservations :

Employes

Other white persons not included ,

Number of Indians who wear citizens' dress

Number of houses occupied by Indians

Number of Indian houses built during; the year ,

Number of agency-buildings erected during the year

Number of school-buildings upon Indian reservations •.

Number of schools upon Indian reservations— boarding, 63; day, 281

Number of teachers

Number of scholars attending school one month or more— males, 6,028; females, 5,300

RECAPIT

266, 151 40, 639

3,835

12, 436

104, 818

55, 717

1,702

90

367

344

437

11, 328

a Five civilized tribes in the Indian

CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 223

by tribes and their respective agencies— Continued.

Educational.

Religious.

Medical.

No. of schools.

1 Number of teachers.

Numberofschol- t/^ ars attending .- J£ school 1 month = -3 or more. ^ o

Average attendance dur- ing same time.

Amount expended for education during the year.

[• of Indians who can read.

who have learned within the year. - of church-build- ings.

' of church-mem- bers.

r of missionaries.

>a^

• who have re- . medical attend- luring the year.

• of births.

• of deaths.

1 1

1

• 1

Female,

HI !|l 0 f ci g.9s A '-> A

!M

|

I § 3 0 ft

Numbei

Numboi

Numbe

BT2S jfe

lie B 0 C5

Numbel

1

13

7

200

50

30

ULATION.

Aggregate average attendance during the year

Amount of money expended for education during the year

Number of Indians who can read

Number of Indians who have learned to read during the yeara

Number of church-buildings on Indian reservations

Number of Indians who are church-members

Number of missionaries on Indian reservations not included under teachers

Amount contributed by religious societies during the year for education and other pur- poses a

N amber of Indians who have received medical treatment during the year a

Number of births a

Number of deaths a

7,094

$362, 496 03

25. 622

980

177

27.2J5

132

$62, 076 56

37, 232

2,401

2,215

Territory not represented in this number.

224 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions,

Name of agency and tribe.	Lands.	Stock owned by Indians.
Number of acres in re- serve.	Number of acres tillable.	Number of acres culti- vated during the year by Government.	Number of acres culti- vated during the year by Indians.	Number of acres broken during the year.	W	| 1	-2 Is o	G a 1 OJ
ARIZONA. Colorado River agency. Mojaves Chimhuevas	128, 000			470 3,000 700 7,300 545	470 16 50 200 221	110
Moquis Pueblo agency.	10, 000 27, 000 9,000	5 4 200 800 150
Pima and Maricopa agency. Papagoes	70, 400 64, 000 2, 528, 000 89, 572 207, 360 91, 837 60, 000 011,734,800	45, 000 1,800 537 80 118 150	300 12 22 2 2	2r500 800 79 4
San Carlos agency. Pinal, Aribaipa, Tonto, Mojave, Coyotero, Chiricahua, and Yuma Apaches .....
CALIFORNIA. Hoopa Valley agency. Hoopas,Redwoods, Siahs,Klamaths . Round Valley agency. Potter Valley, Ukie, Pit River, Redwood, Wylackie, Cancow, Little Lake	800 2,560 "1,000	9
250 175	50
Tule River agency. Tules, Tejons, "Wichumnia. Ke- weahs, King's River, and Mona- ches ... ....		25
COLORADO. Los Finos agency. Tabequache, Muache, Capote, and Weeminuche Utes ......	500, 000	14 17	36 3 612 150 190 510	14 80 56	3,000 3,000 4, 225 3,314 600 83	^20 20 120 25	70
White River agency. Grand River, Yampa, Uintah, and Peah's bands of Utes
DAKOTA. Cheyenne River agency. Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Mineconjou, and Blackfeet Sioux (6)	33, 500, 000 601, 600 230, 400		7?	29 19
Crow Creek agency. Lower Yanctonnais Sioux	•225, 000	104 35
Devil's Lake agency. Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cut-Head	101 152
Flandreau special agency. "Flandreau Sioux...	20

a Includes White River Agency. (&) Includes R3d Cloud, Spotted Tail, Standing Rock, and Lower Brnl6 agencies.

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.

and sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes.

225

Produce raised during the year.	Other results of Indian labor.	£• _i H 11 31 •So 3 «*l	Number of Indian families rn-iaged in civilized occupa- tions.	Per cent, of subsist- ence obtained by —
Bushels of wheat.	Bushels of corn.	Bushels of oats and bar- ley.	i 2 > % 03 1	1 1	' 1 as 1 a	wood cut.	fencing made.	robes and furs sold.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	Fishing, hunting, root- gathering, &c.	Issue of Government rations.
Tons of	=0 "S i	o ^	0 •	Value of	sia s^'S i5« fc
							84 320	•	424 850 950 boo 715
200 2,100 40, 000 2,333 940 3,439 1,700	50 500 150 2,300		136					850 700 205	90 75 75 c 17 25 50	10 25 25 6 33 17
500 4,000 700	3,000 120 250
			400 115 1,0-10 1,000	e 1,000
350 112 661 75		800 75 100	88 50 75 33
41, 634 452, 805
1,000 200	1,528 50	584 175
	100	48
	80		1,045 450	25 50 150 250 650 450	50,000 30, 000 75,000 53, 000 10, 000	39 50 500 995 900 50	3-20 160 340	15,000 10,000	100 9 75	20	3	47 66	50 34 100 100 50 10
8	300
	242
1,100	525 2,000 1.760			350 4,000 3.000	400 209 .,	150 160 85
200 110	5,950 4.005		50 70	20

15 IND

226 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and

Name of agency and tribe.	Lands.	Stock owned by Indians.
Number of acres in re- serve.	Number of acres tillable-	Number ot acres culti- vated during the year by Government.	Number of acres culti- vated during the year by Indians.	Number of acres broken during the year.	I	Mules.	4 -3 "cS 0	0 a I
Fort Serthold agency. Arickarees, Gros Ventres,and Man- dans	8, 320, 000	86, 400	120	800		700 2,500 175	30	40
Lower BruU agency. Louver Brul6 Sioux
Ponca agency.	96, 000	40, 000		500 55 300 1,000 400 1,000 120 20 3,000 423 503 2,875 280 100 6.446	20 55 150 386 400 130 15	3	100
Red Cloud agency. Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, and Arapahoes
Spotted Tail agency. Brule and Ogallalla Sioux				6,000 350 4 000	60 6 50 25 2	100 525 20 250 21
Sisseton agency. Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux .....	918, 780	600, 000	41	25 60 150 1
Standing Rock agency. Upper Yanctonnais, Lower Yancton- nais,Uncpapa, andBlackfeet Sioux Yancton agency.
400, 000 1, 382, 400 64, 000 746, 651 4, 441, 600 3, 549, 440 , 466, 167 100, 141 283, 026 212. 298	200, 000 5, 000 800	1,000 100 105 45	1,500 3.. 000
IDAHO. Fort Hall agency. Bannacks and Shoshones
Lemhi agency Shoshones, Bannacks, Sheepeaters. . Nes Perces agency.
900 120 103	14, 000 4,000 6,000 12, 000 300 600 918	73 100 250 100 8 12 20	9,000 600 '650 600 15 15 1,291	500
INDIAN TERRITORY. Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency. Cheyennes, Arapahoes, & Apaches. Kiowa and Comanche agency. Kiowas, Comanches, andApacb.es.. Osage agency.
200, 000 63, 000 25,000 90,000 139. 318	70 125 70 200 290
1,500 125 10 3, 855
Pawnee agency.	50 708
Quapaw agency. Quapaws, Confederate Peorias and Miamis, Ottawas, Eastern Shaw- nees, Wvandotts, Senecas, aud Modocs, Black Bob band of Shaw- ufifis. and Pottawatomies. . .

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.

sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes— Continued.

227

Produce raised during the year.	Otber results of Indian labor.	Number of full-blood male Indians who labor in civil- ized pursuits.	Number of Indian families engaged m civilized occupa- tions.	?er cent.of subsist- ence obtained by —
J *	i	oats and bar- ley.	vegetables.	id a o	Feet of lumber sawed.	Cords of wood cut.	Hods of fencing made.	Value of robes and furs sold.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	J* '-3 to - a S'C A 5 11 ja	a o I Is °'J ~cS 0 *" c M 75 100 66 100 100 50 100 50 25
o <f> « 5	0 i "oo a M	Busbels of	Bushels of	Tons of bf
	10, 500	50	8,600	200	54, 000	500	863	$3, 600	50	225	20	5
1,500	2,000		1,250	550	12, 000		350		100	150	33
	400 1,750 2,000 1-2, 600		450 1, 805 580 1,225 3,034 1,000 3, 025 435	150 2,650 50 2,700 160 60 50 57	350, 000 60, 202	55 1,566	50 3,157 2,760	1,500	30 354 130 400 100 4 525 100 25T 500 79 145 400	50 25 \ 120 400 44 4 .230 62 125 531 79 5 302
800	30 75	33	«
800 3,000		1,000		50 10
15,000	300	300 75		e:
2% 800	2,750 7,080 5,000 22, 500 11. 000 2,000 81, 140	6,650	50, 000 50, 030		650 \ 17, 600 50, 00( 5,000 500	75 25 50 25 95	25 2'. 25
50 52	210	T5 100 50 •»o 75 5
5,318 500 500 5,719		1,250 1,195 445 4,265	300 150 450 2,425
	10, 000 310, 000
200	200	1,700 6.380

228 STATISTICS OF^STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and

4?	Lands.	Stock owned by Indians.
a	,2 ,5	5$.	if	s If
Name of agency and tribe.	'll	of acres	Ill	oj«	If
	2	1 p	a is >-. 9 >& 25	<3>£>	&	Horses.	1 'a	1	a 02
Sac and Fox agency.
Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi, Absentee Shawnees, Mexican Kickapoos	483, 840	120, 000	133	1,153	350	2, 135	71	3,420	2,979
Union agency.
Cherokees Creeks	5, 031, 351 3, 215, 495 6, 688, 000 4, 650, 935 200, 000 2 327, 800	1*700,006 2,000,000 30, 000 130, 000		7,000 62, 000 82, 000 40, 000	1,000 500 10, 000	12, 000 5,000 48, 000 20, 000 3,000	1,100 500 1,000 400 100	400, 000 30, 000 300, 000 25, 000 16, 000	3,500 1,000 150, 000 10, 000 30, 000
Chickasaws
		12, 000	200
Unoccupied leased lands, Creek and Seminole, ceded lands in In-
	6, 746, 000
Wichita agency.
Caddoes, Delawares, Comanches, Wacoes, Wichitas, Tawacanies,	729, 600	146, 000	40	1,700	160	3,663	115	1,292	1,974
IOWA.
Sac and Fox agency. Sacs and Foxes	419	200		125		600	1	2	25
KANSAS.
Pottawatomie agency. Pottawatomies	77, 357 20, 273	50, 000 14, 000	63 35	855 925	155	875 375	13 2	475 75	400 25
MICHIGAN.
Mackinac agency.
Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River Chippewas, and Ottawas of Lake Michigan, and	66, 332					500		300	400
MINNESOTA.
Leech Lake agency.
Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish Chippewas	414, 440 3, 200, 000	1,000 1,000,000	10	250 350	10 50	70		27 20	10 9
Red Lake agency. Red Lake Chippewas
White Earth agency.
Mississippi, Perabina, and Otter Tail Pillager Chippewas	796, 672	^414, 720	70	1,068	255	190	3	«•	278
MONTANA.
Blackfeet agency.
Blackfeet Bloods and Piegans	a26,451,200	34, 800	16			3,000

a Includes Fort Belknap and Fort Peck agencies.

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.

229

Produce raised during the year.	Other results of Indian labor.	Number of full-blood male Indians who labor in civil- ized pursuits.	Number of Indian families engaged in civilized occupa- tions.	Percent, of subsist- ence obtained by-
1	1	oats and bar- ley.	[' vegetables.	Tons of hay cut.	Feet of lumber sawed.	Cords of wood cut.	o a i fcfi a 'o d 05	Value of robes and furs sold.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	Fishing, hunting, root- gathering, &c.	Issue of Government rations.
o 1 1 375 15, 000 8,000 10, 000 6,000 500	Bushels ol	Bushels 0.1	Bushels o
27, 449 300, 000 112, 000 150, 000 1,000,000 200, 000	920 12, 500 4,000 8,200 8,500 400	2,326 8,600 3, 900 51, 500 6,000 9,500	384 1,000 800 75, 000 5,000 1, 000	75, 000 200, 000	15 300		$3, 629	249	158	40 100	20	40
1,600 1,000
			100
6, 000, 000 12, 000	io, 606 40	10, 000 ""i,"666				100
8,000 1,000			100 100
500 600 477 1,000 5,000	46, 200	688	430 I 050		65, 276		860 400 900 100	20, 40Q 3,000			35 50 60 60 100 40 50 63	15 25	50 25
100 20, 000 150 50 300	50	25 93 61
26, 000 26, 000 4,000 2,025 7,000 2,629	100 475 10, 000 30 150 1,340	2,687 1,430 51,200 3, 300 2,430 12, 532 100	2, 045 725	^ 18, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000
1,000 290 280 2,119 20	2.500
100 300 6,884 1.100	30 75 275	320 230 130	60 50 31 80
150 3,025	14,000 10, 500 60. 000
6 20

230 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and

	Lands. '	Stock owned by Indians.
	i	^	"3 ®	||	a 2b
	02	-*^	00 -° 'a	02 ^	r^ ^
Name of agency and tribe.	§=>	1	«.si	|».	1|
	II	<H O		®||	||
		1	^^o	J^M	I'i	g	05	0 .	©
	a	a	9 C3 >;	S ti >-.	a^	00	.2
	0			S ><*3
	to	*	*		"A	w	S	0	EC
Crow agency.
Mountain and River Crows	6, 272, 000				25	20, 000
Flathead, agency.
Flatheads, Kootenays, and Pend
d'Oreilles ' .	1, 43 J, 600	15, 000	35	1,800	402	1, 800	12	800	350
Fort Peck agency.
Yanctonnais Sioux, Assinaboinea,
Gros Venires, Uncpapa; Brule,
311(1 Toton. Sioux			70	3u	70
NEBRASKA.
Great Nemaha agency.
Iowa?, Sacs and Foxes of Mis-touri. .	20, 86:)	30, 000	80	•900	45	252	12	177	314
Omaha agency.
O h	143, 225	140, 000		2,000	360	700	10	75	200
Otoe agency.
Otoes and iMissourias	85, 683	150, 030	400	400		500			50
Santee agency.
Santee Sioux	115, 076	23, 000	16	584	100	42(i	4	300	30
Winnebago agency.
TVinneba^oes	109, 844	100, 000	80	2,000	100	400	2	4	400
NEW MEXICO.
Abiquiu agency. 1
Capote and Weeminuche Utes and Jicarilla Apaches v						1 00 i
Oimarron special agency.
Jacarilla Apaehes, Muache Utes. J
Mescalero agency.
M^esculcro Apaches	570 240				130	597	122
Navajo agency.
N a'oes	3, 328, 000		10	6,000	4	15, 000	200	1,000
Pueblo agency.
Pueblos	439, 664	50, 000		13, 000		2,000	700	800	150
Southern Apache agency.
Mescalero, Gila, Mimbre, and Mo-
collon Ap&clics	480, 000	20, 000	20	30		600	50
NEW YORK.
New York agency.			'
Seuecas, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayu- gas, Tuscaroras, and Saint Regis. .	86, 366	84, 366		22, 000	10, 000	975	2	1,440	1,845

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.

sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes— Continued.

231

Produce raised during the year.	Other results of Indian labor.	Number of full-blood male Indians who labor in civi- lized pursuits.	Number ot Indian lamilies engaged in civilized occupa- tions.	?ercent.of subsist- snce obtained by —
Bushels of wheat.	Bushels of corn.	Bushels of oats and bar- ley.	Bushels of vegetables.	Tons of hay cut.	Feet of lumber sawed.	Cords of wood cut.	Rods of fencing made.	Value of robes and furs sold.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	*j P 51 »1 |S 00	Issue of Government ^ o rations. 0 -»
												33 60
4,500 50 1,400 5,500 2,150 2,365 3^300	100 503 15, 600 3,500 8,000 6,150 2,500	3,150 320 350 1,000 800 60 250	3,475 8,335 1,450 2,200 640 6,370 1,300	112 250 810 300 1,000 570 500	100, 000 3,393		1,000 60 1,000 800 200 2,000	$5, 000	150	75 25 65 200 100 250	30
100 250 600 1,000 600 400
	75 250 125 376 250	75 90 75 40 93
125, 000 20, 000 43,500 75, 000	1,000 1,200 6,300 500 3,000	10
25 40 5
20 <
							400	37 3,500 2,500	28 650 1,680 20 912
	5t, 400						20, 000	90 100		10
				30 4,150						100
13 100	65, 461	55, 300	8,180		5,000			2,50	100

232 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

lable showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and

	Lands.	Stock owned by Indians.
g a	1	1	gl	1 o ^
Name of agency and tribes.	2 wH |	Number of acres ti	JNumbor oi acres vated during the by Government.	JS umber oi acres vated during the by Indians.	Number of acres b during the yea	Horses.	I 3	Cattle.	0> r/i
NEVADA.
Nevada agency. -n i, -n-i (Pyramid Lake..	322, 000 318, 815 1,000	1,000 1,000 1,000	"85	250 200 150	10 10 175	250 300 250 1,200	2
Pah-Utes J Walker Eiver
Pi-Utes Moapa River
Western Shoshones (not on reserva- tion)	....	100
NORTH CAROLINA.
Eastern Cherokee special agency. Eastern Cherokees	70, 000	10,000		5,000		100	....	500	1,500
OREGON.
Grand Ronde agency.
Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and others	61,440	4,000	6	3,900		650	8	175	200
Klamath agency.
Klamaths, Modoc.°, Wal-pah-pe and Yahooskin Snakes	1, 056, 000 1, 778, 560 225, 000	15,000 6,000 2,000	20 180 40	100 10 320	60	3,500 400 200	8	400
Malhcur agency. Pi-Utes and Snakes
Siletz agency. Rogue River and others	6	117	33
Umatilla agency.
Walla- Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla	268. 800	100, 000	60	1,550	50	7,000	15	4,000	400
Warm Springs agency.
Warm Springs, Wascoes, and Teni-	464, 000	3,600	32	800	40	3,000	10	750
tTAH.
TTintah Valley agency. Uintah Utes	2, 039, 040	320, 000	16	300	125	600	6	539	5
WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Colville agency.
Colvilles, Lakes, O'Kinaganes, San Poels, Nespeelums, Spokanes, Calispels and Methows .........	2, 800, OOC 23, 04(	2,000	1	1,657	105	4,050 1	8	750 15	25 20
Neah Bay agency. Makahs PuyaUup agency.
Pnvallups, Nisquallies, Chehalis, Squaxins, Shoal Water Bay, AT nrViAstoot, Grape Harbor, and Cowlitz...	32, 20 -	16,80(	1	1,48	30	53		31	75

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.

sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.

233

Produce raised during the year.	Other results of Indian labor.	Number of full-blood male Indians who labor in civil- ized pursuits.	§& •sg- a o	3er cent, of subsist- ence obtained by-
1 ^ *	j	oats and bar- ley.	vegetables.	Tons of hay cut.	Feet of lumber sawed.	,3 3 Q I 0 O	Hods of fencing made.	Value of robes and furs sold.	Number of Indian fai engaged in civilized oc tions.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	Fishing, hunting, root- gathering, &c.	Issue of Government rations.
0 00 H M	Bushels oi	Bushels of	Bushels oi
1,000 800 1, 200 1,000 3,000 3,000 300 250 1,000 800 8,050 800 6,000	10	250	250	200 125 60			} 200		200	C 40 { 30	50 50 60	25 25	25 25 40
180 300 12, 000	350 600 2,500 200 400 1,450 900 200 450 1,100	30 200 11,000 600 500 5,300 300 3,350 2,000 790 2,420 1,500 6, 425
			$300	1,200 200 275 400 20 300 150	400 150
650 450 75 200 430 52 60 51 25 820	465, 000 200, 000	550 50	1,000 6,500 300 820 350 200	94 80	5	1
1,500 2,000
	150 c 178	25 8 80 75	55 25 25	20 6T 15
25
142, 895 45, 435 33,390 2,250	50 300
200 100 150 100
1,000 2,200 10, 000 10, 000		50 25 33	50 13 67 90
60 6EO 150 500	400 3, COO	100 1,523	100 310	6fc
1,000	300	2, r,oo		4.000	400	360		50	50

234 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,

Table showing agricultural improvements, slock, productions, and

-	Lands.	Stock owned by Indians.
e a	oi 1	11	3 |	§ M
Name of agency and tribes.	0 0 cS >	1	111	i.f.	||
	"8 i	0	~°£ 't	^•§•5	18 a1
	1	i	a « >-.	IIS	o'S ^ 3 3-3	i	1	5	|
	&	*	*	z<	X	3	—	c« O	02
Quinaielt agency.
•Qninaielt, Queets, Hohs, and Quil-	221, 000 4,987		15 53	6 75	8 15	50 100
Skikoinlsh agency. S'Klallams, Skokomish or T >vanas . Tulalip agency.	500		57
D'Wamish, Snohomish, Lummi, Etakmur, Swinoumh, and Muck-	49, 231	*	30	20	5	43	....	130	50
Y&k&mn agency.
Yakamas, Palouse, Pisquose, "We- natshepum, Klikatat, Klinquit, Kowassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, "VVisham, Shyiks, Ochecholes, Kaiuiltpah, arid Seapcat	803, 000	100, 000	318	5, 632	300	16, 000	203	3,000	250
WISCONSIN.
Green Bxy agency. >3tockbridores .. . . .....	I 303,740 533, 756	c 1,500 20, 000		460 4 32 >	40	40		57	76
Menomonees	35 79	'950 750	205 23	375 71	....	214 123	500
La Pointe agency. <3hipp3was of Lake Superior WYOMING.	8,823
Shoshone agency.	1, 520, 003	16, 000	30	270	40	3,500	6	1,227

EECAPIT

Number of acres in reservations! 159,237,778

Number of acres tillable 9,107,244

Number of acres cultivated by the Government during the year.

Number of acres cultivated by the Indians during the year

Number of acres broken by the Government during the year

Number of acres broken by the Indians during the year

Number of rods of fencing made during the year

Number of fall-blood male Indians who labor in civilized pursuits^ Number of Indian families engaged in civilized pursuits}

5,605

318, 194

1,363

28, 253

• 73, 788

26, 873

14, 323

PRODUCE RAISED DURING THE YEAR.

Bushels of wheat by Government, 20,565; by Indians, 463,054 433,619

Bushels of corn by Government, 27,963; by Indians, 2,223,463 2,257,423

Bushels of oats arid barley by Government, 20,332 ; by Indians, 134,780 155, 1 12

Bushels of vegetables by Government, 35,205 ; by Indians, 278, 049 313, 254

Tons of hay cut by Government, 92,882 ; by Indians, 13,215 116, 097

Tons of melons raised by Government, 51 ; by Indians, 303

Tons of pumpkins raised by Government, 48 ; by Indians, 876 924

* Logs cut and sold, not included in lumber sawed, 1,082,000 feet. I Five Ot the civilized tribes in the Indian Territory not included.

CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 235

•sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Concluded.

Produce raised during the year.	Other results of Indian labor.	Number of full- blood male Indians who labor in civil- ized pursuits.	Number of Indian families engaged in civilized occupa- tions.	Percent, of subsist- ence obtained by —
Bushels of wheat.	Bushels of corn.	Bushels of oats aud bar- ley.	Bushels of vegetables.	Tons of hay cut.	Feet of lumber sawed.	Cords of wood cut.	Rods of fencing made.	Value of robes and furs sold.	Indian labor in civilized pursuits.	Fishing, hunting, root- gathering, &c.	Issue of Government rations.
		210				50 50 160 650	20 150	$2, 000	150 200 1,500	104 200 2">0 623 20 320 300 663 65	100 75 66 99 100 100 103 30 1-2
		60 7 8,104 1,000 9,000 2,030 775 250	860 1, 70' i 7,600 500 6,000 17, 750 10, 210 800	175 160 1,030 3-2 40 1,018 254 20	*1, 08 ', 000 3d, 000 559, 447	25 34
	10 200 600 9,000 7,800 653	200 2,000
30,6)0 750 5, 00;) 52)	2,920
30 300 500 793 300
	5iO 200 1,000 50
655, 000 25, 000 12, 000	1,750 100 250	2, 000 18, 350 10, 000
40 36	52

ULATION.

STOCK OWNED.

Horses, by Government, 418; by Indians, 304,094.

Mules, by Government, 669 ; by Indians, 5,949

Cattle, Vy Government, 4,634 ; by Indians. 811,308 Swine, by Government, 438 ; by Indians, 214,076 .. Sheep, by Government, 964; by Indians, 447,295...

OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.

Feet of lumber sawed

Cords of wood cut

Value of furs sold

Bales of cotton raised

Barrels of molasses made Pounds of sugar made . . . Tons of coal mined

304, 512 6,618 815, 942 214,514 448, 259

11,139,227

51, 107

331, 279

3,200

7,000

245, 000

58, 584

t Indian lands without agency, viz :

Coaur de Aleno reserve in Idaho.

Reservations in Kansas

Mille Lac reserve in Minnesota

736, 000

126, 361

61,014

923, 375

236 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS, AND HOW ESTABLISHED.

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t. o02^ S* o H HO H Jzj H

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		51 ^ ee^ i!!l	o :	i 1	S g^	ft; •|?r^	3 I
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		1 i Ml	' ] : ;			35
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16 IKD

242 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS, AND HOW ESTABLISHED.

G*'£!at at . os J» 05 o

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INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS, AND HOW ESTABLISHED. 243

I ll 1|| 1 K 111

$& S SS ^a SS'S >

oo .--"Too oo afcSac^o-^acT

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244

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

•satjinniro ^uauurajad aonpo-id '-^ua» aad ^ g ;B pajsaAur 'qoiqAY s;anoui« pun 'pred A'jcenauB gi ^uao jad c qoiqAY uo sajBig P^tufi 9q^ Xq |snj^ ui p[aq ^unouiy	1 ;	i : ! I ]
	: i i i : :8 : :
jo sa;;i[iqrej[ IBUUUB jo ^nnotn^	::::::
-muuB pa^iraii Xnd o; MBaA" jo aaqrana pajiraij 8 Suunp pa.unb9J eq \\IM. wm SUOIJB -udoaddB 9-mjnj jo a^SaaSSy	8 : i is i j	o o 8 o		8	8 8 1 1 n 3
B : : : ** : :
•pannpuooBip eq o; eiqmi ^nq 'pgAYOiiB AYOU 'einrj o$ SB a^Tunapui 'suoi^B^ndiis jaain o^ A^jBssaoaa ^unouiB i^nnuy	888 88 g	8 8S 1 11 "8" S"1'	8 of
g « e, cf o c
I! 01-3 jl ;: ll	O rt« i i si p, - ^ S « •3 ^ "3	CO CO £ *?> IG* g IO IO o A A * , o" irf" >> ca 3 3 11 '	....do Vol. 15, p. 596, § 10 ...do ..	w: c i- ^c	Vol. 15, p. 595, §8. Vol. 15, p. 597, §8. Vol. 1. n. 619 ...	Oi 23 c o >
- Number of installments yet unap- propriated, explanations, &c. •
Twenty-one installments, unappro priated, at $30,000 each. Tenth article treaty of October 21 1867. Fourteenth article treaty of Octo ber 21, 1867. __ Hn .	Three installments, of $2,500 each due. Eighth article treaty of October 21 1867. Seventh article treaty of July 27 1866.	Eighth article treaty of Septembe 1, 1868. Twenty-one installments, unappro priated, at $20,000 each.		Three installments, of $2,500 each due.		Nine installments, at $1,500 each unappropriated. Nine installments, at $1,600 each unappropriated.
Description of annuities, &c.	Thirty installments, provided to be expended under the tenth article treaty of October 21, 1867. Pay of carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer. PRV of nhvHiY.ian and tftjinhnr	Three installments, for seed and agricultural implements. Pay of a second blacksmith, iron and steel Amount to be expended in such goods, &c., as the President may from time to time determine.	.:.... do Thirty installments, provided to be expended under tenth article treaty of October 28, 1867. PuiX'-hase of clothing1, same article ...	Pay of physician, carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, engineer, and teacher. Three installments, for the purchase of seeds and of agricultural implements. Pay of second blacksmith, iron and steel... Permanent annuitv in ff^odH ...	Twenty installments, for blacksmith, assistants, iron, tools, &c. Twenty installments, for schools, instructing Indians in farming, and for the purchase of seeds, tools, &c.
1 an I	!i M ! M Ji	Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans. Cheyennes and Ara- pahoes. Do...	d o c Q Q e	Cliippewas, Boise Forte baud. Do
^^ o d do d Si'°-c •§•§ Q 0 OQ Q Jg§5 a§ ^^ai <J •< <

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES. 245

: : S

gg§

S 88

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to" to" r-,"

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I i| fi 1 1 111 iwif

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les 185 ial t, treaty o

o 5 *5

II !

11 1

;s.» sU*

246

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

•sarjmuuB nanBoued aonpojd '^nao jad ;B pa^saAut 'qoiqM. sjunomB »UB 'piBd Annans si '?uao ad 5 qbiqM. uo saws pa^infi qi A"q ^Biu} ui pjaq •junorav

r<s

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o S9i)niqBTi jBnuuB jo ^unoray

;g §

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mnnB pajnnif ABQ o| 8JB9A* b aaqmna pa^iran B 3uianp >ajmb9J oq \\\M. ;BC udoadds 9jn^nj jo

•panuiiuoosip 9q oj eiqBii nq 'paMojiB MOO 'arai^ o^ SB e^iugapui 'sao^Bindi^s ^99ra o; ^jBsseoan ^unoraB ^snuay

S88S

g g

§ § •*" I

!-{>."'— t-.""-"

'o'o'o'o'o

A A. a, rf" m~ in"

ts yet unap- tions, &c.

mber of i propriated,

and and

Treaty of January 24, 182 Treaty of January 24, 1 August?, 1856. Treaty of February 14, 1 treaty of August 7, 1856

nder the direction of the the Interior.

- --

xpended u Secretary

reaty of

, 1J

Thirt due Estim

1 i|y|lltl1i :i i ^ 1 !|

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Q Q P Q O

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

247

			j		: : : 888
	: i i :	•' =			£8~Sf
	: : : :	: :
	• • • •	; ;			888
	> • i i	i i			. _ _
	III!	; ;			r-t
12, 750 00	8888 Cf r-T Ct CO"	6, 000 00 23, 700 00	8	o o 8	88 88888 *• s" s" s" J sf
	• ...	• •			.
	• . . .	•			8
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Three installments, of $4,250 each, due.	Three installments, of $3,000 each, due. Three installments, of $500 each, due. Three installments, of $1,200 each, due. Three installments, of $2,100 each, due.	Two installments, of $3,000 each, due. Three installments, of $7,900 each, due.	Three installments, of $500 each, due.	Three installments, of $1,700 each, due.	9 9 fi •* Q> <L» C? f S | § 2 S I Jit III ll a a §3 111 11 |l|l If | g |l |l |l
to be expended dent.	1 ! I J& | 1 | ;li * -a 8- 5f,5 1 ! -a 1 1 s	for beneficial he President, mers, two mil- ismith, carpen- d plow maker,	jrs' shops, $500- iu repair flour- g the necessary	i o 1	liliiftj II i 1 II 11 1 P i I iS fl I ;iKf!itlif ;

Is

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i § a	ill	0 0 Q Q

2J-3

248

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

•aaijmuuB ODtipoad '-^UOD aad g ^B pa^saAm 'qoiqM s;tmouiB PUB 'pjBd ^numniB s; '^nao jad g qoiqM. uo sa^B^g pa^inf^ aq; ^q ^sna; ut p[aq jtmooiy

l»

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8 §8 8 g§

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jo jaqranc

pajinbaj eq HIM. qi^Bq^ subtle

•udoaddB aan^nj jo

888

o o o

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8 8 «& S

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15*11

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1 11.

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

249

							§ 8	:
		: ;	:	:	:	:	3 °			I
							: 8 8 «• «•			I
8 8 rH IH	15,000 00 ..	8 : i :	|	§		8 2 §c p 1	•	8 -a	60,000 00 ..
		8 W			g					i 8	§
						I	. i :		j
		r~~			CO	:	: ;	:	:	. c	• cf
Vol. 12, p. 985, $ 4 ....do ,	cT A •if i	ic >n w 0,0, & 8 1	& 1	« —	t- £ "o	1 el 2" c	CO -H 11 ^_. *~!	d	c	(i	4
•§" -s S S	1	i i	of $15,000	000 each,		o g	I j	A c3 • •	,000 each,	j	•- o fi
Three installments, of $4 due. Tlircn instiillmonts, of $17 duo.	si 1 cj s	Treaty of June 9, 1863 .. Five installments, of $3 due. Treaty of June 9, 1863...	Twenty-two installments, each, due.	Two installments, of $18	due. Estimated at	Six installments, of $20 due. On,> inst.Rllm«nt rhin	Resolution of the Senate January 2, 1825. Treaty of September 29,	Six installments, of $9,	due. Twelve installments, of $5 due.	Treaty of September 24, ...do ..	Estimated, for Iron and a two blacksmiths, $1,200 strikers, $480.

itftfl

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gl^fiigSal|«5|llil

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B-s«S"Si

% i

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250

PBESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

•89i;tnnn8

9onpoad '^uao J9d g JB P9189AU] 'qotqA* BjunouiB 3UB 'piBd ^nBnnnB sj 'iu93 J9d g qojqAi uo 89j 9q; Xq isnai m pj9q

88885

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jo B9i)5ijqB|t januuB jo ^unouiv

m OM oJ8

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01 £lBS8909U jf l[B}U9plOUI 89J1 UB p91trail -A"Bd Ol BJB9.£

[ jgqranu pgiiuiji B Suunp 39Jinb9j 9q HIM. isqi BUOIJB udoaddB ean^nj jo 9iBS9aS3v

•panmiuoosip oq 01 9iqsn inq 'p9MOHB MOU I9tni; 01 SB 9}iun9pui 'eaojiBindiis ^9901 01

11

yet unap ns, &c.

Number of propriate

1 I

£ «£•

«>* i* Sa 5?sfi| ^

- "^

•58

E"

II! tit 11 SI

ber 20, 1828; 6. 5 and 17, 1846

=.^ IT*

ith, due

$1,000 for education, &c. Three installments,

n ney

= 0 Q, ^ O

ess ^ £

III » !i !il M-l

0-^ g .^«5 >

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» <c .5 -n § 73 x O .-S

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PRESENT LIABITITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

251

8 888

88

888 8

iSS §

88 §

8 888 8 88

8| cor-r

8 88£

r-T O"o"t>."

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00 O

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"3 "3 2 "3 "3 "3 t>J> " " -

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a, cid

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Three installments, due.

1 ^?J^

•-1 QCOoSo

® w 55 5» '5

H sss § I III 5

& ,

OT) C05!1

sc 9 an

O 000 >> >>>>>>

l re

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I fill

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fur'0

£ P s I H<!<<OQ

-three . tallm

instal

fl! 1

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y-th

-t ed. ns

in te

T F

for men, women, ents. les as may be con- tary of the Interior. ter, teacher, engi- h. teel for shops ...... for men, women, ents. les as may be con- cretary for persons

miller, teacher, en- ith.

y ins ial s supp , pay ician t to unde

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fe fe ^ PC^4 En PH

252

PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

•89i;mnnB

^uanBouad aonpoid '-^aaa jad g ;B paisaAtn 'qoiqM. s^anoraB pus 'pie jad g qDtqM. uo eqi A"q ^snaj m pjaq ^anoray

jo Bd{)!ii<iBii [BaaaB jo ^anocay

-inaaB pa^iaiii ^£sd oj jo agqrana pajtazji 8 poamb.u eq HIM. ;Bq; -udojddB ean^nj jo

jnq

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PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

253

			^ ^
			§ ?
			00
			« 2 01 ? o" «
§	g S S	8		§ § S §	§ S §
	§o o	O		§^J	§o o
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J g £	S S	a	O IT	ci d d
i d c f 10" IT	w G, a r sf a" «	< £	- * ^	- S S 2"	0 00
- ,— 3 .— .	j ~J • "C		— ' -	— ' vO,— w5>, — ' i^"3	TS -o -a
• > >	> >	>	> >	> > t>
J3	-	i -	«	«w	_
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•	o o c	i		O § ° O	§ o §
§ 6	J s s "3 "o ^	; fi ^	*s s - S- ' fn	Ji i ?	•* ci « ** ^ ^ 'o ° °
Twenty-two insta $30,000, due.	45" 45" 45 a ci n	r ^ ^ I A r-	November 1, 1837 amendment, July Jnlv 15 1870 .	i f PI -1 1 111 1 1 1*1 S^n"0 H^n'0	Jf 5 1 a a 9 1 I 1 I , I •• 1 1 1 Ji 11 11 1 H H :.P

-2.3

glv

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254

PEESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.

<		US
:}U9aBniJ9d 9onpojd '^uao J9d		n
2 ^.B pajsaAUl 'qoiqAi g^nnocas pnB 'ptBd A"l[BnaaB 81 'JU90 J9d g qoiqM. ao 89}Bjg p^jnji 9q^ A*q i$rui ui pjaq ^anoray		n to" •€«•
•aa^OBjBqo ;u9nBraj9d B		00
jo sai;;iiqBi[ IBUOUB jo ^unorav		*"!.
		I
•luamfBd 9q; ?03^9	88	2
o; ^jBSS909a XuB^uappat sai;	°o	(fi
jb jaqranu pgjtrait B Satanp paambgj 9q HIM. ^Bq; SUOI^B -udojddB 9Jn|nj jo sjBSaaSSy	i"	CO
•panuiiuoosTp 9q 01 9{qBt[		8
^nq 'p9MO[iB AVOU '9rai; o^ SB		i
oi-^itweoaa «aaom« TBnaay		I
SI	5,
£ a	-
g|	1 P<
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& ° «	it
t*	•a*
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fe a.	a .-<
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1
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I i	i^:	"o H
	>M rt

TKUST-FUNDS AND TRUST-LANDS. 255

TRUST-FUNDS AND TRUST-LANDS.

The following statements show the transactions in the Indian trust-funds and trust- lands during the year ending October 31, 1876.

United States 5 per centum bonds, loan of 1881, amounting to $449,350, have been purchased for various tribes, as indicated in Statement No. 1. These were purchased with funds derived from the redemption of United States 6 per centum bonds, act of June 30, 1864, and Kansas State 7 per centum stocks, together with small uninvested balances on the books of the office at the date of the last annual report of the Commis- sioner of Indian Affairs.

Statement No. 2 shows the kind of bonds redeemed, the tribes to which they be- longed, date of redemption, and amount belonging to each tribe. The funds derived from the redemption of these bonds were re-invested, as shown, in Statement No. 1, excepting the $2,000, under the name of the Ottawas and Chippewas. The Depart- ment having decided that the stocks held in the name of those Indians revert to the United States under their treaty of 1855, the amount above named was not re-invested.

Statements A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and J show in detail the various changes in the stocks, funds in the Treasury to the credit of various tribes, collections of coin inter- est, and the premium realized from the sale thereof ; collections of interest in currency, and amount collected and covered into the Treasury to re-imburse the Government for interest appropriated on non-paying State stocks. Following these statements is a con- solidation of all interest collected, including premium on coin, and the disposition, thereof, and a statement of interest appropriated by Congress on non-paying State stocks, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876. A statement, also, will be found giv- ing in detail the appropriations for the current fiscal year for the several Indian tribes and the Indian service, together with the principal of bonds held in trust for Indian tribes, and of funds placed in the Treasury to their credit, and of interest annually arising from such bonds and funds ; also, a statement showing the transactions arising on account of moneys derived from the sales of Indian lands, all being sufficiently in detail to enable a proper understanding of the subject.

256

INVESTMENTS OF TRIBAL FUNDS.

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REDEMPTION OF BONDS. 257

No. 2. — Statement showing the redemption of bonds since November 1, 1875.

Kind of bonds.	Fund or tribe.	Date of re- demption.	Amount redeemed.
United States 6 per cent., act of	Pottawatomies, education	Nov. 13 1875	$100 00
June 30, 1H64. Do	do	Feb 1 1876	100 00
Do	Cherokee national fund	Feb 1 1876	118 043 06
Do	Cherokee school fund	Feb. 1 1876	24 672 50
Do	Cherokee orphan fund	Feb 1 1876	2 002 50
Do	Chicksaw national fund	Feb 1 1876	130 131 94
Do		Feb 1 1876	2 000 00
Do	Cherokee school fund	Feb 15 1876	85 10
Do		Feb 15 1876	440 09
Do	Pottawatomies education	Feb 15 1876	54 100 00
Do	Pottawatomies general fund	Feb 15 1876	93 924 72
Kansas State 7 per cent, bonds . . .	lowas	July 20 1876	17 600 00
Do	Kaskaskias &c school fund	July 20 1876	24 000 00
Missouri (Hannibal and Saint Jo-	Cherokee national fund	Oct. 14 1876	2 000 00
seph Railroad) bonds, 6 per cent. Do	Delaware, general fund	Oct 14 1676	8 000 00
Total			477 200 00

Becapit ulation of statements affecting the aggregate of bonds held in trust for various Indian

tribes, November 1, 1875.

Whole amount of bonds on hand November 1, 1875 $5, 107,516 83f

Amount of bonds since purchased, .(as per Statement No. 1) $449, 350 00 Amount of bonds redeemed, (as per Statement No. 2) .... 477,200 00

Excess of bonds redeemed over amount purchased.

27,850 00

Total amount on hand November 1, 1876 5, 079, 666 83f

17 IND

258 STOCKS HELD IN TRUST BY TREASURER OF THE U. S.

A. — List of names of Indian tribes for whom stock is held in trust by the Treasurer of the United Stales, showing the amount standing to the credit of each tribe, the annual interest, the date of treaty or law under which the investment was made, and the amount of abstracted bonds for which Congress has made no appropriation, and the annual interest on the same.

Tribe.	Treaty or act.	Statutes at Large.	Amount of stock.	Annual in- terest.	Amount of abstracted bonds.	Annual interest.
Vol.	Page.
	Dec. 29,1835 Feb. 27, 1819 Dec. 29,1835 Dec. 29,1835 Feb. 14. 1873 Feb. 14, 1873 Oct. 20,1872 May 24, 1834 May 24, 1834 July 15, 1859 Jan. 17,1837 Sept, 27, 1830 May 24, 1832 May 6,1854 Sept. 24, 1829 May 17, 1854 Mar. 6,1861 June 3,1825 May 30, 1854 Feb. 23,1867 Feb. 23, 1867 June 28. 1862 Sept. 3,1836 June 2, 1825 Mar. 28, 1836 Sept. 26, 1833 Sept. 26, 1833	7 7 7 7 17 17 7 7 7 12 7 7 7 10 7 10 12 7 10 15 15 13 7 7 7 7 7	478 195 478 478 462 462 381 ? 4505 450 1105 605 333 366 1048 327 1069 \ 11715 244 1082? 5195 519 625 506 240 491 431 431	$949, 918 65 527, 746 30 252, 199 47 67, 675 27 1, 170, 030 60f 2, 000 00 42, 792 60 453,781 90 50, 355 20 77, 015 25 459,243 15 11, 000 00 105, 052 21 27, 267 31 80, 047 92 41,411 97 128, 569 91 153, 457 41 40, 236 63 19,209 47 77,093 79 17, 180 09 89, 618 57 55, 105 41 21, 925 00 40, 981 54 15, 277 09 86, 950 00 4, 835 65 11,688 47	$54, 422 40 30, 797 28 15, 033 23 4, 060 52 68, 393 21 100 00 2, 449 79 27, 206 91 2,701 31 4, 397 90 24,910 87 550, 00 6, 144 81 1, 525 48 4, 939 40 2, 484 59 6, 428 49 7, 753 05 2, 074 20 1, 079 57 3, 882 82 880 80 4, 480 93 2, 764 32 1, 217 25 2, 049 45 857 69 4,347 50 241 78 701 30	$68, 000 00 15, 000 00	$4, 080 00 900 00
Cherokee orphan fund <
Cherokee asylum fund
Chickasaw national fund. .. < Chickasaw incompetents Chippewa and Christian In- dians
Choctaw general fund
Choctaw school fund Creek orphans
Delaware school fund
lowas <
Kaskaskias, Peorias, &c £ Kaskaskias, &c., school fund. . Kickapoos ...
Osage schools
Ottawas and Chippewas
Pottawatomies, education — Pottawatomies, mills	1,000 00	50 00
Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi. Sacs and Foxes of Missouri . . Senecas <	Feb. 18,1867 Mar. 6,1861 June 14, 1836 Jan. 9, 1837 June 14, 1836 Jan. 9. 1837 Nov. 5,1857 May 10, 1854 Feb. 23, 1867	15 12 5 5 5 5 11 15 15	495 1171 47 135 47 135 737 515 515
Senecas and Shawnees < Senecas, Tonawanda band Shawnees .....
Eastern Shawnees
5, 079, 666 83f	288, 876 85	84, 000 00	5, 030 00

SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.

B. — Statement of stock-account, exhibiting in detail the securities in which the funds of each tribe are invested and now on hand, the annual interest on the same, and the amount of ab- stracted bonds not provided for by Congress.

Stocks.	I	Original amount.	Amount of abstracted bonds not provided for by Congress.	Amount on hand.	Annual interest.
CHEROKEE NATIONAL FUND. State of Florida	7	$13 000 00		$13 000 00	$910 00
State of Louisiana	6	11,000 00		11,000 00	660 00
State of Missouri	6	50 000 00	$50 000 00
State of North Carolina	6	41 000 00	13 000 00	28 000 00	1 680 00
State of South Carolina	6	118,000 00		118,000 00	7 080 00
State of Tennessee	fi	5 000 00	5 000 00
State of Tennessee	5	125,000 00		125,000 00	6 250 00
State of Virginia	6	90 000 00		90 000 00	5 400 00
• United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad, eastern division	6	156,638 56		156, 638 56	9 398 31
Uflited States registered act of March 3 1865	ft	101 059 26		101 059 26	6 063 55
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	fi	161 950 00		161 950 00	9 717 00
United States, funded, loan of 1881	<i	145,270 83		145,270 83	7 263 54
Total		1 017 916 65	68 000 00	949 918 65	54 422 40
CHEROKEE SCHOOL FUND. State of Florida	7	7 000 00		7 600 00	490 00
State of Louisiana ....	fi	2 000 00		2 000 00	120 00
State of North Carolina	6	21 000 00	8 000 00	13 000 00	1 780 00
State of South Carolina	6	1 000 00		1 000 00	60 00
State of Tennessee ....	fi	7 000 00	7 000 00
State of Virginia, (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company) ....	6	1 000 00		1 000 00	60 00
United States issue to Uni*n Pacific Railroad, eastern division	fi	51 854 28		51 854 28	3 111 26
United States loan of 10-40s	•)	31 200 00		31 200 00	1 560 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865	6	232,866 05		232 866 05	13 971 96
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	g	125 270 29		125 270 29	7 K-.c OO
United States, funded, loan of 1881	5	62,555 68		62* 555 68	3 127 78
Total		542 746 30	15 000 00	527 746 30	OA 707 00
CHEROKEE ORPHANS' FUND. United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad, eastern division	6	;v";		22 223 26	1 333 40
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865. .	fi			160 672 44	9 640 35
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865. loan of 1867	6			49 545 00	2 971 50
United States, registered, loan of 1868	6			10 000 00	600 00
United States, funded, loan of 1881	5			9 758 77	487 98
Total				252 199 47	15 033 23
CHEROKEE ASYLUM FUND. United States, registered, loan of 1865	fi			67 675 27	4 060 52
CHICKASAW NATIONAL FUND. State of Arkansas	fi			168 000 00	10 080 00
State of Maryland	6			8 350 17	501 01
State of Tennessee	6			616* 000 00	36 960 00
State of Tennessee	*H			66* 666 66|
State of Virginia, (Richmond and Danville Railroad)	6			100 000 00	6 000 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865	6			80 150 95	4 ROQ OR
United States, funded, loan of 188 1	5			130 862 82	6 543 14
Total				1 170 030 60f
CHICKASAW INCOMPETENTS. State of Indiana	*>			2 000 00 j	100 on

260

SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.

B. — Statement of stock-account, exhibiting in detail the securities, fyc. — Continued.

Stocks. f	*J 1	Original amount.	Amountofabstracted bonds not provided for by Congress.	Amount on hand.	Annual interest.
CHIPPEWA AND CHRISTIAN INDIANS. United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	6			$26 562 38	$1 593 74
United States registered loan of 1865	6			4,454 74	267 28
United States funded loan of 1881	•>			11 775 48	588 77
Total				42 792 60	2 449 79
CHOCTAW GENERAL FUND. State of Virginia registered	6			450,000 00	27 000 00
United States registered loan of 1865	6			1 781 90	106 91
United States registered loan of 1881 .	5			2, 000 00	ICO 00
Total				453,781 90	27, 206 91
CHOCTAW SCHOOL FUND. United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	6			1, 427 20	85 63
United States registered loan of 1865	6			16 928 00	1 015 68
United States registered loan of 1881	5			32,000 00	1 600 00
Total				50,355 20	2 701 31
CKEEK ORPHANS.	*i			20,000 00	1 000 00
State of Virginia, (Richmond and Danville Railroad Company) .	6			3, 500 00	210 00
State of Virginia, (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal	6			9, 000 00	540 00
	fi			41,800 00	2 508 00
United States registered loan of 1865	fi			414 16	24 85
United States funded loan of 1881	*>			2 301 09	115 05
Total				77, 015 25	4, 397 90
DELAWARE GENERAL FUND. State of Florida	7			53, 000 00	3, 710 00
State o^ North Carolina	6			87, 000 00	5, 220 00
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad,	6			49, 283 90	2, 957 03
United States registered act of March 3 1865 '	fi			52,587 43	3, 155 25
United States' funded loan of 1881	5			217,371 82	10, 868 59
Total				459,243 15	24, 910 87
DELAWARE SCHOOL FUND. United States funded loan of 1861	*>			11, 000 00	550 00
IOWAS. State of Florida	7			22, 000 00	1, 540 00
	6			9,000 00	540 00
State of North Carolina	6			21,000 00	1, 260 00
State of South Carolina	6			3, 000 00	180 00
United States registered act of March 3 1865	fi			5,220 19	313 21
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	fi			7, 000 00	420 00
United States funded loan of 1881	5			37, 832 0-2	; 1,891 60
Total				105, 052 21	6, 144 81
KANSAS SCHOOLS. United States registered loan of 1865	6			1, 781 90	106 91
United States,' registered', act of March 3, 1865,	6			14, 430 16	865 81
United States funded loan of 1881	5			11, 055 25	552 76
Total				27, 267 31	1, 525 48

SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.

B. — Statement of stock-account, exhibiting in detail the securities, <fc. — Continued.

Stocks.	1 1	Original amount.	Amoun t of abstracted bonds not provided for by Congress.	Amount ou hand.	| a a <<
KASKASKIAS, PEOBIAS, ETC. State of Florida	7			$16 300 00	$1 141 00
	fi			15 000 00	900 00
State of North Carolina	8			43 000 00	2,580 00
State of South Carolina	6			3 000 00	180 00
United States registered loan of 1865	fi			97 04	5 82
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	6			3 85	23
United States funded loan of 1881	5			2,647 03	132 35
Total				80 047 92	4 939 40
KASKASKIAS, PEOBIAS, ETC., SCHOOL-FUND. State of Florida	7			20 700 00	1 449 00
United States funded loan of 1881	•>			20,711 97	1, 035 59
Total				41 411 97	2 484 59
KICKAPOO8. United States funded loan of 1881	5			128 569 91	6 428 49
MENOMONEE8. State of Tennessee	5			19 000 00	950 00
United States registered loan of 1865	6			8 018 52	481 11
United States funded loan of 1881	5			126,438 89	6,321 94
Total				153 457 41	7 753 05
08AGE SCHOOLS. United States registered loan of 1865	g			6 236 63	374 20
United States, funded loan of 1881	5			34 000 00	1 700 00
Total				40 236 63	2 074 20
OTTAWA8 AND CHIPPEWA8. State of Tennessee	•i		'	1,000 00	50 00
State of Virginia, (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company) .... . ....	(J			3 000 00	180 00
United States registered loan of 1865	g			8 909 47	534 57
United States funded loan of 1881	5			6 300 00	315 00
Total				19 209 47	1 079 57
POTTAW ATOMIES— EDUCATION. State of Indiana	5			4 000 00	200 00
United States, registered loan of 1865	g			2 813 31	168 80
United States, funded, loan of 1881	5			70,280 48	3 514 02
Total				77 093 79	3 882 82
PRAIRIE BAND OF POTTAW ATOMIES. United States, funded loan of 1881	«>			89 618 57	4 480 93
POTTAWATOMIE8— MILLS. United States, registered loan of 1865	6			2 180 09	130 80
United States, funded, loan of 1881	•>			15 000 00	750 00
Total				17 180 09	880 80
			M
SACS AND FOXES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. United States 10-40s	5			54 200 00	2 710 00
United States, registered, loan of 1865	6			905 41	54 39
Total				55 105 41	2 764 39

262

SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.

B. — Statement of stock-account, exhibiting in detail the securities, tyc. — Continued.

Stocks. A	Per cent.	Original amount.	Amountof abstracted bonds not provided for by Congress.	Amount on hand.	Annual interest.
8AC8 AND FOXES OF THE MISSOURI. United States registered, act of March 3 1865	fi			$5, 100 00	$306 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	6			7 000 00	420 00
United States funded loan of 1881	5			9 825 00	491 25
Total				21, 925 00	1, 217 25
SENEGAS. United States registered loan of 1865 . .	6			37 17	2 23
United States funded loan of 1881	•>			40 944 37	2 047 22
Total				40 981 54	2 049 45
SENEGAS AND SHAWNEES. United States 10-40s .	5			1, 000 00	50 00
United States registered loan of 1865	6			2 621 60	157 30
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1867	6			6 761 12	405 67
United States funded loan of 1881	«>			4 894 37	244 72
Total				15 277 09	857 69
SENEGAS— TONAWANDA BAND. United States funded, loan of 1881	•>			86,950 00	4, 347 50
SHAWNEES. United States funded loan of 1881	«>			4,835 65	241 78
EASTERN SHAWNEES. United States registered loan of 1865	6			11 688 47	701 30

FUNDS HELD IN TRUST IN LIEU OF INVESTMENT.

26.3

C. — Statement of stocks held by the Treasurer of the United States in trust for the various Indian tribes, showing the amount now on hand / also abstracted bonds, for ivhich Congress has made no appropriation.

Stocks.	Per cent	Amount on hand.	Amount of abstracted bonds.
State of Arkansas	6	$168 000 00
State of Florida	7	132 000 00
	5	6 000 00	*i oflfl 00
State of Louisiana	6	37 000 00
State of Maryland	6	8 350 17
State of Missouri	6		50 000 00
State of North Carolina	g	192 000 00	21 000 00
State of South Carolina	(5	125 000 00
State of Tennessee . .	6	616 000 00	12 000 00
State of Tennessee	5	165 000 00
State of Tennessee	54	66 666 66f
State of Virginia	6	698 300 00
United States 10-40s	5	86 400 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1865	6	774, 200 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865 loan of 1867	6	399 950 00
United States, registered, act of March 3, 1865, loan of 1868	6	10 000 00
United States, issue to Union Pacific Railroad, eastern division	6	280 000 00
United States funded loan of 1881	5	1 314 800 00
Total		5 079 666 83|	84 000 00

D. — Statement of funds held in trust by the Government in lieu of investment.

Statutes at Large.

Tribes.	a of				£ *>H	•5l
	Si ,	Vol.	Page.	Sec.	i- ^	3! I*9 -i
Choctaws <	Jan. 20,1825	7	236	9	£$390 257 92	$19 512 89
Creeks.	June 22, 1855 Aug. 7, 1856	11 11	614 701	3 6	200 000 00	10 000 00
Cherokees <	June 14, 1866	14 16	786 362	3	675, 168 00 \ 721 748 80	33, 758 40 36 087 44
lowas	June 5, 1872 May 7 1854	17 10	228 1071	"9"	57 500 00	2 875 00
	June 14 1846	g	842	2	200 000 00
Kickapoos ....	May 18 1851	10	1079	2	93 581 09	4 679 05
Miamies of Indiana	June 5 1854	10	1099	4	221 257 86	11 062 89
Miamies of Kansas		10	1094	3	50 000 00
Osages ......	June 2 1825	7	242	6	69 120 00	3 456 00
Pottawatomies . . <	Sept. 29, 1865 July 15, 1870	14 16	687 362	1 12 7	300, 000 00 941, 447 66 168 123 85	15, 000 00 47, 072 38 8 406 19
Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri Seminoles	June 17, 1846 Oct. 2, 1837 Oct. 11,1842 Oct. 21,1837 Aug 7 1856	7 7 7 11	541 596 543 702	2 2 2 g	200, 000 00 800, 000 00 157, 400 00 TOO 000 00	10, 000 00 40, 000 00 7, 870 00
Senecas Qf New York	May 21. 1866 June 27 1846	14 9	757 35	3 2 3	70, 000 00 118 050 00	3, 500 00 5 902 50
Shawnees ...	May 10 1854	10	1056	3	40* 000 00
Stockbridges and Munsees	Feb 6* 1871	16	405	4 5	75 804 46	3 790 22
Winnebagoes	Nov 1 1837	7	546	4	804 909 17
Tabequache and other bands of Utes Amount of 5 per cent, funds, as above stated, held by the Government in lieu of investment	Oct.' 13*, 1846 Julv 15,1870 Apr. 29,1874	9 16 18	879 355 41	4 "2"	75, 387 28 78, 340 41 500, 000 00 7 508 096 50	3, 769 36 3, 917 02 25, 0 :0 00
Amount of annual interest						375 404 79

264

FUNDS HELD IN TRUST IN LIEU OF INVESTMENT.

D No. 2. — Funds held by the Government in lien of abstracted bonds.

Tribes. it	Date of acts, reso- lutions, or trea- ties.	Statutes at Large.	Amount i n the U. S. Treasury.	Annual interest at 5 per cent.
Vol.	Page.	Sec.
Kaskaskias Peorias &c . ....	July 12, 1862 July 12, 1862 July 12, 1862	12 12 12	539 539 539		$14,861 28 406, 571 28 66, 735 00	$743 06 20, 328 56 3, 336 75
Towas
Total amount in lieu of investment
7, 996, 264 06
Total annual interest on same
399, 813 16

The changes in the account of funds held in lieu of investment are accounted for as follows, viz :

Amount reported in statements D and D No. 2, November 1, 1875 $7, 816, 016 27

This fund has been increased by- Net proceeds of Osage lands, month of October, 1875 $11,745 34

Net proceeds of Osage lands, from November 1, 1875, to Oc- tober 31, 1876 169,937 15

181,682 49 Less amount drawn from Kaskaskia, Peoria, &c., funds to

pay citizens, per act of August 15, 1876 1, 434 70

180,247 79

Total as before stated 7,996,264 06

INTEREST IN COIN AND PREMIUM.

265

E. — Interest collected on United States bonds payable in coin, and premium realized on coin

sold.

Fund or tribe.	! Face of Period for which interest bonds. was collected.	Coin inter- est.	Premium realized.
Cherokee national fund	$122, 118 06 30, 911 49 258, 934 26 30, 911 49 4, 075 00 30,911 49 258, 934 26 30, 911 49 118,043 06 . 38, 933 05 28,610 19 354, 283 84 38, 933 05 31, 200 00 3, 852 50 38, 933 05 354, 283 84 38, 933 05 31, 200 00 24, 672 50 85 19 67, 675 27 67, 675 27 7, 848 08 12, 225 00 209, 994 94 7, 848 08 10, 222 50 7, 848 08 209, 994 94 7, 848 08 2, 002 50 6, 197 01 210,231 94 50 95 6, 197 01 80, 100 00 6, 197 01 50 95 6, 197 01 130, 131 94 11, 775 48 31, 017 12 11, 775 48 11, 775 48 31,017 12 11, 775 48 2, 000 00 1, 781 90 2, 000 00 2, 000 00 1,781 90 2,000 00	May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 1 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 1 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 ! Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 1 Nov. 1, 1875, to May 1, 1876 i Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876 1 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Sept. 1, 1875, to Mar. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to May 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876 Mar. 1, 1876. to Sept. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 15, 1876 July 1,1875, to Jan. 1,1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. , 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to May , 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1,1876, to July ,1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. , 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. , 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1,1875, to Jan. 1,1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1. 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to May 1, 1876 Feb. 1, W76, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 Mav 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1,1876, to July 1,1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	$3, 663 54 386 39 7, 768 04 336 39 122 25 386 39 7, 768 04 386 39 1, 785 20	$554 11 55 54 995 28 48 78 15 59 49 26 898 18 44 92 225 38
t Cherokee school fund
22, 652 63	2, 887 04
486 66 858 31 10, 628 51 486 66 780 00 115 58 486 66 10, 628 51 486 66 780 00 373 13 1 48	69 96 129 82 1, 361 78 61 44 112 61 14 73 62 05 1, 228 92 56 57 78 00 47 11 21
Cherokee asylum fund
26, 112 16	3,223 20
2, 030 26 2, 030 26	260 13 234 75
Cherokee orphan fund
4, 060 52	494 88
98 10 366 75 6. 299 85 98 10 306 67 98 10 6, 299 85 98 10 30 28	14 10 55 47 817 17 12 39 39 10 12 51 728 42 11 40 3 82
Chickasaw national fund . . .
13, 695 80	1, 684 38
77 46 6, 306 96 1 53 77 46 2, 403 00 77 46 1 53 77 46 1, 968 02	11 14 953 93 19 9 78 306 39 9 87 18 9 01 248 46
Chippewa and Christian Indians Choctaw general fund
10, 990 88	1, 548 95
147 19 930 51 147 19 147 19 930 51 147 19	21 16 119 22 18 58 18 77 107 59 17 11
2, 449 78	302 43
25 00 53 46 25 00 25 00 53 46 25 00	3 59 6 85 3 16 3 19 6 18 2 91
206 92	25 88

266 INTEREST IN COIN AND PREMIUM.

E. — Interest collected on United States bonds, payable in coin, #c. — Continued.

Fund or tribe.	Face of bonds.	Period for which interest was collected.	Coin inter- est.	Premium realized.
Choctaw school fund	$32, 000 00	Aug. , 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	$400 00	$57 50
e:	18, 355 20 33, 000 00 32, 000 00 !»!, 335 20 32, 000 00	July ,1875, to Jan. 1,1876 Nov. .1875, to Feb. 1,1876 Feb. ,1876, to May 1,1876 Jan. , 1876, to July 1, 1876 May , 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	550 66 400 00 400 00 550 66 400 00 2, 701 32	70 55 50 50 51*00 • 63 67 46 50 339 72
Creek orphans ........	2,301 09	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	28 76	4 13
	414 16 2,301 09 2, 301 09 414 16 2, 301 09	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	12 43 28 76 28 76 12 43 28 76	1 59 3 63 3 67 1 44 3 34
			139 89	17 80
Delaware general fund	210,300 00	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	2,628 75	377 88
	52, 587 43 210, 300 00 210, 300 00 52, 587 43 210, 300 00	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	1, 577 62 2, 628 75 2, 628 75 1, 577 62 2, 628 75	202 13 331 88 335 16 182 41 305 59
			13, 670 24	1, 725 05
Delaware school fund	11,000 00	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	137 50	19 77
	11, 000 00 11, 000 00 11, 000 00	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	137 50 137 50 . 137 50	17 36 17 53 15 98
			550 00	70 64
lowas	22 643 24	Auo1 1 1875 to Nev 1 1875	283 04	40 69
	12, 220 19 22, 643 24 22, 643 24 12,220 19 22, 643 24	July 1,1875, to Jan. 1,1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1,1876, to July 1,1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	366 60 283 04 283 04 366 60 283 04	46 97 35 73 36 09 42 39 32 90
			1, 865 36	234 77
Kansas schools	11,055 25	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	138 19	19 87
	16, 212 06 11,055 25 11, 055 25 16, 212 06 11, 055 25	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	486 36 138 19 138 19 486 36 138 19	62 31 17 45 17 62 56 24 16 06
•			1, 525 48	189 55
Kickapoos	440 09	May 1 1875 to Nov. 1,1875	13 20	2 00
	440 09 128, 150 00 128, 150 00 128, 150 00 128, 150 00	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb.15, 1876 Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	7 67 1, 601 88 1, 601 88 1, 601 88 1, 601 88	1 06 230 27 202 24 204 24 186 22
			6, 428 39	826 03
Kaskaskias, Peorias, Weas, and Piankeshaws.	2, 647 03 100 89 2, 647 03 2, 643 03 100 89 2, 647 03	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1,1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	33 09 3 03 33 09 33 09 3 03 33 09	4 76 39 4 18 4 22 35 3 85
			138 42	17 75
M6noTnoT>6ft8. ........ „	126, 438 89	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	1, 580 48	227 19
	8, 018 52 126, 438 89 126, 438 89 8, 018 52 126, 438 89	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	240 55 1,520 48 1, 580 48 240 55 1, 580 48	30 82 199 54 201 51 27 81 183 74
			6, 803 02	870 61

INTEREST IN COIN AND PREMIUM. J67

E. — Interest collected on United States bonds, payable in coin, <f"c. — Continued.

Fund or tribe.	Face of bonds.	Period for which interest was collected.	Coin inter- est.	Premium realized.
	§34 000 00	Au"1 1 1875 to Nov 1 1875	$425 00	$61 09
	6, 236 63 34, 000 00 34, 000 00 6, 236 63 34, 000 00	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1*76, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	187 10 425 00 425 50 187 10 425 00	23 97 53 66 54 19 21 63 49 41
			2, 074 20	263 95
ttawas and Chippewas	6. 300 00	Aug. 1, 1875 to Nov. 1 1875	78 75	11 32
	2, 000 00 8, 909 47 6, 300 00 2, 000 00 6, 300 00 8, 909 47 6, 300 00	May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1 1876 May 1. 1876, to Aug. 1 1876	60 00 267 28 78 75 30 25 78 75 267 28 78 75	9 07 34 24 9 94 3 82 10 04 30 91 9 15
			939 81	118 49
Pottawatomies education	54, 300 -00	May 1 1875 to Nov 1 1875	1 629 00	246 39
	18, 500 00 2, 813 31 18, 500 00 100 00 100 00 54, 000 00 100 00 18, 550 00 2, 813 31 18, 500 00	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Nov.13, 1875 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb.15, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb.15, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	231 25 84 40 231 25 20 1 51 940 93 1 74 231 25 84 40 231 25	33 24 10 81 29 20 02 19 130 56 24 29 48 9 76 26 88
			3, 667 18	516 77
Pottawatomies, mills	15,000 00	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	187 50	26 95
	15,000 00 2, 180 09 15, 000 00 2, 180 09 15, 000 00	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	187 50 65 40 187 50 65 40 187 50	-23 67 8 38 23 91 7 56 21 80
			880 80	112 27
Pottawatomies' general fund for Prai- rie baud.	93, 924 72 93,924 72	May 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb.15, 1876	2, 817 74 1, 636 61	426 18 227 08
			4, 454 35	653 26
Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri......	9, 825 00	Aug. 1 1875 to Nov. 1 1875	122 81	17 65
	12, 100 00 9, 825 00 9, 825 00 12, 100 00 9,825 00	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	363 00 122 81 122 81 363 00 122 81	46 51 15 50 15 66 41 97 14 28
			1, 217 24	151 57
Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi	905 41 54, 200 00 905 41 54, 200 00	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Sept.l, 1875, to Mar. 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876 Mar. 1, 1876, to Sept. 1, 1876	27 16 1, 355 00 27 16 1, 355 00	3 48 195 63 3 14 135 50
			2, 764 32	337 75
Senecas	40 944 37	Aue 1 1875 to Nov 1 1875	511 80	73 57
	40| 944 37 40, 944 37 37 17 40, 944 37	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	511 80 511 80 2 24 511 80	64 61 65 25 27 59 50
			2, 049 44	263 20

268 COLLECTIONS OF INTEREST ON BONDS.

E. — Interest collected on United States bonds, payable in coin, #c. — Continued.

Fund or tribe.	Face of bonds.	Period for which interest was collected.	Coin inter- est.	Premium realized.
	$86 950 00	Aug. 1 1875 to Nov. 1, 1875	$1,086 87	$156 24
r	86, 950 00 86, 950 00 86, 950 00	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	1, 086 87 1,086 87 1, 086 88	137 22 138 57 126 35
			4,347 49	558 38
	4 894 37	Aug 1 1875 to Nov. ,»1875	61 18	8 80
	9, 382 72 4, 894 37 9, 382 72 4, 894 37 4, 894 37 1, 000 00 1, 000 00	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876 Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. , 1876 Jan. 1, 1876, to July ,1876 Feb. 1, 1876. to May , 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. , 1876 Sep't.l, 1875, to Mar. 1, 1876 Mar. 1. 1876, to Sept.l, 1876	281 48 61 18 281 48 61 18 61 1H 25 00 25 00	36 09 7 72 32 55 7 80 7 11 3 61 2 50
			857 68	106 18
Shawnees	4, 835 65	Aug. 1, 1875, to Nov. 1, 1875	60 45	8 69
	4, 835 65 4, 835 65 4, 835 65	Nov. 1, 1875, to Feb. 1, 1876 Feb. 1, 1876, to May 1, 1876 May 1, 1876, to Aug. 1, 1876	60 45 60 45 60 45	7 63 7 71 7 03
			241 80	31 06
Eastern Shawnees	11, 688 47	July 1, 1875, to Jan. 1, 1876	350 65	44 93
	11, 688 47	Jan. 1, 1876, to July 1, 1876	350 65	40 54
			701 30	85 47

F. — Interest collected on United States bonds, payable in currency.

Fund or tribe.	Face of bonds	Period for which interest was collected.	Amount collected.
	$156 638 56	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	$9, 398 32
Cherokee school fund ..	51, 854 28	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	3, 111 26
	22 223 26	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	1, 333 40
	49, 283 90	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	2, 957 02
Total	280 000 00		16, 800 00

G-. — Interest collected on certain State bonds, the interest on which is regularly paid.

Fund or tribe.	Face of bonds.	Period for which interest is regularly paid.	Amount collected.
Missouri State, Hannibal and Saint Joseph Railroad bonds.*	$2,000 00	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	$120 00
	8 000 00	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	480 00
Kansas 7 per cent, bonds.t	17, 600 00	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	1, 232 00
Kaskaskias, Peorias, "Weas, and Piankeshaw	24,000 00	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	1, 680 00
Maryland 6 per cent, bonds. Chickasaw national fund	8, 350 17	July 1, 1875, to July 1, 1876	486 60
Total	59 950 17		3, 998 60

Redeemed October 14, 1876.

t Redeemed July 20, 1876.

COLLECTIONS OF INTEREST ON BONDS. 269

H.— Interest collected since November 1, 1875, due and unpaid July I, 1875, and prior thereto.

		Period for which collected.	4		Hi
				2 B A
		=4H		s^i
	1	^ p		s$
Fund or tribe.	8		Kind of bonds.
	1	03 "S		III
	a	• r=
	1	From —	To—	£ 3		|.sl '£
Cherokee national fund..	$1, 050 00	Jan. 1, 1861	July , 1863	$7, 000 00	North Carolina.	$1, 050 00
	630 00	Jan. 1, 1872	July , 1873	*7, 000 00	. ..do	593 60
Cherokee school fund	1, 944 00	Jan. 1, 1861	July , 1863	13, 000 00	....do	1,944 00
	1, 170 00	Jan. 1, 1872	July , 1873	*13, 000 00	do .	1, 102 40
Chickasaw national fund.	3, 120 00	Jan. 1, 1875	July , 1875	104, 000 00	Tennessee	3, 120 00
Creek orphans	75 00 2, 205 CO 4, 7S5 00	Jan. 1, 1874 Apr. 1, 1872 Oct. 1, 1872	July , 1875 Oct. , 1872 Oct. , 1873	1, 000 00 74, 000 00 *80, 000 00	...do North Carolina. ....do	75 00 2, 205 00 4, 369 00
Delaware general fund. . .
	420 00	Apr. 1, 1872	Oct. , 1872	14,000 00	do	420 00
lowas	600 00	Jan. 1, 1861	July , 1863	4,000 00	....do	600 00
	360 00	Jan. 1, 1872	July , 1873	*4, 000 00	....do	339 20
Kaskaskias, Peorias, &o..	750 00	Oct. 1, 1860	Apr. , 1863	5,000 00	....do	750 00
	240 00	Apr. 1,1861	Apr. , 1863	2, 000 00	... do	240 00
	300 00	Jan. 1, 1861	July , 1863	2,000 00	..do	300 00
	180 00	Jan. 1, 1872	Julv 1.1873	*2, 000 00	....do	169 60
	480 00	Apr. 1.1872J Apr. 1,1873	*8, 000 00	....do	438 40
	2,970 00	Apr. 1, 1872	Oct. 1, 1873	*33, 000 00	... do	2,798 40
	544 50	Oct. 1, 1873	Apr. 1, 1874	1 18, 000 00	....do	544 50
						21, 059 10
21,823 50

* An assessment of $5.20 on each $1,000 bond was made by a decree of the United States circuit court for the eastern district of North Carolina, in a suit to which the Secretary of the Interior as trustee was a party, to recover overdue interest on said bonds.

t $4.50 overpaid on one of these bonds for the period stated.

J. — Collections of interest made since November 1, 1875, falling due since July 1, 1875.

Fund or tribe.	1	Period.	4» If +3 O	Kind of bonds.	; carried credit of a tribes.
	Amounl	From— To—	c8^ fs s		III S35 -4
Chickasaw national fund - Chickasaw national fund Chickasaw national fund	$6, 000 30, 720 3,120	July 1, 1875 July 1, 1876 July 1, 1875 July 1, 1876 Julv 1, 1875 July 1, 1876	$100, 000 512, 000 104 000	Virginia, Richmond and Danville Rail- road. Nashville and Chat- tanooga Railroad. Tennessee	$6,000 30, 720 3 120
Chickasaw incompetents	100	July 1, 1875 i July 1 1876	2 000		100
Creek orphans	210	July 1 1875 ' July 1 1876	3 500	Virginia Richmond	210
Pottawatomies, education	200	July 1, 1875 July 1, 1876	4,000	and Danville Rail- road. Indiana	200
Total	40, 350		725 500		40 350

270

APPROPRIATIONS ON NON-PAYING STOCKS.

Recapitulation of interest collected, premiums, #c., as per tables hereinbefore given.

Coin-interest on United States bonds, (Table E) $138,186 42

Interest on United States bonds, currency, (Table F) 16,800 00

Interest on paying State stocks, (Table G) 3,998 60

Interest collected on non-paying bonds due prior to July 1, 1875, (Table H) . 21, 823 50

Interest collected on non-paying bonds due since July 1, 1875, (Table J). 40> 350 00

Total interest collected during the time specified 221,158 52

Add premium on coin-interest on United States bonds 17, 657 03

Total premium and interest » 238,815 55

Deduct amount refunded to the United States, (including assessment, as

shown in Table H) 21,823 50

Balance carried to the credit of trust-fund interest due various In- dian tribes 216,992 05

Statement of appropriations made by Congress for the year ending June 30, 1876, on non-pay- ing stocks held in trust by the Secretary of the Interior for various Indian tribes.

Bonds.

Principal.

Annual in- terest appro- priated.

Arkansas

Florida

North Carolina ,

South C arolina

Tennessee

Tennessee

Tennessee

Virginia

Louisiana

Deficiency on account of arrears on $78,000 Arkansas 6 per cent. State bonds, from July 1, 1874, to July 1, 1875

Total amount appropriated .

$168, 000 00 132, 000 00 192, 000 00 125, 000 00 104, 000 00

66, 666 66f 165, 000 00 594, 800 00

37, 000 00

$10, 080 00

9, 240 00

11, 520 00

7, 500 00 6, 240 00 3. 500 00

8, 250 00 35, 688 00

2, 220 00

4, 680 00

97, 938 00

TREATY AND SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1876-'?7.

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RECEIPTS FROM SALES OF INDIAN LANDS.

The receipts and disbursements since November 1, 1875, as shown by the books of this office, on account of sales of Indian lands, including receipts from sales made under the direction of the General Laud Office, are exhibited in the following statement :

Appropriations.	Acts and treaties.	On hand No- vember 1, 1875.	Amount re- ceived dur- 1 ing year.	Disbursed during the year.	On hand No- vember 1, 1876.
Proceeds of Sioux reserva- tions in Minnesota and Da- kota. Proceeds of W^nneba°'o res-	is'stat., 819. act March 3, 1863. Sees. 2 and 3, act of	$11, 187 38 799 25	$16, 644 36	$18, 665 89	$9, 165 85 799 25
ervations in Minnesota. Fulfilling treaty with Chero-	Feb. 21, 18153. Cherokee strip . . .	7,818 73	3, 697 71	It, 516 44
kees, proceeds of lauds. Fulfilli i ig treatv withChoro-	Treaties of Feb. 27,	173 79	49 99		223 78
kees, proceeds of school- lands. Payment to L'Anse and Vieux de Sert Chippewas for Innds.	1819, and Dec. 29, 1835. Act of June 22, 1874, 18 Stat., 140. Royalty on coal	20, 000 00 28 30	1,346 11	1,346 11	20,000 00 28 30
proceeds of lands.	Art 4 treatv of	9 859 78			9 859 78
proceeds of lands. Fulfilling treaty with Kas-	Oct. o, 1859, 12 Stat., 1112. Treaty of Feb. 23	787 28			787 28
kaskiii'S, proceedsof lands	1867, (10 sections.) Treatv of Feb 11		8 438 00	562 50	7 875 50
monees, proceeds of lands. Fulfilling treaty with Mia- mies of Kansas, proceeds of lands. Fulfilling treaty with Oma-	1856, 11 Stat., 679. Act of Mar. 3, 1873. Act of July 31 1872	5, 126 32 712 26	5, 396 23	4J3 56	10, 108 99 712 26
has, proceeds of lands. Fulfilling treaty with Osages, proceeds of trust-lands. Proceeds of New York Indian	2dart. treaty Sept. 29, 18(55, 2d sec. act July 15, 1870. Acts of Feb. 19	1, 064, 613 28 1 515 17	153,241 01 1, 928 82	*213, 950 48	1, 003, 903 81 3 443 91
lands in Kansas. Fulfilling treaty with Potta- watomies, proceedsof lauds. Fulfilling treaty with Stock- bridges, proceeds of lands.	1873, and June 23, 1874. Treaty February 27, 1867, 15 Stat'., 532. Treaty February 11, 1856, 11 Stat., 679 ; act of Feb- ruary 6, 1871, 16 Stati, 404. 2d art treaty 1859	• 36, 241 05 674 48 20 513 96	t3, 726 58 30 00 96 41	+7,200 00 532 55	32, 767 63 171 93 20 610 37
bagoes, proceeds of lauds. On account of claims of set- tlers on Round Valley In- dian reservation in Cali- fornia, restored to public lands.	act February 2, 1863. Act of March 3, 1873, 17 Stat, 633.	1, 154 50 721 743 80	415 09	975 22	594 37 721 748 80
kees, proceeds of Osage di- minished reserve lands in Kansas.	lands to Osages. (See Osages.)	105 64			lO6) 64
wares, proceeds of lands. (Refundment by Agent Pratt.)	4, 1866, 14 Stat., 794. Treaty of June 28	1 08			1 08
apoos, proceeds of Lmds.	1862, 13 Stat., 6231	247 17			247 17
and Foxes of Missouri, pro- ceeds of lands.	1861, 12 Stat.' 1171. Acts of April 7		400 00		400 00
nees.	1869, and Jan. 11, 1875.				•

* $166,174.63 of the above amount repaid to the United States on account of former advances by Congress to the tribe.

t Repayment by Superintendent Enoch Hoag ; belongs to certain individual Pottawatomies. I Re-imbursed'the United States for money advanced by act of May 29, 1872, (17 Statute, 179.)

INVESTMENTS IN SECURITIES OTHER THAN U. S. STOCKS. 275

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AGENCIES ASSIGNED TO RELIGIOUS BODIES.

LIST OF INDIAN AGENCIES ASSIGNED TO THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS BODIES.

FRIENDS. — Great Nemaha, Omaha, Winnebago, Otoe, and Santee, in Nebraska, and Pawnee, in the Indian Territory. B. Rush Roberts, Sandy Spring, Md.

FRIENDS, (ORTHODOX.) — Pottawatomie and Kickapoo, in Kansas ; Quapavr, Osage, Sac and Fox, Wichita, Kiowa and Coraanche, and Cheyenne and Arapahoe, in the Indian Territory. Dr. Jns. E. Rhoades, Germantoivn, Philadelphia, Pa.

METHODIST. — Hoopa Valley. Round Valley, and Tnle River, in California ; Yakama, Neah Bay, and Quinnielt, in AVashing+on Territory ; Klamath and Siletz, in Oregon ; Blackfeet, Crow, and Fort Peck, in Montana; Fort Hall and Leuihi, in Idaho; and Mackinac, in Michigan. Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, secretary Missionary Society Methodist Epis- copal Church, £05 Broadway, New York City.

CATHOLIC.— Tulalip and Colville, in Washington Territory ; Grand Ronde and Uma- tilla, in Oregon ; Flathead, in Montana ; and Standing Rock and Devil's Lake, in Dakota. General Charles Ewing, Catholic commissioner Roman Catholic Church, Washington. D. C.

BAPTIST. — Union, (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles,) in the Indian Territory ; and Nevada, in Nevada. Rev. Joseph F. Shoards, secretary Ameri- can Baptist Borne Missionary Society, 150 Nassau street, New York.

PRESBYTERIAN.— Abiquiu, Navajo, Mescalero Apache, Southern Apache, and Pueblo, in, New Mexico; Nez Perce", in Idaho; and Uintah Valley, in Utah. Rev. Dr. J. C. Lowrie, secretary Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, "23 Center street, New York City.

CONGREGATIONAL. — Green Bay and La Poiute, in Wisconsin ; Red Lake, in Minne- sota ; Sisseton and Fort Berthold, in Dakota ; and S'Kokomish, in Washington Terri- tory. Rev. Dr. M. E. Sfrieby, secretary American Missionary Association, 56 Reade street, New York City.

REFORMED. — Colorado River, Pima and Maricopa, and San Carlos, in Arizona. Rev. Dr. J. M. Ferris, secretary Board of Missions of Reformed Church, 34 Vesey street, Neiv York City.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. — White Earth, in Minnesota ; Ponca, Crow Creek, Lower Ernie", Cheyenne River, Yanktou, Spotted Tail, and Red Cloud, in Dakota ; Shoshone, in Wyoming. Rev. Robert C. Rogers, secretary Indian Commission of the Protestant Episco- pal Church, 30 Bible House, New York City.

UNITARIAN.— Los Pinos and White River, in Colorado. Rev. Rush R. Shippen, secre- tary American Unitarian Association, 7 Tremont Place, Boston.

FREE- WILL BAPTIST. — Leech Lake, in Minnesota. Rev. A. H. Chase, secretary Free- Will Baptist Home Missionary Association, Hillsdale, Mich.

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN. — Warm Springs, in Oregon. Rev. John G. Broivn, D. D., secretary Home Mission Board United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pa.

CHRISTIAN UNION. — Malheur, in Oregon. Rev. J. S. Rowland, Salem, Oreg.

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF INDIAN COMMISSIONERS WITH THEIR POST-OFFICE ADDRESS

General Clinton B. Fisk. chairman, 3 Broad street, New York City. William Stickney, secretary, New York avenue, corner Fifteenth street, Washing- ton, D. C.

A. C. Barstow, Providence, R. I. William Bingham, Cleveland, Ohio.

E. A. Hayt, 6 New Church street, New York City. David H. Jerome, Saginaw, Mich. E. M. Kingsley, 30 Clinton Place, New York City. John D. Lang, Vassalborough, Me.

B. Rush Roberts, Sandy Springs, Md.

POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS. 279

Telegraphic address.	Yuma, Ariz. Sacaton, Ari/,., via mail from Florence. Tucson, Ari/,. Arcata, Cal. Ukiah, Cal. Visalia, Cal.	Canon Citv, Colo. White River, Colo., via Rawlings, Wyo.	Cheyenne River agency, via Fort Sully, Dak. Crow Creek agency, Dak. Jamestown, Dak. Yankton agency, Dak. Bismarck, Dak. Lower Hrule agency, via Crow Creek, Dak. SpriiitrficM, Dak. Red Cloud agency, Nebr., via Fort Laramie, Wyo.	Spotted Tail agency, Nebr., via Fort Laramie, Wyo. Morris, Minn. Standing Rock via Bismarck, Dak. Yankton agency, Dak. Fort Hall Indian agt-ncv, Idaho. Pleasant Valley Station, Idaho. Lewiston, Idaho, via Portland, Greg., and Walla Walla, Wash.	Wichita, Kans., or Foit Sill, Ind. T. Fort Sill, Ind. T. Coffeyville, Kans. Cotle'yvillc, Kans. Seneca, , Mo. Muskogee, Ind. T.
Post-office address.		; :	; ;	ijliiijj		JlJJjj
Parker, Ariz Sacaton, Ariz Tomr. «rnnt	Hoopa Valley, Humboldt County, Cal . . . Covelo, Meudociuo County, Cal Porterville, Tulare County, Cal	Los Pinos agency, via Saquache, Colo . . . White River, Colo., via Rawlings, Wyo. .	f 1 ; : :« ! j	j I j |lj	: I** :§
Cheyenne River agency, Ashmore C< Crow Creek agency, Dak Fort Totten, Dak Greenwood, Dak Fort Berthold, Dak . . . Lower Brul6 agency, via Crow Creek . . . Ponca agency, Todd County, Dak . . . ., U Red Cloud agencj', Nebr	A. ... Spotted Tail agency, Nebr Sissetmi agency, Dak., via Saint Pau Standing Rock agency, Dak Yankton agency, Dak Fort Hall Indian agency, Idaho Fort Lemhi, Idaho, via Baunack City Lewiston, Nez Perc6 County, Idaho .	. Darlington, Ind. T . . Fort Sill, Ind. T Osage agency, Ind. T., via Coffeyvilh . Pawnee agency, Ind. T., via Coffeyvi . Seneca Newton County, Mo . Sac and Fox agency, liul. T., via Okn
I	W.E. Morford Charles Hudson T^V,r, V> TMiim	§-££ 2|i HI £ 5 ® ff«« HMd hWO	W. D. Wheeler E.H. Danforth	I : : : : : : £ * ::::::	JohnD. Miles J. M. Haworth Cyrus Beede William Burgess H. W.Jones Levi Woodward ....*...
tic	ARIZONA. Colorado River Pima and Maricopa, and Papago o^v, ri.,,.1™	. : : : ; :::.::.: : : ; : : ; § _: : : ; .
	i :	::::::::		M :- i i || : i
5 * ' * O £}" &' J i 3 ££| i"tll	COLORADO. Los Pinos White River....	< fe i : : : : :
'	IfU133^^ 3 "S«;ss"£sN ^ cc X 55 ^ fc i-5 fa	jjljjj

280 POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS.

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Lawre RoHsvi

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POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS. 281

	• •
	: '	\\i\\\			! i
		• \a ; : =		i i :g : :
t*	:	bt ' o ! ! **			! .	o
| I	• i ;	Mill		1 ; 3 ;		f
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C	•	o -J ® 3 5 '		: ; : § :	. ^^
c - "e 4 C c 1 1	Wadsworth, Nev Elko, Elko County, Nt	Grand Ronde, Yamhill Linkville, Lake Count Malheur agency, via I Toledo, Benton Count' Pendleton, CTmatilla C Warm Springs, Wasco	r I 'C C ^ «	i jj&j <c"t> S S oo - — '-*'> 0^3 «4 g f ^sffcS s-iiu jj — — ^2 o rfl 13 SJ52W-5S P^^OOaDHfe	Keshena or Green Bav Red Cliff, via Bayfield,	Shoshone and Bannack
	: :	i I : i : :		: : : : : :
	: :				i
	A.J.Barnes Levi A. Gheen	P.B. Siunott L.S.Dyar W. V. Rinehart . . . William Bagley-.. N. A. Cornoyer John Smith	i ^: _^ 5 i-a h	p j ; ; ^- l| : -: :|l e-=^>--=|^ SiMri ^W^.a.= 5g 5<iS<5&|I ^op4dww^	James C. Bridgman I.L.Mahan	James Irwiu
	CD			K ::::::: S ::::;::		1
NEW YORK Now York . .	NEVADA. Nevada Western Shoshon OREGON.	ill ill «5£ *£ -o <* £ ^2 a 0 J?^ 3% OMSSts^	Uintah Vallev . .	1 g Hill:: • -^ • a i&^-S : : 3 ^w^Ssaf s ?illlij -3 SJ dMB'S O^fcG'ajHH	WISCONSIN. Green Bay LaPointe WYOMING.	Shoshone and Bar

EX.

A.

Page.

Abiquiu agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Russell 102

Abstracted bonds, amount of, and interest on 258, 259, 263

funds held by Government in lieu of • 264,275

Address of agents, post-office and telegraphic 279

inspectors 281

members of Board of Indian Commissioners - - 278

Tyiier, a leading Caddo, on the subject of adopting a constitution 65

Agencies assigned to religious bodies 278

consolidation of, in Nevada 114, 115

location of 279

proposals received and contracts awarded at, for supplies for Indian

service 200-205

reduction in number of xxii, xxiii

Agency buildings at Cheyenne River, condition of 23

at Colorado River agency, condition of 5

at Devil's Lake, situation of 27

at Fort Berthold in good repair, with exception of mill

at Kio wa and Comanche agencies badly located 52

at Lemhi, new 44

at Lemhi, removal of, to new site 44

at Ponca agency, very dilapidated 32

at Quiuaielt, in need of repair 142

at Red Lake 82,83

at Round Valley, California, good condition of

at Shoshone agency 153

at Southern Apache agency completed 112

at Standing Rock, situation of

at Uintah Valley, number and condition of 131

at White River, old but still habitable

at Wichita, except storehouse, in good condition 64

contract for erecting, at Los Piuos

erected for Pawnees, very good 56

five new, built at Blackfeet agency 85

in excellent condition at San Carios 12

Malheur, totally inadequate to meet requirements of service.

much needed at Colville agency 132

new, completed at Crow agency during the year

new, erected at Spotted Tail during the last fall

none on Mescalero reserve ; 106

on new site at Lower Brule, contract for erection of 312

on Red Cliff reserve, disposal of suggested 149

one, new, erected at Fort Hall

Ponca, work of repairing in process

changes in location, Kiowa and Comanche urged 53

change of location of Los Pinos 18

Cheyenne River, unsuitable location of, great drawback to permanent

settlement

Devil's Lake, recommends removal of 27

establishment of Abiquiu, at a more convenient point, strongly urged. 103

farm, Pawnee, in Nebraska, not yet sold, cultivated by farmer in charge. 56

Flandreau special, situation of 27

for Chippewas of Lake Superior, includes seven reservations 148

headquarters, removal of Fort Peck, recommended 93

inconvenient and unsuitable location of, Abiquiu 102-103

Leech Lake, Minnesota, debt of, liquidated, by rigid economy 79

284 INDEX.

Page.

Agency, new, for Blackfeet Indians 85, 86

of captive Indians on Quapaw reservation, abolished 69

Red Lake Chippewa, location and population of 81

unsuitable location of Fort Peck 90

very little has been done to give perinanancy to Colville 132

work of San tee, ranch crippled by great reduction of employe's force. .. 100

Yakama, has never been a dollar in debt since 1864 146

Agent Arny driven awav from agency by Navajos 109

at Fort Peck, obliged to purchase supplies for his Indians in open market. 90

Beede takes charge of Osage agency in February 53

Hastings' connection with Red Cloud agency ended August 10 33

Lee takes charge of Mackiuac agency in May last 76

new, takes charge of Malheur agency in July 121

new, takes charge of Mescalero agency in July 105

new, takes charge of Navajo agency, finds Indians quiet and manageable. 109

of Nez Percys Indians crippled by the small salaries allowed employe's 46

plows fifty or- sixty acres of creek bottom for Indians at Red Cloud agency 33

visits Cheyenne and Arapahoes at their hunting-camp, near Camp Supply 47

Agents, post-office and telegraphic address of 279

increased salaries lor, recommended iii

Agriculture among Indians, table 224

Agriculture. (See Farming.)

Alseas, statistics in regard to ....'. 218,232

American Board of Foreign Missions has two day and industrial schools at Chey- enne River agency * 23

Ammunition for hunting game, Indians at Fort Peck complain of order prohibiting 91 should be given to Indians at Fort Berthold to defend themselves

against the Sioux 31

Annuities, evils of present system of issuing, and new system proposed 131

for Kiovvas and Comauches insufficient *. 52

issued at Fort Berthold to heads of families instead of to chiefs 30

moneyed, disadvantages of 73

of treaties of 1837 and 1842 with Grand Portage Indians still unpaid. 151

suggestion of agent Critchlow, in regard to time of issuing 129

system of paying money, to Indians, injurious to them 58

Annuity, cash, of lowas might be reduced without injury to the tribe, and amount

deducted used for good of the tribe at large 95

funds of Otoes used for encouragement of industry of tribe 99

goods, arrival of, at Spotted Tail 34

goods, custom of giving without equivalent of labor injurious 13

goods for Cheyenues and Arapahoes, delay in receiving 50

goods for Cheyennes and Arapahoes, good quality and quantity of 50

goods, issue of, at Uintah Valley 128

money saved by two Indians at Red Lake to buy oxen and a plow 82

of lowas, delay in payment of, has very discouraging effect 95

of Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa, should be used in opening farms 60

paid to Kickapoos, the interest of their invested funds ' 75

per capita, received by Sac and Fox Indians of the Missouri, portion of,

used for general benefit of the tribe 96

Prairie band Pottawatomies have permanent and ample 74

purchases delayed by delay of Congress in passing appropriation bill.. v

Apaches accused of thefts and crimes of which they are innocent 107

Chiricahua, removal of to San Carlos xxii, 10

Coyotero, difficulties attending transfer of, to San Carlos, Ariz 10

Gila, Mimbre, Mogollon, and Mescalero in southern Apache agency 112

Jicarilla, have no reservation 103

Jicarilla, willing to work and become self-supporting, but afforded no

opportunity or aid 103

Mescalero, character of 106

removal and disposition of 3,4

Southern, character and disposition of 112

Southern have kept faith with the Government since making peace.. 26. 230

statistics in regard to 206, 210, 216, 224, 2 112

whisky sold to Chiricahua, by Rogers at Sulphur Springs

Apprentice in blacksmith shop at Red Lake, small fund needed to maintain 83

Apprentices, Indian, discharged from shops at Winnebago agency 102

Indian, in various shops at Klamath agency 120

lowas not willing to. become, without compensation 95

INDEX. 285

Page.

Appropriation act of March 3, 1875, restrictions of fall heavily upon Winuebagos. 102 additional for educational and other purposes needed at Leech

Lake agency, Minnesota 79

additional, needed for Kansas 55

annual, by Choctaw Nation to support Spencer Academy pupils . . 63

bills, delay in new, causes inconvenience at Spotted Tail 35

for beneficial objects at Flathead agency, insufficient 88

for completion of canals needed at Colorado River agency 5

for Indian service in Washington Territory, insufficient 139

for Kaws with annuity, may subsist them if used with economy.. 55

for medical services at Flathead agency, very inadequate 90

for Osages, expenditures of, for their benefit, recommended 55

for Osages. from their invested funds, exhaustion of 53, 54

for purchase of herd of cattle for Uintah agency, recommended. 128

for re-opening school on Puyallup reservation, recommended .. . 139

for school at Neah Bay, very inadequate 134

for school purposes at Otoe agency, advanced by Congress on

contemplated sales of portions of their land 100

for school purposes at Qninaielt agency , 142

for Siletz agency, recommends uniform annual, until Indians can

be made self-supporting 124

for supplies at Lembi, insufficient 44

for support of employe's at Leech Lake agency, insufficient 79

for the Indian service in California, inadequate 15

for training native teachers for reservation-schools, New York

agency, recommended 113

granted by Department for building industrial school at New- town, on Cattaraugus reservation 114

made by Senecas for manual-labor school on Tonawanda reserve. 114

made for survey of Uintah Valley reservation 129

to fulfill stipulations of treaty of 1868 at Fort Hall, insufficient. . 44

needed to carry out plans of Department at Hoopa Valley 13

needed to remove and rebuild agency at Cheyenne River 24

none made by Congress for Col ville agency 132

none made for dikes on Neah Bay reservation 134

requested for erection of agency-buildings on Mescalero reserve. 106 should be made to pay for appraisement of old donation -claims

on Muckleshoot reserve 140

special, much needed for Flathead agency 88

Appropriations for Indian service for fiscal year ending June 30, 1877 271

for year ending June 30, 1876, on non-pay ing stocks 270

inadequate and delayed iv, v

from Government fund for civilization of Indians, none made

for educating native teachers for schools in New York agency. 113

Arapahoes and Sioux at Red Cloud, show a disposition to listen to good council 33

Cheyennes, and Sioux at Red Cloud 33

statistics in regard to 208, 210, 226

Areas of Indian reservations and authority for, ta ble of 236-243

Arrest and imprisonment of Pio, a Uinatilla Indian, for assaulting his father.. . 126

of two white men for selling liquor to Indians on Umatilla reserve 126

Arickarees, winter-camp, location of 30

statistics in regard to 208, 226

Assinaboine chiefs set example to tribe in planting and cultivating crops 91

chiefs who have shown greatest interest in learning to labor, names. 91

Assiuaboines consent to remove to Wolf Point 93

statistics in regard to 214, 230

Attorney-General orders United States district-attorney to appear for Pueblos

in all cases presented by the agent Ill

Awards of contract for furnishing supplies for Indian service >. 154-171

Awls, sewing, and handles, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

Axes and handles, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

B.

Bacon, proposals received and contracts awarded for 154

Bad River Indians disheartened for want of help, progressing slowly 149

Bagley, William, agent, annual report of Siletz agency, Oregon 122

Baird, I., superintendent Odanah Indian Mission, report of 151

286 INDEX.

Page.

Baking-powder, proposals received and contracts awarded for 194-199

Bannacks and Shoshoiies come from Fort Hall to Lemhi, en route to buffalo- country 44

at Lernhi agency, number of 44

number at Fort Hall agency f 42

number gone from Fort Hall to the buffalo-country 42

statistics in regard to 210, 226

Baptists, agencies assigned to- 278

Barn built for manual-labor school by employes at Otoe agency 99

Barnes, A. J., agent, annual report of Nevada agency, Nevada". 114

Barnum, N. K., sent by purchasing committee to inspect supplies at Spotted Tail. 34

Basket and mat making by Makah women, profits derived from 133

Basket-making by Chippe was at Saginaw, &c 78

by the Indians at Yaukton 41

Bateman, Rev. C. A., agent for Pyramid Lake and Walker River agencies resigns. 114

Beans, proposals received and contracts awarded for 194-199

Bed-ticking, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Beede, C., agent, annual report of Osage agency, Indian Territory 53

Beef-cattle, proposals received and contracts awarded for lf>6

purchased for Uintah Valley, remarkably good 128

Beef, contractors fail to comply with requirements of contract 49

difficulty in securing enough to subsist Cheyennes and Arapahoes during

. the spring 49

mess, proposals received and contracts awarded for 166

no additional, furnished Chiricahua agency after February last 3

Texan cattle at Los Pinos agency to be used for 20

unusually good quality of, issued to Cheyennes and Arapahoes 49

Belknap, C. G., agent, annual report of Tule River agency, California , 17

Bingham, H. W., agent, annual report of Cheyenne River agency, Colorado 22

Births, number of, among Indians during year 223

Blackfeet agency, loyalty of Indians of 86

Montana, annual report of Agent Wood 85

Blood, and Piegau Indians, one-third come under influence of agency. 85

statistics in regard to 214, 228

Black Hills, effect of the occupation of, upon Indians of Red Cloud agency 33

negotiation, failure of, discourages and excites mistrust of Cheyenne

River agency Indians 22

Blacksmith at Otoe agency has also run the mill 99

at Tulalip, discharged for disobeying regulations 143

much needed at Grand Portage reserve 151

apprentice of, at Lapwai, a full-blooded Indian, very efficient 45

Blacksmithing and carpentering taught Indian boys of Colville agency 132

Blankets, leggins, and sashes, woven, staple of trade of Navajoes 109

Navajo, celebrated for their excellence 109

proposals received and contracts awarded for 176

Bloods, Piegans, and Blackfeet Indians belong to Blackfeet agency 85

statistics in regard to 214, 228

Blouses, proposals received and contracts awarded for 178

Board of Indian commissioners, address of members of 278

Bond, H. F., agent, annual report of Los Pinos, agency, Colorado 18

Bonds abstracted, amount of, and interest on 258, 259, 263, 275

certain State, interest regularly paid on

kind of, purchased 256

principal of and interest on, held in trust for Indian tribes 271

redemption of, since November 1, 1875 257

Boundary of lauds in Cheoah, will effect consolidation of Eastern Cherokees .. 118

Boys' suits, proposals received and contracts awarded for 178

Breech-loading arms and ammunition to Indians of Blackfeet agency, effect of

order forbidding sale of i 86-

Bridge across Siletz River built 124

Bridgman, J. C., agent, annual report of, Green Bay agency, Wisconsin 146

Broaddus, J. L., agent, annual report of Hoopa Valley agency, California 12

Brunot agreement, failure of Department to fulfill 19

Buffalo, Cheyeuues and Arapahoes allowed to leave agency to hunt 46

country, very few Nez Percys go to the 45

hunt of Blackfeet Indians successful .» 87

hunt of Osages unsuccessful 54

hunt of Pawnees last winter unsuccessful . . ... 56

INDEX. 287

Page.

Building, adobe, erected by Indians at Navajo agency 110

commissary, at Wichita agency, dilapidated state of 66

dilapidated condition of Kiowa and Coraanche commissary 52

mission, one built at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

one new agency erected at Fort Hall

school, in process of erection at White River agency 22

Buildings and repairs by Indians at Klatuath agency 120

agency, at Devil's Lake, situation of 27

at Red Lake 82,83

at Uintah Valley, number of repairs needed, &c 131

at White River, condition of 22

good condition of, at Round Valley ' 15

good condition of, at San Carlos 12

on Red Cliff reserve, disposal of, suggested 149

on Squaxin reserve, dilapidated and useless 140

at Cheyenne River agency, dismantled and removed to save from being

destroyed by the river 23

at Colville agency, want of, greatly impairs efficiency of the service. . 132

at Lemhi, removal to new site of agency

at Malheur agency unfit for requirements of the service 122

at Ponca agency very dilapidated 32

at Quinaielt agency in need of repair 142

. at Shoshoue agency, number of 153

at Southern Apache agency completed 112

at Wichita in good condition except storehouse 64

bad location of Kiowa and Comanche agency 52

contract for erecting agency, at Los Finos

contract for erection at Lower Briile* on site of new agency 312

erected at Pawnee agency very good 56

estimated cost of Cherokee public : 61

five new, built at Blackfeet agency 85

mission, for Indians of Kansas agency 75

new agency, erected at Spotted Tail 35

new, completed at Crow agency 88

old log, to be removed from old to new site of Lower Brule" agency.. 32

on Chehalis reservation 140

en Mescalero reserve temporarily used for agency purposes 106

Burchard, J. L., agent, annual report of Round Valley agency, California 14

Burgess, William, agent, annual report of Pawnee agency, Indian Territory 55

Burke, John, agent, annual report of Standing Rock agency, Dakota 38

C.

Caddoes, character and occupation of 64

statistics in regard to 212,228

Calico, proposals received and contracts a*warded for 174

Calispels, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Canal, irrigating, on Colorado River reserve, work on

Canco ws, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Capote and Wenitnuche Utes to receive first installment of annuity under agree- ment of 1873 19

Caps, proposals received and contracts awarded for furnishing, for Indian service 177

Carpenter at Great Neuiaha agency discharged 95

Carrier, A. J., relieved by Agent Lawrence

Catholics, agencies assigned to 278

Cattle and clothing earned by Arapahoe school-boys 48

and stock-hogs should be furnished for the Modocs 57

Cheyennes and Arapahoes exchange robes and ponies for 47

at White River agency, number of 22

beef, at Spotted-Tail, good quality of

beef, proposals received and contracts awarded for 156

difficulty of domesticating Texan 20

efforts to induce White River Indians to care for their own 21

owned by Shoshones, number of 153

purchased for Klamath Indians well cared for 120

seized by agent for Cheyennes and Arapahoes to supply pressing wants

of Indians 49

small herds of, owned by Indians of Neah Bay 134

very few owned by Grand Portage Indians 151

288 INDEX.

Page.

Cattle, work, much needed at Round Valley agency, California 16

work, very scarce among the Pirnas

Cayugas, statistics in regard to 26, 230

Cayuses, number on Umatilla reservation 125

statistics in regard to 218, 232

Census of Colville Indians 132

of Indian children on Puyallup reservation of and under school-age .. . 139

of Indians at Devil's Lake, Dakota 25

at Flathead agency 88

at Fort Hall agency, Idaho 42

at Neah Bay, reason for falling off in 135

at Pima agency, Arizona, difficulty in obtaining correct 6

at Pima agency, estimated 6

at Sac and Fox agency, Iowa 59

at Spotted Tail not completed, owing to transfer o€ agency

to War Department 35

at Uintah Valley 011 issue-day 128

at Wichita agency 64

belonging to Fort Berthold agency 28

of New York agency 113

on Round Valley reservation, California 14

of Pueblos, difficulty in obtaining 1 Ill

of Shoshones 153

of tribes on Umatilla reservation 125

of tribes under charge of Central superintendency 68

of Warm Springs Indians, none taken for three years past 126

Central superintendency, Kansas, annual report of Superintendent Nicholson .. 68

Cession of portion of Eastern Shoshone reserve 153

Chapel at Spotted Tail completed and opened f or/service 34

Chehalis Indians, statistics i n regard to 220, 232

Cherokee women, industries and accomplishments of 61

Cherokees, Eastern, adults very anxious to learn 119

just emerging from state of great destitution, result of late

civil war 118

legislation in regard to xxii

Cherokees have had a government and written constitution for nearly fifty years . 61

number of, and amount of land owned by 60

statistics in regard to 212, 216, 228, 233

Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Miles. 46

Cheyenne River agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Bingham 22

Indians uneasy on account of uncertainty of the Government's

intentions toward them : 23

Cheyennes and Arapahoes allowed to hunt buffalo on account of non-arrival of

supplies 46

hopeful condition of 48

superintendent's report of general condition of 712

Cheyennes at Red Cloud troublesome since General Crook's fight 33

leave Red Cloud in small bands until only 400 remain 33

statistics in regard to 208, 210, 226

Chickasaws, statistics in regard to .;. 212, 228

number of and amount of land owned by 60

Chief, agent at Omaha agency recommends abolishment of office of 98

Chief, head, and council of three appointed by agent at Shoal Water Bay to

keep order and punish drunkenness, &c 141

of Yakamas sets good example to his tribe by laboring 145

Chiefs, twelve, elected annually by Winnebagoes 101

Chippewas and Munsees included in Kansas agency 74

number and character of 70, 75

of Lake Superior, annual report of Agent Mahan 148

most of them farmers 77

of Saginaw, &c., half of the tribe sell their lands in Isabella County

and buy lands in vicinity of their old homes 78

of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River more advanced in civiliza- tion than the other tribes of Mackinac agency 77

statistics in regard to 212,214,220,228,234

visit Devil's Lake agency, demoralizing effects of 25

Chimehuevas, number of 206

Chiricahua agency, Arizona, report of Agent Jeffords 3

Chiricahuas come to Southern Apache agency, some of them wounded and destitute 112

INDEX. 289

Page.

Chiricahuas, removal of xvii

forty head-men and two hundred and eighty women and children go

to San Carlos agency with. Agent Cluin 4, 11

have permission to hunt game in Dragoon mountains 3

one hundred and forty, go to Hot Springs agency, New Mexico 4

four hundred, roaming homeless in New Mexico 4

Chirouse, E. C., agent, annual report of Tulalip agency, Washington Territory.. 143

Choctaws and Chickasaws, generally classed as one people 6*2

number of, and amount of land owned by 60

statistics in regard to 212,228

Christian Union denomination, agencies assigned to 278

Church and school the most powerful aids to civilization at Spotted Tail agency . . 34

at Flandreau agency, Presbyterian 28

membership among Indians, table 206

organization of Stockbridges, Presbyterian, membership of forty-one 146

organizations, nearly two hundred In Union agency 63

Churches among Indians, table 206

four Episcopal and two Presbyterian, at Yankton 41

six native, at Sisseton agency partly supported by the American

Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 37

sustained among' themselves by Confederated Peorias, etc 57

two, at Yakama agency, with membership of five or six hundred 146

Cimarron agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Pyle 104

peaceable and friendly disposition of Indians of 104

Citizen Cherokees noted for talent and learning 61

Citizens' dress adopted by many Uintah Valley Indians 130

generally worn by Nevada Indians 116

Indians at Fort Peck agency willing to werar 92

generally worn by three-fourths of the Red Lake Indians 82

Citizens, Indians should be treated as 115

Indians stimulated to effort by the hope of becoming 38

some of the Menomonees would make good , 147

Citizenship, Pueblos worthy of every effort made to lead them up to Ill

Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri not yet ready for 96

should be conferred upon Indians when they reach a certain status 94

should be conferred upon Stockbridges and Oueidas 146

Civil authorities at Sidney, Nebraska, fail to co-operate with agent at Spotted- Tail in maintenance of law 35

make slight effort to prevent destruction of timber on Otoe

reserve 99

Civilization and progress of Chippewas at Red Lake 82

and progress of Nebraska Indians, obstructions in the way of 94

at Spotted-Tail, church and school the most powerful aids to 34

commendable progress of Creeks in 62

hopeful advance of Comauches in 64

industry, dress, &c., improvement of Grand Ronde Indians in 119

of Blackfeet Indians in spite of adverse surroundings, progress of.. 87

of Cherokees advanced 61

of Cheyenne River Indians much impeded by want of assistance.. 22 of Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River advanced- 77 of Choctaws and Chickasaws about on a par with that of Chero- kees and Creeks 62

of Colville Indians, steady progress in 132

of Crow Creek Indians, rapid progress in 24

of Indians at Abiquiu agency, Government has not undertaken.. .. 102 at Devil's Lake agency, gradual but sure progress in.. 26 at Lemhi under peace policy, encouraging prospect of . 45 at Red Cloud, school and mission work, the most pow- erful aids to 33

can be effected only by education of the youth 121, 134, 135

Christianity the only true means of 144

education the most powerful means of 37

hope of permanent, lies with the rising generation 136

impeded by presence and influence of low whites 97

impeded by want of individual title to land 143

retarded by old hand-to-mouth system 53

not such a difficult problem as formerly 76

of Flathead agency, progress in 88

of Malheur agency, remarkable advance in 121, 122

19 IND

290 INDEX.

Page.

Civilization of Indians of Muckleshoot reservation, very little progress in 140

on coast of Oregon, first attempts in 123

promoted by granting allotments of land and making

education compulsory 59

promoted by education of the rising generation 112

reason of failure in the 136

should be encouraged and assisted by the Government . . 94

suggestion in regard to the 84

of lowas retarded by withdrawal of Government support of schools . 95

of Kickapoos retarded by prospect of removal 75

of New York Indians, steady advancement in 113

of Nevada Indians, chief obstacle in the way of 115

of Nisquallies, not much further advanced than when whites first

came among them 139

of Oinahas retarded by the uncertain attitude of Government 97

of Otoes retarded by uncertain attitude of the Government and in- fluence of unprincipled whites 98,99

of Prairie baud of Pottawatomies, gradual but sure progress in ... 74

of Quinaielt Indians, advancement in 141

of Sac and Fox Indians of the Mississippi retarded by large annuity 71

of Santees, advanced state of 100

of Santees retarded by having no permanent title to their lands ] 01

of Seminoles, rapid advance in 63

of Shoshones, improvement in 118

of Siletz agency Indians, progress in after withdrawal of military. 123

of Sisseton and" Santee Sioux, advanced 38

of tribes belonging to Cimarron agency, not undertaken 104, 105

of tribes of Union agency advanced 60, 61

of Tule River Indians retarded by influence of Mexicans and others 18

of Uintah Valley Indians, marked progress in 130

of Yanktons, gradual but sure progress in 40, 41

prejudice of prairie band Pottawatomies against, decreasing 69

problem of Indian 133

rapid progress of Confederated Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Mianiis in. 57

readiness and adaptability of Mescalero Apaches for , 106, 107

Sac and Fox of Iowa should be forced to adopt habits of 60

of Lac du Flambeau Indians, no effort made toward 148

Civilized dress and habits adopted by some of the Pawnees 56

habits, Kiowas and Comanches desire houses and to adopt 52

habits, many of the Shoshones are industrious and anxious to adopt.. 116

life, Caddoes have adopted habits of 64

Flandreaux have to a great extent adopted the habits of 27

Indians at Fort Peck gradually adopting the habits of 92

lowas have adopted many of the habits of 95

many of the Bad River Indians ready for 152

most of the Mackinac Indians have adopted the dress and habits of. 77 Ottawas and Chippewas of Western Michigan have adopted dress

and habits of 77

Civilizing agent, Christianity the only true 124

Civilizing and Christianizing appliances, none at Squaxin reserve 140

Clackamas, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Claims on Shoal- water Bay reserve, thirty Indians wish to take 141

taken by thirty-two Indians on Chehalis reservation 141

taken by eighty Indians on Nisqually reservation , . 139

Clapp, D. E., agent, annual report of Crow agency, Montana 87

Cleveland, Rev. Mr., holds religious services at Red Cloud 33

Clum, John P., agent, annual report, San Carlos agency, Arizona 10

Coahuilas, number of.'. 206

Coal-mines opened on Choctaw and Chickasaw reserves, very valuable 62, 63

Coast- tribes, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Coats, proposals received and contracts awarded for * 178

Cocopahs, number of 206

Coin, interest collected on United States bonds payable in 265-268

premium realized on interest collected in 265-268

Colvilles, statistics in regard to 218,232

Cochise's band, fight between Taza's and Skin-ya's divisions of 2, 10

Cceur d'Alenes, number of 210

Coffee, proposals rceeived and contracts awarded for 194-199

Colorado River agency, Arizona, annual report of Agent Morf ord 4

INDEX. 291

Page.

Colville agency, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Simms 132

Comanc hes not so far advanced as Caddoes and Delawares 64

Quahada, a few go off to the plains 51

statistics in regard to . . 210, 212, 226, 228

Commerce in oil and furs carried on by Makahs 133

Commissary -buildings at Kiowa and Cornanche agency, dilapidated condition of, 52

building at Wichita agency, dilapidated state of 66

Commission appointed to visit the Sioux xv

fail to persuade the Sioux to relinquish occupancy of the Black Hills. 34

Nez Perce", appointment of xvi

to visit Red Cloud agency to treat with Indians on removal 33

Commissioner of Indian Affairs, annual report of iii-xxv

Commissioners visiting Spotted Tail, favorable reports of 36

Concentration of all Indians upon a few reservations vii

Cancows, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

Confederated Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Miamis, number of, at Quapaw agency. 57

Congregationalisms, agencies assigned to 278

Congress, act of, in regard to arms and ammunition should be more stringent.. 110 act of March 3, 1873, segregating laud south of township-line, effect of 16

asked to repeal section 2146 of Revised Statutes xxiv

attention of called to subject of increase of salaries for Indian agents iv

authorizes sale of part of Omaha reserve 97

cuts down appropriation for school-purposes at Leech Lake agency ... 79

do-nothing policy of, very discouraging to Indian civilization 150

fails to consider appeal of Osages for the use of invested funds 55

fails to make sufficient appropriation for Washington Territory 139

fails to make appropriation to fulfill treaty of 1868, at Fort Hall 44

has taken no action upon bill providing for allotments at Red Cliff.. . 149

makes no appropriation for Grand Ronde agency except for school 119

petitioned by Sacs and Foxes of Missouri to sell ten sections of reserve 96 should make laws for present needs of Indians and gradually bring them

to citizenship 38

urged to make appropriation to remove and rebuild Cheyenne River

agency-buildings 24

urged to rectify blunder made in the Medicine Creek treaty . 138

urged to support the "peace policy" 53

Conoyer, N. A., agent, annual report of, Umatilla agency, Oregon 125

Consolidation of agencies in Minnesota recommended 84

of agencies in Nevada 114, 115

of agencies of Fort Belknap and Fort Peck 93

of agencies recommended vii, 142

of four reservations in Washington Territory recommended 138, 140

of Indian reservations necessary in California 16

Contract for erection of buildings at Lower Ernie", on site of new agency . . 31, 32

Contracts, awards of, for supplies for Indian service 154, 205

Contributions by religious societies, table 206

Coos, statistics in regard to 218,232

Corn, proposals received and contracts awarded for 158

Corral, agency, built at White River '.. 22

Corrals and stockades in danger of destruction by the river at Cheyenne River. 23

Cotton raised by Choctaws and Chickasaws 62

Council, annual national, held by Creeks 62

Creek, intends to establish another mission-school 62

general, held annually under treaty-stipulations at Okmulgee, results of. 73, 74

general, held at Wichita agency 65

general, Osage, called by agent 54

Great Sioux, held at Spotted-Tail, unsatisfactory result of 33, 34

held by the Navajoes in April, requests extension of their reservation.. 110

of tribes near Cypress Mountain 86

officers of, elected by Osages 54

Counties in Nevada inhabited by Western Shoshones, names of 117

Court, Indian witnesses refuse to appear in 45

United States district, at Topeka, Kans., declares it to be no legal crime

to sell liquor to Indians off reservations 75

Courts, establishment of United States, in the Indian Territory, recommended.. 65

Indians should be brought under jurisdiction of United States ix, 38

United States should be established in Indian Territory xiii, 63, 73

United States should have jurisdiction over Indians in criminal cases.. . * 126 Covington, J. A., chief clerk at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, resignation of. 50

292 INDEX.

Page.

Cowlitz, statistics in regard to 220, 232

Coyotero Indians visit Cliiricahua reservation 3

Creeks, number of, and amount of land owned by 60

statistics in regard to 212,228

Crime among themselves punished by Osages according to white man's law.. . ' 54

at Spotted Tail, no punishment for 35

difficulty of enforcing punishment for 80

in the Indian Territory, difficulty in securing punishment for 65

necessity of establishment of courts with jurisdiction to punish 63

the introduction and sale of intoxicating liquor the great source of 63

none committed by Flandreau Indians during the year 27

very little committed at Sautee agency 0 100

Crimes, none committed by Indians of Blackfeet agency during the year 86

of Indians against Indians .' xxiv, 73

Criminals, two full-blood Osages to be tried under white man's law 54

Critchlow, J. J., agent, annual report of, Unitah Valley agency, Utah 128

Crops raised by Indians, table 034

(See Farming)

Crow agency, Montana, annual report of Agent Clapp 87

band of Lower Brule's exchange hides for agricultural implements 31

Crow Creek agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Livingston 24

Crows beg Government to fulfill treaty-stipulations by keeping wolfers off re- serve 87

statistics in regard to 214, 230

unswerving friendliness and loyalty of the 87

Cups, proposals received and contract awarded for 180, 185

Currency, interest collected on United States bonds payable in 268

Cut-head Sioux at Devil's Lake agency 25

D.

Danforth, E. H., agent, annual report of, White River agency, Colorado 21

Dangerous Eagle, Kiowa chief, renders good service in the school as interpreter. . % 50

Danilson, W. H., agent, annual report of, Fort Hall agency, Idaho 42

Darling, C. W., agent, annual report of, Fort Berthold agency, Dakota 28

Deaths, number of, among Indians during year 223

Deficiencies, caused by inadequate appropriations xiii, xiv

Delawares, condition and occupations of 64

statistics in regard to 212, 228

Delegation of Salmon River and Nestucca Indians desire to be attached to Grand

Ronde agency „ 119

of Shoshones visit Farmer Gheen to consult about the future of tribe . 117

Denims, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Denver Utes comprise Peah's, Colorado's, and Washington's bands 20

Depredations by Apaches, Mexicans complain of 103

by whites a source of constant trouble in Indian Territory .... 65

of Mexican horse-thieves near Mnscalero agency 107

Devil's Lake agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent McLaughliu 25

Indians demoralized by death of Agent Forbes and delay in appoint- ing successor 25

Dikes, with assistance of, good farms might be made on Neah Bay reserve 134

Disbursements of proceeds of sales of Indian lands 274

Dippers, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

Disease among Cheyennes and Arapahoes in camp 46

among inmates of boarding-school at Sac and Fox agency, cause of 67

among Fort Berthold Indians caused by crowded condition of village . 29

measles among Indians at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota 80

prevalence of, among children at Quinaielt agency 142

prevalence of measles during winter at Skokomish agency 143

Diseases prevalent among Indians and employe's at Cheyenne and Arapahoe

agency 50

prevalent among Pawnees 56

prevalent at Devil's Lake agency 26

prevalent at Red Lake 83

Drilling, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Drunkenness. (See Intoxication.)

Duck, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Dyar, L. S., agent, annual report of, Klarnath agency, Oregon 120

INDEX. 293

E.

Page.

Eastern Cherokee agency, North Carolina, annual report of Agent McCarthy .. 118

Eastern Shawnees evince interest in education and religion 57

number and status of, at Quapaw agency fc. . . . 57

Education among Indians, table of statistics concerning 206

amount expended for, during year, table 206

compulsory, suggested for Papagoes 9

of Indian children should be made compulsory 137

of Indians a subject of deep importance 107, 135

of Makah boys in schools at the East earnestly recommended 135

should be made compulsory among Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa 60

amount expended by Creeks during year for 62

Seminoles propose to devote main part of their per capita payment to . 63

Eels, E., agent, annual report of Skokoniish agency, Washington Territory 142

Emigration, annual winter, of Fort Berthold Indians, necessary because of

scarcity of fuel 30

Em-me-gah-bowh, Rev. John, a native Chippewa, rector of church at White Earth. 85

Employ^ force at Umatilla all engaged in repairing dams 126

insufficient at Pawnee agency 56

insufficient at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

fund for Umatilla agency insufficient 125

the teacher at Flaudreau, the only Government 28

Employe's, all, in the agency for Puyallups, Nisquallies, &c., discharged 139

and military accompany hunting parties of Cheyennesand Arapahoes. 46, 47

at Flathead agency repair roads with assistance of Indians 90

at Fort Berthold, faithfulness and efficiency of 31

at Grand Ronde all discharged except school-teachers and interpreter . . 119

at Green Bay, excellent force of 147

at Klamath agency offer to pay half the salary of a missionary if Meth- odists will send" one 120

at Lapwai, insufficient force of 45

at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, discharged for want of funds 79

, at Malheur agency all discharged 121

at Nevada agency, reduction in force of 116

at Pawnee agency have ague 56

at Quinaielt agency, insufficient force of, no carpenter or blacksmith. . 142

at Siletz discharged on account of exhaustion of agency-fund 124

at Tulalip agency, faithful services of ." 143

at Uintah Valley, excellent character of, has good effect upon Indians. 130, 131 at Yakama, agent will employ Indian instead of white, as soon as

possible 145

great reduction in number of, at Santee agency, disastrous 100

insufficient salaries of 102

none at Chehalis reservation, great injury results to Indians 140

none at Muckleshoot reservation 140

none at Nisqually reservation 139

of Boise Fort reserve established at Ver million Lake 148

at Colville agency 132

only three at Uintah Valley, three more needed 131

pay of, at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, five mouths in arrears 79

for Lac du Flambeau reserve, no funds to furnish 148

Episcopal Church has four churches and five schools at Yankton 41

has two boarding schools at Cheyenne River ugency 23

service held regularly at Flandreau ". 28

agencies assigned to 278

E takmurs, statistics in regard to -. 220, 234

Expedition to Puerta de Luna to recover horses stolen from Mescaleros 108, 109

F.

Factory-system recommended for Crow Creek Indians 24

Farm, agency, at Fort Peck, additional land broken for 91

agency, at Malheur, neglected on account of discharge of all employe's. .. 121

agency, eighty acres inclosed for new Blackf eet 86

agency, wheat-crop raised on, kept Fort Hall Indians from starvation.. . 43

agency, rates paid for labor on 99

at Fort Hall, estimated crops of agency 43

attached to Kickapoo Mission 75

Government, at Uintah Valley agency 131

294 INDEX.

Page.

Farm-hands, herdsmen, &c., Nevada Indians employed as, very satisfactorily. .. 115

Pawnee agency in Nebraska, not yet sold, cultivated by farmer in charge 56

products, Indian, Chehalis reservation 14{

products of the Seminoles 63

school, at Sac and Fox agency, Indian Territory, crops produced on 67

school, crops raised on Iowa 96

school, cultivated by Ppttawatomie boys 69

school for benefit of Pofctawatoinies 75

school for Shawuees, good crops on 67

school needed at Kiowa and Comanche agency 73

school, Chehalis reservation, rented on shares to a farmer 140

statistics of Cheyennes and Arapahoes 47

stock and tools distributed to Eastern Cherokees from their fund 118

wheat sown on agency, at Flathead, mostly winter-killed ; oat-crop good. . 89

work, agency, done by employes at Fort Peck, under agency-farmer 92

Farmer, on Bad River reserve, report of W. G. Walker 150

Farmers, most of the Chippewas of Lake Superior are 77

most of the Senecas are very good 57

White Earth Indians, most of them individual 84

Farming adopted as a means of livelihood by Pi-Utes and Shoshones 116

almost all the Flandreaux engaged' in 28

among Indians, table 224

and stock-raising by Creeks, successful 62

principal pursuits of the Caddoes 64

the chief pursuits of the tribes of Union agency.... 60

at Cheyenne Ri ver agency a failure, owing to very poor soil 23

at Crow Creek unsuccessful, on account of drought and grasshoppers 24

at Fort Peck, good crops, notwithstanding the grasshoppers • 91

at new Los Piuos agency by Ouray, the Ute chief 20

at Malheur agency, prospect for crops moderately good 122

at Quinaielt by agency-farmer; very little done by the Indians 142

at Red Cloud unprofitable, on account of dryness of climate 33

at Round Valley agency, results of, grain injured by heavy rains, &c.. 15

at Siletz, total failure of potato crop for three successive years 124

at Southern Apache agency, very little done as yet, owing to want of

means 112

at Spotted-Tail, crops destroyed by grasshoppers 34

at StandingRock, discouraging attempts at ; grasshoppers destroy crops 38

at Tule River agency the past year, unsatisfactory ; crops small 17

by Assinaboine chiefs at Fort Peck agency, results of 91

by Bad River Indians, prospect of good potato-crop 149

by Cheyennes and Arapahoes, successful attempts at , 47

by Chippewas, of Saginaw, &c., crops almost suffice for their support ... 77

by Chippewas, of Saginaw, &c., products of 78

by Colville Indians, very successful 132

by Eastern Cherokees, crops injured by excessive rains ; wheat-crop good 118

by Grand Portage Indians, limited attempts at * 151

by Indians at Devil's Lake agency, successful efforts in 25

by Indians at Fort Berthold successful, notwithstanding grasshoppers. 29

by Indians at Fort Hall, successful efforts in 43

by Indians at Nez Perc6 agency, excellent crops 45

by Indians at Pima agency primitive ; crops fair, but not abundant ..

by Indians at San Carlos agency, encouraging progress in 12

by Indians at Siletz, more hopeful prospect this year than last 124

by Indians at Uintah Valley, results of and interest in 130

by Indians at Wichita agency, crops good though damaged by rains .. 66

by Indians at Yakama agency, good crops 144, 145

by Indians at Yankton, crops slightly injured by grasshoppers 42

by Indians of Colorado River agency, crops killed by extreme heat 4, 5

by Indians of Grand Ronde agency, crops fair 119

by Indians of Leech Lake agency, results of, excellent crops 80

by Indians of Red Lake agency, estimate of crops for the year

by Kickapoos, promise of good crops 75

by Kiowas and Comanches,' successful efforts in ; crops sold to traders

for money 52

by Klamath Indians, zealous efforts in, failure of crops, &c ., 120

by Lower Ernie's, attempts at 31

by Menomonees, results of 147

INDEX. 295

Page. Farming by Mescalero Apaches, discouraged by injury done to their crops by

cattle-trains pas'siug through their reserve 106

by Mexican Rickapoos, successful, good crops 68

by Modocs, successful, though crops somewhat affected by drought.. . 57, 58

by the Moquis Pueblos, interest and success in

by Navajoes, fair crops except wheat

by Nevada Indians, fair crops, though much injured by floods 115, 116

by Nisquallies, results of 139

by Omahas, good crops, though somewhat injured by grasshoppers ...

by Osages, attempts at

by Otoes, results of

by Papagos 18

by Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Mi amis, successful 57

by Pimas and Maricopas, obstacles to successful

by Poncas, crops destroyed by grasshoppers

by prairie band Pottawatomies 74

by pupils of manual-labor school for Moquis Pueblos, good crops raised.

by Sac and Fox Indians in Iowa, average crops 59

by Shoshones, for themselves and as laborers for the whites 116, 117

by soldiers at Standing Rock '- 40

by Squaxins, very little done 140

by Umatilla Indians, crops much injured by drought 125

by Warm Spring Indians, improvements in 126, 127

by White River Indians, encouraging efforts in 21, 22

Indians of Blackfeet discouraged from beginning, by grasshoppers... 86,87

Jicarilla Apaches anxious to learn, but afforded no opportunity 103

names of chiefs who have shown most interest and success in 47

names of Kiowas and Comanches who have been most successful in — 52

none attempted at Lower Brills' on account of removal of agency 32

on Hoopa Valley reserve, California, limited attempt at ; crops light.. 12

on Neah Bay reserve cannot be carried on without dikes 134

at Crow agency, no opportunity for .*. 88

at Santee agency, large crop of wheat sown .

by Indians on Puyallup reserve, crops injured by heavy rains 138

of Kootenays on small amount of arable land at Flathead Lake

of Pawnees 56

of Uintah Utes affected by rumors of transfer of bureau, war, &c. .. 129 on Quinaielt reservation very limited, vegetables destroyed by cut- worms - 142

prospects at .Sisseton agency good until destroyed by grasshoppers

and drought

Pueblos support themselves by Ill

willingness of Spotted Tail Sioux to engage in, if settled in good ag- ricultural region

implements and seeds issued to Indians at Fort Hall 43

asked for by Klamaths instead of blankets, clothing, and

food 120

harness, plows, &c., needed at Pima agency 78

Indians of Grand Ronde experience difficulty in keeping, in

order without assistance of mechanics 119

much needed and desired by Cheyennes and Arapahoes. .. 47

needed by Raws 55

needed by Osages

needed by Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa 60

needed for the Indians at Fort Berthold

much needed by Poncas 32

new system adopted in regard to issue of, to Menomonees . . 147

none at Lower Ernie" agency - — 32

purchased for Kickapoos with their own money 75

purchased for Pottawatomies from their annuity funds. .. 74

wagons, &c., good supply at Yakama agency ....-

wagons, and plows owned by Nisqually Indians 139

Farms and cattle of Choctaws and Chickasaws 62

and crops of Raws injured by flood in June 55

about forty, belonging to Twanas, well improved 142

Mission, Pottawattomie, and Rickapoo promise good crops 76

number of, under cultivation by the Raws 71

of the Pend d'Oreilles on Crow and McDonald Creeks. . 89

296 INDEX.

Page. Farms of Shoskones much injured and crops stolen by whites during absence of

Indians in Utah 117

of Wyandotts, good 57

Oneidas wholly dependent upon their 146

owned and cultivated by the Ottawas, large 57

owned by individual Flandreau Indians 27

owned by most families of the lowas, crops not good as usual this year. 95

school and agency, at Yakama ; good crops raised 144

school, worked by pupils of mission schools on creek reserve 62

Shoshone, location and condition of 115

to individual Mescalero Apaches recommended as incentive to civilization 106

Fence, fifty rods of picket, built at Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency 50

half a mile, built at Mescalero agency 106

6,380 rods, built by Indians at Quapaw agency 58

nine miles of, built at Yakama agency 145

Files, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180-185

Fire at Devil's Lake agency, Indian property destroyed by 26

Fish-hooks and fish-lines, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180-185

Fishing by Indians of Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, very successful 80

Flambeau Indians on Bad River reserve, plan for concentrating 149

who had settled on Bad River discouraged with long waiting

for help and return to their old homes 149

Flandreau Indians a branch of the Santee Sioux 27

have received very little aid from Government 23

special agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Williamson 27

Flannel, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Flathead agency, Montana, annual report of Agent Meclary 83

Indians come to Lemhi agency for salmon 44

Flatheads, offenses of any kind very rare among the 89

removed from Bitter Valley, number of 88

residing on the reserve considered peaceable, but the young "braves"

. regarded as rather dangerous 89

statistics in regard to 214, 230

Flood delays arrival of new employe's at Malheur 121

destroys crops and carries away fences of Osages 55

injures crops of Nevada Indians 115

injures farms and crops of Kaws 55

Flour and beef at Fort Hall, supplies exhausted by 1st of March 42

proposals received and contracts awarded for 160

Fort Berthold agency, Dakato, annual report of Agent Darling 28

Indians, their unswerving loyalty to the Government 30

Fort Hall agency, Idaho, annual report of Agent Danilson 42

Fort Peck agency, Montana, annual report of Agent Mitchell 90

two Indians have died during the year 93

Foxes, statistics in regard to 212, 214, 228, 230

Free, Thomas S., agent, annual report of, Sac and Fox agency, Iowa 59

Free-Will Baptists, agencies assigned to 278

Friends, agencies assigned to 278

at yearly meeting make contributions for benefit of Winuebagoes 102

Fuller, H., agent, annual report of, Lemhi special agency, Idaho 44

Fund, interest, Stockbridges give $200 of, for support of school for six months. 146

Funds held in trust in lieu of investment.... 263

held by Government in lieu of abstracted bonds 264

Indian, method suggested of using invested 58

needed to build boarding-school at Flandreau agency 28

of Indians of Union agency devoted exclusively to carrying on the gov- ernment and the support of schools 61

of Union agency tribes derived from invested proceeds of sales of lands.. 60

Osages make unsuccessful appeal to Congress for use of their invested. .. 55

Agent Gillinghatn suggests that salaries of agents be paid out of Indian. 98

needed to carry into execution provisions of article 8, of treaty of 1868 43

to purchase quantity of potatoes for seed at Siletz requested 124

Furs and ponies, sale of, the principal means of support of Sac and Fox of Iowa . . 59

G.

Game all gone from Standing Rock reserve 38

and fish, scarcity of, in Michigan will drive Indians to cultivate the soil.. 77, 78

in Montana, rapid extinction of 87

Indians at Lemhi sometimes allowed to hunt to eke out subsistence 44

INDEX. 297

Page.

Gasmann, John G., agent, annual report of, Yankton agency, Dakota , 40

Gheen, L., farmer in charge of Western Sboshones, report of 116

Gila Apaches of Ojo-Caliente, relations of Mescaleros with 107, 108

Gilling twine, proposals received and contract awarded for 186

Gillingham, I. T., agent, annual report of, Omaha agency, Nebraska ... 97

Godfrey, F. C., agent, annual report of, Mescalero agency 105

Gordon, John B., Government teacher at Grand Portage" reserve, report of 150

Gosh-Utes and other Indians included in Western Shoshone agency 117

Goship Utes, number of ". -216,218

Government. (See Law.)

and churches, duty of, to the Indians 107

appeal to the, to sustain and reward Sioux of Spotted Tail agency. 36 bound in good faith to pay for old donation claims on Muckleshoot

reserve 140

constitutional form of, among the tribes of Union agency 60

fails to fulfill promises to Salmon River and Nestucca Indians 119

gives very little assistance to Bad River Indians .. . 149

in Indian affairs, inconsistent action of 94

Indian, no provision made for enforcement of law under 38

must assist Osages or they cannot live 55

of Choctaws and Chickasaws, character of. 62

of the Creeks, form of 62

of Indians by Indians at Round Valley 16

should make reparation for wrongs done Gray's Harbor Indians.. . 141 should purchase timber on Bad River reserve and invest proceeds

for benefit of those Indians 152

should recognize the advanced civilization of the Sissetou and San- tee Sioux 38

should take action in behalf of Stockbridges and Oueidas 146

tribal, ineffectual to protect the innocent, or punish guilty, Indians. 132

uncertain attitude of, depressing effect upon the Indians 150

uncertain attitude of, cause of insubordination and trouble among*

Indians at S'Kokoinish agency 143

urged to comply with petitions of the Crows 87

urged to provide funds to carry on weaving and basket-making at

Yankton agency 41

want of co-operation in all branches of, having control of Indian

affairs . 94

Grain, considerable surplus raised by Otta was 57

Granary about to be built at Round Valley agency, California 15

Grand Portage Indians, destitution of....' ". 151

Grand Ronde agency, Oregon, annual report of Agent Sinnott 119

Grasshoppers and drought destroy the small crops of Cheyenne River Indians.. 23

at Blackfeet agency prevent planting the new farm this season.. . 86

damage agency fields at Fort Berthold more than Indian patches. . 29

destroy crops at Crow Creek agency 24

destroy crops at Sisseton agency, ..1 36

destroy crops at Spotted Tail . . .*. 34

destroy crops of Poucas 32

destroy crops of Shoshones 153

destroy most of the crops of the Indians at White Earth 85

destroy wheat crop of Navajoes 109

discourage Blackfeet Indians from attempting to farm this season 86, 87

drought, and hailstones destroy crops of Indians at Standing Rock 38, 39

injure crops at Fort Peck agency 91

injure crops at Santee agency 100,101

injure crops at Yankton very slightly 42

injure crops of Flan dreau Indians./. 28

injure green crops of Omahas 97

ravage the farms of Red Cloud Indians 33

visitations of, at Flathead agency 89

Grape Harbor Indians, statistics in regard 220,232

Gray's Harbor Indians, number of ; they refuse to go to Chehalis reservation . . 141

Great Nemaha agency, Nebraska, annual report of Agent Kent 19

Green Bay agency, Wisconsin, annual report of Agent Bridgman 146

Griest, J. W., agent, annual report of, Otoe agency, Nebraska 98

Gros Ventres and Rees act as scouts at Forts Lincoln, Stephensou, and Buf ord . . 28

and Assin aboiues, number at Fort Belkuap 93

298 INDEX.

Page. Gros Veutres refuse to go to Fort Peck on account of unfriendly relations with

the Yanctonuais 93

spend most of the time at Fort Buf ord, Dakota 28

statistics in regard to 208, 214, 226, 230

winter camp, location of 30

willing to remove, but not to vicinity of Yanctouuais 93

Half-breed Yanktons, most of them Christians and semi-civilized 40

Hall, Rev. C. L. and wife, missionaries at Fort Berthold 30

Hamilton, J. G., agent, annual report of, Sisseton agency, Dakota 36

Handkerchiefs, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Hard-bread, proposals received and contracts awarded for 164

Hastings, James S., agent, report of, Red Cloud agency 33

Hatchets, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

Hats, proposals received and contracts awarded for furnishing, for Indian service . 177

Haworth, J. M., agent, annual report of, Kiowa and Comanche agency 51

Hay, amount secured in Government barns and stacks at Red Lake 82

Headquarters of consolidated agencies in Nevada at Pyramid Lake 114

Health of Indians at Blackfeet agency much improved since establishment of

new code of laws 86

at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency good during half of year . . 50

at Devil's Lake agency comparatively good 26

at Flathead agency not as good as usual 90

at Fort Berthold greatly improved 28

at Fort Peck agency good 93

at Grand Ronde agency very good 119

at Klamath agency good 121

at Moquis Pueblo agency good 5

at Quapaw agency good for the last few months, before that

much sickness and some deatbs - 58

at Red Lake fair 83

at Round Valley agency improving 16

at Sac and Fox agency, Indian Territory, reasonably good.. . 67

at Santee agency excellent 100

at Siletz not good as usual 124

at Southern Apache agency good 112

at Warm Springs not good 126

at Yakama agency good 145

in Nevada very good 116

Iowa Indians good ; births during year 18, deaths 7 95

Nez Perc^ Indians usually good 45

Papagos generally good •* 9

Pawnees fair 56

Pima and Maricopa Indians generally good ^ 7

Shoshones poor 118

White River Indians generally good 21

Henry, G. A., agent, annual report of, Quinaielt agency, Washington Territory. . 141

Herders, Indian, at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 47, 48

Hickory-shirting, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Hinman, Rev. S. D., in charge of Episcopal mission at Santee 101

Hoes and handles, proposals received and contract awarded for — 180-185

Hohs, statistics in regard to 220,234

Holloway, J., physician at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, resignation of 50

Houses and garden patch, all Menomonees except twelve or fifteen families have. 147

Homesteads, advisability of Indians taking 38

inalienable, should be secured to Indians as fast as they are prepared

to settle 73

should be given to individual Indians upon condition of their culti- vating a certain amount of land 84

taken by one hundred and twenty Indians on Puyallup reserve.. . 138

under Sioux treaty of 1868, number taken by Flaudreaux 27

with inalienable title, one of the least expensive and surest means of

civilization of Indians 127

Hoopa Valley agency, California, annual report of Agent Broaddus 12

Indians discouraged and dissatisfied at the prospect of removal. . . 13

Hoopas, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Hop-gathering by Indians of Puyallup reservation 139

Horse-stealing by Indians of Flathead agency promptly punished 89

Horse-thieves, Mexican, cover their depredations by accusing the Apaches 107

Horses and cattle sold by Indians of Umatilla agency ; proceeds of sale of 125

INDEX. 299

Page.

Horses and mules at Colorado Eiver agency, wretched condition of

and mules constitute entire property of Mescaleros 108

and mules stolen by Indians of Southern Apache and brought to reserve. 112

and mules, eighty-ei ght, stolen from Indians in Indian Territory by whites . 65

and sheep at Los Pinos, held for Utes under terms of Brunot agreement- 19 stolen from the Eio Grande by Hot Spring and Chiricahua Indians...

. large number accumulated by Indians of Malheur agency 12*2

dwned by Warm Spring Indians, number of

wagons, and farming implements furnished to the Winnebagoes 101

wagons, and harness, Blackfeet Indians trade their robes and furs for 87

Hose, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Hospital and hospital steward needed at Fort Peck agency

needed at Devil's Lake agency

needed at Flathead agency 90

needed at Fort Hall agency 44

needed at Red Lake for better treatment of the sick 83

provided for in treaty with Umatillas, but not yet supplied -..

purposes, no building at Malheur agency for 1*22

stores, proposals received and contract awarded for 190

to be established at Camp Wright, California 16

Hostilities apprehended from the Indians defeated by Colonel Wright in 1858.. 89

Hostiles, Indians at Fort Peck not in sympathy with" the 91

make unsuccessful efforts to induce Indians at Fort Berthold to join

them against whites 29

Houses, a few built for Conianche families at Wichita 64

adobe, built by Pueblos, manner of building in times of war and peace. Ill

and fences, interest manifested by Klamaths in building 120

at Santee, many improved by good floors and shingle roofs 101

House, boarding, for boys and girls at Lapwai j. 45

for school, now being built at Grand Ronde 119

new boarding, at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency for school 48

for head farmer, needed at Fort Hall agency 44

Houses built by the Lower Ernie's, number of 31

for themselves by Menomonees 147

for themselves by'Nez Perce' Indians, with assistance of carpenter. 45

desired by Indians at White River agency 21

desired by Uintah Valley Indians instead of lodges 130

dwelling, of Cherokees neat and tasteful 61

eight new, built by Indians at Flathead agency 88

for Cheyenne River Indians, none built this year for want of material

and help 22

for employe's, and chiefs, and headmen at Shoshone agency, number of. . 153

for Indians, eleven built at Yakama agency, by Indians and employ6s. 145

for Wisconsin Winnebagoes on their reserve, contract for building 101

general desire of Utes at Los Pinos to have 20

hewed-log, two hundred families living in, at White Earth agency 84

Indians of Wichita agency should be assisted in their efforts to secure. 65

Keechies offer horses in exchange for assistance in building 64

log, becoming general among Indians at Crow Creek agency

log, sixteen built by Lower Ernie's during the year

meeting, of Indians of Union agency, built of logs 64

most of the Mackiuac Indians live in log or frame 77

much needed by Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa 60

.Navajos willing to build better kind of, if provided with lumber 110

nineteen, built by Indians at Quapaw agency -,

number built for Winnebagoes 101

number occupied by and built for Indians, table 206

number of Indian families at Devil's Lake living in 26

of Choctaws and Chickasaws, character of 62

of lowas like those of white people 95

seven, new, built at Hoopa Valley reservation 13

sixteen log, in process of building at Fort Peck agency 92

three hewed-log, built at Red Lake 82

Twanas and S'Klallams live in good 142

two built for Indians at Quinaielt agency 142

two built for prominent chiefs at White River agency 21

Howard, E. A., agent, annual report of, Spotted Tail agency, Nebraska 33

Hualapais, number of 206

Hudson, Charles, agent, annual report, Pima and Maricopa agency, Arizona.. . 6

300 INDEX.

Page. Hunt, Indians of Fort Peck obliged to postpone their annual, almost reduced to

starvation « 90

of Fort Peck Indians very successful, summer 90

permission to, for last four months of fiscal year given the Chiricahuas. .. 3

Hunting and fishing principal occupations of Q uinaielt Indians 142

buffalo by Cheyennes and Arapahoes 46

fishing, and root-digging by Malheur agency Indians 121

parties of Cheyennes and Arapahoes accompanied by agency employes

and military ' _" 46, 47

parties of Cheyennes and Arapahoes ordered back to agency 46

Huntington, C. A., agent, annual report of, Neah Bay reservation ;-..» 133

I.

Improvements, amount of, by Indians of Quapaw agency 58

and repairs at Fort Berthold agency 30

at new Pawnee agency, difficulty iii carrying on, owing to fail- ure of Congress to authorize sale of Nebraska reservation 56

at Round Valley agency, California 15

made at new Los Pinos agency, by Ouray and other Utes 20

made by Pottawatomies during last three years 69

of settlers on tract added to Tule River reserve 17

Indian affairs, difficulty and embarrassment attending management of iii

Indian Bureau, proposed transfer of, effect upon Indians of Red Cloud agency.. 33

proposed transfer of, effect of, upon Sioux at Spotted Tail 34

proposed transfer of, depressing effect upon Oman as 97

rumor of transfer of, discouraging effect of upon Uintah Utes. .. 129 rumor of transfer of, effect of upon Cheyenne River Indians.. . 23 transfer of, to War Department deprecated by Leech Lake In- dians 81

transfer of, to War Department protested against as fatal to

civilization of the Indians 13, 83, 105

children lodged in agent's house at Los Pinos make rapid progress in

learning English, &c 18

service at Osage agency much crippled by. exhaustion of appropriation. 54

Territory, affairs, government for, &c xi, xii

marked improvement in condition of wild tribes of xx, xxi

Moquis Pueblos refuse to remove to 6

war, Yauktons not at all affected by the 41

women and ^children protect crops from grasshoppers at Fort Berthold.. 29

women at White Earth, some of them very good house-keepers 84

Indians at San Carlos realize good profits from sale of .crops 12

at Spotted Tail, rapid and great general i approvement in, during last three

years 26

estimated number belonging to Tule River agency, California 17

in charge of agent at White Earth, number and condition of 84

living off reservations in California, greatly demoralized 15

number of, belonging to White River agency 20

number of, at San Carlos agency 12

Indigo, proposals received and contracts awarded, for 194-199

Inspectors, address of 281

Indian, have not visited Colville agency 133

Institute for training teachers held at council-house on Cattaraugus reserve 113

Insubordination, very few cases at Blackfeet agency 85

Intemperance, decrease of, among Indians at Warm Springs 127

decrease of, among S'Klallams , 143

decrease of, at Flathead agency 89

and dissoluteness of Tule River Indians caused by association

with low whites and Mexicans 18

prevalence of, among roving S'Klallams 143

among the Modocs, not a single case for three years 58

and prostitution among Pimas and Maricopas 8

prevalence of, among Umatilla Indians 126

very little among the Indians at Colorado River agency

very little at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

Interest annually arising on bonds and funds held in trust for Indian Iribes 271

collected on United States bonds, payable in coin 265-268

collected on United States bonds, payable in currency 268

collected, recapitulation of : 270

INDEX. 301

Page, Interest collected since November 1, 1875, due July 1, 1875, and prior thereto.. . 269<

collected since November 1, 1875, due since July 1, 1875 269

due and unpaid on investments made prior to September 11, 1871 275

due on abstracted bonds 275

on stocks held by Treasurer, United States and abstracted bonds.' 258,259

regularly paid on certain State bonds 268

Interpreter, Government refuses to supply Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa, with. . 60 Intrusion. (See Trespassers.)

Investment, funds held in trust in lieu of 263

Investments in securities other than United States stocks 275

in United States stocks, kind, amount, and cost of 256

of tribal funds, securities held for, detailed statement of 259

Iowa Industrial Home, in successful operation 95, 96

women, two of them understand use of the sewing-machine 95

lowas, character and habits of 94, 95

statistics in regard to 214,230

Irrigating ditch dug at new site of Los Pinos agency 18

greatly needed at Flathead agency*. 88, 89

greatly needed at White River agency 21

Irrigation needed at Wolf Point, Montana 92

method of, on Tule River reservation 17

on Colorado River Indian reserve, necessity of 5

on Pinia reserve, and solution of water-supply question suggested. .. 7

Irvine, Alexander G.3 agent, annual report of, Navajo agencv, New Mexico 109

Irwin, James, agent, annual report of, Shoshone and Baimack agency, Wyoming 152

J.

Jameson, Rev. J. M., missionary and teacher at Fort Hall 43

Jeans, Kentucky, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Jeffords, Thomas J., agent, annual report of Chiricahua agency, Arizona 3

Jicarilla Apaches, friendly relations between Meecaleros and 108

from Ciinarron agency visit Mescaleros 108

K.

Kahmiltpahs, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Kaskaskias, Miarnis, and Confederated Peorias, number of, at Quapaw agency.. 57

statistics in regard to 212,226

Kansas agency, number and names of tribes included in 74

annual report of Agent Newliu 74

Kaw agency, superintendent's report of general condition of Tl

Kaws advancing satisfactorily 55

located on northwestern part of Osage purchase 55

in destitute condition on account of flood 55

statistics in regard to . 210,226

Keechies less advanced than any other band at Wichita agency 64

statistics in regard to 212, 228

Kent, M. B., agent, annual report of, Great Nemaha agency, Nebraska 94

Kentucky jeans, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Kettles, camp, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180, 185

Kaweah, King's River, Monache, Tule, Tejon, and Wichumni Indians belong to

Tule River agency „.. 17

Kaweahs, statistics in regard to 206,224

Kickapoo allottees, seven received their pro-rata share of moneys of the tribe.. 74

Kickapoos, Mexican, number and disposition of 68

of Kansas agency includes some allottees under treaty of 1862 who

have not received their pro-rata share of cash credit 74

progress of, retarded by difference of opinion in regard to removal.. 69, 70

statistics in regard to 212, 228

Kill Eagle solemnly declares that he was forcibly detained at hostile Sioux camp 39

King, H. J., agent, annual report of, Leech Lake agency, Minnesota 78

King's River Indians, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Monache, Tule, Tejon, Wichumni, and Kaweah Indians belong to Tule River agency 17

302 INDEX.

Page. Kiowa and Conianche agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Ha-

worth 51

superintendent's report of general condition of. 72,73 Kiowas and Cornanches show a growing desire that the tribe shall not suffer for

the misconduct of a few 51

willing to adopt and be governed by " white-man's " law. 51

Kiowas, statistics in regard to 210, 226

Klamath agency, Oregon, annual report of Agent Dyar 120

Klamaths, statistics in regard to 206,218,224,232

Klikatats, statistics in regard to 220,234

Klinquits, statistics in regard to 220,234

Knives and forks, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180-185

Knives, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180-185

Kootenays, number of, at Flathead agency 88

statistics in regard to 210, 214, 230

Kowwassayees, statistics in regard to 220, 234

L.

Labor an equivalent for annuities, successful working of system at l?akama.... 144

an equivalent for Government supplies among the Moquis Pueblos 6

an equivalent for rations, good working of system 89

an equivalent for supplies, difficulty in enforcing rule at Malheur agency 121

an equivalent for supplies, tried successfully at Sisseton agency 36

by children of the Thomas orphan asylum, results of 114

by Indian boys at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 48

by Indians at Fort Berthold, good results of 29

by Indians at Fort Hall, results of 43

by Indians at Navajo agency 110

by Indians at Nez Perce" agency very successful 45

by Indians at Pawnee agency, commendable results of 56

by Indians at Quapaw agency, results of 58

by Indians at saw-mill at Yakama agency 145

by Indians at Tule River skillful and profitable 17

by Indians at Uintah Valley, progress in 130

by Indians at White Earth, results of 85

by Indians at Yankton agency, results of 40, 41

by Indians in civilized pursuits, results of ; table 224

by Indians of Red Lake, results and proceeds of 81, 82

by Indians of Round Valley for citizens 14

by Indians steadily on the increase at most agencies 69

by lowas compared favorably with that of whites 95, 96

by Nevada Indians, general 116

by Otoe Indians compares well with that of whites 99

by the Pi-Utes very well done 115

Chippewas of Red Lake willing to 82

Eastern Cherokees encouraged to 118

hired, necessary in removing Los Pinos agency to new site 18

in exchange for stock, farming implements, wagons, &c., among Indians

at Crow Creek 24

Indian, at Devil's Lake agency, results of 25

Indian, good results of, at Crow Creek agency 24

Indian, results of, at White River agency 21

Indians at Colorado River agency willing to 5

Indians at Fort Peck willing to learn, if encouraged and aided 92

Indians of coast of Oregon taught to 123

Malheur Indians want cash wages for 121

manual, Indian children at the schools of Kansas agency instructed in.. . 75

manual, taught to Colville Indian children at the school 132

Menomonees willing to 146, 147

Mescalero Apaches show great willingness to • 106

of Chippewas of Sagiuaw, &c., results of, compare favorably with that of

white men 77

of Colorado River Indians, results of 4

of Indian girls at Colville agency, results of 132

of Indian women and girls at White River agency, results of 21

Pottawatomie children taught to 69

Sacs and Foxes show growing disposition to 59

INDEX. 303

Page.

Labor, willingness of Klarnath Indians to 120

without compensation by Omahas 97

Laborers, Indian, difficulty of procuring, at Malheur agency to carry on farm- work and irrigation 121

Indians make good hired 136

white, hired by many of the Choctaws and Chickasaws 62

Lac Courte d'Oreilles, great improvement in, during last three years 149

Lakes, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Land, allotments of, great aid in civilization of the Indians vii, ix, 58, 59

Absentee Shawnees think they should have as large, as the

Pottawatouiies 67

Chippewas and Munsees settled on. in the heart of Kansas. 70

in severalty desired by about one-half of the lowas 95

in severalty recommended for Indians of Siletz agency 124

in severalty should be given to the Papagos 9

to Indians of Complanter reserve a great benefit to them 114

amount cultivated by Sioux at Spotted Tail 34

at New Los Pinos agency arable 18

belonging to Indians of Mackinac agency, quality of 77

broken, fenced, and farmed during the year 96

broken at Crow agency, amount of 88

Chippewas and Munsees hold individual allotments of 75

certificate-titles should be given Indian allottees instead of money for 75

cleared and put into crop, good effect of system of paying small sum to

Indians for every acre of new 78

cleared by S'Klallams, enough to raise good crops of potatoes 142

cultivated by Indians at Crow Creek, Dakota , 24

cultivated by Omahas this year, amount of 97

cultivated by the Government at White Earth, amount of 85

excellent quality of, for wheat-growing on Crow reservation 88

fenced and under cultivation at Shoshone agency, amount of 153

fine grazing, on Crow reserve, Montana 88

for agricultural purposes, more needed by Sac and Fox of Iowa 59

good grazing, on part of Creek reservation 62

in severalty, allotments of, applied for by Red Cliffs 149

allotments of recommended for Oneidas 140

allotments of to Indians vii, ix

beneficial working, at Sisseton agency, of the system of allot- ments of f 37

Omahas all living upon allotments of 97

patents for allotments of, issued to Winnebagoes 101

permission to grant allotments of, to Sacs and Fox of Missouri 96 should be allotted to deserving Indians and their title made

inalienable 94

Sioux at Sisseton have allotments of 36, 37

near Fort Peck agency sterile and unproductive 90

new, broken at Yakama agency by Indians and employe's, amount of 144

new cleared, broken, and fenced by Uintah Valley Indians 129

number of acres under cultivation at Crow Creek agency 24

on Grand Portage reserve, no assistance given Indians in cultivating 151

on Hoopa Valley reserve, California, poor quality of 12

on Standing Rock reserve, very little arable I . . . 38

on Tule River reservation, small quantity of, arable 17

Pawnees to receive allotments in severalty 56

prairie, broken by Winnebagoes 101

recommends breaking of 500 acres of new, for wheat-farms at Yankton. . 42

selections of, made by chiefs and head-men of Sioux at Standing Rock 39

small amount of arable, at Red Cloud i 33

some Menomonees desire sale of, and division of proceeds 147

strip of Siletz reservation, including their best fishing-grounds, open to

settlement by whites 123

suitable for agricultural purposes at Tule River agency, amount of 17

suitable for grazing purposes at Tule River agency, amount of 17

two hundred acres cleared for tillage by Indians of Leech Lake agency ; failure of Government to comply with stipulations of treaty of 1855, In

regard to 80

under improvement by Chippewas of Saginaw, amount of 78

very small portion of, arable near Flathead agency 89

304 INDEX.

Page.

Lands, Indian, receipts and disbursements from sales of 274

of Eastern Cherokees, title secured to them by late decision of courts, .xxii, 118 Language, written, with alphabet of eighty-six letters, invented by Sequoyah,

• a full-blooded Cherokee 61

Languages, five, spoken at Wichita agency 65

Lapwai suits, legislation recommended in regard to xxiv

Lard, prime steam, proposals received and contract awarded for 166

Law. (See Government.)

against outlaws, Crow agent has no means of enforcing 87

and jurisdiction of United States courts, extension over Indians of vii, 126

civil should be binding upon Indians 115

Flandreau Indians subject to territorial 27

for expulsion and punishment of vagabond whites on Indian reservations

urgently demanded 97

for Indians, necessity of ix, x, 38

for protection of Indians, difficulty in enforcing on account of distance of

civil officers from reservations 109

for punishment of crime and protection of Indians much needed in Indian

Territory) 65,68

for punishment of persons who sell liquor to Indians off their reservations. 58 granting Indians power to govern themselves in criminal cases a failure at

Umatilla 126

Indians of Blackfeet agency amenable to 86

Indians of Leech Lake agency, desire enforcement of white man's 80

Indians should be protected by and made amenable to United States 84, 152

Kiowas and Comanches amenable to 51

of the State, Indians of Michigan amenable to 78

Osages show willingness to become amenable to white man's 54

present, fails to keep liquor-dealers out of Indian Territory 63

prohibiting sale of liquor to Indians, great necessity for 73, 75, 88

prohibiting sale of liquor to Indians off reservations, omission of, in Revised

Statutes has resulted in much evil 73

prohibiting whisky traffic near Indian reservations needed 55

prohibiting visiting among Indians recommended 97

Sac "and Fox Indians of Iowa made amenable to United States 60

to compel Indians to testify against liquor sellers, necessity for 58

Laws for punishment of crime committed by Indians against Indians, neces- sity of xxiv, 58

of United States should be extended over Indians 73, 97, 98, 132

to exclude white outlaws from Indian reservations, urges enactment of .. 94

Lawrence, James, agent, annual report of Ponca agency, Dakota 32

Lee, George W., agent, annual report of, Mackinac agency, Michigan 76

Leech Lake agency, Indians, quiet and peaceable, notwithstanding the influ- ence of hostile Sioux 81

Minnesota, annual report of Agent King 78

Legislation asked of Congress conferring power upon Indian agent* to act as

marshals in cases requiring punishment or protection of Indians... 109

for benefit of Indians of Indian Territory much needed 65

for Indians, effect of present system of 94

demanded for the suppression of liquor-traffic among Indians xxiv

. in behalf of Absentee Shawnees recommended > xxv

in regard to Eastern Cherokees of North Carolina xxii

in regard to transportation of supplies urged upon Congress 72

recommended in regard to disposition of the Quapaws 57

recommended in regard to purchase of Ottawa lauds xxiv

recommended relative to Lapwai suits xxiv

recommended to bring Indians under jurisdiction of civil law 115

requested in regard to removal of Quapaws and sale of their re- serve xxiv

requested in regard to support of school at Neah Bay 134,351

requested in [regard to use of pine lumber by the Indians on Red

Lake reservation 83

surplus land in Omaha reserve not sold owing to defective 97

urged to secure permanent title to their lands to Indians 101

Lemhi agency seems to be a center for roving bands of Indians 44

special agency, Idaho, annual report of Agent Fuller 44

Liabilities, present, of the United States to Indian tribes, table 244

INDEX. 305

Page.

Linen thread, proposals received and contract awarded for 186

Linsey, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Lipans, number of 222

Liquor off reservations, under revised law no crime to sell intoxicating xxiv, 55

procured from settlements by Flatbead Indians 89

sale of, by post-trader at Camp Sheridan 35

selling, checked by arrest and conviction of saloon-keepers at Green Bay 14(>

sold to Shoshoues'by whites, rank poison 118

traffic among Indians, legislation urged for suppression of xxiv

traffic at Cheyenne and Arapahoe, rigid enforcement of law against 50

traffic in Indian Territory the great source of crime 63

traffic with Indians should be made a penal offense 73

to Indians off reservations, demoralizing effects of allowing sale of 75

to Indians off reservations, recommends law for punishment of persons

who sell 58

List cloth, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Little Lake Indians, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

statistics in regard to 206,224

Little Plume and his band withdraw from council, near Cypress Mount, when

they learn its hostile purpose ." 86

Livingston, H. F., agent, annual report of, Crow Creek agency, Dakota 24

Location of agencies 279

Looms, hand, not a success among the Navajoes 109

Los Finos agency, change of location of 18

agency, Colorado, annual report of Agent Bond 18

Lower Brul<$ agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Reily 31

Lower Bride's and Poncas make a treaty 31

friendly disposition and loyalty of 31

Lumber at Round Valley agency to build houses for the Indians, but no money 15

given to Hoopas to repair houses and build new ones 13

operations by Menomonees for Oshkosh and Oconto markets, results of 147

quantity delivered by Indians to the agency mill at Fort Berthold 2<>

Lummi.Port Madison, Swinomish, and Muckleshoot Indians in Tulalip agency.. 143

Lummis, statistics in regard to ". . 220, 234

M.

Mackinae agency, Michigan, annual report of Agent Lee 76

poverty of Indians of 77

Machinery for steam-mill, shingle-machine, and mill-house at Yakama obtained

by grazing stock for parties outside the reservation 14(5

Mahau, I. L., agent, annual report of Chippewas of Lake Superior, Wisconsin. 148

Mail-carrier killed between Fort Lararaie and Red Cloud 35

Mail-service, suspended from Cheyenne to Spotted Tail since May 35

Makahs, statistics in regard to 220, 232

character and occupations of 133

intermarried with Indians of Vancouver's Island 135

Malheur agency, Oregon, annual report of Agent Rinehart 121

number of Indians at, estimated 121

Mandans, statistics in regard to 208, 22(5

winter camp, location of 30

Manufacture of barrels by Makahs suggested as auxiliary to fishing business. .. 234

of boots and shoes by Makahs suggested . .* 134

Maple sugar making by Chippewas of Saginaw, &3 78

Maricopfjs, statistics in regard to 205, 224

Marriage of Indians on Bad River reservation ' 152

Marston, S. W., agent, annual report of, Union agency, Indian Territory 60

Matron and teacher for Indian women at Winnebago agency 102

village, at Santee obliged to leave agency owing to failing health 100

McCarthy, W. C., agent, annual report of, Eastern Cherokees, North Carolina. 118

McLaughlin, James, agent, annual report of, Devil's Lake agency, Dakota 2»

Mechanics, Indian, employed exclusively in building industrial school at New- town, on Cattaraugus reserve 114

Medary, Charles S., agent, annual report of, Flathead agency, Montana '.

Medical attendance, number of Indians who have received, during year ; table! 206

practitioners, many native, among the Wiunebagoes 102

supplies at Tulalip very inadequate 144

treatment, Klamaths losing faith in native, and generally adopting civ- ilized mode of -mmm 121

20 IND

306 INDEX.

Page.

Medicine Creek Treaty, great "blunder in, should be rectified 138

dance still performed occasionally at Red Lake 83

man of Blackfeet agency forsaken in favor of agency physician 87

Medicines at White River agency, good supply of simple 21

none furnished to Quinaielt agency by the Government 142

proposals received and contracts awarded for 188, 192

Menomonees most tractable tribe in Green Bay agency 146

statistics in regard to 220, 234

Merchandise for Indians, prohibition of sale of certain articles urged 66

Mescalero agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Godfrey 105

Mescaleros, a few members of other tribes living with them 107

nearly all speak the Spanish language 107

one killed and two wounded by Gilas 107

their intercourse with other tribes 107, 108

Mess-beef, proposals received and contracts awarded for 166

Mess established for working Indians at Malheur agency, a great auxiliary 121

Methodists, agencies assigned to 278-

Methows, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Mexican Kickapoos complain of failure of the Department to fulfill treaty stip- ulations 68

land-grant, some of the Apaches living on a 103

Mexicans and others trespassing upon Papago reserve 8, 9

Miamis, Confederated Peorias, and Kaskaskias, number of, at Quapaw agency.. 57

statistics in regard to " 212,226

Miles, John D., agent, annual report of, Cheyenne and Arapaboe agency, Indian

Territory

Military accompany hunting parties of Cheyennes and Arapahoes 47

assist Agent Clum in capture of Skinyn's band 4

assist Agent Clum in the removal of the Chiricahua Apaches

assisted by Rees and Gros Venires in lighting the Sioux 28

at Camp Sheridan fail to co-operate with agent at Spotted Tail in main- taining law 35

at Flathead agency, agent requests presence of, during Indian difficulties 89 at Fort Ellis should co-operate with agent at Crow agency in keeping

trespassers off the reserve - 87

at Fort Reno co-operate heartily with Cheyenne and Arapahoe agent.. 50 at Fort Stanton refuse to assist Agent Godfrey in recovering horses

stolen from Mescaleros 108

at Siletz agency for eight years, no further need of their services 123

at Walla Walla, Pio turned over to and released by 12(5

<>all upon the White River Indians to assist in expedition againstSioux.

camp abandoned at San Carlos, Arizona 11

demoralizing effect upon Indians of contact with the 105

have never been needed at Standing Rock, to protect the agent on Gov- ernment property 40

hearty co-operation of, with agent in preventing outbreak at Southern

Apache agency

in charge of Navajo agency 109

officers speak in praise of efficient services of the Crows as scouts

on Indian reservations, suggestion in regard to presence of 97

operations against hostile Indians, effect upon Indians of Red Cloud

agency 33

post, demoralizing effect of proximity of, upon Hoopas

post, demoralizing effect of proximity of, upon Kiowas and Comau3b.es- 53

post, near San Juan River, establishment of, recommeneed 110

presence of, impedes civilization of Oregon Indians 123

reserve at Camp WTright added to Round Valley Indian reservation 15

reserve at Devil's Lake, the Indians much dissatisfied at situation of . .. 27

sent to Standing Rock to protect Indians from raid of hostiles 40

(See Soldiers.) Mill at Fort Berthold much needed, should be rebuilt near new agency-buildings.

delay in arrival of new smutter for Flathead ageucy 90

flouring, at Klamath agency, amount of wheat ground during winter 120

grist, amount of wheat ground at Flathead agency 90

grist, at Round Valley, California, in need of repair, new one needed 15

grist, built at Red Lake agency and supplied with elevator 82

grist, dilapidated condition of, at Hoopa Valley

grist, much needed at Malheur agency 122

grist, needed at White River agency 21

INDEX. 307

Page.

Mill, grist, of Messrs. Fenwick & Monaghau used temporarily by Colvilles 132

Government, much needed at Colville agency 132

saw, at Devil's Lake, seven miles east of present site of agency 27

saw, at Lapwai, much out of repair, should be torn down and rebuilt 46

saw, needed at Navajo agency 110

saw. at Ponca agency, in good condition 32

sa w^ at Red Lake, in successful operation 82

saw, at Round Valley, California, in good condition 15

saw, at Winnebago agency destroyed by fire, funds needed to rebuild it.. 101

saw and grist, at Fort Berthold taken down to save being washed away.. . 30 saw and grist, at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, going to rnin for want of

means to finish it 79

saw and grist, at Wichita agency in excellent operation 60

saw, 200,000 feet lumber sawed by Klamaths, assisted by one white man .. 120

.shingle, at Green Bay, very successful operation of 147

steam, shingle-machine, and mill-house at Yakama, built without appro- priation from Government 14(5

dam at Umatilla carried away by flood 125

Mills and^shops at Lapwai, boys make good progress as apprentices in 45

at Kamiah Station, on Nez Perce" reserve, in good condition 4(5

at Santee agency idle most of th6 time for want of employes to work them 100

grist and saw, built at Siletz during year ". 124

one grist and two saw, at Yakama agency, products of, during year 145

saw and grist, at Umatilla agency idle on account of damage done by flood 120 Milroy, R. H , agent, annual report of/Puyallup agency, Washington Territory. 13(3 Mines, coal, opened on Choc taw and Chickasaw reserves supply Missouri, Kan- sas and Texas Railway 62-63

Mission building, one erected at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

buildings at Crow Creek agency, number of 24

buildings for Kickapoos, condition of 75

buildings for Pottawatomies, commodious and well-arranged 75

house at Fort Berthold built this summer 30

Indians, lands and number of 224

Roman Catholic, at White Earth, iu charge of R. I. Tomaziu 85

school, Asbury, manual-labor, iu successful operation for thirty-two

years 62

school for Chippewas and Munsees supported by Moravian Church 75

Tallahassee, graduates of, teach in the day schools on Creek reserve ..." 62 Tallahassee, near Union agency, in successful operation for thirty-two

years 6B

work among Dakota women at Sisseton given up for want of means .. 37

t work at Odanah, Bad River, steady progress of 151

at Pueblo village of Laguna, in charge of Presbyterians Ill

at White Earth of Episcopal Church, in charge of Rev. J. A.-Gilfillau.. 85

Missions among Flandreau Indians, in charge of Presbyterians and Episcopalians. 28

at Crow Creek agency, in charge of Episcopal Church 24

at Fort Berthold, in charge of American Board of Commissioners for

Foreign Missions 30,.31

at Spotted Tail, encouraging success of 34

at Yankton, in charge of Episcopal Church and Presbyterians 4-1

at Yankton, under supervision of Right Rev. Bishop Hare and Rev. J. P..

Williamson 41

on Creek reserve, in charge of Presbyterians and Methodists 62

Missionaries among Indians, number of, table 206

Episcopal and Methodist, at Green Bay 14(i

two at Fort Bertbold agency *. 30

zealous, labors of, at Colville agency 132

Missionary at Cheyenne River agency, Rev. R. A. B. Ffeunell 23

at Crow agency 88

at Grand Portage, three annual visits of Roman Catholic 151

at Fort Hall, employed and paid by the Government 44

at McKiuzie's Point, Rev. Hy. Swift assisted by hia wife and Miss S.

F. Campbell 23

at Santee agency, no report from tt)l

at Standing Rock a Benedictine priest 40

at Umatilla, results of labor of 1<25

resul ts of earnest labor of, at S'Kokomish agency 143

labor at Cheyenne River agency very successful 23

Methodist, among Chippewas of Lake Superior 77

SOS INDEX.

Page.

Missionary much needed to live among Klamatli Indians 120

no regular, among Nez Perec's for over a year 46

none at Lac du Flambeau 148

none sent to labor among the Fort Peck agency Indians 92

on Puyallup reserve, faithful labors of Rev. M. G. Mann as 139

one, and three teachers, at Crow Creek, Dakota 24

report of Rev. Dr. Riggs, extract from 37

resident, at NewCb wu, Cattaraugns reserve 114

work among Indians of Union agency, results of 64

among Pillagers 81

among Sioux, at Sisseton agency, results of 37

• at Chehalis reservation, discontinuance of 140

at Devil's Lake agency in charge of Roman Catholic Church.. 27

at Fort Hall, none done by Methodists as yet 44

at Klamath by agent and farmer in charge, results of 120

at Red Lake, in charge of American Missionary Association 82

at Tule River in charge of Methodist Episcopal Church 17

at White Earth, results of 85

by Rev. C. H. Cook, among Pimas and Maricopas 7

none as yet done among the Eastern Shoshones 153

none among the Navajoes 109

none on Nisqually reservation, except occasional visit of a Ro- man Catholic priest 139

none organized at Warm Springs agency 127

not yet begun at Red Cloud, oil account of probable removal 33

on Puyallup reserve, results of 139

Mississippis, band of, living at Mille Lac, Minnesota, still cling to old customs 84

near Northern Pacific Railroad, much demoralized by whisky 80

of Minnesota, entitled to benefits of White Earth agency, and should

be located there 80

Otter-Tail-Pillagers, and Pembinas, belong to White Earth agency. 84

Missourias, statistics in regard to 214, 230

Mitchell, Thomas J., agent, annual report of, Fort Peck agency, Montana 90

Mixed bloods, number of, table 203

Modocs, statistics in regard to 212,218.226,232

and Snakes, importance of educating rising generation of 121

Captain Jack's baud, number and status of, at Quapaw agency 57

located on Shawnee reserve ^ 57

remain loyal and peaceable 57

Mqjaves, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Molels, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Monache, Tule, Tejon, Wichumni, Kaweah, and King's River Indians, belong to

Tule River agency 17

Monaches, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Monteith, J. B., agent, annual report of Nez Perce" agency, Idaho 45

Monteith, Rev. W. J., holds religious services at Lapwai for ten months of year 46

death of, at Lapwai, Idaho 46

Mo-ko-ho-ko's band brought to Sac and Fox reservations, but wander off again 67

Moquis Pueblo agency, Arizona Territory, annual report of Agent Truax 5

Moquis Pueblos refuse to remove to Indian Territory 6

(.See Pueblos.)

Morality among Indians at Warm Springs, not very high state of 127

Papagos, low state of 9

Pimas and Maricopas, low state of

high state of, among Eastern Shoshones 153

of Devil's Lake Indians very good, with the exception of polygamy.. 26

of Indians at Lernhi good 44

of Indians of Michigan, high state of 78

of Indians at Red Lake as good as in ignorant white communities 82

of Indians of Round Valley, decided improvement in 16

of Wyandotts quite equal to that of whites in adjoining country 57

preAralence of, among Muscalero Apaches 107

very low state of, at Abiquiu agency - 102

Morford, W. E., agent, annual report of, Colorado River agency, Arizona 4

Mormon settlements visited by Navajoes for trading purposes 109

Mormons have great influence over Western Shoshoues 1 17

make advances to the Navajoes 109

Mortality among Indians of Siletz agency very great in the past on account of

hereditary disease 123

INDEX. 309

Page.

Mortality among the Modocs great 58

unusual among Warm Springs Indians 126

Muckleshoots, statistics in regard to 220, 232, 234

Mule-teams, two, purchased for Modocs ; also harness and plows 57

Murder at Spotted Tail, tue result of liquor-selling by post-trader at Camp

Sheridan 35

of a Mescalero Indian by Gilas 107

of a Navajo by a Mexican sheep-herder 110

of Piegan boy by two Santees would have caused war but for counsel

of agent 83

of a Ponca Indian by the Sioux iu June 32

of a Southern Apache chief by Coyoteros 3

of a white man by an employe at Spotted Tail, arrest of murderer, &c.. 35

of an Indian by Peah, a Denver Ute, at White River agency 20

of an Indian on issue-day, at Southern Apache agency 112

of one of Joseph's baud by a settler in Wallowa Valley 45

of several Indians at Southern Apache agency, caused by whisky 112

and robberies committed by Chiricahuas. cause of 4

Muscogee Female Institute, average attendance and encouraging success of 62

Navajo agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Irvine 109

Indians, encroach upon grazing lands of Moquis Pueblos 6

men expert with use of the needle 109

Navajoes seize Don Jose" Leandro Perea's sheep in retaliation for murder of one

of their tribe 110

should be induced to settle upon San Juan River 110

statistics in regard to 216, 230

Neah Bay reservation, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Hun-

tington 133

Nevada agency, Nevada, annual report of Agent Barnes 114

number of Indians at, estimated 116

Nespeelums, statistics in regard to j 218,232

New York agency, New York, annual report of Agent Sherman 113

New York City, proposals received and contracts awarded at, for supplies for

Indian service _ 172, 205

Newliu, M. H., agent, annual report of, Kansas agency, Kansas 74

Newspaper, weekly, sustained by Cherokees for twenty-live years 61

Nez Perce" agency, Idaho, annual report of Agent Monteith. . 1 45

commission, appointment of xvi

Nez Perec's and Uinatillas come to Leinhi agency to trade and sell horses 44

go to root-grounds in the summer 45

statistics in regard to 210. 226

very few go to the buffalo-country 45

Nicholson, William, superintendent, annual report of, central superintendency. 68

Nisquallies, statistics in regard to 220, 232

Northern superiutendency, report of late Superintendent White 93

tribes included in 93

O.

Oats sown as an experiment at Crow agency, two heavy crops this season 88

Ochechdles, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Odanah Indian mission. Bad River reserve, report of I. Baird, superintendent. . 151

Office of northern superiuteudency closed by order of the Department 94

O'Kinakaues, statistics iu regard to '. 218, 232

Omaha agency, Nebraska, annual report of Agent Gilliugham 97

Omahas, increase in number during the year 97

statistics in regard to 214, 230

Oneidas and Stockbridges all desire citizenship 146

reside in counties settled by whites 146

statistics in regard to 216, 220, 230, 234

Ouondagas, statistics in regard to 216, 230

Organ and bell presented to chapel at Spotted Tail 34

Osage agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Beede 53

superintendent's report of general condition of 70

Osages appeal to Congress for the use of their invested funds 55

310 INDEX.

Page.

Osages, destitute condition of 54, 55

much suffering among, on account of negligence of Congress 55

number of, on reservation 54

situation and affairs of xviii,xix

statistics in regard to 210, 226

Otoe agency, Nebraska, annual report of Agent Griest 98

Otoes, statistics in regard to, 214,230

who have been influenced by bad white men, destitute condition of 99

Ottawa lands, legislation recommended to perfect purchase of xxi v

Ottawas and Chippewas, on eastern shore of Lake Michigan, possess comfortable

homes 77

on west shore of Michigan almost abandoned by the

Government 77

interested in education and religion 57

statistics in regard to 212, 226

Otter-Tail Pillagers, Pembiiias, and Mississippis included iu White Earth agency. 84

Ouray explains the attack upon Hayden's surveying party last year 19

head chief of Utes, builds a log-cabin at his own expense, also has adobe

house in process of erection 19

Ouray's band visit Los Finos agency and express a desire to be friendly 19

Overcoats, proposals received and contract awarded for 178

Oyster fisheries at Shoal- water Bay, give occupation to Indians 141

P.

Pah-teek-quaw, a Sac and Fox chief, death of 67

Pah-Utes, statistics in regard to 216,232

Pah Vants, number of 218

Palonse Indians, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Palouses, Nez Perec's, Colvilles, Callispels, Spokaues, Cceur d'Alenes, &c., danger

of hostilities from 89

Pans, proposals received and contract awarded for 180, 185

Pants, proposals received and contracts awarded for 178

Papagos adopt dress and habits of Mexicans 9

desire to become self-supporting

living off their reservation

placed under charge of Pima and Maricopa agency 6

statistics in regard to 206, 224

steal stock, and sell and trade it to Pimas

trade principally at Tucson

Patents for homesteads received by Flandreau Indians 27

Pawnee agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Burgess 55

superintendent's report of general condition of ~ 71

transferred from northern to central superintendency

Pawnees removed to Indian Territory xx, 55, 56, 93

several deaths among, during the year 56

statistics in regard to 210,226

Peace policy at Fort Hall, successful working of 4:?

at Lemhi, successful working of 45

successful at Lower Bruld agency 32

with fair trial, would be successful at Kiowa and Comanche agency 53 (See Policy.)

Peaches raised by the Nava joes 109

Pelts, furs, &c., traffic of Warm Spring Indians in 127

Pembinas included in White Earth agency 84

Pemmican, proposals received and contract awarded for 166

Penalty. (See Punishment.)

Peiid d'Oreilles and Kooteuays with aid from Government would locate perma- nently 8^

number at Flat-head agency 88

statistics in regard to 210,214,230

Peorias, statistics in regard to 212,222,226

Ferryman, Rev. Joseph, native Creek, graduate of Tallahassee Mission, teacher

at Muskogee Institute 62

Physician at Winnebago agency, frequent calls made upon

and medical supplies needed at Siletz 124

Army, successfully treats fever at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

at Blackfeet agency, confidence of Indians in 87

at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, resignation of 50

INDEX. 311

Page.

Physician at Klaraath, number of cases treated by 121

at Tulalip, insufficient salary of 144

at Tucson in charge of Papagos

no regular one at White River agency . 21

does good service at Flathead agency 90

for Pima and Maricopa agency, difficulty of obtaining suitable 6

much needed at Colville agency 1 132

no fund for support of, at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota

none at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency since June 50

none at Colville agency since resignation of Dr. Hamilton 132

none at Grand Roude 119

none at Southern Apache agency 112

Army, attends serious cases at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 50

transfer of, from Moapa River to headquarters at Pyramid Lake 116

Physicians, two, on Nevada reservations 116

Piankeshaws, statistics in regard to 212, 226

Piegan, Blood, and Blackfeet Indians belong to Blackfeet agency 85

boy murdered by two Santees 86

Indians, statistics in regard to 214, 228

Pillagers included in White Earth agency 84

no desire on their part for removal 80

visible improvement and progress of 80, 81

Pima and Maricopa agency, Arizona, annual report of Agent Hudson 6

Pimas, statistics in regard to 206,223

Pionsenay, capture and escape of 4, 11

Pisquose Indians, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Pit River Indians, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

statistics in regard to 206, 224

Pi-Utes, statistics in regard to 216, 218, 232

sought as good laborers 115

Plates, proposals received and contract awarded for 180, 185

Police, Indian, at San Carlos, Arizona, deserve commendation 12

could render efficient service among Kiowas and Comanches 51

efficient service of, in the removal of Chiricahua Apaches 10

efficient system of, at San Carlos agency, Arizona II

establishment of, at Pima agency recommended to suppress

whisky traffic

Policy, Indian, three important principles urged iu regard to vii

Policy, at Fort Hall, successful working of •. 43

peace, at Lemhi, successful working of 45

peace, history of the Mescaleros, a proof of the wisdom of 107

to be pursued toward Indians, suggestions in regard to vi

present the best possible for the Indians. (See Peace Policy.)

Polygamy abolished among the Flandreaux 27

practiced by Mescalero Apaches 107

prevalence of, among Devil's Lake Ind iaus 26

Ponca agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Lawrence 32

Poncas and Lower Brules, make a treaty 31

number and disposition of 32

proposed removal of xvi, xvii

statistics in regard to 208, 226

trust the Government to make good their losses by the Sioux 32

Ponies and furs, sale of the, main support of Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa 59

demoralizing effect of traffic in, among the Indians 2">

lierds of, stolen from Kiowas and Comanches by thieves from Texas 52, 53

Kiowas and Comanches to be re-imbursed for loss of 53

of Indians of Cimarron agency driven off pasture lands by whites 104

of Sac and Fox Indians trespass on adjoining lands 59

owned by Sac and Fox Indians, of Iowa, value of 59

Population of Indians, table 206

Post Commander at Camp Sue^dan releases white man arrested for murder 35

at Fort Stanton refuses escort to expedition to Puerta de Luna. 103 at Fort Wingate settles difficulty between Navajoes and Don

Jose" Leandro Perea for murder of one of the tribe - 110

at Fort Wingate takes charge of Navajo agency when agent is

driven away 103

Post-physician at Fort Reno treats serious cases of sickness at Cheyenne and

Arapahoe agency 50

Pottawatomies of Huron, number and condition of 78

312 INDEX.

Page.

Potta watomies, Prairie Band, total number, location, and occupations of 74

statistics in regard to 212, 222, 226, 226

superintendent's report of general condition and progress of

Prairie Band of 69

Potter Valley Indians, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

statistics in regard to 206, 224

Pottery made and sold by Pueblos to eke out scant supplies Ill

Pratt, R. M., agent, annual report of, Red Lake agency, Minnesota 81

Premium realized on interest collected in coin 265-266

Presbyterian church at Flaudreau 26

Presbyterians, agencies assigned to 276

have two churches and two schools at Yankton 41

Property, agency, left at old Los Piuos agency during winter 18

estimated amount of individual Cherokee 61

estimated value of personal, of Sacs and Foxes of Iowa 59

Indian, destroyed by fire at Devil's Lake agency 26-

measures taken by Agent Godf roy for protection of Indian 108, 109

of Mescaleros consists of horses and mules 108

of settlers on tract added to Tnle River reserve, BO appraisal made of. 17

owned by Kickapoos shows thrift and enterprise 75

I'Voposals received and contracts awarded for supplies for Indian service, ab- stracts of 154-205

Prostitution and intemperance among Pi mas and Marieopas 8

prevalence of, among Peud d'Oreilles .. 89

severely punished among Mescalero Apaches 107

Pueblo agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Thomas Ill

Pueblos, Moquis, statistics in regard to ,206,224

statistics in regard to 216, 230?

different from most Indian tribes in their habits and mode of living.. Ill

Punishment of an Indian at Malhenr agency for disrespect to agent 121

of crime according to law by Osages 54

Puyallnp agency, &c., Washington Territory, annual report of Agents Milroy.. 136. Puyallup, Nisqiially, Squaxin, and Mueklesiioot reservations -set apart ior In-

dians of Medicine Creek treaty 138

Puyallups, statistics in regard to 220, 232;

Pyle, John E., agent, annual report of, Cimarrou agency, New Mexico 104

Q.

Quapaw agency, Indian Territory, animal report of Agent Jones 57

superintendents report Ckf general condition of 70>

Quapaws at Quapaw agency, number and condition of 57

demoralized condition of 57

divided, part wish t«> consolidate with Osages 57

interested in the education of their children 57>

legislation requested relative to removal of and sale of reserve. , xxiv

statistics in regard to 212, 22ft

Qneets, statistics in regard to 220, 234;

Quillehutes, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Quinaielt agency includes four tribes, but only one is accessible to. civilizing in- fluences of age-ucy 141

Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Henry 141

Quinaielts living off the reserve are not willing to leave their aid homes 142

statistics in regard to. 220,. 234

R.

Raid by hostile Sioux, apprehended at Standing Rock - 40

Rations at Wichita agency, change recommended in manner of issuing 66

amount of, due Cheyennes and Arapahoes under Department regula- tions -%- 49

extra, issued to working Indians at Malhewr agency ~ 121

general issue of, to Winnebagoes discontinued ..• 101

issued to White River Indians, only sufficient to last four months 21

method of issuing, at Lemhi agency 44

amount of, issued to Cheyennes and Arapahoes during year 49

received at Lemhi agency, number of

Receipts from sales of Indian lands 274

Red Cloud agency, Nebraska, report of Agent Hastings 33;

INDEX. 313

Page.

Red Lake agency, Minnesota, annual report of Agent Pratt 81

Redemption of bonds since November 1, 1875 257

Redwoods and Siabs leave Hoopa Valley reserve 14

number of, at Round Valley, California 14

statistics in regard to 206y224

Rees and Gros Ventres enlisted as scouts 28

Reformed Cburch, agencies assigned to 2*8

Reily, T. A., agent, annual report of, Lower Briild agency, Dakota

Religion, Christian, accepted by at least half tbe Warm Springs. Indians 127

of Menomonees, half pagan and half Roman 147

Religious bodies, agencies assigned to 278

bodies represented among Indians of Union agency 63

bodies, two at work at Yankton 41

body, Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa not under charge of any 59

care of Fort Hall agency assigned to Methodist Church 43

care of Indians at Spotted Tail committed to the Episcopal Church- 34

care of Seminoles given to Baptists and Presbyterians 63

charge of Red Cloud agency assigned to Episcopal Church 33

condition of Round Valley Indians very encouraging 16

efforts on Bad River reserve, encouraging results of 151^152

influence upon Utes very slight 20

interest at Siletz agency continues 124

interests of the Indians, general state of 74

instruction among Indians of Union agency given mostly by native

preachers 64

services at Kiowa and Comanche agency well attended 51

services at Spotted Tail both in English and Dakota language 34

services conducted in Dakota language at Fort Berthold 30

services held at missions and schools of Quapaw agency 58

services held at Fort Hall by Government teacher 44

services held by Rev. W. J. Monteith, at Lapwai, for ten months 4S

services held monthly at Red Cloud by Mr. Cleveland, from Spotted

Tail 33

services maintained at Blackfeet agency 87

services, Modocs show much interest in 57

services held at Wichita agency principally attended byemploy6s ... 66

status of Indians of Kansas agency 76

societies, amounts contributed by, during year, by agencies, table 206

work among Indians, table 206

Relinquishmeut of neutral territory in Nebraska, claims of Sioux for the xvi

Removal of Camp Apache Indians to Gila River 10

of Assinaboines to Wolf Point 93

of buildings at Lemhi agency to new site 44

of Chiricahua Apaches xvii, 10

of Chiricahuas checks visiting among Southern Apaches 112, 113

of Col ville Indians earnestly deprecated 132

of Fort Peck agency headquarters recommended 93

of Hoopa Valley Indians to Indian Territory recommended 13

of Hoopa Valley Indians, white settlers petition Congress against

of Indians of Rio Verde and Camp Apache agencies to San Carlos 10

of Indians off reservations, to Round Valley, petitioned for by citizens. 15

of Jicarillas to Mescalero reservation suggested 108

of Kickapoos to Indian Territory, advisability of, considered 70

of Navajo agency to San Juan River, recommended 110

of Pawnees to Indian Territory xx, 56, 93

of Pimas and Maricopas to Indian Territory more desirable than to

Colorado River

of Poncas proposed xvi, xvii

of Rio Verde Indians effected without difficulty 10

of Salmon River and Nestucca Indians to Grand Roude agency recom- mended 119

of tribes connected with Cimarrou agency determined upon 104

dispersion of Indians of Hoopa Valley reserve in consequence of rumor

of their 14

idea of, given up by Sacs and Foxes of Missouri 96

Indians of Siletz agency in constant fear of 123

Pillagers object to 80

Quillehutes much opposed to 142:

reluctance of Pimas to consent to 8

314 INDEX.

Page.

Removal, Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa dread the idea of 60

Sioux at Spotted Tail prepared for 34

subject of, effect upon 'Indians at Red Cloud agency 33

to Indian Territory, division among the Kickapoos in regard to 70

to Indian Territory, Indians at Red Cloud willing to consider subject of. 33

to Indian Territory, Moquis Pueblos refuse to consider the subject 5

to Round Valley reservation, protested against by Hoopa Valley In- dians .' .' 13

Removals to Indian Territory viii

Renegades on Columbia River, number of 218

Reservation, about half of the Chippewas of Saginaw, &c., live upon their 77

addition made to, by executive order, October 3, 1873 17

advantages and disadvantages of extension of Mescalero 105, 106

agent forwards request of Navajoes for extension of their 110

Apaches should be permanently settled upon a 104

Apaches will not be induced to go to Fort Stanton 103

Boise Fort, can only be reached in winter 148

boundary-lines of Southern Apache, run and land-marks established 112

Chehalis, extent and character of 140

discouragi ng prospects of Hoopa Valley 14

Eastern Shoshones cede portion of, to Government 153

extension of, asked by Navajoes is mostly covered by grant to At- lantic and Pacific Railway Company 110

extent and character of Confederated Peoria, Kaskaskia, and Mi- ami £7

of Ottawa 57

of Puyallup 138

of Qua] taw 57

of Red Lake 81

of Seminole 63

of Seneca 57

of Umatilla 1'25

of White Earth 84

extent, character, and condition of Sac and Fox in Iowa 59

boundary lines of Devil's Lake i>7

Flandreaux have no 27

for Indians of Cimarron agency, selection of suitable one urged. .. 104 for Moquis Pueblos, including their present villages and graziug-

lands, urgently recommended 6

Grand Portage only accessible during lake-navigation 148

Pawnee, in Nebraska, inconvenience occasioned by delay of Con- gress in authorizing sale of 06

extent and character of Wyandotte 57

Indians of Southern Apache agency well contented with their 112

Kaws have good 55

Lac du Flambeau, difficulty of reaching and conveying supplies to, 148

line, trouble with whites in regard to 89

Mexicans and others trespassing upon Papago 8, 9

military, at Devil's Lake, Dakota 27

Moapa, extent and character of 115

Moquis Pueblos have none and are virtually without a home 6

Muckleshoot, jurisdiction over, claimed by both Puyallup and Tula- lip agencies 139, 143

Muckleshoot, nearly all embraced in the old donation-claims 140

Nisqually, extent and character of '. 139

of eastern Shoshones embraces Wind Rivet Valleys 153

Omaha, 50,000 acres of, offered for sale by act of Congress 97

Omaha, sale of surplus land in, recommended 98

of prairie-band of Pottawatomies, extent and character of 74

of Warm Springs, consists principally of grazing lands 127

provided for Jicarilla Apaches has been restored to public domain . 103

Pyramid Lake, extent and character of _ 115

•Quiuaielt, inadequate for the support of four tribes 142

removal of Pawnees to new 56

Sac and Fox Indians, of Missouri, wish to sell ten western sections

of 96

satisfaction of Lemhi Indians with location of 45

Shoshones anxious to have suitable and permanent, selected 117

set apart for Colville Indians, and they refuse to recognize it 132

INDEX. 3 1 5

Page. Reservation, Shoal- Water Bay, agent's visit in August, the first ever made by any

officer of Indian Bureau 14 1

Shoal-Water Bay, but two families living on, number belonging to 141

Shoal-Water Bay, extent and character of 141

size and extent of Standing Rock, Indian 38

Squaxin, location and extent of 140

Stockbridge, decreasing in value every year 14(1

survey of Unitah Valley 140

Tule River, unsuccessful effort made three years ago to remove In- dians to 17

AValker River, extent and character of 115

Western Shoshones have no 117

Yankton, well adapted to wheat-culture and cattle-raising 42

Reservations belonging to Tulalip agency, marked progress in agricultural and

industrial pursuits 143

compulsory education recommended for Indian children on all 47

four, consolidated in Nevada 115

Medicine Creek treaty, abolition of three, recommended 138

nine belonging to New York agency 113

numbers of acres of, tillable 2*24

of lowas and Sac and Fox Indians of Missouri, situation of 94

sale of residue of, urged 138, 141

seven included in agency for Chippewas of Lake Superior 148

six in charge of agent Milroy 136

surveyed into forty-acre lots 136

table of areas of, and authority for 236-243

Revised Statutes, Congress asked to repeal section 2146 of xxiv

Rice, proposals received, and contracts awarded for 194-190

Rinehart, W. V., agent, annual report of, Klaniath agency, Oregon 121

Road, public, through Mescalero reserve, the cause of great annoyance and loss

to the Indians 105, 106

Roads at Flathead agency in bad condi tiou ; repairs much needed 00

Robes, &c., amount received during year by Indians of Wichita agency, for 66

number of, secured by Cheyennes and Arapahoes during six mouths' hunt 47

Rogers and Spence, killed by Indians to whom they had sold whisky 3

sells whisky to Pi-hon-se-nay, at Sulphur Springs 3

Rogue River Indians, statistics in regard to 21 -. 23

Roman Catholic church in charge of, missionary work at Devil's Lake agency. 22

Papagos in missionary-charge of 07

have charge of missions at Standing Rock 40

Round Valley agency, California, annual report of Agent Burchard 14

Russell, S. A , agent, annual report of, Abiquiu agency, New Mexico 102

S.

Sac and Fox agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Woodard 66

Indian Territor}', superintendent's report of general condi- tion 71

Iowa, annual report of Agent Free 50

Sac and Fox Indians of Indian Territory, condition, habits, and disposition of.. 67 of Iowa adhere closely to old tribal relations, but are very

friendly toward the whites *. 60

of Missouri appropriate §2,000 for educational and other

general purposes 96

of Missouri, rapid improvement of, during year 06

statistics in regard to 212, 214, 228, 230

Salaries for agents, increase of, recommended iii, iv

of employes at Lap wai insufficient 46

of employe's at Sisseton agency insufficient 37

of Indian agents much too small for the responsibility involved 98

of Indian agents should be paid out of Indian funds '. H

Salmon River and Nestucca Indians, destitute condition of 119, 120

Sam Warrior's band of Absentee Shawnees wish to join Eastern Shawnees 67

San Carlos agency, Arizona, annual report of Agent Clum 10

Sans Poels, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Santee agency, Nebraska, annual report of Agent Searing 100

Santees' educational interests in a very satisfactory and hopeful condition 100

Yanktons, Chippewas, Crees, Mandans, Assinaboines, and Gros Ventres

in council near Cypress Mountain 86

316 INDEX.

Page.

Satinet, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Scarfs, proposals received and contract awarded for 172

Scholars refused at Neah Bay for want of means to feed and clothe them 135

Indian, what they should be taught : 137

ten Choctaw, at different colleges 'hi the States 63

School, boarding, at Wichita, in successful operation, average attendance, &,c.. 65,66

agency, well attended by children of the Caddoes 64

and employ 6s, now a! Squaxin reservation . * 130

and missionary-work iiot commenced at Red Cloud owing to probable

removal 33

at Blackfcet agency well attended 86

Cheyenne and Arapahoe, hearty assistance of chiefs in maintaining dis- cipline in 486

at Devil's Lake, average attendance, and success of 20

at Fort Berthold re-opened last December, encouraging progress of 33

at Fort Hall, great interest and rapid progress of pupLs 44

at Fort Hall, closed 28th of March for want of funds 43

at Grand Portage, open all the year 151

at Grand Ronde. four teachers, flourishing condition of 119

at Hoopa Valley, closed by order of Commissioner of Indian Affairs ... 13

at Keshena, success of, hindered by interference of Roman priest 147

at Lac Courte Oreille reserve, prosperous 149

at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, much crippled for Avant of funds 79

at Oconto abolished on account of inconvenient location 147

at Osage agency carried on by private subscription and gratuitous labor. 54

at Osage agency, closed for want of funds to carry it on 54

at Otoe agency, average attendance, cost of maintaining, &c 99, 100

at Quinaielt agency, not well supported, small average attendance 142

at Sac and Fox agency, Iowa, closed temporarily the 1st of August 59

at Siletz, discontinued in June, important that it should be resumed 124

at Skokomish agency, more successful than ever before 143

at Standing Rock, in operation for last five months 40

at Saint Thomas, Southeast Nevada, a few Indian children sent to 116

at Tule River agency, encouraging progress of pupils 17

blacksmith and wagon-shops of Pottawatoniies, supported by their annu- ity fund 74

boarding, and manual labor, in operation at White River agency 21

and manual labor needed at Tule River agency 17

at Cheoah abandoned 118

at Colville agency, in charge of Sisters of Charity 132

at Klamath agency, flourishing condition of 120

at Lapwai, only one with full force of employes 45

at Saint Ignatius mission, for girls, condition of 90

for Indian children, at Peck, recommended 92

needed at Blackfeet agency 86

needed at Flandreau 28

much needed at Uintah Valley 130

much needed at Yainax Station, for Modocs and Snakes 120, 121

on Allegany reserve, supported by Society of Friends, prosper- ous condition of 113

re-opened at Fort Hall 1st of December 43

boys, Arapahoe, raise corn which they exchange for clothing and cattle. 48

building, additional, in progress at White River agency. 22

buildings at Neah Bay, enlarged and reconstructed 134

buildings number of, for Indians, table 206

central training, recommended for Pueblo agency .. Ill

Cheyennes anxious to send their children to 48

children at Lapwai, difficulty in preventing their going to root-grounds. 45

at Lapwai understand English, but will not speak it 45

at Skokomish, prevalence of measles among 143

day and boarding, at Keshena giyes great satisfaction 147

at White Earth, very flourishing and succes»f ul 84

for Shawnees of Sac and Fox agency, small attendance 67

well needed at Los Pinos 18, 19

day, at Red Lake, average attendance of 81

at Spotted Tail, flourishing and encouraging condition of 34

at Uintah Valley, closed in April 130

at Umatilla agency, average attendance 125

at Warm Springs agency, 126

INDEX. 317

Page.

School-

day, difficulty in maintaining, at Southern Apache agency 112

discontinued at Colorado River agency the last of February

discontinued among the Papagos 9

one discontinued at, Fort Peck for want of suitable buildings 92

one in operation at Ponca agency

district 011 Lake Traverse reservation, Dakota, closed for want of funds. 37

facilities, importance of supplying the Modocs with good 57

farm for Pottawatomies 75

for Raws, good accommodations of 55

for Kickapoos, average attendance 75

for Kiowas and Comanches, very successful 51

for Navajoes, mucb needed 109

for Pimas, successful working of noon-ration system in y

1 for Pottawatomies, average attendance 75

for Sacs and Foxes, at Great Nemaha, taught by Indian woman 96

for Sha wnet'8, want of means to support 67

Government, at Flandreau very prosperous 28

Government, only one on western shore of Michigan 77

industrial, at Newton, Cattarangus reserve, sustained entirely by benevo- lent contributions 114

industrial, at Ne wtown, on Cattaraugus reserve, taught by wife of resident

missionary 114

industrial, at Pawnee agency discontinued for want of funds 56

industrial, beneficial effect of, upon Pottawatomies 69

industrial boarding, eli'ectual for transforming a savage into a civilized

people 137

industrial boarding, great value of, and what should be comprised in.. 135-137

labor-boarding, needed at Pyramid Lake , 116

manual-labor and boarding, for Moquis Pueblos, success of 6

manual-labor and mission, at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, success of. 48

manual-labor, at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, admirable system 48

manual-labor, at Devil's Lake, in charge of four Gray Nuns of Montreal.. 26, 27

manual-labor, at Sac and Fox agency, Ind. Ter., average attendance 67

manual-labor, at Sisseton agency 37

manual-labor boarding, another needed at agency for Lake Superior

Chippewas 150

manual-labor boarding, at Odauah, most efficient means of civilization.. . 151

manual-labor boarding, much needed at Red Lake Minnesota 82

manual-labor boarding, much needed at Umatilla agency 125

manual-labor, built at Otoe agency and improvements added thereto 99

manual-labor, continued at Santee, though salaries of teachers much re- duced 100

mission, at Sisseton, taught by Mr. Morris and Mrs. Curtis 37

mission, for Chippewas and Mnnsees, supported by Moravians 75

much needed on Puyallup reservation 139

no building at Mescalero agency suitable for 107

none on Muckleshoot reservation 140

none on Nevada reserves 116

none on Nisqually reservation 139

on Puyallup reserve, closing of, a calamity to civilization 139

one at Round Valley agency, encouraging progress of pupils 16

only one among the Pimas and Maricopas 7

Sabbath and religious meetings held regularly at Sac and Fox agency,

Indian Territory 67

Sabbath and religious services almost abandoned at Hoopa Valley 13, 14

Sabbath, at Spotted Tail agency 34

supported and farming implements purchased Avith Kickapoo funds 75

Tonawanda, manual-labor, made as nearly self-snstaiuing as possible.. 114

Schools, additional, needed at Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency 49

among Indians, table i 206

and churches, number of, at Yankton 41

at Fort Peck agency, plan adopted to secure regular attendance 92

at Green Bay taught l>y missionaries 146

at Odanah mission, average attendance and condition of 151

at Nez Perce" agency, encouraging progress in 45

at Quapaw agency, table giving the enrollment of the several 58

at Tula-lip, prosperous condition of 144

at Winnebago agency closed an account of reduction of employe" force. 102

Bible, held on Sunday for pupils of Shawnee school 67

318 INDEX.

Page.

Schools at Pawnee agency doing good work 56

day, for Indians a failure 144, 150

fine, among Eastern Cherokees encouraging progress made in 118

tine day, on Seminole reserve 63

for Eastean Cherokees within reach of only about half the people 119

for Indians should always be boarding 144

four, at Cheyenne River agency very successful 23

four day and one boarding, at agency for Chippewas of Lake Superior 150

mission and day, at Quapaw agency, successful operation of 58

mission, of Kansas agency, moral influence of, upon parents and children 70 most rapid progress made where white and Indian children are to- gether 78

needed at Piina agency, Arizona 7

of Cherokees, number and excellent condition of 61

of Chippewas of Lake Superior tolerably well attended 77

of Choctaws supported from national fund, fifty-four in number 63

on Cherokee reservation, six, for colored children 62

on Creek reservation, six, for colored children 62

public, on Creek reservation, number and average attendance 62

seven, at Yankton 41

six day and one industrial, among Pueblos, reasons why not more suc- cessful ., Ill

three, at Crow Creek Agency and Indian villages in vicinity, flourishing. 24 three day and one manual-labor, at Winnebago agency, prosperous ..101, 102

thirty-one in New York agency, average daily attendance 113

two manual-labor boarding, to be established on Seminole reserve 63

two mission manual-labor, on Creek reserve 62

two, on Omaha reserve, well attended 97

two singing, at Spotted Tail agency . . . .' 34

School-house at Hoopa Valley, well-appointed 14

at Kiowa and Comanche agency too small 51

at Maricopa village, Arizona, unoccupied for want of teacher 8

at Osage agency, capacity of 54

at Sac and Fox agency, Iowa, good and substantial 59

built at Red Cloud ..* 33

erection of, in Chusca Valley recommended 109

for Miamis completed and opened 59

of Pottawatomies of Huron destroyed by fire 78

four, at Winnebago agency 101

Scouts, Indian, assist Agent Clum in removing Chiricahuas to San Carlos 10

at Forts Lincoln, Stephenson, and Buford 28

engaged in the war against the Sioux 28

sei vice of 54

three, killed in the fight on Little Big Horn River 28

Seapcats, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Searing, Charles H., agent, annual report of, Santee agency, Nebraska 100

Securities held for invested tribal funds, detailed statement of 259

other than United States stocks, investments in 275

Seed-grain loaned to lowas, to be returned from crops of the Indians 95

Seeds needed by Chippewas of Lake Superior 77

Self-supporting, Absentee Shawnees of Sac and Fox agency are quite 67

Flandreaux desire to be, and are in a great measure 28

impossible for Sioux to become so at Standing Rock 38

in three years, with judicious management, Muscalero Apaches

will become.. 106

Indians at Fort Hall can become if treaty-provisions are ful- filled 43

Indians might soon become if tribal funds were properly used. 98

many of the Indians at Sisseton agency are * 36

Modocs make persistent efforts to become 58

Otoes may easily become so by their own labor 99

Ottawas and Chippewas endeavor to be, by cutting and selling

lumber 77

Papagos endeavoring to become 8

Pawnees evince a desire to become 56

plan of Agent Bagley for making the Indians of Siletz agency. 124

Pottawatomies of Huron, with exception of small annuity, are. 78

Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa very nearly 59

INDEX. 319

Page.

Self-supporting, Shoshones almost 153

White River Indians almost 21

Wylackies on Eel River, California, are 14

Yakamas very nearly 42

Yanktons can soon be made 140

Seminoles, number of, and amount of land owned by 60

propose to appropriate principal part of their annuity payment for

education - 63

receive per capita payments 60

statistics in regard to 212, 222, 228

Senecas becoming more favorably disposed toward education than formerly 57

appropriate from their annuity for manual-labor school on Touawanda

reserve 114

number and status of, at Quapaw agency 57

statistics in regard to 212,216,226,230

Settlements, Mormon, visited by Navajoes 109

Settlers in Wallowa Valley, Joseph insists upon the removal of all 45

near the lands claimed by Moquis Peublos, danger of trouble with 6

near White River agency make accusations against Indians from dis- honest motives 20

no trouble between Indians at Lemhi and 44

on Mescalero reserve cause much trouble 106

trespass upon part of Ute reserve 19

Shasta Scotons, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Shawnees, Absentee, Congress asked to amend law of 1872 in behalf of xxv

of Sac and Fox agency, number and disposition of 67

superintendent recommends making their allotments eqnal

to those of Pottawatomies 71

loyalty during rebellion causes expulsion from Indian Territory 71

Eastern, at Quapaw agency 57

statistics in regard to 212, 226

Shaw, J. M., agent, annual report of. Southern Apache agency, New Mexico 112

Shawls, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Shears, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

Sheep and cattle purchased in New Mexico for Kiowas and Comanches 52;

distributed to Indians at San Carlos agency, good condition of 12

Navajoes have large herds of 109

Sheep-culture at Yanktou, limited success of 42

Sheep- herding by Indians of Round Valley, California 42

Sheepeaters at Lemhi agency, number of T 44

statistics in regard to 210, 226

Sheeting, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Sherman, D., agent, annual report of, New York agency, New York 113

Shirting, hickory, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Shirts, proposals received and contracts awarded for '. 178

Shoal- Water Bay Indians, statistics in regard to 220, 232

Shoes, proposals received and contracts awarded for 177

Shop, blacksmith, at Leech Lake agency, $500 needed to restock it and pay

mechanic 79

new blacksmith, built at Red Lake agency 82

Shops at Colorado River agency, tools needed for blacksmith's and carpenter's.. 5 /

at Klamath agency, Indian boys employed in, as apprentices 120

at Yakama agency, well manned and supplied 145

three, built by Indians at Quapaw agency 58

Shoshone and Bannack agency, Wyoming, annual report of Agent Irwin 152

Shoshones along the line of the Central Pacilic Railroad in much better condition

than rest of the tribe 118

an offshoot of the Comanches, who emigrated north in 1781 153

and Bannacks come from Fort Hall to Lemhi on their way to buffalo

country 44

and Colorado Utes visit Unitah Valley on issue-day 129

at Lemhi agency, number of 44

divide and are known as Eastern and Western Shoshones 153

Eastern, cede portion of their reserve to the Government 153

industry and rapid general improvement 153

number at Fort Hall agency 42

of Nevada crowded off their farms and lands by white settlers 117

statistics in regard to 210, 216, 222, 226, 232, 234

Western, estimate of number of 117,118

320 INDEX.

Page. Shoshoncs, Western, compelled to abandon homes during excitement last year. 117

have agency in common with Bannacks at Fort Hall 153

have received very little assistance from Government 117

Shyiks, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Siahs and Redwoods leave Hoopa Valley reserve 14

statistics in regard to ." 20(5, 224

Siay was, statistics in regard to i 220, 234

Sieves, proposals received arid contract awarded for 180-185

Siletz agency Indians, character and former condition of 122, 123

think they must fight to obtain favorable terms 123

Oregon, annual report of Agent Bagley 122

review of past history of Indians of 122, 123

Simms, J. A., annual report of, Colv'ille agency, Washington Territory 132

Sinnott, P. B., agent, annual report of, Grand Ronde agency, Oregon ". 119

Sinselaws, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Sioux, Arapalioes, and Cheyennes at Red Cloud 33

at Red Cloud more manageable if separated from Cheyennes and Arapa-

hoes " 33

at Sisseton contribute $700 toward the support of churches and pastors. . 37

at Standing Rock, helpless condition of 38

claims of, for relinquish men t of neutral territory in Nebraska xvi

commission, appointment of ". xv

council, general, held at Spotted Tail 33

Crows recruited for winter service against 87

Flandreau Indians, a branch of the Sautee 27

from Spotted Tail agency steal twenty-two horses from Gros Ventre camp . . 29

hostile, fail to induce Indians of Leech Lake to join them 81

Uintah Utes called upon to assist General Crook's command against the. 129

Indians in charge of Fort Peck agency, all branch tribes of 90

Lower Ernie", estimated number of the tribe 31

Lower Yanctonnais, number at Crow Creek agency 24

in raid upon Ponca agency kill one Indian and steal stock 32

military call upon White River Indians to assist in expedition against.. . 21

peaceable and loyal character of Fort Peck agqiicy 91

raiders, four killed by Gros Ventres '. 29

relations between hostile, and agency 23

relations of Fort Berthold Indians with the 29

Sisseton and Wahpeton, steady advancement of, in civilized pursuits 3(5

Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cathead, at Devil's Lake agency 25

Standing Rock, firmly resist influence of hostiles 39

Standing Rock, visit hostile camp only from curiosity or to trade 39

Standing Rock, peaceable and friendly dispositions of 40

statistics in regard to 208, 210, 214, 224, 226, 230

the Crows the stanch allies of the Government against hostile 87

friendly Indians of Blackfeet agency a safeguard against the hostile 86

Yaiictounais, Uncpapa, and Blackfeet, belong to Standing Rock agency. 38

war, the 1 . xi v

Sisseton agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Hamilton 3<3

and Wahpeton Sioux, steady advancement in civilized pursuits by -the 36

Sioux, at Devil's Lake agency 25

Sitting Bull and followers prevent Fort "Berthold Indians from making hunt. . . 29

commands hostile camp xiv

no Lower Brute's with him except those belonging at Spotted Tail. 31

sends emissaries to council near Cypress Mountain 86

fails to induce Fort Peck Indians to join him 91

S'Klallams portion of, rank next to Twanas in scale of civilization 142

remainder of, with no fixed home, sometimes turbulent 143

statistics in regard to 220, 234

thriving and industrious 153

Skinpahs, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Skin-ya and Taza, chiefs of Cochise's band 3

death of 10

with a band and party of Coyoteros make a raid into Sonora 3

and band, revolt of , 3

S'Kokomish agency, general improvement during the year 143

, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Eels 142

Slingerland, Mrs. J., teacher of Stockbridge school for several years 146

Smith, John, agent, annual report of, Warm Springs agency, Oregon 126

Snakes, origin of name given to Indians of Malheur ageucyl 122

INDEX. 321

Page.

Snakes starved into subjection by General Crook 122

statistics in regard to 218, 232

Snohomish Indians, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Soap, proposals received and contracts awarded for furnishing, for Indian service. 167

Socks, proposals received and contracts awarded for 172

Soda, proposals received and contracts awarded for 194-199

Soldiers, demoralizing effect of, presence of, among the Hoopas 13

none near Round Valley reservation, California 16

(See Military.)

Southern Apache agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Shaw 112

Spencer Academy for boys of Choctaw Nation, in operation since ] 844 63

Spokaues, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Spool-cotton, proposals received and contracts awarded for , 186

Spoons, proposals received and contract awarded for 180-185

Spotted Tail agency, many of the Lower Brul6s have remained at 31

Nebraska, annual report of Agent Howard 33

transferred to charge of War Department 35

good character and disposition of Indians at 34, 36

Squaxius, very small number left ; occupations of 140

statistics in regard to 220, 232

Squaw-men an abomination to Indian civilization 149

post-commander fails to co-operate with agent in removing 35

one or two, at Great Nemaha agency 97

few, residing on Flathead reservation, well-behaved and industrious. 89

very few among the Yanktons 40

Standing Rock* agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Burke 38

Statistics in regard to population, schools, churches, and general condition of

Indians 206

of stock owned, acreage cultivated crops raised, and other results of

Indian labor 224

showing amount of stock and farm products of Seminoles 63-.

Steamboat and barge at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, need rebuilding 79-

Saint Louis, Mo., proposals received and contracts awarded at, for supplies for

Indian service 154-171

Saint Regis Indians, statistics in regard to , 216, 230-

Stock and grain, no shelter for, at Malheur agency 122

belonging to Indians of Umatilla agency, amount of 125

belonging to Indians of White Earth 84

corral built at White River for agency 22

owned by Comanches 64

owned by Delawares 64

owned by Government and Indians at Yakama agency, amount of 445

owned by Indians, table 224

owned by Keechies 64

owned by Kickapoo Mission school 1. 76

owned by Kickapoos at Kansas agency 75

owned by members of Semiuole Nation 63 /

owned by Nisquallies, amount of 139

owned by Pottawatomie mission school 75

owned by Prairie Band of Pottawatomies 74

owned by Wacoes, Wichitas, and Tawacanies 64

slaves and homes of Creeks swept away in war of the rebellion 62

stolen by Papagos and sold or traded to Pimas

Stock-cattle and mnles should be given to the Kio was and Comanches 53

to be paid in annual instalments to Shoshones 153

Stockbridgee as advanced in civilization as they can be while remaining Indians 146

statistics in regard to 220,234

Stockmen drive ponies of Cimarron agency Indians from their pasture-lands.. 104 Stock-raising a more congenial occupation than farming to Indians of Southern

Apache agency 112

and farming by Creeks successful 62

by Crow Creek Indians quite successful 24

by Kiowas and Comanches 52

by Papagos successful 8

by Warm Springs Indians 127

Stocks, amount of, now on hand 263

for Indian tribes held in trust by United States Treasurer 258

kind, amount, and cost of investments in 256

21IND

322 INDEX.

Page:

Stocks, non-paying, appropriations made by Congress on 270

Stowe, L., agent, annual report of, White Earth agency, Minnesota 84

Students, four Indian, preparing for the ministry 85

Subsistence of Indians, sources of; table 224

stores at Osage agency, invoice of 54

Sugar and rice crops of Bad River Indians, failure of 149

crop of Menoinonees not good as usual 147

issued to Crows only in return for labor, suggested 88

Superintendent and teachers of industrial boarding-school, qualifications of 136

and teachers of Spencer Academy supported by Presbyterian

Board of Missions *;* 63

central, relieved from supervision of tribes of Union agency 69

Superstition of old Indians hard to overcome 117, 118

Supplies delivered at Spotted Tail, satisfactory quality of 34, 35

at Fort Hall agency, insufficient amount of 42, 43

at Fort Peck exhausted in April 90

at Lemhi insufficient for agency Indians and straggling visitors 44

at Osage agency, system adopted of issuing 54

at Spotted Tail slow and irregular, arrival of 35

transportation of, by Indians proposed by Agents Miles and Williams. 72 for Cheyenues and Arapahoes detained at Wichita for want of trans- portation 46

for employe's and Indians at New Los Piuos agency 18

for Wichita agency, great inconvenience caused by delay in delivering 66

for Wichita agency, urges change in method of delivery of 66

issue of, Agent Critchlow suggests discretionary power be given agents

relative to * 131

non-arrival of, at Cheyenne River agency 23

none issued without equivalent of labor at Yakarna agency 144

purchase of, for Unitah Valley agency 128

Surgeon at Fort Colville does occasional service at Colville agency 132

Survey of grants of Pueblos, trouble caused by not having made Ill

of Iowa reservation should be made 95

of Oneida lands 146

of reservation, lowas opposed to use of their funds for 95

of Shoshone farms should be made and title guaranteed to Indians 115

of two grants of the Pueblos Ill

of Uintah Valley reservation 129

of Uncapaghri Park, error in, corrected by proclamation of President..

Surveying party in the region of the Sierra le Sal unmolested this year 19

Swinomish Indians, statistics in regard to 220, 234

T.

Tawacauies, statistics in regard to 212, 228

Wichitas, and Wacoes interested in the education of their children 64

Taza and the original Chiricahuas consent to go to San Carlos, Arizona 11

and Skin-ya, chiefs of Cochise's band 3

and band 'consent to go to San Carlos agency 4

Tea, proposals received and contracts awarded for 194-199

Teacher, agency, takes charge of the sick at White River agency 21

appointed for school at Pyramid Lake, but fails to come 116

assistant, at Lapwai a full-blooded Indian 45

at Fort Hall assisted by Mrs. L. E. Danilson as matron 43

at Grand Portage, report of John B. Gordon, Government 150

at Grand Ronde also cares for the sick 119

at Lac Courte d'Oreille very successful and beloved by the children.. 149

at Lapwai, the widow of Rev. D. F. McFarland 45

at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota, does duty as physician also 79

at Quinaielt agency, sickness and death in family of 142

at Sac and Fox agency, Iowa, untiring and faithful labor of 59

Miss H. Briggs, Fort Berthold agency, successful efforts of 30

one, at Uinatilla agency discharged owing to reduction of employes'

fund 125

secured for school at Standing Rock 40

Teachers at Pawnee agency active and energetic 56

at Pueblo agency, insufficient salaries of Ill

education and preparation of Makah boys as, recommended 135

for school at Keshena 147

INDEX. 323

Page.

Teachers, Seven native Indian, in the schools in New York agency 113

two for Thomas Orphan Asylum, one of them an Indian girl 114

Tejons, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Tejon, Wichumni, Keweah, King's River, Monache, and Tule Indians belong to

Tnle River agency 17

Terneculas, number of 206

Temperance and morality, prevalence of, among Indians of Blackfeet agency.. 86

prevalence of, at Sautee agency 100

prevalence of, at Quapaw agency 58

of the Yanktons '. 40, 41

prevalence of, at Leech Lake agency, Minnesota 80

Teninoes, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Territory owned and possessed by tribes of Union agency, extent of 60

Thomas, B. M., agent, annual report of, Pueblo agency Ill

Thomas Orphan Asylum on Cattaraugus reservation in successful operation 113

Ticking, bed, proposals received and contracts awarded for 174

Timber cut and sold by T wanas, amount of 142

cut and taken from Papago reserve without compensation to Indians.. . 9

on Bad River reserve, Indians not allowed to cat 152

on Indian reserves, decision of Supreme Court in regard to ownership of . . 146 on Otoe reserve, destruction of, by white settlers an injury to the coun- try and heavy loss to the tribe 99

on Papago reserve, some should be sold for benefit of the Indians

on Stock bridge reserve, action of agent in cutting and selling it 146

on their reservations, Indians should be allowed to cut and sell 143

pine, sold by Stockbridges during winter, amount of 146

Title to claims much desired by Indians 137

to land, the want of, a great drawback to Indian civilization 143

to their lands, Indians should have individual 143

Tobacco, proposals received and contract awarded for 194-199

Tonawanda Reservation Manual-labor School 114

Tonka was, number of 222

Trader for the Papagoes remains on the reserve only two months 9

Trades followed by native Santees 100

Trading-post near Navajo agency not under the control of the agent 110

Trading of whisky to Indians, illicit 3

Transportation, difficulty of, from saw-mill to Round Valley agency 15

facilities, miserable condition of, at Colorado River agency

Indian supplies detained at Wichita for lack of means of 46

of supplies by Indians from Wichita to Cheyenne and Arapaho

agency suggested 49

of supplies to agencies by Indians, a great saving to Govern- ment ". 120

proposals recei ved and contracts awarded for 168

Traps, proposals received and contracts awarded for 180-185

Treaties with Indians of Siletz agency have not been kept by Government 123

no more should be made with Indians 115

Treaty line, recommends survey and establishment of Flathead reserve 89

made between Lower Bruits and Poncas 31

with Shoshones in 1868 Government begins to fulfill provisions of, in 1870 153

of 1868, Sioux at Standing Rock willing to conform to stipulations of .. . 39

of 1868 with the Sioux, extract from 39

of 1873 with Utes, failure of the Government to fulfill stipulations of .. . 103

stipulations should be carried into effect in Indian Territory 63

with Indians of Neah Bay not fulfilled in the spirit 135

with United States, Colvilles have made none 132

Trespassers upon Ute reservation, no measures taken to expel 103

white, in Indian Territory 63

white, 3,000 in the Chickasaw Nation 63

Tribes included in Quapaw agency, different Indian 59

Truax, W. B., agent, annual report of, Moqnis Pueblo agency, Arizona 5

Trust-funds, report concerning 255

still due to Grand Portage Indians 151

Trust-lands, receipts and disbursements from sales of 274

report concerning .„. 255

Tsa-wie and Captain Sam, Shoshone chiefs, suggest removal of tribe 117

Tulalip agency, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Chirouse 143

Tule River agency, California, annual report of Agent Belknap 17

located on rented farm, extent of 17

324 INDEX.

Page. Tule, Tejou, Wicliumni, Keweah, King's River, and Monache Indians, belong to

Tule River agency 17

Tules, statistics in regard to 206, 224

Tuscaroras, statistics in regard to 216, 230

T wan as or S'Kokomish Indians, condition, habits, and occupation of 142

statistics in regard to 220, 234

U.

Uintah Valley agency, Utah, annual report of Agent Critclilow 128

Indians, good character and disposition of 130

Ukies, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

statistics in regard to 206,224

Umatilla and Nez Perce" Indians come to Lemhi agency to trade and sell horses. . 44

agency, Oregon, annual report of Agent Couoyer 125

Indian commits suicide on account of brutal treatment by other Indians 126

Indians sell large numbers of horses to Malheur agency Indians 122

some provision should be made for old, crippled, and diseased 125

stock-raising principal occupation of 125

statistics in regard to 218, 232

Umpquas, statistics in regard to 218, 232

^Union agency composed of several consolidated agencies 60

Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Marston 60

Unitarians, agencies assigned to 278

•United Presbyterians, agencies assigned to 278

Utes and Navajoes, unfriendly feeling between 110

at White River agency, average number in a family 20

bad influence of, upon Navajoes 110

Capote, Weminuche, and Jicari 11 a Apaches, number of, at Abiquiu agency. 102

claim to have been deceived in the treaty of 1873 102

Colorado, and Shoshones visit Uintah Valley on issue-day . 129

council of 19

Denver, comprise Peah's, Colorado's, and Washington's bands 20

" Denver visi fc White River agency at various times 20

make descents upon Navajo sheep-herds 110

much aggrieved in regard to the Brunot agreement 19

no count yet made of 104

of Colorado's and Washington's bands accused by settlers of indiscriminate

slaughter of game 20

peaceable and forbearing disposition of 19

refuse to receive anything under Brunot agreement unless they can have

guns 19

statistics in regard to 206,216,218,224,230,232

try to incite Navajoes against the whites 110

Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah, at White River agency . . ; 20

V.

Vests, proposals received and contract awarded for 178

Villages, Pueblo, have annual election of officers, and are independent of each

other Ill

Pueblos, live in nineteen adobe Ill

Visit, annual, by Agent Mahan, to different reservations of his agency 149

of delegation of Shoshones, from White Pine to Farmer Gheen 117

of lowas to the Otoes, crops much injured during their absence 95

of Lower Ernie's to Poncas, to make a treaty 31

Visiting among Apaches somewhat checked by removal of Chiricahuas 112, 113

among Indians, demoralizing effects of 83, 96, 97

among Indians detrimental to civilization 25

bands of thieving Indians, method proposed to check 29

Indians at different agencies on issue-day, suggestion in regard to 129

Visits, annual, of Standing Rock Sioux to other agencies 39

of Roman Catholic missionary to Grand Portage, three annual 151

from Inspector Watkins, relative to cutting of pine by Stockbridges and

Menomonees 147

W.

Wacoes, statistics in regard to 212, 228

Wichitas, and Tawacanies speak same language and act as one people 64

INDEX. 325

Page.

Wagons and teams owned by some individual Indians at Sac and Fox agency . . 59

harness, &c., needed at Round Valley agency 16

Wahpeton and Sisseton Sioux, steady advancement in civilized pursuits, by the 36

Sioux at Oe viFs Lake agency 25

Walker, W. G., Government farmer on Bad River reserve, report of 150

Walla Wallas, statistics in regard to 218, 232

Umatillas, and Cayuses reside on Umatilla reservation 125

Wallowa Valley, murder of one of Joseph's band by a settler in 45

War, Sioux, loyal position maintained by Fort Berthold Indians, in regard to . . 31

Department, transfer of Indian Bureau to, very undesirable 13

Indian, Yanktons not affected by the 41

between Shoshones and Crows, Blackf eet, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Sioux . 153

Sioux xiv

Warehouse at Fort Hall, now occupied as dwelling by agency-farmer 44

at Ponca agency unsafe for storage 32

Warm Springs agency, Oregon, annual report of Agent Smith 126

Indians, general situation and progress of 127

statistics in regard to 218, 232

Wascoes, statistics in regard to 218,232

Washoes, destitute condition of 115

Weas, statistics in regard to 212, 226

Weaving and basket-making at Yaukton discontinued for want of funds 41

by Indian women at Yanktou 41

Weminuche and Capote Utes to receive first installment of annuity 19

Wenatshepums, statistics in regard to 220,234

Western Shoshones, Nevada, report of L. Gheeu, farmer in charge of 116

Wheat, number of bushels, raised by two Sac and Fox Indians 96

raising at Yaukton, encouraging experiment in 42

purchased for Klamath Indians and transported to agency by the Indians 120

Whisky and contact with whites, demoralizing effect of, upon Squaxin Indians. 140

and low whites, influence of, upon Shoal- Water Bay Indians 141

at Abiquiu agency easily obtained from the Mexicans 102

effects of selling, to Skinya's band of Chiricahuas and Coyoteros ' 3

near agencies and introduction into Indian Territory, action earnestly

urged to prevent sale of 88, 89

results of selling, to outlawed Indians 4

sale of, prohibited on Chiricab.ua Indian reserve 3

shall be kept away from reservation, Crows request that 87

sold by whites to Southern Apaches causes quarrels and bloodshed.... 112

to Indians by Rogers at Sulphur Springs 3

to Indians of Cimarron agency by whites 104

to Mescalero Apaches, obtained from Mexican towns near agency. 105

to Mississippis, along line of Union Pacific Railroad 80

the cause of a serious feud between the Mescaleros and Gilas 107

Whisky-traffic among Papagos, means suggested to prevent 9

among Pimas and Maricopas, means suggested to prevent

among Shoshones, demoralizing effect of 118

carried on at mouth of the Still water 87

difficulty of suppressing on reserves belonging to Tulalip agency 143

on border of Kaw reservation very demoralizing to Indians 55

on Mescalero reservation, difficulty of detecting those engaged in. 105

on Umatilla reservation, should be suppressed by law 126

outside reservations not forbidden by revised law 55

suppressed by efforts of chiefs at Blackfeet agency 86

the greatest obstacle to the civilization of Indians in Michigan.. 77,78

with S' Klallams, several persons convicted of 143

(See Liquor.)

White B., late superintendent, report of, northern superintendency 94

White Earth, agency, Minnesota, annual report of agent Sto we 84

habits, disposition, and progress of Indians at 84

White, II., agent, annual report of, Winnebago agency, Nebraska 101

White Oak Point, method of making winter-payments to Indians of - 80

White persons, number of, at agencies, table 206

White River agency, Colorado, annual report of Agent Danf orth 20

Indians, good conduct and peaceable disposition of 20

Whites, country occupied by Quillehutes partly settled by 142

demoralizing influence upon Indians of Michigan of vicious 77

demoralizing influence upon Sha wnees of bad 68

first intercourse of Siletz agency Indians with,, demoralizing 123

friendly relations between Colvilles and 132

326 INDEX.

Page.

Whites, friendly relations of Warm Spring Indians with the 127

from interested motives, urge Menoinonees to sell their reservation 147

Whooping-cough at Winuebago agency, ten deaths in two weeks by 102

Wichita agency, Indian Territory, annual report of Agent Williams 64

superintendent's report of general condition of 72

Wichitas, statistics in regard to 212, 228

Wacoes and Tawacanies desire houses, and need assistance in building. 64 Wichurnnies, Kaweah, King's River, Monache, Tule, and Tejon Indians belong to

Tule River agency 17

statistics in regard to 206, 224

Wilbur, James H., agent, annual report of,Yakama agency, Washington Terri- •'

tory 144

Williams, C. A., agent, annual report of Wichita agency, Indian Territory 64

Williamson, John P., agent, annual report of, Flandreau special agency, Dakota. 27

Winnebago agency, Nebraska, annual report of Agent White 101

Winnebagoes, great improvement in condition and status of 101

statistics in regard to 214, 222, 230

Winter-quarters of Fort Berthold Indians 30

Wishams, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Wood and grass, absence of, at Cheyenne River agency *23

cut and sold by Indians at ports of Lake Michigan, amount of 77

cut by Indians at Fort Berthold — stolen by steamboat-men 29

Wood, John S., agent, annual report of, Blackfeet agency, Montana 85

Wool from Navajo sheep, estimate of, total amount 109

Woodard, L., agent, annual report of, Sac and Fox agency, Indian Territory 66

Wyandotts, number and status of, Qnapaw agency 57

statistics in regard to 212,226

Wylackies, number of, at Round Valley, California 14

on Eel River, California, self-supporting 14

statistics in regard to 206,224

Y.

Yakama agency, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Wilbur 144

Yakamas, statistics in regard to 220, 234

Yanctonnais desire to engage in agricutnral pursuits 91

Yaukton agency, Dakota, annual report of Agent Gasmann 40

number, condition, and habits of Indians at 40

Yanktons, annual amount received by, in annuities, supplies, and salaries 40

divided into Christian or semi-civilized and heathen or Indian 40

number scattered among different Sioux tribes 40

Yarn, proposals received and contracts awarded for furnishing, for Indian service . 172 Ynmas, statistics in regard to 206,224

APPENDIX

22IND

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION APPOINTED TO OBTAIN CERTAIN CONCESSIONS FROM THE SIOUX.*

Message of the President of the United States transmitting report of the Sioux commission to Congress.

To the Senate and House of Representatives ;

I have the honor to transmit herewith a letter, submitted by the Sec- retary of the Interior, from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, accom- panied by the report and journal of proceedings of the commission appointed on the 24th day of August last to obtain certain concessions from the Sioux Indians, in accordance with the provisions contained in the Indian appropriation act for the current fiscal year. «

I ask your special consideration of these articles of agreement, as among other advantages to be gained by them is the clear right of citi- zens to go into a country of which they have taken possession and from which they cannot be excluded.

U. S. GEANT.

EXECUTIVE MANSION, December 22, 1876.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

Washington, December 20, 1876.

SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a letter, dated 19th instant, from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, accompanied by the report of the commission appointed 24th of August last to visit and treat with the Sioux.

In transmitting this report the Commissioner makes some recommen- dations with reference to the settlement in the Indian Territory of such of the Sioux Indians as may be willing to go there ; which I warmly approve and beg to commend.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Z. CHANDLER,

Secretary. The PRESIDENT, Executive Mansion.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Washington, D. C., December 19, 1876.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith copy of the report sub- mitted by the commission which was appointed on the 24th of August last to obtain certain concessions from the Sioux, in accordance with

* The report of the commission, with, full journal of proceedings and reports of councils held with Indians, is published in Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 9, 2d Sess., 44th Cong.

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 331

provision contained in the Indian appropriation act for the current fiscal year.

I also forward the original journal of the proceedings of the commis- sion, containing full reports of the councils held by them, and a copy of the agreement entered into, which was signed by the chiefs and headmen, at seven agencies.

By reference to the instructions issued by this office, copy herewith, it will be seen that the commission has succeeded in the fullest and most satisfactory manner in performing the duties with which they were charged.

By the terms of the agreement, the Sioux surrender all claim to any country lying outside the boundaries of their permanent reserve, as de- fined by the treaty of 1868, and to so much of said reserve as lies west of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude and as is included between the North and South Forks of the Cheyenne River east of said meridian. The Government thereby secures full possession of a tract of country which includes the Black Hills and is defined by natural boundaries.

The Indians grant a right of way over their reservation for three roads from the Missouri River to the ceded territory — the routes to be designated by the President. They also agree to receive all subsistence and other supplies, which may hereafter be furnished, at such points on or near the Missouri Eiver as the President may designate.

In consideration of these concessions, the commissioners, on behalf of the United States, agree to furnish subsistence to the Sioux until such time as they shall become self-supporting — rations to be issued to heads of families ; and in case the Indians are located on lands suitable for cultivation, and educational facilities are afforded by the Government, the issue of rations is to be conditioned on the performance of labor by the Indians and the attendance of their children at school.

Assistance in the way of schools and instruction in the agricultural and mechanical arts, as provided by the treaty of 1868, is guaranteed ; the building of comfortable houses on allotments in severalty is provided for; and the Sioux are declared amenable to the laws of the United States. The Indians further agree to select allotments as soon as possible after their removal to their permanent home, and to use their best efforts to cultivate the same.

It will be observed that the agreement contemplates the possible re- moval of the Sioux to the Indian Territory, and that its terms are made binding wherever the Sioux may be located. In accordance with sug- gestion contained in their instructions, the commission sent a delega- tion of ninety Indians from the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies, under the care of Commissioners Booue and Daniels, to the Indian Territory, to examine the country, and to report to their people upon the advisability of removing thither. Copy of the report of Messrs. Booue and Daniels is herewith transmitted.

Such removal is reported to meet the cordial approval of a portion of those who have visited the Territory ; but whether the main body of the Indians will decide to make the change cannot be definitely ascer- tained until the delegation shall have returned to their agencies and consulted with their people. But there seems to be little doubt that a portion, if not ail, of the Indians at Red Cloud agency, and perhaps those, or a portion of those, at Spotted Tail agency, will prefer to re- move to the Indian Territory rather than to the Missouri River.

The Indian Territory has long been set apart as a permanent home for Indians. Its soil and climate are incomparably superior to those of

332 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

the Dakota reservation, and a large tract is yet unoccupied upon whicb the Government has the unquestioned right to place Indians. There would seem to be scarcely a question that, if it is the purpose of the Government to undertake in earnest the civilization of the Siouxr the true policy is to locate them as rapidly as possible (their own consent being obtained thereto) where the conditions are the most favorable for rapid progress in the peaceful arts of agriculture and stock-raising; and certainly no one will contend that any considerable portion of the reservation in Dakota can be compared for such purposes with the larger part of the Indian Territory.

There can be no obstacle in the way of setting apart a reservation for the Sioux in that part of the Indian Territory now owned by the Gov- ernment. But as that tract lies west of the ninety-sixth meridian, sup- plies would require to be transported by wagon over a long distance at heavy expense, and their proximity to the Staked Plains would mate- rially increase the difficulty of controlling the Sioux and of bringing them into habits of labor in civilized pursuits.

I therefore respectfully suggest that the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws have a vastly greater amount of land than they can occupy and cultivate, and that it might be well to consider whether some one or more of these tribes might not consent to relinquish, for a fair consideration, a sufficient amount to afford a reservation for these Sioux. I am led to hope that such cession might be obtained on fair and equi- table terms, for two reasons :

1st. It must be obvious to every intelligent man in the so-called civil- ized tribes, that land in excess of the amount which can be profitably used is of little or no value.

2d. They must be aware that so long as they hold vast areas of val- uable land, lying, and destined to lie as long as they hold it, an unprofit- able and unimproved waste, the cupidity of tens of thousands of white men is thereby excited — a cupidity which, already almost uncontrollable, will increase in intensity from year to year till it becomes irresistible. It is vain and idle to expect or hope that 55,000 Indians shall exclusively hold for a great length of time more than twenty millions of acres of the most desirable uncultivated lands now in the United States.

I therefore respectfully suggest that Congress be asked to authorize a negotiation for the purchase from one or more of the civilized tribes of a portion of their lands, and to grant authority, if such negotiation can be effected, to remove the Sioux Indians thither from time to time, as may be practicable and as their consent to such removal may be obtained ; or, if such purchase cannot be effected, that authority be granted and provision made for the removal of said Indians to tbat part of the Indian Territory which lies west of the ninety-sixth meridian. I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. Q. SMITH,

Commissioner.

The Hon. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

Instructions to the commission.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,

August 24, 1876.

GENTLEMEN : You have been appointed by the President as members of the commis- sion to negotiate with the Sioux Indians, pursuant to the following provisions contained in the Indian appropriation act for the current fiscal year :

"Provided, That none of said sums appropriated for said Sioux Indians shall be paid

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 333

to any baud thereof while said band is engaged in hostilities against the white peo- ple, and hereafter there shall be no appropriation made for the subsistence of said In- dians unless they shall first agree to relinquish all right and claim to any country out- side the boundaries of the permanent reservation established by the treaty of 1868 for said Indians ; and also so much of their said permanent reservation as lies west of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude, and shall also grant right of way over said res- ervation to the country thus ceded for wagon and other roads from convenient and acces- sible points on the Missouri River, in all not more than three in number ; and unless they will receive all such supplies herein provided for by said treaty of 1868 at such points and places on their said reservation and in the vicinity of the Missouri River as the President may designate. And the further sum of $20,000 is hereby appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the President of tlie United States, for the purpose of carrying into effect the foregoing provision : And provided also, That no further ap- propriation for said Sioux Indians shall hereafter be made until some stipulation, agree- ment, or arrangement shall have been entered into by said Indians with the President of the United States which is calculated and designed to enable said Indians to become self-supporting : Provided further, That the Secretary of the Interior may use of the foregoing amounts the sum of $25,000 for the removal of the Poncas to the Indian Territory and providing them a home therein, with the consent of said Indians."

It will be seen from the above that Congress has expressed its determination to ap- propriate nothing further for the subsistence of the Sioux Indians represented directly or indirectly by the treaty of 1868, unless they shall agree—

1st. To relinquish all right and claim to any country outside the boundaries of the permanent reservation established by the treaty of 1868.

2d. To relinquish all right and claim to so much of their said perm anent reservation as lies west of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude.

3d. To grant right of way over the permanent reservation to that part thereof which lies west of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude for wagon and other roads from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri River, not exceeding three in number.

4th. To receive all such supplies as are provided for by said act and by said treaty ot 1868, at such points and places on their said reservation, and in the vicinity of the Mis- souri River, as the President may designate.

5th. To enter into such agreement or arrangement with the President of the United States as shall be calculated and designed to enable said Indians to become self-sup- porting.

The subjects of negotiation, with the exception of the last, are so clearly defined by the act as to render further elaboration upon my part unnecessary.

One of the most important subjects of negotiation is that represented by the fifth clause, and the President is strongly impressed with the belief that the agreement which shall be best calculated to enable the Indians to become self-supporting is one •which shall provide for their removal, at as early a day as possible, to the Indian Terri- tory, and that the solution of the difficulties which now surround the " Sioux problem" can be best reached by such removal. Their main dependence for support must ulti- mately be the cultivation of the soil, and for this purpose their own country is utterly unsuited. The superior climate and soil of the Indian Territory, and the fact that that Territory is forever secured to the Indian people, should be fairly and strongly pre- sented to the Indians as inducements for them to enter into such an agreement. For the past three years they have been kept from starvation by large appropriations for their subsistence. These appropriations have been a matter not of obligation but of charity, and the Indians should be made to understand distinctly that they can hope for continued appropriations only by full submission to the authority and wishes of the Government, and upon full evidence of their disposition to undertake in earnest measures for their own advancement and support.

The considerations to be offered the Indians in return for the cession proposed should in no case take the form of a cash annuity, not only because of the probable difficulty of making them realize the value of any consideration expressed in money, but also because experience with other tribes has abundantly shown that expenditures by the Government will be of the best service to the Indians when made for them in provid- ing subsistence, clothing, medical advice, agricultural implements, stock, houses, and schools. It is believed that the Government, in case of their removal to the Indian Territory, will willingly furnish them the needed assistance of that character until they can care for themselves. If, however, they decline to agree to such removal, they should be informed that they will be obliged to go to the Missouri River to receive such supplies as may be provided — in probably scanty and diminishing quantities — under further acts of Congress and the existing treaties with them.

If an agreement for the removal of the Sioux to the Indian Territory cannot be obtained without first affording them an opportunity to visit that country, and you are of opinion that such visit would probably secure their assent to such removal, you are,

334 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

authorized to send, under careful and competent direction, or, if practicable, to take, to said Territory a delegation of the most influential chiefs and headmen.

As the legislation under which you act contemplates the removal of the Poncas to the Indian Territory, you will take into consideration the propriety and expediency of locating some of the Sioux on that part of the reservation thus to be vacated, and you will be prepared to make recommendations to the President as to the points on the Missouri River at which such supplies as shall be provided for the Sioux may be dis- tributed with the greatest economy and advantage.

If any agreement shall be concluded, you will impress upon the Indians the fact that it will be binding on neither party until it shall have received the approval of the President of the United States and of Congress.

It is not expected that you will define any line of right of way for roads through the reservation ; that should be left in the agreement to be designated by the President.

The commission is authorized to hold its sessions at such agencies and places as it may deem necessary or advisable.

The first meeting will be held at Omaha, Nebr., on Monday, the 28th instant. The commission will make full report of their doings, and of any arrangement which shall be entered into with said Indians, and submit the same for the consideration of the Department, with such recommendations as they may deem proper.

Hon. A. S. Gaylord, Assistant Attorney-General, will act as the legal adviser of the commission, and will represent the Interior Department. Verv respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. Q. SMITH,

Commissioner. Hon. GEO. W. MANYPENNY,

Columbus, Ohio. H. C. BULIS, Esq.,

Decorah, Iowa. NEWTON EDMUNDS, Esq.,

Yankton, Dak. Rt. Rev. H. B. WHIPPLE,

Faribault, Minn. A. G. BOONE, Esq.,

Denver, Colorado. Hon. A. S. GAYLORD,

Assistant Attorney- General, Washington. General H. H. SIBLEY,

Saint Paul, Minn. J. W. DANIELS, Esq.,

Saint Peter, Minn.

Report of the commission.

WASHINGTON, D. C., December 18, 1870.

SIR : The commissioners appointed by the President to negotiate an agreement with the Sioux Indians, parties to the treaty of 1868, pur- suant to the following provisions of an act of Congress passed August 15,1876, which

Provided that none of said sums appropriated for said Indians shall be paid to any band thereof while said band is engaged in hostilities against the white people; and hereafter there shall be no appropriations made for the subsistence of said Indians un- less, they shall first agree to relinquish all right and claim to any country outside the boundaries of the permanent reservation established by the treaty of 1868 for said In- dians, and also so much of the said permanent reservation as lies west of the one hun- dred and third meridian of longitude ; and shall also grant the right of way over said reservation to the country thus ceded for wagon or other roads from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri River, in all not more than three in number ; and un- less they will receive all supplies herein provided for by said treaty of 1868 at such points and places on their reservation, and in the vicinity of the Missouri River, as the President may designate ; * * * * and provided also that no further appropria- tion for said Sioux Indians shall hereafter be made until some stipulation, agreement, or arrangement shall have been entered into by said Indians with the President of the United States which is calculated and designed to enable said Indians to become self- supporting,

respectfully report : The commission accepted the trust confided to them under the grave

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 335

responsibility that if they failed in their mission the twenty thousand friendly Indians at the agencies must either starve or join the hostile Indians.

We held our first meeting at Omaha, Nebr., August 28, 1876. All the members of the commission were present, with the secretary and offi- cial interpreter.

General EL H. Sibley informed his colleagues that he would not be able to accompany them, on account of his ill health. At our request he gave us his views upon our relations to the Sioux Indians. We deeply regretted that he could not assist us in our arduous duties, for which, by his intimate knowledge of Indian character and his long ex- perience with the Sioux in peace and war, he was so well qualified.

Our first council was held on the 7th day of September at Red Cloud agency, with the chiefs and headmen of the Ogallalla Sioux and North- ern Cheyennes and Arapahoes, who represented 4,901 Indians who were then present at the agency. Red Cloud and other of the chiefs met us upon our arrival with warm welcomes, and said with deep earnestness, " We are glad to see you ; yon have come to save us from death."

We submitted to the Indians the conditions required by Congress, and stated that we had no authority to change them in any particular. We assured them that Congress and the President had given us full authority to devise a plan to save their people from death and lead them to "civilization. The plan submitted by us was as follows :

1. To provide ample rations for their subsistence until able to support themselves, such rations in all cases to be issued to the head of each separate family.

2. That when said Indians shall be located upon land suitable for cultivation, rations shall be issued only to those persons who labor, the sick, infirm, and aged excepted.

3. That whenever the Government shall establish schools, as provided by the treaty of 1868, no rations shall be issued to children between the ages of six and fourteen years, the sick and infirm excepted, unless said children shall regularly attend school.

4. That whenever any one of the Indians shall in good faith begin to cultivate the soil he shall have a title to his land and receive aid to build a house.

5. That they shall be subject to the laws of the United States, and select as many headmen from each band to maintain order as the President may deem necessary.

6. That all agents, traders, farmers, carpenters, blacksmiths, and other employes of the Government within their reservation shall be lawfully married and living with their families on the reservation.

7. That no person of white or mixed blood, whose fitness morally or otherwise is not, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, conducive to the welfare of the Indians, shall receive any benefit from this agreement or former treaties, and may be expelled from the reserva- tion.

These provisions were carefully explained and interpreted, and were thoroughly understood by all the Indians. A copy of the agreement was given to them to take to their own council.

The Indians were in council at their camp on Shadron Creek until the 14th, when we requested an answer. Chief Little Wound came to the agency and said, "You are wise men and you have had time. Our councils may not seem of much importance to you, but to us it seems a very serious matter to give up our country. You must have patience and bear with us." We held council with the Indians on the 19th and

336 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

20th of September, and after mutual explanations the agreement was duly signed.

On the 21st, we proceeded to Spotted Tail agency to receive an an- swer to the same propositions, which had been submitted by two of our number on the 14th. After two days' council with the chiefs and head- men of Brule Sioux, who represented 4,607 Indians then at this agency, the agreement was duly signed.

On the 2d of October, the commission, by the authority of the Com- missioner of Indian Affairs, detailed Col. A. G. Boone and Dr. J. W. Daniels as a committee to take a delegation of the Ked Cloud and Spotted Tail Indians to the Indian Territory.

We arrived at Standing Rock agency on October 9, and submitted the propositions to the chiefs and headmen of the Upper and Lower Yanctonais, Uncpapas, and Blackfeet Sioux, who represented 2,344 Indians then present at this agency. The agreement was signed on the evening of the llth.

We reached Cheyenne River agency on the 13th, and submitted the propositions to the chiefs and headmen of the Sans Arcs, Two Kettles, Minneconjoux, and Blackfeet Sioux, who represented 2,929 Indians then present at this agency. The agreement was signed on the evening of the 16th.

We arrived at Crow Creek agency on the 20th, and met the chiefs and headmen of the Lower Yanctonais, who represented 1,213 Indians then present at this agency. The agreement was signed on the 21st.

We reached Lower Brul£ agency on the 23d, and met the chiefs and headmen of the Lower Brule, who represented 1,002 Indians then present at this agency. The agreement was signed on the evening of the 24th.

We reached Santee agency on the 26th, and met the chiefs and head, men of the Santee Sioux, who represented 855 Indians then present at this agency. The agreement was signed on the 27th.

At all of these agencies the provisions of the agreement were made perfectly plain to the Indians, having been fully explained to them. The Indians on the Missouri Kiver, with the exception of the Santees, objected to visiting the Indian Territory, and a supplementary clause was made exempting them from that part of the agreement.

We finished our labors in the Indian country with our hearts full of gratitude to God, who had guarded and protected us, and had directed our labors to a successful issue. We owe much of our success to the ability and fidelity of Rev. S. D. Hinman, in faithfully interpreting our views to the Indians. He took part in all our deliberations, and we gained much valuable information from his long experience in Indian affairs and intimate knowledge of Indian character.

We desire to express our obligations to our secretary, C. M. Heudley, for his faithful labors, and for the economical and judicious expenditure of moneys intrusted to his care. It was owing to his ability in steno- graphic reporting that we were able to preserve a faithful report of every speech made by the Indians and the commission.

While the Indians received us as friends, and listened with kind attention to our propositions, we were painfully impressed with their lack of confidence in the pledges of the Government. At times they told their story of wrongs with such impassioned earnestness that our cheeks crimsoned with shame. In their speeches, the recital of the wrongs which their people had suffered at the hands of the whites, the arraignment of the Government for gross acts of injustice and fraud, the description of treaties made only to be broken, the doubts and dis-

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 337

trusts of present professions of friendship and good-will, were portrayed in colors so vivid and language so terse, that admiration and surprise would have kept us silent had not shame and humiliation done so. That which made this arraignment more telling was that it often came from the lips of men who were our friends, and who have hoped against hope that the day might come when their wrongs would be redressed.

Said a chief to a member of our commission, "If you white men had a country which was very valuable, which had always belonged to your people, and which the Great Father had promised should be yours for ever, and men of another race came to take it away by force, what would your people do? Would they fight?77

Another chief said, "I am glad to see you, you are our friends, but I hear that you have come to move us. Tell your people that since the Great Father promised that we should never be removed we have been moved five times." He added, with bitter irony, " I think you had bet- ter put the Indians on wheels and you can run them about wherever you wish."

Again and again the Indians spoke with sorrow of the present war, and urged us " to rub it out." They said, "Tell the white people that this is not an Indian war ; it is a white man's war." It seemed strange for Christian men to hear from the lips of a savage, "A great many widows and orphans have been made on both sides. It is time to ask who is to take care of them. This matter has not been begun with judgment ;" and then, with deep earnestness, he added, " It is displeas- ing to the Great Spirit." It made your commissioners remember the words of Jefferson, "I tremble for my country when I remember that God is just."

The accompanying report of Messrs. Boone and Daniels will show the character of the country visited in the Indian Territory and the impression made upon the minds of the delegation from Eed Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies. Under our instructions, these Indians had the option to remove to the Indian Territory or the Missouri Eiver. From the information received the commission believe that, if the Indians are to be made self-supporting as speedily as possible, they ought to be removed to the Indian Territory at as early a day as practicable. We are unanimous in the opinion that these Indians can, for the present, find homes on the Missouri Eiver ; but we do not think they will ever become a self-sustaining people there. We do not think that it would be advisable at this time to remove the large proportion of the Sioux to the Indian Territory ; but in view of the fact that it is the only valu- able country upon which Indians can be located, that this country has been set apart by the most solemn guarantees as the future home of the ludians, that to open any part of this Territory to white settlers would be a violation of the nation's plighted faith, and that here the Indians can become a self-supporting people, we believe that it is just and humane to remove to this Territory, from time to time, bodies of the Sioux who are ready and prepared to live by labor.

We recommend that the Upper Yanctonais at Standing Eock be joined to the Lower Yanctonais at Crow Creek agency. It would in- volve no additional expense for agency buildings or employes ; and we think the location, for soil and timber, is equal to any on this part of the Missouri Eiver.

We concur in the recommendation of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Poncas, who speak the same language, shall be removed to the Osage reservation in the Indian Territory. If the Upper Brules at Spotted Tail agency elect to remove to the Missouri Eiver, we recom-

338 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

mend that they be located on the Ponca reservation. In case they should go to the Indian Territory, we recommend that this reservation be given to the Indians now at Cheyenne Eiver agency.

We recommend that in case the Red Cloud Indians decide to go to the Missouri Eiver, they be located at the Standing Rock agency. In that case the Cheyenne River agency Indians could be located at the Great Bend. The liability to drought, the plague of locusts, and the character of the soil make this country better fitted for a pastoral than an agricultural people. If the Indians remain here permanently, it must be long years before they can become self-supporting. We are convinced that the surest way to aid them in civilization will be to fur- nish them, under proper restrictions, cattle and teach them stock-raising.

Our examination of this country was necessarily slight. We recom- mend that, before any considerable expense is incurred in the permanent location of Indians on the Missouri River, a thorough examination of the country be made by competent men.

The present condition of the Sioux Indians is such as to awaken the deepest sympathy. They were one of the finest bodies of Indians on this continent. Nicollet, who visited the different tribes of North Amer- ican Indians, said that they were superior to any wild men whom he had seen. They were our friends. The officers of the Northwest Fur Company bear testimony to their uniform friendship to the whites. They say that it was the boast of the Sioux in every council for thirty- five years that their hands had not been stained with the blood of the white man. (See Sibley's letter.) If many of this powerful tribe have been changed to relentless foes, we must not forget that it is the simple outcome of our own Indian training-school. They occupied the greater portion of a territory which extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the British possessions to the northern boundary of Kansas. They lived by the chase. The fish of their lakes and rivers, the herds of deer, elk, and buffalo in forests and prairies, the wild rice and fruits, made their country an Indian paradise.

In 1825 the Government made a treaty of friendship with the Ogallalla Teton, Yankton and Yanktonais Sioux. The Indians admitted that their residence was within the territorial limits of the United States, acknowledged its supremacy, and claimed its protection. The United States pledged to them its protection, and agreed " to extend to them from time to time such benefits and acts of kindness as may be conven- ient, and in the opinion of the President just and proper." From 1825 to 1851 a few unimportant treaties, designed to meet some emergency, were made. In 1851 the vast emigration to California across the In- dian Territory made a new treaty necessary. This was made at Fort Laramie in September, 1851, u between the United States and Sioux or Dacotahs, the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Crows, Assinaboiues, Gros Vent-res, Mandans, and Arickarees, residing south of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains, and north of the boundary-lines of Texas and New Mexico." This treaty establishes and confirms peaceful relations ; the Indians agree " to abstain from all hostilities against each other f they concede to the United States the right to make military or other roads across their territory, and they agree to make full restitution for any wrongs committed by them upon the citizens of the United States while passing through their territories. The Government agrees to pay to these Indians the sum of $50,000 for fifty years. The Senate amended the treaty by limiting the appropriation to fen years. This amendment was never submitted to the Indians. They believed that the original treaty was in force. It is flow more than ten years since the appropria-

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 339

tion ceased. It is believed that this was the cause of the Powder River war. Generals Sherman, Harney, Terry, and others use these words:

The moment the war of the rebellion was over, thousands of our people turned their attention toward the treasures of Montana. The Indian was forgotten. It did not occur to any man that this poor, despised red man was the original discoverer and sole occupant for many centuries of every mountain seamed with quartz and every stream whose yellow sand glittered in the noonday sun. He asked to retain only a secluded spot where the buffalo and elk could live, and that spot he would make his home. The truth is, no place was left for him.

The conflicts which grew out of our bad faith induced Congress to create a mixed commission of representative men from the Army and civil life, to establish peace with hostile Indians, to ascertain their causes of complaint, and, if deemed advisable, to make treaties with them which should remove all causes of war, protect the frontier settlements, and lead to the civilization of the Indians. Generals W. T. Sherman, W. S. Harney, Alfred H. Terry, and 0. C. Augur, and Messrs. IN". G. Taylor, J. B. Henderson, S. F. Tappan, and J. B. Sauborn, composed that commission.

After the most careful examination -into the causes of this war, these gentlemen declare that we are alone responsible. They use words which ought to be written in letters of gold and read by every citizen. They say:

The Indian, although a barbarian, is yet a man susceptible to those feelings which respond to magnanimity and kindness. The injunction to do good to them that hate us is not confined to race, but is as broad as humanity itself. This truth, for the prac- tical man seeking a solution of these troubles, will serve a better purpose than whole pages of theories upon Indian character.

It was found by the commission that the Indians were not willing to make another treaty unless they could have the pledge that no white man should ever enter the territory guaranteed to them. The commis- sioners evidently sympathized with the fears of the Indians, for they say:

If the lands of the white man are taken, civilization justifies him in resisting the invader. Civilization does more than this — it brands him as a coward and a slave if he submits to the wrong. Here civilization made its own compact and guaranteed the rights of the weaker party. It did not stand by the guarantee. The treaty was broken, but not by the savage. If the savage resists, civilization, with the Ten Com- mandments in one hand and the sword in the other, demands his immediate extermina- tion. That he goes to war is not astonishing. He is often compelled to do so. Wrongs are borne by him in silence that never fail to drive civilized men to deeds of violence. Among civilized men war usually springs from a sense of injustice. The best possible way, then, to avoid war is to do no act of injustice. When we learn that the same rule holds good with Indians, the chief difficulty is removed. But it is said that our wars with them have been almost constant. Have we been uniformly unjust ? We answer unhesitatingly, " yes."

These are words wrung from brave men, who had grown gray in the service of the country. They were compelled to confess the nation's shame, by the facts which they had themselves investigated. They consulted the Government and agreed to the conditions required by the Indians. They did more $ they pledged, so far as they could do, their solemn faith that this treaty should be observed.

We need not recapitulate the provisions of the treaty. It guaranteed the Indian's right to hunt in the Powder River country where there were plenty of buffalo, and pledged the aid needed by a nomadic race* The treaty made provision for those who remained on the reservation to aid them in the work of civilization. This treaty, after a full knowl- edge of the facts presented in the report, was ratified by the Senate and approved by the President. Every sentiment of honor, justice, and kindness demanded that it should be faithfully observed.

i

340 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

Treaties are made by the Constitution of the United States the supreme law of the land. The United States Supreme Court has declared them binding upon the nation. Pity for the poor and helpless, and fear of the judgments of God, ought to have appealed to the hearts of the people to stand by its plighted faith. The Constitution says that "All treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." The ordinance passed for the government of the terri- tory northwest of the Ohio River, July, 1787, declares that the utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians ; their lands and prop- erty shall never be taken from them without their consent, and in their property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded or disturbed, un- less in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in 1'ustice and humanity shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. From the days of George Washington, every President has in some form joined with Congress in a solemn pledge that this organic law of the nation shall be observed. In the light of recent events we may ask by what authority has war been inaugurated with the Sioux Indians, their property seized without discrimination between friends or foes, contrary to the express provisions of this ordinance, and when our own people and the whole civilized world know we are the aggressors. It has been claimed that all Indians who are found outside of their reservation shall be regarded as hostile. We find that in a report made by General W. S. Harney, November 23, 1868, then in charge of the Sioux Indians, he says : "I am perfectly satisfied with the success which has attended the commencement of this work, and can unhesitatingly declare that to secure perpetual peace with the Sioux Indians it is only neces- sary to fulfill the terms of the treaty made by the peace commission." It shows the friendly character of the Sioux in the winter of 1868 and 1869.

June 29, 1869, General Sheridan says, in an official order:

All Indians when on their proper reservations are under the exclusive control and jurisdiction of their agents ; they will not be interfered with in any manner by the mili- tary authority, except upon requisition of the special agent resident with them, his su- perintendent, or the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Washington. Outside the well-defined limits of the reservation they are under the original and exclusive jurisdiction of the military authority, and as a rule will be considered hostile.

The above order is the more surprising to us when we remember that the treaty made by General Sherman and others expressly provided that these Indians might hunt upon the unceded territory; and we find that so late as its last session Congress appropriated $200,000 to be used in part for the payment of the seventh of thirty installments "/or Indians roaming." We repeat that, under this treaty, it is expressly provided that the Indians may hunt in the unceded territory north and west of the Sioux reservation, and until last year they had the right to hunt in Western Nebraska. We believe that our failure to recognize this right has led to many conflicts between the citizens and Army of the United States and the Indians.

In 1874, the late lamented General Custer made an expedition to the Black Hills. It was done against the protest of the Indians and their friends, and in plain, direct violation of the treaty. Gold was discovered ; white men flocked to the El Dorado. The faith of the Government was pledged to protect the Indians against all intrusion upon their land. In the words of those who made the treaty, we say, "None are more

REPORT OP THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 341

anxious than we to see this agricultural and mineral wealth- developed by an industrious, thrifty, and enlightened population. We would only be understood as doubting the purity and genuineness of that civiliza- tion which reaches its ends by falsehood and violence, and dispenses- blessings that spring from violated rights."

Notwithstanding the gross violation of the treaty, no open war en- sued. There were instances of conflict between small bands of Indians and whites ; thefts and robberies were committed : small war-parties- made raids upon the settlements. If our own people had a sad story of wrongs suffered from the Indians, we must not forget that the Indians,, who own no telegraph-lines, who have no press and no reporters, claimed that they, too, had been the victims of lawless violence, and that they had had a country of untold value wrested from them by force. Secre- tary J. D. Cox, speaking of like conflicts, under date of March 7r 1870, says : " I believe that any fair investigation of the origin of Indian troubles on the frontier will show that it is unjust to put the whole- blame on the savages, and until we can at least show to the world proofs of scrupulous good faith on our part, we shall not be justified in treating Indians as outlaws doomed to summary destruction." Major - General Stanley at the same time writes from Dakota, that he is- "ashamed longer to appear in the presence of the chiefs of the different tribes of the Sioux, who inquire why we do not do as we promised, and in their vigorous language aver that we have lied." Sitting Bull, who- had refused to come under treaty relations with the Government, based his refusal in these words, sent to the commission of which Assistant Secretary Oowen was chairman : " Whenever you have found a white man who will tell the truth, you may return, and I shall be glad to see you."

In 1875, a commission was sent out to treat for the surrender of the Black Hills. We believe that this commission failed to make a treaty with the Indians, simply because they had no authority to offer them any sum which would be a just equivalent for their right in the Black Hills, or which gave to the Indians hopes for the future.

We now come to the origin of the present war. It appears that In- spector E. C. Watkins, under date of November 9, 1875, made com- plaint to the Indian Bureau that Sitting Bull and other Indians with him, residing in the unceded territory, were engaged in making raids upon friendly Indians and the white settlers of Montana. He recom- mended that " a force of one thousand men should be sent to compel them to submit to the Government." The Secretary of the Interior re- ferred this letter to the Secretary of War for consideration and action. In the letters of Generals Terry, Sheridan, and Sherman, and those of the officials of the War and Interior Departments, we find no reference to any hostile Indians except the " followers of Sitting Bull."

We agree as to the necessity of compelling hostile Indians to submit to the authority of the Government. It is alike unjust to friendly In- dians and to the whites where the lawless and turbulent are allowed to go unpunished. The Indians and their friends have always complained of this neglect. But we do deplore any action which makes no dis- crimination between friends and foes, and which overwhelms the inno- cent with the guilty.

In the early part of the winter of 1875-'76, many Indians from the different agencies went out with the consent of their agents to hunt buffalo in this unceded territory. They had the right to do this under the treaty. There was more reason for them to go at this time, because there was an insufficient supply of provisions at the agencies. December

342 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

<>, 1875, the late Commissioner of Indian Affairs sent instructions to the several agents to notify the Indians in the unceded territory to come to the agencies before the 3ist of January, 1876, or that they would be re- garded as hostile. This letter reached the Cheyenne River agency on the 20th and Standing Rock on the 22d. Agent Bingham says, under date January 26, 1876, that " the Indians have never been so quiet or friendly- disposed as they are now, and the intimation of a renewal of hostilities was a surprise not only to me but to all of the Indians under my charge.'7 The runner who was sent by Agent Bingham to notify the In- dians to return to the agency was not able to return himself until Feb- ruary 11, 1876. tie brought back word that " the Indians received the invitation and warning in good spirit and without any exhibition of ill feeling. They answered that they were then engaged in hunting buffalo and could not accept the invitation at present, but would return to the agency early in the spring."

It does not appear that any one of the messengers sent out by the agents was able to return to his agency by the time which had been fixed for the return of the Indians. It is very easy to understand why the most friendly Indians should hesitate to traverse a pathless country without fuel or shelter, at a time of year when fearful storms endanger human life, and with the knowledge that they would find a limited sup- ply of provisions at the agency. In General Sheridan's report of No- vember 25, 1876, we find that he states that on acccouut of the terrible severity of a Dakota winter the Army were compelled to suspend oper- ations. If our soldiers were frost-bitten and unable to remain in the field even with their comfortable clothing and supply-train, we can judge whether it was practicable for women and children to cross this inhospitable wilderness in the dead of winter.

It is an undoubted truth thai there are large numbers of Indians who are now absent from the agencies. They are of three classes :

1st. The larger part made up of those who go every year to hunt the buffalo in the country along the tributaries of the Yellowstone, as provided in the treaty ;

2d. Those who became alarmed and left the agencies when they saw large bodies of troops camped among them ; and

3d. Those who voluntarily left the friendly Indians and joined the fortunes of Sitting Bull.

The absence of these Indians from the agencies when the recent cen- sus was taken is liable to mislead Congress in making their estimates for the future support of the Sioux Indians.

The charge is made that the agency Indians are hostile, and that they have furnished ammunition and supplies to the Indians with Sitting Bull. When we remember that during a very considerable portion of this year there was a deficiency of provisions at all the agencies, and that Indians left with the knowledge and consent of the agents to pro- cure food, we cannot believe that the hostiles received their supplies from agency Indians, nor do we believe that the Indians have procured their improved arms and ammunition at the agencies. There is water- navigation for 3,000 miles through this territory, and an unguarded border of several hundred miles along the Canadian frontier. So long as the Indians will sell buffalo-robes at a low price and pay two prices for guns, the greed of white men will furnish them. It is gross injus- tice to the agents and the Interior Department to accuse them of fur- nishing arms and ammunition for Indians to fight our Army and mur- der our citizens.

Of the results of this year's war we have no wish to speak. It is a

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 343

heart-rending record of the slaughter of many of the bravest of our Army. It has not only carried desolation and woe to hundreds of our own hearth- stones, but has added to the cup of anguish which we have pressed to the lips of the Indian. We fear that when others shall examine it in the light of history, they will repeat the words of the officers who penned the report of 1868 : " The results of the year's campaign satisfied all reasonable men that the war was useless and expensive. To those who- reflected on the subject, knowing the facts, the war was something more than useless and expensive : it was dishonorable to the nation and disgrace- ful to those who originated it."

We hardly know how lo frame in words the feelings of shame and sorrow which fill our hearts as we recall the long record of the broken faith of our Government. It is made more sad, in that the rejoicings of our centennial year are mingled with the wail of sorrow of widows and orphans made by a needless Indian war, and that our Government has expended more money in this war than all the religious bodies of our country have spent in Indian missions since our existence as a nation.

We are impelled, in this connection, to submit our views in relation to the management of Indian affairs. Until 1832, the War Department had the entire management of the Indians, without the machinery of the ludian Bureau. The chief duties were performed by post-commanders, subject to the Army rules in making disbursements. After a trial of this mode of dealing with Indians for half a century, the Hon. James Barbour, Secretary of War under President J. Q. Adams, frankly states, in an official document:

That we have essentially failed, the sad experience of .every day but too strongly testifies. It is now, therefore, that a most solemn question addresses itself to the American people, and whose answer is full of grave responsibility. Shall we go on quietly in a course which threatens their extinction, while their past suffering and future prospects so pathetically appeal to our compassion? The responsibility to which I refer is what a nation owes to itself, to its future character in all time to come. For next to the means of self-defense and the blessings of free government, stands, in point of importance, the character of a nation.

In 1832, an act was passed providing for the appointment of a Com- missioner of Indian Affairs ; but, by order of the President, he was made subject to the Secretary of War, who prescribed rules and regulations for his government. The provisions of this act were so defective that, in 1834, a committee of Congress, who made an investigation into its affairs, declared that immediate revision was imperatively demanded. This report says " the system is expensive, inefficient, and irresponsible." In 1842, another committee of Congress examined the management of Indian affairs in the War Department, and said :

The evidence is submitted as to the general management and condition of Indian affairs. It exhibits an almost total want of method and punctuality, equally unjust to the Government and the tribes to whom we have voluntarily assumed obligations which we are not at liberty to disregard. It will be seen that the accounts of millions of expenditures have been so loosely kept as scarcely to furnish a trace or explanation of large sums, and that others have been misapplied, so as to impose serious losses on the Indians and heavy responsibility on the Government; that in some books (the only record of these accounts) no entries have been made for a period of several years, and that where entries have been made, the very clerks who kept them could not state an account from them.

Notwithstanding this report, no change was made until 1849, when the bureau was transferred to the Interior Department. This transfer did not emancipate the bureau. It was left in a subordinate position, sub- ject to the control of a Secretary who, whatever his ability and integrity and desire to discharge his duty to the Indians faithfully, kas found it

344 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

impossible to devote that personal attention to Indian affairs which their importance demands.

If we trace the management of Indian affairs in the Interior Depart- ment since 1849, we find much to call for prompt action to remedy exist- ing evils.

We submit that the remedy for these evils is not to be found by again placing the care of the Indians in the War Department. It had this duty for nearly three quarters of a century, and daring the whole period there is no page in the history of our Indian management upon which our recollection can linger with emotions of pleasure. We do not question the integrity of the officers of the Army. We concede to them the same ability and integrity which are to be found in all pro- fessions. No one will contend that, in order to insure integrity in the administration of the postal service, the laud department, or tbe customs, it is necessary to remit these departments to the Army; and yet, if the claim be allowed in the management of Indian affairs, we can see no reason why every department should not be controlled by the Department of War. The generals who made the treaty of 1868 say, " If we intend to have war with them, the bureau should go to the Sec- retary of War ; if we intend to have peace, it should be in a civil de- partment. In our judgment such wars are wholly unnecessary, and, hoping that the Government and the country will agree with us, we cannot advise the change."

The habits and tastes of the officers of the Army are foreign to those patient labors which are necessary to lead a savage race to civilization. The officers of rank and experience who may, in some degree, befitted for this work would not accept the trust, and we fear that this respon- sible position would be either intrusted to junior officers or to men who had been foisted into the Army as a reward for political services.

We cannot see that any reform will be secured by the removal of this- bureau from one building to another. The same evils complained of in the agents of the Indian Bureau will follow in the agents of the War Department. The whole country was excited over the charges of fraud which were made against the civil agent at Red Cloud agency for the over- estimate in weight in beef-cattle and other issues to the Indians. Dur- ing our visit at this agency we witnessed an issue of beef made under direction of an officer of the Army, who was the temporary agent. The number of cattle issued was 153 and the average weight estimated was 954 pounds. This average attracted our attention, and after investiga- tion and careful calculation by an experienced officer of the Army, it was believed that the actual weight did not exceed 786 pounds, making in this one issue a loss to the Indians and a gain to the contractor of 27,234 pounds of beef. We did not have the slightest doubt of the integrity of the officer acting as Indian agent. There were no scales, and we doubt whether the experience of this agent was such as to make him a competent judge of the weight of live cattle.

We are impelled to say that it is our unanimous recommendation that all of these Indians ought to be placed as speedily as possible in the care of civil agents.

We have no desire to criticise the strictly military operations of the Army; but we owe it to ourselves to express our deep sense of the wrong committed against friendly Indians by seizing their arms and ponies. While at Cheyenne Eiver agency, the chiefs came to us and said that they had heard a rumor that the arms and ponies of friendly Indians were to be* seized. They said this rumor had already caused many Indians to leave the agency. We knew that the civil agents and some

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 345

of the military officers had assured the Indians that those who had remained at the agencies should not be disturbed, and that they should be protected in their persons and property. We therefore promptly replied that they need have no fears, their property would not be taken. We felt that it was a wrong to this commission and to the friendly Indians to take from them their ponies and arms. The wrong was greater in that no inventory of the individual property was preserved, and we understand that the average price of the ponies sold at Laramie did not reach $5 each. This seizure was unjust, and, in view of the facts, cruel to the Indians. There is not wood enough at the agencies for the use of the Indians. In order to procure fuel for their families they are compelled to camp from ten to forty miles from the agency. They must travel this distance once in ten days or two weeks, at the most inclement season of the year, in order to receive rations. We fear that there will be the greatest suffering, even if some of them do not lose their lives. The least we can do is to repay these friendly In- dians honestly for the full value of the property which was taken.

After long and careful examination we have no hesitation in recom- mending that it is wise to continue the humane policy inaugurated by President Grant. We believe that the facts will prove that under this policy more has been done in the work of civilization than in any period of our history. It has accomplished this one thing, that those who were placed in trust of the national honor did not receive their appointment as a reward for political service.

The great obstacle to its complete success is that no change has been made in the laws for the care of Indians. The Indian is left without the protection of law in person, property, or life. He has no per- sonal rights. He has no redress for wrongs inflicted by lawless violence. He may see his crops destroyed, his wife or child killed. His only redress is personal revenge. There is not a member of either house of Congress who does not know that, even with all the influences of Christian civilization, schools, churches, and social restraints, there is not a community of whites which could protect itself from lawless violence under the same conditions ; and yet we take it for granted that the superior virtue of a savage race will enable it to achieve civilization under circumstances which would wreck our own. In the Indian's wild state he has a rude government of chiefs and headmen, which is advisory in its character. When located upon reservations under the charge of a United States agent, this government is destroyed, and we give him nothing in its place.

We would especially call attention to the inadequate laws to punish white men for the sale of intoxicating liquors to the Indians. There is another fearful evil in the unlawful marriages of white men to Indian women. . These unions are made after the customs of the Indians, and under their code they are regarded as valid. The law should declare that any Indian woman who thus lives with a white man is his lawful wife, and that the children of such union are legitimate.

The fact that the English government in Canada has expended no money in Indian wars since the American Eevolution, has lost no lives by massacre, has had no desolated settlements, and that its Indians are to-day, as they have always been, loyal to the British Crown, is due to the fact that it has fulfilled its plighted faith, has given to its Indians personal rights of property and the protection of law, and has fostered Christian missions, and has placed over its Indians agents fitted for the task of guiding a savage race to civilization, and who generally hold their office during good behavior.

23IND

346 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

The greatest difficulty in the administration of Indian affairs is the inadequate salary of an Indian agent. He ought to be a man of ripe experience and of mature age, fitted to superintend the building of houses,, the opening of farms, the care of schools, and all those mechanical arts which are necessary for the work of civilization. The agency is usually remote from civilization. The expenses of living are greatly increased, It is impossible for an agent to live with his family on his meager salary. The Department has lost some of its most valuable agents simply be- cause they would not steal, and could not live on $1,500 a year.

Our Indian affairs should be managed by an independent department. It ought to have at its head one of the first men of the nation, whose rec- ommendations would be heeded, and who, as a member of the Cabinet,, could confer with the heads of the War and Interior Departments, and devise such wise and just plans as would equally protect the rights of the Indians and of our own citizens. We are painfully impressed with the fact that most of our Indian wars have not only been cruel and un- just to the savage, but have largely grown out of conflicts of jurisdiction between different departments of the Government. The head of the Department of the Interior is already burdened with five distinct bureaus, viz, Pension, Patent, Laud, Education, and Indian. He can- not give to Indian affairs that patient attention which is necessary to success. The War Department, as its name indicates, is unsuited for the work of civilization. Officers of the Army are not fitted by inclina- tion or training to teach Indian children to read and write, or Indian men to sow and reap. If by placing this bureau in an independent po- sition we can save the fearful cost of one Indian war, it will be the wisest economy.

In conclusion, your commission respectfully urge that every effort shall be made to secure the ratification and faithful fulfillment of the agree- ment which we have made by direction of the Government with this hapless people. We entered upon this work with full knowledge that those who had heretofore made treaties with these Indians had seen their promises broken. We accepted the trust as a solemn duty to our country, to the perishing, and to God. The Indians trusted us. There were times when we trembled as we heard their earnest words of confi- dence and trust. Said a chief who signed' this agreement, as he handed a pipe to our chairman, u Give this pipe of peace to the Great Father. When we give and another receives a pipe we regard it the same as when a white man swears on the Bible in court. If they do not speak the truth3 evil will happen." We are confident that this agreement con- tains provisions which, if faithfully carried out, will save these Indians and redress some of the wrongs which furnish the darkest page of our his- tory. It is an eternal law of the government of God that whatsoever a na- tion sows, that and nothing but that shall it reap. If we sow broken faith, injustice, and wrong, we shall reap in the future, as we have reaped in the past, a harvest of sorrow and blood. We are not simply dealing with a poor perishing race ; we are dealing with God. We cannot af- ford to delay longer fulfilling our boundeu duty to those from whom we have taken that country, the possession of which has placed us in the forefront of the nations of the earth. We make it our boast that our country is the home of the oppressed of all lands. Dare we forget that there are also those whom we have made homeless, and to whom we are bound to give protection and care ?

We are aware that many of our people think that the only solution of the Indian problem is in their extermination. We would remind such persons that there is only One who can exterminate. There are too many

REPORT OP THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 347

graves within our borders over which the grass has hardly grown, for us to forget that God is just. The Indian is a savage, but he is also a man. He is one of the few savage men who clearly recognize the existence of a Great Spirit. He believes in the immortality of the soul. He has a passionate love for his children. He loves his country. He will gladly die for his tribe. Unless we deny all revealed religion, we must admit that he has the rigtit to share in all the benefits of divine revelation. He is capable of civilization. Amid all the obstacles, the wrongs, and evils of our Indian policy, there are no missions which show richer re- wards. Thousands of this poor race, who were once as poor and de- graded as the wild Sioux, are to-day civilized men, living by the culti- vation of the soil, and sharing with us in those blessings which give to men home, country, and freedom. There is no reason why these men may not also be led out of darkness to light. If the men of past gen- erations had reasoned as this generation reasons, none of us would re- joice in the blessings of Christian civilization.

A great crisis has arisen in Indian affairs. The wrongs of the Indians are admitted bjr all. Thousands of the best men in the land feel keenly the nation's shame. They look to Congress for redress. Unless immediate and appropriate legislation is made for the protection and government of the Indians, they must perish. Our country must forever bear the disgrace and suffer the retribution of its wrong-doing. Our children's children will tell the sad story in hushed tones, and wonder how their fathers dared so to trample on justice and trifle with God.

We herewith submit the agreement made with the Sioux, the speeches made in the several councils, and the letter of Gen. H. H. Sibley. Very respectfully,

GEO. W. MANYPENNY, Chairman.

H. B. WHIFFLE.

H. C. BUL1S.

NEWTON EDMUNDS.

J. W. DANIELS.

A. G. BOONE.

A. S. GAYLORD.

SAM'L D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter. Attest :

CHARLES M. HENDLEY, Secretary.

To the Hon. J. Q. SMITH,

Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Report of the subcommission.

WASHINGTON. D. C., December 13, 1876.

SIR : Pursuant to the instructions of the commission designating two of its members to accompany a delegation of Sioux Indians from Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies to the Indian Territory, the undersigned proceeded to Omaha, where they were delayed for a short time for the Department to make the necessary provisions for the expenses of the delegation. E. A. Howard, having been employed by the commission to accom- pany us, was appointed disbursing-agentfor the delegation ; the clothing for the Indians was purchased, and we left for Red Cloud agency, where we arrived the 22d of October. A delay of a few days was required, as the military authorities would not allow the Indians to leave until Red Cloud and seventy lodges of his people had been deprived of their property and imprisoned. The delegation, equally divided between the two agencies, numbered ninety-four persons. Four of these were white men adopted into the tribe, and were employed, by request of the Indians, that they might have their

R1PORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION'.

testimony of the country to be examined. The Red Cloud party left the agency the 27th; Spotted Tail, with his people, on the 28th; and they all reached Sidney, on the Unio i Pacific Railroad, November2, where they received clothing for the journey,and left the same day on the cars for Wichita, Kansas, via Omaha and Kansas City, where they arrived the morning of the 5th. On the 8th, and as soon as transportation was pro- cured, we started, following down the Arkansas River, to give the Indians a chance to see the large grain-fields on that stream, and reached Arkansas City the lOtb. The next day, four miles south of this place, we entered the Indian Territory on what is called the " Fort Sill " road, and followed this to the " Abilene trail," or stage-road,, which we kept to the Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency. From that agency we followed down the North Fork of Canadian River to Shawneetown ; thence north to the Sac and Fox agency, and from there east to Muskogee, via Okmulgee, having traveled 364 miles in the Indian Territory. Our drives each day were short, and the Indians had ample time to see the country and do a little hunting. The course taken through the Territory was upon the suggestion of Superintendent Nicholson and by his recommendation. We were assured by parties engaged in the survey of the country that the portion between the ninety-seventh and ninety-eighth degrees of longitude was the most desira- ble to see and the most desirable for the location of the Indians.

The country in the vicinity of the Shakaska River, Turkey Creek, and North Fork of the Canadian possesses all the qualities necessary for agriculture and grazing. These streams and their tributaries are well supplied with good water, skirted with heavy timber ample for building purposes and fuel, with rich bottom-lands, bounded by a rolling prairie that is coated with the rich bunch-grass. The border of either of these streams and their surroundings presents some of the most beautiful farming- lauds that can be found in any country, and for a small compensation to a people that have received so little for what they have yielded to the Government it certainly should be kept for the Indian. There are large oak-timber lands west of Turkey Creek, south of the stage-road, and north of the Cimarron River, and in places on tbe North Fork of the Canadian, extending back for miles. Good stone for building pur- poses and clay for brick may be found in many places in the country.

The delegation was composed of the best and most capable men of the two agencies : Spotted Tail, Red Dog, and Man-Afraid-of-his-Horse, as chiefs, and the others the principal councilors of the bands.

Red Cloud could not accompany the delegation, as he did not feel that he ought to leave his people in the condition they were when released from confinement. The Indians reported many lodges destroyed by the troops. In the case of these people the assurances of the commission seemed to have been entirely disregarded by the authorities in charge.

While traveling through the Territory, Spotted Tail took special pains to inform us that he was not pleased with anything that came within his observation, and his part of the delegation, with but few exceptions, were not disposed to express themselves in any other way. Many of the Red Cloud party were well pleased. Their chief said " his Great Father asked him to go and find a place where his children could live by culti- vating the land. This was the country, and he should go back and tell his people so." The manual-labor school, of one hundred and twenty scholars, at the Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, was of more interest to them and gave them more pleasure than anything else seen on the journey. The boys and girls were well dressed, and not only attending school, but were performing the work on a farm and in the house, being pre- pared, the Indians thought, to live like whites. They manifested much interest in the progress of civilization among the Sac and Fox, and, when passing the Creek country, the delegation was received by these tribes with generous hospitality and a hearty welcome. When we were at Okmulgee, the capital of the Creek Nation, they were in- vited to the council-house by the Creek chief, where he made a very friendly speech to them. A copy of the same, as delivered, is herewith attached; also Spotted Tail's reply :

"To the Sioux, my brethren :

" I am well pleased to see you here in the Mus-koke Nation, brethren of the same race as ourselves. I was told a long time ago of my red brethren, the Sioux, that were living in the far Northwest. I had heard of the name of your tribe and of many of your lead- ing chiefs. I have heard of your great men, great in war and great in council. I have heard of your trouble on account of the intrusion of white men on your reservation in search of gold. I have heard that the United States Government had determined to remove you from your present home, and, perhaps it might be, to this Indian Territory, to the west of us. When I heard that you might possibly come to this Territoi y, which has been < set apart for the home of the Indians forever,' I was glad. I would Use to have all our red brethren settled in this Territory, as we have provided in our treaty. We, the Creeks and Cherokees, have the same kind of title and patent for our lands from the United States, which guarantees this Territory to us for a home, under our own form of government, by people of our own race, as long as 'grass grows and water

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 349

runs.' And I think, therefore,~we shall live forever on our lands. I should like — and I express the wish of our people — that every Indian tribe should come here and settle on these lands, that this Territory may become filled up with Indians, to the exclusion of others who may be inimical to our race and interests. We believe our right to our soil and our government, which is best suited to our peculiar necessities, would be safer if all our race were united together here. That is ray earnest wish. Then I think the rising generation could be educated and civilized, and, what is still better, christianized, which, I believe, would be the greatest benefit of all. This would be to our mutual benefit and good. I know I express the minds of our people when I give you this welcome to our life of a higher civilization, which is better than the old life so long led by our race in the past."

SPEECH OF SPOTTED TAIL.

" My red brethren, we are glad to meet you and listen to your talk. We have come in peace to your country to see it for ourselves, as our Great Father has wished. White men gather all things together for themselves. When he gathers he don't want any one to take it away. My country is covered with gold. I have made a bargain with our Great Father to sell it, because the white men came to take it from us to get the gold. I don't know what I am to get for it yet. We have come here to see your country, and see if we will like it. I suppose in the bargain your Great Father gave you the logs to build your houses, and after that taught you to read, so you can talk. Our Great Father has not done so to us. He has not fulfilled his promises to us. We have passed through all the Cheyenne and Arapahoe country. We saw no good houses — all shanties ; nothing but poor little ones. All the people are poor. My land is cov- ered with gold, and I must have pay for it. I am looking at this country. When I get through I want to see my Great Father and talk with him, and then I can tell more about it."

Governor Ross and other Cherokees called on the delegation at Muskogee, and expressed to the chiefs a deep interest in the welfare of their people, and hoped they would decide to make the country they had visited their home to commence the work of civilization. These were the sentiments expressed by every one we met among these civilized people.

We left the delegation at Omaha in charge of Disbursing-Agent Howard, to proceed with them to their respective agencies on the 4th ultimo, to comply with your instruc- tions to meet the commission in this city on the 9th.

Inasmuch as the country now occupied by the Sioux Indians does not possess lands on which they can ever expect to become self-supporting, we would respectfully rec- ommend, providing these people decide after they get home to move down, that steps be taken at as early a day as possible looking toward the removal of those Indians repre- sented by this delegation to the Indian Territory, believing that the best interests of Government and the Indians require their being placed where they may be able to sup- port themselves. There is no question as to the disposition of these Sioux to labor, as the fact is well established in the progress made in civilization by the Santee, Sisseton, and Wahpeton Sioux of Dakota. They only want a fit place to cultivate the soil to show their ability and willingness to perform all the duties required for supporting them- selves.

The foregoing is respectfully submitted.

J. W. DANIELS, A. G. BOONE,

Commissioners.

Hon. G. W. MANYPENNY,

Chairman of Sioux Commission.

Articles of agreement.

Articles of agreement made pursuant to the provisions of an act of Congress entitled '• An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department, and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes for the i year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and for other pur- poses," approved August 15, 1876, by and between George W. Manypenny, Henry B. Whipple, Jared W. Daniels, Albert G. Boone, Henry C. Bulis, Newton Edmunds, and Augustine S. Gaylord, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the differ- ent bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, and also the Northern Arapahoes and Cheyennes, by their chiefs and headmen, -whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.

ARTICLE 1. The said parties hereby agree that the northern and western boundaries of the reservation defined by article 2 of the treaty bst ween the United States and

350 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

different tribes of Sioux Indians, concluded April 29, 1868, and proclaimed February 24, 1869, shall be as follows: The western boundaries shall commence at the intersec- tion of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude with the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska ; thence north along said meridian to its intersection with the South Fork of the Cheyenne River; thence down said stream to its junction with the North Fork; thence up the North Fork of said Cheyenne River to the said one hundred and third meridian ; thence north along said meridian to the South Branch of Cannon Ball River or Cedar Creek ; and the northern boundary of their said reserva- tion shall follow the sa^id South Branch to its intersection with the main Cannon Ball River, and thence down the said main Cannon Ball River to the Missouri River ; and the said Indians do hereby relinquish and cede to the United States all the territory lying outside the said reservation, as herein modified and described, including all privi- leges of hunting; and article 16 of said treaty is hereby abrogated.

ARTICLE 2. The said Indians also agree and consent that wagon and other roads, not exceeding three in number, may be constructed and maintained, from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri River, through said reservation, to the country lying immediately west; thereof, upon such routes as shall be designated by the President of the United States ; and they also consent and agree to the free navigation of the Mis- souri River.

ARTICLE 3. The said Indians also agree that they will hereafter receive all annuities provided by the said treaty of 1868, and all subsistence and supplies which may be provided for them under the present or any future act of Congress, at such points and places on the said reservation, and in the vicinity of the Missouri River, as the Presi- dent of the United States shall designate.

ARTICLE 4. The Government of the United States and the said Indians, being mutu- ally desirous that the latter shall be located in a country where they may eventually become self-supporting and acquire the arts of civilized life, it is therefore agreed that the said Indians shall select a delegation of five or more chiefs and principal men from each band, who shall, without delay, visit the Indian Territory under the guidance and protection of suitable persons to be appointed for that purpose by the Depart- ment of the Interior, with a view to selecting therein a permanent home for the said Indians. If such delegation shall make a selection which shall be satisfactory to themselves, the people whom they represent, and to the United States, then the said Indians agree that they will remove to the country so selected within one year from this date. And the said Indians do further agree in all things to submit themselves to such beneficent plans as the Government may provide for them in the selection of a country suitable for a permanent home, where they may live like white men.

ARTICLE 5. In consideration of the foregoing cession of territory and rights, and upon full compliance with each and every obligation assumed by the said Indians, the United States does agree to provide all necessary aid to assist the said Indians in the work of civilization ; to furnish to them schools and instruction in mechanical and agricultural arts as provided for by the treaty of 1868. Also to provide the said In- dians with subsistence consisting of a ration for each individual of a pound and a half of beef, (or in lieu thereof, one-half pound of bacon,) one-half pound of flour, and one-half pound of corn ; and for every one hundred rations, four pounds of coffee, eight pounds of sugar, and three pounds of beans, or in lieu of said articles the equivalent thereof in the discretion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Such rations, or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be continued until the Indians are able to support themselves. Rations shall, in all cases, be issued to the head of each separate family ; and whenever schools shall have been provided by the Government for said Indians, no rations shall be issued for children between the ages of six and fourteen years (the sick and infirm excepted) unless such children shall regularly attend school. Whenever the said Indians shall be located upon lands which are suitable for cultiva- tion, rations shall be issued only to the persons and families of those persons who labor, (the aged, sick, and infirm excepted,) and as an incentive to industrious habits the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide that such persons be furnished in pay ment for their labor such other necessary articles as are requisite for civilized life. The Government will aid said Indians as far as possible in finding a market for their surplus productions, and in finding employment, and will purchase such surplus, as far as may be required, for supplying food to those Indians, parties to this agreement, who are unable to sustain themselves ; and will also employ Indians, so far as practi- cable, in the performance of Government work upon their reservation.

ARTICLE 6. Whenever the head of a family shall, in good faith, select an allotment of land upon such reservation and engage in the cultivation thereof, the Government shall, with his aid, erect a comfortable house on such allotment; and if said Indians shall remove to said Indian Territory as hereinbefore provided, the Government shall erect for each of the principal chiefs a good and comfortable dwelling-house.

ARTICLE 7. To improve the morals and industrious habits of said Indians, it is agreed that the agent, trader, farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, and other artisans employed or permitted to reside within the reservation belonging to the Indians, parties to this

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 351

agreement, shall be lawfully married and living with their respective families on the reservation ; aud no person other than an Indian of full blood, whose fitness, morally or otherwise, is not, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, conducive to the welfare of said Indians, shall receive any benefit from this agreement or former treaties, and may be expelled from the reservation.

ARTICLE 8. The provisions of the said treaty of 1868, except as herein modified, shall continue in full force, and, with the provisions of this agreement, shall apply to any country which may hereafter be occupied by the said Indians as a home ; and Congres's shall, by appropriate legislation, secure to them an orderly government ; they shall be subject to the laws of the United States, and each individual shall be protected in his rights of property, person, and life.

ARTICLE 9. The Indians, parties to this agreement, do hereby solemnly pledge them- selves, individually and collectively, to observe each and all of the stipulations herein contained, to select allotments of land as soon as possible after their removal to their permanent home, and to use their best efforts to learn to cultivate the same. And they do solemnly pledge themselves that they will at all times maintain peace with the citizens and Government of the United States ; that they will observe the laws thereof and loyally endeavor to fulfill all the obligations assumed by them under the treaty of 1868 and the present agreement, and to this end will, whenever requested by the Pres- ident of the United States, select so many suitable men from each band to co-operate with him in maintaining order and peace on the reservation as the President may deem necessary, who shall receive such compensation for their services as Congress may pro- vide.

ARTICLE 10. In order that the Government may faithfully fulfill the stipulations con- tained in this agreement, it is mutually agreed that a census of all Indians affected hereby shall be taken in the month of December of each year, and the names of each head of family and adult person registered ; said census to be taken in such manner as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may provide.

ARTICLE 11. It is understood that the term reservation herein contained shall beheld to apply to any country which shall be selected under the authority of the United States as the future home of said Indians.

This agieemeut shall not be binding upon either party until it shall have received the approval of the President and Congress of the United States.

DATED AND SIGNED AT RED CLOUD AGENCY, NEBRASKA, SEPTEMBER 26, 1876.

GEORGE W. MANYPENNY. [SEAL.]

HENRY B. WHIPPLE. [SEAL.]

J. W. DANIELS. [SEAL.]

ALBERT G. BOONE. [SEAL.]

H. C. BULIS. [SEAL.]

NEWTON EDMUNDS. [SEAL.]

A. S. GAYLORD. [SEAL.] Attest :

CHARLES M. HENDLEY,

Secretary.

OGALLALLA Sioux— CHIEFS AND HEADMEN.

Marpiya luta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.

Taxunke-kokipe, (Afraid-of-his-Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Xmika-lnta, (Red Dog,) his x mark, seal.

Taopi-cikala, (Little Wound,) his x mark, seal.

Waxicuu-taxuuke, (American Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-kokipa, (Atraid-of-the-Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-yamui, (Three Bears,) his x mark, seal.

Wakinyau-peta, (Fire-Thunder,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-luza, (Fast Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Kangi-ho-waxte, (Crow-with-a-good-voice,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Itunkasan-waumli, (Weasel-Eagle,) his x mark, seal.

Warpe-xa, (Red Leaf,) his x mark, seal.

Ixta-peta, (Fire Eyes, or White Bull,) his x mark, seal.

Pte-san-wicaxa, (Man White Cow,) his x mark, seal.

Kangi-tanka, (Big Crow,) his x mark, seal.

Tatanka-waxte, (Good Bull,) his x mark, seal.

Xunkikyuha, (Sorrel Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Itunkasan-mato, (Weasel-Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Wahukeza-nonpa, (Two-Lance,) his x mark, seal.

Owe-xica, (Bad Wound,) his x mark, seal.

JMato-waukantu, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.

352

REPORT OF THE SiOUX COMMISSION.

Tokicu, (He-Takes-the-Enemy,) Akicita, (Soldier,)

Ite-glega, (Stupid Face, or Slow Bull,) Ximmanito-wankantu, (High Wolf,) Si-tauka, (Big Foot,) Wakinyan-ska, (Whire Thunder,) Xuuki-to, (Blue Horse,)

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal., his x mark, seal, his x mark,. seal, his x mark. seal, his x mark, seal.

Black Coal, Crazy Bull, Little Wolf, Sharp Nose, Six Feathers, White Horse,

Living Bear, Spotted Elk, Black Bear, Turkey Legs, CalfskiD Shirt,

ARAPAIIOES.

CHEYENNE?.

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seaL

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal.

DATED AND SIGNED AT SPOTTED TAIL AGENCY, NEBRASKA, SEPTEMBER 23, 1876.

BRULE SIOUX.

Sinte-gleska, (Spotted Tail,) Mato-luza, (Swift Bear,) Nom-karpa, (Two Strike,) Wakinyau-ska, (White Thunder,) Heraka-najon, (Standing Elk,) Hi-toto, (Blue Teeth,) Baptiste Good, Kangi-sapa, (Black Crow,) Taxuuke-wakita, (Looking Horse,) Mato-ocin-xica, (Wicked Bear,) Wamli-cikala, (Little Eagle,; Xunka-luta, (Red Dog,) Tacampi-to, (Blue Tomahawk,) Xuuka-luza, (Fast Dog,) Miwatani-hauska, (Tall Mandan,) Hitunkasan-luta, (Red Weasel,) Mato-wakan, (Sacred Bear,) Muggins,

Ixnalawica, (Only Male,) Mato-can-wegna-'iyaye, (Bear-in-the-wood,) Hohu, (Coarse Voice,) No Flesh, (Conica-wanica,) Mato-wankantu, (High Bear,) Wicampi-tanka, (Big Star,) Akau-ka-kte, (Killed-ou-horse-back,) Ixta-ska-ska, (White Eyes,) Wamnionmi-akicita, (Whirlwind Soldier,) Wakinyan-cangleska, (Ring Thunder,) Wakinyan-wamli, (Thunder Eagle,) Xkeca-gnaxkinyan, (Crazy Mink,) Ho-waxte, (Good Voice,) Takudan-kokipe-xni,(Afraid-of-nothing,) Caute-peta, (Fire Hart,) Wapaswapi, (Roast,) Itecantku-ze, (Yellow Breast,) Maza-wanapinya, (Iron Necklace,) Siute-gleska-holkxila, (Young Spotted Tail,) Mato-wanagi, (Bear Ghost,) Xunka-ixlala, (Lone Dog,) Pte-sanwicaxa, (White Buffalo man,) Maz-ixta, (Iron Eyes,) Asanpi,(Milk,) Cetanwamli, (Eagle Hawk,)

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal., his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal. his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal., his x mark, seal.

REPORT OP THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

353

I certify that the foregoing treaty was read and explained by me and was fully un- derstood by the above-named Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by the above Ogallalla Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes at Red Cloud agency on the 20th day of September, A. D. 1876, and by the Brul6 Sioux at Spotted Tail agency on the 23d day of September, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter. Attest :

Louis BORDEAUX, WILLIAM GARNETT, WILLIAM ROLAND, HENRY C. CLIFFORD,

Interpreters.

The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open coun- cil, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians receiving rations and annuities at the Standing Rock agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Territory ; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.

Witness our hands and seals at Standing Rock agency, Territory of Dakota, this llth day of October, A. D. 1876.

LOWER YANCTONAIS.

Mato-noupa, (Two Bears,) Tashunka-kokipapi, (He-fears-his-horse,) Waha, (Cotton Wood,) Hogan-duta, (Red Fish,) Mato-gnashkinyan, (Mad Bear,) Cokamti, (Camp in Middle,) Tatanka-wanagi, (Bull's Ghost,) Waonzoege, (Pantaloons,) Mato-chitika, (Brave Bear,) Can-icu, (Drag Wood,) lyayog-manni, (Walk out of the way,) Igmu-sapa, (Black Wild Cat,) Akicita-cikala, (Little Soldier,) Canhpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) Hahaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) Inyang-mani, (Running Walker,) Tashunka-witko, (Fool Dog,) Wanmli-uapin, (Eagle Necklace,)

UPPER YANCTONAIS.

Nasulan-tanka, (Big Head,) Shunkaha-napin, (Wolf Necklace,) Ishta-sapa, (Black Eye,) Tahinca-ska, (White Deer,) Tatanka-luta, (Red Bull,) Maga, (Goose,) Tacanonpa, (His Pipe,) Cante-witko, (Fool Heart,) Mato-wakantuya, (High Bear,) Tatanka-pa, (Bull Head,) Shunka-wanjila, (Lone Dog,) Nape-tanka, (Big Hand,)

UNCPAPAS.

Cetan-wakinyan, (Thunder Hawk,) Mato-cuwiyuksa, (Bear Rib,) Tatoke-inyanke, (Running Antelope,) He-maza, (Iron Horn,) Wakute-mani, (Walking Shooter,) Akicita-hanska, (Long Soldier,") Wicasha-wakan, (Medicine Man,) Ishta-ska, (White Eye,) Zitkala-sapa, CBlack Bird,) Nape-shica, (Bad Hand,) Wahukeza-luta, (Scarlet Lance,)

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal.

his x mark, sefaU his x mark, seal. his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal

his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seaL

-354 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

BLACKFEET.

Peji, (John Grass,) his x mark, seal.

Kangi-iyotanka, (Sitting Crow,) his x mark. seal.

Cante-peta, (Fire Heart.) his x mark, seal.

Zitkala-wankantuya, (High Bird,) his x mark, s.eal.

Nata-opi, (Wounded Head,) his x mark, seal.

Tashunka-luta, (Red Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Cetan-luta, (Red Hawk,) his x mark. seal.

Atte: R. E. JOHNSTON,

Captain First Infantry, Bvt. Lieut. Col., U. S. A., Acting Indian Agent. W. D. WOLVERTON,

Surgeon, U. S. A.

I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above-named Sioux Indians before signing, and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Standing Rock agency, Dakota, on the llth day of October, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter. Attest :

Louis AGARD, WILLIAM HALSEY, •E. H. ALLISON,

Interpret rs.

The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open coun- cil, we, the chiefs and headmen of the various bands of Sioux Indians receiving rations and annuities at the Cheyenne River agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby con- sent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Terri- tory ; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.

Witness our hands and seals at Cheyenne River agency, Territory of Dakota, this 16th day of October, A. D. 1876.

SANS ARC.

Kangi-wiyaka, (Crow Feather,) his x mark, seal.

Waanatan, (The Charger,) his x mark, seal.

Cetan-gi, (Yellow Hawk,) his x mark, seal.

Taku-kokipa-xni, (Fearless,) his x mark, seal.

Wiyaka-luta, (Red Feather,) his x mark, seal.

Ho-waxte, (Good Voice,) his x mark, seal.

Ite-xujahan, (Scare the Hawk,) his x mark, seal.

Waiglu-xica, (Man that Hurts Himself,) his x mark, seal.

Tatanka-ska, (White Bull,) his x mark, seal.

Pehin-xaxa, (Red Hair,) his x mark, seal.

BLACKFEET.

Mato-ayuwi, (Turning Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Wakinyan-ska, (White Thunder,) his x mark, seal.

Ixto-xakiya, (Red Arm,) his x mark, seal.

Hehloga, (Yearling,) his x mark, seal.

Pa-hotou, (Sounding Head,) his x mark, seal.

Mahpiya-gleglega, (Striped Cloud,) his x mark, seal.

Itoye-psunpsunla, (Awkward Face,) his x mark, seal.

Maza-napin, (Iron Necklace,) his x mark, seal.

Two KETTLE.

Mato-topa, (Four Bears,) his x mark, seal.

Cuwi-hla-mani, (Rattling Ribs,) his x mark, seal.

Mawatani-hanska-hokxila, (Long Mandan's Son,) his x mark, seal.

Can-haha, (The Log,) his x mark, seal.

Tacanhpi-luta, (Red Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.

Wokaye, (Brings the Food,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-waaktonsya, (Forgetful Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Xung-gleska-sapa, (Black Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.

-Xunka-wanjila, (The Lone Dog,) his x mark, seal.

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

355

Attest:

Hehaka-ska, (White Elk,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-gleska, (Spotted Bear,) bis x mark, seal.

Ptesan-wanmli, (Wbite Cow Eagle,) bis x mark, seal.

Mato-wanmli, (Bear Eagle,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-tanka, (Big Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Cetan-luzahan, (Swift Hawk,) his x mark, seal.

Wamniomni-luzahan, (Swift Whirlwind,) bis x mark, seal.

Taxuuke-kokipapi, (Afraid-of-his-horse,) his x mark, seal.

Hebola-nonpa, (Good Thunder,) bis x mark, seal.

Peji-to, (Green Grass,) bis x mark, seal.

Zitkala-kinyan, (Flying Bird,) his x mark, seal.

Taxunka-maza, (Iron Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Ptesau-wicaxa, (White Cow Man,) his x mark, seal.

Sinte-nonpa, (Two Tails,) his x mark, seal.

Kinyan-axapi, (Flying Laughing,) his x mark, seal.

Inyan-hanksa, (Long Stone,) bis x mark, seal.

Natala, (Head,) his x mark, seal.

Xungleska, (Spotted Horse,) his x mark, seal.

Xiyo-sapa, (Black Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.

Wakuwa-inani., (Walking Hunter,) his x mark, seal.

MINNECONJOU.

Magaska, (Swan,) his x mark, seal.

Magakxica, (The Duck,) his x mark, seal.

Cante-wanica, (No Heart,) his x mark, seal.

Cante-Wanica-wicahca, (Old Man No Heart,) bis x mark, seal.

Mahaka, (Standing Bear,) bis x mark, seal.

Ixnawasanica, (The Half,) his x mark, seal.

Xina-ska, (White Rohe,) his x mark, seal.

Canbpi-sapa, (Black Tomahawk,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-wankantuya, (High Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Winkte-nonpa, (The Keg,) his x mark, seal.

Kaukaca-luta, (Red Plume,) his x mark, seal.

Hehauskaska, (Long Horn,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-waxte, (Good Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Tatanka-pahakan-najin, (Bull on the Hill,) his x mark, seal.

Xiyo-hanska, (Tall Prairie Chicken,) his x mark, seal.

Cetan-gleska, (Spotted Hawk,) bis x mark, seal.

Inyau-boslabau, (Standing Rock,) bis x mark. seal.

CHARLES A. WIKOFF,

Capt. Eleventh Infantry. LESLIE SMITH, Capt., First Infantry, Bvt. Major, U. S. Army.

WM. FIELDER, MARK WELLS, Interpreters.

I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above-named Sioux Indians before signing; and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Cheyenne River agency, Dakota, on the 16th day of October, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter.

The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open coun- cil, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of tbe Sioux Indians receiving rations and annuities at Crow Creek agency, in the Territory of Dakota, dp hereby consent and agree to all tbe stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to tbe Indian Terri- tory ; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.

Witness our bands and seals at Crow Creek agency, Territory of Dakota, this 21st day of October, A. D. 1876.

LOWER YANCTONAIS.

Wanigi-ska, (White Ghost,) Wanmdi-sapa, (Black Eagle,) Wizi, (Old Lodge,) Najinyan-upi, (Surrounded,) Mato-watakpe, (Attacking Bear,)

his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal, his x mark, seal.

356 REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION.

Mato-wakuwa-wicaca, (Old Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal. Mato-wakuwa-hokxina, (Young Man Running Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Katayapi, (Killed,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-wakokipe-xni, (Fearless Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-ska, (White Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Waksuyemani, (Returns From War,) his x mark, seal.

Kasde, (Splits,) his x mark, seal.

Cagu-ska, (White Lungs or Bear Ghost,) his x mark, seal.

Wanmdi-wicaxa, (Eagle Man,) his x mark, seaL

Mato-cekiyapi, (They Worship the Bear,) his x mark, seal.

Kangi-iawakan, (Sacred Talking Crow,) his x mark, seal.

Cetan-koyagmani, (Walks With a Hawk,) his x mark, seal.

Maga-bobdu, (Stormy Goose,) his x mark, seal.

Wage-hunka, (Yellow Man,) his x mark, seal.

Nakpa-wanjina, (One Ear,) his x mark, seal.

Onspexni, (He Don't Know,) his x mark, seal.

Attest: HENRY F. LIVINGSTON.

FRANKLIN J. DE WITT. EDW'D ASHLEY, H. BURT, ANTOINE LE CLARE,

Interpreters.

I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained hy me, and was fully understood by the above-named Sioux Indians before signing ; and that the same was. executed by said Sioux Indians at Crow Creek agency, Dakota, on the 21st day of October, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter.

The foregoing articles of agreement having been fully explained to us in open council, we, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Sioux Indians receiving ra- tions and annuities at Lower Brule" agency, in the Territory of Dakota, do hereby con- sent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, with the exception of so much of article 4 of said agreement as relates to our visit and removal to the Indian Terri- tory; in all other respects the said article remaining in full force and effect.

Witness our hands and seals at Lower Brul6 agency, Territory of Dakota, this 24th day of October, A. D. 1876.

LOWER BRULES.

Maza-oyate, (Iron Nation,) his x mark, seal.

Tatanka-wakan, (Medicine Bull,) his x mark, seal.

Pfcesan-wicakte, (White Buffalo Cow,) his x mark, seal.

Xiyo-cikala, (Little Pheasant,) his x mark, seal.

Tatanka-pa, (Buffalo Head,) his x mark, seal.

Marpiya-inajin, (Standing Cloud,) ' his x mark, seal.

Cante-wicuwa, (Useful Heart,) his x mark, seal.

Mato-xake-hanska, (Long Bear Claws,) his x mark, seal.

lxna-wica; (Only Man,) his x mark, seal.

Attest :

HENRY E. GREGORY. I. D. DE RUSSY, Captain Second Infantry, U. S. A. ZEPHIR RENCOUNTRE, H. BURT,

Interpreters.

I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above-named Sioux Indians before signing ; and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Lower Brul6 agency, Dakota, on the 24th day of October, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter.

REPORT OF THE SIOUX COMMISSION. 357

•council,

tions

braska, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations therein contained, saving,

reserving, and excepting all our rights, both collective and individual, in and to the

said Santee reservation, in said Knox County and State of Nebraska, upon which we,

the undersigned, and our people are now residing.

Witness our hands and seals at Santee agency, county of Knox, State of Nebraska, this 27th day of October, A. D. 1876.

SANTEE.

Joseph Wabashaw, seal.

Hake-waxte, his x mark, seal.

Wakute, (The Shooter,) . his x mark, seal.

Huxaxa, (Red Legs,) his x mark, seal.

Marpiya-dnta, (Red Cloud,) his x mark, seal.

Wakaninihanku, his x mark, seal.

Wamanonsa, (The Thief,) his x mark, seal.

Star Frazier, his x mark, seal.

Pepe, ( Sharp, > his x mark, seal.

Hehaka-maza, (Iron Elk,) his x mark, seal.

Tunkanwaxtexte, (The Good Stone God,) his x mark, seal.

Daniel W. Hemans, seal.

Eli Abraham, seal.

Geo. Paypay, seal.

Arteinas Ehuamani, his x mark, seal.

James Paypay, seal. Attest :

CHAS. H. SEARING. JOSEPH W. COOK. CHARLES MITCHELL, ALFRED L. RIGGS,

Interpreters.

I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me, and was fully understood by the above-named Sioux Indians before signing ; and that the same was executed by said Sioux Indians at Santee agency, county of Knox and State of Ne- braska, on the 27th day of October, A. D. 1876.

SAML. D. HINMAN,

Official Interpreter.

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