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Fee ee : we a 2h dda pahaies hence theta dir teak Seer A —_—- a : P age sep ttae Tale eet Spree i Se 1 ettindidetnt- aided > Pe ee eT ay rere eT eee gree eee OO orien te ney ere —~e "err ¥ verre? alate Se? VOR EEE vives Se Pew wet tee 2 ee he eadher eee Sere Tree eee evr... eS Aadidedatiees 2 Se ea SEES OS eS Se Yee re & ere rerr rere r Oe ee Caer tT? eee teeter ose ae SL ES ARE A sil ate ine AS - late: ew erserrreretrry*=* ever vert > ip claelind ee ee riled eS ee ees ee er ee ewerrTy” eS hls Pe : oe +. «ett! YF 7? eT ee ret 73° 1 ~ he A a ee ae aera . a eb J ren - te A etins eee Oe yer reer eye to Rate te ee rere Fe ere rer? ° om ae we reve HOT by is aol fo ate ass ~~ a ey seein ee ye. + ain ge saan ee repels aber snes o raeeryy me ev Fe Oe ae err. oo dn . od =) r? ver" rT 9? * -yverrr . ere sr~e et Ter py Sewer. Pinal, be ang pa es 6 ye lt yewrer yyy pr ae nee et eee Pur? erre eee ch eee eer ee ore ere Ja, a uve? vyererre te? Fey vee = oe aes She) eviews we Te eee \ oe VN ee ee eee eee Ee er ~f vie e a9 The + eels b SET on AA Boe eee errr er? vweverertr? re reheerrernwe se setevee te? wvews errr creeeeyvaerrsertr® ee eve ere Very ey yw ylea , Toa Ata yh da inte le act SP rs me ewer ete eevee y ers -rernree weecrerrreeve ere ~sserxrett et rerevrrrr verry eens cae eee Ue se oe oS SI eS + ~ se sewer Two e oe 9 oe eee Te . . -** se wes vie Ne eae OSS TO Ne peruse eerres t9 ? err re 72"? - . wer , se eee 7 eeepe* J Ain gi ng in OO pdr ste so a a owe eer eer ey? : 7 wexevrever? ee ee ** a . : << . ° ° *?* **? ve “ Re te ere ein Vue Ue = ” * > ‘ ° ri : ee? : or? _— ve 3 apy He 7 bd 7 - ° .* . ~~ 777 sreevrVrerneee ? . . Lh at oe 4 . ser — > --: . a oe) s - ies . ’* - . ah te ? - . swwe “ . ¥ ew ee at | | | n , | | | | = i a i = ¢ a ; Ls | . ig . = 7 : is : ; ; . ‘ . ; . 7 5 - ' = * . ni ; 2 7 7 . | fi | | zs | | : ; - yr? 7 - : an ‘ : F hs) ; cr , . | 5 - « ® : , | | — Ad 7 A i y : , ; | . 2 : - . | : Te WSS ; | | | | A . - . — a 7 ’ 7 - | . : ‘ = ; vy : | ; ; ae —- _ ’ . ; ei - . ; | | * al » ¥ : - , ” : , ; » . . | | _ - 7 a Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practice: “UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE _ BULLETIN No. 410 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Contribution from Office of Farm Management, W. J. Spillman, Chief PROFESSIONAL PAPER | im Washington, D.C. November 11, 1916 | VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE By _W. C. FUNK, Scientific Assistant CONTENTS "Page : Page _ Facts Brought Out. . ... . Navn oeere PH MO LCase Nel o 7 las tie co) Stasis), ok eis ler se 29 ounces Of Mata... ks Se 2 | Use of House onthe Farm. . ... . 31 Regions Studied. . ... A GPS Oe ta 3 | The Size ofthe House ...... « 32 _ .The Farmer’sIncome ...-. ... 4 | Household Labor ....... «ss 33 % The Farmer’s Living . ... . . 2... 4 | Value of Board onthe Farm ... . . 34. | EB Food . 2.2. 2 © 6 2 ee ew ew q WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 : » L UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Contribution from Office of Farm Management W. J. Spillman, Chief Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 11, 1916 VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND | USE OF HOUSE. By W. C. Funk, Scientific Assistant. CONTENTS. Page Page ACES OFGUEHG OU bs ee aoa cei tiaieate cere aaiccis oe Tod fied BK) kes ee i PS Se AI eS eRe GN 29 Sourcesiofidatas 2am Ua elie sy te so Pe a 2 | Use of house on the farm.....................-- 31 IRerdons studiedaas. Pes sen ule oe Sai bbeisize or the Nouse.s.:t 20. a es a 32 SeeNio agMICrSINCOMG: sess ce ese. kos ett eee AG ETOUSEH OLA abo rss sa ene! eee eR Ys Ns aia aN a 33 hearin erzSlivAan gost epee ae See Pie 4 | Value of board on the farm.................... 34 BO OG ereria ect ein mi crests ce hers va Ma oa 7 The aim of this bulletin is to determine the value of those things which the farm furnishes to the farm family without money cost, namely, the use of a house, food, and fuel. To this end data were secured from nearly 1,000 families, repre- senting widely sepa- rated sections in 14 States. Figures were gathered covering the value of all food, fuel, and shelter, itemized to show what part was bought and what part was furnished by the farm. Data also were collected bearing on the value of house- hold labor on the farm. | FACTS BROUGHT OUT. Fig. 1.—Map of United States, showing locations of areas studied. Following is a brief summary of the more significant averages established by this inquiry. The figures given are based on reports from 950 families, averaging 4.8 persons per family. $4572°—Bull. 410—17—1 2 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Annual value of food, fuel, and use of house— 4 ished by farm.. $424 (66 per cent). Average per f y, $642 Bourht- 2.7. 245-4. 6. 218 (34 per cent). Annual value of food— Animal casa 58 per cent Groceries. . . 25 per cent| From farm.. 58 per cent. Average per family, $448. Vesctables. ae 11 per cent{Bought...-. 42 per cent. Fruits iad 34 ae a Be 6 per cent Annual value of fuel— Wood (9.4cords).. $36. 30 Coal (2.6 tons).... 17. 85|From farm.. 54 per cent. Oil (55 gallons)... 6. 33; Bought-..--- 46 per cent. Corn cobs(lload). 1.07 Annual value of use of house— Average per family, $132. Annual value of housework— Average per family, $62. Furnished by family.. $217 (95 per cent). Average per family, $228 Fired \:tereneiv: 2.) 11 (5 per cent). It was found that the average annual value of meats (other than poultry) consumed per family was $107.25; of poultry products, $55.40; and of dairy products, $98.36. (The quantity of dairy prod- ucts consumed was equivalent to 2,640 quarts of milk.) Meats constitute the most important group of foods. As it increases relative to the other groups the total value of food con- sumed per family increases. Those families having a relatively oreater consumption of either groceries, vegetables, or dairy products use relatively less meats, and their total consumption of food is less in value. Families living on their own farms reported higher consumption of food and a larger proportion of food derived directly from the farm than did those living on rented farms. The average quantity of fruit canned annually per family was 122 quarts; of vegetables, 32 quarts. The cost of board (as of hired hands) in food, fuel, and housework was shown to be $129 per year. Thirty-one per cent of this repre- sents cash outlay. SOURCES OF DATA. The data presented in this bulletin were collected during the summers of 1913 and 1914. The results of the 1913 study have been published in Farmers’ Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer’s Living. In that study records were taken from 483 farm families distributed over 10 areas in as many States. Four additional areas were visited during the summer of 1914. A greater number of families per area were visited in this study than in that of 1913, thus permitting more detailed analysis of the data. The data from all areas are included in the tables only where the number of records were sufficient to do justice to the study. le VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 3 | oie 0, 18 Oi OM, Coke, ON Tele Br ere 6 e . . . ‘ ' ) ' . ' . } ' o IAI OD 6 6 19 19 6 SO OD SH LD OD OD OoOnnAN me Sos eee en OO | CO etHH © © © wo . . uosied 10g . es ide eee ie Oe aN Oca Mie TO eae eae ' ' n Fo Stossel 5 i : a o i: ee eee ‘ ; x SBOKnNKRMMONIDIDN HOO q Old HAAHAARHHOMN 5 NOS CICOm lenis Wastes CORTES og * HAAAR BA SDSHASMAB Ottis osrAnatdcis saa = IPENICOlesS Waniuctanta HOO Tee g TRIOL | TSAR ARAB ATSaaS 5 sefiewsou eee ey B G9 rege yt at om 8 8 8 © 6 . [o) mB nS = 0 ' ' ee Oe FO Ses OOF aXe) . tS] q SRHOnRKMNMON MINH O19 A OIDHANHANAAHOMK a Yon) site 0) sani COE Own 2 : no HAAR ANA SIS SHIGA S) CO Hi Haid cH A Hi dics id1d a 06 oS Raabe seats ere 2} pa 143 a MARTH NANANANMARNAAANH | — Oris Seletien \¢ re oa. See ee Coe ON See Onl ner ty 0G 5 3 % 2 ee Stee ee Ay cle Gases Deiat eet Oosbrt be Cis eesti he mee esa 07 “05 aan) faa) SC tae niet cies poysTaIn T His ater am eS eS aE ae ee ese eee SE ee ee Se etna estate peatnatn Hoo) HD CO HOO 19 19 OD IID 00 AAO HDRHRAOMOK (0 ee © [cen © ee 0 a, © ars Oe Oe OS Ce gan 8) . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . ° . . eS MOsIod Jog | Or sree ee 8 eas COON AAoe Hid od si Ht AN ood mM ‘ . ‘ Le} aia rah ieee a POS Haan ata ee ree rae nee er ee leer |. —_— ————— —_ eee — a z 5 a 4 IDO OHOHHON OD HOD a LDC HOr~OBAM HK CONC Fy 106 . 8 5 ‘ Niet ee uee ds risa Oo o 5 8S 10 8 a Oe oO 0 0) abe de@uate N 16 606 3S seta . Senet . Ao Te10.L ees ' ‘ 1 1anN | et ee BR ee ee SS mleaieiettetees SSeS Sh eye e ° . . . fax} =| b Gitte tet : ’ 8 a ° ‘3 Se + 1 © +O OD 00 1 HO 1D HO 120 HOD a LDC HOr~ORAHHrONM a q 3 Eee) . ° ° o Ce ew yeah nel poner) oO 4, . 515 ° . ° 506 ‘eo -ate ee lees. 0 Sg 15 06 . 5S esi oper Se reache: O oo ' ' tt oO Hr ¢ 8 1 shog Ost wats! sec! ve ues = HOD 29 Gd O XH 00 00 69 HID UD CD69 See Hee ye) Teale COI CN tor 00 3 4 e cy ° . . . =| |e oe EE | a os. —| 2 Ay Citect eed Teer ee) eo. Us) Oa ue, Ora) WN wo (Or 6 tre oo. GeO SpeA0) Dee Oat U eye tr . 0 . 8 . ° ° . . . ’ . e irae Lc POS eer tel ae LD o Ce meal br he) Bey Oeil rae i at Pe) o peystamy | ys Gere leet Tea CS Se eS eee CO let tien, Pe net tact SE WSS IRE taeda thes tnt a} . OR - 0150 Oe OY OP O47 6 eae .} o o . . . e e O Oa ek eral art ° . ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ’ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' . ' . ey a Opes Oy OP 0 em Bm Bern Ce 7 ‘ SCHOO CHORNWOOMS CONNDAAMNOMORROO O 09 002919 HID OO O19N © O20 a *uosied 19g Avicdaicd “ri “Widiadod wind OHRID sit © did id 6 Hi od 05 rinririo ndidddas n e e a a 2 KROOHHRHRAMMOAK H ue) CHOODONRHOMONOD d 00 69 C1. 0029 00 ROD OD HOD HO a, [B10 ABONSHAADSORAKRSOOK 2 SHON ABDANAAIS Ono HH N HSOKnRKSOHAADDHOKRAS dss! aa AHAOnMAN ro) ANNAN TANNA ° ial aa rN n SS jor oOo Va AF 4 SS © q TOOTH EHRAMOAN H 18 CDHDOCODOnRHOMNONON 2 © 6 CI 00 29 00 BD 69 09 HOD OI SH I19 2 a ee tae eee aes REGEN oe RRR a See i bell tis, Nar Werston verry PTR piece, Se Oo oO | pos cO ro oO re sH sH Per Orn AN 19190 HO NO S | & | “Wang | SENSANSSORASSSS | BS | ANAANSVAAASAAS | g | WSUS mas HH tH H g OF | SS Se SE Se Sa Seas aaa ont dees ES a AY Oates CE Fe CO eae ea rae oO Urns focal Btu A bate al peel fRmih Uew 2 Soa ae | ’ (fecitiel Bese ba Late al Saas) ee recat fem bee ats re 2 “peysTan yf Ls era ies eae gts ea me 3p CRE: at RAR at ite tee ceil ih Scie Se to pce ae eer SAS ey TS er ee | ld eed Jebel bel od Did Je ie a aL en eC Osi er eC A) She Oe . ° . AC be a ei) LPP OSI FSS Hee Sue are aU tee oat ROS RO soe eee ee =! [ees ome R ona” ao i eG 0 Oe ea GU Geen TO ac Gate SS Ee SS a SO OE Se OO nos a Oe oO es Oleo. “Oe TO CO a a aa oes 0 ra Ora Cet ea ea 0, ee Se ae Ok ee JO ‘ ‘ ’ ' ' ' e . ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ' ’ Gade Se aa emt aires ; ; See ee OTe ST Se NG ae Se eee Dee Dae: POLS A ep ADE Or eC Te ate a Ute be pa e+ OF i pet fore ee a Se eas Sem eet) etd jut OF? See ee, 0 ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ Paepids Bests in eae eatibeaae Cee ae ee eae Ee peg ens ci Se We eee! ear ti mdis-aroy ROPE ae ee OFS DR EG eat oO (Pal Tete Yee decal Dae Ves al Chega t Psat Deeper as eC Leet Veet Vig ne Re gers SMe pone Toe Rae we trove fet Pe eel ot Lb, wa) Cote Sih) tee ei ea ne Es Co DE ON Dae a a eS ne Ih Ry OH Oh eo RNa aE OREN Oe Ce Rae Sees SS WG ean eDOCS OPSpg Oe op > hays tee SOSA PaO eee Rees (es ROE CG 0 0 Meret en a0 i cdeers a oat eiaee eae apnea eager oer eee oes tetrcict at erates brent or oy e ' AJ ' . ' . TIA tRO iv Sa SAA: Part wO iva SAA | IR imo ty SasdA HOG» GSGTES “a py OD On 3 Oise “3 » OD .@g -SOGTE S “3S SaZMZAZOHOPLMZO PaZAMAZZoHorgMao Sa AmAZoHOr IM ZSo 20 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family (950 families)—Continued. ANIMAL PRODUCTS. Pork (pounds). Beef (pounds). Poultry (pounds). Per family. Per family. Per family. State. Ma a © : } : : eta s | 8 Se Ele Le: S 2S) 76 ee ee ee I es ha Besa | ee | I bp 3 =; = Ey 3 a e Bp 3 a 5 5 3S 5 5 5 S 5 SI} 5 S 5 & jaa) a = —& fA a a & jaa} ‘<= ae Wits Sect Ee 251.2] 66.8] 318.0] 65.6 102.5 65.5 168.0 34.6 87.0 eT ee ae 87.0 18.0 Mos. <4 42 169.5 56.5 | 226.0 50.6 226.2 36.8 263.0 59.0 94.0 1.0 95.0 21.4 NY. 2a 192.7 99.3 | 292.0 73.0 95.9 150.1 246.0 61.5 | 166.3 1.7 | 168.0 41.9 2 eee ee 488. 8 86.2 | 575.0 | 110.5 120.3 255. 7 376.0 72.3 | 117.0 j--2---- 117.0 22.5 Neyo 538.2 | 151.8 | 690.0 | 146.4 35.4 406.6 442.0 03 OU $46: O25 22-8: 146.0 | © 31.0 2 ey CHES Gears 545.5 DE [e551- 0) 122. 9.0 32.0 41.0 Wis Ui He S3 een e 233.0 OT ef Gain 2 lieve 695.0 7.0 | 702.0 | 129.3 70.2 64.8 135.0 2428 ape Ole eh oeee 382.0 70.4 Texe tg: is 6285 0.) 13729 1766.0 | Paes oe eees 76.0 76.0 a e747 epee 276.0 52.0 Ohi9o-2?4 = 663.6 42.4 | 706.0 | 172.2 57.5 57.5 115.0 28.1 | 301.0 oe rs 301.0 73.5 Was. cd. 590.4 65.6 | 656.0 | 149.0 70.1 75.9 146.0 SOE OD Oe ee 176.0 40.0 Towa....... 659.5 13.5 | 673.0 | 159.0 118.8 114.2 233.0 tsar el feet el On |e ee 296.0 70.0 oben oe 546.8 41.2 | 588.0 | 130.6 148.8 80.2 229.0 50.8 | 477.0 |...-...] 477.0 106.0 N. Dak....} 889.6 77.4 | 967.0 | 156.0 | 283.4 152.6 | 436.0 70rd O96 OMe a oo 226.0 36.4 Walt. 224 131.8 84.2 | 216.0 44.1 14.1 454.9 469.0 95.7 | 187.1 1.9 | 189.0 38.5 Fish (pounds). Milk (quarts). Butter (pounds). Af eae ne ren en ae | 38.0} 38.0 TeSih> GULD eee ee 911.0 | 188.2} 68.2] 73.8] 142.0 29.4 IM@u os due e 3.6 | 115.4 | 119.0 | 26.6 557.4 5.6 563.0 126.2 75.8 S¥ (74) | TBSE0 29.9 IN AY tee eres cee (ee350) Ip 2320 S5Y/ S15) 22 e 815.0 | 203.7) 54.4} 96.6] 151.0 ST 1 2¢, pene Se Sl Pe eee AVL UN | eal 11.0 669. 2 6.8 676.0 130.0} 60.3 438.7 | 104.0 20.1 I. cod PO Sw HA EEE Sra | 119.0 | 119.0 | 25.2] 798.6 69.4 | 868.0] 184.4} 79.4] 35.6] 115.0 24.5 ING: o Posen este e| 3.0 3.0 Piba| 60050) {zeae es 600.0 | 133.4 | 181.2 g WR ee B38 40.6 CES Nig | Pa Pe Rea 6.0 6.0 1 vagy Fes Pome Bay | ee 164.0 3021 282:0) 52 ee 282.0 52.0 Wexols Pri Be 13.0 13.0 2.5 224.6 4.6 | 229.0 AS Dei Poa Os see- 234.0 44.2 Obige fo eee 2.0 2.0 rons OorcD jase oe 1,057.0) a2a%.4 dao. 5 8.5 | 122.0 29.8 yas <2 aes 3.0| 3.0 .7| 633.7] 33.3 | 667.0] 152.0] 81.6| 54.4] 136.0] 31.0 qOWAS eee ee ee lt650 6.0 fF 311, 0665 Di ieee 22 (1,066.0 | 252.0 | 152.9 5 ¥p2 ln RE 37.0 one 4 ee eaeee s 5.0 5 0 ITS 13050) |S S30 Oe 2512 alas 5 9.5 | 158.0 35.0 IND ake Pei Fe ee 47.0 47.0 7.6 |1, 297.9 132 S10 211.5 | 224.8 |,» 22.2 | 247.0 39.8 Da Soe ee eS IBO ul etoile Or eo0se 852.4 174.6 eae? 209.5 744-1) 74020 4 tO 22g ] | Eggs (dozens). Cream (quarts) Lard bought (pounds). 3 re eee anes & $20) 22 =e 1 82.0 16.9 108-0) 132222552 108.0 ap Ree tis (is oe Be. 34.8 | 34.8 iene Moo et eee 108.6 3.4 | 112.0 PAR ih GOON eee 69.0 i ASR: Bs (eek Sate 81.6 81.6 18.3 Syed oS 115.9 6.1 | 122.0 30.5 Od Ue Pe eae 6.0 VEC Pt haat ee 10.8 10.8 2.4 Pas ae 7D pee eee 94505) ASSO 2 32 eee eee ee ete eal ee seesle eee ee 20.3 20.3 3.9 Ness 3 BAGS 55) tid We a 1538 Ooze o 2.6 + 3.0 At Ts [Seal oa 33.4 33.4 Fiat ING Cee ae ADDO) | Rete eae VSEDINON MATS OR i 3 SAP, Role he Ee Cee fs see Pave 2.2 .5 Gay She 2st ETE iy eee a9 @ NN DGNGH NEP hee eke ain) Ae Se peed 5.4| 5.4 1.0 ox s dnatene 2065.0" (2872 4= 206") S52 24.8 | 24.8 4.0 (ane a lee 101.0 130°} 40220") 2088 a oo Pi he SAS See ee ee 2 detente. On meeees O 9.8 21 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, consumed, the average quantity furnished by the TABLE XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food family (950 families) —Continued. farm, and the quantity bought per ANIMAL PRODUCTS—Continued. e Cheese (pounds). Honey (pounds). Buttermilk (quarts). Per family. Per family. Per family. Om AHE-= NOON DDD AO rH Nr MSR NHANN SHE ‘mosied 10g P= 0&9 O19 CD MW MONON HOD ROL | MaSds S6eRgsres Pe DIDN1ID MD OOD DN CO C OD 00 usted |: Diels aa ae =H GYD CY) CO N oe Heid *peystum SAS iN HN 1d AOMmMAMr~-ODDODONY ‘uosied og | SN 7 UHAAN UN (NOS SOO mMHON OHM OINO OH [e10.L als SHON I Noss OCCU ISDE Ge) Sms HONMIOMRN DOOM yysnog | ANNO SANS HSN QHHARAONOOK if *poystusm yy FNRASHORARE i DD. tens Oech O08 D= 20 BO ‘uosied J0g Be NPS e ea Gy as cious aes Ree SO OCCU S be Neier ae = Tee Men eNC COICO eee ne med Sete "1810 ES Se oapigne Ke eet os SN Te eee oe PARI ESSDEL Died ih Neti ae SOTICNILCAIS caches aan BD ed “qysnog PAG Dat ted babes Oeoe BRO ORG Oba Os UGICIGA sD Oso. ‘peystuin, | PSRs tas SOOT enS Oke erapern- a . MONO + + + © o 6 eotisG son HATS 0 bt Pout 0 © Deer ea oye cues est tira seuerueaars oo) ’ o 6 ° ond . 8 , COO mst teas Oe aS Q ~~ Br. oO 3 PAZUAZoHORAMZS FRUITS. Apples (bushels). Plums (pounds). Peaches (pounds). State. Orton 0 -Odnm 100 me “od ios ode 1S re Oe a | AORN 1 HNN HME aT See & | ose SS;8 S33 =. § Ss, Loe >'S Sy Mes H~'s He 438, a FRUITS—Continued. Pineapples (number). Grapes (pounds). Per family. Per family. Per family. “*poysmmin yf ‘uosi0d 107 “TRIOL “qysno | *poysruin yy | ‘aosi0d 10 “TeIOL “yy sno g State. *poysrusn if VEGETABLES. Sweet potatoes (pounds). Trish potatoes (bushels). State. eH OO HH DOO WINN DH AD UD AD HD HAD HOD KO ON tH oH CO GT. Cu Tera cy owe Ot ANG ONANWOM~MW1IDWINDO MO WrSHAdAMSOA MG SIDS aA ON = Cabbage (heads). eee ee eae ae ee eee ee ee MOOAWOOSOMRMOAHOH HO eee naee MNOANOBONOWDOMtH Sse bbdsidgsyaiss CaN DASH Hie HS HODIDNOD MAIN +H 1NOMOS RNAASSHOSYSAMIGS ATIoGeS 425 ~~ +00 ROOSDS :minin NES oy Olt as ea he tha . BA ' 1M | NROORO 1ONnOS Fiera) 4st 1S aS it Gisist Secs : 'AAO4 e re 1A 6 ret (Orin 'ONne 106 MUNA idSaAS ost ost OO I~ N NN i . ’ re ‘ ’ Veet GivistCOROIOO LO mivietieteminen Sir ye ey Sh tern calteaa a ae ' yO ONfibs Ht 0 oe eo. LiCha kei vedi tel Fle cur Valine the 0 +00 9 Ao) ' ' AS RE eS, ’ ‘ Hes a tte cond uote AtHOANHMOWNOOMm Cid arr dood dis rasss HOGI ON OS TAM ONSA WDD SO ODD at rH I HH OHNO GAdaS os sesass Aight RAO OR NER viel Oe: 0) tate) Dum) aad? Teng. ems CPT TE ANY et RCT ee CRIN bee) RY UM a Oeorie (0s Oe te eer men ee Yat ee as aT ye) NT “OA MO Seo Dee eG Onions (pecks). Peas (pecks). AOWAOMAMOOOnMOO tH 6. pia tel ne ee we pee! Ole Pe me! OHOOM (HANHROnRON *- . . . . . C WY Weel bee! a Ver: Bae Oe) COCO) rte OD Yee fet Film Hinman Jaw X30 Yom Pk Veen Uae ToS TiC aad ne ee ou ee ee Ne, ee Weer we. Fre. Clk We ea Af N Yo is re a ear | Vii a doin” cic re. as) eee ee ee Oe Us Tr DS ee Se Tee ee ae cred) Comet gs WMD ph CU ig et Uae wil nae) mane egy oe, OH TU Ost te Oe Be O--4 ad oe ve — VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 23 TaBLE XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family (950 families)—Continued. VEGETABLES—Continued. Turnips (pecks). Beets (pecks). Cucumbers (pecks), Per family. Per family. Per family. State. z F z d @ 4 ® 3) 9 ® re) a 45 at q 43 a q 43 i 4 q ne ® Q a ie ® Q na] is a oD o onl 4 3 my Sy os o 5 5 | 8 5 E 5 8 5 E 5 S 5 Ey fQ 34.2451 224) (ah seas 1h sen ae 2 Reale tke ke hae SO 39| 14] 61] 68| 92| 78| 48|100| 50| 52] 49] 35 Poultry... osoetkc oo So hee 1 ees ee ees Cae epee | oes ate m dione Dope eee ene Sb SRE RL ENON ne | 100 | 97| 100| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 (Buttermilk 252 occ ee a eS Ac fice re ad ee ee es ee | le nat | ee Crea So Fae Se A I eg! oN Ries eet ie i Pe an ee eet al ie ee iP RE, pee | Sree eee Milic ss Set hee NE ee i Tyr eps 1 Shoe e Tees 7 ees [PR | RE Hutton + bt Ae eRe 52 Ms Gel ANP Se Fahl oe Te ee 7| 40] 2 Chiéesope a4 eta. = Fare 100} 98| 86) 58) 84/100) 78| 100) 77 | 100/100) 1 1 ff Xe ie eet he ee Os MR Theres |e See 3 Sy |e See [oe Se eae lh ee pete Oe Qaite Seca cca Honeys... ee oe aoe 100| 53] 78] 50| 14| 12| 10| 46/ 63| 70| 34) 15 1a 0) 0) Sepa ate es pon ae oem Te eo 4a | ana 24! 17| 6] 16) 100| 36| 26] 20] 34 Peachesssecde mae 100| 83| 100] 75] 43} 1] 6/100] 50|100| 96; 40 PMs. see ee 95.| 32/100 64) 50 |e | ee ae 20/100] 5|..... Pears 5 osciceerericeeetici et Pg eco dd lasers fo mui fee 9 bm ee (ee 100} 10| 77| 71| 64 Berries ete rk ee yee re Ol) PSs 32) |b e Sal gOn oem 30 | 100} 28 35 | 33 Hordes: sere wae Bee eee 1A INO P12] PO eel Sek ee 177) 9:45 raps ete cee eee 100!) OR eso ares 1 AR GE lg | cel) Bele 0) 47 PINGAD PLES ee Se ee ee eee =e A007 es S |e eee WOON Ss felaeaes | Sa sets| dasa sacs oleae coors ALITICS Se se eee cc ce Sek sone lee ct (BSS er 6 (RSS |e ee Ae 4 ls CORI hobs tora ER SS fe SAD he es Potatoes, Irish.............- tl Poco EY za a 1 Liles 62)) 29 | Baeble oe Potatoes, sweet.............!----- Lin eae bee pea a 2G O91 E SOM eee 100 | 100 Radney se a eae big 9] PPS 1S | oS eee. b6llc Zia 6S" 40m) Jou eos ey OAS ee SLM ovr oe Rin at 12)! aaa ENE Shh teas Veena ee 75 | 27) S225 38 Oiignsss2 7h eae 89| 941 68| 21] 21'..... | 1] 38] 11] 15] 44] 23 Cabbacor sna 121) G7) 349 6 ES igl, dela Se | gat ee OB 78 DTT ips Oe ar eee Ae ae 19)\| 18, AGE eee Ty fe eg rT Fees 1 (e-Ae ae f 30| 14 Bets sits fe ee ee ae Shy ee Bae ria page ON ele e 12a Py ea CHEUTIDETS ie ren eee SNe oe 12 nh Ve 1: as ar Pe eee fe eee) es fee + Tomatoes eer ee. SO abs2'| bale eee eee 16 | S25 "5 4] eae ae SWOOLCOMNY 205 See eee by Pere Wa ie by 3 2 A.) -13'-+--69 da\et9 j=-30 ju 40 Squashs 2 Foss ee eee we eats al NE es |S ee |S eh ee seed leet get ee See faces dleeses|:o252|2222/b22=- Carrots ee aa ee Bose | ence ee | eee he |: PO Wig A De ie eg Pas pd | alr Pa eee eee el san) WMGloris. 95. seers es oe ee [ee RSS iS a | EY | cy, ee oo oo | peeks age 26 | ie VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 25 TaBLE XVII.—Percentage of articles of food furnished by farm (950 families). AY. Articles. Pl ee SU ee ls | es Wy Sealer@ Se | hares oe ale SIR alll ees {GI Slates Sper zeal cayh aliit, lec Wey ol Ovals ull SA liza OOO. «osguc dBAeS Sat eee ees | etn [yee Sec i) eel sti ry | Pane |e [Pe ls RR Ue ge fy aes) Vpn icc Vr ey TAY Ja CHOCO S SSS SS SEE SEAS SUE Sees ea ETA GTR Eee Ty SRP cel [oe cree LOU mt Does Ws Ver (NF INR aoc sSdcd oda ced Seg BOS Bel | cyee eal Mesuy el A UO] BSE Ra | FeO Sheep Vee ee ne eee La Sede [nT Tet SUIT SSBSSA BSS SOES UI SAG 6 ot Bsiiel HR) CI ae aii Geil ese min Sana aac) uae Vt |e Wear a pane ete ts Sea apes ater eres Ce cere eee ee tect apne cS ME DOANE SN ee SN? Neath [ie EL erg olallde lI Cs ER es se ee OUT e eee se teem ete Gee | (ee Py leyete aes ZR se eer ess Paseo 66 Pn bees tee (As ie WOnMEMeM Cees ce ce eed ae EN Ty) Asis Md SG is eG 74s |e ONE epp ae eee Sia | ene ORUMACM SS Ss ese hs SerSs fas Seles aN ERE TG NBN Hae Seti OE SAE | ees 1 oan 3 (me HA NNN nueva NLU alla | a (QHINGIP CER GSS Sere Ss Mae Mia SNORT EN NN VE SI Ti Ua el BSN) Kee et a ne VR ane HAUNT ce Gira any il OWT Spier reesei ae Pet apa aspects ae veal n NTE VEU cP Oe oe eli sal UES Se IRC es Soh aces Se cHib Gwlegte ied (el Sealine ae [eee tat | [eo sm RM Kate Pee ec] ean VM eee OS toa Pet bac Raisins S'8'S oS oe SGo BE AS SSCS S PREM ae BIR IE MRI Ute ae Fe mr Ice er [ne ere) [OR cer PUG cca Oy Vai a eee NuauM ol Un SHU D TORN SAE Oe Stes ge i eee ANE Ae ae nl Sens ZU lho ates ese Seal neresaars VAG Caia Glace laos] |S ae TGV Bye CASALE So bts 54 a I MATa gre ee 1 PsP a To en lag Vee Peal ty Weel Ve 29 OINEEE 24 ooo Se Se BEGE A Ses lh ata ara Sate De OTIS a0 eS [Sr ee eV | Oat 20 IBEW S. «|S SSS SS Sw SH Sc STE Ply eles Pega ale eee La 2 PI Tat Wa pe Uae Reo Real IB Ckewiheatiees secnse eae se Ficaloctae | ae pst Pes es ce TEETH SS ic SEED ae ae aL NLA teat CNP [EN (IROnK cen ota Pee hi 8 79 | 75 | 66] 851 78} 99| 99} 82| 94] 90] 98] 93) 92 61 Beet vce Wen Soke No Rhee Gir S6 4) 89 e132 SDI BO tesa, 50 | 481 51 | 65 |° 65 3 Soy PRO LH ARR GH meee Meee st 100 | 99} 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 99 (ON aS ket eos See A yee ait lee a Vics cote esieal pe] fa Rae emt tine LUGS Mak a He a TIRE Pat FN oe Vest td Lae Lia PE Up teri likeeR ec e ate oer SAP INS ie TOLD) PICO) Fae OXON eS Vale he ee ae ie aliases (Greanie, 2 sae ewes 100" 121009 |2100) (32 STH Sig a katara al ea 100) 2 100% |1009)) 997 eee WOU ee esa 6 Hiei oe ae 100 | 99 | 100! 99 92 | 100 | 100 | 98] 100} 95} 100} 100} 99 83 ABYDE ARS) Rrra: \ a eerie Siete yee metas 48 | 57] 36] 58] 69] 99] 100] 100} 93] 60] 98); 94) 91 64 @heese ssa We ee a Sie De Aaa AOA 1G eee D2 RES. 23h sees et 8 841 20 13 Dyce ie bes ane Be i ge 100 | 97 95 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100} 98] 100] 100 | 100| 99 IEVOMEY) senile = See seis nse cis eae oe ANA 22) a 50h 86) he 88), 90: (154) 37), 80> 66°) ¥8b. 142222 31 WAND DIES Heceeeers cate eh tse ee za 83} 98} 100] 76} 83] 94] 84 }...-. 64] 74] 80) 66 67 IRCACHES SIs seis Sats Bie oe ay ped ene De 5 5-99) 94 eee 2 OOM emer AN GO |e 70 IMS ee Ae Sy an ed PGs ae OM 50) ae 100 |--... CO anena OU eee 53 | 100 HAO AES ale eet saia= ne ea eer = 8] 75} 69] 951! 97 | 100 | 100 |..... OP Be PAb) | Ho aieyd seen 87 IGN OSa coca sadsenenvoscomees SOU S2eGSaaODai ON eLOON | 70) lesen 72, |° 92 | 65 | 67 ) 42 26 @hernnesse secs eis see apee e Shia oe Soe MOO |e ates, Penal SOU Ole Son Ole eZ, 72 CimhOeS 5b esoouecooonaaccuasal|asbec a OL 1008924 1007 Sees |ce 2 <= LOOM | dM er Ola 533 |aeeee 13 ANCA Le See eer oem Fimem nme Sgl VU eden te Ne VENI SS GN SA ahs Le Oe Se Te Prunes. ..-- sores oBoubsc daccalloo seal Seger etoeiel sec [oer | SESE Cae aercel (Pare seo Fea [Aiea Prarie es boa 87 Potatoes; Irish 2-222. 52.22: 99 | 98] 98] 93} 96] 99/] 99] 38] 71] 97) 95} 79] 98 20 Ho tatoeSMSwiee lise ase ne este ieee | ae ae 95 | 100 | 98 ADs | Re ail (IE oan eR a 8 | (Pet AD OATIS Hehe Soe th Me ON ea Gule Size 97s le sO8e |e O4s| 980.3) | 60!) 641" 4571-535) 7a 51 IASON e Gee ARR n a rier bee 88 | 99| 95} 921 93| 991 100| 25) 73) 68) 65] 67] 96 44 Onions. .----- grrecccee ee eeee 11 6] 32] 79) 79} 100} 99} 62] 89] 85 | 56] 77} 88 22 Cabbagoneeeeee-sstee een ans: 86} 71] 58] 941] 87] 99|] 99} 16] 99} 100} 72] 22) 98 32 SMS +4 oe Goes 88 | 92] 84] 100] 73] 100| 99] 65 | 100| 100} 7 86 | 100 26 MS COUS Sey tekseghe ycta ais) parma temme aie 97 | 100} 85} 100; 80] 100 | 100; 901} 100! 100] 97 | 100 | 100 11 CriCumMbersess.s/< sees OFser 90. 4 457.7 36 64 21.8 103.2 74 26 Pears st... Hho se doses 15.3 73.3 33 67 11.2 54.7 45 55 Pineapples..... Number: 2 |4— 3550 es seceteaees leeee se Se eee cee ial §.2 100)... 3 Plums ep 422 pounds 1.0 1 Ch ee eee ae 100 5.4 26.8 46 54 Vegetables: Beans. cos 6 22 ee pecks. . 4.0 20.2 26 74 Pett 12.4 28 72 IBGCUS oe cscs cance do... .6 2.9 3 97 nef 3.5 12 88 Cabbage--: - 2-2. -- heads 1353 64.5 29 71 leat 51.4 26 74 Carrots 522.203 420 5 DECKS. S| RAS eae A GE a a eee ee sh Pit! ah ps le de 100 Cucumbers......-- do 1 Bil See ee 100 1.2 5.6 9 91 Melons..2--325-- number 11.7 Chul sereoee 100 6.5 30.6 33 67 - OnionSsive- => se pecks 1.7 8.3 13 87 152 5.8 43 57 Peas. 2442 3074288 Oss 1165) 7.8 38 62 52 5.4 20 80 Potatoes, Irish..bushels. . 2.0 10.2 21 79 (isl 33.5 14 86 Potatoes, sweet.pounds..}| 195.6 994.7 34 66 22.0 103.2 85 15 Squasheeeee ae GO 25S te Gat Ee ee ee 3.8 LAYS 12 88 Sweet corn....... dozen.. {fail 35.0 28 72 5.5 26. 2 21 79 Tomatoes .....-.. pecks.. 4.4 21.9 33 67 3.7 21.3 18 82 Murnips's.cec-eee os doze 4.3 22.8 12 88 1.6 | 7.1 16 84 . RELATIVE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD BY FAMILIES ON OWNED AND RENTED FARMS. For all areas where the number of tenants was sufficient to warrant the division, the families were divided into two groups, those living on their own farms and those renting farms. Table XIX shows figures for these divisions, giving the average size of VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 27 family, the average consumption of food per person, and the per- centage of the food bought and furnished by the farm. There seems to be a slight tendency for the owner families to be larger than the tenant families, though it is not sufficiently marked to warrant fur- ther mention of it, the average of the 601 owner families visited being 4.8 persons and that of the tenant families 4.7 persons. The difference between the two groups in the consumption of food per person is more pronounced. With the exception of the Maine and Iowa areas, the owner families use more food per person than the families renting farms. The average consumption per person of all the families living on their own farms is $100.60 and that of the tenant families is $90.57, a difference of $10 per person and $48 per family. The reason for this difference is probably, in part, that the owner families are as a class better off than the tenant families. The tenants seem to buy a slightly greater proportion of their food than do the owners. This fact does not hold true in all the areas, but the average for the 11 areas studied shows that the owner fami- lies buy 40 per cent of the food they use and the tenants about 43 per cent. This slight variation may not have any significance, but it is probably true that for a series of years the fruit trees and gardens on the average tenant farm do not receive the attention they do on the farms operated by owners. ‘The tenant’s first care is his rent, and he may devote more time to his crops and live stock than to the farm food products for family use. TaBLE XIX.—Comparison of food used on ownea and on rented farms, showing part bought and part furnished by the farm. — Percentage of total Total food— Number | Average hike asa i County and State. Tenure. offami-| sizeof | tion ey lies. family. re a Fur- 1D * | Bought. |nished by farm. Owners.....-.---- 139 4.5 $94. 72 52.6 47.4 Oxford, Me...---...---.----.--- Penants Gea leat 9 3.6 97. 87 62 2 37.8 WMELS Wie eee eee w 45 4.0 3. 9D 2 50.8 Otsego, N. Y......-----------+-- Tenants eo) 10 4.0] 93.24 49. 8 50.2 WHIErS yee ten 94 4. 4 122. 56 51.9 48.1 Gloucester, N.J................. Ai euaats Ua 32 5.5) 73.13 55.4 44.6 Owners......--.-- 44 4.4 3. 80 16.3 83.7 Gaston, N.C...-..----+--+++++4- Monantse ie i 49) 7181 24.3 75.7 Owners......----- 36 5.7 89. 82 20.6 79.4 Troup, Ga.---.-----------++--+- Tenants... 2-2. 14 49) 84.22 25.2 74.8 MeESOy We 21 5.7 3. 88 43.6 BO: 4 McLennan, Tex...-..--.--.-.-.- Menants........... 23 5.4) 83.70 43.7 56.3 b A Owners: 34.5222.) 25 4.0 2.39 33. 0 67.0 Champaign, Ohio............... Meonantse ee. 19 4.2| 90.93 34.2 65.8 Owners....-.-.-.- 32 4.5 102.71 32. 2 67.8 Montgomery, Iowa...........—- Menstitse ue an 14 B05 I Meee 35. 4 64.6 Owner 29 4.4] 103.73 35.5 64.5 Cloud, Kams...--.....------.-.- Menantent gs 17 4.7 92. 90 34.1 65.9 Owners........--- 71 6.5 109. 85 41.5 58.5 _ Cass, N. Dak......-.------------ ie 38 5.7 | 101.08 43.4 56. 6 Owns ene. 65 4.9 | 103.27 64.7 35.3 Santa Clara, Cal................. NiReraies ASI 19 5.1 | (95,97 64.8 35.2 is Owners........... 601 4.8 | 100.60 40.1 59.9 All families. ..--..--.-.-.. Monsanto aye 206 4.7| 90.57 42.9 Br t 28 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CANNING ON THE FARM. \ Canning is an important means of preserving and storing fruits and vegetables on the farm for future use. The average number of quart cans ‘‘put up” per family for the farms visited (Table XX) was 122 of fruit and 32 of vegetables, making a total of 154 quart cans. The most canning was done in the New Jersey area, the average family here ‘‘putting up” 172 quarts of fruit and 58 quarts of vegetables, or a total of 230 quart cans. Not many vegetables are canned on the farm. The most common vegetable used for this purpose is the tomato. Canned peas and corn used on the farm table are usually bought. This is probably due to the fact that efficient canning methods for handling vegetables are not known to many housekeepers. The most common fruits used for home canning are peaches and berries. Many farmers buy peaches for canning purposes, but peaches are not generally bought for immediate use unless the price happens to be unusually low. An increase in the variety and quan- tity of home-grown fruit would greatly increase the consumption of fresh fruit on the farm and encourage canning for winter consumption. A knowledge of better methods of canning, insuring better keeping qualities and greater ease of performing the work, would no doubt increase canning on the farm to good advantage, particularly in the case of vegetables. Housekeepers generally realize that it is cheaper to can home-grown products than it is to buy them and also insures better quality, but with the old method the many hours of extra labor before a hot stove is a big discouraging factor. TaBLE XX.—Average number of quart cans “put up” on the farm. Fruit. Vegetables. Total. County and State. Per Per Per Per Per Per family. | person. | family. | person. | family. | person. Glanicester Nig)-----bo-> seen ae ee 172 37 58 12 230 49 Oxford Mo aks he oh eee ae ee Nes Bee 62 14 21 5 83 19 Cass, N. Dak..-.--.----------------------- 105 17 28 5 133 22 Santa Clara, Cal......------- [eect eter eee eee 149 30 20 | 4 169 34 Average, all families......-..--.-.---- 122 24 32 6 154 31 STORAGE OF FOOD ON THE FARM. The farm is not only a source of food products, but it also serves as an ample place of storage. It is not possible to have fresh vege- tables and fruits on hand every day, as it is eggs and milk. In order, then, to have vegetables and fruits from the farm at times other than the short period during which they are in season, some means of storage is necessary. Cellars, caves, pits, and basements in barns VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 29 serve as storage places for vegetables and fruits.. Probably as much as 30 per cent of the vegetables furnished by the farm are stored for later use by the farm family, and potatoes, the most important vegetable, are stored for at least nine months of the year in sections other than the South. Apples may easily be stored for six months. Sweet potatoes, cabbages, white beans, beets, and onions may be stored for some time without any special preparation. Some vege- tables and fruits are dried and kept in this form. Many families store their fruits and vegetables and find it unnecessary to buy at any time of the year. About 30 per cent of the meat consumed by the farmers is meat that 1s supplied by the farm and stored for a certain length of time. This is made possible by the several available methods of curing. The most common method of curing meat is smoking. A special room or building is needed for this process, but the fuel used is generally wood of little value. There seems to be a tendency to do less curing of meat on the farm, owing probably to efforts to elimi- nate house labor. A scheme for having a farm supply of fresh meat during the sum- mer months is practiced in certain communities. (eS) a w Oo or wx —" He rs for) or ie or on w for) 1 Includes $7.80 worth of cobs. 2 Includes $6.10 worth of cobs. 33.7 tons hard coal and 3.1 tons soft coal. The consumption of wood per family and per person is shown in Table XXII. The average quantity of wood used per family is 9.4 cords. The farm supplied, on an average, 8.2 cords and 1.2 cords were bought. The farm thus furnishes 87 per cent of the wood used for the families visited. The farm wood lot, the orchard, and scattered trees cn the farm furnish the wood for the wood stove. TaBLE XXII.—Annual consumption of wood per family and per person (950 families). Consumption per family. Con- Location of regions in which study was made (county and sumption State). Fur- per Total. | Bought. | nished by} person. farm. Cords. Cords. Cords. Cords: OxfordicMies Sto ass BEL ee ee EE 13.5 0.9 12.6 3.0 PAIN GLO NE sy. coset Pa REY cme EP el Sige 14.3 .4 13.9 3.0 OTSegOENET YES). SAULT AOE EY TES eS ed eee See 12.3 22 12.1 3.1 BUCKS; HRA S. Sos easces ot see Seems oe. One ees Sein see ees 6.2 -4 5.8 1.2 Gloucester Nad =8o okie aes fea eee es Pee eee ee ee ee 5.6 1.4 4.2 1.2 GastonsiNg Ciro hss Soees a ea cek pee ene ee so ee eee 14.0 6 13. 4 3.1 Troup, Gas hic’. “POST. ASPET eh BEA eee Ee TZSMELEE See 17.8 3.3 MeInennant J Dex: os Meno soe one eee at een tn ge ene Oe are eee 6.1 4.8 1.3 1.1 Champaign 7Ohio 21483 =.3 . 5. Pee EE eee ee 12.0 ar 11/3 2.9 Jefferson; ‘WiS>.2-25.25 3.35 Se Sa ee ee eee eee 7.5 6 6.9 1B: Montpomery; Towali:. 332 ae". G3. Pea ELE EME ae - te | Eas ee 4.8 157, Cloud; Kans. - 75.5; 22 Ge ees ee eee eee ae ee ere 4.9 sil 4.8 pit Cass, Ne akc -ff 5359. SYS EE Ee eee eee eee Se 5.6 3.1 | 2.5 9 Santa Clara, Cale. ete = 5 leo SS SS ae ee eee omnes 7.4 3.9 | 3.5 1.5 Average, allifamilies™ os 224) shen ee eee Se 9.4 1.2 8.2 2.0 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 31 Kerosene oil is used both for lighting and cooking. Some gasoline was used for cooking but very little for lighting purposes. Of the 127 families visited in New Jersey, 78 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for cooking, 9 used acetylene gas and 4 electricity for lighting. In the Maine area 42 of the 148 families visited used kerosene stoves for cooking and kerosene was used exclusively for lighting. In North Dakota 54 of the 109 families used kerosene or gasoline for cooking, and for lighting 2 used acetylene and 1 used electricity. In Cali- fornia, of the 84 families interviewed, 30 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for cooking, and for lighting 8 used electricity and 2 used acetylene gas. We can thus see that nearly half of these farmers do some cooking with kerosene and gasoline, but that practically all of them use kerosene lamps for lighting. USE OF HOUSE ON THE FARM. The business of most farms demands almost constant attention throughout the year and it is therefore to the advantage of the farmer to make his home on the farm. A house is thus a necessary improve- ment on a farm, and is often an important part of its real estate value. Investigations made by the United States Department of Agriculture indicate that in the eastern part of the United States the value of the house is commonly 20 per cent or more of the value of the farm. On the higher-priced corn-belt farms this percentage is more generally from 5 to 10 per cent. Improvements to the house tend to enhance the value of the farm. The interest on the investment in the house and the cost of maintenance of it are paid for by the farm business, and are not personal expenses to the farmer. He may be said to have his house rent furnished free by the farm. An attempt is made to arrive at a value of what the use of the house is worth to the farmer. The value of the house seems the only basis upon which the rental value can be determined. Table XXIII shows the average value of the farmhouse and its rental value for the sections studied. The present value is the farmer’s estimate of what his house is worth to-day. The average value of the farmhouses for the 825 farmers giving estimates was $1,322. This value, however, varies from $560 in the North Carolina area to $1,880 in the New York area. The rental value of the house is taken as 10 per cent of its present value. ‘This is assumed to be a fair charge for interest, depreciation, insurance, repairs, and taxes. The average annual rental value of the houses for these farms is thus $132. 32 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE XXIII.—Average total value and annual rental value of farm dwellings. Average Number | Average } Average | “yon ¢aj County and State. of farm size of | value of houses. | family. | house. Oxford Meebo. ee cect et ash pee hg me ieee! | 146 4.5 $1, 112 $111 PAM OUIC, | Vii ca sek poe ee ESO Re eget ey DENY Se 31 4.7 930 Otsegsp NaYissss. 4222 ie po att hes ee PeGeep tos. - -Pseeeee ee! 28 4.0 1, 880 188 BUCKS, (EAs ee ne oe iene ae Aas ne ae ee ee 22 4.9 1,632 163 Gloucester, N. Jeet is.pt Sees. -bpa a. -4 2 Bees epee ee 126 4.7 1,600 160 Gastons iN Coacit i. oko ees cee ee eee Saree eee ee ee 51 4.5 560 56 Proups (Gey. 16s | 72 2b Gcscete-- hee. Pe ee aes 40 5.4 920 92 MeWennaiy Lex toe 5- pee eeeee eee Boe See Phe Sc eee Sie Nea ame 42 5.3 834 83 Champaien; Ohio .¢- 352) oy $22 4.155.. ORES. eee ete te 34 4.1 1, 724 172 NGILSTSOMS WISTS ech eS se ees ne tales eR 40 4.2) 1,207 130 Montgomery, Towas:! \. 2c. 22 skek pees} ed. ce is 37 4,2 1,580 158 Cloud eK ans ooo tase o k= oe eee ae se pee 36 4.7 1, 160 116 Cassi IN. Dake ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY poe 5 rant igs 2 oo coy? hens ae Ie ties Fries Td